,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 & text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold74 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,volume ,i4 ,numb] #d4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,decemb]1 #aiji4 #a4jj a ye> #ae c5ts a copy ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,hi/ory ,,syllabi1 by ,pr(4 ,walt] ,l4 ,flem+ #ga ,,t5tative ,,li/ ,,( ,,syllabi #gb ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,laboratory1 by ,pr(4 ,william ,mac,donald #gc ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,recitation1 by ,pr(4 ,n4 ,m4 ,tr5holme #gd ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,local ,,indu/ries1 by ,alex&] ,l4 ,pugh #gf ,,=man',s 8,,advanc$ ,,civics10 review$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,edw>ds #gg ,,editorial #gh ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,fif? ,,anniv]s>y ,,meet+s #gi ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,ar?ur ,m4 ,wolfson1 ,ph4,d4 #hj ,,/eph5s' 8,,transitional ,,p]iod0 #ha ,,european ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,daniel ,c4 ,kn[lton1 ,ph4,d4 #hb ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,william ,fairley1 ,ph4,d4 #hd ,,engli% ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,c4 ,b4 ,newton #he ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,grades1 by ,arm& ,j4 ,g]son #hf ,,reports ,,f ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,field1 ,walt] ,h4 ,cu%+3 ,li/ ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,associations2 ,news ( ! ,associations2 ,aids to ,visualization2 ,modifications ( ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev52 ,directions = ,writt5 ,"w at ,m]$i? ,college #hh ,,correspond5ce #ia ,publi%$ mon?ly1 except ,july & ,augu/1 by ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,copyright1 #aiji1 ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co4 ,ent]$ z second-class matt]1 ,octob] #bf1 #aiji1 at ! ,po/-(fice at ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 "u ,act ( ,m>* #h1 #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on's ,maps & ,globes ,illu/ration are not$ ! _w ov] = _! geographical accuracy4 ,li?ograph$1 n pr9t$--colors d n fade4 ,l>g] & bett] maps = ! price ?an any competitor c furni%4 ,,s5t ,,on ,,approval ,our ,maps & ,globes %[ _! sup]iority4 ,we %ip on approval4 ,exam9e1 comp>e ) o!rs & return any or all at our exp5se if n satisfactory4 ,,five ,,complete ,,s]ies 7#ace diff]5t maps71 also ,,five sizes ( ,,globes 9 ,,all /yles ( m\nt+ ,! l>ge/ v>iety publi%$1 includ+ ev]y?+ f ! *eape/ t are accurate to ! be/ t are made4 ,! exp]i5ce ( f\r score ye>s ( p]fection 9 map mak+ is back ( our publications4 ,s5d = f9e #hh-page ,catalog ,a4 ,j4 ,ny/rom ,co4 ,sole ,u4 ,s4 ,ag5ts #hf-hh ,lake ,/reet ,,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,we/]n ,hi/ory 9 ,its ,_m ,aspects ,,mississippi ,,valley ,,& ,,local ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,p>ticul> ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indians ,books on ! above subjects suppli$ promptly by ,! ,tor* ,press ,book ,%op1 ,c$> ,rapids1 ,i[a ,catalogs on ,application 99 99 99 99 99 ,newton & ,treat's ,outl9es = ,review 9 ,hi/ory ,by ,,*>les ,,b]tram ,,newton1 ,a4,b41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory 9 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool1 & ,,edw>d ,,bryant ,,treat1 ,a4,m41 ,ma/] 9 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool4 ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,engli% ,,hi/ory ,,greek ,,hi/ory ,,roman ,,hi/ory ,price1 ea*1 #be c5ts ,^! ,outl9es 9 ,hi/ory aid ! tea*] 9 br++ out ! subject z a :ole1 & 9 s focus+ x z to make ! picture cle>-cut & vivid 9 ! pupil's m9d4 ,by _! use ! prom95t figures & ! small] details1 ! multitude ( memories & impressions1 w be fix$ & e/abli%$ 9 _! prop] p]spective4 ,9 ea* booklet are giv5 brief summ>ies 9 *ronological ord] ( ! lead+ facts & ev5ts1 & ?r\gh\t ease ( ref]5ce has be5 consid]$ ( prime importance 9 ! pres5tation ( ! matt]4 ,9 ! index1 battles1 laws & w>s are gr\p$ *ronologically "u ^? head+s1 & also 9 regul> alphabetical ord]4 ,ne> ! end ( ea* volume are giv5 fifty typical que/ions1 select$ f ! rec5t exam9ations set = admission to lead+ colleges1 :i* are int5d$ = practice 9 ! art ( =mulat+ answ]s4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,new ,york ,c9c9nati ,*icago ,bo/on 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,att5tion ( ,tea*]s ,,is ,,call$ ,,to ,,! ,,value ,,( ,adv]tis+ 9 ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,! pap] is "o :i* is n m]ely subscrib$ =--x is read1 & read c>efully4 ,x is pr9t$ simply1 b effectively1 by "o ( ! be/ pr9t]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,its adv]tisem5ts are well set up & /& out cle>ly on ! page4 ,tea*]s' ,wants are _m4 ,y c rea* m hi/ory tea*]s ?r\gh ! ,magaz9e ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,d y want out-(-pr9t books or maps8 ,d y wi% to procure second-h& volumes8 ,d y wi% to dispose ( a libr>y1 or ( duplicates8 ,d y want a new position8 ,d y ne$ a new assi/ant 9 y\r s*ool8 ,d y want in=mation on a giv5 subject ( hi/ory or g5ealogy8 ,are y se>*+ = manuscripts ( a c]ta9 "* or au?or%ip8 ,,!n ,,use ,,! ,adv]tis+ ,columns ( ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,volume ,i4 ,numb] #d4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,decemb]1 #aiji4 #a4jj a ye> #ae c5ts a copy ,hi/ory ,syllabi ,,by ,,walt] ,l4 ,,flem+1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,l\isiana ,,/ate ,,univ]sity4 ,a well-con/ruct$ syllabus is a useful aid to ! in/ructor & to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory 9 high s*ool & sometimes 9 college classes4 ,a good syllabus usually conta9s n only an outl9e ( ! ess5tial topics 9 ord]ly sequ5ce ) numb]$ divisions & ind5tations to indicate ! value ( ! topics & _! relation "o to ano!r1 b also def9ite & m or less complete ref]5ces to ! be/ read+ on ea* important subject4 ,a complete syllabus %\ld conta9 also li/s ( additional topics = extra "w or = advanc$ /ud5ts1 ) suitable ref]5ces to ! prop] read+ necess>y to develop ?is extra "w4 ,9 syllabi design$ = use 9 high s*ools & ! l[] classes ( college1 ref]5ces to good hi/orical maps & atlases are usually f\nd1 z well z sugge/ions = map "w1 li/s ( hi/orical pictures & o!r illu/rative mat]ial1 sugge/ions to tea*]s & to /ud5ts1 & 8?\ght que/ions0 or 8problems40 ,among ! publi%$ syllabi design$ = high s*ool "w are ! foll[+3 8,a ,hi/ory ,syllabus = ,second>y ,s*ools0 7,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 publi%$ by ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?71 arrang$ 9 f\r divisions--anci5t hi/ory1 m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--) full ref]5ce li/s & e/imates ( ! p]c5tage value ( ea* section ( ! c\rse2 8,! ,hi/ory & ,social ,sci5ce ,syllabus0 ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t1 a slight modification ( ! ,new ,engl& syllabus t omits ! bibliographies2 ,leadbett]1 8,outl9es & ,/udies ( ,anci5t1 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory0 7,g9n ,co471 bas$ on ! texts ( ,my]s1 ) good outl9es1 a few well-select$ ref]5ces1 & v good 8/udies0 or 8?\ght que/ions40 ,sev]al publi%]s ( hi/ory texts h issu$ outl9es or manuals to accompany !m4 ,! be/ ( ^! = s*ool use are ! 8,tea*+ ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 etc41 publi%$ by ,appleton to accompany ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury texts4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t has prep>$ numb]s ( outl9es on special fields ( hi/ory1 all ( :i* are helpful to tea*]s & "s ( :i* c be us$ to advantage ) high s*ool & college classes4 ,ne>ly all ! hi/ory syllabi = s*ools foll[ ! division ( ! subject into p]iods recomm5d$ by ! ,committee ( ,sev54 ,sev]al publi%$ outl9es = use 9 college classes are wor?y ( note4 ,among !m are3 ,%eph]d's 8,syllabus ( ! ,epo*s ( ,hi/ory10 us$ 9 ! fir/ ye> "w at ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ! two outl9es us$ = ! same purpose at ,d>tm\? ,college2 ,munro & ,sell]y's 8,syllabus ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory10 & ,ames's 8,am]ican ,colonial ,hi/ory0 7,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania72 ,%eldon's 8,tea*]s' ,manuals0 7,hea?72 ! ,columbia ,univ]sity 7,new ,york7 ,ext5sion ,syllabi1 especially ^? prep>$ by ,pr(essors ,%eph]d1 ,%otwell & ,be>d2 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,ext5sion ,syllabi1 :i* are v useful = %ort p]iods4 ,all ( ^! outl9es c be procur$ ?r\gh ! book deal]s1 :ile _m o!rs privately pr9t$ c also be obta9$4 ,= ne>ly e compet5t in/ructor 9 hi/ory 9 ! colleges & univ]sities has f\nd t 9 "s "p ( 8 "w !re is no prop] guide1 & to supply ! lack has con/ruct$ a syllabus4 ,! g5]al use 9 high s*ools ( good syllabi su* z ! ,new ,york or ! ,new ,engl& outl9es ) _! useful sugge/ions z to ess5tials1 proportions & me?ods t5ds to raise /&>ds1 to make uni=m ! quantity & quality ( hi/ory "w1 & to cause ! adoption ( good me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! advocates ( ! syllabus h mu* m ?an ?is to say 9 favor ( its use4 ,!y claim t x is a guide to /udy1 to ! use ( a text1 to ! use ( ref]5ce works1 to ! prop] division ( a subject2 t x is a good basis = class discussion1 recitation1 & exam9ation2 & t x keeps topical "w f produc+ confus$ results1 etc4 ,:e!r ! syllabus w d all ?is is d\btful1 b t x is a valuable aid is c]ta94 ,:5 no satisfactory text c be _h1 ! only ?+ t an in/ructor c d--=mal lectures to immature /ud5ts be+ out ( ! "q--is to con/ruct a syllabus or to procure a good "o made by "s "o else4 ,?is outl9e is necess>y to give proportion1 connection & organization to ! c\rse4 ,by mak+ 8 own syllabus an in/ructor c secure prop] att5tion to ! po9ts t he ?9ks %\ld be emphasiz$1 & he has 9 8 outl9e a def9ite plan ( ! "w to be done1 some?+ t _m ( ! texts d n (f]4 ,) ! syllabus con/antly be=e him ! /ud5t w see ! subject 9 its prop] proportions2 he w n get lo/ 9 ! mass ( detail :i* mu/ cumb] ev5 ! be/ books1 b ) ?is guide to ! ess5tials he w be able to collect in=mation f 8 read+s1 f explanatory lectures1 etc41 & to organize x ab\t ! framework ( ! syllabus4 ,kn[+ :at he is look+ =1 hav+ a m def9ite aim ?an "o work+ out an assignm5t ( 8! next fifte5 pages10 he c get m satisfactory results4 ,n only is x wor? :ile to a "y /ud5t to h ! ma9 topics logically arrang$1 & ord]$ 9 _! prop] relations1 b ! practice 9 ! collection & organization ( in=mation ga9$ f diff]5t au?orities w t5d to fo/] ! habit ( comp>ison1 w cultivate ! judgm5t ev5 ?\gh slightly1 & w assi/ ! developm5t ( ! critical faculty4 ,! old sy/em ( us+ "o text ) 8by he>t0 recitations1 ?\gh x gave accurate in=mation1 did n d ?is4 ,) high s*ool & elem5t>y college classes ! syllabus %\ld be us$ 9 close connection ) a text or texts1 ref]5ce be+ made to o!r au?orities = diff]+ views1 additional in=mation1 or :olly new mat]ial4 ,no ord9>y manuals cov] all ! p>ts ( a field t a tea*] believes %\ld be treat$2 :ile ! syllabus bas$ on sev]al texts1 outl9es a m compreh5sive plan ?an any "o text has ev] done4 ,! proportion obs]v$ 9 ! syllabus may correct ! text t is too diffuse1 too ov]load$ ) details1 or too cond5s$4 ,= classes pursu+ ! /udy ( hi/ory by ! topical me?od a syllabus is a good ?+ to b9d ! "w toge!r1 to give x connection & def9ite =m4 ,! syllabus is some?+ m ?an a m]e li/ ( subjects2 x aims to %[ relations1 to bridge ! space betwe5 "o l>ge topic & ano!r4 ,too _m topics %\ld n be sugge/$ by ! syllabus2 ! few] & l>g] ! topics ! fre] ! /ud5t is to arrange 8 in=mation ab\t ea* topic2 :ile too m9ute analysis makes ! "w t$i\s & keeps a /ud5t f ex]cis+ orig9ality 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 mat]ial4 ,9 my "w 9 s*ool & college ,i h f\nd ! syllabus useful n only ) classes us+ texts1 b ) m advanc$ classes hav+ no prescrib$ texts4 ,i pref] to make ! outl9es myself1 b f9d t ! publi%$ syllabi give valuable h9ts4 ,9 assign+ class "w1 a c]ta9 numb] ( topics are giv5 to ! class z a lesson4 ,ea* individual is requir$ to "w out a s+le topic = extra "w4 ,! /ud5ts read ! text & ! recomm5d$ ref]5ce books on ea* topic1 ga!r ! in=mation 9 note-books1 & !n are ready = recitation1 discussion1 or report 9 class4 ,at lea/ once a mon? ,i give to my classes a li/ ( 8problems0 or 8/udies0 simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ,leadbett]'s 8,outl9es0 & ,bots=d's 8,greece0 & 8,rome40 ,! work+ out ( ^! aids causes ! /ud5t to assimilate ! in=mation t he has ga9$ & to see ! subject 9 its diff]5t aspects2 & also t5ds to prev5t indiff]5t "w ) ! syllabus4 ,a ,t5tative ,li/ ( ,hi/ory ,syllabi ,! foll[+ li/ ( titles makes no pret5se ( be+ exhau/ive4 ,x 0 put toge!r f ! notes ( sev]al ( ! editors ( ! ,,magaz9e 9 ord] to furni% a timely supplem5t to ! article by ,pr(4 ,flem+4 ,x is hop$ to publi% 9 ! ne> future a m ext5d$ bibliography ( ^? syllabi n[ 9 pr9t & on sale = g5]al use4 ,additions or corrections may be s5t to ! manag+ editor1 or to ,h[>d ,m4 ,/uck]t1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia4 ,prim>ily = ,college ,classes4 ,,alvord1 ,c4 ,w41 & ,,paet[1 ,l4 ,j4--8,syllabus ( ,m$ival ,european ,hi/ory0 7f ! f\r? to ! sixte5? c5tury74 ,*ampaign1 ,ill41 ,d4 ,h4 ,lloyd4 ,,ames1 ,h4 ,v4--8,a ,syllabus ( ,am]ican ,political & ,in/itutional ,hi/ory ,dur+ ! ,colonial & ,revolution>y ,p]iods40 ,philadelphia1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 #a4 ,,burr1 ,g4 ,l4--8,outl9es ( ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) ,sugge/ions z to ! ,s\rces ( ,k40 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,*ann+1 ,e41 & ,,h>t1 ,a4 ,b4--8,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co4 ,,cubb]ley1 ,e4 ,p4--8,syllabus ( ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education10 ) _m reproductions ( contempor>y pr9ts4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,,d[1 ,e4 ,w4--8,outl9es & ,ref]5ces = an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,european ,hi/ory1 f ! ,?ird to ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury40 ,ann ,arbor1 ,george ,wahr4 ,,fi%1 ,,c>l4--8,syllabus = ,unit$ ,/ates ,hi/ory40 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,,fo/]1 ,h4 ,d41 & ,,fay1 ,s4 ,b4--8,syllabus ( ,cont95tal ,european ,hi/ory40 ,hanov]1 ,n4 ,h41 ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,,h>t1 ,a4 ,b4--8,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,diplomacy1 & ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,hask9s1 ,c4 ,h4--8,topics & ,ref]5ces = ,hi/ory1 ,i 7,middle ,ages740 ,cambridge1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,l+elba*1 ,w4 ,e4--8,a ,syllabus ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,europe 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury40 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 #fj c5ts4 ,,munro1 ,d4 ,c41 & ,,sell]y1 ,g4--8,syllabus ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory40 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory4 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #a4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,o4 ,h41 ,,=d1 ,g4 ,s41 & ,,durfee1 ,e4 ,l4--8,syllabus ( ,cont95tal ,european ,hi/ory f ! ,fall ( ,rome to #ahgj40 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co4 ,,%eph]d1 ,w4 ,r4--8,syllabus ( ! ,epo*s ( ,hi/ory1 ) ,ref]5ce to ! ,=ms ( ,gov]nm5t & ,*anges 9 ,social ,conditions40 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,smi?1 ,,don ,e4--8,syllabus on ,hi/orical ,geography40 ,b]keley1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,/eph5s1 ,h4 ,,morse4--8,syllabus ( a ,c\rse ( ,lectures on ,mod]n ,european ,hi/ory1 #afjj-ahij40 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,,?ompson1 ,j4 ,w4--8,ref]5ce ,/udies 9 ,m$ival ,hi/ory 7f ! f\r? to ! sixte5? c5tury740 ,*icago1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press4 ,prim>ily = ,second>y & ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,,all51 ,f4 ,j4--8,topical ,outl9e ( ,engli% ,hi/ory40 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #be c5ts4 ,,all51 ,w4 ,f4--8,hi/ory ,topics = ,high ,s*ools & ,colleges40 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #be c5ts4 ,,b>nes1 ,,m>y ,s4--8,/udies 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory3 ,tea*]s' ,manual40 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 ,,b>nes1 ,,m>y ,s4--8,tea*]s' ,manual to ,g5]al ,hi/ory40 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #he c5ts4 ,,committee ,,( ,,eight1 ,,!4--8,! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools40 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]s'4 #ej c5ts4 ,,cornman1 ,o4 ,p41 & ,,g]son1 ,o4--8,topical ,survey ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,hi/ory40 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,,dodge1 ,s4 ,s4--8,outl9es ( ,engli% ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ,a4 ,s4 ,b>nes ,co4 #be c5ts4 ,,ensign1 ,s4 ,,laura4--8,outl9es ( ,anci5t1 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ,a4 ,s4 ,b>nes ,co4 #ge c5ts4 ,,ensign1 ,s4 ,,laura4--8,outl9e ,tables & ,sket*es 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ,a4 ,s4 ,b>nes ,co4 #be c5ts4 ,,flem+1 ,,walt] ,l4--8,syllabus ( ,high ,s*ool ,c\rse 9 ,hi/ory10 9 8,/ate ,c\rse ( ,/udy = ,high ,s*ools ( ,l\isiana40 ,baton ,r\ge1 ,la41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,,heckel4--8,topics & ,ref]5ces = ,anci5t ,hi/ory 7bas$ on ,morey & ,we/740 ,indiana1 ,pa41 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,,gordy1 ,w4 ,f41 & ,,twit*ell1 ,w4 ,i4--8,a ,pa?f9d] 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ,lee & ,%epp>d4 ,,kemp1 ,e4 ,w4--8,an ,outl9e ( ,hi/ory = ! ,grades40 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co4 ,,kn[lton1 ,d4 ,c4--8,/udies 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory ,prep>$ = ! ,use ( ,high ,s*ools & ,academies40 ,new ,york ,/ate ,tea*]1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 #ce c5ts4 ,,leadbett]1 ,,flor5ce ,e4--8,outl9es & ,/udies to ,accompany ,my]s' ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 & ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory10 #b volumes4 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co4 #ce c5ts ea*4 ,,lewis1 ,l4 ,b4--8,pupil's ,notebook & ,/udy ,outl9e 9 ,ori5tal & ,greek ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ,am]ican ,book ,co4 #dj c5ts4 ,,mcmurray1 ,,*>les ,a4--8,special ,me?od ,9 ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ! ,macmillan ,co4 ,,new ,,engl& ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s' ,,association4--8,outl9es = ,anci5t1 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,european1 ,engli% & ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 f\r p>ts4 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?4 #ae c5ts ea*4 ,,new ,,engl& ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s' ,,association4--8,syllabus 9 ,civil ,gov]nm5t40 ,macmillan4 7,ready late 9 #aiji47 ,,new ,,j]sey ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,public ,,s*ools4--8,hi/ory ,syllabus40 7,9 press47 ,,newton1 ,c4 ,b41 & ,,treat1 ,e4 ,b4--8,outl9es = ,review 9 ,hi/ory = ,am]ican1 ,engli%1 ,greek1 ,roman ,hi/ory40 ,new ,york1 ,am]ican ,book ,co4 ,ea* #be c5ts4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,city ,,(--8,c\rse ( ,/udy & ,syllabuses ,9 ,e?ics1 ,engli% ,hi/ory & ,civics = ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york40 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,reg5ts ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,(--8,hi/ory ,syllabus0 7outl9e simil> to t ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 ) ! exception ( ,engli% ,hi/ory74 ,,riley1 ,,frankl9 ,l4--8,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,hi/ory 9 ,public ,s*ools40 ,univ]sity ( ,mississippi4 ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 #be c5ts4 ,,tr5holme1 ,n4 ,m4--8,syllabus = ! ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe 7,m$ieval & ,mod]n740 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,,wilson4--8,comp5dium ( ,unit$ ,/ates & ,contempor>y ,hi/ory40 ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #dj c5ts4 ,an ,hi/orical ,laboratory#a ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,william ,mac,d,o,n,a,l,d1 ,,br[n ,,univ]sity4 ,x w\ld seem to be a truism t ! facilities :i* are to be reg>d$ z indisp5sable to ! prop] /udy ( a subject1 & :i* ought1 !re=e1 to be provid$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 %\ld1 l ! me?ods ( tea*+1 be det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! subject1 or1 9 o!r words1 by ! k9d ( mat]ial ) :i* x has to deal2 b ! disp>ity 9 ! equipm5t ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( /udy & rese>* commonly to be obs]v$ 9 ev5 ! be/ & ri*e/ ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities seems to indicate t1 s f> at lea/ z ! s-call$ 8humanities0 are conc]n$1 little provision ( appliances1 save mode/ %elt] f ! wea!r & seats en\gh = ! class1 is g5]ally ?\ght absolutely necess>y4 ,no "o :o kn[s at close range ! 8plant0 ( a typical ,am]ican univ]sity w be at a loss = /rik+ & ev5 pa9ful illu/rations ( ! unequal di/ribution ( mat]ial equipm5t4 ,broadly speak+1 ! dep>tm5ts ( physical & natural sci5ce & eng9e]+ d n s]i\sly lack ! prim>y facilities :i* ! nature ( _! "w dem&s4 ,^u ^! dep>tm5ts1 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! weal? ( ! ,/ate & ( individuals has be5 p\r$ out l wat]1 :ile m ?an "o in/itution1 spurr$ by a dem& = 8practicality0 & 8effici5cy10 has gone to ! l5g? ( draw+ ^u its capital to supply :at 0 want+4 ,our in/itutions ( le>n+ ab\nd 9 well-contriv$ laboratory build+s = physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 & eng9e]+1 conta9+ n only lecture rooms = ! v>i\s in/ructors & laboratories = /ud5ts elem5t>y & advanc$1 b also private laboratories & (fices = ! pr(essors1 exhibition & photographic rooms1 libr>ies1 lock]s1 & o!r special ap>tm5ts4 ,! rooms !mselves are commonly well suppli$ ) app>atus & mat]ial1 di/ribut$ & apportion$ accord+ to ! numb] ( /ud5ts & inve/igators1 & increas$ by regul> appropriation1 & z a matt] ( c\rse1 z ! numb] ( us]s gr[s4 ,!re is usually a special janitor or c>etak] = ! build+1 & (t5 "o or m skill$ p]sons regul>ly employ$ 9 mak+ or repair+ app>atus1 prep>+ or c>+ = specim5s or /ock1 & ! l4 ,x has long be5 a matt] ( common obs]vation t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( a univ]sity1 or ev5 ( a small college1 is out ( all proportion to ! co/ ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( in/ruction1 t x is met by gov]n+ bo>ds ) comp>ative read9ess1 & t x is (t5 af=d$1 x mu/ bluntly be said1 at ! co/ ( deplorable & sy/ematic nigg>dl9ess 9 o!r directions4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 no sci5ti/ to-day w\ld consid] = a mom5t a call to an in/itution :i* c\ld n af=d him all ( ^! ?+s1 nor w\ld ! sci5tific _w reckon ! in/ruction ( an in/itution n s equipp$ z wor? :ile4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to ^? o!r dep>tm5ts ( /udy /ill graci\sly ref]r$ to z ! 8humanities10 dep>tm5ts :i* old] graduates & comm5cem5t orators /ill tell u embrace ! subjects ( ! deepe/ human int]e/1 ! disp>ity 9 mat]ial equipm5t is commonly s great z to be almo/ ludicr\s4 ,:o1 ( ! ?\s&s t ye>ly are driv5 or bes\ght to dr9k deep at ! wells ( lit]ature1 or hi/ory1 or philosophy1 9 our ,am]ican colleges or univ]sities1 c fail to recall ! desolate class-rooms1 _! b>e & d+y walls1 reliev$ at ! mo/ by a few old maps1 or a fad$ photograph or two 9 heavy wood5 frames1 ! floors swept once a week & wa%$ once a t]m1 ! h&-c>v$ *airs & b5*es1 ! *alk-du/$ plat=m & desk1 & ! f\l air1 :i*1 9 ! majority ( su* in/itutions1 en%r9e ! daily life ( academic culture8 ,:]e ! tea*] ( sci5ce is freely accord$ a lecture room = 8 dep>tm5t alone1 ! tea*] ( language1 hi/ory1 or economics mu/1 z a rule1 %>e 8 qu>t]s1 poor z !y are1 ) ^? ( 8 colleagues ^: pr9cipal app>atus is books1 & mu/ vacate 8 room promptly to make way = ano!r class at ! next h\r4 ,_m a high s*ool does bett] = its tea*]s ?an ?is2 inde$1 ! be/ ( our mod]n high s*ools1 be>+ 9 m9d ! grade ( _! "w1 (f] almo/ inf9itely sup]ior facilities = "w 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ?an does ! av]age college or univ]sity4 ,widespread & depress+ z ?is condition is1 9 g5]al1 9 all ( ! dep>tm5ts nam$1 ! p>ticul> illu/ration :i* ,i wi% to use at ?is "t is t af=d$ by hi/ory & ! relat$ subjects ( political & social sci5ce & political economy4 ,apply+ ! te/ t ! equipm5t ( a dep>tm5t %\ld be det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ial ) :i* ! dep>tm5t deals1 x is obvi\s t we h "h a subject 9 :i* pr9t$ matt] ( a v>iety ( =ms1 manuscripts1 maps & *>ts1 pictures & ca/s1 & actual hi/orical objects or reproductions1 =m ! mat]ial basis = ! /ud5t's "w4 ,:]e ! *emi/ uses books & app>atus1 ! hi/orical /ud5t uses books & o!r mat]ial z app>atus4 ,= ! mod]n /udy ( hi/ory1 ev5 ( ! elem5t>y sort1 "o mu/ be enabl$ to exam9e n only s+le books1 su* z may be got f a libr>y & p]us$ at leisure 9 "o's home1 b also ext5d$ sets & collections ( books & pap]s1 & ?is "u conditions :i* w admit ( comp>ison & note-tak+ & ! use ( ! volumes 9 ! actual "w ( ! class-room4 ,= ! prep>ation ( maps & *>ts1 facilities 9 ! way ( tables & in/rum5ts are requir$ entirely beyond :at ! /ud5t c fairly be expect$ to h 9 8 own room2 :ile especially is !re ne$ ( abundant space = ! p]man5t display ( wall-maps1 *>ts1 pictures1 & illu/rative mat]ial1 l co9s1 ca/s1 & models1 if ! active use ( su* aids is to be secur$4 ,acqua9tance ) a consid]able numb] ( colleges & univ]sities1 l>ge & small1 9 ?is c\ntry fails to disclose any appreciable numb] 9 :i* ! mat]ial equipm5t ( ! hi/orical dep>tm5t has pass$ mu* beyond ! /age ( crude beg9n+s4 ,) exceptions s few z almo/ to be c\nt$ on ! f+]s1 ! mo/ g5]\s provision1 always except+ ! g5]al libr>y ( ! in/itution1 goes no fur!r ?an ! use1 prevail+ly 9 conjunction ) o!r unrelat$ dep>tm5ts1 ( "o or m lecture-rooms2 a 8sem9>y room10 furni%$ ) a table & "s *airs1 & h\s+ su* odds & ends ( books z ! indu/ry ( ! in/ructors or ! int]mitt5t g5]osity ( fri5ds has got toge!r1 ren=c$ by loans f ! ma9 libr>y2 & possibly an (fice frequ5tly %>$ by all ! memb]s ( ! dep>tm5t1 :]e /ud5ts may come = consultation4 ,if1 z seems r>ely to be ! case1 ! dep>tm5t has any adequate supply ( maps1 !y h (t5 to be kept 9 "s out-(-!-way place1 & c>ri$ ab\t f room to room z ne$$2 & almo/ nev] are !re tables & in/rum5ts = ! draw+ ( maps & *>ts4 ,meagre z is su* equipm5t1 "s ( our lead+ in/itutions d n h ev5 ?is4 ,if x be true1 z x seems to be1 t /ud5t int]e/1 p>ticul>ly among m51 9 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & philosophy1 has decl9$ m>k$ly 9 rec5t ye>s1 may n some?+ ( ! cause be f\nd1 n 9 ! inh]5tly great] attractiv5ess ( mix+ *emicals or dissect+ cats & birds1 b 9 ! utt] pov]ty & b>5ess ( ! qu>t]s 9 :i* /ud5ts ( ! humanities are commonly ask$ to d _! "w8 ,if pr(essors ( hi/ory h fall5 too mu* into ! habit ( lectur+1 in/ead ( tea*+1 may x n be due 9 "p to ! failure ( ! univ]sity to give ev5 ! able/ ( !m facilities = do+ any?+ else8 ,i v5ture to sugge/ ! foll[+ z ! m9imum equipm5t ( an hi/orical dep>tm5t 9 a univ]sity or l>ge college4 ,fir/1 two or m suitable lecture-rooms1 ) ample blackbo>d space1 map racks or cases1 book %elves1 & a lant]n & scre54 ,! rooms %\ld be contigu\s to ! o!r rooms ( ! dep>tm5t & res]v$ exclusively = its uses4 ,x is "t t !re 7 opportunity = a pr(essor to put up a map )\t hav+ to take x d[n aga9 at ! end ( ! h\r4 ,second1 a comb9$ sem9>y room & libr>y1 available = /udy :5 n 9 use z a class-room2 equipp$1 l ! lecture-room1 ) adequate blackbo>d & map space1 & h\s+ a p]man5t libr>y ( duplicates ren=c$ by su* tempor>y loans f ! ma9 libr>y z are f "t to "t ne$$4 ,includ$ 9 ! furni%+s ( ! room %\ld be a suffici5t numb] ( small tables to accommodate ea* individual /ud5t1 & file cases = photographs1 c>ds1 newspap] clipp+s1 & tempor>y notes4 ,= ! sup]vision ( ?is room1 !re %\ld be provid$ a special att5dant1 pref]ably a tra9$ libr>y assi/ant1 responsible to ! libr>ian ( ! univ]sity z well z to ! head ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,?ird1 a room = map draw+ & *>t-mak+1 ) tables & in/rum5ts = draught+4 ,f\r?1 a typewrit+ room1 suppli$ ) ma*9es = ! use ( in/ructors & /ud5ts4 ,fif?1 private (fices or /udies = ! in/ructors4 ,elaborate z su* a provision ( ap>tm5ts may well seem to ! tea*] :o to-day1 l ! w&]+ s*ol> ( ! ,middle ,ages1 lectures :]ev] he c f9d a vacant room1 x nev]!less is small] ?an t g5]ally all[$ to ! *emi/ or physici/4 ,( all ! evils :i* pres5t-day criticism ( ! college has br\ght to light1 none is m s]i\s ?an ! evil ( wa/e4 ,! hi/ory tea*] :o1 "u ! conditions common to mo/ ,am]ican in/itutions ( high] le>n+1 %\ld tea* 8 subject z he w\ld l to tea* x & z he kn[s x ought to be taught1 w\ld sp5d 9 useless me*anical drudg]y m h\rs ?an he sp5t 9 lectur+4 ,mo/ in/itutions ) end[m5t en\gh to entitle !m to a place on ! 8,c>negie li/0 h ceas$ to expect ?is wa/e f pr(essors ( sci5ce1 & !re is no reason :y ! "t ( ! pr(essor ( hi/ory1 political sci5ce1 or political economy %\ld n be reg>d$ z equally valuable4 ,if "u ! influ5ce ( a g5]al dem& = at lea/ ! m9imum ( :at is due1 ! gov]n+ au?orities ( all our univ]sities c\ld ev5 be br\ght to realize t a gr\nd plan ( ! city ( ,rome & a ,r&-,mc,nally map ( ,nor? ,am]ica are n a suffici5t equipm5t = ! tea*+ ( mod]n hi/ory & diplomacy1 "o might face ! future ) a new hope4 ,( ! _m advantages to ! tea*+ & /udy ( hi/ory :i* might be expect$ to accrue f ! g5]al provision ( su* facilities z h "h be5 indicat$--economy ( physical ef=t1 m accurate /udy ( texts1 improv$ note-tak+ & c>e ( mat]ial1 wid] use ( books & illu/rative helps1 g5]al compulsory map-draw+1 & _m o!rs--"o 9 p>ticul> des]ves m ?an pass+ m5tion4 ,i ref] to ! *ange :i* w\ld !reby be fur!r$ 9 ! prevail+ conception ( ! nature & function ( ! univ]sity libr>y4 ,) only ! exceptions t prove ! rule1 our libr>ies are support$ & adm9i/]$ on ! assumption t "o copy ( a book is suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! :ole in/itution1 & t e "o :o has occasion to use ! book mu/ seek x at ! ma9 or c5tral repository4 ,x w\ld seem to be obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t :]ev] books =m ! fundam5tal mat]ial = /udy1 &1 f ! nature ( ! case1 *eap repr9ts ( select$ texts or a few duplicates ( inexp5sive volumes w n suffice1 ! libr>y has ne$ ( z _m copies ( a book z !re are dep>tm5ts to use x2 & t if1 ) b a s+le copy available1 resort mu/ be _h by e "o to ! c5tral libr>y1 ! conflict+ & (t5 irreconcilable dem&s ( diff]5t dep>tm5ts pres5t "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s b>ri]s to ! developm5t ( prop] me?ods ( in/ruction 9 non-laboratory subjects4 ,no mod]n dep>tm5t ( biology is ask$ to get along ) "o microscope1 & t1 p]haps1 ( anci5t patt]n & 9 bad ord]4 ,sci5tific app>atus 9 all l9es is freely duplicat$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! adequacy ( ! supply be+ n seldom us$ z an adv]tis+ argum5t to attract /ud5ts2 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re is b little great] ne$ = duplicate app>atus ?an !re is = duplicate books4 ,practical consid]ations1 ( c\rse1 w preclude ext5sive duplication ( l>ge or co/ly sets1 b a multiplication ( copies f> beyond :at is n[ usual1 & _! di/ribution among ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts hav+ con/ant ne$ ( !m1 are necessities to be met if wa/e is to be /opp$4 ,i hope t ,i d n make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t1 giv5 su* hi/orical laboratories z h "h be5 briefly describ$1 ! univ]sities w\ld =?) produce hi/orians4 ,i make no plea = ! application ( ! specific me?ods ( any sci5ce to ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,b ! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 l ! sci5ti/1 has to collect & classify 8 mat]ial1 exam9e & criticise 8 s\rces1 comp>e & weigh 8 au?orities1 & /udy 8 locale4 ,:at a prop] equipm5t c give him is1 n ! intellectual p[] & insight ( ! great hi/orical writ]1 b ! opportunity to d a /ud5t's indisp5sable "w "u ! be/ conditions & ) effective guidance1 in/ead ( do+ x1 z is too (t5 ! case to-day1 "u conditions ( great disadvantage4 ,t provision ( su* equipm5t w\ld also /ir ! tea*] to a m tell+ pres5tation ( a subject to 8 class1 & enable him to vitalize & dignify a dep>tm5t :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry especially1 is too (t5 ?\ght ( z b little relat$ to curr5t human int]e/s1 is n ! lea/ ( its advantages4 ,,footnote3 #a ,?is int]e/+ article appe>$ 9 ,! ,nation 7,n4 ,y47 ( ,octob] #g1 #aiji1 & is "h repr9t$ ) ! p]mission ( ,pr(4 ,mac,donald & ( ,! ,nation4 ,! ,organization ( ! ,recitation ,,by ,,norman ,,macl>5 ,,tr5holme1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,education1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri4 ,! ,importance ( ! ,recitation4 ,! mo/ vital ?+ 9 hi/ory tea*+ is ! recitation1 = no matt] h[ well ! tea*] has be5 prep>$ 9 ! subject matt] or h[ admirably ! field ( /udy has be5 mapp$ out1 poor "w 9 ! class room w mean g5]al failure4 ,! reason = ?is is n h>d to discov]2 ! recitation is t "p ( ! "w ( ! tea*] 9 :i* close/ relations are e/abli%$ ) ! m9ds ( ! pupils1 & x is above all ?+s important t tea*]s %\ld realize ?is & make ! mo/ ( _! opportunities to guide & direct ! pupils' ?\ght & /udy4 ,too (t5 ! recitation is made a m]e repetition ( facts 9 ! text-book1 poorly organiz$ & pres5t$ 9 an un9t]e/+ & unconv9c+ way4 ,hi/ory t is taught )\t und]/&+ & en?usiasm & )\t prop] organization ( ! subject matt] _h bett] n h be5 taught at all1 z x results 9 dislike & contempt = ! subject z be+ n\ght b a catalogue ( mean+less names1 dates & ev5ts4 ,yet h[ few hi/ory tea*]s seem to realize _! opportunity to make hi/ory mean m ?an ?is4 ,h[ frequ5tly "o sees ev5 well-mean+ tea*]s plodd+ along 9 ! same old rut1 pa9fully extract+ unrelat$ facts f boys & girls1 emphasiz+ ! ext]nal ev5ts & neglect+ :at lies b5ea?1 ask+ direct que/ions & gett+ 8yes0 & 8no0 answ]s1 & be+ g5]ally satisfi$ t !y are good hi/ory tea*]s & fulfill+ _! mission 9 life4 ,! recitation conduct$ by su* a tea*] usually w beg9 abruptly ) "s "q on ! assignm5t = t day & w probably end abruptly by ! gong s\nd+ its w>n+ & a hurri$ assignm5t = next day be+ made z ! class prep>es to leave4 ,all ! important qualities ( a good recitation1 relation to ! previ\s day's lesson1 c>eful /udy by tea*] & class ( ! new lesson1 & a well-consid]$ assignm5t ( "w = ! next day are 9 :ole or "p abs5t4 ,x is n z if x 7 difficult to make ! recitation a success1 or meant m "w = ! tea*]1 =1 on ! contr>y a well-organiz$ recitation is easi] to h&le ?an "o conduct$ )\t organization1 & ! "w ( ! tea*] is made pleasant] ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( ! pupils 9 ! "w4 ,hi/ory :5 prop]ly taught is b\nd to hold ! int]e/ & att5tion ( ! av]age boy or girl4 ,if x does n d s1 !n ! presumption is t x is n be+ prop]ly taught & t ! tea*] ne$s to br+ m und]/&+ & me?od into ! "w4 ,! ,g5]al ,organization ( ! ,recitation4 ,! fundam5tal idea 9 ! organization & conduct ( ! hi/ory recitation %\ld be t ( build+ a little m on f\ndations already laid1 ( add+ new k & ideas ( hi/orical importance to ^? already a "p ( ! pupils' backgr\nd1 & ( prep>+ ! m9ds ( ! pupils = fur!r additions 9 ! ne> future4 ,! mo/ disc\rag+ ?+ t a hi/ory tea*] has to face is ! seem+ly evanesc5t "* ( ! pupils' backgr\nd4 ,x slips away & !re is no?+ to build on or add to1 & s ! relation ( ev5ts to ea* o!r & ! gr[? ( important movem5ts are n und]/ood or appreciat$4 ,?is disc\rag+ aspect ( hi/ory tea*+ c only be rem$i$ by c>eful att5tion to ! backgr\nd ( ! day's lesson1 & !re=e ! fir/ t5 or fifte5 m9utes ( ! p]iod %\ld be devot$ to a g5]al discussion or recitation on ! lesson or lessons previ\sly /udi$ t are mo/ closely connect$ ) ! new lesson ( ! day4 ,!n %\ld foll[ a c>eful /udy ( ! new lesson itself1 occupy+ ! ma9 "p ( ! p]iod4 ,t[>ds ! close1 h[ev]1 five or t5 m9utes %\ld be all[$ = ! assignm5t ( ! "w = ! next meet+ ( ! class4 ,?us ! g5]al organization ( ! recitation w consi/ (3 7a7 ,! recitation or review on ! previ\s lesson or lessons2 7b7 ! /udy ( ! new lesson2 & 7c7 ! assignm5t = next day's "w4 7a7 ,! ,recitation on ! ,previ\s ,lesson4 ,9 ! ma91 ?is %\ld be done by ! pupils r ?an by ! tea*]1 z a m la/+ impression is made on _! m9ds by lead+ !m to recall & associate pa/ ev5ts & movem5ts ) :at !y are !n /udy+4 ,! po9ts 9 ! previ\s "w t %\ld be especially emphasiz$ are ^? ( g5]al importance & significance 9 hi/orical developm5t r ?an ! m9or details & incid5ts4 ,! recitation c ?us be made to s]ve z a summ>y ( previ\s ones1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! "o j be=e4 ,! tea*] mu/ be c>eful n to give too mu* ( ! p]iod to su* a review1 h[ev]1 unless a special g5]al review has be5 plann$ =4 ,!re is always ! temptation to prolong ! review beyond prop] limits4 ,x %\ld be rigidly conf9$ to subject matt] t has importance z a backgr\nd = ! new lesson ( ! day4 ,if ! previ\s lesson does n /& 9 close connection ) ! new lesson little or no "t %\ld be sp5t 9 review+ x1 b att5tion %\ld be giv5 to o!r m closely-relat$ ev5ts t h be5 /udi$4 ,! utility ( ?is "p ( ! recitation 9 giv+ backgr\nd = ! new lesson is easily se54 ,if ! lesson is a "p ( a s]ies ( recitations on ! same g5]al topic1 !n "o introductory review w s]ve = ! s]ies1 & ea* sep>ate lesson c be review$ 9 connection ) ! succe$+ "o4 ,a broad & compreh5sive attitude 9 review+ is always desirable1 & no opportunity to e/abli% ideas ( cont9uity ) pa/ & future %\ld be neglect$ by ! tea*]4 7b7 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,new ,lesson4 ,if ! op5+ "p ( ! recitation has be5 prop]ly done1 ! transition to ! new lesson w be an easy & natural "o1 & ! connection ) ! pa/ w be well e/abli%$4 ,! tea*] n[ has ! opportunity to te/ ! pupils' und]/&+ ( ! new topic & to draw !m out 9 discussion conc]n+ ! in=mation 9 ! text-book1 s\rce book1 & collat]al read+ assign$ = ! day4 ,! tea*]'s que/ions %\ld be c>efully ?\ght out1 & %\ld call = answ]s 9 :i* ! in=mation is giv5 9 connection ) its hi/orical importance & significance r ?an z m]e facts t h be5 memoriz$ = recitation4 ,all direct que/ions1 call+ = a 8yes0 or 8no0 answ] %\ld be avoid$1 = ) su* a "q be=e him ! /ud5t has an equal *ance to be "r z well z to be wrong4 ,almo/ equally bad are que/ions t call m]ely = a "n or a date4 ,in/ead ( ask+3 8,0 ,rome able to def5d h]self f ! ,visigo?s80 "t w be sav$ by ask+3 8,:y did ,rome f9d x difficult to meet ! ,visigo?ic attack10 &1 in/ead ( ask+ 8,:o 0 ! lead] ( ! ,visigo?s80--a fact :i* e pupil %\ld "k--a bett] "q w\ld be3 8,:at caus$ ! ,visigo?s to invade ,italy80 ,:ile x is important t ! tea*]'s que/ions %\ld be cle>1 yet x is n a bad ?+ p$agogically to ask a "q t requires "s ?\ght on ! "p ( ! pupil be=e x is answ]$4 ,pupils frequ5tly say3 8,i don't und]/& y\r "q10 & sometimes ?is answ] is ju/ifi$1 m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 x is ! pupil's own inatt5tion1 & ! majority ( ! class w und]/& ! "q & be able to answ] x correctly4 ,! h>d] que/ions a tea*] asks 9 ! way ( call+ = ?\ghtful int]pretation ! bett] tra9+ /ud5ts are gett+4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! relative contribution ( tea*] & class to ! discussion1 x may be said t a tea*] :o talks too little is z bad z a tea*] :o talks too mu*4 ,z a g5]al rule ! college graduate tea*+ hi/ory :o is well in=m$ 9 8 subject matt] t5ds to talk too mu* 9 ! class room1 & 8 /udy ( ! new lesson is m ( a lecture ?an a recitation4 ,z an obs]v] ( su* a tea*] rem>k$1 8,! "y man made a v good recitation himself1 :ile ! class li/5$40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*] :o has less backgr\nd ( hi/orical k is incl9$ to make ! class d all ! "w :ile he or %e acts z inquisitor & p]petual "q m>k4 ,no?+ is contribut$ 9 ! way ( in=mation or int]pretation save :at ! pupils h acquir$ f ! text-book1 & ! result is an uns*ol>ly & r b>r5 drill4 ,! true hi/ory tea*] w m+le k ) me?od1 & w add to & amplify ! subject matt] by tak+ "p sympa!tically 9 ! recitation1 )\t1 h[ev]1 monopoliz+ ! discussion4 ,9 call+ on memb]s ( ! class to take "p 9 ! discussion1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ^? :o ne$ x mo/1 r ?an to ! bright & well-in=m$ pupils4 ,! dull or inatt5tive pupil1 :o is :isp]+ to 8 neighbor or n pay+ prop] att5tion1 ne$s m real tea*+ ?an ! bright boy or girl4 ,! int]e/ ( all memb]s ( ! class %\ld be ar\s$1 & volunt>y que/ions1 discussions & debates enc\rag$ r ?an disc\rag$4 ,if ! pupils are inatt5tive & un9t]e/$1 x is c]ta9ly a criticism ( ! tea*] & ( 8 or h] p[] ( exposition & int]rogation4 ,mu* ( ! success ( ! recitation on ! new lesson w dep5d on ! way ! subject matt] is h&l$4 ,"s lead+ idea or problem %\ld =m ! c5t] ( ! discussion1 :i* %\ld take ! =m ( sav+ or expla9+ ! "q 9 an hi/orically true mann] by br++ out ! ma9 po9ts ( developm5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( su* a discussion ! application ( ! topic to pres5t conditions & its relation to ! pa/ %\ld be kept 9 m9d & que/ions ask$ f bo? viewpo9ts4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to topics 9 m$ieval & mod]n1 ,engli% & ,am]ican hi/ory fields :i* are1 on ! :ole1 m closely connect$ ) mod]n civilization ?an ! field ( anci5t hi/ory c possibly be4 ,if ! problem /udi$ is practically complet$ 9 ! lesson = ! day1 & a new topic to be tak5 up next "t1 !n a summ>y %\ld be made at ! end ( ?is "p ( ! recitation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! same l9e ( hi/orical developm5t is to be /udi$ next day1 su* a summ>y w =m "p ( ! next recitation4 ,?us ! "q ( a summ>y at ! close ( ! recitation on ! new lesson dep5ds on ! nature ( ! next lesson to be /udi$4 7c7 ,! ,assignm5t ( ! ,next ,day's ,"w4 ,! assignm5t ( ! "w ( ! class = its next meet+ %\ld be v c>efully & sy/ematically att5d$ to by ! tea*]4 ,?is assignm5t is be/ made at ! close ( ! p]iod because x conc]ns ! review ( ! lesson j /udi$1 z well z ! new lesson4 ,x %\ld be tak5 d[n 9 note books by ! pupils s t !y w "k def9itely :at is expect$ ( !m :5 !y next meet4 ,z f> z practicable ! tea*] %\ld put ! assignm5t = ! prelim9>y recitation on ! previ\s lesson or lessons 9 ! =m ( problem que/ions call+ = causes & results t expla9 hi/orical ph5om5a4 ,problem que/ions c also be giv5 9 connection ) ! assignm5t on ! new lesson1 ?\gh "h a topical assignm5t is n s mu* out ( place if ! topic is well select$ s z to sugge/ ! ma9 problem4 ,que/ions ( detail 9 an assignm5t are out ( place1 &1 ( c\rse1 an assignm5t ( s _m pages1 irrespective ( problems or topics1 is absurd4 ,if collat]al read+ is assign$ 9 s\rce books or second>y works1 x %\ld be done und]/&+ly & c>efully1 & only 9 su* am\nts z c be effectively us$ by ! tea*] & class to supplem5t ! text-book4 ,a "q on ! collat]al read+ w also be desirable4 ,9 foll[+ out su* a plan ( organiz+ ! recitation z has be5 j describ$1 ! tea*] %\ld1 = "s "t at lea/1 plan out ! recitation p]iod & its v>i\s phases 9 advance4 ,local ,indu/ries ,z a ,basis = an ,introductory ,c\rse 9 ,economics ,,by ,,alex&] ,l4 ,,pugh1 ,,*airman ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,economics1 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,( ,,comm]ce1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t makes ! c\rse ( /udy ( ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce unique is ! emphasis laid ^u ! prep>ation ( ! boy = ! economic & civic environm5t 9 :i* he w live4 ,two c\rses are giv5 solely ) ?is end 9 view4 ,! fir/ is ! c\rse 9 city indu/ries :i* has z its object ! realization ( ! economic environm5t2 & ! o!r is ! c\rse 9 municipal activities1 :i* 9 a simil> way prep>es ! boy = 8 civic environm5t4 ,^! are bo? two-h\r c\rses giv5 = "o t]m or "o-half ye>4 ,l mo/ ,new ,york ,city high s*ools1 ,comm]ce has ab\t "o-half ( its boys 9 ! fir/ ye>1 s ^! c\rses are giv5 !n1 :5 bo? w be tak5 by ne>ly e boy4 ,! c\rse 9 indu/ries is giv5 fir/1 z x deals m ) ! boys' imm$iate surr\nd+s ?an does ! o!r4 ,%ortly aft] ! s*ool 0 organiz$1 ,dr4 ,john ,l4 ,tildsley1 at t "t *airman ( ! ,economics ,dep>tm5t1 n[ ! pr9cipal ( ! ,de ,witt ,cl9ton ,high ,s*ool1 propos$ to ! pr9cipal1 ,james ,j4 ,%epp>d1 t a c\rse ( "o h\r a week be giv5 to all boys 9 ! fir/ ye> on local comm]cial geography & gov]nm5t4 ,he cont5d$ t !re 0 mu* t 0 complex 9 ! surr\nd+s ( ! boy 9 ! greate/ comm]cial city 9 ,am]ica1 yet ! s*ools 7 do+ v little to make ?is und]/&able4 ,! "w w\ld h also an imm$iate value to ! boys :o w\ld leave to take ! m9or positions ( ! bus9ess _w be=e complet+ ! c\rse4 ,mr4 ,%epp>d recogniz$ ! value ( ! c\rse1 & x 0 put into effect at once4 ,! importance ( ! "w dem&$ m "t1 & :5 hi/ory 0 tak5 out ( ! fir/ ye>1 two h\rs a week 7 allott$ 9 ! fir/ t]m to indu/ries1 & two h\rs 9 ! second t]m to city gov]nm5t4 ,! mat]ial ( ! c\rse 0 ga!r$ by ,dr4 ,tildsley1 ! tea*]s 9 8 dep>tm5t1 & by ! boys tak+ ! c\rse4 ,dr4 ,tildsley is a /rong advocate ( ! problem "q z a means ( mak+ ! boy ?9k4 ,at fir/ memor&um books 7 giv5 to ! pupils 9 :i* !y not$ def9itions1 local /ati/ical tables & ! problems1 ! writt5 answ]s to :i* !y br\ght into ! next recitation4 ,at pres5t mimeograph$ sets ( notes are giv5 to ! pupils conta9+ ?is matt]4 ,! c\rse 0 revis$ f "t to "t1 & two ye>s ago1 on acc\nt ( ! accumulation ( mat]ial1 ,dr4 ,tildsley & ! au?or decid$ on a ?or\gh revision ( ! c\rse4 ,! c\rse _h come to be gr\p$ ar\nd two ma9 ideas :i* furni%$ a basis = ! division ( ! "w into two p>ts to be giv5 9 ea* half t]m ( t5 weeks into :i* ! s*ool "w is divid$ at ,comm]ce4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ,new ,york 0 consid]$ z a manufactur+ city1 & 9 ! second half z a comm]cial city4 ,a s5t5ce f ,de ,g>mo to ! effect t comm]cial geography %\ld be taught to furni% ! concrete backgr\nd = economics1 gave u ! t\*/one4 ,we review$ ! mat]ial & reject$ all topics t did n illu/rate any economic pr9ciple1 law1 or problem4 ,a few topics 7 reject$ because !y 7 too difficult = fir/-ye> pupils4 ,!n ! /&>d second>y economic texts 7 gone ov] rapidly to see if we _h omitt$ any?+ t c\ld be us$4 ,seag] & ,seligman 7 f\nd to be ! mo/ helpful 9 ?is respect4 ,! mat]ial select$ 0 divid$ into two gr\ps1 z already indicat$4 ,z a result ( our ef=ts we h n[ 9 ,comm]ce a c\rse 9 elem5t>y economics t we believe to be unique4 ,! subject is begun ) a report on ! occupations ( ! boy's family1 8 fri5ds1 & neighbors1 & a /udy ( ! indu/rial life on 8 block4 ,! boy is giv5 ! problem ( classify+ ^! occupations & gr\p+ ! work]s accord+ to 8 classification4 ,he is !n giv5 z /&>ds ! figures f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,/ate c5sus = ga9ful occupations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,manhattan & ,bronx ,bor\ghs1 :i* he mu/ express graphically4 ,!n he comb9es ! figures collect$ by ! boys ( 8 section 7"s =ty7 & 8 class 7"s five hundr$74 ,! results %[1 ( c\rse1 t ! manufactur+ & me*anical pursuits & trade & transportation are ! great gr\ps ( city indu/ries4 ,we take manufactur+ fir/ z be+ ne>] ! boy1 & we beg9 ! /udy ( ! problem ( ! manufactur]1 f a table specially prep>$ by u f ! c5sus report on ! conc5tration ( important manufactures 9 =ty-sev5 cities4 ,! problem is =mulat$ z be+ ! assembl+ ( raw mat]ial1 p[]1 labor & capital at a place mo/ conv5i5t to its m>ket4 ,ea* ( ^! factors is /udi$ 9 detail4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! topics discuss$ "u labor3 population2 its composition1 its gr[? f immigration1 f migration & f excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s2 ! effect ( an increase f ea* s\rce ^u ! effici5cy ( ! work]s ( ! city2 ! location & di/ribution ( ! labor =ce ?r\gh\t ! city2 ! effect ( ! sanit>y regulations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? & h\s+ regulations ( ! ,t5em5t ,h\se ,dep>tm5t1 etc42 ! sy/ems ( employm5t2 :y ! help1 h&icraft & ! dome/ic sy/ems /ill survive 9 ?is city2 ! important manufactures ( ?is city1 toge!r ) ! k9d ( labor !y use2 & h[ ! labor supply has affect$ !m2 :at manufactures are leav+ ! city on acc\nt ( ! labor2 :at manufactures are com+ 9 because ( an abundant supply ( *eap labor2 ! di/ribution ( manufactures ?r\gh\t ,manhattan & ! great] city2 & h[ ?is di/ribution is relat$ to ! di/ribution ( labor2 h[ transportation improvem5ts modify ?is di/ribution1 etc4 ,9 a simil> way are treat$ ! problem ( a supply ( p[]1 ( a supply ( capital1 ( a supply ( raw mat]ial & ( access to a m>ket4 ,! natural advantages ,new ,york has = comm]ce1 its h>bors1 its inl& wat]-ways1 its situation1 & its h9t]l&1 ) its products1 is ! fir/ topic tak5 up 9 ! second half-t]m4 ,! improvem5ts ( ^! natural advantages & ! %>+ ( ! "w ( improvem5t on ! high seas1 ?r\gh\t ! h9t]l& & 9 ! h>bor by ! national1 ,/ate & city gov]nm5ts respectively is ! second topic4 ,! g5]al idea ( a great seaport t ! boys =mulate f a /udy ( ! great ports ( ! _w1 is t x is favorably situat$ on ! coa/1 :]e x c draw unto itself ! products ( ! ne> h9t]l& & di/ribute !m ov] ! _w1 & t x ga!rs toge!r ! products ( ! l&s beyond ! seas1 & di/ributes !m ov] ! ne> & f> h9t]l&4 ,^! topics are work$ out 9 detail l t ( ! labor supply1 already describ$4 ,! c\rse is conclud$ ) a simple outl9e ( ! works ( banks1 tru/ companies & /ock ex*anges 9 supply+ ! necess>y capital = manufacture & = trade4 ,! boy has n[ secur$ a g5]alis$ & sy/ematic view ( ! trade & manufactures ( 8 city & has obta9$ a lot ( detail$ & specific in=mation ab\t ! "p he & 8 neighborhood play 9 mak+ ,new ,york a great city4 ,! boy is /udy+ an economic unity1 ! metropolitan di/rict1 & he is comp>+ x :5ev] possible ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! _w4 ,he has le>n$ to use /ati/ics compil$ by o!rs1 & he has help$ compile "s ( 8 own4 ,8 g5]alizations are economic g5]alizations1 he has le>n$ to =mulate economic pr9ciples1 & he has obs]v$ ! op]ation ( economic laws4 ,we believe t ?is /udy has suppli$ him = 8 future /udy ( economics ) a concrete backgr\nd :i* w be fill$ out 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! c\rse1 by ! /udy ( 8 civic environm5t & 8 m =mal /udy ( comm]cial geography ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! _w4 ,?is me?od ( beg9n+ economics c be appli$ 9 almo/ e s*ool4 ,! local economic unit w furni% all ! mat]ial t ! tea*] c utilize4 ,x means "w = ! tea*]1 b ! tra9$ & en?usia/ic tea*] w f9d ! "w full ( int]e/ to himself & to ! pupils4 ,=man's 8,advanc$ ,civics0 ,,review$ ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,edw>ds1 ,,( ,,b]keley1 ,,cali=nia4 ,?is book repres5ts ! prevail+ t5d5cy to make in/ruction 9 civil gov]nm5t m9i/] to good citiz5%ip4 ,! au?or /ates 8 purpose 9 ^! words3 8,:ile prep>+ ?is book ,i h con/antly kept 9 m9d ! tru? t in/ruction 9 civics %\ld h = its highe/ aim ! indoctr9ation ( ! le>n] 9 s\nd notions ( political morality1 & ,i h attempt$ to assi/ ! tea*] 9 a*iev+ ?is aim :5ev] su* assi/ance has seem$ to be practicable40 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! book1 foll[$ by a two ye>s' te/ 9 ! class-room1 has conv9c$ ! pres5t review] t ,dr4 ,=man has a*iev$ 8 purpose & t ! book is admirably adapt$ = use 9 ! upp] grades ( second>y s*ools4 ,! book is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,"p ,i is entitl$ 8,! ,ess5tial ,pr9ciples ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,_s40 ,9 a way t is at once ?or\gh1 vital1 & practical1 ! au?or expla9s ! orig9 & raison d'tre ( democracy1 repres5tation1 sep>ation & balance ( p[]s1 f$]alism1 local self-gov]nm5t1 political p>ties2 view$ 9 ! light ( ,am]ican conditions4 ,! treatm5t is cle>1 & ab\nds 9 allusions t an al]t tea*] c apply to pres5t circum/ances1 develop+ int]e/ & /imulat+ ?\ght4 ,?is portion ( ! book af=ds a good introduction to ! /udy ( gov]nm5t = classes t c devote an entire ye> to ! subject4 ,x is especially useful :]e pupils h miss$ previ\s tra9+ 9 ,engli% hi/ory & gov]nm5t4 ,us$ 9 connection ) ,am]ican hi/ory1 x furni%es a helpful int]pretation ( ! political in/itutions ^: developm5t ! pupil is /udy+4 ,"p ,,ii is head$1 8,! ,organization ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,=m02 & gives :at is usually f\nd 9 manuals ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,?is is compress$ into "o hundr$ & tw5ty pages1 & :ile non-ess5tials are exclud$1 x does n appe> t any important topic is neglect$4 ,f\r *apt]s are devot$ to local gov]nm5t1 & "o *apt] to p>ty organization4 ,"s ( ! topics discuss$ are3 8,! ,presid5t z a ,political ,p]sonality10 8,! ,supreme ,c\rt & ! ,p10 8,! ,citiz5 & ,8 ,c\ntry10 8,! ,sph]e ( ,municipal ,activity40 ,! ?ird "p deals ) 8,! ,functions ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,its ,s]vices40 ,"h ! au?or describes ! gov]nm5t1 national1 ,/ate & local1 9 action4 ,includ$ "h are su* topics z 8,laws10 8,taxation10 8,money10 8,comm]ce10 8,elections10 8,corporations10 8,labor10 8,crime10 8,*>ity40 ,! treatm5t ( controv]t$ problems is dispassionate & cons]vative1 & free f dogmatism4 ,! me?od is to /ate ! orig9 ( ! problem1 indicate sugge/$ solutions1 & lead ! pupil to rea* 8 own conclusion 9 ! light ( ! facts4 ,at ! end ( e *apt] is a li/ ( 8sugge/ive que/ions40 ,unlike ! p$agogical app>atus f\nd 9 _m text-books1 ^! que/ions are really useful4 ,!y are well calculat$ to lead ! /ud5t to pursue ! subject f>!r1 by rese>* & by indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,_m ( !m involve ! application ( pr9ciples to concrete in/ances1 & are useful to tra9 ! judgm5t4 ,prop]ly h&l$1 !y w enable ! /ud5t to exp]i5ce ! pleasure ( indep5d5t discov]y1 & ?us s]ve "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( all education4 ,9 g5]al1 ! problem ( proportion is well solv$4 ,at fir/ glance1 "o is tempt$ to criticize ! relatively brief treatm5t ( ,"p ,,ii & ! l>ge space giv5 to ,"p ,,iii4 ,b ! sugge/ive que/ions at ! ends ( *apt]s w enable ! tea*] to treat ( ! organization ( ! gov]nm5t z fully z he desires1 :ile "s ( ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! functions ( gov]nm5t may be omitt$ )\t violat+ ! unity ( ! subject4 ,to ! pres5t review]1 h[ev]1 ! arrangem5t is v satisfactory1 = he believes t tea*]s h err$ 9 sacrific+ ! live activities ( gov]nm5t to ! dry details ( =m4 ,if1 in/ead ( compell+ pupils to ma/] ! functions ( ! ,f\r? ,assi/ant ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 or to le>n ! appellate jurisdiction ( ea* ( ! c\rts1 we c\ld lead !m to wat* a ,/ate purify its elections or a city secure a wat] supply1 few] ( !m w\ld f9d civil gov]nm5t 8dull40 ,! criticisms t may be made are ( m9or importance4 ,s*ool books %\ld be b\nd 9 "p lea!r4 ,! book w\ld be m usable if ! p>agraphs 7 numb]$4 ,an occasional mis/atem5t appe>s1 e4 g41 t only elev5 colonies 7 pres5t 9 ! ,fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress 7p4 #de74 ,*apt] ,,ix1 a n>rative ( ! expansion ( ,am]ican t]ritory might well be omitt$1 z belong+ m prop]ly to ano!r subject4 ,! index is adequate4 ,! app5dix conta9s "s useful docum5ts1 includ+ ! ,new ,york law ( #ahib = ! prev5tion ( brib]y1 & ! provision ( ! ,cali=nia ,con/itution :i* p]mits cities to frame _! own *>t]s4 ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl] has indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ! ultimate object ( civics tea*+3 8,he :o truly und]/&s ! mean+ ( lib]ty & ! mean+ ( law1 & ! relation ( "o to ! o!r1 is ready to face 8 full duty z an ,am]ican citiz540 ,to imp>t ?is und]/&+1 ! pres5t volume seems especially well fitt$4 ,! high responsibility ( citiz5 tra9+ re/s ^u ! tea*] & _c be %ift$1 b he %\ld f9d 9 ?is book a mo/ s]viceable tool4 8,advanc$ ,civics4 ,! ,_s1 ! ,=m1 & ! ,functions ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t40 ,by ,s4 ,e4 ,=man1 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,york4 ,! ,c5tury ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,publi%$ mon?ly1 except ,july & ,augu/1 at #ehje ,g]mant[n ,av5ue1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 by ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,a4 ,e4 ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y1 ,proprietor4 ,,subscription ,,price4 ,"o doll> a ye>2 s+le copies1 #ae c5ts ea*4 ,,po/age ,,prepaid 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico2 = ,canada1 #bj c5ts additional %\ld be add$ to ! subscription price1 & to o!r =eign c\ntries 9 ! ,po/al ,union1 #cj c5ts additional4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,address4 ,bo? ! old & ! new address mu/ be giv5 :5 a *ange ( address is ord]$4 ,,adv]tis+ ,,rates furni%$ ^u application4 ,,editors ,manag+ ,editor1 ,,alb]t ,e4 ,,mck9ley1 ,,ph4,d4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,college & ! ,s*ool1 ,,ar?ur ,c4 ,,h[l&1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]1 ,,norman ,m4 ,,tr5holme1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory1 ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,"s ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,hi/ory1 ,,fr$ ,,morr[ ,,fl+1 ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,reports f ! ,hi/ory ,field1 ,,walt] ,h4 ,,cu%+1 ,secret>y1 ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,,ar?ur ,m4 ,,wolfson1 ,ph4,d41 ,de,witt ,cl9ton ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,civics 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool1 ,,alb]t ,h4 ,,san=d1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,,daniel ,c4 ,,kn[lton1 ,ph4,d41 ,b>r+] ,high ,s*ool1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,c4 ,b4 ,,newton1 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool1 ,lawr5ceville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,,william ,,fairley1 ,ph4,d41 ,comm]cial ,high ,s*ool1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,grades1 ,,arm& ,j4 ,,g]son1 ,sup]vis+ ,pr9cipal1 ,rob]t ,morris ,public ,s*ool1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,correspond5ts4 ,,h5ry ,,johnson1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,mabel ,,hill1 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,,george ,h4 ,,ga/on1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,james ,f4 ,,will>d1 ,b\ld]1 ,col4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,edw>ds1 ,b]keley1 ,cal4 ,,walt] ,l4 ,,flem+1 ,baton ,r\ge1 ,la4 ,,organization4 ,! days ( isolation are pass+4 ,x is no long] possible = college pr(essors to conduct classes & give lectures ^u subjects unrelat$ to ! /ud5t's ability or to 8 ye> 9 ! college c\rse4 ,all ! _w kn[s :at ea* in/ructor is do+2 que/ionnaires quiz him ab\t me?ods & subjects2 associations require him to talk ab\t 8 "w & consci\sly to face its problems4 ,nei!r is x possible = a high s*ool tea*] to drag li/lessly along1 or arrange 8 hi/ory topics z he wi%es4 ,college entrance requirem5ts1 ! criticism ( ! high s*ool inspector1 ! ris+ /&>ds ( ,/ate educational sy/ems1 are hold+ him to m def9ite & m accurate "w4 ,he has n ! e>li] lib]ty to be c>eless & slov5ly2 he has /ill 9 almo/ all cases ! lib]ty to d 8 "w well 9 ! way be/ suit$ to himself & to 8 class4 ,hi/ory tea*+ to-day is ent]+ ^u ! p]iod ( consci\s endeavor1 & nei!r college pr(essor nor high s*ool in/ructor c af=d to ignore ?is fact4 ,by f> ! /ronge/ elem5t 9 rais+ ! /&>ds ( hi/ory tea*+ has be5 ! hi/orical associations & ! organizations ( hi/ory tea*]s1 :i*1 dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 h fac$ _m problems ( ! hi/ory tea*]4 ,x is well nigh impossible = all ( u to solve all ^! problems individually1 al?\gh "s ( u may solve "s ( !m4 ,we ne$ ! comp>ison ( ideas & ( exp]i5ces :i* c be ga9$ 9 ! organizations2 we ne$ ! inspiration com+ f association ) ! /ronge/ m9ds ( ! pr(ession2 we ne$ ! p]sonal acqua9tances :i* gr[ out ( su* meet+s4 ,! alma mat]1--g5]\s1 inspir+1 appreciative1--( hi/orical /udy & tea*+ 9 ,am]ica1 is ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s its /rong] memb]s h giv5 ( _! /r5g?1 its weak] memb]s h receiv$ inspiration1 & its y\ng] memb]s h be5 enc\rag$ to high] "w by its appreciation ( _! labors4 ,its memb]%ip is op5 to all int]e/$ 9 ! /udy1 ! writ+1 or ! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 ^u ! paym5t ( a small fee4 ,! be/ "w :i* ! association p]=ms = its memb]s is ! hold+ ( ! annual meet+s1 :i* are n only opportunities to he> le>n$ or practical discussions ( hi/orical que/ions1 b also a means ?r\gh :i* ! hi/ory tea*]s & writ]s ( ! c\ntry c be br\ght 9 p]sonal contact ) "o ano!r4 ,x is ?is social elem5t1 say all :o h att5d$ ! meet+s1 :i* con/itutes _! mo/ valuable feature4 ,memb]s ( ! association receive a qu>t]ly magaz9e1 8,! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review10 conta9+ orig9al contributions to hi/orical k1 & reviews ( rec5t hi/orical works 9 all ! mod]n languages2 & also two volumes ( annual reports ( ! association4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( memb]s liv+ 9 ! extreme ,we/1 a ,pacific ,coa/ bran* has be5 organiz$1 ! memb]s ( :i* meet annually 9 ! ,we/1 b !y receive all ! publications ( ! p>5t society4 ,n hi/ory tea*]s alone1 b all int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 are eligible to memb]%ip 9 ! national association4 ,n s ) ! pr9cipal sectional organizations1--! ,new ,engl&1 ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl&1 & ! ,nor? ,c5tral hi/ory tea*]s' associations4 ,^! are design$ prim>ily = ! /imulation ( ^? engag$ 9 tea*+ ! subject2 _! meet+s discuss n s mu* ! cont5t ( hi/ory & its s\rces1 z ! =m & me?od ( pres5tation1 ! *oice ( subject-matt]1 & ! relation ( hi/ory tea*+ 9 ! s*ool to t 9 ! college4 ,! associations h arrang$ to ex*ange publications1 s t ! tea*] :o is a memb] ( any "o ( ! associations receives ! publications ( ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,a ?ird =m ( associations is t made up ( ,/ate associations ( hi/ory tea*]s4 ,9 "s cases ^! h gr[n out ( ! sectional bodies1 b 9 mo/ cases !y are an outgr[? ( ! ,/ate tea*]s' associations4 ,! ,/ate associations are n[ gr[+ 9 numb]s & 9 memb]%ip4 ,!y are accompli%+ mu* good1 n only 9 rais+ ! ,/ate /&>ds1 b also by turn+ att5tion to ! /udy ( local hi/ory 9 ! ,/ate s*ools4 ,local conf]5ces ( hi/ory tea*]s are n[ meet+ 9 a numb] ( cities4 ,! mo/ rec5tly-=m$ is ! ,san ,francisco ,conf]5ce2 ! olde/1 probably1 is ! ,new ,york ,city ,conf]5ce4 ,su* meet+s are (t5 ( a social nature1 includ+ in=mal r\nd table discussions ( topics ( curr5t int]e/ to ! hi/ory tea*]4 ,! exi/5ce & gr[? ( ^! local & g5]al societies %[ t !re is a /r5g!n+ ( int]e/ 9 hi/ory1 & t ! "w ( ! hi/ory tea*] is becom+ m consci\s & m highly organiz$4 ,!y indicate also t "u new /&>ds ! comp>ison ( ideas & ! /imulus ( p]sonal int]c\rse are ne$$ to hold ! hi/ory tea*] to 8 "w4 ,!re is no excuse = back-slid+ ) ^! associations 9 ! field2 & if local organization has n yet be5 p]fect$ 9 any di/rict1 ! success ( ! local conf]5ces already organiz$ %\ld lead to ! f\nd+ ( _m m4 ,9 ano!r column ( ?is numb] ( ! ,,magaz9e w be f\nd a p>tial li/ ( hi/ory associations & conf]5ces1 toge!r ) ! names & addresses ( _! secret>ies4 ,?is li/ w be pr9t$ ea* mon?2 & x is hop$ to make x a complete directory ( hi/ory tea*]s' associations 9 ! c\ntry4 ,read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 jo9+ any ( ^! organizations %\ld correspond ) ! respective secret>ies4 ,%all n ! s*ool ye> #aiji-aiaj be made notable by increas$ usefulness & enl>g$ memb]%ip ( all ^! associations8 ,! ,tw5ty-,fif? ,anniv]s>y ,meet+s ,9 commemoration ( ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( ! f\nd+ ( ! societies1 ! jo9t meet+s ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association & ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association1 to be held 9 ,new ,york1 ,decemb] #bg to #ca1 w be ! occasion = a m elaborate program ?an has be5 arrang$ = previ\s meet+s1 & ! p>ticipants w include n only ! (fic]s & memb]s ( ! ,associations1 b _m o!r p]sons ( local1 national or int]national /&+4 ,new ,york1 9 _m respects an ideal conv5tion city1 & accu/om$ to ent]ta9+ associations ( all k9ds1 is outdo+ its record 9 ord] to make ?is meet+ ( ! hi/orical & economic bodies memorable 9 _! hi/ory4 ,9 addition to ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association & ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association1 a numb] ( alli$ societies w hold meet+s at ! same "t & place4 ,among ^! bodies are ! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,/ati/ical ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,sociological ,society1 ! ,am]ican ,association = ,labor ,legislation1 ! ,am]ican ,social ,sci5ce ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ! ,bibliographical ,society ( ,am]ica1 & ! ,mississippi ,valley ,hi/orical ,association4 ,!re w be a ,conf]5ce ( ,local & ,/ate ,hi/orical ,societies & a meet+ ( ! ,public ,ar*ives ,commission4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association w also be 9 session at ,columbia ,univ]sity on ^! days1 & w hold at lea/ "o jo9t meet+ ) ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association4 ,!re w be meet+s ( ! work+ committees & bo>ds ( ! sev]al societies1 & a conf]5ce ( ! editors & correspond5ts ( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 ,su* an association ( active organizations is a wor?y tribute to ! "w ( ! two p>5t societies dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s2 b x is n ! memb]s ( ^! societies alone :i* w jo9 9 celebrat+ ! anniv]s>y4 ,public-spirit$ citiz5s ( ,new ,york1 national (ficials1 includ+ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _m repres5tatives f =eign /ates & le>n$ societies abroad w h a "p 9 ! g5]al or special programs4 ,x is n possible "h to give 9 detail all ! ann\ncem5ts already issu$ conc]n+ ! meet+s4 ,= conv5i5ce x is necess>y to gr\p !m into ?ree divisions3 ,meet+s ( a g5]al nature1 arrang$ by ,new ,york citiz5s z a recognition ( ! wor? ( ! associations1 & jo9t public meet+s ( sev]al societies2 meet+s ( ! sev]al societies 9 :i* matt]s ( special int]e/ to _! own memb]s are discuss$2 & social meet+s & ev5ts prep>$ by ! local committees ( arrangem5ts 9 :i* ! lib]al hospitality ( ! city is well %[n4 ,! g5]al program w op5 on ,monday aft]noon ) a jo9t meet+ ( ! ,sociological1 ! ,/ati/ical1 & ! ,social ,sci5ce ,associations 9 ! ,metropolitan ,build+ z gue/s ( ! ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,company1 at :i* w be deliv]$ ! presid5tial addresses ( ! presid5ts ( ! ?ree societies4 ,9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day !re w be held ! pr9cipal public meet+ arrang$ by citiz5s z an (ficial welcome to ! associations4 ,! meet+ w be held 9 ,c>negie ,hall1 & addresses w be made by ,*airman ,joseph ,h4 ,*oate1 ,presid5t ,taft1 ,gov]nor ,hughes1 ,mayor ,mc,clellan & ,dr4 ,ni*olas ,m4 ,butl]4 ,tuesday morn+ & aft]noon w be devot$ to jo9t meet+s at :i* w be giv5 ! presid5tial addresses ( ! ,hi/orical1 ! ,economic1 ! ,political ,sci5ce1 & ! ,labor ,legislation ,associations2 ^! w be deliv]$ respectively by ,a4 ,b4 ,h>t1 ,d4 ,r4 ,dewey1 ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,l[ell & ,h5ry ,w4 ,f>nam4 ,! detail$ programs ( ! sev]al societies conta9 a long li/ ( topics to be treat$ by tra9$ speciali/s4 ,only ! m important c be m5tion$4 ,! ,tuesday ev5+ meet+ ( ! ,hi/orical ,association1 held at ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society ,build+1 w be devot$ to a discussion ( ! "w ( hi/orical societies 9 ,europe4 ,delegates f ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,france & ,holl& w describe _! respective national hi/orical activities4 ,! ,w$nesday morn+ jo9t session ( ! ,hi/orical & ,political ,sci5ce ,associations w h z topic 8,briti% ,con/itutional & ,political ,developm5t1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,c5t5>y ( ,glad/one10 & pap]s w be read by ,ambassador ,bryce1 ,pr(4 ,d5nis1 ( ,wiscons92 ,pr(4 ,wrong1 ( ,toronto2 ,mr4 ,porritt1 & by ,mr4 ,fi%]1 ( ,ox=d4 ,?ursday1 ,decemb] #cj1 w 9 _m respects be ! mo/ valuable = ! hi/ory /ud5t4 ,morn+ & aft]noon !re w be conf]5ces at ,columbia ,univ]sity ^u special hi/orical topics4 ,9 ! morn+ ! foll[+ conf]5ces w be held3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,pr(4 ,we/]man1 ( ,wiscons91 *airman2 ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 9 jo9 session ) ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,pr(4 ,em]ton1 ( ,h>v>d1 *airman2 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 9 jo9t session ) ! ,mississippi ,valley ,hi/orical ,association1 to discuss ! ,we/w>d movem5t1 ,pr(4 ,paxson1 ( ,mi*igan1 *airman2 ,conf]5ce ( ,ar*ivi/s1 ,pr(4 ,ames1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 *airman4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! conf]5ces w be cont9u$3 ,mod]n ,european ,hi/ory1 ) ,pr(4 ,rob9son1 ( ,columbia1 *airman2 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,e?nic ,elem5ts 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,hi/ory1 ,pr(4 ,gre5e1 ( ,ill9ois1 *airman2 ,conf]5ce ( ,/ate & ,local ,hi/orical ,societies1 ,pr(4 ,si\ssat1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\?1 *airman4 ,hi/orical conf]5ces w be held also on ,friday morn+ z foll[s3 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ! ,contributions ( ! ,romance ,nations to ! ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 ,pr(4 ,%eph]d1 ( ,columbia1 *airman2 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ools1 ) reports ^u hi/ory 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man s*ools1 & prelim9>y report ( ! ,committee ( ,five1 ,pr(4 ,salmon1 ( ,vass>1 *airman2 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,grades1 ) discussion ( ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight1 ,pr(4 ,james1 ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 *airman4 ,! program = ea* ( ^! conf]5ces has be5 c>efully outl9$ & a s]ies ( %ort pap]s w be pres5t$ foll[$ by a g5]al discussion4 ,9 addition to ^! meet+s = ! discussion ( hi/orical subjects prop]1 _m alli$ topics w be treat$ 9 ! sessions ( ! o!r associations4 ,pr(4 ,johnson1 ( ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 is direct+ an exhibition ( aids to ! visualization ( hi/ory1 m5tion$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is numb] ( ! ,,magaz9e :i* promises to be "o ( ! features ( ! meet+4 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,libr>y w exhibit plans = libr>ies1 & ar*itectural plans ( int]e/ to memb]s ( ,/ate & local hi/orical societies4 ,b1 aft] all is said ab\t ! sci5tific & te*nical conf]5ces1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! greate/ value ( ! annual meet+s is to be f\nd 9 ! p]sonal fri5d%ips =m$ & r5ew$1 & 9 ! purely social features ( ! meet+s4 ,9 ?is respect ,new ,york is prep>+ to give ! memb]s ( ! associations a mo/ he>ty welcome4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! associations w be 9 ! ,waldorf-,a/oria1 & _m ( ! meet+s w be held 9 ! sev]al assembly rooms ( ! hotel4 ,on ,monday lun*eon w be t5d]$ ! memb]s by ! ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,company2 on ,tuesday1 ,columbia ,univ]sity w give a lun*eon1 & ,tuesday ev5+ a club d9n] w be giv5 at ! ,univ]sity ,commons1 & lat] 9 ! ev5+ a smok]4 ,on ,w$nesday !re w be a breakfa/ = memb]s at ! ,waldorf-,a/oria2 a tea at ! resid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,cl>5ce ,w4 ,b[51 & 9 ! ev5+ a reception & ent]ta9m5t at ! ,waldorf-,a/oria by ! ,ladies' ,reception ,committee ( ,new ,york1 ,mrs4 ,rob]t ,abbe1 *airman1 at :i* a numb] ( hi/orical tableaux w be pres5t$4 ,on ,?ursday1 ,tea*]s' ,college w ent]ta9 ! memb]s at lun*eon1 & 9 ! ev5+ ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,william ,k4 ,v&]bilt w give a reception at _! resid5ce4 ,9 addition to ^! features ( ent]ta9m5t ( all ! associations1 !re w be lun*eons & social meet+s = _m ( ! small] gr\ps compos+ ! l>g] societies4 ,f a sci5tific1 a popul>1 & a social /&po9t ! ,new ,york meet+s %\ld be a m>k$ success4 ,! sev]al local committees h work$ unremitt+ly ^u ! _m details ( program & ent]ta9m5t2 & ) metropolitan zeal & g5]osity !y h outl9$ ! mo/ int]e/+ program ! associations h kn[n4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,ar?ur ,m4 ,,wolfson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor ,,! ,,con/itution--,,its ,,antec$5ts1 ,,its ,,=mation1 ,,& ,,its ,,adoption4 ,! /udy ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates involves two m or less di/9ct processes4 ,if ! /ud5t is to compreh5d x p]fectly1 he mu/ consid] x1 fir/1 z an hi/orical docum5t1 /udy+ its antec$5ts1 ! process ( its creation1 & ! me?od ( its adoption2 second1 he mu/ consid] x z x exi/s at pres5t1 ! gr\nd plan ^u :i* our national in/itutions h be5 re>$1 & "u :i* ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is /ill be+ op]at$4 ,a g5]ation ago ! op9ion 0 almo/ univ]sally receiv$ t our pres5t con/itution 0 ! result ( ! sup]human skill ( ! two or ?ree score m5 :o sat & delib]at$ 9 ! ,/ate ,h\se 9 ,philadelphia f ,may #be? to ,septemb] #ag?1 #aghg4 ,ev5 ,glad/one1 ^: k ( hi/ory & politics %\ld h taught him bett]1 seems to h l5t himself to ?is !ory1 = 9 contra/+ ! ,engli% & ! ,am]ican ,con/itutions1 he decl>es t1 8,z ! ,briti% ,con/itution is ! mo/ subtle organism :i* has proce$$ f progressive hi/ory1 s ! ,am]ican ,con/itution is ! mo/ wond]ful "w ev] /ruck (f at a giv5 "t by ! bra9 & purpose ( man40 ,to-day ?is !ory has be5 entirely ab&on$4 ,= ?is reason1 ! /ud5t mu/ be br\ght to consid] ! ,con/itution z an hi/orical z well z a political docum5t1 seek+ its orig9s 9 ! in/itutions ( ,engl& & ! ,engli% colonies1 acqua9t+ himself ) ! p]sonality & ! !ories ( ! m5 :o sat 9 ! ,conv5tion1 foll[+ ! debates & ! newspap] discussions :i* 9 e ,/ate 7 ! prelim9>y /eps to its ratification4 ,= ! boys & girls :o h /udi$ _! ,engli% hi/ory & _! ,colonial hi/ory ) c>e & intellig5ce1 only a brief review ( ! antec$5ts ( ! ,con/itution w be necess>y4 ,nev]!less1 ?is review %\ld n be neglect$4 ,once m ! tea*] %\ld insi/ ^u ! fact t ! roots ( ,am]ican civil & political in/itutions are to be f\nd 9 ,engli% soil4 ,transplant$ to ,am]ica 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ^! in/itutions 7 affect$ & modifi$ by local conditions1 b 9 _! orig9 !y 7 ess5tially ,engli%4 ,! /udy ( ! ,con/itution %\ld !re=e beg9 ) a brief reconsid]ation ( ! ,engli% sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 its orig9 & developm5t1 especially 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,f> m important ?an ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! sy/em ( law & ! !ory ( ! "r ( ! individual to fre$om f unju/ impositions by ! gov]nm5t :i* ! coloni/s inh]it$ f ! "m c\ntry4 ,n until ! /ud5t is able to /ate aga91 & accurately1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,magna ,c>ta1 ( ! ,petition ( ,rights & ( ! ,bill ( ,rights %\ld ! tea*] proce$ to ! consid]ation ( o!r subjects1 = ! v language ( ^! docum5ts w appe> aga9 9 ! fir/ n9e am5dm5ts to our pres5t ,con/itution4 ,next1 ! tea*] %\ld review ) 8 /ud5ts ! hi/ory ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( colonies1 _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! v>i\s me?ods ( colonial legislative1 executive1 & judicial proc$ure1 ! rights & duties ( ! gov]nor1 ! me?od ( election & ! p[]s & functions ( bo? h\ses ( ! colonial assemblies1 ! rights & duties ( ! judici>y3 "o & all1 ^! s]v$ z models :i* 7 freely /udi$ & adopt$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion4 ,mo/ important ( all prec$5ts1 h[ev]1 7 ! colonial =ms ( union4 ,beg9n+ ) ! process ( amalgamation :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,massa*usetts1 proce$+ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,engl& ,conf$]ation1 8a consociation = mutual help & /r5g? 9 all _! future conc]nm5ts10 ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! ,albany ,plan1 ! acts ( ! ,/amp ,act ,congress1 ! ,committees ( ,correspond5ce1 ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 & ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 ! /ud5t %\ld be made to see t ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is b ! la/ /ep 9 a c5tury & a half ( political developm5t4 ,9 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation ( ! ,unit$ ,colonies ( ,new ,engl& 7,article #h71 = in/ance1 is to be f\nd ! g]m ( ! con/itutional provision = mutual rights ( citiz5%ip & = ! return ( fugitive slaves & crim9als4 ,9 ! ,albany ,plan we f9d at lea/ two provisions :i* 9 lat] days 7 to be incorporat$ 9 ! ,f$]al ,con/itution3 7#a7 t a s+le (fic] %\ld be *>g$ ) ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! union1 & 7#b7 t repres5tation %\ld be proportional1 n equal1 among ! memb]s ( ! union4 ,! /udy ( ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ?or\gh & exhau/ive4 ,too _m tea*]s are cont5t to leave _! pupils ) a hazy notion ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t submitt$ to ! ,/ates 9 #aggg & f9ally adopt$ 9 #agha4 ,because s mu* is regul>ly said ab\t ! defects ( ! ,articles1 s mu* ab\t ! p]fection ( ! ,con/itution1 ! tea*] mu/ be w>n$ & w>n$ aga9 aga9/ ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om ( belittl+ ! importance ( ?is in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,) all its imp]fections1 x is nev]!less true1 consid]+ ! tr\bl\s times dur+ :i* x 0 9 op]ation1 & ! _s ( sep>atism :i* exi/$ among ! ,/ates1 t ?is e>lie/ bond ( union among ! ,/ates s]v$ z a /rong l9k )\t :i* ! pres5t ,con/itution w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,"u ^! ,articles1 ! ,/ates sev]ally ent]$ into 8a firm league ( fri5d%ip ) ea* o!r = _! common def5se1 ! security ( _! lib]ties & _! mutual & g5]al welf>e40 ,!y gu>ante$ t 8! free inhabitants ( ea* ( ^! ,/ates 444 %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( free citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates02 8t full fai? & cr$it %all be giv5 9 ea* ( ^! ,/ates to ! records1 acts1 etc41 ( e o!r ,/ate40 ,! provisions ( ! ,articles conc]n+ ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t %\ld also receive c>eful att5tion1 especially ! executive & judicial dep>tm5ts1 because x is "h t mo/ high s*ool /ud5ts are left ) exce$+ly vague & inaccurate conceptions4 ,a ?or\gh analysis ( ! docum5t w %[ t :ile !re 7 abortive provisions = ! creation ( a sep>ate executive & an attempt to e/abli% a limit$ national judicial dep>tm5t1 all real p[] 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,congress4 ,congress ga!r$ to itself all ! active functions ( gov]nm5t1 & yet ev5 x c\ld take no def9ite action unless ! delegates f at lea/ n9e ( ! ,/ates cons5t$1 & none ( its acts c\ld be en=c$ except ?r\gh ! good w & ! active cop]ation ( ! sep>ate ,/ates4 ,9 ^! two circum/ances & 9 "o o!r1 namely3 t ,congress _h no p[] to regulate int]/ate comm]ce1 lay ! s]i\s1 ! fatal weakness ( ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation4 ,nor did !re seem to be any way ( rem$y+ conditions1 = no am5dm5t c\ld be made to ! ,articles unless e ,/ate cons5t$4 ,?ree times ! attempt 0 made1 b ea* "t x fail$1 & ! exp]im5t ( a union among ! ,/ates seem$ doom$ to failure4 ,!n1 9 #aghf1 ^u ! invitation ( ,virg9ia1 delegates f five ( ! ,/ates met at ,annapolis to consid] ! subject ( int]/ate trade )\t consult+ ! memb]s ( ,congress4 ,in/ead ( tak+ any action1 h[ev]1 ?is conv5tion issu$ an address to ! ,/ates invit+ !m to s5d delegates to a conv5tion to meet 9 ,philadelphia ,may1 #aghg1 8to devise su* fur!r provisions z %all appe> to !m necess>y to r5d] ! con/itution ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t adequate to ! exig5cies ( ! ,union40 ,?\gh _m ,/ates /ill hesitat$1 z a result ( ?is address1 delegates f all ! ,/ates except ,rhode ,isl& met at ! appo9t$ "t 9 :at came to be kn[n z ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion4 ,hav+ l$ 8 pupils ?us f> 9 ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,con/itution1 ! tea*] is n[ prep>$ to discuss ) !m ! second /age ( its /ory4 ,fir/ he w ne$ to insi/1 & t unrel5t+ly1 t !y become acqua9t$ ) ! names & ! p]sonality ( at lea/ ! mo/ prom95t memb]s ( ! ,conv5tion3 ,wa%+ton & ,madison & ,r&olph1 f ,virg9ia2 ,frankl9 & ,wilson & ,g\v]neur ,morris1 f ,p5nsylvania2 ,hamilton & ,lans+1 f ,new ,york2 ,g]ry & ,k+1 f ,massa*usetts2 ,ellswor? & ,%]man1 f ,connecticut2 ! two ,p9ckneys1 f ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 & ,patt]son1 f ,new ,j]sey4 ,! p]sonality ( ^! m51 _! plans & prep>ations1 are all ( pr(\nd importance2 ea* contribut$ some?+1 positive or negative1 to ! new in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! conv5tion itself falls r\ghly into ?ree /ages3 dur+ ! fir/ mon? ! delegates 7 busy pres5t+ _! plans ( union1 ea* p>ty attempt+ to en=ce its w ^u ! m9ds ( ! o!rs4 ,!n foll[$ a mon? dur+ :i* ! p>ties gradually came to an agreem5t1 ea* waiv+ "s ( ! ?+s :i* x reg>d$ z ess5tial 9 return = concessions ^u ! "p ( ! o!rs4 ,f9ally1 dur+ ! ?ird mon?1 ?\gh ! debates /ill w5t on1 !y 7 occupi$ ma9ly ) ! settlem5t ( details1 none ( :i* 0 ( prim>y importance4 ,if ?is ?reefold division ( ! "w ( ! ,conv5tion is kept 9 m9d1 ! tea*] w f9d x comp>atively easy to br+ ord] out ( ! app>5t *aos ( ! delib]ations ( ! ?ree & a half mon?s' session at ,philadelphia4 ,tak+ ea* p]iod 9 its ord]1 we f9d t dur+ ! fir/ mon? !re 7 two radically oppos$ op9ions 9 ! ,conv5tion4 ,on ! "o h&1 7 ^? :o believ$ t a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t %\ld be e/abli%$2 on ! o!r1 ^? :o believ$ t all t 0 necess>y or prop] 0 t ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation %\ld be am5d$ by giv+ to ,congress m p[]1 & by creat+ a /rong executive & a judicial dep>tm5t4 ,! plans ( ! fir/ p>ty 7 set =? 9 ! ,virg9ia ,plan1 :i* 0 probably drawn up by ,madison & pres5t$ to ! ,conv5tion by ,r&olph2 ^? ( ! o!r 9 ! ,new ,j]sey ,plan1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ,patt]son4 ,ea* ( ^! plans %\ld be c>efully & ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,beside !m1 ! /ud5t w d well to acqua9t himself also ) ! proposals laid be=e ! ,conv5tion by ,hamilton & by ,p9ckney4 ,aft] a mon? ( debat+ propositions & c\nt]-propositions1 ! diff]5ces n>r[$ !mselves d[n to ! s+le "q ( :at %\ld be ! me?od ( repres5tation 9 ,congress4 ,= a "t x seem$ z ?\gh no agreem5t c\ld be rea*$ ^u ?is subject4 ,!n came ! compromise (f]$ by ,ellswor? & ,%]man1 ( ,connecticut1 :i* ! ,conv5tion f9ally adopt$--! fir/ great compromise ( ! ,con/itution4 ,next foll[$ ! debate betwe5 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ^u ! "q z to :at %\ld be ! basis ( repres5tation4 ,?is1 too1 0 f9ally settl$ by :at is kn[n z ! second compromise ( ! ,con/itution4 ,f9ally !re rema9s to be /udi$ ! debates ov] ! que/ions ( ! slave trade1 & =eign & int]/ate comm]ce4 ,"h aga9 ! ,conv5tion divid$ on sectional l9es1 till ! diff]5ce 0 settl$ by ! ?ird great compromise ( ! ,con/itution4 ,n[ ! ,conv5tion ent]$ ^u its ?ird /age4 ,debates & diff]5ces ( op9ion 7 /ill frequ5t1 b !y relat$ almo/ entirely to que/ions ( detail1 n to fundam5tal pr9ciples1 s t by ,septemb] #ag? ! ,conv5tion 0 able to adj\rn aft] hav+ transmitt$ ! ,con/itution to ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation = action4 ,) ! "w ( ! ,conv5tion beh9d u1 !re rema9s ! ?ird /age ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,con/itution to be /udi$4 ,in/ead ( act+ f9ally ^u ! docum5t1 aft] a brief p]iod ( delib]ation1 ,congress on ,septemb] #bi? submitt$ x to ! ,/ates = ratification4 ,?is ratification 0 n accompli%$ )\t difficulty4 ,opposition to ! new =m ( gov]nm5t 0 active1 (t5 virul5t4 ,! gr\nds = ?is opposition %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,unless we und]/& x cle>ly1 we %all be 9 no position to und]/& ! basis ( ! con/itutional /rife :i* rag$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! next sev5ty ye>s1 :i* culm9at$ :5 ! elev5 ,s\!rn ,/ates f9ally sec$$ f ! ,union4 ,! objection to ! new ,con/itution 0 bas$ fir/ ^u ! feel+ t ! c5tral gov]nm5t outl9$ 9 ! ,con/itution 0 too /rong & w\ld ultimately ov]%ad[ & de/roy ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts2 second1 ^u ! fact t ! ,con/itution conta9$ no ,bill ( ,rights1 & t !re=e ! sacr$ rights ( ! p = :i* !y _h f\ght 9 ! ,revolution might be int]f]$ )4 ,! fir/ objection 0 f9ally ov]come by ! argum5t & by ! feel+ among ! p t life 9 ,am]ica w\ld soon be impossible unless a /rong] f$]al gov]nm5t ?an !n exi/$ c\ld be e/abli%$2 ! second1 by ! promise t a s]ies ( am5dm5ts embody+ ! pr9ciples kn[n z ! ,bill ( ,rights w\ld spe$ily be adopt$4 ,?us ! ,con/itution 0 f9ally ratifi$1 & 9 ,april1 #aghi1 ! new gov]nm5t w5t into op]ation4 ,! fur!r hi/ory ( ! ,con/itution belongs to a lat] p]iod ( ,am]ican hi/ory & is !re=e outside ! limits ( ?is article4 ,x rema9s only1 !n1 to indicate to ! tea*] ! s\rces :]e he may pr(itably seek fur!r in=mation on ?is subject4 ,= ! /ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 specific ref]5ces c h>dly be giv51 any "o ( ! half doz5 /&>d text-books on ,engli% hi/ory %\ld be adequate = ! /udy ( ?is subject4 ,! ?ree great *>t]s ( ,engli% lib]ty may be f\nd 9 any ( ! s\rce books ( ,engli% hi/ory1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ,k5dall's or ,colby's or ,lee's2 :ile1 = ! hi/ory ( colonial in/itutions1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ! works on colonial hi/ory already m5tion$ 9 previ\s articles4 ,! basis = ! /udy ( ! "w ( ! ,conv5tion is to be f\nd 7#a7 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,conv5tion10 publi%$ 9 ,elliot's 8,debates10 &1 especially1 7#b7 9 ,madison's 8,notes10 :i* are mu* full] & mu* m satisfactory4 ,( ! second>y hi/ories ( ! p]iod1 only "s half doz5 ne$ be m5tion$3 7#a7 ,fiske's 8,critical ,p]iod10 7#b7 ,curtis's 8,con/itutional ,hi/ory10 ,vol4 #a2 7#c7 ,mc,laughlin's 8,! ,conf$]ation & ! ,con/itution10 7#d7 ,walk]'s 8,mak+ ( ! ,nation10 7#e7 ,l&on's 8,con/itutional ,hi/ory10 & 7#f7 ,h>t's 8,=mation ( ! ,union40 ,!re are o!rs1 ( c\rse1 b ^! are m ?an suffici5t = ! ord9>y /ud5t4 ,,transition1 #aghh-aghi4 ,! p]iod ( transition1 #aghh-aghi1 is "o ( mu* int]e/ = ! /ud5t & ! tea*] ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,aft] ! ,con/itution _h be5 ratifi$ by ! requisite numb] ( ,/ates !re rema9$ _m details to be att5d$ to be=e ! new gov]nm5t c\ld be put into op]ation4 ,ha/y g5]alizations h be5 made respect+ ?is p]iod2 & _m a /ud5t has f\nd 8 qu]ies ^u ! precise mode ( transf] to ! new gov]nm5t unansw]$4 ,frank ,flet*] ,/eph5s1 ,ph4,d41 has publi%$ 9 ! 8,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,/udies0 a monograph1 :i* cov]s ?is transitional p]iod4 ,treat+ fir/ ! action ( ! old ,congress1 ,dr4 ,/eph5s foll[s ! action ( ea* ( ! ,/ates ^u ! election ( s5ators1 ( repres5tatives1 & ( presid5tial electors1 clos+ ) ! det]m9ation 9 #aghi ( relations betwe5 ! national gov]nm5t & ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 ,:ile ! *apt]s ^u ! fir/ elections = national (fic]s are ( value1 ! clos+ *apt] ^u f$]al & ,/ate relations is p>ticul>ly s4 ,! au?or %[s h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates rev5ue sy/em took ! place ( ! ,/ate t>iffs1 & h[ ! *ange 0 made successful by appo9t+ to ! national (fices _m ( ! cu/oms (ficials tra9$ 9 ! ,/ate s]vice4 ,o!r subjects ov] :i* ! au?ority ( ! new gov]nm5t 0 p>am\nt 7 admiralty matt]s1 naturalisation1 & pap] money2 & ^u ea* ( ^! ! au?ority ( ! national gov]nm5t sup]s$$ ! action ( ! ,/ates4 ,respect+ p5sions & light-h\ses1 we h a volunt>y surr5d] to ! nation ( ! obligations incurr$ by ! ,/ates 9 c>+ = _! vet]ans or 9 promot+ comm]ce4 ,! monograph ?r[s mu* light ^u a neglect$ p]iod ( our hi/ory4 ,e4 ,k4 ,y4 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,d4,c4 ,,kn[lton1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,:at ,0 ! ,r5aissance8 ,be=e op5+ ! discussion ) ! class !re %\ld be a cle> conception 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*] z to :at ! ,r5aissance really 04 ,is x to be reg>d$1 = example1 z an era1 embrac+ )9 its limits ! ,babylonian ,captivity & ! ,great ,s*ism1 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! /ruggle = ,italy & ! rise ( ,spa91 & end+ f9ally ) ,lu!r's attack on ! ,*ur* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 or is x to be re/rict$ to a n>r[] field1 m>k$ l>gely by a revival ( art1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce & foll[$ by an age ( discov]y8 8,! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance10 says "o writ]1 89 its prop] & mo/ compreh5sive mean+1 may be reg>d$ z ! age 9 :i* ! social & political sy/em ( ! ,middle ,ages came to an end1 9 :i* m$ieval re/rictions ^u lib]ty ( ?\ght & inquiry 7 aboli%$40 ,he !n proce$s to expla9 t x includes all ! ev5ts :i* lie betwe5 #abgc & #adid1 or1 9 o!r words1 two c5turies & a qu>t] ( ,european developm5t4 ,a little fur!r on1 h[ev]1 he ref]s to ! 8two movem5ts ) :i* ! ,r5aissance has be5 preem95tly & sometimes exclusively associat$--! revival ( lett]s & ! revival ( art10#b & discusses x f ?is second po9t ( view1 %[+ h[ ev5 ) ?is n>r[] conception ( ! movem5t x may prop]ly include ! re=m ( religion1 ! ext5sion ( geographical k & new discov]ies 9 ! realms ( sci5ce1 bo? ^! conceptions 7 evid5tly be=e ! m9ds ( ! committee ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association z !y fram$ _! syllabus4 ,! ef=ts ( ! second>y tea*] mu/ ( necessity be conf9$ to ! ,r5aissance z a revival ( lett]s & art4 ,?is does n preclude ! tea*] f reg>d+ ! ev5ts f #abgc to #adid z symptoms ( *anges :i* 7 br++ ! ,middle ,ages to a close & inaugurat+ a new era4 ,9 fact1 ^! ev5ts may s]ve z an introduction to ! ,r5aissance prop]1 z has already be5 %[n4#c ,! simple "q1 8,:at 0 ! ,r5aissance80 w s]ve to op5 ! subject1 & ! v>i\s answ]s :i* may be drawn f ! /ud5ts c be made to fit ! tea*]'s conception ( ! movem5t2 or1 bett] /ill1 ! que/ions may be s fram$ z to draw f ! /ud5ts !mselves ! tea*]'s preconceiv$ notion ( :at is to be und]/ood by ! t]m4 ,at ! close ( ! discussion1 ! tea*]'s def9ition or conception1 fram$ 9 simple language & dictat$ to ! class w fix x cle>ly 9 ! /ud5t's m9d & s]ve z a guide to fur!r /udy & discussion4 ,! foll[+ conception1 :i* is made up ( /atem5ts borr[$ f sev]al s\rces1 w s]ve z an illu/ration3 8,! ,r5aissance 0 an intellectual & sci5tific trans=mation ( ,europe1 a great & fundam5tal *ange 9 ?\ght & ta/e1 9 books1 build+s & pictures1 = :i* ! _w _h long be5 prep>+ & 9 :i* we /ill p>ticipate40 ,:5 ,0 ! ,r5aissance8 ,?is "q sugge/s a second4 8,:5 did ?is movem5t beg9 & :5 did x end80 ,?is "q may be treat$ sep>ately or reg>d$ z a fundam5tal "p ( ! fir/ qu]y4 ,if an ,engli% & a ,g]man ,r5aissance are to be recogniz$1 z well z an ,italian ,r5aissance1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to select ! dates accord+ly4 ,foll[+ ! plan ( "s ( ! text-books1 x might be well 9 ?is connection to po9t out ! fact t1 al?\gh ! movem5t began 9 ,italy 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & la/$ !re until ab\t #aeej1 its dates = ,engl& 7 approximately #aejj to #afjj1 & = ,g]many1 #adej to #aebj4 ,:]e ,did ,x ,beg9 & ,:y8 ,x is a natural transition f ^! consid]ations to a discussion ( :y ! movem5t fir/ %[$ itself 9 ,italy & :y x became s widespread4 ,! answ] to ?is qu]y w naturally dep5d some:at ^u ! conception ( ! movem5t :i* has already be5 agre$ ^u by tea*] & class4 ,if ! ,r5aissance is to be consid]$1 z has be5 sugge/$1 z prim>ily a revival ( le>n+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to po9t out ! fact t le>n+ _h n entirely di$ out 9 ! ,europe ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b t consid]able progress _h be5 made back 9 ! days ( ,*>les ! ,great & aga9 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ! rise ( univ]sities & ! developm5t ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,! great] /imulus :i* foll[$ ! revival ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 0 due r to a m favorable set ( conditions ?an _h h]et(ore prevail$ 9 ,europe4 ,?is 0 especially true ( ,italy4 8,x is no m]e political mutation10 says ,symonds1 8no new fa%ion ( art1 no re/oration ( classical /&>ds ( ta/e4 ,! arts & ! inv5tions1 ! k & ! books1 :i* sudd5ly became vital at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 _h long la9 neglect$ on ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* we call ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 n _! discov]y :i* caus$ ! ,r5aissance2 b x 0 ! intellectual en]gy1 ! spontane\s outbur/ ( intellig5ce :i* enabl$ mank9d at t mom5t to make use ( !m40#d ,! enum]ation ( ^! favor+ circum/ances w make necess>y a return on ! "p ( ! tea*] & class to ! "t ( ! crusades2 & ! ne>] !y approa* ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! clos] w appe> ! relation betwe5 su* ph5om5a z ! pass+ ( feudal conditions1 ! rise ( ! b\rgeoisie & ! awak5+ ( ! individual man to a consci\sness ( 8 lat5t p[]s & res\rces4 ,! weav+ ( ?is *a9 ( circum/ances w br+ up among o!r ?+s ! rise ( national lit]atures1 ! f\nd+ ( univ]sities1 ! developm5t ( t[n life1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 ,europe1 ! political & economic condition ( ! ,italian cities1 ! "w ( ,dante & ,petr>*1 & ! timely inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,:at ,did ! ,r5aissance ,accompli%8 ,! class is n[ ready = ! f9al "q1 8,:at did ! ,r5aissance really accompli%80 ,! foll[+ head+s are sugge/$ = develop+ ?is phase ( ! subject2 7#a7 ! revival ( le>n+2 7#b7 ! new art2 7#c7 comm]ce or discov]y2 7#d7 sci5ce & inv5tion2 7#e7 religion4 ,?is ord] (f]s an easy & at ! same "t a natural transition to ! ,re=mation4 ,sev]al me?ods are op5 to ! tea*] = exp&+ ^! sub-topics4 ,"o is to select a s+le individual1 or a small gr\p ( individuals & to pres5t _! lives & "w 9 suffici5t detail to illu/rate ! v>i\s activities ( ! age & its lead+ *>act]i/ics2 or to pres5t a s]ies ( contra/s1 plac+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ^! m5 ov] aga9/ ! atta9m5ts ( ! great ?9k]s & do]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ei!r me?od does n require an elaborate libr>y equipm5t = its success4 ,if ! =m] plan is adopt$1 ,petr>* becomes ! embodim5t ( t passionate love = antiquity1 t zeal = ! collection ( anci5t manuscripts1 & t bitt] opposition to ^? ma/]s ( ! ,ari/otelian logic1 ! anci5t s*oolm51 :i* m>k$ especially ! revival ( le>n+4 ,a ,raphael1 a da ,v9ci1 a ,titian1 & a ,mi*elangelo m>k ! highe/ p9nacle ( a*ievem5t 9 pa9t+2 ,mi*elangelo1 _m-sid$ & v]satile1 l s _m ( 8 bro!r arti/s1 is ! type ( ! great sculptor2 & ,bramante ( ! great ar*itect4 ,! ext5sion ( geographical k is s intimately associat$ ) ! life & "w ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator1 t x has l$ "o writ] to decl>e t 8! *ange :i* has revolutioniz$ ,european trade & has drawn ! :ole _w )9 ! influ5ce ( ,we/]n civilization 0 indirectly ! do+ ( ?is ,portuguese pr9ce40#e ,sci5ce ne$s no bett] expon5t ?an a ,cop]nicus2 ! "n ( ,gut5b]g has always be5 associat$ ) ! pr9t+ press & f9ally1 religion is ably repres5t$ 9 ! p]son ( a ,valla & an ,erasmus4 ,! consid]ation ( ! life & "w ( ! two la/-nam$ writ]s br+s u face to face ) ! re=m movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,if ! second me?od comm5ds itself to ! tea*]1 ! s*oolm51 limit$ bo? z to mat]ial & me?od1 ) _! appeal to au?ority1 c be pres5t$ 9 %>p contra/ to ! critics & sc(f]s ( ! ,r5aissance ) _! f9al appeal to ! reason4 ,!re is "s dang] ( ov]-emphasiz+ ! follies ( ! =m] & ( fail+ to e/imate _! "w at its true value4 7,on ?is po9t see ,adams1 p4 #cfh1 & footnote47 ,if x is true t ,/4 ,pet]'s suff]s by contra/ ) ! great a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,romanesque & ! ,go?ic1 n s a ,raphael1 a da ,v9ci1 & a ,titian :5 plac$ side by side ) a ,cimabue1 a ,giotto & a ,fra ,angelico2 or ! rude reliefs on ! doors ( ,notre ,dame & ! ,/rasburg ,ca!dral1 :5 plac$ beside ! bronze doors ( a ,ghib]ti1 8wor?y to /& z ! gates ( ,p>adise40 ,! discov]ies ( a ,columbus1 a ,magellan & a ,vasco da ,gama1 :5 contra/$ ) ! m$ieval conception ( ! _w z depict$ by _! greate/ c>tograph]s1 emphasize ! rem>kable progress ( ?is lat] age 9 8discov]+ ! _w10 z well z man4 ,f9ally ! misconceptions & pseudo-sci5tific treatises ( ! m$ieval s*oolm5 s9k into insignificance beside ! "w ( a ,galileo & a ,cop]nicus & ! f>-rea*+ results ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,use ( ,illu/rative ,mat]ial4 ,:i*ev] me?od may be foll[$1 x w be f\nd t illu/rations w add mu* to ! int]e/ ( ! class & make cle>] ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( ! p]iod4 ,a few pictures c>efully select$ w s]ve ! purpose mu* bett] ?an a l>g] numb]4 ,! 8,madonna & ,*ri/-,*ild10 by ,cimabue2#f ! 8,dea? ( ,/4 ,francis10 by ,giotto1 & ! 8,coronation ( ! ,virg910 by ,fra ,angelico1 w s]ve z illu/rations ( "s ( ! faults ( m$ieval pa9t+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to po9t out ! fact t "s ( ^! arti/s are class$ among ! e>ly ,r5aissance pa9t]s & _! "w m>ks a decid$ advance ov] t ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! 8,la/ ,judgm5t10 by ,mi*elangelo2 ! ,si/9e 8,madonna10 by ,raphael2 ! 8,assumption ( ! ,virg910 by ,titian1 & da ,v9ci's 8,la/ ,supp]0 are numb]$ among ! 8,_w ,pictures10 & illu/rate t ma/]y ( te*nique & conception :i* has made _! names s fam\s4 ,pictures ( ,mi*elangelo's ,moses1 8 ,david1 & 8 figures on ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici1 & ,ghib]ti's bronze doors = ! bapti/ry ( ,flor5ce c easily be secur$ to illu/rate ! "w ( ! ,r5aissance sculptors4 ,a sugge/ion has already be5 made z to m$ieval sculpture4 ,! ,p]ry ,picture ,company or ! ,cosmos ,picture ,company c probably supply su* pictures z may be ne$$ at a v mod]ate co/4 ,t tea*] is especially =tunate :o has access to a good art museum4 ,! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ( ,new ,york ,city (f]s special facilities to tea*]s & classes wi%+ to use _! collections4 ,lit]ature4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made f "t to "t to helpful lit]ature4 ,burckh>dt's 8,civilisation ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy0 is (t5 cit$ z ! be/ book 9 ,engli% on ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 b x (f]s comp>atively little 9 ! way ( sugge/ive treatm5t = ! second>y tea*]4 ,8 po9t ( view is psy*ological & !re=e q beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! second>y /ud5t4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 %\ld n disc\rage ! tea*] f a p]usal ( 8 pages1 z he ?r[s new light on _m a vex$ "q connect$ ) ! movem5t4 ,symonds's 8,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy10 an abridgem5t ( 8 l>g] "w1 ?\gh m popul> & less s*ol>ly1 portrays ! m attractive & ! m intelligible side ( ! p]iod & makes x gl[ ) life & en?usiasm4 ,plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! "y read]1 x may be ! means ( inspir+ him ) "s ( ! writ]'s en?usiasm = ! labors ( ! m5 ( t p]iod1 & possibly /imulate a /rong] desire = "s ( t culture ( :i* !y 7 su* wor?y expon5ts4 ,! *apt] by ,adams on ! ,r5aissance 9 8 8,civilization ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages0 is mo/ sugge/ive & helpful4 ,he n only summ>izes ! v>i\s revivals :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,r5aissance prop]1 b traces ! movem5t f its inception 9 ,italy to its appe>ance 9 ,italy & ,g]many1 po9t+ out cle>ly its lead+ spirits & *>act]iz+ _! special contributions to ! movem5t4 ,lodge1 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( 8 8,close ( ! ,middle ,ages10 deals ) ! ma9 features ( ! ,r5aissance & pres5ts "s admirable contra/s betwe5 ! old & ! new4 ,m5tion %\ld also be made ( ! *apt]s 9 ,seignobos's 8,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,civilization0 on ! 8,end ( ! ,middle ,ages10 8,mod]n ,times10 8,inv5tions & ,discov]ies10 & ! 8,r5aissance40 ,beazley's 8,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator10 conta9s mu* m ?an a biography ( ?is great pione] 9 ! field ( discov]y1 & w be f\nd useful = its summ>y ( e>li] a*ievem5ts4 ,seebohm's small volume on ! 8,era ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation10 ?\gh brief1 conta9s an excell5t summ>y ( ! conditions :i* prevail$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance & _! relation to ! movem5t = religi\s re=m4 ,van ,dyke1 8,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+10 & ,m>qu& & ,fro?+ham1 8,hi/ory ( ,sculpture10 are useful h&books = ! arti/ic side ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:itcomb's 8,s\rce ,book ( ! ,r5aissance0 probably conta9s ! greate/ numb] ( read+s f ! ,r5aissance au?ors1 bo? ,italian & ,g]man4 ,special m5tion might be made ( 8 extracts f ,petr>* & ,b5ev5uto ,cell9i 9 ,"p ,i42 & f ,erasmus & ! 8,lett]s ( ,obscure ,m50 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 is prec$$ by a %ort acc\nt ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,g]many4 ,rob9son's 8,read+s10 ,vol ,i41 conta9s mu* t is helpful1 p>ticul>ly 9 contra/+ ! culture ( ! ,middle ,ages ) t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ?is connection %\ld be not$ ,*apt] xix1 on ! 8,culture ( ! ,middle ,ages10 ) its subdivisions on 8,m$ival ,natural ,sci5ce10 8,hi/orical ,k 9 ! ,middle ,ages10 8,abel>d & ! ,univ]sities10 8,supremacy ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,m$ival ,univ]sities10 8,s*ola/icism10 & 8,rog] ,bacon & ! ,beg9n+ ( ,mod]n ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce40 ,*apt] xxii conta9s extracts illu/rat+ ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ) subdivisions on ! ,italian despots 7quot+ f ,ma*iavelli71 8,humanism10 & ! 8,arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance40 ,ogg devotes "o ( 8 conclud+ *apt]s 7xxvi7 to ! 8,beg9n+s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance10 9 :i* he quotes f ,dante & ,petr>*4 ,que/ions4 ,! foll[+ que/ions1 glean$ f v>i\s s\rces1 may s]ve ! tea*] z a guide 9 pres5t+ "s phases ( ! movem5t4 ,9 :at respects 7 ! ,crusades responsible = ! ,r5aissance8 ,:at is meant by ! 8revival ( le>n+10 & ?r\gh :at ag5cies 0 x br\ght ab\t8 ,trace ! causes lead+ to ! ,r5aissance & "n f\r p]sons prom95t 9 art or lit]ature dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,set =? ! limitations & ! value ( s*ola/icism & ! mean+ & results ( ! revival ( le>n+4 ,:at contributions to ! ,r5aissance movem5t 7 made by ,italy1 ,g]many & ,engl& respectively8 ,/ate ! "p tak5 9 promot+ ! ,r5aissance by ,cop]nicus1 ,petr>*1 ,raphael & ,erasmus4 ,/ate "s ( ! effects ( ! ,r5aissance z !y appe> 7a7 9 gov]nm5t2 7b7 9 lit]ature & art2 7c7 9 indu/ries4 ,%[ a relation betwe5 ! ,r5aissance & 7a7 ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 7#adec72 7b7 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+2 7c7 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica2 7d7 ! ,prote/ant revolt4 ,discuss ! accuracy ( ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 m5tion+ ! facts ^u :i* y base y\r conclusion3 a4 ,! fall ( ,con/ant9ople did n cause ! ,r5aissance1 b x did give a great impetus to x4 b4 ,)\t ! ,r5aissance ! ,re=mation w\ld n h occurr$4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,lodge4 ,close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #eah1 #eai4 #c ,novemb] numb]1 ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e4 #d ,! ,italics are m9e4--,editor4 ,on ?is same po9t see also ,adams1 ,civilisation dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #cga-cgd4 ,! quotation is f ,symonds1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 p4 #c4 #e ,cunn+ham1 ,we/]n ,civilisation1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #acj4 #f ,9 ! ,rucellai ,*apel ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella ,flor5ce4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,william ,,fairley1 ,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,,! ,,glory ,,& ,,! ,,ru9 ,,( ,,greece4 ,) ! "w ( ! pres5t mon? we come to a p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory m>k$ by ! extreme ( contra/4 ,we are to /udy ! cr[n+ glories ( ,greece 9 ! realm ( m9d1 & h] d[nfall on ! side ( political /r5g? & success4 ,bo? facts %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,?is section is specially well fitt$ = topical /udy4 ,a s]ies ( su* topics may well be z foll[s3 #a4 ,map ( ,attica & ! ,a!nian ,empire at its wide/4 ,plan ( ,a!ns4 ,pictures ( ,a!ns4 ,side topic3 ! s\rces ( ! weal? ( ,a!ns4 7,m9es1 taxes1 tribute74 #b4 ,a!nian public life4 ,int5se devotion ( citiz5 to /ate affairs4 ,opportunity = e citiz5 to hold (fice4 #c4 ,social1 indu/rial & private life4 ,aspasia1 z ?r[+ a side light on position ( woman4 #d4 ,greek art--sculpture1 ar*itecture1 pa9t+4 #e4 ,greek drama3 its developm5t & p[]4 #f4 ,greek philosophy4 ,! attempt to read ! problems ( life4 ,special ref]5ce to ,socrates1 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 #g4 ,a!nian democracy "u ,p]icles4 ,! ,con/itution4 #h4 ,! c>e] ( ,p]icles3 born lead] ( a democracy4 #i4 ,! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 #aj4 ,milit>y & naval affairs4 ,a!nian naval supremacy4 ,! ,!ban phalanx4 #aa4 ,sp>tan & ,!ban control4 ,milit>y rule ( conqu]$ sections4 #ab4 ,greek political failure4 ,"h is a good mon?'s "w2 & "o :i* w te/ ! tea*]4 ,rem>k has already be5 made 9 ?is s]ies ( articles on ! surpass+ debt ( mod]n civilization to ,greek ?\ght4 ,! pres5t is ! opportunity = ! pupil to grasp ! ext5t ( ?is debt4 ,! value ( su* grasp w dep5d on ! tea*]4 ,x is easy to imag9e ! dullness ( m]e text-book "w "h4 ,! /ud5t may be l$ ?r\gh su* a p]iod1 & h no m impression left on him ?an he w\ld by le>n+ ! b\nd>ies ( our =ty-six ,/ates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he may be s impress$ by ! m>vell\s activities ( ! ,greek m9d z to be able always h]eaft] to und]/& :y lit]ature makes s multitud9\s ref]5ces to ?is petty p4 ,m9imize ! ,/udy ( ,w>4 ,! bett] text-books are admirable 9 _! re/ra9t 9 deal+ ) su* topics z ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,"o f9e book gives only six pages to x1 & omits all trivial details4 ,ano!r good book gives only ab\t eight pages4 ,?is is z x %\ld be4 ,t w>1 & ! lat] attempts at control by ,!bes are to be tak51 n z /udies ( h]oic endeavor1 b z melan*oly examples ( human fooli%ness4 ,! bitt] co/s & heavy losses ( w> c f9d no m /rik+ illu/ration ?an 9 ! p]iod ( ! great /ruggle = control 9 ,greece4 ,^! 7 ess5tially civil w>s f our po9t ( view4 ,x is true !re 0 no political unity 9 ,greece1 save ( ! fleet+ f$]ations2 b = all t ! w>s ( ! fif? c5tury & ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? 7 w>s among peoples :o %\ld h be5 bro!rs4 ,hi/orians tell u t !re are no 8lessons0 to be drawn f pa/ occurr5ces4 ,b1 spite ( t dictum1 ! political fate ( ,greece po9ts pla9ly to ! evils ( unnecess>y w>4 ,"s w>s are unavoidable race conflicts2 o!rs c5t] ab\t ! /ruggle = fre$om f tyranny2 o!rs come f ! cla% ( old] & new] ideas4 ,b fratricidal w>1 su* z ! int]nal conflicts ( ,greece1 is only horrible4 ,! rec5t ebullition ( temp] betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many1 peoples ( ! same /ock1 is an illu/ration ( ! sort ( ?+ t ! ,greek example may well w>n aga9/4 ,! ,p]iclean ,democracy4 ,x is a relief to turn away f w> & its evils to ! liv+ int]e/s ( peaceful life4 ,! "y /ud5t w come across _m ref]5ces 9 8 lat] read+ to ,a!nian democracy4 ,t democracy rea*$ its fl[]+ "u ,p]icles4 ,9 ! outl9e ( topics giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 numb] #g calls = a p]iod devot$ to ! /udy ( ?is democracy4 ,h[ %all su* a lesson be taught8 ,9 a prec$+ article x 0 sugge/$ t ! pupils make an outl9e ( ! old] ,a!nian con/itutions4 ,?is outl9e may well be supplem5t$ fir/ ( all by "o ( ! v>i\s assemblies1 c\rts & (fices ( ! ,p]iclean "t4 ,b t is only ! bones ( ! /udy4 ,! lesson might proce$ by a s]ies ( comp>isons ) mod]n conditions4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,:at did an ,a!nian mean by 8democracy10 & :at d we mean8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w %[ ! mighty advance ( ! mod]n idea ov] ! be/ ( ! old] _w4 ,! gr[? ( ! p[] ( ! popul> assembly z ov] aga9/ t ( ! s5ate & ,areopagus %\ld be po9t$ out4 ,& its mod]n c\nt]p>t 9 ! gr[+ di/ru/ ( legislatures & ! dem& = ! ref]5dum may be us$ to illu/rate ! same t5d5cy among u4 ,! degree ( intellig5ce among ! ,a!nians :o con/itut$ ! assembly mu/ be not$4 ,probably s able a body ( citiz5s w\ld be h>d to mat* 9 a mod]n /ate ( a ?\s& times ! size ( ,a!ns4 ,b 0 ?is excell5ce1 f\nd$ on slave labor1 & ! idea t ! wor? ( ! true citiz5 is measur$ by 8 political activity too de>ly b\ght8 ,! long control ( ,p]icles1 8! lead] ( ! p10 illu/rates f9ely ! fact t ! great man is sure to ass]t himself & to be us$ by 8 fell[ citiz5s "u :atev] sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & :e!r he holds (fice or n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !oretic division ( executive responsibility1 ris+ f di/ru/ ( "o-man p[]1 0 a weakness4 ,/ates mu/ use & tru/ _! great m51 putt+ heavy responsibilities on !m4 ,contra/ may well be drawn betwe5 a c\rt at ,a!ns & "o 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h w be opportunity = f9d+ out h[ little ! av]age y\? really kn[s ab\t our jury sy/em4 ,greek ,drama4 ,ano!r topical lesson sugge/$ is numb] #e1 on ! ,greek drama4 ,! gr[? ( drama f ! old *orus may be trac$ ) its addition ( an actor--!n two actors--!n ?ree4 ,! names ( ! *ief dramati/s1 s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 ,ari/ophanes1 %\ld be l9k$ ) our ,%akespe>e & ,molire1 7,:at ,am]ican playwrights fit wor?ily 9 su* a class87 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 trag$y & com$y c be %[n1 trac+ ! etymology ( ! two words z giv5 9 any /&>d diction>y4 ,set ! pupils to discuss+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a good play & a bad "o4 ,:y d ^! few old ,greek plays live1 & _! *>act]s become commonplaces ( lit]ature1 ) ! *>act]s ( ,goe! & ,%akespe>e8 ,:at *>act]s ( mod]n plays are likely or wor?y to live8 ,& at "s "t 9 ! all-too-%ort p]iod !re might be %ort illu/rative read+s f a translation--,br[n+1 or ,%elley4 ,only by "s su* enliv5+ me?od w our *>ges ev] get any grasp on ! fact t ,greek drama 0 epo*-mak+ 9 its importance4 ,we might well comp>e ! op5-air !at] ( ,greece ) our mod]n play-h\se2 & also ! diff]5t _s 9 :i* ! ,greek took 8 drama4 ,greek ,art4 ,aga9 att5tion is to be focus$ on ! fact t ! ,greeks 7 lead]s & ma/]s 9 art4 ,& ! surpass+ wond] is t :5 ! re/ ( ! _w _h be5 satisfi$ ) w+$ bulls & sph9xes & grotesquely conv5tional =ms ( m5 ^! p arriv$ 9 a c5tury or two at a p]fection :i* is ! delight & ! despair ( ! _w4 ,_! supremacy 9 c>v+ ! human figure 9 m>ble ne$s to be connect$ ) _! devot$ att5tion to ! developm5t ( ! liv+ =m by a?letic ex]cise4 ,9 our l>g] s*ools w be f\nd ca/s1 p]haps1 at any rate1 pictures1 ( ! be/ pieces ( ,greek art4 ,_! re/ra9t1 _! simplicity may be dwelt on4 ,9 ! c\ntry :]e ! "o lone tea*]1 n an exp]t1 ei!r 9 hi/ory or art1 has n ev5 a 8pallid bu/ ( ,pallas10 he or %e c at lea/ make use ( ! illu/rations 9 ! text-book4 ,above all1 let u try n to let ?is p]iod be "o ( dull memoriz+ ( names4 ,x ne$s int]pret+ to ! "y folks s t !y may see ! wond] ( x all1 & ! controll+ influ5ce x has ex]cis$ on ! ages s9ce4 ,! ,lesson 9 ,philosophy4 ,t same lone tea*] j ref]r$ to may feel t x is absurd to ask = a lesson on philosophy ) *ildr54 ,b1 is x n true t 9 *ildhood "s ( u h be5 m curi\s ab\t ! problems ( exi/5ce ?an we h s9ce _h "t or ta/e to be8 ,s if we _c read to ! boys & girls passages f ! ,phd or ! ,apology1 we c /ir our pupils to a s5se ( ! press+ nature ( ! problems :i* ! ,greeks fir/ 7save ! ,hebrews7 /rove rationally to solve4 ,!y ask$ & tri$ to f9d rational answ]s to su* que/ions z1 ,:at is ! relation ( m9d to matt]8 ,:at is ,god8 ,:at is man8 ,does man die z ! bea/ dies8 ,& to ^! que/ions ! m5 ( ?is p]iod f\nd n unwor?y answ]s4 ,s 9 e field ( human ?\ght we f9d !m pione]s & tea*]s ( ! _w4 ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,c4 ,b4 ,,newton1 ,editor4 ,,iv4 ,,v>i\s ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,& ,,fifte5? ,,c5turies4 ,a ,prologue on ,mann]isms4 ,"o ( ! be/-kn[n pr(essors 9 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 "s ye>s ago1 0 locally fam\s = 8 curi\s mann]isms4 ,x 0 said t at c]ta9 crises 9 8 lectures he w\ld put 8 wat* 9 8 m\?1 to ! huge delight ( 8 class4 ,b "o is a great tea*] 9 spite ( "o's mann]isms1 n because ( !m1 & ) mo/ ( u peculi>ities 9 ! class-room greatly detract f & h&icap our usefulness z tea*]s4 ,i am mov$ to a fri5dly ^w ( w>n+ at ?is po9t because we are approa*+ ! "t ( ye> :5 subtle & imp]ceptible class-room peculi>ities are apt to creep ^u u unaw>es4 ,! fir/ fre%ness ( ! ye>'s "w has worn (f1 8! daily r\nd1 ! common task0 is p]haps beg9n+ to tell on u4 ,little ruts ( expression1 little oddities ( spee* or mann] beg9 to creep ^u u unaw>es4 ,only et]nal vigilance--vigilance temp]$1 h[ev]1 ) humor & a due s5se ( proportion--w save u f ! dang] ( e/abli%+ "s unhappy mann]ism :i* may gr[ into a beam 9 comp>ison ) "s ( ! motes we see 9 our pupils' eyes6 ,i rememb] hav+ ?is br\ght home to me v =cibly1 "s ye>s ago1 :5 ,i _h an unusual opportunity ( see+ myself z o!rs saw me 9 ! class-room4 ,a lad ) an unusual gift ( c>icature1 took (f sev]al tea*]s at an in=mal ev5+ ga!r+4 ,aft] recogniz+1 ) consid]able amusem5t1 clev] take-(fs ( sev]al ( my colleagues1 ,i sudd5ly recogniz$1 ) equal amusem5t1 myself6 ,9 a fla% ,i recogniz$ an unnecess>y trick ( spee* into :i* ,i _h fall51 hi!rto all unconsci\sly4 ,!re 7 o!r mann]isms1 app>5tly h>mless1 b ,i saw 9 an in/ant h[ useless & objectionable ! trick ( spee* 02 & ,i inw>dly bless$ ! boy = reveal+ x to me4 ,i h nev] once us$ x s9ce4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,i 0 put on my gu>d1 & ,i h s9ce caught myself at "s se$l+ idiosyncrasy1 :i* ,i 0 able to we$ out be=e x took root4 ,x may be t "s tea*]s are immune f ?is dang]1 b ,i believe x is a real "o ) mo/ ( u1 &--8let him t ?9ke? he /&e? take he$ le/ he fall60 ,z to ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 addition to ! great conflict :i* occupies an important position on ! /age ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re are sev]al important & int]e/+ phases ( ?is p]iod :i* h mu* to d ) ! developm5t ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,! gr[? ( trade1 ! developm5t ( national _s1 &1 above all1 ! break+ up ( ville9age & ! social & religi\s unre/ ( ! la/ half ( ! c5tury are all signs ( ! times well wor? not+4 ,s f> z ,i "k !re is no illum9at+ fiction to help ! lagg>d imag9ation to picture ! days ( ,wat ,tyl]1 ,john ,ball & ,john ,wyclif4 ,b !re is ,langl&'s 8,pi]s ! ,pl[man's ,dream10 !re are ,*auc]'s vivid ^w pictures ( ! life ( 8 day1 & !re is mu* ab\t ! life & "w ( ,wyclif4 ,on ?is la/ subject ! quotation 9 ,be>d's 8,introduction10 pp4 #bba-bcj1 is v full1 b conta9s too mu* detail = ! av]age s*ool boy or girl4 ,gre51 pp4 #bce-bdd1 conta9s mu* t may be us$ 9 notes4 ,! close connection betwe5 ,loll>dry & ! prevail+ social unre/ is well br\ght out by ,gre54 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 n to attribute ! root ( ?is social unre/ to ! religi\s tea*+s ( ,wyclif4 ,und\bt$ly ! %ortage ( labor]s produc$ by ! great plague1 & ! unsettl$ political conditions ( ! "t 7 m important factors 9 ! break+ up ( ville9age & ! %ift+ ( ! l[] /rata ( society ?an ! prea*+ ( ! ,loll>ds4 ,! causes ( ! peasant revolt & ( ! upheaval ( anci5t cu/om are discuss$ v lucidly by ,gre51 pp4 #bdd-bee & pp4 #bee-bfj4 ,! po9ts to be emphasiz$1 x seems to me1 are ! great facts ( ! ov]turn+ ( ! old sy/em ( employ+ labor1 & ! fact ( ! brief ,prote/ant movem5t4 ,! =m] 0 a p]man5t *ange1 wr\ght by ! curr5ts :i* move sl[ly1 b mightily1 9 ! hi/ory ( e nation2 ! latt] 0 ! blaz+ up ( a light t 0 to die back into d>kness1 t 0 only a =]unn] ( ! ,re=mation ( ! future4 ,! emancipation ( ! s]fs has no p>allel 9 any mod]n emancipation ( slaves4 ,x 0 n br\ght ab\t by acts ( p>liam5t1 b r 9 spite ( !m4 ,! old sy/em 0 outworn & 0 sl\gh$ (f amid ! ?roes ( natural developm5t4 ,feudalism1 l ,*>les ,,ii1 0 an 8unconscionable "t a-dy+10 b1 l ,*>les1 too1 x di$ a natural1 n a viol5t1 dea?4 ,"o o!r phase ( ! f\rte5? c5tury n to be =gott5 is ! beg9n+ ( ! ,engli% language 9 any?+ l its mod]n =m1 & ! beg9n+ ( ,engli% lit]ature ) ,*auc]4 ,out ( ! conflict betwe5 ,fr5* & ,anglo-,saxon :i* set 9 ) ! ,norman ,conque/ !re at la/ em]g$1 two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! new ,engli% language1 ) its ,teutonic f\ndations & its ,lat9-,gallic adornm5ts4 ,f ?is "t on ! ,engli% language1 ev] gr[+1 b always ,engli%1 is ! g5]al language ( ,engl&4 ,! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,!re is little 9 ,engl&'s /ory dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury :i* is memorable or /rik+4 ,! brief glories ( ,ag9c\rt1 to be sure1 inflat$ ! national pride1 b :atev] ! spl5dors ( ,h5ry ,v's reign1 !y 7 swall[$ up 9 ! gloom & disa/] ( ! foll[+ decades--! loss ( ,fr5* possessions1 ! helplessness ( ! cr[n1 ! turbul5ce ( ! nobles1 ! cruel /rife ( ! ,roses1 ! selfi% reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv1 & ! mon/rosity ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,no new light 9 lit]ature or religion1 no really great "n 9 /atecraft appe>s--no?+ until ! end ( ! c5tury1 :5 ! fir/ rays ( ! r5aissance 7 beg9n+ to light5 ! horizon1 to relieve ! dullness & d>kness ( ?is pr(itless c5tury4 ,x has always seem$ to me ! prov]bial d>k h\r be=e ! dawn4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,9 spite ( _! +lori\s & useless "*1 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses h1 und\bt$ly1 consid]able hi/orical significance4 ,! comp>ative situation ( ! cr[n & ( ! nobility be=e & aft] ?is /rife is v /rik+4 ,9 ! =ties we f9d ! k+ f9ancially & politically weak1 ! b>ons weal?y f ! spoils ( ,france1 /rong 9 _! arm$ reta9]s1 & unbridl$ 9 _! turbul5ce & arrogance4 ,9 ! eighties all ?is is *ang$2 ! k+ is supreme1 ! b>onage at 8 m]cy4 ,! *ange is easy to acc\nt =--! contra/ 9 "* betwe5 ,h5ry ,,vi & ,h5ry ,,vii acc\nts 9 "p = x2 b ! bloody /ruggle :i* decimat$ ! ranks & exhau/$ ! res\rces ( ! nobility 0 evid5tly ! ma9 cause ( _! humiliation4 ,z to ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses !mselves1 ,i ?9k _m text-books lack cl>ity 9 br++ out ! fact t r ?an a /raggl+ w> !re 0 a di/9ct s]ies ( conflicts1 :i* makes ?is peculi> civil /rife n a w>1 b lit]ally ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,"s su* outl9e z foll[s is ( practical use 9 br++ out ?is fact 9 ! class-room3 ,fir/--,beg9n+ ( ! w>s1 #adee4 ,fir/ battle ( ,/4 ,albans1 ,ri*>d ( ,york triumphant4 ,arm$ truce ( five ye>s4 ,second--,outbreak br\ght on by intrigues ( ,que5 ,m>g>et1 #adfj-adfa2 battles ( ,nor?ampton1 ,wakefield 7only ,lanca/rian success2 ,ri*>d kill$71 second ,/4 ,albans1 & ,t[ton4 ,triumph ( ! new ,duke ( ,york1 ,ri*>d's son1 ,edw>d1 n[ cr[n$ ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,?ird--,aft] ne>ly decade ( peace1 revolt head$ by ,w>wick4 ,brief re/oration ( ?rone to poor ,h5ry ,,vi2 battles ( ,b>net & ,tewkesbury4 ,return ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,f\r?--,f9al /ruggle1 victory ( ,h5ry ,tudor1 #adhe1 ,boswor? ,field4 ,su* an outl9e br+s out pla9ly ! int]missions 9 ! w>s1 & ! happ5+s dur+ ^! consid]able /ret*es ( "t 7mu* long] ?an ! p]iods ( fight+7 c be fill$ 9 v easily4 ,f\ndations ( ! ,tudor ,absolutism4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ,james ,gairdn]'s 8,h5ry ! ,sev5?0 7,macmillan71 ! au?or gives a brief & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! e>ly life ( ,h5ry ,,vii :i* br+s out bo? ! uses ( adv]sity :i* m\ld$ 8 "*1 & ! p$igree :i*1 if h]$ity means any?+1 mu/ h be5 "o ( ! causes ( ! ,tudor p]sonality4 ,! facts t ,h5ry's gr&mo!r1 ,ka?>9e1 wid[ ( ,h5ry ,v1 0 a ,fr5* pr9cess1 t 8 gr&fa!r 0 a ,wel% knight1 & t 8 "m 0 l9eally desc5d$ ?r\gh ,john ( ,gaunt f ,edw>d ,,iii are bo? int]e/+ 9 !mselves & ( importance 9 connection ) 8 claims to ! ?rone4 ,f9ally 8 m>riage ) ,elizabe? ( ,york1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,,iv1 0 ( va/ importance 9 help+ to end ! long feud & to e/abli% beyond all "q ! royal supremacy ( subsequ5t k+s4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,tudor absolutism1 !n1 s c>efully re>$ by ,h5ry ,,vii1 _h two v sub/antial f\ndations1 fir/ 9 ! k+'s own position by h]$ity1 m>riage & "*2 second1 9 ! demoralization ( ! b>ons4 ,on ^? f\ndations ! new k+ began build+ aft] #adhe accord+ to me?ods ( 8 own1 or by means already inv5t$4 ,by %rewd economy & r unregal ?rift2 by ! heavy f9es = :i* ! ,c\rt ( ! ,/> ,*amb] 0 s useful2 by foll[+ ,edw>d ,,iv's illu/ri\s example 9 levy+ b5evol5ces1 ) ! exp]t help ( ,c>d9al ,morton2 by politic relations at home & abroad1 ,h5ry built f9ancial p[] & made himself ma/] ( ! b>ons4 ,g5]al ,notes4 ,! pa!tic figure ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 su* a contra/ to 8 imm$iate successors1 is portray$ ) simplicity & *>m1 pp4 #bif-big ( ,*eyney's 8,read+s40 ,speak+ ( ,h5ry ,,vi naturally sugge/s ! close ( ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>1 & tempts me to ref] aga9 to ,joan ( ,arc4 ,!re is a p>ticul>ly sympa!tic & *>m+ acc\nt ( h] 9 ! ,novemb] 7#aiji7 8,/4 ,ni*olas0--an acc\nt :i* m ?an "o 8gr[n up0 mu/ h read ) delight4 ,x is well to make cle>] ?an mo/ text-books d j :at 8b5evol5ces0 74 ,?is may be done by mak+ !m concrete r ?an by def9ition4 ,! extract f ,fabyan's 8,*ronicle0 9 ! 8,read+s10 pp4 #cjj-cja1 does ?is excell5tly4 ,= concret5ess1 too1 ,h5ry ,,vii's di>y quot$ at "s l5g? 9 ! 8,read+s0 gives an intimate view ( ,h5ry1 "o w\ld h>dly expect ( a m]e acc\nt book4 ,x conta9s a qua9t m+l+ ( exp5ditures ( /ate & ! smalle/ items1 f #ab1jjj 8= ! k+'s w>s10 to #bs4 8to a woman = a r$e rosae40 ,! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 & especially ! pione] "w ( ,caxton1 are n only ( imm5se int]e/ z an inv5tion1 b ( imm5se importance z "o ( ! great m$iums ( spread+ abroad ! new ideas :i* 7 ab\t to flood ,europe4 ,gre51 z usual1 is v full ( int]e/+ in=mation1 ! gi/ ( :i* is useful = notes on ?is subject1 pp4 #bie-bii4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,grades ,,arm& ,j4 ,,g]son1 ,editor4 ,,! ,,jay ,,treaty4 ,a ,,type ,,lesson4 ,s9ce treaties1 unlike explor]s & l&-claims1 are n peculi> to any "o p]iod ( our hi/ory1 ! selection ( a p>ticul> treaty = our type-lesson pres5ts m difficulty ?an we met 9 ! case ( our e>li] lessons on ,columbus & ! ,spani% claim4 ,at fir/ glance ! m]e matt] ( priority 9 "t might seem to decide ! "q = u4 ,:y n take ! fir/ treaty t comes into our /ory & use x z ! topic ( our treaty lesson8 ,to ?is basis ( selection !re are two s]i\s objections4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 treaties f9d _! way into our hi/ory n>rative at an e>ly /age ( ! *ild's m5tal developm5t1 at a "t1 t is to say1 :5 he is nei!r be/ fitt$ =1 nor mo/ int]e/$ 91 ! con/itutional po9ts involv$ 9 a real und]/&+ ( ! mak+ ( a treaty4 ,! /udy ( ! treaties t clos$ ! int]-colonial w>s1 = example1 w\ld con/itute an unw>rant$ int]ruption ( ! n>rative :i* at t "t %\ld be occupy+ ! pupil's :ole att5tion4 ,a /ill grav] objection1 h[ev]1 to ! use ( any ( ^! e>ly treaties = our type-lesson lies 9 ! fact t !y are 9 no s5se typical4 ,:ile !y1 ( c\rse1 conc]n$ ! coloni/s v directly1 !y 7 nev]!less treaties betwe5 =eign nations2 our c\ntry 0 n a p>ty to !m4 ,nei!r c we consid] z typical ! e>ly treaties into :i* we ent]$ 9 ! fir/ days ( our national exi/5ce1--t ) ,france 9 #aggh1 & t ) ,engl& 9 #aghc4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 negotiat$ "u au?ority ( a con/itution widely diff]5t f t :i* prescribes ! treaty-mak+ process 9 our nation to-day4 ,our treaty ) ,engl& 9 #agid 0 ! fir/ important treaty 7important1 t is1 f ! po9t ( view ( our elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy7 to :i* ! ,am]ican nation 9 ! pres5t significance ( t t]m 0 a p>ty4 ,x answ]s admirably ! purpose ( a type-lesson4 ,"h are to be f\nd all ! important elem5ts necess>y = ! prop] grasp ( lat] treaties4 ,moreov]1 ! hi/ory "w 9 mo/ ( our elem5t>y s*ools is s grad$ t pupils come to ! /udy ( ! po/-,revolution>y p]iod ) suffici5t maturity ( m9d to grasp & to enjoy ! int]national & con/itutional que/ions ar\nd :i* ! /ory ( ! ,jay ,treaty develops4 ,! topic ( our type-lesson hav+ be5 select$1 ! mode ( pres5tation next dem&s ! tea*]'s att5tion4 ,we mu/ keep cle>ly 9 m9d t our purpose is ! developm5t ( a type-idea1 a regulat+ concept :i* w help 9 ! firm & in/ant compreh5sion ( lat] treaties :5 !y %all f9d _! way into our /ory4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to select ) great c>e & pres5t ) special emphasis ^? elem5ts :i* h mo/ real & f>-rea*+ significance4 ,! foll[+ que/ions may help u 9 our selection3 ,:at %\ld ! pupil's notion ( a treaty include :5 he leaves ! elem5t>y s*ool8 ,h[ mu* ( ?is desir$ und]/&+ c be develop$ by means ( our lesson on ! ,jay ,treaty8 ,9 a ^w1 :at are ! type-elem5ts ( our lesson8 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! idea we are /riv+ to develop ?r\gh our type-lesson fall naturally "u two heads3 #a4 ,! pupil %\ld receive f ! /udy ( ! ,jay ,treaty a cle> notion ( ! treaty-mak+ process z prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,he %\ld fur!r h "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! con/itutional provision has work$ out 9 practice4 #b4 ,! pupil %\ld ga9 f ! lesson a def9ite k ( ! ess5tial1 significant1 or typical p>ts ( a treaty4 ,?is k %\ld include "s idea ( ! g5]al =m & arrangem5t ( ! docum5t4 ,our type-lesson %\ld be develop$ ) ! purpose ( impress+ ^! two type-elem5ts4 ,a lesson1 h[ev]1 :i* conc]n$ itself exclusively ) type-elem5ts w\ld be a v dull & lifeless affair4 ,9 fact1 ! ev5ts :i* make up ! great] "p ( ! /ory ( ! ,jay ,treaty are by no means typical ( treaties 9 g5]al4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t to !m atta* a value & an int]e/ ( _! own4 ,local color1 objective reality1 9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ :i* makes hi/ory actual & liv+ dep5ds on ! prop] use ( specific1 *>act]i/ic1 b n necess>ily typical1 details4 ,! tea*]'s task is to make su* use ( ?is auxili>y mat]ial z w br+ into /rong relief ! type-elem5ts4 ,he mu/ /rive to effect a comb9ation ( ! typical & ! specific1 ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>1 s t 9 ! end he %all h develop$ 9 8 pupil's m9d a consi/5t & complete type-idea1 vivifi$ & enri*$ by a weal? ( local incid5t & illum9at+ detail4 ,! introductory /age ( ! ,jay ,treaty lesson %\ld consi/ ( a brief review ( our relations ) ,great ,brita9 s9ce ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,! treaty :i* clos$ t w>1 besides recogniz+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _h plac$ bo? c\ntries "u c]ta9 def9ite mutual obligations4 ,!re is no real inconsi/5cy 9 ?is ref]5ce to ! treaty ( #aghc be=e ! full developm5t ( our type-lesson on ! ,jay ,treaty4 ,we are n assum+ t ! pupil has ! sort ( grasp :i* ! type-lesson aims to secure2 we are simply tak+ = grant$ 8 g5]al und]/&+ ( a treaty z a =mal agreem5t betwe5 nations1 a simple en\gh notion & "o :i* c h>dly fail to h be5 develop$ incid5tally 9 ! e>li] c\rse ( ! "w4 ,to return1 !n1 to our prep>atory consid]ation ( ! treaty ( #aghc1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t c]ta9 articles ( t treaty#g _h provid$ = ! paym5t ( debts contract$ be=e ! w>1 = ! re/itution ( all confiscat$ ,tory e/ates1 &1 on ! o!r side1 = ! )drawal ( ,engli% troops f ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritory4 ,^! provisions _h n be5 c>ri$ out4 ,h>d feel+ betwe5 ! two c\ntries 0 fur!r aggravat$ by ,engl&'s s]i\s int]f]5ce ) our comm]ce4 ,h] vessels p]si/$ 9 se>*+ our %ips & impress+ our seam54 ,! limit ( pati5t endurance seem$ rea*$ :5 9 #agic ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ord]$ ! seizure ( all neutral vessels c>ry+ provisions to ,fr5* ports4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,cle>ly ei!r "o ( two ?+s3 resort to w> or ent] into a new agreem5t4 ,! class is presumably famili> ) ! fact t 9 spite ( ! advocacy ( an alliance ) ,france by c]ta9 ( our lead]s & _! insi/5ce on a r5ewal ( ! w> ) ,engl&1 our gov]nm5t _h def9itely decid$ on a policy ( neutrality & peace4 ,s9ce we 7 n to fight ,engl&1 x rema9$ to settle our difficulties by means ( a new treaty4 ,h[ c our gov]nm5t make a treaty ) a =eign nation8 ,) ?is "q we br+ our pupils face to face ) ! fir/ type-elem5t 9 ! ,jay ,treaty lesson4 ,! class has n long s9ce tak5 up ! /ory ( ! mak+ ( our ,con/itution1 & may be assum$ to realize its significance z ! 8fundam5tal law40 ,:at has ! ,con/itution to say on ! subject ( treaty-mak+8 ,! ,presid5t 8%all h p[]1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 to make treaties1 provid$ two-?irds ( ! ,s5ators pres5t concur40 ,! significance ( ?is provision c easily be cle>$ up by a brief explanation ( ! organization ( ,congress1 ! *ief g5]al p[]s ( t body1 & ! mo/ important po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! functions ( ! two h\ses4 ,we are n[ ready to resume consid]ation ( ! situation 9 #agid4 ,wa%+ton's policy ( peace necessitat$ def9ite negotiations ) ,engl&4 ,he accord+ly look$ ab\t = an ag5t specially fitt$ to c>ry on ! difficult task4 ,he decid$ ^u ,john ,jay1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,wa%+ton's *oice 0 approv$ by ! ,s5ate1 & ,jay set sail = ,engl& z envoy extraord9>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is important t ! class %\ld realize t ?is s5d+ ( a special ambassador is n necess>ily typical ( treaty-mak+4 ,wa%+ton might h us$ z 8 ag5t our regul> m9i/] to ,engl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! negotiations might h tak5 place 9 ,philadelphia1 our ,secret>y ( ,/ate tak+ up ! matt] ) ! ,engli% m9i/] to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 o!r words1 ! selection ( ,jay is n a type-elem5t1 & mu/ n be s reg>d$ by our pupils4 ,! details ( ,jay's negotiations 9 ,london %\ld n be pres5t$ to an elem5t>y class4 ,!y are ( little value or int]e/ = "y pupils & h practically no be>+ on ! treaty-mak+ process4 ,suffice x to say t ,great ,brita9 0 repres5t$ by ,"l ,gr5ville 78,8 ,maje/y's pr9cipal ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs10 & son ( ! ,gr5ville ( pre-,revolution>y notoriety71 & t ,jay f\nd x impossible to secure all ! concessions he desir$4 ,on ,novemb] #ai1 #agid1 aft] five mon?s ( negotiation1 ! articles 7 sign$ by ! two pl5ipot5ti>ies4 ,! class is n[ ready to give "s "t & att5tion to ! treaty itself ) a view to not+ its typical or significant p>ts4#h ,att5tion %\ld fir/ be direct$ to ! preamble1 :i*1 z typical ( mod]n treaties1 %\ld receive consid]able emphasis4 ,x %\ld be read at l5g? 7x is n v long71 & ! word+ c>efully not$4 ,! preamble s]ves ?ree purposes3 7#a7 ,x names ! contract+ p>ties1 7#b7 x specifies ! object ( ! negotiations1 & 7#c7 x names ! ag5ts ( bo? c\ntries & indicates _! mode ( appo9tm5t4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! docum5t1 t is to say1 ! division into articles tak+ up ! special po9ts cov]$ by ! treaty1 %\ld next be po9t$ out4 ,! tea*] might rapidly run ?r\gh "s ( ! *ief topics consid]$1 9 ! tw5ty-eight articles ( ! treaty4 ,f9ally1 ! =mal dat+ & sign+ at ! end ( ! docum5t %\ld receive pass+ notice4 ,! special provisions1 9 s f> z !y ne$ be tak5 up 9 an elem5t>y treatm5t ( our topic1 next call = att5tion4 ,9 no s5se d ^! con/itute a type-elem5t4 ,!y %\ld be giv5 to ! class 9 _! simple/ =m & )\t any undue detail4 ,! g5]al /atem5t t mo/ ( ! difficulties betwe5 ! two nations 7 adju/$ by ! treaty ( #agid1 b t no?+ 0 settl$ on ! di/urb+ "q ( impressm5t1 comprises ab\t all t we c expect an elem5t>y pupil to reta9 conc]n+ ! special provisions ( ?is treaty4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! treaty 9 ! ,s5ate1 we rea* a m ess5tial "p ( ! /ory4 ,ratification by ! ,s5ate has already be5 po9t$ out z "p ( ! con/itutional provision on treaty-mak+1 & "h we come ^u our fir/ typical in/ance ( its application4 ,! ,s5ate 0 call$ into special session1 & took up ! matt] ( ! treaty on ,june #h1 #agie4 ,! two-?irds vote is bo? int]e/+ & important z typical ( ! treaty-mak+ process4 ,! tea*] %\ld impress x by review+ ! numb] ( /ates 9 ! ,union at ! "t1 ! consequ5t memb]%ip ( ! ,s5ate1 & ! vote necess>y = ! ratification ( ! treaty4 ,x is well "h to "w ) actual numb]s s z to l5d vividness to ! pres5tation4 ,! f9al ratification took place ,june #bd1 #agie4 ,! res]vation 9 reg>d to ,article ,,xii1 :i* ! ,s5ate refus$ to confirm1 & ! lat] /ruggle = an appropriation 9 ! ,h\se obvi\sly w f9d no place 9 an elem5t>y lesson4 ,!y are 9 !mselves f> too complicat$ = ! purpose ( hi/ory tea*+ 9 ! grades4 ,moreov]1 !y are 9 no s5se typical ( treaties 9 g5]al & w\ld t5d to confuse r ?an cl>ify ! notion we are seek+ to develop4 ,hav+ tak5 ! class ?r\gh ! process ( treaty-mak+ z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,jay ,treaty1 & hav+ develop$ an adequate notion ( ! nature ( a treaty1 x w be advisable = ! tea*] to =mulate ) 8 pupils an outl9e or synopsis ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( ! lesson4 ,?is type-lesson is diff]5t 9 "* f ! lessons we h previ\sly consid]$ on explor]s & claims 9 t x does n typify an epo*4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 treaties are n peculi> to any "o p]iod ( our hi/ory4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( importance t ! results ( ! lesson %\ld be put into "s concise1 p]man5t =m to :i* ! pupil may easily ref] :51 n[ & aga9 9 ! c\rse ( 8 hi/ory "w1 v>i\s treaties are "u discussion4 ,:ile ! lesson z "h outl9$ may seem to ent] into an undue am\nt ( detail1 x is our ?\ght t ! ef=t exp5d$ w be m ?an repaid by ! def9it5ess ( ! notion :i* we h develop$ & by ! great] ease ( compreh5sion ) :i* our pupils w approa* ! treaties ly+ 9 wait = !m lat] 9 ! c\rse4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,articles ,,iv1 ,v & ,,vi1 ,mac,donald's 8,select ,docum5ts10 pp4 #ai-bj4 #h ,! text ( ! treaty c be f\nd 9 conv5i5t =m 9 ,mac,donald's 8,select ,docum5ts10 pp4 #aad-ahj4 ,reports f ! ,hi/orical ,field ,,walt] ,h4 ,,cu%+1 ,editor4 ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s' ,,associations4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( its read]s & to /imulate ! "w ( organization1 ,,! ,,magaz9e w pr9t ea* mon? a li/ ( ! associations1 ) ! names & addresses ( ! secret>ies4 ,! foll[+ li/ is admitt$ly incomplete4 ,w our read]s help u fill 9 ! gaps1 & keep u in=m$ ( *anges 9 ! secret>ial (fices8 ,,am]ican ,,hi/orical ,,association4--,w4 ,g4 ,lel&1 ,c>negie ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 secret>y4 ,,am]ican ,,hi/orical ,,association1 ,,pacific ,,coa/ ,,bran*4--,j4 ,n4 ,b[man1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,b]keley1 secret>y4 ,,cali=nia4--,pr(essor ,j4 ,n4 ,b[man1 ,b]keley1 secret>y4 ,,indiana4--,pr(essor ,h>riet ,palm]1 ,frankl91 secret>y4 ,,m>yl&4--,mr4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,wright1 ,baltimore1 secret>y4 ,,middle ,,/ates4--,pr(essor ,h5ry ,johnson1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,new ,york ,city1 secret>y4 ,,mississippi4--,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ivy1 ,flora1 secret>y4 ,,miss\ri4--,pr(essor ,eug5e ,fair1 ,kirksville1 secret>y4 ,,nebraska4--,pr(essor ,c4 ,n4 ,&]son1 ,ke>ney1 presid5t4 ,,new ,,engl&4--,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 ,s\? ,fram+ham1 ,mass41 secret>y4 ,,new ,,york 7,n4 ,y47 ,,conf]5ce4--,l4 ,r4 ,s*uyl]1 ,city ,college1 ,new ,york1 secret>y4 ,,nor? ,,c5tral4--,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,ga/on4 ,w5dell ,phillips ,high ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 secret>y4 ,,tr5ton 7,n4 ,j47 ,,conf]5ce4--,s>ah ,a4 ,dynes1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 secret>y4 ,,wiscons94--,g]trude ,hull1 ,we/ ,division ,high ,s*ool1 ,milwaukee1 *airman4 ,9 ,colorado1 ,pr(essor ,james ,g4 ,will>d is *airman ( ! ,committee on ,organization4 ,9 ,l\isiana1 ,pr(essor ,walt] ,l4 ,flem+ is mo/ 9 t\* ) ! movem5t4 ,9 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,pr(essor ,john ,m4 ,gillette1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 writes ( /eps tak5 to organize4 ,! ,wa%+ton tea*]s w organize at _! next annual meet+4 ,,wiscons9 ,,association4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association1 held at ,milwaukee on ,novemb] #d1 #e1 #f1 x 0 vot$ to organize a ,wiscons9 ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 to meet at ! same "t & city z ! ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,! foll[+ committee 0 appo9t$ to draw up a plan = ! organization & to prep>e ! programme = ! next meet+3 ,miss ,g]trude ,hull1 *airman1 head ( ,hi/ory ,dep>tm5t1 ,we/ ,division ,high ,s*ool1 ,milwaukee4 ,pr(essor ,george ,c4 ,sell]y1 pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,madison4 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,e4 ,pray1 ,hi/ory ,dep>tm5t1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,milwaukee4 ,tea*]s ( ! ,/ate :o are int]e/$ are invit$ to correspond ) ! *airman4 ,,indiana ,,association4 ,! ,indiana ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association meets annually1 jo9tly ) ! ,indiana ,hi/orical ,society4 ,! next meet+ w be held at ,indianapolis on ,april #bi & #cj1 #aiaj4 ,! (fic]s = ! pres5t ye> are z foll[s3 ,presid5t1 ,h>l[ ,l9dley1 pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,e>lham ,college4 ,vice-presid5t1 ,j4 ,walt] ,dunn1 ,indianapolis4 ,secret>y-,treasur]1 ,miss ,h>riet ,palm]1 ,frankl9 ,college1 ,frankl91 ,ind4 ,,aids ,,to ,,visualization4 ,a feature ( ! com+ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association 9 ,new ,york w be an exhibit1 at ,tea*]s' ,college1 ( special aids to visualization 9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,! exhibit w consi/ ( ca/s1 models1 pictures1 hi/orical albums1 visualization *>ts1 maps1 plans1 & o!r simil> mat]ial1 & ( su* app>atus z ! /]eoscope1 ! ord9>y lant]n1 ! 8reflectroscope10 ! 8microscope10 & ! motion picture lant]n4 ,! int]e/+ & inexp5sive models f\nd 9 ,g]many & ! ,fr5* & ,g]man *>ts & albums w h a prom95t place4 ,a few types ( rec5t =eign text-books w also be includ$4 ,9 ! ma91 only su* aids z are n[ actually available = s*ool use w be %[n4 ,! names ( deal]s & ! co/ ( mat]ial w 9 ea* case be indicat$4 ,! aim ( ! exhibit is to answ] z specifically z possible ! que/ions usually ask$ by tea*]s :o feel ! ne$ ( great] emphasis ^u ?is aspect ( hi/orical in/ruction4 ,,new ,,york ,,syllabus ,,9 ,,civics4 ,a revision ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,syllabus 9 ,civics is "u way1 9 *>ge ( a committee consi/+ ( ,dr4 ,william ,fairley1 ( ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 ,brooklyn2 ,sup]9t5d5t ,frank ,d4 ,boynton1 ( ,i?aca1 & ,pr9cipal ,john ,l4 ,tildsley1 ( ! ,de ,witt ,cl9ton ,high ,s*ool4 ,,rat+s ,,9 ,,hi/ory4 ,! foll[+ figures are tak5 f ! ,secret>y's ,report ( ! ,june1 #aiji1 exam9ations ( ! ,college ,entrance ,bo>d3 ,,key3 ,a3 ,numb] ( ,c&idates ,b3 ,rat+s #ij-ajj ,c3 ,rat+s #ge-hi ,d3 ,rat+s #fj-gd ,e3 ,rat+s #ej-ei ,f3 ,rat+s #dj-di ,g3 ,rat+s #j-ci ,h3 ,rat+s #dj-ajj ,i3 ,rat+s #ej-ajj ,j3 ,rat+s #fj-ajj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,hi/ory a4 ,anci5t #ghd #j4d #g4e #cc4a #ab4j #ag4h #bi4b #da4j #ec4j #gj4h b4 ,m$ieval ,mod]n #ci #j4j #b4f #ag4i #ab4h #aj4c #ef4d #bj4e #cc4c #dc4f c4 ,engli% #cid #j4h #g4c #ca4g #aj4i #af4h #cb4e #ci4h #ej4h #fg4e d4 ,am]ican #edd #a4h #h4c #bh4g #aa4j #ah4b #cb4j #ch4h #di4h #fh4j ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #agaa #j4i #g4f #ca4j #aa4e #ag4e #ca4d #ci4f #ea4j #fh4f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,new ,,engl& ,,association4 ,! annual meet+ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association 0 held 9 ,bo/on on ,saturday1 ,octob] #af1 #aiji1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,munro1 ( ,h>v>d1 presid+4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society aga9 g5]\sly plac$ at ! ,association's disposal ,ellis ,hall & its ri* & int]e/+ collections4 ,! subject ( ! morn+ session 0 8,! ,ext5t to ,:i* ,tea*]s ,%\ld ,emphasize ! ,e?ical ,side 9 ,hi/ory ,tea*+40 ,! phase ( ! subject select$ by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,jones ,=d1 ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 0 8,milit>ism & ! ,peace ,movem5t40 ,aft] adv]t+ to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s dictum t an indu/rial society & milit>ism are incompatible1 ,pr(essor ,=d demon/rat$ ! falsity ( t /atem5t by in/anc+ ! cases ( ,switz]l& & ( ,g]many1 :]e ! h>moni\s developm5t ( bo? types is 9 progress4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re is a movem5t to promote milit>y effici5cy = ! v purpose ( promot+ indu/rial effici5cy4 ,:ile _m details ( w>s may ) pr(it be omitt$ f our tea*+1 we _c af=d to ignore ^? great =ces 9 ! developm5t ( national life & "*4 ,! ,association 0 also =tunate 9 hav+ pres5t ,pr(essor ,edu>d ,mey]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 :o1 9 cont9u+ ! discussion1 he>tily-endors$ ,pr(essor ,=d's views1 at ! same "t wond]+ h[ ! "q ( elim9at+ ! /udy ( w>s c\ld ev] h become s g5]al 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd s5tim5talism ) e?ics4 ,! great responsibility laid on /atesm5 9 a c\ntry ( univ]sal compulsory milit>y s]vice is a gu>antee ( no w> except = good & unavoidable causes4 ,! dang] ( w> is less1 he believ$1 ?an 9 a c\ntry ) volunt>y milit>y s]vice or 9 "o ) an army recruit$ f ! l[] ord]s ( society4 ,g]many's milit>ism is a gu>antee ( peace1 z 0 %[n by h] attitude la/ ye> 9 ! acute /age ( ! ,au/ro-,s]vian controv]sy4 ,pr(essor ,william ,mac,donald1 ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 tak+ up ,pr(essor ,mey]'s "q1 h[ ! movem5t aga9/ milit>ism has come ab\t1 sugge/$ t x 0 ow+ 9 "p to a movem5t to make ?+s easy & agreeable1 result+1 9 ! case ( hi/ory tea*+1 9 elim9at+ dates1 memoriz+1 h>d /udy ( facts4 ,fur!rmore1 ! gr[? ( emphasis on economic & social elem5ts has t5d$ to less5 ! att5tion to political & milit>y ev5ts4 ,x is due1 also1 to a t5d5cy to c>ry re=m movem5ts to extremes4 ,/ill1 !re is a "q ( :at %all be done ) ! e?ical side ( hi/ory4 ,pr(essor ,mac,donald d\bt$ ! value ( s+l+ out any /udy & mak+ x ! basis ( e?ical in/ruction4 ,9 tea*+ civil gov]nm5t1 = in/ance1 = 8good citiz5%ip10 we may fail to tea* civil gov]nm5t4 ,h[ %all ! tea*] deal ) cases ( ! 8lie direct0 9 hi/ory1 foll[$ by highly b5eficial results8 ,or *>act]s :o h violat$ ! laws ( p]sonal morality & ! results h app>5tly n be5 injuri\s to public welf>e8 ,^! & simil> que/ions ! tea*] w\ld bett] leave unt\*$4 ,hi/ory1 except 9 advance "w1 does n af=d a good field = e?ical in/ruction z su*4 ,! discussion 0 cont9u$ by ,dr4 ,jessie ,m4 ,law1 ( ,spr+field1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,s4 ,&rew1 ( ,lynn1 ! la/ speak] /rongly combatt+ ! views ( ,pr(essors ,=d & ,mey]4 ,! gue/ ( ! ,association at ! lun*eon 0 ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 :o spoke ( ! educational sy/ems ( c]ta9 places :i* he _h visit$ 9 8 rec5t trip ar\nd ! _w1 especially speak+ ( ! nor?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,philipp9es & ,japan4 ,! foll[+ (fic]s = ! ensu+ ye> 7 *os53 ,presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,b4 ,evans1 ( ,tufts ,college2 vice-presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,susan ,k+sbury1 ( ,simmons ,college2 secret>y1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 ( ! high s*ool1 ,s\? ,fram+ham1 ,mass4 ,^!1 ) ,miss ,m>g>et ,mc,gill1 ( ! ,newton ,high ,s*ool2 ,miss ,h>riet ,tuell1 ( ! ,som]ville ,high ,s*ool2 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,f]guson1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,boyd51 ( ! ,bridgewat] ,normal ,s*ool1 con/itute ! c\ncil4 ,! next meet+ ( ! ,association w be held on ,april #af1 #aiaj4 ,9 all probability ! meet+ w be held outside ( ,bo/on1 "s place 9 ,new ,hamp%ire be+ "u consid]ation4 ,,modifications ,,9 ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,sev5 ,,recomm5d$ ,,by ,,! ,n4 ,e4 ,,association4 ,9 response to ! reque/ ( ! ,committee ( ,five ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association = recomm5dations ( *anges 9 ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev51 ! ,new ,engl& ,association und]took a c>eful /udy ( ! situation 9 its section4 ,miss ,blan*e ,evans ,haz>d 0 *airman ( ! committee1 ^: f9d+ is ably summ$ up by ,pr(essor ,k+sbury1 ( ,simmons ,college1 9 a report ( :i* ! foll[+ are exc]pts3-- 8#a4 ,x seems to be ! g5]al op9ion t a modification ( ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev51 mak+ m def9ite recomm5dations z to ! "w to be accompli%$ 9 anci5t hi/ory1 is mo/ desirable4 ,contr>y to ! _s ( ! ,committee ( ,sev51 ! college entrance bo>d exam9ations h presuppos$1 & ! tea*]s h attempt$ an int5sifi$ /udy ( ! entire field ( anci5t hi/ory d[n to ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,t ?is field ( anci5t hi/ory %\ld be curtail$ at ! beg9n+1 t topics be select$ to be giv5 at ! end1 & t c]ta9 p]iods %\ld be treat$ less ?or\ghly1 are illu/rations ( solutions submitt$4 8#b4 ,! "q ( a limitation ( ! c\rse 9 m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory is practically answ]$ by ! /atem5t t comp>atively few ( ! s*ools d cov] ! entire field1 & ! pr9t$ report w reveal ! *anges actually made1 "s s*ools emphasiz+ m$ieval hi/ory1 o!rs mod]n or n9ete5? c5tury hi/ory4 ,fur!rmore1 ,engli% hi/ory is (t5 omitt$ altoge!r4 ,x w\ld seem desirable1 !re=e1 t "s m def9ite division & limitation ( c\rses might be outl9$ ?an is n[ giv5 9 ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev54 8#c4 ,! appo9tm5t by ?is organization ( a committee to prep>e an outl9e = ! /udy ( ,am]ican civil gov]nm5t 9 second>y s*ools %[s t ?is association favors ! sep>ation ( ! /udy ( ,am]ican hi/ory & ( ,am]ican civil gov]nm5t1 & ?is committee1 !re=e1 submits to ! national committee ! pr9t$ pamphlet conta9+ sample *apt]s ( ?is outl9e1 z evid5ce ( ! endeavor x is mak+ to improve ! in/ruction 9 ?is subject4 8#d4 ,! college entrance exam9ations seem to r5d] ! "w ( ! second>y s*ools burd5some & to =ce two ye>s' "w 9 anci5t hi/ory ^u college prep>atory classes1 ! second ye> be+ giv5 9 ! ?ird or f\r? ye> ( ! high s*ool z a review or m int5sifi$ /udy ( ! subject1 ?us preclud+ ! opportunity = "w 9 any o!r field ( hi/ory4 ,b ?is h9drance %\ld n be cr$it$ to ! sy/em ( college entrance exam9ations4 ,?is association sugge/s t ! difficulty is r 9 ! div]sity ( college entrance exam9ation que/ions ?an 9 ! fact t su* an in/itution exi/s1 & seems to favor uni=m exam9ations & to approve a type ( "q :i* %all occupy middle gr\nd betwe5 ! "* ( ! pres5t ,h>v>d entrance exam9ations & ^? ( ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d4 8#e4 ,9 g5]al1 ! critics ( ! recomm5dations ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 compla9 ( ! l5g? ( ! field cov]$1 & to x attribute ! app>5t pres5t failure ( ! tea*] ( hi/ory to impress ^u ! /ud5t a k ( fact1 & d n feel t su* a weakness is due to ! emphasis plac$ by t report ^u ! value ( g5]aliz$ k1 b r believe x has be5 ( especial value 9 lead+ our tea*]s ( hi/ory to develop p[] 9 our pupils4 8,two sugge/ions are made by ?is committee :i* may be consid]$ con/ructive r ?an critical4 ,x is propos$ t a modification ( ! "w giv5 9 ! second & ?ird ye>s ( ! high s*ool might be made along ! foll[+ l9es3 t ! entire treatm5t ( m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury %\ld be bas$ on ,engli% hi/ory1 at ! same "t develop+ su* important m$ieval in/itutions z feudalism & ! ,*ur*1 b ) ,engli% hi/ory 9 ! =egr\nd r ?an1 z h]et(ore1 ) cont95tal hi/ory 9 ! =egr\nd2 & t ! ?ird ye> %\ld be devot$ to a /udy ( n9ete5? c5tury hi/ory ) cont95tal hi/ory 9 ! =egr\nd1 ,engli% hi/ory be+ treat$ incid5tally4 ,su* a sugge/ion is made n z hav+ ! unanim\s approval ( ! ,association1 nor ( ! majority ( ! memb]s ( ! association1 = su* a ballot has be5 impossible1 b is pres5t$ to ! ,national ,committee by a vote ( ! ,octob] meet+ z wor?y ( its consid]ation4 8,x is q prop]1 & 9 fact to be expect$1 t ! ,association ( ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s %\ld raise ! "q ( indu/rial hi/ory4 ,s9ce ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 0 draft$ a new type ( s*ool1 ! indu/rial s*ool1 has come to ! front1 & is at ! pres5t mom5t be+ urg$ 9 ,massa*usetts & 9 ,new ,j]sey by ,/ate commissions1 & is be+ favor$ also by city & ,/ate bo>ds ( education 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,association1 !re=e1 raises ! "q z to :at hi/ory %\ld be giv5 9 su* s*ools40 ,,directions ,,= ,,writt5 ,,"w ,,z ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,m]$i? ,,college1 ,,raleigh1 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 ,! purpose ( ^! directions is to save "t & /r5g? f s _m oral explanations--half ( :i* are =gott52 to save ! "t & n]ves ( ! tea*] 9 correct+ pap]s2 & to help ! ,engli% "w1 z x is assum$ t correct te*nical =m is l>gely a matt] ( habit1 & :5 once acquir$ ne$s s little att5tion t ! entire ?\ght ( ! /ud5t may be giv5 to ! subject matt]4 ,ea* set ( directions is mimeograph$1 & e /ud5t giv5 a copy to keep 9 h] hi/ory notebook4 ,to make !m a success takes "t & p]si/5t ef=t = ! fir/ few weeks1 b ! results yield l>ge divid5ds = ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,:ile1 if "o is s =tunate z to h ! same /ud5ts = m ?an "o ye>1 ! results are ev5 great]4 ,,m>y ,,%annon ,,smi?4 ,directions = ,special ,college ,hi/ory ,pap]s4 ,i4 ,make a bibliography ( y\r subject on c>ds & arrange by au?ors alphabetically1 indicat+ s\rce & second>y mat]ial4 ,a4 ,make z complete a li/ ( available mat]ial z possible be=e tak+ any notes4 ,b4 ,copy ?is lat] ) annotations1 leav+ a l9e betwe5 ea* ref]5ce1 & h& 9 ) pap]4 ,,ii4 ,9 tak+ notes keep 9 m9d :at y w use4 ,a4 ,foll[ directions = note-book "w4 ,b4 ,put notes at ! end ( ! pap]4 ,,iii4 ,be=e writ+1 look ov] a copy ( ! 8,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review0 = =m4 ,,iv4 ,make an outl9e ( :at y are to write1 leav+ a l9e betwe5 ea* l>ge topic4 ,h& ?is 9 ) complet$ pap]4 ,v4 ,9 writ+1 try to "k y\r subject s t y w be able to express y\rself ) ease4 ,,vi4 ,be c>eful = m>g9s & p>agraphs4 ,write on "o side ( ! %eet only4 ,,vii4 ,leave ! la/ f\r l9es on ea* page = footnotes4 ,note4--,9 writ+ footnotes1 skip "o l9e & use ! la/ ?ree4 ,make ! ref]5ces z def9ite z 9 note-book "w4 ,numb] y\r footnotes f 8#a0 on ea* new page4 ,,viii4 ,use rul$ pap] & fa/5 all y\r "w toge!r ) a brass fa/5]4 ,directions = ,hi/ory ,pap]s4 ,prep>atory ,dep>tm5t4 ,i4 ,d n cr[d ! top ( ! page or beg9 to write be=e ! fir/ rul$ l9e4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ page %\ld conta93-- ,a4 ,! subject ( ! pap]4 ,b4 ,books consult$4 #a4 ,^! %\ld be arrang$ alphabetically ) a l9e betwe5 ea* ref]5ce giv+3-- ,au?or4 ,book4 ,pages read4 #b4 ,! /ud5t w ne$ to read _m m pages ?an %e int5ds to write 9 ord] to get en\gh good mat]ial = ! pap]4 ,,iii4 ,! second page %\ld conta9 an outl9e ( ! pap]1 ) important po9ts 9 l>ge topics & m9or po9ts 9 sub-topics4 ,a4 ,leave a l9e betwe5 ea* l>ge topic4 ,b4 ,h ea* sub-topic ind5t$ & equally di/ant f ! m>g94 ,,iv4 ,try to "k y\r subject s t y w be able to express y\rself ) ease4 ,a4 ,write a brief p>agraph ( introduction4 ,b4 ,get y\r facts f books1 b tell !m 9 y\r own words4 ,c4 ,give mo/ space to :at is mo/ important4 ,v4 ,aft] writ+ y\r pap]1 add def9ite ref]5ces 9 ! m>g9 to ! s\rces f :i* y ga9$ y\r mat]ial1 giv+ au?or1 title ( book und]l9$1 & pages cit$4 ,directions = ,hi/ory ,note-,books4 ,i4 ,all hi/ory /ud5ts mu/ use loose leaf note-books4 ,,ii4 ,all notes 9 & out ( class mu/ be tak5 9 ink4 ,d n take notes ) p5cil & !n copy--x wa/es "t6 ,! book is = use4 ,,iii4 ,outl9e y\r "w4 ,a4 ,put ! head+ ( ea* new *apt] at ! top ( a fre% %eet & beg9 ea* di/9ct subject on a new page4 ,b4 ,leave a m>g9 ( an in* & a half1 & ind5t ea* p>agraph "o in* m4 ,c4 ,leave a l9e betwe5 ea* l>ge topic & all[ sev]al l9es aft] ea* subject = note-tak+ 9 ! class4 ,,iv4 ,take mo/ ( y\r notes 9 8ab/ract0 =m4 ,take only important po9ts 9 exact words1 & !n use quotation m>ks4 ,a4 ,:5 tak+ 8read+ notes10 put 9 ! m>g9 au?or1 title ( book und]l9$1 & pages cit$4 ,b4 ,:5 quot+ f a compil$ 8s\rce book0 give ! real au?or & "w f :i* ! extract is tak51 !n ! 8s\rce book0 & pages4 ,c4 ,e hi/ory /ud5t %\ld be famili> ) ,p]ry's 8,a ,punctuation ,prim]1 ) ,notes on ! ,prep>ation ( ,manuscript40 ,am4 ,book ,co4 ,?irty c5ts4 ,note4--,pages #bd-dg & #gc-ic requir$4 ,proportion ( "t to be sp5t 9 note-tak+3-- ,prep>atory ,c\rses1 "o-?ird ( ! "t4 ,college ,c\rses1 "o-half ( ! "t4 ,note4--,?is does n apply to specially-prep>$ hi/ory pap]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,translations & ,repr9ts ,orig9al s\rce mat]ial = anci5t1 m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory 9 pamphlet or b\nd =m4 ,pamphlets co/ f #aj to #be c5ts4 ,,syllabuses ,h4 ,v4 ,,ames3 ,am]ican ,colonial ,hi/ory4 7,revis$ & enl>g$ edition1 #aijh7 #a4jj ,d4 ,c4 ,,munro & ,g4 ,,sell]y3 ,syllabus ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 #cie to #aejj 7#aiji7 #a4jj ,9 two p>ts3 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,pr(4 ,munro1 ,syllabus ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 #cie to #acjj4 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,pr(4 ,sell]y1 ,syllabus ( ,lat] ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 #acjj to #aejj4 ,p>ts publi%$ sep>ately4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,l+elba*3 ,syllabus ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 #fj c5ts ,comb9$ ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,m4 ,,:itcomb #a4ej ,/ate ,docum5ts on ,f$]al ,relations4 ,h4 ,v4 ,,ames #a4ge ,publi%$ by ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 & by ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,correspond5ce ,,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s' ,,magaz9e4 ,let me express ! pleasure :i* at lea/ "o ,cali=nia tea*] f9ds 9 ! new ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s' ,,magaz9e4 ,x c]ta9ly satisfies a long-felt ne$4 ,9 ! ,octob] numb] ,i notic$ ! repeat$ /atem5ts ( ! lack ( organization 9 hi/ory "w1 all ( :i* is lam5tably true2 b ,i d believe we are improv+ "h1 due to ! p]si/5t & intellig5t ef=ts ( a wise & en?usia/ic ,hi/ory ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,our s*ool au?orities are dem&+ tra9$ hi/ory tea*]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y h to h&le "s o!r subject4 ,miss ,elizabe? ,briggs's rem>ks reg>d+ ! weakness 9 geography & biography are1 alas1 ! in/ructors' fault1 & ,i am s5d+ y a c\ple ( sugge/ions t ,i h f\nd valuable 9 ^? l9es1 9 case y h opportunity or incl9ation to pass !m on4 ,i h f\nd t pupils become int]e/$ 9 ^! two 8eyes ( hi/ory40 ,!y usually h a hazy memory ( seem+ly endless drill 9 gramm> s*ool1 & consid] geography z "o ( ^? *ildi% ?+s :i* !y h put away1 b :5 _! att5tion is call$ to ! geographical causes = location ( cities1 its influ5ce on ! developm5t ( a c\ntry1 plans ( campaigns1 /rategic b\nd>ies1 !y gr[ int]e/$1 & enjoy indicat+ ^! ?+s1 z well z treaties & t]ritorial gr[? on outl9e maps4 ,i use a ,mc,kinley wall map = ,roman hi/ory1 & we 8pa9t x r$0 z we progress 9 ! /udy ( ! ,roman conque/s4 ,! memb]s ( ! class become en?usia/ic1 & are able to appreciate ! gr[? ( ! great empire1 ) its milit>y roads & adm9i/rative sy/em4 ,miss ,m>y ,nor?'s ,anci5t ,hi/ory ,social rem9d$ me ( some?+ t ,i h f\nd good = ar\s+ a class1 & aid+ 9 ! biographical "w1--! old-fa%ion$ game ( 8,:o ,am ,i80 ,we s5d a pupil f ! room1 & ! class *ooses "s p]son :om he is to repres5t4 ,!n he is re-call$1 & f my seat beh9d ! desk beg9s to quiz ! class1 up & d[n ! r[s1 ask+ que/ions t mu/ be answ]$ by 8,yes0 or 8,no40 ,sometimes !y h to appeal to me = in=mation1 or consult books1 b 9 ! end !y "k consid]ably m ?an :5 !y began4 ,:5 giv5 w>n+ ( ! ex]cise1 !y /udy well4 ,!y enjoy x1 & ev] aft] seem to feel a p]sonal fri5d%ip = ! *>act]s we h /udi$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,!y develop quickly a wond]ful capacity = f9d+ lead+ que/ions4 ,occasionally ,i try ano!r s*eme1--*>ades4 ,?is gives a wid] range1 z x may include places1 p]sons1 or ev5ts4 ,ea* pupil mu/ be ready to expla9 ! importance ( t place1 p]son1 or ev5ts :i* he pres5ts4 ,m9ds work$ quickly1 orig9ality 0 enc\rag$1 & solid facts 7 assimilat$4 ,i h f\nd t su* ?+s /imulate & int]e/1 & give new life to a class1 (t5 atta9+ results t ,i c\ld n get 9 any o!r way4 ,) be/ wi%es = ! cause1 & = a great future = ! new magaz9e1 ,respectfully1 ,,l\ ,,ir5e ,,deyo4 ,v5tura1 ,cal41 ,oct4 #cj1 #aiji4 ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 ,i wi% to express my appreciation ( ! value ( y\r new magaz9e4 ,x is brimful ( good ?+s = ,civics & ,hi/ory tea*]s1 & ,i c h>dly see h[ we got along )\t a magaz9e ( our own = s long4 ,i am glad y are devot+ s mu* space to ! problems ( ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools4 ,s9ce !y furni% ! mat]ial = ! colleges1 x seems b j t !y %\ld receive ! g5]\s consid]ation y are giv+ !m4 ,w y please publi% 7#a7 ! memb]%ip requirem5ts1 fees1 etc41 ( ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association ( ! ,middle ,/ates2 also 7#b7 publi%]s & price ( ,*eyney's 8,european ,backgr\nd ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory08 ,wi%+ y\r magaz9e abundant success1 ,respectfully1 ,m4 ,e4 ,c4 7#a7 ,memb]%ip 9 ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association ( ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl& is op5 to any p]son tea*+ hi/ory 9 a s*ool or college )9 ! t]ritory4 ,! memb]%ip fee is "o doll> a ye>4 ,memb]s receive n only ! reports ( ! ,middle ,/ates ,association1 b also ^? ( ! ,new ,engl& & ,nor? ,c5tral ,associations4 ,application = memb]%ip %\ld be made to ! secret>y1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,johnson1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,new ,york ,city4 7#b7 ,*eyney's 8,european ,backgr\nd0 is ! fir/ volume ( ,h>t's 8,am]ican ,nation02 ! volume retails = ab\t two doll>s4 ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e has giv5 me new inspiration 9 my "w 9 hi/ory1 & ,i f9d x a great pleasure & help4 ,please give me ! foll[+ in=mation3 7#a7 ,:]e to obta9 ,murray's ,classical ,maps1 7#b7 ! ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,leaflets1 7#c7 is !re a book or s]ies ( leaflets giv+ sket*es ( e>ly explor]s & *ief m5 9 ,am]ican hi/ory8 ,h4 ,b4 ,n4 ,,ans4--7#a7 ,murray's ,classical ,maps c be obta9$ f ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 ,am]ican ,bran*1 ,new ,york ,city2 7#b7 ,! ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,leaflets are publi%$ by ,a4 ,lovell ,co41 ,new ,york2 7#c7 ,we "k ( no s]ies ( leaflets giv+ sket*es ( e>ly explor]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al books giv+ su* sket*es & among !m are3 ,tappan1 8,am]ican ,h]o ,s]ies02 ,gordy1 8,am]ican ,lead]s02 ,s\?wor?1 8,build]s ( ,our ,c\ntry02 ,bass1 8,/ories ( ,pione] ,life02 ,sp>ks1 8,m5 ,:o ,h ,made ! ,nation40 99 99 99 99 99 ,make ,y\r ,own ,s]ies ,( ,hi/orical ,wall ,maps = any p]iod ( hi/ory1 or y\r own s]ies ( maps = comm]cial or political geography by us+ color$ p5cil1 crayon1 or wat]-colors1 & ! ,mc,kinley ,wall ,outl9e ,maps ,! co/ is m]ely nom9al1 & ! tea*] or pupil w b5efit mu* by /udy+ out 9 detail ! significant facts f maps 9 atlases or text-books4 ,= ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,hi/ory !re are maps ( ! c\ntry z a :ole1 ( ! ,ea/]n ,section1 ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,mississippi ,valley1 ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ,new ,engl&1 ! ,middle ,atlantic & ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,_w4 ,= ,,engli% ,,hi/ory !re are maps ( ,engl&1 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,france & ,engl&1 ,europe & ! ,_w4 ,= ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory !re are maps ( ! ,ea/]n ,_w1 ,pale/9e1 ,greece1 ,italy1 ! ,roman ,empire1 & ,gaul4 ,= ,,european ,,hi/ory !re are maps ( ,europe z a :ole1 ! ,m$it]ranean ,_w1 ,c5tral ,europe1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ( ! sev]al ,cont95ts = ! /udy ( ,european colonization4 ,= ,,geography !re are maps ( ! _w1 ( ea* ( ! ,cont95ts1 & ( _m subdivisions ( ! ,cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= ,,economics1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,geography1 !re is ! new cross-rul$ ,cord9ate ,pap] = depict+ l9es ( gr[? & developm5t4 ,price1 #bj c5ts ea* ,po/age extra1 #aj c5ts = "o map2 #b c5ts = ea* additional map4 ,t5 or m copies1 #ag c5ts ea*2 tw5ty-five or m copies1 #ae c5ts ea*2 c>riage extra4 ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #ehje ,g]mant[n ,av5ue ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,ideal ,,& ,,its ,,atta9m5t ,:at ! ,editors ( ! ,magaz9e ,h ,done & ,:at ,!y ,hope to ,d ,,f\r ,,mon?s ,,old ,,to-,,day1 ,,decemb] ,,fir/1 is ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 ,n back$ f9ancially by any tea*]s' organization1 z are _m p$agogical pap]s1 x 0 plann$ & put =? ^u _! p]sonal responsibility by a repres5tative bo>d ( editors & by ! publi%]s1 act+ ^u ! belief t ! "t 0 ripe = su* a publication4 ,!y believ$ t ! awak5+ consci\sness ( hi/ory tea*]s ne$$ a national spokesman4 ,!y felt t ! r5aissance 9 hi/ory tea*+1 already %[+ itself 9 _m s*ools1 9 a few books on me?ods1 & 9 ! activities ( tea*]s' associations1 %\ld be pres5t$ to a wid] con/itu5cy4 ,!y believ$ t !re 0 a va/ am\nt ( good exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ :i* 0 n z fruitful z x %\ld be1 because x c\ld n be br\ght to ! att5tion ( o!r tea*]s4 ,,has ,,! ,,ev5t ,,ju/ifi$ ,,?is ,,belief8 ,! subscrib]s to ! pap] h answ]$ ! "q 9 no unc]ta9 language4 ,extracts f a few congratulatory lett]s h be5 publi%$ 9 ! la/ ?ree numb]s ( ! ,magaz9e2 _m m h be5 receiv$1 :i* x has be5 impossible to pr9t1 or ev5 to answ] 9 all cases4 ,! subscription li/s ( ! ,magaz9e h gr[n rapidly1 until to-day ! circulation ( ! pap] is l>g] ?an t ( educational magaz9es ( _m ye>s' /&+4 ,x is safe to say t no p$agogical pap] has be5 receiv$ s w>mly1 & f ! outset be5 support$ s loyally z has ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 ,f\nd$ by private ent]prise1 ) a prospect1 said _m advis]s1 ( ultimate failure1 its success to-day is assur$4 ,,has ,,! ,,pap] ,,be5 ,,z ,,good ,,z ,,x ,,%\ld ,,be8 ,( c\rse n4 ,f\r mon?s ( labor has educat$ ! editors m ?an _! product has b5efit$ ! subscrib]s4 ,!y h se5 _! mi/akes1 !y h f\nd fields ( usefulness :i* !y did n "k exi/$ :5 _! plans 7 fir/ laid4 ,x 0 n flatt]y1 b a failure to appreciate ! wid5+ field ( ! ,magaz9e1 :i* l$ a fri5d to caution ! editors ab\t a rec5t numb]1 say+ 8,y h made x too good2 y _c ma9ta9 ! /&>d y h e/abli%$40 ,! reply 0 t we _h n yet rea*$ our ideal & t we _h fai? en\gh 9 ! future to believe we c\ld at lea/ equal :at _h already be5 done4 ,x may be said frankly1 h[ev]1 t :atev] o!r defects ! pap] may h %[n1 x has n be5 padd$2 ! articles pr9t$ h be5 pi?y1 practical pres5tations ( ! be/ ?\ght ( ! pr(ession4 ,,future ,,numb]s ,,( ,,! ,,pap] w conta9 articles ( ! same practical "*1 toge!r ) _m additional features4 ,x is hop$ to make x ! =um = ! discussion ( curr5t pr(essional problems4 ,!re w be r\nd-table pap]s ^u college & s*ool que/ions4 ,college subjects to be s treat$ w be3 ! be/ c\rse = ! fre%man ye>2 ! place ( ,am]ican hi/ory 9 und]graduate "w2 a college c\rse 9 curr5t topics2 sem9> me?ods1 etc4 ,among s*ool que/ions !re w be3 ! relation ( ! s*ool to ! college2 *anges 9 ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev52 ! effect ( ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight ^u ! elem5t>y s*ools2 civics & curr5t topics 9 ! s*ools2 entrance exam9ations1 etc4 ,among articles ( int]e/ to all tea*]s ( hi/ory w be pap]s ^u ! use ( maps1 ( lant]n slides1 ( syllabi1 & ( o!r aids to ! visualization ( hi/ory4 ,curr5t ev5ts w be summ>iz$2 public docum5ts review$ & valu$2 hi/ory meet+s *ronicl$1 & new books criticiz$4 ,a ,,tea*]s' ,,pap]1 ,,fir/ ,,( ,,all1 is our ideal4 ,! editors want ! advice & sugge/ions ( _! read]s4 ,! columns w be op5 at all times4 ,practical que/ions w be answ]$4 ,x is hop$ t tea*]s w see ! opportunity ( us+ ! pap] 9 _m ways1 n only 9 ! purely pr(essional field1 b also z a cle>+-h\se = p]sonal wants4 ,ev5 ! adv]tis+ columns1 ) _! reasonable rates1 may be made ! means ( procur+ desir$ books or magaz9es1 ( dispos+ ( second-h& books & libr>ies1 ( procur+ bett] positions1 or ( secur+ tea*]s = vacancies4 ,,w ,,y ,,help ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w8 ,we _c succe$ )\t ! cop]ation ( our read]s4 ,w y tell1 ?r\gh our pap]1 y\r exp]i5ces = ! b5efit ( o!rs8 ,w y seek1 ?r\gh our que/ions & answ]s1 ! advice :i* o!rs may give y8 ,w y s5d to ! dep>tm5tal editors news items relat+ to _! sev]al subjects1 p>ticul>ly ann\ncem5ts ( & acc\nts ( association meet+s8 ,w y keep u in=m$ ( *anges 9 ! p]sonnel 9 ! s*ools & colleges1 & give notice ( competitive exam9ations = hi/ory positions8 ,! pap] is our pap] 9 a legal s5se only4 ,x really belongs to ! hi/ory tea*]s ( ! c\ntry1 & x is = !m to put x to ! full te/ ( usefulness & s]vice4 ,,are ,,y\r ,,fri5ds ,,subscrib+8 ,d y "k o!r tea*]s :o w\ld be b5efit$ by ! ,magaz9e1 or :o w\ld help 9 its "w8 ,let u h _! names & addresses & we %all be glad to s5d !m sample copies4 ,lett]s respect+ ! editorial policy ( ! ,magaz9e1 news items1 articles = publication1 etc41 %\ld be address$ to ! respective dep>tm5t editors1 or to ! ,manag+ ,editor1 c>e ( ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,lett]s relat+ to adv]tis+1 & to special subscription rates to ag5ts1 %\ld be address$ to ! ,bus9ess ,manag]1 ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,adv]tis+ ,,rates ,,v ,,reasonable4 ,,lib]al ,,inducem5ts ,,to ,,ag5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* article & relabel$ consecutively ?r\gh ! docum5t4 ,adv]tisem5ts h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! article :]e !y appe> 9 ! orig9al text4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! foll[+ *ange 0 made3 p4 #hh3 ,9 table1 second digit 9 second entry f bottom 9 "r-mo/ column is uncle> 9 ! orig9al text1 & is assum$ to be #h4 7#fh4j7