,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hegel ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,notes1 ,,by ,f4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,osma/on1 ,b4,a4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,g5ius ,,( ,,t9toret1 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,poetry1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,works ,,vol4 ,i ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 #aibj ,,translator',s ,,preface ,! translation ( ,hegel's ,ae/hetik or ,philosophy ( ,f9e ,art1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! f\r volumes ( ! pres5t "w1 is ! fir/ complete translation 9 ,engli% ( ! ?ree volumes devot$ to ?is subject 9 ! collect$ edition 7,b]l91 #ahce74 ,i "k ( f\r p>tial translations 9 ,engli% ( ?is "w & "o 9 ,fr5*4 ,^! are ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bryant's translation ( ,"p ,,ii#a1 ,mr4 ,k$ney's %ort analysis ( ! entire "w#b1 ,mr4 ,ha/ie's translation ( ,mi*elet's %ort ,philosophy ( ,art#c1 prefac$ by ,hegel's ,introduction1 p>tly translat$ & p>tly summ>iz$ & la/ly ,pr(essor ,b4 ,bosanquet's complete translation ( ,hegel's fir/ ,introduction ) notes#d4 ,! ,fr5* translation ( ,m4 ,bn>d purports to be m or less a reproduction ( ! entire "w & runs into two l>ge-siz$ volumes4 ,x also is1 h[ev]1 s f> z ,hegel's ,introduction & ! fir/ two ,p>ts are conc]n$1 m]ely a compress$ summ>y1 & only 9 p>ticul> passages is ! translation any?+ b a v free r5d]+ ( ! orig9al1 ?\gh !re is a f> clos] approa* to ?is 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,i h n se5 ,mr4 ,bryant's translation4 ,z any approa* to an adequate reproduction ( ,hegel's writ+ ,mr4 ,ha/ie's translation ( ,mi*elet's "w & ,mr4 ,k$ney's analysis are ( v little value#e4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation is admirable )9 ! limits impos$4 ,to t ext5t ,i h m]ely foll[$1 z ,i 0 able1 9 my fri5d's foot/eps2 b ?is advance cov]s little m ?an "o sixte5? "p ( ! entire "w ( #a1fjj pages4 ,) reg>d to all su* analyses ,i entirely concur ) ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's view /at$ 9 8 preface1 t su* m]ely mislead if reg>d$ z 9 any way a reflex ( ei!r ,hegel himself or ! ,g]man text4 ,x is true t ?is "w is--z are 9 _! degree o!r volumes ( ! collect$ edition1 ! ,outl9es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,"r = example--a het]og5e\s product1 9 our own in/ance n m]ely lack+ ! f9al revision ( ! au?or1 b r put toge!r z su* a connect$ treatise by ! editor responsible 7i7 f sev]al autograph ,,mss4 ( ,hegel#f1 "s ( :i* 7 little m ?an fragm5t>y notes = lectures1 7ii7 supplem5t$ fur!r f notes#g tak5 by pupils :o att5d$ su* lectures1 ! entire conglom]ate be+ 7iii7 f9ally dovetail$ toge!r ) connect+ l9ks by ! editorial h& mu* z1 to cite 8 own illu/ration1 a c>eful picture re/or] might d 9 ord] to secure ! impression ( a unifi$ "w1 ! unity aim$ at by himself be+ r t ( a connect$ lit]>y treatise ?an a s]ies ( lectures4 ,x is obvi\s t a product ( ?is nature w v>y consid]ably ?r\gh\t 9 ! degree t ! p]sonality & unique flav\r ( ,hegel himself1 :e!r view$ z writ] or ?9k]1 ass]ts itself4 ,! introductions#h h be51 x w\ld appe>1 tak5 almo/ exclusively f ,hegel's own ,,mss42 b ev5 ^! rema9$ unrevis$ = ! press1 ow+ to ! premature & sudd5 dea? ( _! au?or4 ,( ! great] portion ( ! "w we c m]ely =m our judgm5t ( ! nature ( its au!nticity f ! cont5t itself4 ,on ! :ole ,i %\ld myself say t ! result 0 m fav\rable ?an might "u su* conditions h be5 expect$4 ,! editor assures u expressly t s f> z all illu/rations & ! sub/antive cont5t ( ! "w is conc]n$ no attempt has be5 made :atev] to supplem5t ! same4 ,hegel is ?r\gh\t "h entirely responsible4 ,i ?9k1 fur!r1 t ! endeav\r claim$ by ! editor to pres]ve ! g5]al "* & tone 7,kolorit7 ( ,hegel's own diction has atta9$ a degree ( success t c\ld only h be5 )9 ! rea* ( devot$ pupils & fri5ds ( ! man himself1 :o = _m ye>s bo? att5d$ 8 lectures & /udi$ 8 publi%$ works4 ,:atev] op9ion1 h[ev]1 we may arrive at on ?is head !re c h>dly be two op9ions z to ! s\rces 9 :i* ! ma9 int]e/ consi/s = a mod]n read]4 ,fir/1 ,i %\ld lay p>ticul> /ress on ! =ceful & *>act]i/ic mann] 9 :i* ! fundam5tal philosophical conceptions :i* und]lie ! entire fabric are work$ into & elaborat$ explicitly1 ?r\gh\t its detail4 ,! v nature ( ?is unwe>i$ & insi/5t int]fusion 7,dur*dr+ung7 ( positive fact1 :e!r hi/orical1 sci5tific1 or ae/hetic1 ) ! dialectic movem5t ( ! ,idea is "h z ess5tially ! me?od ( ,hegel z x is else:]e4 ,& ?is is s despite ! fact t x is "h pres5t$ = ! mo/ "p 9 a =m less repell5t to ! ord9>y read] & less provocative ( ho/ile criticism4 ,translators !re=e1 :o1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,fr5* translator#i1 delib]ately seek to light5 ! burd5 ( _! c>go by ?r[+ ov]bo>d :at !y *oose to call ! injuri\s dialectic1 or ! d>k labyr9? ( ?is aspect ( our "w may reproduce mu* t is ( in/ruction or int]e/1 b mo/ c]ta9ly d n reproduce ei!r ! ma9 /r5g? ( ,hegel z a ?9k]1 or ! mo/ *>act]i/ic impression--to say no?+ ( ! repetitions--( su* /yle or abs5ce ( lit]>y /yle t he possess$4 ,secondly1 if !re is "o feature m /rik+ ?an any o!r 9 ?is "w1 :i* is b\nd at lea/ to surprise anyone :o /ill h>b\rs ! obsolete notion t ?is philosoph] mov$ 9 an exclusively ab/ract region ( idea remote f ! concrete exp]i5ce ( life & sci5tific or arti/ic k1 x is ! weal? & extraord9>y range ( ! illu/rations 9 ^! volumes no less ?an ! vig\r & fre%ness ( _! application4 ,9 ?is respect two translations :i* m]ely am\nt to a summ>y ( !oretical cont5t simply omit ! vital or at lea/ ! mo/ attractive he>t ( ! int]e/4 ,z to ! pres5t claim ( ?is labori\s "w to recognition & /udy1 its hi/orical significance is1 ,i ?9k1 admitt$ by ! mo/ ackn[l$g$ au?orities on ! subject4 ,z ,s*asl] has call$ x1 x is ! fir/ complete sy/em ( a philosophy ( ,art4 ,! nature ( its importance to our own mo/ able & le>n$ hi/orian ( ! ,philosophy ( ,f9e ,art may n only be d$uc$ f 8 own summ>y ( its cont5ts & significance 9 8 invaluable hi/orical survey#aj1 b is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! fact t he has reproduc$ ! conclud+ portion ( ,hegel's ,introduction 9 ext5so 9 an ,app5dix to ?is "w4 ,o!r writ]s h be5 less judici\s bo? z ho/ile critics & 9 ! degree ( _! praise or en?usiasm4 ,"o ,g]man au?ority has call$ x ,hegel's ma/]piece4 ,su* a title is1 ap>t f any o!r gr\nd1 suffici5tly exclud$ by its hi/ory alone4 ,:e!r ,hegel might h made x 8 ma/]piece _h he liv$ is ( c\rse ano!r "q4 ,o!r admir]s1 su* z ! late ,pr(essor ,caird#aa1 h m legitimately accept$ su* a di/9ction = ! ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es4 ,mr4 ,ha/ie w ev5 h x t ?r\gh\t ,all is cle>1 radiant1 h>moni\s & dim ) ! ?+s t are a joy = ev]4 ,su* an effusive display ( ab/ract ,vor/ellung rem9ds "o little ( ei!r ! d\r temp] ( ! ,swabian philosoph]1 or ! concrete intellig5ce :i* mo/ di/+ui%es him f 8 rivals n[ & 9 8 lifetime4 ,i c promise no su* g>d5 ( ,hesp]ides1 or ev5 ,platonic banquet1 to any ( my read]s4 ,x is true t we h "h1 ! "w be+ prim>ily built ^u lectures int5d$ to in/ruct ! ord9>y /ud5t1 no su* p>ade ( ! dialectic me?od 9 its =mal /ructure su* z con/itutes ! root ( (f5ce 9 "s o!r works ( ,hegel4 ,b if we approa* x ) ! belief t all is !re=e ! pla9 sail+ we meet ) 9 ! _w ( j\rnali/ic art criticism & ! commons5se conceptions ( ev]yday life1 or ) ! assurance t ! "w is1 or c be1 intelligible )\t "s real attempt to grapple ) ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,hegelian metaphysic1 we may f9d our disappo9tm5t v consid]able4 ,z a humble translator ,i am b\nd to say t 9 a v l>ge numb] ( passages ,i h by no means discov]$ imm$iacy ( intelligibility or radiance to be a conspicu\s feature ( ! orig9al4 ,radiance is inde$1 ,i %\ld say1 n an attribute emphatically *>act]i/ic ( any k9d ( ,teutonic lit]ature1 & lea/ ( all ( its sci5tific & philosophical lit]ature4 ,! pres5t "w is c]ta9ly no exception4 ,) its untir+1 n to say remorseless1 ef=t to press home 9 repeat$ expression1 (t5 b slightly v>i$1 ! same fundam5tal po9ts1 its dogg$ & endless p]si/5ce 9 ! c>eful explication ?r\gh rational def9ition ( e k9d ( positive mat]ial t pres5ts itself f ! nature ( ! div9e 9 man1 or ! s\l ( liv+ bea/ to ! accurate det]m9ation 9 ! t]ms ( express$ ?\ght ( a musical s\nd or an epigram or simile1 ) its well-nigh total disreg>d ( ! beauty ( lit]>y /yle1 & its by no means unfrequ5t disreg>d ( all pr9ciple ( proportion 9 ! co-ord9ation ( its v>i$ subject-matt]--:atev] else su* a product may be x is mo/ assur$ly n1 at lea/ to ,engli% appreh5sion1 rem9isc5t ( ! radiance ei!r ( ,hom] or ,apollo4 ,b ?\gh ev5 s9c]e admiration may smile ov] su* a description1 x does unque/ionably reflect to a rem>kable ext5t ! ?or\ghness1 t5acity ( purpose1 ! abs5ce ( sup]ficial rhetoric1 ! wide range1 ! extraord9>y comb9ation ( con/ructive idea & detail$ k & rese>* we rightly associate ) ! mo/ valu$ works ( ,g]man sci5ce & philosophy4 ,x has nev] be5 m ne$ful ?an at ?is "t ( day to draw att5tion to su* qualities1 :5 ! national bias is to ignore or belittle _! pres5ce4 ,x is1 moreov]1 n )\t passages :i* atta9 to a v real elevation ( eloqu5ce1 eloqu5ce m>k$ by ! pr(\nde/ e>ne/ness & entirely free f ! lea/ flav\r ( bomba/ or s5tim5talism4 ,to ! "r k9d ( read] x c h>dly fail to convey a c]ta9 fasc9ation :i* is n m]ely due to ! pres5ce ( a p[]ful & orig9al intellect1 b is equally insep>able f ! product ( a human s\l int5t ^u gett+ at ! he>t ( its subject1 & keep+ its vision ?r\gh\t fix$ on t4 ,nor is ! m]e bread? ( ! canvas & ! dep? ( its cont5t its only attraction4 ,! "w is inde$ full ( digressions ( exceptional int]e/ to ! g5]al read]1 & z su* be>s ! indelible /amp ( ,hegel's mann] z a lectur]1 :i* 8 editor ma9ta9s /ood out 9 su* m>k$ contra/ to 8 m concise /yle z an au?or1 draw+ z he did :5 lectur+ s l>gely on 8 encyclopa$ic /ores ( k4 ,to treat all ! text z we n[ h x ) ! same respect may v possibly betok5 to "s an excess ( zeal on ! "p ( ! translator2 b aft] all ! mo/ important ?+ = an ,engli% read] is to "k :at ! volumes actually conta94 ,9 deal+ ) ,hegel ! outl9$ sket*1 :e!r secur$ ?r\gh a process ( di/illation or adult]ation1 is by no means any comp5sation = ! loss ( ! complete picture4 ,if we are impati5t ov] _m aspects ( ?is philosoph]'s p>ticul>ity1 we _h mu* bett] disp5se ) him altoge!r4 ,sympa!tically /udi$ x is h>dly too mu* to say t ?is monum5tal "w is an education 9 itself4 ,x is at any rate "o :i* _c fail to enl>ge our conceptions ( ! significance & dignity ( human art4 ,nor is ?is by any means impossible1 ev5 ?\gh we are unable to concur 91 or inde$ rema9 insuffici5tly qualifi$ to express a judgm5t ^u all or ev5 a few ( ! mo/ important ( its conclusions4 ,b x is p]haps n :olly unnecess>y to obs]ve t be=e v5tur+ ^u a v]dict 9 our wisdom we mu/1 z ,rob]t ,br[n+ submitt$ 9 ref]5ce to ! criticism pass$ ^u 8 poetry1 h awak5$ bo? our s5ses & intellig5ce t !y may ! bett] judge4 ,x is ! mode/ aim ( ! pres5t translation to make t prep>atory process m easy = ! ,engli% read]1 to assi/ t intellig5t assimilation ( ! tru? z x appe>s to a great & _w-fam\s ?9k]1 :i* is ! necess>y condition ( any criticism m]it+ respectful att5tion at all4 ,su* assimilation is p]haps impossible 9 ! case ( ,hegel )\t ef=t1 & inde$ some?+ ( sympa?y ) 8 g5]al outlook & temp]1 mak+ z he does little or no appeal :atev] to ! lov] ( lit]ature z su*1 :o _h consequ5tly f> bett] leave him au/]ely alone to ! consid]ation ( o!rs :o are m attract$4 ,i d n propose 9 ^! prefatory rem>ks to enl>ge fur!r on ! actual cont5t ( ! "w1 or on ! nature ( ! criticism :i* has be5 direct$ ei!r to fundam5tal positions or matt]s ( detail4 ,"s ( ^! ,i h ref]r$ to 9 my notes on ! text :]e !y are mo/ obvi\sly p]t95t4 ,! g5]al read] w f9d a v useful introduction to "s ( ! m prim>y difficulties 9 ! /udy ( ,hegel 9 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's prefatory essay to 8 translation4 ,! m s]i\s /ud5t c h>dly disp5se ) ! p]usal ( a consid]able portion ( ! same writ]'s hi/ory ( ,ae/hetik1 at lea/ t portion :i* directly deals ) ! writ+s ( ,kant1 ,s*ill]1 ,goe!1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel himself on ! subject#ab4 ,i hold my translation to be z lit]al z is possible consi/5tly ) an endeav\r to r5d] or int]pret ,g]man philosophical language 9 ! language or idiom ( really expressive & intelligible ,engli%4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t all translation is 9 ! nature ( an int]pretation4 ,h[ev] mu* ,i may h fall5 %ort ( my aim1 t aim has be5 ?r\gh\t to express ! actual ideal cont5t ( ! ,g]man1 n m]ely ) all ! =ce & directness ,i c\ld mu/]1 b ) z ne> an approa* to ! =mal /ructure ( ! ,g]man text z 0 consi/5t ) ! l condition ( really readable ,engli%4 ,above all ,i h /riv5 to avoid ! lassitude ( m]e p>aphrase1 t vague g5]alization ( cont5t :i* conceives itself to possess ! "r to elim9ate f ! text pretty mu* :at x pleases4 ,! ,index atta*$ to ! f9al volume is limit$ 9 its ref]5ce to prop] names1 & pre-em95tly to illu/rations 9 ! text ( works ei!r ( g5]al lit]ature1 or o!r products ( art1 :i* ,i consid]$ ( use or int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 ,9 ! table ( cont5ts to ! sev]al volumes ,i h notifi$ ) brackets my own contributions to ! ,g]man orig9al4 ,9 all o!r respects ,i h reta9$ ! divisions ( subject-matt] z ,i f\nd !m record$ by ,hegel or 8 editor4 ,f4 ,p4 ,o4 ,footnote #a3 ,new ,york1 ,appleton & ,co4 ,footnote #b3 ,*icago1 ,griggs & ,co41 #ahhe4 ,footnote #c3 ,ed9burgh1 ,oliv] & ,boyd1 #ahhf4 ,! translation is lit]al & ( good quality = a little ov] ?irty pages4 ,aft] t x is a m]e summ>y4 ,footnote #d3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5* & ,co41 #ahhf4 ,footnote #e3 ,mr4 ,k$ney's volume only am\nts to ab\t ?ree hundr$ small-siz$ pages altoge!r4 ,footnote #f3 ,! mo/ important s\rce 7 ,,mss4 = lectures giv5 9 #ahbj4 ,?is =m$ ! basis ( fur!r lectures 9 #ahbc1 #ahbf1 & #ahbi4 ,footnote #g3 ,! notes to :i* our editor _h access ref]r$ to ! lectures giv5 9 #ahbc & #ahbf1 ) o!rs ( ^? 9 #ahbf & #ahbi4 ,footnote #h3 ,! fir/ ,introduction is obvi\sly tak5 f ,hegel's ,,ms41 ! editor n ev5 v5tur+ 9 ?is case to oblit]ate its =m z an address 9 ! lecture room4 ,x repres5ts p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* we possess to ! revis$ ,,ms4 ,footnote #i3 ,an almo/ inevitable defect ( su* a translation is t criticism may be (f]$ )\t supply+ ! mat]ial necess>y = any satisfactory v]dict ^u its suffici5cy4 ,?us ,m4 ,bn>d cites ) approval an adv]se criticism pass$ ^u :at is call$ ,hegel's inadequate treatm5t ( ! ,idea ( ,beauty z a p>tial manife/ation ( ! absolute ,idea1 b b>ely includes any ( ! passages :i* ref] to ?is 9 8 translation 7note1 p4 #cf74 ,su* c lead to no conclusion :atev]1 ?\gh x obvi\sly may entirely mislead 8 read]s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,hi/ory ( ,ae/hetik1 by ,b]n>d ,bosanquet 7,sonn5s*e91 #ahib74 ,see 9 p>ticul> pp4 #ccc-cfb4 ,) reg>d to ! comp>ative value ( ! "w ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel on ?is subject ! au?or says 7p4 #ccd73 ,x may be said t :ile we pref] ,hegel to ,s*ell+ ?is is p>tly because ,s*ell+ is be/ repres5t$ 9 ,hegel4 ,i c claim b a v limit$ fir/h& k ( mod]n ,g]man works on ,ae/hetik4 ,b ,i may obs]ve t ! section ( ,ltze's hi/ory ( ,g]man works on ! subject devot$ to ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,f9e ,art appe>s to me by no means equal 9 ability to o!r portions ( ! "w4 ,! aim ( ! au?or appe>s r t ( prov+ t 8 own rese>*es occupy a gr\nd :olly unoccupi$ by ,hegel ?an ( def9+ ) any complet5ess ! gr\nd actually appropriat$ by ,hegel4 ,footnote #aa3 ,life ( ,hegel1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! mo/ au?oritative introduction to ! /udy ( ! ,hegelian /&po9t = ,engli% read]s is1 ( c\rse1 ! late ,pr(essor ,wallace's ,prolegom5a to 8 translation ( ! less] ,logic1 & ! introduction to 8 translation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i ,,translator',s ,,preface ,,introduction ,i4 ,! ,limits ( ,ae/hetic def9$1 & c]ta9 ,objections aga9/ ! ,philosophy ( ,art refut$ 7a7 ,ae/hetic conf9$ to ,beauty ( ,art 7b7 ,is ,art unwor?y ( sci5tific consid]ation8 7c7 ,or at lea/ is x incapable ( truly philosophical exposition8 ,negative answ] to bo? ^! que/ions ,,ii4 ,sci5tific ,me?ods :i* apply to ! ,beautiful & ,art #a4 ,! ,empirical ,me?od #b4 ,ab/ract ,reflection #c4 ,! ,philosophical ,idea ( arti/ic ,beauty1 t is1 ! notional concept !re(1 provisionally def9$ ,,iii4 ,! ,notion ( ! ,beauty ( ,art ,obs]vations ^u ! ord9>y ideas ab\t ,art #a4 ,! art-"w is a creation ( human activity 7a7 ,!ory ( imitation ( ,art by rule 7b7 ,art z direct inspiration 7c7 ,! rank ( ,art relatively to ,nature 7d7 ,! nature ( ! human ,art-impulse #b4 ,! art-"w is address$ to human s5se 7a7 ,!ory t its object is to excite feel+ 7b7 ,! nature ( arti/ic ta/e 7c7 ,! nature ( art-s*ol>%ip z contra/$ ) arti/ic ta/e 7d7 ,! m philosophical consequ5ces ( ! fact t ,art appeals to s5se & requires a s5su\s m$ium = its expression #c4 ,! ,end or ,int]e/ ( ,art 7a7 ,is x imitation ( ,nature8 7b7 ,is ! end or cont5t id5tical ) ! dictum1 ,humani nihil a me ali5um1 etc4 7c7 ,h[ f> x is a mitigation or purification ( ! passions 7d7 ,! high] object ( ,art :i* consi/s 9 its revelation ( tru? 9 itself ,,iv4 ,hi/orical ,d$uction ( ! true ,notion ( ,art #a4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant 7a7 ,feel+ ( ae/hetic satisfaction n appetitive 7b7 ,beauty an object ( univ]sal satisfaction 7c7 ,teleological aspect ( ! ,beautiful 7d7 ,pleasure 9 ! ,beautiful necess>y1 ?\gh felt #b4 ,s*ill]1 ,w9ckelmann1 & ,s*ell+ #c4 ,irony ,v4 ,division ( ! ,subject #a4 ,inquiry z to ! mode "u :i* ! divisions ( ! subject arise f ! notional concept ( ,beauty #b4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,ideal #c4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! p>ticul> g5]al types ( ,beauty 7a7 ,! ,symbolic type ( ,art 7b7 ,! ,classical type ( ,art 7c7 ,! ,romantic type ( ,art #d4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,! specific arts 7a7 ,ar*itecture 7b7 ,sculpture 7c7 ,romantic art1 :i* includes 77 ,pa9t+ 77 ,music 77 ,poetry #e4 ,conclusion ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,art ,,or ,,! ,,ideal ,! ,position ( ,art relatively to f9ite ,reality1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy 7a7 ,!ory t ! ,beautiful is no intelligible object ( ?\ght 7b7 ,! relation ( ! human reason to ,nature bo? empirically & speculatively 7c7 ,! realm ( ,f9e ,art t ( ! ,absolute ,_s 7d7 ,h[ f> ,art responds to a g5u9e spiritual want 9 man 7e7 ,! tru? :i* =ms ! cont5t ( art1 religion1 & philosophy diff]s only 9 ! modes "u :i* x is pres5t$ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,9 ,,g5]al #a4 ,! ,idea 7a7 ,! ,idea is concrete1 n ab/ract 7b7 ,objectivity is ! real exi/5ce ( ! notion1 & ! means :]eby x is actualiz$ 7c7 ,! ,idea is ! h>moniz$ totality ( ! two aspects #b4 ,! ,det]m9ate ,exi/5ce ( ! ,idea #c4 ,! ,idea ( ! ,beautiful 7a7 ,n appreh5d$ alone by ! faculty ( ! und]/&+1 or ! f9ite categories 7b7 ,! nature ( f9ite or ab/ract appreh5sion & practical volition consid]$ 7c7 ,! object ( beauty resolves & ! "o-sid$ness ( bo? /&po9ts 9 a free & inf9ite totality ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,nature ,a4 ,! ,beauty ( ,nature z su* #a4 ,! ,idea z ,life 7a7 ,! fir/ mode "u :i* ! notion is 9 ,nature ass]t$ z objectivity is t ( physical matt]1 ! ideal unity :]e( is n f\nd z ideality 7b7 ,a fur!r /ep is ! integration ( natural objects "u a unifi$ sy/em1 z ! sol> sy/em 7c7 ,! ?ird mode is t ( organic ,life4 ,?is alone is a det]m9ate exi/5ce ( ! ,idea #b4 ,! animat$ life ( ,nature z ,beauty 7a7 ,! motion ( life consid]$ 9 relation to ! conception ( beauty 7b7 ,! nature ( organic unity1 & ! degree x contributes to ! beauty ( an object 7c7 ,! inw>d unity ( s\l-life & ! degree x contributes to ! correlation ( p>ts ( an organism1 or is ass]t$ 9 ext]nal =m to our s5ses r ?an our reflection #c4 ,modes "u :i* ! beauty ( ,nature is inve/igat$ 7a7 ,:]e ! =m is imm$iately 9 ! mat]ia z its ess5ce or con=mative en]gy1 z 9 cry/als1 or m concretely z ! in=m+ s\l ?r\gh ! liv+ organism 7b7 ,mobility 9 animals z a te/ ( _! app>5t beauty 7c7 ,self-consci\s life ! culm9at+ mode ,b4 ,! ext]nal ,beauty ( ab/ract ,=m view$ z ,uni=mity1 ,symmetry1 ,con=mity to ,rule1 & ,h>mony4 ,also ,beauty reg>d$ g5]ally z ab/ract unity ( ! ,s5su\s ,mat]ial ,c4 ,! ,defective ,aspects ( ! ,beauty ( ,nature #a4 ,! ,inw>d pr9ciple 9 its imm$iacy z m]ely su* inw>dness 7a7 ,imm$iate s+ul>ity z cons]v$ 9 ! purely animal organism 7b7 ,( ! nature ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! above & ! human body 7c7 ,social organizations view$ 9 su* p>ticul>iz$ imm$iacy1 & ! defects !y betray z su* ext]nal totalities #b4 ,! ,dep5d5ce ( p>ticul> exi/5ce z view$ 9 its imm$iate s+ul>ity 7a7 ,! dep5d5ce ( animal life ^u its natural environm5t 7b7 ,! nature ( a simil> dep5d5ce 9 ! case ( ! human organism 7c7 ,! dep5d5ce ( human s\ls1 or spiritual int]e/s1 on ! prose-life ( ord9>y exi/5ce #c4 ,! limitations impli$ by su* conditions 7a7 ,! re/riction ( species 9 ! animal _w1 & ( ! social condition z x affects human individuality 7b7 ,! limitation ( racial division1 or ( p>ticul> families1 or p>ticul> pr(essions1 & ! effect ( su* ^u ! aspect ( beauty 7c7 ,x is ! v defects ( ?is f9ite plane ( reality1 :i* /imulates man to recov] ! vision ( 8 fre$om 9 ,art ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,art ,,or ,,! ,,ideal ,a4 ,! ,ideal z su* #a4 ,individuality :i* p>takes ( ,beauty4 7a7 ,! nature ( ! conditions "u :i* ,art c express a pr(\nd & inf9ite spiritual cont5t 7b7 ,:at ,art rejects f natural embodim5t 9 ord] to effect ?is revelation1 :i* is also a purification 7c7 ,?is ref]r+ back ( ext]nal =m to spirituality1 or inw>dness1 issu+ 9 h>moni\s individuality1 is ! v nature ( ! ,ideal 77 ,! bly! s]5ity ( antique art 77 ,! treatm5t ( emotion by romantic art 77 ,irony #b4 ,! ,ideal relatively to ,nature 7a7 ,! =mal ideality ( a "w ( art1 i4e41 ! elem5t ( poetry !re9 7b7 ,! creative faculty contra/$ ) ,nature 9 its p[] to grasp ideal significance1 ) illu/rations ( ?is p[] 7c7 ,! nature ( ?is spiritual recreation ( natural fact by ,art orig9at+ 9 ! en]gy ( m9d4 ,illu/ration ) ! example ( ,dut* art 9 its g5re pa9t+1 also ) t ( portraiture & classical art ,b4 ,! ,det]m9ate ,"* ( ! ,ideal ,i4 ,ideal det]m9acy z su* #a4 ,?\ght ap>t f ! pla/ic mat]ial c only compreh5d ! ,div9e 9 its univ]sality & unity4 ,mohamm$an & ,hebrew art #b4 ,! poly!i/ic aspect ( ,hell5ic art consid]$1 z also ,*ri/ian art #c4 ,! relation ( ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture to ! latt]4 ,! transition f ! pr9ciple ( spiritual repose to t ( developm5t & conflict ,,ii4 ,! ,action #a4 ,! univ]sal ,_w-condition 7a7 77 ,! self-subsi/5cy ( su* a condition z a necess>y prius ( ! embodim5t ( ! ,ideal 77 ,! nature ( ! reality adapt$ to arti/ic treatm5t z contra/$ ) :at is n s adapt$4 ,! fix$ ord] ( ! ,/ate z contra/$ ) conditions mo/ fav\rable to free individuality 77 ,fur!r exam9ation ( contra/ 9 relation to judicial functions & ! ideas ( puni%m5t or rev5ge z we f9d x 9 ! h]oic age4 ,! reappe>ance ( an analog\s condition 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7b7 ,mod]n prosaic life ! condition mo/ fav\rable to ! private or p]sonal life z an object ( int]e/ 7c7 ,resi/ance by individual poets to ?is process ( social *ange4 ,! p]man5t dem& = ! h]oic #b4 ,! ,situation 7a7 ,! situation t is devoid ( situation 7b7 ,! situation z def9$ 9 its h>mlessness or abs5ce ( fur!r conflict 77 ,! movem5t f pure tranquillity to movem5t or expression4 ,illu/rations f classical art 77 ,movem5t z relat$ to ext]nality4 ,! initial /age ( action4 ,greek sculpture 77 ,situation 9 movem5t pres5t$ z an opportunity to fur!r expression4 ,illu/rations f poetry 7c7 ,! ,collision 77 ,collisions :i* arise f :olly mat]ial conditions4 ,only ( arti/ic int]e/ z a consequ5ce ( natural mis=tune4 ,illu/rations 77 ,spiritual collisions dep5d5t on natural conditions4 ,classifi$ & illu/rat$4 77 ,! above only =m ! />t+-po9t ( ! collision ( ! ess5tial =ces ( spiritual life4 ,! ?ird & mo/ important type is ! collision caus$ by ! disruption ( ,_s alone4 ,illu/rations #c4 ,! ,action 7a7 ,! univ]sal =ces op]ative 9 ! action4 77 ,^! =ces are ! et]nally p>am\nt religi\s & e?ical modes ( relation%ip1 su* z family1 fa!rl&1 *ur*1 fri5d%ip1 /atus1 hon\r1 & love4 ,!y are *ildr5 ( ! "o absolute ,idea4 ,illu/ration ( _! cont5tion 77 ,!y mu/ n act 9 discord ) ! ma9 action4 ,! position ( evil p[]s z confront+ !m1 & its treatm5t by classic & mod]n poetry 77 ,su* =ces mu/ appe> 9 ,art z embodi$ 9 p>ticul> p]sonalities4 ,contra/ betwe5 anci5t & mod]n art 9 ?is respect 7b7 ,! individuals conc]n$ 9 ! action 77 ,! relations betwe5 gods & m5 9 classical art1 & t betwe5 ! ,div9e & ! human 9 ,*ri/ian art ,pa?os consid]$ 9 its relation to v>i\s modes ( art 7c7 ,"* 77 ,view$ z co-ext5sive or self-coh]5t individuality1 relatively1 t is1 to ! intr9sic weal? x connotes4 ,illu/rations 77 ,view$ relatively to ! p>ticul> =m "u :i* x is b\nd to appe> 77 ,view$ z a concrete unity coalesc+ :olly ) its det]m9ate =m & z assur$ "*4 ,illu/rations classifi$ 9 _! /ability & lack ( su* ,,iii4 ,! ,ext]nal ,det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal4 #a4 ,! ab/ract ,ext]nality z su*4 7a7 ,spatiality1 ,uni=mity1 ,figure1 ,"t1 & ,col\r4 77 ,h[ f> su* contribute to arti/ic production 77 ,! necessity ( cle> articulation ( =m & tone consid]$ #b4 ,! ,coalesc5ce ( ! concrete ,ideal ) its ext]nal ,reality 77 ,! bond ( unity reg>d$ z no positive reality1 b z a my/]i\s or secret connection4 ,! relation ( ext]nal ,nature to ! "w ( art4 ,! ,hom]ic poems contra/$ ) ! ,niebelung5li$ 9 ?is respect 7b7 ,:]e ! unity is expressly due to human activity & human adaptation ( means to ends 77 ,! use made by man ( ornam5t or ( any?+ us$ = m]e %[1 e4g41 preci\s metals = /atu>y 77 ,! "q h[ f> objects us$ = practical purposes are suit$ = art4 ,! idyllic1 civiliz$ & h]oic condition comp>$ 9 ! degree !y are ?us adapt$ 77 ,! spiritual environm5t itself 9 social in/itutions1 etc41 reg>d$ 9 its relation to ideal "* #c4 ,! ,ext]nality ( a "w ( ,art 9 relation to a ,public 7a7 ,:at is impli$ 9 ! ass]tion by ! arti/ ( ! p>ticul> culture ( 8 own times8 7b7 ,:at may be reg>d$ z tru? :5 ! ref]5ce is to a ,pa/1 ei!r 9 an exclusive or objective s5se8 7c7 ,:at may /ill be reg>d$ z valid 9 tru? ?\gh ! matt] be appropriat$ f a "t & nationality =eign to ! arti/8 ,all ?ree que/ions discuss$ & illu/rat$ ,c4 ,! ,arti/ #a4 ,imag9ation1 ,g5ius1 & ,inspiration #b4 ,! objective "* ( ! arti/ic pres5tation #c4 ,mann]1 ,/yle1 & ,orig9ality4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,introduction ,i ,! pres5t inquiry#a has = its subject-matt] ,ae/hetic4 ,x is a subject co-ext5sive ) ! entire realm ( ! beautiful2 m specifically describ$1 its prov9ce is t ( ,art1 or r1 we %\ld say1 ( ,f9e ,art4 ,= a subject-matt] su* z ?is ! t]m ,ae/hetic is no d\bt n entirely appropriate1 = ,ae/hetic d5otes m accurately ! sci5ce ( ! s5ses or emotion4 ,x came by its orig9s z a sci5ce1 or r z some?+ t to />t ) purport$ to be a bran* ( philosophy1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! s*ool ( ,wolff1 9 o!r words :5 works ( art 7 g5]ally reg>d$ 9 ,g]many ) ref]5ce to ! feel+s !y 7 calculat$ to evoke1 z1 = example1 ! feel+s ( pleasure1 admiration1 fe>1 pity1 & s =?4 ,x is ow+ to ! unsuitability or1 m /rictly speak+1 ! sup]ficiality ( ?is t]m t ! attempt has be5 made by "s to apply ! "n ,calli/ic to ?is sci5ce4 ,yet ?is also is cle>ly insuffici5t inasmu* z ! sci5ce "h ref]r$ to does n inve/igate beauty 9 its g5]al signification1 b ! beauty ( art pure & simple4 ,= ?is reason we %all accommodate ourselves to ! t]m ,ae/hetic1 all ! m s z ! m]e "q ( nom5clature is = ourselves a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,x has z su* be5 provisionally accept$ 9 ord9>y spee*1 & we _c d bett] ?an reta9 x4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 :i* fully expresses our sci5ce is ,philosophy ( ,art1 &1 ) /ill m precision1 ,philosophy ( ,f9e ,art4 7a7 ,9 virtue ( ?is expression we at once exclude ! beauty ( ,nature f ! sci5tific exposition ( ,f9e ,art4 ,su* a limitation ( our subject may v well appe> f a c]ta9 po9t ( view z an arbitr>y b\nd>y l9e1 simil> to t :i* e sci5ce is entitl$ to fix 9 ! dem>cation ( its subject-matt]4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 und]/& ! limitation ( ,ae/hetic to ! beauty ( art 9 ?is s5se4 ,we are accu/om$1 no d\bt1 9 ord9>y life to speak ( a beautiful col\r1 a beautiful heav51 a beautiful /ream1 to say no?+ ( beautiful fl[]s1 animals1 &1 above all1 ( beautiful human be+s4 ,)\t ent]+ n[ into ! disput$ "q h[ f> ! quality ( beauty c ju/ly be pr$icat$ ( su* objects1 & consequ5tly ! beauty ( ,nature comes g5]ally into competition ) t ( art1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ categorically t ! beauty ( art /&s high] ?an ,nature4 ,= ! beauty ( art is a beauty begott51 a new bir? ( m9d#b2 & to ! ext5t t ,_s & its creations /& high] ?an ,nature & its ph5om5a1 to t ext5t ! beauty ( art is m exalt$ ?an ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,inde$1 if we reg>d ! matt] 9 its =mal aspect1 t is to say1 accord+ to ! way x is !re1 any *ance fancy t passes ?r\gh any "o's head#c1 is ( high] rank ?an any product ( ,nature4 ,= 9 e case intellectual conception & fre$om are insep>able f su* a conceit4 ,9 respect to cont5t ! sun appe>s to u an absolutely necess>y con/itu5t ( actual fact1 :ile ! p]v]se fancy passes away z some?+ accid5tal & evanesc5t4 ,none ! less 9 its own indep5d5t be+ a natural exi/5ce su* z ! sun possesses no p[] ( self-diff]5tiation2 x is nei!r ess5tially free nor self-aw>e2 &1 if we reg>d x 9 its necess>y cohesion ) o!r ?+s1 we d n reg>d x indep5d5tly = its own sake1 & consequ5tly n z beautiful4 ,m]ely to ma9ta91 9 a g5]al way1 t m9d & ! beauty ( art :i* orig9ates !refrom /& high] ?an ! beauty ( ,nature is no d\bt to e/abli% next to no?+4 ,! expression high] is obvi\sly entirely indef9ite2 x /ill indicates ! beauty ( ,nature & art z /&+ juxtapos$ 9 ! field ( conception1 & emphasizes ! diff]5ce z a quantitative & accord+ly ext]nal diff]5ce4 ,b 9 pr$icat+ ( m9d & its arti/ic beauty a high] place 9 contra/ to ,nature1 we d n d5ote a di/9ction :i* is m]ely relative4 ,m9d1 & m9d alone1 is p]vi\s to tru?1 compreh5d+ all 9 itself1 s t all :i* is beautiful c only be v]itably beautiful z p>tak+ 9 ?is high] sph]e & z begott5 ( ! same4 ,reg>d$ "u ?is po9t ( view x is only a reflection ( ! beauty app]t95t to m9d1 t is1 we h x "u an imp]fect & incomplete mode1 & "o ^: sub/antive be+ is already conta9$ 9 ! m9d itself4 ,& ap>t f ?is we %all f9d ! re/riction to ! beauty ( art only natural1 = 9 s f> z ! beauties ( ,nature may h come "u discussion--a r>] occurr5ce among anci5t writ]s ?an among ourselves--yet at lea/ x has occurr$ to no "o to insi/ emphatically on ! beauty ( natural objects to ! ext5t ( propos+ a sci5ce1 or sy/ematic exposition ( su* beauties4 ,x is true t ! po9t ( view ( utility has be5 select$ = su* exclusive treatm5t4 ,we h1 = example1 ! conception ( a sci5ce ( natural objects 9 s f> z !y are useful 9 ! conflict ) diseases1 9 o!r words a description ( m9]als1 *emical products1 plants1 animals1 :i* subs]ve ! art ( heal+4 ,we d n f9d any analog\s exploitation & consid]ation ( ! realm ( ,nature 9 its aspect ( beauty4 ,9 ! case ( natural beauty we are too ke5ly consci\s t we are deal+ ) an indef9ite subject-matt] de/itute ( any real crit]ion4 ,x is = ?is reason t su* an ef=t ( comp>ison w\ld c>ry ) x too little int]e/ to ju/ify ! attempt4 ,^! prelim9>y obs]vations ov] beauty 9 ,nature & art1 ov] ! relation ( bo?1 & ! exclusion ( ! fir/-m5tion$ f ! prov9ce ( our real subject-matt] are int5d$ to disabuse u ( ! notion t ! limitation ( our sci5ce is simply a "q ( caprici\s selection4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 n rea*$ ! po9t :]e a demon/ration ( ?is fact is feasible = ! reason t su* an inve/igation falls )9 ! limits ( our sci5ce itself1 & x is !re=e only at a lat] /age t we c ei!r discuss or prove ! same4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t we h1 by way ( prelude1 limit$ our inquiry to ! beauty ( art1 we are m]ely by ?is fir/ /ep involv$ 9 fre% difficulties4 7b7 ,:at mu/ fir/ ( all occur to u is ! "q :e!r ,f9e ,art 9 itself is truly susceptible to a sci5tific treatm5t4 ,x is a simple fact t beauty & art p]vade all ! affairs ( life l "s fri5dly g5ius1 & embelli% ) _! *e] all our surr\nd+s1 m5tal no less ?an mat]ial4 ,!y alleviate ! /r5u\sness ( su* relations1 ! v>i$ *anges ( actual life2 !y bani% ! t$ium ( our exi/5ce ) _! ent]ta9m5t2 & :]e no?+ really wor? hav+ is actually a*iev$1 x is at lea/ an advantage t !y occupy ! place ( actual vice4 ,yet :ile art prevails on all sides ) its pleas+ %apes1 f ! crude decorations ( savage tribes up to ! spl5d\rs ( ! sacr$ %r9e adorn$ ) e conceivable beauty ( design1 none ! less su* %apes !mselves appe> to fall outside ! real purposes ( life1 & ev5 :]e ! imag9ative "w ( art is n imp]vi\s to su* s]i\s objects1 nay1 r at times ev5 appe> to assi/ !m1 to ! ext5t at lea/ ( remov+ :at is evil to a di/ance1 yet = all t art ess5tially belongs to ! relaxation & recreation ( spiritual life1 :]eas its sub/antive int]e/s r make a call ^u its /ra9$ en]gy4 ,on su* gr\nds an attempt to treat t :i* on its own acc\nt is n ( a s]i\s "* ) all ! gravity ( sci5tific exposition may v possibly appe> to be unsuitable & p$antic4 ,9 any case f su* a po9t ( view art appe>s a sup]fluity if contra/$ ) ! ess5tial ne$s & int]e/s ( life1 ev5 assum+ t ! s(t5+ ( ! s\l :i* a preoccupation ) ! beauty ( objects is capable ( produc+1 does n actually prove injuri\s 9 its effem9ate influ5ce ^u ! s]i\s quality ( ^? practical int]e/s4 ,ow+ to ?is fundam5tal assumption t !y are a luxury x has (t5 appe>$ necess>y to und]take ! def5ce ( ! f9e arts relatively to ! necessities ( practical life1 & 9 p>ticul> relatively to morality & piety2 & inasmu* z ?is h>mlessness is incapable ( demon/ration1 ! idea has be5 at lea/ to make x appe> cr$ible1 t ?is luxury ( human exp]i5ce contributes a l>g] proportion ( advantages ?an disadvantages4 ,9 ?is respect s]i\s aims h be5 attribut$ to art1 & 9 _m qu>t]s x has be5 comm5d$ z a m$iator betwe5 reason & s5su\s associations1 betwe5 private incl9ations & duty1 p]sonifi$ 9 %ort z a reconcil] ( ^! =ces 9 ! /r5u\s conflict & opposition :i* ?is antagonism g5]ates4 ,b x is j conceivable#d t1 ev5 assum+ ! pres5ce ( su* aims ) all _! indubitably great] s]i\sness1 nei!r reason nor duty come by mu* pr(it f su* m$iation1 = ! simple reason t !y are incapable by _! v nature ( any su* int]fusion or compromise1 dem&+ ?r\gh\t ! same purity :i* !y intr9sically possess4 ,& we might add t art does n become 9 any respect m wor?y !reby ( sci5tific discussion1 inasmu* z x rema9s /ill on two sides a m5ial1 t is1 subs]vi5t to idl5ess & frivolity1 if also to objects ( m elevat$ "*4 ,9 su* s]vice1 moreov]1 x c at mo/ m]ely appe> z a means in/ead ( be+ an object = its own sake4 ,&1 9 conclusion1 assum+ t art is a means1 x /ill inv>iably lab\rs "u ! =mal defect1 t s f> z x 9 fact is subs]vi5t to m s]i\s objects1 & produces results ( l nature1 ! means :i* actually br+s ?is ab\t is deception4 ,= beauty is made vital 9 ! appe>ance#e4 ,n[ x c h>dly be d5i$ t aims :i* are true & s]i\s ought n to be a*iev$ by deception2 & ?\gh su* an effect is "h & !re secur$ by ?is means1 su* ought only to be ! case 9 a re/rict$ degree2 & ev5 9 ! exceptional case we are n ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ deception z ! "r means4 ,= ! means ought to correspond ) ! dignity ( ! aim4 ,nei!r semblance nor deception1 b only :at is itself real & true1 possesses a title to create :at is real & true4 ,j 9 ! same way sci5ce has to inve/igate ! true int]e/s ( ! m9d 9 accordance ) ! actual process ( ! real _w & ! mann] ( conceiv+ x z we actually f9d x4 ,we may possibly conclude f ! above gr\nds t ! art ( beauty is unwor?y ( philosophical exam9ation4 ,x is aft] all1 x may be said1 only a pleasant pa/ime1 &1 ?\gh we may admit m s]i\s aims are also 9 its purview1 nev]!less x is ess5tially oppos$ to su* aims 9 _! s]i\sness4 ,x is at ! mo/ m]ely ! s]vant ( specific amusem5ts no less ?an ! exceptional s]i\s objects1 & = ! m$ium ( its exi/5ce z also = ! means ( its op]ations c m]ely avail itself ( deception & %[4 ,b yet fur!r 9 ! second place1 x is a /ill m plausible cont5tion t ev5 suppos+ f9e art to be compatible g5]ally ) philosophical disquisition1 none ! less x w\ld =m no really adequate subject-matt] = sci5tific enquiry 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,= ! beauty ( art is pres5t$ to s5se1 feel+1 p]ception1 & imag9ation3 its field is n t ( ?\ght1 & ! compreh5sion ( its activity & its creations dem&s ano!r faculty ?an t ( ! sci5tific intellig5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 :at we enjoy 9 arti/ic beauty is j ! fre$om ( its creative & pla/ic activity4 ,9 ! production & contemplation ( ^! we appe> to escape ! pr9ciple ( rule & sy/em4 ,9 ! creations ( art we seek = an atmosph]e ( repose & animation z "s c\nt]poise to ! au/]ity ( ! realm ( law & ! sombre self-conc5tration ( ?\ght2 we seek = bli! & p[]ful reality 9 ex*ange = ! %ad[-_w ( ! ,idea4 ,&1 la/ ( all1 ! free activity ( ! imag9ation is ! s\rce ( ! fair works ( art1 :i* 9 ?is _w ( ! m9d are ev5 m free ?an ,nature is h]self4 ,n only has art at its s]vice ! entire weal? ( natural =m 9 all _! sup]abundant v>iety1 b ! creative imag9ation is able inexhau/ibly to ext5d ! realm ( =m by its own productions & modifications4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* an immeasurable dep? ( inspir$ creation & its free products1 x may n unreasonably be suppos$ t ?\ght w lose ! c\rage to appreh5d su* 9 _! app>5t range1 to pron\nce its v]dict !reon1 & to appropriate su* b5ea? its univ]sal =mulae4 ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ev]yone mu/ admit1 is =mally b\nd to occupy itself ) ?9k+ :i* ab/racts f ! mass ( p>ticul>s3 & = ?is v reason1 f "o po9t ( view1 ! imag9ation & its cont+5cy & caprice1 9 o!r words ! organ ( arti/ic activity & enjoym5t1 is exclud$ f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 art gives joy\s animation to j ?is gloomy & arid dryness ( ! notion1 br++ its ab/ractions & divisions into reconciliation ) concrete fact1 supplem5t+ ) its detail :at is want+ to ! notion 9 ?is respect1 ev5 9 t case a purely contemplative reflection simply removes once m all t has be5 add$1 does away ) x1 conduct+ ! notion once aga9 to t simplicity d5ud$ ( positive reality :i* belongs to x & its %ad[l& ( ab/raction4 ,x is also a possible cont5tion t sci5ce 9 respect to cont5t is conc]n$ ) :at is ess5tially necess>y4 ,if our sci5ce ( ,ae/hetic places on "o side natural beauty1 n m]ely h we app>5tly made no advance1 b r sep>at$ ourselves yet fur!r f :at is necess>y4 ,! expression ,nature implies f ! fir/ ! ideas ( necessity & uni=mity1 t is to say a con/itution :i* gives e expectation ( its proximity & adaptability to sci5tific inquiry4 ,9 m5tal op]ations g5]ally1 & mo/ ( all 9 ! imag9ation1 if contra/$ 9 ?is respect ) ,nature1 caprice & sup]iority to e k9d ( =mal re/riction1 caprice1 x is "h assum$1 is uniquely 9 its "r place1 & ^! at once put out ( c\rt ! basis ( a sci5tific inquiry4 ,f ea* & all ^! po9ts ( view consequ5tly1 9 its orig91 t is to say1 9 its effect & 9 its range1 f9e art1 s f> f prov+ itself fitt$ = sci5tific ef=t1 r appe>s fundam5tally to resi/ ! regulative pr9ciple ( ?\ght1 & to be ill-adapt$ = exact sci5tific discussion4 ,difficulties ( ?is k9d1 & o!rs l !m1 :i* h be5 rais$ 9 respect to a ?or\ghly sci5tific treatm5t ( f9e art h be5 borr[$ f curr5t ideas1 po9ts ( view1 & reflection1 ! m sy/ematic expansion ( :i* we may read ad nauseam 9 previ\s lit]ature1 9 p>ticul> ,fr5* lit]ature1 ^u ! subject ( beauty & ! f9e arts4 ,su* conta9 to "s ext5t facts :i* h _! ju/ification2 9 fact1 elaborate argum5ts#f are d$uc$ !refrom1 :i* also are n )\t _! t9cture ( app>5t plausibility4 ,9 ?is way1 = in/ance1 !re is ! fact t ! configuration ( beauty is z multifold z ! ph5om5on ( beauty is ( univ]sal ext5sion2 f :i* we may conclude1 if we c>e to d s1 t a univ]sal impulse t[>ds beauty is enclos$ 9 our common nature1 & may yet fur!r conceivably inf]1 t because ! conceptions ( beauty are s c\ntless 9 _! v>iety & )al are obvi\sly some?+ p>ticul>1 x is impossible to secure laws ( univ]sal validity ei!r relatively to beauty or our ta/e = x4 ,be=e turn+ away f su* !ories to ! subject1 z we ourselves conceive x1 x w be a necess>y & prelim9>y task to discuss ! que/ions & objections rais$ above4 ,fir/1 z to ! wor?9ess ( art to =m ! object ( sci5tific inquiry1 x is no d\bt ! case t art c be utiliz$ z a m]e pa/ime 9 ! s]vice ( pleasure & ent]ta9m5t1 ei!r 9 ! embelli%m5t ( our surr\nd+s1 ! impr9t+ ( a delight-giv+ surface to ! ext]nal conditions ( life1 or ! emphasis plac$ by decoration on o!r objects4 ,9 ^! respects x is unque/ionably no indep5d5t or free art1 b an art subs]vi5t to c]ta9 objects4 ,! k9d ( art1 h[ev]1 :i* we ourselves propose to exam9e is "o :i* is free 9 its aim & its means4 ,t art 9 g5]al c s]ve o!r objects1 & ev5 be m]ely a pa/ime1 is a relation :i* x possesses 9 common ) ?\ght itself4 ,f "o po9t ( view ?\ght likewise1 z sci5ce subs]vi5t to o!r ends1 c be us$ 9 j ! same way = f9ite purposes & means z !y *ance to crop up1 & z su* s]viceable faculty ( sci5ce is n self-det]m9$1 b det]m9$ by some?+ ali5 to x4 ,b1 fur!r1 z di/9ct f su* subs]vi5ce to p>ticul> objects1 sci5ce is rais$ ( its own ess5tial res\rces 9 free indep5d5ce to tru?1 & exclusively unit$ ) its own aims 9 discov]+ ! true fulfillm5t 9 t tru?4 ,f9e art is n art 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m until x is also ?us free1 & its highe/ function is only !n satisfi$ :5 x has e/abli%$ itself 9 a sph]e :i* x %>es ) religion1 & philosophy1 becom+ !reby m]ely "o mode & =m ?r\gh :i* ! ,div9e1 ! pr(\nde/ int]e/s ( mank9d1 & spiritual tru?s ( wide/ range1 art br\ght home to consci\sness & express$4 ,x is 9 works ( art t nations h deposit$ ! ri*e/ intuitions & ideas !y possess2 & n infrequ5tly f9e art supplies a key ( int]pretation to ! wisdom & religion ( peoples2 9 ! case ( _m x is ! only "o4 ,?is is an attribute :i* art %>es 9 common ) religion & philosophy1 ! peculi> di/9ction 9 ! case ( art be+ t its pres5tation ( ! mo/ exalt$ subject-matt] is 9 s5su\s =m1 !reby br++ !m ne>] to ,nature & h] mode ( envisagem5t1 t is clos] to our s5sitive & emotional life4 ,! _w1 into ! pr(undity ( :i* ?\ght p5etrates1 is a sup]s5su\s "o1 a _w :i* to />t ) is posit$ z a ,beyond 9 contra/ to ! imm$iacy ( ord9>y consci\s life & pres5t s5sation4 ,x is ! fre$om ( reflect+ consci\sness :i* dis5gages itself f ?is imm]sion 9 ! ?is side1 or imm$iacy1 9 o!r words s5su\s reality & f9itude4 ,b ! m9d is able1 too1 to heal ! fracture :i* is ?us creat$ 9 its progression4 ,f ! weal? ( its own res\rces x br+s into be+ ! works ( f9e art z ! prim>y bond ( m$iation betwe5 t :i* is exclusively ext]nal1 s5su\s & transitory1 & ! m$ium ( pure ?\ght1 betwe5 ,nature & its f9ite reality1 & ! inf9ite fre$om ( a reason :i* compreh5ds4 ,n[ x 0 object$ t ! elem5t#g ( art 01 if we view x z a :ole1 ( an unwor?y "*1 inasmu* z x consi/$ ( appe>ance & deceptions insep>able f su*4 ,su* a cont5tion w\ld ( c\rse be ju/ifiable1 if we 7 entitl$ to assume t appe>ance _h no locus /&i#h at all4 ,an appe>ance or %[ is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to actuality4 ,!re c\ld be no su* ?+ z tru? if x did n appe>1 or1 r1 let itself appe>#i1 7 x n fur!r true = "s "o ?+ or p]son1 = itself z also = _s4 ,consequ5tly x _c be appe>ance 9 g5]al aga9/ :i* su* an objection c be rais$1 b ! p>ticul> mode ( its manife/ation "u :i* art makes actual :at is ess5tially real & true4 ,if1 !n1 ! appe>ance1 9 ! m$ium ( :i* art gives det]m9ate exi/5ce to its creations1 be def9$ z deception1 su* an objection is 9 ! fir/ in/ance intelligible if we comp>e x ) ! ext]nal _w ( a ph5om5a1 & its imm$iate relation to ourselves z mat]ial sub/ance1 or view x relatively to our own _w ( emotions1 t is our inw>d s5su\s life4 ,bo? ^! are worlds to :i* 9 our ev]yday life1 ! life1 t is1 ( visible exp]i5ce1 we are accu/om$ to atta* ! wor? & "n ( reality1 actuality & tru? z contra/$ ) t ( art1 :i* fails to possess su* reality z we suppose4 ,n[ x is j ?is entire sph]e ( ! empirical _w1 :e!r on its p]sonal side or its objective side1 :i* we ought r to call 9 a /rict] s5se ?an :5 we apply ! t]m to ! _w ( art1 m]ely a %[ or appe>ance1 & an ev5 m unyield+ =m ( deception4 ,x is only beyond ! imm$iacy ( emotional life & t _w ( ext]nal objects t we %all discov] reality 9 any true s5se ( ! t]m4 ,no?+ is actually real b t :i* is actual 9 its own indep5d5t "r & sub/ance#aj1 t :i* is at once ( ! sub/ance ( ,nature & ( m9d1 :i*1 :ile x is actually "h 9 pres5t & det]m9ate exi/5ce1 yet reta9s "u su* limitation an ess5tial & self-conc5tr$ be+1 & only 9 virtue ( su* is truly real4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ^! univ]sal p[]s is precisely t :i* art acc5tuates & manife/s4 ,9 ! ext]nal & s\l-_w ( ord9>y exp]i5ce we h also no d\bt ?is ess5ce ( actuality1 b 9 ! *aotic cong]ies ( p>ticul> detail1 encumb]$ by ! imm$iacy ( s5su\s envisagem5t1 & e k9d ( caprice ( condition1 ev5t1 "*1 & s =?4 ,n[ x is j ! %[ & deception ( ?is false & evanesc5t _w :i* art dis5gages f ! v]itable significance ( ph5om5a to :i* we h ref]r$1 implant+ 9 ! same a reality ( m exalt$ rank born ( m9d4 ,! ph5om5a ( art !re=e are n m]ely n appe>ance & no?+ m2 we are ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to !m1 z contra/$ ) ! realities ( our ord9>y life1 an actually high] reality & m v]itable exi/5ce4 ,to z little ext5t are ! repres5tations ( art a deceptive appe>ance z comp>$ ) ! assum$ tru] del9eations ( hi/orical writ+4 ,= imm$iate exi/5ce also does n belong to hi/orical writ+4 ,x only possesses ! intellectual appe>ance ( ! same z ! m$ium ( its del9eations1 & its cont5t rema9s *>g$ ) ! entire cont+5t mat]ia ( ord9>y reality & its ev5ts1 developm5ts & p]sonalities1 :]eas ! "w ( art br+s u face to face ) ! et]nal p[]s p>am\nt 9 hi/ory ) ?is incid5tal association ( ! imm$iate s5su\s pres5t & its un/able appe>ance expung$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is 9 contra/ ) philosophic ?\ght & religi\s & e?ical pr9ciples1 t ! mode ( appe>ance ( ! %apes ( art1 is describ$ z a deception1 !re is c]ta9ly ?is 9 support ( ! view t ! mode ( revelation atta9$ by a cont5t 9 ! realm ( ?\ght is ! true/ reality4 ,9 comp>ison1 nev]!less1 ) ! appe>ance ( imm$iate s5su\s exi/5ce & t ( hi/orical n>ration1 ! %[ ( art possesses ! advantage t1 9 its own virtue1 x po9ts beyond itself1 direct+ u to a some:at spiritual1 :i* x seeks to envisage to ! conceptive m9d4 ,imm$iate appe>ance1 on ! contr>y1 does n give itself out to be ?us illusive1 b r to be ! true & real1 ?\gh z a matt] ( fact su* tru? is contam9at$ & ob/ruct$ by ! imm$iately s5su\s m$ium4 ,! h>d r9d ( ,nature & ! ev]yday _w (f] m difficulty to ! m9d 9 break+ ?r\gh to ! ,idea ?an d ! products ( art4 ,b if f ?is p>ticul> po9t ( view we place art ?us highly1 we mu/ n1 on ! o!r h&1 fail to rememb] t nei!r 9 respect to cont5t or =m is art ei!r ! highe/ or mo/ absolute mode ( br++ ! true int]e/s ( our spiritual life to consci\sness4 ,! v =m ( art itself is suffici5t to limit x to a def9ite cont5t4 ,x is only a p>ticul> sph]e & grade ( tru? :i* is capable ( be+ reproduc$ 9 ! =m ( a "w ( art4 ,su* tru? mu/ h ! p[] 9 its own det]m9ate "* to g out freely into s5su\s %ape & rema9 adequate to itself !re91 if x is to be ! g5u9e cont5t ( art1 z is ! case1 = example1 ) ! gods ( ,greece4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a pr(\nd] grasp ( tru?1 9 :i* ! =m is no long] on su* easy & fri5dly t]ms ) ! s5su\s mat]ial z to be adequately accept$ & express$ by t m$ium4 ,( su* a type is ! ,*ri/ian conception ( tru?2 & above all x is ! prevail+ _s ( our mod]n _w1 or1 m /rictly1 ( our religion & our intellectual culture1 :i* h pass$ beyond ! po9t at :i* art is ! highe/ mode "u :i* ! absolute is br\ght home to human consci\sness4 ,! type peculi> to art-production & its products fails any long] to satisfy man's highe/ ne$4 ,we are beyond ! /age ( rev]5ce = works ( art z div9e & objects des]v+ our wor%ip4 ,! impression !y produce is "o ( a m reflective#aa k9d1 & ! emotions :i* !y ar\se require a high] te/ & a fur!r v]ification4 ,?\ght & reflection h tak5 _! flight above f9e art4 ,to ^? :o are fond ( compla9t & grumbl+ su* a condition ( ?+s may be held z a =m ( decad5ce2 x may be ascrib$ to ! obsession ( passion & selfi% int]e/s1 :i* sc>e away ! s]i\sness ( art no less ?an its bli!som5ess4 ,or we may f9d ! fault to lie 9 ! exig5cies ( ! pres5t day1 ! complex conditions ( social & political life1 :i* prev5t ! s\l1 entangl$ z x is 9 microscopic int]e/s1 f secur+ its fre$om 9 ! nobl] objects ( art1 a condition1 too1 9 :i* ! intellig5ce itself becomes a m5ial to su* trifl+ wants & ! int]e/s !y excite 9 sci5ces1 :i* subs]ve objects ( a l nature1 & are s$uc$ into ! volunt>y exile ( su* a wild]ness4 ,b h[ev] we may expla9 ! fact x c]ta9ly is ! case t ,art is no long] able to discov] t satisfaction ( spiritual wants1 :i* previ\s epo*s & nations h s\ght = 9 x & exclusively f\nd 9 x1 a satisfaction :i*1 at lea/ on ! religi\s side1 0 associat$ ) art 9 ! mo/ intimate way4 ,! fair days ( ,greek art1 z also ! gold5 "t ( ! lat] middle ages1 are ov]4 ,! reflective culture ( our life ( to-day makes x inevitable1 bo? relatively to our volitional p[] & our judgm5t1 t we adh]e /rictly to g5]al po9ts ( view1 & regulate p>ticul> matt]s 9 consonance ) !m1 s t univ]sal =ms1 laws1 duties1 rights1 & maxims hold valid z ! det]m9+ basis ( our life & ! =ce )9 ( ma9 importance4 ,:at is dem&$ = arti/ic int]e/ z also = arti/ic creation is1 speak+ 9 g5]al t]ms1 a vital en]gy1 9 :i* ! univ]sal is n pres5t z law & maxim1 b is op]ative 9 union ) ! s\l & emotions1 j z also1 9 ! imag9ation1 :at is univ]sal & rational is enclos$ only z br\ght into unity ) a concrete s5su\s ph5om5on4 ,= ?is reason ! pres5t "t is n1 if we review its conditions 9 _! wide/ range1 fav\rable to art4 ,& ) reg>d to ! executive arti/ himself x is n m]ely t reflection on e side1 :i* w insi/ on utt]ance1 ow+ to ! univ]sal habit ( critical op9ion & judgm5t1 leads him a/ray f 8 art & infects 8 m9d ) a l desire to accumulate ab/ract ?\ght 9 8 creations2 r ! entire spiritual culture ( ! times is ( su* a nature t he himself /&s )9 a _w ?us dispos$ to reflection & ! conditions x presupposes1 &1 d :at he may1 he _c release himself ei!r by 8 wi% or 8 p[] ( decision f _! influ5ce1 nei!r c he by means ( exceptional education1 or a removal f ! ord9>y conditions ( life1 conjure up = himself & secure a solitude capable ( replac+ all t is lo/4 ,9 all ^! respects art is & rema9s = u1 on ! side1 ( its highe/ possibilities1 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,h]e9 x has fur!r lo/ its g5u9e tru? & life1 & is r transport$ to our _w ( ideas ?an is able to ma9ta9 its =m] necessity & its sup]ior place 9 reality4 ,:at is n[ /imulat$ 9 u by works ( art is1 9 addition to ! fact ( imm$iate enjoym5t1 our judgm5t4 ,9 o!r words we subject ! cont5t1 & ! means ( pres5tation ( ! "w ( art1 & ! suitability & unsuitability ( bo?1 to ! contemplation ( our ?\ght4 ,a sci5ce ( art is !re=e a f> m urg5t necessity 9 our own days ?an 9 times 9 :i* art z art suffic$ by itself alone to give complete satisfaction4 ,we are invit$ by art to contemplate x reflectively1 n1 t is to say1 ) ! object ( recreat+ su* art#ab1 b 9 ord] to asc]ta9 sci5tifically its nature4 ,9 do+ our be/ to accept su* an invitation we are confront$ ) ! objection already adv]t$ to1 t ev5 assum+ t art is a subject adapt$ = philosophical inve/igation 9 a g5]al way1 yet x unque/ionably is n s adapt$ to ! sy/ematic proc$ure ( sci5ce4 ,su* an objection1 h[ev]1 implies to />t ) ! false notion t we c h a philosophical inquiry :i* is at ! same "t unsci5tific4 ,9 reply to su* a po9t ,i c only "h /ate summ>ily my op9ion1 t :atev] ideas o!r p may h ( philosophy & philosophiz+1 ,i myself conceive philosophical inquiry ( any sort or k9d to be insep>able f ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,! function ( philosophy is to exam9e subject-matt] 9 ! light ( ! pr9ciple ( necessity1 n1 x is true1 m]ely 9 accordance ) its subjective#ac necessity or ext]nal co-ord9ation1 classification1 & s =?2 x has r to unfold & demon/rate ! object "u review out ( ! necessity ( its own intimate nature4 ,until ?is ess5tial process is made explicit ! sci5tific quality ( su* an inquiry is abs5t4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! objective necessity ( an object subsi/s ess5tially 9 its logical & metaphysical nature ! isolat$ exam9ation ( art may 9 su* a case1 at any rate1 or r inevitably1 mu/ be c>ri$ =w>d ) a c]ta9 relaxation ( sci5tific /r+5cy4 ,= art is bas$ ^u _m assumptions1 "p ( :i* relate to its cont5t1 "p to its mat]ial or conceptive#ad m$ium1 9 virtue ( :i* art is nev] f> f ! bord]s ( cont+5cy & caprice4 ,consequ5tly x is only relatively to ! ess5tial & ideal progression ( its cont5t & its means ( expression t we are able to recall ) advantage ! =mative pr9ciple ( its necessity#ae4 ,! objection t works ( f9e art defy ! exam9ation ( sci5tific ?\ght1 because !y orig9ate 9 ! unregulat$ _w ( imag9ation & temp]am5t1 & ass]t _! effect exclusively on ! emotions & ! fancy ) a complexity & v>iety :i* defies exact analysis1 raises a difficulty :i* /ill c>ries g5u9e weight beh9d x#af4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! beauty ( art does appe> 9 a =m :i* is expressly to be contra/$ ) ab/ract ?\ght1 a =m :i* x is compell$ to di/urb 9 ord] to ex]cise its own activity 9 its own way4 ,su* a result is simply a coroll>y ( ! !sis t reality any:]e & ev]y:]e1 :e!r ! life ( ,nature or m9d1 is defac$ & sla9 by its compreh5sion2 t s f> f be+ br\ght m close to u by ! compreh5sion ( ?9k+1 x is only by ?is means t x is 9 ! complete s5se remov$ ap>t f u1 s t 9 8 attempt to grasp ?r\gh ?\ght z a means ! nature ( life1 man r r5d]s nugatory ?is v aim4 ,an exhau/ive discussion ( ! subject is "h impossible2 we propose m]ely to indicate ! po9t ( view f :i* ! removal ( ?is difficulty or impossibility & incompatibility might be effect$4 ,x w at lea/ be readily admitt$ t m9d is capable ( self-contemplation1 & ( possess+ a consci\sness1 & inde$ "o t implies a p[] ( ?\ght co-ext5sive ) itself & ev]y?+ :i* orig9ates f itself4 ,x is1 9 fact1 precisely ?\ght1 ! process ( ?9k+1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ intimate & ess5tial nature ( m9d4 ,x is 9 ?is ?9k+-consci\sness ov] itself & its products1 despite all ! fre$om & caprice su* may o!rwise & inde$ mu/ inv>iably possess--assum+ only m9d or _s to be v]itably pregnant !re9--t m9d exhibits ! activity cong5ial to its ess5tial nature4 ,art & ! creations ( art1 be+ works :i* orig9ate 9 & are begott5 ( ! _s1 are !mselves /amp$ ) ! hall-m>k ( _s1 ev5 ?\gh ! mode ( its pres5tation accept = its own ! ph5om5al guise ( s5su\s reality1 p]meat+ z x does ! s5su\s sub/ance ) intellig5ce4 ,view$ 9 ?is light art is plac$ f ! fir/ ne>] to _s & its ?\ght ?an ! purely ext]nal & un9tellig5t ,nature4 ,9 ! products ( art m9d is exclusively deal+ ) t :i* is its own4 ,& al?\gh works ( art are n ?\ght & notion simply z su*1 b an evolution ( ! notion out ( itself1 an ali5ation ( ! same 9 ! direction ( s5su\s be+1 yet = all t ! might ( ! ?9k+ _s is discov]$ n m]ely 9 its ability to grasp itself 9 its mo/ native =m z pure ?9k+1 b also1 & z completely1 to recognize itself 9 its self-dive/m5t 9 ! m$ium ( emotion & ! s5su\s1 to reta9 ! grasp ( itself 9 t o!r :i* x trans=ms b is n1 transmut+ ! ali5 factor into ?\ght-expression1 & by s do+ recov]+ x to itself4 ,& moreov] 9 ?is active & frequ5t relation to t o!r ?an itself ! reflective m9d is n 9 any way untrue to itself4 ,we h "h no oblivion or surr5d] ( itself2 nei!r is x s impot5t z to be unable to compreh5d :at is diff]5tiat$ f t o!r#ag2 :at x actually does is to grasp 9 ! notion bo? itself & its opposite4 ,= ! notion is ! univ]sal1 :i* ma9ta9s itself 9 its p>ticul>izations1 :i* cov]s 9 its grasp bo? itself & its o!r1 & consequ5tly conta9s ! p[] & en]gy to cancel ! v ali5ation into :i* x passes4 ,= ?is reason ! "w ( art1 9 :i* ?\ght dive/s itself ( itself#ah1 belongs to ! realm ( compreh5d+ ?\ght2 & m9d1 by subject+ x#ai to sci5tific contemplation1 !reby simply satisfies its mo/ ess5tial nature4 ,= inasmu* z ?\ght is its ess5ce & notion1 x c only ultimately f9d su* a satisfaction aft] pass+ all ! products ( its activity ?r\gh ! alembic ( rational ?\ght1 & 9 ?is way mak+ !m = ! fir/ "t 9 v tru? "p ( its own sub/ance4 ,b ?\gh art1 z we %all ev5tually see ) yet m di/9ctness1 is f> inde$ f be+ ! highe/ =m ( m9d1 x is only 9 ! philosophy ( art t x comes into all t x may ju/ly claim4 ,9 ! same way art is n deb>r$ f a philosophical inquiry by reason ( its unregulat$ caprice4 ,z already intimat$1 x is its true function to br+ to consci\sness ! highe/ int]e/s ( m9d4 ,an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ?is is t1 s f> z ! cont5t ( f9e art is conc]n$1 x _c range ab\t 9 all ! wildness ( an unbridl$ fancy2 ^! int]e/s ( _s posit categorically = ! cont5t t embodies !m def9ite po9ts ( atta*m5t#bj1 h[ev] multifold & inexhau/ible may be ! =ms & %apes !y assume4 ,! same may be said ( ! =ms !mselves4 ,!y too d n rema9 unaffect$ by con/ra9+ pr9ciples4 ,x is n e *ance =m :i* is capable ( express+ & pres5t+ ^! int]e/s1 capable ( assimilat+ !m & reproduc+ !m4 ,x is only ?r\gh "o det]m9ate cont5t t ! =m adequate to its embodim5t is def9$4 ,x is ^u gr\nds su* z ^! t we are also able to discov] a track adapt$ to critical reflection ?r\gh ! app>5tly endless vi/as ( arti/ic creations & %apes4 ,we h n[1 ,i tru/1 by way ( prelude1 succe$$ 9 re/rict+ ! cont5t ( our sci5ce on ! l9es ( def9ition propos$4 ,we h made x cle> t nei!r is f9e art unwor?y ( philosophical /udy1 nor is su* a philosophical /udy incapable ( accept+ z an object ( its cognition ! ess5ce ( f9e art4 ,,ii ,if we n[ inve/igate ! requir$ mode ( su* sci5tific inve/igation1 we are "h aga9 face to face ) two contradictory modes ( h&l+ ! subject1 ea* ( :i* appe>s to exclude ! o!r & to p]mit u to arrive at no satisfactory result4 ,on ! "o h& we obs]ve ! sci5ce ( art1 m]ely s to speak1 f an ext]nal po9t ( view busy+ itself ) actual works ( art1 catalogu+ !m 9 a hi/ory ( art1 draw+ up a sort ( comm5t>y ^u extant works1 or prop\nd+ !ories :i* are int5d$ to supply ! g5]al po9ts ( view = arti/ic criticism no less ?an arti/ic production4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d sci5ce :olly giv+ itself up 9 its indep5d5ce & self-assur$ to ! contemplation ( ! beautiful1 (f]+ g5]alizations :i* d n conc]n ! specific *>act]i/ics ( a "w ( art1 produc+ 9 %ort an ab/ract philosophy ( ! beautiful4 #a4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ m5tion$ me?od ( /udy1 ! />t+-po9t ( :i* is ! empirical /udy ( def9ite facts1 su* is ! pa? ev]yone mu/ tread :o means to /udy art at all4 ,& j z ev]yone n[adays1 ev5 ?\gh he does n actually conc]n himself ) physical sci5ce1 yet deems x indisp5sable to 8 intellectual equipm5t to h "s k9d ( k ( ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce#ba1 s too x is g5]ally consid]$ m or less ess5tial to any man ( real cultivation1 t he %\ld possess "s g5]al k ( art2 & inde$ ! pret5sion to be rank$ z dilletante1 or ev5 z g5u9e connoisseur1 meets ) comp>atively few exceptions4 7a7 ,if h[ev] k ( ?is k9d is really to claim ! rank ( connoisseur%ip ( ! fir/ class x mu/ be bo? v>i$ 9 its "* & ( ! wide/ range4 ,x is an indisp5sable condition to su* t x %\ld possess an accurate k ( ! well-nigh limitless field ( p>ticul> works ( art bo? ( anci5t & mod]n times1 "s ( :i* h already disappe>$1 :ile o!rs are only to be f\nd 9 di/ant c\ntries or portions ( ! globe1 & :i* x is ! mis=tune ( our situation to be unable to inspect4 ,add to ?is t e "w ( art belongs to "o age1 "o nationality1 & dep5ds ^u p>ticul> hi/orical or o!r ends & ideas4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is x is indisp5sable t ! f9e/ type ( art-s*ol>%ip %\ld h at its comm& n m]ely hi/orical k ( a wide range1 b k t is highly specializ$4 ,9 o!r words1 a "w ( art is associat$ ) p>ticul>#bb detail 9 a peculi> s5se1 & a specific treatm5t1 is imp]ative to ! compreh5sion & int]pretation ( x4 ,& 9 conclusion ?is connoisseur%ip ( ! f9e/ class does n m]ely imply l e o!r a ret5tive memory1 b also a ke5 imag9ative s5se1 9 ord] to hold cle>ly be=e ! m9d ! images ( su* arti/ic repres5tations 9 all _! *>act]i/ic l9es1 & above all1 to h !m ready = comp>ison ) o!r works ( art4 7b7 ,)9 ! limits ( su* a me?od ( /udy :i* is prim>ily hi/orical#bc1 di/9ct po9ts ( view w soon ass]t !mselves :i* 9 ! contemplation ( su* works we are n suff]$ to lose sight (1 inasmu* z !y are indisp5sable to a critical v]dict4 ,su* po9ts ( view1 z is ! case ) o!r sci5ces ! comm5cem5t ( :i* is empirical1 are summ>iz$1 aft] _! due collection z sep>ate units & comp>ison1 9 g5]al crit]ia & propositions1 em]g+ 9 a yet fur!r /age ( =mal g5]alization 9 ,!ories ( ! arts4 ,?is is n ! place to dwell at l5g? ^u lit]ature ( ?is k9d2 we w m]ely recall a few specim5s ( su* "w 9 ! mo/ g5]al way4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle1 :i* conta9s a !ory ( trag$y /ill ( real int]e/4 ,) /ill m p]t95cy among ! anci5ts ! ,ars ,poetica ( ,horace & ! ,essay on ! ,sublime by ,long9us w exemplify g5]ally ! mann] 9 :i* ?is type ( !oriz+ is c>ri$ out4 ,! g5]al !ses :i* are !re9 =mulat$ are int5d$ to /& z premises & rules1 9 accordance ) :i* works ( art ought to be produc$1 _! necessity be+ above all insi/$ on 9 times ( ! decad5ce ( poetry & art4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 prescriptions to ! practition]4 ,! prescriptions1 h[ev]1 ( ^! physicians ( art 7 ev5 less successful 9 _! curative effect on art ?an are ! ord9>y ones 9 ! re/oration ( bodily heal?4 ,z to su* !ories ,i w m]ely rem>k t al?\gh 9 _! detail !y conta9 mu* t is in/ructive1 yet :at !y h to say is bas$ on a v limit$ range ( arti/ic production1 :i* pass$ no d\bt = ! sup]latively beautiful ones1 b = all t occupi$ b a v re/rict$ portion ( ! entire field ( survey4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view su* g5]alizations are 9 "p v trivial reflections1 :i* 9 _! g5]ality l$ up to no secure grasp ( actual detail1 ?\gh t is above all ! matt] ( mo/ importance4 ,! epi/le ( ,horace already cit$ is full ( su* g5]al !ses1 & consequ5tly a book = ev]yone1 b "o :i* = ?is v reason conta9s mu* ( no importance at all4 ,take ! l9es3 ,omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci ,lectorum delect&o p>it]que mon5do-- ,he c>ries all votes :o has int]fus$ ! useful & ! pleasant1 by at ! same "t *>m+ & in/ruct+ 8 read]4 ,?is is no bett] ?an copybook head+s su* z ,/ay :]e y are & e>n an hone/ sixp5ce--:i* are good en\gh z g5]alization1 b are defective 9 ! concrete det]m9acy ^u :i* action dep5ds4 ,an int]e/ ( ano!r k9d d$ucible f ?is type ( arti/ic /udy does n s mu* consi/ 9 ! express$ object to promote ! production ( g5u9e works ( art3 ! int5tion appe>s to be r t ( influ5c+ ! judgm5t ( o!rs ^u arti/ic works by su* !ories1 creat+1 9 %ort1 a /&>d ( ta/e4 ,x is = an object ( ?is k9d t ,horne's ,elem5ts ( ,criticism1 ! writ+s ( ,batteux1 & ,raml]'s ,introduction to ! ,f9e ,arts h f\nd _m read]s 9 _! day4 ,ta/e1 9 ?is s5se1 has to d ) co-ord9ation & arti/ic treatm5t1 ! ?+ 9 its "r place1 & all t conc]ns ! f9i% ( t :i* belongs to ! ext]nal embodim5t ( a "w ( art4 ,add to ?is t to ! pr9ciples ( su* a ta/e views 7 atta*$ :i* belong$ to ! psy*ology 9 fa%ion at ! "t1 views :i* _h be5 discov]$ by empirical obs]vations ( capacities & activities ( ! s\l1 or ( passions & _! pot5tial aggr&izem5t1 succession1 & s =?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an inv>iable fact t e "o =ms 8 op9ion ( works ( art1 or *>act]s1 actions & ev5ts accord+ to ! measure ( 8 insight & 8 p]ceptive temp]am5t2 & inasmu* z ! =mation ( ta/e to :i* we h ref]r$ m]ely t\*$ :at 0 ext]nal & !re=e jejune1 & ap>t f ?is d$uc$ its prescriptions entirely f a limit$ circle ( arti/ic works & an intellectual culture & emotional discipl9e equally re/rict$1 its sph]e ( influ5ce 0 ineffective1 & x _h nei!r ! p[] to compreh5d ! pr(\nd] significance#bd & ! true1 nor to make ! vision m ke5 = _! appreh5sion4 ,su* !ories proce$ ?r\gh g5]alization z d ! re/ ( ! non-philosophic sci5ces4 ,! cont5t :i* !y submit to exam9ation is accept$ f ord9>y ideas z some?+ f9al & receiv$ z su*4 ,que/ions are !n ask$ ab\t ! con/itution ( su* a concept1 ! ne$ = m di/9ct specification mak+ itself app>5t1 & ?is too is borr[$ f curr5t ideas1 & =?) f9ally e/abli%$ f x 9 def9itions4 ,b 9 su* a proc$ure we at once f9d ourselves on an insecure basis expos$ to controv]sy4 ,x might 9 ! fir/ in/ance no d\bt appe> t ! beautiful 0 q a simple idea4 ,b we soon discov] x comb9es sev]al aspects2 "o writ] w emphasize "o ( ^!1 ano!r "s o!r "o2 or1 ev5 assum+ ! same po9ts ( view are consid]$1 ! "q = dispute /ill rema9s :i* aspect is to be reg>d$ z ess5tial4 ,) reg>d to su* que/ions x is g5]ally reckon$ z insep>able f sci5tific complet5ess1 t ! v>i\s def9itions ( ! beautiful %\ld be enum]at$ & criticiz$4 ,= ourselves we d n propose to attempt ?is ) su* hi/orical exhau/iv5ess z w\ld unfold all ! _m ref9em5ts ( su* essays at def9ition1 nor inde$ on acc\nt ( _! hi/orical int]e/4 ,we simply1 by way ( illu/ration1 %all (f] a few specim5s ( ! m rec5t & m int]e/+ ways ( reg>d+ ! matt] :i* d 9 fact hit (f pretty ne>ly :at is actually impli$ 9 ! idea ( ! beautiful4 ,) ?is 9 view x is ( fir/ importance to recall ,goe!'s def9ition ( ! beautiful1 :i* ,mey] has incorporat$ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,creative ,arts 9 ,greece1 9 :i* "w he also br+s =w>d ! views ( ,hirt1 ?\gh he does n actually m5tion 8 "n4 ,hirt1 "o ( ! greate/ among connoisseurs ( ! fir/ class 9 our "t1 9 8 ,essay ^u ,f9e ,art 7,hor51 #agig1 sev5? numb]71 aft] consid]+ ! beautiful 9 ! sev]al arts1 summ>izes 8 conclusions 9 ! /atem5t t ! basis ( a j criticism ( f9e art & cultivation ( ta/e is ! idea ( ! ,*>act]i/ic4 ,9 o!r words he def9es ! beautiful ultimately z ! ,consummate#be :i* is or c be an object ( eye1 e>1 or imag9ation4 ,he !n proce$s to def9e ?is consummate z t :i* is adequate to its aim1 :i* nature or art aim$ at produc+ 9 ! con/itution ( ! object--aft] its g5]ic k9d & specific type4 ,= :i* reason x is necess>y t1 9 ord] to in/ruct our critical s5se ( beauty1 we %\ld direct our att5tion1 s f> z possible1 to ! specific indications ( ! object's ess5tial con/itution4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ^! insignia ( individuality :i* are its *>act]i/ic4 ,consequ5tly "u ! t]m "* z a pr9ciple ( art he und]/&s t def9ite individual *>act]ization#bf1 :]eby =ms1 movem5t & ge/ure1 mi5 & expression1 local col\r+1 light & %ad[1 *i>oscuro & pose are sev]ally di/+ui%$ 9 due relation ( c\rse to ! requirem5ts ( ! object previ\sly select$4 ,?is =mula is m significant 9 its actual t]ms ?an o!r def9itions 9 vogue4 ,if we proce$ to ask :at ! *>act]i/ic is we f9d t x implies1 fir/1 a cont5t1 z1 = in/ance1 a def9ite emotion1 situation1 ev5t1 action1 individual p]son or ?+2 secondly1 ! specific mann] 9 accordance ) :i* su* a cont5t is repres5t$4 ,x is to ?is mode or mann] ( pres5tation t ! arti/ic pr9ciple ( ! *>act]i/ic is relat$4 ,x requires t e aspect ( detail 9 ! mode ( expression %all subs]ve ! cle>] def9ition ( t expression's cont5t1 & become a vital memb] ( su* expression4 ,! ab/ract det]m9ation ( ! *>act]i/ic emphasizes !re=e ! p]t95cy ) :i* p>ticul> detail ought to br+ into prom95ce ! cont5t :i* x is int5d$ to reproduce4 ,attempt+ an elucidation ( ?is conception ap>t f te*nical phrase we may /ate ! limitation impli$ 9 x z foll[s3 ,9 ! drama1 = in/ance1 x is an action :i* con/itutes ! cont5t4 ,t is to say1 ! drama has to repres5t h[ ?is or t action takes place4 ,n[ m5 d all k9ds ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,!y speak to ea* o!r1 take _! meals1 sleep1 put on _! clo!s1 say ?is & t1 & all ! re/ ( x4 ,b 9 all ?is bus9ess ( life :at does n lie 9 imm$iate relation ) ! p>ticul> action select$ z ! real dramatic cont5t1 mu/ be exclud$ 9 ord] t relatively to x ev]y?+ %all be significant4 ,9 ! same way 9 a picture :i* only includes "o mom5t ( t action1 & x is possible to accumulate--su* are ! c\ntless vi/as into :i* ! objective _w draws u--a mass ( circum/ances1 p]sons1 situations or o!r occurr5ces1 :i* /& 9 no relation to ! specific action z x actually occurs1 nor subs]ve 9 any way ! cle>] *>act]ization ( ! same4 ,b accord+ to ! def9ition giv5 ( ! *>act]i/ic only t ought to ent] into a "w ( art1 :i* is app]t95t to ! manife/ation & ess5tial expression ( precisely ?is "o cont5t & no o!r4 ,no?+ mu/ decl>e itself z idle or sup]flu\s4 ,?is def9ition is no d\bt ( real importance1 & f a c]ta9 po9t ( view admits ( ju/ification4 ,mey]1 h[ev]1 9 ! "w cit$1 is ( op9ion t ! view prop\nd$ has vani%$1 e ve/ige ( x1 & 9 8 op9ion only to ! advantage ( art4 ,su* a conception he ?9ks w\ld 9 all probability lead to c>icature4 ,?is judgm5t is bas$ on ! previ\s idea t an attempt ( ?is k9d to def9e ! beautiful once & = all is associat$ ) ! notion ( prescription4 ,! philosophy ( art has absolutely no?+ to d ) precepts = arti/s4 ,! object is to unfold ! ess5tial nature ( ! beautiful1 &--ap>t f any int5tion to prop\nd rules = ! executant--h[ x is illu/rat$ 9 actual "w1 t is works ( art4 ,to su* a criticism we may obs]ve t ! def9ition ( ,hirt no d\bt includes :at is capable ( be+ c>icature1 = c>icature may also be *>act]i/ic4 ,! obvi\s po9t to make1 h[ev]1 aga9/ x is ?is1 t 9 c>icature "* 9 its def9ition is emphasiz$ to ! po9t ( exagg]ation & is1 if we may say s1 a sup]fluity ( ! *>act]i/ic4 ,b a surfeit ( ?is k9d is no long] appropriate to ! *>act]i/ic1 b a burd5some reit]ation :]eby ! *>act]i/ic may itself be ou/$ f :at x ought to be4 ,moreov]1 :at is ( ! nature ( c>icature is display$ z ! *>act]i/ic pres5tm5t ( :at is ugly1 :i* is ( c\rse a mode ( di/ortion4 ,ugl9ess is 9 its own "r 9 ?is way m closely relat$ to ! cont5t#bg1 s t x may be actually ass]t$ t ! pr9ciple ( ! *>act]i/ic includes also ugl9ess & ! pres5tm5t ( ! same z a "p ( its ess5tial det]m9ation4 ,! def9ition ( ,hirt1 ( c\rse1 gives u no fur!r acc\nt ( ! cont5t ( ! beautiful4 ,x m]ely supplies u 9 ?is respect ) a purely =mal /atem5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9s real tru? 9 x al?\gh =mulat$ 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! fur!r "q--:at ,mey] w\ld sub/itute = ! arti/ic pr9ciple ( ,hirt1 :at he proposes himself8 ,he deals 9 ! fir/ in/ance exclusively ) ! pr9ciple z we h x 9 anci5t works ( art1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ conta9 9 ! wide/ connotation ( ! t]m ! ess5tial det]m9ant#bh ( beauty#bi4 ,9 do+ s he f9ds occasion to ref] to ,m5gs & to ,w9ckelmann's def9ition ( ! ,ideal1 & expresses himself to ! effect t he does n wi% ei!r to reject or :olly to accept ?is pr9ciple ( beauty1 b on ! o!r h& t he feels no hesitation 9 subscrib+ to ! op9ion ( an enlight5$ judge ( art 7t is ,goe!71 inasmu* z its mean+ is di/9ct & x appe>s to solve ! problem ) m accuracy4 ,n[ :at ,goe! says is ?is3 ,! highe/ pr9ciple ( ! anci5ts 0 ! significant2 ! highe/ result ( successful arti/ic h&l+ is ! beautiful4 ,if we look m closely at :at ?is dictum implies we h aga9 once m two aspects1 t is to say a cont5t or subject matt]1 & ! mode ( its pres5tation4 ,9 our consid]ation ( a "w ( art we beg9 ) t :i* is directly pres5t$ to u1 & aft] see+ x we proce$ to inquire :at its significance or cont5t is4 ,t ext]nal husk possesses no value to u simply z su*4 ,we assume t !re is an inw>d1 an ideality or a significance beh9d x1 9 virtue ( :i* ! ext]nal appe>ance is made alive ) m9d or _s4 ,x is to ?is1 its s\l1 t ! ext]nal appe>ance po9ts & atte/s4 ,= an appe>ance :i* is significant ( some?+ does n pres5t itself to u1 & m]ely t :i* x is qu ext]nality1 b some?+ o!r ?an ?is2 z also does ! symbol = example & ) yet m cl>ity ! fable1 ! significance ( :i* is simply ! moral & tea*+ ( ! same4 ,9 fact !re is no ^w :i* does n po9t to a mean+1 possess+ no value by itself4 ,9 ! same way ! human eye1 ! face1 fle%1 sk91 ! entire pres5ce are a revelation ( _s1 intellig5ce & s\l2 & 9 su* a case ! significance is )\t exception some?+ beyond t :i* is (f]$ 9 ! b>e appe>ance4 ,9 ?is way too ! "w ( art mu/ possess significance2 x mu/ n appe> to h told its tale simply 9 ! fact ( p>ticul> l9es1 curves1 surfaces1 ind5tations1 reliefs ( /one-"w1 9 p>ticul> col\rs1 tones1 s\nds ( words1 :atev] m$ium 9 fact art may employ4 ,its function is to unveil an inw>d or ideal vitality1 emotion1 s\l1 a cont5t & m9d1 :i* is precisely :at we mean by ! significance ( a "w ( art4 ,?is dem&1 !re=e1 = significance 9 a "w ( art is to all int5ts1 & 9 its embrace mu* ! same ?+ z ,hirt's pr9ciple ( ! *>act]i/ic4 ,accord+ to ?is conception we f9d z *>act]i/ic con/itu5ts ( ! beautiful an inw>d some:at1 a cont5t1 & an ext]nal r9d :i* possesses t cont5t z its significance4 ,! inn] or ideal con/itu5t appe>s 9 ! ext]nal & ?us enables itself to be recogniz$1 t :i* is ext]nal po9t+ away f itself to ! inw>d4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 pursue ! matt] "h into fur!r detail4 7c7 ,b ! e>li] fa%ion ( ?is !ory-sp9n+1 no less ?an ! lay+ d[n ( rules = ! executant already adv]t$ to1 has already be5 ?ru/ on "o side despotically 9 ,g]many--ma9ly ow+ to ! appe>ance ( g5u9e liv+ poetry--& ! "r ( g5ius1 its "w & effects1 h _h _! full indep5d5ce insi/$ ^u z aga9/ ! pret5sions ( su* rules ( ?umb & ! broad wat]-ducts ( !ory4 ,f ?is f\ndation ( an art :i* is itself ( truly spiritual rank1 z also ( a sympa?y & absorption ( ! same1 h aris5 ! receptivity & fre$om :i* make x possible = u to enjoy & appreciate great works ( art :i* h long s9ce be5 )9 our rea*1 :e!r x be ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 or ( :olly =eign peoples ( ! ,pa/1 ! works ( ,india = example2 works1 :i*1 9 virtue ( _! antiquity or ! remot5ess ( _! nationality1 possess unque/ionably = ourselves a side ali5 to ourselves2 b :i*1 if we consid] ! way 9 :i* _! cont5t passes ov] & beyond su* national limits1 & ! matt] 9 x ( common appeal to all mank9d1 c only be hallm>k$ by ! prejudice ( !ory among ! products ( a b>b>\s or corrupt ta/e4 ,?is recognition ( works ( art any:]e & ev]y:]e1 works :i* dep>t f ! specific circle & =ms ( ^? ^u :i* 9 ! ma9 ! ab/ractions ( !ory 7 bas$1 has1 z a prim>y consequ5ce1 l$ to ! recognition ( a peculi> type ( art---! romantic art4 ,x became necess>y to appreh5d ! notion & ! nature ( ! beautiful 9 a pr(\nd] way ?an ^! !ories attempt$4 ,) ?is fact ano!r1 too1 coop]at$1 viz41 t ! notions 9 its =m ( app]ception1 ! m9d z pure ?\ght on its "p rea*$ 9 philosophy a po9t ( pr(\nd] self-cognition1 & 0 !reby compell$ =?) to grasp ! ess5ce ( art too on pr(\nd] l9es4 ,9 ?is way1 ev5 9 virtue ( ! po9t 9 ! process rea*$ ( ?is g5]al evolution ( human ?\ght1 ! type ( !oriz+ ^u art we h describ$1 bo? relatively to its pr9ciples no less ?an _! elaboration1 has become obsolete4 ,x is only ! s*ol>%ip ( ! hi/ory ( art :i* reta9s an abid+ value1 & mu/ cont9ue to reta9 x 9 proportion z ! b\nd>ies ( its survey h enl>g$ 9 e direction by means ( ! advance made 9 man's p[]s ( receptivity already notic$4 ,its bus9ess & function consi/s 9 ! ae/hetic appreciation ( p>ticul> works ( art & ! k ( ! hi/orical1 9 o!r words ! ext]nal conditions f :i* ! "w ( art orig9ates4 ,x is an attitude ( ! m9d1 :i*1 if assi/$ ) s\nd s5se & critical insight1 support$ too ) hi/orical k1 is an indisp5sable condition to ! complete p5etration into ! individuality ( a giv5 "w ( art4 ,! _m writ+s ( ,goe! ^u art & works ( art are an excell5t illu/ration4 ,!oriz+1 9 ! specific s5se notic$1 is n ! aim ( ?is type ( exam9ation1 al?\gh no d\bt x n unfrequ5tly also busies itself ) ab/ract pr9ciples & categories1 & may drop into su* a /yle unconsci\sly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 )\t lett+ su* deviations on our r\te deta9 u1 we keep be=e our vision ^? concrete illu/rations ( arti/ic works1 su* at lea/1 :atev] else !y may d1 supply a philosophy ( art ) ! visible w>rant & confirmation ( actual "w1 into ! hi/orical detail ( :i*1 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 philosophy is n p]mitt$ to ent]4 ,?is !n may be accept$ z ! fir/ me?od ( art /udy4 ,x />ts f ! p>ticul> "w :i* we h be=e u4 #b4 ,! me?od or po9t ( view to be contra/$ ) ?is1 9 o!r words an entirely !oretical reflection1 :i* is conc]n$ to cognize ! beautiful z su* f its own intr9sic weal?1 & to p5etrate to ! idea ( x1 is ess5tially di/9ct f ! fir/ me?od4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,plato 0 ! fir/ to dem& ( philosophical inquiry 9 a pr(\nd] s5se1 t objects %\ld n be cogniz$ 9 _! p>ticul>ity1 b 9 _! univ]sality1 9 _! g5]ic type1 _! ess5tial be+ & its explicit manife/ation4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ?is true ess5ce#cj did n consi/ 9 p>ticul> actions :i* 7 good1 9 p>ticul> true op9ions1 h&some m5 or beautiful works ( art1 b 9 goodness1 beauty1 & tru? 9 _! univ]sality4 ,n[ if 9 fact ! beautiful ought to be cogniz$ accord+ to its ess5ce & notion1 ?is c only be effect$ by means ( ! ?9k+ notion#ca1 by means ( :i* ! logical & metaphysical nature ( ! ,idea z su*1 z also ( t ( ! p>ticul> ,idea ( ! beautiful ent]s into ! ?9k+ consci\sness4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ! beautiful 9 its self-indep5d5ce & its idea may readily once m become an ab/ract metaphysic2 & ev5 ?\gh ,plato is accept$ z f\nd] & pione]1 ! ,platonic ab/raction no long] supplies all we require1 n ev5 = ! logical ,idea ( ! beautiful4 ,we are b\nd to grasp ?is idea m pr(\ndly & m 9 ! concrete4 ,! empt9ess ( cont5t :i* cl+s to ! ,platonic ,idea1 no long] satisfies ! ri*] philosophical requirem5ts ( ! m9d to-day4 ,x is no d\bt ! case t we also 9 ! philosophy ( art mu/ make ! ,idea ( ! beautiful our />t+ po9t2 b x is by no means inevitable t we %\ld adh]e to ! ,platonic ideas 9 _! ab/raction1 ideas f :i* ! philosophy ( ! beautiful m]ely dates its orig9s4 #c4 ,! philosophical idea ( ! beautiful to indicate at any rate its true nature provisionally1 mu/ conta9 bo? extremes :i* we h describ$ m$iat$ 9 itself4 ,x mu/ comb9e1 t is to say1 metaphysical univ]sality ) ! det]m9ate cont5t ( real p>ticul>ity4 ,x is only by ?is means t x is grasp$ 9 its ess5tial no less ?an explicit tru?4 ,= on ! "o h& x is !n1 z contra/$ ) ! /]ility ( "o-sid$ reflection1 fruit-be>+ out ( its own weal?4 ,x is its function1 9 consonance ) its own notion1 to develop into a totality ( def9ite qualities1 & ?is ess5tial conception itself1 no less ?an its detail$ explication1 comprises ! necess>y coh]5ce ( its p>ticul> features z also ( ! progress & transition ( "o phase !re( into ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! p>ticul>s into :i* ! passage is made ess5tially c>ry ! univ]sality & ess5tiality ( ! fundam5tal notion1 z ! p>ticul>s ( :i* !y appe>4 ,! modes ( inquiry hi!rto discuss$ lack bo? ^! aspects1 & = ?is reason x is only ! notion1 z above =mulat$1 9 its complet5ess1 :i* conducts u to def9itive pr9ciples :i* are sub/antive1 necess>y1 & self-conta9$ 9 _! complet5ess4 ,,iii ,aft] ^! prelim9>ies we come to clos] qu>t]s ) our actual subject-matt]1 namely1 ! philosophy ( ,f9e ,art#cb2 & = ! reason t we are und]tak+ to treat x sci5tifically1 our comm5cem5t mu/ be ) ! notional concept ( ! same4 ,x is only aft] we h def9itely asc]ta9$ ?is t we c map out ! division ( its p>ts1 & ) x ! plan ( ! sci5ce z a :ole4 ,a division ( ?is k9d1 if x is n to be1 z is ! case ) non-philosophical inquiry1 und]tak5 9 a purely ext]nal way1 mu/ discov] its pr9ciple 9 ! notion ( ! subject treat$ itself4 ,face to face ) su* a dem& we are at once met by ! "q3 ,:5ce d we arrive at su* a conception8 ,if we beg9 ) ! notional concept ( ,f9e ,art itself ! same at once becomes a pre-supposition & m]e assumption4 ,m]e assumptions1 h[ev]1 are exclud$ f ! philosophical me?od2 :atev] "h is all[$ z valid mu/ h its tru? demon/rat$1 9 o!r words mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 its necessity4 ,we w endeav\r to arrive at an und]/&+ 9 a few words 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is difficulty :i* inv>iably recurs 9 ! introduction to e c\rse ( philosophical /udy if treat$ indep5d5tly4 ,! subject-matt] ( e sci5ce pres5ts 9 ! fir/ in/ance two aspects = consid]ation3 fir/1 ! fact t a giv5 object is2 secondly1 ! "q :at x is4 ,^u ! "q ( fact 9 ord9>y sci5tific inquiry little difficulty is exp]i5c$4 ,inde$ x might on a cursory view ev5 appe> ridicul\s if ! dem& 7 made t we _h to prove 9 geometry1 = in/ance1 t !re 7 su* objects z space1 & geometrical figures1 or 9 a/ronomy & physics t !re 0 a sun1 />s1 & magnetic ph5om5a4 ,9 ^! sci5ces1 :i* are conc]n$ ) :at is actually pres5t$ to s5se p]ception1 objects are accept$ f objective exp]i5ce1 & s f> f x be+ reg>d$ necess>y to demon/rate 7beweis57 !m1 x is deem$ suffici5t to po9t to 7weis57 ! b>e facts4 ,yet ev5 )9 ! limits ( non-philosophical in/ruction d\bts may arise z to ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 objects4 ,9 psy*ology1 = example1 ! sci5ce ( m9d1 ! d\bt is possible :e!r !re is a s\l1 an intellig5ce1 i4e41 some?+ di/9ct f mat]ial conditions1 some?+ immat]ial#cc1 indep5d5t & self-sub/antive1 or 9 ! !ology :e!r a ,god actually exi/s4 ,moreov]1 assum+ ! objects ( ! sci5ce to be ?us immat]ial1 9 o!r words1 m]ely pres5t 9 ! m9d1 & n a "p ( ! objective _w we p]ceive1 we h to face ! possible conviction t !re is no?+ 9 ! m9d1 b t :i* x has evok$ 9 virtue ( its own activity4 ,?is br+s up incid5tally ! "q :e!r m5 h produc$ ?is idea or intuition :i* is inw>d to _! m9ds or n1 & ev5 if we d actually accept ! fir/ alt]native1 :e!r !y h n made su* an idea once m to vani%1 or depreciat$1 ! same at any rate to an idea ( :olly subjective validity1 ^: cont5t possesses no indep5d5t or self-conta9$ exi/5ce#cd4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 ! beautiful has be5 frequ5tly reg>d$ z possess+ no necess>ily ess5tial & indep5d5t /ability 9 ! _w ( our ideas2 r x is accept$ z a pleasure purely p]sonal to ourselves1 due to ! caprice ( our s5ses#ce4 ,ev5 our ext]nal intuitions1 obs]vations & p]ceptions frequ5tly deceive & lead u a/ray2 b /ill m is ?is ! case ) ^? ideas t d n arise f s5se-p]ception1 ev5 ?\gh !y possess 9 !mselves ! greate/ vitality1 & are able to transport u into passion1 we are p[]less to resi/4 ,?is d\bt1 !n1 :e!r an object ( ! inw>d _w ( our ideas & intuitions actually exi/s z an indep5d5t fact or n1 z also t fur!r incid5tal problem1 :e!r ! p>ticul> consci\sness 9 "q has produc$ x 9 itself1 & :e!r ! p>ticul> mode or process1 9 :i* x objectifi$ x to itself1 is also adequate to ! object ?us envisag$ 9 its ess5tial & indep5d5t nature--^! are precisely ! k9d ( que/ions :i* h awak5$ 9 m5 ! high] dem& ( philosophy1 :i* is t1 ev5 if !re is e appe>ance t an object is1 or t we h be=e u su* an object1 yet none ! less t object mu/ be exp\nd$ or demon/rat$ on ! basis ( its necessity4 ,a demon/ration ( ?is k9d1 if develop$ on truly philosophical l9es1 ought at ! same "t to supply a suffici5t answ] to ! "q3 ,:at a giv5 object is4 ,to "w ?is out fully w\ld1 h[ev]1 c>ry u fur!r ?an is n[ possible4 ,we propose to limit ourselves to ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks4 ,if we are to prop\nd ! necessity ( our subject-matt]1 9 o!r words ! beauty ( art1 we are b\nd to prove t art1 or ! beautiful1 is a result ( antec$5ts su* z1 :5 reg>d$ relatively to _! true notional concept1 conduct u ) sci5tific necessity to ! simil> notion ( f9e art itself4 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 we propose to make art ! po9t ( dep>ture1 & its idea & ! objective pres5ce ( ! same1 & d n propose to deal ) ! antec$5t conditions :i* are ess5tial to ! necess>y exposition ( its notional concept1 = ?is reason art1 9 our treatm5t ( x z a p>ticul> object ( sci5tific inquiry1 involves a pre-assumption1 :i* lies outside ! b\nd>y ( our inve/igation2 :i*1 imply+ z x does a diff]5t cont5t1 belongs1 z sci5tifically treat$1 to ano!r c\rse ( philosophical inquiry4 ,we h !re=e n[ no o!r alt]native ?an frankly to accept ! notional idea ( art1 s to speak1 provisionally#cf1 :i* is inevitable ) e "o ( ! p>ticul> philosophical sci5ces1 if reg>d$ 9 _! ab/ract isolation4 ,= x is ! entire body ( philosophy1 & t alone1 :i* ei!r is or c be ! compreh5sion ( ! univ]se z "o ess5tially s+le organic totality2 & :i*1 z su* a totality1 self-evolv$ f its own notional ,idea1 & return+ into itself s z to =m a :ole 9 virtue ( ! necess>y pr9ciple 9 :i* x is plac$ relatively to itself1 encloses itself1 & all t is itself1 into "o s+le _w ( tru?4 ,9 ! coronal ( ?is sci5tific necessity is e p>ticul> memb] !re( a self-complete circle :i* returns into itself1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 & z imp]atively1 x possesses a necess>y bond ( connection ) o!r p>ts4 ,?is bond ( coh]5ce is a backw>d f :i* x is self-d]iv$1 no less ?an a =w>d to :i* x is self-impell$ onw>d1 9 s f> z x fruitfully begets fre% mat]ial f its own res\rces1 & r5d]s ! same op5 & p]vi\s to sci5tific cognition4 ,x is n !re=e our purpose to demon/rate ! ,idea ( ! beautiful1 :i* is our po9t ( dep>ture1 or1 9 o!r words1 to d$uce x 9 all its necessity f ! assumptions :i* are its antec$5ts 9 philosophy1 & f ! womb ( :i* x is born4 ,?is is ! object appropriate to an encyclopa$ic developm5t ( philosophy z a :ole & 9 its specific bran*es4 ,= ourselves ! notional concept ( ! beautiful & art is a pre-supposition suppli$ u by ! sy/em ( philosophy4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z we are n prep>$ to discuss ?is sy/em1 & ! association ( art ) x 9 ! pres5t context#cg1 we h n z yet ! idea ( ! beautiful be=e u 9 a sci5tific =m3 :at we h & are able to deal ) are simply ! phases & aspects ( ! same z we f9d !m 9 ! v>i\s conceptions ( beauty & art ( our ev]yday consci\s life1 or z !y h be5 conceiv$ by previ\s writ]s4 ,hav+ made our />t at ?is po9t we %all !n at a lat] /age pass on to ! m fundam5tal inve/igation ( ^? views1 9 ord] !reby to secure ! advantage (1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 work+ out a g5]al idea ( our subject-matt] no less ?an obta9+ a provisional acqua9tance1 z a result ( our necess>ily brief criticism1 ) its high] pr9ciples1 :i* w occupy our ?\ghts 9 ! inquiry :i* foll[s#ch4 ,by ?is means our f9al introduction#ci w supply a sort ( ov]ture to ! exposition ( ! subject itself1 & w aim at be+ a g5]al concat5ation & direction ( our reflection on ! real subject-matt] be=e u4 ,:at 9 ! fir/ in/ance is kn[n to u "u curr5t conceptions ( a "w ( art may be subsum$ "u ! ?ree foll[+ det]m9ations3 7#a7 ,a "w ( art is no product ( ,nature4 ,x is br\ght into be+ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( man4 7#b7 ,x is creat$ ess5tially = man2 &1 :at1 is m1 x is to a great]-or less degree deliv]$ f a s5su\s m$ium1 & address$ to 8 s5ses#dj4 7#c7 ,x conta9s an end b\nd up ) x4 #a4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 t a "w ( art is a product ( human activity1 an inf]5ce has be5 drawn f ?is 7a7 t su* an activity1 be+ ! consci\s production ( an ext]nal object c also be kn[n & divulg$1 & le>n$ & reproduc$ by o!rs4 ,= t :i* "o is able to effect1 ano!r--su* is ! notion--is able to effect or to imitate#da1 :5 he has once simply ma/]$ ! way ( do+ x4 ,9 %ort we h m]ely to assume an acqua9tance ) ! rules ( art-production univ]sally %>$1 & anybody may !n1 if he c>es to d s1 give effect to executive ability ( ! same type1 & produce works ( art4 ,x is out ( reason+ ( ?is k9d t ! above-m5tion$ !ories1 ) _! provision ( rules1 & _! prescriptions =mulat$ = practical acceptance1 h aris54 ,un=tunately t :i* is capable ( be+ br\ght into effect 9 accordance ) sugge/ions ( ?is description c only be some?+ =mally regul> & me*anical4 ,= only t :i* is me*anical is ( s ext]ior a type t only an entirely empty ef=t ( w & dext]ity is requir$ to accept x among our work+ conceptions1 & =?) to c>ry x out2 an ef=t1 9 fact1 :i* is n "u ! necessity to contribute out ( its own res\rces any?+ concrete su* z is q outside ! prescriptive p[] ( su* g5]al rules4 ,?is is app>5t ) mo/ vividness :5 precepts ( ?is k9d are n limit$ to :at is purely ext]nal & me*anical1 b ext5d _! pret5sions to ! activity ( ! arti/ 9 ! s5se t implies weal? ( significance & intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is field our rules pass (f to purely indef9ite g5]alities1 su* z ! !me ought to be int]e/+1 & ea* individual p]son mu/ speak z is appropriate to 8 /atus1 age1 sex & situation4 ,b if rules are really to suffice = su* a purpose _! directions ought to be =mulat$ ) su* directness ( detail t1 )\t any fur!r co-op]ation ( m9d1 !y c\ld be execut$ precisely 9 ! mann] !y are prescrib$4 ,su* rules be+1 9 respect to ?is cont5t1 ab/ract1 cle>ly & entirely fall %ort ( _! pret5sion ( be+ able to complete#db ! arti/ic consci\sness4 ,arti/ic production is n a =mal activity 9 accordance ) a s]ies ( def9itions2 x is1 z an activity ( s\l1 con/ra9$ to "w out ( its own weal?1 & to br+ be=e ! m9d's eye a :olly o!r & f> ri*] cont5t1 & a m embrac+ & unique#dc creation ?an ev] c be ?us prescrib$4 ,9 p>ticul> cases su* rules may prove1 ( assi/ance1 9 s f>1 t is1 z !y conta9 some?+ really def9ite & consequ5tly useful = practice4 ,b ev5 "h _! guidance w only apply to conditions :olly ext]nal4 7b7 ,?is above indicat$ t5d5cy has consequ5tly be5 :olly giv5 up2 b writ]s 9 do+ s h only fall5 z unres]v$ly into ! opposite extreme4 ,a "w ( art came to be look$ ^u1 & s f> rightly1 z no long] ! product ( an activity %>$ by all m51 b r z a creation ( a m9d gift$ 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,a m9d ( ?is type has 9 ?is view m]ely to give free v5t to its peculi> end[m5t1 reg>d$ z a specific natural p[]4 ,x has to free itself absolutely f a pursuit ( rules ( univ]sal application1 z also f any admixture ( consci\s reflection ) its creative &1 z ?us view$1 :olly in/9ctive p[]s1 or r x %\ld be on its gu>d !refrom1 ! assumption be+ t su* an ex]cise ( consci\s ?\ght c only act on its creations z an infection & a ta9t4 ,agreeably to su* a view ! "w ( art has be5 h]ald$ z ! product ( tal5t & g5ius2 & x is ma9ly ! aspect ( natural gift insep>able f ! ord9>y conception ( tal5t & g5ius1 :i* has be5 emphasiz$4 ,!re is to "s ext5t real tru? 9 ?is4 ,tal5t is specific1 g5ius univ]sal capacity4 ,) nei!r#dd ( ^! c a man end[ himself simply by ! ex]cise ( 8 self-consci\s activity4 ,we %all consid] ?is at great] l5g? 9 a subsequ5t *apt]#de4 ,9 ! pres5t context we w\ld m]ely draw att5tion to ! false assumption 9 ?is view t 9 arti/ic production e k9d ( self-reflection ^u ! arti/'s own activity 0 reg>d$ z n m]ely sup]flu\s1 b actually injuri\s4 ,9 su* a view ! process ( creation by tal5t or g5ius simply is tak5 to be a g5]al /ate2 or we may def9e x m precisely z a condition ( inspiration4 ,to su* a condition1 x is said1 g5ius is 9 "s measure exalt$ by ! subject-matt] itself2 x is also to "s ext5t volunt>ily able to place itself "u su* a condition1 a process ( self-inhibition 9 :i* ! g5ial s]vice ( ! *ampagne bottle is n =gott5#df4 ,an idea ( ?is k9d 0 9 vogue dur+ ! s-call$ ,epo* ( ,g5ius1 :i* orig9at$ ) ! e>ly poetical "w ( ,goe!1 receiv+ subsequ5t illu/ration 9 ^? ( ,s*ill]4 ,^! poets by _! rejection ( all rules hi!rto fabricat$ made z x 7 an entirely new />t2 ) delib]ate int5tion !y ran c\nt] to su* rules1 & :ile do+ s di/anc$ all competitors by _m l5g?s4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 propose to discuss ) m detail ! confusions :i* h prevail$ ov] ! conception ( inspiration & g5ius1 & ! notion1 :i* ev5 at ! pres5t day f9ds advocates1 t inspiration simply by itself c effect any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,! real & inde$ sole po9t to ma9ta9 z ess5tial is ! !sis t al?\gh arti/ic tal5t & g5ius ess5tially implies an elem5t ( natural p[]1 yet x is equally indisp5sable t x %\ld be ?\ghtfully cultivat$1 t reflection %\ld be br\ght to be> on ! p>ticul> way x is ex]cis$1 & t x %\ld be also kept alive ) use & practice 9 actual "w4 ,! fact is t an important aspect ( ! creat+ process is m]ely facility 9 ! use ( a m$ium#dg2 t is to say1 a "w ( art possesses a purely te*nical side1 :i* ext5ds to ! bord]s ( m]e h&icraft4 ,?is is mo/ obvi\sly ! case 9 ar*itecture & sculpture1 less s 9 pa9t+ & music1 lea/ ( all 9 poetry4 ,a facility "h is n assi/$ at all by inspiration2 :at solely indisp5sable is reflection1 indu/ry1 & practice4 ,su* te*nical skill an arti/ simply mu/ possess 9 ord] t he may be ma/] ov] ! ext]nal mat]ial1 & n be ?w>t$ by its ob/9acy4 ,add to ?is t ! m exalt$ ! rank ( an arti/ ! m pr(\ndly ought he to portray dep?s ( s\l & m9d2 & ^! are n to be kn[n by fla%light1 b are exclusively to be s\nd$1 if at all1 by ! direction ( ! man's own intellig5ce on ! _w ( s\ls & ! objective _w4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 once m /udy is ! means :]eby ! arti/ br+s to consci\sness su* a cont5t1 & appropriates ! mat]ial & /ructure ( 8 conceptions4 ,at ! same "t no d\bt "o art w require su* a consci\s reception & cognitive ma/]y ( ! cont5t 9 "q m ?an ano!r4 ,music1 = example1 :i* has exclusively to deal ) ! entirely undef9$ motion ( ! s\l )91 ) ! musical tones ( t :i* is1 relatively1 feel+ d5ud$ ( positive ?\ght1 has little or no ne$ to br+ home to consci\sness ! sub/ance ( intellectual conception#dh4 ,= ?is v reason musical tal5t decl>es itself z a rule 9 v e>ly y\?1 :5 ! head is /ill empty & ! emotions h b>ely _h a flutt]2 x has1 9 fact1 atta9$ real di/9ction at a "t 9 ! arti/'s life :5 bo? intellig5ce & life are practically )\t exp]i5ce4 ,& = ! matt] ( t we (t5 en\gh see v great accompli%m5t 9 musical composition & execution hung toge!r ) consid]able indig5ce ( m9d & "*4 ,x is q ano!r matt] 9 ! case ( poetry4 ,:at is ( ma9 importance "h is a pres5tation ( our humanity ri* 9 subject-matt] & reflective p[]1 ( its pr(\nd] int]e/s1 & ( ! =ces :i* move x4 ,"h at lea/ m9d & he>t mu/ !mselves be ri*ly & pr(\ndly discipl9$ by life1 exp]i5ce1 & ?\ght be=e g5ius itself c br+ into be+ ! fruit t is ripe1 ! cont5t t has sub/ance1 & is ess5tially consummate4 ,! e>ly productions ( ,goe! & ,s*ill] are *>act]iz$ by an immaturity1 we may ev5 call x a rawness & b>b>ity1 :i* really are appall+4 ,?is ph5om5on1 t 9 ! majority ( ^? exp]im5ts we f9d a prepond]at+ mass ( features :i* are absolutely prosaic1 or at lea/ un9spir$ & commonplace1 is a ma9 objection to ! ord9>y notion t inspiration is insep>able f y\? & its sirocco season4 ,^! two m5 ( g5ius 7 ! fir/ beyond "q to give our nation true works ( poetry1 are1 9 fact1 our national poets2 b = all t x 0 only _! mature manhood1 :i* made x a pres5t ( creations pr(\nd1 /]l+ ( _! k9d1 creations ( g5u9e inspiration1 & no less te*nically complete 9 _! arti/ic =m#di4 ,we naturally recall ! case ( ! vet]an ,hom]1 :o only compos$ & utt]$ 8 immortal songs 9 8 old age4 7c7 ,a ?ird view1 held relatively to ! idea ( a "w ( art z a product ( human activity1 conc]ns ! position ( su* t[>ds ! ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ord9>y ?9k+ 9 ?is respect is to assume t ! product ( human art is ( subord9ate rank to ! works ( ,nature4 ,! "w ( art possesses no feel+ ( its own2 x is n ?r\gh & ?r\gh a liv+ ?+1 b1 reg>d$ z an ext]nal object1 is a dead ?+4 ,x is usual to reg>d t :i* is alive ( high] wor? ?an :at is dead4 ,we may admit1 ( c\rse1 t ! "w ( art is n 9 itself capable ( movem5t & alive4 ,! liv+1 natural ?+ is1 :e!r look$ at )9 or )\t1 an organization ) ! life-purpose ( su* work$ out into ! m9ute/ detail4 ,! "w ( art m]ely atta9s to ! %[ ( animation on its surface4 ,bel[ ?is x is ord9>y /one1 wood1 or canvas#ej1 or 9 ! case ( poetry idea1 ! m$ium ( su* be+ spee* & lett]s4 ,b ?is elem5t ( ext]nal exi/5ce is n t :i* makes a "w a creation ( f9e art4 ,a "w ( art is only truly su* 9 s f> z orig9at+ 9 ! human _s1 x cont9ues to belong to ! soil f :i* x sprang1 has receiv$1 9 %ort1 ! baptism ( ! m9d & s\l ( man1 & only pres5ts t :i* is fa%ion$ 9 consonance ) su* a sacram5t4 ,an int]e/ vital to man1 ! spiritual values :i* ! s+le ev5t1 "o individual "*1 "o action possesses 9 its devolution & f9al issue1 is seiz$ 9 ! "w ( art & emphasiz$ ) great] purity#ea & cl>ity ?an is possible on ! gr\nd ( ord9>y reality :]e human art is n4 ,& = ?is reason ! "w ( art is ( high] rank ?an any product ( ,nature :atev]1 :i* has n submitt$ to ?is passage ?r\gh ! m9d4 ,9 virtue ( ! emotion & insight1 = example1 9 ! atmosph]e ( :i* a l&scape is portray$ by ! art ( pa9t+1 ?is creation ( ! human _s assumes a high] rank ?an ! purely natural l&scape4 ,ev]y?+ :i* p>takes ( _s is bett] ?an any?+ begott5 ( m]e ,nature4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact rema9s t no purely natural exi/5ce is able1 z art is1 to repres5t div9e ideals4 ,& fur!r1 all t ! m9d borr[s f its own ideal cont5t x is able1 ev5 9 ! direction ( ext]nal exi/5ce1 to end[ ) p]man5ce4 ,! individual liv+ ?+ on ! contr>y is transitory2 x vani%es & is un/able 9 its ext]nal aspect4 ,! "w ( art p]si/s4 ,at ! same "t x is n m]e cont9uation1 b r ! =m & pressure !reon ( ! m9tage ( s\l-life :i* con/itutes its true pre-em95ce z contra/$ ) ,nature's reality4 ,b ?is high] position we h ?us assign$ to ! "w ( art is yet fur!r conte/$ by ano!r preval5t conception ( ord9>y ideas4 ,x is cont5d$ t ,nature & all t proce$s f h] are a "w ( ,god1 creat$ by ,8 goodness & wisdom4 ,! "w ( art is on ! contr>y m]ely a human product fa%ion$ by human h&s accord+ to human design4 ,! fallacy impli$ 9 ?is contra/ betwe5 ! products ( ,nature view$ z a div9e creation & human activity z ( :olly f9ite en]gy consi/s 9 ! app>5t assumption t ,god is n op]ative 9 & ?r\gh man1 b limits ! sph]e ( ,8 activity to ,nature alone4 ,we mu/ place ?is false conception entirely on "o side if we are desir\s ( p5etrat+ to ! true idea ( art2 or r1 z oppos$ to su* a conception we ought to accept ! extreme opposite !reto1 namely1 t ,god is m hon\r$ by t :i* m9d makes & creates ?an by ev]y?+ br\ght into be+ & fa%ion$ 9 ! natural process4 ,= n only is !re a div9ity 9 man1 b x is actually effective 9 him 9 a =m :i* is adequate to ! ess5tial nature ( ,god 9 a f> high] degree ?an 9 ! "w ( ,nature4 ,god is a ,_s1 & x is only 9 man t ! m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,div9e passes1 possesses ! =m ( _s fully consci\s ( ! activity 9 :i* x manife/s its ideal pres5ce4 ,9 ,nature ! m$ium correspond5t to ?is is ! unconsci\s s5su\s#eb & ext]nal mat]ia1 :i* is by _m degrees inf]ior to consci\sness 9 its wor?4 ,9 ! products ( art ,god works precisely z ,he works ?r\gh ! ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,! div9e sub/ance1 h[ev]1 z x is ass]t$ 9 ! "w ( art has secur$1 be+ begott5 ( _s life itself1 a highway comm5surable to its exi/5ce2 det]m9ate exi/5ce 9 ! unconsci\s s5su\sness ( ,nature is n a mode ( appe>ance adequate to ! ,div9e ,be+4 7d7 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! "w ( art is a creation ( man 9 ! s5se t x is ! (fspr+ ( m9d or _s we h /ill a fur!r "q 9 conclusion1 :i* w help u to draw a m pr(\nd inf]5ce /ill f our previ\s discussion4 ,t "q is1 ,:at is ! human ne$ :i* /imulates art-production8 ,on ! "o h& ! arti/ic activity may be reg>d$ z ! m]e play ( accid5t1 or human conceits1 :i* might j z well be left alone z attempt$4 ,=1 x may be urg$1 !re are o!r & bett] means = c>ry+ into effect ! aims ( art1 & man be>s )9 himself high] & m weighty int]e/s1 ?an art is capable ( satisfy+4 ,9 contra/ to su* a view art appe>s to orig9ate 9 a high] impulse1 & to satisfy m elevat$ ne$s1 nay1 at c]ta9 times ! highe/ & mo/ absolute ( all1 be+1 z x has be51 unit$ to ! mo/ embrac+ views ( entire epo*s & nations ^u ! con/itution ( ! _w & ! nature ( _! religion4 ,?is inquiry1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ a necessity = art :i* %all n be m]ely cont+5t1 b absolute1 we are n z yet able to answ] ) complet5ess2 x dem&s1 9 fact1 a concret] mode ( exposition ?an is compatible ) ! =m ( ?is introduction4 ,we mu/ accord+ly deem x suffici5t = ! pres5t m]ely to e/abli% ! foll[+ po9ts4 ,! univ]sal & absolute want f :i* art on its side ( ess5tial =m#ec arises orig9ates 9 ! fact t man is a ?9k+ consci\sness1 9 o!r words t he r5d]s explicit to himself & f 8 own sub/ance#ed1 :at he is & all 9 fact t exi/s4 ,! objects ( ,nature exi/ exclusively 9 imm$iacy & once = all4#ee ,man1 on ! contr>y1 z m9d r$uplicates himself4 ,he is1 to />t )1 an object ( ,nature z o!r objects2 b 9 addition to ?is1 & no less truly1 he exi/s = himself2 he obs]ves himself1 makes himself pres5t to 8 imag9ation & ?\ght1 & only 9 virtue ( ?is active p[] ( self-realization is he actually m9d or _s4 ,?is consci\sness ( himself man acquires 9 a tw(old way2 9 ! fir/ in/ance !oretically4 ,?is is s 9 s f> z he is "u a con/ra9t to br+ himself 9 8 own inn] life to consci\sness--all :i* moves 9 ! human he>t1 all t surges up & /rives !re9--& g5]ally1 s f> z he is impell$ to make himself an object ( p]ception & conception1 to fix = himself def9itively t :i* ?\ght discov]s z ess5tial be+1 & 9 all t he summons out ( himself1 no less ?an 9 t :i* is receiv$ f )\t1 to recognize only himself4 ,& secondly1 ?is realization is effect$ ?r\gh a practical activity4 ,9 o!r words man possesses an impulse to ass]t himself 9 t :i* is pres5t$ him 9 imm$iacy1 9 t :i* is at h& z an ext]nal some?+ to himself1 & by do+ s at ! same "t once m to recognize himself !re94 ,?is purpose he a*iev$ by ! alt]ation he effects 9 su* ext]nal objects1 ^u :i* he impr9ts ! seal ( 8 inn] life1 r$iscov]+ 9 !m !reby ! features ( 8 own det]m9ate nature4 ,& man does all ?is1 9 ord] t he may z a free ag5t dive/ ! ext]nal _w ( its /ubborn ali5ation f himself--& 9 ord] t he may enjoy 9 ! configuration ( objective fact an ext]nal reality simply ( himself4 ,! v fir/ impulse ( ! *ild implies 9 ess5tials ?is practical process ( delib]ate *ange 9 ext]nal fact4 ,a boy ?r[s /ones into ! /ream1 & !n looks ) wond] at ! circles :i* foll[ 9 ! wat]1 reg>d+ !m z a result 9 :i* he sees some?+ ( 8 own do+4 ,?is human ne$ runs ?r\gh ! mo/ v>i$ ph5om5a up to t p>ticul> =m ( self-reproduction 9 ! ext]nal fact :i* is pres5t$ u 9 human art4 ,& x is n m]ely 9 relation to ext]nal objects t man acts ?us4 ,he treats himself1 t is1 8 natural =m1 9 a simil> mann]3 he w n p]mit x to rema9 z he f9ds x2 he alt]s x delib]ately4 ,?is is ! rational gr\nd ( all ornam5t & decoration1 ?\gh x may be z b>b>\s1 ta/eless1 entirely disfigur+1 nay1 z injuri\s z ! cru%+ ( ! feet ( ,*9ese ladies1 or ! slitt+ ( e>s & lips4 ,= x is among ! really cultur$ alone t a *ange ( figure1 behavi\r1 & e mode & mann] ( self-expression w issue 9 h>mony ) ! dictates ( m5tal elevation#ef4 ,?is univ]sal dem& = arti/ic expression#eg is bas$ on ! rational impulse 9 man's nature to exalt bo? ! _w ( 8 s\l exp]i5ce & t ( ,nature = himself into ! consci\s embrace ( m9d z an object 9 :i* he r$iscov]s himself4 ,he satisfies ! dem& ( ?is spiritual fre$om by mak+ explicit to1 8 inn] life all t exi/s1 no less ?an f ! fur!r po9t ( view giv+ a realiz$ ext]nal embodim5t to ! self made ?us explicit4 ,& by ?is r$uplication ( :at is 8 own he places be=e ! vision & )9 ! cognition ( himself & o!rs :at is )9 him4 ,?is is ! free rationality ( man1 9 :i* art z also all action & k orig9ates4 ,we %all inve/igate at a lat] /age ! specific ne$ = art z comp>$ ) t = o!r political & e?ical action1 or t = religi\s ideas & sci5tific k4 #b4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! "w ( art "u ! aspect t x is fa%ion$ by man2 we w n[ pass ov] to ! second "p ( our def9ition1 t x is produc$ = 8 s5se-appreh5sion1 & consequ5tly is to a m or less degree "u obligations to a s5su\s m$ium4 7a7 ,?is reflection has be5 responsible = ! inf]5ce t ! function ( f9e art is to ar\se feel+1 m precisely ! feel+ :i* suits u--t is1 pleasant feel+4 ,f su* a po9t ( view writ]s h conv]t$ ! inve/igation ( f9e art into a treatise on ! emotions & ask$ :at k9d ( feel+s art ought to excite--take fe>1 = example1 & compassion--) ! fur!r "q h[ su* c be reg>d$ z pleasant1 h[1 9 %ort1 ! contemplation ( a mis=tune c br+ satisfaction4 ,?is t5d5cy ( reflection dates = ! mo/ "p f ! times ( ,moses ,m5delssohn1 & _m su* tra9s ( reason+ may be f\nd 9 8 writ+s4 ,a discussion ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 did n c>ry ! problem f>4 ,feel+ is ! undef9$ obscure region ( spiritual life4 ,:at is felt1 rema9s cloak$ 9 ! =m ( ! sep>ate p]sonal exp]i5ce "u its mo/ ab/ract p]si/5ce#eh2 & = ?is reason ! di/9ctions ( feel+ are :olly ab/ract2 !y are n di/9ctions :i* apply to ! subject-matt] itself4 ,to take examples--fe>1 anxiety1 c>e1 dread1 are ( c\rse "o type ( emotion "u v>i\s modifications2 b 9 "p !y are purely quantitative degrees ( int5sity1 & 9 "p =ms :i* reflect no light1 on _! cont5t itself1 b are indiff]5t to x4 ,9 ! case ( fe>1 = in/ance1 an exi/5ce is assum$1 = :i* ! individual 9 "q possesses an int]e/1 b sees at ! same "t ! negative approa* :i* ?reat5s to de/roy ?is exi/5ce1 & !reupon discov]s 9 imm$iate fusion )9 himself ! above int]e/ & ! approa* ( t negative z a contradictory affection ( 8 p]sonal life4 ,a fe> ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 does n on its own acc\nt condition any p>ticul> cont5t2 x may associate ) itself subject-matt] ( ! mo/ oppos$ & v>i$ "*4 ,! feel+ m]ely z su* is 9 %ort a :olly empty =m ( a subjective /ate4 ,su* a =m may no d\bt 9 c]ta9 cases itself be ess5tially complex1 z we f9d x is ) hope1 pa91 joy1 & pleasure2 x may also 9 ?is v complexity appropriate v>i\s modes ( cont5t1 z1 = example1 we h a feel+ ( ju/ice1 an e?ical feel+1 a sublime religi\s feel+1 & s =?2 b despite ! fact t a cont5t ( ?is k9d is pres5t 9 diff]5t modes ( feel+1 no light :atev] is !reby ?r[n on su* cont5t :i* w disclose its ess5tial & def9ite "*4 ,! feel+ ?r\gh\t rema9s a purely subjective /ate :i* belongs to me1 "o 9 :i* ! concrete fact vani%es1 z ?\gh contract$ to a vani%+ po9t 9 ! mo/ ab/ract ( all sph]es#ei4 ,= ?is reason an inquiry ov] ! nature ( ! emotions :i* art ought or ought n to ar\se1 comes simply to a /&/ill 9 ! undef9$2 x is an inve/igation :i* delib]ately ab/racts f g5u9e cont5t & its concrete sub/ance & notion4 ,reflection ^u feel+ is satisfi$ ) ! obs]vation ( ! p]sonal emotional /ate & its s+ul>ity1 in/ead ( p5etrat+ & s\nd+ ! matt] = /udy1 9 o!r words ! "w ( art1 & 9 do+ s bidd+ good-bye to ! :olly subjective /ate & its conditions4 ,9 feel+1 h[ev]1 x is j ?is subjective /ate void ( cont5t :i* is n m]ely accept$1 b becomes ! ma9 ?+2 & t is precisely :y p are s pr\d ( hav+ emotions4 ,& = no o!r reason t is :y su* an inve/igation is t$i\s ow+ to its indef9ite nature & empt9ess1 & ev5 repell5t 9 its att5tion to trivial p]sonal idiosyncrasies4 7b7 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! "w ( art is n m]ely conc]n$ ) excit+ "s k9d ( emotion or o!r--= ?is is an object x w\ld %>e )\t any valid di/9ction ) eloqu5ce1 hi/orical composition1 religi\s edification & mu* else--b is only a "w ( art 9 s f> z x is beautiful1 x occurr$ to reflective m9ds to discov] a specific feel+ = beauty1 & a di/9ct s5se faculty correspond5t ) x4 ,9 su* an inquiry x soon became cle> t a s5se ( ?is k9d 0 no def9ite & m]e#fj in/9ct rigidly fix$ by ,nature1 :i* 0 able by itself & indep5d5tly to di/+ui% ! beautiful4 ,z a consequ5ce ! dem& 0 made = culture z a condition prec$5t to su* a s5se1 & ! s5se ( beauty z ?us cultivat$ 0 call$ ta/e1 :i*1 albeit an in/ruct$ appreh5sion & discov]y ( ! beautiful1 0 none ! less assum$ to p]si/ 9 ! "* ( imm$iate feel+4 ,we h already discuss$ ! way 9 :i* ab/ract !ory attempt$ to =m su* a s5se ( ta/e1 & h[ ext]nal & "o-sid$ t s5se rema9$4 ,:ile ! critical s5se g5]ally ( ! "t :5 su* ideas 7 9 curr5cy 0 lack+ 9 ! univ]sality ( its pr9ciples1 z a specific critique ( p>ticul> works ( art x 0 less conc]n$ to sub/antiate a judgm5t m decisive ?an hi!rto--inde$ ! mat]ial to effectuate ?is 0 n z yet =?com+--?an to promote 9 a g5]al way ! cultivation ( su* a ta/e#fa4 ,consequ5tly ?is educative process also came to a halt 9 ! region ( ! m indef9ite1 & m]ely busi$ itself by its reflections 9 ! fitt+ out ( feel+ z a s5se ( beauty 9 su* a way t beauty c\ld imm$iately be discov]$ :5ev] & :]ev] x might *ance to appe>4 ,! real dep? ( ! subject-matt] rema9$ not)/&+ a clos$ book to su* a ta/e4 ,pr(undity ( ?is k9d dem&s n m]ely s5sitive reception & ab/ract ?\ght1 b ! reason 9 its concrete grasp & ! mo/ /]l+ qualities ( s\l-life4 ,ta/e on ! contr>y is m]ely direct$ to ! outside surfaces1 :i* are ! playgr\nd ( ! feel+s1 & ^u :i* "o-sid$ pr9ciples may v well pass1 z curr5cy4 ,b = ?is v reason our s-call$ good ta/e is sc>$ by e k9d ( pr(\nd] arti/ic effect1 & is dumb :]e ! ideal significance#fb is 9 "q1 & all m]e ext]nalities & accessories vani%4 ,= :5 great passions & ! movem5ts ( a pr(\nd s\l ass]t !mselves1 we d n bo!r ourselves any m ) ! f9] di/9ctions ( ta/e & its retail traffic 9 trifles4 ,x is#fc consci\s t g5ius leaves su* gr\nd f> beh9d x 9 its /ride2 & %r9k+ be=e t p[] feels on its "p f> f com=table1 n kn[+ v well :i* way to turn4 7c7 ,?us x is ! fur!r *ange has come ab\t t critics ( art-production no long] h an eye simply to ! education ( ta/e1 or are int5t ^u ! illu/ration ( su* a s5se4 ,! connoisseur1 or art-s*ol>1 has tak5 ! place ( ! man1 or judge ( arti/ic ta/e4 ,! positive side ( art-s*ol>%ip1 9 s f> z x implies a s\nd & exhau/ive acqua9tance ) ! entire embrace ( :at is di/9ctive & peculi> 9 a giv5 "w ( art1 we h already ma9ta9$ to be a necess>y condition ( arti/ic rese>*4 ,a "w ( art1 ow+ to its nature1 :i*1 if x is mat]ial f "o po9t ( view1 is also relat$ to a p>ticul> p]son1 orig9ates f specific conditions ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 among :i* z exceptionally important we may m5tion ! date & place ( its orig9s1 ! *>act]i/ic p]sonality ( ! arti/1 &1 above all1 ! degree ( executive accompli%m5t secur$ by ! art4 ,all ^! po9ts ( view h to be tak5 into consid]ation if we wi% to obta9 a view & k ( su* a "w :i* is cle> 9 its outl9es1 & f\nd$ on a true basis1 nay1 ev5 wi% to enjoy x rightly4 ,x is ) ^! t our art-s*ol>%ip is ma9ly occupi$2 & all t x c d = u 9 ?is way %\ld be gratefully accept$4 ,?\gh x is q true su* art-s*ol>%ip mu/ be reckon$ z ( ess5tial importance1 x ought n to be reg>d$ z ! sole1 or inde$ ! highe/1 con/itu5t 9 ! relation ( ! contemplative _s to a "w ( art & art g5]ally4 ,su* art-s*ol>%ip 7?is is ! defective t5d5cy7 may re/rict itself :olly to a k ( purely ext]nal *>act]i/ics1 ei!r on ! side ( te*nique or hi/orical condition1 or 9 o!r directions2 x may cont9ue to possess ! b>e/ inkl+ ( ! true nature ( a giv5 "w1 or simply no k at all4 ,x may ev5 =m a depreciatory v]dict on ! value ( pr(\nd] inquiries z comp>$ ) purely matt] ( fact1 te*nical1 & hi/orical k4 ,yet ev5 s an art-s*ol>%ip1 assum+ x to be really g5u9e & ?or\gh1 at lea/ proce$s ^u gr\nds & k :i* are def9ite1 & an intellig5t judgm5t2 & x is association ) su* t our m accurate review ( ! di/9ct1 if also to "s ext5t ext]ior1 aspects ( a "w ( art1 & our e/imate ( _! relative significance1 is secur$4 7d7 ,foll[+ ! above obs]vations ^u ! modes ( inquiry :i* 7 sugge/$ by t aspect ( a "w ( art 9 :i*1 z itself an object ) a mat]ial m$ium1 x possess$ an ess5tial relation to man z himself receptive ?r\gh s5se1 we w n[ exam9e ?is po9t ( view 9 its m ess5tial connection ) art itself4 ,we propose to d ?is p>tly 77 9 respect to ! art-product view$ z an object1 p>tly 77 z reg>ds ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ! arti/1 8 g5ius1 tal5t1 & s =?4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 propose to ent] into matt] :i* c 9 ?is connection exclusively proce$ f ! k ( art accord+ to its univ]sal concept#fd4 ,! tru? is we are n z yet 9 ! full s5se on sci5tific gr\nd2 we h m]ely rea*$ ! prov9ce ( ext]nal reflection4 77 ,!re is no "q1 !n1 t a "w ( art is pres5t$ to s5su\s appreh5sion4 ,x is submitt$ to ! emotional s5se1 :e!r out] or inn]1 to s5su\s p]ception & ! imag$ s5se1 precisely z ! objective _w is s pres5t$ ar\nd u1 or z is our own inw>d s5sitive nature4 ,ev5 a spee*1 = example1 may be address$ to ! s5su\s imag9ation & feel+4 ,not)/&+ ?is fact1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( art is n exclusively direct$ to ! s5su\s appreh5sion1 view$1 t is1 z an object mat]ially condition$4 ,its position is ( ! nature1 t along ) its s5su\s pres5tation x is fundam5tally address$ to ! m9d4 ,! m9d is int5d$ to be affect$ by x & to receive "s k9d ( satisfaction 9 x4 ,?is function ( ! "w ( art at once makes x cle> h[ x is t x is 9 no way int5d$ to be a natural product or1 on ! side :]e x imp+es on ,nature1 to possess ! liv+ pr9ciple ( ,nature4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is a fact :e!r ! natural product is rank$ l[] or high] ?an a m]e "w ( art1 z p are accu/om$ to express !mselves 9 ! tone ( depreciation4 ,9 o!r words ! s5su\s aspect ( a "w ( art has a "r to det]m9ate exi/5ce only 9 s f> z x exi/s = ! human m9d1 n1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z itself1 z a mat]ial object1 exi/s = itself indep5d5tly4 ,if we exam9e m closely 9 :at way ! s5su\s mat]ia is pres5t$ to man we f9d t :at is s c be plac$ "u v>i\s relations to ! m9d4 77 ,! l[e/ 9 grade & t lea/ compatible ) relation to intellig5ce is purely s5su\s s5sation4 ,x consi/s prim>ily 9 m]e look+1 li/5+1 j z 9 times ( m5tal ov]/ra9 x may (t5 be a relaxation to g ab\t )\t ?\ght1 & m]ely li/5 & h a look r\nd4 ,! m9d1 h[ev]1 does n re/ 9 ! m]e appreh5sion ( ext]nal objects ?r\gh sight & he>+2 x makes !m objective to its own inw>d nature1 :i* !reupon1 is impell$ itself to give effect to itself 9 ^! ?+s z a fur!r /ep "u a s5su\s mode1 9 o!r words1 x relates itself to !m z desire4 ,9 ?is appetitive relation to ! ext]nal _w man1 z a s5su\s#fe p>ticul> ?+1 /&s 9 a relation ( opposition1 to ?+s 9 g5]al z 9 ! same way p>ticul>s4 ,he does n address himself to !m ) op5 m9d & ! univ]sal ideas ( ?\ght2 he reta9s an isolat$ position1 ) its p]sonal impulses & int]e/s1 relatively to objects z fix$ 9 _! obduracy z himself1 & makes himself at home 9 !m by us+ !m1 or eat+ !m up altoge!r1 &1 9 %ort1 gives effect to 8 self-satisfaction by ! sacrifice he makes ( !m4 ,9 ?is negative relation desire requires = itself n m]ely ! sup]ficial %[ ( ext]nal objects1 b ! actual ?+s !mselves 9 _! mat]ial concrete exi/5ce4 ,m]e pictures ( ! wood1 :i* x seeks to make use (1 or ( ! animals1 :i* x hopes to eat up1 w\ld be ( no s]vice to desire4 ,j z little is x possible = desire to suff] ! object to rema9 9 its fre$om2 its crav+ is j ?is to =ce x to annihilate ?is self-subsi/5cy & fre$om ( ext]nal facts1 & to demon/rate t ^! ?+s are only !re to be de/roy$ & dev\r$4 ,b at ! same "t ! p>ticul> p]son is nei!r himself free1 begirt z he is by ! p>ticul> limit$ & transitory int]e/s ( 8 desires1 = 8 def9ite acts d n proce$ f ! ess5tial univ]sality & rationality ( 8 w1 nei!r is he free relatively to ! ext]nal _w1 = desire#ff rema9s ess5tially det]m9$ by ?+s & relat$ to !m4 ,?is relation1 !n1 ( desire is n t 9 :i* man is relat$ to ! "w ( art4 ,he suff]s x to exi/ 9 its free indep5d5ce z an object2 he associates himself ) x )\t any crav+ ( ?is k9d1 r z ) an object reflective ( himself#fg1 :i* exi/s solely = ! contemplative faculty ( m9d4 ,= ?is reason1 z we h said1 ! "w ( art1 al?\gh x possesses s5su\s exi/5ce1 does n require s5su\s concrete exi/5ce1 nor yet ! animat$ life ( su* objects4 ,or1 r1 we %\ld add1 x ought n to rema9 on su* a level1 9 s f> z its true function is exclusively to satisfy spiritual int]e/s1 & to %ut ! door on all approa* to m]e desire4 ,h5ce we c und]/& h[ x is t practical desire rates ! p>ticul> works ( ,nature 9 ! organic or inorganic _w1 :i* are at its s]vice1 m highly ?an works ( art1 :i* are obvi\sly useless 9 ?is s5se1 & only contribute enjoym5t to o!r capacities ( man's _s4 77 ,a second mode "u :i* ! ext]nally pres5t comes be=e ! consci\s subject is1 z contra/$ ) ! s+le s5su\s p]ception & active desire1 ! purely !oretical relation to ! intellig5ce4 ,! !oretic contemplation ( objects has no int]e/ 9 consum+ ! same 9 _! p>ticul>ity & satisfy+ or ma9ta9+ itself ?r\gh ! s5se by _! means2 its object is to atta9 a k ( !m 9 _! univ]sality1 to seek out _! ideal nature & pr9ciple1 to compreh5d !m accord+ to _! notional idea4 ,consequ5tly ?is contemplative int]e/ is cont5t to leave ! p>ticul> ?+s z !y are1 & /&s alo( f !m 9 _! objective s+ul>ity1 :i* is n ! object ( su* a faculty's inve/igation4 ,= ! rational intellig5ce is n a prop]ty ( ! p>ticul> p]son 9 ! s5se t desire is s2 x app]ta9s to 8 s+ul>ity z be+ itself likewise ess5tially univ]sal4 ,s long z x p]si/s 9 ?is relation ( univ]sality to ! objects 9 "q1 x is 8 reason 9 its univ]sal pot5cy :i* is attempt+ to discov] itself 9 ,nature1 & !reby ! inw>d or ess5tial be+ ( ! natural objects1 :i* 8 s5su\s exi/5ce does n pres5t "u its mode ( imm$iacy1 al?\gh su* exi/5ce is f\nd$ !re94 ,?is int]e/ ( contemplation1 ! satisfaction ( :i* is ! task ( sci5ce1 is1 h[ev]1 %>$ 9 ?is sci5tific =m j z little by art z x %>$ 9 ! common table ( ^? impulses ( ! purely practical desire4 ,sci5ce c1 x is true1 take z its po9t ( dep>ture ! s5su\s ?+ 9 its s+ul>ity1 & possess itself ( "s conception1 h[ ?is individual ?+ is pres5t 9 its specific col\r or =m4 ,b = all t ?is isolat$ ?+ ( s5se z su* possesses no fur!r relation to m9d1 inasmu* z ! int]e/ ( intellig5ce makes = ! univ]sal1 ! law1 ! ?\ght & notion ( ! object1 & consequ5tly n only does x =sake x 9 its imm$iate s+ul>ity1 b x actually trans=ms x )9 ! region ( idea#fh1 conv]t+ a concrete object ( s5se into an ab/ract subject-matt] ( ?\ght1 t is conv]t+ x into some?+ o!r ?an ! same object ( its s5su\s p]ception actually 04 ,! arti/ic int]e/ does n foll[ su* a process1 & is di/9ct f t ( sci5ce = ?is reason4 ,! contemplation ( art re/ricts its int]e/ simply 9 ! way 9 :i* ! "w ( art1 z ext]nal object1 9 ! directness ( its def9ition1 & 9 ! s+ul>ity :]e9 x appe>s to s5se1 is manife/$ 9 all its features ( col\r1 =m1 & s\nd1 or z a s+le isolat$ vision ( ! :ole2 x does n g s f> beyond ! imm$iately receiv$ objective "* z to propose1 z is ! case ) sci5ce1 ! ideal or conceptive ?9k+ ( ?is p>ticul> objectivity "u ! t]ms ( ! rational & univ]sal notion :i* und]lies x4 ,! int]e/ ( art1 !re=e1 is di/+ui%able f ! practical int]e/ ( desire 9 virtue ( ! fact t x suff]s its object to rema9 9 its free indep5d5ce1 :]eas desire applies x1 ev5 to ! po9t ( de/ruction1 to its own uses4 ,! contemplation ( art1 on ! o!r h&1 diff]s f t ( a sci5tific intellig5ce 9 an analog\s way#fi 9 virtue ( ! fact t x *]i%es an int]e/ = ! object 9 its isolat$ exi/5ce1 & is n conc]n$ to trans=m ! same into t]ms ( univ]sal ?\ght & notion4 77 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t1 ?\gh ! s5su\s mat]ia is unque/ionably pres5t 9 a "w ( art1 x is only z surface or %[ ( ! s5su\s t x is "u any necessity to appe>4 ,9 ! s5su\s appe>ance ( ! "w ( art x is nei!r ! concrete mat]ial /uff1 ! empirically p]ceiv$ complet5ess & ext5sion ( ! int]nal organism :i* is ! object ( desire1 nor is x ! univ]sal ?\ght ( pure ideality1 :i* 9 ei!r case ! m9d seeks =4 ,its aim is ! s5su\s pres5ce1 :i*1 albeit suff]$ to p]si/ 9 its s5su\sness1 is equally entitl$ to be deliv]$ f ! framework ( its purely mat]ial sub/ance4 ,consequ5tly1 z comp>$ ) ! imm$iately envisag$ & incorporat$ object ( ,nature1 ! s5su\s pres5ce 9 ! "w ( art is transmut$ to m]e semblance or %[1 & ! "w ( art occupies a midway gr\nd1 ) ! directly p]ceiv$ objective _w on "o side & ! ideality ( pure ?\ght on ! o!r4 ,x is n z yet pure ?\ght1 b1 despite ! elem5t ( s5su\sness :i* adh]es to x1 x is no long] purely mat]ial exi/5ce1 9 ! s5se at lea/ t /ones1 plants1 & organic life are su*4 ,! s5su\s elem5t 9 a "w ( art is r itself some:at ( ideal int5sion#gj1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z n be+ actually ! ideal m$ium ( ?\ght1 is /ill ext]nally pres5t$ at ! same "t z an object4 ,?is semblance ( ! s5su\s pres5ts itself to ! m9d ext]nally z ! =m1 visible appe>ance1 & h>moni\s vibration ( ?+s4 ,?is is always assum+ t x suff]s ! objects to rema9 9 _! fre$om z objective facts1 & does n seek to p5etrate into _! inw>d ess5ce by ab/ract ?\ght1 = by do+ s !y w\ld 7z above expla9$7 entirely cease to exi/ = x 9 _! ext]nal s+ul>ity4 ,= ?is reason ! s5su\s aspect ( art is only relat$ to ! two !oretical#ga s5ses ( sight & he>+2 smell1 on ! o!r h&1 ta/e1 & ! feel+ ( t\* are exclud$ f ! spr+s ( art's enjoym5t4 ,smell1 ta/e1 & t\* come into contact ) matt] simply z su*#gb1 & ) ! imm$iate s5su\s qualities ( ! same2 smell ) ! mat]ial volatization ?r\gh ! air2 ta/e ) ! mat]ial dissolution ( sub/ance1 & t\* or m]e bodily feel+ ) qualities su* z heat1 coldness1 smoo?ness1 & s =?4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^! s5ses _c h to d ) ! objects ( art1 :i* ought to subsi/ 9 _! actual & v indep5d5ce1 admitt+ ( no purely s5su\s or r physical relation4 ,! pleasant = su* s5ses is n ! beauty ( art4 ,?us art on its s5su\s side br+s be=e u delib]ately m]ely a %ad[-_w ( %apes1 tones1 & imag$ conceptions#gc1 & x is q beside ! po9t to ma9ta9 t x is simply a pro( ( ! impot5ce & limitations ( man t he c only pres5t u ) ! surface ( ! physical _w1 m]e s*emata1 :5 he calls into be+ 8 creative works4 ,9 art ^! s5su\s %apes & tones are n (f]$ z exclusively = !mselves & _! =m to our direct vision4 ,!y are pres5t$ ) ! int5t to secure 9 su* %ape satisfaction = high] & m spiritual int]e/s1 inasmu* z !y are mighty to summon an e*o & response 9 ! human _s evok$ f all dep?s ( its consci\s life4 ,9 ?is way ! s5su\s is spiritualiz$ 9 art1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! life ( _s comes to dwell 9 x "u s5su\s guise4 77 ,= ?is reason1 h[ev]1 a product ( art is only possible 9 s f> z x has receiv$ its passage ?r\gh ! m9d1 & has orig9at$ f ! productive activity ( m9d4 ,?is br+s u to ano!r "q we h to answ]1 & x is ?is3 ,h[ is ! s5su\s or mat]ial aspect1 :i* is imp]ative z a condition ( art1 op]ative 9 ! arti/ z conjo9$ to 8 p]sonal productive activity#gd8 ,n[ ?is mode or mann] ( arti/ic production conta9s1 z an activity p]sonal to ! arti/1 9 ess5tials j ! same det]m9ants :i* we f\nd posit$ 9 ! "w ( art4 ,x mu/ be a spiritual activity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t possesses 9 itself ! elem5t ( s5su\sness & imm$iacy4 ,x is nei!r1 on ! "o h&1 purely me*anical "w1 su* z is purely unconsci\s facility 9 sleight ( h& ^u physical objects1 or a /]eotyp$ activity accord+ to tea*able rule ( ?umb2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x a productive process ( sci5ce1 :i* t5ds to pass f s5su\s ?+s to ab/ract ideas & ?\ghts1 or is active exclusively 9 ! m$ium ( pure ?\ght4 ,9 contra/ to ^! ! two aspects ( m5tal idea & s5su\s mat]ial mu/ 9 ! arti/ic product be unit$4 ,= example1 x w\ld be possible 9 ! case ( poetical compositions to attempt to embody :at 0 ! subject-matt] 9 ! =m ( prosaic ?\ght 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & only aft] do+ s to atta* to ! same imag9ative ideas rhymes & s on1 s t z a net result su* imag]y w\ld be app5d5t to ! ab/ract reflections z s mu* ornam5t & decoration4 ,an attempt ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 c\ld only lead u to a poor sort ( poetry1 = 9 x we %\ld h op]ative a tw(old k9d ( activity 9 its sep>ation1 :i* 9 ! activity ( g5u9e arti/ic "w only holds good 9 insep>able unity4 ,x is ?is true k9d ( creative activity :i* =ms :at is g5]ally describ$ z ! arti/ic imag9ation4 ,x is ! rational elem5t1 :i* 9 its import z _s only exi/s1 9 s f> z x actively =ces its way into ! pres5ce ( consci\sness1 yet likewise1 & only subject to ?is condition1 displays all its cont5t to itself "u a s5su\s =m4 ,?is activity possesses !re=e a spiritual cont5t1 b x clo!s ! same 9 s5su\s image1 & = ?is reason t x is only able to come to a k ( ! same "u ?is s5su\s g>b4 ,we may comp>e su* a process ) t ( a man ( exp]i5ce 9 life1 a man1 %all we add1 ( real g5iality & wit1 :o--:ile at ! same "t be+ fully consci\s 9 :at ! ma9 importance ( life consi/s1 :at are ! ?+s :i* ess5tially b9d m5 toge!r1 :at moves !m & is ! ma9spr+ ( _! lives--nev]!less has nei!r br\ght home ?is cont5t 9 univ]sal maxims1 nor inde$ is able to unfold x to o!rs 9 ! g5]alities ( ! reflective process1 b makes ^! mature results ( 8 intellig5ce )\t exception cle> to himself & o!rs 9 p>ticul> cases1 :e!r real or inv5t$1 or by examples & su* l :i* hit ! m>k4 ,= 9 ! ideas ( su* a man ev]y?+ %apes itself into ! concrete image det]m9ate 9 its "t & place1 to :i* !re=e ! addition ( names & any o!r detail ( ext]nal condition causes no difficulty4 ,yet su* a k9d ( imag9ation r re/s on ! recollection ( conditions1 he has liv$ ?r\gh1 actual exp]i5ce1 ?an x is a creative p[] ( itself4 ,memory pres]ves & r5ews ! p>ticul>ity & ext]nal fa%ion ( su* previ\s ev5ts ) all _! m di/9ct circum/ances1 b on ! o!r h& does n suff] ! univ]sal to appe> indep5d5tly4 ,! creative imag9ation ( an arti/ is ! imag9ation ( a great m9d & a big he>t2 x is ! grasp & excogitation ( ideas & %apes1 &1 9 fact1 no?+ less ?an ?is grasp ( ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ embrac+ human int]e/s 9 ! :olly def9ite pres5tation ( imag]y borr[$ f objective exp]i5ce4 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t imag9ation ( ?is type#ge is bas$ 9 a c]ta9 s5se on a natural gift1 a g5]al tal5t = x1 z we say1 because its creative p[] ess5tially implies an aspect ( s5se pres5tation4 ,x is no d\bt n unusual to speak 9 ! same way ( sci5tific tal5t4 ,! sci5ces1 h[ev]1 m]ely presuppose ! g5]al capacity = ?\ght1 :i* does n possess1 z imag9ation does1 toge!r ) its intellectual activity1 a ref]5ce to ! concrete te/imony ( ,nature1 b r precisely ab/racts f ! activity t =m 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ,nature4 ,x w\ld be1 !re=e1 tru] to ! m>k if we said !re is no specific sci5tific tal5t 9 ! s5se ( a purely natural end[m5t4 ,imag9ation#gf1 on ! o!r h&1 comb9es )9 x a mode ( in/9ct-l creativ5ess4 ,9 o!r words ! ess5tial pla/icity & mat]ial elem5t 9 a "w ( art is subjectively pres5t 9 ! arti/ z "p ( 8 native disposition & impulse#gg1 & z 8 unconsci\s activity belongs 9 "p to t :i* man receives /raight f ,nature4 ,no d\bt ! entire tal5t & g5ius ( an individual is n :olly exhau/$ by t we describe z natural capability4 ,! creation ( art is q z mu* a spiritual & self-cogniz$ process2 b = all t we affirm t its spirituality conta9s an elem5t ( pla/ic or configurative facility :i* ,nature#gh conf]s on x4 ,= ?is reason1 ?\gh almo/ anybody c rea* a c]ta9 po9t 9 art1 yet1 9 ord] to pass beyond ?is--& x is "h t ! art 9 "q really beg9s--a tal5t = art :i* is inborn & ( a high] ord] altoge!r is indisp5sable4 ,consid]$ simply z a natural basis a tal5t ( ?is k9d ass]ts itself = ! mo/ "p 9 e>ly y\?1 & is manife/$ 9 ! re/less p]si/5cy1 ev] int5t ) vivacity & al]tness1 to create arti/ic %apes 9 "s p>ticul> s5su\s m$ium1 & to make ?is mode ( expression & utt]ance ! unique "o or ! "o ( ma9 importance & mo/ suitable4 ,& ?us also a virtuosity up to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! te*nique ( art :i* is arriv$ at ) ease is a sign ( inborn tal5t4 ,a sculptor f9ds ev]y?+ conv]tible into pla/ic %ape1 & f e>ly days takes to modell+ clay2 & s on g5]ally :atev] m5 ( su* innate p[]s h 9 _! m9ds1 :atev] excites & moves _! s\ls1 becomes =?) a pla/ic figure1 a draw+1 a melody1 or a poem4 77 ,?irdly1 & 9 conclusion3 ! cont5t ( art is also 9 "s respects borr[$ f ! objective _w p]ceiv$ 9 s5se1 t is ,nature2 or1 9 any case1 if ! cont5t is also ( a spiritual "*1 x c only be grasp$ 9 su* a way1 t ! spiritual elem5t !re91 z human relations1 = example1 are display$ 9 ! =m ( ph5om5a :i* possess objective reality4 #c4 ,!re is yet ano!r "q to solve1 namely1 :at ! int]e/ or ! ,end is1 :i* man proposes to himself 9 ! creation ( ! cont5t embodi$ by a "w ( art4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 ! ?ird po9t ( view1 :i* we prop\nd$ relatively to ! art-product4 ,its m detail$ discussion w f9ally introduce u to ! true notional concept ( art itself4 ,if we take a glance at our ord9>y ideas on ?is subject1 "o ( ! mo/ preval5t is obvi\sly 7a7 ,! pr9ciple ( ! imitation ( ,nature4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! ess5tial aim or object ( art consi/s 9 imitation1 by :i* is und]/ood a facility 9 copy+ natural =ms z pres5t to u 9 a mann] :i* %all mo/ fully correspond to su* facts4 ,! success ( su* an exact repres5tation ( ,nature is assum$ to af=d u complete satisfaction4 77 ,n[ 9 ?is def9ition !re is to />t ) absolutely no?+ b ! =mal aim to br+ ab\t ! b>e repetition a second "t by man1 s f> z 8 means w p]mit ( ?is1 ( all t 0 already 9 ! ext]nal _w1 precisely too 9 ! way x is !re4 ,a repetition ( ?is sort may at once be set d[n z 77 ,a sup]flu\s task = ! reason t ev]y?+ :i* pictures1 !atrical p]=mances repres5t by way ( imitation--animals1 natural sc5]y1 incid5ts ( human life--we h already else:]e be=e u 9 our g>d5s or at home1 or 9 o!r examples ( ! m re/rict$ or ext5d$ rea*es ( our p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,look$ at1 moreov]1 m closely1 su* a sup]fluity ( en]gy c h>dly appe> o!rwise ?an a presumptu\s trifl+2 x is s because 77 ,x lags s f> beh9d ,nature4 ,9 o!r words art is limit$ 9 its means ( repres5tation4 ,x c only produce "o-sid$ illusions1 a semblance1 to take "o example1 ( real fact address$ exclusively to "o s5se4 ,&1 moreov]1 if x does :olly rely on ! b>e aim ( m]e imitation1 in/ead ( ,nature's life all x gives u ev] is ! m]e pret5ce ( its sub/ance4 ,= "s su* reason ! ,turks1 :o are ,mohamm$ans1 w n put up ) any pictures or copies ( m5 & o!r objects4 ,:5 ,james ,bruce1 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,abyss9ia1 %[$ a pa9t$ fi% to a ,turk1 t wor?y 0 at fir/ a/oni%$2 b1 quickly recov]+ himself1 he made answ] z foll[s3 ,if ?is fi% %all rise up aga9/ y at ! la/ day1 & say1 ',y h c]ta9ly giv5 me a body1 b no liv+ s\l1' h[ are y go+ to ju/ify y\rself aga9/ su* a compla9t8 ,! prophet himself1 moreov]1 if we may believe ! ,sunna1 said to ! two wom5 ,ommi ,hubiba & ,ommi ,selma1 :o told him ( c]ta9 pictures 9 ! ,ae?iopian *ur*es3 ,^! pictures w rise up 9 judgm5t aga9/ _! creators on ! ,la/ ,day4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 no less examples ( completely deceptive imitation4 ,! pa9t$ grapes ( ,zeuxis1 h be5 accept$ f antiquity & long aft] z an in/ance ( art's triumph1 & also ( t ( ! pr9ciple ( imitation1 because1 we are told1 actual doves peck$ at !m4 ,we might add to ?is anci5t example t m mod]n "o ( ,bltn]'s monkey1 :i* bit to pieces a pa9t$ cock*af] 9 ,rsel's ,div]sions ( ,insects1 & 0 consequ5tly =giv5 by 8 ma/]1 al?\gh he de/roy$ by ?is means a f9e copy ( ! preci\s "w1 because he prov$ ?us ! excell5ce ( its illu/rations4 ,b if we w only reflect a mom5t on su* & o!r in/ances we c only come to ! conclusion t in/ead ( prais+ works ( art1 because !y h deceiv$ ev5 doves & monkeys1 ! fooli% p ought to be condemn$ :o imag9e t ! quality ( a "w ( art is enhanc$ if !y are able to proclaim an effect ( ! same s mis]able z ! supreme & la/ ^w !y c say = x4 ,9 %ort1 to sum up1 we may /ate emphatically t 9 ! m]e bus9ess ( imitation art _c ma9ta9 its rivalry ) ,nature1 & if x makes ! attempt x mu/ look l a worm :i* und]takes to crawl aft] an elephant4 77 ,hav+ reg>d1 !n1 to ?is inv>iable failure1 t is1 relative failure ( human imitation z contra/$ ) ! natural prototype1 we h no end left u b ! pleasure (f]$ by sleight ( h& 9 its ef=t to produce some?+ :i* resembles ,nature4 ,& x is unque/ionably a fact t mank9d are able to d]ive enjoym5t f ! attempt to reproduce ) _! individual lab\r1 skill1 & indu/ry :at !y f9d ar\nd !m4 ,b a delight & admiration ( ?is k9d also becomes1 if tak5 alone#gi1 inde$ j 9 proportion z ! copy foll[s slavi%ly ! ?+ copi$1 s mu* ! m icily null & cold1 or br+s its reaction ( surfeit & repugnance4 ,!re are portraits :i*1 z has be5 drily rem>k$1 are positively %ameless 9 _! lik5ess#hj2 & ,kant br+s =w>d a fur!r example ( ?is pleasure 9 imitation pure & simple to ! effect t we are v soon tir$ ( a man--& !re really are su*--:o is able to imitate ! night+ale's song q p]fectly2 = we no soon] f9d t x is a man :o is produc+ ! /ra9 ?an we h _h en\gh ( x4 ,we !n take x to be no?+ b a clev] trick1 nei!r ! free outp\r+ ( ,nature1 nor yet a "w ( art4 ,we expect1 9 %ort1 f ! free creative p[] ( m5 some?+ q o!r ?an a music ( ?is k9d1 :i* only reta9s our int]e/ :51 z 9 ! case ( ! night+ale's note1 x breaks =? 9 unprem$itat$ fa%ion1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! rhy?mic flood ( human feel+1 f ! native spr+s ( its life4 ,& z a g5]al rule ?is delight we exp]i5ce 9 ! skill ( imitation c only be ( a re/rict$ "*2 x becomes a man bett] to d]ive enjoym5t f t :i* he br+s to bir? f himself4 ,9 ?is respect ! inv5tion ( e insignificant te*nical product is ( high] rank2 & mank9d may feel m pr\d at hav+ inv5t$ ! hamm]1 nail1 & s =?1 ?an 9 mak+ !mselves adepts z imitators4 ,= ?is ab/ract ze/ 9 ! pursuit ( imitation is on ! same l9es z ! feat ( ! man :o _h taught himself to ?r[ l5tils ?r\gh a small ap]ture )\t miss+4 ,he made an exhibition ( ?is feat to ,alex&]1 & ,alex&] m]ely made him a pres5t z a rew>d = ?is art1 empty & useless z x 01 ( a bu%el ( l5tils4 77 ,inasmu* z1 moreov]1 ! pr9ciple ( imitation is purely =mal1 objective beauty itself disappe>s1 if t pr9ciple is accept$ z ! end4 ,= ! "q is !n no long] :at is ! con/itution ( t :i* is to be imitat$1 b simply :e!r ! copy is correct or no4 ,! object & ! cont5t ( ! beautiful comes to be reg>d$ z a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,:51 9 o!r words1 putt+ ! pr9ciple ( m]e imitation on "o side1 we speak1 9 connection ) animals1 human be+s1 places1 actions1 & *>act]s1 ( a di/9ction betwe5 beauty & ugl9ess1 x rema9s none ! less ! fact t relatively to su* a pr9ciple we are ref]r+ to a di/9ction :i* does n prop]ly belong to an art = :i* we h appropriat$ ?is pr9ciple ( imitation to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,9 su* a case1 !re=e1 :5ev] we select objects & attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 _! beauty & ugl9ess1 ow+ to ?is abs5ce ( a /&>d we c apply to ! inf9ite =ms ( ,nature1 we h 9 ! f9al resort only left u ! p]sonal ta/e1 :i* is fix$ by no rule1 & admits ( no discussion4 ,&1 9 tru?1 if we />t1 9 ! selection ( objects = repres5tation1 f t :i* mank9d g5]ally discov] z beautiful & ugly1 & accept accord+ly = arti/ic imitation1 9 o!r words1 =m _! p>ticul> ta/e1 !re is no prov9ce 9 ! doma9 ( ! objective _w :i* is n op5 to u1 & :i* is h>dly likely to fail to secure its admir]4 ,at any rate1 among m5 we may assume1 t1 ?\gh ! case ( e husb& & 8 wife may be disput$1 yet at lea/ e bridegroom reg>ds 8 bride z beautiful1 v possibly be+ ! only p]son :o does s2 & t an individual ta/e = a beauty ( ?is k9d admits ( no fix$ rules at all may be reg>d$ z a bit ( luck = bo? p>ties4 ,if1 moreov]1 we ca/ a glance :olly beyond m]e individuals & _! accid5tal ta/e to t ( nations1 ?is aga9 is full ( div]sity & opposition4 ,h[ (t5 we he> x repeat$ t a ,european beauty w\ld n please a ,*9aman1 or ev5 a ,hott5tot--a ,*9aman hav+ a totally di/9ct notion ( beauty f t ( a black man1 & ! black man 9 8 turn f t ( a ,european4 ,inde$1 if we consid] ! works ( art ( ^? extra-,european peoples1 _! images ( gods1 = in/ance1 :i* h be5 imag9atively conceiv$ z wor?y ( v5]ation & sublime1 !y c only appe> to u z frightful idols2 _! music w m]ely r+ 9 our e>s z an abom9able noise1 :ile1 f ! opposite po9t ( view1 su* ali5s w reg>d our sculptures1 pa9t+s1 & musical compositions z hav+ no mean+ or actually ugly4 77 ,b ev5 assum+ t we ab/ract f an objective pr9ciple ( art1 & reta9 ! beautiful z e/abli%$ on ! subjective & individual ta/e1 we %all soon discov]1 f ! po9t ( view ( art itself1 t ! imitation ( natural objects1 :i* appe>$ to be a univ]sal pr9ciple1 & inde$ "o secur$ by important au?orities1 is n to be reli$ ^u1 at lea/ "u ?is g5]al & :olly ab/ract conception ( x4 ,if we look at ! p>ticul> arts we _c fail to obs]ve t1 albeit pa9t+ & sculpture portray objects :i* resemble ^? ( ,nature1 or ! type ( :i* is ess5tially borr[$ f ,nature1 ! works ( ar*itecture on ! contr>y--& ?is1 too1 is "o ( ! f9e arts--q z little z ! compositions ( poetry1 to ! ext5t at lea/ t ^! latt] are n re/rict$ to m]e description1 _c ju/ly be describ$ z imitations ( ,nature4 ,at any rate1 if we are desir\s ( ma9ta9+ su* a !sis ) respect to ! arts ?us exclud$1 we %\ld f9d ourselves =c$ to make important deviations f ! track1 9 ord] to condition our proposition 9 v>i\s ways1 & level d[n our s-call$ tru? at lea/ to ! plane ( probability4 ,b once accept probability1 & we %\ld aga9 be confront$ ) a great difficulty 9 det]m9+ precisely :at is & :at is n probable2 & 9 ! end no "o c\ld really ?9k ( or succe$1 ev5 if he did s1 9 exclud+ f poetry all compositions ( an entirely caprici\s & completely imag9ative#ha "*4 ,! end or object ( art mu/ !re=e consi/ 9 some?+ o!r ?an ! purely =mal#hb imitation ( :at is giv5 to objective s5se1 :i* inv>iably c m]ely call into be+ te*nical leg]dema9 & n works ( art#hc4 ,x is no d\bt an ess5tial con/itu5t ( a "w ( art t x %\ld h natural =ms z a f\ndation1 because ! mode ( its repres5tation is 9 ext]nal =m1 & !reby along ) x 9 t ( natural ph5om5a4 ,9 pa9t+ x is obvi\sly an important /udy to le>n to copy ) accuracy col\rs 9 _! mutual relations1 su* z light effects & reflections1 & s =?1 &1 ) no less accuracy1 ! =ms & %apes ( objects c>ri$ into _! mo/ subtle gradations ( l9e4 ,x is 9 ?is respect t 9 mod]n times m p>ticul>ly ! pr9ciple ( ! imitation ( ,nature & naturalism g5]ally has come into vogue4 ,! object has be5 to recall an art1 :i* has det]iorat$ into weakness & nebulosity1 to ! /r5g? & det]m9ate outl9es ( ,nature1 or1 9 yet ano!r direction1 z aga9/ ! purely arbitr>y caprice & conv5tion ( a /udio1 :i* is 9 tru? z remote f ,nature z x is f art1 & m]ely indicates ! pa? ( art's decl5sion1 to ass]t ! claim ( ! legitimate1 direct1 & indep5d5t1 no less ?an coh]5t /ability ( natural fact4 ,b :ile admitt+ t f a c]ta9 po9t ( view su* an ef=t is reasonable en\gh1 yet = all t ! naturalism :i* x dem&s1 tak5 by itself1 is nei!r ! sub/antive ?+1 n yet ( prim>y importance1 9 ! true basis ( art2 & al?\gh ! ext]nal fact 9 its natural appe>ance con/itutes an elem5t ( ess5tial value1 yet ! objective fact alone does n supply ! /&>d ( rightness1 nor is ! m]e imitation ( ext]nal ph5om5a1 9 _! ext]nal %ape t is1 ! end ( art4 7b7 ,& z a consequ5ce ( ?is we h ! fur!r "q--,:at is ! true cont5t ( art1 & ) :at aim is t cont5t br\ght be=e u8 ,on ?is head we are confront$ by ! common op9ion t x is ! task & object ( art to br+ be=e our s5se1 feel+1 & p[] ( emulation#hd e ?+ t ! _s ( man c p]ceive or conceive4 ,art has 9 %ort to realize = u ! well-kn[n say+1 ,nihil humani a me ali5um puto4 ,its object is !re=e decl>$ to be t ( ar\s+ & giv+ life to slumb]+ emotions1 incl9ations1 passions ( e description1 ( fill+ ! he>t up to ! brim2 ( compell+ mank9d1 :e!r cultur$ or ! rev]se1 to pass ?r\gh all t ! human s\l c>ries 9 its mo/ intimate & my/]i\s *amb]s1 all t x is able to exp]i5ce & reproduce1 all t ! he>t is able to /ir & evoke 9 its dep?s & its c\ntlessly manifold possibilities2 & yet fur!r to deliv] to ! doma9 ( feel+ & ! delight ( our vision all t ! m9d may possess ( ess5tial & exalt$ be+ 9 its ?\ght & ! ,idea--t maje/ic hi]>*y ( ! noble1 et]nal1 & true2 & no less to int]pret = u mis=tune & mis]y1 wick$ness & crime2 to make ! he>ts ( m5 realize ?r\gh & ?r\gh#he all t is atroci\s & dreadful1 no less ?an e k9d ( pleasure & bless$ness2 & la/ ( all to />t ! imag9ation l a rov] among ! day-dream play+-fields ( ! fancy1 !re to revel 9 ! s$uctive mirage ( visions & emotions :i* captivate ! s5ses4 ,all ?is inf9itely manifold cont5t--s x is held--x is ! function ( art to explore1 9 ord] t by ?is means ! exp]i5ce ( our ext]nal life may be repair$ ( its defici5cies1 & yet f a fur!r po9t ( view t ! passions we %>e ) all m5#hf may be excit$1 n m]ely t ! exp]i5ces ( life may n h u unmov$1 b t we ourselves may !reaft] long to make ourselves op5 *annels ( a univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,su* a /imulus is n pres5t$ on ! plane ( actual exp]i5ce itself#hg1 b c only come ?r\gh ! semblance ( x1 t is to say ?r\gh ! illusions :i* art1 9 its creations1 sub/itutes = ! actual _w4 ,& ! possibility ( su* a deception1 by means ( ! semblances ( art1 dep5ds on ! fact t all reality mu/ = man pass ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! vision & imag9ative idea2 & x is only aft] su* a passage t x p5etrates ! emotional life & ! w4 ,9 su* a process x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r x is imm$iate ext]nal reality :i* claims 8 att5tion1 or :e!r ! result is effect$ by "s o!r way1 9 o!r words by means ( images1 symbols1 & ideas1 :i* conta9 & display ! cont5t ( su* actuality4 ,m5 are able to imag9e ?+s1 :i* d n actually exi/1 z if !y did exi/4 ,consequ5tly x is precisely ! same ?+ = our emotional life1 :e!r x is ! objective _w or m]ely ! %[ ( ! same1 9 virtue ( :i* a situation1 a relation1 or any cont5t ( life1 9 %ort1 is br\ght home to u4 ,ei!r mode is equally able to /ir 9 u an e*o to ! ess5tial secret :i* x c>ries1 :e!r x be 9 grief or joy1 9 agitation or convulsion1 & c cause to fl[ ?r\gh u ! feel+s & passions ( ang]1 hate1 pity1 anxiety1 fe>1 love1 rev]5ce & admiration1 hon\r & fame4 ,! awak5+ ( e k9d ( emotion 9 u1 ! draw+ our s\l ?r\gh e cont5t ( life1 ! realization ( all ^! movem5ts ( s\l-life by means ( a pres5ce :i* is only ext]nal z an illusion--?is x is :i*1 9 ! op9ion describ$1 is pre-em95tly reg>d$ z ! peculi> & transc5d5t p[] ( arti/ic creation4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ov]look ! fact t 9 ?is view ( art z a means to impr9t on ! s\l & ! m9d :at is good & evil alike1 to make man m /rong 9 ! pursuit ( :at is noble/1 no less ?an en]vate 8 def9ite c\rse#hh1 by transport+ 8 emotional life ?r\gh ! mo/ s5su\s & selfi% desires1 ! task z yet propos$ to art rema9s ?r\gh\t ( an entirely =mal "*2 )\t possess+ indep5d5tly an assur$ aim all t art c (f] is ! empty =m = e possible k9d ( ideal & =mative cont5t4 7c7 ,z a matt] ( fact art does n possess ?is =mal side1 namely1 t x is able to br+ be=e our s5ses & feel+ & arti/ically adorn e possible k9d ( mat]ial1 precisely z ! ?\ghts ( ord9>y reflection#hi elaborate e possible subject-matt] & modes ( action1 supply+ ! same ) its equipm5t ( reasons & v9dications4 ,9 ! pres5ce1 h[ev]1 ( su* a v>iety ( cont5t we _c fail to obs]ve t ^! div]sifi$ emotions & ideas1 :i* x is assum$ art has to /imulate or en=ce1 int]sect ea* o!r1 contradict & mutually cancel ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 "u ?is aspect1 ! m art inspires m5 to emotions ?us oppos$1 to t ext5t precisely x m]ely enl>ges ! cleavage 9 _! feel+s & passions1 & sets !m /agg]+ ab\t 9 ,bac*antic riot1 or passes ov] into sophi/ry & scepticism precisely z y\r ord9>y free ?9k]s d4 ,?is v>iety ( ! mat]ial ( art itself compels u1 !re=e1 n to rema9 satisfi$ ) s =mal a det]m9ation4 ,our rational nature =ces its way into ?is motley array ( discord1 & dem&s to see ! resurrection ( a high] & m univ]sal purpose f ^! elem5ts despite _! opposition1 & to be consci\s ( its atta9m5t4 ,j 9 a simil> mann] ! social life ( mank9d & ! ,/ate are no d\bt cr$it$ ) ! aim t 9 !m all human capacities & all individual pot5cies %\ld meet ) expansion & expression 9 all _! features & t5d5cies4 ,b 9 opposition to s =mal a view !re v quickly crops up ! "q 9 :at unity ^! manifold manife/ations are to be conc5trat$1 & :at s+le end !y mu/ h = _! fundam5tal concept & ultimate end4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! notional concept ( ! human ,/ate s too !re arises 9 t ( human art ! ne$1 z to a "p !re(1 = an end common to ! p>ticul> aspects1 no less ?an 9 "p = "o :i* is m exalt$ & sub/antive 9 its "*#ij4 ,z su* a sub/antive end ! conclusion ( reflection is readily br\ght home to u t art possesses at once ! p[] & function to mitigate ! savag]y ( m]e desires4 77 ,) reg>d to ?is fir/ conception we h m]ely to asc]ta9 :at *>act]i/ic peculi> to art implies ?is possibility ( elim9at+ ?is rawness ( desire1 & ( fett]+ & in/ruct+ ! impulses & passions4 ,co>s5ess 9 g5]al has its gr\nd-root 9 an unmitigat$ self-seek+ ( s5su\s impulses1 :i* take _! plunge (f & are exclusively int5t on ! satisfaction ( _! concupisc5ce4 ,s5sual desire is1 h[ev]1 all ! m brutal & dom9e]+1 9 proportion z1 9 its isolation & conf9em5t1 x appropriates ! entire man1 s t he does n reta9 ! p[] to sep>ate himself 9 8 univ]sal capacity f ?is det]m9acy & to ma9ta9 ! consci\s pres5ce ( su* univ]sality#ia4 ,ev5 if ! man 9 su* a case exclaims1 ! passion is mighti] ?an myself1 ?\gh x is true no d\bt t = t man's m9d ! ab/ract ego is sep>ate f ! p>ticul> passion1 yet x is purely s 9 a =mal way4 ,all t su* a sep>ation am\nts to is t z aga9/ ! =ce ( ! passion ! ego1 9 its univ]sal =m or compet5cy1 is ( no acc\nt at all4 ,! savag5ess ( passion consi/s !re=e 9 ! fusion#ib ( ! ego z su* a univ]sal ) ! conf9$ cont5t ( its desire1 s t a man no long] possesses volitional p[] outside ?is s+le passion4 ,su* savag5ess & untam$ =ce ( ! possibilities ( passion art mitigates 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! ext5t t x br+s home to ! m9d & imag9ation ( man :at he does actually feel & c>ry into effect 9 su* a condition4 ,& ev5 if art re/ricts itself to ?is t x places be=e ! vision ( ! m9d pictures ( passion1 nay1 ev5 assum+ su* to be flatt]+ pictures1 yet = all t a p[] ( amelioration is conta9$ !re94 ,at lea/ we may say1 t by ?is means is br\ght be=e a man's intellig5ce :at ap>t f su* pres5tm5t he m]ely is4 ,! man 9 ?is way contemplates 8 impulses & incl9ations2 & :]eas ap>t f ?is !y :irl him away )\t giv+ him "t to reflect1 he n[ sees !m outside himself & already1 = ! reason t !y come be=e him r z objects ?an a "p ( himself1 he beg9s to be free f !m z ali5s4 ,= ?is reason x may (t5 happ5 t an arti/1 "u ! weight ( grief1 mitigates & weak5s ! int5sity ( 8 own emotions 9 _! effect ^u him by ! arti/ic repres5tation ( !m4 ,com=t1 too1 is to be f\nd ev5 9 te>s4 ,! man :o to />t ) is :olly giv5 up to & conc5trat$ 9 sorr[1 is able ?us1 at any rate1 to express t :i* is m]ely felt )9 9 a direct way4 ,yet m alleviat+ is ! utt]ance ( su* inn] life 9 words1 images1 musical s\nd1 & %apes4 ,x 0 !re=e a good old cu/om 9 ! case ( fun]als & lay+s-out to appo9t wail+ wom51 9 ord] to give audible expression to grief1 or g5]ally to create an ext]nal sympa?y4 ,= manife/ations ( sympa?y br+ ! cont5t ( human sorr[ to ! suff]] 9 an objective =m2 he is by _! repetition driv5 to reflect ^u x1 & ! burd5 is !reby made light]4 ,& s x has f ( old be5 consid]$ t to weep or to speak oneself out are equally means :]eby fre$om is secur$ f ! oppress+ burd51 or at lea/ ! he>t is appreciably lift$4 ,consequ5tly ! mitigation ( ! viol5ce ( passions admits ( ?is g5]al explanation t man is releas$ f 8 unm$iat$ conf9em5t#ic 9 an emotion1 becomes aw>e ( x z a ?+ ext]nal to himself1 to :i* he is consequ5tly oblig$ to place himself 9 an ideal relation4 ,art1 :ile /ill rema9+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! s5ses1 faces man f ! might ( 8 s5sitive exp]i5ce by means ( its repres5tations4 ,no d\bt we frequ5tly he> t pet phrase ( _m t x is man's duty to rema9 9 imm$iate union ) ,nature4 ,su* union is 9 its unm$iat$ purity no?+ m or less ?an savag]y & wildness2 & art1 precisely 9 ! way t x dissolves ?is unity = human be+s1 lifts !m ) g5tle h&s ov] ?is inclosure 9 ,nature4 ,! way m5 are occupi$ ) ! objects ( art's creation rema9s ?r\gh\t ( a contemplative#id "*2 & albeit 9 ! fir/ in/ance x educates m]ely an att5tion to ! actual facts portray$1 yet ov] & beyond ?is1 & ) a p[] no less decisive1 x draws man's att5tion to _! significance1 x =ces him to comp>e _! cont5t ) t ( o!rs1 & to receive )\t res]ve ! g5]al conclusions ( su* a survey & all ! ramifications#ie su* imply4 77 ,to ! *>act]i/ic above discuss$ adh]es 9 natural sequ5ce ! second :i* has be5 pr$icat$ ( art z its ess5tial aim1 namely1 ! purification ( ! passions1 an in/ruction1 t is1 & a build+ to moral complet5ess4 ,= ! def9+ role t art has to bridle savage nature & educate ! passions rema9$ "o :olly =mal & g5]al1 s t ! fur!r "q mu/ arise z to a specific k9d & an ess5tial & culm9at+ po9t ( su* an educative process4 77 ,! doctr9e ( ! purification ( ! passions %>es 9 ! defect previ\sly not$ z adh]+ to ! mitigation ( desires4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 emphasize m closely ! fact t ! repres5tations ( art ne$$ a /&>d1 by means ( :i* x w\ld be possible to e/imate _! comp>ative wor? & unwor?4 ,?is /&>d is j _! effectiv5ess to sep>ate :at is pure f t :i* is ! rev]se 9 ! passions4 ,art1 !re=e1 requires a cont5t :i* is capable ( express+ ?is purify+ p[]1 & 9 s f> z ! p[] to ass]t su* effectiv5ess is assum$ to con/itute ! sub/antive end ( art1 ! purify+ cont5t w consi/ 9 ass]t+ t effective p[] be=e consci\sness 9 its univ]sality & ess5tiality4#if 77 ,x is a d$uction f ! po9t ( view j describ$ t x is ! end ( art to in/ruct4 ,?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! peculi> "* ( art consi/s 9 ! movem5t ( ! emotions & 9 ! satisfaction :i* is f\nd 9 ?is movem5t1 ev5 9 fe>1 compassion1 9 pa9ful agitation & %ock--t is to say1 9 ! satisfy+ conc]n ( ! feel+s & passions1 & to t ext5t 9 a complac5t1 delight$1 or en?usia/ic attitude to ! objects ( art & _! pres5tation & effect3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is arti/ic object is held to discov] its high] /&>d exclusively 9 its p[] to in/ruct1 9 ! fabula docet1 & !reby 9 ! usefulness1 :i* ! "w ( art is able to ex]cise on ! recipi5t4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,horatian adage ,et prodesse volunt et delect>e poetae#ig conta9s1 conc5trat$ into a few words1 all t 9 aft] times has be5 drawn out z a doctr9e ( art ?r\gh e conceivable grade ( dilution to ! la/ extreme ( insipidity4 ,9 respect1 !n1 to su* in/ruction we h to ask :e!r ! idea is t ! same ought to be direct or indirect 9 ! "w ( art1 explicit or implicit4 ,n[ if ! "q at issue is "o ( g5]al importance to art ab\t a univ]sal r ?an cont+5t purpose1 su* an ultimate end1 on acc\nt ( ! ess5tial spirituality ( art1 c only be itself ( spiritual import2 9 o!r words1 s f> f be+ ( accid5tal importance x mu/ be true 9 virtue ( its own nature & on its own acc\nt4 ,an end ( ?is k9d c only apply to in/ruction 9 s f> z a g5u9e & ess5tially explicit cont5t is br\ght be=e ! m9d by means ( ! "w ( art4 ,f su* a po9t ( view we are entitl$ to affirm t x is ! function ( art to accept s mu* ! m ( a cont5t ( ?is nature )9 its compass 9 proportion to ! nobility ( its rank1 & t only 9 ! v]ity ( su* a cont5t w x discov] ! /&>d accord+ to :i* ! p]t95cy ( or ! rev]se ( :at is express$ is adjudg$4 ,art is 9 tru? ! prim>y#ih in/ructress ( peoples4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! object ( in/ruction is s entirely treat$ z an end t ! univ]sal nature ( ! cont5t pres5t$ _c fail to be ass]t$ & r5d]$-bluntly & on its own acc\nt explicit z ab/ract !sis1 prosaic reflection or g5]al maxim1 r ?an m]ely 9 an indirect way conta9$ by implication 9 ! concrete embodim5t ( art1 !n & 9 t case1 by means ( su* a sep>ation1 ! s5su\s1 pla/ic configuration1 :i* is precisely t :i* makes ! arti/ic product a "w ( art1 is m]ely an otiose accessory1 a husk1 a semblance1 :i* are expressly posit$ z no?+ m ?an %ell & semblance4 ,!reby ! v nature ( a "w ( art is abus$4 ,= ! "w ( art ought n to br+ be=e ! imag9ative vision a cont5t 9 its univ]sality z su*1 b r ?is univ]sality "u ! mode ( individual concret5ess & di/9ctive s5su\s p>ticul>ity4 ,if ! "w 9 "q does n con=m to su* a pr9ciple1 b r sets be=e u ! g5]alization ( its cont5t ) ! express object ( in/ruction pure & simple1 !n ! imag9ative no less ?an ! mat]ial aspect ( x are m]ely an ext]nal & sup]flu\s ornam5t1 & ! "w ( art is itself a %att]$ ?+ )9 t ornam5t#ii1 a ru9 :]e9 =m & cont5t no long] appe> z a mutually adh]5t gr[?4 ,=1 9 ! case suppos$1 ! p>ticul> object ( ! s5ses & ! ideal cont5t appreh5d$ by ! m9d#ajj h become ext]nal to "o ano!r4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! object ( art is assum$ to consi/ 9 utilit>ian in/ruction ( ?is k9d1 t o!r aspect ( delight1 ent]ta9m5t1 & div]sion is simply ab&on$ on its own acc\nt z uness5tial2 x has n[ to look = its sub/ance to ! utility ( ! matt] ( in/ruction1 to :i* x is simply an accompanim5t4 ,b ?is am\nts to say+1 t art does n c>ry its vocation & purpose 9 itself1 b t its fundam5tal conception is 9 some?+ else1 to :i* x subs]ves z a means4 ,art becomes1 9 %ort1 m]ely "o ( ! _m means1 :i* are ei!r ( use1 or may be employ$ to secure1 ! aim ( in/ruction4 ,?is br+s u to ! b\nd>y l9e :]e art c only cease to be an end on its own indep5d5t acc\nt2 x is delib]ately depos$ ei!r to ! m]e play?+ ( ent]ta9m5t1 or a m]e means ( in/ruction4 77 ,! l9e ( ?is limit is mo/ emphasiz$ :5 ! "q is rais$ z to ! end or object ( highe/ rank = ! sake ( :i* ! passions h to be purifi$ or m5 h to be in/ruct$4 ,?is goal has frequ5tly 9 mod]n times be5 id5tifi$ ) moral improvem5t1 & ! end ( art is assum$ to consi/ 9 ?is t its function is to prep>e our incl9ations & impulses1 & g5]ally to conduct u to ! supreme goal ( moral p]fection4 ,9 ?is view we f9d in/ruction & purification comb9$4 ,! notion is t art by ! insight x gives u ( g5u9e moral goodness1 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh its in/ruction1 at ! same "t summons u to ! process ( purification1 & 9 ?is way alone c & ought to br+ ab\t ! improvem5t ( mank9d z ! "r use !y c make ( x & its supreme object4 ,) ref]5ce to ! relation 9 :i* art /&s to ! end ( improvem5t1 we may practically say ! same ?+ z we did ab\t ! didactic end4 ,x may readily be admitt$ t art z its pr9ciple ought n to make ! immoral & its advance its end4 ,b x is "o ?+ delib]ately to make immorality ! aim ( its pres5tation & ano!r n expressly to d s 9 ! case ( morality4 ,x is possible to d$uce an excell5t moral f any "w ( art :atev]2 b su* dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on a p>ticul> int]pretation & consequ5tly on ! individual :o draws ! moral4 ,! def5ce is made ( ! mo/ immoral repres5tations on ! gr\nd t p ought to become acqua9t$ ) evil & s9 9 ord] to act morally4 ,conv]sely1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! portrayal ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ! fair s9n]1 :o aft]w>ds rep5t$1 has s$uc$ _m into s91 because art makes rep5tance look s beautiful1 & y mu/ fir/ s9 be=e y c rep5t4 ,! doctr9e ( moral improvem5t1 h[ev] logically c>ri$ out1 is n m]ely satisfi$ t a moral %\ld be conceivably d$ucible f a "w ( art ?r\gh int]pretation2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld h ! moral in/ruction cle>ly made to em]ge z ! sub/antive aim ( ! "w#aja2 nay1 fur!r1 x w\ld delib]ately exclude f art's products all subjects1 *>act]s1 actions1 & ev5ts :i* fail to be moral 9 its own s5se4 ,= art1 9 di/9ction f hi/ory & ! sci5ces1 :i* h _! subject-matt] det]m9$ = !m1 has a *oice 9 ! selection ( its subjects4 ,9 ord] t we may be 9 a position to e/imate ?is view ( ! moral end ( art on ! basis ( pr9ciple1 we ought above all to raise ! "q z to ! precise /&po9t ( ! morality :i* is recomm5d$ = our reception by ?is view4 ,if we exam9e m closely ! /&po9t ( morality su*1 z is submitt$ u to-day "u an enlight5$ int]pretation#ajb1 we soon discov] t its conception does n imm$iately co9cide ) t :i* we describe 9 a g5]al way z virtue1 respectability#ajc1 uprightness1 & s =?4 ,to be a respectable hone/ man is n suffici5t to make a man moral 9 ! s5se "u discussion1 = morality 9 ?is s5se implies reflection & ! def9ite consci\sness ( :at is consonant ) duty1 & ! acts :i* issue f su* a consci\sness4 ,n[ duty is itself ! law ( ! w1 :i* man1 h[ev]1 freely e/abli%es out ( himself1 & !reon is tak5 to det]m9e himself to ?is duty = duty's sake & its fulfilm5t's sake2 9 o!r words he only does good z act+ "u ! conviction already secur$ t x is ! good4 ,?is law--! duty :i* is select$ & c>ri$ into effect = duty's sake to be ! rule ( conduct out ( free conviction & ! inn] consci5ce--is1 on its own acc\nt1 ! ab/ract univ]sal ( ! w1 :i* is ! absolute anti!sis to ,nature1 ! impulses ( s5se1 selfi% int]e/s1 ! passions & all t is commonly describ$ collectively z emotional life & he>t4 ,9 ?is opposition ! "o side is reg>d$ z negat+ ! o!r2 & = ! reason t bo? are pres5t 9 ! individual 9 _! opposition1 he is compell$1 z det]m9+ himself f 8 own id5tity1 to adopt ! *oice ( "o to ! rejection ( ! o!r4 ,su* a decision & ! act c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) x m]ely become moral f ! /&po9t n[ consid]$ on ! "o h& 9 virtue ( ! free conviction ( duty1 & on ! o!r by reason ( ! victory secur$ n only ov] ! p>ticul> w1 ! natural motives1 incl9ations1 passions & s on1 b also 9 virtue ( ! noble feel+s & high] impulses4 ,= ! mod]n e?ic />ts f ! fix$ opposition betwe5 ! w 9 its spiritual univ]sality & its s5su\s natural p>ticul>ity2 x does n consi/ 9 ! p]fect$ m$iation ( ^! oppos$ aspects1 b 9 _! mutual conflict z oppos$ to "o ano!r1 :i* c>ries ) x ! dem&1 t ! impulses 9 _! antagonism to duty ought to yield to x4 ,an opposition ( ?is nature is n m]ely pres5t to m9d 9 ! re/rict$ conf9es ( moral action2 x ass]ts itself z a fundam5tal sev]ation & anti!sis betwe5 t :i* is actual ess5tially1 & on its own acc\nt1 & t :i* is ext]nal reality & exi/5ce#ajd4 ,appreh5d$ 9 entirely =mal t]ms x is ! contra/ expos$ by ! univ]sal1 9 s f> z x is fix$ 9 its sub/antive indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ ! p>ticul>1 z ! latt] is also on its "p rigidly ext]ior to x4 ,9 m concrete =m x appe>s 9 ,nature z ! opposition ( ! ab/ract law to ! weal? ( p>ticul> ph5om5a1 ea* ( :i* possesses its specific *>act]i/ics4 ,x appe>s 9 m9d z t betwe5 ! s5su\s & spiritual 9 man1 z ! conflict ( _s ) ! fle%2 x is t ( duty = duty's sake2 ( ! cold imp]ative ) p>ticul> impulses1 ! w>m he>t1 ! s5su\s incl9ations & impulses1 9 a ^w ) man simply z individual4 ,or x appe>s z ! h>% antagonism betwe5 ! inw>d fre$om & ! ext]nal necessity ( natural condition1 &1 la/ly1 z ! contradiction ( ! dead1 ess5tially empti$1 concept1 :5 confront$ ) ! fulness ( concrete life1 9 o!r words1 ( !ory & subjective ?\ght z contra/$ ) objective exi/5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,su* are anti!tical po9ts ( view1 ! discov]y ( :i* is n to be ascrib$ ei!r to ! +5uity ( reflective m9ds1 or ! p$antry ( a philosophical cult4 ,!y h 9 all ages1 if 9 manifold guise1 occupi$ & disquiet$ ! human consci\sness1 al?\gh x is our m mod]n culture :i* has emphasiz$ _! opposition mo/ delib]ately1 & =c$ x 9 ea* case to ! ke5e/ edge ( contradiction4 ,intellectual culture1 or r ! rapi] edge ( ! mod]n und]/&+1 creates 9 man ?is contra/1 :i* conv]ts him into "s amphibi\s animal4 ,he is compell$ to live 9 two worlds mutually contradictory2 & 9 ?is divid$ h\se consci\sness1 too1 w&]s aimlessly2 toss$ ov] f "o side to ! o!r x is unable to discov] p]man5t satisfaction#aje = itself 9 ei!r "o side or ! o!r4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 we see mank9d conf9$ )9 common reality & e>?ly temporal condition1 oppress$ by necessity & want1 9 ,nature's toils1 entangl$ 9 matt]1 9 s5su\s aims & _! enjoym5t1 dom9at$ & :irl$ away by impulse & passion4 ,on ! o!r h& he lifts himself up to et]nal idea's1 to a realm ( ?\ght & fre$om4 ,z ,w he legislates = himself univ]sal laws & de/9ations#ajf1 he disrobes ! _w ( ! life & blossom ( its reality2 he dissolves x 9 ab/ractions1 t ! m9d may v9dicate its "r & intr9sic wor? by ?is v dissolution ( ,nature's rights & su* maltreatm5t1 a process 9 :i* he br+s home to h] aga9 ! necessity & viol5ce he has exp]i5c$ at h] h&s4 ,su* a cleavage ( life & m9d is1 h[ev]1 accompani$ = mod]n culture ) ! dem& t a contradiction s deep-seat$ %\ld be dissolv$4 ,! m]e und]/&+ ( ab/ract reflection is unable to dis5gage itself f ! ob/9acy ( su* contradictions4 ,! solution consequ5tly rema9s "h = consci\sness a m]e ought1 & ! pres5t & reality is m]ely mov$ )9 ! cont9u\s unre/ ( a to & fro1 :i* seeks = t reconciliation x is unable to f9d4 ,! problem !re=e arises :e!r su* a _m-sid$ & fundam5tal antagonism1 :i* is unable to pass beyond ! m]e ought & po/ulate ( its solution1 c be ! ess5tial & :olly express$ tru?1 &#ajg1 inde$1 ! f9al & supreme consummation4 ,if ! culture ( ! civiliz$ _w has fall5 into su* a contradiction x becomes ! task ( philosophy to dissolve ! same1 9 o!r words to demon/rate t nei!r ! "o side or ! o!r1 9 its "o sid$ ab/ractness1 %\ld be held to possess tru?1 b t !y conta9 )9 !mselves ! pr9ciple ( _! dissolution4 ,! tru? only !n comes be=e u 9 ! reconciliation & m$iation ( bo?2 & ?is m$iation is no m]e po/ulate1 b is1 9 its ess5tial nature1 & 9 its actual pres5ce ! at ! same "t accompli%$ & self-accompli%+4 ,&1 9 fact1 ?is view agrees directly ) unwitt+#ajh fai? & w1 :i* always has be=e its consci\s life ?is contradiction 9 its resolution1 & 9 action accepts x z its aim & c>ries x into effect4 ,all t philosophy a*ieves is to contribute ! insight ( ?\ght into ! ess5ce ( su* cleavage4 ,x demon/rates1 or seeks to demon/rate1 h[ t :i* tru? really is is simply ! resolution ( ! fracture1 &1 be x add$1 n 9 ! s5se t ?is antagonism & its alt]native aspects 9 any way are n1 b 9 ! s5se t !y are !re#aji 9 reconciliation4 7d7 ,:5 discuss+ moral improvem5t z ! ultimate end accept$ = art x 0 f\nd t its pr9ciple po9t$ to a high] /&po9t4 ,x w be necess>y also to v9dicate ?is /&po9t = art4 ,!reby ! false position to :i* we h already direct$ att5tion vani%es1 namely1 t art has to s]ve z a means = moral ends & ! moral end ( ! _w g5]ally by means ( its didactive & ameliorat+ influ5ce1 & by do+ s has its ess5tial aim n 9 itself1 b 9 some?+ else4 ,if we !re=e cont9ue /ill to speak ( an end or goal ( art1 we mu/ at once remove ! p]v]se idea1 :i* 9 ! "q1 ,:at is ! end8 w /ill make x include ! supplem5tal qu]y1 ,:at is ! use8 ,! p]v]s5ess consi/s 9 ?is t ! "w ( art w\ld !n h to be reg>d$ z relat$ to some?+ else1 :i* is pres5t$ u z :at is ess5tial & ought to be4 ,a "w ( art w\ld 9 t case be m]ely a useful in/rum5t 9 ! realization ( an end :i* possess$ real & indep5d5t importance outside ! realm ( art4 ,z oppos$ to ?is we mu/ ma9ta9 t x is art's function to reveal tru? "u ! mode ( art's s5su\s or mat]ial configuration1 to display ! reconcil$ anti!sis previ\sly describ$1 & by ?is means to prove t x possesses its f9al aim 9 itself1 9 ?is repres5tation 9 %ort & self-revelation4 ,= o!r ends su* z in/ruction1 purification1 improvem5t1 procur+ ( weal?1 /ruggle aft] fame & hon\r h no?+ :atev] to d ) ?is "w ( art z su*1 /ill less d !y det]m9e ! fundam5tal idea#aaj ( x4 ,x is !n f ?is po9t ( view1 into :i* ! reflective consid]ation ( our subject-matt] f9ally issues1 t we h to grasp ! fundam5tal idea ( art 9 t]ms ( its ideal or inw>d necessity1 z x is also f ?is po9t ( view t hi/orically reg>d$ ! true appreciation & acqua9tance ) art took its orig94 ,= t anti!sis1 to :i* we h drawn att5tion1 did n m]ely ass]t its pres5ce )9 ! g5]al ?\ght ( educat$ m51 b equally 9 philosophy z su*4 ,x 0 only aft] philosophy 0 9 a position to ov]come ?is opposition absolutely t x grasp$ ! fundam5tal notion ( its own cont5t1 &1 to ! ext5t x did s1 ! idea ( ,nature & ( art4 ,= ?is reason1 z ?is po9t ( view implies ! reawak5+ ( philosophy 9 ! wide/ connotation ( ! t]m1 s also x is ! re-awak5+ ( ! sci5ce ( art4 ,we may g fur!r & affirm t ae/hetic z a sci5ce is 9 a real s5se prim>ily indebt$ to ?is re-awak5+ = its true orig9ation1 & art = its high] e/imation4 ,,iv ,f ?is po9t ( transition1 ,i w briefly summ>ize ! hi/orical subject-matt] t ,i h 9 my m9d's eye1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! hi/orical importance itself1 & 9 "p because !reby ! po9ts ( view are m cle>ly indicat$ to :i* importance is atta*$1 & ^u ! basis ( :i* we propose to cont9ue ! sup]/ructure4 ,9 its mo/ g5]al def9ition t basis consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! beauty ( art has become recogniz$ z "o ( ! means :i* resolve & br+ back to unity t anti!sis & contradiction betwe5 ! m9d & ,nature z !y repose 9 ab/ract ali5ation f ea* o!r 9 !mselves1 :e!r ?is latt] is reg>d$ z ext]nal ph5om5a or ! inw>d _w ( individual feel+ & emotion#aaa4 #a4 ,x 0 ! philosophy ( ,kant :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 n m]ely exp]i5c$ ! want ( su* a po9t ( union1 b secur$ def9ite k ( x & br\ght x cle>ly be=e ! m9d4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ,kant accept$ z 8 basis = intellig5ce no less ?an = ! w ! rationality :i* relates itself to itself or fre$om1 ! self-consci\sness t discov]s & kn[s itself ess5tially z inf9ite4 ,?is k ( ! absolut5ess ( reason 9 its ess5tial sub/ance1 :i* has prov$ 9 m mod]n times ! turn+-po9t ( philosophy1 ?is absolute po9t ( dep>ture des]ves recognition1 & does n admit ( refutation1 ev5 ?\gh 9 o!r respects ! ,kantian philosophy is inadequate4 ,b at ! same "t x 0 ,kant :o ?r\gh fall+ back ^u ! fix$ opposition betwe5 subjective ?\ght & objective ?+s1 betwe5 ab/ract univ]sality & ! s5su\s individuality ( ! w1 9 a pre-em95t degree /ra9$ to ! extreme/ limit ! v anti!sis ( morality we h previ\sly adv]t$ to1 inasmu* z ov] & above ?is he emphasiz$ ! practical op]ation ( m9d to ! disadvantage ( ! contemplative4 ,9 virtue ( ?is fixity ( ! anti!sis z cogniz$ by ! faculty ( ! und]/&+ he _h no o!r alt]native ?an to express ! unity exclusively 9 ! =m ( subjective ideas = :i* no adequate reality c\ld be demon/rat$ z correspond5t2 or1 on its practical side1 z po/ulates1 :i* x 0 no d\bt possible to d$uce f ! practical reason1 b ^: ess5tial be+ 0 n )9 ! cognition ( ?\ght1 & ! practical fulfilm5t ( :i* rema9$ ?r\gh\t a m]e ought def]r$ to inf9ity4 ,& = ?is reason1 ?\gh ,kant did actually br+ ! reconcil$ opposition )9 ! compass ( intelligible ideas1 he 0 nei!r able to develop its ess5tial tru? sci5tifically1 nor to ass]t ! same z actual & exclusive reality4 ,unque/ionably ,kant did press beyond ?is po9t1 9 ! s5se1 t is to say1 t he discov]$ ! unity dem&$ 9 :at he call$ ! intuitive und]/&+2 b 9 ?is respect too he is held up by ! opposition ( subjectivity & objectivity1 s t1 :ile he no d\bt (f]s u a resolution 9 an ab/ract s5se ( ! anti!sis betwe5 conception & reality1 univ]sality & p>ticul>ity1 und]/&+ & s5se-p]ception1 & sugge/s ! ,idea1 yet he once m conceives ?is resolution & reconciliation itself 9 a :olly subjective s5se1 n z be+ true & real bo? ess5tially & on its own indep5d5t acc\nt4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,critique ( ! p[] ( ! judgm5t1 9 :i* he inve/igates ! ae/hetic & teleological p[] ( ! judgm5t is bo? in/ructive & rem>kable4 ,! beautiful objects ( ,nature & art1 ! products ( ,nature ) _! adaptations to ends1 by means ( :i* he approa*es m closely ! notion ( ! organic & ! liv+1 he consid]s :olly f ! po9t ( view ( ! reflection :i* judges !m subjectively4 ,& inde$ ,kant himself g5]ally def9es ! p[] ( judgm5t z ! capacity to ?9k ! p>ticul> z compris$ "u ! univ]sal1 & calls ! p[] ( judgm5t reflective :5 x has only ! p>ticul> submitt$ to x1 & has to discov] ! univ]sal "u :i* x is subsum$4 ,to ?is end x requires a law1 a pr9ciple1 :i* x has to contribute to itself2 & ,kant affirms teleology to be ?is law4 ,) reg>d to ! conception ( fre$om :i* belongs to ! practical reason ! a*ievem5t ( end or purpose gets no fur!r ?an a m]e ought2 & 9 ! teleological judgm5t1 h[ev]1 relatively to ! liv+ ?+1 ,kant does manage to reg>d ! liv+ organism 9 su* a way t ! notional concept1 ! univ]sal1 succe$s 9 also includ+ ! p>ticul>1 & z end does n det]m9e ! p>ticul> & ext]nal1 ! /ructure ( ! memb]s f outside1 b z an inw>d pr9ciple1 & "u ! mode1 t ! p>ticul> con=ms to ! end spontane\sly4 ,yet ) su* a judgm5t once m x is assum$ t ! objective nature ( ! ?+ is n kn[n1 b t x is only a mode ( subjective reflection :i* is !reby express$4 ,9 a simil> way ,kant s conceives ! ae/hetic judgm5t t x nei!r proce$s f ! und]/&+1 z su*1 9 o!r words z ! faculty ( ideas1 nor yet f ! s5su\s p]ception z su*1 & its v>i$ manifold1 b f ! free play ( ! und]/&+ & ! imag9ation4 ,9 ?is common agreem5t ( ! faculties ( k ! object f9ds its relation to ! individual consci\sness1 & its feel+ ( pleasure & cont5tm5t4 7a7 ,n[ ?is g5]al feel+ ( cont5tm5t is1 9 ! fir/ place1 )\t any int]e/1 t is to say1 x is devoid ( relation to our appetitive faculty4 ,if we h an int]e/ ( curiosity1 %all we say1 or a s5su\s int]e/ excit$ = a physical want1 a desire = possession & use1 !n ! objects are n important = _! own sake1 b 9 virtue ( our ne$ ( !m4 ,9 a case su* z ?is :at exi/s m]ely possesses a value 9 relation to su* a ne$1 & ! relation is ( ! k9d1 t ! object is on ! "o side & on ! o!r is an attribute di/9ct f ! object to :i* we relate x none ! less4 ,z an illu/ration if ,i consume ! object 9 ord] to n\ri% myself !re)1 ?is int]e/ re/s exclusively 9 me1 & rema9s ali5 to ! object4 ,n[1 9 ,kant's view1 our position relatively to ! beautiful is n ( ?is description4 ,! ae/hetic judgm5t suff]s t :i* is ext]nally pres5t$ to subsi/ 9 free indep5d5ce1 proce$+ z x does f ! desire to p]mit ! object to p]si/ on its own acc\nt & to reta9 its end unimpair$ )9 itself4 ,?is is1 z we h already obs]v$1 an important obs]vation4 7b7 ,9 ! second place1 ,kant ma9ta9s t ! beautiful is def9able z t :i* )\t a conception1 i4e41 )\t a category ( ! und]/&+1 is plac$ be=e u z ! object ( a univ]sal satisfaction4 ,to e/imate ! beautiful an educat$ m9d is indisp5sable4 ,! man 9 ! /reet#aab has no judgm5t ab\t ! beautiful2 ?is judgm5t1 9 fact1 claims univ]sal validity4 ,! univ]sal is no d\bt 9 ! fir/ in/ance simply1 z su*1 an ab/raction1 "o :i*1 h[ev]1 is 9 its ess5tial & on its indep5d5t acc\nt1 true2 & consequ5tly c>ries ess5tially ! prop]ty & dem& to pass also z univ]sally valid4 ,9 ?is s5se1 too1 ! beautiful ought to be univ]sally recogniz$1 al?\gh ! m]e concepts ( ! und]/&+ are compatible ) no judgm5t !reupon4 ,! good--! "r :i* ent]s into p>ticul> actions1 = example--is subsum$ "u univ]sal concepts1 & ! action is accept$ z good1 if x is con=mable to su* concepts4 ,! beautiful1 on ! contr>y1 ought1 accord+ to ?is view1 to ar\se a univ]sal satisfaction )\t any su* m$iation ( concept4 ,?is simply means t 9 ! contemplation ( ! beautiful we are n consci\s ( ! notional concept or any subsumption "u x1 & d n p]mit ! indep5d5t passage ( ! sep>ation betwe5 ! p>ticul> object & ! univ]sal concept1 :i* is pres5t 9 all o!r cases ( ! judgm5t4 7c7 ,?irdly1 9 ?is view ( ,kant1 ! beautiful ought to h ! teleological =m to ! ext5t t ! teleological relation is appreh5d$ 9 ! object )\t ! idea ( an end4 ,?is is sub/antially a m]e repetition ( ! view j discuss$4 ,any natural product--take1 = in/ance1 a plant or an animal--is organiz$ z adapt$ to an end1 & is s imm$iately to u 9 ?is its teleological purpose1 t we h no conception ( ! end on its own acc\nt z sep>ate & di/9ct f ! actual pres5ce ( ! object4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! beautiful also is pres5t$ u teleologically4 ,9 f9ite teleology end & means rema9 ext]nal to ea* o!r2 ! end /&s 9 no ess5tial inn] relation to ! mat]ial means ( its execution#aac4 ,9 ?is case ! idea ( ! end z recogniz$ 9 ap>tness#aad is di/+ui%able f ! object 9 :i* ! end appe>s z realiz$4 ,! beautiful1 on ! contr>y1 exi/s z teleological 9 ! ess5tial s5se1 )\t means & end appe>+ z disp>ate 9 aspects di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,= example1 ! purpose ( ! memb]s ( ! organism is ! pr9ciple ( life :i* exi/s 9 ! memb]s z actual !re94 ,9 _! sep>ation#aae ! p>ts cease to be memb]s ( a :ole4 ,= 9 ! liv+ ?+ ! end & mat]ial m$ium ( ! end are s imm$iately unit$1 t ! exi/+ be+ only exi/s 9 s f> z ! end rema9s indwell+4 ,! beautiful1 z ?us reg>d$ & 9 ,kant's view1 does n c>ry its teleological purpose z an ext]nal =m atta*$ to x3 b ! teleological correspond5ce ( ! inn] & out] is to be reg>d$ z ! imman5t nature ( ! beautiful object4 7d7 ,f\r?ly & f9ally ! view ( ,kant posits ! beautiful "u ! mode t x is recogniz$ )\t a univ]sal concept z object ( a necess>y feel+ ( satisfaction4 ,necessity is an ab/ract category1 & indicates an ideal & ess5tial relation betwe5 two aspects or sides3 if ! "o is1 & because ! "o is1 !n1 & = t reason1 ! o!r is also4 ,! "o likewise includes ! o!r )9 its det]m9ate nature4 ,cause is mean+less )\t effect4 ,! pleasure :i* we obta9 f beauty is necess>y 9 ?is s5se1 & x is s :olly )\t a relation to conceptions1 t is to say ! categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,?us1 no d\bt1 we d]ive pleasure f :at is symmetrical1 = ?is is con/ruct$ 9 accord ) an idea ( ! und]/&+4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 dem&s m z a def9ition ( delight 9 art ?an ! unity & uni=mity ( su* an idea z ?is4 ,n[ :at we f9d 9 all ^! !ses ( ,kant is ! non-sev]ation ( t :i* o!rwise is assum$ to be di/9ct 9 consci\sness4 ,9 ! beautiful ?is sep>ation is f\nd to be aboli%$4 ,! univ]sal & p>ticul>1 purpose & means1 idea & object completely int]p5etrate ea* o!r4 ,?us1 too1 ,kant sees ! beauty ( art z a concurr5ce1 9 :i* ! p>ticul> itself is con=mable to ! conception4 ,p>ticul>s1 tak5 alone1 are prim>ily1 bo? z aga9/ ea* o!r & ! univ]sal1 ( a cont+5t nature2 & ?is v cont+5t elem5t1 :e!r we f9d x 9 s5se1 feel+1 susceptibility1 or impulse1 is n[ 9 ! beauty ( art n m]ely subsum$ "u ! categories ( ! und]/&+1 & dom9at$ by ! notion ( fre$om 9 its ab/ract univ]sality1 b unit$ to ! univ]sal 9 su* a way t x appe>s inw>dly & on its own m]its z realiz$ fact adequate !reto4 ,by ?is means ?\ght is incorporat$ 9 f9e art1 & ! mat]ial is n ext]nally def9$ by su* ?\ght1 b cont9ues to exi/ 9 its own fre$om4 ,9 o!r words1 :at is natural--! s5ses1 emotional temp]am5t1 & s =?--possess 9 !mselves measure1 end1 & agreem5t4 ,p]ception & feel+1 too1 9 ! same way are rais$ to a p[] ( spiritual univ]sality2 & ?\ght no less n m]ely r5\nces its ho/ility to ,nature1 b is made bli! !re94 ,feel+1 pleasure1 & enjoym5t are !reby ju/ifi$ & sanctifi$1 & ?us x is t ,nature & fre$om1 s5se & idea 9 "o pres5ce discov] _! j place & _! satisfaction4 ,yet ev5 ?is app>5tly complete reconciliation is ultimately /ill assum$ to be#aaf m]ely subjective 9 respect to our judgm5t no less ?an our productive activity1 & n to be ess5tially & on its own acc\nt ei!r ! true or real4 ,^! may1 ,i ?9k1 be tak5 to be ! ma9 results ( ! ,critique ( ,kant s f> z !y affect our pres5t inquiry4 ,x con/itutes ! />t+-po9t = ! true conception ( ! beauty ( art4 ,su* a conception c\ld1 h[ev]1 only make itself effective z ! high] compreh5sion ( ! true union ( necessity & fre$om1 p>ticul> & univ]sal1 s5su\s & rational1 by its ov]com+ ! defects /ill lat5t 9 ! previ\s /&po9t4 ,x mu/ 9 fact be admitt$ t ! arti/ic s5se ( a pr(\nd &1 at ! same "t1 philosophical _s anticipat$ philosophy 9 ! /rict] s5se by its dem& = & expression ( ! pr9ciple ( totality & reconciliation 9 its opposition to t ab/ract f9it5ess ( ?\ght1 t duty = duty's sake1 t und]/&+ faculty devoid ( any sub/antive cont5t1 :i* "o & all appreh5d nature & reality1 s5se & feel+1 m]ely z a limits some?+ d[nright ali5 or ho/ile4 ,x is ,s*ill] :o mu/ be cr$it$ ) ! important s]vice ( hav+ brok5 ?r\gh ! ,kantian subjectivity & ab/ractness ( ?\ght1 & ( hav+ v5tur$ ! attempt to pass beyond ! same by compreh5d+ 9 ?\ght ! pr9ciples ( unity & reconciliation z ! tru?1 & giv+ arti/ic realization to t tru?4 ,= ,s*ill]1 9 8 ae/hetic inve/igations1 did n m]ely adh]e to art & its int]e/ unaffect$ by _! relation to philosophy prop]1 b he comp>$ 8 own int]e/ 9 ! beauty ( art 9 _! due relation to philosophical pr9ciples2 & x is only f ! />t+-po9t ( ^! latt] & by _! aid t he p5etrat$ ! pr(\nd] nature & notional concept ( ,beauty4 ,?us we are consci\s t x 0 a feature ( a c]ta9 p]iod ( 8 productive activity t he 0 actively engag$ ) reflective ?\ght1 m p]haps ?an 0 :olly fav\rable to ! simple & direct beauty ( 8 "w z an art product4 ,! delib]ate "* ( ab/ract reflections1 & ev5 ! int]e/ ( ! philosophical notion1 arre/ ! att5tion 9 sev]al ( 8 poems4 ,he has1 9 fact1 be5 made ! subject ( /ricture on ?is acc\nt2 & especially 8 "w has be5 blam$ & depreciat$ 9 its contra/ ) ! equable s]5ity & /raight=w>d simplicity ( ,goe!'s ideas & m objective naturalism4 ,b 9 ?is respect ,s*ill] z poet did b pay ! debt ( 8 c5tury4 ,a real ideal evolution#aag 0 responsible1 ! recognition ( :i* only r$\nds to ! hon\r ( ?is sublime s\l & pr(\nd g5ius1 z x has be5 no less ( signal pr(it to sci5ce & k4 ,?is /imulat+ movem5t ( sci5ce dur+ ! same epo* also div]t$ ,goe! f ! sph]e1 mo/ di/9ctively 8 own1 z poet4 ,b j z ,s*ill] 0 absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ideal dep?s ( ! m9d1 s ! *>act]i/ic pr$ilection ( ,goe! incl9$ to ! physical aspect ( art1 to ext]nal nature1 su* z animal & vegetable organization1 cry/als1 cl\d-=mation & col\rs4 ,to su* sci5tific inquiry ,goe! appli$ 8 extraord9>y p[]s ( intuition1 :i* 9 ^! prov9ces h driv5 (f ! field ! !ories ( ! m]e und]/&+ & _! errors1 j z ,s*ill]1 on ! o!r side1 succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ ! ,idea ( ! free totality ( ,beauty z aga9/ ! !ory ( ! analytical und]/&+ relative to volition & ?9k+4 ,an entire s]ies ( ,s*ill]'s productions is devot$ to ?is insight into ! nature ( art4 ,above all 9 importance come ! ,lett]s ^u ae/hetic education4 ,9 ^! lett]s ! ma9 po9t ( dep>ture is t e individual man conta9s )9 himself ! natural capacity ( an ideal humanity4 ,?is g5u9e human be+ is repres5t$ by ! ,/ate1 :i*1 9 8 view1 is ! objective1 univ]sal1 &1 9 %ort1 normal =m1 9 :i* ! sep>ate individuals or subjects ( su* human consci\sness aim at mak+ all coalesce & conc5trate 9 unity4 ,!re 7 !n1 9 8 view1 two imag9able ways 9 :i* man 9 ! temporal process c\ld ?us coalesce ) ! human be+ 9 ! notional ,idea#aah4 ,on ! "o h& ?is c\ld be effect$ 9 ! suppression ( individuality by ! ,/ate "u its g5]ic idea ( morality1 law1 & intellig5ce#aai3 :ile1 on ! o!r1 a simil> result c\ld be effect$ by ! individual himself rais+ himself to ! level ( su* a g5]ic conception1 9 o!r words1 by ! man ( ! p>ticul> temporal condition ennobl+ himself to ! level ( ! ess5tial man ( ! ,idea4 ,n[1 9 ?is view1 reason dem&s unity z su*1 ! g5]ic attribution2 ,nature1 h[ev]1 asks = v>iety & individuality1 & bo? ^! legislatures make a simultane\s claim ^u man4 ,confront$ ) ! conflict ( ^! antagoni/ic rivals1 ae/hetic education simply consi/s 9 giv+ actual effect to ! dem& = _! m$iation & reconcilem5t4 ,! aim ( su* an education is1 accord+ to ,s*ill]1 to give vital =m to incl9ation1 ! s5ses1 impulse & emotional life 9 su* a way t !y become ess5tially p]meat$ ) m9d2 &1 f ! rev]se po9t ( view1 t reason1 fre$om1 & spirituality come =? f ! grave-clo!s ( _! ab/ract$ness1 are mat$ 9 union ) ! natural elem5t ?us ess5tially rationaliz$1 & ?us receive ! sub/ance ( fle% & blood4 ,beauty is !re=e affirm$ to be ! con=mative unification#abj ( ! rational & ! s5su\s1 & ?is union is pron\nc$ ! truly real4 ,?is view ( ,s*ill] w 9 its g5]al t]ms be all ! m readily recogniz$ 9 ,anmu? und ,wrde#aba1 z also 9 8 poems = ! reason t ! praise ( wom5 is 9 su* works m p>ticul>ly ! !me4 ,x 0 pre-em95tly 9 _! "* t he recogniz$ & emphasiz$ ! spontane\sly pres5t conjunction ( ! spiritual & natural4 ,?is unity ( ! univ]sal & p>ticul>1 ( fre$om & necessity1 ( spirituality & ! natural elem5t1 :i* ,s*ill] conceiv$ ) sci5tific ?or\ghness z ! pr9ciple & ess5ce ( art1 & endeav\r$ indefatigably to call into actual life by means ( art & ae/hetic education1 has receiv$ yet fur!r recognition 9 ! ,idea itself1 cogniz$ z ! supreme pr9ciple ( k & ( exi/5ce1 ! ,idea 9 ?is s5se be+ appreh5d$ z sole tru? & reality4 ,by means ( ?is ackn[l$gm5t sci5ce1 9 ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+1 atta9$ its absolute /&po9t2 & al?\gh art _h already begun to ass]t its peculi> rights & dignity 9 _! relation to ! highe/ int]e/s ( man1 x 0 only n[ t ! notion itself & ! sci5tific position ( art 7 discov]$4 ,x 0 !n t art 0--ev5 if1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 ) a measure ( p]v]sity1 :i* ?is is n ! prop] place to discuss--accept$ ) due ref]5ce to its exalt$ & true vocation4 ,ev5 be=e ?is "t & indep5d5tly ,w9ckelmann _h be5 inspir$ by 8 obs]vation ( ! ideals ( ! anci5ts 9 a way :i* prompt$ ! creation ( a new s5se ( arti/ic contemplation1 ! dis5gagem5t ( x f ! association ( vulg> aims & m]e imitation ( ,nature1 & ex]cis$ a mighty influ5ce 9 ! discov]y ( ! idea ( art 9 works ( art & 9 its hi/ory4 ,w9ckelmann ought1 9 fact1 to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! type ( m5 :o h be5 able 9 ! field ( art to supply ! m9d ) a new organ & :olly new me?ods ( obs]vation ,8 views h1 h[ev]1 ex]cis$ less influ5ce on ! !ory & ! sci5tific k ( art4 ,to summ>ize ^! hi/orical antec$5ts fur!r yet m briefly1 9 association ) ! r5aissance ( our mod]n philosophy1 ,a4 ,w4 & ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel1 impell$ by _! ze/ = novelty & all t 0 ei!r di/9ctive or arre/+1 assimilat$ j s mu* ( ! philosophical ideas z 0 compatible ) m9ds ess5tially critical1 ?\gh by no means really philosophical 9 any /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,nei!r ( ^! writ]s 9 fact c claim ! reputation ( be+ speculative ?9k]s4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 9 virtue ( _! critical sagacity1 at lea/ approa* ! /&po9t ( ! ,idea2 & ) ! aid ( rem>kable boldness ( spee* & audacity ( innovation--to :i*1 h[ev]1 b v few +r$i5ts ( g5u9e philosophy contribut$--direct$ a brilliant polemic aga9/ views hi!rto receiv$1 & by ?is means unque/ionably introduc$ a novel /&>d ( criticism & new ways ( look+ at ?+s :i* 7 ( sup]ior value to ^? !y attack$4 ,= ! reason1 h[ev]1 t _! criticism 0 n accompani$ ) a k ( ! nature ( su* a /&>d bas$ on philosophical pr9ciples1 a lack ( def9ition & cont9uity 0 insep>able f ?is /&>d2 & !y at "o "t attempt$ too mu* & aga9 at ano!r too little4 ,despite1 !re=e1 ( ! fact t x may be reckon$ to _! cr$it t !y h once m drawn att5tion to & emphasiz$ ) g5u9e en?usiasm mu* hi!rto reg>d$ z obsolete & too little appreciat$ by _! times1 ! works ( ! old] ,italian ma/]s1 = example1 & c]ta9 ,flemi% pa9t+s1 z also ! ,niebelung5 ,li$ among o!r ?+s2 despite ! fact t !y ev5 endeav\r$ ) zeal to acquire k ( matt] b>ely kn[n at all1 su* z ! poetry & my?ology ( ,india1 nev]!less !y n only atta*$ too high an importance to ! works ( su* a p]iod1 b also !mselves committ$ ! mi/ake ( admir+ works ( v av]age m]it1 su* z ! com$ies ( ,holb]g1 or ( atta*+ an absolute value to :at possess$ a purely relative wor?1 or ev5 ( boldly prov+ !mselves ! en?usia/s ( a p]v]se t5d5cy & a subord9ate /&po9t z ?\gh "o ( fir/-rate importance4 ,f ?is t5d5cy1 & p>ticul>ly f ! op9ions#abb & doctr9es ( ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel1 issu$ 9 all its manifold =ms ! s-call$ ,irony4 ,! idea _h its pr(\nd] root1 z to "o ( its aspects1 9 ! philosophy ( ,fi*te1 9 s f> z ! pr9ciples ( t philosophy 7 appli$ to art4 ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel1 z also ,s*ell+1 made ! /&po9t ( ,fi*te _! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,s*ell+ pass$ :olly beyond x2 ,fri$1 von ,s*legel elaborat$ x 9 8 own peculi> fa%ion1 & !n flung himself free ( x4 ,) ref]5ce to ! m intimate connection ( ! doctr9es ( ,fi*te ) "o t5d5cy ( ?is irony1 x is only necess>y to emphasize ! foll[+ po9t 9 our pres5t context1 namely ?is1 t ,fi*te posits ! ,ego z ! absolute pr9ciple ( all k1 reason1 & cognition1 & 9 fact posits x z ! ,ego :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t 9 its ab/raction ( pure =m4 ,= ?is reason ?is ,ego is1 9 ! second place1 :olly & ess5tially simple1 &1 on ! "o h&1 x is ! negation ( e p>ticul>ity1 attribute--9 %ort1 e cont5t--= e positive subject-matt]#abc is ov]:elm$ 9 ?is ab/ract fre$om & unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e cont5t1 :i* is to pass mu/] = ! ,ego1 is posit$ & recogniz$ z exclusively s 9 virtue ( ! activity ( ! ,ego4 ,:atev] is1 is only 9 virtue ( ! ,ego2 :atev] is ?r\gh me 7t is1 my ,ego7 ,i am 9 turn able to annihilate4 ,n[ if we abide 9 ^! entirely vacant =ms1 :i* orig9ate 9 ! absolut5ess ( ! ab/ract ,ego1 no?+ c !n be reg>d$ z ( value 9 itself1 t is1 ess5tially & on its own acc\nt#abd4 ,x is exclusively produc$ by ! subjectivity ( ! ,ego4 ,b ?is be+ s1 x foll[s t ! ,ego rema9s "l & ma/] ov] ev]y?+4 ,9 no sph]e ( morals or law1 ( all t is human or div9e1 pr(ane or sacr$1 is !re any?+ at all :i* w\ld n 9 ! fir/ in/ance h to be posit$ by ! ,ego1 & :i* consequ5tly c\ld n equally be nullifi$ by ! same ag5cy4 ,?is is no?+ less ?an mak+ all t exi/s on its own actual & indep5d5t w>ranty a m]e semblance1 n true & a "p ( reality on acc\nt ( itself & by its own in/rum5tality1 b a m]e %[ 9 virtue ( ! ,ego1 )9 ^: p[] & caprice x rema9s at ! free disposition ( su*4 ,to suff] its pres5ce & to de/roy x /&s purely 9 ! fav\r ( ! ,ego1 :i* has atta9$ ! absolute /&po9t z ess5tially ! ,ego1 t & no?+ m ?an t4 ,?irdly1 ! ,ego is a liv+1 active individual1 & its life consi/s 9 br++ home its individuality to itself no less ?an to o!rs1 9 giv+ expression to itself & reveal+ itself among ph5om5a#abe4 ,= e man dur+ 8 life endeav\rs to realize himself & does realize himself4 ,9 relation to ! beautiful & art ?is means t he lives ! life ( an arti/1 & %apes 8 life arti/ically4 ,b1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple n[ discuss$1 ,i live z arti/ :5 all my action & expression :atev]1 9 s f> z x has to d ) a cont5t1 is = myself on ! plane ( m]e semblance1 & assumes a =mal cont5t :i* is :olly at my disposal4 ,s ,i am n truly s]i\s ei!r ab\t ?is cont5t or1 speak+ g5]ally1 ab\t its expression & realization4 ,g5u9e s]i\sness only issues f a sub/antive int]e/1 a subject-matt] :i* itself possesses a ri* cont5t1 su* z tru?1 morality1 & s on--9 o!r words1 f a cont5t :i* z x /&s ,i reg>d z ess5tial1 s t ,i only become ess5tial on my own acc\nt1 9 s f> z ,i h absorb$ myself 9 su* a cont5t1 & h come to con=m myself to x 9 ! entire range ( my ?\ght & action4 ,at ! /&po9t at :i* ! arti/ is ! ,ego1 :i* bo? posits & resolves ev]y?+ ?r\gh its own ess5tial fiat#abf1 = :i* no cont5t ( consci\sness appe>s z absolute & ess5tially indep5d5t1 b only z itself a semblance creat$ & de/royable1 su* s]i\sness c f9d no place1 no?+ "h receiv+ a "r to be save ! =malism ( ! ,ego4 ,no d\bt = o!rs my self-revealm5t1 9 :i* ,i appe> to !m1 may be tak5 s]i\sly1 inasmu* z !y int]pret me z ?\gh 9 reality ,i 0 9 e>ne/ ab\t ! bus9ess2 b !re9 !y are delud$1 poor1 born creatures1 )\t ! faculty or ! p[] to compreh5d & atta9 to ! height ( my argum5t4 ,& by ?is x is br\ght home to me t ev]yone is n s free 7e4g41 t is =mally free7 z to see 9 all :i* is usually ( value1 dignity & sanctity to mank9d1 m]ely a product ( ea* man's own possibilities ( incl9ation1 :i* is op]ative 9 p]mitt+ him to det]m9e & make ri* ! c\rse ( 8 life1 or ! rev]se4 ,x is ?us t ?is virtuosity ( y\r ironical arti/'s life comes to be cr$it$ z "s god-l g5iality1 = :i* e conceivable ?+ is a purely spectral creature1 to :i* ! free creator1 kn[+ himself to be absolutely unatta*$1 does n yoke himself1 = he c ev] annihilate ! same no less ?an create x4 ,:oev] has rea*$ su* a /&po9t ( god-l g5iality consequ5tly looks d[n 9 8 sup]ior fa%ion on all o!r mortals4 ,!y are rul$ out z n>r[ & dull1 9 s f>1 t is1 z law1 morals1 & ! re/ reta9 = !m a validity t is assur$1 obligatory1 & ess5tial4 ,& ! individual :o ?us lives ?is arti/ life1 :i* he does no d\bt associate ) o!rs1 :e!r fri5ds or mi/resses or ,i "k n :at1 yet z man ( g5ius sets no real /ock on su* relations z !y /& to 8 individual p]sonality & p>ticul> actions4 ,all ^! are z no?+ 9 _! contra/ to ! univ]sal :i* is 8 9 its own & indep5d5t w>ranty1 namely t g5ius :i* faces all su* ) irony4 ,?is is ! univ]sal import ( ! g5ial god-l irony z ?is conc5tration ( ! ,ego 9 itself1 = :i* all b&s are brok51 & :i* c only live 9 ! bliss ( self-enjoym5t4 ,?is irony 0 ! discov]y ( ,h]r ,fri$1 von ,s*legel1 & _m h *att]$ ab\t x aft] him1 or x may be are giv+ u a fre% sample ( su* *att]4 ,! proximate =m ( ?is negativity :i* has be5 call$ irony is1 !n1 on ! "o h&1 ! illusory nature#abg ( all t is matt] ( fact1 or moral1 or ( sub/antive cont5t1 ! no?+ness ( all t is objective & ( ess5tial & indep5d5t wor?4 ,s long z ! ,ego adh]es to su*1 a /&po9t z ?is1 ev]y?+ appe>s to be null & void1 ! p]sonal subjectivity alone except$1 :i* !reby becomes holl[ & empty1 & no?+ b conceit itself4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 f ! opposite po9t ( view1 ! ,ego may also fail to f9d satisfaction 9 ?is self-delight2 x may prove an insuffici5t supply to its crav+1 s t x n[ feels a ?ir/ = :at is secure & sub/antive1 def9ite & ess5tial int]e/s4 ,f a situation su* z ?is !re arises unhapp9ess & ! contradiction1 t :]eas1 on ! "o h&1 ! individual seeks to p5etrate into tru? & longs aft] objectivity1 yet on ! o!r he is unable to dive/ himself ( ?is isolation & self-seclusion1 is unable to ov]come ?is unsatisfi$ & ab/ract s\l-inw>dness1 & consequ5tly is seiz$ ) a fit ( s5tim5tal ye>n+1 :i* we h also m>k$ z "o ( ! emanations ( ! philosophy ( ,fi*te4 ,! discont5t ( ?is quiesc5ce & impot5ce1 :i* is unable ei!r to act or set its h&s to any?+1 le/ x h to surr5d] ! h>mony )91 & :i* rema9s unreal & empty1 ev5 ?\gh x may be ess5tially unfleck$1 despite all its crav+ = reality & ! absolute--is ! s\rce ( morbid sa9tl9ess#abh & ye>n+4 ,a s\l t is fair or sa9tly 9 a true s5se acts & is a reality4 ,b all t ye>n+ & he>t burn+ is m]ely ! feel+ ( ! no?+ness ( ! empty & va9 p]sonage1 :o has x1 & yet has n ! p[] to ca/ himself adrift ( ?is empty void1 & fill himself ) t :i* is solid & sub/antive4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! irony is made an art type x did n re/rict itself 9 giv+ arti/ic %ape to ! life & p>ticul> individuality ( ! man :o appropriat$ ! irony4 ,ov] & beyond ! arti/ic cont5t ( 8 own actions1 etc41 ! arti/ _h also to produce objective works ( art z ! creations ( 8 imag9ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( su* productions1 :i* ma9ly are conf9$ to ! doma9 ( poetry1 is once m ! display ( ! god-l z ,irony4 ,! ironical "h1 h[ev]1 z g5ial individuality1 consi/s 9 ! self-annihilation ( :at is noble1 great1 & excell5t4 ,consequ5tly ! indep5d5t figures ( art w also h to illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( absolute subjectivity1 & to d s by exhibit+ all t is ( human wor? & dignity z a m]e naught 9 ?is process ( self-annihilation4 ,?is implies n m]ely t we are n to take s]i\sly ju/ice1 morality & tru?1 b t !re is really no?+ 9 :at is highe/ & be/4 ,9 %ort x am\nts to ?is1 t irony contradicts & annihilates itself z manife/$ 9 individuals1 *>act]s & actions1 & consequ5tly is an irony :i* ov]rea*es itself#abi4 ,?is mode or art-type1 ab/ractly consid]$1 approa*es closely to ! pr9ciple ( com$y4 ,at ! same "t we ought fundam5tally to di/+ui% ! comic f ! ironical z ?us associat$4 ,= ! comic mu/ be limit$ to ! mak+ null :at is ess5tially itself ( no wor?1 t is to say1 a false & contradictory appe>ance1 a :im1 = in/ance1 a piece ( egotism1 a p>ticul> caprice1 z set ov] aga9/ a mighty passion2 or ev5 "s pr9ciple1 assum$ to be efficaci\s1 or rigid maxims may be ?us expos$ 9 _! nullity4 ,b x is :olly a diff]5t matt]1 :5 :at is 9 fact moral & true1 g5]ally some?+ ) really sub/antive core1 is ass]t$ 9 an individual & ?r\gh ! same z ess5tially ( no acc\nt4 ,su* an individual is !n nugatory & despicable 9 8 "*1 & ! weakness & abs5ce ( "* are ?us introduc$ into ! repres5tation4 ,9 ?is di/9ction1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! ironical & ! comic ! po9t ( real importance is :at is ! nature ( ! cont5t :i* is de/roy$4 ,!y are 9 ! case ( irony evil1 good = no?+ subjects1 p]sons unable to hold /aun*ly to _! fix$ & important purposes1 only too ready to give x up & to p]mit its de/ruction )9 !m4 ,y\r ,irony loves ?is irony ( ! *>act]less4 ,= true "* implies on ! "o h& an ess5tial sub/ance 9 its purpose1 & on ! o!r adh]5ce to su* a purpose1 s t individuality w\ld be rifl$ ( its v]itable exi/5ce1 if x 0 compell$ to let x drop & give x up4 ,?is dogg$ness & /ability con/itutes ! keynote ( "*4 ,cato c only live z ,roman & republican4 ,n[ if irony is made ! keynote ( ! repres5tation1 we h ! extreme anti!sis to art accept$ z ! true pr9ciple ( ! "w ( art4 ,= :at we h "h is 9 "p insipid figures1 9 "p figures t h nei!r cont5t nor def9$ position#acj4 ,see+ t :at is ( sub/ance 9 !m is prov$ to be an illusion4 ,&1 la/ ( all1 we h into ! b>ga9 ^? ye>n+ floods & unresolv$ contradictions ( ! s\l4 ,compositions ( ?is k9d are n likely to ar\se real int]e/4 ,& = ?is v reason x is precisely f ! advocates ( ?is ,irony t we h ! cont9u\s r\nd ( lam5t ov] ! public's want ( critical s5se1 arti/ic insight & g5ius1 :i* ( c\rse _c appreciate ! l(ty ways ( su* an ,irony2 9 o!r words :at ! public does n l is ?is v m$iocrity1 :i* is ! half ( x m]e trifl+#aca1 & ! o!r half )\t di/9ctive "*4 ,& x is "r t ^! spectre-l1 moon-%9e gaz+ natures are no fav\rites2 x is a com=t to ?9k t ?is ins9c]ity & hypocrisy is n 9 fa%ion1 & t :at m51 on ! contr>y1 dem& imp]atively are full & v]itable int]e/s1 & no less s *>act]s :i* rema9 true to ! weighty sub/ance at _! core4 ,we may add z a matt] ( hi/orical int]e/ t x 0 ,solg] & ,ludwig ,tieck :o above all accept$ irony z ! highe/ pr9ciple ( art4 ,?is is n ! place to speak ( ,solg] at ! l5g? he really m]its2 & ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,solg] 0 n1 z ! o!rs 71 satisfi$ ) a sup]ficial philosophical culture4 ,a truly speculative impulse ( 8 inn]mo/ nature made him probe ! v dep?s ( ! philosophical idea4 ,& 9 do+ s he came ^u ! dialectical phase ( ! ,idea1 t transition po9t :i* ,i call ! inf9ite absolute negativity1 ! activity ( ! idea 9 its negation ( itself z inf9ite & univ]sal1 9 ord] to pass into f9it5ess & p>ticul>ity1 & ) no less tru? once m 9 ord] to annul ?is negation1 & 9 s do+ to e/abli% aga9 ! univ]sal & inf9ite )9 ! f9ite & p>ticul>4 ,solg] did n get beyond ?is negativity2 & unque/ionably x is a phase#acb 9 ! speculative idea2 b nev]!less1 z exclusively conceiv$ 9 ?is dialectic unre/ & dissolution ( ! inf9ite no less ?an ! f9ite1 x is only su* a phase contributory1 & n1 z ,solg] imag9$1 ! ,entire ,idea4 ,un=tunately ,solg]'s life 0 too e>ly brok5 (f to p]mit him to grasp ! concrete evolvem5t ( ! philosophical ,idea 9 all x implies4 ,& s he nev] got beyond ?is aspect ( negativity1 :i* possesses an aff9ity ) ! dissolution by irony ( all t is det]m9ate no less ?an ess5tially sub/antive1 a negative movem5t :i* he id5tifi$ ) ! pr9ciple ( arti/ic activity4 ,yet 9 ! actual conditions ( 8 life1 & ) due ref]5ce to ! /ability1 s]i\sness1 & /]l+ qualities ( 8 "*1 he 0 nei!r himself an ironic arti/ 9 ! s5se we h previ\sly describ$1 nor 0 8 really pr(\nd in/9ct = true works ( art1 a s5se :i* a long c\rse ( /udy ( art _h develop$ greatly1 ei!r ( su* an ironical "*4 ,s mu* we w v5ture 9 ! v9dication ( ,solg]1 ^: life1 philosophy1 & actual contributions to art m]it be+ :olly kept sep>ate f ! apo/les ( irony previ\sly nam$4 ,) reg>d to ,ludwig ,tieck1 8 culture1 too1 dates f t p]iod 9 :i* ,j5a 0 ! lit]>y c5tre4 ,tieck & o!rs :o belong$ to ^! sup]ior p are on excell5t t]ms ) su* modes ( expression1 )\t be+ able to tell u mu* :at !y mean4 ,?us ,tieck always insi/s on ! importance ( ,irony4 ,b :5 x comes to deliv]+ judgm5t on great works ( art1 ?\gh 8 recognition & description ( _! greatness is no d\bt beyond reproa*1 yet if "o imag9es t 9 any p>ticul> example--let u say ,romeo & ,juliet--we h ! opportunity put = an explanation ( t 9 :i* "h ! irony consi/s1 we are wide ( ! m>k4 ,we he> no?+ m :atev] ab\t ,irony4 ,v#acc #a4 ,aft] ! above introductory obs]vations we may n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( our subject itself4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 /ill )9 ! introduction2 & be+ s ,i d n propose to attempt any?+ m ?an indicate by way ( sket* ! ma9 outl9es ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ! sci5tific inquiry :i* is to foll[ x4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z we h ref]r$ to art z issu+ f ! absolute ,idea itself1 &1 inde$1 h assign$ z its end ! s5su\s pres5tation ( ! ,absolute itself1 x w be incumb5t on u to conduct ?is survey ( ! entire field 9 su* a way1 z at lea/ to disclose g5]ally1 h[ ! p>ticul> p>ts orig9ate 9 ! notional concept ( ! beauty ( art4 ,we mu/ !re=e attempt to awak5 "s idea ( ?is notion 9 its broade/ significance4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! cont5t ( art is ! ,idea1 & ! =m ( its display ! configuration ( ! s5su\s or pla/ic image4 ,x is fur!r ! function ( art to m$iate ^! two aspects "u ! reconcil$ mode ( free totality4 ,! fir/ det]m9ant impli$ by ?is is ! dem& t ! cont5t1 :i* has to secure arti/ic repres5tation1 %all disclose an ess5tial capacity = su* display4 ,if ?is is n s all t we possess is a defective comb9ation4 ,a cont5t t1 indep5d5tly1 is ill adapt$ to pla/ic =m & ext]nal pres5tm5t is compell$ to accept ?is =m1 or a matt] t is ( itself prosaic 9 its "* is driv5 to make ! be/ x c ( a mode ( pres5tation :i* is antagoni/ic to its nature4 ,! second requirem5t1 :i* is d$ucible f ! fir/1 is ! dem& t ! cont5t ( art %\ld be no?+ ess5tially ab/racts ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t x %\ld be m]ely concrete 9 ! s5se t ! s5su\s object is su* 9 its contra/ to all t is spiritual & ! cont5t ( ?\ght1 reg>d+ ^! z ! ess5tially simple & ab/ract4 ,ev]y?+ t possesses tru? = ,_s2 no less ?an1 z "p ( ,nature1 is ess5tially concrete1 &1 despite its univ]sality1 possesses bo? ideality#acd & p>ticul>ity ess5tially )9 x4 ,:5 we /ate1 = example1 ( ,god t he is simple ,"o1 ! ,supreme ,be+ z su*1 we h !reby m]ely giv5 utt]ance to a lifeless ab/raction ( ! irrational und]/&+4 ,su* a ,god1 z ,he is ?us n conceiv$ 9 ,8 concrete tru?1 c supply no cont5t = art1 lea/ ( all pla/ic art4 ,consequ5tly nei!r ! ,jews nor ! ,turks h be5 able to repres5t _! ,god1 :o is n ev5 an ab/raction ( ! und]/&+ 9 ! above s5se1 "u ! positive mode 9 :i* ,*ri/ians h repres5t$ ,him4 ,= 9 ,*ri/ianity ,god is conceiv$ 9 ,8 ,tru?1 & z su* ess5tially concrete1 z p]sonality#ace1 z ! subjective focus ( consci\s life1 or1 m accurately def9$1 z ,_s4 ,& :at ,he is z ,_s is made explicit to ! religi\s appreh5sion z a tr9ity ( p]sons1 :i* at ! same "t are1 9 _! indep5d5ce1 reg>d$ z ,"o4 ,"h is ess5tiality1 univ]sality1 & p>ticul>ity1 no less ?an _! reconcil$ unity1 & x is only a unity su* z ?is :i* gives u ! concrete4 ,& inasmu* z a cont5t1 9 ord] to unveil tru? at all1 mu/ be ( ?is concrete "*1 art makes ! dem& = a l concret5ess1 &1 = ?is reason1 t a purely ab/ract univ]sal does n 9 itself possess ! prop]ty to proce$ to p>ticul>ity & ext]nal manife/ation1 & to unity ) itself !re94 ,if1 !n1 a s5su\s =m & configuration is to be correspond5t ) a true & !re=e concrete cont5t1 su* mu/ 9 ! ?ird place likewise be z cle>ly individual1 entirely concrete & a self-enclos$ unity4 ,?is "* ( concret5ess1 pr$icable ( bo? aspects ( art1 ! cont5t no less ?an ! repres5tation1 is j ! po9t 9 :i* bo? coalesce & fall 9 ) "o ano!r4 ,! natural =m ( ! human body is1 = example1 su* a s5su\s concrete capable ( display+ ,_s 9 its ess5tial concret5ess & ( adapt+ itself :olly to su* a pres5tm5t4 ,= :i* reason we mu/ quit ourselves ( ! idea t x is a matt] ( m]e accid5t t an actual ph5om5on ( ! objective _w is accept$ z ! mode 9 :i* to embody su* a =m coalesc5t ) tru?4 ,art does n lay hold ( ?is =m ei!r because x is simply !re or because !re is no o!r4 ,! concrete cont5t itself implies ! pres5ce ( ext]nal & actual1 we may ev5 add ! s5su\s appe>ance4 ,b to make ?is possible ?is s5su\s concrete1 :i* is ess5tially impress$ ) a cont5t t is op5 to m9d1 is also ess5tially address$ to ! inw>d consci\s life1 & ! ext]nal mode ( its configuration1 :]eby x is visible to p]ception & ! _w ( idea1 has = its aim ! be+ !re exclusively = ! s\l & m9d ( man4 ,?is is ! sole reason t cont5t & arti/ic con=mation are dovetail$ "o into ! o!r4 ,! purely s5su\s concrete1 t is ext]nal ,nature z su*1 does n exclusively orig9ate 9 su* an end4 ,! v>i\sly col\r$ plumage ( birds is respl5d5t unse52 ! notes ( ?is song are unhe>d4 ,! ,c]eus#acf1 :i* only blossoms = a night1 )]s away )\t any admiration f ano!r 9 ! wild]ness ( ! s\!rn =e/s2 & ^! =e/s1 receptacles !mselves ( ! mo/ beautiful & luxuriant vegetation1 ) ! ri*e/ & mo/ aromatic p]fumes1 p]i% & collapse 9 l mann] un5joy$4 ,! "w ( art has no su* nave & indep5d5t be+4 ,x is ess5tially a "q1 an address to ! respond+ s\l ( man1 an appeal to affections & intellig5ce4 ,al?\gh ! end[m5t by art ( s5su\s %ape is n 9 ?is respect accid5tal1 yet on ! o!r h& x is n ! highe/ mode ( grasp+ ! spiritually concrete4 ,?\ght is a high] mode ( pres5tm5t ?an t ( ! s5su\s concrete4 ,?\gh ab/ract 9 a relative s5se2 yet x mu/ n be "o-sid$1 b concrete ?9k+1 9 ord] to be true & rational4 ,! ext5t to :i* a def9ite cont5t possesses = its appropriate =m s5su\s arti/ic repres5tation1 or ess5tially requires1 9 virtue ( its nature1 a high] & m spiritual embodim5t is a "q ( diff]5ce exemplifi$ at once if we comp>e ! ,greek gods ) ,god z conceiv$ "u ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,! ,greek god is n ab/ract1 b individual1 & is 9 close association ) ! natural human =m4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,god is also1 no d\bt1 a concrete p]sonality1 b "u ! mode ( pure spiritual actuality1 :o is cogniz$ z ,_s & 9 ,_s#acg4 ,8 m$ium ( det]m9ate exi/5ce is !re=e ess5tially k ( ! m9d & n ext]nal natural %ape1 by means ( :i* ,8 repres5tation c only be imp]fect1 & n 9 ! entire dep?s ( ,8 idea or notional concept4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z x is ! function ( art to repres5t ! ,idea to imm$iate vision 9 s5su\s %ape & n 9 ! =m ( ?\ght & pure spirituality 9 ! /rict s5se1 & inasmu* z ! value & intr9sic wor? ( ?is pres5tm5t consi/s 9 ! correspond5ce & unity ( ! two aspects1 t is ! ,idea & its s5su\s %ape1 ! supreme level & excell5ce ( art & ! reality1 :i* is truly consonant ) its notion1 w dep5d ^u ! degree ( intimacy & union ) :i* idea & configuration appe> toge!r 9 elaborat$ fusion4 ,! high] tru? consequ5tly is spiritual cont5t :i* has receiv$ ! %ape adequate to ! conception ( its ess5ce2 & ?is x is :i* supplies ! pr9ciple ( division = ! philosophy ( art4 ,= be=e ! m9d c atta9 to ! true notion ( its absolute ess5ce1 x is con/ra9$ to trav]se a s]ies ( /ages root$ 9 ?is v notional concept2 & to ?is c\rse ( /ages :i* x unfolds to itself1 corresponds a coalesc5t s]ies1 imm$iately relat$ !re)1 ( ! pla/ic types ( art1 "u ! configuration :]e( m9d z art-_s pres5ts to itself ! consci\sness ( itself#ach4 ,?is evolution )9 ! art-_s has fur!r itself two sides 9 virtue ( its intr9sic nature4 ,fir/1 t is to say1 ! developm5t is itself a spiritual & univ]sal "o2 9 o!r words !re are ! def9ite & compreh5sive views ( ! _w#aci 9 _! s]ies ( gradations :i* give arti/ic embodim5t to ! specific b widely embrac+ consci\sness ( ,nature1 man1 & ,god4 ,secondly1 ?is ideal or univ]sal art-developm5t has to provide = itself imm$iate exi/5ce & s5su\s configuration1 & ! def9ite modes ( ?is art-actualization 9 ! s5su\s m$ium are !mselves a totality ( necess>y di/9ctions 9 ! realm ( art--t is to say1 !y are ! p>ticul> types ( art4 ,no d\bt ! types ( arti/ic configuration on ! "o h& are1 9 respect to _! spirituality1 ( a g5]al "*1 & n re/rict$ to any "o mat]ial1 & ! s5su\s exi/5ce is simil>ly itself ( v>i$ multiplicity ( m$ium4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ?is mat]ial pot5tially possesses1 precisely z ! m9d or _s does1 ! ,idea = its inw>d s\l or significance1 x foll[s t a def9ite s5su\s involves ) itself a clos] relation & secret bond ( association ) ! spiritual-di/9ctions & specific types ( arti/ic embodim5t#adj4 ,relatively to ^! po9ts ( view our philosophy w divid$ into ?ree fundam5tal p>ts4 ,fir/1 we h a g5]al "p4 ,x has = its cont5t object ! univ]sal ,idea ( f9e art1 conceiv$ "h z ! ,ideal1 toge!r ) ! m elaborat$ relation "u :i* x is plac$ respectively to ,nature & human arti/ic production4 ,secondly1 we h evolv$ f ! notional concept ( ! beauty ( art a p>ticul> "p1 9 s f> z ! ess5tial di/9ctions1 :i* ?is idea conta9s 9 itself1 are unfold$ 9 a graduat$ s]ies ( p>ticul> modes ( configuration#ada4 ,?irdly1 !re results a f9al "p :i* has to consid] ! p>ticul>iz$ cont5t ( f9e art itself4 ,x consi/s 9 ! advance ( art to ! s5su\s realization ( its %apes & its consummation 9 a sy/em ( ! sev]al arts & _! g5]a & species4 #b4 ,9 respect to ! fir/ & second ( ^! divisions x is important to recollect1 9 ord] to make all t foll[s intelligible1 t ! ,idea1 view$ z ! beautiful 9 art1 is n ! ,idea 9 ! /rict s5se1 t is z a metaphysical ,logic appreh5ds x z ! ,absolute4 ,x is r ! ,idea z c>ri$ into concrete =m 9 ! direction ( express realization1 & z hav+ ent]$ into imm$iate & adequate unity ) su* reality4 ,= ! ,idea z su*1 al?\gh x is bo? pot5tially & explicitly true1 is only tru? 9 its univ]sality & n z yet pres5t$ 9 objective embodim5t4 ,! ,idea z f9e art1 h[ev]1 is ! ,idea ) ! m specific prop]ty ( be+ ess5tially individual reality1 9 o!r words1 an individual configuration ( reality ^: express function x is to make manife/ ! ,idea--9 its appe>ance4 ,?is am\nts to ! dem& t ! ,idea & its =mative configuration z concrete realization mu/ be br\ght toge!r "u a mode ( complete adequacy4 ,! ,idea z s conceiv$1 a reality1 t is to-say1 m\ld$ 9 con=mity ) ! notional concept ( ! ,idea1 is ! ,ideal4 ,! problem ( su* consonancy might1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be und]/ood 9 ! :olly =mal s5se t ! ,idea might be any idea s long z ! actual %ape1 x matt]s n :at ! %ape might be1 repres5t$ ?is p>ticul> ,idea & no o!r4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! requir$ tru? ( ! ,ideal is a fact simply int]*angeable ) m]e correctness1 a correctness :i* consi/s 9 ! expression ( any significance 9 a mann] adapt$ to x1 provid$ t its mean+ is !reby directly discov]able 9 ! =m4 ,! ,ideal1 h[ev]1 is n to be ?us und]/ood4 ,accord+ to ! /&>d or te/ ( its own nature any cont5t :atev] c receive adequate pres5tation1 b x does n necess>ily !reby possess a claim to be ! f9e art ( ! ,ideal4 ,nay1 m1 9 comp>ison ) ideal beauty ! pres5tation w ev5 appe> defective4 ,& 9 ?is connection we may once = all obs]ve--?\gh actual pro( is res]v$ to a lat] /age--t ! defects ( a "w ( art are n inv>iably to be attribut$ to defects ( executive skill4 ,defectiv5ess ( =m arises also f defectiv5ess ( cont5t4 ,! ,*9ese1 ,h9doos1 & ,egyptians1 = example1 9 _! arti/ic images1 sculptur$ deities & idols1 nev] pass$ beyond a =mless condition1 or a def9ition ( %ape t 0 vici\s & false1 & 7 unable to ma/] true beauty4 ,& ?is 0 s = ! reason t _! my?ological conceptions1 ! cont5t & ?\ght ( _! works ( art1 7 /ill ess5tially indet]m9ate1 or only det]m9ate 9 a false s5se1 did n1 9 fact1 atta9 to a cont5t :i* 0 absolute 9 itself4 ,view$ 9 ?is s5se ! excell5ce ( works ( art is s mu* ! great] 9 ! degree t _! cont5t & ?\ght is ideal & pr(\nd4 ,& 9 affirm+ ?is we h n m]ely 9 our m9d ! degree ( executive ma/]y display$ 9 ! grasp & imitation ( natural =m z we f9d x 9 ! objective _w4 ,= 9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! arti/ic consci\sness & its reproductive effects ! des]tion & di/ortion ( ! con=mations ( ,nature is n s mu* due to un9t5tional te*nical inexp]i5ce or lack ( ability1 z x is to delib]ate alt]ation1 :i* orig9ates 9 ! m5tal cont5t itself1 & is dem&$ by ! same4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !re is !re=e imp]fect art1 :i*1 bo? 9 te*nical & o!r respects1 may be q consummate 9 its own specific sph]e1 yet if te/$ ) ! true notion ( art & ! ,ideal c only appe> z defective4 ,only 9 ! highe/ art are ! ,idea & ! arti/ic pres5tation truly consonant ) "o ano!r 9 ! s5se t ! objective embodim5t ( ! ,idea is 9 itself ess5tially & z realiz$ ! true configuration1 because ! cont5t ( ! ,idea ?us express$ is itself 9 tru? ! g5u9e cont5t4 ,x is app]t95t to ?is1 z already not$1 t ! ,idea mu/ be def9$ 9 & ?r\gh itself z concrete totality1 !reby ess5tially possess+ 9 itself ! pr9ciple & /&>d ( its p>ticul>ization & def9ition z ?us manife/$ objectively4 ,= example1 ! ,*ri/ian imag9ation w only be able to repres5t ,god 9 human =m & ) man's means ( spiritual expression1 because x is h]e9 t ,god ,himself is fully kn[n 9 ,himself z m9d or ,_s4 ,det]m9acy is1 z x 71 ! bridge to ph5om5al pres5ce4 ,:]e ?is det]m9acy is n totality d]iv$ f ! ,idea itself1 :]e ! ,idea is n conceiv$ z t :i* is self-def9itive & self-diff]5tiat+1 x rema9s ab/ract & possesses its def9ition1 & ) x ! pr9ciple = ! p>ticul> mode ( embodim5t adapt$ to itself n )9 itself b z some?+ outside x4 ,& ow+ to ?is ! ,idea is also /ill ab/ract & ! configuration x assumes is n z yet posit$ by itself4 ,! ,idea1 h[ev]1 :i* is ess5tially concrete1 c>ries ! pr9ciple ( its manife/ation 9 itself1 & is !reby ! means ( its own free manife/ation4 ,?us x is only ! truly concrete ,idea t is able to evoke ! true embodim5t1 & ?is appropriate coalesc5ce ( bo? is ! ,ideal4 #c4 ,b inasmu* z 9 ?is way ! ,idea is concrete unity1 ?is unity c only ent] ! arti/ic consci\sness by ! expansion & fur!r m$iation ( ! p>ticul> aspects ( ! ,idea2 & x is ?r\gh ?is evolution t ! beauty ( art receives a totality ( p>ticul> /ages & =ms4 ,!re=e1 aft] we h consid]$ f9e art 9 its ess5ce & on its own acc\nt1 we mu/ see h[ ! beautiful 9 its entirety breaks up into its p>ticul> det]m9ations4 ,?is gives1 z our second "p1 ! doctr9e ( ! types ( art4 ,! orig9 ( ^! types is to be f\nd 9 ! v>i$ ways "u :i* ! ,idea is conceiv$ z ! cont5t ( art2 x is by ?is means t a di/9ction 9 ! mode ( =m "u :i* x manife/s itself is condition$4 ,^! types are !re=e simply ! diff]5t modes ( relation :i* obta9 betwe5 ! ,idea & its configuration1 relations :i* emanate f ! ,idea itself1 & !reby pres5t u ) ! g5]al basis ( division = ?is sph]e4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( division mu/ always be f\nd 9 ! notional concept1 ! p>ticul>ization & division ( :i* x is4 ,we h "h to consid] ?ree relations ( ! ,idea to its ext]nal process ( configuration4 7a7 ,fir/1 ! orig9 ( arti/ic creation proce$s f ! ,idea :51 be+ itself /ill involv$ 9 defective def9ition & obscurity1 or 9 vici\s & untrue det]m9acy1 x becomes embodi$ 9 ! %apes ( art4 ,z indet]m9ate x does n z yet possess 9 itself t individuality :i* ! ,ideal dem&s4 ,its ab/ract "* & "o-sid$ness leaves its objective pres5tm5t /ill defective & cont+5t4 ,consequ5tly ?is fir/ type ( art is r a m]e se>* aft] pla/ic configuration ?an a p[] ( g5u9e repres5tation4 ,! ,idea has n z yet f\nd ! =mative pr9ciple )9 itself1 & !re=e /ill cont9ues to be ! m]e ef=t & /ra9 to f9d x4 ,we may 9 g5]al t]ms describe ?is =m z ! symbolic type ( art4 ,! ab/ract ,idea possesses 9 x its ext]nal %ape outside itself 9 ! purely mat]ial sub/ance ( ,nature1 f :i* ! %ap+ process proce$s1 & to :i* 9 its expression x is entirely yok$4 ,natural objects are ?us 9 ! fir/ in/ance left j z !y are1 :ile1 at ! same "t ! sub/antive ,idea is impos$ ^u !m z _! significance1 s t _! function is h5ce=? to express ! same1 & !y claim to be int]pret$1 z ?\gh ! ,idea itself 0 pres5t 9 !m4 ,a rationale ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ext]nal objects ( reality d ess5tially possess an aspect 9 :i* !y are qualifi$ to express a univ]sal import4 ,b z a completely adequate coalesc5ce is n yet possible1 all t c be ! outcome ( su* a relation is an ab/ract attribute1 z :5 a lion is und]/ood to symbolize /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is ab/ractness ( ! relation makes pres5t to consci\sness no less m>k$ly h[ ! ,idea /&s relatively to natural ph5om5a z an ali52 & albeit x expatiates 9 all ^! %apes1 hav+ no o!r means ( expression among all t is real1 & seeks aft] itself 9 _! unre/ & defects ( g5u9e proportion1 yet = all t x f9ds !m inadequate to meet its ne$s4 ,x consequ5tly exagg]ates natural %apes & ! ph5om5a ( ,nature 9 e degree ( indef9ite & limitless ext5sion2 x fl\nd]s ab\t 9 !m l a drunk>d1 & see!s & f]m5ts1 do+ viol5ce to _! tru? ) ! di/ort$ gr[? ( unnatural %apes1 & /rives va9ly by ! contra/1 hug5ess1 & spl5d\r ( ! =ms accept$ to exalt ! ph5om5a to ! plane ( ! ,idea4 ,= ! ,idea is "h /ill m or less indet]m9ate1 & unadaptable1 :ile ! objects ( ,nature are :olly def9ite 9 _! %ape4 ,h5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! incompatibility ( ! two sides ( ideality & objective =m to "o ano!r1 ! relation ( ! ,idea to ! o!r becomes a negative "o4 ,! =m]1 be+ 9 its nature ideal1 is unsatisfi$ ) su* an embodim5t1 & posits itself z its inw>d or ideally univ]sal sub/ance "u a relation ( sublimity ov] & above all ?is inadequate sup]fluity ( natural =m4 ,9 virtue ( ?is sublimity ! natural ph5om5a1 ( c\rse1 & ! human =m & ev5t are accept$ & left simply z !y are1 b at ! same "t1 recogniz$ z unequal to _! significance1 :i* is exalt$ f> above all e>?ly cont5t4 ,^! features con/itute 9 g5]al t]ms ! "* ( ! primitive arti/ic pan!ism ( ! ,ea/1 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 *>ges ! meane/ objects ) ! significance ( ! absolute ,idea1 or1 on ! o!r1 compels natural =m1 by do+ viol5ce to its /ructure1 to express its _w-ideas4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce1 x becomes biz>re1 grotesque1 & defici5t 9 ta/e1 or turns ! inf9ite b ab/ract fre$om ( ! sub/antive ,idea contemptu\sly aga9/ all ph5om5al exi/5ce z alike nugatory & evanesc5t4 ,by su* means ! significance _c be completely pres5t$ 9 ! expression1 & despite all /ra9+ & endeav\r ! f9al inadequacy ( pla/ic configuration to ,idea rema9s insup]able4 ,su* may be accept$ z ! fir/ type ( art--symbolic art ) its ye>n+1 its f]m5tation1 its my/]y1 & sublimity4 7b7 ,9 ! second type ( art1 :i* we propose to call ,classical1 ! tw(old defect ( symbolic art is annull$4 ,n[ ! symbolic configuration is imp]fect1 because1 fir/1 ! ,idea "h only ent]s into consci\sness 9 ab/ract det]m9acy or indet]m9at5ess3 &1 secondly1 by reason ( ! fact t ! coalesc5ce ( import ) embodim5t c only ?r\gh\t rema9 defective1 & 9 its turn also :olly ab/ract4 ,! classical art-type solves bo? ^! difficulties4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! free & adequate embodim5t ( ! ,idea 9 ! %ape :i*1 accord+ to its notional concept1 is uniquely appropriate to ! ,idea itself4 ,! ,idea is consequ5tly able to unite 9 free & completely assonant concord ) x4 ,= ?is reason ! classical type ( art is ! fir/ to pres5t u ) ! creation & vision ( ! complete ,ideal1 & to e/abli% ! same z realiz$ fact4 ,! con=mability1 h[ev]1 ( notion & reality 9 ! classical type ought n to be tak5 9 ! purely =mal s5se ( ! coalesc5ce ( a cont5t ) its ext]nal =m1 any m ?an ?is 0 possible 9 ! case ( ! ,ideal4 ,o!rwise e copy f ,nature1 & e k9d ( portrait1 e l&scape1 fl[]1 sc5e1 & s =?1 :i* =m ! aim ( ! pres5tm5t1 w\ld at once become classical 9 virtue ( ! fact ( ! agreem5t x (f]s betwe5 su* cont5t & =m4 ,9 classical art1 on ! contr>y1 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! cont5t consi/s 9 ?is1 t x is itself concrete ,idea1 & z su* ! concrete spiritual2 = x is only t :i* p]ta9s to ,_s :i* is v]itable ideality#adb4 ,to secure su* a cont5t we mu/ f9d out t 9 ,nature :i* on its own acc\nt is t :i* is ess5tially & explicitly appropriate to ! spiritual4 ,x mu/ be ! orig9al notion itself#adc1 :i* has inv5t$ ! =m = concrete spirituality1 & n[ ! subjective notion--9 ! pres5t case ! _s ( art--has m]ely discov]$ x1 & made x1 z an exi/5ce possess$ ( natural %ape1 concordant ) free & individual spirituality4 ,su* a configuration1 :i* ! ,idea ess5tially possesses z spiritual1 & inde$ z individually det]m9ate spirituality1 :5 x mu/ p]=ce appe> z a temporal ph5om5on1 is ! human =m4 ,p]sonification & an?ropomorphism h frequ5tly be5 abus$ z a degradation ( ! spiritual4 ,b art1 9 s f> z its function is to br+ to vision ! spiritual 9 s5su\s guise1 mu/ advance to su* an?ropomorphism1 inasmu* z ,_s is only adequately pres5t$ to p]ception 9 its bodily pres5ce4 ,! transmigration ( s\ls 9 ?is respect an ab/ract conception#add1 & physiology ought to make x "o ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 t life has necess>ily1 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution1 to proce$ to ! human =m1 = ! reason t x is alone ! visible ph5om5on adequate to ! expression ( intellig5ce4 ,! human bodily =m1 !n1 is employ$ 9 ! classical type ( art n z purely s5su\s exi/5ce1 b exclusively z ! exi/5ce & natural %ape appropriate to m9d4 ,x has !re=e to be reliev$ ( all ! defective excresc5ces :i* adh]e to x 9 its purely physical aspect1 & f ! cont+5t f9it5ess ( its ph5om5al appe>ance4 ,! ext]nal %ape mu/ 9 ?is way be purifi$ 9 ord] to express 9 itself ! cont5t adequate = su* a purpose2 &1 fur!rmore1 along ) ?is1 t ! coalesc5ce ( import & embodim5t may be complete1 ! spirituality :i* con/itutes ! cont5t mu/ be ( su* a "* t x is completely able to express itself 9 ! natural =m ( man1 )\t project+ beyond ! limits ( su* expression )9 ! s5su\s & purely physical sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,"u su* a condition ,_s is at ! same "t def9$ z p>ticul>1 ! _s or m9d ( man1 n z simply absolute & et]nal4 ,9 ?is latt] case x is only capable ( ass]t+ & express+ itself z intellectual be+#ade4 ,out ( ?is latt] di/9ction arises1 9 its turn1 ! defect :i* br+s ab\t ! dissolution ( ! classical type ( art1 & makes ! dem& = a ?ird & high] =m1 namely ! romantic type4 7c7 ,! romantic type ( art annuls ! complet$ union ( ! ,idea & its reality1 & occurs1 if on a high] plane1 to ! diff]5ce & opposition ( bo? sides1 :i* rema9$ unov]come 9 symbolic art4 ,! classical type ( art no d\bt atta9$ ! highe/ excell5ce ( :i* ! s5su\s embodim5t ( art is capable4 ,! defect1 su* z x is1 is due to ! defect :i* obta9s 9 art itself ?r\gh\t1 ! limitations ( its entire prov9ce1 t is to say4 ,! limitation consi/s 9 ?is1 t art 9 g5]al &1 agreeably to its fundam5tal idea1 accepts = its object ,_s1 ! notion ( :i* is inf9ite concrete univ]sality1 "u ! guise ( s5su\sly concrete =m4 ,9 ! classical type x sets up ! p]fect$ coalesc5ce ( spiritual & s5su\s exi/5ce z adequate con=mation ( bo?4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 9 ?is fusion m9d itself is n repres5t$ agreeably to its true notional concept4 ,m9d is ! inf9ite subjectivity ( ! ,idea1 :i* z absolute inw>dness#adf1 is n capable ( freely exp&+ 9 its entire indep5d5ce1 s long z x rema9s )9 ! m\ld ( ! bodily %ape1 fus$ !re9 z 9 ! exi/5ce :olly cong5ial to x4 ,to escape f su* a condition ! romantic type ( art once m cancels t insep>able unity ( ! classical type1 by secur+ a cont5t :i* passes beyond ! classical /age & its mode ( expression4 ,?is cont5t1 if we may recall famili> ideas--is co9cid5t ) :at ,*ri/ianity affirms to be true ( ,god z ,_s1 9 contra/ to ! ,greek fai? 9 gods :i* =ms ! ess5tial & mo/ fitt+ cont5t ( classical art4 ,9 ,greek art ! concrete ideal sub/ance is pot5tially1 b n z fully realiz$1 ! unity ( ! human & div9e nature2 a unity :i* = ! v reason t x is purely imm$iate & n :olly explicit1 is manife/$ )\t defect "u an imm$iate & s5su\s mode4 ,! ,greek god is ! object ( nave intuition & s5su\s imag9ation4 ,8 %ape is !re=e ! bodily =m ( man4 ,! sph]e ( 8 p[] & 8 be+ is individual & individually limit$2 & 9 8 opposition to ! individual p]son#adg is an ess5ce & a p[] ) :om ! inw>d life ( s\l#adh is m]ely pot5tially 9 unity1 b does n itself possess ?is unity z inw>d subjective k4 ,! high] /age is ! k ( ?is impli$ unity1 :i* 9 its lat5cy ! classical art-type receives z its cont5t & is able to p]fectly repres5t 9 bodily %ape4 ,?is elevation ( m]e pot5tiality into self-consci\s k con/itutes an enorm\s diff]5ce4 ,x is no?+ less ?an ! inf9ite diff]5ce :i*1 = example1 sep>ates man g5]ally f ! animal creation4 ,man is animal2 b ev5 9 8 animal functions he is n re/rict$ )9 ! pot5tial sph]e z ! animal is1 b becomes consci\s ( !m1 le>ns to und]/& !m1 & raises !m--z1 = in/ance1 ! process ( dige/ion--into self-consci\s sci5ce4 ,by ?is means man dissolves ! b\nd>ies ( 8 m]ely pot5tial imm$iacy2 9 virtue ( ! v fact t he kn[s himself to be animal he ceases to be m]ely animal1 & z m9d is end[$ ) self-k4 ,if1 !n1 9 ?is way ! unity ( ! human & div9e nature1 :i* 9 ! previ\s /age 0 pot5tial1 is rais$ out ( ?is imm$iate into a self-consci\s unity1 x foll[s t ! g5u9e m$ium = ! reality ( ?is cont5t is no long] ! s5su\s & imm$iate exi/5ce ( :at is spiritual1 t is1 ! physical body ( man1 b ! self-aw>e inn] life ( s\l itself4 ,n[ x is ,*ri/ianity--= ! reason t x pres5ts to m9d ,god z ,_s1 & n z ! p>ticul> individual _s1 b z absolute 9 _s & 9 tru?--:i* /eps back f ! s5su\sness ( imag9ation into ! inw>d life ( reason1 & makes ?is r ?an bodily =m ! m$ium & det]m9ate exi/5ce ( its cont5t4 ,s also1 ! unity ( ! human & div9e nature is a consci\s unity exclusively capable ( realization by means ( spiritual k1 & 9 ,_s4 ,! new cont5t secur$ !reby is consequ5tly n indefeasibly b\nd up ) ! s5su\s pres5tation1 z ! mode completely adequate1 b is r deliv]$ f ?is imm$iate exi/5ce1 :i* has to be hypo/atiz$ z a negative factor1 ov]come & reflect$ back into ! spiritual unity4 ,9 ?is way romantic art mu/ be reg>d$ z art transc5d+ itself1 albeit )9 ! b\nd>y ( its own prov9ce1 & 9 ! =m ( art itself4 ,we may !re=e briefly summ>ize our conclusion t 9 ?is ?ird /age ! object ( art consi/s 9 ! free & concrete pres5ce ( spiritual activity#adi1 ^: vocation x is to appe> z su* a pres5ce or activity = ! inn] _w ( consci\s intellig5ce4 ,9 consonance ) su* an object art _c m]ely "w = s5su\s p]ception4 ,x mu/ deliv] itself to ! inw>d life1 :i* coalesces ) its object simply z ?\gh ?is 7 none o!r ?an itself#aej1 9 o!r words1 to ! intimacy ( s\l1 to ! he>t1 ! emotional life1 :i* z ! m$ium ( ,_s itself ess5tially /rives aft] fre$om1 & seeks & possesses its reconciliation only 9 ! inn] *amb] ( _s4 ,x is ?is inw>d or ideal _w :i* con/itutes ! cont5t ( ! romantic sph]e3 x w !re=e necess>ily discov] its repres5tation z su* inn] idea or feel+1 & 9 ! %[ or appe>ance ( ! same4 ,! _w ( ! s\l & intellig5ce celebrates its triumph ov] ! ext]nal _w1 &1 actually 9 ! m$ium ( t out] _w1 makes t victory to appe>1 by reason ( :i* ! s5su\s appe>ance s9ks into wor?lessness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is type ( art1 l e o!r1 ne$s an ext]nal vehicle ( expression4 ,z already /at$1 ! spiritual cont5t has "h )drawn f ! ext]nal _w & its imm$iate unity into its own _w4 ,! s5su\s ext]nality ( =m is consequ5tly accept$ & repres5t$1 z 9 ! symbolic type1 z uness5tial & transi5t2 fur!rmore ! subjective f9ite _s & volition is treat$ 9 a simil> way2 a treatm5t :i* ev5 includes ! idiosyncrasies or caprice ( individuals1 "*1 action1 or ! p>ticul> features ( incid5t & plot4 ,! aspect ( ext]nal exi/5ce is committ$ to cont+5cy & h&$ ov] to ! adv5tur\s action ( imag9ation1 ^: caprice is j z able to reflect ! facts giv5 z !y are#aea1 z x c *ange ! %apes ( ! ext]nal _w into a m$ley ( its own inv5tion & di/ort !m to m]e c>icature4 ,= ?is ext]nal elem5t has no long] its notion & significance 9 its own ess5tial prov9ce1 z 9 classical art4 ,x is n[ discov]$ 9 ! emotional realm1 & ?is is manife/$ 9 ! m$ium ( t realm itself r ?an 9 ! ext]nal & its =m ( reality1 & is able to secure or to recov] aga9 ! condition ( reconciliation ) itself 9 e accid5t1 9 all ! *ance circum/ance t falls into indep5d5t %ape1 9 all mis=tune & sorr[1 nay1 9 crime itself4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t ! *>act]i/ics ( symbolic art1 its indiff]5ce1 incompatibility & sev]ance ( ,idea f configurative expression1 are "h reproduc$ once m1 if ) ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,& ?is diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 romantic art ! ,idea1 ^: defectiv5ess1 9 ! case ( ! symbol1 br\ght ) x ! defect ( ext]nal =m1 has to display itself z ,_s & 9 ! m$ium ( s\l-life z ess5tially self-complete4 ,& x is to complete fundam5tally ?is high] p]fection t x )draws itself f ! ext]nal elem5t1 ,x c1 9 %ort1 seek & consummate its true reality & manife/ation n[h]e b 9 its own doma94 ,?is we may take to be 9 g5]al t]ms ! "* ( ! symbolic1 classical1 & romantic types ( art1 :i* 9 fact con/itute ! ?ree relations ( ! ,idea to its embodim5t 9 ! realm ( human art4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! aspiration aft]1 ! atta9m5t & transc5d5cy ( ! ,ideal1 view$ z ! true concrete notion ( beauty4 #d4 ,9 contra/ to ^! two previ\s divisions ( our subject ! ?ird "p presupposes ! notional concept ( ! ,ideal1 & ! univ]sal art-types4 ,x 9 o!r words consi/s 9 _! realization ?r\gh specific s5su\s m$ia4 ,we h consequ5tly no long] to deal ) ! inn] or ideal evolution ( ! beauty ( art 9 con=mity ) its wide/ & mo/ fundam5tal det]m9ations4 ,:at we h n[ be=e u to consid] is h[ ^! ideal det]m9ants pass into actual exi/5ce1 h[ !y are di/+ui%able 9 _! ext]nal aspect1 & h[ !y give an indep5d5t & a realiz$ %ape to e elem5t impli$ 9 ! evolution ( ?is ,idea ( beauty z a "w ( art1 & n m]ely z a univ]sal type4 ,n[ x is ! peculi> diff]5ces imman5t 9 ! ,idea ( beauty :i* are c>ri$ ov] by x into ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,= ?is reason 9 ?is ?ird fundam5tal division ^! g5]al art-types mu/ !mselves supply ! basic pr9ciple = ! articulation & def9ition ( ! p>ticul> arts4 ,or1 to put ! same ?+ ano!r way1 ! sev]al species ( art possess 9 !mselves ! same ess5tial diff]5ces1 :i* we h already become acqua9t$ ) z ! univ]sal art-types4 ,ext]nal objectivity1 h[ev]1 to :i* ^! types are subject$ 9 a s5su\s & consequ5tly specific mat]ial1 necessitates ! diff]5tiation ( ^! types into div]se & indep5d5t modes ( realization1 9 o!r words1 ^? ( p>ticul> arts4 ,ea* g5]al type discov]s its det]m9ate "* 9 "o det]m9ate ext]nal mat]ial or m$ium1 9 :i* its adequate pres5tation is secur$ "u ! mann] x prescribes4 ,b1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 ^! types ( art1 inasmu* z _! def9ition is none ! less consi/5t ) ! fact ( ! univ]sality ( _! typical import1 break ?r\gh ! b\nd>ies ( _! specific realization 9 "s def9ite art-species1 & a*ieve an exi/5ce 9 o!r arts no less1 al?\gh _! position 9 su* is ( subord9ate importance4 ,= ?is reason1 albeit ! p>ticul> arts belong specifically to "o ( ^! g5]al art-types respectively1 ! adequate ext]nal embodim5t :]e( !y sev]ally con/itute1 yet ?is does n prev5t !m1 ea* aft] its own mode ( ext]nal configuration1 f repres5t+ ! totality ( ^! art-types#aeb4 ,to summ>ize1 !n1 9 ?is ?ird pr9cipal division we are deal+ ) ! beauty ( art1 z x unveils itself 9 a _w ( realiz$ beauty by means ( ! arts & _! creations4 ,! cont5t ( ?is _w is ! beautiful1 & ! true beautiful1 z we h se51 is spiritual be+ 9 concrete =m1 ! ,ideal2 or appreh5d$ ) /ill m intimacy x is ! absolute m9d & tru? itself4 ,?is region ( div9e tru? arti/ically pres5t$ to s5su\s vision & emotion =ms ! c5tre ( ! entire _w ( art4 ,x is ! indep5d5t1 free & div9e ,image#aec1 :i* has completely appropriat$ ! ext]nality ( =m & m$ium1 & n[ we>s !m simply z ! means ( its self-manife/ation4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! beautiful is unfold$ "h z objective reality1 & 9 ?is process is diff]5tiat$ into p>ticul> aspects & phases1 ?is c5tre posits its extremes1 z realiz$ 9 _! peculi> actuality1 9 anti!tical relation to itself4 ,?us "o ( ^! extremes consi/s ( an objectivity z yet devoid ( m9d1 :i* we may call ! natural environm5t ( ,god4 ,"h ! ext]nal elem5t1 :5 x receives =m1 rema9s z x 01 & does n possess its spiritual aim & cont5t 9 itself1 b 9 ano!r#aed4 ,! o!r extreme is ! div9e z inw>d1 some?+ kn[n1 z ! manifold p>ticul>iz$ subjective exi/5ce ( ,deity4 ,x is ! tru? z op]ative & vital 9 s5se1 s\l1 & intellig5ce ( p>ticul> p]sons1 :i* does n p]si/ z p\r$ =? into its m\ld ( ext]nal %ape1 b returns into ! inw>d life ( individuals4 ,! ,div9e is "u su* a mode at once di/+ui%able f its pure manife/ation z ,godhead1 & passes itself !reby into ! v>iety ( p>ticul>ization :i* belongs to e k9d ( p>ticul> subjective k1 feel+1 p]ception1 & emotion4 ,9 ! analog\s prov9ce ( religion ) :i* art1 at its highe/ elevation1 is imm$iately connect$1 we conceive ! same di/9ction z foll[s4 ,fir/1 we imag9e ! natural life on ,e>? 9 its f9itude z /&+ on "o side2 b !n1 secondly1 ! human consci\sness accepts ,god = its object1 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 objectivity & subjectivity falls away2 !n1 f9ally1 we advance f ,god z su* to ! devotion ( ! community1 t is to ,god z ,he is alive & pres5t 9 ! subjective consci\sness4 ,^! ?ree fundam5tal modifications pres5t !mselves 9 ! _w ( art 9 indep5d5t evolution4 7a7 ,! fir/ ( ! p>ticul> arts ) :i*1 accord+ to _! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 we h to />t is ar*itecture consid]$ z a f9e art4 ,its function consi/s 9 s elaborat+ ! ext]nal mat]ial ( inorganic ,nature t ! same becomes intimately connect$ ) ,_s z an arti/ic & ext]nal environm5t4 ,its m$ium is matt] itself z an ext]nal object1 a heavy mass t is subject to me*anical laws2 & its =ms p]si/ z ! =ms ( inorganic ,nature co-ord9at$ ) ! relations ( ! ab/ract und]/&+ su* z symmetry & s =?4 ,9 ?is mat]ial & 9 ^! =ms ! ,ideal is incapable ( realization z concrete spirituality1 & ! reality ?us pres5t$ rema9s confront+ ! ,idea z an ext]nal fabric ) :i* x ent]s into no fusion1 or has only ent]$ s f> z to e/abli% an ab/ract relation4 ,& x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t ! fundam5tal type ( ! art ( build+ is t ( symbolism4 ,ar*itecture is 9 fact ! fir/ pione] on ! highway t[>d ! adequate realization ( ,godhead4 ,9 ?is s]vice x is put to sev]e lab\r ) objective nature1 t x may dis5gage x by its ef=t f ! confus$ gr[? ( f9itude & ! di/ortions ( cont+5cy4 ,by ?is means x levels a space = ! ,god1 in=ms ,8 ext]nal environm5t1 & builds ,him ,8 temple1 z a fit place = ! conc5tration ( ,_s1 & its direction to ! absolute objects ( intellig5t life4 ,x raises an enclosure = ! congregation ( ^? assembl$1 z a def5ce aga9/ ! ?reat5+ ( ! tempe/1 aga9/ ra91 ! hurricane1 & savage animals4 ,x 9 %ort reveals ! w ?us to assemble1 & al?\gh "u an ext]nal relation1 yet 9 agreem5t ) ! pr9ciples ( art4 ,a significance su* z ?is x c to a great] or less ext5t import into its mat]ial & its =ms1 9 proportion z ! det]m9ate cont5t ( its fabric1 :i* is ! object ( its op]ations & ef=t1 is m or less significant1 is m concrete or m ab/ract1 m pr(\nd 9 p5etrat+ its own ess5tial dep?1 or m obscure & sup]ficial4 ,inde$ ar*itecture may 9 ?is respect proce$ s f> 9 ! execution ( su* a purpose z to create an adequate arti/ic exi/5ce = su* an ideal cont5t 9 its v =ms & mat]ial4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 x has already pass$ beyond its peculi> prov9ce & is div]t$ into ! /age imm$iately above x ( sculpture4 ,= ! b\nd>y ( sculpture lies precisely1 9 ?is t x reta9s ! spiritual z an inw>d be+ :i* p]si/s 9 direct contra/ to ! ext]nal embodim5t ( ar*itecture4 ,x c consequ5tly m]ely po9t to t :i* is absorb$ 9 s\l-life z to some?+ ext]nal to itself4 7b7 ,nev]!less1 z above expla9$1 ! ext]nal & inorganic _w is purifi$ by ar*itecture1 x is co-ord9at$ "u symmetrical laws1 & made cognate ) m9d1 & z a result ! temple ( ,god1 ! h\se ( 8 community1 /&s be=e u4 ,into ?is temple1 9 ! second place1 ! ,god himself ent]s 9 ! lightn+-fla% ( individuality :i* smites its way into ! in]t mass1 p]meat+ ! same ) its pres5ce4 ,9 o!r words ! inf9ite#aee & no long] purely symmetrical =m belong+ to intellig5ce br+s z x 7 to a focus & in=ms ! %ape 9 :i* x is mo/ at home4 ,?is is ! task ( sculpture4 ,9 s f> z 9 x ! inw>d life ( ,_s1 to :i* ! art ( ar*itecture c m]ely po9t away to1 makes its dwell+ )9 ! s5su\s %ape & its ext]nal mat]ial1 & to ! ext5t t ^! two sides come into pla/ic communion ) "o ano!r 9 su* a mann] t nei!r is pr$om9ant1 sculpture receives z its fundam5tal type ! classical art-=m4 ,= ?is reason ! s5su\s elem5t on its own acc\nt admits ( no expression "h :i* is n affect$ by spiritual aff9ities#aef1 j z1 conv]sely1 sculpture c reproduce ) complet5ess no spiritual cont5t1 :i* does n ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t adequate pres5tation to p]ception 9 bodily =m4 ,:at sculpture1 9 %ort1 has to d is to make ! pres5ce ( ,_s /& be=e u 9 its bodily %ape & 9 imm$iate union !re) at re/ & 9 bless$ness2 & ?is =m has to be made vital by means ( ! cont5t ( spiritual individuality4 ,! ext]nal s5su\s mat]ial is consequ5tly no long] elaborat$ ei!r 9 con=mity ) its me*anical quality alone1 z a mass ( weight1 nor 9 %apes ( ! inorganic _w simply1 nor 9 entire indiff]5ce to col\r1 etc4 ,x is c>ri$ into ! ideal =ms ( ! human figure1 &1 we may add1 9 ! complet5ess ( all ?ree spatial dim5sions4 ,9 o!r words & relatively to su* a process we mu/ ma9ta9 = sculpture t 9 x ! inw>d or ideal cont5t ( ,_s are fir/ reveal$ 9 _! et]nal repose & ess5tial self-/ability4 ,to su* repose & unity ) itself !re c only correspond t ext]nal %ape :i* itself p]si/s 9 su* unity & repose4 ,& ?is condition is satisfi$ by configuration view$ 9 its ab/ract spatiality4#aeg ,! _s :i* sculpture repres5ts is t :i* is ess5tially s\nd1 n brok5 up 9 ! play ( *ance conceits & passions2 & = ?is reason its ext]nal =m also is n dissolv$ 9 ! manifold v>iety ( appe>ance1 b exhibits itself "u ?is "o pres5tm5t only z ! ab/raction ( space 9 ! totality ( its dim5sions4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! art ( ar*itecture has execut$ its temple1 & ! h& ( sculpture has plac$ !re9 ! image ( ! god1 we h 9 ! ?ird place to assume ! community ( ! fai?ful z confront+ ! god ?us pres5t$ to vision 9 ! wide *amb]s ( 8 dwell+-place4 ,n[ ?is community is ! spiritual reflection into its own _w ( t s5su\s pres5ce1 ! subjective & inw>d animat+ life ( s\l1 9 its union ) :i*1 bo? = ! arti/ic cont5t & ! ext]nal mat]ial :i* manife/s x1 ! det]m9+ pr9ciple may be id5tifi$ ) p>ticul>ization 9 v>i$ %apes & qualities1 individualization & ! life ( s\l#aeh :i* !y imply4 ,! d[nright & solid fact ( unity ! god possesses 9 sculpture breaks up into ! multiplicity ( a _w ( p>ticul> s\ls#aei1 ^: union is no long] s5su\s b :olly ideal4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t ,god ,himself is reveal$ z v]itably ,_s--viz41 ! ,_s reveal$ 9 ,8 community4 ,"h at la/ ,he is se5 appreh5d$ z ?is mov+ to-&-fro1 z ?is alt]nation betwe5 ,8 own ess5tial unity & ,8 realization 9 ! k ( individual p]sons & t sep>ation :i* x involves1 z also 9 ! univ]sal spiritual1 be+#afj & union ( ! _m4 ,9 su* a community ,god is dis5gag$ f ! ab/raction ( ,8 unfold$ self-seclusion & self-id5tity1 no less ?an f ! imm$iate absorption 9 bodily %ape1 9 :i* ,he is pres5t$ by sculpture4 ,he is1 9 a ^w1 lift$ into ! actual sph]e ( spiritual exi/5ce & k1 into ! reflect$ appe>ance1 ^: manife/ation is ess5tially inw>d & ! life ( he>t & s\l4 ,!reby ! high] cont5t is n[ ! nature ( ,_s1 & t 9 its ultimate or absolute %ape4 ,b at ! same "t ! sep>ation to :i* we h allud$ displays ?is z p>ticul> spiritual be+1 a specific emotional life4 ,moreov]1 = ! reason t ! ma9 ?+ "h is n ! untr\bl$ repose ( ! ,god 9 himself#afa1 b 8 manife/ation simply1 ! ,be+ :i* is = ano!r1 self-revealm5t 9 fact1 x foll[s t1 on ! plane we h n[ rea*$1 all ! v>i$ cont5t ( human subjectivity 9 its vital movem5t & activity1 :e!r view$ z passion1 action1 or ev5t1 or m g5]ally ! wide realm ( human feel+1 volition & its discont9uance1 become "o & all = _! own sake objects ( arti/ic repres5tation4 ,agreeably ) su* a cont5t ! s5su\s elem5t ( art has likewise to %[ itself pot5tially adapt$ to su* p>ticul>ization & ! display ( su* an inw>d cont5t ( he>t & m9d4 ,m$ia ( ?is description are suppli$ by col\r1 musical tones1 & f9ally 9 s\nd z m]e sign = ideal p]ceptions & conceptions2 & we fur!r obta9 ! means ( realiz+ ) ! use ( su* m$ia a cont5t ( ?is k9d 9 ! arts ( pa9t+1 music1 & poetry4 ,?r\gh\t ?is sph]e ! s5su\s m$ium is f\nd to be ess5tially disp>ate 9 itself & ?r\gh\t posit$#afb z ideal4 ,9 ?is way x responds 9 ! highe/ degree to ! fundam5tally spiritual cont5t ( art1 & ! coalesc5ce ( spiritual significance & s5su\s mat]ial atta9s a m intimate union ?an 0 possible ei!r 9 ar*itecture or sculpture4 ,at ! same "t su* a union is necess>ily m ne> to s\l-life1 lean+ exclusively to ! subjective side ( human exp]i5ce2 "o :i*1 9 s f> z =m & cont5t are ?us con/ra9$ to p>ticul>ization & to posit _! result z ideal1 c only be actually effect$ at ! exp5se ( ! objective univ]sality ( ! cont5t z also ( ! fusion ) ! imm$iately s5su\s m$ium#afc4 ,! arts1 !n1 :i* are lift$ into a high] /ra9 ( ideality1 ab&on+ z !y d ! symbolism ( ar*itecture & ! classical ,ideal ( sculpture1 accept _! pr$om9ant type f ! romantic art-=m2 & ^! are ! arts mo/ fitt$ to express its mode ( configuration4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 a totality ( arts1 because ! romantic type is itself ess5tially ! mo/ concrete4 7c7 ,! articulation ( ?is ?ird sph]e ( ! p>ticul> arts may be fix$ z foll[s3 77 ,! fir/ art :i* comes next to sculpture is t ( pa9t+4 ,x avails itself = a m$ium ( its cont5t & ! pla/ic configuration ( ! same ( visibility z su*1 to ! ext5t t x is diff]5tiat$ 9 its own nature1 9 o!r words is def9$ 9 ! cont9uity ( col\r4 ,no d\bt ! mat]ial ( ar*itecture & sculpture is likewise bo? visible & col\r$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n1 z 9 pa9t+1 visibility 9 its pure nature1 n ! ess5tially simple light1 :i* by its diff]5tiat+ ( itself 9 its opposition to d>kness1 & 9 association ) t d>kness gives rise to col\r#afd4 ,?is quality ( visibility made ess5tially ideal#afe & treat$ z su* no long] ei!r requires1 z 9 ar*itecture1 ! ab/ractly me*anical qualities ( mass z appropriate to mat]ials ( weight1 nor1 z is ! case ) sculpture1 ! complete dim5suration ( spatial condition1 ev5 :5 conc5trat$ into organic =ms4 ,! visibility & ! mak+ app>5t1 :i* belong to pa9t+1 possess diff]5ces ( quality "u a m ideal mode--t is1 9 ! specific v>ieties ( col\r--:i* lib]ates art f ! objective totality ( spatial condition1 by be+ limit$ to a plane surface4 ,on ! o!r h& ! cont5t also atta9s ! wide/ compass ( p>ticul>ity4 ,:atev] c f9d a place 9 ! human he>t1 z emotion1 idea1 & purpose1 :atev] x is capable ( actually %ap+--all su* div]sity may =m "p ( ! v>i$ pres5tations ( pa9t+4 ,! entire _w ( p>ticul> exi/5ce1 f ! mo/ exalt$ embodim5t ( m9d to ! mo/ insignificant natural fact1 f9ds a place "h4 ,= x is possible ev5 = f9ite ,nature1 9 its p>ticul> sc5es & ph5om5a1 to =m "p ( su* arti/ic display1 provid$ only t we h "s ref]5ce to consci\s life :i* makes x ak9 to human ?\ght & emotion#aff4 77 ,! second art :i* cont9ues ! fur!r realization ( ! romantic type & =ms a di/9ct contra/ to pa9t+ is t ( music4 ,its m$ium1 albeit /ill s5su\s1 yet proce$s into /ill pr(\nd] subjectivity & p>ticul>ization4 ,we h "h1 too1 ! delib]ate treatm5t ( ! s5su\s m$ium z ideal1 & x consi/s 9 ! negation & idealization into ! isolat$ unity ( a s+le po9t#afg1 ! indiff]5t ext]nal collocation ( space#afh1 ^: complete appe>ance is reta9$ by pa9t+ & delib]ately feign$ 9 its complet5ess4 ,?is isolat$ po9t1 view$ z ?is process ( negation1 is an ess5tially concrete & active process ( cancellation )9 ! det]m9ate sub/ance ( ! mat]ial m$ium1 view$1 t is1 z motion & vibration ( ! mat]ial object )9 itself & 9 its relation to itself4 ,su* an in*oate ideality ( matt]1 :i* no long] appe>s "u ! =m ( space1 b z temporal ideality#afi1 is s\nd or tone4 ,we h "h ! s5su\s set d[n z negat$1 & its ab/ract visibility conv]t$ into audibility4 ,9 o!r words s\nd lib]ates ! ideal cont5t f its fett]s 9 ! mat]ial sub/ance4 ,?is e>lie/#agj secur$ inw>dness ( matt] & impregnation ( x ) s\l-life supplies ! m$ium = ! intimacy & s\l ( ,_s--itself z yet indef9ite--p]mitt+1 z x does1 ! e*o & rev]b]ation ( man's emotional _w ?r\gh its entire range ( feel+s & passions4 ,9 ?is way music =ms ! c5tre ( ! romantic arts1 j z sculpture repres5ts ! midway po9t ( arre/ betwe5 ar*itecture & ! arts ( ! romantic subjectivity4 ,?us1 too1 x =ms ! po9t ( transition betwe5 ! ab/ract1 spatial s5su\sness ( pa9t+ & ! ab/ract spirituality ( poetry4 ,music c>ries )9 itself1 l ar*itecture1 & 9 contra/ to ! emotional _w simply & its inw>d self-seclusion1 a relation ( quantity con=mable to ! pr9ciples ( ! und]/&+ & _! modes ( co-ord9at$ configuration#aga4 77 ,we mu/ look = our ?ird & mo/ spiritual type ( arti/ic pres5tation among ! romantic arts 9 t ( poetry4 ,! supreme *>act]i/ic ( poetry consi/s 9 ! p[] ) :i* x br+s into vassalage ( ! m9d & its conceptions ! s5su\s elem5t f :i* music & pa9t+ began to lib]ate art4 ,= s\nd1 ! only rema9+ ext]nal mat]ial reta9$ by poetry1 is 9 x no long] ! feel+ ( ! sonor\s itself1 b is a m]e sign )\t indep5d5t significance4 ,& x is1 moreov]1 a sign ( idea :i* has become ess5tially concrete1 & n m]ely#agb ( indef9ite feel+ & its subtle modes & gradations4 ,& ?is is h[ s\nd develops into ! ,^w1 z ess5tially articulate voice1 ^: int5tion x is to indicate ideas & ?\ghts4 ,! purely negative mom5t to :i* music advanc$ n[ ass]ts itself z ! :olly concrete po9t1 ! po9t :i* is m9d itself1 ! self-consci\s individual1 :i* produces f itself ! inf9ite expansion ( its ideas & unites ! same ) ! temporal condition ( s\nd4 ,yet ?is s5su\s elem5t1 :i* 0 /ill 9 music imm$iately unit$ to emotion1 is 9 poetry sep>at$ f ! cont5t ( consci\sness4 ,m9d1 9 %ort1 "h det]m9es ?is cont5t = its own sake & ap>t f all else into ! cont5t ( idea2 to express su* idea x no d\bt avails itself ( s\nd1 b employs x m]ely z a sign )\t indep5d5t wor? or sub/ance4 ,?us view$1 ! s\nd "h may be j z well reproduc$ by ! m]e lett]1 = ! audible1 l ! visible1 is "h r$uc$ to a m]e indication ( m9d#agc4 ,= ?is reason1 ! true m$ium ( poetical repres5tation is ! poetical imag9ation & ! intellectual pres5tation itself2 & inasmu* z ?is elem5t is common to all types ( art x foll[s t poetry is a common ?read ?r\gh !m all1 & is develop$ indep5d5tly 9 ea*4 ,poetry is1 9 %ort1 ! univ]sal art ( ! m9d1 :i* has become ess5tially free1 & :i* is n fett]$ 9 its realization to an ext]nally s5su\s mat]ial1 b :i* is creatively active 9 ! space1 & "t belong+ to ! inn] _w ( ideas & emotion4 ,yet x is precisely 9 ?is its highe/ phase1 t art t]m9ates1 by transc5d+ itself2 x is j "h t x des]ts ! m$ium ( a h>moni\s pres5tation ( m9d 9 s5su\s %ape & passes f ! poetry ( imag9ative idea into ! prose ( ?\ght4 ,su* we may accept z ! articulate totality ( ! p>ticul> arts2 !y are ! ext]nal art ( ar*itecture1 ! objective art ( sculpture & ! subjective arts ( pa9t+1 music1 & poetry4 ,_m o!r classifications ?an ^! h be5 attempt$1 = a "w ( art pres5ts su* a weal? ( aspects1 t x is q possible1 z has frequ5tly be5 ! case1 to make fir/ "o & !n ano!r ! basis ( division4 ,= in/ance1 y may take ! s5su\s m$ium simply4 ,ar*itecture may !n be view$ z a k9d ( cry/allization2 sculpture1 z ! organic configuration ( mat]ial 9 its s5su\s & spatial totality2 pa9t+ z ! col\r$ surface & l9e1 :ile 9 music1 space1 z su*1 passes ov] into ! po9t or mom5t ( "t replete ) cont5t 9 itself1 until we come f9ally to poetry1 :]e ! ext]nal m$ium is :olly suppress$ into insignificance4 ,or1 aga91 ^! diff]5ces h be5 view$ ) ref]5ce to _! purely ab/ract conditions ( space & "t4 ,su* ab/ract divisions ( works ( art may1 z _! m$ium also may be consequ5tially trac$ 9 _! *>act]i/ic features4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 be work$ out z ! f9al & fundam5tal pr9ciple1 because su* aspects !mselves d]ive _! orig9s f a high] pr9ciple1 & mu/ !re=e fall into subord9ation !reto4 ,?is high] pr9ciple we h discov]$ 9 ! types ( art--symbolic1 classical1 & romantic--:i* are ! univ]sal /ages or phases ( ! ,idea ( beauty itself4 ,_! relation to ! individual arts 9 _! concrete manife/ation z embodim5t is ( a k9d t ^! arts con/itute ! real & positive exi/5ce ( ^! g5]al art-types4 ,= symbolic art atta9s its mo/ adequate realization & mo/ p]t95t application 9 ar*itecture1 9 :i* x expatiates 9 ! full import ( its notion1 & is n z yet depreciat$1 z x 71 into ! m]ely inorganic nature dealt ) by "s o!r art4 ,! classical type ( art f9ds its unfett]$ realization1 on ! o!r h&1 9 sculpture1 treat+ ar*itecture m]ely z ! enclosure :i* surr\nds x1 & be+ unable to elaborate pa9t+ & music into ! :olly adequate#agd =ms ( its cont5t4 ,f9ally1 ! romantic art-type is supreme 9 ! products ( pa9t+ & music1 & likewise 9 poetical composition1 z _! preem95t & unconditionally adequate modes ( expression4 ,poetry is1 h[ev]1 con=mable to all types ( ! beautiful1 & its embrace rea*es !m all = ! reason t ! poetic imag9ation is its own prop] m$ium1 & imag9ation is ess5tial to e creation ( beauty1 :atev] its type may be4 ,to sum up1 !n1 :at ! p>ticul> arts realize 9 p>ticul> works ( art1 are accord+ to _! fundam5tal conception1 simply ! univ]sal types :i* con/itute ! self-unfold+ ,idea ( beauty4 ,x is z ! ext]nal realization ( ?is ,idea t ! wide ,pan!on ( art is be+ rais$2 & ! ar*itect & build] !re( is ! _s ( beauty z x gradually comes to self-cognition1 & to complete :i* ! hi/ory ( ! _w w require its evolution ( c5turies4 ,footnote #a3 ,! introduction beg9s z an introduction ( lectures4 ,b z ! "w is m]ely bas$ to a l>ge ext5t on notes = lectures1 or on a manuscript :i* did n pres]ve ! lectures z !y 7 deliv]$1 x w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to ignore ?is fact1 & 9 ref]5ces to reg>d x simply z a writt5 treatise4 ,footnote #b3 ,hegel1 allud+ no d\bt to ! words ( ! ,gospel1 puts x born & born aga9 f m9d 7_s74 ,footnote #c3 ,x is assum$ t su* a fancy is seiz$ & def9$ z su* 9 sep>ation f o!r exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #d3 ,! s5t5ce is slightly ironical4 ,footnote #e3 ,dem ,s*e9e4 ,footnote #f3 ,raisonnem5ts3 a disp>ag+ expression4 ,footnote #g3 ,hegel "h means ! =mal "*1 n ! mat]ial on :i* x is impos$ 9 ! sev]al arts4 ,footnote #h3 ,hegel says1 z t :i* has no "r to be1 das ,ni*tseyn soll5de4 ,footnote #i3 ,ers*e9e z contra/$ ) s*e9e4 ,footnote #aj3 ,das ,an-und-,frsi*sey5de4 ,t :i* is explicitly to itself self-det]m9ate be+1 no less ?an ess5tially su* 9 its sub/antive "r4 ,footnote #aa3 ,besonn5] ,art4 ,possibly ,hegel means "o m compatible ) common s5se4 ,footnote #ab3 ,i ?9k by ! words kun/ wi$] h]vorzuruf5 ,hegel r means to call up art z x 0 previ\sly cultivat$ ?an m]ely to /imulate art production4 ,! latt] is1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation4 ,footnote #ac3 ,subjective app>5tly 9 ! s5se ( be+ :olly p]sonal to ! writ] or philosoph] 9 s f> z ! =m ( 8 treatise deals 9 classification & arrangem5t peculi> to himself & s ext]nal1 if n entirely arbitr>y4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i agree ) ! note ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet 7,trans41 p4 #ba7 t ! ^w elem5t ref]s "h to ! m5tal con/itu5ts ( art1 z contra/$ ) ! s5su\s m$ium4 ,footnote #ae3 ,t is to say1 ! ess5tial =mative process involv$ 9 its necessity4 ,footnote #af3 ,!re mu/ be a mispr9t or ov]sight 9 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's r5d]+ ( ?is passage 7p4 #ba74 ,z ! s5t5ce n[ /&s x does n appe> to me to make s5se4 ,footnote #ag3 ,von ihm4 ,! pron\n1 ,i take x1 mu/ ref] "h to das ,&]e r ?an ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,footnote #ah3 ,makes itself an ali5 to itself p]haps expresses ! ,g]man bett]4 ,footnote #ai3 ,t is1 ! "w ( art4 ,footnote #bj3 ,haltpunkte4 ,po9ts ( arre/ 9 ess5tial ideas necess>y :i* re/ra9 ?is t5d5cy to purely arbitr>y caprice4 ,footnote #ba3 ,i d n ?9k ! fir/ "p ( ?is s5t5ce ironical4 ,hegel admits t a g5]al k is a legitimate feature ( mod]n culture4 ,b he po9ts out t p are only too ready to confuse su* a g5]al k ) real art s*ol>%ip4 ,to br+ out ?is ,i h translat$ r freely4 ,footnote #bb3 ,detail ( hi/orical fact & arti/ic obs]vation4 ,footnote #bc3 ,x is hi/orical1 fir/1 reg>d$ z a survey ( hi/orical condition1 &1 secondly1 because facts are collect$ :e!r 9 relation to anci5t or mod]n art z a hi/orian collects 8 facts4 ,footnote #bd3 ,lit41 ! inmo/ or mo/ ideal 7mean+74 ,footnote #be3 ,vollkomm54 ,complete or r completely articulate & r\nd$ 9 itself4 ,x is n easy to select ! ,engli% ^w t exactly corresponds4 ,footnote #bf3 ,be/immte ,individualitt4 ,! def9ition may1 z ,hegel says1 be m significant1 b x is = all t n v cle>ly express$4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates ! words det]m9ate individual modification4 ,footnote #bg3 ,my view is t :at ,hegel means to say is t 9 c>icature ugl9ess is emphasiz$ & made m 7nh]7 a "p ( ! cont5t ?an belongs to ! true nature ( ! *>act]i/ic ( :i* x is 79 ,hegel's op9ion7 no ess5tial det]m9ant or prop]ty4 ,! view /at$ 9 ! s5t5ce is !re=e a k9d ( r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation appe>s to me to leave x d\btful :e!r ! view /at$ is a j "o or n4 ,he translates nh] by closely1 n ! comp>ative4 ,9 my view ,hegel agrees t c>icature may be *>act]i/ic1 b he does n agree t x is a g5u9e prop]ty ( ! *>act]i/ic :]e x is press$ to ! excess ( ugl9ess4 ,footnote #bh3 ,be/immung4 ,footnote #bi3 ,t is1 9 ,hegel's view4 ,footnote #cj3 ,das ,wahre4 ,footnote #ca3 ,d5 d5k5d5 ,begriff4 ,x is possible t ! notion ( ?\ght w\ld express ,hegel's mean+1 z x w\ld be a less /range expression4 ,b ,i h reta9$ ! m lit]al translation z ! ref]5ce may be to ! self-evolution ( ,?\ght 9 its own dialectical process1 ?\ght or ! ,idea ?9k+ out itself 9 ! ,hegelian s5se4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet seems to assume ?is1 z he translates ! ?9k+ ,idea4 ,footnote #cb3 ,kun/s*n54 ,i h translat$ ?is by ! expression f9e art because ,hegel 9 ! op5+ ( ! introduction makes ! expression int]*angeable ) s*ne kun/4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be recollect$ t ! emphasis "h is ev5 m on beauty ?an ! fact t x is ! beauty ( human art4 ,& x is = ?is reason1 ,i presume1 t ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates x "h arti/ic beauty4 ,! only objection ,i h to make to ?is1 ap>t f ,hegel's words ,i h ref]r$ to1 is t ! expression arti/ic beauty is sometimes us$ to signify beauty t is capable ( be+ express$ by art4 ,( c\rse t is exclud$ f ,hegel's use ( ! t]m2 he means ! beauty ( arti/ic "w4 ,footnote #cc3 ,subjektiv54 ,footnote #cd3 ,indep5d5t1 t is1 ( ! consci\sness ( any p>ticul> individual4 ,hegel does n necess>ily mean indep5d5t ( consci\sness altoge!r4 ,he has1 no d\bt1 g5]ally 9 8 m9d ! k9d ( scepticism :i* receiv$ its mo/ logical exposition 9 ,hume4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is appe>s to me ! mean+ ( zufllig] ,s9n4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates x accid5tal s5se4 ,by t ,i presume he und]/&s ! mean+ to be a s5se ( beauty t is entirely p]sonal to ! recipi5t1 x may be possess$ by "o man1 b n by ano!r4 ,hegel's illu/ration h>dly supports ?is1 s x seems to me4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i d n "k ! exact translation ( lemmatis*1 & by a curi\s slip ! s5t5ce is omitt$ f ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation4 ,! g5]al s5se is pla9 en\gh4 ,e p>ticul> sci5ce accepts its subject-matt] z a datum4 ,x />ts f ! empirical fact4 ,:e!r x admits ! assumption or n1 x does assume su* facts4 ,x is obvi\s t ,hegel's adoption ( ?is /&po9t is only relatively true4 ,footnote #cg3 ,hegel means1 ,i presume1 ma9ly 9 ! introduction4 ,aft] t he does 9 a qualifi$ degree discuss ! pr(\nd] import ( ! ,idea ( ,f9e ,art4 ,8 /atem5ts are n p]haps :olly free f inconsi/5cy1 because he has previ\sly said t ap>t f an encyclopa$ic consid]ation ( all ! sci5ces1 x 0 n possible to d s1 & also "s ( ,8 /atem5ts seem to imply t he does n int5d to d s4 ,footnote #ch3 ,t is1 9 ! fir/ ,"p ( ! entire treatise4 ,footnote #ci3 ,:at ,hegel means by ! die letzte e9leit5de ,betra*tung ,i am n q sure4 ,i presume he means ! introduction to ! fir/ ,"p4 ,! :ole ( ?is p>agraph is n v cle>4 ,footnote #dj3 ,by man's s5sitive life 9 its wide/ s5se is1 ,i ?9k1 int5d$4 ,footnote #da3 ,! ,g]man words are ma*5 & na*ma*54 ,we h no exact equival5ts4 ,footnote #db3 ,lit41 to fill out 7ausfll57 9 complete equipm5t4 ,footnote #dc3 ,individuelle4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! ,g]man w admit ( ! int]pretation t ! ref]5ce is m]ely to g5ius1 b ,i ?9k ,hegel cle>ly means t nei!r "o nor ! o!r c be ?us conjur$ up4 ,footnote #de3 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ma9 division ( ! "w4 ,footnote #df3 ,"o ( ,m]$i?'s correspond5ts has put ! "q ) all gravity :e!r he consid]$ inspiration c\ld be assi/$ by w9e dr9k+4 ,) equal gravity our hum\ri/ repli$ t ?\gh w9e might be some?+ ( a re/orative aft] m5tal ef=t x 0 n 8 exp]i5ce t x contribut$ to fir/-rate arti/ic "w4 ,he actually m5tions ! case ( ,s*ill]4 ,?\gh ,i h read some:]e t ?is poet us$ to be inspir$ by ! smell ( rott5 apples ,i d n recollect read+ t he fav\r$ ! *ampagne bottle4 ,m]$i? also m5tions ! case ( ,h(fmann1 & adds t ! type ( 8 "w does n increase our respect = ! prec$5t4 ,footnote #dg3 ,e9e uss]li*e ,arbeit4 ,a craftsman%ip :i* has to deal ) ! outside surface4 ,we may translate ext]nal craftsman%ip2 b ! translation 9 ! text gives ! mean+ be/1 ,i ?9k4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ke95 gei/ig5 ,/(f4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates spiritual cont5t4 ,i imag9e ! emphasis to be ma9ly on ! abs5ce ( positive ideas available to k4 ,9 any case ,hegel appe>s to press 8 po9t ( contra/ too f>4 ,m5 ( g5ius su* z ,moz>t 7:o 0 probably 9 8 m9d7 & ,s*ub]t may be> him out4 ,b on ! o!r h& we h a ,keats1 ,%elley1 & ,raphael4 ,g5ius matures rapidly1 b ! greate/ works ( musical art no less ?an any o!r imply a real maturity ( m9d at lea/1 & m ?an is "h assum$ (1 ,i %\ld say1 a ri* exp]i5ce4 ,moz>t1 ( c\rse1 upsets any !ory1 & x is que/ionable ev5 :e!r ,moz>t is really an exception4 ,x dep5ds on ! po9t ( view f :i* we are e/imat+ ! intelligible cont5t ( music z an expression ( s\l-life4 ,footnote #di3 ,! ,iphig5ie 0 complet$ 9 ,goe!'s ?irty-eigh? ye>1 f\rte5 ye>s lat] ?an ,gtz4 ,! bulk ( 8 m important works are ( ! same date or lat]4 ,s*ill]'s ,wall5/e9 0 complet$ aft] 8 ?irty-fif? ye>4 ,footnote #ej3 ,?is is surely n q accurate4 ,! m$ium ( pa9t+ 9 ! s5se t spee* or writ+ is ! m$ium ( poetry is n canvas or panel b oil or o!r col\r4 ,canvas w\ld correspond ) ! blank pages ( a book4 ,footnote #ea3 ,free1 t is1 f accid5tal & irrelevant matt]4 ,footnote #eb3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates s9nli*e "h z s5sitive4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,hegel "h r leaves out ( sight ! fact t 9 ! process ( ,nature we h s5sitive organic life no less ?an unconsci\s inorganic4 ,8 contra/ is r betwe5 ! consci\s life ( man & unconsci\s nature1 ! consci\s life t is n self-consci\s be+ = ! object ( ! contra/ treat$ z equival5t to unconsci\s4 ,he w\ld also app>5tly ignore ! fact t man himself & ! high] beauty :i* atta*es to him is also f ope po9t ( view a "p ( ! natural process4 ,footnote #ec3 ,t is1 ap>t f purely p]sonal ends 9 its pursuit1 :i* are accid5tal to its ess5tial notion4 ,footnote #ed3 ,t is1 9 ! m$ium ( consci\s life4 ,footnote #ee3 ,e9mal4 ,!y are !re1 b !y d n "k !y are !re4 ,footnote #ef3 ,aus gei/ig] ,bildung1 i4e41 a high level ( m5tal culture is necess>y be=e ! adv5t ( civiliz$ mann]s & cu/oms 9 :i* spiritual life is reflect$ ) real ref9em5t & directness4 ,footnote #eg3 ,b$rfniss zur ,kun/4 ,footnote #eh3 ,lit41 ,9 ! =m ( ! mo/ ab/ract s+le subjectivity4 ,t is to say1 t ! ma9 fact ab\t x is t x is felt2 b1 except 9 respect to int5sity1 x _c be describ$ z an object ( ?\ght ) def9+ attributes1 ,x is ab/ract individual s5sation4 ,footnote #ei3 ,by ! expression ,kreis ,hegel w\ld mean r an indef9ite sph]e ?an a def9ite circle4 ,! simile is p]haps n v apt4 ,! idea1 app>5tly1 is ( a sph]e ( feel+1 t is1 su* z be+ self-complete1 b is s ab/ract or indef9able t ! introduction into x ( positive ideas su* z ju/ice1 etc41 are ! m]e entrance ( spectral =ms :i* vani% 9 su* an indef9able m$ium1 )\t disclos+ _! nature4 ,!y are felt b n cogniz$ = :at !y really are4 ,footnote #fj3 ,bl9d]1 bl9d 9 ! s5se t x is n guid$ by delib]ate & self-consci\s reason1 i4e41 m]e animal in/9ct4 ,footnote #fa3 ,a difficult s5t5ce to translate4 ,i h foll[$ ,pr(essor ,bosanquet 9 assum+ t ! sub/antive ) :i* mangelhaft agrees mu/ be borr[$ f ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 ?\gh x seems also to be c>ri$ on 9 a loose k9d ( way f ! previ\s s5t5ce 7,gesckmacks9n47 ,! entire s5t5ce is built1 z we h x1 on ! fur!r confusion t !re are two p>allels :i* be=e ! s5t5ce ends are reg>d$ z "o6 ,t is to say1 ! g5]al critical s5se is contra/$ ) ! critique ( p>ticul> works ( art & fur!r ! defect ( t g5]al s5se 9 its neglect ( univ]sal pr9ciples is fur!r contra/$ ) ! way ! specific critique deals ) p>ticul> works4 ,i h>dly ?9k1 h[ev]1 t my admirable pr$ecessor is ju/ifi$ 9 ignor+ ! comp>ative degree ( be/immt]es1 or 9 8 translation ( ,zeug z p[]4 ,i take x to mean ! mat]ial ( actual works ( art4 ,! s5t5ce is a good example (1 "s ( ! difficulties ( ,hegel translation4 ,footnote #fb3 ,die ,sa*e4 ,! subject-matt] 9 its mo/ real s5se z cont5t4 ,footnote #fc3 ,t is1 ! s-call$ good ta/e4 ,footnote #fd3 ,begriff4 ,concrete notional ,idea4 ,footnote #fe3 ,t is1 9 8 physical =m4 ,footnote #ff3 ,hegel is "h consid]+ desire ab/ract$ly1 t is1 on its own acc\nt 7als sol*e47 ,x may ( c\rse 9 its turn subs]ve a rational purpose1 su* z ! pres]vation ( heal? or life4 ,b ! contra/ "h is betwe5 ! relation ( appetite1 & t ( ! !oretic faculty to objects4 ,footnote #fg3 ,se9 ,objekt4 ,! object 9 :i* he f9ds himself2 r ?is1 ,i ?9k1 ?an t :i* he has creat$4 ,footnote #fh3 ,inn]li*1 i4e41 9 ! _w ( m9d z contra/$ ) t ( ! s5su\s vorh&5e4 ,footnote #fi3 ,hegel or 8 editors h 9 a conv]se way4 ,?is is obvi\sly a mi/ake4 ,9 bo? examples ! po9t is t ! object is pres]v$ z aga9/ desire ) its de/ruction1 & ! contemplative intellig5ce ) its ideal trans=mation4 ,footnote #gj3 ,e9 ideelles4 ,! mean+ is1 ,i ?9k1 t ! mat]ia is /amp$ ) ! hall-m>k ( delib]ate arti/ic purpose4 ,! ideality1 ?\gh relatively jejune on su* a "w z ! pyramids1 9 ! high] rea*es ( art su* z poetry & music affects ( c\rse ! m$ium itself1 ! musical *ord be+ pure ideality4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation omits ?is & ! previ\s s5t5ce1 probably by an ov]sight4 ,b x is also possible t ?is ?9k] conceiv$ ! /atem5t z "h express$ to be mislead+1 or at lea/ op5 to misconception4 ,9 ar*itecture & ev5 pa9t+ x is obvi\s1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 ! s5su\s mat]ia1 if direct$ to an arti/ic end1 rema9s none ! less ! mat]ial borr[$ f natural fact ?\gh ! fact z natural may be modifi$ 9 its =m4 ,pa9t+ may repres5t ! semblance1 b x employs a m$ium simply s5su\s4 ,hegel has ma9ly be=e 8 att5tion "h obvi\sly ! arts ( pa9t+1 poetry1 & music4 ,footnote #ga3 ,!y are !oretical because z appli$ to a "w ( art !y imply ! pres5ce ( ! contemplative faculty4 ,9 a lat] section ( ! "w ,hegel makes a m complete analysis ( :at is impli$ 9 ! s5se ( he>+ z appli$ to musical composition & 9 ! col\r s5se4 ,9 bo? cases x is obvi\s ! m9d contributes to ! facts cogniz$4 ,he>+ is1 h[ev]1 f ,hegel's po9t ( view ! mo/ ideal ( ! two1 & he conceives ! position ( ! e>s itself po9ts to ?is di/9ction4 ,footnote #gb3 ,x may at lea/ be que/ion$ :e!r ! gr\nd giv5 "h ( ?is di/9ction1 or "p ( x1 is /rictly accurate4 ,x may be said t our s5se ( sight & he>+ are bo? 9 contact ) ! waves ( ! m$ium1 ! vibration ( :i* produces ! impression we call s\nd or light4 ,! mo/ obvi\s di/9ction !n appe>s to be t ! natural object is left z x is by he>+ & sight4 ,?is at lea/ holds good z aga9/ ta/e4 ,b at lea/ x may be que/ion$1 ,i ?9k1 :e!r ! s5se ( t\* may n be ! s\rce ( arti/ic enjoym5t1 c]ta9ly 9 ! case ( ! bl9d4 ,& ! s5se ( smell at lea/ leaves objects z !y are1 & "s may cont5d t x is a s\rce ( enjoym5t ( ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,hegel w\ld reply1 ( c\rse1 t no works ( human art are enjoy$ by su* means4 ,! ma9 gr\nd is1 h[ev]1 t sight & he>+ are ! s5ses close/ to intellig5ce4 ,footnote #gc3 ,by ,ans*auung5 ,hegel app>5tly has 9 m9d all ! ideas ( poetry4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly r h expect$ ! ^w ,vor/ellung51 ! ^w us$ be+ r visible p]ceptions4 ,b ! ?ree words "h seem g5]ally to d5ote ! subject-matt] ( pa9t+1 music1 & poetry4 ,footnote #gd3 ,lit41 ,op]ative 9 ! arti/ view$ 7i4e41 ! arti/7 z ! p]sonal en]gy 7,subjektivitt7 :i* creates4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation z a productive /ate ( ! p]son w\ld appe> to make ! s5su\s side a subjective /ate ( ! arti/4 ,b ap>t f con/ruction1 c we speak ( ?is z a /ate8 ,x is modifi$ by 8 en]gy--b x c h>dly be reg>d$ z a "p ( x4 ,footnote #ge3 ,i f9d x impossible to fix any "o ,engli% equival5t to ,hegel's use ( ! words ,e9bildungskraft1 ,phantasie1 or ,vor/ellung1 9 ! s5se at lea/ t fancy1 imag9ation1 or phantasy h be5 us$ & def9$ by fam\s ,engli% writ]s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,i %\ld say t ,phantasie1 or z x is call$ sometimes arti/ic or creative ,phantasie1 /&s = ! mo/ intellectual faculty1 ?\gh ,vor/ellung is also us$ 9 mu* ! same s5se4 ,b x is impossible to arrive at any cle> di/9ction su* z 0 orig9ally made s pr(\ndly by ,rusk9 betwe5 fancy1 ! in/rum5t ( poetical tal5t1 ! surface gift1 & imag9ation or1 z he call$ x1 p5etrative imag9ation1 :i* summ>izes all ! p[]s ( a g5ius & p]sonality & ent]s into ! he>t ( ! subject-matt] by an illum9at+ fla% :i* reveals reality r ?an illu/rates by means ( image4 ,! pres5t passage appe>s to me ev5 m unsatisfactory ?an ! m c>efully dige/$ analysis at ! end ( ,"p ,i1 :5 ,hegel discusses ! arti/4 ,x n m]ely ignores ! indisp5sable pres5ce ( imag9ation 9 ! pione]s ( sci5ce1 b appe>s to myself to confuse tal5t z ! natural gift ( a man ) ! mode 9 :i* x is ex]cis$ 9 pres5t+ ideas 9 s5su\s imag]y1 or at lea/ makes ! =m] dep5d on ! latt]4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates ,phantasie "h by fancy4 ,b fancy is1 9 our way ( look+ at x1 precisely n ! faculty :i* di/9ctively belongs to ! great m9d & ! big he>t or s\l1 ?\gh o!r p>ts ( ! description are m applicable4 ,& 9 %ort1 z ,i say1 to fix def9ite ,engli% equival5ts to ,hegel's phraseology appe>s to me impossible4 ,footnote #gf3 ,die ,phantasie4 ,footnote #gg3 ,?is is1 ,i presume1 ,hegel's way ( putt+ ! simple fact1 t mu* ( ! process ( arti/ic production is unconsci\s4 ,"o man in/9ctively draws1 or picks up 8 notes on ! piano1 ano!r _c4 ,i ?9k ,hegel r ref]s to ?is orig9al tal5t ?an ! mu* m important "o 9 :i* g5ius1 "r into maturity1 rides ov] difficulties )\t kn[+ h[ x does s4 ,su* happy or ev5 miracul\s effects--su* z arti/s sometimes playfully call !m--are obvi\sly 9 "p1 if only 9 "p1 ! result ( pr(\nd arti/ic exp]i5ce4 ,he is deal+ almo/ exclusively ) ! natural bias1 :i* makes "o man naturally an arti/1 :e!r creative or executant1 & is abs5t f ano!r4 ,he h>dly approa*es ! "q :at con/itutes ! arti/ ( g5ius z contra/$ ) ! man ( natural tal5t4 ,footnote #gh3 ,?is confirms ! conclusion above4 ,footnote #gi3 ,fr si*4 ,if m]ely admir$ z imitation & no?+ m4 ,footnote #hj3 ,zur ,ekelhaftigkeit4 ,sick5+ly l is ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's clos] translation4 ,! expression damnably l is n unkn[n4 ,footnote #ha3 ,i ?9k ) ,pr(essor ,bosanquet t phanta/is*5 is "h n fanta/ic b /rictly d]iv$ f ,phantasie 9 its s5se ( imag9ation4 ,completely1 ( c\rse1 z involv+ no direct imitation ( ,nature4 ,footnote #hb3 ,=mal1 i4e41 imply+ no creative supplem5t f ! arti/1 purely me*anical4 ,footnote #hc3 ,x w\ld be bo? in/ructive & int]e/+ to discuss if1 & h[ f>1 & by virtue ( :at1 t di/9ct type ( mod]n art kn[n z /ill life1 su* z a few objects ( ! libr>y1 or ev5 a %ell or two & s on up to m important organic life 0 exclud$ f ?is condemnation4 ,x is q cle> t ,rusk9 w\ld h a good deal to say t w\ld imply important qualification4 ,footnote #hd3 ,begei/]ung4 ,i ?9k ?is mu/ be ! mean+4 ,inspiration h>dly makes s5se4 ,x is art t is inspir$1 n ^? :o att5d ! celebration4 ,footnote #he3 ,im ,inn]/5 is ,i ?9k "h obvi\sly to be tak5 ) ! v]b1 n ) ! sub/antives4 ,footnote #hf3 ,ueb]haupt4 ,footnote #hg3 ,! mean+ ( 9 diesem ,gebiete is1 ,i presume1 ! actual _w4 ,b if s x is simply otiose1 & ,i h left x out4 ,footnote #hh3 ,be/immung4 ,! translation giv5 appe>s to be ! s5se1 ?\gh we %\ld r say weak5 a man f ! pursuit ( a def9ite c\rse4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 :o translates ! ^w aim a little l[] d[n1 evades ! ^w "h4 ,footnote #hi3 ,raisonnir5de "h & raissonnem5t bel[ h a depreciatory s5se--& signify ord9>y reason+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance & ! me?ods ( ! popul> secul>i/ 9 ! second4 ,footnote #ij3 ,a s5t5ce omitt$ by ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 & x seems to am\nt to little m ?an a m g5]aliz$ /atem5t ( :at has gone be=e4 ,! end ( art bo? directly & indirectly conc]ns its subject-matt]1 or r1 z ,hegel puts x1 ! ne$ ( ! notion or ,idea ( x c>ries u to a fur!r end beyond ! end %>$ 9 common by its p>ticul> cont5t4 ,footnote #ia3 ,i foll[ ,pr(essor ,bosanquet 9 8 translation ( ! words als ,allgeme9es fr si* zu zu]d52 b ,i am n sure t ! m lit]al translation is n simply z ! words /&1 ! s5se be+ n to be self-consci\s ( himself 7fr si*7 z ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 to be aw>e ( ?is prop]ty1 b r z univ]sal pr9ciple to become = himself1 i4e4 indep5d5t ( desire4 ,footnote #ib3 ,e9heit--unity to ! po9t ( fusion1 id5tity4 ,footnote #ic3 ,unmittelb>5 ,befang5heit4 ,sunk5ness is ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation4 ,footnote #id3 ,!oretic z a direct transcript ( 1 4 ,footnote #ie3 ,gesi*tspunkte4 ,! v>i\s po9ts ( view necess>y to arrive at su* a g5]al conclusion4 ,footnote #if3 ,?\gh n entirely confid5t ,i am "r 9 accept+ ! words zu br+5 z a repetition ( ! h]vorzubr+5 j be=e1 ! alt]native ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet :i* takes ! words wird zu br+5 seyn z equival5t to gebra*t seyn sollte c]ta9ly appe>s to me no direct translation4 ,footnote #ig3 ,poets aim at utility & ent]ta9m5t alike4 ,footnote #ih3 ,i ?9k t ,hegel 9 8 use ( er/e "h r ref]s to ! fact ( pa/ hi/ory ?an a fact 9 ! individual hi/ory ( nations4 ,art is1 9 ! e>ly days ( hi/ory1 ! in/ructress ( nations1 gives1 ,i ?9k1 8 mean+4 ,x is ! fir/ in/ructress 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,footnote #ii3 ,i v5ture to ?9k if ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation 7 ! "r "o ! ,g]man w\ld be e9 9 si* selb/ gebro*5es4 ,i d n ?9k 9 ihm selb/ c be a ,g]man r5d]+ ( 9 itself4 ,b ,i admit ! translation is tempt+ :e!r ,hegel _h 9 8 m9d ! h\se divid$ aga9/ itself or n4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,lit41 ! spiritual univ]sal1 i4e41 ! univ]sal sub/ance ( its ideal cont5t4 ,footnote #aja3 ,precisely z ,rusk91 = example1 9 8 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s condemns bo? ,titian & ,t9toret1 n because !y pa9t$ ! ,p>adise or ! ,assunta1 to produce f9e pa9t+s1 or ev5 because !y did n or did !mselves believe 9 ! tru? ( _! subject-matt]1 b because !y did n pa9t 9 ord] to make conv]ts1 an extraord9>y lapse ( judgm5t4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,im be/5 ,s9ne des ,wortes4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet po9ts out 9 a note on ?is passage 7p4 #aja7 t ,sittli*keit "h1 :i* he translates1 z ,i h done1 respectability1 is ! habit ( virtue1 )\t ! reflective aspiration aft] goodness z an ideal4 ,( c\rse !re is no depreciation 9 ! use ( ! t]m4 ,x is simply ! morality ( ord9>y p1 :o d g5]ally :at _! neighb\rs ?9k ! "r ?+4 ,! ^w moralitt & moralis*1 :i* ,i h only be5 able to translate by a p>aphrase1 is ! morality ( ! /&po9t discuss$1 :i* is v mu* t ( ,kant or ,duty = duty's sake 9 ,bradley's ,e?ical ,/udies4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,t is ! cont+5cy ( ! _w ( ,nature z contra/$ ) ! ess5tial /ability ( m9d or _s4 ,footnote #aje3 ,lit41 ,to satisfy itself 9 its real or indep5d5t self 7fr si*74 ,x _c id5tify itself ) ei!r side z its :olly real self made !re9 explicit4 ,x is nei!r fi% nor f[l4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,be/immng5 may "h be a ref]5ce to man's broade/ spiritual *>act]izations z "o ( ! human family1 ! race1 ! nation1 & s =?1 or1 z ,i ?9k1 a ref]5ce to 8 vocation1 future de/9y1 g5]al welf>e4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,an und fr si* ,wahre4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,unbefang551 i4e41 ! nave outlook ( ord9>y life4 ,footnote #aji3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet m]ely translates are n & are 9 italic z 9 ! text1 :i* ( c\rse1 except t he adds a comma aft] are1 is a lit]al translation4 ,b ! s5se1 z ,i und]/& x1 is t ! writ] says x is n 9 ! s5se t ^! two contradictories d n exi/ at all 7i4e41 z relative reality71 b r 9 ! s5se t 9 philosophical ?\ght :i* grasps _! ess5ce !y are n only pres5t b pres5t z reconcil$ factors ( "o tru?4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's translation appe>s to me to am\nt to ?is3 t all ,hegel ma9ta9s is t ! s5se he means is n t su* contradictory elem5ts are n reconcil$1 b 9 ! s5se t !y are reconcil$4 ,p]haps ?is is 8 view4 ,b if s1 ,i fail to see ! importance ( ! anti!sis1 :i* appe>s to me betwe5 g> ni*t s9d & 9 ,v]shnung s9d4 ,hegel be=e _h expressly said t su* contradictory sides 7 reconcil$ 9 philosophy1 s ,i d n see :y he %\ld s emphatically repeat himself4 ,! comma1 ( c\rse1 may be a mispr9t4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,begriff4 ,notion1 or concrete ,idea ( x4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,( t _w 9 its opposition to reason4 ,footnote #aab3 ,d] ,m5s* als er geht und /eht4 ,! man 9 ord9>y conditions---! av]age man1 h[ev]1 r ?an ! natural man1 :i* c>ries slightly diff]5t associations4 ,footnote #aac3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a mat]ial in/rum5t1 :i* is a m]e means to an end conceiv$ by ! craftsman1 su* z a pl\gh = pl\gh+1 a rake = rak+1 & a purpose insep>able f ! organic :ole z a m\? = eat+1 = )\t life ! organism collapses4 ,footnote #aad3 ,fr si*4 ,footnote #aae3 ,9 8 hi/ory ( ,ae/hetic 9 ,g]many ,ltze disputes ?is4 ,x seems to "s ext5t a "q ( def9ition4 ,9 ,hegel's view a dead body is n a human body 9 ! full s5se1 b ! corpse ( a man4 ,a h& sep>at$ f ! body1 :e!r we call x a h& or n1 is no long]1 :atev] x may be1 a liv+ memb]1 its ess5tial significance z a h& has disappe>$4 ,x 0 only a h& 9 its coh]5ce z "p ( a l>g] :ole4 ,x may /ill = a "t pres]ve ! semblance ( its life1 b x is cut (f z ! )]$ leaf4 ,^! are facts at lea/ t are und5iable1 & ! objection appe>s to me bas$ on a misund]/&+4 ,a h& is only an und fr si* human :5 x is "p ( a liv+ man4 ,:at is ! organic reality 9 ! complete s5se is ! man z a :ole4 ,! h& is m]ely ! extremity ( "o ( 8 arms4 ,y may call a dead h& a h& if y l4 ,! po9t is :at 0 impli$ 9 ! fact t y call$ x a h& at all :e!r alive or dead4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,t is1 by ,kant1 ( c\rse4 ,footnote #aag3 ,by ,v]wicklung ,i und]/& ! g5]al evolution ( ideal philosophy :i* ! defects ( ! ,kantian ,critique /imulat$4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet app>5tly limits x to a p]plexity p]sonal to ,s*ill]4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! ^w w be> ?is4 ,footnote #aah3 ,t is1 ! concrete idea ( humanity z a collective aggregate4 ,footnote #aai3 ,t is1 intellig5ce z ass]t$ by a society ( human be+s z public op9ion1 etc4 ,footnote #abj3 ,die ,ine9sbildung4 ,footnote #aba3 ,grace & ,dignity4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ges9nung54 ,s5tim5tal views is probably :at is impli$4 ,footnote #abc3 ,alle ,sa*e4 ,footnote #abd3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet is cle>ly "r 9 8 view t ! ord] ( ! words "h %\ld be rev]s$4 ,! words an und fr si* are obvi\sly ! wid] explication ( 9 sick selb/1 ! auxili>y1 z n unfrequ5tly 9 ,hegel1 be+ almo/ equival5t to nmli*4 ,:e!r a mispr9t or an ov]sight ,i h translat$ subject to ?is correction4 ,footnote #abe3 ,i presume ! revelation is n m]ely t ( visible %ape or ev5 ma9ly4 ,footnote #abf3 ,das alles aus si* setz5de und aufls5de ,i*4 ,! ?ree po9ts emphasiz$ by ,hegel 9 ,fi*te's ,philosophy are3 7a7 ,! ,ego is ab/ract2 7b7 ,ev]y?+ is a %[ = x2 7c7 ,its own acts are a semblance4 ,footnote #abg3 ,hegel uses ! ^w ,eitelkeit & eitle 9 _! d\ble s5se ( empty-no?+ness--futility & va9 or conceit$4 ,?is _c be readily reproduc$ 9 ,engli%4 ,footnote #abh3 ,s*nseligkeit4 ,borr[$ no d\bt f ,goe!'s notion ( a fair s\l4 ,footnote #abi3 ,l ! vault+ ambition ( ,%akespe>e :i* falls on ! o!r side1 is b] si* selb/4 ,footnote #acj3 ,haltung4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates ?is conduct4 ,i r ?9k x ref]s to be>+1 demean\r4 ,!y are1 z we say1 featureless1 flaccid figures4 ,footnote #aca3 ,lppis*e4 ,i am n q sure :at is exactly meant4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates x grotesque4 ,b ! ^w is a prov9cial =m ( ,s*laff app>5tly--loose1 flaccid & s *ildi%1 trifl+4 ,footnote #acb3 ,mom5t4 ,a phase 9 an evolution>y1 or1 z x is "h1 a dialectical process4 ,a mom5t>y feature ( x4 ,footnote #acc3 ,?is f9al section is call$ ! ,division ( ! ,subject4 ,footnote #acd3 ,subjektivitt4 ,t is1 ! ideality ( consci\sness1 or ?\ght4 ,footnote #ace3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 9 8 note on ?is passage1 expresses ! op9ion t ,hegel :5 he writes ?us is ref]r+ ,to ! self-consci\sness ( individual human be+s z con/itut+1 & reflect+ on1 an ideal unity betwe5 !m4 ,?is no d\bt1 z he sugge/s1 does put a some:at unnatural mean+ on ! ^w p]son or subjekt4 ,no d\bt !re is a s5se 9 :i* we c ascribe p]sonality to a /ate1 or nation1 9 ! concrete unity ( its life4 ,b :ile admitt+ t unity su* z ?is1 :i* is n s5su\s b ideal1 c be effective & actual1 ,i f9d x difficult to conclude t ,hegel did himself hold t ! unity ( ! ,div9e ,be+ 0 m]ely id5tical ) ! unity or totality ( concrete human life z reflect$ ^u by s+le individuals4 ,h[ f> is human life z a :ole on ?is ,e>? a unity or totality at all8 ,t "q has be5 discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,bradley & o!rs ) v diff]5t conclusions4 ,nay1 h[ f> does human exi/5ce itself exhau/ ! actually pres5t realization or self-realization ( self-consci\s ,_s or ,intellig5ce8 ,:atev] maybe ! wise/ answ] to su* & o!r que/ions ,i c h>dly ?9k t ,hegel w\ld h accept$ ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's int]pretation z completely adequate4 ,footnote #acf3 ,fackeldi/el4 ,tor* ?i/le1 a plant ( ! g5us ,c]eus4 ,footnote #acg3 ,or1 z m9d & 9 m9d4 ,footnote #ach3 ,t is to say1 pres5ts to itself to consci\s grasp ( itself z su* ,art-_s 7als kn/l]is*]47 ,footnote #aci3 ,! two evolutions "h allud$ to are 7i7 t ( a p>ticul> way ( reg>d+ ,nature1 man1 & ,god 9 a p>ticul> age & nation su* z ! ,egyptian1 ,greek1 & ,*ri/ian view$ 9 express relation to art2 7ii7 ,! sev]al arts--sculpture1 music1 poetry1 etc41 ea* on _! own f\ndation & view$ relatively to ! =m] evolution4 ,footnote #adj3 ,! po9t1 ( c\rse1 is t ! diff]5t m$ia ( ! sev]al arts are inh]5tly1 & 9 virtue ( ! fact t we h n "h m]e matt] z oppos$ to t :i* is intellectual r ?an s5su\s1 b matt] 9 :i* ! notional concept is already ess5tially pres5t or pregnant 7s\nd is1 = in/ance1 m ideal ?an ! spatial matt] ( ar*itecture71 adapt$ to ! p>ticul> arts 9 :i* !y s]ve z ! m$ium ( expression4 ,footnote #ada3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet expla9s ^! pla/ic =ms 7,ge/altungs =m57 z ! v>i\s modifications ( ! subject-matt] ( art 7,trans41 p4 #adj note74 ,i am n q sure ( ! mean+ "h int5d$4 ,x w\ld app>5tly id5tify ! t]m ) ! ,gebilde ref]r$ to 9 ! ?ird division4 ,i %\ld myself r incl9e to ?9k t ,hegel _h ma9ly 9 8 m9d ! specific g5]al types1 t is1 ! ?ree relations ( ! ,idea itself to its ext]nal configuration1 view$ z a hi/orical evolution1 :i* ,hegel calls symbolic1 classical1 & romantic4 ,p]haps ?is is :at ,pr(essor ,bosanquet means4 ,b 9 t case x does n appe> to me s mu* ! subject-matt] z ! g5]ic =ms 9 ! %ap+ ( t matt]4 ,footnote #adb3 ,das wahrhaft ,inn]e4 ,t is1 ! inw>d ( ! tru? ( consci\s life4 ,footnote #adc3 ,means app>5tly ! notion 9 its absolute s5se4 ,footnote #add3 ,because x repres5ts _s z indep5d5t ( an appropriate bodily =m4 ,footnote #ade3 ,:at appe>s to be d5ot$ by ,gei/igkeit is ! g5]ic t]m ( intellig5ce--t activity ( consci\s life :i* does n necess>ily make u ?9k ( a s+le individual--! common nature ( all _s4 ,footnote #adf3 ,by ,inn]li*keit1 :i* might also be r5d]$ z pure ideality1 :at is signifi$ is t 9 a m5tal /ate !re are no p>ts outside ( ea* o!r4 ,footnote #adg3 ,subjekt1 i4e41 ! individual ,ego ( self-consci\sness4 ,footnote #adh3 ,das subjective ,inn]e1 lit41 ! subjective inn] /ate4 ,footnote #adi3 ,gei/igkeit4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet translates x "h intellectual be+4 ,footnote #aej3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a p]cipi5t & an ext]nal object falls away4 ,! cont5t display$ is "p ( ! s\l-life itself4 ,footnote #aea3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet app>5tly assumes a negative has slipp$ out4 ,b ! text probably is correct 9 ! r awkw>d =m 9 :i* x /&s4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,?us poetry is prim>ily a romantic art1 b 9 ! ,epic x is affiliat$ ) ! objective "* ( classical art1 or we may say t !re is a romantic & classical type ( ar*itecture1 ?\gh ! art is prim>ily symbolic4 ,footnote #aec3 ,ge/alt4 ,pla/ic p[] is p]haps a bett] translation4 ,footnote #aed3 ,he means t 9 ar*itecture ! build+ is m]ely a %r9e or environm5t ( ! image ( ! god4 ,footnote #aee3 ,inf9ite1 ( c\rse1 9 ! concrete s5se ( r\nd$ 9 itself1 z ! circle1 or1 /ill m1 ! liv+ organism4 ,footnote #aef3 ,lit41 :i* is n also t ( ! spiritual sph]e4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,t is1 an object limit$ only 9 space4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,subjektivitt4 ,! p>ticul>ization 9 romantic art implies ! pres5ce ( an ideal elem5t import$ by ! s\l ( ! arti/1 :i* appeals directly to ! s\l 9 its emotional life4 ,comp>e a picture by an ,italian ma/] ) a ,greek /atue4 ,footnote #aei3 ,lit41 ,a multiplicity ( isolat$ examples ( inw>dness4 ,footnote #afj3 ,t is1 9 ! life %>$ by all z "o community actuat$ by a common purpose4 ,footnote #afa3 ,z 9 sculpture4 ,footnote #afb3 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's note is "h 7,trans41 p4 #aff7 ,posit$ or laid d[n to be ideal4 ,?is almo/ is equal to made to be 9 ! s5se ( n be+4 ,9 o!r words musical s\nd is ideal z exi/+1 qu "w ( art1 9 memory only1 ! mom5t 9 :i* x is actually he>d be+ fugitive4 ,a picture is equally s 9 respect ( ! ?ird dim5sion1 :i* has to be read into x4 ,poetry is almo/ :olly ideal1 uses h>dly any s5su\s elem5t1 & appeals almo/ :olly to :at exi/s 9 ! m9d4 ,footnote #afc3 ,by p>ticul>ization is meant ! v>iety 9 ! mat]ial ( col\rs1 musical tones1 & ideas1 :i* latt] are really q z mu* ! m$ium ( poetry z writt5 language4 ,! s5su\s m$ium is "h an ab/ract sign &1 z ,hegel w\ld cont5d1 no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,footnote #afd3 ,ref]5ce1 ( c\rse1 to ,hegel's un=tunate acceptance ( ,goe!'s !ory ( col\r4 ,footnote #afe3 ,! col\r ( art is n m]ely ideal z appli$ to only two dim5sions ( space1 b also is subjective 9 ! arti/ic treatm5t ( x "u a def9ite s*eme4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ,hegel alludes also to ?is2 app>5tly n1 ?\gh x is ! mo/ important feature4 ,9 fact1 ev5 assum+ 8 !ory ( light to be correct1 x is difficult entirely to foll[ 8 di/9ction betwe5 ! appe>ance ( col\r on a flat or a r\nd surface4 ,z natural col\r ! "o w\ld be z ideal z ! o!r4 ,only reg>d$ z a composition w\ld pa9t+ pres5t di/9ction4 ,footnote #aff3 ,x is obvi\s t ! ref]5ce "h is ma9ly to an int5tional appeal to ! human s\l ?r\gh ! cont5t ( ! composition4 ,b ! appeal may also be made ?r\gh ! te*nique & arti/ic treatm5t ( ! m$ium itself4 ,footnote #afg3 ,! p>ts ( a *ord are n 9 space1 b are ideally cogniz$4 ,hegel describes ?is by say+ t music idealizes space & conc5trates x to a po9t4 ,x w\ld p]haps be m intelligible to say t x transmutes ! positive effects ( a mat]ial sub/ance 9 motion into ! positive & m ideal condition ( "t4 ,! po9t :i* is cont9ually negat$ is at lea/ qu music ! po9t1 or r1 mom5t1 ( a temporal process4 ,footnote #afh3 ,by ! indiff]5t ext]nality ( space is signifi$ ! fact t ! p>ts ( space1 ?\gh ext]nal to ea* o!r1 are n qualitatively di/+ui%able4 ,footnote #afi3 ,succession 9 "t is m ideal ?an coexi/5ce 9 space because x exi/s only z cont9uity 9 a consci\s subject4 ,footnote #agj3 ,pa9t+ no d\bt introduces ideal elem5ts into ! arti/ic composition ( col\r1 b ! col\r /ill rema9s ! appe>ance ( a mat]ial ?+ or sup]ficies4 ,footnote #aga3 ,t is to say1 music or h>mony is bas$ on a solid con=mity to law on ! "p ( its tones 9 _! conjunction & succession1 _! /ructure & resolution4 ,footnote #agb3 ,z 9 pa9t+4 ,footnote #agc3 ,! views "h prop\nd$ sugge/ consid]able criticism4 ,x appe>s to me t ! /ress "h laid ^u ! intelligible cont5t ( poetry z contra/$ ) ! s5su\s qualities ( its =m z modulat$ spee* is c]ta9ly unt5able4 ,:at we call ! music ( v]se may unque/ionably be mo/ intimately associat$ ) ! ideal cont5t express$2 b ap>t f ! arti/ic collocation ( language z s\nd no less ?an symbol we c]ta9ly d n get ! art ( poetry4 ,ev5 :]e ,hegel deals directly ) rhy?m & rhyme 9 ! body ( ! treatise ,i ?9k x is cle> he und]rates all t is impli$ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! musical expression ( poetry z contra/$ ev5 ) ! sonor\s language ( m]e prose4 ,a fur!r "q ^u :i* m d\bt is p]missible is h[ f> ! actual script 9 writt5 or pr9t$ lett]s is n entitl$ to be reg>d$ z at lea/ 9 "p ! s5su\s m$ium4 ,no d\bt ! poem is n dep5d5t ^u x z a pa9t+ is ^u col\r1 or ! canvas :i* supports x1 = x may be recit$4 ,b at lea/ x is practically dep5d5t ^u x = its pres]vation4 ,! po9t may v possibly appe>1 h[ev]1 z nugatory or entirely unimportant1 beside ! "q :e!r ! m$ium ( ! art is n really imag9ative idea r ?an articulate spee*4 ,footnote #agd3 ,absolute ,=m54 ,adequate 9 ! s5se ( be+ unconditionally s4 ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,f9e ,,art1 ,,or ,,! ,,ideal ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,art ,,relatively ,,to ,,f9ite ,,reality1 ,,religion1 ,,& ,,philosophy ,! conclusion ( ! introduction br+s )9 sight ! m me?odical exposition ( our subject4 ,x w 9 ! fir/ place be useful z a po9t ( dep>ture = a true philosophy ( ! beautiful to sum up %ortly ! position ( ,f9e ,art 9 its g5]al relation to ! ,real1 no less ?an to emphasize ! sali5t features :i* di/+ui% ! philosophy ( ,f9e ,art f o!r philosophical inquiries4 7a7 ,) ?is object 9 view we w fir/ enum]ate ! div]se attempts :i* h be5 made to appreh5d ! beautiful 9 ?\ght1 plac+ ea* 9 ! ord] :i* w be/ assi/ a critical v]dict4 ,we h already contribut$ some?+ to ?is 9 our introduction4 ,&1 moreov]1 we may add t ! m]e inquiry :at o!rs h contribut$ ei!r rightly or wrongly to our subject1 at lea/ ) ! hope ( asc]ta9+ some?+ really in/ructive to an exposition :i* claims to be :olly sci5tific1 w n assi/ u mu*4 ,s f> f ?is be+ s we mu/ preface our rem>ks ) ! admission t1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 ! beautiful1 = ! v reason t x is ! beautiful1 does n admit ( su* intellectual appreh5sion1 is1 9 %ort1 no object intelligible to human ?\ght4 ,to su* a !sis we mu/ = ! pres5t--9 our response to ^? :o at ?is "t ( day cont5d t all ,tru? is ultimately incompreh5sible1 & only ! f9it5ess ( ! ph5om5al & ! cont+5t matt]s ( temporal exi/5ce is )9 our m5tal grasp--reply t x is precisely ,tru?1 & ,tru? alone1 :i* is to be ?us compreh5d$1 & = ?is reason t x possesses ! absolute notion1 or1 m succ9ctly1 ! ,idea = its basic support4 ,n[ beauty is no o!r ?an a p>ticul> det]m9ation "u :i* ! ,true is express$ & reveal$ to u2 & x lies op5 to ! fulle/ compreh5sion ( ?\ght 9 s f> z su* c equip x ) ! arm\ry ( ! concrete notion4 ,x is q true t no idea has suff]$ m sev]ely 9 our own "t f misconceptions ?an ?is :i* we call ! notion 9 its fulle/ explication4 ,"o is only too (t5 misund]/ood to mean a det]m9ation :i* is ab/ract & "o sid$1 or at lea/ a conception ( ! analytical und]/&+4 ,z ?us und]/ood nei!r ! totality ( ,tru? nor ! idea ( beauty z a concrete :ole c be br\ght home to a ?9k+ consci\sness4 ,b ! idea ( beauty1 z we h already obs]v$1 & %all seek to make m intelligible z we proce$1 is no su* ab/raction ( ! m9d3 r x may be def9$ z ! absolute notion 9 its self-evolv$ concret5ess1 or /ill m specifically def9$1 ! absolute ,idea4 7b7 ,&1 fur!r1 we _c m succ9ctly def9e ! absolute ,idea1 9 ! above use ( ! expression1 ?an by say+ x is m9d 7,_s73 & we may add t ! m9d ?us ref]r$ to is n m9d reg>d$ z f9ite1 t is1 subject to ! conditions & limitations ( s5se-p]ception1 b ! univ]sal & absolute ,intellig5ce#age1 :i*1 out ( its own free activity1 det]m9es ,tru? 9 ! pr(\nde/ signification ( ! t]m4 ,to ! ord9>y consci\sness ( ev]yday life ! object ( p]ception1 no d\bt1 breaks away f m9d1 z ?\gh our ?\ght /ood 9 opposition to ,nature1 :i* receives f u a validity equal at lea/ to ! consci\sness :i* p]ceives x4 ,b 9 ?is way ( look+ at ,nature & ! consci\s subject z two neighb\rs set ov] aga9/ "o ano!r 9 t]ritories equally self-subsi/5t x is only ! f9ite & limit$ m9d1 n t :i* x is z an inf9ite sub/ance & 9 its notional tru?1 :i* is appreh5d$4 ,nature is n ?us to be set ov] aga9/ absolute ,m9d1 ei!r z conjo9t ) a sph]e ( ! ,real ( equal wor?1 or z an indep5d5t b\nd>y !reto4 ,r ! aspect :i* ,nature appe>s to hold 9 ?is respect is t :i* m9d or _s itself sets up1 & ( :i* x becomes ! product z a ,nature 9 :i* limit & b\nd>y are !mselves det]m9+ con/itu5ts4 ,9 fact1 ,m9d 9 its absolute or inf9ite sub/ance c only be appreh5d$ z ?is free activity1 :i* is manife/$ 9 self-developm5t ?r\gh diff]5tiation4 ,?is object1 ?is o!r1 ?r\gh :i* su* diff]5tiation proce$s1 is reg>d$ 9 su* opposition z ,nature1 b z ! object ( intellig5ce x is q z mu* indebt$ to ,m9d = ! free gift & fulness ( its own ess5tial sub/ance4 ,we mu/ !re=e conceive ,nature z h]self conta9+ 9 pot5cy ! absolute ,idea4 ,%e is t ,idea 9 app>5t %ape1 :i* m9d1 9 its syn!tic p[]1 posits z ! object oppos$ to itself4 ,%e is s f> a product1 a creation4 ,! tru? ( ,nature !re=e is simply ! det]m9ation by m9d ( its own sub/ance1 its ideality & p[] ( det]m9ation1 ?r\gh a process :i* no d\bt beg9s ) a sep>ation ( itself into two factors :i* app>5tly negate ea* o!r1 b :i*1 by ! v activity ( su* negation & sep>ation1 passes beyond ! contradiction x implies to a unity :i* heals ! fracture4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ our-elves oppos$ to a limit & a b>ri] we h a totality 9 :i* ! p>ts :i* oppos$ ea* o!r are fus$ toge!r by ! free univ]sality ( m9d4 ,?is ideality1 9 o!r words ?is inf9ite p[] ( det]m9ation#agf1 is t :i* con/itutes ! pr(\nd notion ( ,m9d's subjectivity4 ,z subjectivity m9d is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 m]ely ,nature1 ,m9d1 or ,_s t is n explicitly unfold$1 m9d :i* has n arriv$ at ! grasp ( its true notion4 ,nature is "h set up 9 opposition to ,m9d1 n z an object :i* itself has creat$1 b z "o ^: limits x fails to ov]come1 an object1 moreov]1 :i*1 z assum$ to be already subsi/+ 9 indep5d5ce1 ,m9d rema9s alongside ( 9 ! int]nal seclusion ( k & volition1 & is only able to con/itute ! o!r side ( ,nature4 ,! f9it5ess ( sci5tific !ory1 no less ?an t ( practical life1 is to be1 f\nd 9 ?is limit$ mode ( consci\sness1 :]e intellig5ce is re/rict$ to ! use ( f9ite categories & ! =mal ought 9 ! realization ( e?ical p]fection#agg4 ,we f9d "h1 z we h po9t$ out 0 ! case ) ,nature1 t ! ph5om5al is n adequate to ! ess5tial tru? ( t :i* appe>s2 :at we receive is /ill ! confus+ m$ley ( abilities1 passions1 int5tions1 op9ions1 & tal5ts1 :i* no soon] make !mselves felt ?an !y are displac$1 work+ at cross purposes z (t5 aga9/ z on ! side ( ea* o!r1 9 a /rife betwe5 volition1 op9ion1 & reflection1 :i* br+s to ! surface e phase ( =tuit\s exp]i5ce 9 all its confus+ v>iety4 ,x is ! /&po9t ( ! entirely f9ite1 temporal1 contradictory1 & = t reason transitory1 unsatisfi$1 & unreconcil$ _s4 ,= ! satisfactions :i* obta9 9 su* a consci\sness1 ?r\gh ! f9it5ess :i* insep>ably cl+s to its entire outlook1 itself s limit$ & confus$1 are ( a purely relative & isolat$ validity4 ,x is inevitable t consci\sness1 volition1 & ?\ght %\ld make an ef=t to rise above ?is condition & seek = ! univ]sality1 unity1 & satisfaction :i* x ev5tually f9ds 9 ! inf9ite sub/ance ( ,_s & its ,tru?4 ,?is unity & satisfaction1 to :i* m9d is c>ri$ =w>d by ! impulse ( its own ideal activity1 transmut+ ! raw mat]ial ( its f9ite conditions1 con/itutes ! fir/ revelation ( t :i* ! _w ( appe>ances is "u a m notional grasp ( x4 ,m9d grasps its f9it5ess z ! negation ( its own ess5tial sub/ance1 & is aw>e ( its inf9ity4 ,& ?is ess5tial tru? ( ! f9ite m9d is ! absolute ,m9d or ,_s4 ,9 ?is =m ( self-consci\sness m9d is m]ely actualiz$ z absolute negativity4 ,! elem5t ( f9itude :i* x confronts is appreh5d$ z su* & annull$4 ,9 ?is1 ! highe/ sph]e ( its activity1 m9d becomes ! object ( volition4 ,! ,absolute itself becomes ! object ( m9d4 ,_s1 z self-consci\sness1 diff]5tiates itself z ! kn[+ subject f ! absolute ,_s z ! object ( k4 ,m9d 9 ?is latt] s5se1 9 contradi/9ction f m9d :i* has n ov]come ! conditions ( f9ite p]ception1 may !re=e be def9$ z a f9ite m9d 9 possession ( ! pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation f its true object4 ,9 ! high] & m speculative consid]ation ( tru?1 h[ev]1 x is ! absolute m9d itself1 :i*1 9 ord] to unfold explicitly ! k ( itself1 ess5tially becomes a pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation to itself1 & !reby posits ! f9itude ( m9d1 )9 :i* x becomes = itself absolute object ( ! k ( itself4 ,x is n[ absolute m9d )9 ! ideal community#agh :i* belongs to x1 ! actual ,absolute ( itself 9 ! =m ( ,m9d & k#agi4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,philosophy ( ,f9e ,art4 ,= ! idea ( ,f9e ,art is nei!r ! logical ,idea1 absolute ,?\ght1 t is1 :i* develops itself 9 ! m$ium ( its free/ activity1 nor is x ! ,idea ( ,nature appreh5d$ "u m f9ite categories4 ,its prov9ce is r t ( ,m9d untrammell$ by ei!r ! judgm5ts or ! actions ( ! f9ite _s4 7c7 ,! realm ( ,f9e ,art is ! realm ( absolute ,_s4 ,we c b briefly indicate ! reason :y ?is is s4 ,a fully philosophical pro( belongs r to treatises :i* imm$iately deal ) ^? que/ions ( philosophy we h notic$ already1 by :i* we mean ^? :i* treat ( ,logic1 ^: cont5t1 z above expla9$1 is t ( ! absolute ,idea1 or ! philosophy ( ,nature1 or la/ly1 ! philosophy ( ,m9d 9 its det]m9ate sph]es ( f9itude4 ,= 9 ^! sci5ces ! object is to %[ n m]ely h[ ! logical ,idea presupposes ! objective p>ticul>ity ( ,nature z a vehicle to its det]m9ate exi/5ce1 b also h[ x is capable ( pass+ f su* ext]nality to m9d1 &1 f9ally1 ( free+ itself f all ! f9itude t cl+s to x & ( atta9+ to ,_s 9 its et]nal concret5ess & tru?4 ,f su* a po9t ( view1 :i* is also applicable to art :5 reg>d$ 9 all ! fulness ( wor? x 9 tru? implies1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 associat+ x ) ! self-same prov9ce :i* belongs to religion & speculative philosophy4 ,9 e direction 9 :i* ,m9d or ,_s becomes id5tical ) ! absolute ,m9d x frees itself f ! re/rict+ limits ( its positive exi/5ce1 &1 :ile lib]at+ itself f ! cont+5t relations1 :i* p]ta9 to x 9 its temporal exi/5ce1 & ! f9ite cont5t ( its objects & int]e/s1 is made aw>e ( & discloses ! entire weal? ( reality x conta9s4 ,x may be ( s]vice "h to exp& m completely ! position :i* ,art ?us occupies 9 its relation respectively to ! life ( ,nature & ,_s4 ,a survey ( ! entire field ( human exi/5ce pres5ts to ! ord9>y consci\sness ( mank9d ! wide/ v>iety ( int]e/s & means ( satisfaction4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! complex sy/em ( purely physical necessities1 to ! satisfaction ( :i* ! :ole economy ( indu/rial ent]prise1 ?r\gh all its complicat$ tissue ( comm]ce1 m]*&ize1 & te*nical crafts1 is actively pursu$4 ,if we raise ! level ( our review to a m spiritual range1 we are confront$ ) ! _w :]e rights are e/abli%$ & en=c$1 ! _w ( legislative enactm5t1 family life1 division ( social classes1 9 a ^w1 ! concrete liv+ organism ( ! ,/ate4 ,& m ?an ?is1 !re is ! religi\s want1 :i* ass]ts itself 9 ! he>ts ( p>ticul> m5 & wom51 & f9ds its satisfaction 9 ! life ( a *ur*4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! _m-sid$ & intricately specializ$ activity ( sci5tific rese>*1 ! organiz$ ef=t to integrate all k1 & ! compreh5sion :i* t k implies1 9 "o all-embrac+ sy/em4 ,)9 ?is latt] are compris$ ! activities ( ! f9e arts1 ! int]e/1 t is to say1 9 beauty1 & :i* d]ives its spiritual nutrim5t 9 ! realization ( t beauty 9 pla/ic %apes4 7d7 ,! "q becomes inevitable h[ f> a spiritual want ( ?is k9d is b\nd up z a necess>y elem5t 9 ! life ( man & 8 _w-hi/ory4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ^! two sph]es#ahj appe> simply z imm$iate factors ( our entire survey4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! requirem5t ( philosophy to probe m deeply into t :i* b9ds !m z ess5tial & necess>ily int]act+ con/itu5ts ( "o organic :ole4 ,= on clos] inspection x w be f\nd t !y d n /& 9 relation to "o ano!r on ! m]e basis ( utility2 r we %all discov] t only ?r\gh ! "o we %all fully compreh5d ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "o circle ov]laps ! o!r1 9 ! s5se t ! high] =ms ( its activity are f\nd to be a "p ( ! o!r2 & t :i* is ( less value 9 its own prov9ce is lift$ into a f9] atmosph]e2 & :at _h fail$ to free itself f its orig9al b\nds is n[ enl>g$ to lib]ty ?r\gh ! pr(\nd] satisfaction x receives 9 ! wid5+ ( ! range ( its int]e/s#aha4 ,& x is ?is :i* makes cle> ! necessity ( ! ideal bond4 ,we w recall n[ = a mom5t ! analysis we e/abli%$ ( ! notion ( ! beautiful & t ( art g5]ally4 ,two oppos$ aspects come "u notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h a cont5t1 an end1 a significance2 & 9 addition to t we get ! arti/ic expression ( ! same1 ! appe>ance & realization ( su* cont5t2 &1 ?irdly1 ^! two aspects ( ! arti/ic product s pass into ea* o!r t ! rationality or p>ticul>ity is no?+ %ort ( ! expression ( ! arti/ic purpose1 no?+ m or less is giv5 u ?an ! ess5tial expression ( ! entire cont5t4 ,:at we designate z cont5t1 significance1 is j ?is simplicity ( idea1 ! "w ( art resolv$ into its simple/ yet mo/ compreh5sive det]m9ants1 z x exi/s = m9d 9 contra/ ) ! actual "w execut$4 ,z an example we may summ>ize ! cont5t ( a book f a few words or s5t5ces ! book conta9s1 & no?+ may be necess>y to exp\nd ! cont5t ( t book suffici5tly 9 its g5]al import4 ,?is simple idea1 ! !sis or ma9 problem ( our book1 :i* =ms ! fundam5tal basis on :i* ! entire /ructure is built1 is ! ab/ract significance4 ,x is only ! detail$ exposition :i* gives u ! concrete totality4 ,bo? sides1 h[ev]1 ( ?is opposition d n /& 9 an indiff]5t or purely ext]nal relation "o to ! o!r1 z1 = in/ance1 is ! case :5 we contra/ ) x ! p>ticul> cont5t ( an ab/ract ma!matical figure1 su* z a triangle or an ellipse1 to :i* ! ext]nal p>ticul>ity ( its size or figure is relat$ )\t affect+ its significance4 ,r 9 ! =m] case we %all f9d t ! cont5t ( its =m1 tak5 9 ab/raction 9 itself1 possesses a det]m9ate impulse 9 ! direction ( realization & !reby concret5ess4 ,!re is 9 x ess5tially ! %\ld ( purpose4 ,h[ev] /rongly =m is "h posit$ 9 indep5d5ce1 we are unable to re/ satisfi$ ) su* ab/raction1 & ask = some?+ m4 ,?is is at fir/ appreh5d$ m]ely z an unsatisfi$ want1 a desire 9 ! consci\s subject1 :i* /rives to annul itself & secure satisfaction4 ,f su* a /&po9t all we c say is t ! cont5t is purely self-conta9$1 or subjective1 ov] aga9/ :i* ! objective o!r-?an-itself is plac$ 9 opposition 9 su* a way z to emphasize ! desire to make ! subjective cont5t objective4 ,su* a conflict betwe5 ! subjective cont5t & ! objective1 reality :i* confronts x1 no less ?an ! m]e impulse to transc5d ! opposition1 is a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( ! det]m9ation ( all self-consci\s life#ahb4 ,ev5 t aspect ( human life :i* we call physical1 & /ill m t _w ( man's spiritual aims & int]e/s dep5ds on ?is necessity to c>ry =w>d t :i* is at fir/ purely subjective & ideal into ! objective _w1 t a full] satisfaction 9 its ess5tial sub/ance may be realiz$4 ,b s long z ! cont5t ( aims & int]e/s is m]ely & at fir/ appreh5d$ 9 ! "o-sid$ =m ( subjective consci\sness1 & t "o-sid$ness is appreh5d$ z a m]e limit1 ?is loss makes itself simply felt z unre/ or pa94 ,x is a negative some?+ :i* is b\nd to resolve itself z su* negativity1 &1 9 ord] to remove ! s5se ( defect1 ex]ts an impulse to transc5d ! b>ri] itself1 already an object ( consci\sness & ?\ght4 ,&1 moreov]1 ?is transc5d5cy does n m]ely am\nt to ?is1 t ! objective o!r ceases to be an oppos$ factor to ! g5]al subjective consci\sness3 r 9 ! m det]m9ate connection1 ?is defect ( subjective ?\ght is itself & )9 itself a defect & negation :i* involves an impulse to negate & pass beyond4 ,9 o!r words ! consci\s subject is implicitly & accord+ to its ess5tial notion ! complete :ole#ahc1 t is1 n m]ely :at is inw>d1 b ! realization no less ( t :i* is inw>d or ideal 9 & ?r\gh :at is )\t4 ,if we assume t x exi/s only ab/ractly 9 "o =m we h to face ! contradiction t :]eas x is1 accord+ to its concrete notion ! :ole1 yet accord+ to its mode ( exi/5ce x rema9s m]ely "o side ( t totality4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! entire resolution ( su* a contradiction t life becomes affirmative4 ,to pass ?r\gh ea* phase ( ?is opposition1 contradiction & its f9al abrogation is ! high] & legitimate dem& ( consci\s life4 ,t :i* rema9s always affirmative1 is1 & rema9s1 )\t life4 ,life is built ^u negation & pa94 ,x is only by cru%+ out su* contradictions 9 ! crucible ( full] life & k t x rema9s 9 its affirmative sub/ance4 ,if x an*or :olly on contradiction )\t su* a possibility ( resolution x mu/ be infallibly wreck$ !reon4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! nature ( ^! det]m9ations ( ?\ght reg>d$ 9 _! ab/raction to :i* x 0 necess>y to draw att5tion at ! pres5t /age4 ,! mo/ exalt$ cont5t :i* lies )9 ! grasp ( self-consci\s life may be concisely call$ fre$om4 ,fre$om is ! highe/ det]m9ation ( ,_s4 ,9 its =mal aspect fre$om1 9 its fir/ in/ance1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! subject !re( ceases to f9d a limit or b>ri] 9 ! mat]ial :i* is set ov] aga9/ x2 ?is is no long] an elem5t =eign to x1 b "o 9 :i* x f9ds itself aga94 ,ev5 "u ?is =mal def9ition ( x all necessity & mis=tune disappe>s2 ! individual consci\sness is reconcil$ ) ! _w1 f9ds satisfaction 9 su* reconciliation1 & all opposition & contradiction is !reby dissolv$4 ,b ov] & above ?is1 on clos] inspection1 we f9d t x is univ]sally ! rational--t is to say e?ical relations 9 practical life1 tru? 9 ?\ght--:i* con/itutes ! cont5t ( fre$om4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 inasmu* z fre$om itself is 9 ! fir/ in/ance only subjective1 n :olly c>ri$ into effect1 !re mu/ rema9 = ! individual an elem5t ( unfre$om1 a some:at purely objective oppos$ to x z a necessity ( ,nature2 & x is accompani$ likewise ) ! dem& to secure a reconciliation ( ?is opposition4 ,f ! rev]se po9t ( view a simil> contradiction is app>5t 9 ! int]nal doma9 ( ! subjective consci\sness itself4 ,we h1 on ! "o h&1 t :i* is univ]sal & self-subsi/5t 9 its own "r1 9 o!r words ! univ]sal dictates or pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 goodness1 & tru?4 ,on ! o!r !re are ! v>i\s impulses ( mank9d1 all ! emotions1 pref]5ces1 & passions :i* ex]cise _! p[] ov] ! he>t ( ea* man & woman individually4 ,?is opposition no less ?an ! o!r excites conflict & contradiction1 & 9 ?is /rife man becomes subject to e conceivable long+1 ! pr(\nde/ grief1 &1 9 a ^w1 to e k9d ( worry & discont5t4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( ! spiritual life ( mank9d to be a veil sev]$ & brok5 asund]1 toss$ z x mu/ be on ! waves ( contradiction4 ,! animal creation lives at peace ) itself & its environm5t4 ,man is unable to f9d a complete refuge 9 t :i* is exclusively inw>d1 ! s\l z su*1 pure ?\ght1 9 ! _w ( legal obligation & its univ]sality4 ,he is dep5d5t also ^u 8 s5su\s exi/5ce1 8 emotions1 & all t appeals to 8 he>t & s\l4 ,x is ! "p ( philosophy to give expression to ?is contradiction 9 ?\ght1 z x ext5ds ?r\gh\t its all-embrac+ compass1 & to ov]come ! same ) a reconciliation equally compreh5sive4 ,9 ! imm$iacy ( ev]yday life1 h[ev]1 man seeks to secure an imm$iate satisfaction4 ,p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s example ( su* a resolution is to be f\nd 9 ! doma9 ( animal wants & _! satisfaction4 ,! /ates ( hung]1 ?ir/1 fatigue on ! "o h&1 & fe$+1 dr9k+1 sleep on ! o!r1 ) all su* simil> /ates1 illu/rate ! contradictions & resolutions to :i* we "h ref]4 ,9 ?is sph]e ( human exi/5ce1 :i* is fundam5tally ! same z purely animal life1 ! cont5t ( su* satisfaction is1 h[ev]1 ( a f9ite & limit$ range4 ,su* satiety c>ries ) x no p]man5ce1 b moves =w>d )\t re/ to a r5ew$ s5se ( want4 ,m5 eat1 dr9k1 & sleep1 & on ! morr[ are z hungry & we>y z be=e4 ,man is compell$1 !re=e1 to /rive = a fre$om m la/+ 9 t elem5t ( ! spiritual life :i* he appropriates 9 k & volition1 ! sci5ces & 8 social activities4 ,! ignorant man is unfree because he faces a _w :i* is =eign to himself1 a _w :i* tosses hi!r & ?i!r aimlessly1 to :i* he is jo9$ z an app5dage1 unable to unite t =eign _w to itself1 & to feel itself at home !re z 9 its own demesne4 ,! m]e/ impulse ( curiosity1 ! awak5+ ( ! love ( k1 ! l[e/ phase ( animate unre/1 & ! highe/ grasp ( philosophical insight are ultimately d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 namely1 ! desire to ov]come e condition t is unfav\rable to fre$om1 & to br+ ! _w ( ev]yday life1 & t ( ! subject :i* reflects ^u x1 into "o h>moni\s unity4 ,if we consid] ! _w ( action ! result is ! same2 fre$om 9 human action is ! attempt to make positive or real ! reason ( ! ,w4 ,reason is realiz$ by volunt>y action ?r\gh ! life ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 a ,/ate t is diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh itself on any rational pr9ciple1 all ! laws & social in/itutions :i* belong to x are simply a realization ( fre$om accord+ to _! own ess5tial det]m9ants4 ,?is be+ s1 ! reason t belongs to any citiz5 discov]s 9 su* in/itutions its own ess5tial life3 &1 s long z su* is n 9 revolt f ^? laws1 proce$s ) !m z ) its own ki? & k9 r ?an a =eign adv]s>y4 ,we n infrequ5tly f9d lic5ce id5tifi$ ) fre$om4 ,b ! fre$om ( lic5ce is irrational2 x dep5ds ^u a *oice & self-det]m9ation :i* has no?+ to d ) a rational w1 b is r ! product ( accid5tal impulses & _! dep5d5ce on ! _w ( s5se & physical ,nature4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ! physical ne$s ( man1 no less ?an 8 k & p[] ( volition1 receive 9 fact1 ea* 9 its own sph]e1 a satisfaction 9 ! _w1 & delib]ately break up ! contradiction betwe5 ! subjective & objective1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! fre$om ( consci\sness & ! ext]nal necessity ( ?+s ) :i* x is confront$4 ,! cont5t1 h[ev]1 ( su* a fre$om & ! satisfaction :i* is !re9 exp]i5c$ is /ill subject to limitations1 & = ?is reason bo? /ill reta9 an elem5t ( f9itude4 ,& :]ev] we f9d su* an elem5t sup]v5+ x is inevitable t ! orig9al contradiction %\ld aga9 reass]t itself1 & ! self-satisfaction only ma9ta9 a relative significance4 ,= example1 9 ! sph]e ( jurisprud5ce & its realization 9 ! ,/ate x is true en\gh t ! rationality ( ea* citiz51 8 w & 8 fre$om are recogniz$2 he is a p]son & z su* is respect$2 he is ! own] ( prop]ty1 & if t prop]ty is 9 dang] ! c\rts ( law reass]t 8 rights 9 _! integrity4 ,?is recognition1 h[ev]1 & ! fre$om x e/abli%es are conf9$ to s+le relations & isolat$ objects1 su* z a p>ticul> h\se1 a sum ( money1 "s p>ticul> "r or law1 9 f9e "s p>ticul> transaction 9 ! practical _w4 ,:at ! consci\sness has at any "o "t be=e x are p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* no d\bt are relat$ to "o ano!r1 & 9 fact =m a nucleus ( su* relations2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are appropriate to categories ( purely relative validity1 are subject to v>i\s conditions ( t5ure1 :i* make ! satisfaction only imm$iately exp]i5c$ :5 _! pr$om9ance is reass]t$1 or at any rate fail to e/abli% any degree ( p]man5ce4 ,& fur!r ?an ?is ! life ( ! ,/ate 9 its organic entirety1 z a relat$ :ole ( mon>*1 gov]nm5t1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 milit>y control1 & g5]al gr\p+ ( all ! v>i\s societies :i* compose x1 no less ?an ! obligations & duties :i* su* arrangem5ts presuppose1 ! aims & satisfaction to :i* !y are direct$1 ! entire scope ( its civic & comm]cial activities already ref]r$ to1 9 "o ^w ! complete organism ( a nation's life1 is inde$ 9 a g5u9e ,/ate complete 9 itself1 & 9 a s5se r\nd$ (f z a real totality4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ obs]ve t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 = ! realization ( :i* ! ,/ate exi/s1 & :]e9 ! individual man f9ds 8 satisfaction z a citiz51 is1 despite all ! v>iety ( t life1 all ! manifold diff]5tiation ( class )9 itself & z relat$ to ! _w )\t1 /ill a :ole t is "o-sid$ & 9 a real s5se ab/ract4 ,x is only ! rational fre$om ( ! w made explicit 9 a p>ticul> totality4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 only ! national life1 & fur!r ! life ( a p>ticul> nation2 a life1 moreov]1 9 :i* fre$om is realiz$ 9 a p>ticul> sph]e ( exi/5ce z individualiz$ reality4 ,& on ?is acc\nt x is t we are necess>ily consci\s1 t rights & obligations 9 ! m]e b\nds ( civic exi/5ce1 on ! plane1 t is to say1 ( m]ely ?is _w's or temporal exi/5ce1 d n discov] ! absolute satisfaction we are seek+4 ,we require z rational be+s a high] realization ( _! objective tru? z private individuals1 a full] sanction ( _! imp]ative validity ?an !y !mselves1 9 su* a sph]e1 c (f] u4 ,:at mank9d1 press$ on all sides by ! b\nd>ies ( 8 purely t]re/rial life1 9 fact requires is t region ( m ess5tial reality1 9 :i* e opposition & contradiction is ov]come1 & fre$om c f9ally claim to be :olly at peace ) itself4 ,& ?is is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ o!r ?an absolute ,tru? itself1 no m]ely relative tru?4 ,9 ! ,tru?1 accord+ to its highe/ notion1 all mu/ be br\ght home to "o unity4 ,9 x !re c be no m opposition betwe5 fre$om & necessity1 ,_s & ,nature1 k & ! object ( k1 law & impulse1 betwe5 :atev] =m1 9 fact1 ! opposition ( ^! contradictory ph5om5a ( human exp]i5ce may assume4 ,x is 9 virtue ( su* tru? t pro( is possible t nei!r a fre$om :i* is ess5tially subjective & disp>ate f e elem5t ( necessity is true 9 ! absolute s5se2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x admissible to pr$icate tru? ( a necessity conceiv$ 9 absolute isolation f consci\sness4 ,our ord9>y consci\s life fails to ov]come ?is contradiction1 & ei!r plunges desp]ately into ! same1 or ?ru/s x on "o side & makes its escape f x 9 "s o!r way4 ,philosophy w1 h[ev]1 s address itself to ! two det]m9at+ factors ( ! contradiction z to %[ t !y are appreh5d$ z isolate f ea* o!r 9 ab/raction1 n accord+ to _! concrete notion2 & by ! grasp ( ?is latt] x w demon/rate ! "o-sid$ness 9 its relative "*1 plac+ ^! oppos+ aspects 9 ! full] union & h>mony :i* is tru?4 ,x is ! function ( philosophy to grasp & =mulate ?is notion ( tru?4 ,unque/ionably philosophy recognizes ! concrete notion ?r\gh\t2 & x is 9 virtue ( ?is t x is ,?\ght ) full grasp ( tru?4 ,b :at we call ! notion is some?+ o!r ?an ?is1 tru?1 t is1 9 its ess5tial v]ity toge!r ) ! exi/5ce :i* is ei!r adequate to x or is n s4 ,9 all f9ite reality ! det]m9ations1 :i* are ess5tial to ideal tru?1 appe> sep>able f ea* o!r1 divid+ ! veil ( t :i* 9 its absolute ,tru? is a complete totality4 ,take ! case ( a liv+ be+4 ,"u su* f9ite categories we are =c$ to reg>d x z a subject 9 opposition to ! inorganic ,nature :i* environs x4 ,bo? ! po9ts ( view are no d\bt pres5t 9 ! notion1 b !y are !re reconcil$4 ,f9ite exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ?ru/s !m ap>t4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 an exi/5ce or reality :i* is unequal to ! unity ( ! notion4 ,we may !re=e say t ! notion is valid 9 e sph]e ( actuality4 ,at ! same "t ! ma9 po9t to be det]m9$ is :e!r ! notion 9 its ideal concret5ess is actually complet$ 9 ! p>ticul> unity pres5t$1 :]e9 ! two aspects posit$ 9 opposition p]si/ 9 no ultimate self-subsi/5ce & coh]5ce ov] aga9/ ea* o!r1 b are r ideal phases :i* t5d to pass into a high] unity :i* cancels su* opposition4 ,& ! reality ( ?is highe/ mode ( union is only rea*$ :5 we ent] ! sph]e ( tru?1 fre$om1 & ! satisfaction :i* !y create4 ,! high] life :i* belongs to ?is sph]e1 ?is supreme enjoym5t ( tru?1 :i* z feel+ is call$ bless$ness1 & z consci\s ?\ght contemplation1 we may describe g5]ically z ! life kn[n to religion4 ,= religion is j ?is univ]sal doma9#ahd1 9 virtue ( :i* ! "o concrete totality ( ! ,_w comes to ea* man 9 union ) himself1 z 8 ess5tial sub/ance1 :ile x rema9s no less = consci\sness ! ess5tial tru? ( ,nature4 ,& x is ?is pr(\nd] tru? ( ! ,real :i* alone proves itself inv9cible ov] all t is m]ely p>ticul> & f9ite1 be+ z x is ! "o absolute h>mony :]e9 all t is o!rwise discordant & oppos$ is f9ally resolv$4 ,n[ x is ?r\gh its direct conc]n 9 ! true1 reg>d$ z ! absolute object ( consci\sness1 t ,art belongs to ! supreme sph]e ( ,_s1 & x is to be plac$1 9 respect to its cont5t1 if 9 a m specific s5se1 on ! same basis z religion & philosophy4 ,i connect ^! two la/ = ! reason t philosophy has no o!r object ?an ,god4 ,9 its sub/ance x is 9 fact rational !ology1 & 9 its s]vice ( ! tru? a cont9ual s]vice ( ,god4 7e7 ,accept+1 !n1 ?is fundam5tal simil>ity ( cont5t ^! ?ree sph]es ( absolute ,_s only diff] 9 ! =ms "u :i* !y pres5t _! object1 t is1 ! ,absolute1 to human consci\sness4 ,! diff]5ces :i* are p]ceptible 9 ^! modes ( pres5tm5t are due to ! notion ( ! absolute ,_s 7,m9d7 itself4 ,_s1 9 its tru?1 is ess5tial sub/ance br\ght home to itself4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no ess5ce :i* lies outside & 9 ab/ract relation to objectivity1 b r is1 )9 ! compass ( t objectivity1 ! re-collect$ pres5ce#ahe ( ! sub/ance ( all objects )9 f9ite _s4 ,x is ! f9ite :i* grasps its own ess5tial univ]sality1 &1 9 do+ s1 grasps ess5tial ,be+ 9 ! absolute s5se4 ,! fir/ mode ( ?is compreh5sion is an imm$iate "o1 t is to say1 x is a s5su\s cognition1 a cognition 9 ! =m & semblance ( ! object ( s5se-p]ception1 9 :i* ! ,absolute is pres5t$ directly to ! und]/&+#ahf & feel+4 ,! second =m is t ( ! conceptive or imag9ative consci\sness4 ,la/ ( all1 we h ! free ?\ght ( absolute ,_s4 ,! =m ( s5su\s p]ception is appropriate to art 9 ! s5se t x is art :i* pres5ts tru? to consci\sness 9 its s5su\s semblance2 b x is a semblance :i*1 "u ! mode ( its appe>ance1 possesses a high] & pr(\nd] mean+ & significance1 al?\gh x is n its function to r5d] ! univ]sality ( ! notion :olly intelligible ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s5se4 ,x is inde$ r ! unity to :i* art atta9s ) t ( ! p>ticul> appe>ance :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! beautiful1 ! ess5ce ( ! arti/ic product4 ,?is union is p]fect$ 9 art n entirely ?r\gh s5su\s objectification1 b also ?r\gh ! m$ium ( imag9ative conception4 ,?is is exceptionally s 9 ! art ( poetry4 ,at ! same "t1 ev5 9 ?is1 ! mo/ intellectual or ideal art1 ! union betwe5 significance & ! individual mode ( its pres5tation is pres5t ) ! same1 al?\gh x is display$ to ! imag9ative consci\sness1 & e "p ( its cont5t is conceiv$ 9 its imm$iacy & visualiz$ = ! imag9ation#ahg4 ,& g5]ally we mu/ accept ! fact t art1 possess+ z x does tru? or ,_s = its object1 is unable to reproduce ! same by m]ely copy+ p>ticul> objects ( ,nature1 su* z ! sun1 moon1 e>?1 & />s4 ,su* are1 no d\bt1 objects ( s5su\s p]ception2 b1 simply z su*1 !y are isolat$ & c (f] no reflection ( :at is spiritual4 ,9 ?us attribut+ to art ?is absolute significance z a manife/ation ( ,_s we h expressly set on "o side ! conception ( art :i* f9ds its cont5t ( too v>i\s a nature1 or too mu* occupi$ ) int]e/s =eign to x1 to m]it su* a view4 ,& at ! o!r extreme religion1 no d\bt1 frequ5tly summons art to h] s]vice1 9 ord] to br+ ! tru?s ( religion m ne> to ! emotion1 or to clo! ! same 9 imag9ative =m4 ,9 bo? cases unque/ionably art is r5d]+ a s]vice to a prov9ce n1 9 /rictness1 its own4 ,at ! same "t :]e art is f\nd 9 mo/ exalt$ p]fection1 9 t case no d\bt x unfolds 9 pla/ic guise ! mode ( exposition mo/ adequate & ess5tially necess>y to ! cont5t ( ! tru? accept$4 ,among ! ,greeks1 = example1 ,art 0 ! highe/ m$ium "u :i* ! community conceiv$ its gods1 & became consci\s ( tru?4 ,= ?is reason we may ju/ly say t ! poets & arti/s ( ,greece creat$ ! gods ( _! p4 ,9 o!r words1 !y def9$ = ! imag9ation ( _! p ! active life & en]gy ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce1 giv+ ,!m ! def9ite cont5t ( a religion4 ,& ?is /atem5t mu/ n m]ely be tak5 to imply t all ,greek arti/s did 0 to clo! 9 imag]y or embelli% ) ! beauty ( poesy vague conceptions & he>says :i*1 z g5]al religi\s maxims or isolat$ det]m9ations ( consci\s life1 7 already pres5t be=e ! era ( su* poetic creations4 ,! tru? ( ?is arti/ic production is r to be f\nd 9 ?is1 t art & poetry 7 ! exclusive =ms 9 :i* ^! creative arti/s c\ld br+ to life & expression ! ideas :i* f]m5t$ 9 !mselves4 ,9 o!r phases ( t consci\sness1 :]e we f9d ! cont5t less completely repres5t$ by ! pla/ic imag]y ( art1 ! scope ( ,art z ! h&maid ( religion is ( less importance4 ,we h ?us indicat$ :at 01 at any rate1 once ! true position ( ,art 9 its relation to ! highe/ int]e/s ( man's spiritual life4 ,b inasmu* z art is prec$$ 9 ,nature & ! f9ite processes ( life by a k9d ( ant5atal hi/ory1 s too !re is a hi/ory t foll[s its culm9ation1 :i* 9 o!r t]ms passes ov] & beyond its purely conceptive or pla/ic grasp ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,= art c>ries 9 ! notion t gives x life a limit2 & x is f ?is b\nd>y t ! human consci\sness passes beyond into =ms m adequate to its spiritual import4 ,x is ?is inh]5t %ortness ( ! m>k t fixes ! subord9ate position we are only too ready to assign to art 9 our daily life n[adays4 ,= u ,european art is no long] ! highe/ means 9 :i* ! actuality ( tru? is possess$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ?\ght has long ago pron\nc$ a v]dict ^u art :5 x def9$ x z ! portrayal ( ! ,div9e by concepts :i* appeal to s5se-p]ception4 ,?is 0 ! judgm5t pass$ on x by ! ,jews & ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$4 ,nay1 we f9d x pres5t among ! ,greeks !mselves1 z ! /rong opposition ( ,plato & ,hom] & ,hesiod to ! popul> conception ( ! gods proves cle>ly4 ,!re is a p]iod 9 ! education ( e civiliz$ nation1 :5 art becomes a sign-po/1 z x 71 to t :i* /&s beyond h] bord]4 ,! evolution ( ,*ri/5dom is itself an illu/ration4 ,! hi/orical features ( t religion1 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ,8 life & dea?1 h d\btless (f]$ to ! art ( pa9t+ a mighty field on :i* to ex]cise its imag9ative b\nty2 & ! ,*ur* has ei!r surr\nd$ su* art ) its magnific5t protection1 or suff]$ x simply to "w on unhe$$4 ,b z ! love ( k & sci5tific rese>*1 & yet m ! felt want ( a m intimate & p]sonal spirituality necessitat$ ! ,re=mation1 ! religi\s imag9ation 0 call$ away f ! s5su\s m$ium :i* enwrapp$ x1 & c5tr$ once = all ^u ! inw>d spirituality ( emotional life & consci\s ?\ght4 ,9 ?is way !re grew up1 s to speak1 t po/]ior twilight ( ,art's hi/ory ,i ref]r$ to1 :]e ! want has f\nd a dwell+ 9 man to re/ satisfi$ alone ) ! pure m$ium ( ! s\l z ! ultimate =m ( tru?4 ,9 ! e>lie/ beg9n+s ( art we %all f9d my/]y /ill pres5t1 a secret /ra9 & long+ :i* p]si/s because ,art's imag9ative p[]s are unable to envisage to s5se ! complete tru? ( its cont5t4 ,:5 once1 h[ev]1 ! m9d ( man has succe$$ 9 end[+ su* cont5t ) p]fect outw>d %ape 9 art1 x is driv5 inevitably away f ?is objective realization to its own free spiritual activity z f some?+ repell5t to x4 ,a p]iod su* z ?is is our own4 ,we may1 inde$1 express ! hope t art w rise to yet high] grades ( te*nical p]fection2 b 9 any case ,art 9 its specific =m has ceas$ to meet ! highe/ requirem5ts ( spiritual life4 ,we may /ill wond] at ! unrivall$ excell5ce ( ! /atues ( ! gods ( ,hellas1 & imag9e t ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,*ri/1 & ! ,virg9 ,m>y h receiv$ ideal repres5tation at ! h&s ( m rec5t pa9t]s4 ,b x is ( no use4 ,our knees no long] b[ to !m4 ,! sph]e ( consci\s life ne>e/ to t ( art is t ( religion4 ,! =m :i* belongs to ! religi\s consci\sness is t ( ! imag9ative concept4 ,! ,absolute is "h remov$ f ! ext]nality ( arti/ic production1 & receiv$ 9 a m spiritual way by ! imag9ation1 s t ! he>t & emotions1 ! inn] life ( ! individual t is to say1 become its vehicle4 ,?is progress 9 spiritual insight f art to religion may be fur!r def9$ by ! /atem5t t art is only "o aspect ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a "w ( art objectifies ! tru? or m9d = s5se-p]fection1 & appreh5ds ?is =m ( ! ,absolute z ! "o appropriate to its vision1 religion bl5ds ) ! same ! devotional attitude t fl[s f ! inn] life confront$ ) ! absolute reality z ?us pres5t$4 ,devotion is a type ( emotional exi/5ce :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 outside ! prov9ce ( art4 ,x orig9ates 9 ! fact t ! individual suff]s t object :i* art has r5d]$ visible to s5se to p5etrate ! arcana ( 8 emotional life1 & s completely id5tifies himself ) x t ?is inw>d pres5ce1 :i* ! imag9ation & ! inh]5t might ( feel+ has r5d]$ possible1 becomes an ess5tial phase 9 ! manife/ation ( absolute reality4 ,devotion is ?is cultus ( ! community 9 its pure/1 mo/ intimate1 & subjective =m2 a culture1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( objectivity is at ! same "t consum$ & absorb$1 & ! cont5t !re( is transmut$ )\t su* objectivity into ! possession ( he>t & s\l4 ,! ?ird & la/ =m or phase 9 ! evolution ( absolute m9d 7_s7 is philosophy4 ,9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! religi\s sph]e1 :]e ,god is appreh5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance p]=ce z an ext]nal object1 & m5 are taught t !re is a ,god1 & h[ ,he has reveal$ ,himself & /ill is reveal$ to mank9d1 ! subjective consci\sness is inde$ made ! vehicle ( su* k1 & ! religi\s s5se imp>t$ /irs & fills ! he>t ( ! community2 b ! inw>dness ( devotion :i* is born ( ! emotions & ! imag9ation is n ! highe/ =m ( inw>dness4 ,we are b\nd to recognize t ! pure/ =m ( k is consci\s ?\ght 9 its free/ activity4 ,9 ?is alone ! cont5t ( k is1 adequate to ! dem&s ( t :i* is consci\sly appreh5d$3 "h alone we are 9 ! pres5ce ( t mo/ intellig5t =m ( cultus1 :i* seeks :olly to appropriate to itself1 & to grasp 9 concrete ?\ght :at is o!rwise only ! evanesc5t cont5t ( feel+ or ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! purview ( su* a philosophy art & religion1 z two aspects ( "o tru?1 become relat$ "u a unify+ conception4 ,on ! "o h&1 ?\gh philosophy1 by its surr5d] ( all s5su\s ext]nality1 has lo/ ! objective pres5tation ( art1 yet x has ex*ang$ x = ! highe/ =m "u :i* concrete reality is objectively appreh5d$ & r$eem$1 9 o!r words1 t ( speculative reason4 ,x has1 on ! o!r1 lo/ ! emotional subjectivity ( ! religi\s consci\sness 9 ! same pure m$ium4 ,= :ile human ?\ght is ! mo/ inw>d & appropriate vehicle ( subjective life1 su* ?\ght1 9 its fulle/ grasp ( tru?1 ! ,idea1 is actuality 9 ! mo/ objective & univ]sal s5se ( ! t]m1 & is only to be appreh5d$ by pure ?\ght 9 ! m$ium native to itself4 ,) ?is adumbration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sph]es ( art1 religion1 & philosophy we mu/ on ! pres5t occasion re/ cont5t4 ,! s5su\s mode ( consci\sness is t :i* fir/ appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! e>lie/ /ages ( religion are = ?is reason indi/+ui%able f a religion ( art & its s5su\s mann] ( pres5tation4 ,9 ! religion ( ,_s = ! fir/ "t is ,god z ,_s cogniz$ also on a high] plane1 & "o m adequate to ?\ght1 :]e9 x likewise foll[s z a coroll>y1 t ! pres5tation ( tru? 9 s5su\s %ape is n truly adequate to ,_s4 ,n[ t we "k some?+ ( ! position :i* art occupies 9 ! field ( spiritual activity1 & t :i* belongs to ! philosophy ( art among ! sev]al philosophical sci5ces1 we w proce$ 9 ?is introductory portion ( our "w 9 ! fir/ place to inve/igate ! g5]al idea ( ! beauty ( art4 ,,subdivision ,,( ,,subject ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,art1 ,,o!rwise1 ,,f9e ,,art ,to arrive at ! ,idea ( ,f9e ,art 9 all its concret5ess x w be necess>y = u to consid] x "u ?ree phases4 #a4 ,! fir/ is conc]n$ ) ! notion ( ! beautiful g5]ally4 #b4 ,! second is t ( natural beauty1 ! defects ( :i* w demon/rate ! necessity ( ! ,ideal z ,f9e ,art4 #c4 ,9 ! ?ird ( ^! aspects ! subject ( our inve/igation w be ! ,ideal 9 its positive realization1 9 o!r words z ! arti/ic display ( ?is ,ideal 9 p>ticul> works ( art4 ,footnote #age3 ,! ,g]man ^w "h is ,gei/4 ,i h translat$ x z be/ seems to suit ! p>ticul> context 9 :i* ! ,g]man ^w occurs4 ,footnote #agf3 ,un5dli*e ,negativitt4 ,footnote #agg3 ,?is is ! ,ought ( practical feel+4 ,z su* j z 9 ! case ( ! analytical sci5ces1 :at x lacks is objective det]m9ation 7see ,phil4 ( ,m9d1 trans4 ( ,w4 ,wallace1 p4 #id74 ,footnote #agh3 ,9 se9] ,geme9de4 ,we %\ld r expect 9 se9] ,gebiete4 ,footnote #agi3 ,! ref]5ce "h appe>s to be to ! ?ree attitudes ( ?\ght to ! objective _w :i* may be g5]ally indicat$ z t ( ord9>y consci\sness1 t ( empiricism & t ( speculative ,philosophy4 ,9 ! p>agraph :i* foll[s1 h[ev]1 ,hegel ma9ly ref]s to ! logical process ( dialectic & ! ,idea ( ,nature 7die natrli*e ,idee47 ,! latt] may1 h[ev]1 ref] to bo? ! previ\s divisions1 i4e41 ! commons5se po9t ( view & ! sci5tific4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,! sph]es ( art & social life are fir/ p]ceiv$ z m]ely indep5d5t circles ( activity4 ,footnote #aha3 ,t is to say1 nations h n only f\nd 9 ,art ! be/ means ( express+ _! religi\s consci\sness1 b1 ev5 :]e religion has be5 rais$ to a high] p[]1 h f\nd 9 x ! mo/ adequate =m 9 :i* to express ! ideality ( _! g5]al spiritual life4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,wel*e sick dur* alles h9dur*zieht1 i4e41 :i* p]meates all exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,9 ?is metaphysical passage ,hegel appe>s to be contra/+ 8 own philosophical /&po9t1 absolute idealism1 ) t ( critical or empirical philosophy1 ^? at lea/ :o conceive reality ei!r z a ?+-9-itself1 or ! mat]ia suppli$ to s5se-p]ception f a _w outside ! human consci\sness4 ,! entire cont5t ( ! ,real is1 on ! contr>y1 all includ$ "u ! =m ( self-consci\s ?\ght4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,he means1 ,i ?9k1 prov9ce ( ! univ]sal1 r ?an univ]sal expansion ( horizon4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,! words ( ,hegel are inn]halb d]selb5 im endli*5 ,gei/e die ,er9n]ung des ,wes5s all] ,d+e4 ,he no d\bt has 9 8 m9d ! d]ivation ( ! ^w ,er9n]ung4 ,x is ! inw>dization or idealization ( su* sub/ance4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,ans*auung1 t is to say1 x is ! object ( man's receptive s5ses4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,! punctuation is cle>ly wrong4 ,x is also v possible t d]selb5 is a mispr9t = dieselbe4 ,b 9 any case !re %\ld be comma r ?an semicolon4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,9 ,,its ,,g5]al ,,significance ,i ,we h def9$ beauty to be ! ,idea ( ! beautiful4 ,by ?is def9ition is impli$ t we h to conceive ! beautiful z ,idea1 &1 moreov]1 z ,idea 9 a det]m9ate %ape1 z ,ideal4 ,idea1 z ?us posit$1 is j ?is1 ! conceptive notion1 ! realization ( ! same1 & ! unity ( bo?4 ,! notion1 z su*1 is n yet ! ,idea1 al?\gh ! t]ms notion & idea are (t5 loosely int]*ang$4 ,idea is ! notion only z pres5t$ 91 & br\ght into coalesc5ce )1 its objective reality4 ,?is unity1 h[ev]1 is by no means to be reg>d$ z ! m]e neutralization ( notion & reality1 s t ! individual "* & quality ( ei!r is absorb$2 z1 = example1 :]e we f9d t 9 a *emical comp\nd salt-pota% & acid t5d to neutralize ea* o!r 9 s f> z !y h weak5$ _! opposition4 ,9 ?is unity1 on ! contr>y1 ! notion is reta9$ z ! comm&+ factor4 ,x is already implicitly1 9 virtue ( its own nature1 ?is v id5tity4 ,out ( its own weal? x evolves ! reality z "p ( itself1 by means ( a process :i*1 be+ no o!r ?an t ( developm5t1 surr5d]s no?+ ( its own nature1 b br+s into m concrete actuality ! ri*es ( ! notion1 & = ?is reason cont9ues 9 unity ) itself & its objective realization4 ,su* a unity ( ! notional concept & its realization is ! ,idea def9$ 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,! ^w idea is1 ( c\rse1 frequ5tly us$ by au?ors ( works deal+ ) ! !ory ( art4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t _m connoisseurs ( high /&+ are p>ticul>ly sev]e ^u its employm5t4 ,! late/ & mo/ int]e/+ example ( ?is polemical attitude is to be f\nd 9 ,h]r von ,rumohr's ,italian inve/igations4 ,?is "w is bas$ on ! practical int]e/ t ! arts excite1 & is :olly unconc]n$ ) t :i* = brevity we may call ! ,idea4 ,! tru? is t ?is writ]1 :o appe>s to h no k ( ! developm5t ( philosophy 9 mod]n times1 freely confuses ! expression z above def9$ ) ! undet]m9$ conceptions ( ! phantasy1 or ! ab/ract & *>act]less ,ideal ( well-kn[n art !ories or s*ools ( art1 ideas :i* pres5t a lean contra/ to ! cle>ly def9$ & ri*ly cap>ison$ objects ( ,nature 9 _! tru?1 & :i* ?is writ] opposes to ! idea & empty ,ideal1 :i* ! arti/ himself evolves f 8 own consci\sness4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 no m "r to suppose t creative "w c be ! result ( su* pov]ty1 ?an we c ) ju/ice assume t a ?9k] c ?9k ) conceptions :olly indet]m9ate1 & p]si/ 9 8 ?\ght ) a cont5t de/itute ( all def9$ relation4 ,su* an objection1 h[ev]1 does n apply 9 any respect to ! ,idea 9 ! s5se we use ! expression4 ,?is ,idea is ?r\gh & ?r\gh concrete2 a :ole :i* consi/s ( relations & is simply beautiful f be+ 9 direct union ) ! objective =m adequate to its expression4 ,h]r von ,rumohr has plac$ on record 9 ?is v book 7,book ,i1 pp4 #ade-df7 ! foll[+ ass]tion1 t beauty 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive mean+ ( ! t]m1 & z x is und]/ood by intellig5t p ( our day1 includes e quality ( an object1 :i* may ei!r /ir ! s5se ( sight ) satisfaction1 or ?r\gh t s5se attune ! s\l & delight ! m9d4 ,^! qualities are !n fur!r subdivid$ into ?ree classes z foll[s3 ,fir/1 !re is all t is p]ceptible ?r\gh ! eye2 secondly1 t :i* is appreh5d$ by means ( ! peculi>1 presumably innate s5se ( mank9d = spatial relations2 & ?irdly1 all t 9 ! fir/ in/ance works ^u ! und]/&+1 & only indirectly ?r\gh cognition on ! emotions4 ,?is ?ird & mo/ important det]m9ation re/s app>5tly on =ms :i* q indep5d5tly ( all pleasure to ! s5se & ! beauty ( ext5d$ %ape ar\se 9 u a specific delight :i* is e?ical or spiritual 9 its quality1 :i* 9 "p to all appe>ance proce$s f ! enjoym5t we d]ive f ! images excit$ 7,i presume he means e?ical or spiritual ones7#ahh1 & 9 "p f ! pleasure :i* ! m]e activity ( an intellig5t appreciation infallibly br+s ) x4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal factors accord+ to :i* ?is und\bt$ connoisseur ( art def9es 8 subject relatively to ! beautiful4 ,x may v possibly pass mu/] ) a c]ta9 type ( uncritical read]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v unsatisfactory reg>d$ f ! philosophical /&po9t4 ,= :at does x at bottom am\nt to b ?is1 namely1 t ! s5se ( vision or spiritual s5se1 we may add ! und]/&+ itself1 are mov$ pleasurably1 or excite a feel+ :i* results 9 awak5$ pleasure4 ,! entire argum5t h+es on ?is "o aspect ( awak5$ gratification4 ,?is r$uction1 h[ev]1 ( ! activity ( ! beautiful to t]ms ( feel+--t :i* pleases & *>ms u--has be5 dispos$ ( once = all by ,kant4 ,8 exposition has already left f> beh9d ! feel+ = ! beautiful4 ,we w direct our att5tion n[ f ?is polemical tractate to a fur!r consid]ation ( ! ,idea its ho/ility has fail$ to weak54 ,9 ?is1 z already /at$1 is compreh5d$ ! concrete unity ( ! notion & its objective realization4 7a7 ,n[1 fir/1 we w obs]ve1 9 direct+ our att5tion m closely to ! ess5tial nature ( ! notion1 t x is no purely ab/ract unity oppos$ to ! diff]5ces ( ph5om5al reality2 r1 z ! notion1 x is already ! unity t integrates ^? relations1 & by do+ s is concrete totality4 ,! ab/ract conceptions su* z man1 ! quality blu5ess1 & _! l1 are n notions z su* at all1 b r %\ld be call$ ab/ract g5]al concepts1 :i* are only rais$ to ! dignity ( ! notion1 :5 we h demon/rat$ t !y conta9 oppos+ factors 9 unity1 &1 9 su* a way1 t ?is self-relat$ nexus ( unity con/itutes _! notional tru?4 ,= in/ance1 ! concept blu5ess z a col\r receives su* a notional value :5 x is grasp$ z ! unity1 &1 inde$1 ! specific unity ( light & d>kness#ahi4 ,9 ! same way ! concept man conta9s )9 x ! oppos+ factors ( s5se1 life1 & reason1 body & m9d 7_s72 b a p>ticul> man is n to be reg>d$ z a :ole consi/+ 9 "s way ( ^! two aspects ( 8 p]sonality plac$ 9 a relation ( indiff]5ce side by side z con/itu5ts ( ! same4 ,r1 9 virtue ( ! notion1 su* a :ole conta9s ^! con/itu5ts 9 concrete & m$iat$#aij union4 ,add to ?is t ! notion is s completely ! absolute bond & unity ( its diff]5ces1 t indep5d5tly !y cease to exi/1 !y are unable to ass]t ! p>ticul>ity1 9 virtue ( :i* !y might escape f su* a union4 ,= ?is reason ! notion includes all its det]m9+ con/itu5ts 9 ! =m ( its own ideal unity & univ]sality1 :i* con/itute its subjective "* 9 contradi/9ction f ! real z ! object ( s5se-p]ception4 ,= example1 gold is1 z a p>ticul> object1 ( specific weight1 def9ite col\r1 & plac$ 9 a c]ta9 relation to specific acids4 ,su* are v>i$ *>act]i/ics ( gold1 & yet are inv>iably f\nd 9 a unifi$ :ole4 ,! smalle/ speck conta9s !m all 9 insep>able union4 ,by analysis or ab/raction we inde$ sep>ate !m1 b 9 _! notion !y are insep>ably "o4 ,! inability ( ! diff]5ces1 :i* ! notion 9 its tru? ess5tially possesses1 to /& alone 9 _! isolat$ self-id5tity is ( a simil> nature4 ,a /ill m apposite illu/ration is pres5t$ by ! unique concept ( ! self-consci\s ,ego 9 its univ]sality4 ,= t :i* we call s\l1 or m appositely ! ,ego1 is ! notion itself 9 its free exi/5ce4 ,! ,ego conta9s a cong]ies ( mo/ di/9ct concepts & ?\ghts 9 itself2 x is a _w ( ideas2 yet none ! less ?is inf9itely complex cont5t1 9 s f> z x lies )9 ! ,ego1 rema9s )\t a ve/ige ( sub/antiality or mat]iality pack$ )9 ?is ideal unity1 z ! pure & ?r\gh\t fluid transp>5cy ( ! ,ego itself reflect$ to itself4 ,& ?is is precisely ! way 9 :i* ! notion reta9s its v>i$ det]m9ations 9 ideal unity4 ,! det]m9ants ( ! notion :i* are mo/ cognate to ! notion z su* are ! univ]sal1 ! p>ticul>1 & ! s+le4 ,e "o ( ^! det]m9ate qualities tak5 by itself is a m]e ab/raction4 ,z ?us reg>d$1 h[ev]1 ab/ract1 t is to say1 f "o ano!r1 !y are n pres5t 9 ! notion3 t is r _! ideal unity4 ,! notion is !re=e ! univ]sal1 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 negates itself to a condition ( relativity & p>ticul>ization1 b1 on ! o!r1 ?is riv+ asund]1 9 s f> z x is negation ( ! univ]sal1 is itself aga9 annull$4 ,= ! univ]sal z pres5t 9 ! p>ticul>1 :i* itself is only ! p>ticul> aspects ( ! univ]sal itself is pres5t 9 no p>ticul> absolutely1 b r 9 t v p>ticul> reaffirms once m its ess5tial unity z univ]sal4 ,9 ?is return ^u itself ! notion is inf9ite negation2 negation1 ,i mean1 n z aga9/ ano!r1 b self-det]m9ation1 9 :i* alone x subsi/s 9 its positive & correlative unity4 ,9 ?is way x is s+ul>ity 9 its tru?2 x is ! univ]sal nexus :i* %uts itself up ) itself 9 its p>ticul>s4 ,z ! highe/ example ( ?is prop]ty ( ! notion we w\ld ref] back to :at we h already1 if 9 a summ>y way1 said ab\t ! ess5tial activity ( ,_s4 ,?r\gh ?is inf9ite capacity ( return ^u itself ! notion is already1 by virtue ( its intr9sic weal?1 totality4 ,x f9ds ! unity ( itself 9 ! be+ ( ano!r1 & = ?is reason possesses a free activity1 be+1 h[ev]1 negation z self-det]m9ation1 n z ! ali5 limitation ( its own sub/ance ?r\gh some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,b reg>d$ z su* totality ! notion is already 9 pot5tial possession ( all ph5om5al reality1 & is t :i* m$iates & re/ores ! unity ( ! ,idea4 ,& :oev] v5tures to ?9k t 9 ! ,idea we h pres5t$ to u some?+ totally diff]5t & ap>t f ! notion1 has z little k ( ! nature ( ! ,idea z he has ( ! notion4 ,at ! same "t !re is1 no d\bt1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! notion & ! ,idea1 & x is ?is3 9 ! =m] ! p>ticul>ization is only an ab/ract p>ticul>ization1 = ?is reason t 9 ! notion ! det]m9ate relations are alone coh]5t 9 its transp>5t m$ium1 t is to say1 9 its unity & ideal univ]sality4 ,! notion1 !re=e1 itself rema9s subject to ! "o-sid$ness ( its p>ticul> mat]ial1 & is hamp]$ ) ! defect t al?\gh 9 its own nature x is a totality1 yet x is only 9 ! aspect ( x z unity & univ]sality t x is entitl$ to free self-developm5t4 ,b inasmu* z ?is defect 9 its complet5ess is =eign to its own ess5tial =m1 ! process ( its activity is to remove x4 ,x negates itself z ?is v ideal unity & univ]sality & all[s t :i* is enclos$ 9 ! b>r5 *amb] ( ideal subjectivity to fl[ =? freely into real & sub/antive objectivity4 ,9 o!r words1 ! notion ?r\gh its own activity posits itself z objective reality4 7b7 ,objectivity is !re=e1 truly appreh5d$1 ! real exi/5ce ( ! notion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! notion "u ! mode ( self-sub/antive p>ticul>ization & ( a diff]5tiation ( all anti!tical phases#aia ( reality1 ^: ideal unity ! notion 9 its subjective capacity con/itut$4 ,b inasmu* z x is ! notion1 & only ! notion1 ^: function x is to end[ objectivity ) its det]m9ate exi/5ce & reality1 s too x is only ?r\gh objectivity t ! notion is unveil$ 9 its actuality4 ,! notion is1 h[ev]1 ! m$iat+ & ideal unity ( all its p>ticul> anti!ses4 ,)9 its diff]5tiat$ reality ?is ideal unity1 effective ?r\gh\t p>ticul>ity 9 modes adequate to ! notion1 has to e/abli% itself 9 !m1 precisely 9 a way simil> to t 9 :i* ! realiz$ p>ticul>ity ( _! unity1 z ?us m$iat$ to ! po9t ( ideality1 has also to exi/ 9 !m#aib4 ,?is is ! might ( ! notion1 :i* refuses to surr5d] or =feit its univ]sality among ! disjecta membra ( ! objective _w1 b r reveals its ess5tial unity ?r\gh su* reality & )9 x4 ,= x is no?+ less ?an ! v life ( ! notion to pres]ve its unity 9 ! mat]ial :i* is (f]$ x4 ,only by s do+ is x real & v]itable totality4 7c7 ,?is totality is ! ,idea4 ,! ,idea is n simply ! ideal unity & subjectivity ( ! notion4 ,x is q z mu* its true & objective reality2 x is1 h[ev]1 an objectivity :i* does n confront ! notion z an oppos+ factor1 b is r t 9 :i* ! notion itself is self-det]m9$4 ,9 :i*ev] aspect we contemplate ! notion1 :e!r z subjective to our appreh5sion1 or z objectively real1 ! ,idea x manife/s is a totality4 ,b x is m ?an ?is4 ,x is ! unity :i* = ev] is m$iat+ betwe5 & br++ into m p]fect$ h>mony ! two totalities4 ,only z ?us appreh5d$ is ! ,idea tru? & inde$ all tru?4 #b4 ,all t exi/s1 !n1 has only tru? 9 s f> z x is a def9ite exi/5ce ( ! ,idea4 ,= ! ,idea is alone ! truly real4 ,! tru? ( ! ph5om5al is n d]iv$ f ! fact t its p>ticul> exi/5ce is ( an inw>d or ext]nal "*1 & z su* is 9 a g5]al s5se reality2 x is s :olly 9 virtue ( ! fact t su* reality is adequate to ! notion4 ,!n alone is det]m9ate exi/5ce real & true4 ,& ! tru?1 to :i* we "h ref]1 is n a subjective int]pretation ( x1 namely1 t a p>ticul> exi/5ce is accordant ) my own conception ( x4 ,x is tru? 9 ! objective s5se t ! reality ( ! ,ego1 or ( any ext]nal object1 action1 or circum/ance actually contributes to ! realization ( ! notion4 ,if ?is id5tity is n e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce rema9s purely ph5om5al4 ,in/ead ( ! objectification ( ! notion 9 its complet5ess :at obta9s is purely a deta*$ aspect ( x2 & ) reg>d to ?is1 :atev] self-subsi/5ce x may appe> to h 9 opposition to ! unity & univ]sality ( ! notion1 su* c only "w to its f9al confusion by sett+ x 9 ho/ility to ! true notion itself4 ,our conclusion1 !re=e1 is t only ! reality :i* adequately expresses ! notion is truly reality1 & ! reason x is s is t !re9 ! ,idea manife/s itself z exi/5ce4 #c4 ,we h ma9ta9$ t beauty is ,idea4 ,x foll[s t beauty & tru? are1 9 "o aspect ( !m1 id5tical4 ,9 o!r words1 beauty mu/ itself 9 its intr9sic be+ be true4 ,a clos] inve/igation w fur!r %[ to u t tru? mu/ be di/+ui%$ f beauty4 ,! idea is true 9 ! s5se t x is s by virtue ( its ess5tial be+ & accord+ to its fundam5tal pr9ciple#aic1 & z su* tru? x is ?\ght#aid4 ,x is n its s5su\s & ext]nal exi/5ce1 b ! univ]sal ,idea ( ?\ght z pres5t 9 ?is4 ,at ! same "t ! ,idea is driv5 to seek its realization 9 ext]nal & objectively det]m9$ exi/5ce1 bo? 9 ! sph]e ( ,nature & t ( ,m9d4 ,! true1 9 ! absolute s5se1 also exi/s4 ,& 9 s f> z1 9 ?is its ext]nal exi/5ce1 x is imm$iately appreh5d$ by consci\sness1 & ! notion re/s 9 imm$iate unity ) its ext]nal appe>ance1 ! ,idea is n only true1 b is also beautiful4 ,! beautiful may !re=e be def9$ z ! s5su\s semblance#aie ( ! ,idea4 ,= ! s5su\s condition & ! objective _w g5]ally ma9ta9 no real self-subsi/5ce 9 beauty1 b h m]ely to surr5d] ! imm$iacy ( _! be+4 ,9 beauty su* are posit$ simply z ! det]m9ate exi/5ce & ext]nality ( ! notion1 & z a =m ( reality1 :i* itself manife/s ! notion 9 unity ) its ext]nal appe>ance 9 ?is its p>ticul> objective exi/5ce4 ,= ?is reason x c only pass z ! semblance ( ! notion4 7a7 ,accordantly ) ?is x is impossible = ! und]/&+#aif alone to grasp ! significance ( beauty4 ,= inasmu* z objective reality is appreh5d$ by ?is faculty z some?+ at lea/ q o!r ?an ideality1 s5su\s p]ception1 z some?+ v diff]5t f ! notion1 ! ext]nal object z some?+ t is any:]e r ?an )9 _w ( ! consci\s self1 to t ext5t x _c fail to emphasize ! contradictions impli$ 9 su* sep>ation1 r ?an p5etrate to ! ideal unity we h above describ$4 ,! und]/&+ rema9s root$ 9 ! f9ite1 ! incomplete & untrue ab/raction4 ,! beautiful is on ! contr>y itself ess5tially inf9ite & free4 ,= al?\gh ! cont5t ( beauty is /amp$ ) p>ticul>ity & to t ext5t limit$1 su* cont5t is ess5tially 9 its mode ( environm5t a totality t is inf9ite#aig & a free exi/5ce2 & x is bo? = ! reason t x is ! notion1 :i* does n pass beyond ?is its objective semblance1 & s fall into f9ite & "o sid$ ab/raction ) x1 b r is imm]s$ z a blossom ) ?is its objectification & ?r\gh ! imm95t unity & p]fection ( su* inclusion is reveal$ z ess5tially inf9ite4 ,) equal tru? we may affirm t ! notion 9 seal+1 z x 71 ) a s\l ! real exi/5ce1 9 :i* x is "p ( ! objective _w1 is itself by itself freely manife/ 9 t _w4 ,= ! notion w n suff] t ext]nal exi/5ce 9 ! sph]e ( beauty to foll[1 z x w\ld o!rwise1 ! laws t !re9 are p>am\nt3 r x det]m9es out ( its own ri*es ! articulation & =m ( its appe>ance !re92 & x is precisely ?is h>mony ( ! notion ) ! mode ( its ext]nal exi/5ce :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial life ( beauty4 ,& ! bond :i* braces all toge!r1 no less ?an ! p[] beh9d x1 is self-consci\s life1 unity1 s\l1 & arti/ic p]sonality4 7b7 ,we conclude1 !n1 t if we consid] beauty 9 its relation to consci\s life1 on ! subjective side t is1 x is nei!r to be adequately appreh5d$ by an intellig5ce t p]si/s 9 ! unfree m$ium ( purely f9ite exi/5ce1 nor is x ! object ( ! f9ite ,w4 ,we w enl>ge a little on bo? po9ts4 ,z f9ite intellig5ce we are aw>e 9 feel+ ( ! inn] no less ?an ! out] objects ( consci\sness2 we obs]ve !m1 p]ceive !m to be true to our s5ses1 all[ !m to =m "p ( ! cont5t ( our p]ceptions1 concepts1 & f9ally1 no d\bt1 to become ! ab/ractions :i* our und]/&+ pres5ts to u1 reflect+ on _! appe>ance1 & end[+ !m ) ! ab/ract =m ( univ]sality4 ,n[ ! f9it5ess & abs5ce ( fre$om insep>able f ?is m5tal attitude consi/s 9 ! assumption t ! ?+s p]ceiv$ are self-subsi/5t4 ,we direct our att5tion to ^! objects1 suff] !m to impress u1 =m our ideas ( !m1 possess$ ) ! fai? 9 _! mat]ial exi/5ce z objects1 & conv9c$ t all we h to d is to p]ceive !m z !y appe> to our passive reception1 to pres]ve1 9 %ort1 ! =mal side ( our att5tion intact1 hold+ su* unfett]$ by our fancies1 op9ions1 & prejudices4 ,9 ?us accept+ ?is "o-sid$ fre$om ( objects we posit at ! same "t ! want ( fre$om 9 _! m5tal appreh5sion4 ,to su* ! cont5t is "o :olly giv5 f outside2 & in/ead ( a true self-det]m9ation ?r\gh diff]5ce we h no?+ b ! reception & acceptance ( :at is pres5t$ z a "p ( ! objective ?+4 ,we w\ld arrive at tru? by ! suppression ( all t belongs to ourselves#aih4 ,a criticism ( l nature1 ?\gh ! defect is "h j at ! o!r extreme1 may be appli$ to ! f9ite ,w4 ,9 ?is !ory int]e/s1 objects1 int5tions1 & conclusions are all relegat$ to ! subject1 ^: w x is to en=ce !m z aga9/ ! exi/5ce & prop]ties ( ! mat]ial ?+4 ,?is x c only d by ! annihilation ( ! object itself1 or at lea/1 9 s f> z x c modify or *ange its =m & en]gies1 by transmut+ its qualities1 or p]mitt+ !m to ex]cise su* a *ange on ea* o!r1 z wat] may ex]cise on fire1 fire on iron1 iron on wood1 & s =?4 ,we n[ f9d t x is ! p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* ! subject has enroll$ 9 its s]vice1 z ?+s to be reg>d$ & treat$ z useful1 :i* 9 _! turn h be5 depriv$ ( _! self-subsi/5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h come to be reg>d$ z objects1 ^: notion & mean+ is n _! own1 b d]iv$ f ! reflect+ consci\sness1 s t :at is mo/ ess5tial to !m is precisely ?is relation ( s]vice 9 :i* !y /& to ! subjective purpose1 t is1 our own intellig5ce4 ,! values ( ei!r side ( ! relation are ?us completely rev]s$4 ,! objective ?+ has lo/ fre$om & ! consci\s subject secur$ x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! fre$om on bo? aspects ( ! relation is1 ow+ to ! f9itude & ab/raction x implies "u su* a view1 a purely supposititi\s "o4 ,9 ! sph]e ( !ory "h x is ! assum$ indep5d5ce ( ! objective _w :i* creates ! f9itude & bondage ( ! consci\s ,ego4 ,9 t ( ! practical _w ?is dep5d5ce is due to its "o-sid$ness1 ! conflict & contradiction ( its aims )9 & ! impulses & passions :i* press f )\t1 no less ?an to ! unreconcil$ opposition ( a _w ( objects4 ,= ! sep>ation & opposition ( ^! two aspects ( "o :ole1 t is1 objects & relat+ self-consci\s life1 is presuppos$ 91 & inde$ is an accurate def9ition (1 ?is po9t ( view4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ) ref]5ce to ! lack ( fre$om 9 ! object4 ,"h1 too1 9 ! sph]e ( intelligible conception1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! object is assum$1 b ! fre$om assum$ is only app>5t4 ,= x is only posit$ z b>e objectivity )\t secur+ ! pres5ce ( its notion1 z ! unity & univ]sality ( ! consci\s subject1 )9 su* objectivity4 ,x /ill rema9s outside x4 ,e object ?us plac$ ext]nal to ! notion m]ely exi/s z p>ticul>ity1 :i* comes back to u 9 ext]nal guise toge!r ) its manifold1 & is1 9 all ! unlimit$ scope ( its relations1 ?r\gh its contact ) o!r objects1 subject to ! conditions ( its orig91 *ange1 oppos+ =ce & f9al ov]?r[4 ,9 ! practical _w ! dep5d5ce ( ! object is expressly1 9 ?is view1 assum$1 & ! opposition ( ! ?+ is posit$ 9 def9ite relation to volition )\t possess+ 9 itself ! p[] ( ultimate self-subsi/5cy p]mitt$ to ! latt]4 7c7 ,! appreh5sion ( ! object z beautiful unites ^! two ab/ract po9ts ( view4 ,x 9 fact annuls ! "o-sid$ness ( bo? :e!r relatively to ! subject ( consci\sness or its object1 & by do+ s cancels ! f9itude & lack ( fre$om :i* *>act]ize !m4 ,philosophically reg>d$#aii1 ! reason is ?is1 t ! object is n appreh5d$ 9 its exi/5ce z an isolat$ ?+ ^: notion z ! object ( human ?\ght is remov$ f ! objectivity :i* belongs to x z some?+ outside x1 & :i* 9 its p>ticul> reality ext5ds & is dissipat$ 9 e conceivable direction z a manifold cont5t ( intelligible relations4 ,an object :i* is beautiful suff]s its own notion to appe> z realiz$ 9 its objective pres5ce1 & reveals 9 t appe>ance ! unity & life insep>able f ! consci\s subject4 ,= ?is reason ! object may be conceiv$ z sweep+ back into ! curve ( its unity t impulse ( cont9u\s ext]nality1 cancell+ its dep5d5ce on o!r objects1 & transmut+ to our vision its unfree f9itude into free inf9ity4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,ego 9 its relation to ! object ( beauty ceases to be m]ely ! ab/ract att5tion or s5su\s p]ception1 & ! float+ away ( su* p]ceptions into equally ab/ract reflections4 ,r1 x is itself concretely realiz$ 9 ?is object1 be+ at once ! unity & reality ( its notional idea1 & unit+ = itself 9 its r\nd$ concret5ess t :i* has hi!rto rema9$1 z ab/ractly p]ceiv$1 ap>t 9 ! ,ego ( ! subject ( p]ception & ! ?+ p]ceiv$4 ,com+ n[ to ! practical import ( ?is relation z x applies to ! object ( beauty1 we h already drawn att5tion to ! fact at "s l5g?1 t 9 ! contemplation ( x ! elem5t ( s5su\s passion drops away4 ,all p]sonal impulse t ! individual may feel t[>d ! object is done away ) ?r\gh t v ae/hetic contemplation1 :i* reg>ds x z self-subsi/5t 9 itself1 9 o!r words1 its own object4 ,= ?is reason1 ! purely f9ite relation ( ! object also disappe>s1 ! relation1 t is1 9 :i* x subs]v$1 z a means = _! realization1 aims :i* 7 =eign to x1 & t[>ds ! fulfilm5t ( :i* x 0 ei!r pres5t$ z unfree or 0 compell$ to take up1 h[ev] /range1 into its own exi/5ce4 ,at ! same "t t relation ( ! ,ego 9 ! practical _w :i* we f\nd to be unfree disappe>s1 inasmu* z x diff]5tiates itself no long] 9 subjective motives & _! means or mat]ial1 rema9+ fix$ 9 ! f9ite relation ( ! =mal ought = ! c>ry+ out ( its subjective ends 9 ! object1 b is "h confront$ ) ! notion & its aim completely realiz$4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! ae/hetic contemplation ( ! beautiful is a lib]al education1 a portrayal ( ! object 9 its free & inf9ite be+1 ) no detract+ consid]ation ( its use or employm5t = f9ite wants & purposes4 ,fur!r1 ! object z a ?+ ( beauty is nei!r "u =ce or compulsion at our h&s1 nor is x 9 conflict ) & ov]come by o!r ?+s outside x4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( beauty t ! notion1 end & s\l !re(1 no less ?an its exi/5t =m1 & v>iety g5]ally1 manife/ !mselves out ( _! own intr9sic weal? r ?an ?r\gh ! en]gy ( some?+ outside !m4 ,! reason ( ?is lies 9 ! fact1 already insi/$ ^u1 t _! tru? consi/s solely 9 ! unity & h>mony ( _! notion ) _! objective exi/5ce4 ,& inasmu* z ! notion is itself concrete totality1 its objective reality also appe>s z a manife/ation ( ! same1 homog5e\s 9 all its p>ts1 :i*1 z ?us imb$d$ 9 ! notion1 appe> to fall into su* ideal unity & animation4 ,= ?is h>mony ( ! notion & its envisagem5t is no?+ less ?an p]fect$ suffusion#bjj4 ,accord+ly ! ext]ior =m & %ape is manife/$1 n z su* by its sep>ation f o!r mat]ial1 or z an impression me*anically relat$ to aims :i* are =eign to x1 b z ! =m ( reality :]e9 ! notion accommodates itself out ( its own /uff & sub/ance4 ,f9ally1 h[ev] mu* ! p>ticul> aspects1 p>ts or articulations ( ! beautiful object are pres5t$ 9 ! ideal unity ( ! notion & its unifi$ envisagem5t1 t h>mony mu/ be s r5d]$ visible to s5se1 t 9 relation to "o ano!r !y pres]ve ! semblance ( self-subsi/5t fre$om2 9 o!r words !y mu/ n only possess ! ideal unity ( ! notion z su*1 b mu/ reflect back ! side ( a reality :i* is sub/antially objective also4 ,bo? aspects1 9 %ort1 mu/ be pres5t 9 beautiful objects2 = ^! are1 on ! "o h&1 ! necessity posit$ ?r\gh ! notion & discov]$ 9 ! h>moni\s conclusion ( ^! p>ticul> aspects1 & on ! o!r1 ! envisagem5t ( _! fre$om z ess5tially "o ) ! :ole1 & n m]ely t ( ! unity :i* exi/s betwe5 ! p>ts4 ,necessity 9 its full def9ition means ! j relation ( ! two aspects1 :i* coalesce s completely t to posit "o is to posit ! o!r4 ,su* a necessity mu/ unque/ionably be pres5t 9 beautiful objects4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 "u ! mode ( necessity t x appe>s2 r x %\ld conceal itself b5ea? ! semblance ( un9t5tional accid5t4 ,o!rwise ! p>ticul> p>ts ( su* a real pres5ce lose ! position !y %\ld occupy accord+ to _! own real exi/5ce1 & only appe> 9 ! s]vice ( _! ideal unity1 to :i* !y !re=e rema9 9 ab/ract subord9ation4 ,9 virtue ( ! fre$om & inf9itude above analys$1 :i* is inh]5t 9 ! notion ( beauty1 :e!r we view x 9 its objective pres5ce z a ?+ ( beauty1 or "u its ae/hetic contemplation1 we dis5gage ! prov9ce ( ! beautiful f ! relations ( f9ite condition1 to exalt x into t ( ! ,idea & its tru?4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a note ( ,hegel himself4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 has ref]5ce to ,hegel's un=tunate belief 9 ,goe!'s !ory ( col\r4 ,footnote #aij3 ,m$iat$ 7v]mittelt71 because ! concrete is fir/ appreh5d$ ?r\gh its diff]5ces1 & only aft] reflection d we arrive at ! notional unity :i* transc5ds & unites !m4 ,footnote #aia3 ,mom5te4 ,phases ass]t$ & reconcil$ 9 ! evolv$ notional unity1 organic or o!rwise4 ,! notion is subjective because x is an ideal unity4 ,footnote #aib3 ,! text is cle>ly corrupt4 ,! full-/op aft] h]zu/ell5 %\ld be a comma1 & au* w\ld be pref]ably *ang$ to als die4 ,footnote #aic3 ,z ess5tially reason4 ,footnote #aid3 ,n ! sub/antive1 b pa/ p>ticiple4 ,footnote #aie3 ,das s9nli*e ,s*e954 ,footnote #aif3 ,v]/& 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ,kant's philosophy2 t is1 ! faculty ( sci5tific obs]vation or ord9>y p]ception--analytical1 9 contra/ to reason 7,v]nunft71 ! syn!tic faculty4 ,footnote #aig3 ,inf9ite1 t is to say1 z human fre$om is inf9ite1 z m9d is inf9ite1 an ideal totality1 a :ole complete 9 itself1 n an endless progress1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,footnote #aih3 ,or1 z ,hegel says1 by suppress+ ! subjective pr9ciple altoge!r4 ,footnote #aii3 ,!oretis*5 "h us$ 9 s5se ( true philosophical !ory1 n "o-sid$ views z above4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,voll5dete ,dur*dr+ung1 i4e41 a p5etration ?r\gh all p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,nature ,beauty is ! ,idea z ! imm$iate unity ( ! notion & its objective reality1 yet is only ! ,idea 9 s f> z its unity is imm$iately pres5t 9 %ape appreh5sible to ! s5ses & z semblance ( ! real4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y =m ( exi/5ce1 :i* ! ,idea take to itself is ,nature1 & ! fir/ =m ( beauty is t ( ,nature4 ,a4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,nature ,,z ,,su* #a4 ,9 ! _w ( ,nature we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! modes accord+ to :i* ! notion becomes exi/5t reality 9 ord] to be "p ( ! ,idea4 7a7 ,9 ! fir/ place ! notion is absorb$ s imm$iately 9 pure objectivity1 t1 9 its "* ( subjective & ideal unity1 x :olly fails to ass]t itself1 & passes ov] in/ead z a ?+ )\t a s\l into ! raw mat]ia pres5t$ to s5se4 ,! purely me*anical or physical bodies 9 _! isolat$ s+ul>ity are ( ?is ord]4 ,a p>ticul> metal is1 = example1 ess5tially no d\bt a manifold ( me*anical & physical qualities2 e "p ( x1 h[ev]1 has su* qualities equally 9 itself4 ,su* a body n m]ely fails to possess any entire articulation ( its p>ts 9 ! s5se t e "o ( its diff]5t p>ts receives = itself a p>ticul> mat]ial exi/5ce1 b ev5 ! negative ideal unity ( su* diff]5tiation is abs5t1 :i* might ass]t itself z animat+ pr9ciple#bja4 ,! diff]5ce "h is a purely ab/ract multiplicity1 & ! unity posit$ ! indiff]5t equilibrium ( id5tical qualities4 ,?is is ! fir/ mode ( ! exi/5ce ( ! notion4 ,! diff]5ces "h receive no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & ! ideal unity is n f\nd z ideality4 ,= ?is reason su* isolat$ bodies are ess5tially defective & ab/ract exi/5ces4 7b7 ,natural objects ( a high] ord] suff] ! diff]5ces ass]t$ by ! notion to appe> z free1 s t ea* "o z ext]nal to ano!r is itself indep5d5tly exi/5t4 ,"h we h = ! fir/ "t ! true "* ( objectivity4 ,objectivity is j ?is indep5d5t ass]tion ( ! segregat$ diff]5ces det]m9$ by ! notion4 ,on ?is plane ( exi/5ce ! notion ass]ts itself 9 su* a way t x is at lea/ a totality ( its diff]5ces1 :i* is truly realiz$1 9 s f> z ! p>ticul> bodies1 :ile !y ea* sev]ally possess indep5d5t exi/5ce = !mselves1 are at ! same "t memb]s ( "o inclusive sy/em4 ,( su* a "* is ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 "o aspect ( !m ! sun1 comets1 moon1 & planets appe> z indep5d5t heav5ly bodies ap>t f "o ano!r2 9 ano!r1 h[ev]1 !y d]ive _! def9ite "* f be+ p>ts ( "o sy/em ( su* mat]ial bodies4 ,n only _! specific modes ( motion1 b also _! physical qualities1 are only to be d$uc$ f _! relation to ?is sy/em4 ,?is nexus :i* b9ds !m toge!r con/itutes t inw>d unity :i* relates ^! p>ticul> exi/5ces toge!r 9 "o :ole4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is1 9 ?is conception ( sy/em ! op]ation ( ! notion is n exhau/$ 9 ! exi/5t unity ( indep5d5t bodies z ess5tial p>ts ( x4 ,= j z ! diff]5ces are real ! unity :i* relates !m to ! totality has to ass]t itself z real4 ,?is unity1 9 o!r words1 diff]5tiates itself f ! multifold p>ticul>ity ( ^? objective bodies ( :i* x is ! integrat+ pr9ciple4 ,& on ?is plane ( exi/5ce x is diff]5tiat$ !re=e itself aga9/ su* a p>ticul>ity z real1 indep5d5t & objective exi/5ce4 ,9 ! sol> sy/em ! sun exi/s ov] aga9/ all p>ticul>ity relat$ to t sy/em1 z su* a unity ( ! sy/em4 ,su* a mat]ial exi/5ce ( ! ideal unity ( ! notion is /ill v defective2 = :]eas on ! "o h& we h ?is unity posit$ 9 its reality only z ! relation or mat]ial connection betwe5 ! sev]ally indep5d5t bodies1 on ! o!r we h x posit$ z a body :i* belongs to t sy/em1 ^: unity1 9 opposition to its real diff]5ces1 x ess5tially repres5ts4 ,! sun1 9 %ort1 :i* we take to be#bjb ! s\l ( ! sy/em1 has itself an indep5d5t entity ap>t f ! memb]s :i* =m ! explicit cont5t ( ?is s\l4 ,x is itself only "o p>ticul> mode or phase ( ! notion1 t1 namely1 ( unity 9 its diff]5ce f ! actual sep>ation ( ! sev]al p>ts1 a unity :i* rema9s outside itself1 & is consequ5tly ab/ract4 ,= h[ev] mu* ! sun by virtue ( its physical quality is pla9ly a pr9ciple ( unity1 ! illum9at+ body z su*1 ?is is aft] all m]ely an ab/ract id5tity4 ,= light is simple1 undiff]5tiat$ appe>ance & no?+ m4 ,we f9d !re=e 9 ! sol> sy/em ! unity ( ! notion inde$ objective1 & ! totality ( its diff]5ces explicitly realiz$1 ea* body mak+ visible "o p>ticul> phase#bjc ( ! notion2 b "h1 too1 x lies absorb$ 9 its objective reality1 & x fails to ass]t itself 9 su* mat]ial z is truly inh]5t & explicit ideality4 ,! =m ( its exi/5ce :i* "h prevails rema9s ! indep5d5t segregation ( its p>ticul> phasal units#bjd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to ! true exi/5ce ( ! notion1 t ! diff]5ces ( ! objectively real1 ! reality1 t is to say1 ( ! sep>ate indep5d5t p>ts & ! equally indep5d5t unity t is !re9 objectively realiz$1 %\ld z su* be toge!r br\ght back into unity4 ,only ?us su* a totality ( innate diff]5ces c make :olly explicit ei!r ! notion z ! realiz$ diff]5tiation ( its *>act]i/ics1 or at ! same "t release ea* p>ticul> t belongs to x f ! elem5t ( isolat$ indep5d5ce :i* x cancels by enabl+ ! ideality1 9 :i* ^! diff]5ces recov] _! subjective unity1 to ass]t itself fully z ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( _! animat$ be+4 ,9 t case !y become no long] p>ts hang+ loosely to "o ano!r by a bond t /ill leaves _! p>ticul>ity unaffect$1 b g5u9e memb]s ( "o body4 ,!y no long] possess an exi/5ce 9 _! isolat$ s+ul>ity1 b reta9 su* truly 9 ! ideal unity :i* b9ds !m toge!r4 ,only 9 su* an organic articulation ! ideal unity ( ! notion is pres5t to ! p>ts ?us integrat$4 ,x is at once _! support & imman5t s\l2 "h = ! fir/ "t ! notion is n ov]:elm$ 9 objective reality1 b passes ov] into actual exi/5ce z ! inw>d id5tity & univ]sality1 :i* x ess5tially is4 7c7 ,b ?is ?ird mode ( ,nature's manife/ation is a det]m9ate exi/5ce ( ! ,idea1 & ! ,idea z ?us manife/$ 9 ,nature is ,life4 ,dead or inorganic nature is n adequate to express ! ,idea2 only ! organic life ( ,nature unfolds its reality4 ,= 9 life we %all f9d1 fir/1 t ! objective reality ( ! notion z diff]5tiat$ is pres5t$ z su* reality2 secondly1 h[ev]1 t ! negation ( su* diff]5ces is entirely "o ( di/9ction 9 t reality#bje1 ! ideal subjectivity ( ! notion ov]com+ to itself ?is v reality2 ?irdly1 ! unify+ pr9ciple ( animation is n[ ! positive appe>ance ( ! notion 9 ! =m ( its bodily sub/ance1 t is to say1 ! =m ( inf9ity1 :i* is suffici5tly p[]ful to ass]t itself ?us =mally 9 its cont5t4 77 ,if we ask ord9>y consci\sness#bjf = a def9ition ( ,life1 we h two det]m9ations pres5t$1 ei!r ! imag9ative conception ( x z bodily life1 or z s\l-life4 ,9 ! same view we di/+ui% ^! two det]m9ations ) qualities peculi>ly belong+ to ea*4 ,?is contra/ we set up betwe5 s\l & body is also ( great importance 9 ! m philosophical consid]ation ( our subject4 ,& x is no less "p ( our inquiry to inve/igate x4 ,at ! same "t we w\ld po9t out t ! philosophical int]e/ conc5trates itself q z mu* on ! unity :i* exi/s betwe5 s\l & body1 a "p ( ?is inquiry :i* a really adequate survey ( ! subject has at all times f\nd beset ) ! greate/ difficulties4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 precisely 9 virtue ( ?is unity t ,life is ! fir/ g5u9e appe>ance ( ! ,idea 9 ,nature4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly appreh5d ! id5tity ( s\l & body z no =tuit\s connection#bjg1 b a union ( pr(\nd] significance4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ recognize ! body & its memb]s z ! objective exi/5ce ( ! notion itself 9 sy/ematic articulation1 :i* 9 ! memb]s ( ! liv+ organism1 secures an objective exi/5ce = its det]m9ate features1 analog\sly no d\bt1 if on a high] plane1 to ! facts pres5t$ by ! sol> sy/em4 ,)9 ?is real exi/5ce ! notion ass]ts itself 9 l mann] z ! ideal unity ( all ^! det]m9ate p>ts4 ,?is ideal unity is ! s\l4 ,! s\l is ! sub/antive unity & int]fus$ univ]sality :i* is no less a simple relation ( self-det]m9+ ?an x is ideal ,be+-=-itself or self-coh]5t totality4 ,?is is ! high] view ( ! union betwe5 s\l & body4 ,to put x 9 o!r words bo? are n m]ely di/9ct aspects set side by side2 !y are "o & ! same totality ( id5tical det]m9ants4 ,j z ! ,idea g5]ally c only be grasp$ 9 its explicit reality z ! notion evolv+ itself z su*#bjh1 9 :i* conception ! diff]5tiation & unity ( bo? sides1 t is bo? ! notion & its objective reality1 are insep>ably pres5t1 9 ! same way ,life mu/ be conceiv$ z ! unity ( bo? s\l & body4 ,& fur!r1 ! subjective no less ?an sub/antive unity ( s\l )9 ! body is pres5t$ u & exemplifi$ 9 ,feel+4 ,! feel+ ( a liv+ organism is1 t is to say1 n m]ely an indep5d5t product ( a p>ticul> memb]1 b x is also ?is ideal & simple unity ( ! entire organism4 ,x is c>ri$ ?r\gh e memb] ( ! body is felt ?r\gh\t 9 m ?an a hundr$ places at once2 & inde$1 to put x %ortly1 r ?an say+ !re are _m ?\s& s5sitive po9ts#bji 9 a s+le organism we %\ld m ju/ly say !re is b "o1 namely1 ! subject ( consci\sness4 ,& inasmu* z ! animat+ pr9ciple ( organic ,nature includes 9 itself ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! real exi/5ce ( ! organic memb]s1 & ! ab/ract or simple self-coh]5ce )9 su* p>ts1 :i* we call ! gr[+ s\l1 m$iat+ betwe5 !m bo? by virtue ( its inh]5t unity1 su* a pr9ciple ( ,life /&s on a high] plane ?an t ( inorganic ,nature4 ,only ) ,life is ! ,idea exi/5t1 & only ?us is ! ,idea tru?4 ,no d\bt ev5 9 ! organic _w ?is tru? c be ext+ui%$4 ,we f9d ! body unable to p]fect its ess5tial ideality & animat+ en]gy4 ,su* is ! case 9 disease4 ,"h we f9d ! notion depriv$ ( its controll+ sov]eignty1 & o!r p[]s are pot5t ) x4 ,su* a life is1 h[ev]1 defective & crippl$3 x m]ely cont9ues1 because ! inadequacy ( reality to ! notion has n rea*$ ! po9t ( absolute contradiction2 x is /ill only relatively valid4 ,once assume t all h>mony betwe5 ! two sides is brok51 t all g5u9e articulation ( ! memb]s ( ! body & _! true id5tity has dropp$ away1 & life is dissolv$ 9 dea?4 ,! sev]al memb]s are n[ m]e app5dages to ea* o!r1 ) no pr9ciple ( ,life to hold !m 9 unsev]$ unity4 77 ,we mu/ add t :5 we /at$ ! s\l is ! totality ( ! notion reg>d$ z ! subjective & ideal unity1 ! body on ! o!r h&1 z di/+ui%$ by its memb]s1 is ! same totality b r 9 its mat]ial aspect z ! juxtaposition & s5su\s accretion ( all ! sev]al p>ts1 affirm+ at ! same "t t bo? s\l & body are posit$ z "o 9 ! liv+ organism1 !re is no d\bt some?+ contradictory 9 ! /atem5t4 ,= ! ideal unity1 s f> f be+ ?is mat]ial juxtaposition ( p>ts1 9 :i* ea* p>ticul>ity possesses its indep5d5t consi/5cy & exclusive "*1 is r 9 direct anti!sis to su* ext]nal reality4 ,t :at is diametrically oppos$ %\ld nev]!less be id5tical is obvi\sly a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 :o decl>es ! non-exi/5ce ( any?+ f ! fact t x c>ries 9 our notion ( x a contradiction :i* implies ! id5tity ( oppos$ anti!ses1 simply excludes ,life itself f ! idea ( exi/5ce4 ,= ! =ce ( ,life & /ill m ! p[] ( ,_s 7m9d7 consi/s 9 ?is v movem5t1 namely1 to ass]t ! law ( contradiction inh]5t )9 !m1 to be> ! burd5 !re( & to ov]come x4 ,?is affirmation & resolution ( ! contradiction :i* obta9s betwe5 ! ideal unity & mat]ial juxtaposition ( ! memb]s1 con/itutes ! appo9t$ process ( life itself4 ,& ,life is simply process4 ,& ?is process ( life includes an activity :i* has two di/9ct functions4 ,on ! "o h& x has cont9ually to affirm ! mat]ial exi/5ce ( ! physical di/9ctions#baj among ! memb]s ( ! organism ?us det]m9$2 on ! o!r1 j 9 proportion z su* di/9ctions gr[ obdurate 9 _! indep5d5t p>ticul>ity1 & t5d to rema9 fix$ 9 absolute sep>ation f ea* o!r1 x has to make good once m t univ]sal ideality1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( _! life4 ,?is is ! idealism ( ,life's process4 ,philosophy is n ! only idealism2 f> f x4 ,nature h]self 9 h] doma9 ( actuality creates 9 ! life-process j t :i* ! philosophy ( idealism completes 9 ! _w ( contemplative ?\ght4 ,only :]e we h ^! two aspects ( "o activity1 t is1 ! con/ant realization ( ! corporeal def9ition ( ! organism no less ?an ! syn!tic affirmation ( su* mat]ial pres5tm5t 9 ! ideal unity1 :i* x is z "o ) ! notion#baa1 !n & only !n we h ! complet$ process ( ,life1 ^: m primitive =ms#bab1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! place to discuss4 ,?r\gh ?is unity ( ,life's en]gy 9 bo? its bran*es all ! memb]s ( ! organism are up held 9 _! integrity1 & cont9ually flu%$ anew ) ! ideality ( _! life4 ,?is ideality is fur!rmore decl>$ by ! organic p>ts 9 ! fundam5tal law ( _! be+1 t ?is unity ( ,life is n s mu* an accid5tal quality z1 on ! contr>y1 ! sub/ance ( x4 ,9 ?is alone !y are able to pres]ve _! specific "*4 ,?is x is :i* precisely con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "p ( a m]e conglom]ate & ! memb] ( an organism4 ,! p>ticul> p>ts ( a h\se1 = example1 ! /ones1 w9d[s1 & s =?1 rema9 j :at !y are1 :e!r !y =m "p ( ! /ructure ( a h\se1 or :e!r !y d n4 ,_! relation%ip to "o ano!r is q indiff]5t1 & ! conceptual notion rema9s 9 _! case a purely ext]nal =m1 :i* possesses no life 9 ^! p>ts rais+ !m to ! ideality ( a subjective unity4 ,! memb]s ( an organism h1 x is true1 an ext]nal reality1 b = all t x is ! notion ( ,life :i* con/itutes ! inw>d1 nay1 ! *>act]i/ic be+ ( su* reality1 a reality :i* is n express$ ?r\gh "o ext]nal =m unit+ !m1 b 9 ! ideal coh]5ce ( _! p>ts 9 "o liv+ :ole4 ,= ?is reason ! limbs h no su* reality z belongs to ! /ones ( a build+1 or ! planets1 moon1 & comets 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,_! reality is "o :olly )9 ! cont5t ( ! organism1 & all appe>ance to ! contr>y is1 z su*1 ideally impos$ on !m4 ,dissev] ! h& f ! body & x loses its indep5d5t exi/5ce z a memb] ( ! organism :i* made x :at x 04 ,its activity1 =m1 & col\r1 all t con/itutes x1 is at once *ang$2 x ent]s ! process ( corruption1 & ultimately ceases to exi/#bac4 ,consi/5t "* x only possesses z a limb ( organic life1 reality only 9 con/ant reunion ) t ideal unity :i* su/a9s x4 ,& t is j ! sup]ior mode ( reality :i* ! liv+ organism possesses 9 itself4 ,! real or positive is = ev] be+ set up z bo? ! negation ( itself & )al ! ideal resumption ( itself1 su* ideality con/itut+1 9 fact1 bo? ! ma9t5ance & specific "* ( ! mode "u :i* ea* ( ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! bodily pres5ce are associat$ toge!r4 77 ,! reality1 !n1 :i* ! ,idea w9s = itself 9 ! life ( ,nature is reality z a ph5om5al process4 ,su* an appe>ance /at$ 9 its simple/ t]ms is ?is1 t a reality exi/s1 b its pot5tial be+#bad is n imm$iately 9 its possession1 r x is at ! same "t negatively affirm$#bae 9 ! p>ticul> =m t belongs to x4 ,! negation ( ! imm$iately ext]nal & p>ticul> memb]s ( a body is n only a negative relative relation z ! activity ( ! inh]5t idealization#baf1 b is z su* a positive realization#bag4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ ! p>ticul> objects ( ! real z positive 9 _! self-exclusive p>ticul>ity4 ,?is indep5d5ce1 h[ev]1 is negat$ 9 ! liv+ object1 & ! ideal unity ass]t$ )9 ! bodily organism is alone f\nd to ass]t ov] itself ! full =ce ( positive det]m9ation4 ,su* a positive ideality 9 ! pr9ciple ( negation x ass]ts is ! s\l4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! s\l 9 ! body we h at once su* an affirmative pres5ce z ! "o indicat$4 ,! s\l n m]ely ass]ts itself z a p[] aga9/ ! subdivision ( ! bodily memb]s1 x is _! pla/ic creator#bah1 :i* pres]ves z inw>d & ideal t :i* is ext]nally m9t$ 9 ! %ape ( physical memb]s4 ,& consequ5tly x is ?is v positive & ideal inw>d#bai :i* appe>s 9 ! out] /ructure2 9 o!r words1 ! ext]nal1 s f> z x is a m]e ext]nal1 is a m]e ab/raction1 a m]e aspect t is untrue = ! :ole4 ,9 organic life ! ext]nal we are confront$ ) is an ext]nality ?r\gh :i* ! inw>d is made visible4 ,! outw>d1 t is to say1 decl>es itself 9 its pot5tial nature z t inw>d1 :i* is its notion4 ,fur!r to ?is notion app]ta9s ! reality 9 :i* x z notion is made visible4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! objective _w ! notion1 /rictly z su*1 is ! pr9ciple ( subjective life & self-det]m9$ life becom+ explicit 9 its own objective reality#bbj1 life exi/s only z a liv+ ?+1 an individual subject4 ,x is only ) life ?us conc5trat$ to a po9t t we f9d ?is negat+ c5trum ( unity4 ,& x is negative 9 ?is s5se t ! ideal explicitly self-unifi$ totality#bba c only n[ /& =? 9 its reality by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple ( ideality be+ ass]t$ ?r\gh ! diff]5tiation ( its positive pres5ce1 toge!r ) :i* ! ideal unity ( su* totality is at ! same "t incorporat$4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to make cle> ?is aspect ( ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity4 ,x is only z ! s+le liv+ ?+ ?us unifi$ by su* a pr9ciple t life is actually pres5t4 ,if we inquire fur!r 9 :at mann] ! ,idea is manife/$ )9 ! actual life ( su* liv+ individuals our survey w be z foll[s3 fir/1 ?is pr9ciple ( ,life w be realiz$ z ! totality ( an organism possess+ bodily %ape2 secondly1 ?is physical %ape is n pres5t$ z a rigid product#bbb1 b z a cont9\s process ( ideal g5]ation1 9 :i* a liv+ s\l ass]ts itself4 ,?irdly1 ! *anges & det]m9ations ?r\gh :i* ?is totality passes are n impos$ ext]nally to x1 b are *anges ( =m :i* are evolv$ f its inh]5t nature1 impos$ on itself & = itself1 9 a process :]e9 x /&s self-det]m9$ z ! subjective unity no less ?an ! ultimate end ( its be+4 ,?is free self-subsi/5ce ( ! subjective pr9ciple ( life is especially exemplifi$ 9 ! spontane\s motion ( a liv+ organism4 ,! inanimate bodies ( inorganic ,nature are fett]$ to ! conditions ( ,space1 :i* limits !m to "o place1 or !y are only mov$ f x by ext]nal =ces4 ,! motion1 9 %ort1 does n orig9ate 9 !mselves2 &1 :5 x is visible ^u !m1 x appe>s z an en]gy :i* is =eign to !m1 to remove :i* ! only =ce !y ex]t is t ( reaction4 ,& if ! motion ( ! planets ) simil> ph5om5a appe> to be o!rwise produc$1 su* are at lea/ :olly fett]$ by natural laws & _! ab/ract necessity4 ,! liv+ animal1 on ! contr>y1 9 its fre$om ( motion1 negatives ?is en=c$ limitation to "o spot by virtue ( its own activity4 ,x is ?r\gh su* self-det]m9ation ! cont9u\s lib]ation ( itself f ! mat]ial isolation4 ,& = ! same reason x is 9 ?is fre$om ( motion1 if only 9 a subord9ate degree1 ! release ( itself f ! =m] ab/ractness ref]able to ! p>ticul> modes ( motion1 _! direction & _! spe$4 ,"u a yet clos] view1 moreov]1 ! animal1 reg>d$ by itself 9 its organism1 pres5ts ! same s5su\s matt] t is mov$2 & "h1 too1 life is z be=e a fre$om ( motion )9 ?is organic reality1 evid5c$ 9 ! fl[ ( blood & ! movem5t ( ! limbs4 ,motion1 h[ev]1 is n ! only expression ( animat$ life4 ,! free tones ( ! voice ( animals1 :i* are unkn[n 9 ! inorganic _w1 :]e bodies m]ely ro> & clatt] ?r\gh ! bl[ ( objects ext]nal to !m1 ^! already pres5t to u ! high] expression ( animat$ subjectivity4 ,! mo/ intimate & vital expression ( su* ideal activity is1 h[ev]1 br\ght be=e u :5 we f9d ! liv+ individual able to conc5trate itself z individuality ov] aga9/ ! objective _w1 :ile at ! same "t x appropriates & transfigures t _w = its own4 ,& ?is is accompli%$ 9 "p ?r\gh obs]vation by means ( vision1 & p>tly = practical purposes1 9 s f> z su* an individual br+s ! out] _w into subjection to himself1 utilizes ! same1 assimilates x z a means ( n\ri%m5t1 & 9 ?is mann] cont9ually reproduces 8 individuality 9 t objective alt]um4 ,su* a process1 ( c\rse1 z x asc5ds ?r\gh /rong] organisms1 assumes m & m emphatic degrees ( unsatisfi$ desire1 assimilation1 satisfaction1 or satiety4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! activities1 9 :i* ! notion ( animat$ life makes itself app>5t4 ,moreov]1 ! pr9ciple ( ,ideality ?us r5d]$ visible is n m]ely ! result ( our reflection2 x is objectively real itself 9 ! liv+ subject1 ^: exi/5ce consequ5tly we may g s f> z to call an objective idealism4 ,& x is ! s\l1 z be=e /at$1 :i*1 z ?is ideal en]gy1 br+s ab\t its own manife/ation#bbc1 always r$uc+ ! purely ext]nal reality ( ! body to an appe>ance1 & !reby affirm+ itself z objective totality 9 t v bodily %ape4 #b4 ,n[ x is z ! ,idea made objectively visible to ! s5ses t ! animat$ life ( ,nature is beautiful2 9 s f>1 t is to say1 z ! tru? or ! ,idea1 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ,nature1 :]e "u x fir/ appe>s1 9 o!r words life1 is imm$iately giv5 9 ! p>ticul> %ape ( reality adequate to x4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to its s5su\s imm$iacy ! liv+ beauty ( ,nature is nei!r beautiful = itself nor is ! beauty /rictly t :i* is ! outcome ( itself1 a product1 t is1 ( its purely objective appe>ance4 ,! beauty ( ,nature is only beautiful = ano!r1 t is = u1 ! consci\sness t appreh5ds its beauty4 ,! "q !re=e arises 9 :at way & by virtue ( :at *>act]i/ics ! pr9ciple ( life appe>s to u beautiful 9 its imm$iate exi/5ce4 7a7 ,if we look at ! practical way 9 :i* a liv+ object becomes visible & pres]ves itself1 ! fir/ ?+ :i* rivets our att5tion is spontane\s motion4 ,?is motion1 reg>d$ simply z motion1 is no?+ m ?an ! entirely ab/ract fre$om ( motion f place to place & f "t to "t1 :i* we f9d exemplifi$ 9 ! spontane\s1 b entirely haphaz>d movem5ts ( animal life4 ,9 music & ! dance we h1 x is true1 motion 9 its g5]ic significance2 b "h motion is n m]ely a matt] ( *ance & impulse1 b x exhibits ! laws :i* regulate x2 x is def9$1 complete 9 itself & subject to measure2 & x is all ?is1 ?\gh we /ill ab/ract f x ! significance :]e( x is ! beautiful expression4 ,if we aga9 int]pret ! motion ( animals z ! realization ( an aim orig9at+ )9 !mselves1 ?is excit$ impulse is /ill entirely accid5tal1 an end ( mo/ re/rict$ import4 ,if we fur!r ext5d our survey & conceive su* motion z ! activity & work+ toge!r ( all p>ts ( ! animal organism t[>ds a def9ite purpose1 we %all m]ely f9d t su* a conception is r5d]$ possible by our own ef=t ( imag9ation#bbd4 ,! case is j ! same if we reflect ^u ! way 9 :i* an animal gratifies its physical wants1 obta9s n\ri%m5t ?r\gh ! organs :i* grasp x1 consume x1 dige/ x1 & g5]ally is a subject ( ! process :i* pres]ves its life4 ,= 9 ?is case also we h ei!r only be=e u s+le desires & _! spontane\s & haphaz>d gratification1 9 :i* ! inw>d activity#bbe ( ! organism is n pres5t at all1 or at lea/ all ^! activities & _! means ( expression h become ! subject ( our imag9ative reflection1 :i* is at pa9s to und]/& su* a process by relat+ x to def9ite ends1 & to e/abli% a h>mony betwe5 aims assum$ to belong to ! animal itself & ! organs :i* fulfill !m4 ,we %all r f9d t nei!r ! s5su\s p]ception ( s+le haphaz>d appetites1 arbitr>y movem5ts & ef=ts t[>ds self-satisfaction1 nor ! fanciful consid]ation ( ! animal organism z "o direct$ by purpose w pres5t to u purely animal life z a "p ( ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,! beauty consi/s 9 ! appe>ance ( individual =m1 bo? 9 repose & motion1 q ap>t f ! relation ( its self-gratification to any purpose ?us subs]v$1 z x is ap>t f ! entirely isolat$ cont+5cy ( self-impos$ movem5t#bbf4 ,su* beauty is relat$ to ! =m alone1 because x is only z su* t x is ! ext]nal appe>ance1 9 :i* ! objective idealism ( ! pr9ciple ( life makes itself kn[n to u z a ?+ p]ceiv$ & contemplat$ ^u ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,?\ght appreh5ds ?is objective idealism 9 ! m$ium ( its notion1 appropriat+ ! same 9 ! elem5t ( univ]sality :i* belongs to x1 albeit ! contemplation ( its beauty is insep>ably b\nd ) its ph5om5al reality4 ,& ?is reality is ! ext]nal =m ( ! articulat$ organism1 :i* is1 9 our view ( x1 q z mu* det]m9ate p>ticul>ity z x is a semblance1 namely1 t ( ! physical manifold ( ! sep>ate memb]s1 :i* c only =m "p ( ! concrete totality ( ! liv+ =m "u ! guise ( ph5om5al appe>ance4 7b7 ,f ! explanation ( ! notion ( life already giv5 we may d$uce m n>r[ly ! =m ( ?is appe>ance z foll[s4 ,! =m is "o ( spatial ext5sion1 limitation1 & configuration1 di/+ui%$ ?r\gh its v>i\s %ape1 col\r1 & motion1 be+1 9 fact1 a manifold ( su* di/9ctions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! organism :i* manife/s ^! diff]5ces is a liv+ organism1 x w inevitably appe> t ! organism does n d]ive its true exi/5ce f su* a manifold & its physical configurations4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ! fact t ! diff]5t p>ts1 :i* are appreh5d$ by u ?r\gh ! s5ses1 are at ! same "t conjo9$ toge!r 9 "o totality2 !y appe> consequ5tly z ! memb]s ( "o individual exi/5ce1 :i* is a unity ( su* diff]5ces1 & :i* n m]ely possesses !m 9 _! diff]5ce1 b z p>ts ( "o homog5e\s :ole4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 ?is unity w ass]t itself z ! purposeless id5tity ( su* diff]5ces1 t is to say ) no ab/ract relation to any causal end :atev]4 ,! p>ts 9 su* a case are n r5d]$ visible to s5se m]ely z a means to or 9 ! s]vice ( "s def9$ purpose1 nor are !y able to fix ! det]m9ate relation ( =m & /ructure :i* !y occupy "o ov] aga9/ ! o!r4 77 ,r ! contr>y is ! case1 =1 9 ! second place1 ! bodily memb]s h = our s5se-p]ception ! appe>ance ( be+ q accid5tal 9 _! =m2 9 o!r words ! det]m9ation ( "o appe>s to be q indiff]5t to t ( ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 we c nev] conclude because "o has a c]ta9 =m ano!r w h ! same1 z w\ld be ! case if a mat]ial uni=mity 0 cle> betwe5 !m4 ,:]e uni=mity is ! rule an ab/ract det]m9ation ( "s k9d ( =m1 size1 or :atev] x may be1 is ! prop]ty ( all p>ts4 ,! w9d[s ( a build+1 = example1 are all ( "o size1 or at lea/ are plac$ toge!r 9 "o r[4 ,or we may illu/rate ! same simil>ity ) ! uni=m worn by all soldi]s belong+ to "o regim5t4 ,we h v>i\s p>ts ( su* clo?+ diff]+ 9 col\r1 texture & ! re/1 b _! =mal opposition is no matt] ( *ance2 ea* has its causal connection ) "s o!r2 x is !re because ! o!r is !re4 ,nei!r is !re "h any complete di/9ction ( =m1 nor any unique indep5d5ce :olly ass]t$4 ,) ! individual organism ( life ! case is entirely o!rwise4 ,"h e "p is absolutely di/+ui%$2 ! nose f ! =ehead1 ! m\? f ! *eek1 ! brea/ f ! neck1 ! arms f ! legs1 & s on4 ,inasmu* z = our s5se-p]ception e memb] possesses its unique =m r ?an "o :i* belongs to ano!r1 or "o :i* is det]m9$ by t ( ano!r1 ! memb]s appe> z self-subsi/5t p>ts1 & = ?is reason free & spontane\s#bbg4 ,= ! mat]ial juxtaposition ( ! p>ts alone ?r[s no light ^u _! p>ticul> =m4 77 ,?irdly1 x is obvi\s !re mu/ be = our imag9ative p]ception a m inw>d bond ( connection pres5t 9 ! self-subsi/5ce ( ! organism1 if ! unity is n (f]$ u 9 its rational1 spatial1 temporal1 or quantitative relations su* z are pres5t$ 9 ! examples ( uni=mity ref]r$ to1 :i*1 z we h se51 ! unique p>ticul>ity ( ! p>ts c ext+ui%4 ,?is id5tity is n s5su\s & imm$iately pres5t to p]ception 9 ! way ! di/9ction betwe5 ! memb]s is pres5t$2 x is r a secret & inw>d bond ( necessity & h>moni\s relation betwe5 ! memb]s & _! =m4 ,if x 7 only inw>d1 q out ( rea* ( our vision1 su* a necess>y unity w\ld be appreh5d$ only 9 ?\ght1 remov$ f our s5se-p]ception altoge!r4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 x w\ld fail to ent] into ! beautiful object ( our vision1 & :at we f\nd z su* 9 ! liv+1 object w\ld cease to be ! ,idea 9 its own objective & ph5om5al reality4 ,su* a unity mu/ consequ5tly ent] into :at is ext]nally p]ceiv$1 al?\gh x is1 z ! ideal pr9ciple ( life )9 x1 n entirely app>5t to s5se or conf9$ 9 spatial dim5sions4 ,x appe>s 9 fact 9 ! individual totality z ! univ]sal ideality ( its memb]s1 con/itut+ ?us ! fundam5tal basis :i* supports & holds !m toge!r1 ! subject ( ! liv+ subject4 ,& ?is subjective unity 9 organic life f9ds its fir/ direct expression 9 feel+4 ,9 ! emotional life ! ,s\l f9ds its true expression z ,s\l4 ,= s\l ! m]e juxtaposition ( limbs h no real tru?1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( its subjective ideality ! purely spatial multiplicity ( ext]nal configuration ceases to exi/4 ,su* a manifold1 ) its unique diff]5tiations1 its organic articulation ( p>ts#bbh is no d\bt presuppos$2 b :5 & 9 s f> z ! s\l expresses itself ?r\gh su* 9 feel+ ! m inw>d unity ev]-pres5t to life ass]ts itself equally z ! dissolution ( all absolute indep5d5ce betwe5 ! physical p>ts1 :i* reveal n[ n m]ely _! mat]ia1 b also t wave ( animation :i* fuses all 9 _! s\l4 7c7 ,to />t )1 h[ev]1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! emotional expression ( s\l-life nei!r (f]s u ! visual impression ( any necess>y int]-dep5d5ce betwe5 ! sep>ate memb]s1 nor inde$ ! p]ception ( an id5tity :i* is necess>y betwe5 su* physical articulation & ! subjective unity conf]r$ on x by simple feel+4 ,we w inve/igate ?is m n>r[ly4 77 ,if inde$ ! =m & only ! =m r5d]s 9 "s way visible ?is inw>d h>mony & its necessity1 x may be because we look ^u ?is juxtaposition z ! habitual relation ( su* memb]s1 a connection :i* br+s to our view "s specific type & ! (t-repeat$ =mal exemplifications ( su* a type4 ,b ! necessity ( cu/om is aft] all only a subjective necessity4#bbi ,accord+ to su* a pr9ciple we may f9d c]ta9 animals ugly = no o!r reason ?an t we f9d 9 !m an organism :i* diff]s f our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 or runs contr>y to x4 ,= ?is reason we call ! organisms ( c]ta9 animals biz>re 9 s f> z ! way 9 :i* _! organs are relat$ toge!r is =eign to :at is m common to our exp]i5ce or entirely contradicts x4 ,fi%es ^: bodies are 9 size out ( all proportion to _! l5g? ( tail1 or ^? 9 :i* we f9d eyes toge!r on "o side ( ! head only1 are an example4 ,9 ! _w ( plants we are already prep>$ to f9d _m su* /range dep>tures f type1 al?\gh ! cactus ) its sp9es1 & ! m rectil9e> %ap+ ( its angul> junctures#bcj may /ill ar\se our wond]4 ,! m a man is educat$1 h[ev]1 9 all bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 ! m able he w be to recognize 9 _! tru? ! subord9ation ( all p>ts ( organic life1 & c>ry 9 ! memory ! greate/ v>iety ( types 9 _! prop] classification1 & ! less any?+ he may obs]ve w surprise him4 77 ,a pr(\nd] p5etration into ?is correlation ( ! p>ts w1 h[ev]1 9 ! second place1 t5d to give u t tru] insight compet5t to det]m9e f "o ( ! p>ts ! entire =m to :i* x mu/ belong4 ,cuvi] is a fam\s example ( su* aptitude3 a man ( sci5ce1 :o by ! exam9ation ( a s+le bone1 :e!r fossil or o!rwise1 0 able to specify at once by its *>act]i/ics ! k9d ( animal to :i* x belong$4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ?is ( ex ungue leonem4 ,s f a claw or a ?igh bone we may discov] ! con=mation ( ! tee?1 or vice v]sa f ! tee? t ( ! hip-bone1 or t ( ! v]tebral column4 ,su* a pr(\nd syn!sis ( ! type & ! k x implies c>ries u1 h[ev]1 beyond habitual exp]i5ce only4 ,we mu/ assume1 to r5d] x possible1 previ\s ?\ght & ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! isolat$ facts ( sci5ce4 ,our example ,cuvi] _h no d\bt secur$ f previ\s exp]i5ce a det]m9ate cont5t & "s specific quality :i* prevail$ 9 ea* g5]ic conception1 & ass]t$ itself z a unity ( pr9ciple 9 all p>ticul>s h[ev] di/9ct1 & s enabl$ him to recognize _! aff9ity4 ,su* a specific quality is t ( fle%-eat+1 :i* is !n ! det]m9at+ pr9ciple ( ! =m ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! organism to :i* x belongs4 ,a fle%-eat+ animal requires tee? & jaws ( exceptional vig\r2 :5 hunt+ x w require claws to seize its prey1 m]e ho(s are insuffici5t4 ,"h 9 %ort is a quality :i* necess>ily det]m9es = u ! =m & pr9ciple ( aff9ity among all ! organic memb]s4 ,a conception ( su* a typical "* is ! ord9>y "o we =m ( ! /r5g? ( an eagle or a lion4 ,we may no d\bt f9d some?+ bo? beautiful & in/ructive#bca 9 ?is way ( reg>d+ ! animal _w1 9 s f> z we d]ive f x "s unifi$ idea ( its configuration1 :i* is n a m]e repetition ( t unity 9 all ! p>ts1 b gives full value to ! di/9ctions !y possess4 ,= all t x mu/ be rememb]$ ! dom9ant factor ( ?is survey is n ! p]ception ( our s5ses1 b ! g5]ic ?\ght ( our m9ds ) :i* x is made to con=m4 ,review$ 9 ?is light we ought n to say t we f9d ! object z su* beautiful1 b r attribute t beauty to ! reflection ( our own m9ds ^u x4 ,& if we exam9e ^! reflections m closely we %all f9d !y are aft] all a d$uction ( our pr9ciple ( unity f a limit$ aspect ( ! organic :ole4 ,we conc5trate our att5tion1 = example1 on ! mode 9 :i* x is n\ri%$1 i4e41 :e!r su* an animal is c>nivor\s or h]bivor\s4 ,?r\gh su* a limit$ det]m9ation we are /ill remov$ f a vision ( ! coalesc5t unity ( ! :ole we id5tifi$ ) ! notion1 ! s\l itself4 77 ,! tru? is we c only1 9 ?is sph]e1 br+ be=e our consci\sness ! entire unity ( life by means ( our ?\ght & grasp ( reason4 ,9 ! natural _w ! s\l1 9 its full activity1 is n f\nd2 t is to say1 ! subjective unity1 9 its pure ideality1 does n exi/ !re = a self-consci\sness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by means ( ?\ght1 we endeav\r to grasp ! nature ( s\l-life accord+ to its ess5tial notion we %all f9d two aspects "u :i* we may reg>d x2 fir/1 z ! =m subject to su* a pr9ciple ( animation2 secondly1 z ! notion ( s\l = ?\ght 9 all t ! conception implies4 ,su* a complete grasp ( its true nature is n possible 9 ! s5su\s p]ception ( ! objects ( beauty4 ,su* mu/ nei!r pass be=e u z ?\ght1 nor mu/ we all[ ! int]e/ ( ,?\ght z su* to =m a b>ri] ( diff]5ce or opposition betwe5 itself & ! vision reveal$ to u4 ,we are left1 !n1 ) no alt]native b to consid]1 "u ?is po9t ( view1 ! object z :olly pres5t$ to s5se2 we mu/ assume t 9 ! sph]e ( ,nature a s5su\s p]ception ( ! natural =m is our g5u9e mode ( contemplat+ ! beautiful4 ,s5se1 t is ! ma/]-key#bcb to ! position2 a ^w :i* 9 itself is int]pret$ 9 two oppos$ s5ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place we may indicate !reby ! organs ( imm$iate#bcc p]ception1 secondly1 by ! s5se ( a ?+ we may ref] to ! significance1 or ! elem5t ( ?\ght & ! univ]sal )9 x4 ,9 ?is way ,s5se is relat$ on "o side to ! imm$iate ext]nality ( exi/5ce1 & on ! o!r to its inw>d or ess5tial nature4 ,a s5su\s p]ception ( t exi/5ce 9 fact pres]ves bo? sides 9 unity1 or r 9 "o direction s pres5ts ! aspect t is oppos$ to x 9 ! imm$iate s5se vision z to include !re9 bo? ! ess5ce & notion ( ! object4 ,b = ! reason t x comb9es ^! oppos$ det]m9ations 9 unfractur$ unity1 ! notion is n pres5t$ z su* to consci\sness1 b is r to be dimly =e%ad[$ !re#bcd4 ,we accept1 = example1 z a det]m9ate fact ! exi/5ce ( ?ree realms ( ,nature1 :i* we def9e z t ( ! m9]al _w1 t ( plants1 & f9ally t ( animals2 we c conclude f ?is1 z already =e%ad[$ by its tru? reg>d$ z a process ris+ f plane to plane1 t !re is an inw>d necessity inh]5t 9 ! notional articulation ( its divisions1 & d n conf9e ourselves only to ! purely imag9ative conception ( x z a _w con=m+ on its ext]ior side only to a f9al end4 ,9 ! same way :5 confront$ ) ! v>iety ( ! ext]nal pres5tm5t 9 ea* ( ^! realms1 ! s5se-p]ception surmises a controll+ unity intelligible to m9d1 a progress subject to laws ( ?\ght1 visible no less 9 ! =mation ( m\nta9 ranges ?an 9 ! ord]ly succession ( plant-life & ( ! animal races4 ,! same t5d5cy is presuppos$ :51 aft] an exam9ation ( ! =m ( any p>ticul> animal organism1 an insect's1 = example1 z subdivid$ into head1 body1 abdom51 & extremities1 we conclude ! correlation ( su* p>ts to be bas$ on a rational pr9ciple1 & are confid5t t ?\gh1 at fir/ blu%1 x may appe> q accid5tal t we are 9 possession ( five s5ses1 we %all discov] a true bond ( relation betwe5 t numb] & ! notion !re9 ass]t$4 ,( j ?is type is ,goe!'s me?od ( obs]v+ & acc\nt+ = ! innate reason ( ,nature & h] ph5om5a4 ,) an extraord9>y intuitive s5se he direct$ 8 att5tion directly to#bce ! objects ( exp]i5ce1 entirely conv9c$ ( ! ideal bond ( unity :i* expla9$ _! int]connection4 ,hi/ory may be writt5 ) a l object4 ,! n>ration ( facts & individual lives is giv5 9 su* a way z indirectly to ?r[ a light on ! ess5tial significance :i* su* ev5ts or p]sons contribut$ to ! p]iod 9 :i* !y are necess>ily b\nd toge!r 9 "o organic :ole4 #c4 ,consequ5tly we may affirm t ,nature g5]ally1 reg>d$ z ! s5su\s manife/ation ( ! concrete notion & ! ,idea1 is to be consid]$ an object ( beauty 9 s f> z by su* a s5su\s p]ception ( natural =ms "s k9d ( =e%ad[+ ( ! notional unity consonant to !m is surmis$1 & we are able ?r\gh ! *annels ( s5se to discov] n m]ely _! =m1 b some:at ( ! inn] necessity :i* b9ds toge!r all _! p>ts4 ,fur!r ?an ?is incomplete surmise ( ! notion ! s5su\s contemplation ( ,nature z beautiful is n c>ri$4 ,?is way ( compreh5d+ ?+s1 = :i* ! sep>ate p>ts1 despite _! appe>ance ( indep5d5t fre$om among !mselves1 nev]!less reveal to ! sight ! h>mony t exi/s !re ei!r 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( _! =m1 or deta*$ portions ( x or _! motion & s =?1 rema9s = all t indef9ite & ab/ract4 ,! inw>d unity is n op5 to ext]nal s5se1 nor c x appe> 9 its ideal & concrete =m to su* p]ception#bcf1 :e!r imag9ative or no2 su* at mo/ acquiesces g5]ally 9 ! univ]sality ( a law ( connection inh]5t 9 e liv+ ?+4 7a7 ,x is1 !n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance only 9 ?is bond ( union :i* reveals itself z a necess>y adjunct ( vitality f ! objectivity ( ,nature1 9 s f> z ! same is pres5t$ 9 =ms adequate to ! notion1 t we h be=e u ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,) ?is coalesc5ce ! mat]ia is :olly id5tical2 ! =m is imm$iately at home 9 ! matt]1 z its true ess5ce & its con=m+ en]gy#bcg4 ,?is description may 9 fact /& = u1 s f> z beauty at ?is /age is conc]n$1 z a g5]al def9ition ( x4 ,we admire1 = example1 ! natural =m ( a cry/al on acc\nt ( ! law ( uni=mity x manife/s1 a law :i* ?r\gh no m]e action ( =ces ext]nal to x1 b by virtue ( its own specific def9ition & free activity1 free 9 all its aspects z itself an object1 is manife/$ !re4 ,= al?\gh an activity ext]nal to x c\ld z su* equally be free1 yet 9 cry/als ! con=mative activity is n extrane\s to ! object2 r x is a =m op]ative z belong+ to ! m9]al's innate "*4 ,we may def9e x z ! free =ce ( its sub/ance1 :i* out ( its own res\rces in=ms itself & is n m]ely passively receptive ( its environm5t4 ,consequ5tly we f9d "h ! con/itu5t mat]ial 9 its realiz$ =m z a free & indep5d5t creation4 ,9 /ill high] & m concrete mode ! imman5t =m projects itself ?r\gh ! liv+ organism & all its p>ts1 9 ! articulate =m &1 above all1 9 its motion & its vital expression z feel+4 ,= 9 ?is la/ case we h ! inw>d vitality pregnant itself z liv+4 7b7 ,x is moreov] ?r\gh ?is indet]m9acy ( ! beauty ( ,nature1 orig9at+ 9 its inw>d pr9ciple ( animation t 77 bo? 9 virtue ( ! conception ( life & ! intuition ( its true notion no less ?an ( ! habitual types con=mable to its adequate pres5tm5t1 we are able to di/+ui% betwe5 animals :i* are beautiful & ^? :i* are ugly4 ,animals incapable ( vitality1 su* z ! slo?1 :i* creeps ab\t ) difficulty1 & ^: entire mode ( life is sugge/ive ( incapacity = motion or activity1 (f5d our ae/hetic s5se = ?is v reason#bch4 ,activity & mobility are precisely ! qualities :i* ass]t ! high] ideality ( life4 ,= ! same reason we condemn =ms ( amphibi\s life1 c]ta9 species ( fi%es1 crocodiles1 toads1 & _m k9ds ( insects2 an additional reason w influ5ce our simil> attitude to hybrid species1 :]e confusion ( =m m>ks ! passage f "o det]m9ate type to ano!r2 ! orni?orhyncus is an example#bci1 an animal :i* ) its mixture ( bird & f\r-foot$ bea/ may inde$ a/oni% u1 b at ! same "t is repulsive to our s5se ( beauty4 ,su* feel+s ( repulsion c no d\bt be trac$ entirely to our habitual prepossessions :i* h m\ld$ = ! imag9ation a fix$ type ( animal species consonant to exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 s !re is already actively pres5t ! intuitive surmise t ! configuration ( a bird1 = example1 is relat$ 9 its p>ts by a necess>y pr9ciple ( unity1 & _c z su* graft ^u itself =ms :i* belong to o!r species )\t be+ !reby trans=m$ into a hybrid v>iety4 ,su* abnormal deviations f type appe> to u bo? /range & contradictory4 ,nei!r ! "o sid$ n>r[ness ( organization1 :i* is s defective & mean 9 its manife/ation1 t x ex]cises no activity ov] ! /rait5$ conditions ( its environm5t1 nor confusions & passages ( type1 :i*1 albeit !y are n s enclos$ )9 !mselves1 are unable to hold fa/ ! di/9ctive features ( _! type1 belong /rictly to ! sph]e ( natural beauty4 77 ,!re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* we attribute beauty to ,nature1 namely1 :5 we h ! collective picture ( a l&scape be=e u r ?an obs]ve ! liv+ =m ( a simple object4 ,"h we h no organic articulation ( p>ts su* z is d]iv$ f _! notion & is pres5t$ to u z su* ideal unity 9 spontane\s life4 ,we h in/ead a ri* v>iety ( objects bo? organic & inorganic1 :i* are unit$ toge!r on "o or m planes ( vision 9 _! di/9ctive features1 cont\r ( m\nta9s1 w9d+ outl9es ( riv]s1 gr\ps ( trees1 huts1 dwell+s1 palaces1 & cities ( mank9d1 %ips1 roadways1 heav5 & sea1 valley & rock-cleft4 ,we f9d1 9 addition to ?is v>iety & proce$+ !refrom1 a delightful or impos+ h>mony :i* appeals to our s5se & int]e/s u4 ,x is la/ly a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! beauty ( ,nature t x %\ld excite or ex]cise a h>moni\s influ5ce ov] our emotional life4 ,a mood ( ?is k9d is ar\s$ by ! /illness ( moonlight1 ! peace ( a valley1 ?r\gh :i* "s brook or o!r me&]s1 ! sublimity ( ! immeasurable /orm-toss$ sea1 ! tranquil dep? ( ! />-/rewn heav5s4 ,b ! significant factor 9 ?is case is n s mu* to be f\nd 9 ! objects z 9 ! peculi> moods !y ar\se 9 our feel+s & affections4 ,on analog\s gr\nds we attribute beauty to animals1 :5 ! expression ( _! life directly sugge/s human qualities1 su* z c\rage1 /r5g?1 cunn+1 good nature1 & ! re/4 ,su*1 no d\bt1 9 "o aspect ( x1 truly expresses ! nature ( ! animals !mselves2 b !re is also our own conception ( its aff9ity to ourselves1 & ! mood 9 :i* we receive x4 7c7 ,h[ev] mu* animal life1 z ! culm9at+ po9t ( natural beauty1 unfolds its free/ expression z a liv+ pr9ciple1 x is comp>atively n>r[ 9 its range & subject to v limit$ qualities4 ,! circle ( su* exi/5ce is a /rait "o2 & 9 ?is ! pr$om9ant int]e/s are ^? ( ! satisfaction ( natural in/9cts su* z hung] & sex-attraction4 ,s\l-life1 reg>d$ z ! inw>d pr9ciple express$ ?r\gh ext]nal figure1 is poor1 ab/ract1 & empty ( cont5t4 ,add to ?is ! consid]ation t ?is inw>d is n manife/$ at all z inw>d4 ,! s\l 9 its ess5tial sub/ance is n reveal$ by ! life ( ,nature2 x is1 9 fact1 ! det]m9+ *>act]i/ic ( ,nature t its s\l rema9s %ut 9 itself1 does n1 9 o!r words1 proclaim itself 9 its ideality4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! s\l ( an animal is n ?is ideal unity self-ackn[l$g$4 ,if x 7 o!rwise we %\ld h ! manife/ation ( su* p]sonality br\ght home to o!rs4 ,only 9 ! self-consci\s ,ego d we f9d ! ideal 9 its simple/ t]ms1 :i* is itself an ideal m$ium to itself1 kn[s itself z ?is simple unity1 & !reby end[s itself ) a reality1 :i* is n limit$ to bodily & s5su\s =m1 b is itself ( an ideal "*4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 reality is 9 possession ( a =m adequate to ! notion2 or r ! notion sets itself up z its own opposite1 makes itself objectively real & f9ds its own realization 9 t objectivity4 ,! animal life1 on ! contr>y1 is only pot5tially su* a unity z t 9 :i* reality z bodily =m is o!r ?an ! ideal unity ( s\l4 ,9 self-consci\sness we h ?is unity realiz$1 ^: oppos+ factors are con/itu5t elem5ts ( "o transp>5t ideality4 ,& x is z ?is concrete totality ( self-consci\sness t ! ,ego is manife/$ to o!rs4 ,! =ms ( animal life m]ely enable u ?r\gh imag9ative p]ception to div9e ! s\l's exi/5ce4 ,su* only possess ! tr\bl$ semblance ( a s\l1 betray$ to u ?r\gh ! brea? or exhalem5t :i* p]meates ! :ole1 gives "s unity to all ! memb]s1 & reveals 9 ! entire in/9ctive life ! fir/ g]ms ( an indep5d5t "*4 ,h]e9 lies ! prim>y defect ( ! beauty ( ,nature1 ev5 :5 tak5 at its po9t ( culm9at+ =m3 & x is precisely ?is defect :i* w introduce u to ! necessity ( ! ,ideal z ! beauty ( art4 ,b be=e we consid] at l5g? ! nature ( ?is ,ideal1 !re are two det]m9ations involv$ z ! mo/ imm$iate result ( ?is inh]5t defect 9 natural beauty1 :i* invite our att5tion4 ,we h /at$ t 9 ! animal =m ! s\l appe>s z ! bond ( connection )9 ! organism & ! unifi$ po9t ( animation only "u a cl\d#bdj & de/itute ( any fully realiz$ cont5t4 ,we only f9d !re a q indet]m9ate & re/rict$ mode ( s\l-life4 ,we w n[ consid] ! ab/ract limitations ( ?is mode m closely4 ,b4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,beauty ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,=m ,,reg>d$ ,,z ,,uni=mity1 ,,symmetry1 ,,con=mity ,,to ,,rule ,,& ,,h>mony ,,& ,,reality ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,mat]ial4 ,!re is 9 ,nature an ext]nal reality :i* is1 ( c\rse1 visible & def9itely objective1 b ! inw>d unity ( :i*1 in/ead ( pres5t+ itself 9 ! concrete inw>dness ref]able to ! unity ( s\l-life1 only goes to ! po9t ( indet]m9acy & ab/raction4 ,9 o!r words1 x /ops %ort ( ! inw>dness self-actualiz$ 9 an ideal =m & z ! p>ticul> exi/5ce con=mable to its ideal cont5t4 ,its appe>ance is t ( ! def9+ pr9ciple on ! face ( ext]nal reality4 ,n[ ! specific *>act]i/ics ( inw>dness 9 all its concret5ess %\ld be ^!4 ,fir/1 ! pr9ciple ( s\l-life is ass]t$ = itself no less ?an is pot5tially replete ) cont5t4 ,secondly1 ext]nal reality int]p5etrates ?is ideal arcanum1 & by s do+ fully reveals its true =m z su* ext]nal reality4 ,a concrete unity ( ?is nature is n rea*$ by m]e natural beauty3 x lies beyond z ! ,ideal4 ,on ?is plane ( exi/5ce we _c say t su* a concrete unity ent]s into ! manife/ation ( =m4 ,we h to d$uce x ?r\gh analysis1 exam9+ 9 _! sep>ation & s+ul>ity ! di/+ui%+ features :i* ! unity supports4 ,! =m t in=ms "h & ! s5su\s ext]nal reality fall ap>t f "o ano!r2 or r we h two di/9ct aspects :i* we are compell$ to consid] sep>ately4 ,by virtue ( ?is fact1 :i* we may ei!r reg>d z a division ( ! mat]ial ( s5se or z a review ( c]ta9 facts tak5 9 ab/raction1 ! inw>d unity1 :i* is "o aspect ( ! ext]nal reality1 itself falls outside x2 t is to say1 x is n itself ass]t$ 9 t rational reality z ! :olly imman5t =m ( ! entire notion :i* con/itutes x1 b r z an ,ideality & det]m9acy impos$ ext]nally4 ,su* are ! po9ts ( view ?us pres5t$ u :i* we w n[ consid] m closely4 ,fir/1 !n1 we h to discuss #a4 ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,=m ,! =m ( natural beauty 9 its ab/raction is a =m :i* is det]m9ate & ?us ( limit$ range2 9 a fur!r aspect ( x x is focuss$ 9 a unity ( ab/ract relation to itself#bda4 ,on clos] inspection we %all1 h[ev]1 f9d t ! ext]nal manifold controls ?is =m ( ab/ract beauty by reason ( its own det]m9acy & unity4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 imply 9 ^! latt] any imman5t inw>dness or =m ( vital ideality1 b reg>d !m z purely mat]ial def9itions & unity ( ! ext]nal m$ium4 ,=ms ( su* a "* are uni=mity1 symmetry1 or con=mity to rule1 & f9ally h>mony4 7a7 ,uni=mity ,uni=mity is1 speak+ g5]ally1 equality 9 ext]nal pres5tm5t1 or1 m specifically1 ! unbrok5 repetition ( "o & ! same def9ite =m1 suppli$ by ! det]m9+ unity to ! =m ( objects4 ,su* a unity1 9 virtue ( its initial ab/raction1 is at ! fur!/ extreme remov$ f ! rational totality ( ! concrete notion4 ,its beauty is !re=e a beauty :i* is ref]able to ! faculty ( ! analytical und]/&+4 ,! fundam5tal process ( t faculty is to p]ceive objects 9 _! ab/raction1 n 9 _! self-det]m9$ complet5ess & id5tity4 ,= example1 among all l9es ! /raight l9e is t :i* is mo/ uni=m1 because x alone manife/s "o ab/ract & undeviat+ direction4 ,= ! same reason ! cube is a figure dom9at$ by regul>ity ( cont5t4 ,all its sides are ( ! same size1 ! same l5g? ( l9e & ! same angles1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ rectangul>1 h[ev] mu* _! size is *ang$1 manife/ no *ange 9 ! =m ( _! angles z is ! case ) angles :i* are obtuse or acute4 ,) ?is *>act]i/ic ( uni=mity we mu/ closely connect t ( symmetry4 ,=m is unable long to re/ 9 t b>e/ ab/raction ( its det]m9ation1 namely1 undiff]5tiat$ equality4 ,a div]se relation is sure to ass]t itself1 break+ into ! empty =m ( id5tity4 ,9 ?is way we obta9 symmetry1 :i* consi/s 9 no m]e id5tical repetition ( "o =m1 b 9 a comb9ation ) "s su* =m analog\s to x1 id5tical1 t is to say1 9 its self-det]m9ation1 & yet manife/+ a di/9ct contra/ ) x4 ,?r\gh su* a comb9ation we obta9 ano!r k9d ( equality & unity1 ^: det]m9ation is m ext5sive & m v>i$4 ,if1 = example1 on "o side ( a h\se we meet ) ?ree w9d[s ( ! same size sep>at$ at equal int]vals ( di/ance1 !n ?ree or f\r m ( l(ti] size ?an ! fir/-m5tion$ /&+ at m ext5d$ or clos] int]vals 9 relation to !m1 & aga9 ?ree m precisely simil> 9 size & di/ance to our orig9al ones1 we h !n be=e u a symmetrical arrangem5t4 ,m]e uni=mity & repetition ( ! same di/9ctions w nev] produce ?is result4 ,we may f9d su* di/+ui%+ features 9 size1 position1 =m1 col\r1 tones1 & _m o!rs l !m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 to produce symmetry mu/ be h>moni\sly relat$ to simil> =ms ( con/ruction4 ,:5 we f9d a comb9ation :i* pres5ts to u an arrangem5t ( su* di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics accord+ to "s cle>ly uni=m pr9ciple t !n is symmetry4 ,bo? ^! attributes1 uni=mity & symmetry1 be+ ! det]m9ations ( ! =m & unity ( ext]nal appe>ance1 are ma9ly applicable to di/9ctions 9 size4 ,= x /&s to reason t :at is expressly posit$ z ext]nal r ?an truly imman5t det]m9ation is g5]ally a quantitative#bdb det]m9ation1 :]eas ! qualitative fixes ! inh]5t "* ( any?+4 ,consequ5tly t :i* is assum$ only to affect ! ext]nal appe>ance _c be conc]n$ ) ! *anges :i* are f\nd 9 ! qualitative aspect4 ,size1 on ! o!r h&1 & its alt]ation reg>d$ m]ely z size1 is = ! qualitative det]m9ation1 :5 x is unable to ass]t itself 9 t]ms ( measure1 an indiff]5t det]m9ation4 ,t is to say1 measure is quantity1 precisely 9 s f> z x c give to itself an aspect :i* qualifies x1 & !reby a qualitative det]m9ation is unit$ to ! purely quantitative "o4 ,z ?us expla9$#bdc uni=mity & symmetry are m]ely re/rict$ to ! det]m9ations ( size & _! uni=m appe>ance or arrangem5t ( diff]5ces 9 symmetrical ord]4 ,fur!r inquiry w %[ u t ?is due co-ord9ation ( size is z applicable to ! =ms ( organic life z x is to ^? ( inorganic ,nature4 ,! human organism is1 = example1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 degree bo? uni=m & symmetrical4 ,we h two eyes1 two arms1 two legs1 simil> hip-jo9ts1 %\ld]-blades1 & s on4 ,( o!r portions ( ! body ! rev]se is ! case4 ,we f9d no conspicu\s uni=mity 9 ! he>t1 lungs1 b[els1 or liv]4 ,! "q arises :at precisely con/itutes ! diff]5ce "h4 ,! side on :i* uni=mity1 :e!r ( size1 =m1 or position ma9ly ass]ts itself1 is obvi\sly ! aspect ( ! organism view$ f ! outside4 ,! uni=m & symmetrical det]m9ation1 9 complete con=mity ) :at we %\ld expect1 is mo/ app>5t :]e ! fact z objectively det]m9$ is itself ! ext]nal envisagem5t itself1 & c>ries ) x ! lea/ impression ( inh]5t life4 ,! reality1 :i* is mo/ con/ant to ?is pure ext]nality1 re/s satisfi$ ) ! ab/ract unity cong5ial to x4 ,)9 ! organism1 on ! contr>y1 :]e we f9d ! he>t ( ! life-process1 & /ill m op5ly 9 ! m$ium ( untrammell$ reason uni=mity gives way be=e ! subjective unity ( life4 ,nature is1 no d\bt1 9 its opposition to m9d1 a det]m9ate exi/5ce ext]nal & indep5d5t2 b ev5 9 h] we f9d t uni=mity only pre-em95tly ass]ts itself :]e ext]nality is ! pr$om9ant pr9ciple4 77 ,review+1 !n1 %ortly ! prom95t classifications ( natural objects1 we obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t m9]als1 tak+ ! cry/al = an example1 z /ructures de/itute ( ! pr9ciple ( life1 are *>act]iz$ 9 _! fundam5tal =m by uni=mity & symmetry4 ,z already rem>k$1 _! =m1 x is true1 is "o appropriate to !mselves1 is n m]ely ! det]m9ation ( ext]nal =ces4 ,?r\gh an unse5 en]gy ! =m t makes !m :at !y are z products ( ,nature creates _! configuration bo? )9 & )\t4 ,?is activity1 h[ev]1 is n yet ! complet$ en]gy ( ! concrete notion z an ideal pr9ciple1 :i* directs ! indep5d5t consi/5cy ( ! positive reality1 subsum+ !m "u an ideal totality su* z is pres5t 9 animal life4 ,! unity & def9ition ( _! =m p]si/s 9 purely ab/ract "o-sid$ness1 & we h z ! *>act]i/ics ( a unity :i* is :olly on ! outside ! b>e =ms ( uni=mity & symmetry1 ! det]m9at+ factor 9 ea* case be+ an ab/raction4 77 ,plant life is1 ( c\rse1 _m degrees above ! ord] ( cry/als4 ,f ! v comm5cem5t its evolution is m>k$ by a h>moni\s articulation1 & consumes mat]ial 9 a con/antly active process ( self-n\ri%m5t4 ,b plant-life also is n yet really ! liv+ :ole#bdd4 ,al?\gh organically divid$ into p>ts1 its activity is /ill "o t consi/s :olly 9 assimilation#bde4 ,x is root$ 9 ! e>? ) no indep5d5t p[] ( motion f place to place2 its gr[? is cont9u\s1 & su* en]gy ( assimilation & self-n\ri%m5t z x possesses is n ! tranquil self-subsi/5ce ( a completely individualiz$ organic exi/5ce1 b r a cont9u\s ext5sion ( its gr[? z an ext]nal object4 ,an animal gr[s j z a plant gr[s1 b at a det]m9ate po9t t gr[? 9 its ext]nal size ceases1 & t :i* reproduces itself 9 self-subsi/5ce is "o & ! same individual4 ,plant-life1 h[ev]1 enl>ges )\t int]mission1 & only its decease r5d]s ! fur!r increase ( its b\ghs & leaves impossible4 ,&1 moreov]1 all t x sep>ately produces 9 ?is process is = ev] ! repeat$ patt]n ( ! same organism 9 its entirety4 ,= e b\gh is a new plant1 & n1 z 9 ! case ) ! animal organism1 only an isolat$ memb]4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is p]si/5t enl>gem5t ( itself ?r\gh all ! sep>ate plant =mations :]e( x consi/s plant-life is )\t ! subjective animation peculi> to s5sation & ! ideal unity :i* belongs to x4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 we may say t plant-life1 h[ev] mu* ! dige/ive process is an inw>d "o1 9 :i* we f9d n\ri%m5t is assimilat$ & ! organism det]m9es ! =m :i* is impress$ on its sub/ance out ( itself by virtue ( ! increas+ fre$om ( ! notional type work+ ?r\gh t sub/ance1 nev]!less sub/antially1 ?r\gh ! entire process ( its life1 x rema9s root$ to ext]nality )\t ei!r a true indep5d5ce or unity1 & su* self-subsi/5ce z x possesses is cont9u\s )\t a break4 ,& x is on acc\nt ( ?is *>act]i/ic ( plant-gr[?1 namely1 t x is = ev] ass]t$ on ! side ( ext]nality1 t we f9d uni=mity & symmetry to be ! fundam5tal unity ( its self-expression z x is a pr$om9ant pr9ciple ( its /ructure4 ,no d\bt uni=mity is n s regnant "h z we obs]v$ x to be 9 ! =mation ( m9]als1 & x is n express$ 9 ! same extreme degree ?r\gh ! ab/ract /raight l9e & "r angle3 b x prevails "h not)/&+4 ,! /em = ! mo/ "p runs on a /raight l9e2 ! r+s ( plants ( high] type =m !mselves 9 circles2 leaves closely approa* ! configuration ( cry/als2 &1 at lea/ z ! basis ( _! type1 we f9d t ! blossoms !mselves 9 ! numb] ( _! leaves1 _! position & =m are det]m9$ ) uni=mity & symmetry4 77 ,f9ally1 9 ! liv+ organism ( animals a diff]5ce is ass]t$ 9 ! r$uplicat$ /ructure ( ! memb]s4 ,9 ! bodies ( animals1 m p>ticul>ly if we exam9e ! high] species1 ! organism is a m inw>d1 self-conta9$ & self-det]m9$ totality2 l a sph]e1 x returns1 s to speak1 on itself1 :ile /ill rema9+ an ext]nal organism4 ,x is an ext]nal process1 & yet1 z a process1 ass]t$ aga9/ ext]nality4 ,! m important organs are ^? )91 su* z he>t1 lungs1 & liv]1 & 9 ^! ! life is b\nd up4 ,su* are n det]m9$ "u ! simple *>act]i/ics ( uni=mity4 ,9 ^? memb]s1 h[ev]1 ev5 ( ! animal organism1 :i* are fix$ 9 direct relation to ! outside _w1 symmetrical arrangem5t prevails4 ,among su* mu/ be reckon$ ! memb]s & organs :i* ass]t ! subjective pr9ciple ext]nally no less ?an ^? :i* are ! in/rum5ts ( ! active life4 ,! s5se-organs1 su* z sight & he>+1 belong to ! =m]2 all t we see & he> is left z we f\nd x4 ,! organs ( smell & ta/e already m>k ! po9t ( union ) an activity ex]cis$ ext]nally4 ,we only smell t :i* is already assimilat$#bdf by ! organ ( s5se1 & we only ex]cise our ta/e ?r\gh an act ( de/ruction4 ,we h1 x is true1 b "o nose1 b x is subdivid$ into two sections1 ea* ( :i* is uni=m 9 /ructure4 ,! same description is applicable to ! lips & tee? & o!r organs l !m4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ! eyes & e>s1 & ! limbs employ$ 9 motion f place to place1 or = direct control ov] ext]nal objects1 9 o!r words1 legs & arms1 are entirely uni=m 9 position1 =m1 & o!r qualities4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t 9 ! organic _w no less ?an 9 ! inorganic uni=mity ass]ts a v real pr$om9ance1 qualifi$1 h[ev]1 by ! fact t its pres5ce is limit$ to ^? memb]s :i* are ! in/rum5ts ( ! organism 9 its direct relation to ! ext]nal _w4 ,on ^? ?r\gh :i* ! life-process returns on itself by virtue ( its own subjective pr9ciple !re is no su* impression ( uni=mity4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! =ms ( uni=mity & symmetry1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are ass]t$ 9 ! configuration ( natural ph5om5a4 7b7 ,con=mity to ,rule ,we n[ propose to di/+ui% ! m g5]ic conception ( con=mity to law#bdg1 s f> z x appe>s on a high] plane ( organic evolution ?an t already adv]t$ to1 & m>ks ! passage ( ! same to ! fre$om ( natural no less ?an spiritual life1 f ! m ab/ract =ms discuss$ above4 ,tak5 by itself1 no d\bt1 con=mity to rule is n alone suffici5t to give u ! subjective unity & fre$om ( totality2 b we d f9d 9 ! configuration to :i* x corresponds a totality ( ess5tially di/+ui%$ *>act]i/ics1 su* z d n m]ely em]ge 9 diff]5ce & opposition1 b betray bo? unity & det]m9ate connection 9 su* totality4 ,a unity ?us controll$1 albeit /ill only positively ass]t$ 9 quantitative sub/ance1 is no long] ref]able to ess5tially ext]ior di/9ctions ( m]e size num]ically asc]ta9able1 b already introduces to our notice a qualitative relation ( consi/5cy betwe5 ^! contra/$ det]m9ations4 ,9 o!r words we h "h nei!r ! ab/ract repetition ( "o & ! same det]m9ant#bdh1 nor a uni=m int]*ange ( simil>ity & dissimil>ity#bdi1 b ! contemporane\s association ( aspects ess5tially di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 our s5se ( sight gratifi$ by ! association ( ^! di/+ui%+ features 9 _! complet5ess4 ,& x is ! pr9ciple ( reason :i* af=ds u su* satisfaction1 gratify+ our s5se only ?r\gh ! totality1 or r ?r\gh ! v totality ( diff]5ces ! nature ( ! fact requires4 ,su* a connection1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s an unexpla9$ nexus1 :i* s5se-p]ception arrives at p>tly on acc\nt ( its p]si/5t repetition1 & 9 "p ?r\gh an intuition ( deep] s\rce4 ,a few examples w make cle> ! process ( def9ition f uni=mity to con=mity ) law4 ,p>allel l9es ( equal l5g? are ab/ractly uni=m4 ,a fur!r /ep is tak5 :5 we comp>e geometrical figures ( ! same =m1 triangles1 = example1 b assume _! size to be unequal4 ,"h ! angles subt5d$ by ! corn]s ( ea* & ! relation ( l9e to l9e is ! same1 b we f9d su* simil>ity 9 diff]5t quanta4 ,take aga9 ! circle1 x does n possess ! uni=mity ( ! /raight l9e1 b at ! same "t ! det]m9ation ( ab/ract equality /rictly applies to x1 = all its radii are ( equal l5g?4 ,! circle is consequ5tly /ill b a curv$ l9e t awakes no p>ticul> int]e/#bej4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is /ill less uni=mity 9 ! ellipse & ! p>abola1 & !y are only und]/ood ?r\gh ! law ( _! =m4 ,9 o!r words ! radii vectores ( ! ellipse are bo? unequal & 9 con=mity ) rule1 & ! same qualification applies to ! great] & less] axis ( _! l9es ( diff]5tiation#bea2 moreov]1 _! foci are n c5tral z is ! case ) ! circle4 ,we f9d 9 ^! examples1 !re=e1 a qualitative relation ( diff]5ce ass]t itself 9 ! law applicable to su* l9es & con/ructive ( _! int]connection4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we divide ! ellipse by means ( its great] & less] axes we obta9 f\r equal sections2 reg>d$ z a :ole1 !re=e1 we /ill f9d ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity p>am\nt 9 ?is figure4 ,( a high] degree ( fre$om 9 its con=mity to law is ! oval4 ,we "k !re is su* a law1 ?\gh ma!maticians h be5 unable to express its =mula4 ,?is figure is n an ellipse1 b ! high] curve diff]s f t bel[ x4 ,/ill we f9d t ev5 9 ?is example ( fre] ecc5tricity 9 ,nature1 if we divide x ?r\gh its great] axis1 we h /ill two equal halves4 ,! f9al expression ( m]e uni=mity 9 con=mity to law is %[n 9 l9es1 :i*1 z 9 ! example ( ! oval1 :5 divid$ ?r\gh ! small]#beb axis1 give u unequal sections1 nei!r section be+ a m]e repetition ( ! o!r4 ,! s-call$ undulatory l9e is an example ( ?is1 9 ! s5se ,hog>? describes x z ! l9e ( beauty4 ,?us ! incl9ation ( ! arms z !y fall on ei!r side ( ! human body is oppos$4 ,"h we h con=mity to rule )\t uni=mity pure & simple4 ,su* a k9d ( con=mity especially *>act]ises ) its v>iety ! con=mation ( ! nobl] liv+ organisms4 ,con=mity to law is1 !n1 an attribute ( sub/antiality1 b9d+ toge!r bo? its diff]5ces & its unity2 b x rema9s /ill ab/ract on ! side ( its controll+ =m1 unable to supply individuality ) ! fre$om ( motion1 or r by virtue ( t =m is entirely )\t ! high] fre$om ( subjectivity1 & q incapable ( reveal+ ! vitality & ideality prop] to x4 7c7 ,h>mony ,on a high] plane 9 ! sph]e ( ab/ract beauty mu/ be plac$ h>mony4 ,9 h>mony we f9d qualitative di/9ctions are held toge!r1 & fur!r held toge!r 9 a totality ( diff]5tiation1 su* z is bas$ on ! ess5tial nature ( ! fact itself4 ,?is consi/5cy ( support is d]iv$ f con=mity to law1 9 s f> z t =m unfolds :at is ess5tially uni=mity1 & !reby passes beyond ! m]e *>act]i/ics ( equality & repetition4 ,b 9 do+ ?is ! di/9ctions ( quality ass]t !mselves n only 9 _! diff]5ce ( opposition & contradiction1 b 9 aspects ( a unity t rivets !m toge!r1 a unity 9 :i* all di/+ui%+ features1 x is true1 are ma9ta9$ 9 _! prop] place1 b /ill only z belong+ to "o s+le :ole4 ,?is unity ( accordance is :at con/itutes h>mony4 ,we may ei!r reg>d x z a totality ( aspects ess5tially di/9ct1 or z ! resolution ( ! elem5t ( m]e contradiction ass]t$ by !m1 reveal+ _! m vital int]connection & ideal solid>ity4 ,9 ?is s5se we ref] to ! h>mony ( =m1 or col\r1 or musical tone4 ,z an example1 we h blue1 yell[1 gre51 & r$ z ! fundam5tally necess>y diff]5tiation ( col\r#bec4 ,9 ^! irresolvable data ( ! spectrum we h n m]ely ! inequality we f\nd 9 symmetry1 b contradictory opposites1 su* z yell[ & blue1 _! neutralization & )al concrete id5tity4 ,! beauty ( _! h>mony is reveal$ 9 ! avoidance ( _! crude opposition1 :i* is s(t5$ !reby 9 su* a way z to put be=e u ! concordance hidd5 b5ea? _! diff]5ce4 ,!y d1 9 fact1 emanate f "o s\rce1 namely col\r1 :i* is n an ab/ract conception#bed1 b an ess5tial totality4 ,s f>1 inde$1 c ! compulsive =ce ( su* totality c>ry u1 t we c1 z ,goe! has po9t$ out1 :5 we h b "o col\r pres5t$ to u1 /ill subjectively recognize ano!r at ! same "t4 ,9 ! same way ! tonic1 m$iant1 & dom9ant are ess5tial di/9ctions among musical tones1 :i* ! unity ( h>mony associates ?r\gh _! diff]5ce 9 "o :ole4 ,we may submit ! h>mony ( =m1 :i* is diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh ! v>i$ aspects ( position1 repose1 & motion to a simil> analysis4 ,if we suff] any "o ( ! subord9ate di/9ctions to assume an exclusive pr$om9ance ! unity :i* relates !m w be de/roy$4 ,h>mony1 h[ev]1 is n to be confus$ ) free ideal subjectivity & s\l-life4 ,9 ! latt] ! unity manife/$ is n m]ely an int]connection & concordance1 b a positive negation ( diff]5ce1 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 reveals _! concrete & ideal unity4 ,a concrete unity su* z ?is is n ! result ( h>mony4 ,su* concrete unity is1 = example1 t :i* we f9d 9 ! actually melodi\s ?+#bee1 :i* no d\bt possesses h>mony z its fundam5tal =m1 b at ! same "t possesses ! high] *>act]i/ic ( free subjectivity1 & by means ( song gives expression to t4 ,h>mony alone has no?+ to d ) ! appe>ance ( subjective life1 z su*1 nor ( t ( m9d1 al?\gh x is ! highe/ manife/ation ( ab/ract =m1 & /&s 9 close aff9ity to free subjectivity4 ,su*1 !n1 is our det]m9ation ( ab/ract unity z we f9d x br\ght be=e u 9 ! specific modes ( ab/ract =m4 #b4 ,,beauty ,,z ,,ab/ract ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,m$ium ,! side ( ab/ract unity :i* we h n[ to consid] is n t directly relat$ to =m1 b to ! s5su\s mat]ial simply 9 :i* x is ass]t$4 ,! unity is manife/$ on ?is side z ! entirely undiff]5tiat$ concordance ( ! p>ticul> s5su\s mat]ial4 ,x is ! "o =m ( unity1 :i* ! mat]ial ( s5se1 9 its purely objective aspect1 is capable ( receiv+4 ,on ?is plane & "u ! above not$ relation#bef ! ab/ract purity ( ! mat]ia 9 its =m1 col\r1 or tone con/itutes :at is mo/ ess5tial to x4 ,entirely /raight drawn l9es1 :i* run )\t a %ad[ ( diff]5ce 9 _! /raightness or /r5g?1 b>e sup]ficies & simil> examples please u by virtue ( _! p]si/5t regul>ity & _! uni=m homog5e\sness4 ,! purity ( ! heav5s1 ! transluc5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 a mirror-l lake ! smoo?ness ( ! ocean's face1 all give pleasure by virtue ( ?is unity4 ,we f9d ! same tru? br\ght home to u by purity ( tone4 ,! voice :5 purely produc$1 ?\gh tak5 q by itself1 possesses an attraction = u inexpressibly delightful2 vocal notes :i* are n ?us pure on ! contr>y1 by p]mitt+ u to he> ! organ ( production along ) !m1 di/urb or weak5 ! pure resonance & def9ition ( _! music4 ,9 mu* ! same way human spee* possesses pure tones 9 its v[els1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 & its comp\nd v[els1 ae1 1 & 4 ,popul> dialects are p>ticul>ly *>act]iz$ by impurity ( vocalization & m$iate tones su* z oa4 ,purity ( tones consi/s fur!r 9 ?is t ! v[els are associat$ ) consonants1 ^: s\nd does n t5d to blurr ! sonority ( ! v[el tones1 z is too frequ5tly ! case ) our nor!rn languages1 :5 contra/$ ) ! way 9 :i* _! purity is pres]v$ by ! ,italian1 a *>act]i/ic :i* makes t language s adaptable to s++4 ,we exp]i5ce an enjoym5t ( simil> nature ?r\gh ! sight ( col\r 9 its simple/ purity ( t9t1 an absolutely pure r$ or blue = example1 n by any means a common occurr5ce1 su* pri/9e col\rs be+ (t5 weak5$ ?r\gh ! addition to !m ( yell[ or t9ts ( ea* o!r#beg4 ,violet c no d\bt appe> to u z a pure col\r1 b only 9 an ext]nal object1 n1 t is to say1 z a comp\nd$ col\r#beh1 = x is n itself an elem5t>y col\r belong+ to col\r's ess5tial diff]5tiation4 ,x is ^! elem5t>y or c>d9al col\rs1 easily recogniz$ by s5se 9 _! purity1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! crude opposition1 are mo/ difficult to unite toge!r 9 h>mony4 ,col\rs1 on ! contr>y1 :i* are blurr$ 9 _! transp>5cy by _m o!r t9ts1 al?\gh n s antagoni/ic to g5]al h>mony1 fail to give u su* direct enjoym5t f ! v fact t ! en]gy ( opposition 9 !m is weak5$4 ,gre51 = in/ance1 is a comp\nd ( blue & yell[1 b x is ! neutralization ( ^! c>d9al col\rs1 & = t reason less attractive to u 9 its own purity ?an blue & yell[ 9 _! secure#bei opposition4 ,su* are ! po9ts ( mo/ importance we h to rem>k ^u 9 deal+ ) ! ab/ract unity ( =m no less ?an ! simplicity & purity ( ! s5su\s mat]ial4 ,9 :i*ev] aspect we reg>d our subject-matt] we h to review t :i* is by virtue ( its ab/ract "* de/itute ( life1 & a unity ) no true actuality4 ,ideal subjectivity is insep>able f ?is1 & su* is entirely abs5t f ! beauty ( ,nature ev5 at ! highe/ pot5cy ( its manife/ation4 ,?is ess5tial defect po9ts u imp]atively =w>d to ! ,ideal1 :i* ,nature is unable to reveal to u1 & 9 contra/ ) :i* ! beauty ( ,nature appe>s z a subord9ate mode4 ,c4 ,,defective ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,nature ,! true object ( our inquiry is ! beauty ( art view$ z ! only reality adequate to ! ,idea ( beauty4 ,we h hi!rto treat$ ! beauty ( ,nature z ! fir/ mode ( ! exi/5ce ( ! beautiful4 ,we h n[ to inquire m closely into t :i* di/+ui%es natural beauty f t ( art4 ,z an ab/ract proposition we may affirm t ! ,ideal is beauty 9 its r\nd$ complet5ess4 ,nature1 on ! contr>y1 br+s be=e u beauty 9 its incomplet5ess4 ,su* ab/ract pr$icates d n1 h[ev]1 help u mu*1 = our real problem is r to expla9 exactly :at x is :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! complet5ess ( ! "o f ! incomplet5ess ( ! o!r4 ,our inquiry !re=e h+es on ! "q h[ x comes ab\t t ,nature is necess>ily incomplete z a mode ( beauty & h[ ?is incomplet5ess is ass]t$4 ,:5 we h answ]$ t we %all be 9 a bett] position to d$uce bo? ! necessity & ess5tial significance ( ! ,ideal4 ,we h already 9 foll[+ ! process ( ,nature up to its culm9at+ manife/ation 9 animal life drawn att5tion to ! modes ( beauty reveal$ 9 t process4 ,x is n[ ( ! fir/ importance t we fix our att5tion m def9itely on ! culm9at+ phase ( t evolution :]e we f9d subjectivity & individuality pres5t$ to u 9 ! liv+ organism4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! beautiful z ! ,idea 9 a mann] id5tical to t we employ :5 we speak ( ! good & true z ! ,idea1 9 ! s5se1 t is to say1 :]e we *>act]ize ! ,idea z ! :olly sub/antial & univ]sal1 ! absolute sub/ance--) no s5su\s mat]ial !re)--( reality1 9 %ort1 ! consi/5cy ( ! _w4 ,det]m9$ m /rictly1 h[ev]1 z already po9t$ out1 ! ,idea is n m]ely sub/antiality & univ]sality1 b ! unity ( ! notion & its reality1 j t1 ! notion reveal$ to u z notion 9 its co9cid5t objectivity4 ,x 0 ,plato :o1 z we h rem>k$ 9 our introduction1 posit$ ! ,idea z t :i* 0 alone true & univ]sal1 &1 inde$1 z ! "o concrete ,univ]sal4 ,! ,platonic ,idea is1 h[ev]1 n itself z yet ! concrete real1 = appreh5d$ "u ! notion & its univ]sality x is already co9cid5t ) ! real4 ,appreh5d$1 h[ev]1 only 9 its univ]sality#bfj1 x is n realiz$1 realiz$1 t is to say1 z ,tru? 9 its self-det]m9ate realization4 ,x is /ill only ! pot5cy ( su* self-realization4 ,b j z ! notion is n ! notion ( real exi/5ce )\t its full objectivity1 9 ! same way ! ,idea )\t its realization 9 ! objective _w is n ! ,idea 9 its ,tru? z exi/5t reality4 ,! ,idea mu/ proce$ to su* realization1 :i* is only pres5t itself = ! fir/ "t 9 a really exi/5t subjectivity adequate to ! notion1 & its ideal unity & self-det]m9ation4 ,9 ! g5]ic species we f9d its reality fir/ manife/$ z free & concrete individuality4 ,life only exi/s z a liv+ ?+2 goodness is only realiz$ 9 p>ticul> m52 & all tru? is simply ! consci\sness ( k--,_s :i* has come to its own vital inh]itance4 ,only ! concrete s+ul>ity is bo? true & really exi/5t1 m]e ab/ract univ]sality & p>ticul>ity is n s4 ,?is self-subsi/5t actuality1 ?is subjectivity is ! po9t on :i* ev]y?+ turns1 & :i* we mu/ fully grasp 9 its significance4 ,subjectivity may be def9$ z ideal det]m9ation by virtue ( a pr9ciple ( ideal unity :i* ass]ts itself ?r\gh negation ( ! diff]5ces pres5t$ to x z consi/5t p>ts ( "o objective reality#bfa4 ,! unity ( ! ,idea & its realization is ! negative unity ( ! ,idea z su* & its reality2 x is at once & at ! same "t ! subsumption & deposition 9 a unifi$ cont5t ( ! diff]5ce ass]t$ on ei!r side4 ,only 9 ?is active process is ! unity ( ! ,idea affirmatively det]m9$ 9 its full activity1 a unity & subjectivity ^: process ( self-det]m9ation is inf9ite4 ,we h consequ5tly to appreh5d ! ,idea ( ! beautiful 9 its realiz$ mode ( exi/5ce z ess5tially concrete subjectivity &1 moreov]1 z individual sub/antiality1 by virtue ( :i* x is ! ,idea really exi/5t1 possess+ ! =m ( its reality 9 concrete & individual s+ul>ity4 ,b "h we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 two di/9ct modes ( s+ul>ity or individuality1 namely1 t :i* is imm$iately pres5t$ u by ,nature & t :i* is pr$icat$ ( m9d 7_s74 ,9 bo? =ms x is giv5 det]m9ate exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly is 9 bo? sub/antive cont5t1 ! ,idea 9 %ort1 & 9 ! p>ticul> sph]e ( our inquiry = bo? =ms ! ,idea z beauty4 ,view$ 9 ?is way we may affirm if we please t ! beautiful ( ,nature has a simil> cont5t ) t ( ! ,ideal4 ,9 contradi/9ction1 h[ev]1 to su* a po9t ( view we mu/ n fail to obs]ve t ! diff]5ce ( =m1 9 :i* ! ,idea h]e9 atta9s reality1 t is to say ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! individuality :i* prevails 9 ! sph]es ( ,nature & ,_s1 ! diff]5ce ass]t$ 9 its respective appe>ance1 ?is x is :i* con/itutes an ess5tial di/9ction4 ,z we %all see1 ! real po9t ( our inquiry is ?is1 namely1 :i* ( ^! two =ms is really ! "o mo/ adequate to ! ,idea1 = x is obvi\s t x is only 9 ! entirely adequate =m t ! totality ( ! ,idea is 9 its full cont5t explicitly realiz$4 ,?is is ! m imm$iate po9t we h n[ to exam9e 9 s f> z ! diff]5ce betwe5 natural beauty & ! ,ideal falls into l9e ) ! =mal diff]5tiation ( s+ul>ity4 ,imm$iate s+ul>ity is no d\bt prim>ily f\nd 9 ! doma9 ( ,_s no less ?an 9 ,nature z su*4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,_s is possess$ ( an ext]nal exi/5ce 9 bodily =m2 secondly1 ev5 9 spiritual relations1 ,_s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only exi/s 9 its union ) imm$iate reality4 ,subdivid+ our inquiry 9 con=mity ) su* facts1 we w consid] ! nature ( imm$iate s+ul>ity f ?ree diff]5t po9ts ( view4 #a4 7a7 ,we h already se5 t ! animal organism pres]ves its det]m9ate exi/5ce ?r\gh a p]si/5t evolution>y process ( its own 9 opposition to an environ+ inorganic ,nature1 :i* x assimilates by means ( consumption & dige/ion1 compell+ !reby :at is ext]nal to submit to t process1 & ass]t+ its own indep5d5t exi/5ce by s do+4 ,we f\nd at ! same "t t ?is liv+ process is a sy/em ( activities1 :i* is realiz$ 9 a sy/em ( organs1 ^: functional action consi/s 9 ^? v activities4 ,! "o & s+le aim ( ?is homog5e\s sy/em is ! self-pres]vation ( ! liv+ totality !re( ?r\gh su* a process4 ,! animal life consi/s1 !re=e1 9 a life ( s5su\s impulses1 ^: g5]al c\rse & satisfaction is realiz$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ organic sy/em4 ,! liv+ organism is = ?is reason articulat$ 9 its p>ts "u a teleological pr9ciple1 & ! pr9ciple or end subs]v$ is self-pres]vation4 ,life is imman5t 9 e memb]2 !y are unit$ to life1 & life is "o ) !m4 ,& ! net result ( ?is animate process is t ! animal is ma9ta9$ z a ?+ consci\s ( itself z an individual subject ( feel+1 life & ! self-enjoym5t its s+ul>ity procures = x4 ,we h only to comp>e animal life ) plant life to see ! diff]5ce impli$ 9 ! abs5ce ( su* a s5se-consci\sness4 ,! plant simply br+s to ! bir? new specim5s ( its species1 )\t ev5 be+ able to conc5trate any s+le "o on t po9t ( negation1 :i* con/itutes self-s+ul>ity4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 add t ev5 9 ! animal organism & its life we nev] h actually be=e our eyes ! true manife/ation ( ?is c5tre ( unity1 b r simply ! manifold ( its memb]s4 ,life is /ill too defici5t on ! side ( fre$om & 9 opposition to ! m]e caprice ( s5se-life to manife/ su* a subjective individuality z is capable ( break+ ?r\gh ! ext]nal envisagem5t ( its organic p>ts4 ,! vital c5tre ( su* activities 9 ! animal organism /ill rema9s veil$ f vision1 & all t we see are ! m]e outl9es ( ! figure1 & ?is = ! mo/ "p conceal$ f our view by fea!rs1 scales1 hair1 fur1 or sp9es4 ,!re c be no "q t cov]+s ( ?is nature1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic ( ! animal _w1 are cov]+s :i* p>take ( ! =m ( ! vegetable _w4 ,& x is precisely at ?is po9t t ! beauty ( animal life decl>es its ess5tial insuffici5cy4 ,t :i* ! organism makes mo/ visible to u is n ! s\l-pr9ciple4 ,t :i* is direct$ outw>d & ?r\gh\t appe>s is n ! life )91 b r =mations accept$ f a l[] plane ( exi/5ce ?an ! ess5tial embodim5t ( life4 ,! animal is only fully alive b5ea? t out] cru/1 & consequ5tly = ?is v reason t its inw>dness#bfb is n :olly made real 9 a =m adequate to reveal x1 we are unable to see ! pr9ciple ( ,life ev]y:]e %9e freely ?r\gh x2 x rema9s only an inw>dness1 & ! %ell is ext]nal only unp]meat$ by ! vital pr9ciple4 7b7 ,! human body1 9 virtue ( its m exalt$ /ation1 pres5ts u ) a /rik+ contra/4 ,9 ?is we are ev]y:]e rem9d$ t man is 9 possession ( a unity ( feel+1 a s\l4 ,! human sk9 is n cov]$ ov] plant-l ) an app>5tly lifeless %ea?2 ! pulsation ( ! blood is visible ?r\gh\t ! entire surface2 ! beat+ he>t ( life is ev]y:]e at ! same "t app>5t2 & we h 9 ?is outw>d manife/ation1 z x 71 ! real f\nt ,( life made visible1 ! turgor vitae z x /reams f its c5tre4 ,9 ! same way ! human sk91 s5sitive ?r\gh\t 9 its m9ute/ p>ts1 reveals to u ! morbidezza ( its col\r+1 ^? t9ts ( fle%-col\r & ve9-col\r :i* are ! despair ( an arti/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] mu* ! human body pres5ts1 z ! app>5t mirror ( ,life1 a contra/ ) t ( animals1 x und\bt$ly expresses also ! natural process ( self-pres]vation 9 ! subdivision ( ! sk91 & ! ind5tations1 wr9kles1 pores1 small hairs & ve9s :i* we f9d atta* !reto4 ,9 fact ! sk9 itself1 ?\gh p]mitt+ ! inn] life to %9e ?r\gh x1 is none ! less an ext]nal protection ( t life1 a means obvi\sly int5d$ = su* self-pres]vation4 ,! supreme significance1 h[ev]1 ( ! contra/ "h pres5t$ is traceable 9 ?is extraord9>y s5sitiv5ess ( ! human cuticle1 :i*1 al?\gh n absolutely ! seat ( feel+ itself1 alone r5d]s su* feel+ possible4 ,b at ! same "t ev5 9 ?is direction we are made consci\s ( ! defect1 t ?is s5sitiv5ess does n p5etrate z a vital impulse ( conc5trat$ emphasis equally ?r\gh all ! memb]s4 ,we f9d 9 ! human body itself c]ta9 organs ^: =m is entirely appropriate to m]e animal functions1 :ile o!rs give a m adequate expression to ! entire s\l-life1 its feel+s & passions4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is way x is obvi\s t ev5 9 ! human body ! inn] life ( s\l has n f\nd its complete reflection 9 all p>ts ( its ext]nal realization4 7c7 ,! same defect is app>5t on ! high] plane ( ! spiritual _w & its organizations1 if we consid] su* "u ! aspect ( life z imm$iately pres5t$4 ,! m ext5sive & ! ri*] _! configurations are1 ! m we %all f9d t ! fundam5tal object ( ! inn] life ( su* totalities requires o!r means co-op]ative ) su* ext]nality = its adequate expression4 ,su* organizations no d\bt appe> 9 imm$iate reality z organic :oles 9 :i* def9ite purpose is realiz$1 & ! realization ( su* purpose is manife/$ by ! m$iation ( volunt>y ef=t4 ,e c5tre ( su* a spiritual organism1 su* z ! ,/ate or ! family1 t is to say ea* individual organic totality1 is 9 possession ( a w capable ( su* ex]cise1 & appe>s 9 unity ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! same organism2 b ! "o inn] s\l ( ?is nexus1 ! fre$om & reason ( ! aim ( all is n visible 9 ext]nal reality z su* 9 ! absolute fre$om ( its subjective & univ]sal pr9ciple ( life1 nor is x ?us manife/$ 9 e "p4 ,! same ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 p>ticul> actions & ev5ts1 :]e we f9d a simil> organic totality pres5t4 ,! inn] motive f :i* !y proce$ is n :olly made visible ^u ! ext]nal surface ( _! actual pres5ce4 ,:at we d f9d is a total pres5tm5t ( fact1 ^: mo/ fundam5tal gr\nd ( unity & vitality /ill rema9s hidd5 f sight4 ,f9ally1 :5 we consid] f ! same po9t ( view any s+le individual we are confront$ ) ! same tru?4 ,e human p]son is a self-r\nd$ totality1 held toge!r by ! c5tral unity ( life4 ,9 ! imm$iate envisagem5t ( reality1 t is 9 8 life1 action1 avoidance ( action1 desires & impulses1 he only appe>s 9 a fragm5t>y way2 none ! less x is only f a g5]al survey ( all 8 actions or suff]+s t we are able to =m an e/imate ( "*4 ,! c5tre ( unity :i* ?us conc5trates to a po9t ! entire subject-matt] ( our ext5d$ survey is n z su* ei!r visible or directly appreh5d$4 #b4 ,! second po9t ( importance to :i* we w\ld draw att5tion is ?is4 ,) ! imm$iate appe>ance ( individuality ! ,idea1 z we h already indicat$1 receives det]m9ate exi/5ce4 ,?r\gh ?is v imm$iacy h[ev] x becomes int]wov5 ) ! complexity ( ! ext]nal _w1 is condition$ by ! limitations ( ext]nal circum/ance & ! relative "* ( means & ends :i* are f\nd !re1 9 "o ^w is c>ri$ into ! f9itude ( ext]nal ,nature4 ,= ?\gh imm$iate s+ul>ity is 9 ! fir/ place a fully r\nd$ (f unity1 x is = ! same reason only self-exclusive z a c5tre ( negation oppos$ to o!rs1 & is1 by virtue ( its imm$iate s+ul>ity1 influ5c$ by1 no less ?an relat$ to1 a totality ( real exi/5ce o!r ?an its own1 ^u :i* x is dep5d5t 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,! ,idea1 9 %ort1 is 9 ?is v imm$iacy realiz$ 9 e direction z individual di/9ction4 ,x is consequ5tly n[ m]ely a reflex ( ! inh]5t en]gy ( ! notion :i* b9ds all individual exi/5ce1 t ( ,nature no less ?an m9d 9 reciprocal correlation#bfc4 ,su* a relation to ! exi/5ces !mselves is a purely ext]nal "o1 & appe>s also to !m z a s+le ext]nal necessity unit+ ea* "p ( ! manifold 9 "o %ift+ complexus ( int]relat$ reciprocity4 ,! imm$iacy ( det]m9ate exi/5ce is !re=e1 z ?us reg>d$1 a sy/em ( necess>y relations betwe5 app>5tly self-subsi/5t individual ?+s & =ces1 9 :i* ea* s+ul> entity is committ$ z a means to ! s]vice ( ends =eign to x1 or itself is compell$ to utilize t :i* is ext]nal to itself z su* a means4 ,& inasmu* z ! ,idea is "u ?is aspect :olly realiz$ on ! gr\nd ( ext]nality1 !re appe>s at ! same "t ! unre/ra9$ play ( e caprice & accid5t1 no less ?an ! uncontroll$ dis*>ge ( ! burd5 ( indig5ce4 ,s+ul>ity z imm$iate appe>ance lives & moves 9 ! realm ( unfre$om4 7a7 ,! individual animal is1 = example1 fett]$ :olly )9 ! b\nds ( its natural environm5t ( air1 wat] & l&4 ,its entire way ( liv+1 ! mode ( its self-n\ri%m5t1 ev]y?+ t conc]ns x1 is !reby det]m9$4 ,x is ?is :i* diff]5tiates ) su* v>iety ! species ( animal life4 ,we f9d1 moreov]1 int]m$iate /ra9s1 su* z swimm+ birds & suckl+ animals1 :i* live 9 ! wat]1 amphibi\s species & o!rs :i* /ill fur!r m$iate betwe5 ! m obvi\sly g5]ic4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 m]e confusions ( race1 & indicate no high] m$iation ( consid]able range4 ,?r\gh\t we f9d ! animal subject 9 its self-pres]vation to ! absolute necessities ( ext]nal nature1 cold1 dr\ght1 or insuffici5t supply ( ! means ( n\ri%m5t4 ,"u ?is despotic dom9ion x is liable ?r\gh ! p>simony ( circum/ance to lose ! fulness ( ext]nal =m1 ! blossom ( its beauty1 9 %ort to become z x 7 ! reflex ( />v+ ,nature h]self4 ,ext]nal conditions fix imp]atively ! measure ( beauty x ei!r pres]ves or =feits4 7b7 ,! human organism1 9 its p>ticul> bodily exi/5ce is subject1 if n 9 ! same measure1 to ext]nal =ces ( ,nature1 & is compell$ to face ! same cont+5cies1 defici5t livelihoods1 & e k9d ( h>ass+ disease & mis]y4 7c7 ,if we c>ry inve/igation fur!r to t /ill high] plane ( imm$iate reality :]e spiritual int]e/s are pr$om9ant we %all f9d ?is dep5d5ce on ext]nal condition = ! fir/ "t emphasiz$ 9 its full relativity4 ,"h we are face to face ) ! prose ( human exi/5ce 9 its entire l5g? & bread?4 ,! contra/ already notic$ betwe5 ends subs]vi5t to purely physical wants1 & ^? pr(\nd] aims ( spiritual life1 & ! conflict :i* t5ds to inflict a loss on "o side or ! o!r1 already op5s our view ( x4 ,add to ?is e individual man1 9 ord] to pres]ve himself z su*1 is compell$ to make himself 9 _m ways subs]vi5t to o!rs1 & ! limit$ aims ( o!rs1 & on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to satisfy 8 own n>r[ int]e/s1 to accept ! s]vice ( o!rs z a m]e means = _! fulfilm5t4 ,! individual1 !n1 z he appe>s 9 ! prose-life ( ev]yday exi/5ce1 is n !re=e active out ( 8 own p>ticul> totality1 nor is he intelligible s mu* 9 virtue ( himself z 9 virtue ( t :i* he is n#bfd4 ,= individual man /&s 9 a relation ( dep5d5ce to ! influ5ces1 laws1 organizations & o!r social relations ( civic life :i* he f9ds already exi/+ ar\nd him1 & to :i* he mu/ submit :e!r he =feit 8 own indep5d5t s\l-life !reby or n4 ,& m ?an ?is1 ea* sep>ate individual is n pres5t$ to o!rs z su* totality1 b is only reflect$ 9 :atev] isolat$ int]e/ !y may happ5 at ! "t to possess 9 8 actions1 desires1 & op9ions4 ,& :at int]e/s mank9d ma9ly is "s relation to _! own p>ticul> ?\ghts & aims4 ,ev5 hi/orically important actions & ev5ts1 ) :i* ! community is expressly associat$1 appe> 9 ?is field ( relative appe>ances m]ely z a manifold ( isolat$ ef=ts4 ,x is a v>i$ collection to :i* ea* contributes z he may1 ) aims by no means id5tical1 "s ( :i* meet ) success :ile o!rs misc>ry1 & inde$1 be !y ev] s =tunate1 are significant 9 a v subord9ate degree if we consid] !m z contributions to ! wellbe+ ( all4 ,:at ! majority may c>ry ?r\gh1 9 contra/ ) ! entire aggregate ( ev5ts & ! end applicable to all#bfe1 to :i* x furni%es its quota1 is aft] all a m]e pat*2 nay1 ev5 m5 ( em95t /&+1 :o feel & are fully consci\s ( ! univ]sal passage ( ev5ts#bff1 z _! own _w1 are = all t cle>ly imme%$ 9 ! same net ( p>ticul> circum/ances1 conditions1 & a ?\s& o!r h9drances involv$ 9 _! relative position4 ,on all ^! gr\nds x is pla9 t 9 ?is sph]e ( ext]ior life ! individual _w is unable to (f] u ! vision ( t indep5d5t & complete fre$om ( ! liv+ pr9ciple1 su* z is ess5tial to ! true notion ( beauty4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ! imm$iate appe>ance ( human reality & its ev5ts & organizations is n )\t sy/em1 & z su* is a totality ( activities2 b ?is :ole is r 9 its appe>ance a m]e mass ( isolat$ fragm5ts4 ,moreov] ! practical conc]ns ( su* activities are divid$ & subdivid$ into c\ntless p>ts1 & 9 su* a way t ea* s+le "p is 9 t\* ) ! m]e/ fraction ( all2 &1 9 %ort1 h[ev] mu* individuals may rema9 /eadfa/ to _! own purposes1 & only br+ =? to ! light t :i* _! own int]e/ has employ$ z a means1 ! self-subsi/5ce & fre$om ( _! w rema9s m or less ( a =mal "*1 det]m9$ by ext]nal circum/ance or accid5t1 & con/antly ?w>t$ by natural causes#bfg4 ,?is is ! prose ( ! _w1 z pres5t$ to our own consci\sness no less ?an to t ( o!rs2 a _w ( f9itude & *ange1 a _w imme%$ 9 relation & subm]g$ b5ea? ! pressure ( necessity1 a _w f :i* no individual c extricate himself4 ,! c5tral p>adox ( life confronts e unit ( ! liv+ :ole4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! impulse ( individuality to p]fect its isolat$ unity 9 self-exclusion2 on ! o!r !re is ! necess>y condition ( dep5d5ce on o!rs f :i* none may claim immunity4 ,h[ev] prolong$ ! /ruggle to ov]come ?is contradiction may be ! ef=t ( t int]m9able battle only t]m9ates ) life itself4 #c4 ,?irdly1 ! imm$iate s+ul>ity ( ! worlds ( ,nature & ,m9d is n m]ely condition$ by dep5d5ce on o!rs1 b is defici5t 9 any complete self-subsi/5cy ow+ to its conf9$ nature1 or ) m accuracy1 because x is p>ticul>iz$ 9 its own specific mode ( manife/ation4 7a7 ,we w expla9 our mean+ fur!r4 ,e s+le specim5 ( life 9 ! animal _w is f ! fir/ fett]$ by a def9ite1 t is to say1 a re/rict$ & con/ant species1 beyond ! limits ( :i* x _c pass4 ,!re is 9 ! spiritual _w1 no d\bt1 a g5]al picture ( life & its organization1 :i* floats vaguely be=e our vision2 b 9 ! real _w1 :i* is "o ) ,nature1 ?is univ]sal organism breaks up into a multitude ( p>ticul>s1 ea* ( :i* possesses ! det]m9ate type ( =m & grade ( cultivation 9 :i* x is relat$ to a def9ite portion ( ! social organism4 ,9 addition to ?is & )9 ^! insup]able limits1 we f9d ! pressure ( t elem5t ( cont+5cy1 z reg>ds g5]al condition or ext]nal environm5t1 pr$om9antly ass]t$ bo? uniquely & 9 haphaz>d fa%ion ?r\gh\t e "o ( ^? individual units4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s di/urbs our vision ( ! self-subsi/5cy & fre$om1 :i* ! idea ( true beauty imp]atively requires4 7b7 ,z already obs]v$1 x is unque/ionably true t ,_s discov]s 9 its own bodily organism ! notion ( life completely realiz$4 ,?is is s mu* ! case t1 9 contra/ ) x1 ! =ms ( ! animal _w appe> n only z incomplete1 b 9 inf]ior species z ev5 pitiable objects4 ,! human organism is also1 h[ev]1 brok5 up1 if to a less1 degree1 9 racial subdivisions & ! asc5d+ grades ( beauty :i* di/+ui% su* races4 ,moreov]1 9 addition to ?is obvi\sly v g5]al l9e ( dem>cation1 we h pres5t$ to u all ! accid5tal v>iety ( qualities1 peculi> to di/9ct families & _! int]fusion ) "o ano!r1 su* z modes ( life1 facial expression1 & g5]al demean\r4 ,we mu/ fur!r associate ) su* *>act]i/ic traits1 :i* all ( !m emphasize a condition ( ess5tially unfree p>ticul>ity1 ^? peculi>ities :i* are insep>able f activity employ$ 9 ! endless r\nd ( comm]cial life or pr(essional c>e]2 qualities :i* f9d _! ultimate expression 9 ! specific habits or idiosyncracies ( any exceptionally m>k$ "* or temp]am5t1 or1 z ! rev]se side ( ! picture1 9 ! v>i\s confusions ( arre/$ developm5t4 ,pov]ty1 c>e1 ang]1 coldness1 & indiff]5ce1 ! rage ( passion1 ! ob/9ate ret5tion ( n>r[ purposes1 indications ( *ange & division 9 ! spiritual _w1 entire dep5d5ce on t ( ,nature--9 "o ^w all t is impli$ 9 ! transitory condition ( human life--leaves its indelible1 if q incalculable1 expression on ! v>i$ surface ( ! faces ( mank9d4 ,:o has n cross$ wea!r-beat5 types ( su*1 on :i* ! /orm ( all ! passions has impr9t$ its di/urb+ wave2 or o!rs1 :]e ! coldness & sup]ficiality ( ! s\l )9 is all ! impression we receive2 or1 la/ly1 z ! f9al v]dict ( self-absorb$ p>ticul>ity#bfh1 cases 9 :i* ! g5]al type seems almo/ totally to h disappe>$4 ,!re is no end to ! caprice ( ! human features4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we w\ld associate ) ?is gr\nd ! fact t ! beauty ( *ildr5 mo/ arre/s u4 ,9 _! faces we f9d all pron\nc$ idiosyncracies slumb] z x 7 b5ea? a quiet veil2 no dom9at+ passion z yet ravages _! s\l2 n "o ( ! ?\s& int]e/s ( ! gr[n man has engrav$ = ev] ! expression ( its necessity on ^! mobile features4 ,?is envisag$ innoc5ce ( ! *ild1 h[ev]1 ?\gh we may discov] 9 its flexible animation ! possibility ( ,life's complet$ fulness1 obvi\sly fails to reveal ^? pr(\nd] indications ( a _s :i* has be5 c>ri$ =w>d to explore ! range ( its own recesses & to make its life "o ) rational purpose4 ,we may reg>d1 !n1 imm$iate exi/5ce1 bo? 9 ! purely physical & spiritual s5se ( ! t]m1 z a f9itude1 or m ju/ly z a f9itude :i* does n satisfy its notion & = ?is v reason decl>es its f9itude4 ,= ! notion1 & m concretely /ill1 ! ,idea1 is ess5tially indep5d5t & free4 ,purely animal life1 al?\gh z ,life x is ! ,idea1 is no manife/ation ( inf9ity z su* or fre$om4 ,?is is alone possible "u conditions1 :]e we f9d ! notion p5etrate s completely ! reality :i* is adequate to x1 t x f9ds itself entirely at home !re91 ) no extrane\s matt]1 to di/urb its possession4 ,!n alone d we f9d x a really free & concrete individuality4 ,! natural life1 on ! contr>y1 is unable to ov]come ! elem5t ( feel+ to :i* x is atta*$1 & :i* r5d]s x incapable ( p5etrat+ ! entire reality :i* enr+s x4 ,x f9ds itself1 moreov]1 imm$iately condition$ 9 itself1 re/rict$ 9 its range & dep5d5t1 a result :i* is due to ! fact t its fre$om is n truly self-det]m9ate1 b condition$ by ! ext]nal3 object4 ,& ! same ?+ is true ( ! imm$iate & f9ite reality ( ! _s _w 9 its k1 volitional action1 & fateful hi/ory4 ,= al?\gh 9 ?is latt] case we f9d c5tres ( unity express$ :i* h a real significance1 nei!r ^! any m ?an ! p>ticul>ities !y unite h tru? z !y /& by !mselves2 b only t tru? :i*1 9 _! reciprocal relation to ea* o!r1 !y manife/ z con/itu5t p>ts ( a :ole4 ,& ?is :ole1 albeit 9 a s5se adequate to its notion1 does n correspond to x 9 su* a way z to manife/ itself 9 its full totality#bfi1 :i* consequ5tly /ill rema9s alo( f su* envisagem5t1 or r1 is only appreh5d$ 9 ! ideal _w ( ?\ght4 ,9 o!r words1 ! notion f9ds no fully adequate pres5tation 9 ext]nal reality1 su* z is p[]ful en\gh to m>%al homog5e\sly all ! numb]less fragm5ts ( p>ticul>ity1 & to conc5trate !m into "o expression & "o s+le =m4 7c7 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fundam5tal reason :i* prev5ts ,_s itself1 on ! f9ite planes ( det]m9ate exi/5ce1 & "u ! re/rict+ conditions ( its ext]nality & necessity1 f r$iscov]+ ! imm$iate vision & enjoym5t ( its fre$om4 ,x is consequ5tly driv5 by its abs5ce to seek t vision 9 a high] sph]e4 ,t sph]e is art1 & its realization is ! ,ideal4 ,we h ?us se5 t x is ! defects ( imm$iate reality :i* drive u =w>d inevitably to ! idea ( ! beauty ( art4 ,we are fur!r "u an obligation to prove t its fundam5tal object#bgj is to manife/ "h on ?is v plane ( rational reality & 9 its fre$om ! envisagem5t ( life1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ! life ( ,_s4 ,"h1 !n1 we h at la/ ! ext]nal reveal$ to u 9 a =m adequate to ! notion4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 tru? is lift$ up f its environm5t ( temporal conditions1 f its runn+ to & fro among ! :irl ( f9ite p>ticul>ity1 & atta9s repose2 nay1 m ?an ?is1 discov]s an ext]nal =m1 f :i* ! hung] ( ,nature & ! prose ( life no long] />e at u4 ,"h at la/ we h a =m wor?y ( sub/antial tru?1 :i* is :olly self-conta9$ & self-dep5d5t1 det]m9+ ) fre$om its own cont5t1 & n driv5 f su* self-ass]tion by ! weight ( t ( o!rs4 ,footnote #bja3 ,als ,beseelung si* kund gbe4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! second class :i* foll[s r ?an truly animates life4 ,! sun is su* an animat+ pr9ciple4 ,h[ f> mod]n physics ) its inve/igations ( ! laws ( motion t obta9 among ! *emical atoms ( any specific =m ( matt] & its d5ial ( all dead matt] w\ld h modifi$ ,hegel's view is an int]e/+ "q4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,wir woll5 betra*t54 ,hegel seems to be consci\s himself t !re is some?+ fanciful 9 ?is int]pretation ( ! significance ( :at is simply an arbitr>y1 if sy/ematic1 arrangem5t ( bodies accord+ to natural laws4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,e9 besond]es ,mom5t4 ,see note #aia on p4 #aeb4 ,i ?9k :at ,hegel means "h is t e body z a vehicle ( light reflects ! mode 9 :i* ! id5tity ( ! notion z sy/em 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ass]ts itself4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,9 o!r words :at %\ld be phasal elem5ts 7,mom5te7 ( a :ole integrat$ )9 t unity rema9 indep5d5t units4 ,!y are n ,mom5te 9 ! full s5se4 ,footnote #bje3 ,als bloss real unt]s*i$5]4 ,! mean+ is t ! di/9ction is only 9 ! totality1 n z 9 ! =m] case 9 a body :i* ?\gh "p ( a sy/em1 c\ld be view$ z an indep5d5t body l ! sun4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,gewhnli*es ,bewu/seyn1 i4e41 ! ord9>y view ( und]/&+ 7,v]/&7 & s5se-p]ception4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,bloss] ,zusamm5hang4 ,=tuit\s is r too /rong4 ,he means a bond ( union cem5t$ by "o pr9ciple )\t :i* ei!r side fails to possess its specific "*1 e4g41 ! human body ap>t f ! human s\l its animate individuality1 ceases to be human4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,als ,begriff sey5de ,begriff4 ,! ref]5ce ,i take to be to ! logical or dialectical movem5t ( ! ,idea4 ,footnote #bji3 ,viele taus5d empf9d5de1 or c5tres ( feel+4 ,footnote #baj3 ,die real5 ,unt]s*i$e1 i4 e41 ! di/9ctions ( ! body view$ z "p ( ! physical process ( ,nature4 ,footnote #baa3 ,zu ihr] subjektiv5 ,e9heit1 t is to say1 _! unity ) ! notion ( ,life z objectively realiz$ 9 ,nature1 subjective only 9 ! s5se t x is ideal1 n appreh5d$ by s5se-p]ception z su*4 ,footnote #bab3 ,n"h4 ,i ?9k ,hegel uses nhe 9 ! idiomatic s5se 9 :i* he uses x 9 ! phrase 7p4 #aej7 :5 he speaks ( ,nature z das n*/ ,daseyn d] ,idee1 i4e41 mo/ elem5t>y1 m ne> to x :5 ! notion fir/ presses out ( ab/raction into totality4 ,footnote #bac3 ,ltze app>5tly disputes ?is di/9ction1 b x appe>s to me v cle>4 ,footnote #bad3 ,seyn4 ,! logical t]ms are "h employ$ 9 _! te*nical ,hegelian s5se4 ,seyn is be+ z "p ( a process1 x is r a t5d5cy to become ?an a p>ticul> or det]m9ate be+ 7daseyn47 ,footnote #bae3 ,das ,negir51 ! negation ( !m z entirely indep5d5t /ructures4 ,footnote #baf3 ,des ,idealisir5s1 e4g41 ! pr9ciple ( ideality :i* is 9 "o aspect ( x negation4 ,footnote #bag3 ,affirmatives ,frsi*seyn1 e4g41 ! explicit ideal totality ( ,life ap>t f ! process4 ,footnote #bah3 ,bild]94 ,footnote #bai3 ,das ,inn]e1 o!rwise call$ subjective 7see note above7 & mean+ :at is n ext]nally visible z mat]ia1 ?\gh x may be visible indirectly z expla9$ fur!r on4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! r difficult ,g]man "h is3 ,da nun ab] 9 d] ,objektivitt d] ,begriff als ,begriff die si* auf si* bezieh5de 9 ihr] ,realitt fr si* sey5de ,subjektivitt i/4 ,! comma aft] ,begriff is cle>ly a mispr9t4 ,footnote #bba3 ,! words "h are das subjektive ,frsi*seyn1 i4e41 ! self-conclusion ( an explicit :ole 9 virtue ( a pr9ciple ( ideal unity 7i4e41 life7 ass]t$1 ?r\gh\t4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,e9 ,beh>r5des1 "o t p]si/s 9 an in]t =m4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,hegel uses ! ^w s*e95 bo? = ! ideal manife/ation ( ! ,idea 9 ! object & ! appe>ance ( mat]ial reality r$uc$ by x to m]e %[ 7h]abgesetzt zum s*e9571 i4e41 depriv$ ( its indep5d5t reality4 ,?is introduces a slight confusion ,i h endeav\r$ to avoid by us+ diff]5t t]ms4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,uns]es ,v]/&es4 ,we supply ! notion ( intellig5t purpose4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,t is1 ! assum$ subord9ation ( all organs to "o def9ite end4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,si*beweg5s4 ,! emphasis is ( c\rse on ! self4 ,b ev5 !n ! /atem5t is r an excess4 ,= x seems difficult to attribute all ! beauty visible 9 ! spontane\s movem5ts ( s _m liv+ creatures1 notably t ( birds1 to _! purely =mal "*4 ,at lea/ !re is some?+ giv5 by su* motion analog\s to ! impression we receive f music & ! dance2 !y are gesetzmssig 9 %ort4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,zufllig--caprici\s z oppos$ to a uni=m pr9ciple4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o app>5t bond ( ext]nal simil>ity1 betwe5 ! majority ( su* memb]s1 namely1 _! cov]+ ( sk92 ?is n m]ely relates ! *eek to ! neck1 = example1 b to "s ext5t de/roys ! di/9ction4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,physical p>ts1 t is to say4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,t is to say1 x is bas$ on a purely limit$ exp]i5ce :i* does n necess>ily conc]n ! true nature ( ! objects p]ceiv$4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,/ang54 ,! ^w may express ! bran*es on :i* ! fl[]s are c>ri$ or ! /am5s !y c>ry at _! apex4 ,footnote #bca3 ,gei/rei*1 intellig5t1 i4e41 an +5i\s way ( reg>d+ su* facts4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,dies wund]b>e ,wort4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,! use ( ! ^w ,s9n to :i* ,hegel "h alludes is n q id5tical ) our ^w ,s5se4 ,9 ! ,engli% use ( ! t]m !re is m /ress on ! mat]ia pres5t$ to s5se-p]ception & p]haps less ref]5ce to intellect :5 ! ^w is employ$ 9 su* an expression z ,t man has s5se4 ,h[ev]1 ,milton has ,:at surm\nts ! rea* ( human s5se1 & no d\bt bo? are employ$ v simil>ly 9 _m writ]s4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,bleibt bei d] ,ahnung4 ,footnote #bce3 ,naiv] ,weise1 a common epi!t ( ,hegel to d5ote fre$om f all philosophical prepossessions1 a frank & simple attitude ( reception4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,betra*tung appe>s to imply 9 its contra/ ) ,ans*auung ! pres5ce ( t intuitive s5se or imag9ative co-ord9ation above discuss$4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,ge/alt5de ,ma*t1 i4e41 pla/ic =ce4 ,footnote #bch3 ,?is acc\nt ( ! crit]ium to be adopt$ 9 det]m9+ beauty 9 ! animal creation is op5 to "s criticism4 ,mobility is no d\bt "o elem5t ( beauty1 b x is only "o4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet po9ts out 9 8 criticism ( ! passage 7,hi/1 ( ,ae/hetik1 p4 #cch7 t x am\nts to ! ass]tion t ugl9ess is purely relative4 ,! defect is n only due1 x seems to me1 to ,hegel's insuffici5t reg>d = ,nature z a mod]n pa9t] w\ld s reg>d x1 b x may be trac$ also to 8 manife/ pref]5ce = motion 9 all ! manife/ations ( ,nature4 ,footnote #bci3 ,s*nabel?i]1 o!rwise call$ ! duck-bill$ platyptis1 a mammal f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 mu* ! size ( an ott]1 ) ! horny beak ( a duck & paws =m$ = swimm+4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,getrbt1 we h ! ^w trb5 above1 translat$ !re tr\bl$1 life m]ely se5 ?r\gh ! ?ick veil ( in/9ctive s5se4 ,footnote #bda3 ,t is1 ! unity manife/$ is z ab/ract f all concrete totality z ! =m itself4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,?is %[s cle>ly t symmetry is only 9 an analog\s way applicable to musical tones4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,9 o!r words1 uni=mity is outside ! purely qualitative relation1 :]eas symmetry is n s4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,beseelte ,leb5digkeit1 lit41 ! ins\l$ life-pr9ciple4 ,footnote #bde3 ,lit41 ,is cont9ually ?ru/ out into ! ext]nal4 ,its activity z life is direct$ outw>d4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,0 s*on im ,si*v]zehr5 begriff5 i/4 ,i ?9k ! di/9ction impli$ is t 9 smell we are 9 actual contact ) a "p ( ! object4 ,! same ?+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 be true ( sight accord+ to =m] !ory explod$ by ,newton's hypo!sis4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,gesetzmssigkeit4 ,i _c ?9k ( an ,engli% ^w t q reproduces x4 ,i am n sure t ei!r con=mity to rule or law s+ly q expresses x4 ,x implies bo?4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,z 9 uni=mity4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,z 9 symmetry4 ,footnote #bej3 ,t is to say1 ap>t f symbolical mean+1 x possesses no hidd5 law to be discov]$ 9 ! relation ( "p to "p4 ,footnote #bea3 ,! words are die grosse und kle9e ,axe von wes5tli*em ,unt]s*i$e4 ,^! ref] prim>ily1 x appe>s1 to ! axes ( an ellipse1 b ! expression may possibly include ! axes ( a p>abola p>allel to ! sides ( a cone4 ,h[ev] ,i admit frankly ,i f9d ! words von wes5tli*em ,unt]s*i$e difficult to int]pret closely4 ,footnote #beb3 ,9 ! text gross51 obvi\sly a mispr9t4 ,footnote #bec3 ,! incorrectness ( ?is /atem5t accord+ to m rec5t analysis does n1 ( c\rse1 affect ! argum5t4 ,footnote #bed3 ,ni*t e9seitig4 ,i ?9k ! mean+ "h is t col\r is n an ab/ract idea = indep5d5t qualities1 b is ! g5]ic notion ( a really exi/+ totality4 ,footnote #bee3 ,alles melodis*e1 prim>ily1 organic1 ( c\rse4 ,footnote #bef3 ,namely1 t ( ab/ract unity4 ,footnote #beg3 ,hegel expresses ?is r diff]5tly by say+ t !y t5d to pass ov] into p9k 7r?li*e7 or orange 7gelbli*e7 & gre54 ,i h put ! same /atem5t r m directly4 ,footnote #beh3 ,i ?9k ?is is ! mean+ ( ! words ab] nur uss]li*1 d4h41 ni*t bes*mtzt4 ,violet1 h[ev]1 is n[ reg>d$ z a c>d9al col\r4 ,x may also be d\bt$ :e!r ! difficulty ( h>moniz+ pure col\r is z ,hegel /ates x4 ,footnote #bei3 ,?is ( c\rse is a v que/ionable position f ! po9t ( view ( ae/hetic ta/e no less ?an ! con=mity ( our sight to natural objects4 ,! obvi\s retort is1 x all dep5ds :at ! nature ( ! gre5 is4 ,:y is !re su* a prepond]ance ( gre5 9 ,nature z we f9d x8 ,footnote #bfj3 ,t is to say1 "u ! ,platonic view ( univ]sal4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,s ,i h int]pret$ ! words1 ,die ,subjectivitt nun ab] liegt 9 d] ,negativ5 ,e9heit als ,ideellsetz5 d] ,unt]s*i$e und ihres real5 ,be/eh5s4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,das ,insi*seyn1 i4e41 ! incipi5t s+ul>ity ( a feel+ subject4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,i h translat$ ! words bleibt nur die innre ,ma*t m]ely a reflex ( ! inh]5t en]gy1 etc4 ,i d n pret5d !reby to cle> up all ! difficulties ( ?is p>agraph4 ,i w\ld r rem9d ! g5]al read] t 9 ?is entire discussion ( ! pr9ciple ( individuality & its modes ( real exi/5ce we are face to face ) "o ! fundam5tal difficulties ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 ! passage ( ! ,idea to ,nature4 ,read]s :o wi% to see difficulties m fully develop$ on ?is aspect ( ,hegel's ?\ght %\ld read ,pr(essor ,se?'s int]e/+ & on ! :ole mod]ately word$ criticism conta9$ 9 8 little book ,hegelianism & ,p]sonality 7,blackwood & ,sons2 see p>ticul>ly ,lecture ,,iv1 ,?\ght & ,reality74 ,footnote #bfd3 ,aus ,&]em1 e4g41 ! n-self ( exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,des total5 ,zwecks4 ,footnote #bff3 ,i ?9k ! expression das ,ganze d] ,sa*e means ?is r ?an ! entire organic :ole ( liv+ reality4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,x is well = ! g5]al read] to rememb] t we h "h no full acc\nt ( :at con/itutes ! cont5t ( a free w4 ,! emphasis ?r\gh\t is on human activity z ex]cis$ 9 a _w condition$ 9 its ext]nal aspect by necess>y laws ( ,nature4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,! ref]5ce "h mu/ ,i ?9k he ma9ly1 p]haps :olly1 to ! di/ort$ face ( ! crim9al1 outca/1 or insane classes4 ,b x is j possible t a c]ta9 type ( aggressive g5ius may also be d5ot$4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,! totality ( ! notion4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,b]uf1 i4e41 t :i* x pr(esses to d4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,art1 ,,or ,,! ,,ideal ,9 our consid]ation ( ! beauty ( art we w conf9e our att5tion to ?ree fundam5tal po9ts ( view3 ,fir/1 ! ,ideal 9 its ess5tial import4 ,secondly1 ! det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal 9 a p>ticul> "w ( art4 ,?irdly1 ! creative subjectivity ( ! arti/4 ,a4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,simply1 ,,or ,,z ,,su* #a4 ,! mo/ g5]al conclusion :i* may be ga!r$ f ! exam9ation we h already made 9 a m]ely =mal way ( ! ,ideal ( art may be ?us summ>iz$4 ,tru?1 9 its unravelm5t z ext]nal reality1 is only fully 9 possession ( a true & det]m9ate exi/5ce1 h[ev] mu* x may comb9e & reta9 9 embrac+ unity a manifold cont5t1 9 s f> z e portion ( ! cont5t ?us unfold$ p]mits ?is unity1 :i* may be call$ ei!r ! animat+ s\l or ! unifi$ totality1 freely to appe>4 ,to take ! human =m once m "u review z ! mo/ direct illu/ration ( ?is1 we h already rem>k$ t x is a totality ( organic memb]s ea* ( :i* is p5etrat$ by ! notion1 diff]5tiat$ ?us 9 e p>ticul> organ by "s p>ticul> mode ( activity & ! specific motion cong5ial to x4 ,if we ask ourselves n[ 9 :i* p>ticul> organ ! s\l appe>s z su* 9 its entirety we %all at once po9t to ! eye4 ,= 9 ! eye ! s\l conc5trates itself2 x n m]ely uses ! eye z its in/rum5t1 b is itself !re9 manife/4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 already /at$1 :5 ref]r+ to ! ext]nal cov]+ ( ! human body1 t 9 contra/ ) ! bodies ( animals1 ! he>t ( life pulses ?r\gh & ?r\gh\t x4 ,& 9 mu* ! same s5se x c be ass]t$ ( art t x has to conv]t e po9t ( ! ext]nal appe>ance into ! direct te/imony ( ! human eye1 :i* is ! s\rce ( s\l-life1 & reveals ,_s4 ,take ! fam\s adjuration ( ,plato to ! />s 9 ! l9es3 ,:5 ?\ gaze/ =? at ! />s1 my />1 ,w\ld t ,i 7 ! heav5s & !nce on !e ,c\ld gaze =? out ( a ?\s& eyes4 ,conv]sely we may exclaim t art gives to h] =ms ! dilation ( a ?\s&-ey$ ,argus1 ?r\gh :i* ! inw>d life ( ,_s at e po9t breaks into view4 ,& n m]ely is x ! bodily =m1 ! expression ( c\nt5ance1 ! attitude & demean\r :i* ?us avails2 ! same appe>ance is ev]y:]e visible 9 actions & ev5ts1 spee* & voice-modulation1 9 %ort1 "u e condition ( life ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & "u :i* x is possible = s\l to make itself recogniz$ 9 its fre$om & ideal inf9ity4 7a7 ,&1 9 close connection ) ?is inquiry into ! int]p5etration ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! animat+ s\l1 we may ju/ly ask ourselves1 :at precisely we und]/& "u ?is conception ( a s\l :i* is ?r\gh\t visible3 or to re/rict att5tion to def9ite limits we may inquire :at are ! specific *>act]i/ics ( ! s\l :]e( art reveals to u ! true/ manife/ation4 ,= 9 ord9>y p>lance "o ref]s to ! animat+ pr9ciple#bga peculi> to metals1 /ones1 wild animals1 to say no?+ ( t belong+ to e k9d ( human "* & its expressions4 ,to natural objects1 h[ev]1 su* z /ones & plants1 ! expression s\l 9 ! complete acceptation ( ! t]m above m5tion$ is n /rictly applicable4 ,su* s\l z purely natural objects possess is entirely f9ite1 transitory1 & r a specific nature ?an a s\l4 ,! det]m9ate individuality ( su* exi/5ces is consequ5tly completely expos$ 9 _! f9ite exi/5ce2 &1 inasmu* z all t is pres5t !re is a positive limit ( re/riction1 su* appe>ance z !re may be ( a fur!r claim to indep5d5ce & fre$om is only an appe>ance2 ideal *>act]i/ics :i* may inde$ be import$ into !m f )\t by means ( art1 b are n 9 ! nature ( ! objects by !mselves4 ,9 ! same way ! s\l ( s5se-feel+1 ?r\gh :i* ,nature manife/s fir/ ! ,life-pr9ciple only betrays a subjective individuality1 :i* /ill rema9s %ut )9 itself1 unable to ass]t its reality 9 ! fur!r s5se ( a return ^u itself 9 a consci\sness :i* %all atta* to x ! =m ( inf9ity4 ,its cont5t is1 !re=e1 ( a re/rict$ nature1 & its manife/ation 9 "p ! unre/1 p[] ( motion1 sexual impulse1 anxiety or fe> ( ! dep5d5t life2 &1 9 "p1 x is ! m]e expression ( an inw>dness capable ( ov]com+ its f9itude4 ,! animat+ life ( ,_s 7m9d7 br+s u fir/ into contact ) ! free inf9ity capable )9 its own ext]nal & det]m9ate exi/5ce ( rema9+ con/ant to ! inn] pr9ciple ( unity1 &1 9 ! act ( expression1 /ill reflect$ back ^u its ideal sub/ance4 ,to ,_s consequ5tly is x alone p]mitt$ to impress ! hall-m>k ( its inf9ity & free self-recurr5ce on its ext]nal expression1 ev5 ?\gh by su* expression x ent]s ! realm ( n>r[ b\nd>ies4 ,at ! same "t we may obs]ve t ,_s1 too1 is only free & inf9ite 9 s f> z x truly appreh5ds its univ]sality1 & delib]ately posits = itself & accepts ^? ends :i* are adequate to its own notion4 ,consequ5tly1 9 s f> z x fails to grasp its own fre$om x c only exi/ 9 a re/rict$ cont5t1 a "* t is /unt$1 a temp]am5t at once crippl$ & sup]ficial4 ,9 comb9ation ) nullity ( ?is k9d ! manife/ation ( ,_s mu/ p]=ce rema9 :olly =mal4 ,we %all only f9d "h ! ab/ract cru/ ( self-consci\s ,_s1 :]e( ! cont5t contradicts ! inf9ity ( its fre$om4 ,only by virtue ( a g5u9e & ess5tially sub/antive cont5t ?r\gh :i* ! re/rict$ & mutable p>ticul>ity d]ives its ess5tial self-subsi/5cy--s t def9ite /ructure & intr9sic wor?1 det]m9$ limit & sub/antial cont5t1 are realiz$ 9 "o totality--is su* exi/5ce !reby able1 ?r\gh ! v mode ( expression :i* conf9es x1 to proclaim itself also 9 its univ]sal sub/ance ( self-conta9$ s\l-life4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! prov9ce ( art to compreh5d & enunciate det]m9ate & rational exi/5ce 9 its tru?1 t is to say1 9 ! =m adequate to its sub/ance1 ! truly explicit cont5t4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 ! tru? ( art _c consi/ 9 a m]e con=mity su* z t to :i* we re/rict ! s-call$ imitation ( ,nature2 ext]nal =m mu/ express h>moni\sly an int]nal cont5t :i* is 9 itself h>moni\s ?r\gh\t1 & consequ5tly c express itself z su*4 7b7 ,art !n1 by comp>+ :at is o!rwise /a9$ & r5t ?r\gh ! cont+5t elem5ts ( ext]nal exi/5ce ) ! h>mony t is ess5tial to its notional tru?1 rejects t 9 ! _w ( appe>ance :i* x is unable to comb9e 9 su* a unity1 & = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh ?is purification reveals ! ,ideal4 ,x is possible to reg>d su* a result z ! flatt]y ( art1 z we sometimes he> x said1 = example1 t portrait-pa9t]s flatt]4 ,b ev5 ! portrait-pa9t]1 a type ( art 9 :i* ! ,ideal is less prom95t ?an 9 _m o!rs1 %\ld at lea/ flatt] 9 ?is s5se1 t he is b\nd to treat ) indiff]5ce all t is m]ely ! ext]nal detail ( =m1 texture1 & col\r1 ! m]e adjuncts1 t is to say1 ( physical life su* z hairs1 pores1 sc>s1 & o!r ext]nal accid5ts1 9 8 undivid$ ef=t bo? to appreh5d & deliv] ! subject select$ 9 its univ]sal "* & p]man5t spiritual individuality4 ,x is "o ?+ to imitate a physiognomy 9 ! g5]al outl9es ( purely sup]ficial repose app>5t at any "t2 x is q ano!r to detect & del9eate ! p>ticul> features :i* reveal ! fundam5tal s\l-life or "* ( ! sitt]4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! ,ideal is only truly f\nd :5 ! ext]nal pres5tm5t is 9 itself a vehicle ( ! s\l4 ,x is "o ( our late/ fa%ions to attempt1 by means ( ^? s-call$ liv+ pictures1 an int5tional & gratify+ imitation ( fam\s ma/]pieces4 ,9 ^! we f9d a fair reproduction ( g5]al accessories1 su* z gr\p+ & drap+2 b1 in/ead ( ! spiritual expression ( ! figures1 h only too (t5 to put up ) faces absolutely commonplace4 ,su* a defect m>s ! entire reproduction4 ,! ,madonnas ( ,raphael1 on ! contr>y1 9 e detail ( _! c\nt5ance--:e!r x be *eeks1 eyes1 nose1 or m\?--exhibit ) h>moni\s consi/5cy "o supreme type ( sacr$ joy1 ! pi\s1 mode/ love ( a devot$ "m4 ,we may affirm1 if we w1 t all wom5 are capable ( su* emotion2 b1 at any rate1 n e =mal %ape ( fem99e c\nt5ance is capable ( express+ ! dep? ( ! same s consummately4 7c7 ,?is ref]5ce1 !n1 ( all po9ts ( ext]nal exi/5ce to _! spiritual significance1 s t ! ext]nal appe>ance unveils 9 adequate measure ! _s !re(1 is j :at con/itutes ! nature ( ! ,ideal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a c>ry+ back into inw>dness1 9 :i* we d n f9d ! univ]sal ?us c>ri$ back to its extreme/ limit to ! =m ( ab/ract ?\ght1 t is to say1 b is r suff]$ to re/ halfway at ! po9t 9 :i* we f9d ! purely ext]nal & ! purely inw>d meet toge!r h>moni\sly4 ,! ,ideal is consequ5tly ! reality select$ out ( ! mass ( *ance p>ticul>s1 9 s f> z ! inn] core 9 ?is ext]nal totality ?us rais$ 9 opposition to univ]sality is itself manife/$ z liv+ individuality4#bgb ,= ! individual subjectivity1 :i* n only c>ries 9 itself a sub/antive cont5t1 b p]mits ! same to appe> 9 its own ext]nal appe>ance1 /&s 9 ?is c5tral position1 t 9 x all t is sub/antially ! cont5t is n suff]$ 9 its univ]sal aspect to appe> z an ab/raction ( itself1 b /ill rema9s enclos$ )9 ! sph]e ( individuality1 & consequ5tly appe>s associat$ ) a det]m9ate exi/5ce1 :i* n[ = its "p1 fre$ f m]e f9itude & transitory condition1 is ga!r$ up 9 a free & h>moni\s expression ( mo/ intimate s\l-life4 ,s*ill]1 9 8 poem ,! ,ideal & ,life1 contra/s ! reality & its pa9s & /ruggles ) ! /ill %ad[l& ( ,beauty4 ,su* a l& ( %ad[ is ! ,ideal4 ,! spirits :i* rise up "h h lo/ 9 dea? imm$iate exi/5ce1 are releas$ f ! hung] ( ,nature1 fre$ f ! claims :i* fett]$ !m 9 subjection to ext]nal =ces & all ! *anges & confusions :i* are l9k$ toge!r ) f9ite appe>ance4 ,b h[ev] mu* ! ,ideal treads "u foot ! m]e object ( s5se & natural =m1 x draws at ! same "t ! v weal? ( x to itself1 = x is art t is able to assign ! v limits to all t ! ext]nal appe>ance requir$ = its self-pres]vation )9 :i* ! ext]nal ?+ may appe> z ! manife/ation ( spiritual fre$om4 ,= ?is reason x is ! ,ideal :i* alone among ?+s envisag$ to s5se pres5ts a free & self-conta9$ cont5t repos+ on its own res\rces1 9 complete s5su\s enjoym5t & satisfaction ) itself4 ,! music ( ?is rapture may be he>d ?r\gh e embodim5t ( ! ,ideal4 ,h[ev] f> ! ext]nal =m may be c>ri$ ! s\l ( ! ,ideal is nev] :olly absorb$ 9 x4 ,& 9 tru? su* manife/ation is only beautiful 9 s f> z its beauty n m]ely p]meates ! :ole1 b is a subjective unity1 by virtue ( :i* ! subject-matt] ( ! ,ideal mu/ appe> em]g5t f all ! fracture ( its =m] individual p>ts & _! respective ends & en]gies1 rais$ 9 ! ,ideal itself to a high] totality & self-subsi/5ce4 77 ,we may 9 ?is respect po9t to ! bless$ repose#bgc1 ?is self-cont5tm5t 9 its own self-secure consummation1 z ! cr[n ( ! ,ideal4 ,! ideal =m ( art /&s l "s blissful god be=e u4 ,= ! bless$ gods are ultimately above & beyond ! grim e>ne/ ( actual necessity1 ang]1 & int]e/ 9 f9ite exi/5ce & purely f9ite ends2 & ?is positive )drawal involv$ 9 ! negation ( all isolat$ p>ticul>ity give !m ! *>act]i/ics ( *e]fulness & repose4 ,9 ?is s5se we may int]pret t phrase ( ,s*ill]3 ,life is e>ne/1 ,art is *e]ful4 ,p$ants1 no d\bt1 h (t5 en\gh crack$ a joke ov] x1 inasmu* z poetry 9 g5]al1 & ,s*ill]'s 9 p>ticul>1 is a s]i\s matt]2 & 9 tru? no ideal art is )\t su* a quality2 b = all t 9 ?is v e>ne/ness ! ess5tial "* ( *e]fulness#bgd rema9s4 ,?is =ce ( individuality1 ?is triumph ( self-conc5trat$ fre$om1 is t :i* we recognize 9 an exceptional degree 9 anci5t works ( art & ! bli!some repose ( _! figures4 ,& ?is is n m]ely ! case :5 we face a satisfaction t involves no /ruggle1 b ev5 9 an example :]e ! subject is r5t by "s brea* 9 ! entire cont5t ( its exi/5ce4 ,= :5 ! h]oes ( trag$y are repres5t$ z subject to ,fate we f9d t ! demean\r !y pres5t1 :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! words1 ,x is s6 /ill rema9s a simple )drawal into p]sonality#bge4 ,! subject ?us depict$ rema9s ?r\gh\t true to himself4 ,he surr5d]s t :i* is seiz$ f him1 b ! aims he pursu$ are n simply tak5 away2 he suff]s !m to lapse & consequ5tly does n lose 8 initiative4 ,! man :o is ! bondman ( ,de/9y may lose 8 life1 b n 8 fre$om4 ,?is repose on ! ess5tial bir?right ( ,_s is t :i* is able to pres]ve & reveal ! bli! atmosph]e ( repose 9 grief itself4 77 ,9 romantic art1 x is true1 ! brea* or dissonance ( ! subjective pr9ciple is c>ri$ fur!r1 inasmu* z 9 x ! expos$ contradictions are emphasiz$ & _! division c be pres]v$4 ,?us1 to take an example1 we f9d ! art ( pa9t+1 9 its repres5tation ( ! ,passion1 n unfrequ5tly dallies r\nd ! expression ( ribaldry visible 9 ! hide\s contortions & grimaces ( torm5t+ common soldi]s2 &1 9 its atta*m5t to su* discordant emotions1 especially :5 depict+ :at is crim9al1 %ameless1 or evil1 p]mitt+ ! glad s]5ity ( ! ,ideal to pass away4 ,ev5 :5 su* disruption loses its =ce1 we f9d frequ5tly t ugl9ess1 or1 at lea/1 ! abs5ce ( real beauty1 is set up 9 its place4 ,9 ano!r s*ool ( ! e>li] ,flemi% art ( pa9t+ ! d[nright directness & tru? ( ! repres5tation1 no less ?an ! inext+ui%able confid5ce ( ! fai? to :i* x te/ifies1 t5d to ass]t1 9 despite ( itself1 a reconciliation 9 ! feel+s ( all :o behold x#bgf4 ,b su* an unyield+ result falls#bgg %ort ( ! entire *e]fulness & satisfaction appropriate to ! ,ideal4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible also 9 romantic art1 albeit "h ! repres5tation ( suff]+ & grief p5etrates ! s\l & its emotions m deeply ?an is ! case ) antique art1 t ! del9eation may reveal to u a spiritual intimacy1 a delight 9 resignation1 a bless$ness 9 pa91 a rapture 9 sorr[1 nay1 ev5 a voluptu\s ec/asy 9 m>tyrdom#bgh4 ,n only 9 pa9t+ b 9 ! pr(\ndly religi\s music ( ,italian compos]s1 we f9d ?is ec/asy & illum9ation ( grief abundantly express$4 ,we may1 z a summ>y def9ition 9 romantic art1 call x ! smile ?r\gh te>s4 ,! te>s h _! orig9 9 affliction1 ! smile 9 bli!some s]5ity1 & consequ5tly ?is smile ?r\gh weep+ indicates1 z x 71 ! po9t ( self-repose 9 ! mid/ ( pa9 & suff]+4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ! smile indicat$ "h is no m]e s5tim5tal emotion1 no m]e vanity ( ! subject treat$ or dabbl+ ) beauty#bgi ov] pa9ful effects & insignificant traits ( subjective feel+2 r 7on its arti/ic side7 x mu/ appe> z ! firm del9eation & fre$om ( beauty 9 defiance ( all pa91 9 ! _s ( :at 0 said ( ,xim5es 9 ! romances ( ! ,cid1 h[ beautiful %e 0 9 te>s4 ,9 contra/ to ?is emotional ab&onm5t 9 m5 is ei!r ugly & repell5t1 or actually ridicul\s4 ,*ildr51 = example1 break into te>s at ! slighte/ provocation1 & we c only laugh at !m4 ,! te>s1 h[ev]1 9 ! eyes ( a man ( e>ne/ & self-conta9$ "*1 "u /ress ( deep feel+1 betray a v diff]5t type ( emotion4 ,laught] & te>s c1 h[ev]1 v readily fall ap>t z unrelat$1 & are1 z su*1 falsely utiliz$ z a vehicle ( art 9 su* ab/raction2 ! laught] *orus 9 ,web]'s ,freis*tz may be cit$ z an example4 ,laught]1 aft] all1 is a k9d ( explosion1 :i* x is impossible to ex]cise )\t re/ra9t & pres]ve ! ,ideal4 ,ano!r example ( ?is laught]1 :i* is no?+ b laught]1 occurs 9 a duet ( ,web]'s ,ob]on1 ?r\gh\t :i* we are 9 a cont9ual /ate ( anxiety = ! prima donna's ?roat & lungs4 ,h[ v diff]5tly ! inext+ui%able laught] ( ! gods affects u 9 ,hom]1 a s\nd :i* breaks f ! bless$ repose ( div9ity1 & r expresses gladsome s]5ity ?an ab/ract & wanton ab&onm5t4 ,j z little ought weep+1 devoid ( all re/ra9t1 to be introduc$ into ! ideal "w ( art1 ( su* a k9d z t we may he> 9 all its com=tlessness 9 ano!r "p ( ! ,freis*tz4 ,& speak+ g5]ally1 9 music s++ mu/ take to itself ! k9d ( joy & rapture :i* we cat* f ! l>k 9 ! op5 sky4 ,%riek+1 :e!r ( pa9 or delight1 is n music at all4 ,ev5 9 ! expression ( suff]+ ! sweet tones ( ! pla9t mu/ p5etrate & cl>ify ! sorr[s1 s t x cont9ually may seem to u wor? all ! suff]+ to arrive at su* sweetness ( pla9t 9 its expression4 ,& ?is is ! sweetness ( melody1 ! s++ ( e k9d ( art4 77 ,reg>d$ 9 a c]ta9 relation to ?is fundam5tal axiom ( art we may f9d "s ju/ification = ! pr9ciple ( irony 9 its mod]n s5se2 b x mu/ n be ov]look$ t irony is frequ5tly de/itute ( all real s]i\sness1 & is p>ticul>ly prone to expatiate ov] bad subject-matt]2 &1 9 ano!r aspect ( x1 x is apt to run to se$ 9 ! m]e ye>n+ ( emotion r ?an actively p>ticipate 9 practical life1 z is prov$ by ! case ( ,novalis1 "o ( ! f9] temp]am5ts :o h made ?is po9t ( view _! own1 & = lack ( def9ite int]e/1 or ?r\gh %r9k+ f ! real _w1 are driv5 up & d[n1 & cajol$ into ?is sort ( spiritual consumption4 ,?is is ! k9d ( ye>n+ :i* w n desc5d to m]e practical bus9ess & production1 because x is afraid ( soil+ itself ) ! contact ( f9ite ?+s1 al?\gh x already secretly feels ! defects ( su* exclusion4 ,no d\bt we f9d 9 irony t absolute pr9ciple ( negativity1 9 :i* ! subject ( consci\sness becomes self-c5tr$ ?r\gh ! annihilation ( def9ite relations & p>ticul>s2 b 9 ?is case ! act ( annihilation ( def9ite relations & p>ticul>s1 z we h already po9t$ out :5 discuss+ ! pr9ciple1 is n1 z 9 com$y1 ess5tially 9 its "r place1 simply expos+ its own want ( sub/ance1 b is direct$ q z (t5 aga9/ ev]y?+ else excell5t 9 itself & ( /]l+ wor?4 ,:e!r we reg>d irony1 !n1 z ?is art ( univ]sal de/ruction1 or z ! ye>n+ ( :i* we h spok5 9 contra/ ) ! true ,ideal1 x betrays a secret lack ( proportion & re/ra9t :i* is detrim5tal to ! arti/4 ,sub/antive =m is :at ! ,ideal dem&s1 :i*1 ow+ to ! fact t x is clo!d 9 ! =m & figure ( ext]nal ?+s1 is unque/ionably qualifi$ by p>ticul>ity no less ?an limitation2 b ?is limitation ( its =m is at ! same "t includ$ 9 su* a way t ev]y?+ m]ely ext]nal 9 its appe>ance is annull$ & aboli%$4 ,only ?r\gh ?is negation ( m]e ext]nality is ! det]m9ate =m ( ! ,ideal a real exposition ( ! sub/antive cont5t :i* belongs to x 9 a mode ( appe>ance susceptible to s5se-p]ception & ! imag9ation4 #b4 ,! pla/ic pres5tm5t ( =m1 :i* is z mu* a con/itu5t feature ( ! ,ideal z x is ( ! ess5tially homog5e\s "* ( its cont5t1 & ! way ^! two aspects are fus$ toge!r1 r5d] necess>y an inquiry into ! relation obta9+ betwe5 ! ideal repres5tation ( art & ,nature4 ,= ?is ext]nal aspect & its embodim5t is closely associat$ ) t :i* we g5]ally call ,nature4 ,9 ?is connection we once m come ^u t old & ev]-r5ew$ & /ill unsettl$ dispute1 :e!r ! repres5tation ( art %\ld foll[ ! objects ( ,nature z !y appe> /rictly to s5se1 or %\ld r ennoble & illum9e !m4 ,! "r ( ,nature1 ! rule ( beauty1 ! ,ideal & ! tru? ( ,nature--) indef9ite conceptions su* z ^! argum5ts = & aga9/ may be b&i$ ab\t = ev]4 ,a "w ( art1 we are told1 %\ld unque/ionably be natural1 b !re is su* a ?+ z a mean or ugly ,nature1 we mu/ n ( c\rse imitate t2 on ! o!r h&--& s our disputants wrangle on & nev] come to a satisfactory conclusion4 ,9 rec5t times ! opposition betwe5 ! ,ideal & ,nature has once m be5 emphasiz$ & receiv$ an exceptional significance ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,w9ckelmann4 ,w9ckelmann's en?usiasm1 z already po9t$ out#bhj1 0 fir/ awak5$ by 8 /udy ( ! antique & its ideal =ms4 ,?is insight into ! peculi> excell5ce ( classic art he ?or\ghly ma/]$ & only ceas$ f 8 lab\rs aft] mak+ all t he _h le>n$ ?r\gh 8 /udy ( su* ma/]pieces fam\s ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,f ?is recognition1 h[ev]1 orig9at$ a k9d ( craze = ideal repres5tation1 :i*1 despite all its belief 9 ! discov]y ( beauty1 0 really a relapse into flatness1 abs5ce ( vitality1 & sup]ficiality4 ,x is ?is k9d ( empt9ess m p>ticul>ly 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 :i* ,h]r von ,rumohr _h be=e him 9 ! polemical writ+s ,i h already notic$4 ,! !ory ( art has to solve ?is difficulty4 ,z = its int]e/1 on ! practical side ( art1 we %all d well to pass x :olly by4 ,we may =mulate pr9ciples z we please = m$iocrity & ! tal5ts t express x1 ! result is always ! same4 ,:e!r our !ory is a di/ort$ "o or unexceptionable all we %all get is some?+ commonplace or weak4 ,at ! same "t ,art & m p>ticul>ly pa9t+ has unque/ionably receiv$ a /imulus o!r ?an t we h deprecat$ f ?is v que/ ( s-call$ ,ideals2 &1 ?r\gh ! r5ew$ int]e/ !reby excit$ 9 old ,italian & ,g]man pa9t]s1 has at lea/ made an ef=t to secure a pr(\nd] & m vital cont5t 9 its "w4 ,! _w is q z tir$ ( he>+ ! praises ( t equally exclusive ,ideal 9 ! opposite camp1 namely1 t ( undilut$ realism 9 art4 ,!atrego]s are1 to take an example close at h&1 he>tily sick ( ! reali/ic type ( dome/ic drama4 ,! old /ory ov] & ov] aga9--disputes betwe5 husb& & wife1 sons & daught]s1 ! s\rce ( our income1 ! inv5tory ( our exp5ses1 ! s]vility ( m9i/]s & ! intrigues ( _! lackeys & secret>ies1 d[n to ! "q ( ! la/ sixp5ce betwe5 ! dame ( ! h\se & h] kit*5-maid1 or up to ! la/ gossip ( ! daught]s ov] _! t\*+ love-affairs 9 ! p>l\r--su* tales ( woe mo/ ( u w pref] to take :]e1 we may at lea/ get !m )\t adult]ation--at home4 ,9 ?is opposition betwe5 ,ideal & ,nature writ]s h be5 incl9$ to reg>d "o type ( art to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 ) an especial pr$ilection1 h[ev]1 = pa9t+1 ^: subject-matt] is ! p>ticul>ity ( s5se-p]ception4 ,we w te/ our problem by putt+ ! "q to />t ) :olly 9 g5]al t]ms1 ?us3 ,is art to be prose or poetry8 ,n[ :at is truly poetical 9 art is j t :i* we h call$ ! ,ideal4 ,if ! "q ( difficulty 9 "q is a m]e matt] ( t]m9ology we are q prep>$ to call ! ,ideal some?+ else4 ,b1 h[ev] call$1 ! "q rema9s :at x is :i* con/itutes poetry or prose 9 art4 ,& al?\gh ! adh]5ce to :at is 9 itself poetical 9 ! det]m9ation ( x by c]ta9 crafts may lead ^? arts into confusion1 &1 inde$1 has already done s1 x is cont5d$ t 9 s f> z any subject has an express aff9ity ) poetry1 su* has be5 also ! subject ( g5u9e pictorial treatm5t1 g5u9e = ! simple reason t su* a cont5t is unque/ionably ( a true poetical nature4 ,well1 let u exam9e a concrete case4 ,! pres5t exhibition ( art 7#ahah7 conta9s sev]al pictures1 all ( :i* are ( "o s*ool1 ! s-call$ ,dsseldorf4 ,e "o ( ^! h borr[$ subjects f poetry1 & inde$ f ! emotional side ( poetry peculi>ly adapt$ to pictorial repres5tation4 ,! m (t5 & c>efully we exam9e ^! pictures1 ! m complete w be our impression ( _! excessive sweetness & insipidity#bha4 ,9 ! =ego+ contradiction !re are pres5t ! foll[+ g5]al *>act]i/ics#bhb3 7a7 ,fir/1 !re is ! =mal ideality ( ! "w ( art1 t is to say1 ! elem5t ( poetry 9 its g5]al signification1 :i* is1 z ! t]m implies1 some?+ compos$ & br\ght toge!r by man1 :i* he has tak5 into 8 imag9ation#bhc & !n actively work$ into ! arti/ic composition4 77 ,! nature ( ! cont5t ( su* a translation may h[ev]1 be a matt] ( indiff]5ce or1 ap>t f ! arti/ic repres5tation we ?us obta9 ( common life1 may only int]e/ u indirectly = ! mom5t4 ,9 ?is way ! ,dut* s*ool ( pa9t+1 = example1 has recreat$1 z x 71 by means ( human workman%ip1 ! evanesc5t ev]yday appe>ances ( natural objects 9 c\ntless new arti/ic effects4 ,velvet1 arm\r1 light1 horses1 "w-folk1 old cronies1 peasants puff+ _! smoke f old pipe /umps1 ! glitt] ( w9e 9 transp>5t tumbl]s1 ru/ics 9 soil$ jackets play+ ) c>ds z anci5t--su* & a hundr$ o!r subjects l !m :i* tr\ble u little en\gh 9 ev]yday life1 = ! be/ ( reasons1 t al?\gh we too may h our game at c>ds1 our dr9k1 & our gossip we are really occupi$ ) q ano!r class ( int]e/s--all ?is m$ley ( objects is br\ght be=e u 9 _! pictures4 ,n[ ! claim ( art 9 ! repres5tation ( su* ?+s is precisely ?is ext]nal %[1 or reappe>ance ( !m z a product ( spiritual activity1 :i* has transmut$ t :i* 0 purely ext]nal & s5su\sly mat]ial into a new m$ium suppli$ by m9d4 ,= in/ead ( wool or silk t are tangible1 in/ead ( actual hair1 glasses1 fle%1 & metals1 all we see n[ is col\r2 in/ead ( ! ?ree dim5sions :i* are ess5tial to ext]nal ,nature1 we h only sup]ficies2 & yet1 despite all our losses1 we h a repres5tation id5tical ) t ( reality4 77 ,9 opposition to ! imm$iate & prosaic reality ( objects1 !n1 ?is %[ ( ?+s :i* is effect$ by ! m9d is ! wond] ( ideality1 a je/1 if anyone c>es to put x s1 & an irony direct$ aga9/ purely ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,only contra/ ) x ! prep>ations ,nature or man has to make 9 ord9>y life1 ! c\ntless in/rum5ts ( e k9d !y h to employ to effect ! same result4 ,:at opposition ! mat]ial ( su* objects--take a metal = example--may (f] to any active effect ^u x4 ,! _w ( ideas1 on ! contr>y1 out ( :i* art creates its products1 is a malleable & simple elem5t1 :i* readily conv]ts ev]y?+1 :i* ei!r ,nature or man 9 8 purely natural exi/5ce is =c$ to leave bluntly j z !y are1 to ! uses :i* are appropriate to x4 ,9 ! same way ! objects ( ord9>y appreh5sion & man z we meet him 9 ev]yday life are ( no incomm5surable weal?1 b subject to limitations--preci\s /ones1 plants1 animals1 etc41 by !mselves are ( a c]ta9 positive & p>ticul> "*4 ,b man 9 8 creative capacity is an entire _w ( cont5t1 :i* he has fil*$ f ,nature1 & pil$ toge!r 9 ! compreh5sive treasure-h\se ( 8 _w ( images1 & :i* he is n[ free to give =? aga9 simply & )\t ! re/ra9t ( ext]nal conditions & ! detail$ processes ( actual ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is idealization art /&s midway betwe5 ! purely objective & re/rict$ exi/5ce & ! entirely subjective _w ( idea4 ,x gives inde$ objects1 b !y are suppli$ f ! life ( m9d2 x (f]s !m = uses o!r ?an ^? :i* belong to !m2 x conc5trates _! entire int]e/ 9 ! ab/ract =m ( ! ideal %[ :i* x !re) manife/s to ae/hetic contemplation1 & to t alone4 77 ,art consequ5tly1 ?r\gh ! ideality above expla9$1 exalts objects o!rwise unimportant1 det]m9+ !m1 despite _! ord9>y "*1 9 a fix$ relation to h] own m$ium & ess5tial aim1 & by s do+ secures f u a sympa?y 9 subject-matt] :i* o!rwise w\ld n h enli/$ our s]i\s att5tion4 ,we f9d ! same trans=mation 9 ! relation ( art to ,"t4 ,its position is "h too frankly ideal4 ,t :i* 9 ,nature rapidly passes by 9 art is secur$ ) p]man5ce2 ! fla% ( a smile1 ! sudd5 curve ( rogui% m]rim5t on ! lips1 a glance1 a gleam ( sun%9e1 toge!r ) all ^? evanesc5t traits ( human life1 ev5ts & accid5ts :i* come & are gone1 & are z quickly lo/ to memory4 ,!re is no?+ :i* %e _c wre/ f mom5t>y exi/5ce1 & 9 ?is respect ev5 becomes ! vanqui%] ( ,nature h]self4 ,9 ?is =mal ideality ( art1 h[ev]1 x is n ! cont5t itself :i* makes ! pre-em95t claim ^u u1 b ! satisfaction we d]ive f ! act ( arti/ic reproduction4 ,! repres5tation mu/ c]ta9ly /rike u z natural1 b x is n ! reality ( ,nature t we require2 x is r t ( ! process ( reproduction1 ?is v deposition1 9 fact1 ( mat]ial conditions :i* is ! poetical & ideal elem5t ( ! "w 9 ! =mal s5se above indicat$#bhd4 ,we delight 9 a manife/ation1 :i* appe>s to u a product ( ,nature1 & :i* is nev]!less a product ( m9d )\t ! means at ,nature's disposition4 ,! objects *>m u n s mu* by virtue ( _! approa* to ,nature1 b r because ! arti/ has be5 able to effect t approa*4 7b7 ,a fur!r & /ill pr(\nd] reason = our int]e/ 9 arti/ic products consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! cont5t is n br\ght be=e u 9 ^? =ms 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 imm$iate exi/5ce1 b1 be+ itself m9t$ by ! m9d1 is capable ( consid]able ext5sion & modification )9 su* =ms4 ,all t exi/s 9 ,nature is p>ticul>1 &1 inde$1 limit$ 9 e direction by su* p>ticul>ity4 ,! creative faculty#bhe1 h[ev]1 conta9s an intr9sic det]m9ation ( univ]sal import4 ,& all t x produces possesses =?) a "* ( univ]sality di/9ct f ! p>ticul>ity ( ,nature4 ,! creative faculty !reby secures ?is advantage2 t be+ ( a wid] range x is m qualifi$ to grasp ideal significance1 & to insi/ on t explicitly 9 all t x %[s u4 ,x is q true t a "w ( art is n entirely ! imag9ative concept 9 its univ]sal aspect1 b r ! det]m9ate =m ( its envisagem5t4 ,x is = all t b\nd1 emanat+ z x does f ! creative m$ium & op]ations ( m9d1 & despite ! liv+ resemblance to real ?+s we may f9d ^u x1 to p]meate ! :ole ) ?is univ]sal quality4 ,& 9 ?is we h t high] ideality ( ! poetical product z contra/$ ) ! purely =mal ideality ( ! art ( production4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is ! task ( a "w ( art to grasp ! object 9 its univ]sal relations1 & 9 ! envisagem5t x pres5ts to let fall ev]y?+ :i* /&s 9 a :olly ext]nal or indiff]5t relation to ! cont5t4 ,an arti/ = ?is reason w refuse to accept all =ms & means ( expression (f]$ him by ! ext]nal _w1 on ! m]e gr\nd t he f9ds !m !re4 ,8 ma9 ef=t w be1 if at lea/ 8 aim be a real poetical creation1 to secure t :i* w appropriately "w 9 ) 8 own imag9ative conception2 &1 if he looks to ,nature = assi/ance 9 supply+ him ) details1 or1 g5]ally1 z mat]ial to translate into 8 "w1 he w utilize su*1 n because he f9ds !m s 9 ,nature1 b because !y fall 9 _! "r place z a "p ( 8 composition & are rightly made = him4 ,?is "r ( ! arti/ is a high] "o ?an ! m]e "r ( imm$iate fact4 ,9 8 repres5tation ( ! human =m1 = in/ance1 an arti/ w n attempt su* imitation z we f9d attempt$ by ^? re/or]s ( anci5t pictures1 :o reproduce old cracks1 :i* ?r\gh ! swell+ ( ei!r pa9t or v>ni% h involv$ all ! old] p>ts ( ! picture 9 a k9d ( arabesque1 ev5 on ! portions re/or$4 ,! portrait-pa9t] w r p]mit ! trac]y ( ! fle%1 & a =tiori su* incid5ts z freckles1 pu/ules1 w>ts1 & s =?1 to disappe> entirely4 ,9 ?is respect ! pa9t] ,d5n]1 s fam\s = 8 close realization ( ,nature1 is by no means an ideal ma/]4 ,= ! same reason indications ( muscles & ve9s may be giv51 b _! di/9ction & relief %\ld be f> slight] ?an t we obs]ve 9 ,nature4 ,9 all su* impressions little or no?+ ( _s is manife/$1 & ! expression ( _s is :at is ess5tial 9 ! human =m#bhf4 ,i _c ?9k x !re=e :olly a disadvantage t we mod]ns h less to d ) ! nude 9 sculpture ?an ! anci5ts4 ,on ! o!r h& ! g5]al /yle ( our dress 9 comp>ison ) ! ideal drap]y ( classical times is less arti/ic & m commonplace4 ,! object 9 bo? cases is to cov] ! =m4 ,! drap]y1 h[ev]1 we f9d 9 ! antique is1 tak5 by itself1 a m or less =mal smoo? surface only s f> det]m9ate 9 its adju/m5t to ! frame by its atta*m5t to ! %\ld]4 ,9 o!r respects ! g>m5t rema9s entirely =mal#bhg1 hang+ d[n simply & freely by virtue ( its own imman5t weight1 or only det]m9$ ?r\gh ! position ( ! body & ! pose & motion ( ! limbs4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ?us impli$ we f9d ! ext]nal %ape entirely reflect+ ! mutable expression ( ! _s :i* animates ! body4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( ! g>m5t1 ! folds ( x1 ! motion ( x ei!r up or d[n is clo!d 9 ! %ape dictat$ direct f ! inw>d impulse1 & z ea* may mom5t>ily appe> appropriate to ! p>ticul> pose or movem5t--& x is ?is =m ( det]m9ation :i* con/itutes ! ideality ( su* drap]y4 ,9 ! clo?+ we h adopt$ n[adays1 on ! contr>y1 ! entire mat]ial is1 f ! fir/1 cut out & work$ up /iffly into ! =ms ( p>ticul> limbs1 s t any?+ approa*+ spontaneity 9 its rise & fall is impossible4 ,ev5 ! "* ( ! folds is det]m9$ by previ\s models1 & g5]ally bo? cut & fall are work$ out :olly by ! te*nical rules & craftsman%ip ( ! tailor4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! configuration ( ! limbs det]m9es g5]ally ! =m ( su* clo?+2 b 9 ?is arrangem5t ( ! bodily =m we m]ely h ei!r a p]v]se imitation1 or an envelop+ ( human limbs accord+ to ! conv5tion ( fa%ion & ! accid5tal ta/e ( ! times4 ,! cut ( our clo? once made is irrevocably made1 & nei!r ! position ( ! body nor ! motion ( ! limbs c appreciably affect x4 ,we may move our arms & legs ab\t z mu* z we please1 ! sleeves ( our jackets & our tr\s]s rema9 unalt]able4 ,folds or creases may p]haps appe> 9 !m1 b ev5 !n only on ! l9es ( ! orig9al cutt+ out1 z we see !m1 = example1 on ! /atue ( ,s*>nhor/4 ,our mod]n way ( clo?+ is consequ5tly1 z an ext]nal cov]1 n suffici5tly diff]5tiat$ f ! inn] life to appe> on its rev]se side z ! =mal expression ( t life2 in/ead ( ?is we h a false imitation ( ! human =m /]eotyp$ 9 ! preorda9$ & unalt]able cut ( our tailor4 ,a criticism simil> to t we h direct$ to ! repres5tation by art ( ! human =m & its ext]ior clo?+ might be appli$ to a :ole multitude ( ?+s :i* make up ! ext]nal %[ ( life1 or m9i/] to its wants1 su* z eat+1 dr9k+1 & sleep+--?+s necess>y en\gh 9 !mselves & useful to all m51 :i*1 h[ev] mu* 9 _! manifold v>iety1 z con/itu5t features ( ! physical life ( mank9d1 !y may bl5d ) ^? activities m directly relat$ to its _s1 d n !mselves =m "p ( su* activities1 or /& 9 ess5tial relation ei!r to _! det]m9ations or _! int]e/s1 & !reby contribute to :at is ! truly ideal or univ]sal elem5t 9 ! cont5t ( human life4 ,physical aspects ( life su* z ^! may no d\bt receive poetical treatm5t 9 art2 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! descriptions ( a poet su* z ,hom] 9 ?is direction adh]e v closely to ,nature4 ,yet we f9d t ev5 ,hom]1 despite all 8 1 all ! vividness ( 8 pres5tm5t1 is =c$ to limit 8 descriptions to g5]al obs]vations2 no "o expects to f9d 9 him an entirely accurate picture ( ! facts 9 all _! detail z !y actually w\ld occur 9 life4 ,he may give u1 no d\bt1 9 8 del9eation ( ! bodily pres5ce ( ,a*illes1 ! l(ty br[1 ! prom95t nose1 ! long & /alw>t legs1 b he is n likely to include 9 ! picture e detail ( ! v]itable exi/5ce ( limbs po9t = po9t1 & ! relation 9 :i* !y /& to "o ano!r 9 col\r1 size1 & s =?1 9 o!r words to (f] u ,nature's reality in/ead ( an arti/'s portrait4 ,& ! reason is obvi\s inasmu* z 9 ! art ( poetry ! type ( expression is always ! univ]sal concept ( ! imag9ation z di/+ui%$ f ! b>e p>ticul>ity ( ,nature4 ,in/ead ( ! fact ! poet always gives u ! d5om9ant1 ! ^w1 9 :i* ! p>ticul> ?+ is univ]saliz$2 = ! ^w is a product ( m5tal conception1 & z su* already c>ries 9 itself ! nature ( a univ]sal4 ,"o is entitl$ to say1 ( c\rse1 t x is natural 9 ! =mation ( concepts & spee* to employ a nom5clature1 ! ^w1 z su* an inf9ite#bhh abridgm5t ( ! exi/5ce we f9d 9 ,nature2 b if we d s ! ,nature to :i* we ref] x w\ld n m]ely be oppos$ to ! natural exi/5ce ) :i* we comp>e x1 b w\ld be j t :i* cancels x4 ,we are !re=e confront$ ) ! "q 9 :at s5se we use ! ^w ,nature :5 we contra/ x ) ! *>act]i/ic ( poetry4 ,! m]e undef9$ use ( ! ^w ,nature by itself tells u no?+ at all4 ,:at poetry %\ld always give u is ! en]getic1 ! ess5tial1 ! truly *>act]i/ic2 & ?is fundam5tal expressiv5ess is precisely ! ,ideal & n ! m]ely imm$iate1 to enum]ate all ! details ( :i* 9 ! n>ration ( an ev5t or ! portrayal ( a sc5e w r5d] ei!r ( ^! simply dull1 spiritless1 t$i\s1 & intol]able4 ,9 ! manife/ation ( ?is univ]sality1 h[ev]1 "o type ( art w reveal m cle>ly its ideal *>act]i/ics2 ano!r w r emphasize1 by a re/rict$ use ( mat]ial =m1 ! inf9ite detail ( ext]nal reality4 ,sculpture1 = example1 is 9 its pres5tm5ts m ab/ract ?an pa9t+2 9 poetry ! epic type1 9 its realization ( ! ext]nal appe>ance ( life itself1 w n be s complete z a dramatic poem %\ld be4 ,on ! o!r h& x w surpass ! latt] 9 its portrayal ( ! fulness ( its imag9ative vision1 ! epic poet be+ mo/ indebt$ to concrete pictures 8 imag9ation borr[s f pa/ hi/ory4 ,9 contra/ ) him ! dramati/ is ma9ly re/rict$ to ! motives ( an action1 ! attitude ( ! w to x1 ! psy*ological problem 9 %ort4 7c7 ,x is1 !n1 ,m9d 7,_s71 :i* gives ext]nal realization 9 a p>ticul> =m to ! inw>d _w ( cont5t :i* is ( ess5tial int]e/ to x2 & x is 9 close relation to ?is fact t we %\ld consid] ! "q1 :at precise significance we are to inf] f ! opposition above discuss$ betwe5 ! ,ideal & naturalness4 ,& fir/ we mu/ obs]ve t f su* a po9t ( view ! ^w natural is n employ$ 9 ! mo/ g5u9e signification ( ! t]m4 ,z a description ( ! ext]nal =m impos$ ^u facts by m9d x obvi\sly is nei!r ! imm$iate naturality we f9d 9 animal life1 nor t pres5t$ 9 ,nature's l&scape4 ,r its v =m ( det]m9ation1 9 s f>1 t is to say1 z we see ! m9d "h giv+ to itself an embodim5t1 w %[ u t x is an expression ( m9d1 an expression moreov] suffus$ ) ideality4 ,= ?is tak+ up into ! m9d1 ?is pla/ic recreation ( =m on ! "p ( m9d is no?+ less ?an idealization4 ,x is sometimes rem>k$ ( ! c\nt5ances ( dead p t !y take on !mselves once m ! l9eam5ts ( *ildhood4 ,! obdurate expression ( passion1 cu/om & /rife1 ! *>act]i/ic seal ( _! life ( /r5u\s action1 passes (f1 & ! indet]m9acy ( ! features ( a *ild's face reappe>s4 ,9 life1 h[ev]1 all traits :atsoev]1 ! entire pres5tm5t 9 fact1 receive _! *>act]i/ic expression f ! _w ( s\l2 & 9 mu* ! same way ! diff]5t races & classes ( mank9d reflect ! di/+ui%+ features ( _! spiritual t5d5cies & activities 9 _! ext]nal manife/ation4 ,9 all su* organizations t :i* is outw>d is visibly p]meat$ ) m9d2 &1 by virtue ( its en]gy1 already confronts m]e ,nature z an idealiz$ creation4 ,only a cle> p]ception ( ?is tru? w enable u to sift ?is significant "q ( an opposition betwe5 ,nature & ! ,ideal to ! bottom4 ,if we d n possess ?is we %all f9d ourselves ma9ta9+ t ! =ms 9 :i* ,_s is visualiz$ z a "p ( ,nature h already lo/ 9 t real appe>ance1 :i* is indep5d5t ( art's imitative action1 su* an intr9sic complet5ess1 beauty1 & excell5ce1 t x is q impossible t !re c be ano!r & m exalt$ type ( beauty1 :i* pres5ts itself z ! ,ideal 9 contradi/9ction to ?is imm$iate reality1 & ?is all ! m = ! reason t art is unable entirely to atta9 ev5 to t :i* is pres5t 9 ,nature h]self4 ,or1 if our ?\ghts lean to ! opposite extreme1 we %all look to art to supply u indep5d5tly1 9 opposition to ,nature's reality1 ) m ideal modes ( repres5tation4 ,! polemics ( ,h]r von ,rumohr1 :i* we h already criticiz$1 are well wor?y ( att5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,?is writ]1 at any rate1 :atev] o!rs may say :o h ! ^w ,ideal s frequ5tly on _! lips 9 depreciation ( ! vulg>ity ( ,nature1 ref]s to ! ,idea & ! ,ideal 9 phrases ( respect & contempt ) absolute imp>tiality4 ,! real tru? ( ! matt] is r ?is4 ,!re is 9 ! spiritual _w1 bo? outw>dly & inw>dly reg>d$1 a ,nature ( vulg> type1 :i* te/ifies to its meanness outw>dly = ! simple reason t its inw>d cont5t is mean1 t is to say1 :5 all t x c realize ext]nally 9 its activities are ! aims ( envy1 jeal\sy1 & av>ice 9 e detail ( s5su\s life4 ,su* a pov]ty-/rick5 ,nature c no d\bt =m "p ( ! subject-matt] ( art1 & has be5 treat$ z su*4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 h[ev]1 z we h already expla9$1 x is n ! subject-matt]1 b :olly ! arti/ic h&l+ ( x1 :i* creates an int]e/ ( any p]man5t "*2 & ! arti/ w look 9 va9 = sympa?y 9 8 subject1 or r ! m]e mat]ial ( 8 subject f ! true connoisseur4 ,a p>ticul>ly p]t95t illu/ration ( ?is type ( art is ! s-call$ g5re pa9t+1 :i* has n %[n itself above accept+ subjects ( ?is "*1 ! arti/ic treatm5t ( :i* has be5 c>ri$ by ! ,dut* s*ool to ! extreme limit ( p]fection4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be z well to ask ourselves1 fir/1 :at ! precise contribution ( ! ,dut* has be5 to ?is g5re-pa9t+1 :at1 9 %ort1 is ! nature ( cont5t _! da9ty pictures express1 pictures :i* at lea/ h ass]t$ an extraord9>y p[] ( attraction & obvi\sly _c be %elv$ "r away b5ea? ! common /igma ( vulg>ity4 ,we %all n improbably f9d1 on clos] exam9ation1 t ! subject-matt] ( ^! pictures is n s contemptible z x is (t5 tak5 to be#bhi4 ,! ,dut* h select$ ! subject-matt] ( _! arti/ic production out ( _! own sub/ance1 out ( ! actual pres5ce ( _! daily life4 ,to h once = all realiz$ t pres5ce ev5 9 art is no matt] ( reproa* to !m4 ,to e/imate ! "* ( _! arti/ic int]e/ we mu/ view !m 9 close connection ) ! actual panorama ( _! own times4 ,?is is a problem ( hi/ory4 ,! ,dut*man has 9 great measure himself creat$ ! gr\nd :]e9 he lives & f9ds a home1 & has be5 =c$ cont9u\sly to pres]ve & def5d t home aga9/ ! invasion ( ! sea4 ,! citiz5s ( ! t[ns no less ?an ! rural population h toge!r1 ?r\gh c\rage1 endurance1 & brav]y1 repuls$ ! p[] ( ,spa9 9 ! h&s ( ,philip ,,ii1 son ( ,*>les ,v1 ! sov]eign ( a _w-wide empire1 & 9 fight+ _! battle = civic fre$om1 !y 7 fight+ t ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,?is /aun* s5se ( citiz5%ip1 ?is passionate love ( ent]prise 9 ! n>r[ limits ( _! fa!rl&1 no less ?an abroad on ! high seas1 ?is c>eful & at ! same "t clean & da9ty mode ( life1 toge!r ) ! g5iality & inv9cible self-respect :i* di/+ui%es !m1 all ?is is z mu* ! fruit ( _! own actions z x is ! g5]al cont5t ( _! arti/ic production4 ,su* a cont5t z ?is is no common mat]ial1 ?\gh obvi\sly x is n ( ! k9d we mu/ suppose we c approa* ) ! sup]cili\s sup]iority ( critics = :om ! exalt$ ta/e ( c\rts & f9e society is ev]y?+4 ,f a /]l+ national self-consci\sness ( ?is sort ,rembr&t pa9t$ 8 fam\s ,night-,wat* n[ 9 ,am/]dam1 ,van ,dyck s _m ( 8 portraits1 ,w\v]mans s _m ( 8 battle-pieces2 nor %\ld ev5 ^? reflections ( ru/ic dr9k+-b\ts1 jovialities1 & o!r sc5es ( m]rim5t be :olly exclud$ f ! category4 ,& 9 illu/ration ( its excell5ce we w\ld po9t1 by way ( contra/1 to a "w 9 ?is ye>'s exhibition1 :i*1 ?\gh n d[nright bad g5re-pa9t+1 is mu* inf]ior to ! h&l+ by old ,dut* ma/]s ( simil> subject-matt]1 com+ n[h]e ne> to _! fre$om & joy ( life4 ,9 ?is picture a h\sewife is se5 ent]+ an aleh\se to give h] husb& a good scold+4 ,"h we h j a sc5e ( cantank]\s & waspi% human-k9d & no?+ m4 ,^! ,dut*m5 pa9t$ _! folk v diff]5tly2 :e!r we f9d !m among _! cups1 at w$d+s or dances1 fea/+ or dr9k+1 nay1 ev5 :5 ! matt] proce$s to ribaldry & bl[s1 livel9ess & lu/9ess is ! prevail+ temp]4 ,"y maids & wom5 laugh ) ! re/1 & a feel+ ( free & ab&on$ m]rim5t c>ries all be=e x4 ,?is intimate delight 9 all enjoym5t ju/ifiably human1 :i* w ev5 absorb itself :olly 9 animal life & crop up at times z m]e satiety & grossness2 ?is fre%ly awak5$ s5se ( fre$om & life1 fully grasp$ & embodi$ 9 composition & col\r1 is :at con/itutes ! high] spiritual import#bij ( ^! ,dut* pictures4 ,on mu* ! same gr\nds ! begg> boys ( ,murillo1 9 ! c5tral gall]y ( ! ,muni* collection1 are excell5t4 ,sup]ficially reg>d$1 ! subject "h1 too1 is ( a vulg> "*4 ,! "m is scold+ "o ( ! y\ng/]s1 z he quickly mun*es a piece ( bread2 two o!rs h>d by1 ragg$ & poor1 are eat+ melons & grapes#bia4 ,b 9 ?is v pov]ty ( half-nak$ness :at gleams =? f ! entire composition z ! s\l ( t begg> life is its complete c>elessness & spontaneity4 ,no danc+ d]vi% himself c\ld give x u m frankly 9 its impression ( entire heal? & jubilant vitality4 ,?is fre$om f all ext]nal c>e1 ?is inw>d lib]ty reflect+ itself 9 t :i* is visible1 is precisely t :i* ! notion ( ! ,ideal dem&s4 ,!re is 9 ,p>is a c]ta9 portrait ( a boy by ,raphael2 ! head leans propp$ at leisure on "o arm1 & gazes ) su* ec/asy ( c>eless cont5tm5t into ! op5 l&scape t we are lo? to turn away f a picture expressive ( su* heal? & exub]ant animation4 ,we receive a delight ( v mu* ! same nature f ^! lads ( ,murillo4 ,x is obvi\s en\gh t nei!r _! objects nor _! int]e/s aim high1 b ?is is no result ( /upidity2 !re !y *aff] on ,god's e>? )1 we may almo/ say1 ! bliss & cont5tm5t ( ! ,olympian gods !mselves4 ,!y1 too1 h _! bus9ess2 b ?\gh we he> little ab\t x !y are a g5u9e sample ( humanity1 nei!r morose nor discont5t$ ) _! lot4 ,feel+ ?is gr\nd-root 9 !m ( all /]l+ p]=mance we c readily imag9e t 9 fav\rable conditions y\? su* z ?is might be capable ( mo/ ?+s4 ,a composition ( ?is k9d is entirely on a diff]5t level f ! "o above m5tion$ ( ! scold+ h\sewife1 or two o!rs we might also contra/ ) x1 ( a c]ta9 peasant m5d+ 8 :ip & a po/illion sleep+ on a /raw pallet#bib4 ,su* pa9t+s ( g5re %\ld unque/ionably be ( small size2 &1 inde$1 9 _! total impression on ! s5se1 !y mu/ be made to appe> ( comp>ative insignificance1 t we may n feel ! "* ( _! subject-matt] & its pres5tm5t has receiv$ undue prom95ce4 ,x w\ld be intol]able to h su* subjects pa9t$ life size z ?\gh ! fulness ( ! reality 7 suffici5tly attractive to claim our att5tion4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld regulate our arti/ic treatm5t ( & sympa?y ) t :i* x is usual to /igmatize z mean or vulg> 9 ord9>y life4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 pl5ty ( mat]ial = art to appropriate ( high] grade ?an ! repres5tation ( animal spirits & d[nright citiz5%ip 9 all _! ess5tially insignificant detail4 ,man has cle>ly m s]i\s int]e/s & objects ?an ^!1 int]e/s :i* h unfold$ z 8 own _s has wid5$ & deep5$1 & 9 h>mony ) :i* x is 8 true/ int]e/ to rema94 ,an art w take highe/ rank :i* sets be=e itself ! task ( giv+ adequate repres5tation to ?is m vital1 or at lea/ m pr(\nd1 cont5t4 ,& "h at once we are confront$ ) ! old "q1 :at is ! s\rce :i* w supply u ) ! =ms mo/ fitt+ to su* creations ( m9d4 ,on ! "o side !ori/s ma9ta9 ! op9ion t1 inasmu* z ! arti/ creates ^! l(ty ideas1 :i* he desires to clo! 9 arti/ic =m1 he mu/1 also supply _! arti/ic =ms1 create1 = example1 f 8 imag9ation ! ideal figures ( ,greek gods1 ,*ri/1 8 apo/les1 sa9ts1 & s on4 ,9 /r5u\s opposition to ?is view ,h]r von ,rumohr has ent]$ ! li/s4 ,?is writ] is ( op9ion t art is on a false track 9 suppos+ t ! arti/ discov]s ! =ms ( 8 production 9 himself r ?an 9 ,nature1 & x is "u ?is conviction t he has review$ ! ma/]pieces bo? ( ,italian & ,dut* pa9t]s4 ,on ?is head he f9ds x a matt] ( c5sure 7,italian ,inve/igations1 i1 p4 #aje7 t ! !ory ( art1 dur+ ! sixty ye>s :i* h elaps$1 %\ld be at ! pa9s to prove t x is an object1 or r ! ma9 object1 ( art to improve ^u creation z x is p>ticul>is$1 & by do+ s to sub/itute =ms :i* h no p>ticul> relation to any?+1 :i* w\ld ape ,nature's creation by go+ sev]al po9ts beyond h]1 & release mortal man f all responsibility = ! fact t ,nature has n kn[n h[ to make h] appe>ance m beautiful4 ,& consi/5tly ) su* a po9t ( view he fur!r advises ! arti/ to h no?+ to d ) ! gigantic task ( attempt+ to ennoble or elucidate ! natural =m1 or attempt any su* exalt$ function ( ! human ,_s "u :at "n soev] x may be writt5 d[n 9 works ^u art 7ibid4 p4 #fc74 ,he is1 9 %ort1 :olly conv9c$ t1 h[ev] exalt$ & spiritual#bic ! subject to be treat$ may be1 completely adequate =ms are to be f\nd 9 ,nature z imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & consequ5tly ma9ta9s 7p4 #hc71 t ! exposition ( ,art1 ev5 9 ! case ( subject-matt] z highly spiritual z x is possible to conceive1 is nev] indebt$ to a symbolism caprici\sly creat$ by man#bid1 b dep5ds :olly = its consi/5cy ^u :at is pres5t$ z significant by ,nature 9 organic =m4 ,no d\bt 9 advanc+ ?is ,h]r von ,rumohr has p>ticul>ly "u review ! ideal types ( antique art z !y are exp\nd$ by ,w9ckelmann4 ,x is = all t ! abid+ s]vice ( ,w9ckelmann to h po9t$ out & set =? 9 h>moni\s relation ^! v types1 al?\gh he may d\btless h1 committ$ errors ( judgm5t ) reg>d to p>ticul> ma/]pieces :ile c>ry+ ?r\gh ! same4 ,z a possible example ( su* an ov]sight ,h]r von ,rumohr ?9ks he has made out 7p4 #aae7 t ! increase ( l5g? 9 ! l[] half ( ! body1 :i* ,w9ckelmann has *>act]iz$ z an ideal feature ( ! antique1 is really borr[$ f ,roman /atu>y4 ,& naturally en\gh1 z an oppon5t ( ! ,ideal1 improves ! occasion by insi/+ t ! arti/ %\ld unres]v$ly take ,nature into 8 confid5ce 9 ! /udy ( =m4 ,"h1 & "h alone1 he w f9d ! pres5ce ( true beauty4 ,to quote ?is writ] once m x is affirm$ 7p4 #add71 t ! beauty ( mo/ importance dep5ds on a symbolic ( =ms root$ 9 ,nature r ?an human caprice1 a beauty ?r\gh :i* ^! =ms are n\ri%$ into _! *>act]i/ic & symbolic relations1 9 ! vision ( :i* we necess>ily h br\ght back to our memory def9ite images & conceptions1 & are made m def9itely consci\s ( previ\sly dormant feel+4#bie ,i ,& s f9ally x appe>s t 9 ?is writ]'s view 7p4 #aje7 a my/]i\s trait ( our spiritual life1 :at _m w\ld p]haps call ,idea1 seems to b9d toge!r ! arti/ & ! appe>ances ( ,nature1 9 :i* latt] he is con/antly & cont9u\sly le>n+ to recognize ! true "* ( 8 own arti/ic purpose#bif1 & to f9d himself 9 a position ?r\gh !m to give expression to x4 ,!re c be no "q1 ( c\rse1 t ideal art has no bus9ess at all ) a symbolism caprici\sly creat$2 &1 if x really is ! case t ^! ideal types ( ! anci5ts h be5 compos$ only to r$uce ! v]itable =ms ( ,nature to false & empty ab/raction1 we may freely admit t ,h]r von ,rumohr is ju/ifi$ 9 8 mo/ tr5*ant opposition4 ,= our own "p we w\ld emphasize ! po9ts ( fundam5tal importance to be grasp$ 9 ?is anti!sis betwe5 ! ideal ( art & ,nature z foll[s3 ,! =ms :i* are borr[$ f imm$iate ,nature to det]m9e an ideal cont5t mu/ be assum$ to be ?us tak5 symbolically 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m1 namely1 t !y are n ?us imm$iately significant 9 !mselves1 b only z ! ext]nal embodim5t ( t :i* is inw>d & spiritual1 ! cont5t1 9 fact1 !y express4 ,x is only ,_s1 ev5 9 ! reality :i* !y possess outside ! limits ( art1 :i* con/itutes _! ideality 9 its contra/ ) t !y entirely owe to ,nature simply z su*1 & :i* is unable to reveal to u :at is ess5tially m9d4 ,x is ! object ( art1 on its m noble plane1 to give ext]nal %ape to ! inw>d cont5t ( ,_s4 ,?is cont5t we discov] 9 ! consci\s life ( m5 realiz$ 9 ! _w4 ,z su* x possesses--we include ) x our consci\s human exp]i5ce g5]ally--an ext]nal semblance directly pres5t$ 9 & ?r\gh :i* x f9ds expression4 ,s mu* may readily be conc$$4 ,at ! same "t f a philosophical po9t ( view x is simply futile to inquire :e!r we ought to look to ! direct facts ( ,nature alone = objects & physiognomical traits ( beauty & expression to s]ve z entirely adequate mat]ials = art's repres5tation1 %all we say1 ( ! maje/y1 repose1 & p[] ( a ,jupit] or ( a ,juno1 ,v5us1 ,pet]1 ,*ri/1 ,madonna1 or any o!r div9ity1 or sa9t4 ,argum5ts may be support$ on ei!r side1 & ! "q c only rema9 f9ally undecid$1 be+ :olly empirical4 ,= ! only suffici5t way ( decid+ ! matt] w\ld be to contra/ :at is borr[$ ) ! realities x purports to repres5t1 & ?is1 9 ! assum$ case ( ! ,greek gods1 might be matt] ( "s difficulty2 &1 to take ! pres5t day1 "o man w see traits ( beauty 9 _! p]fection :]e ano!r a ?\s& times m acute w see no?+4 ,b ov] & above su* consid]ations we mu/ obs]ve t ! m]e beauty ( =m w nev] give u t we h nam$ ! ,ideal1 inasmu* z ! individuality ( ! cont5t is a con/itu5t "p ( x1 & !re9 =m is necess>ily includ$4 ,a human face1 = example1 may be bo? regul> & beautiful 9 its outl9es & yet rema9 cold & devoid ( all expression4 ,! ideal figures ( ! ,greek gods are1 on ! contr>y1 true individualizations2 ! univ]sality ( _! ideal conception does n exclude ! *>act]i/ic det]m9ation :i* belongs to ea* ( !m4 ,& ! vitality ( ! ,ideal consi/s j 9 ?is1 t ?is det]m9ate & fundam5tal spiritual significance1 :i* x is ! function ( art to exhibit1 %\ld :olly transfuse by appropriate arti/ic treatm5t all ! p>ticul> aspects ( ! ext]nal embodim5t1 su* z composition1 pose1 motion1 physiognomy1 & configuration ( limbs1 s t no?+ empty or insignificant %\ld be left1 b ! entire "w %\ld reflect t ideal significance4 ,all t we h le>n$ f ,greek sculpture 9 rec5t times ( a quality :i*1 9 fact1 emanates f ! s*ool ( ,pheidias1 is *>act]iz$ by no?+ s mu* z ?is p5etrative vitality4 ,! ,ideal is pres]v$ 9 all its sev]ity )\t any lapse 9 ! direction ( m]e grace1 s(tness1 elegance1 & exub]ance1 yet reta9s ! =m 9 close relation to ! ideal significance :i* %\ld be embodi$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,?is supreme vitality is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! great arti/4 ,we may call a typical significance ( ?is k9d1 9 contra/ to ! p>ticul>ity ( ! ext]nal _w1 ess5tially ab/ract4 ,?is is pre-em95tly ! case 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 arts :i* illum9ate b a mom5t>y /ate1 )\t proce$+ to su* a v>i$ developm5t ( exposition z we f9d1 = example1 9 t :]e ,hom] is able to depict ! "* ( ,a*illes z mild & c\rte\s no less ?an sev]e & t]rible1 to say no?+ ( all 8 o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,no d\bt x is possible to f9d su* a significance express$ 9 purely imm$iate reality4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 few c\nt5ances :i* _c reflect ! moods ( piety1 devotion1 & *e]fulness2 b su* faces also express c\ntless o!r moods :i* ei!r are q inappropriate to t ideal significance1 or are only indirectly relat$ to x4 ,= ?is reason x is by virtue ( its p>ticul> realization t a portrait acqua9ts u ( ! fact t x is a portrait4 ,9 _m old ,g]man & ,flemi% pictures we f9d ! patron ( ! picture includ$ 9 ! composition ) 8 entire family ( sons & daught]s4 ,all are necess>ily pa9t$ z ?\gh tak5 9 an act ( devotion1 & ?is _s illum9ates e c\nt5ance2 b at ! same "t we h q z cle>ly set be=e u 9 ! m5 /alw>t w>riors1 m5 ( vigor\s action1 discipl9$ on ! /r5u\s field ( life & comm]ce1 & 9 ! wom5 dames ( an equally d\ghty life-exp]i5ce4 ,if we comp>e ) su* faces--& we may re/rict our comp>ison :olly to ^! v pictures1 :i* are fam\s = _! close approa* to ,nature 9 _! del9eation ( physiognomy--^? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ! sa9ts & apo/les :o surr\nd h]1 we %all f9d 9 ^! latt] "o prepond]at+ expression2 & all ! physical l9eam5ts1 :e!r we look at build ( bone1 /ructure1 or muscle1 traits ( t express motion or repose1 are conc5trat$ ^u ?is "o arti/ic effect4 ,t :i* is felt to be appropriate to ! "o class & n to ! o!r exactly diff]5tiates ! di/9ction betwe5 ! g5u9e ,ideal & m]e portraiture4 ,"s may imag9e x possible = ! arti/ to compose ! ideal cont5t ( g5u9e types by a process ( sift+ & selection f ! facts ( imm$iate ,nature1 or q possibly f ! v>i\s physiognomies & compositions :i* collections ( engrav+s f ! copp]-plate or ! wood may furni%4 ,b a process su* z ?is ( m]e collection & sift+ is n ! end ( ! matt]4 ,an arti/ mu/ ma9ta9 ! creative impulse al]t ?r\gh\t4 ,he mu/ himself1 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 own imag9ation1 already impregnat$ ) ! k ( appropriate =m & made vital ) pr(\nd exp]i5ce & emotion1 give su* an embodim5t to ! significance1 :i* is ! inspir+ motive ( ! "w1 z w make x appe> ?r\gh\t z metal ca/ at "o "t & is "o /ate ( fusion4 ,b4 ,,! ,,det]m9acy ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,to compreh5d ! ,ideal 9 its intr9sic significance1 t is to say1 accord+ to its fundam5tal notion1 0 a comp>atively easy task4 ,b ! beauty ( art1 9 s f> z x is ! ,idea1 is n to be re/rict$ to ! purely univ]sal /&po9t ( its notional concept2 ev5 z s compreh5d$ x mu/ necess>ily include )9 x det]m9ation & p>ticul>ity1 & is compell$ to take def9ite embodim5t z ext]nal reality4 ,! "q consequ5tly arises 9 :at way is ! ,ideal able /ill to ass]t itself 9 ?is process ( objectification 9 ! m$ium ( ext]nal ?+s & _! f9itude1 & despite all t is antagoni/ic to ideality2 & z a coroll>y to ?is we h to inquire h[ f9ite & det]m9ate exi/5ce is enabl$ to atta* to itself ! ideality ( ! beauty ( all art4 ,we propose to regulate ?is inquiry ) ! foll[+ division ( our subject matt]4 ,fir/1 ! det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal 9 its simple/ t]ms4 ,secondly1 ! det]m9ation ( x1 9 s f> z x proce$s by virtue ( its p>ticul>ity to a condition ( discordant p>ts )9 itself & to _! resolution1 a condition we may g5]ally1 def9e z action#big4 ,?irdly1 ! det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal f ! po9t ( view ( x z an ext]nal object4 ,i4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,def9ition ,,z ,,su* #a4 ,we h already obs]v$ t x is ! function ( art to make ! ,div9e ! focus or c5tre ( its entire exposition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only possible = ?\ght 9 its pure m$ium1 t is to say1 ap>t f all ! s5su\s mat]ial ( ! figurative imag9ation1 to compreh5d ! ,div9e 9 its ess5tial significance ( unity & univ]sality4 ,to attempt to d o!rwise1 by imag9+ a picture ( ,god m readily grasp$ by ! p]ception ( ! s5ses1 is1 z we "k1 =bidd5 bo? ,jews & ,mahomm$ans4 ,?is cuts away ! gr\nd ( ! figurative arts1 :i* absolutely require =m z _! m$ium 9 all its concret5ess ( actual life2 & we h only lyrical poetry left u to celebrate 9 its exaltation ! praise ( ,8 p[] & glory4 #b4 ,consid]$1 h[ev]1 f ! rev]se po9t ( view1 we mu/ equally ass]t t h[ev] mu* unity & univ]sality are pr$icable ( ! ,div9e1 ,he is 9 ,8 ess5tial sub/ance det]m9$1 &1 s f> z ,he )draws ,himself f ! pure quality1 ( su* pr$icates 9 _! ab/raction1 is !reby an object = ! figurative s5se & ext]nal p]ception4 ,if ! ,div9e is consequ5tly appreh5d$ & figuratively embodi$ = u ?r\gh ! =ms ( ! imag9ation1 we are at once confront$ ) a possible v>iety 9 su* det]m9ation2 & x is at ?is po9t t ! actual realm ( ideal art f9ds its comm5cem5t4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! "o ,div9e sub/ance disunites & breaks itself up into a multiplicity ( self-subsi/5t gods1 su* z we f9d pres5t$ by ! poly!i/ic sy/em ( ,grecian art2 & ev5 9 ! religi\s consci\sness ( ,*ri/ianity ,god is1 9 opposition to ,8 purely spiritual unity1 imm$iately reveal$ on ,e>? & 9 ! _w-process z man4 ,&1 secondly1 ! ,div9e1 reg>d$ g5]ally 9 its det]m9ate appe>ance & reality1 is bo? pres5t & realiz$ 9 emotional feel+1 w1 & ! education#bih ( mank9d4 ,= ?is reason & 9 ?is sph]e m5 :o are fill$ ) ! ,_s ( ,god1 sa9ts1 m>tyrs1 &1 9 %ort1 all :o %>e 9 ! religi\s life1 are equally ! appropriate subject ( ideal art4 ,) ?is pr9ciple ( ! individuality ( ! ,div9e & its det]m9ate exi/5ce realiz$ necess>ily 9 ! _w-process1 we are face to face )--& ?is is ! ?ird po9t to be consid]$--! p>ticul>ity ( human exi/5ce4 ,= ! entire _w ( human emotion1 ) all t /irs x mo/ pr(\ndly--& :at a p[] is impli$ 9 t op5 sea ( feel+ & passion1 ev]y?+ ( deepe/ int]e/ to ! human he>t--?is entire cont5t is no?+ less ?an its exposition & expression4 ,if x is true1 !n1 t ! ,div9e 9 its pure/ ess5ce ( reason is only ! object ( ! ?9k+ consci\sness1 x is equally true t ,_s1 :i* takes to itself an actively bodily pres5ce1 s f>1 t is to say1 & only s f> z we f9d x rev]b]ate 9 ! he>t ( humanity1 all ?is lies )9 ! sph]e ( art4 ,once admit ?is1 & we mu/ admit ! cont5t ( p>ticul> int]e/s & actions1 specific *>act]s1 & mom5t>y situations1 9 %ort1 ! entire process ( developm5t 9 ! ext]nal ord]2 & x becomes ( fir/ importance to indicate "u a g5]al pr9ciple 9 :at ! relation betwe5 ! ,ideal & ?is positive det]m9ation consi/s4 #c4 ,9 con=mity ) :at we h already advanc$ x is cle> t "h1 too1 ! ,ideal w be mo/ purely manife/$ 9 ! repres5tation--:e!r x be ( gods1 ,*ri/1 apo/les1 sa9ts1 or any o!r type ( dev\t p]sons--:i* br+s mo/ cle>ly be=e u ! qualities ( beatifi$ repose & satisfaction1 a peace undi/urb$ ) t :i* is e>?ly1 & subject to ! /orms ( life's manifold$ complexities1 /ruggles1 & contradictions4 ,we are !re=e n surpris$ to f9d t bo? ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+ h be5 peculi>ly fitt$ to incorporate "u ideal =m n m]ely ! anci5t gods1 b ,*ri/ z savi\r ( ! _w1 & individual apo/les & sa9ts4 ,t :i* is ! mo/ ess5tial tru? 9 actual life is conc5trat$ to a focus on itself 9 ! det]m9ate embodim5t ( art1 r ?an cont9ually =c$ f its s]5ity ?r\gh dep5d5ce ^u f9ite conditions4 ,?is ess5tial conc5tration is n de/itute ( p>ticul>ity1 b ! div]g5t sep>ation1 :i* is a feature ( ! ext]nal & f9ite /ate1 is purifi$ to "o simple def9ition1 s t x appe>s z ?\gh all traces ( ext]nal influ5ce & ! relation ?us creat$ 7 ov]come4 ,?is de$less & inf9ite self-repose1 ?is tak+ a re/1 z we f9d x1 = example1 9 c]ta9 /atues ( ,h]cules1 is j :at con/itutes ! significance ( ! ,ideal4 ,if ! gods are repres5t$ 9 contact ) ! process ( ,nature1 !y mu/ /ill c>ry ) !m _! immortal & unapproa*able maje/y4 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,apollo1 ,m>s1 & _! l are1 x is true1 def9ite p]sonalities1 b !y are at ! same "t unyield+ pot5tates & p[]s1 :i* pres]ve )9 !m _! self-subsi/5t lib]ty1 ev5 :5 !y are actively relat$ to ! _w4 ,& = ?is reason x is n m]ely t a specific p>ticul>ity mu/ *>act]ize ! det]m9acy ( ! ,ideal1 b spiritual fre$om mu/ be manife/$ !reby z totality1 & 9 ?is /ate ( repose sugge/ ! pot5cy ( unfett]$ fre$om ( action4 ,if we turn n[ f ! gods to ! less exalt$ plane ( temporal exi/5ce & human life1 we %all f9d ! ,ideal active 9 its repres5tation ( ! sub/antial cont5t ( su* humanity1 & its dom9ant repression ( :olly subjective p>ticul>ity4 ,by ?is we mean t all t is entirely isolate 9 feel+ & action is wre/$ f ! elem5t ( cont+5cy1 & p>ticul>ity is repres5t$ 9 its concret5ess1 t is to say 9 its wid] bond ( relation ) :at mo/ truly & intimately belongs to its life4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we speak ( ! nobility1 excell5ce1 or p]fection 9 p>ticul> m51 we ass]t 9 s _m words t ! sub/antial core ( :at is spiritual1 e?ical1 & div9e has ann\nc$ itself z prevail+ 9 ! individual1 & man has subm]g$ 8 active life1 8 volitions1 8 int]e/s1 & passions :olly 9 ?is sub/antive basis1 t he may !reby give full satisfaction to ! mo/ au!ntic necessities ( 8 s\l4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev] mu* 9 ! case ( ! ,ideal ! det]m9ation ( ,_s & its ext]nal pres5ce appe>s to be absorb$ 9 ! simple self-relation1 ! pr9ciple ( developm5t is likewise directly associat$ ) ! p>ticul>ity unfold$#bii 9 det]m9ate exi/5ce1 & along ) ?is 9 t relation to environm5t :i* necessitates bo? ! opposition & conflict ( cla%+ =ces4 ,?is fact necessitates a clos] exam9ation ( ! det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal reg>d$ 9 ?is v aspect ( diff]5tiation & process1 an aspect :i* we may 9 a g5]al way def9e z action4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,action ,! graci\s innoc5ce ( beatific enjoym5t1 ! inactive repose1 ! maje/y ( p[] 9 self-reliant tranquillity1 z also ! conc5trat$ compactness g5]ally ( t :i* is mo/ sub/antial 9 a giv5 cont5t--all ^! are ess5tially ideal modes ( det]m9ation4 ,t :i* is inw>d1 h[ev]1 & spiritual is 9 an equal degree active movem5t & developm5t4 ,"o-sid$ness & division are insep>able f developm5t4 ,_s t is :olly itself & a totality w1 exp&+ into all p>ticul>ity1 /ep =? out ( its repose1 9 despite ( all satisfaction !re91 & involve itself 9 ! contradictions ( ! brok5 & confus$ m$ley ( e>?ly exi/5ce1 & is by s do+ unable 9 ?is divid$ _w to )draw itself f ! ill-=tune & ill-heal? t cl+s to f9ite exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ! immortal gods ( ,poly!ism d n dwell 9 et]nal peace1 b take sides 9 mighty conflicts :]e9 cont5d+ passions & int]e/s are r\s$1 be+ subject !mselves to ,de/9y2 nay1 m1 ev5 ! ,god ( ,*ri/ians is1 n deliv]$ f a passage ( humiliation endur$ ?r\gh suff]+ & %ame ( dea?1 is n sp>$ ! bitt]ness ( s\l1 :i* p]=ce cri$ al\d3 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me4 ,& ! "m ( ,*ri/ exp]i5c$ an agony ( ! same poignant "*1 & human life 9 e direction is a life ( /ruggle1 battle1 & pa94 ,= greatness & =ce ( "* is evolv$ 9 ! greatness & =ce ( cont5d+ elem5ts1 out ( :i* ,_s conc5trates itself aga9 & aga9 ^u its unity4 ,! int5sity & dep? ( subjectivity is only ! m emphasiz$1 ! m unbrok5 & unexampl$ ! resi/ance ( circum/ances to its unity gr[s1 & ! m irreconcilable ! contradictions appe> "u :i* x has to pres]ve its own self-c5tr$ equilibrium4 ,9 ?is developm5t & ?r\gh ?is alone ! might ( ! ,idea & ! ,ideal is pres]v$1 = p[] consi/s precisely 9 ?is self-pres]vation ?r\gh a process ( self-negation4 ,inasmu* z x is ! fact1 !n1 t ! p>ticul>ity ( ! ,ideal passes into a relation ) ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh su* developm5t1 & by s do+ is made p>tak] 9 a _w1 :i*1 s f> f manife/+ ! ideally free association ( ! notion & its ext]nal reality1 pres5ts an exi/5ce :i* is j t :i* x ought n to be1 9 appreh5d+ ! true nature ( ?is relation we h to consid] h[ f> ! det]m9ations :i* affect ! ,ideal ei!r 9 !mselves conta9 imm$iately ! pr9ciple ( ,ideality1 or are to a m or less degree susceptible ( x4 ,9 ?is connection we w\ld direct att5tion to ?ree fundam5tal po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h ! actual condition ( ! _w g5]ally1 :i* is assum$ z involv$ 9 individual action & its specific "*4 ,secondly1 we h ! p>ticul>ity ( condition1 ! det]m9ation ( :i* introduces diff]5ce & t5sion )9 ! sub/antive unity1 :i* is ! motive-spr+ ( ! action1 9 o!r words ! situation4 ,?irdly1 we h to consid] ! situation f ! side ( subjectivity1 & fur!rmore ! reaction by virtue ( :i* ! conflict & resolution ( ! elem5t ( diff]5ce is expressly ass]t$1 9 o!r words1 ! action 9 its /rict s5se4 #a4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,_w-,,condition ,! ideal subjectivity is z su* ess5tially a p]sonal relation1 a relation1 t is to say1 ( self to e aspect ( motion or activity1 9 :i* ! self has to ass]t or p]fect its own sub/ance4 ,& to effect ?is a _w environm5t is necess>y z ! univ]sal gr\nd ( its realization4 ,:5 9 ref]5ce to ?is we speak ( condition we und]/& by ?is ! univ]sally prevail+ mode1 "u :i*1 )9 ! sph]e ( spiritual reality1 t :i* is ! sub/antive & ess5tially coalesc+ fabric ( ! same is pres5t4 ,9 ?is s5se we ref] to a condition ( education1 ! sci5ces1 ! religi\s s5se1 or ev5 ( f9ance1 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 family life1 & simil> examples4 ,all ^! objects ( ref]5ce are1 h[ev]1 m]ely aspects ( "o & ! same spiritual cont5t1 :i* is ?us 9 & ?r\gh !m r5d]$ explicit & real4 ,9 fur!r consid]+ ! g5]al condition ( ! _w z ! univ]sal mode ( ! reality ( ,_s x w be necess>y to pursue our exam9ation f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,w4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( volition t ,_s g5]ally unites itself to-det]m9ate exi/5ce2 & ! sub/antial nexi :i* are imm$iately pres5t 9 reality betray !mselves 9 ! specific modes 9 :i* ! det]m9ations ( ,w1 e?ical & legal conceptions1 &1 inde$1 all t belongs to t :i* we are accu/om$1 9 a g5]al way1 to def9e z ju/ice1 actively ass]ts itself4 ,! "q consequ5tly arises h[ su* a univ]sal condition mu/ be *>act]iz$ 9 ord] t x may appe> adequate to ! individuality ( ! ,ideal4 7a7 ,pursuant to ! =ego+ consid]ations we may1 to beg9 )1 emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts3 77 ,! ,ideal is ess5tial unity2 n a purely =mal & ext]nal unity1 b ! imman5t unity ( ! cont5t 9 itself4 ,?is sub/antive repose on its own res\rces we h already *>act]iz$ z ! self-suffici5cy1 re/1 & beatitude ( ! ,ideal4 ,we w1 9 direct relation to ! plane ( discussion we h n[ rea*$1 develop ?is *>act]i/ic ( self-subsi/5cy#cjj1 mak+ x a prim>y dem& ( our argum5t t :at we h t]m$ ! g5]al condition ( ! _w appe> 9 su* a self-subsi/5t =m z w enable x to accept ! embodim5t ( ! ,ideal4 77 ,n[ self-subsi/5cy is an equivocal expression to />t )4 ,9 ord9>y p>lance t :i* is ess5tially sub/antial is call$ simply self-subsi/5t by virtue ( ! elem5t ( causation be+ impli$ )9 ?is sub/antiality2 we are wont to use x 9 ?is s5se :5 describ+ ! intr9sically div9e & absolute4 ,b z reta9$ 9 ?is univ]sality ( sub/ance m]ely z su* x is n decl>$ z itself subjective1 & consequ5tly meets ) its irresolvable contradiction 9 ! p>ticul>ity ( concrete individuality4 ,9 ?is b>e anti!sis all true self-subsi/5cy disappe>s4 77 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n uncommon to f9d su* subsi/5cy ascrib$ to purely =mal individuality1 consi/+ solely 9 its self-reliance ^u ! fix$ det]m9acy ( its subjective *>act]i/ics4 ,?is subjectivity1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z ! actual cont5t ( life drops away f x1 s t ! =ces & sub/ances :i* lie )\t x acquire 9 !mselves an indep5d5t /ability1 & z su* confront ! subject & ! inw>d life z a cont5t :olly unrelat$1 lapses ?r\gh ?is1 too1 into unequivocable contradiction ) ! actual sub/antiality ( det]m9ate exi/5ce1 & =feits all claim to self-subsi/5cy & fre$om ( cont5t4 ,true self-subsi/5ce consi/s alone 9 ! unity & int]p5etration ( bo? individuality & univ]sality ) ea* o!r4 ,! univ]sal acquires ?r\gh ! individual a concrete exi/5ce2 ! subjectivity ( ! p>ticul> ?+ discov]s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! univ]sal ! unassailable basis & ! mo/ g5u9e =m ( its realiz$ totality4 77 ,consequ5tly 9 mak+ ?is dem& ( ! univ]sal _w-condition we mu/ ask = a =m ( self-subsi/5cy 9 ! same s5se1 namely1 t ! sub/antially univ]sal 9 su* a condition mu/ conta9 )9 itself z ! vehicle ( its self-subsi/5ce ! =m ( subjectivity4 ,! mo/ obvi\s pres5tm5t ( ?is id5tity is t ( ?\ght4 ,= if ?\ght is1 9 "o aspect ( x1 subjective1 9 ano!r x possesses univ]sality z ! product ( its inh]5t activity1 & encloses bo? univ]sality & subjectivity 9 unfett]$ unity4 ,! univ]sal ( ?\ght is1 h[ev]1 n t ( art1 ^: object is ! beautiful4 ,&1 inde$1 ap>t f ?is di/9ction1 p>ticul> individuality z confront$ by ?\ght 9 its natural envisagem5t1 or =m1 no less ?an 9 its active effects & complete realization1 /&s 9 no necess>y correspond5ce ) ! univ]sality ( ?\ght4 ,!re is1 = example1 a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! subject appreh5d$ 9 its concrete cont5t ( ! actual _w & t :i* is simply ! ?9k+ subject1 or at lea/ x is op5 to su* a di/9ction4 ,! same k9d ( cleavage affects ! =m ( ! univ]sal itself4 ,9 o!r words ! mom5t ! univ]sal beg9s to ass]t itself 9 di/9ction f its o!rwise relat$ reality by t act x has 9 objective exi/5ce sep>at$ itself f all ! v>i$ play ( its ph5om5al p>ticul>ity1 &1 9 opposition to ! same1 has already e/abli%$ an indep5d5t position assur$ & p[]ful4 ,9 ! ,ideal1 h[ev]1 x is precisely ! p>ticul> individuality :i* ought to p]si/ 9 insep>able co-ord9ation ) ! sub/antive reality1 & to ! full ext5t t fre$om & ! self-subsi/5cy ( ! subjective pr9ciple may atta* to ! ,ideal ! _w-environm5t ( conditions & relations %\ld possess no ess5tial objectivity indep5d5t ( ! individual 9 ! subjective aspect above ref]r$ to or already presuppos$4 ,= ! ideal individual is a self-enclos$ totality1 :i* already includes ! objective pr9ciple1 & x mu/ n be p]mitt$ to h indep5d5t motion & developm5t ap>t f ! individuality ( ! subject2 o!rwise ! subject falls back into a purely subord9ate position 9 contra/ to a _w ^: indep5d5ce is already assur$4 ,consequ5tly ! univ]sal mu/ inde$ be actual 9 ! individual z t :i* is 9 a unique s5se its own1 b n s z ! prop]ty ( ! individual1 z a ?9k]1 b z t ( 8 "* & temp]am5t4 ,to put ! same tru? 9 ano!r way1 :at is requir$ = ?is unity ( ! univ]sal & individual 9 art z oppos$ to ! m$iation & diff]5tiation ( ?\ght1 is ! =m ( imm$iacy2 & ! self-subsi/5cy :i* we claim "h is ! =m ( imm$iate self-subsi/5cy4 ,) t1 h[ev]1 ! elem5t ( cont+5cy is associat$4 ,t is to say1 s long z ! univ]sal & effective#cja con/itu5ts ( spiritual life1 su* z ! self-subsi/5cy ( individuals exhibits1 are only pres5t$ to u 9 ! imm$iate guise ( subjective feel+1 temp]am5t1 & disposition ( "*1 & deb>r$ any o!r category ( exi/5ce1 su* are !reby already giv5 ov] to ! cont+5cy ( volition & its realization4 ,all we h left u1 !n1 is :at is peculi> to ea* individual view$ z su* & 8 s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,su* a possession ( :at is no?+ m ?an p]sonal idiosyncracy is unable to ass]t = itself any fur!r pot5cy or necessity2 x appe>s simply z inclusion ( cont5t1 fix$ a*ievem5t & at ! same "t arbitr>y commitm5t ( ! :olly self-dep5d5t subject to ! influ5ce ( feel+1 disposition1 en]gy1 g5]al ability1 cunn+1 & tal5ts1 in/ead ( c>ry+ out its realization ov] & ov] aga9 accord+ to a pr9ciple ( univ]sal import & ackn[l$g$ /ability4 ,?is type ( cont+5cy1 !n1 is ! *>act]i/ic quality ( ! condition :i* we requir$ = ! gr\nd ^u :i* all ! v>i$ weal? ( ! ,ideal is to appe>4 77 ,9 ord] to make m cle> ! actual "* ( ! reality :i* is mo/ adapt$ to arti/ic treatm5t we w contra/ x ) t aspect ( exi/5ce :i* is n s adapt$4 77 ,we f9d ?is pre-em95tly :]e ! e?ical notion1 t is1 ju/ice & rational fre$om1 h already won = !mselves & ma9ta9 a fix$ position 9 ! social ord] regulat$ by law1 s t1 ev5 9 ! ext]nal _w1 x appe>s z a positive & necess>y p[]1 :i* is q indep5d5t ( ! individuality & subjectivity ( specific temp]am5t & *>act]s4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! life ( ! ,/ate1 :]e t life is manife/$ 9 a =m adequate to ! true notion ( citiz5%ip4 ,= obvi\sly x is n e *ance association ( human be+s1 any m ?an e patri>*al community1 t w fulfil ! requisites ( ,/ate-life4 ,9 ! true ,/ate laws1 cu/oms1 & rights1 9 s f> z !y con/itute ! det]m9ations ( fre$om applicable to all1 are ( p>am\nt =ce ev5 9 ?is univ]sal & ab/ract relation1 & are n condition$ 9 _! applicability by ! *ance requirem5ts ( any individual's idiosyncracy4 ,z ! consci\sness ( society has issu$ = itself comm&s & laws 9 a mode ( /atem5t ( g5]al application1 9 ! same way ^! are ext]nally valid z su* univ]sal fiat1 :i* proce$s 9 ! pa? ( ord] !reby indicat$1 arm$ ) p[]s ( re/ra9t & compulsion aga9/ any individual :o may attempt to ass]t 8 caprice 9 an injuri\s opposition to su* regulations4 77 ,su* a condition at once assumes a divid+ l9e betwe5 ! univ]sal ord9ances ( ! regulative und]/&+ & ! imm$iate life1 connot+ by ?is latt] t]m ! unity 9 :i* all t is sub/antive & ess5tial 9 morals & ! conduct ( ju/ice only f9ds a =m = its exi/5ce 9 ! exp]i5ce ( individuals1 _! e?ical feel+ & op9ion1 t is to say1 & !reby alone is ex]cis$4 ,9 ! civiliz$ ,/ate "r & ju/ice1 ev5 religion & sci5ce1 or1 at any rate1 provid5t int]e/ 9 religi\s & sci5tific education1 are subject to public control1 :i* directs & co-ord9ates ! same4 77 ,! position1 !n1 t isolat$ individuals occupy 9 ! ,/ate is "o :i* contracts !m )9 a fix$ & organiz$ ord]1 & subord9ates !m !reto2 & !y /& 9 ?is relation = ! reason t ! "* & disposition ( ea* is n ! only embodim5t ( e?ical =ces2 b1 if ! ,/ate to :i* !y belong is a g5u9e example1 !y are on ! contr>y compell$ to regulate all ! ext]nal detail ( _! actions1 op9ions1 & feel+s ) a due reg>d to :at is legally p]missible1 & to br+ ! same into l9e ) x4 ,?is dep5d5ce ^u ! objective rationality ( ! ,/ate 9 its p[] ( self-ass]tion above all subjective caprice may ei!r be reg>d$ z a m]e subjection1 inasmu* z laws & in/itutions possess1 z ! p>am\nt p[]1 a con/ra9+ =ce1 or we may see 9 x m]ely ! free recognition & acceptance ( ! reason t und]lies su* a necessity ( fact1 an ackn[l$gm5t ?r\gh :i* ! individual f9ds himself aga9 9 t objective ord]4 ,b ev5 9 ! latt] case isolat$ individuals cont9ue to rema9 z m]ely incid5tal facts1 & ap>t f ! organic reality ( ! ,/ate possess no real sub/antiality 9 !mselves4 ,= sub/antiality1 9 ! s5se we "h use ! t]m1 is by no means only ! p>ticul> prop]ty ( ?is or t individual1 b a fully explicit reality#cjb1 m9t$1 z x 71 9 all aspects ( x1 & d[n to ! m]e/ detail 9 a mode univ]sally applicable & necess>y4 ,all t m]e individuals c effect ) volition & accompli%m5t ev5 9 actions "r1 moral1 & legal 9 !mselves 9 ! int]e/ ( & att5dant ^u ! progress ( ! :ole1 rema9s & mu/ always rema91 9 contra/ ) t :ole1 insignificant & a m]e example4 ,_! actions are always only an entirely p>tial realization ( a s+le case2 &1 moreov]1 ! realization ( ! same has no univ]sal significance 9 ! s5se t ! p>ticul> example ( x is !reby ( objective validity z law1 or1 z su* law1 makes its appe>ance4 ,& = ! same reason1 to put ! matt] ! o!r way1 x is :olly unimportant :e!r ! validity ( "r & ju/ice is ackn[l$g$ by private individuals judg+ z individuals4 ,! validity is a vital fact ( ,/ate life :i* holds :e!r x be ackn[l$g$ or no4 ,no d\bt x is a matt] ( int]e/ to ! g5]al public t e "o %\ld fall 9 ) ! ord] e/abli%$ & desire x2 b ! wi%es ( isolat$ individuals h no influ5ce ^u t int]e/ 9 ! s5se t x is only by virtue ( ! ass5t ( ?is or t p]son t "r & a moral ord] is pres]v$4 ,su* require no su* isolat$ example ( ass5t2 & a brea* ( ei!r is foll[$ by puni%m5t4 ,! subord9ate position ( private p]sons 9 ! civiliz$ ,/ate is f9ally emphasiz$ 9 ! fact t1 :atev] %>e any "o may h 9 ! g5]al civic life1 x is ( a def9ite & 9 e case re/rict$ "*4 ,9 ! real ,/ate "w mu/ h "s relation to ! g5]al good#cjc1 j z ! active ent]prise ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 ! comm]cial bus9ess is subdivid$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ way1 s t ! entire life ( ! ,/ate %all n appe> z ! concrete a*ievem5t ( any s+le p]son1 or 9 g5]al c be entru/$ to ! arbitr>y wi%es1 ent]prise1 c\rage1 res\rces1 & discretion ( su*1 b on acc\nt ( ! fact t x comprises activities & trades ( c\ntless complexity1 & mu/ be c>ri$ out by associations ( bus9ess m5 at lea/ z v>i$4 ,! puni%m5t ( a crim9al is no long] an affair ( p]sonal h]oism or ! virtue ( any "o individual1 b is ?r\gh\t ! entire process1 9 ! inve/igation & discov]y ( ! feloni\s act1 9 ! pron\ncem5t ( judicial s5t5ce & its execution1 contribut$ to by diff]5t p]sons2 nay1 e important phase ( su* a process is 9 ! same way subject to "s k9d ( division ( lab\r4 ,to see t ! laws are prop]ly adm9i/]$1 !n1 is n )9 ! special prov9ce ( any "o man1 b results f an organiz$ ef=t ( great v>iety & ! rules :i* direct x4 ,add to ?is e man :o assi/s 9 su* a process is b\nd to foll[ c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* are laid d[n = 8 guidance1 & all t is c>ri$ out "u _! direction is fur!r subject to ! criticism & control ( yet high] (ficials4 77 ,9 all su* civic relations1 !n1 we f9d t 9 a truly regulat$ ,/ate ! public au?ority is n impress$ ) ! imprimatur ( any s+le p]son1 b x is ! g5]al ,w :i* prevails "h 9 its univ]sality1 a condition "u :i* ! p>ticul> life ( ! individual has ! appe>ance ( vani%+ or1 at lea/1 ( becom+ ( a q subsidi>y importance4 ,9 a condition ( ?+s su* z ?is ! self-subsi/5cy we 7 seek+ = is out ( ! "q4 ,& = ?is reason we requir$ = ! free embodim5t ( individuality conditions :i* are precisely ! rev]se ( ?is1 9 :i* ! validity ( ! e?ical pr9ciple d]ives its support f individuals1 & only f individuals1 m5 :o make = !mselves a great place 9 ! ar5a ( life ?r\gh ! activity ( exceptional volitional p[] & ! inh]5t greatness & effectiv5ess ( _! "*4 ,) su* "r is simply t :i* !y *oose to accept z su*2 & if t :i* is ess5tially moral is compromis$ by _! action1 !re is no all-con/ra9+ public might :i* br+s !m to judgm5t & exacts puni%m5t1 b only ! "r ( t inn] voice ( necessity1 :i* acc5tuates itself z vital 9 p>ticul> "* & ?r\gh ext]nal circum/ance & condition & only ?us is actually exi/5t4 ,?is is :at diff]5tiates puni%m5t f rev5ge4 ,! puni%m5t exact$ by law ass]ts ! validity ( ! g5]ally applicable & c>efully def9$ "r aga9/ ! violation ( t "r1 & makes use ( ! public p[] accord+ to a def9ite process z its in/rum5t1 9 o!r words1 x employs a tribunal & a judge1 an in/rum5t to :i* p]sonality is atta*$ z some?+ accid5tal4 ,ev5 rev5ge may 9 a simil> way f9d a ju/ification2 b su* z x has is bas$ entirely on ! subjective consci5ce ( ^? :o deal ) ! crim9al act1 &1 9 pursuance ( _! own private convictions1 av5ge !mselves on ! unrighte\s act & its p]petrator4 ,! rev5ge ( ,ore/es is1 = example1 ju/ifiable2 b he exact$ x "u ! direction ( ! law :i* 8 own virtue prescrib$1 n z ! execution ( a judgm5t & a "r4 ,9 ! condition1 !n1 t we claim z ! mo/ suitable = arti/ic treatm5t1 t :i* is moral & j mu/ be ?r\gh\t p]sonal1 9 ! s5se t its s\rce is exclusively 9 ! individual life1 & x only is actual 9 su* dep5d5ce4 ,moreov]1 to proce$ ) our contra/$ conditions1 9 regulat$ ,/ates ! ext]nal environm5t ( man is made secure1 & prop]ly is protect$1 & he is only p]mitt$ to reta9 9 absolute indep5d5ce = himself 8 private views & op9ions4 ,b 9 t condition :]e ! ess5tial features ( a ,/ate are n f\nd ! protection ( life & prop]ty dep5ds on ! isolat$ en]gy & c\rage ( ea* individual by himself1 :o is compell$ to look aft] 8 own security & t ( ev]y?+ :i* belongs to him4 ,su* a condition we are accu/om$ to id5tify ) ! h]oic age4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 our prov9ce "h ei!r to discuss or decide :i* ( ^! two contra/$ conditions ( life is ! wor?i]2 suffice x to say t1 s f> z ! ,ideal ( art is conc]n$1 x is imp]atively necess>y t ?is h>d & fix$ l9e betwe5 ! univ]sal z an indep5d5t exi/5ce & individuality %\ld be remov$1 h[ev] mu* ?is di/9ction may be necess>y 9 o!r directions = ! realization ( human exi/5ce4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ,art & its ,ideal is j t univ]sal1 9 s f> z x may be pres5t$ to ! p]ception ( ! s5ses1 & by su* pres5tm5t is p]mitt$ to ent] into ! v>iety & liv+ =ms ( ! _w ( objects4 77 ,:at we 7 look+ =1 !re=e1 is suppli$ u by ! h]oic age1 = x is "h t virtue1 9 ! full s5se ( t ,greek ^w1 creates ! root-basis ( actions4 ,9 ?is connection x w\ld appe> t we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 & virtus z und]/ood by ! ,roman !mselves4 ,! ,romans _h already _! ,/ate1 ,fa!rl&1 & legal in/itutions1 & z contra/$ ) ! ,/ate1 z ! controll+ object ( all1 !y _h surr5d]$ p]sonality4 ,to be simply a citiz5 ( ,rome1 to h "o object = ! imag9ation & = e o!r p]sonal en]gy to c5tre itself ^u1 namely1 ! fa!rl& & its sov]eign maje/y1 !re9 lies ! e>ne/ness & grit ( ,roman virtue4 ,h]oes1 on ! contr>y1 are individuals :o und]take & accompli% a complete ent]prise 9 consi/5t reliance ^u _! p]sonal res\rces & initiative1 & ) :om x is consequ5tly a purely arbitr>y act ( _! own :5 !y execute any?+ 9 accordance ) ! moral pr9ciple4 ,?is imm$iate unity1 h[ev]1 ( :at we may call ! sub/antive import & individuality ( incl9ation1 impulse1 & w is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,greek virtue4 ,accord+ to ?is view p]sonality is a law to itself )\t any fur!r subjection to a law1 judgm5t1 & tribunal ( indep5d5t subsi/5ce4 ,! ,greek h]oes make _! appe>ance 9 an epo* ant]ior to legal enactm5t1 or !y are !mselves ! f\nd]s ( ,/ates1 s t "r & social ord]1 law & e?ical cu/om1 emanate f !m1 & p]si/ z _! own creation 9 an indefeasible relation to !m4 ,9 ?is way ,h]cules 0 reg>d$ s highly by ! anci5ts !mselves1 & repres5ts an ,ideal ( orig9al & h]oic virtue4 ,8 free & self-reliant virtue1 ) :i* he *ampion$ ! "r & battl$ aga9/ ! mon/rosities ( m5 & ,nature is n a prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ! age1 b belongs to him z an exclusive & unique possession4 ,& we may add he 0 n /rictly a moral h]o1 z 8 reception ( ! fifty daught]s ( ,!spius 9 "o night#cjd cle>ly %[s u2 nei!r w\ld x appe> f ! tale ab\t ! ,augaean /ables is he pre-em95t = g5tility4 ,he is r ! g5]al type ( self-reliant /r5g? & res\rce 9 its *ampion%ip ( "r & ju/ice1 to exemplify :i* he elect$ summ>ily & f a free *oice to und]go c\ntless toils & lab\rs4 ,x is true t "s ( 8 de$s 7 c>ri$ out at ! in/igation ( ,eury/heus1 b ?is submission is1 aft] all1 r a =mal association ?an a real "o1 no connection at lea/ ( legal validity or inevitable necessity ?r\gh :i* ! /r5g? ( 8 self-reliant p]sonality 0 div]t$ f its indep5d5t c\rse4 ,! ,hom]ic h]oes are ( a simil> type4 ,no d\bt !y h _! clan *iefta92 b ! associat+ bond is no fix$ relation already det]m9$ by law1 :i* en=ces _! submission2 ( _! own free w x is t !y foll[ ,agamemnon1 :o is no mon>* 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,consequ5tly e h]o volunte]s 8 own advice1 ! enrag$ ,a*illes acts indep5d5tly = himself 9 8 sep>ation1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 ea* & all come & g1 act1 or take _! leisure z !y please4 ,9 mu* ! same indep5d5t position1 t is to say1 unit$ 9 no fix$ organization1 to :i* !y are z individuals entirely subord9ate1 we f9d ! h]oes ( ,arabian poetry portray$1 & ev5 ! ,%ah-,rameh ( ,f]dusi furni%es u ) simil> examples4 ,9 latt]-day ,*ri/5dom ! age ( feudalism & knigh?ood supplies a f]tile field = ! free gr[? ( h]oic ent]prise & ! type ( individuality :i* belongs to x4 ,( su* are ! h]oes ( ! r\nd table1 no less ?an ! h]oic circle ( :i* ,*>les ! ,great is ! focus4 ,*>les is1 mu* l ,agamemnon1 surr\nd$ ) indep5d5t *iefta9s ( h]oic m\ld1 a union :i* z su* is p[]less#cje4 ,he is consequ5tly always compell$ to take c\nsel ) !m1 h[ev] mu* ea* ( !m may be influ5c$ by private passions2 he may blu/] l a v ,olympian ,jupit]1 & none ! less f9d himself & 8 und]tak+s sudd5ly left 9 ! lur* :ile 8 conf$]ates are (f on "s adv5tures ( _! own4 ,! ,cid is p]haps ! mo/ complete example ( ! type4 ,he1 too1 is ! ally ( a conf$]acy1 ! dep5d5t ( a k+1 & is b\nd to r5d] duty z vassal2 b 9 opposition to ?is obligation he is pre-em95tly influ5c$ by ! pr9ciple ( hon\r1 ! purely p]sonal consid]ation ( 8 own glory1 nobility1 & reputation#cjf4 ,& s 9 ?is case also ! k+ c only det]m9e a fix$ l9e ( action & make w> aft] consult+ & obta9+ ! cons5t ( 8 vassals4 ,if ?is is n giv5 !y d n fight1 &1 moreov]1 a m]e majority ( votes is n suffici5t to compel !m4 ,e man is indep5d5t ( 8 neighb\r1 & ex]cises 8 w & /e]s 8 own c\rse z su*4 ,we f9d 9 ! acc\nts giv5 u ( ,s>ac5 h]oes an equally brilliant picture ( self-reliant & /ill m inflexible p]sonality4 ,ev5 ! ,re9ecke ,fu*s fable is a fre% example ( ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,"h1 x is true1 ! lion is ma/] & k+1 b ! wolf & ! be> sit 9 c\ncil4 ,ev5 ,re9ecke & ! re/ d j :at !y l2 & :5 !re is a g5]al outcry1 ! sly fell[ ei!r gets out ( ! mess ) 8 /ory-tell+1 or manages to make "s p>ticul> int]e/ ( k+ & que5 "w to 8 own advantage1 & 9 8 own cunn+ way talks ov] 8 sov]eign someh[4 77 ,moreov]1 9 mu* ! same way t ea* individual example ( ?is h]oic type ( p]sonality p]si/s 9 imm$iate unity ) all t he may w1 act1 & accompli%1 a simil> unity is fur!r ma9ta9$ 9 all ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f su* initiative4 ,:5 we ourselves1 on ! contr>y1 act or e/imate a p>ticul> action1 we assume t only full responsibility c atta* :]e ! individual "u consid]ation is 9 complete possession ( ! true nature ( 8 action & its att5dant circum/ances4 ,if ! cont5t ( ^? surr\nd+ conditions is o!rwise ?an t :i* is pres5t to ! ag5t's consci\sness 9 su* a case a man n[adays w n take ^u himself ! burd5 ( all t is impli$ 9 8 action4 ,he w ?ru/ on "o side t "p ( x :i* he w\ld n h done _h he kn[n completely or n misconceiv$ ! circum/ances1 & he only accepts t :i* 0 fully "u 8 cognisance & c>ri$ out ) delib]ate int5tion 9 con=mity !reto4 ,! h]oic "* makes no su* di/9ction4 ,he adh]es simply to all ! consequ5ces & makes good 8 p]sonal responsibility = ! :ole4 dipus on 8 way to consult ! oracle meets a c]ta9 man1 qu>rels ) him & /rikes him4 ,9 ^? days su* an act 0 n a crime at all4 ,he only return$ a bl[ aft] be+ vigor\sly attack$4 ,b ! /rang] 0 8 fa!r4 dipus fur!r m>ries a royal lady4 ,8 wife is 8 "m4 ,)\t kn[+ x he commits an act ( %ame4 ,on le>n+ ! tru? he ackn[l$ges su* enormities to _! full ext5t1 inflicts a puni%m5t on himself z murd]] ( 8 fa!r & a man ( ince/1 & ?is al?\gh he 0 entirely ignorant ( ! true nature ( ^! acts1 or _h any int5tion ( do+ !m4 ,! self-reliant /ubbornness & entirety ( ! h]oic "* refuses to p>cel out responsibility & kn[s no?+ ( su* di/9ctions z p]sonal int5tion & ! objective act & its consequ5ces4 ,9 ! evolution & ramification ( an action z we mod]ns reg>d x ^! oppos$ po9ts ( view con/antly recur1 & guilt is ?r[n into ! backgr\nd z f> z possible4 ,no d\bt our view ( ! matt] is m 9 accordance ) e?ical pr9ciple1 9 s f> z ! condition ( a p]sonal k ( ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 or ! consci\sness ( an object good 9 itself1 9 %ort1 g5]ally ! int5t ( an act1 is :at mat]ially assi/s u 9 our judgm5t4 ,b 9 ! h]oic age1 :]e we f9d ! individual ess5tially indivisible & ! objective act proce$+ f himself z entirely 8 own1 ea* p]son claims absolutely all t he may d1 & refuses to surr5d] "o jot or tittle ( responsibility !re=4 ,to an ext5t equally m9ute ! h]oic figure is sep>at$ f ! e?ical :ole1 to :i* he belongs1 & 8 self-consci\sness is b\nd up :olly 9 sub/antial unity ) t :ole4 ,accord+ to ! views 9 vogue n[ we draw a l9e ( di/9ction z private individuals betwe5 objects :i* are :olly p]sonal & ^? :i* affect ! community4 ,! individual acts 9 all t he does f 8 own private p]sonality z di/9ct f o!rs1 & views ev5 8 actions r z relative to ?is ?an z "p ( all t is f>m$ out by ! organic :ole to :i* he belongs4 ,we consequ5tly make a di/9ction betwe5 individuals & _! families4 ,su* is unkn[n 9 ! h]oic age4 ,! guilt ( ance/ors adh]es to _! desc5dants1 & an entire family w suff] = ! orig9al default]4 ,m5 inh]it ! fatality ( guilt & transgression4 ,a condemnation su* z ?is appe>s to u unju/ z an irrational subjection to a bl9d fate4 ,) u ! a*ievem5ts ( ance/ors reflect no m hon\r on *ildr5 & desc5dants ?an ! puni%m5ts & crimes ( su* contam9ate ^? t foll[ aft] !m1 & lea/ ( all is _! private "* ?us affect$2 nay1 mod]n op9ion is already close to ! view t ! confiscation ( family prop]ty is a puni%m5t :i* violates ! pr(\nd] conception ( lib]ty4 ,b 9 ! anci5t & m pla/ic totality ! individual is n s isolat$1 b r a memb] ( 8 family & race4 ,= ?is reason ! "*1 action1 & =tunes ( ! family cont9ue to be ! private affair ( ea* memb] ( x2 & s f> f d5y+ ! actions ( 8 p>5ts1 ea* man volunt>ily accepts !m z 8 own2 !y live 9 him1 & he is j t :i* 8 fa!rs 71 suff]$1 or transgress$4 ,?is appe>s to u a h>d%ip1 b t :i* we replace x )1 ?is /&+ alone on our own possessions#cjg1 & ! m subjective self-/ability ?us acquir$ is also f ano!r po9t ( view only ! ab/ract self-suffici5cy ( ea*4 ,! individuality ( h]oic times is none ! less ( a m ideal type1 because x does n decl>e itself z satisfi$ ) ! m]e =m ( fre$om & inf9ity1 b rema9s 9 unalt]able & imm$iate unity ) all t is mo/ sub/antial 9 ! relations ( _s :i* x ( itself end[s ) liv+ actuality4 ,9 su* an individuality ! sub/antial is imm$iately individual1 & ! individual !reby himself ess5tially sub/antive4 77 ,f consid]ations su* z ^! we conclude t ! ideal figures ( art mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! age ( my?os1 t is to say1 speak+ g5]ally1 9 pa/ times1 :]e we %all f9d ! soil mo/ cong5ial to _! gr[?4 ,if su* mat]ial is tak5 f ! age we live 91 ^: mo/ native =m1 z we actually f9d x1 is tightly %ut (f f ! imag9ation1 x matt]s n h[ we reg>d x1 !n ! modifications :i* ! poet c h>dly avoid mak+ 9 x w n readily escape ! appe>ance ( a purely artificial & int5tional composition4 ,! ,pa/ entirely belongs to memory1 & memory p]fects ! infold+ veil ( "*1 ev5ts1 & actions 9 ! ve/ure ( univ]sality1 ?r\gh :i* ! p>ticul> ext]nal or cont+5t detail is unable to p5etrate4 ,_m trifl+ circum/ances & m$iat+ conditions1 _m v>i$ & isolat$ phases ( activity1 are insep>able f ! actual exi/5ce ( an action or a "*3 9 ! mirror ( memory all ^! insignificant details are oblit]at$4 ,9 ?is lib]ation ( 8 "w f :at is accid5tal 9 ! ext]nal fact ! arti/ has a fre] h& = 8 arti/ic p[]s ( composition1 :5 deal+ ) t :i* is individual & p>ticul> 9 x1 if ! actions1 hi/ories1 & *>act]s are borr[$ f anci5t times4 ,he has1 x is true1 also hi/orical memories1 out ( :i* he mu/ m\ld a cont5t con=mable to ! univ]sal2 b ! picture ( ! ,pa/ possesses1 z already obs]v$1 an advantage1 tak5 simply z a picture ( great] univ]sality1 :ile ! manifold texture ( m$iat+ condition & circum/ance1 int]wov5 z x is 9 ! entire framework ( f9ite exi/5ce :i* surr\nds x1 (f]s him mat]ial ample en\gh to prev5t 8 h& oblit]at+ ! individuality1 :i* is ess5tial to 8 "w ( art4 ,! m closely we consid] x1 ! cle>] w be our conclusion t a h]oic age has ! advantage ov] lat] & m civiliz$ times 9 t ! isolat$ "* & p]sonality g5]ally 9 su* an age does n z yet f9d :at is sub/antive ei!r 9 ! sph]e ( e?ical cu/om1 or moral obligation oppos$ to itself 9 ! necess>y embodim5t ( legal in/itution1 & !reby pres5ts imm$iately to ! poet all t ! =m ( ! ,ideal requires4 ,%akespe>e has1 = example1 select$ mu* mat]ial = 8 trag$ies f *ronicles & e>li] romances1 fram$ ^u a condition ( life :i* has n z yet receiv$ ! impression ( a fully articulat$ social ord]1 b 9 :i* ! en]gy ( individuals1 z emphasiz$ 9 p]sonal resolve & a*ievem5t1 is /ill ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic4 ,8 g5u9e hi/orical dramas h1 on ! contr>y1 a ve9 ( hi/orical sub/ance runn+ ?r\gh !m 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 & = ?is reason lean f>!r away f an ideal exposition1 al?\gh "h1 too1 bo? circum/ances & actions are made to fall 9 )1 or are remov$ to suit1 ! unyield+ self-suffici5cy & wilfulness ( p>ticul> *>act]s4 ,no d\bt ?is *>act]i/ic rema9s = ! mo/ "p 9 _! case a purely =mal self-inclusion1 :]eas if we contra/ x ) ! self-subsi/5cy ( h]oic *>act]s we f9d t "h ! ess5tial cont5t ( all su* h propos$ to accompli% is b\nd up !re)4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is contra/ t we %\ld f9d a reason = repeat+ ! g5]al !sis 9 connection ) ! ,ideal1 to ! effect t ! ,idyllic is exceptionally adapt$ = its expression1 inasmu* z :]e t is pres5t$ ! cleavage betwe5 :at is det]m9$ by legal necessity & ! liv+ p]son is :olly abs5t4 ,to ?is we mu/ reply t1 h[ev] simple & orig9al idyllic situations may be1 h[ev] f> remov$ !y may be f ! artificial prose-exi/5ce ( society1 su* simplicity1 if we consid] ! nature ( its cont5t1 has1 9 fact1 too insignificant an int]e/ to satisfy ! mo/ sub/antial & ess5tial requirem5ts ( ! ,ideal4 ,mat]ial ( ?is sort fails entirely to include ! mo/ weighty motives ( h]oic "* su* z ,fa!rl&1 moral & family problems1 & _! developm5t2 x is a k9d ( treatm5t :i* is apt to select z ! v core ( its subject su* a fact z ! loss ( a s+le %eep or ! fall+ 9 love ( a girl4 ,9 ?is way ! ,idyllic n unfrequ5tly becomes m]ely ! res\rce & recreation ( our he>ts1 to :i* poets su* z ,gessn]1 = example1 w add _! dose ( sickly sweetness & s5tim5talism4 ,! idyllic aspect ( ! days we live 9 h1 fur!r1 ?is defect1 t ?is navet1 ?is dome/icat$ or rural atmosph]e 9 ! emotional aspect ( love or ! enjoym5t ( a good cup ( c(fee 9 ! op5 & ?+s ( t sort are n likely to awake mu* int]e/1 :5 we f9d 9 !m no?+ b ! c\ntry p>son flav\r--f9d !m cut (f1 t is to say1 f all wid] relations ) ! outside _w1 & n a trace ( ! pr(\nd] web ( purposes ) :i* t _w is int]wov54 ,x is precisely "h t we h reason to admire ! g5ius ( ,goe!1 :5 he conc5trat$ 8 poetic tal5t on mat]ial ( ?is k9d 9 8 poem ( ,h]mann & ,doro!a4 ,x is true t he selects f ! life ( ! ,pres5t a p>ticul> !me ( v limit$ ext5sion1 b at ! same "t he unfolds be=e u z ! backgr\nd & atmosph]e ( ! picture 9 :i* 8 *>act]s are portray$ ! great int]e/s ( ! revolution & 8 own native c\ntry1 &1 9 %ort1 associates ) a subject-matt] necess>ily n>r[ 9 its range facts ( _w-hi/ory ( ! wide/ & mo/ pot5t significance4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we %all f9d t ! ills ( life & its evil1 w>1 battles1 & rev5ge1 are n exclud$ f ! subject-matt] ( ! ,ideal1 b are frequ5tly ! v s\rce & sub/ance ( ! h]oic age & its my?s1 ^: =m gr[s all ! wild] & /]n] 9 proportion to ! remot5ess ( su* a p]iod f a fully develop$ society ( law & moral ord]4 ,9 ! *ivalr\s adv5tures ( knight-errantry we f9d ! h]oes ( su* tales !mselves (t5 en\gh %>+ ! savage & dissolute *>act]i/ics ( ! times1 & 9 mu* ! same way ! m>tyrdom ( ! h]oes ( ! ,*ur* presupposes a condition ( f]oci\s cruelty ar\nd !m4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 :i* is bas$ on ! dep? & inw>dness ( man's spiritual nature1 /&s 9 a relation ( entire indiff]5ce to ! ext]nal _w4 ,we h demon/rat$ t ! condition ( p>ticul> c5turies is m applicable to ! ,ideal2 9 ! same way ,art selects pre-em95tly a p>ticul> class ( society = ! =m "u :i* ! ,ideal %all appe>1 ! ord]1 t is to say1 ( pr9ces4 ,& ! selection is made n because art is necess>ily ari/ocratic1 or has any pr$ilection = g5tility#cjh1 b simply on acc\nt ( ! p]fection 9 :i* free w & its products may be exemplifi$ imag9atively ?r\gh ! highly plac$ class4 ,we h 9 ! *orus ( anci5t trag$y ! *>act]i/ics & univ]sal backgr\nd ( g5]al maxims1 modes ( imag9ative ?\ght1 & emotion1 be=e :i* ! def9ite movem5ts ( ! action proce$4 ,9 contra/ to ?is appe> ! m cle>ly def9$ individualities ( ! p]sonages imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ! action1 m5 & wom5 ( au?ority1 & belong+ = ! mo/ "p to royal families4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ma9 impression =c$ ^u u1 :5 see+ repres5tatives ( a l[] class c>ry+ on pursuits :i* are ( a n>r[] range1 is "o ( subjection2 &1 inde$1 9 an artificial#cji /ate ( society ! fre$om ( action ( su* a class is fett]$ 9 e direction1 & is necess>ily involv$ ) all its passions & int]e/s 9 all ! m$ley & despotic =ces ( ext]nal circum/ance4 ,x is1 9 fact1 held closely beh9d ! inv9cible p[] ( ! social ord]1 :i* x is unable to come out (1 & is an ali5 f ! au?ority ( ! dom9ant ord]1 ev5 :5 t is ass]t$ 9 accordance ) j pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is limitation ( outlook ?r\gh ! h>d conditions ( life all real indep5d5ce is wreck$4 ,= ?is reason bo? ! circum/ances & *>act]s :i* we f9d 9 su* a sph]e ( life are m appropriate to ! treatm5t ( com$y1 ev]ybody be+ p]mitt$ 9 com$y to rate !mselves z !y please1 & to lay claims to a self-suffici5cy 9 all t !y w & ?9k1 :i* is none ! less imm$iately negativ$ by ! spiritual no less ?an ! ext]nal dep5d5ce ( _! lives4 ,z a rule1 su* a false & second-h& self-subsi/5cy mu/ inevitably fall to pieces :5 confront$ ) ! actual conditions ( life & ! di/ort$ view :i* is =m$ ( !m4 ,! =ce ( circum/ances is pres5t$ to ! l[] ord]s ( society on a totally diff]5t level f t 9 :i* x acts ^u rul]s & pr9ces4 ,9 ,s*ill]'s ,braut von ,mess9a ,don ,caes> is able to exclaim1 & ju/ly3 !re /&s no high] judge ?an myself6 ,& :5 he has to be puni%$ he mu/ himself give judgm5t & execute x4 ,he is1 9 fact1 subject to no ext]nal necessity ( "r & law1 & ev5 :5 puni%m5t is ! "q is :olly dep5d5t on himself4 ,! *>act]s 9 ! ,%akespe>ean drama d n entirely belong to ! pr9cely ord] & only p>tially are tak5 f my?ical s\rces1 b !y are plac$ 9 ! era ( civil w>s1 9 :i* ! ties ( social ord] & legislative enactm5t are ei!r weak5$ or %att]$1 & !y secure f su* a condition ! exceptional indep5d5ce & self-suffici5cy we are look+ =4 7b7 ,if we transf] our att5tion n[ f ! *>act]i/ic conditions ( society we h hi!rto ma9ly consid]$ to ! actual /ate ( ! _w ar\nd u & its c>efully articulat$ s*eme ( e?ical1 judicial1 & political in/itutions1 we %all n fail to obs]ve t ! mat]ial we h "h (f]$ u = figures ( truly ideal type is ( a v re/rict$ "*4 ,! prov9ce "h 9 :i* an entirely op5 field is pres5t$ = ! display ( indep5d5t purpose 9 its fulle/ individuality is limit$ bo? 9 its range & ! measure ( opportunity4 ,! qualities t make a man ?or\gh 9 8 relations to 8 own family & 8 bus9ess1 ! ideals1 9 %ort1 ( hone/ citiz5s & excell5t wives1 9 s f> z w & activity are conc5trat$ on ! field 9 :i* x is /ill possible = a man to ex]cise 8 free p]sonality1 to c>ry out1 9 %ort1 all t he has a m9d to d1 ?is is ! prevail+ feature ( our mod]n society4 ,su* ideals inevitably lack ! dep? ( a full] cont5t1 & ! mo/ significant feature ( !m is t ( ! attitude ( ! individual m9d to _! realization2 = we f9d "h ! cont5t is already pres5t$ by exi/+ social in/itutions1 & consequ5tly ! ess5tial int]e/ we take 9 x dep5ds on ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* t cont5t is realiz$ & appe>s 9 ! p]sonal life1 its moral & inw>d significance4 ,= ?is reason x is n possible1 z 9 ! case ( =m] times1 to create ideals f ! positions ( judge%ip & k+%ip4 ,if a man c>ries out 8 judicial functions n[adays 9 accordance ) duty & ! requirem5ts ( 8 (fice1 he m]ely is act+ )9 ! b\nds already m>k$ out = him by legislative enactm5ts 9 ! social ord] z ! sph]e ( 8 responsibilities4 ,all t may *>act]ize 8 t5ure ( (fice beyond ?is1 z proce$+ f p]sonal qualities1 su* z suavity ( demean\r or acut5ess ( judgm5t1 is n ! ma9 po9t or ! sub/antial cont5t1 b r an aspect ( x :i* x is possible to disp5se ) z some?+ accid5tal4 ,9 ! same way ! mon>*s ( our own day are no long]1 z 0 ! case ) ! h]oes ( my?ical times1 9 !mselves ! embody+ & culm9at+ unity ( society itself1 b r a m or less unsub/antial c5trum ar\nd :i* all legal & social in/itutions1 h[ev] m\ld$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 gr\p !mselves 9 indep5d5t relations4 ,all ! mo/ important functions ( ! executive h n[adays be5 sep>at$ f ! royal pr]ogative4 ,k+s d n lay d[n ! law1 control f9ance2 ! pres]vation ( social ord] is n "o ( _! mo/ *>act]i/ic functions4 ,peace & w> are det]m9$ ?r\gh ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( int]national politics1 :i* x is n )9 _! p[] exclusively ei!r to direct or control2 &1 if x happ5s t any important decision ) reg>d to ei!r dep5ds 9 ! la/ resort on _! judgm5t1 su* a decision is n g5]ally s mu* 9 ! nature ( its sub/ance ! result ( any p]sonal pref]5ce1 z x is ! =mal seal ( mon>*ical au?ority on :at is already det]m9$ on public gr\nds1 ! m]e imposition ( t :i* is /rictly (ficial r ?an p]sonal 9 its "*4 ,9 ! same way1 a g5]al or field-m>%al ( our times has unque/ionably great au?ority2 objects & int]e/s ( pr(\nd importance are "u 8 control & 8 circumspection2 8 c\rage1 8 det]m9ation1 & 8 intellig5ce are involv$ 9 ! weightie/ decisions2 nev]!less1 :atev] may be def9itely trac$ to ! ess5tially p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ! man has little opportunity = display 9 su* a result4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! objects ^u :i* 8 decisions turn are n ( 8 own selection1 & arise out ( circum/ances :i* lie beyond ! sph]e ( 8 influ5ce r ?an are spontane\sly fix$ by himself2 secondly1 ! means adopt$ to c>ry out su* objects are n ! sole result ( 8 initiative4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are suppli$ him f s\rces :i* are n imm$iately "u 8 au?ority or p]sonal influ5ce1 b /& r q ap>t f ! sph]e ( 8 individual p[]s z a g5]al4 ,to sum up1 !n1 ?\gh x is true t "u ! pres5t condition ( ! civiliz$ _w a man may act indep5d5tly = himself 9 _m directions1 ! fact rema9s t 9 :atev] direction he may turn he is /ill only a memb] ( a fix$ ord] ( society & appe>s z su* limit$ 9 8 range r ?an ! vital repres5tative & individual embodim5t ( society itself4 ,he acts necess>ily "u su* a condition ( re/riction1 & our int]e/ 9 su* a p]sonality1 no less ?an 9 ! cont5t ( 8 aims & activity1 is entirely devoid ( complet5ess4 ,9 ! end we are inv>iably driv5 to conc5trate our att5tion on ! purely p]sonal int]e/1 h[ f>1 t is to say1 he atta9$ success1 :at 0 ! nature ( ! ob/acles & complications :i*1 9 ei!r1 ?r\gh unt[>d *ance or necessity1 confront$ or di/ract$ 8 progress4 ,& if x is1 moreov]1 true t our mod]n p]sonality is ( inf9ite significance :5 we e/imate ! "* ?us manife/$ z a spiritual product1 9 its actions1 suff]+s1 moral op9ions1 & conduct t is to say1 x is also true t ! moral cont5t :i* is realiz$ 9 su* an individual is ( a re/rict$ "*1 r ?an1 z is ! case 9 ! h]oic times1 ! realization ( univ]sal "r1 cu/om1 & legality4 ,! individual is no long] ! exclusive vehicle & actual embodim5t ( ^! p[]s z 9 ! previ\s times4 7c7 ,our int]e/1 h[ev]1 9 & ne$ to h pres5t$ u su* a completely realiz$ individuality & liv+ self-dep5d5ce w always p]si/1 h[ev] /rongly we may recognize ! wor? & reasonable nature ( ! m develop$ condition ( an organiz$ & tra9$ civic society4 ,x is ?is necessity :i* makes u reg>d ) a/oni%m5t ! y\?ful _s ( ,s*ill] & ,goe! :5 !y s\ght to discov] t lo/ self-suffici5cy 9 ! prevail+ conditions ( mod]n times4 ,h[ d we f9d 9 p>ticul> ?is attempt is made by ,s*ill] 9 8 e>lie/ works8 ,simply by a rebellion direct$ aga9/ ! :ole organic framework ( civil society4 ,k>l ,moor1 suff]+ injury f ! exi/+ ord] at ! h&s ( ^? :o abuse ! p[] entru/$ !m1 has ! c\rage to break ! bonds :i* b9d him to law & ord] altoge!r1 cuts himself adrift & creates = himself a h]oic situation1 9 :i* he appe>s z ! *ampion ( "r1 & ! self-con/itut$ av5g] ( wrong1 inju/ice1 & oppression4 ,none ! less1 h[ insignificant & isolat$ mu/ a private rev5ge ( ?is k9d appe>1 if we e/imate x f ! practical po9t ( view1 accord+ to ! probability ( its success2 &1 9 fact1 9 "o aspect ( x1 x already conta9s ! g]m ( wrong :i* c only lead to ! crim9al act on :i* x w fall to pieces4 ,no d\bt1 z p]sonal to ,k>l ,moor himself1 ?is is a mis=tune1 a fatality1 h[ev]1 :i*1 despite ! tragical elem5t 9 x1 c only engraft on m]e boys ! blight ( su* a robb]-ideal4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! *>act]s depict$ 9 ,kabale und ,liebe suff] wrong "u prevail+ conditions ( life1 absorb$ 9 ! trivial facts & passions :olly p]sonal to !mselves4 ,x is n until we come to ! dramas ( ,fiesco & ,don ,c>los t we f9d *>act]s ( nobl] significance & m sub/antive cont5t1 h]oes1 = example1 resolv$ to lib]ate _! c\ntry1 or ass]t ! lib]ty ( religi\s conviction4 ,) a nobility /ill m /rik+ ,wall5/e9 places himself at ! head ( 8 army t ! crisis 9 ! political situation may come to a focus4 ,he is fully cognisant ( ! nature ( ! political =ces ^u :i* 8 only means ( control1 8 army1 is dep5d5t2 consequ5tly he hesitates = long :e!r to foll[ 8 private incl9ation or 8 duty4 ,he has b>ely arriv$ at a decision :5 he f9ds ! in/rum5t on :i* he mo/ dep5d$ slip f 8 grasp2 8 means ( action is gone4 ,= t :i* 9 ! la/ in/ance unites ! lead+ (fic]s & g5]als is no gratitude = any?+ t may be due to him on ! gr\nd ( pa/ s]vices r5d]$2 8 fame z a g5]al has no?+ to d ) x1 b r ! duty !y owe to ! univ]sally recogniz$ seat ( gov]nm5t1 ! oa? !y h sworn to ! head ( ! ,/ate1 ! emp]or ( ! ,au/rian mon>*y4 ,he f9ds himself consequ5tly 9 ! end isolat$1 & is n s mu* f\ght ) & ov]come by an ext]nal foe z he is /ripp$ ( all means ( execut+ 8 purpose4 ,he is des]t$ by 8 army & f t mom5t is a lo/ man4 ,! ,gtz#caj ( ,goe! />ts f a dramatic situation ( an analog\s ?\gh some:at inv]se type4 ,! times ( ,gtz & ,franz von ,sick+5 belong to ! int]e/+ epo* 9 :i* knight-errantry & ! self-reliant individuality ( ! class ( nobility is be+ sup]s$$ by ! new creation ( an ext]nal & legally con/itut$ social ord]4 ,to h select$ precisely ?is critical "t :]e we f9d ! h]oic *>act]i/ics ( ! ,middle ,ages & ! legaliz$ fabric ( mod]n society meet & collide = ! subject ( 8 fir/ arti/ic production %[s mu* p5etration on ! "p ( ,goe!4 ,= ,gtz & ,sick+5 are /ill h]oes 9 ! g5u9e s5se1 :o are resolv$ to ex]cise _! influ5ce ov] circum/ances1 :e!r imm$iately affect+ !m or ( wid] range1 out ( ! res\rces ( _! own p]sonalities1 _! c\rage1 & _! private s5se ( "r4 ,! new ord] ( ?+s involves ,gtz 9 acts ( illegality & br+s ab\t ! cata/rophe ( 8 life4 ,x is only 9 ! ,middle ,ages t knight-errantry & ! relations ( feudalism w supply a field entirely op5 to ?is type ( self-reliant manhood4 ,:5 we f9d1 moreov]1 ! legaliz$ ord] co-ord9at$ m completely 9 its prosaic =m1 ! pr$om9ant au?ority 9 fact1 ! adv5tur\s self-dep5d5ce ( knigh?ood is left outside x z an unrelat$ excresc5ce2 & if an attempt is made to ass]t x z ?\gh x 7 /ill a valid means ( attack+ wrong1 & assi/+ ! oppress$1 x becomes simply an object ( ridicule1 su* z ,c]vantes illu/rates = u 9 8 ,don ,quixote4 ,9 ?is allusion to ! opposition :i* exi/s betwe5 two diff]5tly con/itut$ rgimes ( society & ! collision :i* results f action 9 defiance ( _! p>ticul> "* we h already indicat$ :at we h above def9$ g5]ally z ! clos] det]m9ation & diff]5tiation ( ! univ]sal /ate ( ! _w1 t is to say1 ! situation z g5]ally express$4 #b4 ,,! ,,situation ,! ideal _w-condition :i* x is ! function ( art to pres5t 9 contra/ to prosaic reality we may conclude f our previ\s discussion to be m]ely a g5]al backgr\nd ( society ( a specific k9d2 x is m]ely ! possible condition necess>y = ! p>ticul> pres5tation1 n ! pres5tation itself4 ,:at we h hi!rto direct$ att5tion to is1 9 fact1 ! g5]al backgr\nd ^u :i* ! liv+ figures ( art may appe>4 ,x is und\bt$ly fructifi$ ) individuality & is support$ by its self-subsi/5cy2 b z a g5]al condition x is n yet ! active movem5t ( p>ticul> individuals 9 ! v =m ( life1 j z we may say t ! temple :i* ,art erects is n z yet ! repres5tation ( ! p]sonal godhead1 b only encloses ! g]m ( ! same4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance reg>d ?is _w-condition z a k9d ( m$ium 9 repose1 a h>mony1 s to speak1 ( =ces :i* are op]ative 9 x1 & to ?is ext5t x possesses a sub/antial consi/5cy ( uni=m wor?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be accept$ z id5tical ) :at has be5 call$ ! age ( innoc5ce4 ,= x is a condition 9 ! fulness & sov]eignty ( ^: e?ical atmosph]e ! t]rors ( division only are slumb]+ because1 9 our contemplation ( x1 we h be=e u1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! aspect ( its sub/antial unity1 & consequ5tly are only pres5t$ ) individuality 9 its mo/ univ]sal t]ms1 a mode ( view+ x :i* makes x fade away z ?\gh )\t def9ition or any ess5tial di/urbance ( its unity1 in/ead ( giv+ to x ! full value ( def9ite *>act]i/ics4 ,b su* *>act]ization is ess5tial to individuality4 ,& if ! ,ideal is to appe> z def9ite =m x is necess>y = x to escape f su* pure univ]sality1 or 9 o!r words = x to give ! univ]sal a p>ticul> expression1 & by s do+ imp>t to x bo? exi/5ce & appe>ance4 ,art consequ5tly has 9 ?is connection n only to translate into its m$ium a univ]sal _w-condition1 b mu/ proce$ beyond ?is q indef9ite conception to ! composition ( pictures ( def9ite "* & action4 ,reg>d$ f ! aspect "u :i* x affects individual "* ?is g5]al condition is ! environm5t ( circum/ance :i*1 accord+ to its specifically deta*$ =m1 t5ds to excite bo? collisions & developm5t1 =c+ !reby ! individuals ?us affect$ to express _! nature & exhibit su* expression 9 a def9ite =m4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! _w-condition ?is self-revelation ( p>ticul> individuals appe>s z ! pass+ ( its univ]sality into ! di/9ct embodim5ts ( liv+ individuality1 an aggregate ov] :i* univ]sal =ces /ill ass]t ! ma/]y4#caa ,= ! et]nal p[]s op]ative 9 ! _w-process con/itute ! sub/antive cont5t ( ! ,ideal z specifically def9$ 9 :at x ess5tially is4 ,! mode ( exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* is realiz$ ?r\gh ! b>e =m ( ext]nal condition is unwor?y ( ?is cont5t4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place su* a condition is associat$ ) habit1 & ! habitual is no adequate det]m9ation ( ^? pr(\nd] int]e/s :i* are active 9 self-consci\s m9d4 ,fur!rmore1 z we h obs]v$1 x 0 ! cont+5cy & caprice ( individuality1 by virtue ( ^: spontane\s activity ^! v int]e/s are p]mitt$ to appe> 9 life2 b ?is uness5tial cont+5cy & caprice is aga9 q z little adequate to ! sub/antive univ]sality1 :i* con/itutes ! notion ( ess5tial actuality4 ,on ^! gr\nds respectively we are !re=e compell$ to seek an art-envisagem5t m wor?y & bett] def9$ = ! concrete cont5t#cab ( ! ,ideal4 ,?is new configuration ! univ]sal p[]s c only reta9 9 its det]m9ate exi/5ce 9 virtue ( ! fact t !y are manife/$ 9 _! ess5tial modes ( diff]5ce & movem5t1 or1 to put ! matt] m specifically1 ?r\gh _! ass]tion ( ! contradictions :i* !y relatively unfold4 ,two aspects ( ! process ( individualization into :i* ! univ]sal ?us passes mu/ be "h emphasiz$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! sub/ance z an embrac+ sph]e ( univ]sal =ces ?r\gh ! diff]5tiation indicat$1 :i* is brok5 f its sub/antive unity into its compon5t p>ts2 secondly1 !re are ! individuals1 :i* spr+ =? z ! active completion ( ^! =ces & give to !m a specific objectification4 ,n[ :at we h *>act]iz$ z ! diff]5ce & opposition 9 :i* ! _w-condition1 hi!rto h>moni\s ) ! individuals condition$ by x1 is involv$1 if we consid] x f ! po9t ( view ( univ]sal condition1 is ! manife/ation ( ! ess5tial cont5t :i* x c>ries 9 itself4 ,on ! o!r h& we obs]ve t ! sub/antive univ]sal 9 t condition is articulat$ ?r\gh p>ticul> units 9 su* a way t ?is v univ]sal procures = itself det]m9ate exi/5ce1 albeit x is ?us imm]s$ 9 ! appe>ance ( *ance1 disunion1 & division1 an appe>ance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is r5d]$ nugatory by ! fact t x is ! univ]sal :i* ?us appe>s4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! =ces & _! objectification#cac 9 individuals c1 h[ev]1 fur!r take place "u def9ite conditions & circum/ances1 "u :i* & z a con/itu5t aspect ( :i* ! entire objective appe>ance receives a det]m9ate =m1 or z ! /imulative impulse ( ?is v realization4 ,by !mselves su* circum/ances are )\t int]e/#cad1 & x is only ?r\gh _! relation to mank9d t !y receive su* a significance1 ?r\gh ^: self-consci\sness ! cont5t ( ^! spiritual =ces is c>ri$ actively into objective appe>ance4 ,! ext]nal circum/ances are consequ5tly only to be reg>d$ ( significance 9 s f> z !y supply an ess5tial relation to ,_s1 9 s f>1 t is to say1 z !y are compreh5d$ by ^? individual units & af=d !m a /imulus to actualize _! inw>d spiritual ne$s1 ! aims1 ideas1 ! det]m9ate sub/ance1 9 %ort1 ( all t requires an individual embodim5t4 ,reg>d$ z a /imulat+ influ5ce ( ?is k9d p>ticul> circum/ances & conditions create :at we h call$ ! situation1 :i* is specifically presuppos$ 9 ! actual self-expansion & activity ( all t /ill lies undevelop$ 9 ! univ]sal _w-condition2 x is = ?is reason we h consid]$ ! previ\s det]m9ation ( ! notion ( ! situation z necess>y to any inquiry into ! true con/itu5ts ( action4 ,! situation express$ 9 g5]al t]ms is 9 "o aspect ( x ! circum/ance p>ticul>iz$ to ! po9t ( def9ite "*1 & "u ?is *>act]ization x is1 to put x ano!r way1 ! /imulat+ impulse to a p>ticul> expression ( cont5t1 :i* x is ! function ( arti/ic pres5tation to transmute into a specific =m ( exi/5ce4 ,look$ at f ?is latt] po9t ( view especially ! situation (f]s a wide field = contemplation1 inasmu* z x has ev] be5 "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial objects ( art to discov] situations ( real int]e/1 t is to say1 ( su* a k9d z w pres5t to u ! pr(\nd & weighty int]e/1 ! true/ cont5t ( spiritual life4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! sev]al arts 9 ?is respect no d\bt diff]4 ,sculpture1 = example1 is pre-em95tly limit$ 9 its ref]5ce to ! inw>dly detail$ v>iety ( situations4 ,pa9t+ & music are already op]ative 9 a fre] & m compreh5sive m$ium4 ,f9ally1 we are lea/ able among !m all to exhau/ ! possibilities ( poetry 9 ?is respect4 ,s9ce we h n yet arriv$ at t portion ( our subject :]e we deal directly ) ! specific arts1 x w be suffici5t "h to draw att5tion to a few ( ! mo/ g5]al aspects ( t inquiry1 :i* we may subdivide 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/1 we w\ld obs]ve t ! situation /ill reta9s ! =m ( univ]sality & !reby ( indet]m9acy1 s long z x is undevelop$ & )\t def9ite *>act]ization2 we h1 consequ5tly1 at fir/ pres5t be=e u a situation :i* is )\t situation4 ,= ! =m ( indet]m9acy is itself only "o =m z oppos$ to its contradiction ( det]m9acy1 & is %[n to be1 by virtue ( ?is v contra/1 a "o-sid$ aspect :i* z su* possesses a det]m9ate relation4 ,secondly1 h[ev]1 ! situation passes 9 sep>ation away f ?is univ]sality1 & becomes c]ta9ly det]m9ate to t ext5t1 b at fir/ ) a det]m9acy :i* produces no de/ructive consequ5ces1 t is to say1 x is "o :i* (f]s no /imulus to active opposition & its necess>y resolution4 ,?irdly1 we f9d ! elem5t ( disunion 9 all its vig\r creat+ by ! def9ition ( its oppos$ *>act]i/ics ! ess5ce ( ! situation1 :i* !reby is c>ri$ into a collision1 :i* aga9 proce$s to reactions1 &1 z su*1 =ms ! po9t ( dep>ture to ! conception ( arti/ic action prop]ly s call$4 ,we may1 9 fact1 *>act]ize ! situation g5]ally z ! int]m$iate plane betwe5 ! univ]sal _w-condition /ill 9 a /ate ( equilibrium1 & ! concrete action unfold$ 9 all its t5d5cy to movem5t & reaction1 a position :i* gives to x ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? extremes1 & enables u to pass ov] f ! "o to ! o!r4 7a7 ,! ,abs5ce ( ,situation#cae ,we pass$ f ! notion ( ! univ]sal _w-condition 9 pres5t+ to ourselves ! =m ( x z ess5tially individual self-subsi/5cy4 ,self-subsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ simply 9 its ess5tial =m1 pres5ts to u 9 ! fir/ in/ance m]ely ! secure repose ^u its own res\rces 9 its b>e tranquillity4 ,! =m z ?us def9$ is c>ri$ into no relation ) ano!r1 b rema9s at "o ) itself 9 inclusion ) its unity bo?1 )9 & )\t4 ,?is pres5ts u ) ! situation :i* is )\t situation1 an illu/ration ( :i* we may take ^? anci5t types ( temple-build+ dat+ f ! e>lie/ days ( art1 ^: "* ( pr(\nd immutable s]i\sness1 ( tranquil1 nay ev5 ( au/]e & gr&iose1 dignity has be5 ! object ( imitation ev5 9 m rec5t times proce$+ on l9es ( a simil> type4 ,! ,egyptian & mo/ anci5t ,greek sculptures w fur!r illu/rate = u ! same k9d ( indet]m9ate situation4 ,9 ! pla/ic art ( ,*ri/ianity1 especially if we consid] p>ticul> examples ( e>ly bu/-sculpture1 we %all f9d bo? ,god ! ,fa!r & ,*ri/ are pres5t$ 9 a simil> _s4 ,inde$1 su* a mode ( del9eation is peculi>ly adapt$ to pres5t u ) ! secure sub/antiality ( ! ,div9e1 :e!r su* be appreh5d$ z a def9ite & p>ticul> ,godhead1 or is grasp$ z ess5tially absolute p]sonality2 & ?is is s 9 virtue ( ! v defect ( su* a repres5tation1 t x gives u portraits ( p]sons ( middle-age :i* are )\t any trace ( def9ite situations1 9 :i* ! "* ( ! individual z su* c reveal itself1 & only ! attempt is made to express ! entirety ( det]m9ate "* 9 its quality ( /ability#caf4 7b7 ,! ,situation def9$ 9 its ,h>mlessness#cag ,! second po9t to emphasize is1 inasmu* z ! situation g5]ally is rea*$ 9 ! def9ition ( =m1 ! passage f ?is tranquillity & bless$ repose1 or f ! unbrok5 sev]ity & =ce ( self-consi/5cy1 =ms :i* subsi/ 9 unfeatur$ equilibrium1 t is to say1 immutable bo? )9 & )\t1 h to be set 9 motion & surr5d] _! undress$ simplicity4 ,?is b>e progression to a m specific manife/ation 9 "s p>ticul> mode ( expression is :at we may describe c]ta9ly z def9ite situation1 b a situation :i* has n yet ass]t$ conflict+ elem5ts 9 itself1 & is fully ripe = collision4 ,?is fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( individualiz$ expression is consequ5tly ( a k9d t c>ries ) x no fur!r result2 x is set 9 no antagoni/ic opposition to some?+ else1 9 a relation :i* evokes bo? collision & reaction2 x is already 9 its "* ( uncon/ra9$ness f9i%$ & complete 9 itself4 ,) su* a type ( situation we may associate ^? :i* are ma9ly to be reg>d$ z a k9d ( play1 9 s f> z all t proce$s or is c>ri$ out 9 !m indicates no real s]i\sness ( purpose4 ,= all e>ne/ness 9 any k9d ( activity is g5]ally ! result ( oppositions & contradictions1 :i* drive on _! way to ! f9al removal or victory ( "o side or ! o!r4 ,= ?is reason situations ( ?is k9d _c !mselves be id5tifi$ ) actions1 nor are !y ! /imulative impulse ( actions2 !y are inde$1 9 a c]ta9 aspect1 ( det]m9ate "*1 b !y are ei!r circum/ances ( ! mo/ trivial significance1 or a =m ( action :i* is )\t an ess5tially s]i\s object1 :i* ei!r is ! result ( conflicts1 or is able to c>ry ! action yet fur!r into conflicts4 77 ,! fir/ ?+ to arre/ u 9 ?is process is ! passage g5]ally f ! repose ( ! unfeatur$ situation to a condition ( emotion & expression3 ?is is ass]t$ p>tly z purely me*anical motion1 9 "p also z ! fir/ impulse & satisfaction ( any int]nal want4 ,! ,egyptians1 = example1 repres5t$ ! gods 9 _! sculpture ) closely lock$ limbs4 ,! ,greeks1 on ! contr>y1 releas$ bo? arms & legs1 & end[$ ! bodily =m ) all t is appropriate to ! advance & g5]al v>iety ( movem5t4 ,p]man5t repose1 a seat$ attitude1 a tranquil gaze1 are all ( !m simple conditions "u :i* ! ,greeks appreh5d$ _! gods2 !y are modes :i* unque/ionably gave to ! self-subsi/5t figure ( ,godhead a c]ta9 *>act]ization1 b "o nev]!less :i* is n c>ri$ =w>d into o!r relations & oppositions1 b r rema9s enclos$ )9 itself1 & p]man5tly significant z su*4 ,situations ( ?is simple k9d atta* 9 a p>ticul> way to sculpture1 & ! anci5ts1 above all o!rs1 7 inexhau/ible 9 discov]+ fit subjects = su* a condition ( uncon/ra9$ fre$om4 ,9 ?is respect !y %[$ an extraord9>y insight2 = x is precisely ?r\gh contra/ ) ! insignificance ( ! p>ticul> situation t ! maje/y & self-subsi/5cy ( ! ideal types ( ! ,greek ,pan!on 7 made to appe> s /rik+4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ?r\gh ! h>mlessness & insignificance ( :at appe>$ to be done or left undone t ! bless$ peaceful tranquillity & immutability ( ! immortal gods 0 br\ght mo/ cle>ly to consci\sness4 ,! situation m]ely indicates ! p>ticul> "* ( ei!r god or h]o 9 q a g5]al way1 su* z br+s !m into no relation ) o!r gods1 or at lea/ into no relation sugge/ive ( ho/ility or division4 77 ,x is a fur!r /ep 9 ! direction ( m def9$ situation1 :5 we f9d 9 su* any p>ticul> purpose already repres5t$ 9 x1 an activity :i* /&s 9 def9ite relation to some?+ ext]nal1 & ! self-subsi/5t figure itself express$ z )9 ! sph]e ( su* purpose or activity4 ,ev5 objectification su* z ^!1 h[ev]1 :i* h no real di/urb+ influ5ce ^u ! tranquillity & *e]ful bless$ness ( ! figures repres5t$1 are r to be reg>d$ z p>ticul> modes ( pres5tation incid5tal to ?is v quality ( *e]ful cont5tm5t4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,greeks 0 "h1 too1 exceptionally ?\ghtful & fruitful4 ,x is ess5tial to ! uncon/ra9$ness ( su* situations t ! activity "h pres5t$ %\ld m]ely indicate an action 9 its initial /age 9 su* a way t no fur!r developm5ts or oppositions are likely to proce$ f x1 b t all t appe>s necess>y to complete x %\ld be f\nd enclos$ 9 ! action depict$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is ! situation ( ! ,belv$]e ,apollo is seiz$ at ! mom5t :5 he moves =w>d 9 wra?ful maje/y aft] slay+ ! ,py?on ) 8 arr[4 ,a situation ( ?is k9d has n ! gr&iose simplicity ( ! e>li] ,greek sculpture1 :i* ass]ts = our intellig5ce ! repose & op5 cl>ity ( ! gods by means ( express$ actions ( less significance4 ,take ! case ( ,aphrodite peacefully gaz+ at h]self :ile em]g+ f h] ba? 9 full possession ( h] *>ms2 or ( fauns & satyrs at play1 play t is :olly absorb$ 9 itself2 or ( t fam\s satyr :o d&l$ ! "y ,bac*us 9 8 arms1 :ile he looks d[n ^u him ) inf9ite t5d]ness & grace2 to say no?+ ( ! endless v>iety ( uncon/ra9$ activities 9 :i* ,eros is depict$4 ,su* are a few examples ( ?is type ( situation4 ,if ! action is ( m concrete "* we are confront$ ) a m involv$ situation1 :i*1 at lea/ = ! arti/ic pres5tm5t ( ! ,greek gods z self-sub/antive p[]s1 is less appropriate4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d ! pure univ]sality ( ! individual god is less able to transpi]ce ! accumulat$ detail ( ! p>ticul> action :i* he expresses4 ,! ,m]cury ( ,pigalli1 :i* is a pres5t ( ,l\is ,,xv to ! exposition ( /atu>y 9 ,sanss\ci1 is fa/5+ on 8 w+$ s&als4 ,?is is a p]fectly h>moni\s action4 ,! ,m]cury ( ,?orwalds51 on ! contr>y1 is depict$ "u a situation :i* is almo/ too complicat$ = sculpture4 ,he li/5s att5tively to ! flute ( ,m>syas4 ,at ! same "t he is craftily spy+ him to see h[ he may slay him :ile 8 h& grasps malici\sly = ! dagg] he has conceal$4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 if we may add "o m illu/ration f a m mod]n "w ( art1 is t repres5tation by ,rudolf ,s*ad[1 ( a maid5 b9d+ h] s&als 9 mu* ! same simple mann] z we f9d 9 ! case ( ,m]cury4 ,9 ?is example ! navet ( ! situation does n conta9 ! int]e/ we exp]i5ce :5 x is a god :o exhibits su* uncon/ra9$ action4 ,:5 x is only a maid5 :o fa/5s h] s&als or sp9s1 !re is little else to engage our att5tion b ! simple action1 :i* is by itself ( little significance or importance4 77 ,we %all f9d fur!r1 if we foll[ up ! above tra9 ( ?\ght1 t ! m closely def9$ situation c be treat$ m g5]ally1 z m]ely a m or less def9ite /imulus pres5t+ ! opportunity = fur!r developm5t ( express$ action ( wid] range relat$ to ! prim>y subject ) v>y+ degrees ( aff9ity4 ,_m lyrical poems h :at we may call an occasional situation ( ?is k9d4 ,a p>ticul> mood or a c]ta9 atmosph]e ( emotion is a situation :i* c be arre/$ poetically = consci\sness1 &1 fur!rmore1 9 p>ticul> relation to ext]nal circum/ances1 fe/ivals1 or public victories1 is able to c>ry u =w>d to ?is or t arti/ic expression1 ei!r ( m compreh5sive or re/rict$ range1 & 9 e k9d ( embodim5t ( feel+ & idea4 ,p9d>'s odes ( victory are supreme examples ( ?is type ( occasional poetry4 ,goe!1 too1 has select$ z ! subject-matt] ( 8 muse _m lyrical situations ( a simil> "*2 &1 9 fact1 if we look closely into ! matt]1 we %all h>dly be wrong 9 call+ 8 ,w]!r a poem ( occasion4 ,x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,w]!r t ,goe! has elaborat$ ! convulsions & angui% ( 8 own he>t1 incorporat$1 9 %ort1 ! facts ( 8 own exp]i5ce 9 a "w ( art4 ,?is1 aft] all1 is true ( e lyrical poet2 he gives poetical expression to t :i* ne>ly affects him1 & !reby ?r[s ! w9d[s ( 8 he>t op5 to ! fre% air4 ,t :i* has hi!rto be5 seal$ up )9 is releas$ 9 ! ext]nal object1 f :i* our humanity has fre$ itself1 j z we are ! light] = ! ra9 ( te>s1 9 :i* ! sorr[ is wept away4 ,s ,goe!1 z 9 fact he has told u himself1 by 8 composition ( ,w]!r1 lib]at$ himself f ! ma/]y & pressure ( 8 he>t tr\bles4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ po9t out t ?is la/-m5tion$ situation is n really appropriate to ! type ) :i* we are n[ deal+2 x obvi\sly pres5ts ! pr(\nde/ contradiction 9 itself :i* calls = resolution4 ,no d\bt 9 ! k9d ( lyrical situation we h id5tifi$ ) ! occasional we may h decl>$ a circum/ance objectively det]m9$1 9 o!r words1 an activity 9 close relation to ! ext]nal _w2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! poetic temp]am5t equally able to )draw itself )9 ! atmosph]e x creates :olly free f its ext]nal environm5t1 & to make t inw>d _w :i* is ! comb9$ product ( circum/ance & emotion its true po9t ( dep>ture4 7c7 ,! ,collision ,all ! situations to :i* we h hi!rto direct$ att5tion are1 z already obs]v$1 nei!r true actions 9 !mselves nor inde$ ! /imulative s\rce ( su* action4 ,_! det]m9ation 0 to a great] or less degree ! purely occasional circum/ance or condition1 or an action 9 itself ( no significance1 9 :i* a sub/antive cont5t 0 express$ 9 su* a way t its specific "* appe>$ z a m]e h>mless play1 9 :i* no?+ ( a truly s]i\s nature 0 impli$4 ,! full s]i\sness & weighty import ( a situation c only beg9 :5 we f9d 9 x ! elem5t ( disruption1 :]e ! det]m9ation itself exposes an ess5tial aspect ( diff]5ce1 & by its opposition to some?+ else becomes ! s\rce ( a collision4 ,! collision arises1 z we are n[ consid]+ x1 9 an act ( violation1 :i* is unable to reta9 its "* z su*1 b is compell$ to f9d a new pr9ciple ( unity2 x is a *ange 9 ! previ\sly exi/5t condition ( h>mony1 a *ange :i* is /ill 9 process4 ,! collision is1 h[ev]1 n an action1 & is to be tak5 simply z /imulus to action to all t *>act]izes ! situation4 ,& ?is is true1 al?\gh ! contradiction 9 :i* ! collision is enclos$ may be ! result ( previ\s action4 ,z an example ( ?is we may cite ! trilogies ( ! anci5ts1 :i* c>ry =w>d ! ma9 !me by pres5t+ at ! close ( "o drama ! collision :i* =ms ! /imulative impulse ( ! next1 :i*1 9 its return1 r5d]s necess>y ! resolution :i* is c>ri$ out by ! ?ird4 ,&1 moreov]1 = ?is v reason t ! collision always requires "s resolution att5dant on ?is conflict ( oppos+ elem5ts1 ! m a situation is full ( x ! m x is peculi>ly adapt$ to ! subject-matt] ( dramatic art1 x be+ ! especial claim ( t art to pres5t beauty 9 its complete/ & pr(\nde/ developm5t4 ,sculpture1 on ! contr>y1 is n :olly suit$ to give embodim5t to any action1 ?r\gh :i* ! great spiritual =ces are manife/$ ei!r 9 _! division or reconciliation1 & inde$ ! art ( pa9t+1 despite its m ext5d$ spatial significance1 is only able to objectify a s+le mom5t ( action4 ,^! situations ( tragic significance introduce a peculi> difficulty 9 deal+ ) !m :i* is inh]5t 9 _! v conception4 ,= inasmu* z !y obvi\sly arise f violations ( ! _w-condition !y (f] to our consid]ation circum/ances :i* are unable to cont9ue z !y are1 :i* r5d] necess>y some?+ ( a rem$ial nature to reclo! !m4 ,b ! beauty ( ! ,ideal consi/s precisely 9 its undi/urb$ unity1 repose1 & consummation ) itself4 ,! collision1 on ! o!r h&1 di/urbs ?is h>mony ( :at is truly real & e?ical1 & drives ?is unity ( ! ,ideal into discord & opposition4 ,?r\gh ! repres5tation ( su* disruption ! ,ideal itself suff]s violation4 ,! function ( art w und\bt$ly consi/ p>tly 9 prev5t+ ! entire de/ruction ( free beauty 9 ?is diff]5ce1 & p>tly 9 only c>ry+ ?is brea* ( unity & ! conflict x occasions to a po9t 9 :i* h>mony may aga9 be recov]$ z ! result ( su* a conflict & its resolution1 & 9 ?is way become manife/ = ! fir/ "t 9 its ess5tial p]fection4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to det]m9e on a g5]al pr9ciple ! precise limit to :i* su* discordance may be c>ri$ inasmu* z ! sev]al arts 9 ?is respect pres]ve _! indep5d5t "*4 ,! m$ium ( ! subjective idea c support a f> int5s] disruption ?an t ( ! pla/ic arts#cah4 ,9 o!r words1 poetry is q )9 its "r :5 x breaks up ! unity ( ! _w ( ! imag9ation ev5 to ! po9t ( ! extreme/ =m ( desp]ation1 & 9 its del9eation ( ext]nal objects to t ( absolute ugl9ess4 ,9 ! case ( ! pla/ic arts1 on ! contr>y1 9 pa9t+1 t is to say1 & ev5 m s 9 sculpture1 ! ext]nal =m rema9s 9 unalt]able fixity2 x c nei!r be remov$ nor lightly pass$ ov] 9 su* a way t x aga9 disappe>s4 ,"u su* conditions x w\ld be a s]i\s defect to repres5t once & = all an ugl9ess1 :i* c\ld n possibly be transmut$4 ,consequ5tly all t w\ld be q compatible 9 dramatic poetry1 :i* is able to repres5t a mom5t>y appe>ance t aga9 vani%es1 is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,9 discuss+ ! m obvi\s types ( collision we c only 9 ?is portion ( our inquiry indicate ! mo/ g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,we w\ld p>ticul>ly draw att5tion to ?ree fundam5tal aspects "u :i* !y may be co-ord9at$4 ,fir/1 !re are ^? collisions :i* proce$ f purely natural1 t is to say1 physical conditions1 9 s f> z ^! are *>act]iz$ ) qualities :i* are negative or evil & consequ5tly discordant4 ,secondly1 we h collisions :i* are ( a spiritual nature1 b :i* dep5d on natural conditions1 conditions :i* may 9 !mselves h a positive#cai "* yet = ! _s conta9 )9 !mselves ! se$s ( diff]5ce & contradiction4 ,?irdly1 !re are divisions :i* are caus$ entirely by disruption 9 ! ,_s alone2 to ^! alone we are ju/ifi$ 9 atta*+ ! peculi> int]e/ ( contradiction :i* is b\nd up ) g5u9e human activity4 77 ,n[ ) ref]5ce to ! fir/ type ( conflict+ =ces--= ! reason t "h x is only ext]nal ,nature1 ?r\gh ! maladies & o!r evils & infirmities :i* are incid5tal to h] creat+1 conditions :i* de/roy ! pre-exi/5t h>mony ( life1 replac+ su* ) a /ate ( antagonism--su* c at mo/ m]ely s]ve z a /imulus = some?+ outside !m4 ,reg>d$ :olly by !mselves su* collisions are ( no int]e/2 !y are ! subject-matt] ( art simply = ! sake ( ! disruption :i* may foll[ z a consequ5ce ( "s natural mis=tune4 ,! ,alce/is ( ,euripides1 we may add1 too1 t ( ,gluck1 ! subject ( ^: op]a is practically ! same1 are examples ( ?is2 9 bo? ! sickness ( ,admetus is necess>ily presuppos$4 ,t sickness m]ely by itself c\ld n fitly supply a subject = arti/ic treatm5t4 ,x only becomes1 ev5 9 ! h&l+ ( ,euripides1 associat$ ) x by virtue ( ! individual *>act]s1 :o1 on acc\nt ( su* mis=tune1 are compell$ to face a fur!r collision4 ,x is ! ^w ( ! oracle t ,admetus mu/ die unless ano!r w pass to ! und]world = 8 sake4 ,alce/is1 out ( love = h] husb&1 devotes h]self to su* a sacrifice1 resolves to die1 9 ord] to re/ra9 ,dea? f t\*+ h] belov$1 ! fa!r ( h] *ildr51 ! k+4 ,9 ! ,philoctetes ( ,sophocles a physical malady is also ! cause ( ! collision4 ,"h ! ,greeks dur+ _! voyage to ,troy place ! man :o is suff]+ f a w\nd$ foot1 caus$ by ! s]p5t's bite 9 ,*rysas1 on ! isl& ( ,lemnos4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! physical mi%ap is m]ely ! extreme meet+ po9t & inc5tive ( a fur!r collision4 ,=1 accord+ to ! prophecy1 ,troy c only fall :5 ! arr[s ( ,h]cules are 9 ! h&s ( ! /orm+ army4 ,philoctetes refuses to give !m up because he has be5 compell$ = n9e ye>s to suff] ! m>tyrdom ( 8 bani%m5t4 ,?is refusal1 no less ?an ! fact ( 8 unrighte\s des]tion f :i* x spr+s1 c\ld h be5 foll[$ by e v>iety ( result o!r ?an t :i* took place2 ! real int]e/ accord+ly does n c5tre 9 ! malady & its physical necessity1 b 9 ! opposition :i* arises f ! refusal ( ,philoctetes to surr5d] ! arr[s4 ,! case ( ! plague 9 ! ,greek camp be=e ,troy is v simil>2 al?\gh ?is is already repres5t$ entirely z ! consequ5ce ( =m] transgression1 z a puni%m5t1 9 %ort1 a mode ( /atem5t m adapt$ to epic ?an dramatic poetry1 nev]!less x is closely associat$ ) evils incid5tal to natural mis=tune su* z /orm1 %ipwreck1 & dr\ght4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 art w n repres5t su* mis*ance z m]e accid5t1 b r z an ob/ruction & mis=tune ^: necessity simply consi/s 9 assum+ precisely ?is p>ticul> =m r ?an ano!r4 77 ,b1 to turn n[ to our second type ( ! collision1 inasmu* z ! ext]nal p[]s ( ,nature are n t :i* is mo/ ess5tial to ! int]e/s & contradictions ( human life1 9 cases :]e !y are f\nd closely associat$ ) su* spiritual relations1 !y w pres5t !mselves m]ely z ! gr\nd f :i* ! collision breaks =? 9 its true "*4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view f :i* we mu/ reg>d all situations1 :]e we trace ! orig9al s\rce ( conflict 9 ! facts ( natural bir?4 ,we w %ortly di/+ui% betwe5 ?ree p>ticul> cases ( ?is4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place we h ! "r t is b\nd up ) natural condition1 t :i* con/itutes relation%ip & inh]itance = example1 :i* = ! v reason t x /&s 9 close connection ) ,nature c>ries ) x a numb] ( relations t are b\nd up ) h]1 & ?is ?\gh ! "r1 ! fact is "o & only "o4 ,! mo/ important example ( ?is is ! "r ( succession to ! ?rone4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ?is "r mu/ n z yet1 9 relation to ! collisions :i* spr+ f x1 be absolutely fix$ by rule1 o!rwise ! resultant conflict w be ( q ano!r "*4 ,if1 t is to say1 ! "r ( succession is n z yet entirely controll$ by legislation & ! social ord] :i* x implies1 no wrong w necess>ily atta* to any "o ( ! alt]natives1 namely1 :e!r x be an old] or y\ng] bro!r1 or any o!r relative ( ! royal h\sehold :o obta9s ! sov]eignty4 ,b inasmu* z sov]eignty is a qualitative r ?an a quantitative possession1 :i* _c l gold & o!r mat]ial goods be divid$ up accord+ to a j pr9ciple1 dispute & cont5tion is inevitably ! result ( su* a =m ( succession4 ,:5 dipus1 = example1 leaves ! ?rone ( ,!bes )\t a rul]1 he leaves 8 two sons confront+ ea* o!r ) a "r & claim ( equal /r5g?4 ,! bro!rs arrange to occupy ! ?rone alt]nately f ye> to ye>4 ,eteocles1 h[ev]1 breaks ! compact & ,polynices br+s an army aga9/ ,!bes to en=ce 8 "r4 ,! antagonism ( bro!rs has always be5 9 ! hi/ory ( art a fruitful s\rce ( collision2 x comm5ces inde$ ) ! /ory ( ,ca9 :o slew 8 bro!r ,abel4 ,9 ! tale ( ,%ah-,rameh1 ! e>lie/ example we h ( a ,p]sian book ( h]oic leg5d1 x is a cont5tion ( ?rone succession :i* is ! s\rce ( ! mo/ v>i$ conflicts4 ,9 ?is ,f]idu divid$ ! ,e>? among 8 ?ree bro!rs4 ,selm receives z 8 portion ,rum & ,*aw]2 ,turan & ,os9 are giv5 to ,?ur1 & ,fr$y% becomes "l ( ! ,e>? f ,iran4 ,all ?ree1 h[ev]1 claim ! l& :i* belongs to 8 bro!rs1 & endless qu>rels & w>s are ! result4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages we f9d j ! same c\ntless examples ( family & dyna/ic broils4 ,su* diss5sions1 h[ev]1 appe> 9 !mselves to be due to accid5tal circum/ance4 ,x is n necess>y t bro!rs %\ld be at enmity2 p>ticul> circum/ances & m important causes mu/ be atta*$1 su* z ! 9 itself tragic bir? ( ! sons ( dipus1 or1 z we f9d 9 ! ,bride ( ,mess9a1 ! au?or is at pa9s to %ift ! qu>rel ( ! bro!rs on to /ill m fateful circum/ances4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's ,macbe? a simil> collision is ! f\ndation ( ! tragic dn\em5t4 ,duncan is k+ & ,macbe?1 z 8 ne>e/ & olde/ relation1 is consequ5tly heir to ! ?rone ) a "r prec$5t ev5 to ,duncan's sons4 ,! prim>y inc5tive ( ,macbe?'s crime is ! wrong :i* ! k+ has done him 9 nam+ 8 own son z heir to ! ?rone4 ,?is ju/ification ( ,macbe?1 :i* is support$ by ! *ronicles ( ! "t1 ,%akespe>e has entirely pass$ ov]1 because1 x 0 solely 8 object to br+ into />tl+ relief ! repulsive aspect ( ,macbe?'s ambiti\s passion1 9 ord] !reby to make 8 "w agreeable to ,k+ ,james1 :o w\ld be naturally int]e/$ 9 f9d+ ! crime ( ,macbe? depict$ )\t ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,z a consequ5ce we c f9d no suffici5t reason :y1 "u ,%akespe>e's h&l+ ( ! subject1 ,macbe? fails to murd] ! sons ( ,duncan no less ?an _! fa!r1 lets !m escape 9 fact2 nor c we und]/& :y !y are :olly ov]look$ by ! nobles4 ,h[ev]1 ! entire collision ^u :i*1 ! drama ( ,macbe? turns c>ries u beyond ! p>ticul> type :i* we are n[ ma9ly consid]+4 77 ,9 ! second ( our examples 9 ! type ( collision#cbj we are n[ discuss+ we f9d ! rev]se situation to t j discuss$1 & x consi/s 9 ?is t diff]5ce ( bir?1 :i* c>ries )9 itself a wrongs is moreov]1 ?r\gh e?ical cu/om or law1 held )9 ! *a9s ( an insup]able b>ri]1 s t x receives at ! same "t ! appe>ance ( an innate wrong1 & consequ5tly is ! cause ( collisions4 ,slav]y1 s]fdom1 diff]5ces ( ca/e1 ! position ( ,jews 9 _m /ates &1 ) c]ta9 qualifications1 ev5 ! contra/ betwe5 an ari/ocratical & citiz5 class are all ( !m cases = consid]ation "u ?is head4 ,! conflict "h consi/s 9 ?is1 t on ! "o h& humanity has rights1 relations1 desires1 aims & requirem5ts :i* belong to x ess5tially 9 virtue ( its fundam5tal idea1 :i* nev]!less 9 ea* "o ( ! above m5tion$ examples meet ) dang]\s re/riction & ob/ruction ow+ to ! compulsive necessity ( natural bir?4 ,on ?is type ( collision we h ! foll[+ rem>ks to (f]4 ,! diff]5ces :i* obta9 betwe5 classes1 su* z ! rul$ & ! rul]s1 are1 no d\bt1 ess5tial to ! notion ( /ate-life1 & are f\nd$ on reason1 = !y are caus$ by ! inevitable articulation ( ! organic community1 & ass]t !mselves z su* ?r\gh ! specific =ms ( occupation1 disposition1 modes ( life1 & g5]al levels ( education 9 all _! bran*es4 ,x is ano!r matt]1 h[ev]1 :5 ^! diff]5ces z !y affect individuals are det]m9$ absolutely by ! accid5t ( bir?1 s t ! individual man f ! v />t is n on acc\nt ( any quality 9 himself1 b solely ?r\gh ! accid5t ( ,nature1 irrevocably relegat$ to a p>ticul> class or ca/e4 ,9 su* a case x is obvi\s ^! diff]5ces appe> z innate & are1 moreov]1 ?\gh purely ext]nal1 girt ) =ce 9 its highe/ & mo/ aggressive mode4 ,we are n b\nd to ask ourselves h[ ?is fixity & compulsive re/ra9t came orig9ally into exi/5ce4 ,= ! nation may orig9ally h be5 unit$1 & ! natural di/9ction betwe5 freeman & s]f be5 only evolv$ at a lat] "t1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ca/es1 classes1 & privileg$ p]sons may h gr[n out ( e>li] di/9ctions ( nations & races1 z _m are incl9$ to ?9k is ! explanation ( ! ca/e di/9ctions ( ,india4 ,all ?is is a matt] ( no mom5t to u "h4 ,! ma9 po9t simply consi/s 9 ?is1 t vital relations ( ?is k9d1 :i* regulate ! entire c\rse ( human exi/5ce1 h _! s\rce 9 natural conditions4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples1 no d\bt1 di/9ctions ( class c be ju/ifi$1 b at ! same "t no individual %\ld be :olly robb$ ( 8 "r to det]m9e z 8 *oice may direct to :i* p>ticul> class he %all belong4 ,natural capacity1 tal5ts1 adaptability1 & education are ! only "r means to direct ! way & decide 9 ?is respect4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! "r ( *oice is deb>r$ f bir? onw>ds & a man is made !reby dep5d5t on ,nature & its cont+5cy1 !re is always ! possibility ( conflict )9 ! sph]e ( ?is necessity betwe5 ! /ates ?us en=c$ on ! individual by natural conditions & ! measure ( spiritual education :i* he may acquire & ! high] dem& :i* x may ju/ly make4 ,?is is a pa!tic & un=tunate type ( collision :i* has its s\rce 9 an ess5tial wrong :i* ! fre$om ( art is q unable to respect4 ,9 ! social condition ( our own days di/9ctions ( class1 ) a few exceptions1 are n det]m9$ by bir?4 ,! rul+ dyna/y & ! pe]age are ! only exceptions1 & ^! dep5d on a high] conception ( ! ,/ate altoge!r4 ,= ! re/1 ! m]e fact ( bir? creates no ess5tial di/9ction t c ultimately det]m9e ! class to :i* a man may belong if he is o!rwise compet5t to jo9 x4 ,= ?is reason1 h[ev]1 we mu/ condition ! dem& = entire lib]ty ( *oice ) ! requirem5t t 9 education1 k1 ability1 & g5]al ta/es ! individual is equal to ! p>ticul> society ) :i* he may desire to associate4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! fact ( a man's bir? pres5ts an insup]able ob/acle to su* claims1 :i* he w\ld o!rwise be q compet5t to satisfy by virtue ( 8 own vigor\s activity1 !n su* a situation mu/ appe> to u n m]ely a mis=tune1 b ess5tially a wrong "u :i* he is compell$ to suff] injury4 ,he is ?us sep>at$ by a purely natural p>tition wall :i* is ess5tially unju/1 t is to say1 "o beyond :i* 8 tal5ts1 s5tim5ts1 & g5]al education h already rais$ him1 f t :i* he 0 compet5t to rea*1 & a purely natural condition ^: legaliz$ fixity has be5 det]m9$ :olly by caprice presumes to oppose insup]able b>ri]s to ! fre$om rightly dem&$ by all spiritual life4 ,to exam9e m closely ! nature ( ?is type ( collision we %all d well to look at x f ?ree diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ea* ( :i* are ( ess5tial importance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y t ! individual %\ld1 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 own spiritual res\rces1 already really h pass$ beyond ! natural b>ri]s ^: opposition is to give way be=e 8 aims & desires1 o!rwise ! dem& is simply an act ( folly4 ,if1 = example1 a dome/ic s]vant1 ^: education & ability is m]ely t ( a m5ial1 falls 9 love ) a pr9cess or a lady ( high society1 or1 inv]sely1 ei!r ( ^! ) him1 su* a love affair is bo? absurd & devoid ( all ta/e1 & ?is is s ev5 if ! arti/ic repres5tation ( ?is passion display all ! dep? & int]e/ ( :i* an ard5t he>t is capable4 ,9 su* a case x is n s mu* ! diff]5ce ( bir? :i* creates ! ob/acle2 ?is is r to be f\nd 9 ! entire cont5t ( int]e/s1 education1 aims ( life1 requirem5ts1 & mode ( s5tim5t :i* di/+ui% 9 /atus1 mat]ial res\rces1 & social qualifications a lady 9 high position f a dome/ic s]vant4 ,if love is1 z 9 ! case assum$1 ! "o & only bond ( a union1 & is associat$ ) no?+ else ?r\gh\t ! entire sph]e ( all t m5 & wom5 h to live ?r\gh 9 j accordance ) t :i* a p>ticul> /atus requires f _! intellig5ce & exp]i5ce1 x mu/ necess>ily rema9 devoid ( cont5t & is simply a union ( ! s5ses4 ,love1 to be :olly complete1 is no?+ less ?an a real h>mony ( ! entire consci\s life1 9 :i* ! full nobility ( s5tim5t c be %>$ & appreciat$4 ,! second case we wi% to exam9e is t 9 :i* ! dep5d5ce ( bir? surr\nds an ess5tially free human life & ! objects x may rightly set be=e itself ) legaliz$ fett]s ( ob/ruction4 ,?is collision also pres5ts an elem5t unadapt$ = arti/ic treatm5t1 oppos$1 t is to say1 to ! notion ( ! ,ideal1 despite its love to make use ( x & ! facility ) :i* x may attempt to d s4 ,if di/9ctions ( bir? ?r\gh positive laws & ! p[]s :i* support !m create a p]si/5t wrong1 z d\btless may be ! case :]e a man is born an outca/ or a ,jew1 he obvi\sly1 f "o po9t ( view1 is entirely "r 9 hold+ ) all ! /r5g? ( 8 inw>d life1 :i* rebels be=e su* a b>ri]1 t ! same is dissolvable1 t he1 9 fact1 recognizes 8 individuality z ap>t f x4 ,to oppose su* re/ra9t appe>s to be :olly ju/ifiable4 ,b 9 s f> z x becomes impossible ?r\gh ! =ce ( exi/+ circum/ances to ov]come su* a b>ri]1 :i* is consequ5tly conv]t$ into an irrevocable necessity1 a situation ( ?is k9d c only be reg>d$ z a mis=tune :i* itself is n )\t an elem5t ( falsity4 ,= ! rational man is inevitably =c$1 9 s f> z he is unable to subjugate ! oppos+ necessity1 to submit to ! same3 x is n 9 reason to cont9ue to fight aga9/ ! inevitable1 b r quietly to let x pass ov] him4 ,he mu/1 9 fact1 ab&on ! s5se ( int]e/ 9 & ne$ ( t :i* is1 by virtue ( ?is b>ri]1 swept f 8 rea*1 & suff] :at he fails to ov]come ) ! quiet c\rage ( passive endurance4 ,:]e a /ruggle is ( no avail x is ! "p ( wisdom to be quit ( x 9 ord] at ! lea/ to retire into ! =mal indep5d5ce ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,by do+ s ! =ces ( wrong h no long] p[] ov] him2 if1 on ! contr>y1 he battles aga9/ !m he mu/ necess>ily exp]i5ce 8 dep5d5ce 9 its fulle/ ext5t4 ,at ! same "t x rema9s unque/ionable t nei!r ?is ab/raction ( =mal indep5d5ce any m ?an t cont5t :i* c lead to no result are truly beautiful :5 arti/ically consid]$4 ,!re is a ?ird type ( collision :i*1 :ile be+ imm$iately connect$ ) t we h j consid]$1 is equally remov$ f ! g5u9e ,ideal4 ,x is to be f\nd affect+ t class ( p]sons :o attempt to ass]t "s privilege :i* ! m]e fact ( bir? conc$es !m & supports ) ! full weight ( a religi\s title1 positive enactm5ts1 & ! prevail+ conditions ( society4 ,9 su* a case1 x is true1 we h an indep5d5t position 9 h>moni\s relation ) :at is ext]nally realiz$ 9 positive in/itutions1 b :5 consid]$ z ! m]e consi/5cy ( t :i* is 9 itself unju/ & irrational x is q z mu* z 9 our =m] example a purely =mal indep5d5ce1 & ! notion ( ! ,ideal disappe>s4 ,we may1 no d\bt1 v possibly p]suade ourselves t ! ,ideal is reta9$ because we h "h an appe>ance z ?\gh ! p]sonal life is 9 full union ) ! univ]sal & its legaliz$ con/itution1 rema9+ consi/5tly 9 su* unity2 b x w be obs]v$ t "h ! univ]sal does n ass]t its dom9at+ p[] 9 ! p>ticul> p]son1 z we f\nd ! h]oic ,ideal dem&$1 b only 9 & ?r\gh ! public au?ority ( positive laws & _! adm9i/ration2 moreov]1 :at ! individual "h ass]ts is assum$ to be ess5tially wrong1 & he loses 9 consequ5ce ! sub/antive significance :i* we h se5 to be also ess5tial to ! ,ideal4 ,an affair 9 :i* ! ideal subject ( art is conc]n$ mu/ itself be at bottom true & ju/ifiable4 ,to ?is type belong ! legaliz$ lord%ip ex]cis$ ov] slaves or s]fs1 ! "r to rob a =eign] ( 8 lib]ty1 or to sacrifice ! same to ! gods4 ,no d\bt x is q possible t su* a "r may be su/a9$ by individuals ) unque/ion+ belief t !y are ju/ifi$ 9 s do+1 z 9 ,india1 = example1 ! high] ca/es make use ( _! privileges1 or z ,?oas ord]$ ! sacrifice ( ,ore/es1 or 9 ,russia ! lords are wont to fl\t _! s]fs4 ,9 fact1 ^? :o are 9 au?ority are v likely to execute su* rights z legaliz$ rights on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ !y may h 9 pres]v+ !m4 ,b 9 a case ( ?is k9d _! "r w be m]ely ! unrighte\s "r ( ! b>b>ian1 & !y mu/ !mselves appe> to u 9 ! category ( b>b>ians1 at lea/1 :o resolve to c>ry out & p]fect :at is ess5tially inju/ice4 ,! legaliz$ =m1 "u :i* ! individual %elt]s himself1 is1 = ! "t to :i* x belongs1 & its _s & ! educational /&>d adapt$ to x1 no d\bt to be respect$ & ju/ifi$4 ,b if we reflect ^u x rationally & ap>t f t1 x is :olly positive#cba1 conta9+ no intr9sic claims or au?ority4 ,moreov]1 if ! individual makes use ( 8 privileges = purely p]sonal objects1 "u ! ma/]y ( p>ticul> passions & ! aims ( m]e selfi%ness1 9 addition to our b>b>ian we get a bad "* to boot4 ,poets h frequ5tly s\ght to ar\se our pity1 & x may be our fe> z well1 ?r\gh ! pres5tation ( conflicts ( ?is k9d1 foll[+ ! rule ( ,ari/otle1 :o lays x d[n t fe> & compassion are objects ( trag$y4 ,/rictly speak+ we exp]i5ce nei!r fe> nor rev]5ce :5 confront$ ) rights :i* only exi/ among b>b>ians & are ! mis=tune ( unciviliz$ times4 ,any compassion :i* su* situations are likely to ar\se is almo/ imm$iately conv]t$ into a _s ( indignant ho/ility4 ,! only true arti/ic dn\em5t ( su* a conflict is "o :]e we f9d su* illegitimate rights are n c>ri$ into execution1 z1 = example1 nei!r ,iphig5ia nor ,ore/es are respectively sacrific$ 9 ,aulis & ,tauris4 77 ,! ?ird & la/ class ( t type ( collision :i* is bas$ on purely natural condition is t :i* is duetto p]sonal passion caus$ by natural peculi>ities ( temp]am5t & "*4 ,! jeal\sy ( ,o!llo is a supreme example ( ?is4 ,ambition1 av>ice1 nay1 ev5 love itself 9 c]ta9 aspects1 w furni% o!r illu/rations4 ,collision ( ?is k9d is only prop]ly ref]r$ to su* passions 9 s f> z individuals1 seiz$ & dom9at$ exclusively by ! p[] ( su* emotions1 are !reby =c$ into antagonism ) ! truly e?ical con/itution & inh]5tly ju/ifiable c\rse ( human exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly are plung$ into a /ill m s]i\s conflict4 ,?is c>ries our inquiry into ! consid]ation ( t ?ird subdivision ( our orig9al classification ( g5]al types ( collision1 ! type ( :i* is bas$ exclusively ^u ! conflict ( spiritual =ces1 9 s f> z su* opposition is ! result ( human activity4 77 ,we h already obs]v$ :5 deal+ ) purely natural collisions t !y only =m ! />t+-po9t z x 7 = fur!r /ates ( contradiction4 ,& ! same is m or less true ( ! second type ( conflict already adv]t$ to4 ,all ^!1 9 arti/ic compositions ( really pr(\nd significance1 are unable to rema9 9 su* =ms ( opposition z we h hi!rto discuss$4 ,su* di/urbances & conflict+ elem5ts m]ely sub/antiate ! opportune mom5t1 out ( :i* ! true & ess5tial =ces ( spiritual life w cla% toge!r 9 opposition & cont5d = ! ma/]y4 ,t :i* is spiritual c only be set 9 activity by virtue ( _s4 ,consequ5tly ! oppositions ( ,_s c only w9 reality 9 actual human de$1 c only ?us manife/ !mselves 9 _! true "*4 ,! position we h arriv$ at1 !n1 is ?is4 ,we h on "o h& a difficulty1 an ob/acle1 a violation effect$ ?r\gh some?+ human life has c>ri$ out 9 action4 ,we h on ! o!r a violation ( int]e/s & =ces intr9sically j & "r4 ,by treat+ ^! two =ms ( det]m9ation 9 close juxtaposition we1 = ! fir/ "t1 are able to gauge ! full dep? ( ?is la/ type ( collision4 ,we may di/+ui% betwe5 ! prom95t examples :i* fall )9 ! consid]ation ( ?is class ( cases z foll[s3 77 ,9 pass+ f ! sph]e ( t type ( conflict :i* we h po9t$ out re/s = its prim>y basis on :at is entirely due to ,nature we obs]ve t ! fir/ class ( cases :i* confronts u on cross+ ! b\nd>y to ! consid]ation ( a new type is closely relat$ to t we h j left beh9d u4 ,if1 !n1 human action is assum$ to be responsible = ! collision1 x w foll[ t :at is c>ri$ out z natural ?r\gh human action1 t is to say1 9 s f> z humanity is n entirely spiritual1 w consi/ 9 ?is t a p>ticul> action is p]=m$ unconsci\sly & )\t purpose1 :i* w be f\nd aft]w>ds to be a positive infraction ( ! =ces ( self-respect+ & civiliz$ society4 ,! consci\sness :i* any man latt]ly acquires ( ! injuri\s nature ( an action1 ( :i* he 0 previ\sly unaw>e1 w drive him :o /ill accepts ! responsibility ( su* an action into division & conflict4 ,! gr\nd ( su* a conflict1 9 fact1 consi/s 9 ! opposition ) :i* ! m9d is confront$ betwe5 t :i* 0 actually be=e x :5 ! action took place1 & ! subsequ5t discov]y ( all t 0 really impli$ 9 ! act itself4 ,! cases ( dipus & ,ajax w at once sugge/ !mselves z examples4 ,! action ( dipus1 if view$ simply ) ref]5ce to 8 w & k1 am\nt$ m]ely to ! fact t he kill$ a p]fect /rang] 9 a qu>rel4 ,! unconsci\s act 0 ! reality 9 its full significance1 t is to say1 ! murd] ( 8 own fa!r4 ,ajax1 9 a fit ( fr5zy1 slaught]$ ! cattle ( ! ,greeks believ+ !m to be ! ,greek *iefta9s4 ,on rega9+ 8 s5ses & discov]+ :at he really did he is seiz$ ) a s5se ( %ame :i* drives him into collision ) himself4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t :at has be5 unconsci\sly violat$ by a man 9 ! type ( collision we are n[ exam9+ ought to be some?+ :i* he himself1 :5 fully 9 a position to judge1 w\ld bo? hon\r & rev]e4 ,if su* a rev]5tial attitude has its roots m]ely 9 p]sonal idiosyncrasy or sup]/ition1 su* a collision c ar\se1 to say ! lea/1 no really pr(\nd int]e/4 77 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z 9 ! cases we are n[ discuss+ ! conflict arises f a spiritual violation ( spiritual =ces ?r\gh human action1 ! collision m g5]ally appropriate to ! type w consi/ 9 a violation :i* is p]petrat$ ) full consci\sness proce$+ out ( su* & ! int5tion x implies4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture "h may c5tre aga9 9 passion1 viol5ce1 folly1 & o!r simil> qualities4 ,! ,trojan w>1 = example1 orig9ates 9 ! rape ( ,hel54 ,agamemnon aft]w>ds sacrifices ,iphig5ia1 & s violates ! feel+s ( h] "m1 slay+ ?us ! d>l+ ( h] womb4 ,clytemne/ra1 9 consequ5ce1 murd]s h] sp\se4 ,ore/es av5ges ! murd] ( 8 fa!r & k+ by assass9at+ 8 "m4 ,9 a simil> way 9 ,hamlet ! fa!r is s5t to 8 grave by a /ratagem1 & ! "m ( ,hamlet insults ! manes ( ! dead man by a precipitate m>riage ) 8 murd]]4 ,9 ! case ( ^! collisions z 9 ^? already consid]$1 ! ma9 po9t is ?is1 t humanity is engag$ 9 a self-impos$ conflict ) :at is intr9sically moral1 true1 & wor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,if ?is is n s1 !n1 = all :o are really consci\s ( :at is moral & "r1 su* a conflict c only appe> )\t wor? or mat]ial significance1 z is ! case1 = example1 9 ! fam\s episode ( ! ,mah-,bhrata1 ) ref]5ce to ,nalas & ,damayanti4 ,k+ ,nalas m>ries ! pr9cess ,damayanti1 :o is all[$ ! privilege ( mak+ a free *oice among h] si/]s4 ,all ! o!r suitors are g5ii float+ 9 ! air2 ,nalas /&s on ! ,e>? alone z a man1 & %e has ! good s5se to select him4 ,! g5ii are consequ5tly mu* enrag$1 & wat* = ! mom5t :5 !y may f9d ,k+ ,nalas tripp+4 ,= _m ye>s !y c br+ to 8 *>ge no (f5ce1 z he is capable ( none4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 !y obta9 p[] ov] him1 = he commits a great crime2 ! crime is ?is1 namely1 t aft] mak+ wat]1 he treads ) 8 foot ^u ! e>? ?us wat]$4 ,accord+ to ,indian ideas ?is is a sev]e (f5ce :i* _c escape puni%m5t4 ,f t mom5t ! g5ii h him 9 _! p[]2 "o r5d]s all 8 amatory desires abortive1 ano!r excites 8 bro!r aga9/ him1 & f9ally poor ,nalas1 aft] =feit+ 8 ?rone & be+ r$uc$ to begg>y1 is driv5 =? a w&]] 9 wret*$ness ) ,damayanti4 ,at l5g? he is ev5 compell$ to "p ) h]1 until1 z ! tale w h x1 aft] _m adv5tures1 he is once m set on ! ?rone ( 8 orig9al happ9ess4 ,! real conflict ^u :i* = ! ,indians ( old days ! :ole ( ?is /ory 0 support$ 0 an ess5tial desecration ( a sacr$ ?+3 accord+ to our notions ! tale is absurd f beg9n+ to end4 77 ,?irdly1 x is n necess>y t ! disruption %\ld be direct1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! action tak5 solely by itself %\ld be an act ( collision2 ! fact ( collision may well appe> out ( relations & circum/ances ( opposition & antagonism :i* are =c$ ^u ! m9d dur+ ! process ( t action's execution4 ,juliet & ,romeo are 9 love ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! m]e fact ( _! love !re is no?+ to sugge/ disunion4 ,b !y are aw>e t _! families are liv+ 9 mutual hate & ho/ility1 t _! p>5ts w nev] cons5t to ! m>riage1 & !y are c>ri$ into collision by virtue ( ?is preassum$ situation ( antagoni/ic =ces4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves "h ) ^! v g5]al rem>ks ^u ! relation :i* ! det]m9ate situation occupies 9 its opposition to ! univ]sal _w-condition4 ,7 we to ext5d our inquiry into all ! div]g5t aspects1 modifications1 & nuances ( ! subject1 attempt+ !reby to express an op9ion ^u e possible =m ( situation1 ?is *apt] w\ld alone pres5t u ) suffici5t matt] = discussions ( endless prolixity & diffus5ess4 ,! discov]y ( diff]5t situations implies a cont5t ( exhau/less possibilities2 & 9 e p>ticul> example ! ess5tial "q involv$ is h[ su* may be adapt$ to ! treatm5t ( any specific art1 9 true subord9ation to ! pr9ciples & "* ( su* an art4 ,to ! fairy /ory mu* is p]mitt$ :i* is =bidd5 to a m /r+5t mode ( arti/ic repres5tation4 ,& we may say t g5]ally ! discov]y#cbb ( ! situation is a critical po9t 9 ! process ( art-production :i* (t5 pres5ts great difficulty to arti/s4 ,9 our own days ! difficulty ( obta9+ a suitable subject-matt] z a s\rce = ! circum/ances & situations :i* ! arti/ requires is a common compla9t4 ,at fir/ sight x may appe> to u m 9 keep+ ) our notion ( poet if he borr[ f 8 own res\rces1 & inv5t situations himself2 b su* indep5d5ce does little to increase 8 claims z a creative arti/4 ,= ! situation does n directly con/itute ! spirituality ( 8 "w nor inde$ give u its true arti/ic =m3 all t x does is to supply ! ext]nal mat]ial 9 :i* z its appropriate m$ium a "* or temp]am5t is unfold$ be=e u4 ,x is only aft] work+ into ?is ext]nal mat]ial 9 :i* actions & *>act]s f9d _! />t+-po9t t ! true g5ius ( ! arti/ is actively display$4 ,! poet consequ5tly has little or no claim to our ?anks = m]ely hav+ himself inv5t$ ?is lea/ ( all poetical aspects ( 8 production4 ,he is1 9 fact1 fully entitl$ to draw z mu* & z frequ5tly z he pleases f any?+ t comes to 8 h&1 :e!r x be hi/ory1 saga1 my?os1 or *ronicle1 nay1 ev5 f mat]ial & situations :i* h already be5 arti/ically treat$4 ,j z we f9d 9 ! art ( pa9t+ ! ext]nal matt] ( ! situation is borr[$ f leg5ds ( sa9ts1 & ! process has be5 repeat$ on simil> l9es ov] & ov] aga94 ,to discov] ! real arti/ic significance ( su* arti/ic "w we mu/ p5etrate f> beyond ! m]e inv5tion ( p>ticul> situations4 ,! same rem>ks w apply 9 full =ce to ! entire weal? ( ! circum/ances & developm5ts arti/ically h&l$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is x is frequ5tly claim$ z a virtue ( mod]n art 9 contra/ ) t ( ! anci5ts t we f9d 9 x an inf9itely m exub]ant imag9ation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we d f9d 9 ! arti/ic creations ( ! ,middle ,ages & our mod]n _w ! mo/ extraord9>y v>iety & int]fusion ( situations1 ev5ts1 & occurr5ces1 :e!r tragic or o!rwise4 ,?is fulness ( detail1 h[ev]1 does n take u f>4 ,9 spite ( x all we h v few dramas or epics ( ! fir/ excell5ce4 ,= ! ma9 po9t is n ! ext]nal c\rse & int]*ange ( a v>iety ( ev5ts1 :5 we f9d su* ev5ts & hi/ories m]ely complete ! entire cont5t ( our "w ( art2 r x is ! e?ical & spiritual =m :i* embodies !m1 & ! ma/]ful movem5ts ( temp]am5t & "* :i* are expos$ & unveil$ dur+ ! entire process ( ?is arti/ic embodim5t4 ,glanc+ n[ at ! ma9 position we h arriv$ at1 & f :i* our inquiry w proce$1 we h f\nd t circum/ances1 conditions1 & relations1 :e!r det]m9$ ) a ref]5ce to ! ext]nal _w or ! subjective consci\sness1 only create ! situation by virtue ( ! temp]am5t or passion :i* exp]i5ces !m & d]ives its nutrim5t ?r\gh !m4 ,we h fur!r se5 t ! situation breaks up ?is det]m9ate =m 9 opposition1 ob/ruction1 developm5t1 & disruption1 s t ! emotional life feels itself compell$ by ! =ce ( ! affect+ circum/ances to react ) en]gy aga9/ ?is di/urb+ & re/ra9+ influ5ce1 :i* /&s 9 ! way ( its objects & passions4 ,x is "h1 9 tru?1 t ! action1 /rictly speak+1 comm5ces1 :51 t is to say1 ! contradiction has fully ass]t$ itself1 :i* 0 already impli$ 9 ! fully def9$ situation4 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 ! action :i* is bas$ on ?is collision di/urbs ! unity ( t :i* is oppos$ to x1 x calls into be+ by its antagonism ! oppos+ =ce ( t :i* x confronts1 & consequ5tly ! action is imm$iately associat$ ) ! reaction4 ,) ?is analysis ( ! =ces r5d]$ necess>y by dramatic action1 we h at l5g? arriv$ at ! notion ( ! ,ideal z a fully def9$ process4 ,= we are "h pres5t$ ) two di/9ct sph]es ( int]e/1 bo? ( :i* h be5 r5t1 z x 71 f ! h>mony !y orig9ally possess$1 & confront ea* o!r 9 conflict4 ,su*1 by ! contradiction :i* is involv$ 9 !m1 make a resolution ( ! discord necess>y4 ,?is movem5t1 reg>d$ z a homog5e\s :ole1 belongs no m to ! prov9ce ( ! m]e situation & its conflicts2 we are c>ri$ n[ into t portion ( our inquiry to :i* we h already giv5 ! "n ( ! g5u9e action4 #c4 ,,! ,,action ,9 ! developm5t ( ! subject "u consid]ation1 ! action imm$iately foll[s aft] ! univ]sal _w-condition & ! p>ticul> situation4 ,9 consid]+ ! action 9 its ext]nal relation to t portion ( our inquiry we h j conclud$ x w be well to be> 9 m9d ! result we arriv$ at1 t x presupposes circum/ances :i* necessitate collisions1 action1 & reaction4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e at :at po9t 9 ! circum/ances ?us presuppos$ ! action w beg94 ,= t :i* 9 "o aspect w appe> z comm5cem5t w v possibly pres5t itself 9 ano!r z ! result ( e>li] developm5ts1 & to t ext5t w po/pone ! real />t+-po9t4 ,& 9 l mann] ?is1 too1 we may reg>d z a fact result+ f =m] collisions4 ,to take an example2 9 ! h\se ( ,agamemnon ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris expiates ! guilt & mis=tune ( h] family4 ,! comm5cem5t "h ( ?is deliv]ance on ! "p ( ,iphig5ia is ! fact t ,diana c>ries h] to ,tauris4 ,?is circum/ance is1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! result ( e>li] /ages ( ! /ory1 su* z ! sacrifice 9 ,aulis1 :i* is aga9 condition$ by ! injury done to ,m5elaus 9 ! rape ( ,hel5 by ,p>is1 & s on1 ev] backw>d1 until we come to ! fam\s egg ( ,l$a4 ,9 ! same way ! ev5ts :i* are ! subject-matt] ( ! ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris presuppose ! murd] ( ,agamemnon1 & all ! crimes associat$ ) ! h\se ( ,tantalus4 ,an analysis ( mu* ! same "* might be appli$ to ! ,!ban circle ( my?os4 ,if an action is to be repres5t$ ) all ! facts t condition x1 poetry is ! only real art t c attempt ?is4 ,su* a complete exposition ( hi/orical fact has already become1 z a c]ta9 prov]b rem9ds u1 r a we>isome bus9ess2 x is1 9 fact1 m )9 ! prov9ce ( simple prose1 &1 9 contra/ ) su* complet5ess1 poetry w r consid] its true function to be t ( tak+ its audi5ce at once into ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,!re is a fur!r important reason :y x %\ld n be to ! int]e/ ( art to make its comm5cem5t f t po9t :]e we f9d ! action "u consid]ation is 9 ! fir/ in/ance ext]nally condition$1 & x is ?is3 su* a po9t ( dep>ture is1 aft] all1 only relat$ to ! process reg>d$ z natural or hi/orical fact#cbc4 ,! association ( ! action ) ?is comm5cem5t m]ely conc]ns ! empirical unity ( its appe>ance2 x may1 h[ev]1 9 itself be ( no significance at all to ! real cont5t ( ! action4 ,?is ext]nal unity ( hi/orical sequ5ce rema9s j z x 01 h[ev] x may *ance t "o p>ticul> p]son is affect$ by ! involv$ ?reads ( a v>y+ s]ies ( fact4 ,no d\bt ! entirety ( ! facts ( life1 its actions & fatalities1 t5ds to make ! individual :at he is2 b = all t 8 true nature1 ! real core ( 8 ?\ghts & capacities1 is manife/$ 9 "o great situation & action indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,x is ! progress ( ^! :i* reveals to u really :at a "* is made (1 a "* :i* previ\sly to _! occurr5ce _h be5 kn[n m]ely 9 a nom9al way1 t is ! "n ( "o m fact among ! ext]nal facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e n look = ! comm5cem5t ( ! action 9 t empirical s\rce ( x2 we mu/ r c5tre ! att5tion ^u ^? circum/ances :i* h tak5 a hold ^u ! p>ticul> nature ) :i* we are deal+1 & creat$ or satisfi$ its ne$s2 we mu/1 9 fact1 reveal ! p>ticul> collision 9 ^: conflict & resolution ! action 9 "q consi/s4 ,hom]1 = example1 9 ! ,iliad1 makes a />t at once ) ! p>ticul> fact on :i* 8 entire epic is f\nd$1 t is to say1 ) ! wra? ( ,a*illes4 ,he tells u no?+ ( e>li] hi/ory ( ! life ( ,a*illes1 b emphasizes at once ! critical collision1 &1 moreov]1 does x 9 a way :i* unfolds a backgr\nd ( ! greate/ int]e/ to 8 picture4 ,! repres5tation1 !n1 ( ! action z a process complete 9 itself1 9 :i* action1 reaction1 & resolution are con/itu5t elem5ts1 is1 above all1 ! function ( ! poetic art2 all ! o!r arts c at mo/ only seize ^u & secure 9 _! pres5tation "o mom5t ( ?is process4 ,x is q true t if we direct our att5tion to t aspect ( ! m$ium !y employ :i* is ri*e/1 !y may appe> to h an advantage ov] poetry2 9 pa9t+ especially#cbd we f9d a control ass]t$ n m]ely ov] ! entire ext]nal =m1 b also ov] ! expression ( ext]nal demean\r & ! play ( su* relatively to o!r objects gr\p$ ar\nd x4 ,su* a means ( expression1 h[ev]1 _c comp>e z an int]pret] ( tru? ) human spee*4 ,! action itself is ! cle>e/ means ( unfold+ to u individual "*1 :e!r we view x relatively to ! entire emotional life#cbe or ! objects ( m9d4 ,all t a man is at ! v root ( 8 nature is fir/ reveal$ to u ?r\gh 8 acts2 & action1 = ! reason t x is an expression ( _s1 f9ds its ultimate expression z su* mo/ cle>ly & concisely 9 spee* alone4 ,:5 we speak 9 g5]al t]ms ( human action we are apt to figure to ourselves an incalculable v>iety ( mode4 ,= ,art1 h[ev]1 ! sph]e ( action suitable to arti/ic repres5tation is1 g5]ally speak+1 limit$4 ,h] prov9ce is :olly re/rict$ to ! type ( action :i* is con=mable to ! necess>y configuration ( ! ,idea4 ,!re are ?ree po9ts ( ess5tial importance necess>y to grasp 9 connection ) su* action z is capable ( arti/ic repres5tation1 & :i* we may emphasize z foll[s4 ,! situation & ! result+ conflict is t :i* g5]ally /imulates x2 ! active movem5t1 h[ev]1 tak5 by itself1 ! elem5t ( diff]5ce1 t is to say1 ( ! ,ideal 9 its activity1 is made app>5t fir/ by virtue ( ! reaction4 ,?is movem5t may be resolv$ into ! foll[+ compon5t features3 ,fir/1 we h ! univ]sal#cbf =ces1 :i* con/itute ! ess5tial cont5t & object1 = ! sake ( :i* ! action takes place4 ,secondly1 we h ! realization#cbg ( ^! =ces 9 ! individuals :o act4 ,?irdly1 ! two aspects above m5tion$ h to unite !mselves 9 t :i*1 9 default ( any bett] g5]ic t]m1 we w "h call "*4 7a7 ,! ,univ]sal ,=ces ( ,action 7a7 ,h[ev] mu* we h f9ally arriv$ 9 our consid]ation ( ! action at a po9t :]e ! def9ition & diff]5tiation ( ! ,ideal is ( ! fir/ importance1 nev]!less ! v notion ( art r5d]s x necess>y t 9 ! sph]e ( true beauty1 be ! aspect ( x :atsoev] x may1 x mu/ /ill h ^u x ! /amp ( ! ,ideal2 x _c1 t is to say1 ma9ta9 itself )\t rationality & ! ju/ification x implies4 ,int]e/s ( an ideal "* mu/ inevitably be 9 conflict ) ano!r1 s t might is oppos$ to might4 ,^! int]e/s are1 9 fact1 ! et]nal & univ]sal =ces ( spiritual exi/5ce1 ! ess5tial crav+s ( ! human he>t1 ! spontane\s & inevitable objects ( human action1 ju/ifiable & rational 9 virtue ( _! own "*1 & consequ5tly ! v univ]sal p[]s to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,!y are inde$ n ! absolute ,div9e itself1 b r ! sons ( ! "o absolute ,idea#cbh1 & consequ5tly dom9ant & valid4 ,!y are ! *ildr5 ( ! "o univ]sal tru?1 albeit only det]m9ate1 p>ticul> mom5ts ( ! same4 ,?r\gh _! v di/9ction1 x is true1 !y c fall into contradiction or disunion1 yet despite all ! elem5t ( diff]5ce conta9$1 !y mu/ possess ! orig9al ess5tiality )9 !m 9 ord] to appe> z ! det]m9ate ,ideal4 ,su* are ! supreme motive =ces ( art4 ,!y are ! et]nal#cbi religi\s & e?ical modes ( relation%ip1 /atus1 p]sonal "*#ccj1 & 9 ! _w ( romance1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 hon\r & love4 ,9 ! p>ticul> grade ( _! significance ^! p[]s diff]1 b all are ess5tially ! product ( reason4 ,at ! same "t x is ^! p[]s 9 ! human he>t & m9d1 :i* man1 by virtue ( 8 humanity1 is b\nd to recognize1 to give free play to1 & to actualize4 ,at ! same "t !y ought n directly to appe> z rights 9 positive legislation4 ,=1 to take "o reason1 ! =m ( positive legislation1 z we h se51 is already 9 p>tial conflict ) ! notion & cont5t ( ! ,ideal2 fur!rmore1 x is q possible t ! cont5t ( positive rights may contribute to t :i* is ess5tially unju/1 albeit entirely clo!d 9 ! attributes ( law4 ,! relations we h above ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 are n m]ely ! supreme /able embodim5t ( ! ext]nal _w#cca1 b ! ess5tially sub/antive p[]s1 :i* = ! v reason t !y conta9 9 !mselves ! actual cont5t ( human exi/5ce1 cont9ue to be ! /imulat+ s\rce ( its activity1 & ultimately all t ev] c>ri$ x =w>d to p]fection4 ,( ?is k9d are ! int]e/s & objects :i* cont5d aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles4 ,creon1 ! k+1 z rul] ( ! /ate1 by a decree c\*$ 9 ! sev]e/ t]ms1 =bade ! "r ( burial to ! son ( dipus1 :o _h prov$ himself an enemy ( 8 c\ntry by br++ an army aga9/ ,!bes4 ,?is proclamation 0 s f> ju/ifiable t x express$ c>e = ! weal ( ! entire city4 ,antigone1 h[ev]1 is animat$ by an e?ical pr9ciple ( equal au?ority1 9 o!r words by h] love = h] bro!r1 :om %e f9ds x impossible to leave unburi$1 ! prey ( c>rion birds4 ,to leave su* a duty unfulfill$ w\ld be 9 direct opposition to ! sacr$ in/9cts ( h] p]sonal relation%ip4 ,%e consequ5tly violates ! decree ( ,creon4 77 ,collisions ( ! type ) :i* we are n[ deal+ may be introduc$ 9 e possible way2 ! necessity ( ! reaction1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be occasion$ by means ( any?+ out ( place or at cross purposes#ccb ) ! ma9 action1 b ?r\gh t :i* is 9 itself reasonable & ju/ifiable4 ,= example1 9 ! well-kn[n ,g]man poem ( ,h>tmann von d] ,aue1 ,! ,poor ,h5ry1 ! collision is repulsive4 ,! h]o 9 ?is poem is visit$ by a fatality1 t is to say1 an incurable disease4 ,he turns = assi/ance to ! monks ( ,sal]mo4 ,!y /ate z ! condition ( 8 cure t a human be+ mu/ will+ly surr5d] 8 or h] life1 on ! gr\nd t ! necess>y salve c alone be =?com+ f a human he>t4 ,a poor maid5 :o is 9 love ) ! knight (f]s freely h] own life & accompanies him into ,italy4 ,?is is pure b>b>ism1 & ! sil5t love & pa!tic devotion ( ! maid5 are unable1 consequ5tly1 to produce _! full effect4 ,x is true t we f9d ! inju/ice ( human sacrifice pres5t$ u by ! anci5ts z ! gr\nd ( ! collision4 ,! fam\s example is t ( ! /ory ( ,iphig5ia1 :o is fir/ (f]$ z su* a sacrifice1 & aft]w>ds is on ! po9t ( (f]+ up h] bro!r4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ^! examples ! conflict is 9 close connection ) o!r relations :i* are 9 !mselves ju/ifiable2 secondly1 ! arti/ic pr9ciple is really satisfi$1 z we h already obs]v$1 by ! fact t bo? ,iphig5ia & ,ore/es are f9ally deliv]$1 & ! p[] ( a collision :i* is oppos$ to our notion ( "r is ?us de/roy$4 ,&1 inde$1 ?is is also ! case 9 ! above m5tion$ poem ( ,h>tmann1 9 s f> z we may ackn[l$ge ! dn\em5t (f]$ u 9 :i*1 on ,h5ry refus+ to accept ! sacrifice1 ,god releases him f 8 malady1 & ! maid5 is rew>d$ = h] true love#ccc4 ,9 app>5t association ) ! positive p[]s we h enum]at$ mu/ be add$ o!rs set ov] aga9/ !m1 t is to say1 ! =ces ( t :i* is negative & bad1 evil 9 %ort4 ,t :i* is purely negative1 h[ev]1 ought n to be tak5 9 ! ideal repres5tation ( an action z ! ess5tial gr\nd-motive = ! necess>y reaction4 ,! reality ( ! purely negative case1 x is true1 corresponds to ! negative & its appropriate "*1 b1 if ! impli$#ccd notion & object is already 9 itself r5d]$ nugatory1 x is ev5 less possible t ! ugl9ess :i* is expos$ 9 ! inw>d life %\ld manife/ any g5u9e beauty ^u its ext]nal reality4 ,! sophi/ry ( passion c1 inde$1 by means ( ! capacity1 /r5g?1 & en]gy ( a "*1 make ! attempt to graft positive *>act]i/ics ^u ! negative1 b we only obta9 !reby ! vision ( a :itewa%$ grave4 ,= t :i* is purely negative is g5]ally flat & /ale & leaves u consequ5tly ei!r void or drives u back1 :e!r x be us$ z ! motive =ce ( an action or m]ely z a means to promote a reaction 9 ano!r4 ,! horrible1 un=tunate1 ! h>%ness ( dom9ion1 & ! obduracy ( sup]ior p[] may =m "p ( ! cont5t & burd5 ( ! imag9ation :5 su* *>act]i/ics are exalt$ & c>ri$ by ! abundant greatness ( a p>ticul> "* or object4 ,evil1 h[ev]1 tak5 simply = :at x is1 envy1 c[>dice1 & meanness1 is m]ely repulsive4 ,! devil1 if we take him = :at he really ought to be1 is consequ5tly a bad subject1 or r a figure = :i* ,art has no uses at all4 ,he is j a falsehood & no?+ m1 & consequ5tly an extremely prosaic p]sonality4 ,9 ! same way x is p]fectly true t ! ,furies ( hate & _m o!r allegorical figures ( lat] times are pot5cies ( a k9d1 b !y are )\t affirmative subsi/5cy & holdfa/ness#cce1 unfav\rable to ideal repres5tation1 al?\gh 9 ?is respect a wide m>g9 ( diff]5ce is p]missible 9 ! sev]al arts respectively1 & 9 ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* !y may imm$iately visualize su* objects4 ,evil is1 to express x 9 mo/ g5]al t]ms1 ess5tially cold & devoid ( cont5t1 because z su* x is m]ely ! s\rce ( negation1 discord1 & mis=tune4 ,all art1 h[ev]1 :i* is true to its ess5tial notion1 %\ld reflect on u ! vision ( a h>mony4 ,meanness1 above all1 is despicable1 = x is a quality :i* arises f ! envy & hatr$ ( all t is noble1 & does n %r9k f di/ort+ ev5 a p[] t is ess5tially bas$ ^u ! good into a means con=mable to its own p]v]se & %ameless passion4 ,! great poets & arti/s ( ! classical _w h 9 consequ5ce nev] pres5t$ u ) ! vision ( absolute evil & depravity4 ,%akespe>e1 on ! contr>y1 9 8 trag$y ( ,k+ ,le>1 unfolds be=e u ! spectacle ( wick$ness 9 all its horrors4 ,! old ,le> divides 8 k+dom among 8 daught]s1 &1 :ile do+ s1 is fooli% en\gh to believe 9 _! false & flatt]+ spee*es1 & to mis9t]pret ! sil5t & fai?ful ,cordelia4 ,!re is already folly & madness 9 ?is1 & x is foll[$ by ! mo/ outrage\s +ratitude & wor?lessness ( ! eld] daught]s & _! husb&s to ! po9t ( absolute craze4 ,z an anti!sis ( ?is ! h]oes ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( trag$y are /ret*$ & puff$ out ) e sort ( gr&iose & sublime motive1 & make a great p>ade ( _! hon\r & nobility1 & yet despite ( x all de/roy ! v mean+ ( su* motives by ! m]e fact ( :at !y really are & accompli%4 ,b x is 9 mod]n times m especially t we f9d ?is un/able dissolution ( ev]y?+ spiritual#ccf1 :i* =ces its way ?r\gh e dissonance1 h[ev] repulsive1 become q la mode2 moreov]1 x has ev5 giv5 u :at we may describe z ! hum\r ( ! abom9able ?+1 a k9d ( burlesque simulation ( irony1 an atmosph]e 9 :i* a ,!odor ,h(fmann1 = example1 has f\nd himself s mu* at home4 77 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t x is ! ess5tially positive & sub/antive p[]s 9 ! spiritual _w :i* supply ! real cont5t ( ! ideal action4 ,^! s\rces ( en]gy1 h[ev]1 9 _! arti/ic embodim5t1 mu/ n appe> 9 _! inh]5t univ]sality1 albeit )9 ! reality ( ! action !y are ess5tial phases ( ! ,idea4 ,r !y mu/ receive ! =m ( indep5d5t individuals4 ,if ?is 7 n s !y w\ld rema9 z m]ely ! univ]sals ( ?\ght or ab/ract conceptions :i* d n prop]ly fall )9 ! prov9ce ( art4 ,?\gh 9 _! orig9 !y %\ld be held z intact z x is possible to hold !m f m]e caprices ( ! fancy1 x is equally necess>y t 9 _! developm5t !y %\ld acquire det]m9acy no less ?an self-consi/5cy#ccg1 & 9 ?is way appe> z ess5tially p>ticul>iz$4 ,su* def9ition z !y possess ought n to be c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ! p>ticul>ity ( ext]nal objects1 nor %\ld _! conc5tration be c>ri$ to t ( ! subjective self-consci\sness#cch4 ,o!rwise ! individuality ( ^? univ]sal p[]s is necess>ily involv$ 9 all ! developm5ts ( f9ite exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is respect we may say1 !n1 t ! det]m9acy ( _! individuality is n to be tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,! gods ( ! ,greek ,pan!on are ! mo/ conspicu\s example ( ?is manife/ation & sway ( ! univ]sal =ces we h j discuss$ 9 _! self-subsi/5t =m4 ,h[ev] !y may be br\ght be=e u1 _! bless$ness & *e]fulness rema9s unaffect$4 ,reg>d$ sep>ately z p>ticul> gods no d\bt !y engage 9 conflict1 b 9 all _! battles we %all ultimately f9d !y are n really s]i\s 9 ! s5se t !y conc5trate !mselves on any def9ite object ) ! entire consequ5tial en]gy ( _! "* & passion1 fully prep>$ to /ake _! exi/5ce ^u ! result4 ,!y engage 9 ?is affair or t :]ev] x may take place1 id5tify p>ticul> int]e/s 9 concrete examples ) _! own2 !y are1 h[ev]1 equally ready to leave ! matt] at any po9t & w+ _! way back happily to ,olympus4 ,su* is ! view we get ( ! gods :5 !y engage 9 w>f>e on ! pages ( ,hom]4 ,! det]m9acy ( _! *>act]ization is capable ( conflict1 b !y rema9 = all t ! purely univ]sal det]m9ations :i* at bottom !y are4 ,a battle beg9s to rage2 h]oes advance s+ly "o aga9/ ano!r2 !n we lose sight ( individuals altoge!r 9 ! univ]sal /orm & cru%2 x is no long] ! specific qualities ( individuals :i* are n[ set 9 relief aga9/ ea* o!r--x is ! univ]sal ru% ( ! fight1 ! daemon ( w> loos$ & ro>+1 & n[ x is t ! univ]sal p[]s1 ! gods !mselves1 /ep =? on ! sc5e ( battle4 ,f su* a tempor>y display ( ! contra/s ( _! *>act]ization !y ev] )draw !mselves into ! solitude ( _! self-subsi/5cy & repose4 ,= ?\gh ! individuality ( _! =m c>ries !m p]=ce into ! region ( "t & cont+5cy1 nev]!less inasmu* z ! univ]sal !y claim z gods is t :i* ultimately mu/ prevail1 ! individual *>act]i/ic %r9ks away into ! det]m9ation ( ext]nal =m only2 !y are unable 9 _! p]sonality to p5etrate ! true arcana ( consci\s _s#cci4 ,_! physical def9ition is1 9 fact1 ei!r m or less only ! accommodat+ =m ( _! div9ity4 ,b ?is self-subsi/5cy & c>eless repose is precisely t :i* gives to !m _! pla/ic individuality1 & relieves !m ( any anxiety & con/ra9t#cdj 9 relation to e>?ly objects & ev5ts#cda4 ,= ?is reason we f9d 9 ! gods ( ,hom] no f9al result :5 actively occupi$ ) ! concrete facts ( human life1 al?\gh su* activity is display$ = u 9 _m & div]se directions4 ,! mat]ial & int]e/ ( human ev5ts :i* happ5 9 "t is t :i* gives !m some?+ to d & no?+ m4 ,& 9 l mann] we may rem>k o!r peculi> *>act]i/ics atta*$ to ! ,greek gods1 :i* we c only reg>d z ess5tially unrelat$ to ! g5]al notion ( div9ity :i* ea* god respectively connotes4 ,m]cury is1 = example1 ! slay] ( ,argus2 ,apollo t ( ! hydra2 ( ! love affairs ( ,zeus we h c\ntless tales1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 he hangs 8 wife on an anvil4 ,^! & _m o!r /ories l !m are m]ely supplem5t>y additions1 :i* atta* to ! gods 9 _! aspect ( natural =ces by virtue ( symbol & allegory1 ! orig9 ( :i* we propose to discuss m fully lat] on4 ,9 mod]n art we %all1 x is true1 f9d c]ta9 indications :i* po9t to a conception ( def9ite & at ! same "t univ]sal p[]s4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p simply cold & fro/-l allegories ( hate1 envy1 hope1 love1 fai?fulness1 t is to say1 g5]ally ( virtues & vices 9 ! actual tru? ( :i* we c reta9 no belief4 ,= ) u mod]ns x is ! concrete subjectivity alone1 = :i* we1 9 ! repres5tations ( art1 feel t pr(\nd] int]e/1 :]e9 ab/ractions su* z ^! d n appe> 9 _! isolation1 b are made to appe> m]ely z phases or aspects ( human "*1 :e!r we reg>d x 9 its p>ticul>ity or z a concrete :ole4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! angels possess no ess5tial univ]sality & self-subsi/5cy su* z *>act]ize ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,apollo1 or ev5 ,oceanus & ,helios4 ,!y are1 x is true1 objects ( imag9ative conception1 b _! specific "* is t ( vassals ( ! "o ,div9e & ess5tial sub/ance1 :i* is n 9 ?is case brok5 up into self-subsi/5t individualities1 z we f9d x 9 ! ,greek ,pan!on4 ,= ?is reason we h "h no imag9ative vision ( _m objective p[]s dwell+ 9 a /ate ( tranquillity1 :i* may be repres5t$ z ess5tially ,div9e p]sonalities4 ,we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 ! ess5tial cont5t ( su* ei!r z subsi/+ 9 ! ,godhead1 or realiz$ 9 a mode :i* is bo? p>ticul> & subjective 9 :olly human *>act]s & actions4 ,nev]!less x 0 precisely 9 ! conception#cdb ( self-subsi/5cy & individualization t ! ideal repres5tation ( ! gods orig9at$4 7b7 ,! ,individuals 9 ! ,action ,9 ! cases we h j discuss$ ( ! ideal gods x is n a difficult matt] = art to secure ! ideality %e requires4 ,b 9 approa*+ ! concrete action1 ideal repres5tation is confront$ ) a real difficulty4 ,= ?\gh x is "h t ! gods &1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! univ]sal p[]s may be id5tifi$ ) a pr9ciple :i* /imulates & compels activity1 we are n !re=e on ! plane ( reality entitl$ to f9d 9 !m ! s\rce ( g5u9e individual action4 ,action is r ess5tially ! manife/ation ( human life4 ,consequ5tly !re are 9 ?is connection two di/9ct aspects ( ! problem to be consid]$4 ,on ! "o h& we h ^! univ]sal =ces 9 _! self-subsi/5t repose & = t reason m ab/ract sub/antiality2 on ! o!r !re is ! individuality ( m51 9 :i* we mu/ seek ! f9al spr+ & det]m9at+ impulse to action no less ?an its actual accompli%m5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 only ! simple tru? t ^! et]nally dom9ant p[]s are imman5t 9 ! id5tical nature ( mank9d1 con/itut+1 9 fact1 ! sub/antive core ( its "*2 b 9 s f> z !y are compreh5d$ 9 _! ,div9e nature !mselves z individuals#cdc1 & !reby 9 an exclusive way1 _! relation to ! subject ( human consci\sness mu/ rema9 an ext]nal "o4 ,& ?is fact enables u to see ! ess5tial difficulty we notic$ above4 ,!re is1 9 tru?1 a contradiction imm$iately involv$ 9 ?is relation betwe5 ! gods & m54 ,x is q true t ! cont5t ( ! gods is t :i* belongs to humanity1 & ann\nces itself z 8 passion1 resolve1 & w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 equally true t ! gods mu/ n only be assum$ to be & compreh5d$ z indep5d5t f man individually consid]$ 9 _! actual exi/5ce1 b1 fur!rmore1 z ! =ces at ! root ( all 8 activity & det]m9ation4 ,& ?is1 too1 9 su* a way t we are =c$ to consid] ! same det]m9ations at "o "t z p]sonifi$ 9 ! self-subsi/5t & ,div9e p]sonality1 & at ano!r t :i* appe>s mo/ ess5tially to belong to ! human he>t4 ,& x is = ?is reason t ! free self-subsi/5cy ( ! gods no less ?an ! fre$om ( human individuals 9 _! activity is s]i\sly compromis$ if1 to ! detrim5t ( human indep5d5ce1 :i* we h already /at$ to be ( mo/ ess5tial importance to ! ,ideal ( ,art1 we ascribe an exclusive p[] ( comm& to ! gods4 ,& we may obs]ve ?is is precisely ! same k9d ( difficulty :i* confronts u 9 ! =m ( ! religi\s conceptions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is /at$ 9 t]ms t ! _s ( ,god leads up to ,god4 ,tak5 /rictly su* a phrase c only imply t ! inw>d life ( man is reg>d$ z a purely passive gr\nd1 ^u :i* ! _s ( ,god lab\rs4 ,9 su* a conception ! human w disappe>s z a free w1 & at ! same "t ! ,div9e purpose :i* motives ! 9 work+ above m5tion$ c only appe> to man z a k9d ( ,fate1 "u :i* he fails to come by 8 own true p]sonality#cdd4 77 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is "q ( mutual relation#cde is s und]/ood t man 9 8 action is conceiv$ z /&+ 9 a purely ext]nal opposition to ,god1 "h posit$ z et]nal sub/ance1 ! relation ( bo? is "o ( pure matt] ( fact#cdf4 ,god gives a comm&1 & man is oblig$ to he>k54 ,ev5 great poets h f\nd !mselves unable to disp5se ) ?is conception ( ext]nal opposition betwe5 gods & m54 ,9 ! ,philoctetes ( ,sophocles1 = example1 we f9d t ,philoctetes1 aft] he has conf\nd$ ! deceit ( ,odysseus1 p]si/s 9 8 det]m9ation n to return to ! ,grecian camp until ,h]acles appe>s at l5g? z ,deus ex ma*9a1 & ord]s him to yield to ! entreaty ( ,neoptolimus4 ,! cont5t ( ?is app>ition is1 no d\bt1 suffici5tly motiv$1 & answ]s to our own expectation2 ! cata/rophe itself1 h[ev]1 is = all t n rightly homog5e\s1 b r outside ! action2 & 9 8 noble/ trag$ies ,sophocles makes no su* use ( ?is k9d ( repres5tation1 accord+ to :i*1 if we b c>ry x "o /ep fur!r1 ! gods are r$uc$ to lifeless ma*9es1 & individual m5 simply to ! in/rum5ts ( a =eign caprice4 ,9 a simil> way we con/antly 9 epic poetry meet ) ! active int]v5tion ( ! gods repres5t$ 9 a mode :i* is ext]nal to human fre$om4 ,h]mes1 = example1 conducts ,priam to ,a*illes2 ,apollo gives ,patroclus ! bl[ betwe5 ! %\ld]s :i* ends 8 life4 ,we also frequ5tly f9d my?ological traits treat$ 9 su* a way t !y appe> z :olly ext]nal to ! actual lives ( ! individuals ?us affect$4 ,a*illes1 = example1 is dipp$ by 8 "m 9 ! ,/yx & !reby r5d]$ invuln]able & inv9cible to ! "o po9t ( 8 heels4 ,if we reflect on ?is rationally x is obvi\s t all real brav]y disappe>s1 & all t is h]oic 9 ! "* ( ,a*illes is conv]t$ f a real trait ( 8 ess5tial manhood to a purely physical advantage4 ,su* a mode ( repres5tation is1 h[ev]1 f> m p]missible to ! epic ?an x is to ! dramatic type ( poetry1 = ! good reason t 9 ! epic t aspect ( spiritual life :i* is directly conc]n$ ) ! int5tion impli$ 9 ! execution ( objects falls into ! backgr\nd & a l>g] field is1 9 g5]al1 (f]$ = ! play ( ext]nal *>act]i/ics4 ,su* a criticism ( ! prosaic und]/&+ z ! "o above1 :i* *>ges a poet ) ! absurdity t 8 h]oes are no h]oes at all1 %\ld only be advanc$ ) ! greate/ caution1 = x is p>tly 9 su* traits z w appe> %ortly1 t ! poetical relation betwe5 gods & m5 is pres]v$4 ,x is ano!r matt]1 & we h no?+ left u b prose1 :5 9 addition ! p[]s1 :i* are posit$ z sub/antive individuals1 are m]e empty %ad[s1 ! creations ( ! caprice ( fancy & ! arbitr>9ess ( a false orig9ality4 ,!y are !n = ! mo/ "p only ! adjuncts ( sup]/ition or imbecility4 77 ,! truly poetic relation ( ideality consi/s1 !n1 9 ! id5tity ( gods & m52 & ?is mu/ ass]t itself ev5 ?\gh ! univ]sal p[]s are pres5t$ z indep5d5t & free f ! p>ticul>ity ( human be+s & passions4 ,9 o!r words1 all t we attribute to ! gods mu/ at ! same "t e/abli% itself z t :i* is ess5tially cognate ) ! spiritual life ( p>ticul> m5 9 ?is s5se1 t :ile ! dom9at+ p[]s appe> z ess5tially p]sonifi$1 yet at ! same "t all t is ?us posit$ 9 an ext]nal relation to man is none ! less cle>ly t :i* is imman5t 9 8 own _s & "*4 ,! true function ( ! arti/ is1 !re=e1 to introduce a m$iat+ l9k betwe5 ! diff]5ce involv$ 9 ^! two aspects1 to b9d !m1 9 %ort1 by a f9ely conceiv$ ?read ( relation :i*1 :ile cle>ly emphasiz+ _! spr+s 9 ! spiritual life ( man1 %all make no less visible ! univ]sal & ess5tial elem5t :i* is !re9 impli$ & pres5t su* to ! imag9ation 9 individual =m4 ,! emotional life ( man mu/ reveal itself 9 ! gods1 :o1 9 fact1 are ! self-subsi/5t & univ]sal embodim5ts ( t :i* is active & dom9ant 9 8 own spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,!n alone are ! gods at ! same "t gods 9 cognate relation ) 8 own he>t & emotions4 ,:51 = example1 we are told by ! anci5ts t ,v5us or ,amor has put a con/ra9t ^u ! he>t1 no d\bt 9 ! fir/ place ^! div9ities are appreh5d$ z ext]nal p[]s2 b human love is equally a /imulus & a passion1 :i* is implant$ 9 ! he>t & is "p ( t x indep5d5tly conta9s4 ,9 mu* ! same s5se is ! frequ5t ref]5ce to ! ,eum5ides4 ,we h to picture 9 ! fir/ in/ance no d\bt ^! av5g+ maid5s z ,furies1 :o pursue ! transgressor 9 an ext]nal =m4 ,b ?is pursuit is b ano!r aspect ( ! ,fury :i* drives ?r\gh ! s\l ( ! p]petrator ( crime2 & ,sophocles 9 ! dipus ,colonus 7,i4 #adcd7 actually ref]s to !m 9 ?is s5se ( inw>d spiritual =ces1 z ! ,eum5ides ( dipus himself1 t is to say1 :o signify ! fa!r's curse z ! result ( ! /ress ( emotion caus$ by ! conduct ( 8 sons4 ,we h1 !n1 & equally h n reason on our side :e!r we id5tify ! gods ) p[]s ext]nal to man1 or f9d 9 !m t :i* belongs exclusively to 8 spiritual life4 ,!y are 9 fact bo?4 ,9 ,hom]1 = example1 ! activity ( gods & m5 is a con/antly involv$ ske9#cdg4 ,! gods appe> to accompli% :at is =eign to human activity1 & yet = all t execute only t :i* is 9 vital co-ord9ation ) 8 own emotional life4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 = example1 :5 ,a*illes1 9 ! /ress ( controv]sy1 is ab\t to raise 8 sword aga9/ ,agamemnon1 ,a!ne /eps =? beh9d him & takes hold ( 8 head ( flax5 hair1 visible only to himself4 ,h]o1 :o is equally anxi\s ov] ,a*illes & ,agamemnon1 s5ds = !m f ,olympus1 & _! admission !re appe>s to be :olly indep5d5t ( ! desire ( ,a*illes4 ,on ! o!r h& we h no difficulty 9 see+ t ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ,a!ne1 ! wisdom :i* puts con/ra9t ^u ! h]o's wra?1 is simply a reflection ( int]nal conflict1 t ! entire description b /ates 9 imag9ative =m :at 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! he>t ( our h]o4 ,9 fact ,hom] himself po9ts ?is out a few v]ses previ\sly 7,iliad1 ,i1 v1 #aij71 :5 he relates ab\t ! debate t took place 9 8 he>t 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 1 1 4#cdh ,?is inw>d break+ up ( ang] into a divid$ self1 ?is con/ra9t1 = x is 9 opposition to ! ang]1 & ,a*illes appe>s at fir/ to be :olly fill$ ) wra?1 ! epic poet has a p]fect "r to repres5t at ! same "t z an ext]nal ev5t4 ,9 a simil> case 9 ! ,odyssey we f9d ,m9]va act+ ! "p ( escort = ,telema*us4 ,?is att5dance is r m difficult to grasp z a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! emotional life ( ,telema*us1 al?\gh we c readily fix on c]ta9 po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! ext]nal image & ! emotion exp]i5c$4 ,& ?is x is we may g5]ally say :i* con/itutes ! *e]ful buoyancy ( ! ,hom]ic gods1 & ! irony impli$ 9 ! hon\r paid to !m4 ,_! self-consi/5cy & s]i\sness are *>act]i/ics :i* t5d to dissolve l a cl\d1 precisely to ! ext5t t !y unfold !mselves z ! v p[]s :i* are native to man's emotional life1 & !reby1 9 _! manife/ation1 leave humanity alone ) its own possessions4 ,h[ev]1 x is n necess>y to look s f> abroad = a complete example ( ! conv]sion ( a purely me*anical conception ( ,div9e activity into ! atmosph]e ( ! subjective consci\sness1 ! sph]e1 t is1 ( fre$om & e?ical beauty4 ,9 8 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris ,goe! has 9 ?is connection c>ri$ ! process ?r\gh ) a beauty t we _c suffici5tly admire4 ,9 ! drama ( ,euripides ,ore/es 9 complicity ) ,iphig5ia c>ries (f ! /atue ( ,diana4 ,?is is simply an act ( /eal+4 ,!n ,?oas comes on ! sc5e1 & ord]s _! pursuit1 & ! recov]y ( ! bu/ ( ! goddess4 ,f9ally1 9 v prosaic fa%ion1 ,a!ne appe>s & ord]s ,?oas to /ay 8 h& on ! gr\nd t %e has indep5d5tly comm5d$ ,ore/es to ! *>ge ( ,poseidon1 & he1 9 def]5ce to h] wi%es1 has already c>ri$ ,ore/es f> ov] seas4 ,?oas submits to h] advice & replies to x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms 7v1 #addb1 #dc73 ,lady ,a!ne1 :oev]1 on he>+ ! words ( ! gods1 does n obey !m is b a fool4 ,= h[ c\ld x be "r & fit to cont5d ) ! mighty gods4 ,9 ?is relation we c only see ! b>e ext]nal comm& ( ,a!ne on ! "o side1 & an equally futile submission ( ,?oas on ! o!r4 ,9 ,goe!'s treatm5t ( ! subject1 on ! contr>y1 ,iphig5ia becomes h]self exalt$ to ! rank ( a goddess1 9 reliance ^u ! tru? %e feels )9 h]self1 ! tru? ( a human he>t4 ,9 ?is s5se %e turns to ,?oas & exclaims3 ,is x !n man alone :o has ! "r ,to accompli% ?+s none ev] he>d be=e6 ,%all he alone impress ^u ! /r5g? ,( he>ts h]oic ! impossible8 ,t :i* 9 ! drama ( ,euripides ! comm& ( ,a!ne effects1 ! *ange 9 ! attitude ( ,?oas1 ,goe!'s ,iphig5ia endeav\rs to br+ ab\t1 & 9 fact does br+ ab\t1 ?r\gh ! dep? ( ! feel+s & ideas ) :i* %e confronts him4 ,) motions /range ,an ent]prise audaci\s so>s )9 me2 ,a va/ reproa* & ills yet grav] /ill ,w break on me if ! ev5t misc>ry2 ,b1 see1 ,i place x on y\r knees6 ,be true1 ,be only true & wor?y ( y\r fame1 ,s y\r assi/ance %all decl>e x tru?1 ,tru? glorifi$ ?r\gh me4 ,& to ?is reply ( ,?oas3 ,:at6 y believe ,! ,scy?ian wild & ! b>b>ian ,he> ! wise voice ( ,tru? & he>ts humane ,:5 ,atreus ( ,greece /ill fail$ to he>4 %e answ]s ) ! g5tle/1 pure/ tru/3 ,nay1 all ?us he> ,b5ea? :atev] sky _! bir? 0 laid2 ,all ne$s mu/ he> = :om ! spr+s ( life ,fl[ )\t let & purely ?r\gh ! s\l4 ,!n x is %e makes ! f9al call ^u h] greatness ( s\l1 & ! t5d]ness ( h] fai? at its highe/ po9t ( ef=t2 h] entreaty t\*es1 !n ma/]s & wr+s f him1 9 a way t mu/ appeal to e he>t1 ! p]mission to return to h] own4 ,?is alone is necess>y4 ,%e has no ne$ ( ! /atue ( ! goddess2 %e c dep>t on h] j\rney )\t deceit or betrayal ( tru/4 ,& x is ) ! f9e/ s5se ( beauty t ,goe! ref]s "h to ! oracul> ^w ( ! god3 ,br+ b to ,greece aga9 ! si/] :o ,all lo? at he>t 9 holy temple bides ,on %ores ( ,tauris1 & ! curse is gone4 ,! v human reconciliation disclos$ 9 ^! words is cle>ly t ! pure & holy ,iphig5ia1 ! si/]1 is 9 fact ! div9e p]sonification & ! protectress ( ! h\se4 ,noble & beautiful ,i wot 9 soo? ,all t ! goddess c\nsell$ seem$ to me1 exclaims ,ore/es to ,?oas & ,iphig5ia3 ,l to a holy picture ,! fate unalt]able :i* wall$ our t[n ,by "o my/]i\s ^w1 "o ^w ,div9e1 ,is bani%$1 n[ t city takes !e back1 ,:o art ! true protectress ( our home2 ,res]ve ?yself 9 holy quietness1 ,a bless+ to ?y bro!r & ?9e own2 ,x seem$ t all deliv]ance on ,e>? ,_h pass$ away1 & all comes back ) !e4 ,9 ! _s ( ^! heal+ words ( reconciliation ,iphig5ia has already reveal$ h]self to ,ore/es by virtue ( ! purity & e?ical beauty ( h] inn] life4 ,x is true t h] disc]nm5t drives him half mad1 :o 9 ! convulsion ( 8 _s has lo/ all fai? 9 peace2 b ! pure love ( ! si/] does n fail to heal him f e pang ) :i* he is tortur$ by ! ,furies ( 8 s\l3 ,)9 ?9e arms ,! evil claw$ me ) its dire/ clut* ,= ! la/ "t1 & to ! v m>r[ ,i %udd]$ horribly3 & !n x vani%$1 ,e'en z a s]p5t to its lair4 ,anew1 ,& all ?r\gh !e1 ! day's bread? ,i enjoy4 ,"h1 z else:]e ?r\gh\t x1 we c h>dly emphasize suffici5tly our admiration = ! pr(\nd beauty ( ?is poem4 ,! mat]ial :i* has ! impress ( ,*ri/ianity ^u x is m op5 to criticism ?an t :i* 0 ! subject-matt] ( antique art4 ,9 ! sacr$ leg5ds1 & g5]ally speak+ :]e ! religi\s conceptions ( ,*ri/5dom prevail1 no d\bt we may f9d ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y & o!r sa9ts ! subject ( univ]sal belief2 b along ) !m ! imag9ation has clo!d itself ) fanciful ab]rations 9 e direction1 s t wit*es1 gho/s1 & e sort ( spectral app>ition are yet m conspicu\s objects4 ,9 ! face ( su* conceptions1 s f> at lea/ z !y appe> =eign p[]s to our human nature1 & man submits himself unres]v$ly to ! *>m1 s$uction1 & influ5ce ( _! illusions1 arti/ic repres5tation is :olly giv5 up to e k9d ( folly & caprice ( m]e cont+5cy4 ,x is ( unique importance t 9 ! treatm5t ( su* mat]ial ! arti/ take c>e t ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( judgm5t are 9 no way impair$4 ,%akespe>e has %[n u h[ to d ?is 9 mo/ noble fa%ion4 ,! wit*es 9 ,macbe?1 = example1 appe> z ext]nal p[]s1 :o =etell = ,macbe? 8 future de/9y4 ,:at !y d =etell1 h[ev]1 is precisely t :i* is 8 own mo/ secret wi%1 :i* is reflect$ back on him & decl>$ 9 ?is1 m]ely 9 appe>ance1 ext]nal =m#cdi4 ,) a /ill clos] reg>d to beauty1 yet pr(\nd] insight1 is ! gho/ 9 ,hamlet treat$ z ! purely objective embodim5t ( ,hamlet's own intuitions4 ,we f9d ,hamlet 9 ! fir/ in/ance ov]p[]$ ) a vague feel+ t some?+ horrible has tak5 place4 ,8 fa!r's gho/ !n appe>s & gives def9ite =m to ^! awful premonitions4 ,we naturally expect t ,hamlet1 aft] receiv+ ! facts set =? 9 8 fa!r's w>n+1 w at once proce$ ) en]gy & br+ ! murd]] to book1 a rev5ge :i* appe>s to h ample excuse4 ,b he delays & delays4 ,critics h made ?is inactivity a matt] ( reproa* to ,%akespe>e1 blam$ him1 9 fact1 z ?\gh = ?is reason ! play to "s ext5t nev] gets prop]ly (f4 ,b we mu/ rememb] ,hamlet is n a /rongly practical nature1 r a f9ely /rung "o1 ) emotions held 9 p]si/5t res]ve2 a nature :i* f9ds x difficult to te> itself f its int]nal h>mony2 melan*oly too1 prone to subtleties1 hypo*ondriacal1 ) emotions deeply root$4 ,= ?is reason x is obvi\s t he is prima facie indispos$ to prompt action4 ,& ?is is fundam5tally ,goe!'s conception ( him :5 he tells u t :at ,%akespe>e s\ght to repres5t 0 ! imposition ( "s supreme action on a s\l ^: gr[? 0 unadapt$ to its execution4 ,he 9 fact int]prets ! entire drama relatively to ?is conception ( ,hamlet4 ,we h "h1 he ma9ta9s1 an oak tree plant$ 9 an exquisite vase1 :i* ought really only to conta9 & %elt] ! fair fl[]s2 ! roots spread1 ! vase is %att]$4 ,b x %\ld be notic$ t ,%akespe>e1 :5 ref]r+ to ! app>ition ( ! gho/1 contributes a f> pr(\nd] trait ( "* 9 explanation ( ?is debat$ po9t4 ,hamlet delays1 because he does n "r (f :olly believe 9 ! gho/4 ,! _s t ,i h se5 ,may be a devil3 & ! devil ha? p[] ,to assume a pleas+ %ape2 yea & p]haps1 ,out ( my weakness & my melan*oly1 ,z he is v pot5t ) su* spirits1 ,abuses me to damn me3 ,i'll h gr\nds ,m relative ?an ?is3 ! play's ! ?+1 ,:]e9 ,i'll cat* ! consci5ce ( ! k+4 ,9 ?is passage x is obvi\s t ! app>ition z su* does n leave ,hamlet m]ely devoid ( all /ability#cej1 b t he ent]ta9s a reasonable d\bt1 & is det]m9$ to make 8 conviction a c]ta9ty by 8 own exp]im5ts be=e he proce$s to act ^u x4 77 ,z a summ>y description ( ^! univ]sal p[]s1 :i* appe> n m]ely 9 _! ext]nal indep5d5ce1 b are ! vital & mov+ =ces 9 ! human he>t & all t is impli$ 9 its mo/ intimate life1 we may borr[ an expression 9 use among ! anci5ts1 t is to say ,pa?os 747 ,to translate ?is ^w adequately is n easy4 ,passion almo/ always implies z its concomitant an elem5t ( meanness or bas5ess4 ,we cont5d 9 ord9>y p>lance t a man %\ld n surr5d] himself to 8 passions4 ,x mu/ !re=e be und]/ood t we use ! expression pa?os 9 a nobl] & m univ]sal s5se ?an ?is )\t ! slighte/ implication ( any?+ blamewor?y or egoti/ic4 ,! devot$ love ( ! si/] ,antigone is an excell5t example ( a pa?os 9 ! full significance ( ! ,greek use ( ! t]m4 ,pa?os 9 ?is s5se is a p[] ( ! emotional life :i* completely ju/ifies itself1 an ess5tial "p ( ! cont5t ( rationality & ! free w4 ,ore/es1 = example1 kills 8 "m n s mu* on acc\nt ( any =ce ( 8 emotional life :i* we /rictly c call passion2 r x is a pa?os 9 itself fully consid]$ ^u & ess5tially sane :i* c>ries him on to ! awful de$4 ,?us und]/ood we may add t x is impossible to say t ! gods possess pa?os4 ,!y are m]ely ! univ]sal cont5t ( t :i* is ! /imulat+ en]gy 9 ! resolves & actions ( human individuality4 ,! gods z su* cont9ue 9 _! repose & fre$om f passion1 & h[ev] mu* !y may qu>rel or cont5d among !mselves1 !re is no?+ really s]i\s 9 x all1 or _! /rife possess$ m]ely a symbolical significance 9 ! view we may take ( x z a univ]sal w> ( ! gods4 ,we mu/ !re=e /rictly limit pa?os to ! actions ( mank9d1 & conceive !reund] ! ess5tial or rational cont5t1 :i* is pres5t 9 ! human consci\sness id5tical ) itself & ?r\gh\t suffuses ! emotional life4 77 ,we may say1 !n1 t pa?os con/itutes ! true m$iat+ l9k#cea1 ! v]itable doma9 ( art4 ,! repres5tation ( x is ! mo/ truly effective "p ( a "w ( art1 z x is its influ5ce ^u ^? :o look at x4 ,pa?os sets a /r+ 9 motion1 :i* vibrates ?r\gh e human he>t4 ,e "o mu/ "k ! type ( wor? & reason1 :i* und]lies ! cont5t ( a g5u9e example ( pa?os1 mu/ recognize x at once :5 he sees x4 ,& ! cause ( ?is is t pa?os moves u because x is t :i* is ess5tially ! vital =ce ( our human exi/5ce4 ,& x equally foll[s t t :i* is :olly ext]nal1 ! natural environm5t & p>ticul> sc5e1 9 its active support ( ! effect ( pa?os1 ne$ only be treat$ q subord9ately4 ,nature mu/ 9 consequ5ce be drawn ^u z a fact ess5tially symbolical & suff] ! pa?os to re-e*o f h] walls1 :i* is ! mo/ real subject-matt] ( arti/ic repres5tation4 ,l&scape is1 = example1 a type or g5re ( pa9t+ ( less importance ?an hi/orical pa9t+2 b ev5 !re we f9d t ! s*ool ( l&scape mo/ indep5d5t %\ld n be )\t a g5]al h>monic relation to human feel+1 &1 9 fact1 possesses a c]ta9 type ( pa?os4 ,9 ?is s5se we are told art g5]ally ought to t\* ! emotions4 ,be=e accept+ ?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 we ought fir/ to inquire ?r\gh :at means ?is peculi> effect ( art mu/ be br\ght ab\t4 ,to t\* ! emotions is 9 g5]al ! activity ( some?+ 9 union ) feel+1 & mank9d1 m p>ticul>ly ! mank9d ( to-day1 are1 or a m consid]able portion ( !m are1 only too readily op5 to su* exp]im5ts4 ,! man :o %[]s te>s on u1 />ts ! se$s ( te>s1 :i* gr[ up fa/ en\gh4 ,9 art1 h[ev]1 only t ought to move u :i* conta9s 9 itself ! real import ( pa?os4 77 ,= su* reasons we may affirm t nei!r 9 com$y nor 9 trag$y ought pa?os to be t :i* is only folly or p]sonal idiosyncracy4 ,%akespe>e's ,timon1 = example1 is on purely mat]ial gr\nds a misan?rope2 8 fri5ds h eat5 him up1 consum$ 8 sub/ance1 & :5 he himself requires _! gold des]t him4 ,he consequ5tly becomes a passionate enemy ( mank9d4 ,! situation is bo? conceivable & consi/5t ) nature1 b x conta9s no pa?os t c be ju/ifi$ on pr9ciple4 ,ev5 to a m /rik+ ext5t is ! hate we f9d 9 ,! ,misan?rope1 t play ( ,s*ill]'s appr5tice%ip1 purely a vag>y ( mod]n ideas4 ,= 9 ?is latt] case ! misan?rope is 9 addition a ?\ghtful1 p]spicaci\s1 & entirely noble man1 great-he>t$ t[>ds 8 peasants1 :om he has fre$ f _! ville9age1 & devot$ to 8 daught]1 :o is1 ap>t f h] beauty1 9 all respects wor?y ( 8 love4 ,9 mu* ! same way1 9 t novel ( ,augu/ ,lafonta9e1 ,qu9tius ,heim]an von ,flam+ is worri$ ) ! follies ( mank9d4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 our mo/ latt]-day poetry :i*1 above all1 loves to w9d itself into e conceivable knot ( fanta/ical falsehood#ceb1 attempt+ !reby to secure an effect ?r\gh m]e oddity1 b fail+ to f9d ! slighte/ response 9 any sane p]son = ! reason t e ve/ige ( :at is really pres5t 9 human life has vani%$ f su* ref9em5ts ( m5tal a?letics4 ,9 ano!r direction we may rem>k t ev]y?+ :i* dep5ds solely1 t is to say1 9 s f> z sci5tific appreh5sion is ! ma9 requirem5t1 ^u in/ruction1 te/imony to ! tru?1 & insight ( :at is (f]$ z su*1 is no fit subject-matt] = ! repres5tation ( a g5u9e pa?os4 ,! facts ( sci5tific k are a "p ( ?is mat]ial4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t sci5ce dem&s a p>ticul> =m ( education1 an ef=t t[>ds & a k ( ! specific =ms ( sci5ce & _! relative importance ( exceptional v>iety & ext5sion2 an int]e/ 9 ?is type ( /udy is by no means a univ]sally mov+ influ5ce 9 ! he>ts ( m51 b is limit$ & mu/ ev] rema9 limit$ to a n>r[ circle ( vot>ies4 ,! treatm5t ( purely religi\s in/ruction pres5ts simil> difficulty1 if we mean by t ! developm5t ( ! same 9 its pr(\nde/ import4 ,no d\bt ! univ]sal cont5t ( religion1 su* z ! belief 9 ,god & simil> !ses1 is ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to anyone wor?y ( x4 ,art is1 h[ev]1 n directly conc]n$ ei!r 9 ! exposition ( religi\s dogmas1 nor1 inde$1 9 any exceptional insight into _! tru?2 x is consequ5tly ( importance t %e %\ld be held alo( front su* disquisitions4 ,x is all ! m necess>y t we %\ld ?r\gh art entru/ e type ( pa?os to ! human he>t1 e motive ( e?ical significance1 :i* are ( practical & vital int]e/4 ,! influ5ce ( religi\s ideas is r ^u ! subjective _w ( emotion1 ! heav5 ( ! he>t1 ! ev]-repeat$ consolation & uplift+ ( ! individual life1 ?an ^u direct action 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,= t :i* is ,div9e 9 religion on its practical side is morality & ! p[]s :i* are pot5t 9 ! e?ical life4 ,^! p[]s1 h[ev]1 9 contra/ ) ! heav5 ( religion 9 its pure/ =m1 are 9 def9ite relation to ! _w & t :i* is entirely human4 ,among ! anci5ts ?is worldly cont5t 0 fundam5tally includ$ 9 _! conception ( ,deity1 & consequ5tly _! gods c\ld be relat$ directly to human action & its arti/ic pres5tation4 ,f all ?is x w readily appe> t ! significant mom5ts ( volitional activity :i* pres5t to u ! pa?os we h j endeav\r$ to def9e are num]ically small & ! range ( !m re/rict$4 ,9 ! op]a especially x is inevitable t ! sph]e f :i* su* may be select$ is a n>r[ "o2 we consequ5tly h = ev] d9n$ 9 our e>s ! pla9ts & delights1 ! mis=tunes & happ9ess ( love1 fame1 hon\r1 fri5d%ip1 mat]nal & m>ital devotion4 77 ,n[ a pa?os ( ?is k9d requires = its display n m]ely ! p[] ( exposition1 b also t ( p]fect$ elaboration#cec4 ,& :at is m1 ! s\l :i* entru/s to its pa?os ! spiritual weal? x possesses mu/ be "o ) real weal? to dispose (1 & n "o t c re/ 9 a condition ( purely int5sive self-conc5tration4 ,x mu/1 9 %ort1 be ready to give an outw>d semblance to its self-expression & rise to ! f9i%$ p]fection ( t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?is p[] ( self-conc5tration & t ( self-revelation is ( great importance2 & we %all f9d t 9 ?is respect ! types ( individuality su* z g5]ically repres5t diff]5t races (f] ess5tial po9ts ( contra/4 ,nations ^: reflective consci\sness has be5 highly tra9$ are m eloqu5t 9 ! expression ( _! passions ?an o!rs :o are n s4 ,! anci5ts1 = example1 7 accu/om$ to unfold ! pa?os1 :i* is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( human p]sonality1 9 its pr(\nde/ significance1 )\t runn+ (f into cold g5]alities or empty tattle4 ,! ,fr5* also 9 ?is respect are naturally gift$1 & _! eloqu5ce 9 ! expression ( passion is n by any means always m]ely a pil+ up ( words1 z we ,g]mans1 foll[+ ! b5t ( our national res]ve1 to :i* ! repeat$ expression ( emotion appe>s to be a k9d ( wrong inflict$ ^u x1 are only too ready to ?9k x is4 ,9 fact1 we h gone s f> 9 ?is direction t we c\ld m5tion a di/9ct phase 9 our poetical hi/ory1 :5 ! y\ng] spirits1 at any rate1 sick to dea? ( t :i* !y dubb$ ! flu% ( ,fr5* rhetorical wat]-drops1 ye>n$ to su* an ext5t aft] ! simplicity ( ,nature t _! arti/ic en]gy c\ld only express itself = ! mo/ "p 9 int]jections4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t we %all arrive at no op5 sesame ) ,ahs & ,ohs1 a damn "h & !re ?r[n 91 or any o!r r&om note ( /orm & blu/]4 ,! inspiration ( m]e int]jections is a feeble "o1 or r is simply ! way 9 :i* ! /ill unref9$ nature expresses itself4 ,! _s :i* is to reveal to u pa?os mu/ be a _s :i* is full to runn+ ov]1 :i* is able to spread itself abroad & give expression to its virtue4 ,we may add1 too1 t 9 ?is respect ,goe! & ,s*ill] pres5t a mo/ m>k$ contra/4 ,goe! is less pa!tic ?an ,s*ill]1 makes use ( a mode ( arti/ic expression :i* is m int5sive2 m especially 9 8 lyrics we are /ruck by ?is *>act]i/ic ( self-res]ve4 ,8 songs1 & ?is is ! true quality ( ! pure lyric1 g naturally on _! way1 )\t entirely giv+ u all t !y conta94 ,s*ill]1 on ! contr>y1 is cle>ly anxi\s to unfold ! pa?os ( 8 subject to its fur!/ limit1 & ) all ! cle>ness & =ce ( expression he c mu/]4 ,claudius 9 ,w&s-beck] ,bot5#ced has contra/$ ,voltaire & ,%akespe>e 9 mu* ! same fa%ion1 ma9ta9+ t ! "o is :at ! o!r only appe>s to be4 ,ma/] ,ar\et tells u3 ',i weep'2 ,%akespe>e really weeps6 ,to ?is we c only reply t x is precisely ) su* tell+ & appe>ance t art is conc]n$ & n ) ! m]e positive fact4 ,if ,%akespe>e m]ely wept :ile ,voltaire made o!rs ?9k he wept1 s mu* ! worse = ! poet ,%akespe>e4 ,to conclude1 !n1 x is necess>y t pa?os1 9 ord] to be 9 itself concrete1 z x %\ld be 9 ideal art1 be pres5t$ 9 its arti/ic manife/ation z ! pa?os issu+ f a spiritual nature1 ri* & compreh5sive4 ,& ?is result c>ries u =w>d to t ?ird aspect ( our consid]ation ( ! action already adv]t$ to1 t is to say1 an inquiry into :at is impli$ by "* 9 ?is connection4 7c7 ,"* ,we w summ>ize ! proce$+ argum5t4 ,our po9t ( dep>ture 0 ! univ]sal & sub/antive p[]s :i* are ! orig9al /imulus to action4 ,su* require z ! m$ium ( _! active realization human individuality1 9 :i* !y !n appe> z affect+ pa?os#cee4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 ! univ]sal inh]5t 9 ^! p[]s mu/ 9 p>ticul> individuals acquire ! conc5trat$ unity & concret5ess ( a :ole1 & a s+le :ole4 ,?is totality is man appreh5d$ 9 8 fulfill$ spiritual cont5t & ! subjectivity !re9 compris$1 9 "o ^w ! entire self-conta9$ human individuality :i* we designate z "*4 ,! gods are born into ! pa?os ( m51 & pa?os 9 its m concrete =m ( activity is human "*4 ,9 "*1 !n1 we f9d ! real focus#cef ( ! ideal exposition ( art1 t is to say 9 s f> z ! embodim5t unites 9 itself ! sep>ate aspects ( x already develop$ z consi/5t phases1 9 ! con/ruction ( its own totality4 ,= ! ,idea z ,ideal1 by :i* we mean z clo!d 9 a =m )9 ! grasp ( s5su\s imag9ation & p]ception1 & 9 its activity z action & accompli%m5t1 is1 if we def9e x /rictly1 j ?is self-relation ( ! subjective individuality4 ,! individuality1 h[ev]1 :i* is truly free1 & no?+ %ort ( ?is w satisfy ! ,ideal1 has n m]ely to decl>e itself z univ]sality1 b at ! same "t1 to ass]t its nature z concrete s+ul>ity1 z ! m$iat+ bond :i* unites & transpi]ces bo? sides ?us relat$1 :i* 9 _! self-relat$ actuality subsi/ z unity4 ,& ?is is precisely :at we und]/& by "*1 ! ideal =m ( :i* consi/s 9 ! weal? ( en]gy ) :i* all ! con/itu5t aspects ( ! subjective life are weld$ 9 "o :ole4 ,we w n[ inquire r m closely into ! nature ( ?is conception ( "* view$ "u ?ree di/9ct aspects4 ,fir/1 z co-ext5sive#ceg individuality1 t is to say1 )1 our att5tion direct$ to ! weal? ( sub/ance conta9$ 9 x4 ,secondly1 ) direct ref]5ce to its p>ticul>ity1 ! =m 9 :i* x is b\nd to appe>1 albeit /ill a totality1 z "o t is m def9$ or specific4 ,?irdly1 9 our f9al appreh5sion ( x z a unity :i* is fully id5tifi$ ) its own det]m9ate =m1 t is1 :i* is ?r\gh\t fus$ ) ! same by virtue ( its own pr9ciple ( subjective self-id5tity1 & !reby atta*es to ! :ole ! significance ( an ess5tially assur$ "*4 ,we w n[ develop & elucidate m fully :at we conceive to be impli$ 9 ! above g5]al propositions4 77 ,& fir/ we w\ld draw att5tion to ! fact t ?is pa?os1 ?\gh an ess5tial feature 9 ! developm5t ( complet$ individuality1 is n1 9 ! specific =m ( its appe>ance1 ! sole or exclusive int]e/ ( ! individuality portray$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 m]ely "o aspect ( ! effici5t#ceh "*1 if "o ( p>am\nt importance4 ,to put x 9 r a /rong way1 ! human s\l does n m]ely c>ry )9 x "o god z ! orig9al ( its pa?os2 on ! contr>y1 ! spiritual scope ( humanity has wid] bord]s1 & we may affirm t _m gods make _! dwell+ 9 "o true man1 or1 r1 all ! p[]s :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! heav5 ( ! gods are enclos$ )9 t "o brea/4 ,x is co-ext5sive ) ! entire field ( ,olympus4 ,9 ?is s5se "o ( old has said3 ,out ( ?9e own passions1 ,o man1 ha/ ?\ creat$ ! gods4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 proportion z ! intellig5ce ( ! ,hell5ic folk quick5$1 ! numb] ( _! gods increas$2 &1 fur!rmore1 ! gods ( _! e>lie/ days 7 less intellig5t1 t is to say1 !y 7 god-l figures defici5t bo? 9 individuality & det]m9ate "*4 ,9 ?is weal? ( cont5t1 accord+ly1 x is necess>y t ! "* adequate to ideal art %\ld display itself4 ,& ?is is j t :i* creates ! int]e/ we feel 9 a "*1 namely1 t a totality su* z t we h above describ$ em]ges f x1 & ! "*1 :ile repos+ on its abundance1 nev]!less p]si/s 9 p]fect equality ) itself1 z "o secure & self-exclud+ subject4 ,if ! "*1 h[ev]1 be n conceiv$ & depict$ z ?is r\nd$ & subjective unity1 is ab/ract 9 ! s5se t x is entirely ! sport ( "o passion1 su* mu/ !n appe> z self-de/ructive#cei1 or at lea/ crack$1 weak1 & )\t real fibre4 ,= ! weakness & in]tness ( individuals is j ?is v ?+1 t ! et]nal =ces ( :i* we h spok5 nev] ass]t !mselves 9 !m z a real "p ( _! mo/ ess5tial sub/ance1 z1 to put x logically1 pr$icates :i* adh]e to !m z ! subjects ( su*4 ,9 ,hom]#cfj1 = example1 e h]o is ! liv+ focus ( a :ole cong]ies ( qualities & traits4 ,a*illes is ! mo/ y\?ful h]o 9 ! ho/1 b 8 y\?ful exub]ance is repres5t$ z q compatible ) all o!r entirely human qualities1 & ,hom] unfolds be=e u ?is v>iety ?r\gh situations :i* (f] ! f9e/ contra/4 ,he loves 8 "m1 ,!tis1 he weeps = ,briseis1 :5 %e is snat*$ f him1 & 8 violat$ s5se ( hon\r drives him into ! conflict ) ,agamemnon1 :i* is ! orig9al f\nt ( all ! ev5ts t foll[ aft] x 9 ! ,iliad4 ,add to ?is he is ! true/ fri5d ( ,patroclus & ,antilo*us2 moreov]1 he is ! mo/ bloom+1 fi]y y\?1 swift ( foot1 brave1 yet full ( rev]5ce = gray hairs2 ! fai?ful ,pho5ix & tru/y s]vant are at 8 feet1 & at ! fun]al ( ,patroclus ! ho>y ,ne/or is treat$ ) ! highe/ def]5ce & hon\r4 ,&1 9 contra/ to all ?is1 ,a*illes is repres5t$ z inflammable to a degree1 eff]vesc5t1 rev5geful1 & full ( ! mo/ brutal au/]ity :5 face to face ) ! foe4 ,he b9ds ! sla9 ,hector to 8 *>iot1 trails ! corpse 9 fell hunt]'s fa%ion ?ree times r\nd ! walls ( ,troy2 yet /ays 8 ang] :5 ! old ,priam comes to 8 t5t1 &1 z he ?9ks )9 8 he>t ( 8 own old fa!r1 rea*es to ! weep+ k+ ! h& :i* has done to dea? 8 son4 ,( ,a*illes we may well exclaim3 "h is a man inde$1 & human nature1 ay1 noble human too1 9 all ! l5g? & bread? ( its ri*es1 is unveil$ be=e u 9 ?is "o man6 ,x is j ! same ) all ! o!r ,hom]ic *>act]s---,odysseus1 ,diom$es1 ,ajax1 ,agamemnon1 ,hector1 ,&roma*e--e "o ( !m is a :ole1 a _w 9 itself1 a complete & liv+ memb] ( humanity1 some?+ v diff]5t at lea/ f y\r allegorical ab/ract ( "s "o p>ticul> trait4 ,:at fro/y1 fad$ p]sonalities1 despite all _! vig\r & rig\r1 are ! horn$ ,siegfri$1 ,hag5 ( ,troy1 nay1 ev5 ,volk]1 ! musician1 9 comp>ison4 ,x is ?is v>iety ( *>act]ization1 & ?is alone1 :i* c give to a "* ! int]e/ ( life4 ,at ! same "t ?is fulness ( detail mu/ really appe> z includ$ 9 ! p]sonality itself1 t is1 x mu/ n /rike u z ! m]e div]sion1 pass+ freak1 or sugge/ion ( an excit$ fancy1 su* z we see 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o w take up ev]y?+ 9 turn1 & ev5 make some?+ out ( x1 yet1 = all t1 are )\t ess5tial "*4 ,"* 9 ?is latt] s5se w p5etrate & make itself a home 9 ! mo/ div]se phases ( ! emotional life ( man1 w /eep itself to ov]fl[+ ) t abundance1 &1 at ! same "t1 n rema9 ?us imm]s$1 b ?r\gh\t all ! cong]ies ( int]e/1 objects1 qualities1 all ! traits t di/+ui% or arre/ x1 ma9ta9 ! =m ( its self-exclusive & al]t subjectivity intact4 ,= ! repres5tation ( su* exhau/ive types ( "* epic poetry is1 above all o!rs1 adapt$1 dramatic & lyrical poetry are less s4 77 ,art1 h[ev]1 w n be cont5t to rema9 at ! po9t :i* ! c\rse ( our inquiry has rea*$1 namely1 ! notion ( "* z a m]e cong]ies ( traits4 ,= ! object we h be=e u n[ is ! ,ideal 9 its specific det]m9ation1 & s+ul>ity1 or1 r1 concrete individuality1 are bo? ( !m prom95t & necess>y features4 ,action1 m ?an any?+ else1 9 its conflict & reaction is impossible )\t "s re/riction & cle> def9ition ( =m4 ,= ?is reason ! h]oes ( dramatic poetry are = ! mo/ "p ( simpl] def9ition ?an ^? ( epic poetry4 ,& ! way we get at a cle> def9ition is ?r\gh "s pa?os out ( ! ord9>y :i* is s portray$ z to make "s ess5tial trait ( "* /& out 9 bold relief1 & itself to be ! /imulus to p>ticul> objects1 resolves1 & actions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is simplification is c>ri$ s f> t any "* appe>s z ?\gh x 7 p>$ d[n to a m]e %ad[-l semblance ( any =m ( pa?os1 su* z love or hon\r1 all real vitality & spiritual dep? mu/ necess>ily vani%1 & ! repres5tation1 z is n unfrequ5tly ! case 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool ( drama = ?is v reason1 c only (f] u a cold & jejune result4 ,we may !re=e conclude t 9 ?is aspect ( p>ticul>ity ! prom95t feature :i* ass]ts itself pre-em95tly w be ?is1 t )9 ! bord]s ( ?is v limitation ! fulness ( life is completely pres]v$1 s t ! p]sonality 9 "q has free scope all[$ x = fur!r expansion 9 _m directions1 a p[] to adapt itself to e v>iety ( situation1 &1 9 %ort1 is able to unfold & express 9 e possible way ! weal? ( a truly complete spiritual life#cfa4 ,despite ! supreme simplicity ( _! pa?os ! *>act]s 9 ! ,sophoclean drama possess ?is intr9sic vitality4 ,we may inde$ comp>e !m 9 _! pla/ic self-seclusion to ! figures ( sculpture4 ,= x is also q possible t sculpture express v v>i\s del9eations ( "* despite all ! t5acity ( its def9ition4 ,9 contra/ to ! blu/] ( ov]p[]+ passion1 :i* conc5trates all its =ces ^u "o s+le po9t1 x exhibits out ( its tranquillity & spee*lessness t pr$om9ant neutrality1 :i* peacefully envelops all p[]s )9 itself2 b ?is unp]turb$ unity does n1 h[ev]1 p]si/ 9 any indissoluble union ) m]e =mal def9ition1 b1 r1 9 virtue ( its beauty1 suff]s at ! same "t ! bir?-?roes ( all t p]ta9s to x to disrobe itself z ?r\gh a cl\d ( imm$iate possibility into fre% relations ( e v>iety4 ,9 ! f9e/ figures ( sculpture we behold a tranquil dep?1 :i* unfolds1 z x 71 ! pregnant womb1 f :i* all o!r pot5cies may be born4 ,9 contra/ ) sculpture x is yet ( m vital importance to ! arts ( pa9t+1 music1 & poetry1 t !y %\ld display ! inmo/ complexity ( "*1 & real arti/s ( e age h recogniz$ ?is4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's ,romeo & ,juliet1 = example1 ! mo/ pa!tic *>act]i/ic ( ,romeo is 8 love3 b he is also plac$ be=e u "u relations ( ! greate/ contra/1 :e!r x be 9 ref]5ce to 8 p>5ts1 8 fri5ds1 8 love tr\bles1 or 8 affair ( hon\r 9 :i* he fights ) ,tybalt1 8 attitude ( def]5ce & tru/ to ! monk1 nay1 ev5 on ! v]ge ( ! grave 8 conv]sation ) ! apo!c>y1 f :om he pur*ases ! poison4 ,?r\gh\t he is ! same wor?y & noble man ( deep emotions4 ,9 ! same way ! "* ( ,juliet is unfold$ ?r\gh\t ! range ( h] relations to fa!r1 "m1 nurse1 ! ,c\nt ,p>is1 & fa!r ,lawr5ce4 ,&1 despite ( ?is1 %e is z deeply imm]s$#cfb 9 h] "o preoccupation z %e is 9 e "o ( ^! situations1 & h] entire "* is transpi]c$ ) & c>ri$ away by ! "o s+le emotion1 h] passionate love = h] lov]1 :i* is z deep & broad z ! unb\nd$ sea1 s t x is b ! simple tru? :5 %e exclaims1 ,! m ,i give1 ! m ,i possess1 bo? are inf9ite4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t ev5 :5 !re is b "o pa?os visible1 x mu/ unfold itself z ! weal? ( all x possesses4 ,& ?is is :at really happ5s ev5 9 lyrical poetry1 :]e we f9d ! pa?os is n atta*$ to actions det]m9$ by positive circum/ances & conditions4 ,= 9 ?is latt] case ! pa?os c only ass]t itself z ! spiritual /ate ( an emotional nature o!rwise complete 9 itself1 :i* is1 t is to say1 free to express itself 9 any o!r conceivable circum/ance & situation :i* may confront x4 ,! use ( words ( vital significance1 an imag9ation :i* c associate itself ) all ! _w1 c re/ore ! ,pa/ to ! ,pres5t1 c trans=m ! entire ext]nal environm5t ( man's life to a symbolical expression ( 8 _s1 c bravely adv5ture into ! dep?s ( compreh5sive ?\ght1 &1 :ile do+ s1 reveal an exub]ant1 capaci\s1 cle>1 exalt$1 & noble nature--a weal? ( "* su* z ?is1 freely express+ su* a _w1 is a prize inde$ = ! ,lyric ,muse4 ,no d\bt a purely logical reflection may f9d x impossible t su*1 v>iety ( "* %\ld co-exi/ ) a ma/]ful cle>ness ( type4 ,we may be ask$1 = in/ance1 9 ref]5ce to ! h]oic "* ( ,a*illes1 ^: /r5g? ( y\? is ! pre-em95t1 trait ( 8 beauty1 h[ x is possible to reconcile ! t5d] he>t s manife/ 9 8 relations to 8 fa!r & 8 fri5d ) ! cruel act ( rev5ge :]e) he drags ,hector r\nd ! walls4 ,precisely ! same k9d ( inconsequ5ce is to be met ) 9 ,%akespe>e's cl[ns4 ,!y are1 ) sc>cely an exception1 bubbl+ ov] ) wit & ! hum\r ( g5ius4 ,&1 no d\bt1 !re w always be fools en\gh to ask u h[ m5 ?us spiritually gift$ c\ld ev] betake !mselves to su* tomfool]ies4 ,! tru? is t ! reflection ( ! =mal logic is sure to emphasize "o aspect ( a "*1 & conclude t ! entire man is m9t$ "u its impression to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,to su* ev]y?+ t ass]ts itself z ali5 to ! hallm>k ( its begg>ly m9tage c only appe> z an inconsequ5ce4 ,9 ! truely rational contemplation ( ! :ole z di/9ct f ! p>ts1 & !reby ( ! liv+ ?+1 t :i* appe>s z inconsequ5t w be precisely t :i* br+s all into fit co-ord9ation4 ,= our humanity is j ?is v p>adox4 ,we h n m]ely to c>ry#cfc ! contradictions ( our complex nature1 b to suff] ! load#cfc ) pati5ce1 & ?r\gh\t prove /aun* to our burd54 77 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t "* mu/ fuse toge!r its p>ticul>ity 9 ! elem5t ( its spiritual sub/ance2 x %\ld possess a def9ite type1 & at ! same "t reta9 9 ?is di/9ction ! =ce & /ability ( a s+le fully self-consi/5t pa?os4 ,:]e we f9d our humanity repres5t$ )\t su* a c5tre ( unity1 ! diff]5t aspects ( su* v>iety x may possess w lose all relative mean+ or significance & fall away f ea* o!r4 ,9 art we %all f9d t :at we di/+ui% 9 our conception ( p]sonality z inf9ite or ! ,div9e is j ?is self-consi/5cy 9 unity4 ,if ?is view be a j "o x is obvi\s t su* *>act]izations z /ability & det]m9ation are ( great importance 9 ! ideal repres5tation ( "*4 ,& we %all only obta9 su* a result1 z already obs]v$1 9 s f> z ! univ]sality ( ! p[]s inh]5t 9 our humanity are p]mitt$ to transpi]ce ! m]e p>ticul>ity ( ! individual "* &1 by virtue ( ! unity ?us set up1 create a subjective & at ! same "t individual life :i* supplies its own pr9ciple ( unity & self-id5tity4 ,su* a condition is all important1 & we mu/ n[ adv]t to a numb] ( arti/ic compositions1 m p>ticul>ly ( lat] times1 9 express relation to x4 ,9 ! ,cid ( ,corneille1 = example1 ! collision betwe5 ! oppos+ pr9ciples ( love & hon\r is a mat*1 no d\bt1 ( brilliant effects4 ,a pa?os ( ?is k9d1 involv$ z x is 9 ! opposition ( di/9ct =ces may1 no d\bt1 be ! op]ative gr\nd ( conflicts2 b :5 we f9d su* portray$ z ! spiritual /ruggle ( "o & ! same "*1 ?\gh su* antagonism may v readily supply u ) ! mat]ial = brilliant rhetoric & effective monologue1 ! cataclysm :i* is "h pres5t$ 9 ! emotional life ( "o p]son driv5 ?us by turns f its ab/ract subjection to hon\r into ! equally ab/ract "o ( love1 & =?) h\nd$ back aga91 is n fav\rable to ! portrayal ( a "* ( g5u9e /ability & homog5e\sness4 ,x is equally inconsi/5t ) ! del9eation ( resolute p]sonality :5 a lead+ "*1 already "u ! pr$om9ant influ5ce ( "s specific pa?os1 is portray$ z "o ov]ma/]$ by ! direction or p]suasion ( a subord9ate "*1 su* is ?us enabl$ to %ift ! responsibility ^u o!r %\ld]s4 ,?is is :at actually takes place 9 ! ,ph$ra ( ,rac9e :5 ! m9d ( ,ph$ra is depict$ z entirely motiv$ by ! words ( ,o5one4 ,a "* ( real di/9ction acts out ( its own initiative1 & w n suff] ! views ( a m]e /rang] to be t :i* det]m9es its own resolution4 ,only :5 action is ! direct result ( its own reflections d we get t cle> relation betwe5 p]sonal initiative & ! consequ5t result :i* c>ries ) x ! full weight ( guilt or responsibility4 ,we f9d yet ano!r type ( ?is in/ability ( "* z q a peculi> possession ( ! m rec5t lit]>y output ( ,g]many4 ,x is a type ( "* 9 :i* a k9d ( flatul5ce 9 emotion is ! rule no less ?an ! s\rce4 ,! classic example is ! ,w]!r ( ,goe!'s romance1 a ?or\ghly morbid type ( "*1 )\t any ve/ige ( real manl9ess su* z might c>ry him beyond ! egotism ( 8 love-passion4 ,:at makes him int]e/+ is ! passion & beauty ( 8 emotional life1 ! intimate fell[%ip betwe5 himself & ,nature :i* ! c\rse ( 8 spiritual exp]i5ce & ! pliability ( 8 temp]am5t acc5tuate4 ,?is effem9acy has yet m rec5tly embodi$ itself 9 _m o!r =ms ( expression :i* desc5d ) increas+ rapidity to ! l[e/ circle ( jejune & ta/eless egotism4 ,we mu/ n ev5 omit1 = in/ance1 to include 9 our li/ t illu/ration ( ! lovely s\l :i* we f9d 9 ,jacobi's ,woldem>4 ,9 ?is romance we are made a pres5t ( ! glory ( emotional volubility 9 all its pret5sions4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 inde$1 to cite a bett] example ( ! self-deceptive illusion ( p]sonal virtue & excell5ce4 ,"h we h all t sublimity & div9ity ( s\l1 :i* relates itself crook$ly to e possible aspect ( ! actual _w2 t type ( feebl5ess :i* is :olly unable to %>e 9 or tol]ate any portion ( ! lab\rs or int]e/s ( practical life z x really is4 ,s root$ is x 9 its own consci\sness ( sup]iority x passes ev]y?+ z unwor?y ( x on ! o!r side4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a peculi> feature ( ?is type ( lovely s\l t1 ev5 :5 face to face ) ! truly e?ical int]e/s & :olly sane objects ( life1 in/ead ( meet+ !m frankly1 x retires into ! seclusion ( itself1 :]e x weaves its own ?reads ( f9]y & passes its "t 9 hat*+ out its exquisite brood ( religi\s & moral reflections4 ,& connect$ closely ) ?is p]sonal en?usiasm = our sup]abundant excell5ce1 :i* we set =? 9 front ( ourselves ) su* a brave %[1 !re w always be an int5se s5sitiv5ess = all o!r be+s :o may appe> at any mom5t to sympa?ize )1 compreh5d1 & appreciate ?is beauty ( ! solit>y life4 ,if su* fell[-feel+ is n =?com+ we f9d ! v he>t ( u tr\bl$ to its dep?s & inf9itely bruis$4 ,we h lo/ at "o /roke all humanity1 fri5d%ip1 & love4 ,we are unable to put away ) :atev] act ( p$antry or rud5ess may be 9 "q1 "s trivial circum/ance or /upidity ov] :i* ! vision ( any "* ( bread? or /r5g? w\ld pass )\t a tremor4 ,x :irls away ! ?\ght ( ev]y?+ else1 & t :i* is by itself ( lea/ significance proves to be t :i* f9ally mo/ r$uces u to despair4 ,su* is ! s\rce ( all t endless tra9 ( melan*oly1 tr\ble1 he>ta*e1 peevi%ness1 sickness1 dejection1 & pov]ty ( _s :i* foll[s1 su* ! spr+ ( all ^? self-tortur+ reflections "o on ! top ( ano!r1 t cramp & ob/9acy1 nay1 f9ally1 t cruelty ( s\l1 ?r\gh :i* ! wret*$ness & weakness ( ! spiritual cont5t ( su* a type1 ( lovel9ess consummates & decl>es itself4 ,no he>t t is truly s\nd c wi% to unite itself ) su* an emotional h]mitage4 ,= x is a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( all g5u9e "* t x c>ries )9 itself bo? ! c\rage & ! /r5g? to d & to w "s actual ?+4 ,! int]e/1 !re=e1 t su* natures :i* are = ev] revolv+ r\nd !mselves may ar\se 9 u is aft] all an empty int]e/1 & necess>ily s despite all ! conviction ) :i* su* natures may assure u t !y belong to a high] & pur] sph]e ?an our own1 a sph]e :i* has reveal$ to our vision t peculi> type ( ! ,div9e !y h uncov]$ f _! secret p>ts & f9ally pres5t to u1 to borr[ an apt figure1 en neglige4 ,?is want ( g5u9e solidity ( "* appe>s 9 yet ano!r =m :]e we f9d ! p>ticul> manife/ations ( ?is _w ( f9e feel+s turn$ z x 7 upside d[n & hypo/atiz$ z indep5d5t =ces4 ,mu* t passes = magic1 magnetism1 spiritualism1 ! app>itions ( clairvoyance1 ! morbid condition ( sleep-walk+1 is attributable to ?is s\rce4 ,! liv+ p]son 9 "q is plac$ 9 a relation to ^! ab/ruse p[]s1 :i* f "o po9t ( view id5tifies him ) !m1 & 9 ano!r makes !m appe> z some?+ =eign to 8 spiritual life1 :i* det]m9es & controls x4 ,x is assum$ t und]ly+ ^! undef9$ =ces !re is "s inexplicable tru? :i* bord]s on ! m>vell\s1 or at any rate passes compreh5sion4 ,f ! _w ( art1 h[ev]1 all su* p[]s ( d>kness %\ld be bani%$4 ,9 art !re is no d>kness at all1 b all is lucid & transp>5t1 & 9 adv5tur+ aft] su* types ( myopy spee* m]ely fl\nd]s into spiritual disease1 or plays loose z poetry ) ! nebul\s1 empty1 & trivial1 a good example ( :i* is ! v]se ( ,h(fmann1 & t piece by ,h5ry von ,klu/ entitl$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,homburg4 ,! truly ideal "* has no?+ 9 8 composition1 or ! pa?os :i* expresses x1 ( ano!r _w & its gho/s1 b only actual int]e/s1 9 :i* he f9ds himself at home4 ,m p>ticul>ly is ?is feature ( clairvoyance become a trivial & vulg> recipe ( our m mod]n poets4 ,9 ,s*ill]'s ,tell1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! old ,att+haus5 on ! br9k ( ! grave =etells ! de/9y ( 8 c\ntry1 ! prophetic in/9ct is q 9 its "r place4 ,x is always1 h[ev]1 a mis=tune = an arti/ to f9d himself =c$ to ex*ange ! sanity ( a "* ) "s malady ( ! s\l :e!r x be to motive ! collision or excite int]e/4 ,= ?is reason he %\ld only avail himself ( ! condition ( insanity 9 q exceptional cases4 ,9 conclusion we may connect ) ^! di/ortions ( a sane vision1 :i* are s mu* oppos$ to all real unity & consi/5cy ( "*1 ! pr9ciple ( our latt]-day irony4 ,?is false !ory has betray$ ! poet into graft+ ^u 8 *>act]s qualities s ess5tially div]se t !y are incapable ( all homog5e\s relation2 ! ess5tial unity ( e "* is ?us conf\nd$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory a "* is fir/ pres5t$ z *>act]iz$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 & imm$iately aft] we h t v det]m9ation conv]t$ into its opposite1 & ! "* itself is prop\nd$ to u z no?+ m ?an ! negation ( :at x 0 & is4 ,moreov] ?is v futility is accept$ by ?is irony z ! supreme discov]y ( art4 ,an audi5ce %\ld n1 9 %ort1 be c>ri$ away by an ess5tially positive int]e/1 b %\ld be pull$ up at ! critical mom5t1 mu* z ! irony itself is no soon] laun*$ ^u any?+ ?an x is (f aga94 ,!y w\ld ev5 expla9 ! *>act]s ( ,%akespe>e accord+ to su* a pr9ciple4 ,we are in=m$ t ,lady ,macbe? 0 an irreproa*able wife ( ! t5d]e/ feel+1 despite ! fact t %e n only falls 9 ) ! sugge/ion ( ! murd]1 b actually eggs h] husb& on to its execution4 ,b if ! signet m>k ( ,%akespe>e is conspicu\s on any "o quality x is on ! firm & decisive del9eation ( 8 *>act]s1 ev5 :5 x is only ! =mal greatness & consi/5cy ( evil t is 9 "q4 ,hamlet1 x is true1 is a case ( m5tal indecision1 b ev5 he is only 9 d\bt z to ! way he %all c>ry out 8 purpose1 n at all z to :at has to be done4 ,yet n[adays !y w\ld assimilate ev5 ,%akespe>e's *>act]s to a _w ( gho/s1 & appe> to ?9k t ?is futility & indecision ( ups & d[ns1 ?is g5]al squeami%ness#cfd 9 %ort c by itself contribute to our int]e/4 ,! ,ideal1 h[ev]1 is c5tr$ 9 ?is1 t ,idea is made actual1 & our humanity is associat$ ) su* actuality z subject & consequ5tly z a unity :i* is ess5tially firm-root$4 ,we may "h1 s f> at lea/ z ?is portion ( our inquiry is conc]n$1 br+ our obs]vations ^u ! individuality :i* is consi/5t ) real "* to a close4 ,t :i* we h ma9ly s\ght to emphasize is a pa?os :i* is at once self-det]m9$ & ess5tial1 ! possession ( a ri* & complete nature1 ! spiritual _w ( :i* su* a pa?os transfuses "u su* a =m t ?is process ( transfusion no less ?an ! pa?os itself receives its arti/ic pres5tm5t4 ,at ! same "t ?is pa?os mu/ n be all[$ to come into conflict ) itself 9 ! he>ts ( m5 s z to /ultify its v nature & consi/5cy z pa?os4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,our consid]ation ( ! det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance occupi$ ) ! g5]al inquiry :y x 0 & h[ x came ab\t t ! ,ideal ev] receiv$ at all ! def9ite embodim5t ( a p>ticul> =m4 ,foll[+ aft] ?is we arriv$ at ! conclusion t inh]5t process 0 ess5tial to our notion ( x1 t 9 fact ! elem5t ( diff]5ce 0 only by ?is means ass]t$ )9 x1 & t ?is process view$ z a :ole is pres5t$ u 9 ! action4 ,we discov]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 virtue ( ! action ! ,ideal passes ov] into actual relations ) ! ext]nal _w2 we h !re=e1 & ?is is ! ?ird important /ep1 to solve ! fur!r "q :at k9d ( =m ?is its f9al aspect1 z associat$ ) ext]nal reality1 ! ,ideal w receive "u adequate arti/ic repres5tation4 ,we w\ld recall ! fact t ! ,ideal is ! ,idea "u a =m :i* is 9 union ) its own actuality4 ,up to ! pres5t po9t ( our inquiry our att5tion has be5 exclusively occupi$ ) t aspect or phase ( ?is actuality :i* we may call 9 g5]al t]ms human individuality & its "*4 ,man is1 h[ev]1 also 9 possession ( a concrete & ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,9 sep>ation f ?is x is true he conc5trates 8 spiritual life to a po9t 9 self-consci\sness1 b he rema9s = all t1 ev5 9 ?is subjective unity1 imm$iately relat$ to ! ext]nal _w4 ,to ! actual exi/5ce ( mank9d ! surr\nd+ sph]e ( a _w is z indisp5sable z ! protection ( a temple is to ! /atues ( ! god x conta9s4 ,& = ?is v reason we mu/ n[ adv]t to all or "s ( ^? _m div]se ?reads1 :]eby ! ,ideal is wov5 9 ) ?is ext]nal environm5t & is %[n 9 relief aga9/ x#cfe4 ,?is op5s to our view a practically immeasurable expanse ( relations & modes "u :i* ! process ( ! ext]nal & relative _w is det]m9$4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place we are confront$ at once ) ! b>e facts ( ext]nal ,nature su* z p>ticul> locality1 situation1 :e!r habitable or n1 temporal condition1 ! nature ( ! prevail+ climate1 :e!r 9 our e>?'s nor!rn or s\!rn hemisph]es1 & 9 fact 9 :atev] direction we advance we h a fre% picture be=e u4 ,moreov]1 ext]nal ,nature is made use ( by man to satisfy 8 own ne$s & purposes2 & all ! ways "u :i* he conv]ts h] to t use1 t is to say ! adroitness ) :i* he discov]s & !n equips himself ) tools & a home to live 91 ) weapons1 ) seats to recl9e ^u1 c>riages to ride 91 nay1 all t ! art ( cook+ may br+ ) x = 8 food1 ! entire app>atus ( 8 luxury no less ?an 8 com=t1 all ?is & mu* m fall )9 ! limits ( our inquiry4 ,add to ?is ! fur!r & yet m important consid]ation t e man lives )9 a compreh5sive & equally real _w ( spiritual relations1 :i* itself1 too1 pres5ts to 8 view all ! diff]5t modes "u :i* comm& & submission is ma9ta9$1 t is to say ! family1 blood-relation%ip1 prop]ty1 c\ntry & t[n life1 ! cultus ( religion1 ! organization ( def5ce & (f5ce1 civic & political associations1 private society1 9 %ort e conceivable =m "u :i* e?ical cu/oms & usages are organiz$ 9 ! in/itutions & p]man5t activities :i* contribute to ! actual environm5t ( human exi/5ce4 ,9 all ! directions enum]at$ above ! ,ideal is 9 imm$iate contact ) ! reality ( ! practical _w 9 its ev]yday dress1 or 9 o!r words1 ) ! commonplace prose ( life4 ,& impress$ by ?is fact we may easily be l$ to ! conclusion1 if we h already accept$ ! nebul\s conception ( idealism elaborat$ rec5tly1 t art c h no alt]native b to dissev] h]self absolutely f all connection ) ?is _w ( relative appe>ances4 ,su* at lea/ c only be logically inf]r$ f a !ory :i* assumes t ?is relation ( ext]nality is "o ( pure indiff]5ce1 or r1 9 contra/ to ! subjective _w ( _s1 is ( no sub/antive significance or wor?4 ,agreeably to ?is view art is a spiritual dom9ion1 ^: sole object is to exalt u above ! sph]e ( mat]ial wants1 necessities1 & dep5d5ce1 & to lib]ate u f ! logic1 & we may add ! com$y1 ( facts1 :i* 9 ?is field claim ! exclusive att5tion ( our humanity4 ,=1 ap>t f any o!r consid]ation1 all t meets u ^u ?is t]ra firma ( life's prose is = ! mo/ "p ( a purely conv5tional "*1 &1 condition$ z x is by "t1 space1 & cu/om1 simply a cong]ies ( cont+5t facts1 :i* x is d]ogatory to ! nature ( art to accept4 ,?is view ( ideality1 :i* is really an illusive "o1 is 9 "p due to "o ( ^? highly flav\r$ ab/ractions ( our latt]-day ?9k+1 9 :i* we m]ely f9d t ! ?9k]'s c\rage has fail$ him to come to t]ms ) ! ext]nal _w 9 "q2 9 "p also x is due to t type ( prepossession :i* drives a man to ass]t summ>ily 8 indep5d5ce ( practical necessities :5 ! advantages ( bir?1 /atus1 & social position h n already effect$ ?is = him4 ,= su* a man ! only relief available is a complete )drawal into ! secret _w ( ! emotions1 a prison-h\se ( unreality he /eps out ( nev]4 ,"h he rema9s 9 :at he conceives to be ! temple ( wisdom gaz+ ec/atic at :at he takes to be ! />s1 & naturally values at ! price ( a nut%ell all t is f\nd on ! ,e>?4 ,! real ,ideal1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to ! %ad[-l _w ( ! emotions1 b 9 its p]fect$ :ole mu/ freely borr[ f ! def9ite /ructure ( ext]nal objects ( sight 9 e direction4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t man himself1 ^: nature is ! c5tral s\rce t gives to t ,ideal all its significance1 is alive1 & 8 life is only actual 9 a p>ticul> place & "t1 z "o ) ! ,pres5t1 z ! individualiz$ type ( inf9ity#cff2 & 9 %ort ! opposition ( an ext]nal g>l& ( ,nature is a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( 8 life & its association ) him & 8 activity is imp]ative4 ,x foll[s t if ?is activity is to be appreh5d$ by art1 n m]ely z belong+ to man alone1 b 9 ! specific =m x may take 9 t _w ( appe>ance1 ! mode ( its exi/5ce !re w ass]t itself1 z ! mobility1 reaction1 & animat+ =ce ( life itself 9 contact & transfusion ) ! mat]ial complex :i* surr\nds x4 ,man is1 h[ev]1 9 virtue ( 8 self-consci\sness a _w 9 himself#cfg1 & z su* is diff]5tiat$ f ! ext]nal _w ( ,nature :i* confronts him2 & ?is ext]nal _w is equally ) himself a r\nd$ :ole ^: unity ass]ts itself 9 ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,?is self-exclusion ( ^! two worlds is1 h[ev]1 only app>5t2 !y are 9 _! sep>ation ess5tially relat$1 & x is precisely ?is association :i* con/itutes concrete reality1 ^: arti/ic embodim5t is ! cont5t ( ! ,ideal4 ,& ?is br+s u once m to ! "q already moot$1 namely1 9 :at semblance or =m ! ext]nal mat]ial :i* we f9d 9 ?is mutually relat$ _w we h ref]r$ to z concrete reality#cfh c be pres5t$ to u by art 9 a mann] consi/5t ) ! ,ideal ( art4 ,we w once m accept ! triple division ( our subject-matt]1 & exam9e a "w ( art f ?ree di/9ct po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 !re is ! mat]ial ( ext]nality accept$ 9 ! b>e ab/ractness ( its =ms1 su* z space1 figure1 "t1 col\r1 :i* we mu/ consid] relatively to ! arti/ic =m mo/ adapt$ to x4 ,secondly1 we mu/ consid] ext]nality 9 its full & actualiz$ concret5ess1 z above expla9$1 a mode ( reality :i* imp]atively requires 9 a "w ( art t x %\ld be 9 close affiliation ) ! subjective cont5t ( ! spiritual life ( man imm$iately relat$ to x4 ,?irdly1 our consid]ation w be direct$ to ! important fact t a "w ( art is creat$ = ! delight ( human p]ceptions1 = a public 9 %ort1 :i* ju/ly claims t ! objects ( art %\ld br+ home to x ! int]e/s ( its spiritual life1 its real beliefs1 emotions1 & ideas1 s t x may ent] ) a g5u9e response into _! arti/ic pres5tation4 #a4 ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,ext]nality ,,9 ,,its ,,simple ,,ab/ractness ,! ,ideal 9 pass+ out ( ! b>e image ( its ess5tial =m into ext]nal or det]m9ate exi/5ce secures = itself a reality :i* pres5ts two di/9ct aspects4 ,f "o po9t ( view we see t a "w ( art discloses necess>ily 9 ! cont5t ( ! ,ideal ! concrete semblance ( reality1 t is to say x pres5ts t cont5t z a def9ite situation or p>ticul> circum/ance1 action1 ev5t or "*1 & pres5ts x moreov] 9 ! mode ( ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,f ano!r x is equally obvi\s t art makes "s specific & s5su\s mat]ial ! vehicle ( ! p>ticul> cont5t 9 its entirety ( all t we h above summ>iz$2 x creates 9 %ort a new _w s5sible to eye & e>1 ! _w ( art4 ,"u bo? ^! aspects we may fur!r obs]ve t art p5etrates to ! remote/ limits ( ext]nality :i* are compatible ) its =m z ! self-includ+ unity ( ! ,ideal & con=mable to its appe>ance z a concrete :ole p]meat$ ) ! en]gy ( _s#cfi4 ,a "w ( art moreov] itself may1 z an object qualifi$ by ext]nality1 be view$ 9 two di/9ct ways4 ,we may reg>d x simply z an ext]nal ?+1 & z su* only con=mable to a unity t is ext]nal 9 ! s5se ext]nal objects are su*4 ,9 consid]+ x f ?is latt] po9t ( view we h once m to consid] t relation ( ext]nality :i* we f\nd x necess>y to discuss 9 our exam9ation ( ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,& = ?is reason we %all aga9 h to make use ( ^? specific det]m9ants :i* we previ\sly discuss$1 & ev5 !n prim>ily 9 _! connection ) art4 ,! modes "u :i* ext]nal =m 0 9 ! previ\s section exhau/ively consid]$ 7 !n treat$ 9 a tw(old way4 ,fir/ we analys$ su* conceptions z uni=mity1 symmetry1 & con=mity to rule2 we !n exam9$ unity itself reg>d$ z ! simplicity & purity ( ! s5su\s mat]ial1 :i* art makes use ( z ! ext]nal m$ium = ! exi/5ce ( h] expositions4 7a7 ,we w />t our inquiry by exam9+ ! position 9 :i* we n[ f9d ourselves relatively to su* conceptions z uni=mity & symmetry4 ,x is obvi\s t ^!1 express+ z !y d ! entirely lifeless unity ( ! geometrical logic1 c by no means exhau/ ! nature ( a "w ( art ev5 :5 entirely reg>d$ z an ext]nal object4 ,su* det]m9ations are only exhau/ive 9 _! relation to :at is 9 itself lifeless1 su* z "t & ! configuration ( space4 ,conf9$ 9 ?is way ?\gh !y be to ! b>e/ =ms ( ext]nality1 !y are !n true witnesses bo? to ! p[] & sub/ance ( reason4 ,& consequ5tly we f9d !y ass]t !mselves 9 a tw(old mann] ev5 9 art4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 x is ?is v quality ( _! ab/ractness :i* op]ates by way ( contra/ to ! liv+ pulse ( art1 :i* is =c$ ev5 9 ! conf9es ( its s5su\s mat]ial to raise itself ov] & beyond m]e symmetry into ! fre$om ( ! ,ideal4 ,9 ?is process ( lib]ation :i* may be exemplifi$ 9 ! melodies ( ! art ( music we d n1 h[ev]1 f9d t ! con=mity to rule disappe>s altoge!r1 x is m]ely made subs]vi5t z a f\ndation4 ,9 ! second1 ?is pr9ciple ( measure & rule 9 its application to ! indef9ite & unlimit$ is ! "o & only qualify+ pr9ciple :i* c]ta9 arts c accept ow+ to ! nature ( ! m$ia :i* ^? arts make use (4 ,9 su* cases uni=mity is itself & alone rais$ to ! ideal significance ( ! art4 ,! pr9cipal example ( an art ( ?is type is t ( ar*itecture2 & ! reason ( ?is is t a "w ( art :i* is :olly ar*itectonic is direct$ to ! "o object ( recon/itut+1 by means ( an arti/ic =m1 t :i* is ess5tially ! ext]nal & inorganic environm5t ( _s4 ,9 ?is art1 consequ5tly1 all t is rectil9e>1 "r-angl$1 circul>1 or pres5ts uni=mity ( pill>s1 w9d[s1 ar*es1 pi]s1 vaults1 & s =? is ! dom9ant pr9ciple ( unity4 ,! arti/ic /ructure ( ar*itecture is n erect$ entirely z an object 9 itself1 b r z an ext]nal frame1 embelli%m5t & local habitation = some?+ else :i* x subs]ves4 ,a build+ is n complete until x has receiv$ ! /atue ( ! god or ! society ( human be+s :o make _! dwell+ !re94 ,an arti/ic "w ( ?is k9d %\ld n !re=e receive all or inde$ ! ma9 att5tion4 ,hold+ ?is 9 our m9ds1 x w appe> obvi\sly to ! purpose t uni=mity & symmetry %\ld be "h ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ! /ructure2 ! m9d passes ov] v readily "o t is ?r\gh\t uni=m1 & w n tr\ble itself ab\t x = any l5g? ( "t4 ,( c\rse1 we _c "h discuss ! symbolical significance1 :i*1 9 addition to t above exam9$1 may atta* to ar*itectural =m 9 its imm$iate relation to ! spiritual cont5t x envelops & emphasizes ) a positive localization4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ! art ( mak+ g>d5s1 :i* we may def9e z a specific mode ( ar*itecture1 9 s f> at lea/ z an arti/ic con=mation is impos$ on ext]nal ,nature#cgj4 ,9 ! g>d5 no less ?an 9 ! build+ man himself is ! ma9 object4 ,!re are two di/9ct types 9 ?is art ( g>d5-con/ruction4 ,! "o adopts z its ma9 pr9ciple uni=mity & symmetry2 ! o!r ^? ( v>iety & irregul>ity4 ,z an arti/ic product ! =m] is to be pref]r$4 ,labyr9?s1 h[ev] num]\s & intricate1 g>d5-b$s 9 endless alt]nation ( spiral l9es1 bridges ov] wat] usually /agnant1 ) e conceivable surprise t go?ic *ur*1 temples1 ,*9ese pagodas1 h]mitages1 urns1 summ]-h\ses1 m\nds1 /atues may claim to af=d u--"o glance & only "o glance at su* ?+s is suffici5t1 ! vulg> & artificial pret5sions ( x all is too pat5t1 & we d n seek = ano!r4 ,x is q ano!r matt] :5 we cross any actual situation ( real natural beauty1 :i* has n at lea/ be5 exploit$ expressly = our enjoym5t#cga1 & by its own exceptional m]it makes an irresi/ible appeal to our love ( ,nature & our s5se ( h] beauty4 ,a g>d5 laid out ) /rict ref]5ce to ! o!r extreme ( regul>ity1 makes no su* attempts at surprises1 b p]mits human be+s to appe> z ! pr9cipal object 9 ! ext]nal framework ( natural beauty#cgb4 ,& ?is is really :at a g>d5 %\ld be4 ,aga9 9 ! art ( pa9t+ ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity & symmetry is cle>ly visible 9 ! co-ord9ation ( ! :ole1 ! gr\p+ ( ! figures1 _! place & pose 9 ! composition4 ,b inasmu* z 9 pa9t+ ! animation ( life c ass]t itself ?r\gh objects 9 a f> pr(\nd] degree ?an is possible 9 ar*itecture we f9d t x pres5ts mu* less scope = ! purely =mal unity ( ! symmetrical1 & ! rule ( uni=mity 9 all its sev]ity is = ! mo/ "p to be trac$ only z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( composition 9 ! e>lie/ phases ( art1 mak+ way 9 its m advanc$ =ms to ! fre] l9e1 :i* is associat$ 9 our m9ds ) organic =m r ?an su* we meet ) 9 ! pyramid & simil> geometrical %apes4 ,con=mity to rule & symmetry are fur!r important factors 9 ! composition ( music & poetry4 ,ow+ to ! incid5t ( duration 9 ! l5g? ( tones we f9d 9 ^! arts an aspect ( :at is intr9sically a purely ext]nal relation1 :i* is incompatible ) any o!r m concrete mode ( pres5tation4 ,if we take ! spatial condition x is obvi\s t "h ev]y?+ :i* lies 9 juxtaposition c be se5 at a glance4 ,x is o!rwise ) t :i* occurs 9 ,"t4 ,"h we h m]ely a succession ( mom5ts1 e "o ( :i* takes ! place ( ano!r1 & 9 ?is vani%+ procession !y fl[ on = ev]4 ,& x is precisely ?is indet]m9acy :i* x is ! function ( musical "t or beat to in=m by add+ !reto a real def9ition capable ( uni=m repetition4 ,9 ?is way ! indef9ite progression is subord9at$ to a rational pr9ciple4 ,9 musical "t we h a p[] :i* ex]ts su* a fasc9ation ^u u1 t1 s f> f be+ able to treat x ) indiff]5ce1 we n unfrequ5tly f9d ourselves beat+ "t q unconsci\sly ) x :ile li/5+4 ,?is con/ant recurr5ce ( equal l5g?s ( "t accord+ to a def9ite measure has no?+ to d ) tones & _! duration z we f9d !m 9 ,nature4 ,tone simply z musical s\nd & "t ab/ractly reg>d$1 are bo? ( !m equally indiff]5t to su* uni=m divisions & repetitions4 ,musical "t is consequ5tly some?+ :olly creat$ by ! human m9d2 & inde$ !re is m ?an a sugge/ion ( ?is 9 ! fact t 9 li/5+ to musical "t we are at once impress$ ) ! conviction1 t we h1 9 ?is control ( "t accord+ to fix$ rule1 no?+ less ?an a real reflection ( our spiritual nature1 or r t ( ! fundam5tal tru? ( self-id5tity1 an illu/ration absolutely precise ( ! way 9 :i* ! subject ( consci\sness applies ?is v pr9ciple ( uni=mity1 unity ) itself1 t is to say1 9 con/ant recurr5ce1 ?r\gh\t all ! v>iety & mo/ intricate multiplicity ( exp]i5ce4 ,& x is = ?is reason t ! beat ( musical "t meets ) su* a />tl+ response 9 ! v dep?s ( our be+1 gripp+ hold1 z x does1 ( t self-id5tity1 :i* is ! fundam5tal ab/ract pr9ciple ( our inmo/ life4 ,consid]$ 9 ?is relation x is n2 ! spiritual cont5t1 n ! concrete s\l ( our emotions1 any m ?an x is ! musical tone z tone1 :i* appeals to u s intimately2 x is simply ! =mal unity :i* ! unity ( consci\sness transf]s to ! temporal process1 & :i* is ?us re-e*o$ back to our consci\s life4 ,& ! same rem>ks apply to ! measure & rhyme ( poetry4 ,! s5su\s m$ium is "h1 too1 9 ! same way c>ri$ out ( ! sph]e ( t :i* is ext]nal to ourselves1 & at once ass]ts !re ! pres5ce ( some?+ ov] & above t :i* is express$ by our ord9>y consci\sness1 :i* 9 its g5]al use treats ! "t-divisions ( tones ) indiff]5ce or caprice4 ,a uni=mity ( simil> "*1 if n s consi/5tly def9$1 may be trac$ /ill fur!r1 & is involv$ 9 ! liv+ cont5t ( poetry itself1 al?\gh ! relation "h is q an ext]nal "o4 ,by ?is we mean t 9 an epic poem or a drama1 bo? ( :i* h _! p>ticul> subdivisions1 cantos1 or acts1 :atev] may be ! specific t]m applicable1 !re is an approximate pr9ciple ( equality app>5t 9 ! division ( subject-matt]4 ,& ! same *>act]i/ic is g5]ally true 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! subject 9 pictures1 al?\gh su* %\ld n appe> to be a necess>y result ( ! nature ( ! subject-matt] itself1 nor create ! impression t ?is uni=m di/ribution is due to any controll+ pr9ciple ( fir/ importance4 ,con=mity to rule & symmetry1 :i* are ! ab/ract unity & def9ition ( all t is ess5tially spatial & its configuration no less ?an ( all :i* is ext]nal "u temporal condition1 are ma9ly ! co-ord9at+ pr9ciples ( quantity & size1 z we h already notic$ 9 our consid]ation ( ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,all t :i* does n1 9 virtue ( its own specific m$ium#cgc1 /rictly =m "p ( ext]nal ext5sion1 is consequ5tly fre$ f ! range ( ^? pr9ciples :i* ass]t !mselves exclusively 9 ! relations ( quantity1 & are det]m9$ ?r\gh relations ( deep] significance1 & ! unity :i* co-ord9ates !m4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! fur!r art embraces subject-matt] :i* is indep5d5t ( ! ext]nal condition1 s mu* ! less significant ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity becomes1 9 ! co-ord9ation ( t art's subject-matt] & ! m completely is x re/rict$ to a subord9ate position4 ,x w be1 p]haps1 advisable "h to close ! above discussion ( symmetry ) a few g5]al obs]vations ^u h>mony4 ,! relation ( h>mony is no long] "o to m]e quantity1 b r "o to ess5tial di/9ctions ( quality1 diff]5ces ( tone1 t is to say1 :i* d n p]si/ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 _! native opposition1 b z h>mony or music h to be br\ght into concord4 ,9 music we f9d t ! relation ( ! tonic to ! m$iant & dom9ant notes ( ! scale is no relation ( b>e quantity#cgd1 b implies ! pres5ce ( tones ^: diff]5ce is ess5tially a qualitative diff]5ce2 :i*1 t is to say1 comb9e naturally 9 a unity1 r ?an cont9ue to ass]t _! di/+ui%+ timbre 9 all its gl>+ anti!sis & contradiction4 ,! true discord1 on ! contr>y1 requires its h>monic resolution4 ,! same qualitative consi/5cy is to be f\nd 9 ! h>mony ( col\r1 9 ref]5ce to :i* x is likewise "o ( ! requirem5ts ( art t x %\ld nei!r manife/ itself 9 a picture z a motley & haphaz>d juxtaposition ( pigm5ts1 nor z a neutral surface :]eon all fundam5tal di/9ction is dissolv$#cge1 b z ! arti/ic expression ( a :ole 9 :i* ess5tial contra/ is m$iat$ ?r\gh "s pr9ciple ( h>moni\s unity4 ,fur!rmore1 we obs]ve t h>mony conta9s 9 itself a def9ite numb] ( contra/$ diff]5ces1 :i* h naturally a p>ticul> significance ( _! own4 ,?us we f9d "u ! diff]5tiation ( col\r a def9ite numb] kn[n z ! c>d9al col\rs1 :i* are prim>y d]ivatives ( ! fundam5tal notion ( col\r1 & are n due to accid5tal composition4 ,h>mony consi/s 9 br++ toge!r a numb] ( positive col\rs su* z ?is classification implies1 & unit+ !m 9 concordant unity4 ,we mu/1 t is to say1 h 9 a picture n m]ely all ! prim>y col\rs1 yell[1 blue1 gre51 & r$ pres5t1 b also a h>moni\s s*eme "u :i* !y are relat$2 & ! old ma/]s h1 )\t direct consci\sness ( ! pr9ciple involv$1 paid express att5tion to ?is complet5ess ( effect & arriv$ at arti/ic results :i* fl[$ out ( x4 ,& fur!rmore1 = ! v reason t we f9d 9 h>mony ! beg9n+s ( a release f ! b>e condition ( ext]nality x is duly qualifi$ to absorb & express a spiritual cont5t ( wid] significance4 ,we may m>k an illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! way ! old ma/]s di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! drap]y ( _! pr9cipal figures & ( ^? ( less importance1 pa9t+ t ( ! =m] 9 elem5t>y col\rs ( absolute purity1 b only conc$+ to t ( ! re/ comp\nd v>ieties4 ,! mantle ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y is almo/ always blue2 blue 9 its assuag+ s5se ( tranquillity is accept$ z ! c\nt]feit ( ! repose & t5d]ness ( ! he>t4 ,x is only r>ely t we f9d h] 9 a drap]y ( emphatic r$4 7b7 ,! second aspect ( ext]nality is ! relation x occupies directly 9 ! v>i\s mat]ial :i* art employs 9 ! v>i\s m$ia ( its pres5tations4 ,! unity "h consi/s 9 ! cle> def9ition & homog5e\sness ( ! mat]ial1 :i* ought n to deviate 9 ! direction ( a vague *>act]ization & m]e confusion1 or1 speak+ g5]ally1 give u ! impression ( dirt9ess4 ,?is det]m9acy is also entirely dep5d5t ^u ! spatial condition1 t is to say1 ^u ! purity ( its del9eation1 ! di/9ctness ( its rectil9e> & circul> l9es1 & s on1 no less ?an ^u a consi/5t def9ition ( ,"t su* z we f9d 9 ! accurate measure ( ! musical beat4 ,x dep5ds fur!rmore on ! transluc5cy bo? ( specific tones & col\rs4 ,9 a good picture we %all f9d t !re is no?+ unclean or dirty#cgf 9 ! col\rs employ$1 b ev]y?+ is cle> & ass]ts itself op5ly = :at x is4 ,! directness ( its purity is1 9 fact1 t :i* con/itutes ! lovely impression ( col\r ^u our s5se2 & ^? col\rs :i* are mo/ direct 9 _! simplicity1 su* z a yell[ :i* has no da% ( gre5 9 x1 or a r$ t is :olly indep5d5t ( blue or yell[1 produce ! mo/ emphatic effect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\sly m difficult to ma9ta9 a h>mony ( ! :ole :5 col\rs are ?us contra/$ 9 all _! pri/9e simplicity4 ,yet 9 despite ( ?is ^! ess5tially simple col\rs =m ! f\ndation ( e true col\r s*eme1 & al?\gh x may be impossible to disp5se ) a consid]able use ( _! comp\nds1 ev5 ^! %\ld n be all[$ to appe> 9 "o dead & dull int]fusion1 b ) _! simple & lum9\s d]ivations %9+ ?r\gh !m#cgg2 o!rwise in/ead ( ! cle> lamb5cy ( col\r we %all get no?+ b a muddy residuum4 ,we %all f9d t ! same ?+ is necess>y 9 ! timbre ( musical tone4 ,9 ! case ( /r+s :e!r ( metal or catgut x is ! vibration ( ! mat]ial1 &1 moreov]1 ( a mat]ial ( def9ite t5sion & l5g?1 :i* educes ! musical note4 ,if ! t5sion is insuffici5t1 or ! l5g? ( ! /r+ :i* is /ruck is n ! "r "o1 ! tone inevitably loses its cle>ness ( def9ition1 r+s false1 z we say1 ow+ to ! int]fusion ) x ( o!r tones#cgh4 ,we h ! same k9d ( result :5 a purely me*anical frett+ or scrap+ is suff]$ to int]f]e ) ! purity ( ! vibratory motion1 & s to r5d] ! emitt$ s\nd confus$ & h>%4 ,9 ! same way1 x is ( ! fir/ importance to ! art ( s++ t ! human voice %\ld be produc$ f ?roat & *e/ freely & ) pure/ intonation2 ! voice %\ld be he>d )\t ! lea/ indication ( its organic in/rum5t1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ho>s5ess1 ) an ob/ructive accompanim5t ! s+] fails to repress4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ?is transluc5cy & purity1 free f all admixture ) any?+ =eign to x1 & consi/5t ?r\gh\t 9 its cle>ness1 is t :i* creates ! beauty ( tone z imm$iately appreh5d$ by our s5ses1 & :i* di/+ui%es x f e k9d ( m]e noise4 ,& we may add fur!r x is ?is :i* 9 human spee* conspicu\sly applies to ! articulation ( ! v[els4 ,a language :i* enunciates ! five v[els ) di/9ction & purity1 z is /rongly ! case 9 ! ,italian1 is ess5tially musical & adapt$ to song4 ,! diph?ongs1 on ! contr>y1 always produce a confus$ tone4 ,9 lit]ature little att5tion is paid to ! direct reproduction ( folk-dialects2 we f9d !m r r$uc$ to ! simple/ =m ( expression4 ,9 actual spee*1 h[ev]1 ?is cle>ness ( intonation only too (t5 entirely disappe>s1 s t we f9d1 & m>k$ly s 9 ! case ( dialects su* z ! ,s\? ,g]man1 ,swabian1 & ,swiss1 m5 actually speak ) an articulation ( s\nd x is q impossible to write d[n4 ,we d n reg>d ?is1 h[ev]1 to be necess>ily a defect 9 human spee*1 b r a reflection ( ! rawness ( ! common folk4 ,& "h we mu/ close our obs]vations ^u t ext]nal aspect ( art1 :i*1 f ! fact t x is ext]nal1 & no?+ m1 is only capable ( receiv+ an ext]nal & ab/ract unity4 ,n[ accord+ to its m compreh5sive def9ition x is ! concrete individuality ( ! ,ideal impregnat$ ) reason1 :i* takes to itself ext]nality z ! =m ( its embodim5t1 &1 moreov]1 9 su* a way t ! ext]nal semblance1 :i* is ?us ! m$ium ( its expression1 is ?r\gh\t suffus$ ) ! m9d inh]5t 9 ?is concrete individual =m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is su* modes ( relation z uni=mity1 symmetry1 & h>mony1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! m simple det]m9ations ( ! s5su\s mat]ial are no long] adequate4 ,?is defect naturally ext5ds our inquiry to t second aspect ( ! ext]nal det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal already /at$4 #b4 ,,! ,,coalesc5ce ,,( ,,! ,,concrete ,,ideal ,,) ,,its ,,ext]nal ,,reality ,! fundam5tal tru? :i* we %all endeav\r to sub/antiate be=e ev]y?+ 9 ! matt] :i* n[ imm$iately engages our att5tion is ?is1 t man is "u an obligation to make himself at peace & at home 9 ! environm5t ( ! _w2 or1 to put x r diff]5tly1 8 individuality mu/ live itself into ,nature & all ! conditions ( t ext]nal _w1 & by do+ s ass]t its fre$om visibly4 ,&1 moreov]1 ?is mu/ take place 9 su* a way t ^! two relat$ factors1 t is1 on ! "o side1 ! entirety ( 8 inw>d life & ! "* x possesses or displays 9 all conditions or actions :atsoev]1 &1 on ! o!r1 t objective entirety ( ext]nal exi/5ce :i* confronts him1 mu/ :olly lose ! appe>ance ( two worlds :i* are ei!r indiff]5t to or n homog5e\s )#cgi ea* o!r1 & =?) proclaim !mselves z h>moni\sly relat$ & id5tical 9 sub/ance4 ,?is ext]nally objective _w mu/1 9 s f> z x is ! reality ( ! ,ideal1 surr5d] ! semblance ( its own objective self-subsi/5cy & /ubbornness1 9 ord] t its fundam5tal unity ) t to :i* x supplies ! ext]nal & p>ticul> embodim5t may be exhibit$ 9 tru?4 ,to e/abli% ?is unity ) m conclusiv5ess we propose n[ to exam9e our subject "u ?ree diff]5t heads ( discussion4 ,fir/1 we may inve/igate ! same f ! po9t ( view t ?is unity :i* b9ds ! two factors already def9$ is m]ely a bond :i* possesses no positive reality#chj1 b is m]ely a my/]i\s & secret connection bo? 9 its orig9 & appe>ance1 by virtue ( :i* our humanity is loop$ toge!r ) its environm5t4 ,secondly1 h[ev]1 z a d$uction f ! fact t x is ! concrete spiritual life ( man & ! individuality :i* p]ta9s to x :i* con/itutes ! po9t ( dep>ture1 or r ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! ,ideal1 we %all fur!r exam9e ?is association1 z 9 tru? ! creation ( human activity itself & only possible z su* a creation4 ,f9ally1 we %all prove t ?is unifi$ _w creat$ by ! human ,_s is itself a complete entirety1 :i*1 9 ! det]m9ate =m ( its exi/5ce1 is objectively valid1 & 9 ess5tial relation ) :i* e unit ( our common humanity :o is actively engag$ ) ! vital conc]ns ( art mu/ infallibly rema94 ,9 op5+ our discussion ( ! position we propos$ fir/ we w\ld at once po9t out an important conclusion involv$ 9 x4 ,we h "h posit$ t ! environm5t ( ! ,ideal is n directly due to human activity1 x c !re=e only be reg>d$ 9 ?is fir/ /ep ( our inquiry z some?+ ext]nal to man1 t is to say ,nature4 ,h[1 !n1 is ?is some?+ outside man to be exhibit$ 9 ! ideal "w ( art8 ,we w discuss ?is at lea/ 9 its m g5]al t]ms1 & "h1 too1 draw att5tion to ?ree aspects ( importance4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place ext]nal ,nature1 s f> z ! reproduction ( its ext]nal =m is conc]n$1 is 9 e respect a reality :i* is embodi$ 9 "s def9ite %ape4 ,if our repres5tation is 9 e respect to satisfy really all t is impli$ 9 ?is condition x mu/ be ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ph5om5al tru? ( ,nature4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 already drawn att5tion to mat]ial po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! tru? ( ,nature & its reproduction by art :i* _c be disreg>d$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t x is an almo/ univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( ! great ma/]s t !y are conspicu\sly true 9 _! del9eation & elaboration ( ! broad facts ( ,nature4 ,& ?is is n s mu* due to a love ( imitation z x is due to ! fact t ,nature is n m]ely 9 a g5]al way ! objective facts ( a heav5 & an ,e>? ) humanity susp5d$1 z x 71 9 a vacuo betwe5 !m2 b r t ! emotional life & activity ( man c only be rightly conceiv$ z alive & op]ative 9 a giv5 place ) all its associations ( /reams1 riv]s1 hills1 m\nta9s1 pla9s1 dales1 & =e/s4 ,take ! case1 = example1 ( ,hom]1 :o is n at all a poet ( ! picturesque 9 natural sc5]y z we n[ und]/& x2 we %all1 nev]!less1 f9d ev5 9 him ! descriptions & indications he gives u ( actual places or natural features su* z ! riv]s ,scam&] or ,simois1 ! coa/ & bays ( ! sea & s =? correspond ) su* tru? to ,nature t geographical inve/igators only q rec5tly h be5 able to map out ! locality to :i* he ref]s 9 entire accordance ) 8 descriptions4 ,! ballad-s+]s ( ! ,middle ,ages pres5t a sordid#cha contra/ to him 9 ?is respect1 no less ?an 9 _! p[] ( depict+ "*2 ! effect ( _! productions ei!r way is bald1 jejune & nebul\s4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,mei/]s+]s1 ?\gh !y v]sify old biblical /ories :i* !y locate 9 ,j]usalem & else:]e1 x is little m ?an ! b>e names :i* we get4 ,9 ! ,book ( h]oes#chb ! effect is precisely simil>4 ,otni? rides ?r\gh ! p9e-=e/1 fights ) ! dragon1 b x is no _w ( m5 or di/9ct locality we c recognize1 & our imag9ation is consequ5tly 9 ?is respect left )\t any support4 ,ev5 9 ! ,nibelung5li$ !re is no real increase ( local int]e/4 ,x is true ! names ( ,worms1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,danube are m5tion$2 b practically all fur!r detail is omitt$ & ! result is z b>r5 z be=e4 ,& yet x is cle>ly ?r\gh ?is v cle>ness ( def9ition t our n>ration becomes individual & real2 )\t ?is x is a m]e ab/raction :i* directly gives ! lie to ! concrete reality x proposes to pres5t4 77 ,9 addition to ^! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( cle> def9ition & correspond5ce ) ! natural facts a c]ta9 elaboration ( detail w frequ5tly mu* assi/ u 9 pres5t+ ! ext]nal aspects ( a picture :i* our p]ception or imag9ation c readily seize4 ,unque/ionably1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! p>ticul> m$ium 9 :i* ! sev]al arts express !mselves1 !re w be a m>k$ diff]5ce ( range to :i*1 9 any p>ticul> case1 ?is process may be c>ri$4 ,if we take ! art ( sculpture1 = example1 we %all f9d t ! repose & univ]sality1 :i* are ! fundam5tal features ( its *>act]ization1 are less consi/5t ) ?is elaboration ( ext]nal detail ?an is ! case 9 "s o!r arts4 ,ext]nality is "h nei!r def9$ z a p>ticul> place nor a p>ticul> environm5t1 b is entirely conc5trat$ ^u su* details z drap]y1 arrangem5t ( hair1 dress1 weapons ( w>1 mode ( seat & ! l4 ,nay m1 ! actual def9ition ( _m figures 9 antique sculpture is only obta9$ ?r\gh an entirely conv5tional arrangem5t ( drap]y or hair1 or o!r di/+ui%+ accessories4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! place to discuss fur!r ! significance ( ! conv5tional4 ,x is obvi\sly outside ! sph]e ( natural fact & r relat$ to ! cont+5t2 or1 to put ! matt] 9 ?is p>ticul> case m fully1 x is ! means ?r\gh :i* we arrive at t :i* is m univ]sal & p]si/5t 9 our f9al arti/ic effect4 ,z a rev]se case to t ( sculpture ! subject-matt] ( lyrical poetry is pre-em95tly man's emotional life2 = ?is reason x is n s necess>y 9 ?is type ( poetry to lay /ress on ! detail ( actual facts ev5 :5 ref]5ce is made to ! ext]nal _w4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 "p ( ! function ( epic poetry to /ate ev5ts z actual facts1 to be precise z to ! place :]e actions occurr$ & 9 :at mann] !y 7 p]=m$2 &1 9 %ort1 ( all types ( poetry x is ! "o to :i* ! wide/ latitude & ! close/ accuracy ( local detail is mo/ ess5tial4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 if we contra/ all ! arts toge!r 9 ?is respect we %all f9d t n "o ( !m is1 by virtue ( its m$ium#chc1 s exclusively occupi$ ) ! detail ( ext]nal ,nature z t ( pa9t+4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ add a ^w t applies equally to all ( !m4 ,:atev] ! def9ition ( ,nature may be1 x nev] ought to give ! errone\s impression ( ,nature's prose reality1 t is to say1 z ! imm$iate imitation ( su*2 nor %\ld t fulness ( detail1 :i* is devot$ to ! spiritual aspect ( individual life & its ev5ts1 be c>ri$ by en?usiasm out ( ! due relation ( its importance to ! :ole4 ,& g5]ally we may affirm ( bo? t su* exclusive def9ition ought n to be all t is any:]e pres5t$1 inasmu* z ev]y:]e 9 a "w ( art t :i* is a natural fact %\ld only receive its arti/ic embodim5t 9 close relation to man's spiritual life4 77 ,we h "h /ruck ! v note we wi% p>ticul>ly to emphasize4 ,we h already rem>k$ t !re are two ess5tial conditions to any effective pres5tation ( a real p]sonality2 we mu/ h be=e u bo? ! reflection ( ! man's inn] life & ! natural environm5t :i* surr\nds him4 ,& 9 ord] t ?is ext]nal surr\nd+ appe> z "o t is truly 8 own an ess5tial bond ( relation mu/ be e/abli%$ betwe5 him & x1 "o :i* to a great] or less degree is "p ( 8 own spiritual sub/ance1 :]e we may1 d\btless1 cross _m traces ( cont+5t matt] & yet f9d ! spiritual b$ ( ?is nexus /ill ma9ta9$4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire spiritual app>atus ( ! h]oes ( ,epic poetry1 = example1 _! mode ( life1 t is1 op9ions1 emotions1 & all t !y d we ought to be able to recognize a subtle homog5e\sness1 a h>moni\s en rapport1 :i* fuses ! two aspects ( su* a life into "o concordant :ole4 ,! ,arab is ?us unit$ ) ,nature1 &1 inde$1 ap>t f 8 sky1 8 />s1 8 torrid des]ts1 8 t5ts1 8 camels1 & 8 horses is un9telligible4 ,he is only truly himself & at home "u su* conditions4 ,9 ! same way ! h]oes ( ,ossian possess 9 ! highe/ degree an int5se inw>d life2 b 9 _! v gloom9ess & melan*oly !y appe> z ! g5u9e gr[? ( _! hills ( hea!r1 ^: ?i/les are swept by ! w9d1 ( _! ra9-cl\ds1 mi/s1 m\nta9s1 & d>k caves4 ,! physiognomy ( ! conditions "u :i* !y live reveals to u z no?+ else c ! secret ( t inn] life ( emotion :i* is liv$ ?r\gh ) all its sadness1 m\rn+1 its pa9s1 its battles1 & its mi/-l app>itions 9 su* a natural sett+2 !y are1 9 %ort1 entirely at home 9 x & 9 x alone4 ,su* consid]ations supply u ) ample gr\nd = ! /atem5t we let fall previ\sly unsupport$ t ! subject-matt] ( hi/ory (f]s unrivall$ opportunities = p]fect+ ?is intimate relation betwe5 ! two aspects ( human life we h be5 discuss+1 & enabl+1 u to c>ry ! same directly into ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s4 ,v r>ely1 inde$1 are we likely to f9d t ! imag9ation c simply ?r\gh its own initiative create su* a h>mony1 al?\gh we ought to feel its pres5ce ?r\gh\t1 h[ev] little x may1 9 fact1 h produc$ ( ! raw mat]ial x comb9es into arti/ic complet5ess4 ,no d\bt !re is a common t5d5cy to rate :at we fancy is ! free creation ( imag9ative g5ius above ! ef=t ( assimilat+ 9 arti/ic =m a mat]ial :i* is borr[$2 b x is = all t q impossible t ! imag9ation %\ld alone create t h>moni\s ent5te1 ! unity ( ! ,ideal requires 9 ! consi/5t & def9$ =m :i* lies be=e u 9 actual exi/5ce1 :]e national traits1 to cite ! examples above1 are ! v]itable gr[? ( su* a h>mony4 ,& "h we close our consid]ation ( ! pr9ciple accordant ) :i* we h r5d]$ m cle> t aspect ( ! unity ( ! inn] life ) its natural environm5t :i* we posit$ z secret or pot5tial1 n at any rate directly due to human activity4 7b7 ,! second phase ( ?is h>moni\s relation may be expla9$ m positively1 be+ expressly due to man's own activity & 8 adaptation ( means to ends4 ,= man adapts ext]nal objects to 8 own uses &1 by means ( ! satisfaction :i* 8 "w supplies1 places himself 9 a h>moni\s relation to !m4 ,9 contra/ !re=e to our fir/ indef9ite#chd1 &1 9 fact1 entirely g5]al type ( h>moni\s association ! pres5t "o is directly conc]n$ ) :at is p>ticul>1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! p>ticul> ne$s ( man & _! satisfaction by 8 conv]t+ to 8 use su* natural objects z he may require4 ,! range ( 8 wants & ! consequ5t impulse ( _! satisfaction is ( a practically unlimit$ v>iety2 yet x is no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! v>iety ( ,nature h]self4 ,simplification is !re=e insep>able f ! task :]eby1 our humanity imposes on ! facts ( ,nature its own vital purposes1 & int]p5etrates ! ext]nal _w ) its own volitions4 ,9 ?is way man's environm5t is humaniz$2 he proves by 8 own acts t x is capable ( satisfy+ 8 nature & is unable to pres]ve any pr$om9ant indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ him4 ,"h at la/1 by virtue1 t is1 ( 8 own productive ex]tions1 we f9d him no long] 9 a m]ely g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 b actually 9 e detail ( 8 p>ticul> surr\nd+s a real c5tre ( 8 own sub/ance & at home4 ,! fundam5tal conception :i* x is mo/ important to emphasize z t :i* affects art ?r\gh\t 9 its relation to all we h above consid]$ may be ?us /at$4 ,if we look closely at ! relative position man occupies 9 all ! inf9ite v>iety ( 8 mat]ial wants1 desires1 & aims1 we %all f9d t x is n "o m]ely ( g5]al significance1 b "o ( actual dep5d5ce4 ,! abs5ce ( fre$om impli$ 9 ?is relative position is antagoni/ic to ! ,ideal2 & 9 ord] t man may become a suitable object = art1 he mu/ h already releas$ himself f ! travail ( ?is en=c$ condition1 & ?r[n (f ! *a9s ( 8 dep5d5ce4 ,moreov]1 ?is act ( mutual accommodation1 :5 we trace x to its orig91 may /rike u 9 "o ( two diff]5t ways4 ,ei!r he may conclude t ,nature 9 all fri5dl9ess on h] own "p supplies man ) :at he ne$s1 & s f> f ?r[+ ob/acles 9 ! pa? ( 8 int]e/s & objects1 r freely gives !m him z "o :o meets him half way :]ev] he goes4 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 we %all n fail to obs]ve t our humanity has wants & desires1 ^: imm$iate satisfaction ,nature is q unable to secure4 ,9 cases t fall "u ! second type x is obvi\s t man c only "w out ! self-satisfaction vital to him ?r\gh 8 own en]gies2 he mu/ take possession ( t :i* ,nature possesses1 set to rights ! defects :i* appe>1 modify _! =m1 remov+ all t /&s 9 8 way ) adroitness2 &1 9 %ort1 conv]t ,nature's raw mat]ial into means ?r\gh :i* he w be able to atta9 all t he proposes4 ,! relation 9 :i* ! unity betwe5 man & 8 environm5t w be mo/ conspicu\s mu/ be s\ght = 9 an example1 :]e !re is already a real contact betwe5 !m1 :]e1 t is to say1 human ability is on su* good t]ms ) ! am5ability ( ,nature t all ! sev]ity ( a conflict betwe5 !m z unreconcil$ =ces disappe>s1 & we h =?) ! complet$ symphony "u our eyes4 ,= ! reasons1 !n1 already advanc$ ! ideal prov9ce ( art mu/ be held secure f ! b>e necessities ( life4 ,prop]ty & ! fav\r ( circum/ances1 9 s f> z !y supply a condition1 "u :i* pov]ty & lab\r vani% n m]ely = ?is or t h\r1 b = ! mo/ "p altoge!r1 are = ?is reason1 we w n say incompatible ) art1 b r 9 full concurr5ce ) ! ,ideal4 ,yet x w\ld only betray a real lack ( compreh5sion#che1 if 9 cases :]e ! conditions ( our art compell$ u to consid] ! facts ( life 9 all _! multifold v>iety1 we nev]!less omitt$ f our composition all ref]5ce to ! relation 9 :i* human life is plac$ to ^! v natural con/ra9ts4 ,x is true en\gh t su* are purely f9ite conditions2 b art is n !re=e able to disp5se ) !m4 ,!y mu/ n1 9 fact1 ev5 be treat$ by h] z some?+ m]ely bad4 ,x is r h] function to reconcile !m ) ! ,real 9 h] embrac+ unity4 ,& inde$ ! f9e/ actions & op9ions :i* %e reflects on h] mirror1 if we consid] ! p>ticul> =m ( ! det]m9ation & cont5t alone#chf1 are necess>ily limit$ & consequ5tly f9ite4 ,t ,i f9d x necess>y to provide myself ) n\ri%m5t1 food & dr9k1 a h\se to live 91 & clo?+ to we>1 seats to sit ^u1 & ev]y?+ else incid5tal to dome/ic life is no d\bt an inevitable concomitant ( ! fact t ,i live 9 ! _w2 b ! life t only ,i myself exp]i5ce )9 me p]meates1 ?is ext]nal aspect ( my life s completely1 t m5 are fa9 to clo! & arm ! v gods !mselves1 & to picture !m "u conditions insep>able f a v>iety ( ?+s !y seek to possess1 & f9d _! satisfaction 9 obta9+4 ,9 %ort1 = art to be possible1 ?is satisfaction ( ! necessities ( life mu/ be assur$ to u4 ,or to take an example :]e ?is is n s1 !re is t ( adv5tur\s knights :o only secure _! immunity f ext]nal h>d%ip ?r\gh ! cont9u$ success ( _! ent]prise1 :i* is !re=e itself b a cont+5cy1 9 mu* ! same way z ! prosp]ity ( savages is cont+5t ^u ! am5ities ( ,nature4 ,! conditions 9 bo? cases are n fav\rable to ,art4 ,h] true ,ideal is n m]ely to be f\nd :]e our humanity is b>ely lift$ above ! mo/ rigor\s condition ( dep5d5ce ^u ! smiles or fr[ns ( ,nature1 b is mo/ ( all at home 9 t sup]fluity :i* suff]s x 9 conjunction ) ,nature's b\nty to expatiate ) fre$om no less ?an delight4 ,! above rem>ks are obvi\sly ( v g5]al application4 ,two consid]ations1 h[ev]1 ( a some:at m re/rict$ int]e/ may be d$uc$ f !m4 77 ,! fir/ ( ^! relates to ! k9d ( use to :i* mank9d put ! objects ( ,nature 9 seek+ = a satisfaction :i* is :olly ae/hetic1 or due to "s habit ( ! m9d4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( ornam5t & f9]y1 or1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ev]y?+ t m5 conv]t to _! use = ! sake ( m]e %[ comes "u ?is head4 ,& ! po9t to :i* we draw att5tion is ?is1 t :5 we f9d m5 ?us decorat+ !mselves no less ?an _! imm$iate surr\nd+s1 we ought n s mu* to conclude t all t !y ?us collect toge!r f ,nature's mo/ co/ly & beautiful /oreh\se1 :atev] may mo/ attract _! eyes 9 ! same--:e!r x be gold1 preci\s /ones1 pe>ls1 ivory1 or preci\s raim5t--t all ?is unrivall$ r>ity & brilliancy1 9 %ort1 is t :i* = its own sake1 & prim>ily z a product ( ,nature1 int]e/s !m3 r _! int]e/ 9 x all is ess5tially p]sonal z a ?+ suitable = ! h\ses !y live 91 or = t :i* !y mo/ love & hon\r1 :e!r x be _! rul]s1 _! temples1 or _! gods4 ,a man selects 9 ?is way t :i* already appe>s to him z ext]nally beautiful1 pure transluc5t col\r1 glitt] ( metals1 fragrant woods1 m>ble1 & all ! re/4 ,poetry1 & p>ticul>ly ,ori5tal poetry1 makes a will+ use ( su* weal?1 a fact we may ev5 illu/rate f su* a poem z ! ,nibelung5li$3 & g5]ally x is true en\gh t ,art 9 su* matt]s is n m]ely cont5t ) a g5]al description ( ! beauty or value ( su* f9e ?+s2 b1 :]e ! arti/ic =m & ! occasion all[s1 w describe su* works 9 all ! detail ( _! workman%ip ) z royal a b\nty z ! works !mselves4 ,!re 0 no /9t ( ei!r gold or ivory on ! /atue ( ,pallas at ,a!ns1 or t ( ,zeus at ,olympia2 & ! temples ( ! anci5t gods1 ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! pictures ( sa9ts1 & ! palaces ( k+s1 are notable illu/rations among all nations t possess any ( !m1 to :at k9d ( s]vice spl5d\r & brilliant %[ may be devot$2 ?us h nations 9 e age delight$ 9 see+ ^u _! gods ! visible pres5ce ( _! own weal?1 precisely z !y h f\nd delight 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! pr9ces z a glory !y /ill possess$1 ?\gh ravi%$ f !mselves4 ,we all "k1 ( c\rse1 t type ( morali/ :o is only too ready to di/urb ! vision ( su* an enjoym5t4 ,we %all1 no d\bt1 be rem9d$ h[ _m poor ,a!nians ! aegis ( ,pallas c\ld h suppli$ ) a he>ty meal1 or h[ _m slaves c\ld h ?us be5 lib]at$2 &1 d\btless1 we mu/ admit t 9 ! case ( ! anci5t _w1 no less ?an 9 days m ne> to our own weal?1 all t has be5 lavi%$ on temple1 cloi/]1 or ca!dral1 or o!r objects ( public utility1 has be5 exp5d$ "u social conditions ( ! dire/ ne$ to _m4 ,nay1 we may c>ry su* melan*oly reflections yet fur!r1 & f9d 9 !m a condemnation n m]ely ( p>ticul> works ( art1 b ( ,art h]self & all t %e gives u4 ,:at sums ( money are involv$ 9 ! build+ by ! ,/ate ( an ,academy ( ,arts1 or ! pur*ase ( anci5t & mod]n works ( art1 & ! appropriate embelli%m5t ( public gall]ies1 !atres1 & museums6 ,b :atev] ! effect ( su* reflections may be ^u u1 :e!r e?ical or o!rwise1 su* is1 aft] all1 only due to ! fact t we are once m rem9d$ ( ^? v con/ra9ts & h>d%ips ^: removal is a vital condition ( ! appe>ance ( ,f9e ,art4 ,! appropriation ( a unique sph]e 9 its life = ! exposition ( its arti/ic treasures1 :i* /&s safe above ! /ress ( t reality to :i* x contributes s l>gely1 c !re=e only r$\nd to ! glory & supreme hon\r ( any p4 77 ,b1 fur!r1 mank9d is n m]ely int]e/$ 9 ! adornm5t ( individuals & ! environm5t ( _! life1 b is actively employ$ 9 adapt+ ! objects ( ,nature to its practical ne$s & purposes4 ,x is on ?is plane t we come into contact = ! fir/ "t ) all ! lab\r & /ruggle :i* ! dep5d5ce ( our humanity ^u ! prose ( its f9ite life implies4 ,& ! "q inevitably arises1 h[ f> all t is involv$ 9 ?is practical ef=t is suitable to arti/ic pres5tation4 77 ,9 attempt+ "s answ] to ?is problem1 we w\ld draw att5tion to ! hi/orical fact t ! e>lie/ way 9 :i* ,art attempt$ to bani% all ! prose reality ( human life 0 ! conception ( ! well-kn[n gold5 age or1 if we c>e to call x s1 ! idyllic /ate4 ,9 ?is we h ,nature depict$ z satisfy+ man's e want ) no tr\ble to himself3 :ile he1 = 8 "p1 enjoys 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce all t mead1 wood1 flocks1 g>d51 %elt]1 & s =?1 c supply him ) n\ri%m5t1 dwell+1 & all o!r com=ts incid5tal to su* a life4 ,( ! passions ( ambition or av>ice1 inde$ ( e impulse t may appe> to run c\nt] to ! nobility ( man's spiritual nature1 we he> no ^w at all4 ,at fir/ blu%1 no d\bt1 a /ate ( ?is description may /rike u m or less z ideal1 & c]ta9 types ( art1 limit$ 9 _! range1 may f9d def9ite satisfaction 9 pres5t+ u ) a picture ( x4 ,b we h only to p5etrate fur!r bel[ ! surface & we %all quickly h en\gh ( su* a vision4 ,! writ+s ( ,gessn] are little read n[adays1 & :5 we d read !m we f9d 9 su* little satisfaction4 ,! tru? is t a re/rict$ /ate ( life1 su* z ! above describ$1 presupposes a v elem5t>y /age 9 human developm5t4 ,manhood :i* has atta9$ to any real fulness ( spiritual /ature is mov$ by impulses ( l(ti] range1 & is n likely to be satisfi$ ) ! life :i* cl+s close/ to ,nature & its imm$iate products4 ,9 su* idyllic pov]ty ( s\l no man ought to live1 b r to accept 8 bir?right ( toil3 t :i* 8 spiritual impulse urges him =w>d to1 t he mu/ secure ?r\gh 8 own activity4 ,once reg>d ! matt] 9 ?is way & ^! v physical wants ( man w be f\nd to br+ into be+ a wide & div]se range ( activities1 implant+ 9 him ! consci\s s5se ( 8 own p[]s1 f ! he>t ( :i* ! pr(\nd] int]e/s & =ces ( 8 life c sl[ly unravel !mselves4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x is necess>y t "h1 too1 ! h>moni\s relation betwe5 ! outw>d & inn] life %\ld be ma9ta9$ z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( arti/ic pres5tation4 ,few ?+s are m (f5sive to our ae/hetic ta/e ?an to f9d 9 a "w ( art ! sev]ity ( "s physical disa/] portray$ ?r\gh e detail ( horror4 ,dante fla%es on u ! />vation ( ,ugol9o 9 a few tr5*ant /rokes4 ,:5 a ,g]/5b]g1 9 8 trag$y ( ,ugol9o1 wr+s out e detail ( ! cata/rophe to ! la/ drop1 tell+ u precisely h[ fir/ ,ugol9o's two sons1 & aft] !m _! fa!r1 7 done to dea? by />vation1 we feel at once t ! subject1 z ?us h&l$1 is entirely at v>iance ) ! pr9ciples ( f9e art4 77 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 f9d t ! condition ( life :i* (f]s ! /ronge/ contra/ to t we h describ$ z ! idyllic /ate1 we w call x ! g5]ally civiliz$ life#chg1 pres5ts1 ?\gh on o!r gr\nds1 difficulties to an ideal exposition :i* are equally s]i\s4 ,9 a ,culture-,/ate ! complexus ( social wants & lab\r1 ( int]e/s & all t may g to satisfy+ ! same1 is ?r\gh\t & 9 all its compreh5siv5ess completely evolv$4 ,e individual "h is imm]s$ 9 an inf9ite network ( relations ) o!r units ( ! :ole1 & ) s mu* loss to 8 complete indep5d5ce4 ,:at he himself requires = himself is ei!r no?+ at all1 or only1 9 a q insignificant fraction ( x1 ! result ( 8 own lab\r3 add to ?is ! t5d5cy ( all a man's normal activities is to become m & m me*anical4 ,we f9d1 too1 at ! he>t ( ?is indu/rial developm5t & ! int]*ange ( employm5t & rejection ( human lab\r :i* x implies1 on ! "o h& ! mo/ ru?less conditions ( pov]ty1 & on ! o!r a class :i*1 rais$ z x is above ! b>e necessities ( exi/5ce1 /&s out 9 relief z weal?y1 entirely releas$ f all toil = ! sake ( a subsi/5ce1 able at any rate to devote individual att5tion to ! f9] int]e/s ( life & its pa!tic contra/s4 ,no d\bt ! possession ( su* a sup]fluity may create an impression z ?\gh = ! fav\r$ few ! con/ant recurr5ce ( a position ( dep5d5ce _h pass$ away1 & a man is j s mu* ! m releas$ f ! accid5ts incid5tal to prop]ty because 8 h&s are at l5g? free f ! grime :i* soils !m 9 secur+ x4 ,b su* a consolatory reflection w nev] make a man ?or\ghly at home 9 all t imm$iately surr\nds him 9 ! real s5se t su* is ! g>l& ( 8 own lab\r4 ,= he is ! c5tre ( t to ! uprais+ ( :i* he has n himself be5 in/rum5tal2 x has come !re out ( t provision /ore :i* 0 already full )\t him1 :i* q o!r p]sons & = ! mo/ "p 9 a q me*anical &1 !re=e1 =mal way h provid$1 & to :i* he is only introduc$ aft] a long s]ies ( ef=t & /ruggle :olly /range to himself4 77 ,we are consequ5tly l$ to ! conclusion t x is r a ?ird type ( human society1 a society :i* we may place halfway betwe5 ! idyllic gold5 age & ! burgh] ,/ate 9 its fully develop$ indu/rial =m1 :i* is mo/ fitt$ to be ! subject matt] ( ideal art4 ,we h already analys$ ?is /ate ( society 9 ano!r connection "u ! description ( ! h]oic & pre-em95tly ideal _w-condition4 ,! h]oic age is no long] re/rict$ to t idyllic g>d5 ( spiritual att5uation1 b includes )9 its bord]s passions & aims ( deep] mom5t2 & yet )al t :i* 9 ! circle ( ! individual life t\*es close/ ! satisfaction ( ea* man's imm$iate wants is /ill ! entire product ( 8 own activity4 ,moreov]1 ! means ( n\ri%m5t su* z honey1 milk1 & w9e are less complex & consequ5tly l5d !mselves m readily to ideal treatm5t#chh4 ,a diet :i* includes c(fee1 br&y1 & su* l luxuries is associat$ 9 our m9ds ) c\ntless indu/ries :i* are necess>y to _! prep>ation4 ,our h]oes1 on ! contr>y1 kill & roa/ _! own food1 break 9 _! own *>g]s1 are ! mak]s to a consid]able ext5t ( all _! h\sehold gods2 pl\ghs1 arm\r = def5ce1 %ields1 coats ( mail1 swords1 spe>s1 all are ei!r ! "w ( ! possessor1 or are made directly "u 8 sup]vision4 ,9 a condition ( life ( ?is k9d a man necess>ily feels t 9 all ! ?+s he makes use (1 & 9 all t encircles him1 he is 9 t\* ) some?+ produc$ by himself2 t 9 contact ) ext]nal objects he is 9 contact ) 8 own sub/ance r ?an ) objects :i* emanate f a _w /range to himself & outside t 9 :i* he is himself ma/]4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 assum$ t all ! en]gy he exp5ds ^u work+ up ! mat]ial into =ms adapt$ = 8 use is n s mu* tr\blesome lab\r1 b a "w :i*1 ?r\gh ! satisfaction x br+s him1 falls easy f 8 %\ld]s1 a "w1 9 %ort1 :i* he c c>ry ov] e ob/acle to success4 ,we f9d a society ( ?is type 9 ,hom]4 ,agamemnon's sceptre is a family /aff :i* 8 ance/or himself %ap$ f ! block & left z an heirloom to 8 desc5dants4 ,odysseus put toge!r ) 8 own h&s ! mighty b$ he %>$ ) ,p5elope2 & if ! fam\s weapons ( ,a*illes are no "w ( 8 own we only f9d ! v>i\s & int]fus$ array ( 8 own activities abat$ t a god1 ,hephae/us himself1 may provide !m at ! reque/ ( 8 "m ,!tis4 ,9 a ^w1 we meet ev]y:]e ! y\?ful delight 9 novel discov]y1 ! fre%ness ( p]sonal possession1 ! victori\s s5se ( enjoym5t4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 its place & at home1 9 ev]y?+ a man discov]s ! en]gy ( 8 own s9ew1 ! adroitness ( 8 own h&1 ! cunn+ ( 8 own _s1 or some:at t foll[s f 8 own c\rage & brav]y4 ,9 ?is way1 & by ?is alone1 ! in/rum5ts :i* satisfy our human s5se are n z yet relegat$ to a m]ely ext]nal relation1 b m5 h be=e !m ! liv+ process ( ! in/rum5ts !mselves1 ! vital consci\sness ( ! human wor? !y atta* to !m2 & !y f9d x !re inasmu* z = !m !y are n m]e lifeless ?+s or ?+s :i* habit has made lifeless1 b creations impregnat$ ) _! own en]gies4 ,& = ! same reason we f9d "h an idyllic condition ( ?+s1 x is true1 b n 9 t re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m t ! ,e>? & h] /reams1 seas1 =e/s1 & cattle supply to mank9d _! su/a9+ sub/ance1 :ile man himself is only visible to u z a passive creature limit$ by ! active p[]s :i* support him & _! enjoym5t4 ,r we already see )9 ?is morn+-"t ( human life deep int]e/s at "w1 9 relation to :i* ! great _w itself is b a subord9ate realm1 ! gr\nd & ! in/rum5t = br++ into be+ ! high] aims :i* are pres5t1 z a gr\nd & environm5t1 h[ev]1 ov] :i* t h>moni\s concord1 yet )al indep5d5ce1 ( bo? sides ( our human _w prevails2 & :i* does prevail 9 ! sight ( all = ?is reason t ev]y?+ !re exi/s z ! product & = ! use ( human life1 is at ! same "t ! creation & enjoym5t ( ! man :o creates & enjoys its use#chi4 ,to apply su* a mode ( arti/ic pres5tation to mat]ial borr[$ f m rec5t times1 ^: complet$ culture (f]s ! /ronge/ contra/ to ! h]oic age above-m5tion$1 is always beset ) extreme difficulty & liable to failure4 ,yet = all t ,goe! 9 8 ,h]mann & ,doro!a has furni%$ u 9 ?is respect ) an admirable ma/]piece4 ,"h an attempt w only be made to elucidate a few significant po9ts by contra/+ ! same ) a composition ( simil> type4 ,voss1 9 8 fam\s romance ,l\ise1 _h depict$ on mu* ! same idyllic l9es our human life & activity 9 a quiet circle ( n>r[ range1 if also m>k$ ) indep5d5t *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,! c\ntry p>son1 ! tobacco-pipe1 ! dress+-g[n1 ! g>d5-b5*1 & f9ally our c(fee-pot1 h all ( !m "h important p>ts to play4 ,c(fee & sug> are1 h[ev]1 products1 :i* are really "h out ( place2 !y belong to an entirely diff]5t _w#cij ?r\gh\t associat$ ) all ! v>i$ ramifications ( comm]cial & textile indu/ries4 ,?is circle ( c\ntry life is consequ5tly n self-inclusive4 ,9 ! beautiful picture ( ,h]mann & ,doro!a we are1 on ! contr>y1 "u no necessity to dem& su* a consi/5cy4 ,z we already h po9t$ out 9 ano!r connection1 we f9d int]wov5 ) ! ma9 ?reads ( ?is poem1 :i* is1 no d\bt1 9 its prevail+ atmosph]e entirely idyllic1 ! great political int]e/s ( ! "t1 ! /ruggles ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! def5ce ( ! ,fa!rl&1 ass]t$ 9 a wor?y way no less ?an ) decision4 ,! m limit$ scope ( family life 9 a little c\ntry t[n is n s pres5t$ u z a :ole :i* c ev5 possibly rema9 9 total ignorance ( t mighty wave ( ! great _w "u /ress ( a real cataclysm ( ev5ts1 :i* is ! view we are giv5 ( ! pa/or 9 ! ,l\ise ( ,voss4 ,9 ,goe!'s poem we h1 on ! contr>y1 by means ( ! int]fusion ( ^! great _w-movem5ts1 )9 :i* ! idyllic *>act]s & ev5ts are portray$1 ! picture ( a life ) a typical "* ( its own set 9 ! frame ( a _w ( m significant cont5t2 & ! apo!c>y1 :o is "h pres5t$ z ! out-&-out ,phili/9e1 & :o m]ely lives )9 ! m n>r[ bord]s ( t c\ntry life's surr\nd+s1 affect$ by t only1 is excell5tly sket*$ = u ) ! good he>t1 b at ! same "t peevi% isolation1 :i* we f9d s natural4 ,add to ?is1 9 t :i* mo/ closely t\*es ! life ( ! *>act]s ?us portray$1 we f9d a p>ticul> emphasis laid on ! fundam5tal aspect ( ?is idyllic life z previ\sly indicat$ 9 our =m] discussion ( x4 ,to m5tion "o po9t only1 we may obs]ve t ! ho/ does n by any means dr9k c(fee ) 8 gue/s1 ! p>son & ! apo!c>y2 on ! contr>y1 to cite a l9e or two3 ,c>efully br\ght 9 ! "m ! sp>kl+ & glori\s r$-w9e1 ,p\r$ 9 ! cle>-cut glasses1 ) rimlets all poli%$ ( pewt]1 ,br\ght 9 ! gre5-col\r$ rumm]s1 ^? goblets mo/ fit = ! ,rh9e-w9e4 ,!y dr9k 9 ! fre% air :at has be5 gr[n at home1 ( ! '#hc v9tage1 & )al 9 glasses t1 z home-made1 are j ! "r ones = ,rh9e-w9e4 ,a few l9es fur!r on our fancy is yet fur!r k9dl$ ) ! /reams ( ! ,rh9e riv] & its de>ly-lov$ banks1 & we are ev5 introduc$ to ! v9ey>d ( ! ho/ beh9d ! h\se itself2 &1 9 %ort1 !re is no?+ to arre/ our att5tion outside ! typical circle ( a self-cont5t$ life :i* ( its own b\nty provides = its wants4 7c7 ,9 addition to bo? ^! types ( human environm5t we mu/ m5tion yet ano!r 9 close association ) :i* we all necess>ily live4 ,x is no o!r ?an ! univ]sally prevail+ spiritual surr\nd+s ( our life :e!r !y be religi\s1 legal1 or moral1 ! organization ( ! ,/ate1 t is to say1 ! con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! judicial in/itutions1 ! family1 ! in/itutions ( bo? public & private life1 & all o!r social relations4 ,= ! ideal "* is n m]ely to be portray$ 9 its relation to all t satisfies mat]ial wants1 b z itself a focus ( spiritual int]e/s4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t all t is truly sub/antive1 div9e1 & ess5tially necess>y 9 all ^! relations is fundam5tally an envisagem5t ( "o reality4 ,9 ! objective _w1 h[ev]1 ! =ms "u :i* ?is reality is manife/$ are v>i\s1 & !y are1 "o & all1 involv$ 9 t :i* is :olly cont+5t 9 p>ticul> examples1 & ! conv5tional usages :i* are only valid = def9ite p]iods ( "t & di/9ct nations4 ,9 ?is v>iety ( =m all ! int]e/s ( m5's spiritual life receive an ext]nal embodim5t ( reality1 ) :i* e man is confront$ 9 ! cu/oms1 usages1 & habits ( society4 ,e man !reby1 9 addition to possess+ a self-exclusive individuality ( 8 own1 becomes1 9 virtue ( 8 association ) su* spiritual realities1 ev5 m a memb] ( a :ole cognate ) & vital to himself ?an z a unit ( t ext]nal _w ( ,nature ) :i* he is simil>ly conjo9$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we may atta* to ?is spiritual association1 ( human life v mu* ! same t]ms & significance we h already discuss$ 9 ! =ego+ sections2 consequ5tly we w = ! pres5t pass ov] ! m detail$ consid]ation ( x1 ^: mo/ important features w apply m /rictly to ano!r aspect ( our inquiry1 & w !n be m appropriately discuss$4 #c4 ,,! ,,ext]nality ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,"w ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,a ,,public ,x is !re=e necess>y t art1 z ! repres5tation ( ! ,ideal1 mu/ embody ?is ,ideal 9 all ! relations to ext]nal reality we h above describ$1 & !reby associate ! inw>d possessions ( "* ) ! objective _w4 ,a "w ( art1 h[ev] mu* 9 =m x may be a self-includ+ & h>moni\s _w by itself1 exi/s none ! less z su* an object1 bo? real & p>ticul>1 n = itself b = su* z behold & enjoy x1 t is ! ,public4 ,actors1 = example1 9 ! repres5tation !y give u ( a p>ticul> drama d n m]ely ent] into conv]se ) "o ano!r1 b appeal directly to ourselves1 _! audi5ce2 & x is equally important t !y make !mselves intelligible "u bo? ^! aspects4 ,e "w ( art is 9 fact a direct appeal to ! intellig5ce ( ev]yone :o confronts x4 ,n[ x is inde$ true t ! real ,ideal1 z envisag$ = u 9 ! univ]sal int]e/s & passions ( its gods & m51 is s f> intelligible to ev]yone z x gives u a view ( its *>act]s )9 "s typical ext]nal _w ( cu/oms1 usages1 & ev]y?+ else t *>act]i/ically di/+ui%es x4 ,b ! condition ( art we h above =mulat$ makes x fur!r necess>y t ?is elem5t ( ext]nal reality is n m]ely "o ) :i* ! *>act]s !reby repres5t$ are h>moni\sly associat$1 b mu/ be also "o )9 :i* we ourselves to :om ! "w is address$ feel equally at home4 ,! appropriat5ess ( ! ext]nal environm5t to ! *>act]s enfold$ )9 x mu/ apply ) equal =ce to our own attitude ( m9d 9 reg>d+ bo?4 ,b x s happ5s t f :atev] p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory ! subject-matt] ( a "w ( art may be borr[$ x w be sure to conta9 ess5tial features1 :i* are q di/9ct f ^? :i* specifically det]m9e o!r nations & p]iods4 ,9 o!r words arti/s ( e description1 :e!r !y be poets1 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 or musicians1 select subject-matt] f ! ,pa/1 :i* 9 _! p>ticul> /ate ( culture & intellig5ce1 e?ical cu/oms1 usages1 & ! =m ( _! gov]nm5t1 diff] f ! civilization ( ! times !y live 94 ,moreov]1 z we h already obs]v$1 ?is return ^u ! ,pa/ possesses ! consid]able advantage t 9 hav+ ?us rec\rse to memory in/ead ( be+ face to face ) all ! facts ( ! pres5t1 !re is an appreciable dim9ution ( ! mat]ial f :i* ! arti/ selects 8 subject1 & ?is he _c readily disp5se )4 ,at ! same "t ! arti/ belongs only to 8 own c5tury1 & x is 9 ! e?ical cu/oms1 modes ( conception1 & g5]ally ! intellectual outlook ( t he lives4 ,! ,hom]ic poems ,hom]1 to take him = once z ! individual creator ( bo? ,iliad & ,odyssey1 may h actually liv$ ?r\gh or he may n2 b 9 any case !y are at lea/ f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]#cia ?an ! "t ( ! ,trojan w>2 & fur!r a p]iod twice z long sep>ates ! great ,greek trag$ians f ! days ( ! anci5t h]oes1 :o1 z translat$ into ! atmosph]e ( _! own "t1 =m ! subject-matt] ( _! poetry4 ,x is j ! same 9 ! case ( ! ,niebelung5li$ & ! arti/ :o f9ally fus$ toge!r ! v>i\s saga :i* t poem conta9s into "o homog5e\s "w4 ,we may no d\bt admit t ! arti/ f9ds himself entirely on cong5ial gr\nd :5 deal+ ) ev]y?+ truly pa!tic1 ei!r 9 ! hi/ory ( gods or m52 b ! ext]nal & actual conditions ( t anci5t _w1 ^: *>act]s & actions he endeav\rs to portray1 h alt]$ 9 ess5tial features & become consequ5tly /range to him4 ,& fur!r ?an ?is a poet creates = ! sake ( a ,public1 & prim>ily = 8 own nation & 8 "t1 bo? ( :i* %\ld be able to ent] into su* a "w ( art ) intellig5ce1 & feel at home 9 x4 ,! mo/ g5u9e works ( art no d\bt ass]t a fur!r claim to immortality1 a hope t !y may cont9ue to be a s\rce ( delight to all times & nations4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( works ( ! highe/ class x is none ! less true t nations & times situat$ f> away f ^? :i* produc$ !m c only fully appreh5d !m ) ! assi/ance ( an ext5sive app>atus ( geographical1 hi/orical1 & x may be ev5 philosophical k & ! results ( mu* critical inve/igation4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ^! fundam5tal1 & to "s ext5t incompatible diff]5ces :i* *>act]ize ! v>i\s po9ts ( view f :i* a "w ( art mu/ be reg>d$1 ! "q arises :at k9d ( =m relatively to its ext]nal framework ( locality1 cu/om1 usage1 & g5]ally any & e condition ( religi\s1 political or e?ical significance a p>ticul> "w ( art %\ld receive4 ,%\ld an arti/ suff] 8 own times to pass f 8 m9d altoge!r1 & attempt only to secure ! sub/antial appe>ance ( ! ,pa/ & :at actually !n exi/$1 s t 8 "w become simply a true portrayal ( t2 or is he n m]ely ju/ifi$1 b r "u an obligation1 to pay an exclusive att5tion to 8 own nation & ! life ar\nd him1 elaborat+ 8 "w ) express reg>d to ! pr9ciple t x %\ld /& 9 h>moni\s relation to 8 own times8 ,or1 to put ! same ?+ 9 r m te*nical language1 we may prop\nd ! problem ?us3 ,is ! subject-matt] ( a "w ( art to be objectively valid 9 its cont5t z "o entirely appropriate hi/orically consid]$1 or %\ld su* matt] be treat$ subjectively1 t is1 9 complete subord9ation to ! arti/'s p]sonal /&po9t relatively to ! culture & social conditions ( 8 own "t8 ,we w\ld r obs]ve t bo? ^! positions1 if ?us press$ unduly1 l& u 9 extreme conclusions equally false2 & we propose n[ to exam9e !m briefly t we may by _! means elucidate a m satisfactory !ory4 ,& we w\ld consid] ?ree fundam5tal aspects :i* ?is problem sugge/s4 ,we w fir/ exam9e :at is impli$ 9 ! above subjective ass]tion ( ! p>ticul> culture ( ! arti/'s own "t2 secondly1 !re is ! "q :at may be reg>d$ z exclusively & objectively true :5 we ref] to ! ,pa/2 ?irdly1 we h to consid] :at may /ill be objectively valid 9 ! true s5se1 ?\gh we /ill h a repres5tation & appropriation ( mat]ial borr[$ f a "t & nationality =eign to t ( ! arti/s4 7a7 ,n[ to />t )1 if we consid] ?is purely subjective ass]tion1 x is obvi\s t :5 we press ! position closely we are f9ally driv5 to exclude ! objective embodim5t ( ! ,pa/ altoge!r1 & to ma9ta9 t arti/ic repres5tation is exclusively conc]n$ ) ! appe>ance ( pres5t times4 77 ,su* a result may be d\btless1 "u "o aspect ( x1 pres5t$ by m]e ignorance ( ! ,pa/4 ,x is1 !n1 r ! result ( a navet1 :i* is unable to feel ! contradiction betwe5 ! object itself & ! repres5tation giv51 or at lea/ fails to br+ ! same to consci\sness4 ,su* a =m ( arti/ic pres5tation is !re=e fundam5tally due to lack ( suffici5t culture4 ,we c\ld h>dly wi% = a m vivid illu/ration ( ?is ?an we f9d 9 ! nave productions ( ,hans ,sa*s1 :o has1 no d\bt ) a vivid fre%ness ( imag9ative vig\r & _s1 z we may truly say1 dome/icat$ among u#cib our de> ,"l & ,fa!r ,god no less ?an ,adam1 ,eve1 & ! re/ ( ! patri>*s4 ,"h1 = example1 ,god ! ,fa!r is portray$ z tea*+ a s*ool 9 :i* ,ca91 ,abel1 & ! re/ ( ,adam's *ildr5--are ! pupils1 precisely z any p$agogue ( ! "t might h done4 ,he cate*izes !m ^u ! t5 comm&m5ts & ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,abel kn[s 8 lesson z a pi\s & good boy ought to4 ,ca9 on ! contr>y behaves & replies to 8 tea*]s z only naughty & wick$ boys w\ld ?9k ( do+2 & :5 x is 8 turn to repeat ! comm&m5ts turns !m inside out3 ?\ %alt /eal1 ?\ %alt n hon\r ?y fa!r & "m1 & s =?4 ,a repres5tation ( mu* ! same crude simplicity hav+ = its subject ! tale ( our ,"l's ,passion us$ to be c>ri$ out 9 ,s\? ,g]many1 0 !n made illegal1 & has s9ce once m be5 resuscitat$4 ,9 ?is ,pilate is portray$ 9 ! "* ( an insol5t1 r\gh1 & arrogant (ficial1 ! common soldi]s mu* 9 ! same famili> way our own might1 (f] ,*ri/ surreptiti\sly a p9* ( tobacco2 he disda9s x1 & !y flatt5 x out on 8 nose4 ,vulg>ity f9ds all ! m je/ 9 su* an incid5t = ! reason t x :olly con=ms to its notions ( piety & rev]5ce1 inde$ calls up su* feel+s all ! m readily ?r\gh its imm$iate ref]5ce to t :i* x f9ds 9 its own _w1 !reby mak+ m vivid its own s5se ( devotional f]v\r4 ,no d\bt !re is a c]ta9 ju/ification = ?is mode ( translat+1 s to speak1 ! appe>ance & =m ( objective hi/ory into mod]n equival5ts1 su* z we h f\nd 9 our lit]ature2 & we may ev5 atta* a k9d ( greatness to ! c\rage ( ,hans ,sa*s 9 mak+ himself s famili> ) ,god ,almighty1 & ^? old religi\s ideas t )\t ! lea/ ve/ige ( impiety he c\ld rivet !m deep )9 ! conditions ( our mo/ commonplace life4 ,at ! same "t su* an attempt is none ! less a rude intrusion ^u our feel+s1 & indicates lack ( cultivation1 inasmu* z x n m]ely disall[s to ! object itself a "r to ass]t itself z x really is1 b =ces ^u x a mode ( appe>ance s directly contr>y to t :i* x possesses1 t ! result c only impress u z an emphatic c>icature4 77 ,z an anti!sis to ! above type ( subjectivity we f9d ano!r equally supreme ass]t+ itself out ( %e] pride 9 its own culture "u ! belief t ! views peculi> to its own times1 its e?ical cu/oms1 & social conv5tions are ^? alone wor? pres]vation or acceptance4 ,ow+ to a bias ( ?is k9d x is q unable to enjoy ! cont5t ( a "w ( art until su* a =m ( culture prevails 9 x4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is latt] type is ! s-call$ classical good ta/e ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,ev]y?+ t is "h attempt$ mu/ =?) be ,fr5*ifi$1 & all t x pres5ts "u ! =m ( any o!r nationality & m p>ticul>ly ) any ref]5ce to ! ,middle ,ages is vot$ incorrect & b>b>\s & is ca/ on "o side ) absolute contempt4 ,voltaire express$ any?+ b ! tru? :5 he said t ! ,fr5* h improv$ ! works ( ! anci5t _w4 ,:at !y h done is to nationalize !m2 & by ?is process ( reca/+ h corrupt$ !m ) e k9d ( =eign & angul> quality ( _! own t su* a ta/e z !irs c\ld develop to any ext5t1 requir+ z x did ?r\gh\t a culture absolutely bas$ on c\rt etiquette1 & a con=mity to conv5tional rule & g5]alization 9 bo? ! mean+ & mode ( any dramatic "w4 ,inde$1 we %all f9d ! trail ( ?is ab/raction ( a sup]f9e culture visible 9 ! v diction ( _! poetry4 ,n a poet among !m d>e v5ture to use ! ^w co*on1 or add _! own nom5clature to spoons1 =ks1 & a ?\s& o!r simple objects4 ,consequ5tly we h r\ndab\t def9itions & circumlocutions4 ,we _c h our spoons & =ks2 we get in/ead an in/rum5t ( ! h& :i* conveys our victuals 9 a liquid or arid /ate to ! m\?2 & ?is by no means /&s alone4 ,& ) all its ref9em5t _! ta/e is vulg> to a degree2 = ! simple tru? is t g5u9e art1 s f> f plan+ away & poli%+ its cont5t to "o flat & unruffl$ surface ( g5]alities1 is mo/ ( all anxi\s to set 9 full relief all t makes t[>d ! well-def9$ *>act]ization ( life4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is v ta/e t ! ,fr5* c make less ( ,%akespe>e ?an any o!r poet4 ,& :5 !y h attempt$ to "w him up to _! graces !y h clipp$ (f f him precisely t portion :i* we ,g]mans f9d ne>e/ to our he>ts4 ,= ! same reason ,voltaire makes m]ry ov] ,p9d> because he has made ! rem>k1 4#cic ,&1 consequ5tly1 9 _! works ( art !y f9d x necess>y to make ,*9ese1 ,am]icans1 or ! h]oes ( ,greek or ,roman antiquity all speak 9 "o tongue & 9 "o mann]--t ( _! ,fr5* c\rt4 ,a*illes1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,iphig5ie en ,aulide#cid is no?+ m or less ?an a ,fr5* pr9ce2 & if we _h no "n to help u no "o c\ld conceivably discov] "o p>ticle ( ,a*illes 9 him4 ,x is true t 9 ! !atrical repres5tation ( ?is drama he 0 habit$ z a ,greek1 appe>$ at lea/ 9 helmet & coat ( mail2 b at ! same "t 8 hair 0 curl$ & p[d]$1 ) broad hips ?r\gh pos*5#cie1 ) r$ claws work$ on %oes fa/5$ on ! foot ) col\r$ ribbons2 & :at is m1 ! ,e/h] ( ,rac9e 0 expressly popul> 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 = ! p>ticul> reason t ,ahasu]us1 on 8 fir/ entrance on ! /age1 copi$ ! appe>ance ( ,l\is ,,xiv himself1 :5 he ent]$ ! great hall ( audi5ce4 ,no d\bt1 9 ?is transcript1 !re 0 a consid]able admixture ( ! ori5tal luxuriance2 b a ,ahasu]us he 0 none ! less fully p[d]$ & we>+ ! royal mantle ( erm9e1 & foll[$ by a complete ret9ue ( curl$ & p[d]$ *amb]la9s got up ?or\ghly en habit franais ) _! wigs1 _! fea!r$ caps "u arm1 _! ve/s & hoses ( drap d'or1 ) _! silk /ock+s & r$ buckles on _! %oes4 ,all t ! c\rt & a select circle ( ! privileg$ few 7 only p]mitt$ to see de facto 0 "h op5 to all classes alike--! entre ( ! k+ p>ad$ 9 ! poet's v]ses4 ,! writ+ ( hi/ory 9 ,france is n unfrequ5tly conduct$ on v mu* ! same pr9ciple4 ,t is to say1 hi/ory itself & ! real objects ( hi/ory are n ! ma9 purpose ( ! hi/orian1 ^: int]e/ is r conc5trat$ ei!r on giv+ ! gov]nm5t 9 vogue a lesson or tea*+ o!rs h[ !y ought to dete/ x4 ,& 9 ! same way !re are a ho/ ( dramas :i*1 ei!r expressly ?r\gh\t _! entire cont5t or 9 pass+ episodes1 div]t ! att5tion to ! ev5ts ( ! day2 or1 if passages occur 9 pieces :i* ref] to =m] times pres5t+ any?+ :i* may be> on matt]s ( contempor>y int]e/1 ! p>allel or ! contra/ is delib]ately emphasiz$ ) e expression ( en?usiasm4 77 ,a ?ird type ( ?is p]sonal treatm5t by ! arti/ ( 8 subject-matt] may be suffici5tly describ$ z ! sep>ation ( ! same f all g5u9e arti/ic =m :e!r x be *>act]i/ic ( pa/ or pres5t works ( art1 a mode ( production 9 fact :i* simply pres5ts u ) ! entirely evanesc5t col\r ( ! man 9 ! /reet 9 8 ord9>y ev]yday action & vocation )\t add+ aught to ! same4 ,9 o!r words we may describe x z ! b>e c\nt]p>t ( :at ! man ( commons5se is consci\s 9 ! prosaic facts ( life1 t & no?+ m4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e ( prose no d\bt ev]yone f9ds himself at home readily en\gh2 or r1 he w only n f9d himself at home :o takes up su* a "w ) "s def9ite conception ( t :i* ! v conditions ( a "w ( art dem&1 & consequ5tly is aw>e t x is precisely f ?is type ( h&l+ t ,art und]takes to lib]ate u4 ,kotzebue1 9 8 day1 obta9$ all 8 popul> effects ?r\gh compositions ( ?is k9d1 :i* aim$ at no?+ else b lett+ ! g5]al public bo? see & he> life's tr\bles & vexations1 ! pocket+ ( silv] spoons1 ! risk+ ( ! pillory1 or1 to take p>ticul> *>act]s1 p>sons1 *amb]la9s1 ensign-be>]s1 secret>ies1 & cavalry-majors1 9 _! nak$ col\rs4 ,ev]yone might "h recognize 8 own h\sehold1 or1 at lea/1 t ( "s relation or fri5d1 might see at a glance :]e 9 8 own preci\s circum/ances & aims ( life ! %oe p9*$4 ,an orig9ality ( ?is sort necess>ily fails to /ir any real s5se or idea ( t :i* is ! vital cont5t ( a "w ( art1 h[ev] mu* x may awake an int]e/ = its productions 9 he>ts t are wont to ask = s little & are s ready to put up ) ! commonplaces ( s-call$ e?ical reflections4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ! arti/ic pres5tation ( ! facts ( ext]nal reality "u any "o ( ^! ?ree types j exam9$ is subjective 9 a "o-sid$ way1 t is to say1 x :olly fails to pres5t u ) any adequate =m ( t objective _w z x really exi/s4 7b7 ,we next propose to exam9e a mode ( pres5tation ! rev]se ( ! above1 "o :i* endeav\rs to re/ore u ! *>act]s & ev5ts ( ! pa/ s f> z may be ) e local detail ( _! =m] environm5t no less ?an any & e e?ical or o!r p>ticul> *>act]i/ic :i* =m]ly di/+ui%$ !m4 ,we ,g]mans h p>ticul>ly come to ! front 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,z a rule we are1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! ,fr5*1 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ record]s ( all t is peculi> 9 nations o!r ?an our own1 & consequ5tly make fidelity to ! *>act]i/ic usages1 dress1 weapons1 & all su* antiqu>ian detail appropriate to p>ticul> epo*s & localities a fir/ requisite ( our art4 ,add to ?is we h ! necess>y pati5ce to put ourselves to no end ( tr\ble 9 ! way ( h>d /udy 9 ord] t we may ?or\ghly ent] into ! modes ( ?\ght & p]ception :i* belong to =eign nations & c5turies di/ant f our own1 & make ourselves ?or\ghly conv]sant ) all _! peculi>ities4 ,?is p[] ( look+ at facts f _m & div]se po9ts ( view 9 ord] to bo? appreh5d & compreh5d ! _s ( e k9d ( national exi/5ce makes u n m]ely tol]ant 9 our art t[>ds all t /rikes u z exceptionally /range 9 =eign cu/oms1 b clamor\s ev5 to a pa9ful degree 9 our insi/5ce t we h be=e u accurate correspond5ce ) objective tru? d[n to ! mo/ insignificant detail4 ,! ,fr5* are1 no d\bt1 full ( res\rce & en]getic1 b1 h[ev] highly educat$ & practical m5 !y may be1 su* qualities d n increase1 b r dim9i% ! pati5ce :i* !y possess = quiet & exhau/ive /udy4 ,criticism is always ( fir/ importance ) !m4 ,we ,g]mans1 on ! contr>y1 are by nature incl9$ to accept any picture ( real tru? = :at x is1 & p>ticul>ly ?is is s ) =eign works ( art4 ,f :atev] "p ( ,nature's /oreh\se su* may come1 :e!r x is plants or o!r creations ( =eign gr[?1 implem5ts ( any k9d or =m1 dogs & cats1 ev5 absurdities1 we accept !m all g5ially2 & ! result ( ?is is we are able to be on excell5t t]ms ) modes ( ?\ght ! mo/ remov$ f our own1 ay1 sacrificial cu/oms1 leg5ds ( ! sa9ts & all ! extraord9>y follies t g ) !m1 to say no?+ ( a ho/ ( o!r m>vels equally surpris+4 ,& = ! same reasons x only appe>s ess5tially rational t 9 attempt+ to repres5t *>act]s 9 action we %\ld make _! conv]sation & pursuits con=mable to _! own sub/ance1 t is to say1 9 /rict accord ) ! times :5 !y liv$ & _! own national *>act]i/ics1 :e!r reg>d$ individually or 9 association ) ea* o!r4 ,?is fundam5tal idea t ! objective tru? ( a "w ( art is e/abli%$ by virtue ( ! type ( hi/orical accuracy above describ$ has obta9$ curr5cy 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 ma9ly1 t is to say1 s9ce ! lit]>y "w ( ,fr$]ick von ,s*legel4 ,f t "t ! importance ( a fir/ pr9ciple 9 lit]>y criticism has atta*$ to x2 & fur!r ?an ?is1 x is ass]t$ t our purely p]sonal int]e/ %\ld above all re/rict itself to ! enjoym5t we may d]ive f hi/orical accuracy ( ?is k9d & ! life x ?us reproduces4 ,once accept ^! h>d & fa/ rules & ! conclusion is obvi\s t we are all[$ no additional int]e/ ( any sup]ior quality :i* an enquiry into ! ess5tial significance ( any arti/ic cont5t may or may n provide = u any m ?an we are p]mitt$ to d]ive any int]e/ m vital to ourselves f aspects ( su* a "w directly associat$ ) ! culture & aims ( our own times4 ,x is mu* on ^! l9es t we f9d also 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! en?usiasm ( ,h]d] 9 ?is direction />t$ a clos] att5tion on all sides to ! ,volksli$1 a poetic inundation ( national folk-songs imitat+ native tones ( e sort ( nationality :e!r x be ! ,iroquois1 latt]-day ,greek1 ,lap1 ,turk1 ,t>t>1 ,mongol1 & _m ano!r2 &1 ( c\rse1 x is assum$ to be indicative ( no?+ less ?an fir/-rate g5ius#cif to possess ! p[] ( ?us div+ into ! ways & ideas ( o!r folk1 & conv]t+ all we discov] into poetry4 ,at ! same "t x is cle> t h[ev] completely y\r poet may "w 8 way into & emotionally realize all ?is /range k9d ( _w1 x rema9s & mu/ cont9ue to rema9 = t public to ^: enjoym5t ^! songs are address$ z some?+ v mu* alo( f x4 ,! tru? is t su* a !ory1 if press$ to its ab/ract logical conclusion1 limits its b\nd>ies solely to ! tru? ( hi/ory 9 its =mal accuracy1 & by do+ s neglects all consid]ation ( ! nature ( ,art's cont5t & que/ions relative to its ess5tial significance1 j z x disreg>ds e aspect ( x 9 :i* ! culture & res\rces ( mod]n ?\ght & contempor>y life are ass]t$4 ,b x is z impossible to deta* ourselves f ! tru? impli$ 9 ?is !ory z x is f equally important tru?s :i* x neglects2 all equally claim satisfaction1 & imp]atively =ce ^u u ! necessity ( f9d+ a fur!r solution 9 :i* ! claims ( hi/orical tru? may be reconcil$ ) ^! rival aspects ( tru? 9 a v diff]5t way to t j exam9$4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! ?ird "q we propos$ z to ! nature ( t objectivity & subjectivity :i* c be fully su/a9$ toge!r z ! reality to :i* a g5u9e "w ( art con=ms4 7c7 ,! po9t ( ess5tial importance :i* we %\ld be=e all o!rs wi% to emphasize "h is ?is1 t no "o ( ^? v>i\s aspects ( tru? we h above indicat$ %\ld be all[$ a pr$om9ant significance su* z w\ld impair ! relative =ce ( ! o!rs2 &1 fur!r1 or r not)/&+ ?is1 hi/orical accuracy pure & simple 9 ext]nal matt]s1 su* z local conditions1 cu/oms1 usages1 & social in/itutions g5]ally1 mu/ receive 9 a "w ( art _! due place1 if a subord9ate "o1 x be+ only "r t ! int]e/ ( m]e hi/orical tru? %\ld give way be=e t ( a vitally true & imp]i%able cont5t = ! pres5t no less ?an ! pa/4 ,we _c1 p]haps1 d bett] by way ( expla9+ :at we consid] to be ! true =m ( arti/ic repres5tation ?an by sett+ up 9 contra/ a few examples ( "s we take to be defective4 77 ,n[1 to />t )1 ! pres5tation ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( a giv5 p]iod may be entirely j1 accurate1 & impregnat$ ) life1 nay m1 :olly intelligible to a mod]n audi5ce1 & not)/&+ fail to escape ! ord9>y atmosph]e ( prose1 & pres5t u ) ! real sub/ance ( poetry4 ,goe!'s ,gtz von ,b]li*+5 w alone furni% u ) notable illu/rations ( ?is defect4 ,x is only necess>y to op5 ! book at ! fir/ sc5e1 :i* introduces u to an inn ne> ,s*w>z5b]g 9 ,franconia2 ! dramatis p]sonae are ,metzl]1 & ,siev]s sitt+ at a table1 two grooms by ! fire1 also ! l&lord4 ,siev]s4 ,ano!r glass ( br&y1 ,hans1 my boy1 & good ,*ri/ian measure4 ,l&lord4 ,y c>ry a glass t is nev] full4 ,metzl]4 ,aside to ,siev]s4 ,tell u t once aga9 ab\t ,b]li*+52 ! ,bamb]g]s are 9 a pretty fume out !re2 ay1 black z ?und] 7etc474 ,! same k9d ( ?+ we f9d 9 ! ?ird ,act4 ,george4 ,ent]s ) a gutt]-sp\t4 ,!re y h lead & to sp>e2 spot ! t>get ) b "o half ( x1 & devil a s\l %all get (f1 :o is l to say to y\r ,maje/y1 t's a miss ?is "t#cig4 ,l]se4 ,al\d4 ,a f9e piece ( metal4 ,george4 ,! ra9 may take ano!r road = all ,i c>e2 a brave knight & a real good ra9 get ?r\gh mo/ ?+s4 ,l]se4 ,p\rs into glass4 ,hold ! spoon4 ,goes to ! w9d[4 ,!re's "o ( ^? imp]ial cockades pr[l+ ab\t ) 8 musket2 !y believe we h aim$ a po9t too f>4 ,he %all h a ta/e ( my bullet1 hot too & fre% f ! pan4 ,loads4 ,george4 ,drops ! spoon4 ,let me h a look4 ,l]se4 ,fires4 ,!re lies ! fool 7etc474 ,all ?is is exce$+ly vivid1 intelligible1 depict$ 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! situation & ! *>act]s portray$4 ,yet = all t ^! sc5es are bo? trivial to a degree & ess5tially prosaic4 ,all we get f ei!r ! matt] or ! =m is j ! ord9>y man's way ( see+ ?+s & reality z x appe>s to him or r all ( u to "s ext5t4 ,we f9d ! same t5d5cy 9 _m ano!r ( ,goe!'s y\?ful productions1 :i* no d\bt 7 delib]ately direct$ aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* previ\sly _h pass$ = ! rule ( ! guild1 & :i* s\ght = _! mo/ impressive effect by means ( ! ne>ness made cle> to ourselves1 an impression ga9$ by ! extraord9>y grasp ) :i* ! poet's imag9ation & feel+ seiz$ ^u ev]y?+4 ,b ! ne>ness 0 itself too ne>1 & ! vital cont5t 9 "p s petty1 t su* compositions ran con/antly into m]e triviality4 ,we are mo/ consci\s ( ?is k9d ( triviality 9 dramatic works :5 we see !m on ! /age2 x is !n t aft] be+ work$ up to "s excitem5t by all ! concomitants ( a !atrical p]=mance1 lights1 well-dress$ folk1 & ! re/ ( x1 we expect to see some?+ m ?an a c\ple ( peasants1 & troop]s & a glass ( s*napps ?r[n 9#cih4 ,?is phase has ma9ly f\nd its admir]s 9 read]s2 x nev] _h a long run on ! /age4 77 ,if we n[ consid] our subject f an opposite po9t ( view x may be admitt$ t we c suffici5tly make ourselves acqua9t$ ) & assimilate ! hi/orical cont5t ( a =m] my?ology & all t is mo/ /range to ourselves 9 e>li] conditions ( /ate-life & national cu/om to secure ?r\gh su* an intimacy )1 ! g5]al culture !n prevail+ a v>i$ k ( ! pa/4 ,9 fact1 ?is acqua9tance ) ! art1 my?ology1 lit]ature1 cultus1 & usages ( antiquity is ! />t+ po9t ( our pres5t sy/em ( education4 ,e s*oolboy kn[s some?+ ab\t ! gods & h]oes ( ,greece & ! prom95t *>act]s 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,x is !re=e q possible1 9 s f> z !y really ent] into ! imag9ative life ( our own times1 t we may f9d enjoym5t 9 ! imag9ative repres5tation ( su* *>act]s & int]e/s4 ,x is fur!r impossible to pr$ict :e!r or no su* an intimacy may n be ev5tually c>ri$ equally z f> 9 ! case ( ! ,indian1 ,egyptian1 & ,sc&9avian my?ologies4 ,we may fur!r obs]ve t 9 ! religi\s conceptions ( all ^! peoples ! ,univ]sal ,god is pres5t$4 ,! det]m9ate =m1 h[ev]1 ( su* conceptions1 t is to say1 ! p>ticul> gods ( ,greece or ,india1 are no long] true = u z s p]sonifi$4 ,we d n believe 9 _! exi/5ce1 & ! pleasure we take 9 !m is d]iv$ f _! appeal to our imag9ation4 ,= ?is reason !y /& entirely ap>t f our deepe/ emotional life1 & we c imag9e no?+ m empty & cold ?an su* exclamations we he> only too (t5 9 op]a3 ,o ye gods6 or ,o ,jupit]6 or ev5 ,o ,isis & ,osiris6 ,& ! folly ( x all rea*es its height :5 we h ! wret*$ saws ( oracul> wisdom ?r[n 9--& ! op]a c seldom get along )\t !m--a position ( dignity :i* n[adays = ! fir/ "t 9 tragic drama is occupi$ by pure folly & clairvoyance4 ,! same criticism applies ) equal tru? to all o!r hi/orical mat]ial relat+ to national cu/oms1 laws1 & ! l4 ,su* hi/orical fact is excell5t 9 its way1 b x belongs to ! pa/2 & :5 x has once ceas$ to h any?+ 9 common ) pres5t life x necess>ily ceases1 9 spite ( all our k ( x1 to belong to u4 ,we h1 9 %ort1 no int]e/#cii 9 :at has pass$ away on ! m]e gr\nd t x once exi/$4 ,:at is hi/orical c only truly be said to belong to u :5 x is ! possession ( ! nation1 to :i* we ourselves belong1 or :5 we are able to reg>d ! pres5t z 9 a g5]al way casually connect$ ) ! ev5ts 9 "q1 to ^: cont9u\s s]ies ! *>act]s or actions repres5t$ are unit$ by a bond ( ess5tial memb]%ip4 ,= if we c>efully consid] ! matt] we %all f9d t ! m]e fact ( be+ =m]ly b\nd toge!r ) ! same ext]nal environm5t & p to :i* we ourselves belong is n suffici5t--r ! v "p ( our nation mu/ pres5t features 9 /ill clos] relation to ! conditions1 life1 & exi/5ce ( our own times4 ,to take an example ( :at we mean1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! ,niebelung5li$ geographically on a soil t belongs to u /ill1 b ! ,burgundians & ,k+ ,etzel are s absolutely cut (f f all t t\*es our pres5t civilization & e int]e/ :i* is n[ co9cid5t ) patriotism t1 )\t borr[+ any?+ f ! le>n+ ( ! subject1 x is b simple tru? to say we feel inf9itely m at home 9 ! poems ( ,hom]#djj4 ,klop/ock1 no d\bt1 9 8 en?usiasm = ev]y?+ t conc]n$ ! ,fa!rl&1 0 prompt$ to sub/itute 8 ,sc&9avian gods = ^? ( ,hell5ic my?ology2 b1 = all 8 zeal1 ,wotan1 ,walhalla1 & ,freja rema9 m]e names = u1 :i* appeal to our imag9ations & patriotic emotions ev5 less ?an ,zeus & 8 compe]s ( ,olympus4 ,! po9t above all we desire to emphasize is ?is4 ,works ( art are n compos$ prim>ily = ! m]e /ud5t or ! pr(essor1 b ) ! express purpose t !y %all be intelligible on _! face1 & a s\rce ( enjoym5t )\t any "o hav+ to und]take fir/ a circuit\s r\te ( ext5sive hi/orical inve/igation4 ,= ,art is n address$ to a small & select circle ( ! privileg$ few1 b to ! nation at l>ge4 ,:at1 moreov]1 is g5]ally valid = a "w ( art applies also to ! ext]nal =m ( ! hi/orical reality !re9 portray$4 ,su* exposition also mu/ express itself ) cle>ness op5 to ! common appreh5sion requir+ no consid]able rese>* to make x intelligible1 mu/ be cle> to ourselves z repres5tations ( our c5tury & our own p1 s t we may be able to f9d ourselves entirely at home 9 x1 & n h be=e u a _w =eign to t we live 91 if n actually un9telligible4 77 ,consid]ations su* z ! =ego+ h already br\ght u )9 rea* ( ! tru] conception ( ! objective tru? ( art & ! mode "u :i* x assimilates ! mat]ial ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,we propose n[ to (f] fur!r illu/rations 9 support ( ! same4 77 ,& we may />t at once by draw+ att5tion to a *>act]i/ic :i* is common alike to ! g5u9e national poetry ( all peoples & 9 e p]iod ( pa/ hi/ory1 namely1 t ! hi/orical & =mal aspect ( t poetry is entirely national1 t is to say1 x reta9s no?+ incongru\s to ! p = :om x is compos$4 ,?is is a feature %>$ alike by ! great epics ( ,india1 ! ,hom]ic poems & ! ,greek drama4 ,sophocles nev] made 8 ,philoctetes1 ,antigone1 ,ajax1 ,ore/es1 dipus1 8 *oregi & *oruses speak 9 ! spee* & mann] t w\ld h be5 entirely appropriate to _! own times4 ,! ,spani>ds h writt5 _! romances ( ! ,cid "u ! same guid+ pr9ciple4 ,tasso 9 8 ,j]usalem ,lib]at$ celebrat$ ! univ]sal int]e/s ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/5dom4 ,camo5s1 ! poet ( ,portugal1 depict$ ! discov]y ( ! seaway to ! ,ea/ ,indies r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & all ! inf9itely v>i\s adv5tures ( ! sea h]oes t made x possible2 & ^! acts ( d>+ 7 ! acts ( 8 own p4 ,%akespe>e ?rew into dramatic =m ! tragic hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry & ev5 a ,voltaire wrote 8 ,h5riade4 ,f> inde$ h we ,g]mans /ray$ f ! pa? ?us m>k$ = u :5 we hope to "w up into national epics hi/ories remote f our own1 :i* c>ry no long] ) !m a national int]e/ ( any k9d4 ,bodm]'s ,noa*ide & ,kloptock's ,messias h />t$ a new fa%ion ( _! own1 ay1 z !y h ov]turn$ t old "o :i* taught u t x r$\nds to a nation's glory to h its ,hom]1 to say no?+ ( its ,p9d> & ,sophocles4 ,^? biblical /ories1 x is true1 pres5t po9ts ( special aff9ity ) ! national imag9ation ow+ to our close acqua9tance ) ! old & new ,te/am5ts2 b ! hi/orical mat]ial 9 its association ) anci5t cu/om & ! l rema9s = all t only intelligible to ! savant1 & all ! mo/ ( u c pick up f su* epics is ! prosaic int]fusion ( ev5ts & *>act]s1 :i*1 9 su* a process ( translation1 h m]ely "s novel =m ( spee* ?ru/ into _! m\?s1 & ! f9al result c only impress u z holl[ & artificial4 77 ,at ! same "t art _c be re/rict$ :olly to mat]ial borr[$ f "o nation4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ! m nationalities h come into contact ) "o ano!r1 ! m _! poets h look$ abroad among all nations & times = ! subject-matt] ( _! poems4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be ! case1 x is none ! less an error to suppose t ! m]e fact t a poet is able1 s to speak1 to live into times alo( f 8 own at once /amps him z a man ( creative g5ius4 ,x is m to ! po9t to recollect t ?is hi/orical framework mu/1 9 ! co-ord9ation ( a poem1 be reta9$ only 9 /rict subord9ation1 & z a means ( express+ t :i* p]man5tly belongs to our humanity4 ,precisely 9 ?is way ! ,middle ,ages long ago borr[$ mu* f antiquity1 b s absolutely suffus$ x ) ! cont5t ( its own epo* t1 9 ?is respect v]g+ on ! opposite extreme1 we really get no?+ f t antiquity b ! b>e names ( ,alex&]1 ,a5eas1 & ! emp]or ,octavius4 ,fir/ 9 importance1 !n1 is ?is p]man5t condition ( true art1 imm$iate intelligibility4 ,x w be f\nd an inv>iable tru? t all nations h emphasiz$ precisely t 9 ?is life :i* 0 mo/ agreeable to _! arti/ic s5se1 _! desire be+ always to f9d :at 0 mo/ intimate to !mselves1 _! life & exi/5ce 9 _! art4 ,x 0 ?is indep5d5t flav\r ( patriotism :i* ,cald]on work$ into su* *>act]s z 8 ,z5obia & ,semiramis2 & ,%akespe>e 9 ! same way 0 able to impr9t ^u ! mo/ v>i$ subject-matt] ! hall-m>k ( 8 ,engli% ance/ry1 al?\gh he knew h[ to pres]ve along ) x ! ess5tial traits ( hi/orical *>act]s belong+ to nations =eign to 8 own1 ! ,roman = example1 9 a f> pr(\nd] degree ?an 0 possible to ! ,spani% poets4 ,ev5 ! ,greek trag$ians _h _! eyes con/antly direct$ to ! actual conditions ( _! times & ! p>ticul> city 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,! dipus ,colonus 9 its local ref]5ces is n m]ely 9 a peculi> way associat$ ) ,a!ns b1 by virtue ( ! fact t dipus dies 9 ?is locality1 at once indicates him z ! future ,pres]v] ( t city4 ,9 some:at o!r associations ! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus is1 ow+ to ! decisive s5t5ce ( ! ,areopagus1 m>k$ by an int]e/ ( m vital int]e/ to ! ,a!nians#dja4 ,on ! o!r h& ,greek my?ology1 despite all ! v>i$ & (t repeat$ use t has be5 made ( x s9ce ! revival ( ! arts & le>n+1 has nev] fully come home to ! g5]al s5se ( mod]n emotions & 9 v>i\s degrees 9 ! pla/ic arts & /ill m 9 poetry1 despite its v ext5sive influ5ce "h1 has fail$ to ar\se real en?usiasm4 ,no "o ?9ks n[ ( writ+ an ode to ,v5us1 ,zeus1 or ,pallas#djb4 ,sculpture1 x is true1 c h>dly get along ev5 9 mod]n times )\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,greek ,pan!on1 b = t v reason x is ma9ly only appreciat$ by & intelligible to a select circle ( cultivat$ m5 :o are ei!r connoisseurs or critics4 ,z "o ( ^!1 ,goe! sp>$ no pa9s 9 8 endeav\r to ar\se 9 contempor>y arti/s an en?usiasm :i* %\ld g s f> z to imitate ! pictures ( ,philo/ratus1 b = ! mo/ "p 8 pa9s 7 ?r[n away4 ,su* examples ( ! "w ( antiquity1 on acc\nt ( ! v flav\r ( pa/ "t & a life t has vani%$1 :i* cl+s to !m1 rema9 z /range to contempor>y art z !y d to ! g5]al public4 ,z a contr>y example ( real success on ! "p ( ,goe! we may in/ance ! f> pr(\nd] insight he has %[n u dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( 8 poetic activity 9 fus+ by means ( 8 ,we//li*] ,divan ! col\r ( ! ,ea/ ) ! poetry t really appeals to u to-day1 giv+ to ! ,ori5t1 9 fact1 its mod]n embodim5t4 ,9 ?is process ( assimilation he has cle>ly %[n himself alive to ! fact t he is a poet ( ! ,we/ & a ,g]man z well1 & consequ5tly :ile pres]v+ ! fundam5tal key-note ( ! ,ori5tal _s 9 8 del9eation ( *>act]s & situations to :i* x 0 appropriate1 0 able at ! same "t fully to satisfy ! claims ( ! mod]n _s & ^? ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,subject to su* res]vations x is und\bt$ly 9 ! prov9ce ( a poet to borr[ 8 mat]ial f remote regions1 pa/ c5turies & =eign nations1 ma9ta9+ 9 _! broad & mo/ *>act]i/ic outl9es ! hi/orical =m ( anci5t my?ology1 cu/om1 & in/itution4 ,at ! same "t he w take c>e to utilize su* =ms only z ! ext]nal frame ( 8 del9eations1 nev] p]mitt+ ! ess5tial cont5t ( su* productions to fall into any di%>mony ) ! pr(\nd] in/9cts ( 8 own native _w4 ,z ! mo/ extraord9>y example ( ?is ,goe!'s ,iphig5ia /ill /&s )\t a rival4 ,9 _! relation to su* a trans=mation ! sev]al arts dispose ( _! mat]ial v diff]5tly4 ,9 ! love-poems ( lyrical poetry v little use is made ( local associations depict$ ) hi/orical accuracy4 ,! emotional situation & ! movem5t ( s5tim5t is "h ! ma9 ?+4 ,we receive1 = example1 9 ! sonnets ( ,petr>* a v small sub/ratum ( natural fact relatively to ,laura1 h>dly any?+ m ?an h] "n1 :i* might j z well h be5 ano!r4 ,( local int]e/ we get ! b>e/ scraps1 & t entirely ( g5]al significance1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( ! f\nta9 ( ,vaucluse & ?+s ( t k9d4 ,epical poetry1 on ! contr>y1 requires ! greate/ detail 9 its natural descriptions1 & we are mo/ readily pleas$ ) _! hi/orical tru?1 provid$ always t ! picture is bo? cle> & intelligible4 ,! use ( ! ext]nal tru? ( hi/orical facts pres5ts ! greate/ pitfalls to dramatic art1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to its !atrical pres5tation1 :]e ev]y?+ is directly address$ to an audi5ce1 or purports to /rike ^u s5se ) ! vividness ( life1 s t we are will+ to recognize & entru/ ourselves !re9 ) equal directness4 ,"h ! del9eation ( hi/orical tru? 9 its ext]nal aspects mu/ = ! mo/ "p be ( subsidi>y importance1 9 fact reta9 little m ?an ! framework ( x4 ,x mu/1 9 %ort1 rema9 true to t natural relation we f9d 9 love-poetry1 9 :i* at ! same "t t we are able completely to sympa?ize ) ! feel+s express$ 9 e way ano!r "n is giv5 to ! belov$ ?an t ( ! lady mo/ lov$ by ourselves#djc4 ,x does n "h 9 ! lea/ signify :e!r or no our critics fail to discov] absolute precision 9 ! picture pres5t$ ( ! p>ticul> mann]s1 culture1 & emotional expression ( ! "t4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's hi/orical dramas we f9d a great deal t rema9s /range to u & ( no consid]able int]e/4 ,we are cont5t$ en\gh on a m]e read+1 b 9 ! !atre our enjoym5t ceases4 ,critics & m5 ( le>n+ no d\bt /ick fa/ to _! idea t su* exquisite scraps ( g5u9e hi/ory %\ld be pres5t$ on ! /age on _! own m]its & come d[n sev]ely ^u ! wret*$ ta/e ( ! public1 :5 x lets u see h[ bor$ x is ov] su* ?+s4 ,un=tunately a "w ( art & ! direct enjoym5t we receive f x is 9 no s5se p>ticul>ly = critics or savants1 b = ?is v public4 ,critics h really no reason to give !mselves su* airs4 ,!y are aft] all b units ( ?is public1 & ! m]e att5tion to hi/orical detail c be ( z little s]i\s int]e/ to !m z any o!r memb]s ( x4 ,= ?is reason ! ,engli% n[adays 9 _! !atrical p]=mances only include su* sc5es f ! ,%akespe>ean drama :i* require no?+ fur!r to make !m cle> & intelligible1 be+ happily free f ! p$antry ( our ae/hetic pr(essors :o held t all t is mo/ remote 9 hi/orical incid5t f ! appreh5sion ( an av]age audi5ce %\ld be ?ru/ be=e _! eyes4 ,x foll[s also f our view ( ! matt] t :5 =eign dramas are reproduc$ on ! /age ! public is cle>ly entitl$ to h !m consid]ably remodell$#djd4 ,ev5 t :i* is excell5t 9 itself may require "s alt]ation4 ,no d\bt x w be cont5d$ t :at is ess5tially fir/-rate art reta9s its excell5ce = all times2 b a "w ( art has also an aspect ( transitory wor?1 :i* yields to ! ye>s1 & x is ?is ( c\rse :i* requires remodell+4 ,z p *ange s too ! s5se ( beauty alt]s2 & x is important t ! p>ticul> public1 be=e :om any "w is repres5t$1 %\ld feel !mselves q at home 9 ! :ole ( su* a "w includ+ t aspect :i* d]ives all its significance f ext]nal hi/ory4 ,x is ?is conditional acceptance ( hi/orical tru? :i* at once expla9s & ju/ifies t :i* is g5]ally kn[n 9 ,art z ana*ronism1 & :i* is usually attribut$ to arti/s z a s]i\s defect4 ,prim>ily su* examples ( ana*ronism w be f\nd to atta* to matt]s ( purely ext]nal int]e/4 ,t a ,fal/aff %\ld talk ab\t pi/ols is no matt] ( consequ5ce :atev]4 ,! case is m s]i\s :5 we h a viol9 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,orpheus1 = "h ! association ( su* prehi/orical times ) an in/rum5t s ess5tially mod]n z ! viol91 "o :i* ev]ybody kn[s 0 n inv5t$ 9 ^? days1 pres5ts too gl>+ a violation ( tru?4 ,= ?is reason x is n[ ! fa%ion 9 !atrical circles to be/[ incr$ible pa9s & c>e ^u ! hi/orical accuracy ( details 9 ! matt] ( co/ume & ! gett+ up ( a piece1 z1 = example1 ! inf9ite tr\ble lavi%$ ^u ! hi/orical procession 9 ! ,maid ( ,orleans4#dje ,su* ef=ts are 9 ! majority ( eases lo/ lab\r1 = ! simple reason t !y only conc]n matt]s ( relative int]e/ or po9ts t might be :olly pass$ ov]4 ,! m important type ( ana*ronisms has no?+ :atev] to d ) /age co/ume & all t ) :i* /age bus9ess is conc]n$1 b consi/s 9 mak+ *>act]s express _! emotions & ideas1 v5ture ^u soliloquies & actions 9 a =m or ( a sub/ance :i* absolutely contradicts ! conditions ( _! times & culture1 _! religi\s & g5]al preconceptions4 ,x is common to apply ! conception ( natural tru? to su* examples ( ana*ronism1 9 o!r words1 to say t x is unnatural = *>act]s to speak or act o!rwise ?an !y w\ld h spok5 & act$ 9 _! own days4 ,if we /ick1 h[ev]1 too closely to ! logic ( ?is naturalism we %all only l& ourselves 9 fur!r complications#djf4 ,= an arti/1 9 depict+ ! emotional life ) all t results f x1 & ! fundam5tal passions t belong to x1 be+ ma9ly int]e/$ 9 ! affirmation ( individuality1 ought n m]ely to repeat t life "u its ord9>y daily dress2 x is r 8 bus9ess to %[ e true manife/ation ( pa?os 9 ! p>ticul> light :i* be/ reveals its real quality4 ,! :ole object ( 8 atta9m5t z an arti/ is n m]ely to und]/& :at is ( vital significance 9 ! tru? he faces1 b to be able to give x ! precise =m :i* w be/ direct our own eyes & e>s & he>t to 8 own discov]y4 ,to atta9 ?is x is obvi\s t he mu/ keep 9 view ! p>ticul> culture ( 8 own "t no less ?an all its v>i\s p[]s ( expression4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,trojan w> ! k9d ( spee* 9 g5]al use1 & inde$ ! :ole fabric ( social life1 0 z f> remov$ f ! type ( culture :i* is reflect$ on u f ! pages ( ! ,iliad z ! mass ( ! nation & ! pre-em95t wor?ies ( ! royal h\ses !n reign+ 9 ,greece 7 sep>at$ f ! fully develop$ =m ( ideas & expression su* z ar\se our wond] :5 we read our ,aes*ylus1 or behold ! p]fect$ beauty ( ! /yle ( ,sophocles4 ,a violation ( ! s-call$ pa? ( ,nature ( ?is k9d is 9 art an ana*ronism impli$ 9 h] laws4 ,! inw>d k]nel ( t :i* %e reveals rema9s unaffect$1 b ! m develop$ p[] at ! arti/'s comm&1 9 reveal+ & disclos+ ?is ess5tial core ( 8 subject1 r5d]s "s *ange 9 ! mode ( its expression inevitable4 ,x is a :olly diff]5t matt] :5 a modification ( ?is k9d proce$s s f> z to impose ideas & conceptions ( a lat] =m ( ! religi\s & moral consci\sness on a c5tury or a nation ^: entire spiritual outlook is oppos$ to su* m rec5t conceptions4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion has ga!r$ 9 its tra9 =ms ( ! moral life1 :i* 7 entirely =eign to ! moral consci\sness ( anci5t ,greece4 ,t inw>d introspection ( consci5ce1 = example1 ev] on ! al]t to decide ! e?ical significance ( action1 ) its accompany+ remorse & rep5tance1 fir/ appe>s 9 ! moral culture ( a m mod]n date4 ,! h]oic "* kn[s no?+ ( a rep5tance :i* sets itself 9 ho/ility to its pa/4 ,:at x has done x abides by4 ,ore/es does n rep5t ( 8 "m's murd]4 ,! ,furies t rise out ( ! %ad[ ( 8 action pursue him1 no d\bt2 b ! ,eum5ides are1 at ! same "t1 repres5t$ z univ]sal p[]s1 & n z voices t cry out to him f 8 own consci5ce simply4 ,?is v he>t & sub/ance ( a giv5 p]iod ( man's hi/ory a poet mu/ ma/]1 & only :5 we f9d him int]fus+ ) ?is c5tral core ( reality matt] t directly contradicts x is he guilty ( any truly grave ana*ronism4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 we may say t x is inde$ "p ( ! poet's function to live into ! _s ( pa/ times & =eign peoples1 = ?is sub/ance ( _! life1 if x be truly su*1 rema9s a possession = all "t2 b to attempt to reflect ) e accuracy ( detail all ! def9ition ( t ext]nal %[ n[ buri$ b5ea? ! ru/ ( antiquity is m]ely ! ef=t ( a le>n+ ess5tially *ildi%1 int5t on pres]v+ :at is itself %ad[ r ?an sub/ance4 ,no d\bt ev5 9 ?is direction1 ! tru? ( g5]al outl9es %\ld be c>efully respect$1 b nev] to su* l5g?s z w\ld compel art to =feit h] claim ( draw+ ^u ! fiction ( h] inv5tion1 & ! tru? ( fact ) equal imp>tiality4 77 ,we are n[ 9 a bett] condition to und]/& all t is really impli$ 9 ! assimilation by art ( t :i* is /range 9 ! ext]nal features ( remote hi/ory1 & ! true conception ( ! objective life ( h] creations4 ,a "w ( art mu/ prim>ily enclose = u )9 its embrace ! high] int]e/s ( _s & volitional p[]1 all t is ess5tially human1 & possesses real weight1 ! dep?s1 t is to say1 ( man's emotional life4 ,! ma9 ?+ ( all is t ?is embodi$ cont5t#djg %\ld transpi]ce all purely ext]nal conditions ( manife/ation1 %\ld r+1 z x 71 ?r\gh all t is less vital 9 its significance#djh ?is fundam5tal *ord ( tru?4 ,! real objectivity1 !re=e1 unfolds z f a %ea?1 ! pa?os1 t is ! sub/antive cont5t ( a situation1 unfolds1 moreov]1 ! ri* & p[]ful p]sonality 9 :i* ! ess5tial phases ( _s are alive1 & f9d _! realization & expression4 ,= su* embodim5t all t is absolutely indisp5sable is a def9ition & det]m9ation ( ! real1 :i* is g5]ally suitable to ! object ?us def9$1 & :i* requires no?+ fur!r to expla9 x4 ,if we h once got hold ( su* a =m unfold$ 9 /rict accordance ) our ,ideal pr9ciple1 !n we h a "w ( art ess5tially objective 9 ! true s5se1 & ! "q :e!r ea* & e hi/orical detail is ju/ifi$ is ( no fur!r importance4 ,we h be=e u a "w ( art :i* appeals directly to our inn] life1 & "o :i* is our own possession4 ,once possess$ ( t1 & we may take z mu* z we please ( t elem5t ( ! =m :i* lay m closely to p]iods ( life :i* h pass$2 b ! et]nal f\ndation is t :i* appeals to all m5 9 all places1 :i* is c>ri$ =w>d ) a p[] t nev] wanes or fails to influ5ce u1 & x does s because ! objective life x reveals is ! same t ab\nds 9 & ov]fl[s our own s\ls4 ,t :i* is m]ely hi/orical 9 ! appe>ance is1 on ! contr>y1 ! elem5t t vani%es2 &1 9 deal+ ) works ( art creat$ 9 days remote f our own1 we mu/ d our be/ to resolve ! discordance1 &1 inde$1 mu/ be fully prep>$ to blot out f our vision simil> defects 9 works t spr+ f our own times4 ,?us x is t ! ,psalms ( ,david1 ) _! immortal celebration ( ! ,"l 9 ,8 goodness1 & ! wra? ( ,8 almight9ess1 no less ?an ! pr(\nd sorr[s ( ! ,hebrew prophets z !y face ,babylon & ,zion1 t\* m5 ) ! same =ce to-day z !y did ( old "t3 nay1 ev5 a moral diatribe1 su* z is sung by ,s>a/ro 9 ! ,zaub]flte1 may come home to ! he>ts ( u all1 includ+ ! sons ( ,egypt#dji1 ow+ to ! s\l & vitality :i* r+s ?r\gh its melodies4 ,& we may add t e individual to :om a "w ( art objective 9 ?is1 ! true s5se1 is pres5t$1 mu/ on 8 "p disc>d 8 own false prepossessions1 :]e9 he m]ely wi%es to f9d 8 own idiosyncrasies repeat$4 ,on ! fir/ reproduction ( ,william ,tell1 x appe>s1 n a s+le ,swiss among ! audi5ce 0 satisfi$4 ,9 mu* ! same way1 :5 ! mo/ beautiful love-songs h be5 sung1 _m ano!r1 fail+ to f9d !re9 8 own passions reflect$1 has presum$ to ?9k ! beauty untrue to life2 j z s _m m1 ^: k ( love is conf9$ to ! p]usal ( romances1 h imag9$ t ! love-god w\ld only !n be _! immortal possession :5 !y f\nd !mselves face to face ) precisely ! same emotions & situations _! fav\rite /udies _h prop\nd$4 ,c4 ,,! ,,arti/ ,we h1 9 ?is fir/ "p ( our ae/hetical philosophy1 exam9$ z a fir/ /ep ! univ]sal ,idea ( beauty2 we !n proce$$ to inquire 9 :at respects x 0 defective 9 its exi/5ce z ! beauty ( ,nature1 & aft] ?us cle>+ ! way we 7 9 a position to grasp ! complete notion ( ! ,ideal z ! adequate realization ( beauty4 ,we develop$ ! ,ideal1 fir/1 z conceiv$ ab/ractly accord+ to ! g5]al notion ( x1 & hav+ det]m9$ t 7 assi/$ !reby to elucidate ! modes ( its p>ticul> manife/ations4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z a "w ( art has its orig9 9 ! human _s x requires ! pregnant activity ( an individual life f :i* x proce$s1 & z ! creation ( ! same exi/s = o!rs1 t is1 a ,public :i* is emotionally receptive4 ,?is spiritual & in=m+ activity is ! imag9ation ( ! arti/4 ,we h consequ5tly n[1 & ?is is ! ?ird & la/ aspect ( ! ,ideal to :i* we %all ref]1 to raise ! "q h[ x comes ab\t t ?is product ( m5's inn] _w is n ! direct & native gr[?#daj ( t _w1 b receives its due =m ?r\gh ! creative impulse ( p>ticul> m51 9 o!r words1 by virtue ( ! g5ius & tal5t ( ! arti/4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ admit t ! "q is only rais$ t we may be able to add ! /atem5t t x really is exclud$ f ! sph]e ( sci5tific inve/igation1 or1 at ! mo/1 we c only furni% a few g5]al rem>ks t[>ds its solution4 ,yet x is und\bt$ly a "q frequ5tly rais$ ?is1 namely1 f :at s\rce an arti/ receives ! gift & faculty ( conception & execution ) :i* he creates 8 "w4 ,we %\ld all ( u l1 no d\bt1 to h a ready prescription1 a recipe ( :at we mu/ exactly d1 :at conditions we mu/ impose on ourselves to produce some?+ z wond]ful4 ,we w\ld emulate ,c>d9al von ,e/e :5 he ask$ ,ario/o1 ) ref]5ce to 8 rag+ ,rol&3 ,b1 ,ma/] ,l\is1 :]e 9 ! _w did y get all ?is damn$ /uff f8 ,raphael repli$ to a simil> "q 9 a lett] we /ill possess1 t he 0 hunt+ aft] a c]ta9 idea4 ,! m obvi\s aspects ( arti/ic activity we propose to exam9e "u ! foll[+ heads ( discussion3 ,fir/1 we w give our def9ition ( ! g5]al conception ( arti/ic g5ius & ! inspiration x implies4 ,secondly1 we w make a few obs]vations on ! objective "* ( ?is creative activity4 ,?irdly1 we w endeav\r to asc]ta9 9 virtue ( :at real arti/ic orig9ality consi/s4 #a4 ,,imag9ation1 ,,g5ius1 ,,& ,,inspiration ,be=e inquir+ m closely into ! mean+ ( ! t]m g5ius we mu/ obvi\sly limit ! field )9 :i* we propose to discuss x4 ,g5ius is an expression ( v wide connotation1 & is us$ n m]ely 9 its application to arti/s1 b equally :5 we ref] to great g5]als & k+s1 z also to ! h]oic capta9s ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,= ! sake ( simplification we w\ld once m discuss ! di/9ctions involv$ "u a triple division ( our subject-matt]4 7a7 ,! ,imag9ation#daa ,! mo/ conspicu\s faculty ( an arti/ :i* arre/s our att5tion :5 we direct x expressly ^u ! capacities impli$ 9 arti/ic productivity is ! imag9ation4 ,& we mu/ be c>eful "h n to confuse x ) a vision>y fancy :i* is :olly passive4 ,! imag9ation creates4 77 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 we %all f9d t ?is creative activity c>ries ) x 9 possession & end[m5t a peculi> p[] ( grasp+ reality & ! =ms x pres5ts1 all t ?r\gh ! *annels ( al]t eyes & e>s impr9ts pictures ( inf9ite v>iety caught f ! ext]nal _w ^u ! m9d1 & fur!r implies an exceptionally ret5tive memory :]e9 to /ore up ?is v>i$ _w ( innum]able reflections4 ,! arti/1 !re=e1 9 ?is initial /age ( our analysis is n m]ely ?r[n back ^u images ( 8 own creation1 b is r compell$ to turn aside f ! dull level ( ideals falsely s call$ & to boldly ent] ! fields ( ,nature & ,life4 ,to attempt art or poetry m]ely ) fanciful ideas ( our own is always a suspici\s way ( />t+ on our j\rney2 = ! arti/ mu/ m\ld 8 creations f ! abundance ( 8 life & by no means f ! ov]plus ( ab/ract g5]alities4 ,x is n1 z 9 philosophy1 ?\ghts1 b ! real ext]nal =ms ( :at actually exi/s :i* furni%es ! mat]ial = arti/ic production4 ,9 contact ) ?is raw mat]ial to "w ^u ! arti/ mu/ feel ?or\ghly at home4 ,he mu/ h se5 mu*1 he>d mu*1 & /or$ away a great deal z well2 & 9 illu/ration ( ?is we almo/ inv>iably f9d t a great p]sonality is di/+ui%$ by a capaci\s memory4 ,all t int]e/s mank9d he w lay hold (1 & ! m pr(\nd 8 _s ! m x w enl>ge ! field ( its int]e/s 9 c\ntless directions4 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* we f9d ! g5ius ( ,goe! fir/ op5$ its w+s1 & ?r\gh\t 8 life ! circle ( 8 _s's re/less horizon broad5$ & broad5$4 ,?is peculi> gift ( receptiv5ess1 ?is int]e/ 9 ! compreh5sion ( facts aft] _! true def9itions & col\r1 _! /eadfa/ adh]5ce to ! tru? ( exp]i5ce is ! fir/ ?+ we look = 9 a great arti/4 ,& ?is accurate k ( ! tru? ( =m mu/ be accompani$ 9 equal measure by a prov$ acqua9tance ) ! s\ls ( m51 ! passions t rise 9 ! he>t1 & ev]y?+ t x ye>ns & /rives =4 ,&1 9 addition to ?is tw(old armory ( k1 he mu/ und]/& yet fur!r all ! v>i\s ways t ?is _w ( ! human s\l expresses itself on ! face ( ! reality :i* confronts 8 s5ses1 transpi]c+ ?us ! out] veil4 77 ,b1 9 ! second place1 ?is imag9ative p[] is n exhau/$ ) m]ely receiv+ t :i* is pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 or is inf]r$ z ! cont5t ( ! human s\l4 ,! ideal "w ( art does n m]ely embrace ! outw>d semblance ( ! inw>d _s z clo!d 9 ! =ms ( its actual exi/5ce1 b %\ld r succe$ 9 manife/+ ! ess5tial tru? & reason ( ! real itself4 ,?is elem5t ( reason1 z det]m9$ 9 ! p>ticul> object ! arti/ has select$1 mu/ n m]ely be press$ 9 8 own consci\sness1 z an active influ5ce1 b mu/ already h be5 reflect$ ^u 9 t ess5tial & ri* significance :i* br+s x into relation ) ! entire bread? & dep? ( reality4 ,)\t reflection no man c grasp fully ! weal? t is 9 him1 & x is consequ5tly an insep>able feature ( any great "w ( art t ev]y?+ :i* atta*es to x bo? z a :ole & 9 its detail has be5 long & deeply weigh$ & ?\ght out4 ,no arti/ic "w ( real /]l+ value c be ?r[n (f ) any m]e imag9ative t\r de =ce4#dab ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 sugge/ t ! arti/ mu/ !re=e compreh5d 9 ! =m ( philosophical ?\ght ?is ess5tial core ( reason 9 8 exp]i5ce2 albeit su* is ! fundam5tal rock ^u :i* religion no less ?an philosophy & art is bas$4 ,philosophy is by no means ess5tial to 8 outfit2 &1 9 fact1 if he once beg9s to ?9k ab\t ?+s z a philosoph]1 he busies himself ) modes ( ?\ght :i* are diametrically oppos$ to t :i* %\ld engage an arti/'s att5tion4 ,= :at ! imag9ation und]takes to d & only to d is n to br+ to consci\sness ?is inn] core ( reason 9 ! =m ( g5]al propositions & conceptions1 b to appreh5d x clo!d 9 ! concrete =m ( actual exi/5ce & individuality4 ,all t f]m5ts )9 8 life ! arti/ mu/ reproduce 9 ! body & envisagem5t1 ^: connect$ picture & g5]al outl9es he has already assimilat$ f ! _w outside1 mak+ su* s f> subs]vi5t to 8 creative ef=t t !y 9 _! turn may p>ticipate 9 ! tru? ( 8 own sub/ance & enable him to cr[n x ) complete expression4 ,9 ?is int]fusion ( an intelligible cont5t ) an embodim5t receiv$ f actual exi/5ce ! arti/ w avail himself ( ! ev] wakeful circumspection ( 8 reflective faculties no less ?an ! deep res\rces ( emotional life :i* leave ! /amp ( vitality on 8 "w4 ,x is consequ5tly b "o m sample ( critical ab]ration to imag9e t poems su* z ! ,hom]ic 7 introduc$ to our poet 9 8 sleep4 ,)\t intellig5t al]tness1 division1 & di/9ctions ( ea* "p z relat$ to ! :ole1 an arti/ w be unable to ass]t 8 ma/]y ov] any =m :atsoev] t he may wi% =2 only fools are ( ! op9ion t ! g5u9e arti/ does n 9 ! lea/ "k :at 8 h&s & s5ses are ab\t4 ,moreov]1 ! conc5tration ( ! arti/'s emotional life on ea* aspect ( 8 "w is also z necess>y to its success z ! conc5tration ( 8 m9d4 ,= x is ma9ly ?r\gh ! impression ( emotion1 :i* p]meates & gives a vital col\r to ! entire "w1 t ! arti/ ass]ts 8 claim to ! sub/ance & embodim5t ( 8 creation z a "p ( 8 own spiritual sub/ance1 z some?+ he1 a giv5 p]sonality1 may peculi>ly call 8 own4 ,= ! ext]nal aspect ( 8 "w1 ! m]e picture ( x z we may say1 t5ds r to place u outside x & ap>t2 x is ! emotional en]gy x expresses :i* prim>ily unites x ) aff9ity to our v s\ls4 ,only :5 ?us und]/ood %all we be able to realize ! tru? t an arti/ mu/ n m]ely h mu* look$ ab\t him 9 ! _w & assimilat$ a ri* k bo? ( its outw>d %[ & ! v sub/ance ( its life1 b1 fur!r1 mu/ himself h exp]i5c$ _m ?+s & great ?+s1 ?+s t h mov$ him to ! quick & left _! life-roots 9 8 own he>t & _s--he mu/1 z we say1 h gone ?r\gh mu* & liv$ abundantly--be=e he w f9d himself able to build f 8 /ores 9 ! concrete types ( 8 art some?+ approa*+ ,life's uns\nd$ repletion4 ,& ?is w at once expla9 & ju/ify ! blu/] & f]m5t ( g5ius 9 its y\?1 z amply reflect$ 9 ! lives ( ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,b only ! age ( maturity & gray hairs w br+ u ! p]fect "w ( art 9 all its r\nd$ rip5ess#dac4 7b7 ,tal5t & ,g5ius ,?is productive activity ( ! imag9ation by means ( :i* ! arti/ gives1 by a process ( elaboration to t :i* is ess5tially rational 9 its nature1 a real embodim5t1 a creation m 8 own ?an any?+ else--?is is :at is usually summ>iz$ z g5ius & tal5t4 77 ,we h already drawn att5tion to ^? *>act]i/ics :i* are mo/ obvi\sly ref]able to g5ius4 ,g5ius is ! g5]al capacity ( creat+ a g5u9e example ( f9e art no less ?an ! en]gy impli$ 9 ! execution & elaboration ( ! same4 ,moreov]1 ?is capability & ! p[] :i* goes ) x is ess5tially ! prop]ty ( a human s\l2 t is to say1 self-consci\s individuality alone is able to create 9 ?is s5se t a spiritual creation ( ?is quality is j :at x sets be=e itself to produce4 ,critics1 int5t on clos] def9ition1 are wont to di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 g5ius & tal5t4 ,&1 9 fact1 !y are n absolutely ! same ?+s1 al?\gh x is necess>y to f9d !m unit$ 9 ! arti/ :o w\ld give u arti/ic "w ( ! highe/ class4 ,to be m exact1 ,art1 9 s f> z x g5]ally becomes a p>ticul> art1 & is exemplifi$ = u 9 ! real & def9ite appe>ance ( its products1 requires v>i\s accompli%m5ts appropriate to ! peculi> modes ( its realization4 ,su* =ms ( executive v]satility we may call ) propriety tal5t1 z we may say t anyone possesses a tal5t = p]fect play+ on ! viol91 or anyone else = s++4 ,b a m]e tal5t = ?is or t c only effect = u any?+ really good 9 !1 s to speak1 insulat$ nooks & corn]s ( art#dad2 x moreov] itself requires = its true p]fection some?+ ( m univ]sal art-capacity z also t s\l-animation1 some?+ m :i* is ess5tially ! hall-m>k ( g5ius4 ,tal5t1 9 %ort1 )\t ! vital sp>k ( g5ius1 nev] gets mu* beyond a purely me*anical facility4 77 ,x is also an op9ion v commonly held t sup]ior tal5t & g5ius are inborn4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ di/+ui%2 = if !re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is is true1 f ano!r po9t ( view x is equally mi/ak54 ,no d\bt e man1 by virtue ( 8 humanity1 receives at 8 bir? ! pot5tial gifts ( religion1 ?\ght1 & sci5ce4 ,9 o!r words he w\ld n /rictly be a man if he did n already possess a capacity to grasp ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+1 & g5]ally to become ! subject ( a ?9k+ consci\sness4 ,all t he requires to ga9 ^! ?+s1 9 addition to ! fact ( 8 human bir?1 are education1 culture1 & p]sev]ance4 ,) art1 h[ev]1 ! matt] /&s diff]5tly4 ,art requires specific aptitude#dae1 9 :i* unque/ionably natural end[m5t plays an ess5tial "p4 ,z1 t is to say1 beauty is itself ! ,idea realiz$ 9 t :i* is appreh5d$ z real by ! s5ses1 & a "w ( art embodies ! work+s ( ,_s 9 a =m ( exi/5ce imm$iately cogniz$ by ! eye & ! e>1 9 ! same way ! arti/ mu/ discov] & embody ! cont5t ( 8 art n 9 ! exclusively spiritual =m ( ?\ght1 b )9 ! sph]e ( s5su\s p]ception & feel+1 & inde$ z creator 9 actual relation to a giv5 s5su\s mat]ial & )9 ! limits ( ! same4 ,?is arti/ic creativ5ess consequ5tly encloses )9 itself1 z art does ?r\gh\t1 ! aspect ( imm$iacy envisag$ ) ! directness ( ,nature's own creations1 & x is ?is appe>ance1 :i* ! individual is unable to evolve f himself1 b has to f9d x1 if he f9ds x at all1 z imm$iately pres5t$ to him4 ,h]e9 lies ! significance ( ! /atem5t1 & h]e9 alone1 t g5ius & tal5t are innate4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! sev]al arts adapt !mselves z by a k9d ( natural aff9ity to p>ticul> nations4 ,song & melody are1 we may almo/ say1 ! bir?-gift ( an ,italian2 ) our nor!rn peoples1 on ! contr>y1 music#daf & ! op]a1 ?\gh s]i\sly cultivat$ & ) great success1 are z f> f be+ a real home gr[? z ! orange trees4 ,! ,greeks are conspicu\s = ! native & elaborate beauty ( _! epic poetry1 & mo/ ( all = ! unique p]fection ( _! sculpture4 ,! ,romans nev] possess$ an art t 0 9 any /rict s5se exclusively _! own4 ,all t grew into blossom on _! soil 0 transplant$ f ! g>d5s ( ,greece4 ,! art ^: gr[? has ! wide/ natural range is t ( poetry2 & ! reason ( ?is is t 9 x we require lea/ to draw ^u a s5su\s vehicle = its express$ pres5tm5t4 ,)9 ! prov9ce ( poetry ! folk-song is mo/ ( all native to a p & insep>ably yok$ ) _! natural conditions4 ,= ?is v reason ! folk-song breaks into blossom ev5 9 times ( ! rude/ culture & = ! mo/ "p reta9s ! unconsci\s simplicity ( ,nature h]self4 ,( ?is ,goe! himself is an example4 ,?\gh he produc$ works 9 e type ( poetical expression 8 fir/ songs /ill g deepe/ & c>ry lea/ du/ f ! /udy4 ,9 !m1 too1 !re is lea/ ! flav\r ( culture4 ,! latt]-day ,greek is /ill a liv+ witness to a p ^: native gift x is bo? to write poetry & s+4 ,fauriel has publi%$ a collection ( mod]n ,greek songs1 tak5 = ! mo/ "p j z wom51 nurses1 & s*ool-girls 7 he>d s++ !m1 :o c\ld n = ! _w und]/& :at he f\nd s wond]ful 9 !m4 ,& ?is is a good illu/ration ( ! way t we f9d ,art & its specific appe>ance associate itself ) a p>ticul> national type4 ,9 ! same way ! art ( improvization is m ?an any:]e else ! native gr[? ( ,italy & exemplifi$ !re ) q extraord9>y tal5t4 ,an ,italian w ev5 to-day improvize = y a five-act drama1 & n a ^w ( x is committ$ to memory2 all gr[s up out ( 8 exp]i5ce ( human passions & situations & ! deeply-excit$ inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,z an example we m5tion ! fact t a c]ta9 poor improviz] aft] rhapsodiz+ 9 ?is way = a consid]able "t1 & !n f9ally trudg+ (f on 8 r\nd to collect 8 p5ce f ! by/&]s 9 a batt]$ hat1 0 /ill 9 su* a fume ( poetic fr5zy t he c\ld n br+ 8 declamations to a /op1 wav$ ab\t 9 fact s lu/ily ) 8 arms & h&s t 9 ! end all ! money he _h begg$ 0 %ak5 to ! w9ds4 77 ,x is1 ?irdly#dag1 a *>act]i/ic ( g5ius t x %\ld possess1 & inde$ x is a "p ( ?is natural end[m5t#dah1 facility 9 creat+ t :i* x is impell$ to create1 & 9 adapt+ itself to ! te*nical requirem5ts ( all ! subsidi>y aspects ( arti/ic "w4 ,we talk1 = in/ance1 ( ! fett]s ) :i* ! v]se1 measure1 & rhyme %ackle a poet2 or1 :5 ref]r+ to a pa9t]1 ( ! endless difficulties t draughtsman%ip1 k ( t9ts1 *i>oscuro1 & ! re/ fl+ 9 ! way ( inv5tion & execution4 ,unque/ionably a long c\rse ( /udy is a necess>y condition ( success 9 all ! arts1 a p]sev]ance t nev] tires1 a facility t is cont9ually assi/$ by repetition2 ! great] ! native /r5g?1 h[ev]1 ( ! g5ius or sup]ior gift1 & ! ri*] its res\rces ! less x w feel ! weight ( its ef=t 9 secur+ all ! necess>y accompli%m5ts involv$ 9 creative excell5ce#dai4 ,a really fir/-rate arti/ has ! lu/ ( "w born 9 him & an imp]ative impulse ak9 to any o!r natural want to give arti/ic =m to 8 emotional & imag9ative life t is 9 him4 ,8 emotional life & 8 ideas irresi/ibly run into ?is arti/ic m\ld2 he f9ds z x 7 ! in/rum5t already )9 him made to ! h&1 s fitt$ to express 8 s\l-life t all ! pa9s x takes him to le>n x are z no?+4 ,a musician c ?us unfold to u 9 8 melodies ! dep?s ( all t /irs & moves 8 s\l & only by ?is means4 ,:at he feels is at once waft$ into melody1 j z ! life ( a pa9t] is impress$ ^u =m & col\r1 or t ( a poet is transmut$ into ! creations ( 8 imag9ation1 t poetry :i* clo!s 8 ideas 9 ! beauty & music ( ! writt5 ^w4 ,& ?is gift ( vital =m ! arti/ does n m]ely possess z an imag9ative p[]1 a phantasy1 an emotional impulse t leaves n a wrack beh9d1 b z a direct /imulus ( feel+ to active ent]prise1 z a gift1 t is1 ( real executive accompli%m5t4 ,bo? ( ^! aspects are unit$ 9 ! real arti/4 ,:at spr+s to life 9 8 imag9ation is imm$iately al]t ^u 8 mobile f+]s1 precisely z ! sudd5 ?\ght ( our m9d breaks into ^w f ! tips1 or z our mo/ intimate ?\ghts1 ideas1 & emotions are reflect$ on ! outw>d man & 8 demean\r4 ,g5ius ( ! real /amp1 :5ev] & :]ev] f\nd1 is easily quit ( ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! te*nical work%op2 & inde$ has f\nd ! mo/ begg>ly & app>5tly impracticable mat]ial to accept & embody z x pleas$ ! inw>d %apes ( imag9ation4 ,no d\bt ! end[m5t :i* ! arti/ f9ds z a direct gift to himself mu/ be kept alive & al]t by indefatigable rec\rse to x1 b he mu/ also possess naturally a practical p[] ( imm$iate execution4 ,)\t ?is all ! facility he may h acquir$ 9 imag9ative conception w nev] produce an ess5tially creative "w ( art4 ,! v notion ( art dem&s ( u t bo? ?+s %\ld g toge!r h& 9 h&1 ! productive en]gy ( ! s\l & its te*nical realization 9 ! =ms ( art4 7c7 ,inspiration ,! activity ( ! imag9ation1 !n1 & ! p[] ( te*nical execution1 tak+ bo? toge!r z ! insep>able antec$5ts ( a real arti/1 are commonly und]/ood z inspiration4#dbj 77 ,! fir/ "q t pres5ts itself to u = solution ) reg>d to x is "u :at conditions x arises1 z to :i* _m diff]5t views h be5 held4 77 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! /range notion1 to "s ext5t aris+ f ! g5]al tru? ( ! peculi> intimacy ) :i* g5ius atta*es itself to ! worlds ( consci\s life & ,nature1 t inspiration c be conjur$ up ?r\gh m]e excitation ( ! s5ses4 ,b mak+ our blood dance w n c>ry u f>2 we are /ill a long way (f f ! ,muses1 despite ! *ampagne bottle1 ,su*1 at lea/1 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ,m>montel1 = he tells u t he tri$ x 9 a w9e-cell> ) six ?\s& bottles ( *ampagne to *oose f2 b n a brea? ( ! ,muses pass$ ov] him#dba4 ,ay1 y\r g5ius may be z great z he li/s1 & = all t /ret* himself _m a "t morn+ & ev5+ on ! gre5 grass1 :ile ! fre% breeze floats ov] him1 & />e up into ! sky1 & n a :isp] %all ! inspir$ ,muses brea! 9 8 e>4 77 ,j z little is x likely t we %all make ! *>m$ gates ( inspiration spr+ op5 by m]ely pres5t+ ourselves be=e !m ) a desire to ent]4 ,:oev] fondly imag9es t he is 9 ! "r mood to compose a poem1 or pa9t a picture1 or run (f a fir/-rate melody )\t already possess+ ! /uff 9 him to quick5 t sp>k into vital =m1 & has fir/ to hunt ab\t = some?+ to say1 despite all 8 tal5t1 w f9d himself no bett] (f = 8 be/ intuitions1 q unable1 at any rate1 to conceive any complete ?+ ( beauty1 or p]fect a really /]l+ "w ( art4 ,nei!r ! m]e tickl+ ( our s5ses nor any act ( w or det]m9ation c fa!r on u true inspiration4 ,to attempt su* ?+s simply proves t bo? ! emotional life & ! imag9ation h z yet no real object ( arti/ic int]e/4 ,:5 once we h ! arti/ic impulse ( ! real k9d1 we may conclude ! int]e/ !re has already its fix$ seal & object1 a cont5t t x int5ds to ma/]4 77 ,true inspiration consequ5tly is fix$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a specific cont5t1 :i* ! imag9ation takes up 9 ord] to give arti/ic expression to x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! object ( ?is active process ( giv+ =m bo? z inw>dly made visible to ! m9d1 & z outw>dly reproduc$ 9 ! execution ( a "w ( art4 ,inspiration is equally necess>y = bo? ^! aspects ( arti/ic activity4 ,! "q once m pres5ts itself to u1 9 :at way su* a mat]ial w come to an arti/1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ?is inspiration4 ,we f9d _m v>i\s op9ions express$ on ?is head4 ,on ! "o h& x is frequ5tly requir$ ( an arti/ t ! mat]ial ( 8 "w %\ld be drawn up f ! _w )9 him4 ,no d\bt ?is may be s :5 ! poet s+s z a bird f ! b\gh4 ,8 own *e]fulness ( _s is !n ! inc5tive :i* enables him to repres5t a p>ticul> mood ( 8 own z ! cont5t ( 8 production1 & by ?is v expression ( x he gives v5t to 8 enjoym5t ( ! same4 ,a song ( ?is k9d1 /raight f ! he>t#dbb1 is inde$ a ri* rew>d4 ,b q z (t51 h[ev]1 ! greate/ works ( art are creat$ f ! sugge/ion ( objects :olly ext]nal to himself4 ,! odes ( ,p9d> 7 frequ5tly ! result ( direct commissions2 &1 9 ! same way1 ! object & subject has times )\t numb] be5 giv5 to arti/s bo? = build+s & pictures1 & !y h be5 able to ar\se 9 !mselves an en?usiasm = su*4 ,inde$1 x is only too frequ5tly ! express compla9t ( arti/s t !y h n ! subject-matt] on :i* to "w4 ,su* a ref]5ce to ?+s outside1 & its /imulus to arti/ic production1 pres5ts j t relation ( ! arti/ to ,nature & h] imm$iacy :i* is ess5tial to ! notion ( sup]ior executive gifts#dbc1 & is at ! same "t a condition to ! appe>ance ( g5u9e inspiration4 ,if we consid] ! arti/ f ?is po9t ( view1 we %all f9d t x is "h t ?is natural end[m5t relates itself imm$iately to a mat]ial already f\nd = him1 & ?r\gh ! inc5tive !reby (f]$ him1 ?r\gh ! inspiration ( actual fact1 or z1 = example1 0 ! case ) ,%akespe>e1 ?r\gh t :i* 0 pres5t$ by old tales1 ballads1 romances1 & *ronicles1 proce$s to embody su* mat]ial 9 arti/ic =m1 & !reby g5]ally to express 8 own p]sonality4 ,! impulse to production c !re=e be giv5 by some?+ entirely outside ! arti/'s life1 & ! only condition ess5tial to a successful result is t ! int]e/1 :i* fixes ! arti/'s att5tion %\ld be ( real arti/ic significance1 & t he is able to reproduce ! same 9 all its vitality4 ,su* conditions virtually imply ! pres5ce ( r>e inspiration4 ,& an arti/ :o is really alive & awake himself1 by reason ( ?is v vitality ( 8 own p[]s1 discov]s endless opportunities = actively ass]t+ ! same1 & feel+ inspir$ :ile do+ s1 opportunities :i* pass ov] o!r p )\t simil>ly affect+ !m4 77 ,if we ask fur!r1 viz41 ( :at precisely ?is arti/ic inspiration consi/s1 we may p]haps be/ describe x by say+ t x is ! capacity ( be+ entirely absorb$ 9 a giv5 subject1 a capacity n m]ely :olly to realize x1 b incapable ( re/+ until ! same is completely m9t$ anew1 & r\nd$ (f 9 its arti/ic =m4 77 ,moreov]1 :5 an arti/ has ?us entirely appropriat$ 8 subject1 x is b say+ ! same ?+ ! o!r way to affirm t he mu/ "k h[ to =get 8 own individual idiosyncrasies1 & all t accid5tally atta*es to !m2 he mu/1 9 %ort1 on 8 "p lose himself 9 ! matt] on h&4 ,he mu/ make 8 arti/ic p]sonality ! pure =m "u :i* ! cont5t he has assimilat$ is clo!d & embodi$4 ,an inspiration 9 :i* ! p>ticul> individual receives too emphatic a pr$om9ance & ass]tion1 r ?an be+ ! vitally active in/rum5t :i* displays ! ideal significance ( ! mat]ial work$ ^u1 is an inf]ior type ( inspiration4 ,?is tru? op5s ! way to a full] consid]ation ( :at is g5]ally und]/ood z ! objective "* ( arti/ic production4 #b4 ,,! ,,objective ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,repres5tation 7a7 ,9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w we und]/& objectivity to mean t ! cont5t 9 any "w ( art necess>ily receives ! =m ( ! reality already giv51 & 9 its arti/ic embodim5t we h ! same cle>ly repeat$4 ,9 ?is s5se1 t we desire to see objective tru? reproduc$ = u1 we are entitl$ to call ,kotzebue an objective poet4 ,9 8 "w we und\bt$ly f9d ord9>y reality simply z x is aga94 ,! object ( art is1 h[ev]1 m precisely /at$1 to /rip away n m]ely ! appe>ance1 b ! actual cont5t ( all t meets u e day1 & by means ( ! spiritual activity ( ! arti/ mo/ p]sonal to himself1 to "w out t :i* is ess5tially rational 9 t cont5t 9 its really adequate ext]nal =m4 ,inde$1 if we look at yet bett] examples ( art ?an ,kotzebue's1 su* z ^? we h already glanc$ at 9 ! y\?ful productions ( ,goe!1 we %all f9d t ?is reali/ic type ( objectivity c be made ess5tially liv+ 9 its expression1 & by virtue ( ?is quality prove highly attractive to ourselves1 & yet1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! arti/ic =m rema9s defective1 fail to arrive at ! real beauty ( art4 ,purely ext]nal objectivity1 !re=e1 :i* /ill lacks ! abid+ & sub/antial significance1 is n t = :i* an arti/ %\ld /rive4 7b7 ,a second type ( objective realization pres5ts itself to u 9 ! case :]e we f9d ! ext]nal is n ! arti/ic aim1 b ! arti/ has seiz$ hold ( 8 subject ) all ! dep? & /r5g? ( 8 emotional life4 ,?is inw>d aspect ( 8 "w rema9s1 h[ev]1 s entirely enclos$ )9 itself & conc5trat$ t x fails to ass]t itself ) a cle>ness ?or\ghly possess$1 or to unfold itself 9 its full tru?4 ,! eloqu5ce ( pa?os simply re/ricts itself by means ( illu/rations ext]nal to x1 )\t possess+ ei!r ! p[] or ! culture to be able to pres5t ! fulness ( t cont5t 9 an explicit =m4 ,folksongs pre-em95tly belong to su* a mode ( arti/ic production4 ,extremely simple z !y are 9 _! =m1 !y sugge/ an emotional life :i* lies at _! root ( /ill wid] range & dep?1 b :i* !y are unable cle>ly to express4 ,_! art1 9 fact1 is itself n suffici5tly elaborate or complete en\gh to c>ry into ! light ( day ) transp>5t reflection all t x w\ld unfold1 & is =c$ to re/ satisfi$ ) sugge/+ to our sympa?ies ! same by means ( an ext]nal symbolism4 ,! he>t rema9s ?r[n back & conc5trat$ ^u itself1 & 9 ord] to make its life intelligible to o!rs1 ca/s b a fa9t] reflection ( its _w ^u entirely f9ite & ext]nal circum/ances & ph5om5a1 :i*1 no d\bt1 are ?us eloqu5t 9 a degree1 albeit we receive f !m only a f>-(f e*o ( ! emotions & life !y w\ld br+ home to u4 ,goe! has himself writt5 _m q exquisite songs ( ?is k9d4 ,! ,%eph]d's ,lam5t is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,9 ?is refra9 a he>t t is brok5 ) pa9 & ye>n+ /ill rema9s sil5t & res]v$ b5ea? ! purely ext]nal traits :i* w\ld fa9 relieve x2 &1 despite ( ?is1 we he>1 z ?r\gh an und]tone1 all ! conc5trat$ dep? ( emotion x fails to express4 ,9 ! ,erl-k+1 & _m o!r ( 8 songs1 we he> ! same tone4 ,?is tone1 h[ev]1 we may also meet 9 deg5]ate =m "r d[n to ! mo/ futile b>b>ism1 unable to grasp ei!r ! ess5tial "* ( ! facts or ! situation1 m]ely cl++ to _! mo/ f9ite aspects 9 all _! crud5ess & abs5ce ( arti/ic ta/e4 ,an example we may give f ! ,drumm]-comrade ( ! boy ,wund]horn1#dbd su* inanities z ,o ?\ dwell+ h\se ( man1 ,o gall[s1 or ,adjutant sir corporal1 expressions :i* are suppos$ to move u deeply4 ,:5 on ! contr>y ,goe! s+s3 ,d] ,/rauss1 d5 i* gepflcket1 ,grsse ,di* viel taus5dmal1 ,i* habe mi* (t gebcket ,und ihn aus ,h]z g$rcket1 ,a*1 wie viel taus5dmal#dbe4 /rong emotion is sugge/$ 9 a v diff]5t way1 :i* br+s be=e our m9d no?+ trivial or contr>y to ! ma9 idea4 ,:at h[ev] is1 z a rule1 defective 9 ?is p>ticul> type ( poetical realization is ! expression ( emotion 9 all its true int5sity4 ,?is1 9 ! r>e/ art1 %\ld n be suff]$ to rema9 a dep? %ut away1 :i* m]ely reflects a di/ant e*o ?r\gh ! ext]nal objects pres5t$3 x %\ld ei!r break =? 9 its full "*1 or be se5 ?r\gh ! vehicle ) complete transp>5cy4 ,s*ill]1 = example1 br+s out 8 s\l 9 its full /r5g? 9 ! pa?os ( 8 "w1 )al a great s\l1 :i* p5etrates to ! v core ( 8 subject1 & is able to express its v deepe/ significance 9 ! free/ & mo/ p]spicu\s way ?r\gh ! weal? & music ( 8 v]se4 7c7 ,9 con=mity1 !n1 ) ! notion ( ! ,ideal1 we may conclude t ev5 :5 we are deal+ ) ! m]e expression ( emotional life1 we %all nev] fully e/abli% our title to truly objective art s long z any "p ( all t is compris$ 9 ! subject-matt]1 :i* /irs ! arti/ic inspiration1 rema9s /ill wrapp$ up )9 ! s\l t seeks to express itself2 r all t lies !re %\ld be completely unfold$1 & unfold$ 9 a way :i* n m]ely %all reveal to u ! ess5tial s\l & sub/ance ( ! cont5t select$1 b %all embody x 9 "s completely homog5e\s type ( individual art1 ?r\gh :i*1 z ?r\gh a transp>5cy1 bo? s\l & sub/ance %all radiate4 ,= t :i* is highe/ & mo/ excell5t is n by any means t we are unable to express1 z ?\gh ! poet conta9$ 9 himself /ill great] dep?s ?an ^? express$ on ! face ( 8 "w4 ,! "w ( an arti/ is ! consummate fruit ( t arti/1 & reflects precisely :at he is1 & only :at he is1 & all t rema9s beh9d 9 ! temple ( 8 s\l is a naught or no?+#dbf4 #c4 ,,mann]1 ,,/yle1 ,,& ,,orig9ality ,h[ev] mu* x may be imp]atively requir$ ( ! arti/ t he %\ld give to 8 "w an objective "* su* z we h above indicat$1 ?is mu/ n make u oblivi\s to ! fact t ! arti/'s production is at ! same "t ! "w ( 8 inspiration2 x is he alone :o has1 by 8 entire id5tification ( 8 p]sonality ) ! specific subject-matt] & its arti/ic embodim5t1 br\ght into be+ ! entire creation out ( ! life ( 8 own emotional nature & imag9ation4 ,& x is ?is id5tity ( ! free p]sonality ( ! arti/ & ! truly objective con/ruction ( 8 arti/ic creation :i* con/itutes ! ?ird fundam5tal aspect ( 8 activity z set =? above & :i* we mu/ n[ %ortly consid]1 9 s f> z we may be ?us enabl$ to unite t :i* we h hi!rto sep>at$ 9 our indep5d5t consid]ation ( ! conceptions ( g5ius & ! objective pres5tm5t ( a "w ( art4 ,we may *>act]ize su* a unity z ! conception ( true arti/ic orig9ality4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we come to close qu>t]s ) all t is impli$ 9 ?is conception1 x is necess>y to cle>ly grasp two po9ts ( view already relat$ to x ^: insuffici5cy we h to expose on ! gr\nd ( _! "o-sid$ness be=e a true conception ( orig9ality c be fully appreciat$4 ,^! may be suffici5tly indicat$ by ! t]ms subjective mann]#dbg & /yle4 7a7 ,! ,subjective ,mann] ,! po9t ( fir/ importance 9 discuss+ ! mean+ ( ! expression arti/ic mann] is to diff]5tiate x fundam5tally f arti/ic orig9ality4 ,! t]m mann]1 9 our view1 is only us$ 9 direct relation to ! specific & consequ5tly accid5tal idiosyncrasies ( ! arti/1 t is1 m]ely 9 s f> z su* qualities ass]t !mselves z effective 9 8 "w )\t be+ call$ =? by ! nature ( ! subject itself & its ideal exposition4 77 ,a mann] ?us int]pret$ has no connection ) ! univ]sal types ( art1 t is to say1 types :i* require an ess5tially diff]5t mode ( repres5tation1 z1 = in/ance1 ! l&scape pa9t] necess>ily treats ! objects ( ,nature 9 q a diff]5t way f t "u :i* a hi/orical pa9t] w\ld s treat !m2 or ! epic poet w\ld h&le simil> subject-matt] 9 a diff]5t way f t appropriate to ! dramatic poet4 ,on ! contr>y1 a mann] is a =m ( arti/ic expression :olly emanat+ f a p>ticul> individuality1 an entirely supposititi\s idiosyncrasy ( executive ability :i* may be c>ri$ s f> z to contradict absolutely ! true notion ( ! ,ideal4 ,z ?us def9$ mann] /&s at ! bottom ( ! scale among ! =ms :i* may *>act]ize an arti/'s g5]al h&l+4 ,an arti/ :o ?us expresses 8 individuality simply gives free re9 to any *ance notions ( 8 own )\t te/+ !m z subject to ! sub/antive claims ( art4 ,b x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( art t x %\ld aboli% precisely all t is m]ely accid5tal to its cont5t no less ?an to its arti/ic or r ext]nal mode ( pres5tm5t4 ,& ?is is only to say t x requires ( ! arti/ t he %\ld efface f 8 "w all traces ( purely p]sonal ta/es & idiosyncrasies he %>es ) no "o else#dbh4 77 ,& = ^! reasons we w\ld po9t out t a mann] ( ?is k9d is n s mu* to be contra/$ directly ) ! true exposition ( art z to be consid]$ 9 relation to ! purely ext]nal aspects ( art :]e ! individuality ( ! p>ticul> mode ( treatm5t comes into play4 ,?is k9d ( mann] is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! arts ( pa9t+ & music = ! reason t ^! arts#dbi pres5t to ! arti/ ! wide/ v>iety ( ext]nal *>act]ization = him to seize ^u & reproduce4 ,:at we f9d "h is a c]ta9 artificial mann] ( g5]al execution entirely peculi> to "s p>ticul> arti/ & ! s*ool ( imitators or pupils :o foll[ him1 :i* ?r\gh con/ant repetition deg5]ates into m]e habit4 77 ,& its t5d5cy is to develop on "o ( two ways 9 :i* we may reg>d ! arti/ic "w4 ,fir/1 !re is ! aspect ( its composition4 ,to take pa9t+1 = example1 we h all ! v>iety ( ways "u :i* ! prevail+ atmosph]ic tone1 ! arrangem5t ( foliage1 ! contra/ ( light & %ade1 9 %ort ! entire s*eme ( col\r may be treat$4 ,mo/ p>ticul>ly 9 ?is feature ( ! g5]al s*eme#dcj ( ! col\r+ & light+ ( a picture we f9d t pa9t]s p]mit !mselves ! mo/ v>i$ fre$om ( individual pref]5ce & di/a/e4 ,( c\rse su* a prevail+ tone may appe> to u z t we d n f9d 9 ,nature = ! simple reason t we h n _h our att5tion direct$ to x al?\gh x is really !re4 ,b we %all (t5 f9d t su* a s*eme has simply be5 adopt$ by ?is or t arti/ on gr\nds ( p]sonal ta/e or conv5i5ce#dca1 & x becomes simply a habit 9 him to use ev]y?+ n[ z subject to t p>ticul> s*eme4 ,& :at we h obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to col\r+ is equally true :5 appli$ to ! treatm5t ( natural objects1 _! gr\p+1 position1 motion1 & g5]al *>act]ization4 ,?is inf]ior mode ( treatm5t is p>ticul>ly to be obs]v$ 9 ! works ( ! ,dut* s*ool4 ,take ! case ( ,van d] ,ne]'s night-sc5es & 8 artificial pres5tation ( moonlight1 or ,van d] ,goy5's s&-hills 9 s _m ( 8 l&scapes4 ,! ev]-repeat$ reflections ( light f sat9 & silk /uffs t we f9d 9 s _m pictures ( o!r ma/]s ( ! same s*ool are indications ( ! same artificial mode ( h&l+4 77 ,a mann] ( ?is type may be /ill fur!r1 trac$ 9 ! execution ( o!r details1 ! h&l+ ( bru% or p5cil1 ! lay+ on & bl5d+ ( t9ts & _m o!r features ( executive "w4 77 ,! g5]al conclusion we come to1 aft] consid]+ all su* examples ( specializ$ h&l+ & conception 9 :i* con/ant repetition gr[s at la/ habitual to1 & inde$ becomes a second nature ( ! arti/1 is ?is1 t j 9 proportion z ! mann] adopt$ is m specializ$#dcb1 !re is an increas+ & dang]\s t5d5cy = x to deg5]ate into t :i* is no?+ m ?an a s\lless & consequ5tly arid repetition & me*anical ex]cise1 ?r\gh\t :i* ! arti/ is no long] pres5t ) ! fulness ( 8 spiritual res\rces & ! entire /r5g? ( 8 inspiration4 ,:5 ?is takes place 8 art necess>ily s9ks to ! level ( a m]e executive facility or accompli%m5t ( 8 h&s1 & a mann]1 o!rwise innoc5t en\gh1 may v readily gr[ />v$ & lifeless4 77 ,! m truly arti/ic mann] has consequ5tly to dis5gage itself f su* jejune peculi>ities1 to broad5 out into a fre] atmosph]e#dcc1 s t no specializ$ mode ( h&l+ %all be suff]$ to /]ilize itself into :at is simply a matt] ( habit4 ,9 ?is way an arti/ w approa* ! facts ( ,nature ) a bread? ( view m 9 keep+ ) h] own1 & w und]/& h[ to id5tify 8 l>g] conceptions & ! g5]al te*nique ( 8 craft ) ! same ideal _s4 ,9 some?+ ( ! same s5se we may describe x z a peculi> mann] ( ,goe! t he is p>ticul>ly apt 9 conclud+ n m]ely poems ( society b also op5+s to works ( a m s]i\s "* ) a sudd5 turn ( pleasantry1 9 ord] to remove ! impression ( or ?r[ into ! backgr\nd ! s]i\s nature ( previ\s reflection or situation4 ,we meet ) ! same *>act]i/ic 9 ! correspond5ce ( ,horace4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an application ( ! art ( conv]sation & g5]al sociability1 :i*1 9 ord] to avoid foll[+ up any matt] m deeply1 comes to a /op1 breaks (f & clev]ly div]ts ! s]i\s into m *e]ful *annels4 ,su* a mode ( ! lit]>y art is und\bt$ly "p ( ! mann] ( ! arti/ & 8 individual /yle1 b ! individuality ?us exemplifi$ is bas$ ^u a broad] pr9ciple1 & is ass]t$ 9 a way :olly ju/ifi$ by ! arti/ic purpose ( ! "w 9 h&4 ,& ?is p>ticul> type ( an arti/ic mann] w enable u to pass readily to ! consid]ation ( /yle g5]ally4 7b7 ,/yle ,le /yle c'e/ l'homme mme is a fam\s phrase ( ! ,fr5*4 ,/yle is "h g5]ally und]/ood z ! unique *>act]ization ( p]sonality1 ! p>ticul> mode ( expression1 h[ev] x may be appli$1 :i* :olly reveals to u its sub/ance4 ,h]r von ,rumohr1 on ! o!r h& 7,italian ,inve/igations1 i1 p4 #hg71 endeav\rs to int]pret ! expression z a mode habitual ?r\gh its con/ant repetition ( br++ toge!r ! mo/ vital *>act]i/ics ( ! subject-matt] arti/ically treat$1 by virtue ( :i* ! sculptor in=ms 8 figures ) reality1 & ! pa9t] gives to 8 ! appe>ance ( life4 ,he fur!r adds important obs]vations ^u ! appropriate =m ( repres5tation :i*1 9 ! case ( an art su* z sculpture1 ! specific s5su\s mat]ial ei!r p]mits or proscribes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y to atta* ! expression /yle solely to ?is aspect ( s5su\s mat]ial2 we may unque/ionably ext5d x to all ^? det]m9ations & rules ( arti/ic production :i* apply naturally to any p>ticul> type ( art1 & 9 virtue ( :i* an object is reproduc$ 9 ! m$ium ( any "o ( !m4 ,we consequ5tly di/+ui% 9 ! art ( music ! /yle ( *ur* music f t ( op]a1 & 9 t ( pa9t+1 ! hi/orical /yle f ! /yle ( g5re pa9t+4 ,/yle is !re=e a mode ( arti/ic pres5tation1 :i* n m]ely foll[s closely ! fundam5tal conditions ( its mat]ial1 b ass]ts itself z adequate to all t any p>ticul> type ( art dem&s = its composition & execution & 9 /rict con=mity ) ! laws :i* apply to ! subject-matt] on h&4 ,defect ( /yle w !n1 9 ?is ext5sion ( ! mean+1 ei!r imply an inability to pres5t a composition 9 accordance ) su* necess>y conditions1 or w am\nt to a p]sonal caprice :i* r gives free re9 to its own p>ticul> pr$ilections ?an accepts ! conditions ( composition :i* are really propos$ to x1 9 o!r words adopts an inf]ior mann] ( its own4 ,consequ5tly x is inadmissible1 z ,h]r von ,rumohr has already po9t$ out1 to apply pr9ciples peculi> to "o type ( art to ano!r1 z ,m5gs has done 9 8 fam\s museum 9 ! villa ,albani1 :]e bo? 9 ! g5]al conception & execution ( 8 ,apollo he adopts ! modes ( col\r+ applicable only to sculpture4 ,a defect ( ! same k9d may be trac$ 9 _m ( ! pictures ( ,dr]1 :]e we see t ev5 9 pa9t+1 especially 9 ! fold+ ( 8 drap]y1 he adopts ! /yle ( wood-cut 9 :i* he is s consummate a ma/]4 7c7 ,orig9ality ,! f9al result1 !n1 ( our inquiry on ?is head is t true orig9ality does n consi/ 9 m]ely con=m+ to ! p>am\nt conditions ( /yle1 b 9 a k9d ( inspir$ /ate#dcd p]sonal to ! arti/ :i*1 in/ead ( committ+ itself :olly to a m]e ext]nal mann] ( composition1 seizes hold ( a p>ticul> subject-matt] t is ess5tially rational1 & by virtue ( its own res\rces & quality1 re-clo!s ! same z f )9 ! arti/ himself & n m]ely 9 a way con=mable to ! ess5tial notion ( ! art adopt$1 b also 9 a =m adequate to ! univ]sal notion ( ! ,ideal4 77 ,true orig9ality is consequ5tly id5tical ) true objectivity1 & comb9es t :i* is due to ! p]sonality ( ! arti/ & ! actual subject-matt] ( 8 "w 9 su* a way t bo? aspects ( 8 arti/ic product are held toge!r 9 complete accord4 ,look$ at 9 "o way1 su* a "w appe>s to reveal to u ! v ess5ce ( ! arti/'s p]sonality1 :ile reg>d$ f ano!r we only f9d !re ! ess5ce ( ! subject-matt] arti/ically treat$1 s t ?is v uniqu5ess ( expression appe>s to arise f ! unique *>act]i/ics ( ! mat]ial to :i* x is appli$2 & we may say ) equal tru? ei!r t ! express$ =m is due to ^? *>act]i/ics1 or t ?is unique impression we obta9 f !m proce$s f ! creative unity ( ! arti/4 77 ,true orig9ality mu/ be entirely kept di/9ct f individual caprice & e k9d ( p]sonal expression t is due to =tuit\s causes4 ,a common idea ( orig9ality is simply ! /r++ toge!r ( s _m curiosities1 ?+s :i* ?is p>ticul> individual & no o!r c\ld p]petuate or ev5 fa9tly imag9e4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 m]ely idiosyncracy gone mad4 ,no p on e>? are m orig9al 9 ?is mean+ ( ! t]m ?an ,engli%m51 a c\ntry :]e e "o prides himself on committ+ "s folly or o!r1 :i* no man 9 8 s5ses is likely to repeat1 & !n fondly imag9es 8 p]=mance to be orig9al4 ,we may 9 ?is connection briefly ref] to :at has be5 s extoll$1 & nev] m ?an 9 our own days z ! orig9ality ( wit & hum\r4 ,an arti/ ( ?is type ( hum\r />ts (f f a po9t ( view or an exp]i5ce :olly p]sonal to himself1 & con/antly recurs to ! same s t ! real object ( 8 arti/ic production is m]ely treat$ z ! peg on :i* he may hang1 or ! field 9 :i* he may give full play to1 :atev] witt9ess1 je/1 quirks1 & sallies 8 mood may *ance to light ^u4 ,9 ?is way ! real object ( 8 art & t :i* %\ld r5d] x vital 9 himself fall entirely ap>t1 & we h a caprici\s mode ( arti/ic production1 9 :i* ! idiosyncrasy ( ! arti/ is made to appe> z ( fir/ importance4 ,a hum\r ( ?is k9d is (t5 replete ) intellectual brilliance & deep feel+1 & 9 its g5]al result is v apt to impose on u2 yet = all t x is n g5]ally su* a difficult matt] z is commonly believ$4 ,to con/antly int]rupt ! rational cont5t ( t :i* we are really deal+ )1 int]rupt+ all /eady progress ) a /ream ( caprici\s fre% />ts & conclusions1 a sort ( pat*work ( :ims & emotional excursions1 & !reby to create a c>icature ( imag9ative vig\r is f> easi] ?an to develop & r\nd (f ) complet5ess an arti/ic :ole ( /]l+ quality ?r\gh\t su* z w te/ify to ! real ,ideal4 ,moreov]1 our hum\r n[adays is only too ready to give u ! repulsive features ( a tal5t = wit ess5tially crude1 & is con/antly deg5]at+ into co>se buffoon]y & empt9ess4 ,we d n (t5 get f x real hum\r at all4 ,! /ale/ trivialities are wont to pass n[ = brilliancy & dep? ( s\l provid$ !y only rig !mselves out 9 ! pret5ti\s motley ( hum\r4 ,%akespe>e1 on ! contr>y1 possess$ a gr& & pr(\nd s5se ( hum\r1 b ev5 8 works are by no means de/itute ( %all[s4 ,! hum\r ( ,jean ,paul too (t5 surprises u ) ! dep? ( its wit & ! beauty ( its s5tim5t1 b we are q z (t5 repell$ by ! absurdly ecc5tric way 9 :i* he hit*es toge!r 8 subjects1 or r leaves !m ) ! b>e jo9ture to lie ap>t1 & !n floods all he has to say ) a k9d ( hum\r t leaves x almo/ impossible to make head or tail (4 ,no hum\ri/1 h[ev] great he may be1 is likely to f9d any?+ resembl+ x 9 8 memory2 & our ma9 impression is frequ5tly1 ev5 9 ! case ( ,jean ,paul's kaleidoscopic effects1 t !y are r ! result ( me*anical pa/+ toge!r ?an a spontane\s product f ! crucible ( g5ius4 ,= ?is reason ,jean ,paul f9ds x necess>y1 9 ord] cont9ually to pres5t new effects1 to drag into books diff]+ :olly 9 k9d1 botanical1 legal & philosophical disquisitions1 no less ?an descriptions ( travel2 :atev] :im 9 fact may /rike 8 fancy at ! "t is promptly ins]t$4 ,ev5 :5 8 subject relates to sci5tific discov]y he w run toge!r ! mo/ het]og5e\s mat]ial su* z a collection ( ,brazilian plants & obs]vations ^u ! old imp]ial *amb]#dce4 ,!re are p :o w praise a motley ( ?is k9d z orig9al4 ,b x is really precisely ! k9d ( caprice :i* orig9ality ( ! g5u9e /amp excludes4 ,:ile we are on ?is topic x w n be out ( place to add "s fur!r rem>ks ^u irony1 :i* p>ticul>ly prides itself ^u pres5t+ u ) ! v fl[] ( orig9ality on j ^? occasions :5 x has ceas$ to treat any arti/ic mat]ial ) s]i\sness & conv]ts ! :ole affair into a subject ( witticism1 only wor? notice = ! sake ( ! wit x sugge/s4 ,look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view ?is irony rakes toge!r a lot ( ?+s :i* are q =eign to ! ess5ce ( ! matt] 9 h&1 ?+s ! deep] significance ( :i* ! poet keeps to himself1 & 8 notion seems to be t by ?is subtle ex]cise ( 8 p[]s ! imag9ation w be enl>g$4 ,& x is j 9 ext]nal associations ( ?is sort t we get :at we h already describ$ z ! poetry ( a poetry1 :]e9 ev]y?+ t is deepe/ & mo/ excell5t is conceal$ f u = no o!r reason ?an ?is1 t we mu/ n be all[$ to look at x because x is s pr(\nd4 ,& we really f9d 9 ,fri$ri* von ,s*legel's poetry1 m p>ticul>ly :5 he became va9 ov] 8 title to ! rank ( poet1 t :i* cle>ly is set =? z ! aroma ( all is j t :i* is nev] express$3 no wond] ?is poetry ( poetry turns out to be ! flatte/ prose4 77 ,a g5u9e "w ( art mu/ consequ5tly be held intact f all orig9ality ( ?is p]v]se type4 ,true orig9ality w be ass]t$ ?r\gh\t by ?is & ?is alone1 t ! "w has ! appe>ance ( be+ ! unique creation ( "o individual m9d1 :i* does n g ab\t pick+ up scraps f ar\nd x & !n make !re( a pat*work1 b p]mits ! mat]ial ( t "w1 9 complete accordance ) ! unity mo/ cong5ial to its own sub/ance1 to b9d itself toge!r 9 a :ole all p>ts ( :i* are /rictly relat$1 z truly /amp$ ) "o m9t z ! f\nd]'s ca/4 ,:5 we f9d sc5es & motives introduc$ ^u gr\nds t are =eign to ! real arti/ic purpose1 t is to say1 :i* d n directly gr[ out ( ! true subject1 we mu/ inevitably lose t subtle & necess>y connection ( all ! p>ts :i* create ?is unity1 & :at we ?us int]polate w unavoidably impress u z some?+ =tuit\sly atta*$ by p]sonal caprice4 ,mu* 9 ?is way x has be5 ! fa%ion to give exceptional praise to ! ,gtz von ,b]li*+5 ( ,goe! on ! gr\nds ( its great orig9ality4 ,no d\bt x is true en\gh1 z we h above rem>k$1 t 9 ?is drama ,goe! has ) mu* intrepidity giv5 ! lie direct to & turn$ 8 back ^u all t _h be5 tak5 z ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! ae/hetic sci5ce ( 8 age2 ! execution ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 does n be> ! /amp ( g5u9e orig9ality4 ,"o f9ds1 on ! contr>y1 9 ?is y\?ful production indications ( ! pov]ty ( ! mat]ial ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 s t _m traits & entire sc5es appe> to h be5 rak$ toge!r & unit$ by connections =eign to ! subject f mat]ial ( an int]e/ contempor>y ) t ( ! arti/'s life in/ead ( be+ ! g5u9e elaboration ( ! fundam5tal subject-matt]4 ,! sc5e1 = example1 betwe5 ,gtz & bro!r ,m>t91 :]e ,m>t9 ,lu!r is cle>ly sugge/$1 conta9s ideas :i* ,goe! c\ld only h borr[$ f a "t su* z 8 own :5 p began once m to wail ov] ! conditions ( mona/ic life1 h[ !y dur/ n dr9k w9e1 c\ld only sleep (f _! meals1 7 at ! m]cy ( evil desires & g5]ally mu/ submit to ! ?ree intol]able v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce4 ,bro!r ,m>t91 on ! o!r h&1 gr[s en?usia/ic ov] ! knightly life ( ,gtz1 h[ he recall$ to memory ! load ( booty he took f 8 foe1 :om he ran ?r\gh ) lance on horseback be=e he c\ld %oot1 !n tumbl$ ov]1 horse & all1 & f9ally return$ to 8 ca/le & wife4 ,:]eupon ! good monk dr9ks ! heal? ( ! dame ,elizabe?1 wip+ 8 eyes ! :ile4 ,) mundane reflections ( ?is sort ,lu!r nev] />t$ on 8 j\rney1 b r z a pi\s monk :o _h p5etrat$ to _! dep?s ! religi\s conceptions & convictions ( ,augu/9e1 ano!r s\rce altoge!r4 ,subject to precisely simil> defects are ! p$agogical ref]5ces to t p]iod :i* occur 9 ! foll[+ sc5e & = :i* ,vas$[ is ma9ly responsible4 ,we are in=m$ t *ildr5 ( t age are taught mu* t is un9telligible1 t ! true me?od ( in/ruction %\ld r educate _! m9ds ?r\gh ! s5ses & exp]i5ce4 ,k>l1 = example1 repeats phrases to 8 fa!r by he>t precisely simil> to ^? curr5t 9 ,goe!'s own y\ng] days3 ,jun?aus5 is a village & ca/le on ! ,junt & = two hundr$ ye>s has be5 ! ance/ral prop]ty ( ! lords ( ,b]li*+54 ,:5 ,gtz asks him if he kn[s any "l ( ,b]li*+5 p]sonally ! lad />es blankly at him & ?r\gh %e] ov]-tea*+ does n "k 8 own fa!r4 ,gtz decl>es t he knew e pa? & road 9 ! c\ntry be=e he knew ! names ( a s+le riv]1 village1 or m\nta94 ,all ?is k9d ( ?+ is m]e lit]>y /ucco :i* has no?+ to d ) ! actual subject at all4 ,& :5 an occasion does arise 9 :i* we ought to f9d "s really *>act]i/ic grip ( ! v m>r[ ( ! subject1 z 9 ! conv]sations betwe5 ,gtz & ,weissl+51 we get no?+ m ?an cold reflections ^u ! times4 ,we f9d mu* ! same association ( irrelevant matt] 9 ! same poet's ,wahlv]w&s*aft54#dcf ,! lay+ out ( pleasure gr\nds1 ! liv+ pictures1 ! obs]vations ^u p5dulum oscillations1 ! te/+ ( metals1 ! heada*es1 ! entire description ( elective aff9ities1 :i* is borr[$ /raight f *emical sci5ce1 are all ( ?is category4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be freely admitt$ t 9 a romance1 ref]r+ to an ess5tially prosaic age1 su* ?+s are prima facie admissible1 & m p>ticul>ly s :5 we h a ,goe! to introduce !m s clev]ly & apply !m s *>m+ly2 moreov] no "w ( art ( any k9d c be kept :olly unaffect$ by ! culture ( ! arti/'s own age4 ,x is "o ?+ to all[ ! reflection ( contempor>y culture to appe> z "p ( ! arti/ic :ole1 q ano!r to br+ toge!r su* mat]ial ( rese>* 9 a way t places x z some?+ :olly outside & indep5d5t ( ! g5u9e sub/ance ( ! composition4 ,= ! true orig9ality ( ! arti/ no less ?an t ( 8 "w consi/s exclusively 9 _! be+ vitally b\nd up ) t :i* is only intelligible z "p ( ! real subject-matt] treat$4 ,:5 ! arti/ has fully ,appropriat$ ?is objective reason1 )\t mix+ up ) x1 to ! detrim5t ( its cl>ity1 details he may h borr[$ f 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce or o!r s\rces :i* d n /rictly belong to x2 9 t case alone w he /amp ! mat]ial ) ! g5u9e m>k ( 8 own arti/ic m9tage4 ,?is p]sonal effect ^u 8 "w m]ely s]ves him z a bridge ( ,life ov] :i* he passes to secure a "w ( art :olly complete 9 itself1 j z 9 all g5u9e ?\ght & action true fre$om consi/s 9 all[+ t :i* is ( ess5tial significance to ass]t itself )\t re/ra9t1 s t x becomes itself ! =ce :i* dom9ates bo? ! p>ticul> ?\ght & volition ( ! man :o ?us appropriates x1 & by s do+ reconciles e ve/ige ( opposition4 ,9 ?is way ! orig9ality ( art absorbs e accid5tal trait peculi> to a giv5 p]sonality2 b x only absorbs x t ! arti/ may foll[ )\t res]ve ! impulse & b5t ( 8 g5ius z inspir$ ?r\gh e fibre ( ! mat]ial he m\lds1 & in/ead ( reflect+ a purely b>r5 wilfulness & caprice ( 8 own may give an objective =m to 8 true arti/ic individuality conjo9$ ) consummate accompli%m5t4 ,to h no mann] 0 ev] ! "o great mann]1 & 9 ?is s5se alone c we ascribe orig9ality to ,hom]1 ,sophocles1 ,rafael1 & ,%akespe>e4 ,footnote #bga3 ,e9] specifis*5 ,seele4 ,we c]ta9ly %\ld n 9 ord9>y spee* say t inorganic objects possess$ a s\l4 ,! phrase inde$ is difficult to foll[1 except z expla9$ by ! previ\s te*nical discussion ( ,e9zelheit4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,! expression 9 dies] d] ,allgeme9heit entgeg5gehob55 uss]li*keit ref]s to ! manifold 9 opposition to :i* ! pr9ciple ( univ]sality is posit$ z a te/ = ! selection ( ^? aspects :i* manife/ x z vital individuality4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,seligkeit4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,heit]keit4 ,i _c satisfy myself ) "o ,engli% ^w4 ,x seems to comb9e bo? bli!som5ess & *e]fulness 9 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,footnote #bge3 ,9 das e9fa*e ,beisi*seyn4 ,self-conta9$ness w\ld be m lit]al4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,e9e ,v]shnung des ,gem?s4 ,i ?9k ?is ref]s to ! emotions ( ! spectators4 ,! use ( ! ^w 9 ! next s5t5ce po9ts to ?is4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,diese ,fe/igkeit1 e4g41 su* a religi\sly au/]e mode ( treatm5t1 r ?is ?an rigor\sly true1 is ,i ?9k ! s5se4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,comp>e t wond]ful poem ( ,g4 ,m]$i?1 ,!odol9da4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,s*n?u]ei4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,see ,introduction1 pp4 #hf1 #hg4 ,footnote #bha3 ,su* appe>s to me ! s5se ( ! above passage1 b x is n v cle>ly express$4 ,hegel /ates ! case ( ^? :o cont5d t a picture mu/ be a good "o because ! ideal elem5t is ! ma9 ?+ & to get t y h m]ely to borr[ f poetry4 ,he !n takes an example to %[ ?is is n s4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,"h comm5ces ! m ?or\gh exposition ( ! difficulty4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,vor/ellung1 _w ( ideas w\ld be p]haps bett]4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,ap>t f an error 9 punctuation ,i ?9k ?is s5t5ce is n z ,hegel wrote x1 c]ta9ly x is n z he w\ld h left x aft] revision2 z x /&s ! grammatical con/ruction is entirely split into two discordant sections4 ,i h at lea/ made x grammatical4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,die ,vor/ellung1 i4e41 ! imag9ative conception4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( positive *>act]ization impos$ on ! "w by ! arti/4 ,! "w ( ,mi*elangelo is ( c\rse an extreme example4 ,?is is "h r ov]look$4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,t is to say1 x rema9s ! pot5cy ( _m =ms2 x is left 9 its ab/ract =mality to be v>i\sly =m$ by limbs 9 _! motion & n cut into ! =ms devis$ by a tailor4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,inf9ite1 ( c\rse1 n 9 ! s5se ( ext5sion1 b because x is a con/itu5t ( ! univ]sal m$ium ( ?\ght1 inf9ite z ! judgm5t is s4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,?is analysis ( ,dut* pa9t+ is rem>kable = its insight & imp>tiality1 & may be contra/$ 9 ?is respect ) ! writ+s ( ,rusk94 ,footnote #bij3 ,die h"h ,seele4 ,! ideal atmosph]e ?r\gh\t4 ,footnote #bia3 ,x w be recall$ t x 0 precisely ?is picture1 or "o mu* resembl+1 t ,rusk91 ) less sympa?y1 criticiz$ sev]ely4 ,footnote #bib3 ,no d\bt ^! 7 o!r pictures 9 ! exhibition ( pictures contempor>y ) ! date ( ,hegel's lecture4 ,footnote #bic3 ,ideal4 ,footnote #bid3 ,auf willkrli* fe/gesetzt5 ,zei*54 ,footnote #bie3 ,n a v lucid s5t5ce4 ,i presume ! words bei d]5 ,anblick ref]1 to ! =ms1 n to ! beauty :i* reposes on !m4 ,! ab/ractness ( su* a po9t ( view is obvi\s4 ,footnote #bif3 ,i ?9k se9 eig5es ,woll5 mu/ practically am\nt to ?is4 ,b x is all v vague4 ,footnote #big3 ,h&lung4 ,see bel[4 ,footnote #bih3 ,vollbr+5 des ,m5s*54 ,! br++ up to full] cont5t4 ,footnote #bii3 ,lit41 turn$ outside ^u to confront1 l a coat turn$ inside out t ! inside may face ext]nal facts4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,! ,g]man t]m is ,selb/ndigkeit4 ,x may (t5 be bett] translat$ by indep5d5ce4 ,footnote #cja3 ,dur*greif5de4 ,t :i* p5etrates ! :ole z ! causa effici5s4 ,! :ole passage is difficult & te*nical4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,fr si* selb/4 ,t is to say1 a sub/ance t is n dep5d5t on ano!r = its reality b is explicit z su* out ( its own res\rces4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,fr das ,allgeme9e4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,9 e9] ,na*t4 ,a cond5s$ description ( ! true /ory app>5tly4 ,footnote #cje3 ,t is to say1 x is made up ( units all ready to pull 9 diff]5t directions4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! type 9 our own days 0 ,g5]al ,gordon4 ,a p]usal ( 8 correspond5ce f ,kh>t\m makes x suffici5tly cle> t he consid]$ x 8 duty to rema9 despite all ord]s to ! contr>y1 s long z ! g>rison rema9$ un)drawn2 no d\bt he consid]$ ! rev]se c\rse di%on\rable to ,engl&1 b fir/ ( all x 0 di%on\rable to himself4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,frsi*e9sieh54 ,footnote #cjh3 ,das ,vornehme4 ,!re is probably "h a fur!r allusion to ! respectability associat$ ) gr&eur4 ,! same is true ( ! compositions ( ! great ,italian pa9t]s4 ,footnote #cji3 ,ausgebildet54 ,i h hesitat$ to translate ?is cultivat$ z ! context appe>s to sugge/ r ! k9d ( regime we f9d 9 ! highly (ficial c5tralization ( su* a mon>*y z t ( ,prussia 9 ,hegel's "t or ! artificial eighte5? c5tury4 ,b ! :ole passage r+s r /rangely to mod]n ideas1 or at lea/ to ,engli% notions ( democracy4 ,footnote #caj3 ,gtz von ,b]li*5g5 0 ,goe!'s fir/ drama1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aggc1 ?\gh ! fir/ v]sion ( x 0 writt5 9 #agga4 ,footnote #caa3 ,das ,walt5de1 e4g41 a =ce :i* is pr$om9ant4 ,footnote #cab3 ,gehalt1 cont5t1 t is1 9 its configurative en]gy4 ,footnote #cac3 ,si*v]wirkli*51 t is1 objective self-realization4 ,footnote #cad3 ,! :ole ( ?is passage is difficult to foll[ & translate1 & has roots1 no d\bt1 9 "s ( ! mo/ disput$ positions 9 ,hegelian philosophy1 su* z ! indep5d5t reality ( ,nature1 & ! use t ,hegel makes ( su* conceptions z ,*ance 7,zuflligkeit7 9 8 explanation ( x4 ,all t c be attempt$ "h is to give "s k9d ( intelligible int]pretation ( ! expressions employ$ lit]ally4 ,! /ud5t w d well to consult ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley's criticism ( ,hegel's ,idea ( trag$y 9 8 ,lectures on ,poetry4 ,footnote #cae3 ,! situation )\t def9$ situation4 ,footnote #caf3 ,fe/igkeit4 ,/aun*ness is p]haps bett]4 ,footnote #cag3 ,h>mlosigkeit1 e4g41 its inability to cause conflict4 ,footnote #cah3 ,su* z pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,footnote #cai3 ,by positive he means t 9 !mselves !y are n actually discordant or negative b only r5d] su* discordance possible 9 _! relation to _s4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,t is1 :]e a collision dep5ds ^u natural causes4 ,footnote #cba3 ,positive1 t is1 relative to a p>ticul> concrete condition4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,p]haps ,erf9dung w\ld "h be bett] translat$ ) inv5tion4 ,bo? processes are involv$ 9 ! ^w4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,auf d5 natrli*5 uss]li*5 ,v]lauf4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,?is mu/ be impli$1 = x c only be ass]t$ ) qualification ( sculpture & x is n true ( music4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,9 betreff se9] ,bes9nung4 ,bes9nung sugge/s1 no d\bt1 some?+ m ( m9d ?an ,gem?4 ,x is ! entire cont5t ( self-consci\sness on its s5su\s side4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,die allgeme95 ,m*te4 ,?is phrase is expla9$ 9 ! p>agraph :i* foll[s4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,die ,be?tigung4 ,! actualization w\ld be a bett] ^w p]haps4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,x may surprise "s read]s 9 su* a context sudd5ly to be confront$ ) su* s]i\s matt]s4 ,b ) ,hegel su* surprises mu/ be expect$4 ,) him ! root ( all spiritual activity is nev] f> abs5t1 & ! relation ( ! ,/ate is f\nd$ on ! same basis z t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& if we mean any?+ by ! phrase ( ! ,div9e ,imman5ce we %all at lea/ be able to foll[ him4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,die ewig54 ,et]nal because ess5tially belong+ to ! explication ( reason4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,wrde4 ,wor?9ess ( p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 i4e41 e?ical "*4 ,footnote #cca3 ,das nur us]li* ,fe//eh5de4 ,! organizations ( ,_s are ! mo/ p]man5t realities is1 ,i ?9k1 ! mean+4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,etwas biz>res od] widriges1 i4e41 t :i* is arbitr>y & m]ely awakes curiosity or excites a feel+ ( repulsion4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,!re is obvi\sly a symbolic mean+ 9 ?is poem ( ,h>tmann :i* ,hegel appe>s to h ov]look$1 ! sacrifice :i* ! monks prescrib$ n necess>ily involv+ a physical sacrifice1 b m]ely ! gift ( a love :i* w\ld be equal to su* a sacrifice4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,?is passage is n easy to foll[4 ,i ?9k d] innre ,begriff mu/ mean ! entire notion ( ! p]sonality evolv$ 9 ! action z di/9ct f all p>ticul> aspects :i* are negative & evil4 ,! ma9 difficulty ( ! passage consi/s 9 ! ab/ract conception ( evil or ! negative ^u :i* ,hegel c5tres ! att5tion4 ,footnote #cce3 ,halt1 i4e41 /able self-consi/5cy4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,die innre haltlose ,z]riss5keit4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,abges*loss5heit1 i4e41 self-exclusive individuality4 ,footnote #cch3 ,zur subjektiv5 ,inn]li*keit4 ,t is to say1 ! entire self-conc5tration on ! spiritual c5tre ( consci\s life4 ,footnote #cci3 ,lit41 ,_! individuality rema9s r ext]nal =m1 9 su* a way t x fails to p5etrate ?r\gh to absolutely inw>d subjectivity4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,no?1 ! con/ra9t ( necess>y conditions4 ,footnote #cda3 ,mit d] ,be/immt51 i4e41 ) ! def9ite subject-matt] ( temporal life4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,9 ! conception1 t is to say1 :i* is at ! root ( ! ,greek idea ( ,div9ity4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,i presume :at ,hegel means is z individual gods4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,er ni*t mit se9em eig55 ,selb/ dabei i/4 ,he fails to obta9 ! det]m9ate fre$om ( ! self-exclud+ subject4 ,footnote #cde3 ,i4e41 betwe5 gods & m54 ,footnote #cdf3 ,ganz prosais*4 ,view$ practically1 t is to say1 r ?an metaphysically4 ,! examples expla9 ! mean+4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,das ,?un geht /ets h]b] und h9b]4 ,is a ske9 9 :i* ! ?reads run ov] & "u "o ano!r4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,iliad1 ,i1 v1 #aij4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,?is view may be well contra/$ ) ! less vital criticism ( ,s*ill] on ?is subject1 :i* induc$ him actually to exclude ! feature f 8 am5d$ edition ( ! play4 ,9 fact ,hegel %[s m insight "h ?an ,col]idge4 ,footnote #cej3 ,ni*t b] ,hamlet haltlos v]fgt4 ,x is also obvi\s1 ,i ?9k1 t su* a passage ne$ n necess>ily be oppos$ to ,goe!'s ma9 conception4 ,su* ideas may readily be expla9$ z ! excuses ( a man :o inh]5tly %r9ks f =m+ a grave resolve ( vigor\s action4 ,no d\bts are sugge/$ :5 ,hamlet sees ! gho/4 ,footnote #cea3 ,d5 eig5tli*5 ,mittelpunkt4 ,betwe5 :at8 ,i ?9k ! examples %[ t x is bo? betwe5 a "w ( human art & ,nature & betwe5 ! "w ( art itself & ^? to :om x is address$4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,lit41 ,screws itself l a corkscrew into4 ,footnote #cec3 ,ausmalung4 ,! metaphor is tak5 f ! art ( pa9t+ & te*nically ref]s to ! f9i% ( ! same 9 all its details4 ,x is "h us$ g5]ally4 ,footnote #ced3 ,vol4 i1 p4 #aec4 ,i d n "k ! book4 ,footnote #cee3 ,als beweg5des ,pa?os4 ,?is may mean z ! motive pr9ciple ( pa?os1 b ,i incl9e to ! int]pretation z ! pa?os :i* affects o!rs4 ,footnote #cef3 ,?is appe>s at fir/ sight to be some:at contr>y to ! /atem5t made above 7p4 #cji7 t ,we _c affirm pa?os ( ! gods4 ,b if my translation 9 ! above passage is ! "r "o ,die ,gtt] w]d5 zum m5s*li*5 ,pa?os1 ,i ?9k we mu/ und]/& ,die ,gtt] "h 9 a m univ]sal s5se ( ! ,div9e ?an 9 ! =m] passage1 & f9d ! emphasis "h is laid ^u ! ^w m5s*li*54 ,x is1 9 fact1 b ano!r way ( /at+ ! inc>nation ( ! ,div9e 9 humanity4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,als totale ,individualitt1 i4e41 all t is compris$ 9 its ess5tial notion4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,d] h&elnd5 ,"*1 i4e41 ,"* manife/ 9 ! action4 ,footnote #cei3 ,auss] si*1 goes to ! dogs1 z we say 9 vulg> p>lance1 i4e41 ceases to be "* 9 ! true s5se at all4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,?is example %[s u t by ! expression frh]5 ,gtt] above ,hegel mu/ be ref]r+ to prehi/oric times & q ar*aic conceptions ( ,greek godhead4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,e9es 9 sick gebildet5 ,inn]n4 ,gebildet "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( p]fect$1 r\nd$ to a co-ord9at$ cont5t4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,h9e+egrab51 lit41 buri$ 94 ,footnote #cfc3 ,i am unable to express 9 two words ! contra/ pres5t$ by ! ,g]man trag5 & ertrag54 ,footnote #cfd3 ,x is n easy to /rike ! exact int]pretation ( su* a ^w z ,quets*li*keit4 ,app>5tly ?is or ! m usual t]m ,quabbelig h ! s5se ( %ak+4 ,i believe !re is a synonym = quak]'s grass1 viz41 quat*-grass4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,und dur* sie si* h9dur*zieh54 ,! mo/ obvi\s s5se ( ^! words w\ld be3 & 7i4e41 ! ?reads7 c>ry !mselves on ?r\gh x 7i4e41 ext]nality74 ,p]haps ! mean+ is t ! relations 9 "q n m]ely unite ! ,ideal to ! _w b are c>ri$ beyond 7) ! ,ideal7 ! natural ext]nal _w into t high] plane ( ! objective spiritual _w4 ,9 my translation ,i h practically evad$ ! difficulty & assum$ !re is ei!r some?+ miss+1 or we mu/ und]/&1 ,i admit1 a v h>% *ange ( subject4 ,footnote #cff3 ,?r\gh self-consci\sness he is bo? ! individual subject & ! =m ( an inf9ite cont5t4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,e9e subjektive ,totalitt4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,i h amplifi$ ?is s5t5ce to make x q cle> to :i* ( ! ?ree worlds1 viz41 7a7 ! subjective _w 9 its ab/raction1 7b7 ! ext]nal _w 9 its ab/raction or1 f9ally1 ! _w ( reality1 9 :i* a & b are mutually relat$1 ! writ] "h ref]s4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,9 wel*e die 9 sick totale ,e9heit des ,ideals ni*t mehr ihr] konkret5 ,gei/igkeit na* h9e9zus*e95 befhigt i/4 ,lit41 ,into :i* ! self-complete unity ( ! ,ideal is no long] capable ( p5etrat+ by virtue ( ! concrete spirituality :i* x ess5tially is4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,an obvi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! arts ( ar*itecture & g>d5-con/ruction is t 9 ! =m] all ! mat]ials us$ h be5 already in=m$ by human h&s at lea/ :]e build+ is 9 any advanc$ /age4 ,footnote #cga3 ,hegel's actual words w\ld seem to imply t ! fact a g>d5 is creat$ = use & enjoym5t is detrim5tal to its beauty4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is summ>y treatm5t ( g>d5s is n v satisfactory4 ,no d\bt ! be/ au?orities concur 9 ! view t ! =mal g>d5 is m arti/ic ?an ! l&scape1 b h>dly on ! ma9 gr\nd giv5 "h4 ,l&scape g>d5+ su* z we f9d x 9 our great ,engli% c\ntry h\ses has a real ju/ification ( its own4 ,& ) reg>d to ! reason giv5 t a g>d5 %\ld be entirely subord9ate to ! human object d we n /rike "h ^u a weakness :i* is to a c]ta9 ext5t app>5t also 9 ,hegel's !ory ( ! arti/ic purpose ( ar*itecture4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t ?\gh x is true ! object ( bo? ^! arts is n entirely = _! own beauty1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 n ev5 prim>ily s1 z 9 ! case ( a s5ate-h\se or ord9>y g>d51 yet :]e ! arti/ic purpose is manife/$ ?r\gh\t ) great delib]ation !y may be ess5tially an indep5d5t "w ( art2 take ! case14( a ca!dral1 = example1 or a really beautiful & homog5e\s =mal g>d54 ,footnote #cgc3 ,elem5t1 subject-matt] w\ld be really a bett] ^w4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,ke9 bloss quantatives4 ,!y are n l a heap ( /ones1 = example1 b !y possess relations :i* qualify ea* o!r1 z ( c\rse ! heap ( /ones w d 9 s f> z x is di/+ui%$ by div]sity ( col\r4 ,footnote #cge3 ,i ?9k ?is mu/ be ! mean+ ( ! words no* ah blass aufgel/e ,geg5stze auftret54 ,footnote #cgf3 ,grau is ! ^w ,hegel uses1 b ,i ?9k he mu/ use x 9 ! s5se ,i h translat$ x4 ,gray 9 itself is a v beautiful comp\nd1 & ! subtlety ( its use is t :i* is "o ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! v greate/ col\ri/s su* z ,turn] & ,velazquez4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,i am n q sure t ,hegel means ?is exactly1 b x is no d\bt :at an arti/ w\ld mean & 9 wat]-col\r especially x is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,comp>e ! fle% col\r ( ! arti/s su* z our ,watts or ,titian ) t ( ,leighton4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s examples ,i "k is a small picture ( ,titian1 ! subject ( :i* is ,h]odias ) ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 9 "o ( ! palaces at ,rome4 ,b a mod]n critic w\ld1 ap>t f ! "q ( dirt9ess1 ab\t :i* !re c be no d\bt1 say t ,hegel insi/s too mu*1 precisely z ,rusk9 does1 on ! sup]iority ( ! pure s+le col\r4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,hegel appe>s to be himself slightly incorrect "h4 ,no d\bt a /r+ may r+ false if x is n tightly fa/5$ or if too slack or too long x may produce s\nds ! human e> is unable to appreciate4 ,b prim>ily :at musicians mean by a /r+ r++ false1 ) wolf notes & s on1 is due to ! bad mat]ial or false composition ( ! /r+ itself4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,disp>at1 i4e41 compos$ ( diff]5t elem5ts1 n m]ely sep>ate 9 position4 ,footnote #chj3 ,i ?9k ! expression e9 blosses an-si* mu/ mean ?is "h4 ,( c\rse ! usual mean+ is t ( some?+ pot5tial1 unrealiz$1 b "h ,i ?9k x r signifies n objectively or really valid4 ,no d\bt 9 relation to ! heads ( discussion x is pot5tial also4 ,footnote #cha3 ,die traurige ,bnkelsng]ei4 ,i ?9k ! adjective mu/ "h r ref] to ! contra/ ?an to ! nature ( ! poetry4 ,i presume ! ,m9nes+]s are ref]r$ to4 ,footnote #chb3 ,i d n "k :at book ?is is1 nor h ,i ev] he>d ( a h]o ) ! "n ( ,otni?4 ,footnote #chc3 ,or r by virtue bo? ( its m$ium & object4 ,ihr] ,natur na* are ,hegel's words4 ,footnote #chd3 ,j5em er/5 ,ansi*sey5d54 ,t is to say1 a relation indef9ite1 b ess5tially imply+ a fur!r realization4 ,footnote #che3 ,es nur e9e unwahre ,ab/raction bezeig5 wrde4 ,lack ( compreh5siv5ess w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be m lit]al4 ,footnote #chf3 ,9 ihrem ab/ract5 ,gehalt4 ,t is1 reg>d$ simply z ! op9ions ( a private individual1 & ap>t f all t may be impli$ 9 x "u m univ]sal relations4 ,footnote #chg3 ,d] ,zu/& d] allgeme95 ,bildung1 n an easy phrase to translate3 ! ,culture-,/ate p]haps sums x up mo/ completely4 ,! /ate ( univ]sal education is too indef9ite or goes too f>4 ,footnote #chh3 ,! :ole _s ( ?is passage is a /rik+ witness to ,hegel's admiration = classical art4 ,:e!r ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d are :olly s\nd :5 we consid] !m 9 connection ) ! ,elizabe?an drama1 = example1 may readily admit ( a "q4 ,at ! same "t1 z ,hegel himself po9ts out1 ,%akespe>e unque/ionably ?r[s ! "t back to :at is practically a my?ical age 9 at lea/ ?ree ( 8 greate/ trag$ies1 ,hamlet1 ,macbe?1 & above all ,k+ ,le>4 ,footnote #chi3 ,= ! elem5t ( beauty impli$ 9 ord9>y craftsman%ip1 & ! mod]n view1 press$ s /rongly by ,william ,morris & o!rs1 ( ?is aspect ( art & its mod]n necessity1 ! read] %\ld p]use ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's valuable ,?ree ,lectures on ,ae/hetic 7see p>ticul>ly ,lecture ,,ii1 p4 #fa et seq474 ,footnote #cij3 ,ev5 an admir] ( our au?or mu/ admit1 ,i ?9k1 "h t ! argum5t is some:at ov]/ra9$4 ,t ,hegel possess$ real hum\r & yet m irony few w d5y :o h /udi$ him1 b at times ! man ) a !ory r t5ds1 z is s frequ5tly ! case ) our ,g]man c\s9s1 ,goe! himself n except$1 to swall[ up su* sanative juices altoge!r4 ,footnote #cia3 ,i presume ! mean+ is t ! poem 9 ! %ape we n[ h x dates "s #djj ye>s aft] ! ,trojan w>4 ,b x is n v cle> f ,hegel's language :e!r he reg>ds ,hom] z ! poet :o1 z 9 ! case ( 8 example ( ! poet ( ! ,niebelung5li$1 fus$ t toge!r or no4 ,= if he did h[ c\ld he h liv$ ?r\gh ! poems1 an expression itself :i* is r vague1 m p>ticul>ly z ! bett] op9ion is t !y repres5t a diff]5t age !mselves4 ,footnote #cib3 ,v]nrnb]g]t4 ,a ^w ( c\rse co9$ by ,hegel4 ,made !m1 t is to say1 at home 9 ! ,nuremb]g ( ,hans ,sa*s4 ,footnote #cic3 ,be/ ( all ?+s wat]4 ,comp>e ,m]$i?'s exquisite poem ,phoebus ) ,admetus1 ,wat]1 fir/ ( s+]s o'er rocky m\nt & mead1 etc41 /anza #c4 ,footnote #cid3 ,! drama ( ,rac9e4 ,footnote #cie3 ,:at ?is ^w means ,i d n "k--possibly quill-fea!rs4 ,footnote #cif3 ,e9e grosse ,g5ialitt4 ,fir/-rate g5ius is r too /rong1 tal5ts ( ! highe/ rank w\ld be m lit]al4 ,we h no ^w t expresses ,g5ialitt4 ,z ! passage is ironical ,i h all[$ g5ius to pass4 ,footnote #cig3 ,wir hab5 s*le*t ge/&54 ,lit]ally1 !re is "s mi/ake betwe5 u4 ,b ! idiomatic s5se ,i presume is1 ,y've made a bad %ot ?is "t4 ,footnote #cih3 ,:at w\ld ,hegel h said ( ! fir/ sc5e 9 ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice8 ,no d\bt ,%akespe>e's play conta9s v mu* m ?an su* sc5es1 & !re is a pr(\nd significance 9 t op5+ sc5e1 = x at once emphasizes ! collision ( families ^u :i* ! entire trag$y turns4 ,b is su* a def5ce ne$$8 ,!re appe>s to be indubitably a c]ta9 defici5cy 9 ! above criticism4 ,!re is no reason t a sc5e 9 :i* a c\ple ( peasants & two troop]s are ! dramatis p]sonae %\ld n be inf9itely amus+ provid$ a ,%akespe>e1 or ev5 a ,goe!1 :5 he is n 9 "o ( 8 dull moods1 p]=ms ! (fice ( tea*+ !m h[ to speak4 ,footnote #cii3 ,?is surely goes too f> unless int]e/ is tak5 /rictly to mean arti/ic int]e/ :i* w\ld appe> to be s f ! context4 ,ev]y?+ t has once int]e/$ or affect$ mank9d1 h[ev] remote1 has at he>t an hi/orical & antiqu>ian int]e/1 & ,i am n sure t we %\ld n be "r 9 add+ a g5]al human int]e/4 ,at lea/ su* is almo/ a dogma ) a poet ( ! type ( ,br[n+4 ,footnote #djj3 ,i d n "k ! ,teutonic poem "h ref]r$ to4 ,b :at ab\t ,wagn]'s fam\s tetralogy8 ,! above argum5ts1 ?\gh conta9+ mu* t is true1 appe> to ov]look = "o ?+ ! symbolic significance ( my?ological hi/ory1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se to be lack+ 9 sympa?y = ev]y?+ t is n mod]n or ,hell5ic4 ,h[ v diff]5tly ,c>lyle1 = example1 ref]r$ to ?is v my?ology1 & 8 le>n+ 0 n pr(\nd 9 ! ,g]man s5se4 ,footnote #dja3 ,! int5tion ( ,aes*ylus w5t1 ( c\rse1 mu* f>!r ?an ?is1 & ! entire play is ess5tially "o writt5 by a /aun* cons]vative aga9/ mod]n innovation4 ,footnote #djb3 ,x is /range t ,hegel %\ld h v5tur$ su* a g5]alization 9 ! face ( 8 old fri5d ,hold]le9's poetry4 ,9 ,engl& "s f9e poems h be5 writt5 su* z ,lady ,m>g>et ,sackville's hymn to ,dionysus & ,sw9burne's to ,pros]p9e4 ,b = a good essay 9 support ( ! ma9 cont5tion ,i "k none equal to ,russell ,l[ell's ,essay on ,sw9burne's ,atalanta4 ,i ?9k t bo? our au?or & ! critic :o supports him some:at fail to recognize ! p]man5t reality1 :e!r symbolical or directly spiritual1 t an increas+ numb] ( m5 f9d 9 ^! ,hell5ic p]sonalities1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! poetry ( ,m]$i?1 to take ! f9e/ flav\r ( ! type4 ,footnote #djc3 ,i presume ?is is ! mean+ ( uns]] eig55 ,geliebt51 b f ! example giv5 ( ,petr>*'s ,laura "o w\ld r h expect$ t x 0 ! poet's belov$ ^: "n 0 n giv54 ,9 any case ! s5se is r obscure4 ,footnote #djd3 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t ,hegel goes too f> 9 ! o!r extreme4 ,! be/ t5d5cy ( our times is to reproduce ,%akespe>e z ne> to ! be/ au!nticat$ text z possible4 ,no d\bt our adaptation ( ,fr5* plays is 9 a c]ta9 s5se an illu/ration ( ,hegel's cont5tion2 b g5]ally x is recogniz$ t :]e a "w is great1 z = example 9 ! case ( our ,greek plays1 x is f> bett] to let !m speak = !mselves1 & attempt no bot*+4 ,footnote #dje3 ,s*ill]'s play4 ,footnote #djf3 ,s*iefheit51 errors t div]t tru? f its pa?4 ,footnote #djg3 ,we %\ld r h expect$ ,erhalt ?an ,gehalt "h4 ,gehalt means1 !re=e1 ! ess5tial "p ( ! entire manife/ation4 ,footnote #djh3 ,dur* all das &]weitige ,getriebe1 i4e41 ?r\gh all t is o!rwise me*anical4 ,footnote #dji3 ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r !re is a def9ite allusion "h to any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 or :e!r ! ,egyptian is tak5 to signify any folk outside ,we/]n culture1 ) possibly "s subtle sugge/ion ( ^? :o held ! fav\r$ p 9 bondage1 ,phili/9es 9 %ort4 ,footnote #daj3 ,h]ausgebor5 i/1 ca/ =?1 t is to say1 z ! natural gr[? ( x--z ,m9]va f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,footnote #daa3 ,imag9ation appe>s to me ! be/ translation ( ,phantasie4 ,our ,engli% ^w1 h[ev]1 seems r to lie betwe5 x & ,vor/ellung4 ,practically ,hegel means "h :at we mean :5 we di/+ui% x f fancy 7,e9bildungskraft71 ?\gh 9 ,rusk9's orig9al & mo/ sugge/ive analysis ( ! t]ms1 fancy ( c\rse impli$ a limit$ p[] ( creative activity or at lea/ associative activity4 ,footnote #dab3 ,lei*tf]tigkeit d] ,phantasie1 i4e41 a c>eless facility ( imag9ative activity4 ,footnote #dac3 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$1 h[ev]1 t1 especially 9 ! arts ( music & pa9t+1 g5ius may h rea*$ maturity at a v e>ly p]iod1 z 0 ! case ) ,moz>t1 ,rafael1 & _m ano!r4 ,footnote #dad3 ,ganz v]e9zelt5 ,seite4 ,x is a little /range to f9d su* an expression appli$ to ! arts ( viol9-play+ or s++4 ,b ! emphasis is n s mu* on ! art z a :ole z to ! te*nical aspect ( execution4 ,footnote #dae3 ,anlage1 lit41 a lay+ to1 an impulse 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,footnote #daf3 ,?is /atem5t is r surpris+ f a fell[ c\ntryman ( ,ba*1 ,h&el1 ,moz>t1 etc41 d[n to ,wagn] & ,/rauss4 ,! explanation appe>s fir/ to be due to ! di/9ction betwe5 a national impulse t[>d popul> s++ :i* ! ,italian no d\bt possesses1 & a deep-root$ emotional life :i* f9ally discov]s its supreme mode ( expression 9 ! art ( in/rum5tal music z develop$ by ! ,teuton /ock4 ,secondly1 x is q cle>1 ,i ?9k1 f ,hegel's correspond5ce t he _h no real sympa?y = or*e/ral music ?\gh an en?usia/ic admir] ( op]a1 p>ticul>ly ,italian op]a4 ,footnote #dag3 ,! o!r two aspects 73 7a7 ,t g5ius is a spiritual activity & 9 its op]ation (f]s a contra/ to tal5t1 :]e ! p]sonal initiative is n s prom95t1 7b7 ,x has a c]ta9 aspect :i* may be call$ innate4 ,footnote #dah3 ,x is a little surpris+ to f9d ,hegel trac+ te*nical accompli%m5t to ! native gift4 ,at lea/ all te*nical accompli%m5t has to be le>n$4 ,footnote #dai3 ,?is is ! real po9t4 ,:atev] ignoramuses may say ( ! %ackles ( v]se poets "k only too well t !y supply a supreme /imulus to imag9ative p[]s bo? 9 virtue ( ! atmosph]e ( music into :i* !y are ?us c>ri$ & ! sugge/iv5ess ( ! words !mselves4 ,:at ,hegel's analysis appe>s r to fail 9 is 8 p]ception ( ! unconsci\s "w 9 ! greate/ m5 :5 work+ 9 mo/ inspir$ mom5ts :e!r 9 pa9t+ or poetry--! extraord9>y p[] ( _! intuition4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,no d\bt ,hegel does n use our ^w inspiration 9 q ! s5se x is usually us$1 & ,i %\ld h said ev5 less s ! ,g]man ^w4 ,at ! same "t we d apply ! ^w inspiration to ! te*nical execution & mo/ ju/ly :]e x is us$ z a di/9ction4 ,footnote #dba3 ,m]$i? 9 a lett] to a correspond5t expresses ! same conviction4 ,he ev5 adds t he ?9ks ,s*ill]'s compositions 7 by no means improv$ by artificial /imulants4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,! ,g]mans say1 a song :i* r+s /raight f ! ?roat1 d] aus d] ,kehle dr+t4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,wel*e zum ,begriff des ,tal5te gehrt4 ,tal5t no d\bt to "s ext5t includes g5ius "h1 b ma9ly 9 its aspect ( productive p[]4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,i d n "k ! composition & _c make mu* ( ! quotations4 ,= all ,i "k ,tamb\re-gesell5 may be ! drumm]-boy himself4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,?is translation may pass p]haps3 ,?is little nosegay pluck$ by me ,a ?\s& times may x greet !e6 ,h[ _m ?\s& times h ,i ,b[$ ov] x2 h[ _m times ,press$ x to he>t2 h[ _m times6 ,footnote #dbf3 ,or1 z ,hegel puts x1 t he is n4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,we %\ld r say a p]sonal or individual mann] p]haps4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,i h translat$ ,zufllig5 "h ) ! words he %>es ) no "o else4 ,! sugge/ion is t !re is no w>rant or pr9ciple to support !m4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,x is r surpris+ to f9d ,hegel includ+ music "h r ?an sculpture or ar*itecture1 especially ! latt]1 :i* seems peculi>ly adapt$ to illu/rate :at ,i und]/& to be 8 g5]al po9t ( view4 ,8 own illu/rations ?r[ no light on ! matt] z !y are borr[$ f pa9t+ or poetry4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,i presume ! diff]5ce "h allud$ to is su* z we may see if we contra/ ! tone ( a ,correggio1 = in/ance1 ) t ( a ,titian or a ,rembr&t4 ,footnote #dca3 ,er hat ihn si* angeeignet4 ,lack ( arti/ic p[] is ! ma9 factor 9 an artificial /yle4 ,?\gh !re are d\btless _m examples ( m5 =c$ to pa9t 9 a way mu* bel[ _! true p[]s to obta9 a liv+4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ ,hegel does n express himself v cle>ly4 ,individuality ( h&l+ is ess5tial to a great ma/]4 ,! real po9t is t x %\ld n cry/allize into a m]e habit1 z 9 ! ,bologna s*ool ( pa9t]s4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,artificial w\ld p]haps come clos] to ! m>k4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,9 si* selb/ zu erweit]n4 ,! phrase at once sugge/s by contra/ t expression s frequ5tly us$ by pa9t]s ( tightness1 incapacity to enl>ge1 :i* is su* a *>act]i/ic ( artificial h&l+1 & inde$ ( mo/ academic "w1 & s frequ5tly gives to ! orig9al sket* ( an arti/ a great] arti/ic value ?an to ! highly f9i%$ "w4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,9 d] subjektiv5 ,begei/rung4 ,footnote #dce3 ,! *amb] at ,wetzl>4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,elective ,aff9ities4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i