,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,may1 #ahhe4 ,no4 #h4 ,officers of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,chancellor1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,counselors1 ,the ,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d41 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d42 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,contents ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of contents of this periodical was created for the ,,html version to aid the reader4 ,,required ,,reading ,english as a ,universal ,language #dce ,sunday ,readings ,may #c #dch ,may #aj #dch ,may #ag #dch ,may #bd #dci ,may #ca #dci ,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics ,physics of ,earth #dda ,the ,eyes ,busy on ,things ,about ,us #ddc ,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology ,chapter ,,ii4--,sub-,kingdom ,,vii4--,articulata #dde ,how to ,win ,chapter ,,iii4 #dej ,the ,life of ,minerals #dec ,the ,machinery of our ,foreign ,service #dee ,madura and its ,pagoda #deh ,geography of the ,heavens for ,may #dfj ,the ,homelike ,house ,chapter ,,iv4--,the ,bedroom #dfa 8,consider the ,lilies0 #dfc ,a ,bird's ,eye ,view of ,forestry #dfd ,government ,employment for ,women #dfg ,the ,art of ,fish ,culture ,part ,,ii4 #dgj ,honesty in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #dgc ,outline and ,programs #dgd ,local ,circles #dge ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,classes #dha ,editor's ,outlook #dhc ,editor's ,note-,book #dhf ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on ,required ,readings for ,may #dhh ,talk ,about ,books #dia ,chautauqua1 #ahhe #dic ,the ,florida ,chautauqua #dif ,special ,notes #dif ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,may4 ,,english ,,as ,a ,,universal ,,language4 ,,by ,,president ,d4 ,h4 ,,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,at the beginning of this study we must determine as clearly as possible the meaning attached to the word universal when it is applied to a language4 ,for this purpose1 the word is employed in a restricted sense4 ,it is not meant that men are returning to the conditions of speech which prevailed before the building of ,babel4 ,to that condition men may or may not return in some far off century2 so far as we can judge1 that reunion of mankind is very distant4 ,max ,mller#a says that #ijj languages are spoken by the human race2 and if dialects are added the number may be three or four times as large4 ,most of our race speak dialects having no literature1 and it is found to be a very slow task to substitute the language of a nation for the dialects of its people4 ,classical ,greek was probably spoken by only a few of the ,greeks4 ,we know that the ,latin of ,cicero was not1 not even in ,rome1 the speech of the people4 ,at this day more than a score of dialects are spoken in ,italy1 and the majority of the population of that ,peninsula can neither speak nor understand ,italian4 ,public education and other unifying influences make very little progress against the diversity of speech in the various provinces4 ,an ,italian gentleman is bred in a nurse's language 7the dialect7 and educated in ,italian4 ,he speaks two tongues1 dialect and ,italian2 his servants speak but one1 and that is the dialect4 ,to break up the power of the nurse1 and of the local influences which she represents1 is a ,herculean task which must be accomplished in every country except the ,united ,states1 the ,canadas1 and a part of ,great ,britain1 before mankind will speak only #ijj tongues2 the time required to reduce nine hundred to one can only be guessed at4 ,if the problem of a universal language were how to provide a common language to be exclusively used by all men1 this problem would be one for pure speculation1 in the solving of which the imagination would be more active than the reason4 ,there is another sense in which scholars speak of a universal language4 7#a7 ,there has always been in our ,aryan#b tribe a leading literary language4 ,once it was ,sanskrit2#c perhaps at a later time it was ,persian2 later it was ,greek2 later it was ,latin4 ,this ,aryan tribe of ours has made the greater part of the history of the last #c1jjj years2 to-day it is the history-making and literature-making tribe4 ,great tracts of older history--,babylonian1 ,arabian1 ,egyptian--lie outside of the ,aryan movements2 but ,persian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,german1 ,french1 ,spanish1 ,english and ,american history lie in the ,aryan line4 ,now1 then1 within this line some one ,aryan language has always enjoyed a literary predominance4 7#b7 ,for other than literary purposes1 some one of our family of languages has at one time or another had an extended currency4 ,for something like two centuries ,french1 for example1 has been the language of diplomacy4 ,we are probably passing out of a period which has lasted for half a century1 of the predominance of ,german as a language of research1 especially of metaphysical and grammatical study4 ,these examples will suffice to show what is meant by our problem4 ,in trade and practical invention ,english is1 in this modified sense1 a universal language4 ,what ,i undertake to measure is this3 the probability that1 at a not distant time1 ,english will be universal in more senses 7used by people of many countries for more purposes7 than any other ,aryan language was ever before used4 ,some careful observers believe that this is the present position of the language--that it is now universal to an extent quite beyond all precedent4 ,i think that as a literary1 political and commercial language1 ,english has a fair prospect of universal use within the ,aryan tribe1 and a better prospect than any other tongue of coming into use for these purposes all over the globe4 #a4 ,the mere arraying of numbers carries with it a kind of presumption in favor of ,english4 ,did #e1jjj1jjj ever at one time use either classic ,greek or the ,hellenic form of that speech8 ,i seriously doubt that at any time #e1jjj1jjj of people could have understood each other in any one form of that tongue4 ,did ever at any one time #ae1jjj1jjj of people speak the ,latin of our classic authors8 ,i doubt it4 ,turn to ,english1 and we find not less than #aaj1jjj1jjj of people speaking it at the present time4 ,and this comparison is made much stronger when we remember that1 one hundred years ago1 our number did not probably exceed fifteen millions4 ,our vast growth is related to forces and conditions still existing1 and now giving us an accelerating progress in numbers4 ,i shall return to these forces and conditions in a later paragraph4 ,looking at our competitors1 we see that the ,germans come next to us1 with probably not more than #de1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,german empire counts #de1jjj1jjj1 and there are #e1jjj1jjj1 perhaps1 of ,austrian ,germans2 but the empire envelops millions of non-,germans4 ,they sometimes zealously claim the ,low ,dutch2 but we could claim them for ,english with better right4 ,next come the ,french with #cg1jjj1jjj1 about one third only of our strength4 ,i think it fair for these purposes to count the populations under the dominion of the several tongues4 ,french1 ,english and ,german are spoken all over the world4 ,among the three runs the competition for the first place in the ,aryan tribe4 ,i do not commit the folly of making race lines and speech lines the same2 but it is a convenient mode of describing the field of this competition as that of the ,aryan race1 although there have been so many fusions of tribes that perhaps there is no ,aryan race at this late day4 #b4 ,another presumption in favor of our language arises from the history of the competition for the first place which has gone on since the rise of the modern ,european nations4 ,after the ,dark ,ages1#d ,italian first came to prominence as a polished literary tongue4 ,its poets converted a dialect into a language1 and from ,italian literature our ,chaucer1 our ,shakspere1 and even our ,milton drew inspiration as well as materials for ,english poetry4 ,as a literary language1 ,italian was for two centuries a universal language4 ,spain had the next opportunity for the primacy4 ,her flag was first planted on the outposts of this continent2 the conquests of her kings at one moment placed ,europe and ,america in her hands4 ,her poets and philosophers made her language as honorable in literature as her sailors and soldiers made it in discovery and conquest4 ,if ,spain had retained her grasp on the ,mississippi valley and on ,mexico and ,south ,america1 she1 and not we1 would now be supreme on this continent2 and ,spanish1 not ,english1 would be the dominant speech of ,north ,america4 ,but ,spain may be said to have retired voluntarily from the primacy of the ,aryan tribe2 a great language and a great literature descended to generations of ,spaniards who had ceased to be great4 ,next1 the ,french language took the lead4 ,during the eighteenth century the language of ,france was undoubtedly the leading ,aryan tongue4 ,since the beginning of this century ,german has come strongly into the competition1 and ,english has gradually attained a preponderance in numbers over our two great competitors4 #c4 ,a third presumption in our favor arises from the diversity of great functions which ,english fills4 ,it is a political1 a literary1 a common1 and a commercial speech4 ,in this brief space ,i can dwell only on the fact that it is1 in a peculiar sense1 a political language4 ,the ,english race has led the way towards modern liberty and towards the political institutions and habits which are the safeguards of freedom4 ,english words even are in use among the continental nations to describe political things which they have borrowed from us4 ,the word meeting is a good example4 ,but the mere diffusion of political terms means comparatively little4 ,the only really great universal language of the past was the language of ,rome1 and its preminence grew from its political character4 ,there are in modern ,europe two sets of political ideas and juridical institutions2 one is ,roman1 and the other is ,english2 and the two face each other in the modern world1 and are really in silent but effective competition with each other4 ,outside of ,england1 ,europe is ,roman except as it has been made ,english4 ,the continental nations have parliaments which are pale copies of the vigorous legislative bodies which cover the ,english-speaking world4 ,rome is mighty yet1 for the juridical systems of the continent of ,europe have their foundations in the ,roman civil law4 ,the greatness of ,latin did not arise from the genius of the ,roman poets and orators4 ,it laid its vigorous hand on human society1 and in some sort it is still administering civil society4 ,english has a political and a judicial system of its own1 and these systems are conquering mankind4 ,the adoption of the parliament and the trial by jury by continental nations prove the high value of the ,english inventions in government and law4 ,the ,french and the ,german are neither of them political languages4 ,french is the language of a nation which will long command the respect of mankind2 but its language counts for nothing in its political structure4 ,german is the language of a great people who make good citizens1 but have until recently shown little capacity for political affairs1 and have yet to make a great national record4 ,the genius of ,bismarck has created a great empire out of a great people2 but it remains to be seen whether any aggressive political ideas are to be born of this ,german empire4 ,the ,english political system is aggressive4 ,englishmen are nation-builders2 a shipload of them cast upon a desert island would form a government as instinctively and as easily as they would build themselves houses4 ,in this respect ,english is like ,latin2 it is the language of a distinct1 original political system1 whose obvious advantages are enticing men to copy it all over the world4 #d4 ,another presumption in favor of our speech arises from certain peculiarities of its grammar and of its enunciation4 ,in its grammar1 it has cast off more of the inflexional burdens than either of its competitors4 ,both of them retain the fictitious distinction of genders by terminations1 and they are in other respects weighted with inflexional incumbrances4 ,english has1 unfortunately1 a small inheritance of strong nouns and verbs2 but it is far simpler in its grammar than either ,french or ,german4 ,and it is not by any means a small matter that the grammarian has never obtained the control of the language4 ,in this respect the ,germans enjoy more freedom than the ,french2 but in neither language is the grammarian so little powerful as he is among us4 ,the reason is that ,english is spoken for all purposes by all our people4 ,i do not forget the ,english dialects as an exception2 but they are a very small exception in contrast with the fact that neither literary ,french nor literary ,german are used by the mass of either people for all purposes4 ,there is 8bad ,german0 for daily life1 and there is dialect ,french for the mass of ,frenchmen outside of the great towns4 ,in our language many efforts have been made to fix precise rules which would please the grammarian and render good ,english difficult1 and therefore not common4 ,these efforts have not prevented the progress of ,english toward simplicity1 and the vigor which simplicity imparts2 and the result is that children and foreigners readily learn and use the language which is employed in our books and periodicals4 ,by flouting the grammarian we have dethroned the nurse1 and have not one language for the home and another for the book4 ,the enunciation of ,english is characterized by a simplicity which has not been enjoyed by any other great language4 ,the ,english word has but one vocal qualification1 and that is the accent on a single syllable4 ,and such is the simplicity of this accent that it may be heavy or light1 and still the word is intelligible4 ,the vowels all tend to a nearly common form in most situations2 and if the accent be in the right place the word is usually understood4 ,there are1 of course1 many exceptions1 such as an ,italian a at the end of many words2 but though one says feyther1 faather1 or fauther1 we still know what he means4 ,the force of this consideration will best appear by contrast4 ,we do not know how classic ,greek was enunciated2 but we have reason to suppose that the vocalization was as elaborate and artificial as the music of light opera4 ,it was1 of course1 easily spoken after one had learned it1 but the learning of it must have been a great task for a foreigner4 ,latin was less elaborately artificial1 but there was doubtless an intonation of the ,latin sentence1 and a marking of the varying lengths of vowels2 and these features must have made good ,latin difficult and rare4 ,we know that ,italian spreads slowly throughout ,italy under a system of public instruction1 and that it defies the foreigner's industry and patience1 on account of the demand it makes for well defined vowels and a certain sentence rhythm4 ,french is hardly less1 if at all less difficult1 because it makes similar demands upon the attention and vocal skill of the speaker4 ,a good illustration of all this is found in the fact that the ,english ear is pleased1 while the ,french and ,italian ears are displeased by a 8brogue10 or a variation of the position of a word in a sentence4 ,we all like to hear foreigners speak our tongue1 precisely because they set it to a new music and show us the range of its grammatical simplicity4 ,there is doubtless a best arrangement of the words in any ,english sentence4 ,if the grammarians had had their way1 this best arrangement would have become the only proper arrangement4 ,the fact that we allow the foreigner to put our words into a different order than the best1 or even the second best--and are still pleased with his work--shows1 ,i think1 that ,english has in its vocal and syntactical systems a simplicity and a flexibility which adapt it to universal use4 #e4 ,there is also a presumption in favor of ,english which arises from its history and from certain results of that history4 ,it was originally ,teutonic1 and made its first alliance with ,scandinavian1 and so by swallowing up the speech of 8the ,danes0 it came to represent the northern branch of the ,aryan race with more breadth than ,high ,german shows4 ,then came the ,norman ,conquest1 by which other 8,danes0 who had conquered ,normandy and adopted the ,french language became the masters of ,england4 ,the contest between ,french and ,english ended as that between ,scandinavian and ,english had ended--,english swallowed ,french4 ,this event gave us our composite ,english1 and gave the world a language in which the northern and southern streams of ,aryan speech mingle their waters and collect their far-gathered wealth4 ,ours is a composite and compromise speech4 ,in the ,danish and ,norman struggles1 our tongue proved its tenacity1 its 8holdfast40 ,in each struggle the conqueror adopted the dialect of the conquered4 ,but in these conflicts1 ,english showed itself to be not only stubbornly vital1 but also remarkably charitable and catholic4 ,it remained ,english1 but it gave liberal hospitality to ,danish and ,french words4 ,and ever since1 it has been a great borrower of foreign words4 ,it is in this respect utterly unlike ,french1 which will hardly tolerate even a foreign name1 but translates these names whenever it is possible4 ,i have sometimes wondered whether our speech might not become a world-speech by mere swallowing of the vocabularies of other languages4 ,it is1 of course1 not a subject for rational conjecture2 but neither would that great feast of ,french words have been a rational forecast in the eleventh century4 ,we have borrowed from all the great tongues of our tribe1 and from many other great and small dialects4 ,we have always been borrowing2 we borrow every year4 ,it would be an entertaining and not unprofitable task to collect these harvests of the last fifty years4 ,the readiness with which we naturalize a foreign word has made many a grammarian sick of his profession2 but borrowing words is an ,english propensity which nothing can 8reform0 out of us4 ,and this catholicity looks in several ways toward universality4 ,neither of our competitors has any corresponding merit4 ,french is a grand speech1 but it will not tolerate foreign words4 ,german is a grand speech2 but it is ,german1 and nothing else1 except as it has been infiltrated with literary and judicial ,latin4 ,i must pass hurriedly over some other important presumptions in our favor4 #f4 ,the primacy in commerce is freely conceded to our tongue4 ,for such purposes it is spoken in all the great seaports of the world4 ,in addition to this trade use1 we may note that a great variety of practical inventions carry their ,english names and terms around the world4 #g4 ,we also have the great reading public of the world4 ,germans read2 but their #de1jjj1jjj do not consume more than one eighth as much literary food as ,england and ,america1 the ,canadas and ,australia4 ,the ,english literature market is not only the greatest in the world--exceeding in one year all the literary produce of antiquity which has come down to us--but it is a market which grows rapidly4 ,if a ,german or a ,frenchman wishes to reach the largest number of minds1 he must write in the ,english language4 ,we have made more than half the fame of ,german authors by translating their works into our tongue4 ,some of the ,german authors have been wise enough to learn and to use our speech in their books4 #h4 ,french and ,german each had a special advantage over ,english fifty years ago4 ,frenchmen have long had a rare power of popularizing knowledge--a power of which they have made much less use than would have been expected4 ,french is very rich in the power of accurate and plain statement of scientific truth4 ,this power ,englishmen have been for some time borrowing1 and the fruits of such copying appears in the good fame and liberal incomes of our ,huxleys and ,proctors4 ,there is no reason to doubt that we shall overtake the ,french in this path of progress2 for we have an inexhaustible demand for popularizations of science4 ,thirty years ago ,germans had a primacy in research4 ,they made the world come to their universities to study and master the ,german method in investigation4 ,i believe that1 though this ,german primacy still exists1 it has nearly reached its end4 ,english students have not gone in droves to ,germany to come back empty handed4 ,many of them have conquered the ,german method and transferred it to their own home and tongue4 #i4 ,france is already out of the race4 ,she has but thirty-seven millions1 and grows only at a snail's pace4 ,a ,frenchman has recently described the stationary condition of his people in the ,rvue des deux ,mondes in stronger terms than ,i could use4 ,german is our only serious rival for the primacy4 ,is it a serious rivalry8 ,the ,germans are a prolific race4 ,they lose millions by emigration1 and still increase to an extent which makes all ,frenchmen sad4 ,but how shall forty-five millions shut up in old ,europe overtake the one hundred and ten millions who have the great open fields of the world8 ,if ,north ,america were as thickly populated as ,germany we should count our hosts as three or four hundred millions4 ,they have room at home2 but we have vastly more room4 ,in a century our ,north ,american ,english population will number #bej1jjj1jjj4 ,the rest of the ,english speaking world can hardly fail to grow enough to make our grand total #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,the next doubling of our tribe--not more than one hundred and fifty years from now--would put us so far in front of all competition that no language would contest the primacy with us4 ,besides1 we have great possibilities of gains outside of our own tribes4 ,south ,america is more and more under the influence of ,english and ,american ideas2 the ,east is being anglicised by the ,english dominion in ,india1 and by ,american and ,english missionary schools4 ,africa is an open question2 but a vast ,english speaking population on the ,dark ,continent is a far more probable addition to our numbers than this ,american-,english population was in #adib1 or even in #agjj4 ,such seems to be the outlook4 ,in a recent letter forecasting the ,english-speaking primacy of the world1 ,mr4 ,gladstone said3 8,mr4 ,barham ,zincke1 no incompetent calculator1 reckons that the ,english-speaking peoples of the world one hundred years hence will probably count a thousand millions4''' ,a century back ,i suppose they were not much1 if at all1 beyond fifteen millions40 ,this primacy1 he adds1 8would demand no propaganda1 no superlative ingenuity or effort2 it ought to be an orderly and natural growth4''' ,to gain it will need no preterhuman strength2 to miss it will require some portentous degeneracy40 ,i have made much more modest estimates than those quoted by ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,i attach most importance to the political value of ,english and the nation-building instinct of our tribe4 ,the great rush forward from fifteen to one hundred and ten millions in a century is a result of our political facility4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,may #c4 ,the heart here1 the ,father yonder1 and the universe of man and matter as the meeting place between them1 is the whole scope and the whole poetry of the ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,the preacher shears off all the superfluities and externals of worship and of action1 that he may show1 in its naked simplicity1 the communion which takes place between the heart as worshiper and ,god as hearer4 ,the righteousness he inculcates must exceed that 8of the ,scribes and the ,pharisees40 ,the man who hates his brother1 or calls him 8,raca10 is a murderer in deed4''' ,oaths are but big sounds2 the inner feelings are better represented by 8yea1 yea1 nay1 nay40 ,that love which resides within will walk through the world as men walk through a gallery of pictures1 loving and admiring1 and expecting no return4 ,the giving of alms must be secret4 ,the sweetest prayer will be solitary and short4 ,one must fast1 too1 as if he fasted not4 ,the enduring treasures must be laid up within4 ,righteousness must be sought before1 and as inclusive of all things2 life is more precious than all the means of it4 ,the examination and correction of faults must begin at home4 ,prayer1 if issuing from the heart1 is all powerful4 ,the essence of the law and the prophets lies in doing to others as we would have others do to us4 ,having neglected the inner life1 the majority have gone to ruin1 even while following fully and devotedly external forms of faith and worship4 ,the heart must1 at the same time1 be known by its fruits4 ,it is only the good worker that shall enter the heavenly kingdom4 ,these truths1 in fine1 acted upon1 these precepts from the ,mount1 heard and kept--become a rock of absolute safety1 while all beside is sand now1 and sea hereafter4 ,such is1 in substance1 this sermon4 ,it includes unconsciously all theology and all morals1 and is invested1 besides1 with the beauty of imagery--theology1 for what do we know1 or can we ever know1 of ,god1 but that he is 8our ,father in heaven10 that he accepts our heart worship1 forgives our debts1 and hears our earnest prayers--morals1 for all sin lies in selfishness1 all virtue lies in losing our petty identity in the great river of the species1 which flows into the ocean of ,god2 and as to imagery1 how many natural objects--the salt of the sea1 the lilies of the valley1 the thorns of the wilderness1 the trees of the field1 the hairs of the head1 the rocks of the mountain1 and the sand of the seashore--combine to explain and beautify the deep lessons conveyed6 ,here is1 verily1 the model--long sought elsewhere in vain--of a 8perfect sermon10 which ought to speak of ,god and of man in words and figures borrowed from that beautiful creation1 which lies between1 which adumbrates the former to the latter1 and enables the latter to glorify at once the works and the author4--,gilfillan4#a ,may #aj4 ,the ,hebrew poet was nothing if not sacred4 ,to him the poetical and the religious were almost the same4 ,song was the form instinctively assumed by all the higher moods of his worship4 ,he was not surprised into religious emotion and poetry by the influence of circumstances1 nor stung into it by the pressure of remorse4''' ,religion was with him a habitual feeling1 and from the joy or the agony of that feeling poetry broke out irrepressibly4 ,to him1 the question1 8,are you in a religious mood to-day80 had been as absurd as 8,are you alive to-day80 for all his moods-- ''' whether wretched as the penitence of ,david1 or triumphant as the rapture of ,isaiah--were tinged with the religious element4 ,from ,god he sank1 or up to him he soared4 ,the grand theocracy around ruled all the soul and all the song of the bard4 ,wherever he stood1 under the silent starry canopy1 or in the congregation of the faithful--musing in solitary spots1 or smiting1 with high1 hot1 rebounding hand1 the loud cymbal--his feeling was1 8,how dreadful is this place6 this is none other but the house of ,god1 and this is the gate of heaven40 ,in him1 surrounded by sacred influences1 haunted by sacred recollections1 moving through a holy land1 and overhung by a heavenly presence1 religion became a passion1 a patriotism1 and a poetry4 ,hence the sacred song of the ,hebrews stands alone1 and hence we may draw the deduction that its equal we shall never see again1 till again religion outshine the earth with an atmosphere as it then enshrined ,palestine--till poets1 not only as the organs of their personal belief1 but of the general sentiment around them1 have become the high priests in a vast sanctuary1 where all shall be worshipers1 because all is felt to be divine4 ,how this high and solemn reference to the ,supreme ,intelligence and ,great ,whole comes forth in all the varied forms of ,hebrew poetry6 ,is it the pastoral8 ,the ,lord is the shepherd4 ,is it elegy8 ,it bewails his absence4 ,is it ode8 ,it cries aloud for his return1 or shouts his praise4 ,is it the historical ballad8 ,it recounts his deeds4 ,is it the penitential psalm8 ,its climax is1 8,against thee only have ,i sinned40 ,is it the didactic poem8 ,running down through the world1 like a scythed chariot1 and hewing down before it all things as vanity1 it clears the way to the final conclusion1 8,fear ,god1 and keep his commandments1 for this is the whole duty of man40 ,is it a burden1 8tossed as from a midnight mountain1 by the hand of lonely seer1 toward the lands of ,egypt and ,babylon80 ,it is the burden of the ,lord2 his the handful of devouring fire flung by the fierce prophet4 ,is it apologue1 or emblem8 ,god's meaning lies in the hollow of the parable2 ,god's eye glares in the 8terrible crystal0 over the rushing wheels4 ,even the love-canticle seems to rise above itself1 and behold6 a greater than ,solomon1 and a fairer than his ,egyptian spouse1 are here4 ,thus1 from their poetry1 as from a thousand mirrors1 flashes back the one awful face of their ,god4--,gilfillan4 ,may #ag4 ,they say it is an ill mason that refuseth any stone2 and there is no knowledge but in a skillful hand serves1 either positively as it is1 or else to illustrate some other knowledge1 ''' because people by what they understand1 are best led to what they understand not4 ,but the chief and top of his knowledge consists in the ,book of books1 the storehouse and magazine of life and comfort1 ,,the ,,holy ,,scriptures4''' ,in the ,scriptures he finds four things3 precepts for life1 doctrines for knowledge1 examples for illustration1 and promises for comfort4 ,these he hath digested severally4 ,but for the understanding of these1 the means he useth are3 ,first1 ,a ,,holy ,,life2 remembering what his ,master saith1 that if any do ,god's will he shall know of the doctrine 7,john viii71 and assuring himself that wicked men1 however learned1 do not know the ,scriptures1 because they feel them not1 and because they are not understood but with the same spirit that writ them4 ,the second means is ,,prayer2 which1 if it be necessary even in temporal things1 how much more in things of another world1 where the well is deep1 and we have nothing of ourselves to draw with6 ,wherefore he ever begins the reading of the ,scripture with some short ejaculation1 as ,lord1 pen mine eyes1 that ,i may see the wondrous things of thy law4 ,the third means is ,a ,,diligent ,,collation of ,scripture with ,scripture4 ,for1 all truth being consonant to itself1 and all being penned by one and the self-same ,spirit1 it can not be1 but that an industrious and judicious comparing of place with place must be a singular help for the right understanding of the ,scriptures4 ,to this may be added the consideration of any text with the coherence thereof1 touching what goes before and what follows after2 as also the scope of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,when the apostles would have called down fire from heaven1 they were reproved as ignorant of what spirit they were4 ,for the law required one thing and the gospel another2 yet as diverse1 not as repugnant2 therefore the spirit of both is to be considered and weighed4 ,the fourth means are ,,commenters ,,and ,,fathers1 who have handled the places controverted2 which the parson by no means refuseth4 ,as he doth not so study others as to neglect the grace of ,god in himself1 and what the ,holy ,spirit teacheth him2 so doth he assure himself1 that ,god in all ages hath had his servants1 to whom he hath revealed his truth1 as well as to him2 and that as one country doth not bear all things1 that there may be a commerce1 so neither hath ,god opened1 or will open1 all to one1 that there may be a traffic in knowledge between the servants of ,god1 for the planting both of love and humility4 ,wherefore he hath one comment1 at least1 upon every book of ,scripture2 and1 plowing with this and his own meditations1 he enters into the secrets of ,god treasured in the holy ,scripture4--,herbert4#b ,may #bd4 ,it is exceedingly important1 therefore1 that all the ,christian gifts and graces should be possessed in purity of spirit1 uncontaminated by any unholy mixtures of an earthly nature4 ,the mere suggestion that they have merit of themselves and separate from the ,god who gives them1 if it be received with the least complacency1 necessarily inflicts a deep wound4 ,they are accordingly held in purity of spirit1 and with the divine approbation1 only when their tendency is to separate the soul from everything inward and outward1 considered as objects of complacency and of spiritual rest1 and to unite it more closely to ,god4''' ,we do not find the parent1 who has that degree of affection for his child which may be called entire or perfect love1 making his love a distinct object of his thoughts1 and rejoicing in it as such a distinct object2 that would not be the genuine operation of perfect love4 ,if his love is perfect1 he has no time and no disposition to think of anything but the beloved object toward which his affections are directed4 ,his love is so deep1 so pure1 so fixed and centered upon one point1 that the sight of self1 and of his own personal exercises1 is lost4 ,it ought to be thus in the feelings which we exercise toward ,god2 and undoubtedly such will be the result1 when the religious feeling has reached a certain degree of intensity2 that is to say1 when the feeling is perfect1 the mind is not occupied with the feeling itself1 but with the object of the feeling4 ,the heart1 if we may so express it1 seems to recede from us2 it certainly does so as an object of distinct contemplation2 and the object of its affections comes in and takes its place4 ,o1 the blessedness of the heart1 that1 free from self and its secret and pernicious influences1 sees nothing but ,god2 that recognizes1 even in its highest gifts and graces1 nothing but ,god2 that would rather be infinitely miserable with ,god1 if it were possible1 than infinitely happy without him6 ,in connection with these remarks we are enabled to understand and appreciate the state of mind which is described in some primitive writers as a state of cessation from 8reflex acts40 ,by ,,reflex ,,acts1 as we employ the phrase here1 and as it appears to be employed by the writers referred to1 we mean those acts of the mind in which the soul turns inward upon itself1 and1 ceasing for a time to regard the mere will of ,god as the only good1 takes a self-conscious satisfaction in its own exercises4 ,such acts1 when they are indulged in1 stand directly in the way of the highest results of the religious life4 ,on the other hand1 he who has entirely ceased to put forth acts of this kind1 and loves ,god to the entire forgetfulness of self1 losing sight even of his own exercises1 in consequence of being fully occupied with an infinitely higher object1 has reached the broad and calm position of spiritual rest1 the region of inward and abiding peace--a region where there is no noisy clamor1 no outcries and contests of the passions2 no contrivances of prejudice1 interest1 and ambition2 no rebellious sighing and tears of the natural spirit2 but all is hushed and lost in the one deep conviction that there is nothing good1 nothing permanently true1 nothing desirable--no1 not heaven itself--but pure and everlasting union with the will of ,god4--,prof4 ,upham4#c ,may #ca4 ,all science is simply a perception of the laws of ,god--a discovery of what he designed when he spread out the heavens and gemmed the infinity of space with its myriad of worlds4 ,the laws of light are simply the power with which the ,creator invested it4 ,all we can do is to find what he has written on its wings4 ,the law of magnetism is the subtle power and the mode of action with which ,god has touched the loadstone4 ,the laws of astronomy1 what are they but the thoughts of ,god1 as he projected worlds into space1 and gave to them their orbits and their periods8''' ,of nature in all its expanse1 of all created powers1 visible and invisible1 hath not ,god said1 8,all are yours80 ,are we not 8heirs of ,god and joint heirs of ,jesus ,christ80 ,i can accord the scientist nearly all he can claim1 without in the slightest degree affecting the foundations of my faith4''' ,there are many things which are claimed in evolution1 to which ,i must give the verdict of the ,scotch jury1 8,not proven40 ,yet were ,i to admit them all1 they would not affect my faith in the wisdom and skill and power of the great ,father4 ,i admire the skill of the watch-maker who produces an accurate timepiece2 but how much more would ,i admire his skill if he so made one watch that it was capable not only of keeping time1 but also of evolving a series of watches1 each keeping better time than that which produced it1 so that from the plainest1 simplest form of a watch there should be eventually evolved a magnificent chronometer1 with jeweled holes1 whose time would not vary from the true time a second in a million of years6 ,if the great ,creator created but a germ1 but in that germ were all possibilities of form1 and motion1 and magnitude1 of atoms and of worlds1 with their laws of motion so impressed on each that it should take its place in due time1 my admiration for his wonderful skill would be only enhanced4''' ,these men who talk of evolution claim an infinity of time4 ,i ask1 how long since this protoplasm developed into a turtle1 the turtle into a monkey1 the monkey into a man8 ,they admit there is no positive record anywhere4 ,since human history began there is no instance of any animal ascending in the scale of man4 ,if at all1 it must have been far back in the distant ages4 ,then1 ,i ask1 why not give ,christianity similar time8 ,she is changing the face of creation2 she is transforming sinners into saints1 savages into enlightened men4 ,she took them naked1 rude and uncultured1 and has clothed1 taught1 and refined them4 ,she has taken man that bowed down to stocks and stones1 and has elevated him until he uses the world as a workshop1 and all elements as his instruments1 until he feels that he is a son of ,god1 and his vicegerent upon earth4 ,why shall ,christianity be called a failure1 because it has not yet reached all the sons of men1 or transformed them into sons of science8 ,give her at least as much time to change millions of savages into enlightened humanity1 millions of sinners into saints1 as1 according to their own asking1 it takes to change one species into another4 ,we promise that the whole world shall be brought to the foot of the cross before the evolutionist shall find even a single monkey transformed into a man4--,bishop ,simpson4 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,edwards1 ,d4,d4 ,director of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,experimental ,science4 ,,physics ,,of ,,earth4 ,our earth1 as a whole1 may be compared to a ship sailing on a smooth sea4 ,like the ship1 it has its own motions with reference to other objects1 and is affected by forces exterior to itself4 ,the ship feels the influence of winds1 currents and tides4 ,the earth also yields to forces outside of itself2 to such an extent1 indeed1 that philosophers have more than once been led to look for an invisible power1 which strangely affected it4 ,for example1 ,adams#a and ,leverrier#b were led to prophesy the existence of the planet ,neptune1 because the earth seemed to yield to the touch of some unknown body1 which was afterward discovered at the enormous distance of #b1gdf1bga1jjj miles4 ,the ship1 in addition to its motion in regard to distant points and susceptibility of being moved by outside forces1 has its own peculiar construction1 a complex adjustment of planks1 timbers1 bolts1 spars1 sails and ropes4 ,it also has its inhabitants1 living beings which move to and fro1 quite independent1 for the time being1 of all other parts of the universe1 save that on which they reside4 ,as it glides past some island we look from our cabin window and discover that the island seems to be moving by us in an opposite direction4 ,even so1 as our earth sweeps round its axis with a speed of a thousand miles an hour1 it seems motionless1 while the starry spheres above appear gliding westward4 ,in spite of the impassioned and reiterated exclamation of ,galileo1 8,it does move60 men would not believe it1 until his experiment at the leaning tower of ,pisa2 and the beautiful demonstration of ,foucault#c from the dome of the ,pantheon in ,paris1 proved beyond question the earth's rotation4 ,let us briefly outline these two experiments4 ,if the world has no motion1 a heavy weight dropped from the top of a tall shaft would strike exactly at its base4 ,but if the earth were rotating1 the top of the tower must move faster than the base4 ,the weight at the top would have the same motion as the top of the shaft1 and would keep it1 in falling1 in accordance with a well known law1 and consequently would strike beyond the base4 ,the ball dropped by ,galileo did thus strike4 ,foucault argued3 ,if the earth does not rotate1 a pendulum suspended so that a needle fastened to its lowest point would trace a line in sand sprinkled on the surface beneath1 would forever move along the same line4 ,but if the earth is rotating1 the needle will trace different lines on the sand4 ,if the pendulum was suspended at one of the poles1 it would1 in twenty-four hours1 trace a series of lines like the spokes of a carriage wheel about the pole4 ,foucault showed that the needle did trace varying lines in the sand1 therefore the earth moves4 ,this experiment is repeated annually at ,paris1 and ,i have performed it in the ,amphitheater at ,chautauqua4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 as all the world knows1 discovered the relation and mutual dependence of all matter in the universe4 ,the law of gravitation has been called 8,newton's ,darling ,child40 ,it states1 in brief1 that every body attracts every other directly as the mass1 and inversely as the square of the distance4 ,the sun has three hundred thousand times the amount of matter contained in our earth2 its power of attraction is therefore proportional4 ,a man on its surface would be crushed by his own weight1 but even ,brobdignag1#d or any other giant1 could live comfortably on an asteroid4 ,indeed1 he would weigh so little there that he could leap like the mountain goat4 ,as an illustration of the second part of the law3 one body three times as far away as another from the attracting power1 will be held by a force but one ninth as great4 ,a body near the surface of the earth1 or #d1jjj miles from its center1 will fall sixteen feet in a second4 ,the moon is sixty times further from the center of the earth than such a body4 ,newton found that the moon fell toward the earth1 or varied from a straight line1 #a4cf of sixteen feet in a second4 ,now1 the square of sixty is #c1fjj1 therefore the moon proves that the force of gravity decreases as the square of the distance increases4 ,nothing in nature is more beautiful than the adjustment of forces by which our earth is kept forever revolving in its appropriate orbit4 ,in perihelion1#e or its nearest approach to the sun1 it is #c1jjj1jjj miles nearer than in aphelion1 when farthest away from it4 ,of course it will follow from the law that the attraction of the sun would then be greater4 ,if there were no counteracting influence1 there could be but one result--the earth would fly into the sun and be consumed4 ,the very proximity of the earth to the sun1 however1 increases its speed1 and therefore its tendency to fly off on a tangent4 ,kepler#f has expressed this truth in one of his laws3 8,the radius vector 7a line drawn from the sun to the earth7 passes over equal areas in equal times40 ,the average speed of the earth in its orbit is #a1ajj miles a minute--#c1cjj times that of the fastest steamship--but it varies throughout its course1 and how wonderful that system of breaks by which its motion is regulated6 ,divine wisdom alone could invent such a plan4 ,,terrestrial ,,gravity4 ,to the ordinary observer1 our earth seems1 in general1 a flat surface1 here and there varied by hills and valleys4 ,in reality it is a sphere1 with a curvature of eight inches to the mile4 ,the equatorial diameter is twenty-six and five-elevenths miles greater than the polar4 ,the irregularities of the earth's surface are relatively far less than they seem4 ,very thin letter paper1 spread over a globe sixteen inches in diameter1 would by its thickness adequately represent the highest mountain ranges4 ,the greatest ocean depth is about equal to the height of the highest mountain2 we see by this that the earth is essentially a smooth1 round body4 ,its shape is proven in four ways3 ,first1 two different navigators may start from the same point1 one sailing east and the other west1 and reach the same destination4 ,second1 navigators have sailed around the world1 ,magellan having first performed the task4 ,third1 in moving toward elevated objects1 their upper portion first strikes the eye4 ,fourth1 the shadow of the earth1 when it falls upon the moon1 is round4 ,the enlargement of the equatorial diameter is supposed to be due to the fact that the earth was once in a plastic state1 and the centrifugal force1 which is directly proportioned to the rotating speed of a body1 caused the matter in the equatorial region to bulge4 ,this action can easily be shown by revolving rapidly a flexible steel hoop1 or other mobile substance4 ,all bodies tend to revolve around their shortest axis4 ,a great variety of interesting experiments showing this can easily be performed1 some of which are indicated in an accompanying picture4 ,there is no magical power in the center of our earth1 as some have supposed from the fact that all bodies seek that point4 ,indeed1 that is the one spot where there is no attraction1 and where all substances would weigh nothing4 ,the path described by a plummet1 or any falling body1 is simply a resultant motion produced by opposite particles of the earth making it pass half way between their lines of attraction4 ,this will ordinarily be toward the center of the earth4 ,as attraction of gravity is in proportion to mass1 a body suspended near a mountain will be deflected toward it4 ,this has been shown by an experiment performed by ,dr4 ,maskelyne1#g near ,mt4 ,schehallien1 in ,wales4 ,upon suspending a light body on opposite sides of this mountain1 he observed that it swerved from the perpendicular toward the mountain4 ,the amount of this variation measured the attraction of the mountain1 as compared with the attraction of the earth4 ,as the geological structure of this eminence was known1 it was not difficult to compute its mass1 and a comparison was made between it and the earth4 ,from this calculation the entire weight of the earth was obtained1 proving its specific gravity to be five times that of an equal bulk of water4 ,dr4 ,cavendish#h afterward arrived at precisely the same result by experimenting with a pendulum4 ,illustration3 ,a is a rotating machine2 a is a skein of thread2 is the skein rotated2 b is a chain2 c is an onion2 d is an apple2 e is a glass fish aquarium1 one tenth full of water1 and rotated4 ,a stick1 hoop1 shingle1 or any such body suspended by a cord1 when rapidly rotated will rise and revolve around its shortest axis4 ,terrestrial gravity is constantly affecting the motion of bodies4 ,motion is the act of changing place1 and always indicates the presence of some force2 force or energy being that which tends to produce motion or rest4 ,motion in curved lines is produced by two or more forces acting upon a body1 one of which must be constant4 ,example3 ,a cannon ball is acted upon by the sudden explosion of the powder1 the resistance of air1 and the constant downward attraction of gravity4 ,nature seems to delight in curved motion2 the waves1 the flight of birds1 the running brooks1 the clouds1 even the waving trees and grasses1 all furnish illustrations of this4 ,a little reflection upon any such instances will show that they are usually produced by the united action of an instantaneous and constant force4 ,the center of gravity is that point around which the opposite particles of a body balance each other4 ,this point does not necessarily coincide with center of figure or center of motion1 the former of which is a point equally distant from opposite parts of a regular body1 while the latter is a point in a substance around which it revolves4 ,illustration3 ,ex4--,a lead pencil poised on the finger4 ,this experiment can be varied in many ways1 showing the nature of stable and unstable equilibrium4 ,if the sun and all the planets could be strung on a rod passing through their centers1 with the planets to the east1 the center of gravity of the solar system would be somewhere in the sun1 east of its center4 ,as the planets assume various positions with reference to the sun1 it must follow that the center of gravity in our system must vary accordingly4 ,the same is true of objects on the earth4 ,the center of gravity may be elevated or depressed1 moved to the right or left4 ,we instinctively adjust our bodies so that a perpendicular let fall from the center of gravity will constantly fall within the base4 ,the most surprising exhibition of this power of automatic adjustment was seen in ,blondin1 in his performances on the tight rope4 ,stability in structures is usually secured by lowering the center of gravity in one of two ways3 either by broadening the base or by making it of heavy materials4 ,specific gravity is the weight of a substance as compared with an equal bulk of something taken as a standard2 water having been selected as the standard for solids and liquids1 and air for gases4 ,gravity furnishes more units of measure of various kinds--weight1 work1 heat1 tenacity--than any other force of nature4 ,it will be remembered that ,physics is that branch of science that considers the general properties of matter1 and the character of those forces which affect matter without destroying its molecule4 ,it includes many subdivisions4 ,in addition to those already mentioned1 we find ,molecular ,attraction1 or the operation of forces that act at insensible distances2 ,hydrostatics1 which treats of liquids at rest2 ,hydraulics1 of liquids in motion2 ,pneumatics1 of gases2 ,machines1 of means for applying force2 ,acoustics1 of the laws of sound2 ,heat2 ,light2 and ,electricity4 ,as many physical properties have been mentioned in the articles on ,air1 ,water1 and ,fire1 they will not now be considered4 ,our discussion here applies more especially to those substances which1 at ordinary temperatures1 are solid4 ,illustration3 ,ex4--,a body buoyed up in water displaces its own weight of the liquid4 ,the glass is nicely graded1 and as the water rises in the vessel1 the registration at once indicates the amount of water displaced4 ,this proves the truth of the 8,law of ,archimedes0#i1 ascertained while he was investigating the problem of the golden crown4 ,the most characteristic properties of solid bodies are the following3 ,hardness1 tenacity1 malleability1 ductility1 and crystalline form4 ,hardness is the resistance which a body offers to being scratched4 ,tenacity is the resistance offered by a body to a separation of its parts4 ,malleability is that property of a body which makes it capable of being rolled into sheets4 ,ductility is capacity for being drawn into wire1 and crystalline form is the property which causes it to assume regular shapes4 ,as will be observed1 these peculiarities are closely dependent upon cohesion and adhesion4 ,by the former we understand the force which holds together the similar molecules of a substance2 and by the latter1 the force which unites the surfaces of different materials4 ,familiar as we are with these two agencies1 their nature is not yet understood4 ,we can easily discover that they are very dependent upon heat1 by the application of which most solids pass from the stable form1 to one in which1 instead of cohesive force between the molecules1 there is repulsion2 as in the conversion of ice into water1 and then into steam4 ,this movement of molecules is also dependent upon pressure4 ,the most interesting illustration of this is seen in the action of glaciers4 ,it has been ascertained that the melting temperature of ice lowers one two hundred and fiftieth of a degree for every fifteen pounds of pressure to the square inch4 ,the immense superincumbent mass of ice must1 in many places1 set free so much latent heat that a portion of the ice melts1 so that here and there cells and liquid veins would be opened in the interior of the glacier4 ,but the particles which separate these thin layers of water would almost immediately close up4 ,this is the brilliant demonstration of ,prof4 ,tyndall1 who has given the operation the name of 8regelation40 ,it has been thus described3 8,this phenomenon takes place at every point in the thickness of the glacier4 ,particles of ice approach one another1 and unite across little veins of water1 which permeate it in every direction2 fresh liquid films are formed under the pressure from above2 fresh unions take place between the divided morsels of ice2 and1 by this continual process of change1 the air contained in the mass of that which once was snow1 is gradually expelled4 ,thus it happens that the whole mass ultimately assumes an almost perfect transparency and a beautiful azure color40 ,,crystallization4 ,one of the most beautiful illustrations of cohesive attraction is seen in crystallization4 ,in every instance in which substances pass into the form of a solid1 they tend to assume regular shapes called crystals4 ,each material has its own characteristic form1 so that a crystal is a type of a species in the mineral world1 even as a plant or an animal is in the organic kingdom4 ,a crystal is a substance bounded by plain surfaces and symmetrically arranged about imaginary lines called axes4 ,the final form depends upon certain smaller forms in its interior structure4 ,they possess lines of division1 often in three directions1 called 8cleavage40 ,while there are millions of crystals1 they have all been classified under six systems1 as follows3 #a4 ,monometric1 where the three axes are equal4 #b4 ,dimetric1 having one axis unequal to the other two1 which are equal to each other4 #c4 ,trimetric1 having no two axes equal4 #d4 ,monoclinic1 having one axis inclined4 #e4 ,triclinic1 in which all the three intersections are oblique and the axes unequal4 #f4 ,hexagonal1 which has the form of a regular hexagonal prism4 ,illustration3 ,ex4--,showing change of volume4 ,the upper part of the figure represents a substance expanded4 ,there are no more molecules here than below1 but they are pushed further apart4 ,this is supposed to be the way in which all bodies are enlarged by heat4 ,while contemplating the thousand beautiful forms in which molecules are arranged into crystals1 whereby many economic purposes are served1 as well as taste manifested1 one can not resist the conviction that such displays of wisdom1 benevolence and love of beauty can alone emanate from the eternal ,mind4 ,another wide-spread effect of cohesion is seen in ,,petrifactions4 ,everywhere in fossiliferous rock may be found organic remains in which the material of which they were originally composed has been replaced by some mineral substance4 ,some have supposed that these plants and animals have actually been converted into stone by a change of their elements4 ,this is of course absurd4 ,carbon can never be anything but carbon1 nor indeed1 can any element ever become anything other than itself4 ,this dream of the alchemist was long since dissipated4 ,no1 strange as it may seem1 the molecules of these fossilized organisms must actually pass out1 and silica1 lime1 clay1 or some such matter pass in and take their places4 ,beautiful specimens of petrified wood1 found especially on the ,pacific coast1 are often hard as glass4 ,one very handsome variety1 called 8opalized0 wood1 clearly indicates that petrifaction was either accompanied or followed by crystallization4 ,myriads of shells1 bones and plants scattered through the earth's strata have been transformed in the manner indicated4 ,although petrifaction is usually a long process1 there is reason to believe that it sometimes takes place rapidly4 ,this operation must not be confounded with incrustation1 which is often mistaken for it1 and takes place where substances1 like bending twigs1 have deposited upon them layer after layer of lime1 salt1 sulphur or ice4 ,the molecules of solids1 even1 are in intense and ceaseless motion4 ,as has been said1 8,a continuous and restless1 nay1 a very complicated activity is the order of ,nature throughout all her individuals1 whether these be living beings or inanimate particles of matter4 ,existence is1 in truth1 one continued fight1 and a great battle is always and everywhere raging1 although the field in which it is fought is often completely shrouded from our view40 ,illustration3 ,ex4--,a simple illustration of the convenience of machinery in applying force and changing direction4 ,the motto of the brave ,huguenots in the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 was 8,ever burning1 but never consumed40 ,nature's motto1 both for matter and energy is1 8,ever changing1 but never destroyed40 ,let us next notice some instances of the ,,conservation ,,of ,,energy4 ,energy is the power to do work or overcome resistance4 ,it is of two kinds--potential and kinetic4 ,the former is the energy or force due to position1 but it is latent or inactive4 ,the latter is the energy of a body which is in motion4 ,a stone resting on a mountain top1 the water in a quiet mill pond1 a coiled spring1 are all examples of potential energy4 ,the stone1 crushing through the cottage of a peasant1 the water turning a factory wheel1 the spring turning the wheels of a clock1 are examples of actual or kinetic energy4 ,illustration3 ,ex4--,lay a magnet down on iron filings4 ,they will gather in greatest abundance about the poles1 and diminish toward the center1 where there are none2 thus showing the nature of polarity4 ,energy often disappears to reappear under a different name4 ,if we lift our hand to strike the palm of another1 our vital energy becomes motion1 and that in turn is changed into heat4 ,in the ,bell telephone the sound-waves in the mouthpiece are converted into electric vibrations in the wire1 and these1 in turn1 induce sound-waves in the receiving instrument at the other end of the line4 ,in dynamo-electric machines we have a chain of transmutations of force--chemical affinity in the fire-box1 expansion in the boiler1 becoming in turn1 motion1 magnetism1 electric currents1 until it appears as resplendent light and intense heat between the carbon points4 ,potential energy slumbers in the raindrop1 and1 anon1 as kinetic energy1 flashes in the lightning4 ,in short1 the sum of all the energies of nature is a constant quantity1 although it manifests itself in a thousand different ways4 ,the foregoing reflections indicate that the researches of modern science all point to a grand unity in ,god's universe4 ,let us conclude by briefly referring to some instances of plan or design in the ,,grouping ,,of ,,laws4 ,the most characteristic feature of all science is that it arranges facts in an orderly manner1 under principles or laws4 ,nature seems to delight1 likewise1 in doing a variety of things under one general principle4 ,note a curious trinity in her method3 ,we have three great departments of nature--animal1 vegetable and mineral2 three parts to our being--physical1 mental and moral2 three divisions of the mind--intellect1 sensibilities and will2 three parts to all plants--root1 stem and foliage2 there is earth1 sea and sky2 three great classes in all mechanism--lever1 cord1 and inclined plane--and many others that might be mentioned4 ,observe another group of laws in physics3 ,variation1 in accordance with an exact proportion4 ,gravity varies inversely as the square of the distance2 heat varies inversely as the square of the distance2 light varies inversely as the square of the distance1 and sound varies also in exactly the same ratio4 ,who can contemplate this exact mathematical arrangement1 extending through many departments of matter1 without concluding that 8,nature is but the name for an effect whose cause is ,god80 ,,the ,,eyes ,,busy ,,on ,,things ,,about ,,us4 ,,by ,,josephine ,,pollard4 ,a distinguished writer has said3 8,the eyes are of no use without the observing power10 and surely no faculty we possess is capable of so much cultivation as the sight4 ,the facility with which the eye can express the emotions of the soul has been the theme of poets of all ages1 who have not hesitated to confess which style of eyes pleased them the most4 ,says one3 8,i everywhere am thinking ,of thy blue eye's sweet smile2 ,a sea of thoughts is spreading ,over my heart the while40 ,and others3 8,his eyes are songs without words40 8,a suppressed resolve will betray itself in the eyes40 8,an eye can threaten like a loaded and leveled gun1 or can insult like hissing or kicking2 or1 in its altered mood1 by beams of kindness1 it can make the heart dance with joy40 8,eyes are bold as lions1 roving1 running1 leaping1 here and there1 far and near4 ,they speak all languages2 wait for no introduction2 ask no leave of age or rank2 respect neither poverty nor riches1 neither learning nor power1 nor virtue nor sex1 but intrude1 and come again1 and go through and through you in a moment of time4 ,what inundation of life and thought is discharged from one soul into another through them60 ,there are 8,true eyes ,too pure and too honest in aught to disguise ,the sweet soul shining through them20 and 8eyes that have murder in them1 whose flash is the forerunner of thunder40 ,one has 8an eye like ,mars1 to threaten and command10 and other eyes are 8the homes of silent prayer40 ,but the variety in color and expression of the eye is as nothing compared to difference in the power of observation4 ,those ancient companions1 8,eyes and ,no-,eyes10 the story of whose wanderings conveyed a valuable lesson to young and old1 were but prototypes of people who go through the world to-day1 some of whom see everything1 while others see nothing at all4 ,poets1 who could write so beautifully of the eyes1 must first have trained their own vision to perceive the beauty or baseness they described1 and it is the exercise of this far-seeing1 penetrating1 analytical power that is the prerogative of genius4 ,the specialist devotes himself to the closest examination of details4 ,the naturalist does not let the smallest insect escape him1 and his trained eye perceives the least peculiarity that denotes the varieties of species4 ,a person with ordinary eyesight takes up a rose1 a lily1 or a daisy1 and only admires color1 shape1 or perfume2 while the botanist examines the flower in every part1 and tells who was its grandfather or grandmother1 and feels as tender an interest in it as if it were a human being4 ,the artist has to train his eye to look for beauty where apparently none appears4 ,he must have an eye for color1 for form1 for expression1 for whatever line he proposes to follow1 and he will never rise to eminence if he is satisfied with a hasty1 careless1 superficial glance4 ,turner#a was one day painting a landscape with the richness of color that was his specialty1 when an ,english girl who was painting near him left her easel and came to look over his shoulder4 8,why1 ,mr4 ,turner10 said she1 8,i don't see any of those colors in the grass or the trees40 8,no80 said ,turner4 8,don't you wish you could80 ,it is astonishing that with so much of beauty as there is around us1 so many people are found who travel through the world without having used their eyes to any profit whatever4 ,the training needs to be begun in early life2 children should be taught how to observe2 and as some are duller than others they need to have things pointed out to them1 until the habit of examining closely becomes fixed1 and like second nature4 ,what a wonderful field for study there is in the sky above us6 ,look at the clouds2 here1 in great1 heavy masses2 there assuming strange shapes1 and taking on an infinite variety of coloring4 ,see the setting sun2 never twice alike2 a marvel of beauty and grandeur2 a feast for even young eyes4 ,let us go down by the seashore and watch the great waves come in4 ,the sea is broad1 and grand1 and deep2 but is that all8 ,note how it reflects the color of the sky2 mark the waves that rise afar1 and show their white manes like wild horses of the sea1 and dash on the shore like a charge of cavalry4 ,how they come galloping1 galloping on6 ,watch for the ninth wave1 and look out for yourself6 ,observe the height that each succeeding wave obtains when the tide is on the rise1 and how the character of the beach is changed after a severe storm of wind or rain4 ,there is a volume of interesting study in a handful of sand1 a tuft of moss1 a small patch of grass1 or a bunch of seaweed4 ,ruskin1#b that exceedingly close observer of art and nature1 and eminently sharp critic of men and things1 gives us some excellent instruction in the art of looking below the surface4 8,there is no bush10 he says1 8on the face of the globe exactly like another bush2 there are no two trees in the forest whose boughs bend into the same network1 nor two leaves on the same tree which could not be told one from the other1 nor two waves in the sea exactly alike4 ,and out of this mass of various yet agreeing beauty1 it is by long attention only that the conception of the constant character--the ideal form--hinted at by all1 yet assumed by none1 is fixed upon the imagination for its standard of truth4 ,ask the connoisseur1 who has scampered over all ,europe1 the shape of the leaf of an elm1 and the chances are ninety to one that he can not tell you1 and yet he will be voluble of criticism on every painted landscape from ,dresden to ,madrid1 and pretend to tell you whether they are like nature or not4 ,a man may recognize the portrait of his friend1 though he can not1 if you ask him apart1 tell you the shape of his nose or the height of his forehead4 8,the color of plants is constantly changing with the season1 and that of everything with the quality of light falling upon it2 but the nature and essence of the thing are independent of these changes4 ,an oak is an oak1 whether green with spring or red with winter2 a dahlia is a dahlia1 whether it be red or crimson2 but let one curve of the petals1 one groove of the stamens be wanting1 and the flower ceases to be the same4 ,two trees of the same kind1 at the same season1 and of the same age1 are of absolutely the same color2 but they are not of the same form1 nor anything like it40 ,how few of us observe these things6 and how much we miss daily and hourly through lack of this special training of the eye6 ,a geologist was with a party of friends in the ,yosemite valley and called their attention to the play of the light from a campfire on the underside of the leaves of the trees above them4 ,it was a beautiful revelation1 and all wondered that they had never noticed it before4 ,if you are living in the country you should educate the eye to study nature in all its phases1 and every day add something to your store of knowledge4 ,observe the habits of birds1 and their haunts2 watch the ants and other insects2 familiarize yourself with plant life so that you can tell a weed from a flower1 and a medicinal herb from a poisonous plant4 ,if a dweller in the town1 observe varieties of architecture1 the materials used in the manufacture of houses2 compare modern with ancient styles2 and lose no opportunity of obtaining information in regard to all that is new and strange4 ,wherever you are1 be less intent on reading novels than in observing wherein you can improve your surroundings4 ,the slattern1 with her nose in a book1 is blind to the cobwebs that hang from the ceiling1 and the rags and dirt visible to every one else4 ,she is cultivating the eyes of her imagination1 and reveling in scenes of fairy-like splendor1 and has no eyes for the common things of every day life4 ,her powers of observation are exceedingly limited1 and her home is no better for her being in it4 ,she is content to lead an idle life1 and does not see in how many ways she might amuse and improve herself4 ,the trained housekeeper has made good use of her eyes1 and by noticing trifles has brought her department to a high state of perfection4 ,it is not enough that she has a natural taste for it2 she must be continually looking after things with the searching gaze of an inspector-general4 ,her practised eyes see when the table-cloth is awry1 or the dishes not in their places2 when the furniture needs renovating1 or the dust has accumulated1 and she feels that her reputation is at stake if the defects are not speedily remedied4 ,an expert in precious stones can tell almost at a glance the value and weight of each gem1 and is not easily deceived by counterfeits4 ,the physician can so train his eye that he has merely to look closely at the patient to determine the nature of his disease2 while the microscopist1 the geologist1 and the astronomer acquire such accuracy from their close and long continued investigations that they can detect the least change in the appearance of the heavens above or the earth beneath4 ,but the astronomer may have his eyes so fixed on the stars that he can not observe what is going on below2 the geologist may be able to analyze a stone and tell to which stratum it belongs1 and yet take no interest in anything that is above ground2 and the devoted student of the microscope may be so entranced by the wonders continually opening before him1 that he is utterly oblivious to all else surrounding him4 ,without this habit of observation1 the world would have had no ,galileo1 no ,humboldt1 no ,newton1 no ,agassiz1 no ,hugh ,miller1 no ,edison1#c and no progress4 ,but all are not gifted in the same way2 and often the sphere we move in or the place in which we are born1 determines and decides our calling1 and controls our habits to a very great extent4 ,it is natural that one accustomed to an open country should have his eyes attracted toward the heavens1 which are constantly revealing new wonders2 and that one brought up among the rocks should take to hammering them to bits1 boy-like1 to see of what they are made1 or how they look inside4 ,the differences between men consist in a great measure in the intelligence of their observation4 ,the ,russian proverb says3 8,he goes through the forest and sees no firewood40 8,the wise man's eyes are in his head10 says ,solomon1 8but the fool walketh in darkness40 ,it is the mind that sees as well as the eye4 ,where unthinking gazers observe nothing1 men of intelligent vision penetrate into the very fiber of the phenomena presented to them1 attentively noting differences1 making comparisons and recognizing their underlying idea4 ,many before ,galileo had seen a suspended weight swing before their eyes with a measured beat2 but he was the first to detect the value of the fact4 ,one of the vergers#d in the cathedral at ,pisa1#e after replenishing with oil a lamp which hung from the roof1 left it swinging to and fro2 and ,galileo1 then a youth of only eighteen1 noting it attentively1 conceived the idea of applying to it the measurement of time4 ,fifty years of study and labor elapsed before he completed the invention of his pendulum--the importance of which1 in the measurement of time and in astronomical calculations1 can scarcely be overrated4 ,in like manner1 ,galileo having heard that a ,dutch spectacle-maker had presented to ,count ,maurice1 of ,nassau1#f an instrument by means of which distant objects appeared nearer to the beholder1 began to inquire into the cause of such a phenomena1 and this led to the invention of the telescope1 and proved the beginning of the modern science of astronomy4 ,while ,captain 7afterward ,sir ,samuel7 ,brown#g was occupied in studying the construction of bridges1 with the view of contriving one of a cheap description to be thrown across the ,tweed1 near which he lived1 he was walking in his garden one morning when he saw a tiny spider's web suspended across his path4 ,the idea immediately occurred to him that a bridge of iron ropes or chains might be constructed in like manner1 and the result was the invention of his suspension bridge4 ,so ,james ,watt1#h when consulted about the mode of carrying water by pipes under the ,clyde1 along the unequal bed of the river1 turned his attention one day to the shell of a lobster presented at table1 and from that model he invented an iron tube1 which1 when laid down1 was found effectually to answer the purpose4 ,sir ,isambard ,brunel#i took his first lessons in forming the ,thames tunnel from the tiny ship-worm2 he saw how the little creature perforated the wood with its well-armed head1 first in one direction and then in another1 till the archway was complete1 and then daubed over the roof and sides with a kind of varnish1 and by copying this work on a large scale1 ,brunel was at length enabled to construct his shield and accomplish his great engineering work4 ,it is the intelligent eye of the careful observer which gives these apparently trivial phenomena their value4 ,so trifling a matter as the sight of seaweed floating past his ship enabled ,columbus to quell the mutiny which arose amongst his sailors at not discovering land1 and to assure them that the eagerly sought ,new ,world was not far off4 ,it is the close observation of little things which is the secret of success in business1 in art1 in science1 and in every pursuit in life4 ,when ,franklin made his discovery of the identity of lightning and electricity1 it was sneered at1 and people asked1 8,of what use is it80 ,to which his reply was1 8,what is the use of a child8 ,it may become a man60 ,the great ,cuvier#aj was a singularly accurate1 careful1 and industrious observer4 ,when a boy he was attracted to the subject of natural history by the sight of a volume of ,buffon1#aa which accidentally fell in his way4 ,he at once proceeded to copy the drawings1 and to color them after the descriptions given in the text4 ,at eighteen he was offered the situation of tutor in a family residing near ,fcamp1 in ,normandy4 ,living close to the seashore1 he was brought face to face with the wonders of marine life4 ,strolling along the sands one day he observed a stranded cuttle-fish4#ab ,he was attracted by the curious object1 took it home to dissect1 and thus began the study of the mollusc1 in the pursuit of which he achieved so distinguished a reputation4 ,he had no books to refer to excepting only the great book of nature which lay open before him4 ,the study of the novel and interesting objects which it daily presented to his eyes made a much deeper impression on his mind than any written or engraved descriptions could possibly have done4 ,three years thus passed1 during which he compared the living specimens of marine animals with the fossil remains found in the neighborhood1 dissected the specimens of marine life that came under his notice1 and1 by careful observation1 prepared the way for a complete reform in the classification of the animal kingdom4 ,the life of ,hugh ,miller furnishes another illustration of the advantage of making a good use of the eyes4 ,while ,hugh was but a child1 his father1 who was a sailor1 was drowned at sea1 and he was brought up by his widowed mother4 ,he had a school training after a sort1 but his best teachers were the boys with whom he played1 the men among whom he worked1 the friends and relatives with whom he lived4 ,with a big hammer which had belonged to his great-grandfather1 an old buccaneer1 the boy went about chipping the stones and accumulating specimens of mica1 porphyry1 garnet1 and other stones4 ,sometimes he had a day in the woods1 and there1 too1 his attention was excited by the peculiar geological curiosities which came in his way4 ,while searching among the rocks on the beach1 he was sometimes asked1 in irony1 by the farm-servants who came to load their carts with seaweed1 whether he was getting 8siller in the stanes10 but was so unlucky as never to be able to answer in the affirmative4 ,when of a suitable age he was apprenticed to the trade of his choice--that of a working stone cutter--and he began his laboring career in a quarry looking out upon the ,cromarty ,firth4#ac ,this quarry proved one of his best schools4 ,the remarkable geological formations which it displayed awakened his curiosity4 ,the bar of deep-red stone beneath1 and the bar of pale-red clay above1 were noted by the young quarryman1 who even in such unpromising subjects found matter for observation and reflection4 ,where other men saw nothing1 he detected analogies1 differences1 and peculiarities which set him thinking4 ,he simply kept his eyes and his mind open2 was sober1 diligent and persevering1 and this was the secret of his intellectual growth4 ,his curiosity was excited and kept alive by the curious organic remains1 principally of old and extinct species of fishes1 ferns1 and ammonites1#ad which were revealed along the coast by the washings of the waves1 or were exposed by the stroke of his mason's hammer4 ,he never lost sight of the subject1 but went on accumulating observations and comparing formations1 until at length1 many years afterward1 when no longer a working mason1 he gave to the world his highly interesting work on the 8,old ,red ,sandstone10 which at once established his reputation as a scientific geologist4 ,but this work was the fruit of long years of patient observation and research4 ,we learn from these interesting records that1 no matter how or where one is situated1 he will always find opportunities for observation if he will only keep his eyes open and his mind open at the same time4 ,it is the brain behind the eyes that makes seeing of any value4 ,every gift may be perfected by self-culture1 and by keeping our eyes busy on things about us1 by observing and comparing1 we color our future lives1 increase our intelligence1 and are never at a loss for new worlds to conquer4 ,what the world needs to-day is less outlook and more insight2 more careful observance of what is needed in our homes by those we love and those who love us4 ,we need eyes to see our own duty in every department of life1 to note our own faults1 and to observe the beauty rather than the blemishes of others2 to see wherein we can be of service1 and in what way we may enlarge our opportunities1 and in order to acquire any skill or proficiency we need continually to pray1 8,lord1 open thou the eyes of our understanding40 ,,easy ,,lessons ,,in ,,animal ,,biology4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,vii4--,,articulata4 ,this subdivision of the animal kingdom1 containing articulated or jointed animals and insects1 exceeds every other in the number and diversity of the species4 ,the articulation may belong to their bodies1 limbs1 or outer covering4 ,the tough shells of some1 formed by a secretion of a hard1 horn-like substance1 have numerous segments1 or rings1 either closely joined and firmly cemented1 as those about the head and thorax1 or loosely cemented1 as those which encompass the abdomen4 ,the skeleton of some is external1 and consists of these articulated segments1 which serve the double purpose of framework and covering4 ,the muscles1 or elastic cartilages holding them together1 are striated1 or furnished with small grooves in the sheath or shell4 ,if the animal has limbs1 they also are jointed1 and hollow4 ,,class ,i4--,crustacea1 so called from the crust in which their soft bodies are encased4 ,they are a very large family1 mostly of air breathing animals1 with enough in common to indicate their relationship1 yet distinguished by a great diversity in their forms and modes of life4 ,some are very small1 and are as numberless as the sands on the shore4 ,others1 when their members are all extended1 can stretch themselves over a circle several feet in diameter4 ,the chief orders of the ,crustacea are the ,barnacles1#a the ,water-flea1 the ,fourteen-footed ,crustacea1#b and ,ten-footed ,crustacea4#c ,the ,crayfish may be taken as a type of the structure of the ,crustacea4 ,the body has two principal sections4 ,the anterior1 called the cephalo-thorax1#d extends to the first distinctly marked ring1 and the shield1 thus far1 is comparatively smooth1 the segments fitting so closely as to be practically one4 ,in front and between the two pairs of antenn1 or feelers1 is a small pointed process in the place of the nasal organ1 but serving some other purpose4 ,at the base of each of the smaller antenn1 on the under side1 is a minute sac1 the mouth of which is protected with delicate hairs4 ,these are the organs of hearing1 and near them1 on the outer side1 are the organs of smell4 ,the sense of touch is in the fine cilia that fringe the mouth and the antenn4 ,there are numerous appendages4 ,of the five pairs of legs1 the first two are provided with claws1 or nippers4 ,the fore-legs1 or arms1 have1 in the place of hands1 strong pincers1 similar1 but not entirely alike2 the one with sharp edge and smaller teeth is used for cutting1 the other for mashing1 or grinding the food4 ,the other legs terminate in feathery points1 and are used1 in part1 for locomotion1 and by the female for carrying her eggs4 ,the posterior pair1 called swimmerets1 together with the expansion of the last segment of the abdomen into a kind of caudal fin1 are the main dependence for swimming4 ,the segments are so loosely jointed that the 8tail0 can be moved freely1 and by flapping it the animal moves easily4 ,as there is no neck1 in order to see objects in different directions1 the eyes are not sunk in the head1 but placed at the extremities of little muscular processes1 or 8eye stalks10 which are movable1 making even hind-sight practicable when backward motion is desired4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crayfish4 ,the crayfish breathes through branchi1 or gills1 situated at the sides of the thorax1 protected by the carapace1#e or horny covering1 under the edges of which the water and air reach the gills4 ,here a very curious appendage is attached1 called the 8gill bailer10 which moves back and forth1 creating a current of water through the gills that finds its way out through an opening near the mouth4 ,under the welded sheath or cover of the head are the mandibles1 or jaws1 between which the mouth opens2 a short passage1 leading to the capacious1 gizzard-like stomach1 is provided with grinders1 to still further masticate the food before it passes into the intestine4 ,the eggs are small1 and attached by glutinous threads to the appendages until they are hatched2 the young are also attached1 until sufficiently developed to live apart from the parent4 ,this class of animals undergoes periodic changes which are attended with some degree of violence4 ,the crustaceous covering is a kind of epidermis1#f having beneath it the true skin4 ,it is formed by some process of exudation from the growing body4 ,this sheath1 while soft1 expands slowly1 but when hardened1 the growth is retarded1 and in time it is found too small for convenience1 so it is cast off1 and a new and larger one supplied to take its place4 ,in this process of moulting the animal attempts to put off its outer covering1 not in fragments or parts1 but in one piece1 though many delicate attachments have to be sundered1 membranes rent1 and sometimes even a limb torn off in the resolute effort to undress4 ,this can not be done at all times1 or at any time1 without special preparation4 ,a period of apparent sickness precedes1 and the muscular parts of the limbs become shrunken1 so that they are more easily extricated4 ,the loss of a leg is not so serious a matter1 since the damage is repaired by a new one with the same form and articulations4 ,as the work of repairing the limb begins at the joint nearest the body1 if the member is torn between that and the extremity1 the partially mutilated animal has the strange power of throwing off all that remains beyond that joint4 ,of other crustaceans1 the common lobster is in most respects so similar to that shown in the first diagram as to need no further description than to say the cephalo-thorax is comparatively smaller1 while the forearms and claws are larger4 ,there are also marine crayfish that are very numerous about the coral reefs off the ,florida coasts1 and have substantially the same characteristics1 only their claws are considerably less1 and their ciliated antenn larger4 ,crabs are closely allied to lobsters1 and belong to the highest orders of the crustaceans4 ,the lengthened1 loose-jointed abdomen of the typical crayfish is wanting1 and there is a general concentration of the parts2 all the most important viscera being included in the thorax1 and covered by a single1 closely compacted shield4 ,there are many species of crabs1 differing in other respects as well as in the form of the shell or back1 which in some is nearly orbicular1 in others it is oblong1 longer than it is broad1 or broader than it is long4 ,they differ in the smoothness of their shells1 and in the length of their legs1 which they stretch out from under their horny covering4 ,their first pair of limbs is not fitted for locomotion1 but shows a vigorous development of the strong claws and pincers of other decapod crustaceans4 ,though found in almost all seas1 they are poor swimmers1 their legs being formed for walking or creeping1 rather than as oars to propel them through the water4 ,they are found in pools1 among seaweeds1 and particularly in marshy places left by the receding tides4 ,most species live in water1 some in moist places on land4 ,many kinds of crabs are used for food4 ,its black claws and broad carapace readily distinguish it from other species4 ,from activity in seizing1 tearing1 and devouring their food1 and from their pugnacity1 crabs are interesting inmates of the aquarium4 ,they also moult1 or cast off their shells2 not at regular seasons1 but when the demand for more room requires it4 ,,class ,,ii4--,arachnida are closely related to the crustaceans1 having1 like them1 the body divided into two sections--cephalo-thorax and abdomen4 ,to the former are attached four pairs of legs1 but the abdomen has no appendages for locomotion4 ,there are about #e1jjj species1 produced from eggs1 and undergoing no metamorphoses in their development4 ,the lowest forms1 under the common name of ,acarina1#g have the anterior part in a mass with the abdomen1 and short legs near the head1 terminated in little claws suitable for taking hold of hairs and feathers4 ,they are mostly parasitic1 and all birds and animals1 even parasites themselves1 are liable to suffer from acarina peculiar to their own species4 ,pedipalpi#h 7scorpions71 and ,araneina#i 7spiders71 though much larger1 belong to this class4 ,the body of the scorpion is divided into segments1 though the anterior of the abdominal part seems but a continuance of the thorax1 and is as large4 ,it1 however1 soon tapers off into a long1 jointed1 tail-like process1 in the terminus of which is its hooked sting1 perforated and connected with the poison sac4 ,in striking1 the tail is raised over the back and struck down4 ,its other weapons are the crab-like claws on the strong forearms4 ,the ,araneina1 at least some classes of them1 are well known4 ,the soft1 unjointed body is separated from the thorax by a narrow constriction or tie1 and at the posterior end there are little appendages called spinnerets1 through which the silken lines issue that form the web4 ,the hinder feet are skillfully employed in arranging the gossamer threads after patterns that are instinctively followed4 ,,class ,,iii4--,myriapoda1 ,centipedes1#aj have the thorax merged with the elongated abdomen1 while the head is free4 ,they resemble worms in form1 but the skin is stiffened with chitine1#aa and the many legs are articulated4 ,there are two orders3 the ,chilognatha1#ab which move slowly1 and are harmless1 the 8thousand legged worm0 is a representative1 and the ,chilopoda1#ac more active1 and having a flattened body of about twenty segments1 each carrying one pair of legs4 ,their mouths are armed with formidable fangs connected with poison glands4 ,they are carnivorous1 and may be distinguished by their general appearance1 quicker movements1 and by having longer antenn than the innocent vegetarians4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,an ,,insect4 ,ex4--,a1 gula1 or throat2 b1 ligula1 or tongue2 c mandibles2 d1 maxill1 or inner jaws4 ,,class ,,iv4--,,insecta4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of this class are that the head1 thorax1 and abdomen are distinct2 that they possess three pairs of jointed legs1 one pair of antenn1 and1 generally1 two pairs of wings4 ,the skin is hardened1 and to it the muscles are attached4 ,the eyes are usually composed of a number of facets1 from fifty in the ant to many thousands in the winged insects4 ,as the eyes are not movable1 these facets enable them to see in many directions4 ,the several parts of the head and its appendages are shown in our illustration4 ,the sensitive palpi1 or feelers1 with the delicate hair-brush tips at the ends1 may also be noticed4 ,the mouth differs in different species1 and is fitted for biting and masticating1 or puncturing and sucking4 ,the adaptation seems perfect4 ,of all animals belonging to the articulate type1 the ,insecta possess the highest instincts4 ,to this class belong the following orders3 ,i4 ,neuroptera1#ad or lace-winged insects1 of which the ,dragon-fly1 or ,devil's ,darning ,needle1 is a good representative4 ,,ii4 ,the ,orthoptera#ae 7straight-winged74 ,they have four wings1 the front pair thick and narrow1 overlapping along the back2 the hind pair broad1 net-veined and folded upon the abdomen4 ,the representative forms are ,crickets1 ,grasshoppers1 ,locusts1 and ,cockroaches4 ,,iii4 ,hemiptera#af 7half winged74 ,to this order belong the wingless ,bed-bug1 the ,squash-bug1 the ,seventeen-year ,locust1 and the ,cochineal4 ,coccus-cacti#ag4 ,the ,mexican cochineal insect is of great value as a dye1 and from it the most beautiful scarlet and crimson colors are obtained4 ,the female is wingless1 and1 as an uncomely parasite1 lives and feeds on cactus plants1 especially those of the nopal#ah species1 native in ,mexico and ,peru4 ,the male only is represented in the diagram1 and magnified somewhat larger than life4 ,they are comparatively few in number1 and of no commercial value4 ,the plants are cultivated for the purpose1 and the care of the insects1 which increase very rapidly1 is an industry giving employment to thousands of laborers1 and in some parts of ,mexico the product of the cochineal farms is among the most valuable of their exports4 ,cortes#ai in the sixteenth century received instructions from the ,spanish court to obtain cochineal in as large quantities as possible4 ,the export became very large1 both ,spaniards and others becoming skilled in the use of the beautiful dye stuff1 nearly a hundred years before its real nature was known4 ,the dried insect being very small1 and crushed in preparing it for market1 it was supposed to be the seed of some plant2 and it was not until in #agjc that its true nature was discovered by microscopic observations4 ,the industry still flourishes in ,mexico1 but both plant and the insect have been taken to other countries1 and do well4 ,the annual export of cochineal from the ,canary islands has1 in the present century1 amounted to over #f1jjj tons1 valued at more than #d1jjj1jjj4 ,the manner of collecting the insects is very simple4 ,when of sufficient age1 some already dead1 and others yet alive1 they are brushed off into bags1 and the living killed by holding them either in boiling water or heated ovens1 and then exposed in the sun till quite dry4 ,the dried insects have the form and appearance of irregular fluted and concave grains1 of which it is estimated there are #gj1jjj in a pound4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cochineal4 ,there are several species of these insects1 alike in form and habits1 but not alike useful4 ,some1 as the ,scale insect1 are a great annoyance to gardeners1 and destructive to our house plants4 ,others1 as the ,wax insect1 live on certain tropical trees1 and soon entomb themselves in a mass of glutinous matter that oozes from the small twigs of the tree1 and which furnishes them both food and shelter4 ,as they are marvelously prolific1 a single female1 according to the estimates of entomologists1 being succeeded by many millions of descendants in less than a year1 when a colony has possession of a tree1 every tender branch is soon punctured1 and the abundant resinous juices that flow out envelop it in a coating often half an inch thick4 ,these branches1 and also what falls to the ground1 are collected1 and the wax1 melted off1 is prepared for the market4 ,from this source the shellac of commerce1 so extensively used1 is obtained4 ,this curious and useful insect1 like its congener1 the cochineal1 secretes a coloring substance1 but of different tints1 and less valuable4 ,the ,lac insect is a native of ,siam1 ,assam1 ,burmah1 ,bengal1 and ,malabar4 ,for some years the average annual imports into ,britain have been a little over #fjj tons of the lac dye1 and more than a thousand tons of lac1 including the several varieties4 ,this industry also gives employment to many thousands of people4 ,illustration3 ,,metamorphosis ,,of ,a ,,beetle4 ,ex4--,a1 larva2 b1 pupa2 c1 beetle4 ,,iv4--,coleoptera#bj 7sheath-winged74 ,beetles are innumerable1 about ninety thousand species being recognized4 ,their anterior or upper wings1 useless for flight1 are composed of a hard1 horn-like substance known as chitine1 and meet in a straight line on the top of the back4 ,the posterior wings are thin1 membranous1 and1 when folded1 out of sight4 ,they have usually two pairs of laterally moving mandibles1 or jaws1 and in their development undergo several metamorphoses4 ,we see the egg1 the larva1 or grub1 in different stages of its growth1 the chrysalis1 and the imago1#ba or complete beetle4 ,entomologists have spent much time and labor in making collections1 and classifying them according to their peculiarities of form or habits4 ,if many are repulsive1 and most plain in form and color1 some are beautiful1 and worthy of our admiration4 ,beetles1 especially in their larva stage of development are very voracious1 and as most of their species live on fruits1 leaves1 and stems of plants1 they are often destructive of crops1 and even of forests4 ,millions of vigorous1 valuable trees have been assailed1 and stripped of their leaves fast as they appeared1 or literally bored to death4 ,all know the ravages of the potato beetle on our ,american tuber1 that has to be assiduously defended to prevent the entire destruction of the crop4 ,some known as ,goliath and ,hercules beetles are large1 often measuring six inches in length1 exclusive of their long antenn4 ,the 8,diamond beetles0 of ,brazil are adorned with the most brilliant colors1 showing a beautiful metallic luster1 and the elytra1#bb or chitine sheaths1 of this species are now largely used in the manufacture of personal ornaments4#bc ,v4 ,diptera 7two-winged71 or ,flies1 number about #bd1jjj varieties4 ,among these are the ,mosquito1 ,hessian fly1 ,daddy-long-legs1 ,flea1 and common ,house fly4 ,they usually have one pair of fully developed wings1 the second pair being rudimentary1 although a few1 as the fleas1 are wingless4 ,they pass through a complete metamorphosis1 the larv being usually footless maggots1 with the breathing holes in the posterior part of the body2 the pupa are either encased in the dry skin of the larv or are naked4 ,,vi4 ,lepidoptera#bd 7scaly-winged71 or ,butterflies and ,moths1 are distinguished by four wings1 covered on both sides by minute scales4 ,the butterflies fly by day and have knobbed antenn1 while the moths fly by night and have feathery antenn4 ,among the moths one of the most interesting is that of the silk worm4#be ,the physiology of the insect and its metamorphoses reveal nothing very peculiar1 and its habits need not be mentioned farther than to say1 the larva eats voraciously1 with short intervals of abstinence1 until full grown1 which stage is reached in about a month4 ,during the last ten days the silk germ is elaborated1 the eggs laid1 and then the spinning and winding soon begin4 ,to complete the cocoon requires at most only about three days4 ,the larva then becomes a chrysalis1 and in due time the moth emerges from its cell4 ,,vii4 ,hymenoptera 7membrane-winged7 comprises the ,ichneumon and ,gall fly1 ,ants1 ,wasps1 ,bees1 in all about #be1jjj species4 ,this order includes the most social of the insects4 ,they have four wings1 which in flying they fasten together by means of small hooks on the edges4 ,the females are usually provided with a sting or borer4 ,the ,gall fly produces the gall nuts or oak balls so common on oak trees4 ,the ,ichneumon fly introduces its eggs underneath the skin of the caterpillar4#bf ,ants#bg live in communities4 ,they are divided into fertile females1 males and infertile females4 ,among the ants1 the mining ants1 which make long galleries in the earth1 and carpentering ants1 which perforate solid timber1 are the best known classes4 ,some species1 like the white ants of the tropics1 the termites1 are famous for their ravages4 ,the bees are divided into queens or females1 drones or males1 and workers4 ,each community or swarm has one queen1 which lays the eggs4 ,the bee is provided with a formidable sting4 ,this curious weapon of attack and defense is here magnified with the adjacent parts4 ,it consists of an extensile sheath with two needle shaped darts that are exceedingly sharp4 ,this spear is furnished with barbs near the point1 and when it pierces the skin1 if thrust with violence1 it sometimes remains1 not only making the wound more painful1 but1 having been wrenched from the bee1 frequently causes its death4 ,the sting is connected with a little sac containing a poisonous liquid which is thrown into the wound and increases the pain4 ,illustration3 ,,sting ,,of ,a ,,bee4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,viii4--,,tunicata4 ,this very small class of animals is distinguished by the leathery sac-like covering1 from which they take their name of ,tunicata 7having a tunic74 ,the ,ascidian#bh is the best known representative4 ,it is found fastened to rocks1 shells1 crabs1 and other bodies4 ,these animals are both simple and compound2 the latter are often phosphorescent4 ,they have neither feet1 head nor shell1 but a shapeless body with apertures at both ends4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,ix4--,,vertebrata4 ,this division includes the most perfect animals4 ,their chief distinguishing characteristics are an internal skeleton2 a backbone2 a dorsal nervous cord1 separated from the body cavity2 a complete circulation1 and limbs not exceeding four4 ,there are about #be1jjj living species1 beside the numberless host now extinct4 ,lowest of the vertebrates1 and closely related to the true fishes1 are the ,lancelet and ,lamprey4#bi ,the former is a lance-shaped animal having no skeleton1 but boasting the rudiment of a backbone in a string-like cartilaginous cord4 ,the organs are very simple1 the heart being a long sac in which colorless blood circulates4 ,it breathes by taking in water through the mouth and letting it out through the gill-slits4 ,the ,lamprey belongs to the pouch-gilled vertebrates or ,marsipobranchii4#cj ,it is an eel-shaped animal of about three feet in length4 ,the round1 soft mouth is suctorial1 the tongue acting as a piston4 ,by suction it can anchor itself to a rock1 and allow the long body to float freely1 without being carried by the current from the place4 ,there are seven gill openings on each side1 and the whole breathing apparatus so arranged that the animal can live some days out of the water4 ,in some parts of ,england it is in demand for the table1 and 8lamprey pie0#ca is esteemed a great luxury4 ,the ,american lamprey is similar1 and the flesh good1 but in less demand in our markets4 ,during the breeding season those about the estuaries go up stream as do the shad1 and by rolling stones together construct large conical nests#cb for the protection of their young4 ,with apparently little adaptation for such architecture they accomplish wonders in that line4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lamprey4 ,,class ,i4--,pisces4 ,the first clearly defined division of vertebrates is that of the fishes4 ,they are regarded as1 in some respects1 the lowest of vertebrate animals4 ,they are credited with having the least intelligence and sensibility4 ,their eyes1 though often large1 are nearly motionless in their sockets1 are protected by no eye-lids1 and are without the expression usual even in the animal eye4 ,if they have ears the external parts are wanting4 ,sounds may reach the auditory nerve and be heard through the cranium4 ,the other senses1 as taste1 touch and smell1 are but slightly developed4 ,but they are admirably adapted to the element in which they live1 and the mode of life for which they were created4 ,in no other organisms is the evidence of design in the adaptation of means to the ends contemplated1 more apparent4 ,in the number of species and variety of forms they exceed all other vertebrate animals4 ,the skeleton of a fish is usually divided into four parts3 the head1 respiratory organs1 vertebral column and limbs4 ,the head is very suggestive1 and of itself presents a profitable study4 ,it is not hung or poised on a neck1 but attached immediately to the body4 ,in most species it is large1 making a large mouth possible1 but pointed1 to lessen the resistance met in passing through the water4 ,in some the eyes are quite near the nasal organ1 in others farther back4 ,in some they face laterally1 in others upward4 ,as there is no nictating#cc membrane there is neither winking nor the shedding of tears4 ,both jaws are1 to some extent1 movable and provided with osseous teeth that are usually sharp and of a spike-like form4 ,from the heads here presented the operculum1#cd or gill cover1 is removed to show those delicate respiratory organs4 ,the branchi1 or gills1 are situated at the sides of the head just back of the eyes1 and consist of numerous and very vascular#ce plates1 arranged in double fringe-like rows1 fixed or attached at the base only1 and so constructed1 in all respects1 as to expose as much surface as possible4 ,these gills are covered with innumerable small blood vessels1 to which blood is pumped from the heart1 there to receive the needed supply of oxygen4 ,the oxygen is obtained from what air circulates through the water1 and not by a decomposition of the water1 as some have supposed4 ,for some species the modicum of oxygen1 thus obtained1 seems insufficient1 and they come to the surface for more4 ,illustration3 ,,heads ,,of ,,fishes ,,with ,,gill-,,covering ,,removed4 ,notice another peculiarity4 ,there being no neck or long gullet1 the principal digestive organs are packed in the cavity near the capacious mouth1 and this leaves the whole of the posterior tapering part of the body for strong muscles1 that can vigorously move the caudal extremity from side to side as a propelling oar4 ,the spine is so jointed as to allow a free horizontal and but little vertical motion4 ,the bones of fishes are less compact than those of the higher orders of animals1 but quite elastic2 and in some species small bones are distributed through the flesh1 giving additional firmness to portions that lack muscular strength4 ,as the peculiar breathing apparatus of the fish is adapted to its element and mode of life1 so is every part and appendage of the whole structure4 ,adaptation reigns through the whole4 ,the elongated tapering body1 its scaly covering exquisitely adjusted1 the material and position of the fins1 all attest the intelligent and beneficent purpose of the ,creator4 ,the ,elasmobranchii#cf 7strap-gilled7 have a cartilaginous skeleton1 rough skin1 and uncovered gills4 ,the ,shark1 the ,saw-fish and the ,ray are representatives of this order4 ,the ,ganoidei 7enameled scales7 formed one of the largest orders in ancient geological history1 but they have now but few representatives1 such as the ,sturgeon1 ,gar-pike and ,mud-fish4 ,their characteristics are a skeleton not completely ossified1 ventral fins placed far back1 and the tail heterocercal1 that is1 having the upper lobe larger than the lower4 ,the ,teleosti#cg 7perfect bone7 form the largest order1 including nearly all our common fishes4 ,the characteristics of the order are an osseous or bony skeleton2 gills protected by a gill cover or operculum2 and an equally divided tail4 ,lowest among the ,teleosts is the common eel4 ,it has an elongated1 cylindrical1 thick-skinned body1 and is destitute of ventral fins4 ,there are many species1 and they are widely distributed1 living in both salt and fresh water4 ,one species is electrical4#ch ,the cat fishes of this order have long threads hanging from their jaws1 and are noted for their peculiar methods of protecting their young2 one species is electric1 having cells arranged in layers over the body4 ,other peculiar types are the ,blind or ,cave fishes1#ci living in the waters of caves2 the ,lamp fishes which take their name from the luminous spots arranged along the sides1 and which are supposed to light the recesses where they live1 and the ,flying fishes4 ,there are at least two genera1 and more than thirty species of 8flying fish10 a name given to all those which have the pectoral fins so large that they are sustained in short1 seeming flights through the air4 ,they do not really fly1 as they have not muscular power in their fins to beat the air as birds do4 ,but when extended the fins help bear them up1 and the impulse received at the start1 sufficient to give them the elevation they reach1 may be supplemented by the use of the caudal fin as in swimming4 ,some naturalists claim to have noticed a movement of the other fins1 but the preponderance of testimony is that these are of service only as parachutes or the wings of a paper kite4 ,the ,herring1 ,shad1 ,salmon1 ,pike1 ,perches1 ,bass1 ,mackerel and ,cod are valuable food fishes1 belonging to the ,teleosts4 ,the ,sword fishes1 in which the upper jaw is developed into a long1 sword-like projection1 used as a weapon of defense and offense1 is an interesting member of the order4 ,the ,climbing fishes1 noted for being able to live out of water1 and the ,nest ,builders1 which make homes from the weeds of the ,sargossa ,sea1#dj are peculiar types4 ,another curious ,teleost is the ,sea ,horse4 ,this peculiar animal has its name 7,hippocampus7 from the shape of the head1 that has some resemblance to that of a horse4 ,there is no other resemblance4 ,the short body1 without legs1 is covered with angular spinous plates4 ,its fishy part is a long prehensile tail1 but it has neither dorsal nor caudal fins4 ,the last order of fishes is the ,dipnoi1 or ,lung fishes4 ,they are characterized by the possession of two lungs1 as well as gills4 ,the gills are used in respiration when the fishes are under water1 but when out of it1 and burrowing in the mud as they often do1 the lungs are put into service4 ,they are also known as mud fishes1 from their habits of encasing themselves in the mud4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sea ,,horse4 ,end of ,required ,reading for ,may4 ,,how ,,to ,,win4 ,,by ,,frances ,e4 ,,willard1 ,president ,national ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,but--as ,i was saying when the stern old gentleman was pleased to interrupt me--,i am to give you reasons why you are to cultivate your specialty4 ,and ,i claim1 first 7as has been implied already71 that you should do this because you have a specialty to cultivate4 7,this1 on the principle of the old cook book1 which begins its 8,recipe for ,broiling ,hares10 with the straightforward exhortation3 8,first catch your hare407 ,the second reason is1 because you will then work more easily and naturally1 with the least friction1 with the greatest pleasure to yourself and the most advantage to those around you4 8,paddle your own canoe10 but paddle it right out into the swift1 sure current of your strongest1 noblest inclination4 ,thirdly1 by this means you will get into your cranium1 in place of aimless reverie1 a resolute aim4 ,this is where your brother has had his chief intellectual advantage over you4 ,quicker of wit than he1 far less unwieldy in your mental processes1 swifter in judgment1 and every whit as accurate1 you still have felt1 when measuring intellectual swords with him1 that yours was in your left hand1 that his was in his right2 and you have felt this chiefly1 as ,i believe1 because from the dawn of thought in his sturdy young brain1 he has been taught that he must have a definite aim in life if he ever meant to swell the ranks of the somebodies upon this planet1 while you have been just as sedulously taught that the handsome prince might whirl past your door 8'most any day10 lift you to a seat beside him in his golden chariot and carry you off to his castle in ,spain4 ,and of course you dream about all this2 why shouldn't you8 ,who wouldn't8 ,but1 my dear friends1 dreaming is the poorest of all grindstones on which to sharpen one's wits4 ,and to my thinking1 the rust of woman's intellect1 the canker of her heart1 the 8worm i' the bud0 of her noblest possibilities has been this aimless reverie2 this rambling of the thoughts2 this vagueness1 which when it is finished1 is vacuity4 ,let us turn our gaze inward1 those of us who are not thorough-going workers with brain or hand4 ,what do we find8 ,a wild chaos2 a glimmering nebula of fancies2 an insipid brain-soup where a few lumps of thought swim in a watery gravy of dreams1 and1 as nothing can come of nothing1 what wonder if no brilliancy of achievement promises to flood our future with its light8 ,few women1 growing up under the present order of things1 can claim complete exemption from this grave intellectual infirmity4 ,somehow one falls so readily into a sort of mental indolence2 one's thoughts flow onward in a pleasant1 gurgling stream1 a sort of intellectual lullaby1 coming no-whence1 going no-whither4 ,only one thing can help you if you are in this extremity1 and that is what your brothers have--the snag of a fixed purpose in this stream of thought4 ,around this will soon cluster the dormant ideas1 hopes1 and possibilities that have thus far floated at random4 ,the first one in the idle stream of my life was the purpose1 lodged there by my life's best friend1 my mother1 to have an education4 ,then1 later on1 ,charlotte ,bronte's 8,shirley0 was a tremendous snag in the stream to me4 ,around that brave and steadfast character clustered a thousand new resolves4 ,i was never quite so steeped in reveries again1 though my temptations were unusual2 my 8,forest ,home10 by a ,wisconsin river1 offering few reminders to my girlish thought1 of the wide1 wide world and its sore need of workers4 ,the next jog that ,i got was from the intellectual attrition of a gifted and scholarly woman who asked me often to her home and sent me away laden with volumes of ,wordsworth1 ,niebuhr and the ,british essayists4 ,margaret ,fuller ,ossoli was another fixed point--shall ,i not rather say a fixed star8--in the sky of my thought1 while ,arnold of ,rugby1 to one who meant to make teaching a profession1 was chief of all4 ,well1 is it possible that any word ,i have here written may set some of you thinking--that's it1 set you1 a fixed purpose rather than a floating one--about a definite object in life toward which1 henceforth1 you may bend a steady1 earnest gaze8 ,i am not speaking of a thorough intellectual training only4 ,it is rather to the life-work1 which only a lifetime can fully compass1 that ,i would direct your thoughts4 ,rather than that you should fail to have a fixed purpose concerning it1 ,i would that your mental attitude might be like the one confided to me by a charming ,philadelphia girl1 whose letter of this morning has the following nave statement3 8,i feel such an aching in me to do or be something uncommon1 and yet a kind of awful assurance that ,i never shall40 ,nor do ,i here refer to that general knowledge of household arts which forms the sole acquirement set forth in the regulation 8,women's ,department0 of the bygone age newspaper1 which in many localities remains in this like the boulder of a past epoch4 ,it was once thought to be a high virtue for women1 no matter how lofty in station or how ample of fortune1 to do their own work with the needle4 ,homer represents ,penelope spinning1 surrounded by her maids1 and classic art abounds with illustrations of like character4 ,but the virtues of one age often become the mistakes of the next4 ,when loom1 needle and broom were woman's only weapons1 she did well to handle them deftly1 no matter what her rank1 for they were her bread-winning implements1 and fortune has been proverbially fickle in all ages4 ,but men1 by their 8witty inventions10 have perpetually encroached on 8woman's sphere40 ,eli ,whitney1 with his cotton gin1 ,elias ,howe1 with his sewing machine1 and a hundred other intricate-brained mechanics who have set steel fingers to do in an hour what women's fingers could not accomplish in a year2 all these have combined to revolutionize the daily cares of the gentler sex4 ,with former occupations gone1 and the world's welcome ready when they succeed in special vocations new to them1 it becomes not only the privilege but the sacred duty of every woman to cultivate and utilize her highest gift4 ,there is no more practical form of philanthropy than this1 for every one who makes a place for herself 8higher up0 leaves one lower down for some other woman who1 but for the vacancy thus afforded her in the world's close crowded ranks1 might be tempted into paths of sin4 ,there is an army of poor girls wholly dependent1 for a livelihood1 upon the doing of house work4 ,they have no other earthly resource between them and the poor house or haunt of infamy4 ,there is another class to whom an honorable support can come only by sewing or millinery work4 ,whoever then fits herself for some employment involving better pay and higher social recognition1 graduates out of these lower grades and leaves them to those who can not so advance1 has helped the world along in a substantial way1 because she has added to the sum of humanity's well being4 ,to young women in wealthy homes1 these considerations should come with even greater convincing force4 ,as ,david ,swing has wisely said to his own rich congregation3 8,the rhetoric thrown at women of property for not doing #8their own work' could only be useful in an age of fashionable idleness1 but in a busy age it is a part of nature's law that what are called the #8better classes' shall leave for the poorer classes some labor to be done1 just as the ,mosaic law left some sheaves in the field for the gleaner4 ,the world's work is to be apportioned according to the need and capability of its workers1 and the higher order of power must not encroach upon the task which nature seems to have set apart for the employment and support of the less capable40 ,let it not be concluded that ,i have meant to speak lightly of the intricate1 skilled labor involved in making healthful and attractive that bright1 consummate flower of a ,christian civilization--the home4 ,i have felt that this theme has been so often treated that it needed no amplification at my hands1 but ,i will add that1 having been entertained in scores of homes belonging to 8exceptional women10 8women with a career10 etc41 my testimony is that for wholesomeness1 heartsomeness1 and every quality that superadds home-making to housekeeping1 ,i have never seen their superiors1 and seldom1 take them all in all1 their peers4 ,but as a rule1 these women have earned the 8wherewithal0 to make a home1 by the exercise of some good gift of brain or hand1 and thus having been enabled to put a proxy in the kitchen1 they direct1 but do not attend to the minuti of their daily household cares4 ,cultivate1 then1 your specialty1 because the independence thus involved will lift you above the world's pity to the level of its respect1 perchance its honor4 ,understand this first1 last1 and always3 ,the world wants the best thing4 ,it wants your best4 ,it needs you as a significant figure to give its ciphers value2 to designate as an example2 to serve up in a eulogy1 perchance to shine in the galaxy by whose light alone its centuries maintain their places in the firmament of history4 ,i know this may strike you as contradiction1 for the paradox of paradoxes is this crotchety but kind1 narrow-minded but just old world in which you and ,i are cast away1 like neas in the domain of ,dido4 ,the effrontery of 8,madame ,grundy0 passes all comprehension1 and would be laughable if it were not so sad4 ,she tells us women distinctly that we positively shall not do for society the thing we can do best2 she declares that if we attempt it we shall be frowned down1 and practically ostracised1 if not utterly made away with1 and then1 if we go right on and succeed1 she trumpets our names from sea to shore1 showers us with greenbacks1 and nods her conventional old head with a knowing 8,i told you so40 ,and per contra1 while on one hand this same unreasonable old lady cripples our attempts to succeed1 on the other she snubs us for not doing so4 ,in fact1 she is so poor a mathematician that she has never yet so much as tried to learn the value of the 8unknown quantity40 ,the mute ,milton is1 to her1 indeed 8inglorious40 ,her code of ethics recognizes just one crime 7not mentioned in the ,decalogue71 and it is ,failure4 ,her law is written on a single table--it is a table of stone--and it reads thus3 8,succeed and live2 make shipwreck of success1 and die40 ,and so1 young friends1 fold away your talents in a napkin if you choose2 the world will not openly reprove you4 ,she will never urge you to bring out your hidden treasure1 but she knows right well when you defraud her1 and the relentless old tyrant will punish you1 with tireless lash1 because you did not bring all your tithes into the storehouse of the common good1 because you lived 8beneath your privilege20 because1 for yourself 7which means for her71 you did not 8covet earnestly the best gifts40 ,she will cut you on the public street when she would have shown you all her teeth in smiles4 ,she will send poverty on your track1 when you might have sat down at her banquet an honored guest4 ,yes1 the world wants the best thing2 your best1 and she will smite you stealthily if you do not hand over your gift4 ,now last1 but not least 7under the head of reasons for seeking to know your true vocation as a human being71 let me bring forward the rationale of the bread-and-butter argument4 ,in sooth1 no writer or speaker may omit it with impunity1 if he would retire in good order from an ,american audience4 ,briefly1 then1 your specialty1 well trained1 is your best bread-winning implement1 and she who earliest grasps this1 and who firmest holds it1 comes off best in the race4 8,be not simply good1 be good for something10 said ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau4 ,a bright eyed girl of eighteen used to come to me on ,friday evenings to give me ,german lessons4 ,to be sure1 ,i have lived in ,germany1 and she has never been out of ,illinois1 but then that language is not my specialty1 while it is hers4 8,how is it that though so young1 you have made yourself independent80 ,i inquired of her one day4 ,listen to the reply3 8,my mother was always quoting this saying of ,carlyle3 #8,the man who has a sixpence commands the world--to the extent of that sixpence4' ,i early laid this sentiment to heart4 ,besides1 when ,i was fifteen years old1 ,i heard a sermon on the text3 #8,this one thing ,i do4' ,being of a practical turn of mind1 ,i made an application of which the preacher1 perhaps1 had no intention4 ,i thought1 why not in everyday affairs as well as in religion do one thing well1 rather than many things indifferently1 and in that way secure the magic sixpence of ,carlyle6 ,my father was a rich man then1 but ,i resolved to prepare myself to teach the ,german language1 of which ,i was very fond1 by way of a profession4 ,when the ,chicago fire came we lost our property1 but ,i discovered that ,i could not only support myself1 but help my father to many a convenient sixpence1 because1 in prosperous days ,i had forearmed myself with a cultivated specialty40 ,as she told me this1 ,i thought how1 from widely different premises and conditions in life young people may reach similar conclusions4 ,for instance1 on the top of the great ,st4 ,bernard1 ,i said to the 8,hospitable ,father10 a noble young monk1 8,how is it that you1 so gifted and well taught1 are spending your life away up here among eternal snows80 ,and ,i shall never forget his look of exaltation as he simply answered1 8',tis my vocation40 ,after all1 this is the vital question3 ,with what sort of a weapon will you ward off the attacks of the blood-hound ,poverty1 which ,dame ,fortune is pretty sure to let on everybody's track sooner or later1 that she may try his mettle1 and learn what manner of spirit he is of8 ,in times like these1 when men's hearts are failing them for fear1 when riches are saved the trouble of 8taking to themselves wings0 by the faithless cashiers and bookkeepers who are adepts at furnishing these flying implements1 and1 above all1 when labor is coming to be king1 the question 8,what will you do80 has fresh significance4 ,remember1 going forth from the uncertain ,eden of your dreams1 into the satisfying pleasures of honest1 hard work1 8the world is all before you1 where to choose40 ,will you share some other woman's home1 and help her make it beautiful8 ,no task more noble or more needed awaits the thoughtful worker of to-day4 ,the world exists but for the sake of its homes4 ,will you bestow your hand upon some fine sthetic industry1 as drawing1 designing1 engraving1 telegraphing1 phonographing1 photographing8 ,will you be an architect8 a printer8 an editor8 ,will you enter one of the three learned professions8 ,braver women than you or ,i have won a foot-hold for us in each of them2 as to the brain-hold1 that is our affair4 ,i will not now pursue the question further4 ,only the 8,cyclopdia of ,woman's ,occupations0 7a book ,i recommend to your attention7 can exhaust it1 and with it exhaust you and the world's work1 too1 for that matter6 ,after all1 it doesn't so much signify what you may do as that you do it well1 whatever it may be4 ,for the value of skilled labor is estimated on a democratic basis1 nowadays4 ,president ,eliot1 of ,harvard ,university1 the cook in the ,parker ,house restaurant1 and ,mary ,l4 ,booth1 who edits ,harper's ,bazar1 each receive #d1jjj per year4 ,think a moment4 ,will you be led to say3 8,the good old ways are good enough for me10 and so drop into the swollen ranks of teacherdom1 or rattle awhile on a martyrized piano1 and then set up for a musician1 though you have not a particle of music in throat or finger-tips8 ,or will you stay at home and let papa support you until you grow tired of doing nothing and expecting nothing1 and proceed to marry some man whom you endure rather than love1 just to get decently out of your dilemma8 ,nay1 ,i do you injustice4 ,few girls who breathe the free air of our western prairies will be so cowardly4 ,i may not construct your horoscope1 but this much ,i will venture--that when you marry1 no matter what you find1 you will seek not a name1 behind which to cover up the insignificance of your own2 not a 8good provider10 to feed and clothe one who has learned how to feed and clothe herself2 not a 8natural protector10 to shield you in his plaidie1 the gallant1 gallant laddie1 from the cauld1 cauld blast2 but you will seek 7and may heaven grant that you shall find7 that rarest1 choicest1 most elusive prize of man's existence1 as of woman's2 one which--mournfully ,i say it--the modern marriage is by no means certain to involve1 namely1 a mate4 ,at this juncture1 shrewd mater familias whispers to pater3 8,that's the first orthodox word she's said40 ,some youth throws down the magazine and mutters to himself3 8,there1 ,i knew it would come to this6 ,look at the absurdity of these women6 ,why1 they preach up all sorts of trades and professions1 and then they come back1 at last1 to the #8good old way' they have forsaken1 and advise every young lady to get a situation in a school of one scholar1 and her board thrown in40 ,meanwhile1 heroic ,hypatia sits near by1 and 8musing in maiden meditation1 fancy free10 on a 8career10 murmurs within herself1 8,to this complexion must it come at last60 ,peace1 peace1 good friends6 ,this seeming inconsistency is readily explained4 ,in this century1 when the wage of battle has cost our land an army of her sons1 when widows mourn1 and unwedded thousands are forced to meet the hard-faced world 7from which rose-water theorists would shield them71 ,america is coming to the rescue of her daughters6 ,for the nearer perfect--that is1 the more ,christian--a civilization has become1 the more carefully are the exceptional classes of society provided for4 ,all our philanthropic institutions under state or private patronage illustrate this4 ,in less enlightened days1 your ideal woman composed the single1 grand class for which public prejudice set itself to provide4 ,she was to be the wife and mother1 and she was carefully enshrined at home4 ,but1 happily1 this is the world's way no longer4 ,the exceptions are so many1 made by war1 by the thousand misunderstandings and cross-purposes of social intercourse1 by the peculiar features of the transition period in which we live1 by the absurdly extravagant customs of our day1 and the false notions of both men and women--that not to provide for them would be a monstrous meanness1 if not a crime4 ,and the provision made in this instance is the most rational1 indeed1 the only rational one which it is in the power of society or government to make for any save the utterly incapable1 namely3 a fair chance for self-help4 ,nor 7to pursue the line of our argument still further7 can we forget that skeleton hand which1 in utter disregard of 8the proprieties0 in destiny's drama1 thrusts itself so often into the charmed domestic circle1 and snatches the beloved 8provider0 away forever1 while it sets gaunt famine by the fireside in his stead8 ,can we forget that1 in ten thousand families1 wives are this moment waiting in suspense and agony the return of wretched husbands to homes made hideous by the drunkard's sin--wives whose work of brain or hand alone keeps their children from want1 now that their 8strong staff is broken1 and their beautiful rod80 ,there are delicate white fingers turning the page on which ,i print these words1 that will never wear the marriage ring2 there are slight forms bending over my friendly lines1 which1 not far down the years1 will be clothed in widow's weeds4 ,alas1 there are as surely others1 who1 when they have been wooed and won1 shall find that they are worse than widowed4 ,and what of these three classes of women1 sweet and helpless8 ,clearly1 to all of them ,i am declaring a true and blessed gospel1 in this good news concerning honest independence and brave self-help6 ,clearly1 also1 no one is wise enough to go through the assembly of my readers1 and tell me who1 in future years1 shall need a bread-winning weapon with which to defend herself and perchance1 also1 the helpless ones between whom and the world there may be no arm but hers4 ,but it is a principle in public as well as private economy1 that the wisest foresight provides for the remotest contingency1 and thus1 in its full force1 all that ,i have been saying applies to every woman who may read this article on 8,how to ,win40 ,suppose that many of you1 dear girls1 are destined to a downy nest1 instead of a strong-winged flight4 ,what then8 ,will the years spent in making the most of the best powers with which ,god has endowed you be worse employed than if you had given them to fashion and frivolity8 ,those 8ad interim0 years which separate the graduate's diploma from the bride's marriage certificate1 can they possibly be invested better than in the acquisition of some useful trade or dignified profession8 ,and then1 aside from this1 ,i would help the youngest of you to remember 7even in the bewildered years of her second decade7 what noble ,margaret ,fuller said3 8,no woman can give her hand with dignity1 or her heart with loyalty1 until she has learned how to stand alone40 ,it is not so much what comes to you as what you come to1 that determines whether you are a winner in the great race of life4 ,never forget that the only indestructible material in destiny's fierce crucible is character4 ,say this1 not to another--say it to yourself2 utter it early1 and repeat it often3 ,fail me not1 thou4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,minerals4 ,,by ,m4 ,j4 ,,thoulet4 ,translated for ,,the ,,chautauquan from the ,rvue ,scientifique4 ,the definition given to-day to mineralogy places it among the exact sciences4 ,long continued study has shown that it possesses all the inflexibility of chemistry1 of physics1 of mathematics4 ,the work of one making a specialty of this subject is similar to that of a millwright who collects the different pieces1 forged and cast and prepared in various ways by other workmen1 and arranges them all in their proper relations to one another1 joins them1 and forms the mill with all its complication of machinery in good order1 ready to run without friction1 without jar4 ,the mineralogist gathers up the facts and theories wrought out by workers in other fields of science1 studies their variations1 their agreements and connections1 demonstrates their presence and their union in inorganic bodies1 and sums up and announces all the results of his labor in the form of laws which shall be exact rules for events past1 present1 and future2 for a science incapable of foreseeing and foretelling is not a true science4 ,mineralogy is not chemistry1 nor physics nor mathematics1 any more than the millwright is the smith or the smelter4 ,it is a distinct science pursuing a particular aim1 and which1 although borrowing from other sciences certain of their results1 nevertheless possesses its own individuality4 ,it might be said to be a direct application of these three sciences1 together with geology1 to the study of the life of minerals4 ,i have just used a very significant expression3 ,the life of minerals4 ,others have used it before me4 8,not only do stones live1 but they suffer from sickness1 from old age1 and death10 wrote ,cardan in the sixteenth century4 ,and he was right4 ,eternal matter performs an eternal cycle2 the incessant variations which it experiences2 the movement which is never arrested1 which from modification to modification1 from transformation to transformation draws it along without a single moment of rest2 the continual births and deaths and resurrections are life4 ,every man1 every animal1 every plant1 and every stone obey without any power to resist1 and they are all borne along without relaxation or repose toward a vortex whose beginning and ending are concealed within the shadows of eternity4 ,there is no difference between the mineral and vegetable1 or animal4 ,inorganic life is identical with organic life1 varying only in degree4 ,from the moment which we call birth1 that is to say at the commencement of one of these periods of transformation1 our eyes see1 hour by hour1 moment by moment1 the living being develop4 ,the atoms entering into its construction seek like atoms to which they ally themselves1 and molecules combine with other molecules4 ,what matters it about the form of being8 ,simple or complicated1 the law is the same1 and it is obeyed4 ,the individual appears with its own chemical constitution1 its own form and look1 its own variations1 all decided under its predetermined conditions4 ,among these conditions a single one is variable1 but the equilibrium is constantly preserved2 the individual changes from time to time in its own appointed way1 but it never ceases to exist4 ,in the same manner as organic life bears the impress of its surroundings1 so do minerals submit themselves to external influences4 ,the one perhaps is more frail1 more delicate1 less able to resist1 more susceptible to impressions2 the natural forces of the other1 more powerful because they are simpler1 yield less readily to circumstances4 ,both alike are forced to take their part in the great concert of forces in which they fare only infinitely feeble notes2 both alike are influenced by the majestic assembly of powers which act upon them1 and upon which they1 in turn1 also act1 conformably to one of the first laws of matter1 that of equality between action and reaction4 ,let us take any mineral whatever and subject it to a constantly increasing temperature4 ,we notice first that it undergoes a change of form4 ,cease the application of heat and it will gradually resume its former shape4 ,let us heat it again1 and more intensely4 ,all the properties of the matter which constitutes it become changed1 some quickly1 some slowly1 and it is incapable now of taking back its first appearance4 ,its crystalline form is different1 and its mechanical elasticity1 its hardness1 and its electric properties2 even its color is changed4 ,we will still increase the heat4 ,the molecules disperse1 following certain directions1 and1 following others1 gather themselves together4 ,suddenly a limit1 varying according to the chemical composition1 the crystalline type1 or the pressure1 is broken2 the solid1 beginning to melt1 becomes a liquid4 ,heat it still higher and we shall see new phenomena appearing1 volatilization and dissolution4 ,another limit is passed and the atom1 becoming isolated1 is free henceforward from the laws of chemistry1 and must now obey laws yet unknown1 the task of discovering and formulating which is awaiting some worker in the realms of physics or mechanics4 ,the dissolution of a mineral1 is it not death8 ,every abrupt limit of all the powers of a body is death1 and all death precedes a resurrection4 ,as a child1 which at the same moment when it opens its eyes upon the light and utters its first cry1 begins already to die1 so with the mineral scarcely formed1 death commences4 ,feldspar1 which constitutes in great part the soil pressed by our feet1 under the influence of air and of water1 of drought by day and dews by night1 of the heat of summer and the cold of winter1 of all agents mechanical1 chemical and physical acting upon it1 is reduced to its elements by a series of almost insensible transformations4 ,its fragments are broken to still finer bits1 and when they have become dust disintegration still goes on1 and gradually the silicon1 the aluminum1 the iron1 the lime1 the magnesium1 and the potassium which composed them form clay4 ,the iron oxydizes1 the silicon separates itself1 is dissolved by rain and carried off by the streams4 ,each element then enters into a new combination2 sometimes it again becomes part of a stone2 sometimes it helps to form the structure of a plant2 sometimes that of a man4 ,where can birth1 signifying the beginning of all existence1 be placed1 or where shall we find any real death8 ,i perceive only periods of life4 ,of old1 naturalists made more frequent and much stronger affirmations than they do to-day4 ,confidence in self is the property of youth2 maturity learns to doubt1 which is the beginning of wisdom1 provided that it does not remain content1 but rather compels man to seek with increased ardor the truth which seems to fly from him4 ,the ancients placed between the animal and the vegetable limits which in reality did not exist4 ,up to the present time limits of the same nature have been set between organic and inorganic life4 ,but in proportion as we examine minerals we shall see the differences disappear and the resemblances increase4 ,man is born of parents2 the whole animal and vegetable worlds are perpetuated in obedience to the laws of reproduction1 each after his own kind4 ,it was this absolute identity between parent and offspring that separated distinctly the other kingdoms from the mineral2 but recently a scientist has discovered that the same fixed law is established in this department of life also4 ,m4 ,gernez prepared a solution consisting of octahedral borax in five equivalents of water1 and rhomboidal borax in ten equivalents of water4 ,the two bodies1 excepting their proportion of water1 had the same chemical composition4 ,the liquid1 treated with suitable precaution1 remained perfectly limpid1 and he could place in it fragments of all imaginable substances1 without causing it to give rise to any remarkable phenomena4 ,but when even an infinitely small crystal of octahedral borax was dropped into it1 the temperature rose1 and in a few minutes all the octahedral borax contained in the solution took the crystalline form4 ,meanwhile1 the rhomboidal borax was held in solution1 and in order to crystallize it in its turn1 there was needed only the contact of a rhomboidal crystal4 ,the mineral was evidently born of a parent2 it was identical with this parent2 its symmetry was the same under the same circumstances4 ,similar results from numerous experiments with other substances were obtained4 ''' ,under the influence of agents whose masters we are1 molecules group themselves1 following fixed laws1 and arrange themselves in their relative positions4 ,just as soldiers off drill1 and scattered throughout the camp1 when the order of the commander is given1 obey and fall into line1 so do molecules obey the forces in command over them4 ,stranger still1 this crystal perfectly formed1 seems sometimes to have a conception of an ideal of beauty1 a perfect symmetry1 the ellipsoid of the cubic system1 which is a sphere2 it seeks it1 tries to reach it1 and if it can not be attained1 it falls to acting a part4 ,it disguises itself1 just as is sometimes done among men1 and strives to appear the being it is not4 ,the crystal1 no more than the man1 will ever assume a place in a lower rank2 each seeks to appear better than he is4 ,to attain its object the crystal will unite itself with the other crystals of the same kind2 then these will gather into groups4 ,as they can not modify their own angles they will crowd one against another4 ,let it cost what it may1 if it is a possible thing they will have their imperfections removed1 and will improve their individual appearance1 and if any measure of success is attained1 the little crystals will enjoy in silence their usurped glory4 ,if science1 with the apparent rigidity of her measures1 weights and figures holds for the scholar oftentimes disagreeable surprises1 she sometimes cheers him by rewards full of a strange grandeur4 ,azote1 or nitrogen in its free state1 constitutes more than three fourths of the volume of the atmosphere1 and is in its appearance the type of inertia4 ,its presence seems to have no other rle than to reduce the over-exciting action of the oxygen upon our organs of respiration4 ,in order to cause it to enter into combination with other substances1 it is necessary to have recourse to the most energetic forces4 ,among these in nature only one1 electricity1 lightning1 is able to accomplish this result4 ,but the union once effected1 the gas is capable of undergoing a thousand variations4 ,as passive as it was while free1 so active does it become after entering into any combination4 ,as it is found in the constitution of all animal and vegetable life1 we find that without the storm-cloud no organic life could exist4 ,the origin of all creatures is to be found in a clap of thunder4 ,such examples as these show that imagination as well as science derives great profit from the intimate study of the phenomena presented by minerals4 ,one commences their study by measuring1 by weighing1 by carefully analyzing2 one gathers now and then slowly a little knowledge2 then suddenly this apparently barren field disappears to give place to large horizons1 to vast generalizations of majestic simplicity1 resting upon the solid foundation of experimentation4 ,let us not underestimate the rle of the imagination in scientific researches4 ,it gives to the scholar persistence in his daily toil2 it is his hope at the moment he begins an undertaking1 his guide during the work1 and his recompense when he has finished4 ,what a charm in the frequent discoveries of analogies between the highest orders of beings and those which occupy the lowest rounds in the ladder of perfection6 ,similarity is to be observed also in the growth of individuals in the different kingdoms4 ,one sees at first crystal skeletons1 then gradually the crystals developing into perfection4 ,neither the chemist with all his delicate tests1 nor the physician armed with his accurate instruments can decipher the feeblest trace of heterogeneity2 the child grown has become a man2 the mineral fully developed has reached also its age of virility4 ,minerals may be hindered in their development1 may become irregular1 imperfect1 deformed2 upon certain of their angles new facets may appear1 in other parts facets may slowly become obliterated4 ,as soon as the obstacle causing the trouble is removed the wounds will heal over1 perhaps leaving their scars1 and the crystals will pursue their normal course4 ,sometimes an accidental circumstance1 as that of too ardent a sun1 or a season too wet1 will cause a fissure1 and a malady commences4 ,oxydation or hydration is produced1 and the mineral begins to disintegrate2 finally1 as a result of the accident1 the last particles are lost to sight4 ,we think it has been destroyed4 ,but it is dead2 it has died just as a man dies4 ,its elements are just as imperishable as are those of man's body1 which1 when it is laid away in the grave are not annihilated1 but1 as they are resolved1 enter again into new forms in the great torrent of life4 ,their atoms are immutable1 what they have been1 they are1 and will be to all eternity2 eternally young1 eternally the same1 moving without rest1 unmindful of time or of combinations4 ,the ancient symbol of the serpent with his tail in his mouth well represents the cycle of life4 ,periods succeed periods4 ,the day ends in twilight and the night is followed by a new dawn4 ,all limits are effaced4 ,the stone1 the flower1 the animal intermingle their natures4 ,with this thought in mind all life seems like a great net-work1 whose meshes are interlaced in countless ways1 before which the seeker after truth stands with ardent soul4 ,but at the moment he thinks to grasp the solution of the absorbing problem1 he is only made more deeply aware of his own weakness4 ,and looking forward over the great expanse stretching out before him to infinity1 he experiences only one sentiment1 that of admiration2 and his desire ever increases to learn still1 and to learn always4 ,,the ,,machinery ,,of ,,our ,,foreign ,,service4 ,report of a lecture delivered by ,hon4 ,eugene ,schuyler in the ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 on ,saturday1 ,february #bhth4 ,this topic is especially interesting from the fact that so little is known of it except by those in the service of the government whose duties are connected with the foreign service4 ,the government of the ,united ,states1 in uneventful times at least1 is a despotism in the hands of five or six men1 working under and through constitutional forms1 and subject only to the penalty which is always exacted from very grave mistakes4 ,these men are the ,president1 the ,secretary of ,state1 the ,secretary of the ,treasury1 the ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives1 the chairman of the standing ,committee on ,appropriations1 and the chairman of the standing ,committee on ,ways and ,means4 ,in times of disorder1 others are added to this list1 both from the ,senate and from the ,cabinet officers4 ,the chairmen of committees for other branches of the service also1 at such times1 rise into prominence4 ,without the consent of some one1 two or three of these dignitaries no important step in public affairs can be taken4 ,the ,secretary of ,state and the ,secretary of the ,treasury are the only ,cabinet officers who in ordinary times can influence1 not only the policy of the government1 but also the welfare of the country1 without the permission of ,congress2 it may be1 even without the knowledge of the ,president4 ,the currency question1 the silver coinage1 the position taken recently by the ,clearing ,house in ,new ,york1 and the state of the gold market1 show how a sudden emergency may induce1 if not compel1 the ,secretary of the ,treasury to take action which might strongly affect for good or for evil the most vital interests of the nation4 ,nor is it otherwise with the ,secretary of ,state1 who by an intemperate or ill-timed insistence on national or individual rights1 or by even a want of tact may cause irritations hard to be appeased4 ,on the other hand1 by an ignorance of precedence1 an unguarded admission or an act of good nature1 he may give up rights which the nation has jealously claimed for a century1 or has held in reserve for future use4 ,however1 judging by the past1 ,i think our ,secretary of ,state will do none of these things4 ,this official is selected with greater care than any other public officer4 ,he is usually a statesman of high rank or of long experience1 and frequently a cautious and shrewd lawyer into the bargain4 ,the possibilities of diplomatic mistakes1 however1 are such that it is necessary for the ,secretary of ,state to be surrounded by thoroughly trained and skilled subordinates4 ,this department is among the earliest of the great divisions of the administration created by ,congress in #aghi for facilitating public business1 and during the first forty years of our national existence was in reality1 as now in rank1 the leading department of the government4 ,years ago1 indeed1 our foreign policy was of far more consequence to the country than our domestic policy1 although we still had to struggle1 if not for our existence1 at least for our position and our national rights4 ,the ,secretary of ,state1 therefore1 is the leading statesman of the party1 and at one time in the nation's history was almost sure of succeeding to the presidency4 ,the duty of the ,secretary of ,state not only is the supervision and management of all the foreign relations of the ,united ,states1 but also those duties which in other countries are generally given to the ,keeper of the ,seals1 or to the ,minister of ,justice3 such1 for instance1 as the keeping1 promulgation1 and publication of the laws2 the custody of the great seal1 and the preservation of the government archives1 as well as the charge of all special relations between the general government and the several states4 ,the first ,assistant ,secretary is to be considered as a political officer1 in the full confidence of his chief1 able to advise him1 and even at times to replace him2 while the second and third ,assistant ,secretaries have by necessity and custom become permanent officers4 ,the affairs of the department are managed with great secrecy1 not only because the officials are careful and trustworthy persons1 but because the general public1 as a rule1 is but slightly interested in matters pertaining to our foreign relations1 save when some great subject is under dispute4 ,in ,england1 ,france or ,italy the case is different1 since the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs has a place in ,parliament1 and can be interrogated at any time with regard to particular questions arising with foreign countries1 by which means the public can not help being more or less informed on such matters1 even though the progress of negotiations may be kept secret4 ,here the only method for obtaining such information is by a resolution of either house of ,congress1 asking from the ,president the papers on the question in point1 and making an investigation1 if considered necessary1 through the ,committee on ,foreign ,affairs4 ,these papers1 however1 may be refused1 if thought by the ,president that their publication would be disadvantageous to the interests of the government4 ,there is probably no other country1 even ,russia or ,germany not excepted1 where so little is known by the public of the negotiations carried on at any one time by the ,secretary of ,state4 ,this has great advantages1 enabling the government to conduct with tranquility a negotiation which may be extremely necessary1 and often to settle disputes which1 if public opinion were excited1 might result in a breach of friendly relations4 ,on account of this quiet way of doing business1 many people are of the opinion that very little work is done by the ,state ,department4 ,clerks often work till late at night and all ,sunday1 sometimes1 preparing commercial and statistical information in response to a question asked in ,congress4 ,the work of the chief clerk1 in one sense1 is the hardest of all1 for he has to work in a public room1 accessible to all1 must inspect every paper that comes in or goes out1 must carry the whole business of the department in all its details in his head1 must see every one who calls1 assist those who have legitimate business1 listen to others1 giving 8suave answers1 but no information10 and withal be patient and keep his temper4 ,during the last fiscal year the real expense of the ,state ,department to the nation was less than #djj1jjj2 since the total sum expended 7#a1bhh1cee4bh7 was in great part met by the fees1 which amounted to #hii1feb4fg4 ,the ,state ,department has not sole authority for the administration of foreign affairs1 for the consideration and approval of the ,senate is required1 not only regarding nominations to diplomatic and consular posts made by the ,president1 but also regarding treaties made with foreign powers before they can be ratified4 ,it is fortunate1 however1 that the ,senate can only affirm or reject a treaty2 but1 owing to the wording of the article of our ,constitution1 which says that the ,president 8with the consent and advice of the ,senate shall conclude treaties10 the ,senate considers that it has the right to amend a treaty already negotiated1 a practice which causes great difficulty1 as frequently a ,senator to whom the subject under discussion is not quite clear1 insists on the addition of two or three words to an instrument1 which causes a long delay and frequently protracted negotiations4 ,treaties are discussed in secret session1 partly because the ,senate is acting as a privy council to the ,president1 and partly because1 if the debates were open1 things might be said which would give offense to foreign governments4 ,as to this latter point1 ,i can only observe that the practice of debating a treaty in open session has not been found to work badly in those countries in which it is the habit4 ,a feeling of jealousy has been growing up between the ,house of ,representatives and the ,senate1 and has become very evident during the last few months1 the ,house maintaining that1 as it alone was empowered to initiate measures touching the revenue1 the ,president had no right to negotiate a commercial treaty without previously consulting that body4 ,i do not think that this contention is supported by the ,constitution1 but at the same time the practice of our government has changed so much of recent years1 in giving larger and larger powers to the lower ,house1 that it is not without some reason that such a view is supported4 ,in order to obviate such disputes1 the ,secretary of the ,state ,department1 before making a commercial treaty and engaging the country in a new commercial system1 should1 as was done in the negotiation of the ,mexican treaty1 ask ,congress for authority to conclude it4 ,again1 the powers allowed by the ,senate to its standing committees form another obstacle to the ratification of treaties1 since it is impossible1 except by an actual vote of the ,senate1 to compel the committee to report to the full ,senate a treaty which has already been referred to it for consideration4 ,in the ,senate committees are elected2 in the ,house they are named by the ,speaker4 ,the sub-committee of three1 which is in charge of the appropriations for the diplomatic and consular service1 is generally named by the chairman of the ,committee on ,appropriations1 and in nine cases out of ten is composed of persons possessing no previous acquaintance with the subject4 ,to the sub-committee are presented the estimates made up by the ,secretary of ,state1 and a bill is then prepared4 ,it can raise a grade here1 establish a consul there1 pare down a salary in one place1 or abolish a mission in another4 ,of course some of the changes made by this sub-committee are often very excellent1 and even necessary but its main idea seems to be to reduce the appropriation to the lowest limit from motives of economy2 not that the nation at large cared for a saving of ten or twenty thousand dollars1 but because by gaining the reputation of being economical1 constituents might believe its members worthy of a new election4 ,the bill is next reported to the ,house1 where party strength is drilled to support the committees4 ,every amendment is there voted down1 for the men whose salaries are sometimes retroactively voted down1 are too far away to be heard4 ,from the ,house the bill is passed to the ,senate4 ,the general theory of the ,senate committees is to reject every change made by the ,house1 and to hold pretty closely to the law of the last ,congress1 restoring what had been omitted1 and adding some appropriations for unforeseen expenses1 secret service money1 or as technically expressed1 for 8expenses in carrying out the ,neutrality ,act10 etc4 ,the ,senate generally passes the amended bill with slight debate1 except in unusual cases4 ,the ,house next1 on motion of the sub-committee1 is wont to reject without debate all the ,senate amendments1 and very often suggests a committee of conference4 ,in like manner the ,senate refuses to recede from its amendments1 and accepts the conference4 ,then a secret meeting is held of the two sub-committees1 who bargain with each other1 giving and taking1 each yielding part1 and reporting the results to their respective houses in such a technical form that it is impossible to understand it without a careful examination of all the papers4 ,this the clerk reads hastily1 and it is passed without debate1 often containing new matter never before proposed in the open ,house4 ,i am not blaming either body1 but simply explaining a system which is becoming the habitual way of passing all appropriation bills4 ,how can an already underpaid consul perform his duties properly and vigorously1 when every few months he has to consider the chances of having his salary cut down1 or when engaged in an important investigation by order of his government1 he is quietly informed that his salary ceased a month or six weeks before8 ,the interests of our country demand that our diplomatic and consular service should be fixed by a general law1 subject of course to necessary changes1 to be recommended by the department1 and not undergo this annual tinkering1 to which no other branch of the government and no other class of officials are subjected4 ,let us next consider the duties of the agents of the government under the control of the ,state ,department1 which belongs to one of two classes1 those in the consular and those in the diplomatic service4 ,consuls differ from diplomatic agents 7by whatever name they may be known71 in that while the latter are the representatives of one state or government to another1 consuls are the representatives of the individuals of the nation sending them1 empowered to protect individual interests1 and to procure for their fellow-citizens1 as far as possible1 the same protection to their rights that they enjoy at home4 ,they represent commercial interests only4 ,they can address themselves directly to the local authorities when the rights of their fellow-citizens are infringed1 but if redress be not given1 they can not apply to the supreme government1 except in cases specially provided for by treaty4 ,they must refer the matter to legation or their own government4 ,in other words they have no diplomatic or representative rights1 powers or privileges4 ,formerly consuls had power as arbitrators1 but gradually the legal jurisdiction over disputes was withdrawn in nearly all except non-,christian countries1 although for purposes of wills or intestate property this jurisdiction has still been in some measure preserved4 ,with regard to maritime matters the case is different2 and here1 for the purpose of avoiding protracted disputes in the courts of the country1 the consuls are still allowed large jurisdiction4 ,this is nowadays in most cases regulated by special treaties4 ,consuls are in a certain way charged with watching over the execution of treaties1 for they must protect any of their countrymen whose rights are invaded1 and must immediately bring to the attention of their government any such infringement4 ,in general1 they observe the movements of naval forces of all nations on the coast near the port in which they are placed1 and it is their duty also to watch over the dignity of their own country in maintaining the rights of their flag4 ,not only are they obliged to give aid1 advice1 and assistance to the ships of their commercial marine1 but they should in their correspondence with their government report all events touching the navigation1 the various changes in the commerce of the countries where they live1 and especially anything touching the special commerce with the country which sends them4 ,in fine1 they are bound to keep pace with the state and progress of manufactures1 the rise of new branches of industry1 and in general1 the increase or diminution of the public wealth1 taking especial care to be well acquainted with all matters where other countries may gain advantage over their own4 ,they are given a sort of police jurisdiction over the commercial vessels of their own country2 they are generally charged with the duty of investigating shipwrecks and saving property from the wrecked or stranded vessels2 with all disputes between captains and sailors2 with arresting deserters2 and with sending back shipwrecked or discharged seamen4 ,in time of war their duties in these respects are still more important1 for they are obliged1 so far as the international law1 the special treaties1 or the laws of the country in which they are placed will permit them1 to protect at all hazard the commercial and naval interests of their country against arbitrary acts1 whether committed by the country to which they are sent1 or by the nation at war with it4 ,on the death of one of their countrymen they in general take possession of his effects1 and in case of property left in the country1 manage1 keep1 and dispose of it for the benefit of the heirs4 ,they are charged1 beside1 with notarial duties of all kinds1 and in most cases they are the only authorities who can validate legal instruments between citizens of their country1 or others to be used at home4 ,in addition to the general duties of a consul various special duties are imposed on ,american consuls by our tariff system1 which do not generally exist in the services of other countries4 ,it is necessary for our consuls to verify in triplicate every invoice of goods sent to the ,united ,states4 ,not only is he obliged to take the oaths of the manufacturer or exporter1 but he is expected to have a special knowledge of the trade of the place and of the actual value of the goods1 so that he can control the statements made to him2 for our system does not accept the valuations of goods always at the actual price paid for them1 but at the market value of the place where they are manufactured or chiefly sold4 ,besides keeping a number of official records1 registers1 and fee books1 carrying on his ordinary correspondence with the ,department of ,state1 and carefully prescribed forms relating to the business of his office1 and of everything of interest of a commercial nature to the government1 the consul is obliged to make quarterly1 semi-annual and annual returns1 both to the ,state ,department and to the ,treasury4 ,he must1 for instance1 at the end of each quarter give a digest of the invoices verified by him during that period2 of the arrivals and departures of ,american vessels1 a return nowadays exceedingly simple2 of deceased ,american citizens2 a record of his notarial services1 or unofficial fees2 a summary of the whole consular business2 and1 in case the consul has extraterritorial jurisdiction1 a return of the business of the consular coast1 and also a record of his official fees4 ,still other duties are the submitting of quarterly1 semi-annual1 and annual reports4 ,the consul at ,shanghai has such duties placed upon him as give him supervisory control over all consulates in ,china1 vest him with semi-diplomatic powers1 cause him to participate in the municipal government of the foreign settlement1 make him a judge in civil causes1 give him charge of the gaol in which ,american prisoners are confined1 constitute him judge of a criminal court1 of a court of probate and divorce1 of an equity and nisi prius court1 appoint him ,united ,states postmaster1 give him the duties of a seaport consulate1 and place under his control the protection of the revenue of his government4 ,diplomats are agents of a higher class and with different functions4 ,according to ,caloo1 who is now generally accepted as the best modern writer of international law1 diplomacy is the science of the relations existing between different states1 such as result from their reciprocal interests1 the principles of international law1 and the stipulations of treaties and conventions2 or1 more concisely1 diplomacy is the science of relations1 or simply the art of negotiations4 ,according to ,caloo1 the essential nature of diplomacy is to assure the well-being of peoples1 to maintain between them peace and good harmony1 while guaranteeing the safety1 the tranquility1 and the dignity of each of them4 ,the part played by diplomatic agents consists principally in conducting negotiations relative to these important objects1 in watching over the execution of treaties which follow from them1 in preventing anything which might injure the interests of their fellow-citizens in the countries where they reside1 and in protecting those of them who may be obliged to ask for their assistance4 ,according to rules adopted by the ,congress in ,vienna in #ahae1 diplomatic agents were divided into three classes3 7#a7 ,ambassadors1 legates1 or nuncios2 these two latter being sent only by the ,pope2 7#b7 ,envoys1 ministers plenipotentiary1 or other persons accredited to a sovereign or sovereign state2 and1 7#c7 ,chargs d',affaires1 who are accredited only to the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs4 ,according to the old custom1 ambassadors represented the person of the sovereign1 and accordingly enjoyed higher ceremonial honors than were paid to other diplomatic agents4 ,they could also address themselves personally to the sovereign or chief magistrate of the country to which they were sent for matters of business1 instead of having to negotiate with the ,ministers of ,foreign ,affairs4 ,nowadays ambassadors differ from other diplomatic agents only in rank and precedence4 ,the ,united ,states having no ambassadors1 and but few envoys and ministers plenipotentiary1 does not always receive equal privileges of rank with some other countries4 ,our interests certainly demand that in every country we should be represented by agents of the highest title known or accepted there4 ,more questions are settled by a few informal words at a dinner table than by a formal process of correspondence1 although1 of course1 when great principles are at stake a formal mode of procedure is necessary4 ,it is therefore evidently to be desired that diplomatic agents in a given place should be of equal rank and on a friendly footing with each other4 ,there are several cases in which the ,minister of the ,united ,states1 if he had more official authority1 could manage to have matters arranged which ultimately affect our interests4 ,at ,constantinople1 for instance1 where there is an effort to undermine the treaty rights of all foreigners1 the ambassadors have of late adopted the habit of meeting one another in an unofficial way1 and of laying down rules and taking action regarding extraterritorial matters1 which are then proposed to the rest of the diplomatic body4 ,in general1 the representatives of the smaller states are asked for their approval or dissent1 but given no chance to suggest or argue4 ,three years ago1 indeed1 our government found it necessary to protest against this course1 for it was beginning to be tacitly understood that only the ambassadors of what were called the ,signatory ,powers--those who were represented at the ,congress in ,berlin in #ahgh--should have any voice in matters which affected the interests of all foreigners in ,turkey4 ,our protest had the theoretical result of bringing about occasional conferences of all foreign representatives1 but the practice remains much as before4 ,foreign ministers of the ,united ,states should be enabled to live in a style suitable to their rank4 ,nor is this simply a question of display1 but for a minister to be useful he must make acquaintance with the leading persons of the country1 and entertain them at his house4 ,the necessary qualifications for employment in the diplomatic service are a knowledge of ,french1 and generally at least of one other language2 a good acquaintance with history1 treaties and international law4 ,it is also necessary that he be a gentleman3 i4 e41 acquainted with the ways of the world1 and the usages and manners of the best society in each capital in which he is expected to move4 ,the word 8gentleman0 does not necessarily imply a man of good birth1 or belonging to a well known family1 although the son or grandson of the ,president of the ,united ,states would always have more credit and influence in the place to which he was sent than one of whom nothing was known4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is hard to create among a ,christian people1 enthusiasm for an infidel1 however talented he may have been1 or however much good he may have done2 for his revelation to man1 even if true1 is an unwelcome and painful revelation1 adding nothing to his happiness or comfort in life or in death2 while the faith of the believer is an inspiring one1 filling his life with the sunshine of hope1 and surrounding it with a halo of imperishable glory4 ,most people have an instinctive dread of the man who with ruthless hand1 attempts to destroy all those sacred hopes and fears which have been instilled into their minds by their nearest and dearest benefactor1 their mother4--8,how to ,get ,on in the ,world10 by ,robert ,waters4 ,,madura ,,and ,,its ,,pagoda4 ,,by ,,bishop ,,john ,f4 ,,hurst4 ,when ,i was buying my ticket at ,tuticorin for ,madura1 the station agent was kind enough to say3 8,don't you know there is cholera in ,madura80 8,what1 real ,asiatic cholera80 8,it's real ,asiatic cholera1 and nothing else10 he answered4 8,i have not heard it before10 ,i replied4 8,i have only this moment landed from the steamer #8,nerbudda1' and have had no news of any kind4 ,many deaths80 8,oh1 no4 ,nothing compared with last year4 ,five thousand died during the season4 ,only about ten die a day just now1 and we don't consider that anything40 ,i mused a moment on the mortality of ten cholera patients a day in a place of fifty thousand1 and then asked3 8,do you think it safe to go80 8,i can't answer that4 ,it all depends40 ,two facts now came to my relief4 ,one was1 that few people in ,india think cholera contagious4 ,there are no separate hospitals for such cases4 ,cholera patients are put in the same wards with patients suffering from fever and other diseases4 ,the other fact was1 that two weeks before1 when ,i was in ,puna1 there had been a cholera case in the native bazar1 and yet ,i had a most pleasant ride through that part of the city1 and had suffered no harm1 and saw no alarm anywhere4 ,the truth is1 nobody thinks of cholera as any more likely to happen than any mild disease4 ,dr4 ,waugh told me only yesterday that cholera prevailed more or less in all ,indian towns1 but that nobody minded it4 ,it might be next door1 but it frightened no one4 ,the only thing is to watch its beginning1 and manage it1 as you can1 with care and caution4 ,another is1 to take care of one's diet4 ,this must be said1 however1 that when cholera does come1 and its first stage is neglected1 the collapse is very sudden4 ,taking all things together it did not seem much of a risk to spend my intervening day1 before meeting an engagement at ,bangelore1 in the ,mysore1 in making a halt in ,madura1 and using my only opportunity to see the famous ,pagoda there--the largest1 not only in ,india1 but in the world4 ,long before reaching ,madura one can see the great towers which rise above the ,pagoda1 and dominate not alone the city1 but the whole surrounding country4 ,in many of the ,indian cities the temple is in the suburbs1 and even completely alone1 in the country1 having been left by the drift of the population far out into other directions4 ,but this is not the case in ,madura4 ,the ,pagoda is in the very heart of the old city4 ,the bazars lead directly toward it1 and overflow into it4 ,it is the city in miniature1 with its dirt1 ill odors1 poverty1 wealth1 superstition1 and infamous idolatry4 ,all the surging tide of tradesmen drifts toward and about it4 ,no adequate conception of an ,indian temple can be formed from any ,european illustration of sacred places4 ,perhaps the ,troitskoi ,monastery in ,russia1 where many cathedrals are grouped around one central sacred place1 making the whole a very ,canterbury1 is as near an approach to an ,indian temple and its spaces as can be found anywhere west of ,asia4 ,madura has long been celebrated for this ,pagoda4 ,there are conflicting opinions as to its antiquity4 ,it is probable that the place itself was regarded sacred1 and was the site of a temple long before a city was built here4 ,it is not unlikely that the temple was the first building1 and that the city grew out of it1 and all about it4 ,the immense structure gives clear evidence of its own antiquity4 ,it was built in the third century before the ,christian era1 by ,king ,kula ,shekhara4 ,it is evidently a case where the city has sprung into life from religious associations1 and become the capital of a large territory4 ,some parts of the ,pagoda are modern1 and were built by ,nurmala ,nark1 in the former half of the seventeenth century1 but one can easily distinguish the newer from the older4 ,the effect1 throughout1 is one of great and undisturbed antiquity4 ,the ,pagoda space is an immense parallelogram1 extending #gdd feet from east to west1 and #hdg feet from north to south4 ,this area is enclosed by a light wall1 and is flanked1 at various points1 by nine colossal towers4 ,these towers are of peculiar structure1 all after the same model1 and so disposed toward each other as to form a symmetrical combination4 ,each constitutes a kind of gateway1 for entrance from different sides of the wall4 ,as you enter you find yourself passing through a great open corridor4 ,the gopura is shaped like a tent1 and on every side is ornamented with carvings4 ,these represent the fabulous doings of the god ,shiva and his wife1 ,minakshi1 and ascend in lessening rows1 or stories1 until the apex is reached1 which is sharp and curved1 and reminds one of the general form of an old ,roman gallery4 ,the colors of these gopuras are very rich1 and1 in the case of several1 shine like fine tiling1 or even gay enamel4 ,the blue is especially rich1 and is fairly dazzling in the bright sunlight4 ,while ,shiva is the god to whom the temple is supposed to have been dedicated1 the more frequent representations of his wife ,minakshi prove her to be the favorite of the people4 ,,the ,,scene ,,in ,,the ,,madura ,,temple4 ,two gopuras constitute the great entrances4 ,through one of these ,i went1 with a crowd of about fifty ill-clad beggars following me4 ,they held high carnival as they passed around and against me1 and called for alms4 ,i noticed many sleepers in the darker corners1 in various parts of the temple spaces4 ,they lie in every position4 ,it seems a habit of the ,maduran when he gets thoroughly tired in his tent1 or in the bazar1 to drop into this temple and fall down for a good nap at the feet of ,shiva1 or some other idol1 for ,madura is a spot which for ages has been held strangely sacred by the ,hindoo worshiper4 ,having passed through the gopura1 and completed the passage of the great corridor1 you see the beginnings only of this wonderful temple4 ,there stretch out before you great reaches of passages1 and halls1 and still farther corridors1 in all possible directions4 ,but for my safe guide1 who added to his other duties the good one of keeping off the crowd of ragged and starving and ill-smelling beggars with a stout bamboo rod1 ,i should have lost my way at once4 ,at your right you see an immense hall1 the ,hall of ,one ,thousand ,columns1 which extends far away until it is lost in such dark and distant spaces as ,i cared not to explore4 ,but1 beyond it--for ,i came back that way--there is a special temple sacred to the ruling god1 ,shiva4 ,at your left are venders of images1 sweetmeats1 toys1 and various other articles1 which1 for some reason1 are permitted to be sold within the sacred walls4 ,the men who sell them are squatted over the floor1 on mats of palm1 and their wares lie about them4 ,think of a seller of small wares1 in a temple1 sitting or standing1 with his goods arranged on a counter or row of shelves6 ,such a thing would be preposterous beyond measure4 ,the drift is downward4 ,no ,hindoo will stand if he can possibly drop on the floor4 ,he doubles up his legs under him4 ,that is his normal position4 ,he may be talking with you this moment1 and as much interested in standing or walking as any one4 ,but a sudden change comes over him4 ,down he drops1 and no boy ever closed the two blades of a jack-knife more quickly than the ,hindoo doubles himself up1 either on the temple floor1 or at the side of the street1 or in his own doorway4 ,and there he can sit by the hour1 nay1 the whole day1 and be as calm as the serene face of ,buddha himself4 ,perhaps these sellers in the ,madura ,pagoda have some ancestral claim on the favors of the authorities1 by which they receive the privilege of spreading out their wares in the holy place4 ,over your head there flies about a flock of doves4 ,they are sacred1 and woe to the hand that would hurt a feather on their sweet heads6 ,the worshipers feed them4 ,it is a sacred privilege4 ,yonder1 to your left1 three sacred elephants are feeding and frisking their trunks about as if they really knew that they were picking up great wisps of straw and hay within the most holy place in all this region4 ,come1 ,i must hasten1 or their priestly keepers will loosen the chains of one of them in a trice1 and have the mammoth dropping down on all fours1 and pulling me up on his back1 to take an elephant ride through this labyrinth of marvels4 ,imagine the absurdity of an elephant ride on a temple floor6 ,yet that is what you can do here1 and take a long promenade1 and never have him repeat his pathway4 ,i have had two elephant rides1 and want no more for a decade1 at least4 ,but by going through this first doorway ,i get away from the venders1 and the elephants1 and pass out of sight of the ,hall of a ,thousand ,columns1 and its great1 interminable spaces4 ,here one is in a corridor nearly two hundred feet long1 with pillars groaning beneath a wealth of sculptured images4 ,now comes a brazen door4 ,the frame is vast and heavy1 and is entirely surrounded with brazen lamps1 all of which are lighted during a festive season1 perhaps the ,tailotsava1 8the oil festival40 ,monier ,williams happened to visit the ,madura ,pagoda at the time of the 8oil festival10 and thus describes the wretched scene3 8,a coarse image of the goddess 7,minakshi71 profusely decorated with jewels1 and having a high head-dress of hair1 was carried in the center of a long procession1 on a canopied throne1 borne by eight ,brahmans1 to a platform in the magnificent hall1 opposite the temple4 ,there the ceremony of undressing the idol1 removing its ornaments1 anointing its head with oil1 bathing1 redecorating and redressing it was gone through1 and shouting1 singing1 beating of tom-toms1 waving of lights and cowries1 ringing of bells1 and deafening discord from forty or fifty so-called musical instruments1 each played by a man who did his best to overpower the sound of all the others combined4 ,at the head of the procession was borne an image of ,ganesa4 ,then followed three elephants1 a long line of priests1 musicians1 attendants bearing cowries and umbrellas1 with a troop of dancing girls bringing up the rear4 8,no sight ,i witnessed in ,india made me more sick at heart than this4 ,it presented a sad example of the utterly debasing character of the idolatry which1 notwithstanding the counteracting influences of education and ,christianity1 still enslaves the masses of the population1 deadening their intellects1 corrupting their imaginations1 warping their affections1 perverting their consciences1 and disfiguring the fair soil of a beautiful country with hideous usages and practices unsanctioned by even their own minds and works40--8,religious ,thought and ,life in ,india40 ,part ,i1 pp4 #ddb-ddc4 ,you are now introduced into a darker corridor1 and then again into a broad and pillared space1 where the columns are sculptured1 being cut through and through into figures of dancing gods1 like ,shiva when he played his flute to the shepherds4 ,you now look out upon a little sheet of water with a miniature temple in the middle of it4 ,this is the ,lake of the ,golden ,lilies4 ,near by it is the little chapel where ,queen ,mangammal's subjects starved her to death in #agjf1 having placed food so near that she could see and smell it1 but not taste it4 ,we now enter another department of the temple2 above there are stone images1 up around the pillars1 in all corners1 and hanging down over you wherever you go1 near walls or archways4 ,these images are not grave and majestic1 but1 in the main1 grotesque1 bacchanalian1 in fantastic attitudes1 and often combining the bodies of man and beast4 ,they represent1 for the most part1 the escapades of ,shiva4 ,every now and then one comes to a shrine1 where worshipers lie prostrate before it1 and remain motionless for a long time4 ,no one knows how long it has taken these poor dusty pilgrims to reach this sacred place4 ,perhaps they have been three months on the journey4 ,they come from the very base of the ,himalayas1 or the borders of ,thibet1 and now that they have reached the end of their pilgrimage1 would die with a happy heart4 ,there are several gold plated images1 veiled from view1 which represent the god ,shiva1 or his wife1 in some part of their marvelous career4 ,the representations in stone1 both of men and the brute world1 are frequent everywhere4 ,elephants1 horses1 cattle1 and every kind of animal held sacred in the ,hindoo mythology1 are cut out of stone1 and made to portray the supposed divine attributes of ,shiva and his wife4 ,here1 too1 are the very vehanas1 or great chariots1 plated with gold1 in which the god and his wife are taken out on special days in the year1 to ride4 ,beside these there are silver litters1 which serve the same divine purpose on other days4 ,one grows weary of the procession of splendid but gross images and idols in this vast space4 ,now you are out for a time in the open air1 where a vacancy has been left in the roof1 and the beautiful sky throws down its blessed sunlight upon this terrible picture of idolatry4 ,but very soon you are brought again under the shadowing and lofty ceiling1 and before you are aware of it1 you are almost lost in a dark labyrinth of sculptured pillars1 black idols in gold wrappings1 dusty and absorbed pilgrims1 cheerful doves1 and the constant crowd of men and boys1 who follow you1 either to sell you their sweets1 or beg for your loose coppers4 ,all at once you come out from a corridor to the marble steps of a miniature lake4 ,be careful now4 ,only the real ,hindoo dares to step down into its waters4 ,for every drop is sacred1 and must touch only the skin of ,shiva's children4 ,over the calm surface the towers stand as gay sentinels1 from century to century4 ,turning again1 you must look carefully1 or you will tread upon a sleeping form1 which has dropped in from the hot air1 and let fall its burden1 and eaten its crust1 and now rests an hour4 ,there is a mother1 with a nose-ring so large that it hangs down over her mouth1 and she must eat through it1 or starve4 ,her ankles are encircled by heavy silver anklets1 cut like serpents4 ,her toes are glittering with jeweled rings4 ,she has led her child up before an image of ,shiva's wife1 and is explaining what it all means4 ,poor woman6 ,little she knows the truth4 ,the ,one ,name above all others she has never once heard4 ,here is a dwarf1 who stands beside a shrine1 and holds out his withered hand for an anna4 ,here1 in a place where the statuary has given way to the wear of ages1 are workmen in stone1 who are making new pillars1 with sculptured flutings1 to take the place of the old4 ,all the work1 every stroke of mallet and chisel1 must be done right here1 where everything is holy1 and ,shiva smiles down upon the labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anecdote ,,of ,,jerrold4--,his heart was as kindly a one as ever beat in a human bosom2 and his hand most liberal1 and often far more liberal than his means might have justified4 ,he was once asked by a literary acquaintance1 whether he had the courage to lend him a guinea4 8,oh1 yes10 he replied1 8,i've got the courage2 but ,i haven't got the guinea40 ,he had always the courage to do a kind action1 and when he had the guinea it was always at the command of the suffering1 especially if the sufferer was an honest laborer in the field of literature4--8,personal ,traits of ,british ,authors40 ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens ,,for ,,may4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,goff1 ,western ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,,the ,,sun4 ,although at the time these lines are written the sun has not in his northern course reached the equator1 and with us here in the north the ground is covered with snow1 yet by the time our readers see these words in print a great change will have taken place in the face of nature2 the beautiful green of the winter wheat will cover the fields1 the tulips and hyacinths exhibit their brilliant colors1 and our forests begin to display their refreshing foliage1 and 8,old ,sol0 himself will have completed half his journey to the tropics and have measured for us many days of the 8little span0 allotted to the life of man4 8,men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever40 ,and thus are we ever reminded of the 8flight of time40 ,the days grow longer and the shadows shorter2 but 8all too soon0 the shadows begin again to lengthen and the nights increase4 ,of this1 perhaps1 we should not complain2 for the many long days of summer give us ample opportunity to perform our duties during the 8noble sunlight10 and we shall probably be glad of the rest that comes with the 8shortening hours40 ,during ,may our time is slow1 the sun coming to the meridian about three minutes before noon1 as indicated by our clocks4 ,sunrise occurs at #d3eh1 #d3db1 and #d3cb a4 m41 on the #ast1 #afth1 and #cjth1 respectively1 while sunset is at #f3ee1 #g3aj1 and #g3bb p4 m4 on the corresponding days4 ,day breaks on the #afth at #b3dc a4 m41 and twilight ends at #i3ji p4 m41 giving eighteen hours and twenty-seven minutes from 8early dawn to dewy eve40 ,the length of day varies from thirteen hours fifty-seven minutes to fourteen hours fifty minutes4 ,increase in right ascension1 north #f #cf4 ,,the ,,moon',s ,phases occur as follows3 last quarter1 on #gth1 at #c3ce a4 m42 new moon1 #adth1 at #aj3ji a4 m42 first quarter1 #bast1 #ab3cg a4 m42 full moon1 #bhth1 #c3bb p4 m4 ,rises on the #ast1 at #i3af p4 m42 sets on the #afth at #i3bi p4 m42 rises on the #cjth at #h3di p4 m4 ,farthest from the earth 7in apogee7 on the #dth1 at #e3ah a4 m41 and again on the #cast1 at #f3ed p4 m4 ,nearest to earth 7in perigee7 on the #afth1 at #d3ed a4 m4 ,in latitude #da #cj1 least elevation on the #c;d1 amounting to #cj #aa #ef1 and again on the #cjth1 amounting to #cj #e4 ,greatest elevation on the #agth1 equal to #ff #ea #ch4 ,,mercury ,affords sharp-eyed early risers before and after the #beth1 a few days' opportunity to get a glimpse of his countenance1 as he reaches his greatest western elongation at #g3jj a4 m4 of the above named date4 ,on the #aath1 at #d3jj a4 m41 he is farthest from the sun2 same date1 at #b3jj p4 m41 stationary2 on the #abth1 at #aj3ei p4 m41 #bb south of the moon2 on #acth1 at #c3jj a4 m41 #b #bg south of ,mars1 and again on the #cjth1 at #d3jj p4 m41 #b #ef south of same planet4 ,motion #b #bg #ab retrograde up to the #aath2 and from #aath to end of the month1 #ad #ed #ce direct4 ,diameter diminishes from #ab on the #ast to #g4d on the #cast4 ,the times of his rising are as follows3 ,on the #ast1 #d3di a4 m42 on the #afth1 #c3ei a4 m42 and on the #cjth1 #c3cf a4 m4 ,,venus4 ,during the month the beauty of this planet is quite overshadowed by the superior light of the sun4 ,her times of rising and setting are nearly his own1 and her diameter ranges from #i4h to #aj4 ,on the #dth1 about noon1 the sun is between her and the earth 7in superior conjunction74 ,on the #aath1 at #f3jj p4 m41 she is #a #ae north of ,neptune2 on the #adth1 at #a3ag p4 m41 #c #dg north of the moon2 motion direct1 amounting to #ci #ae #dg4 ,on the #ast1 she rises at #e3je a4 m41 and sets at #f3de p4 m42 and on the #afth1 rises at #d3ei a4 m41 sets at #g3ba p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #e3jc a4 m41 sets at #g3ec p4 m4 ,,mars1 ,like ,venus1 keeps near the sun during the entire month1 rising on the #ast at #d3bd a4 m42 on the #afth1 at #c3dc a4 m41 and on the #cjth1 at #c3be a4 m41 and setting on the corresponding days at #e3bb1 #e3ba1 and #e3ai p4 m4 respectively4 ,his diameter is #d4d1 and his motion #bb #ad #cc4f eastwardly 7direct74 ,on the #abth1 at #aj3ee p4 m41 he is #b #c north of the moon2 on the #cjth1 at #d3jj p4 m41 #b #ef north of ,mercury4 ,,jupiter1 ,now that ,venus 8hides her diminished head10 8does himself proud10 attracting the eye of the most casual observer4 ,his proximity to the star ,alpha ,leonis 7,regulus71 particularly on the #cjth1 when he is about two thirds of a degree north of the latter1 detracts nothing from his prominence2 but on the other hand1 rather renders him more conspicuous4 ,on the #agth1 at #aj3jj a4 m41 he is just #ij east of the sun2 and on the #bjth1 at #i3cg p4 m41 #d #ag north of the moon4 ,his diameter decreases during the month from #cg4b to #cd4b and he makes a direct advance of #b #c #ea4 ,on the #ast1 he rises at #ab3be p4 m41 and sets next morning at #b3jc2 on the #afth1 he rises at #aa3cj a4 m41 and sets on the #agth at #a3jd a4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #aj3db a4 m41 and sets at #ab3ad a4 m4 on the #cast4 ,,saturn4 ,those who wish to see in all his grandeur this planet with his rings1 must not longer delay4 ,each day brings him nearer the sun1 so that by the close of the month his time of setting is only about one hour after sunset4 ,his diameter decreases four tenths of a second of arc1 and his motion is #c #dd direct4 ,on the #afth1 at #i3ce a4 m41 he is #d #b north of the moon4 ,he rises on the #ast at #g3bc a4 m4 and sets at #aj3je p4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #f3ca a4 m41 sets at #i3ae p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #e3dd a4 m41 sets at #h3bh p4 m4 ,,uranus4 ,this planet will be an evening star1 and afford a fine opportunity for observation to those who have the means at hand profitably to view it4 ,our limited knowledge of its physical properties make it1 to the ordinary observer1 a matter of little interest4 ,it rises on the #ast at #c3ae p4 m41 and sets on the #bnd at #c3ba a4 m42 on the #afth1 it rises at #b3ae p4 m41 and sets at #b3ba the next morning2 on the #cjth1 it rises at #a3ah p4 m4 and sets on the #cast at #a3bf a4 m4 ,it maintains the same diameter1 #c4h1 throughout the month1 and makes a direct motion of #b #ac #de4 ,on the #bc;d1 at #d3ch a4 m41 will be #a #aa north of the moon4 ,,neptune4 ,and now we come to the 8last but not least10 by any means1 of our planets--a planet1 however1 that interests us but very little1 as we can only see it through a quite powerful telescope1 and then only as a small1 pale disk4 ,yet its movements are ascertained and recorded just as those are of other planets1 and so far as we know them1 we are just as confident of the obtained results4 ,as much so as we are of the some two hundred and twenty small bodies that are so much nearer to us1 whose orbits lie between that of ,mars and that of ,jupiter2 more confident than we are of the orbits of those erratic bodies we call comets1 which seem to come and go at pleasure1 and were formerly the terror of all who beheld them2 and of those other bodies known as meteors1 meteorites1 or aerolites1 which not only terrify those who behold them1 but frequently injure and destroy the beings with which they come in contact4 ,in fact1 we know that ,neptune1 although apparently so small1 is a globe #cd1ejj miles in diameter1 and so far away as to do us no harm1 while there may be thousands of little invisible globes flying around our earth waiting for some favorable opportunity to break away from their restraints and hurl themselves1 as those did at ,stannern in #ahab1 or at ,orgueil1 in ,france1 in #ahfd1 upon our devoted heads or our cherished treasures4 ,let us1 then1 respect our obscure and distant friend1 with whom we are definitely acquainted1 and record his acts as follows3 ,for the first part of the month he will be an evening star2 from the #acth1 on which date he will be in conjunction with the sun1 he will be a morning star2 and on the #adth1 at #g3dg a4 m41 will be #b #ae north of the moon4 ,his motion will be direct1 and amount to #a #aj2 his diameter #b4e4 ,on the #aath1 at #f3jj p4 m41 he will be #a #ae south of ,venus4 ,on the #ast he will rise at #e3dd a4 m4 and set at #g3db p4 m42 on the #afth1 rise at #d3dh a4 m41 set at #f3dh p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rise at #c3ed a4 m41 set at #e3cd p4 m4 ,,the ,,homelike ,,house4 ,,by ,,susan ,,hayes ,,ward4 ,,chapter ,,iv4--,,the ,,bedroom4 8,the ,pilgrim they laid in a large upper chamber whose windows opened towards the sunrising2 the name of the chamber was ,peace1 where he slept till break of day1 and then he awoke and sang40--,john ,bunyan4 ,it is impossible to treat of house furnishing and decoration without some allusion to what hygiene requires of the house builder4 ,in the properly constructed house the bedroom will be light1 airy1 and if possible1 sunny1 like the pilgrim's chamber4 ,the bedroom windows should not be so heavily hung with curtains as to obstruct the free passage of air4 ,thin curtains of chintz or muslin are better for sleeping rooms than heavily lined damask or cretonne1 as sunlight and pure air are bedroom essentials4 ,the cheapest and most convenient treatment for the wall is paper hanging2 but ,dr4 ,richardson1 the well known ,english writer of house and health papers1 inveighs against wall paper upon bedroom walls1 and specially against the practice of papering one layer over another1 on the ground that germs of disease are liable to be cased up behind wall paper1 and to remain a source of danger in after years4 ,no doubt a painted or washable surface is best from a hygienic point of view1 but with proper care paper can be risked4 ,light1 airy patterns are preferable1 of varying tints1 but the same general color as the ground1 for the bedroom should never be gloomy1 and the less sunshine it gets from without the more sunny should be the paper that decks its walls4 ,violent contrasts in color1 and spotty or staring designs are a source of irritating annoyance to the sick4 ,let the purchaser1 in selecting wall paper1 stand at a distance of a dozen feet or so and look with half closed eyes1 and he will get much more of the general effect1 and will see more as the invalid will who may occupy the room when the paper is hung4 ,then1 in the matter of drainage and plumbing1 there has been a great overturning in the past few years4 ,people began to discover1 about ten years ago1 that their modern improvements were followed by a long train of sore throats1 diphtheria1 and typhoid fevers1 and the wise householder was led to study the various systems of pipes and drains4 ,thanks to our boards of health1 and to the efforts and writings of such men as ,col4 ,waring1 much has been done to improve and perfect the drainage of city houses1 but in spite of the advance that has been made in this direction1 modern conveniences often prove in the end to be inconvenient1 if not pernicious1 and the fewer set washbowls and water closets with which our houses are furnished the safer we may feel4 ,with faucets for hot and cold water on each floor from which to replenish the water jugs1 no reasonable servant could complain of the extra drudgery1 much less the sensible woman who 8does her own work10 and all could sleep sounder at night without fear of being haunted by any of those frightful demons of the drain pipe which were represented in a number of ,harper's ,weekly some years ago1 as issuing from a set washbowl and hovering over the innocent slumberer4 ,upon this point all the writers upon house decoration are as one1 and ,mr4 ,cook1 in his 8,house ,beautiful0 says3 8,seeing no certain way to prevent the evil so long as drain pipes are allowed in bedrooms1 many people nowadays are giving up fixed washstands altogether1 and substituting the old fashioned arrangement of a movable piece of furniture1 with movable apparatus1 the water brought in pitchers1 and the slops carried away in their native slop jars40 ,whether healthier or not1 ,i think there can be no doubt that the old way is more comfortable by far4 ,setting both health and comfort to one side for a moment1 there can be no doubt that the movable washstand1 with its paraphernalia of bowls and pitchers1 is a more sightly and decorative object in the bedroom than any set washbowl arrangement that has yet been contrived4 ,of course ,i am referring to the introduction of waste pipes into the bedroom proper1 not to toilet or bath-rooms outside its walls4 ,in cold weather the bedroom air should be a little cooler1 perhaps1 than that of the living rooms of the house1 but not many degrees lower4 ,our fathers and mothers1 when boys and girls1 slept in rooms freezing cold1 and broke the ice in their water pitchers in the morning2 but they lived in spite of this1 not because of it4 ,there is a deal of loose thinking on this subject4 ,cold air is no healthier than warm4 ,it is impure air1 warm or cold1 that is unhealthy1 the cold being specially pernicious2 witness the church influenza1 that most obstinate and unconquerable of all colds1 because contracted by sitting in a chilling atmosphere after the body's vitality has been reduced through breathing air that has not been renewed since the last service held in the room4 ,there was a clever story called 8,lizzie ,wilson10 published in ,littell's ,living ,age1 years ago1 in which a clergyman's poor widow is represented as bringing up satisfactorily1 through many straits1 a family of young children4 ,as their bedrooms were not heated1 they had a joint dressing room1 where the boy of the household first lighted the fire1 and then dressed himself1 his mother and sisters occupying the room later1 in turn4 ,this indulgence in the way of comfort1 which might have been deemed an extravagance by others as poor as themselves1 was paid for by going without dessert three days of the week2 and the children1 when cosily warming their backs before the dressing room fire1 were pleased to call it 8taking a slice of pudding40 ,a wise household economy of this sort1 less pudding and pie and more fires1 would not be amiss in many ,american homes4 ,to keep one room intolerably hot1 and all others without any heat1 is a wasteful retrenchment1 which must be paid for in doctors' bills and funerals4 ,the question of single or double beds is also one of some hygienic importance4 ,when a room is to be occupied by more than one person1 the ,european custom of placing two single beds side by side has great advantage over the ,english double bed fashion4 ,i have known mothers to assert that they observed a marked improvement in the health and temper of nervous1 irritable children1 after the little ones had been removed to single beds1 where they could rest without disturbance from a bedfellow2 and no one doubts that sickly or delicate people should occupy single beds4 ,as to color1 ,i confess to a stout prejudice against getting up rooms all in one hue4 ,i would banish altogether the young-ladyish dainty pink or blue room1 and confine the green room to the theater4 ,it is very hard to so manage a symphony in blue1 for example1 that it shall be truly symphonious4 ,the cretonne furniture covers are apt to contain some analine dyes that fade to forlorn and sickly hues in place of their original smartness4 ,the blue of the wall paper will never agree with that of the carpet1 and the cheap paper cambric or stouter jean that peeps through the muslin toilet cover grows paler with age1 and each passing day increases the general discord4 ,white rooms with snowy and spotless walls1 curtains and bedcovers1 such as certain nun-like story-book young ladies affect1 are chilling in the extreme4 ,their immaculate purity alone renders them endurable1 and even then the obtrusiveness of their ,dutch-like cleanliness is exasperating4 ,a dingy white room is even more ugly than an ill-assorted blue one4 ,if the walls are plain1 let the curtains be figured with various colors2 if the walls are papered with figured polychrome hangings1 let the curtains be plain1 but harmonizing with some one color of the wall paper4 ,that same color can be emphasized and repeated in carpet1 rugs1 and table or bureau cover1 but no one color should be used to the exclusion of all others1 as the eye wearies of neutral tints unrelieved by positive color without a large proportion of neutral tinted space4 ,a bedroom should look as if intended for the use of its occupants4 ,much millinery1 quilled and ruffled muslin1 and toilet tables in fine petticoats are only allowable in the room of a dainty young girl who has plenty of time to spend in renewing and freshening up her ephemeral finery1 or in a guest chamber that is seldom used1 and is thus made to look pretty at slight expense4 ,knick-knackeries of this sort provoke the righteous wrath of sturdy men1 and they are quite out of taste in that most home-like of all gathering places1 the mother's room4 ,for the name of that chamber should always be ,peace and ,comfort4 ,it should be of all bedrooms the most commodious1 the most convenient of access1 with the largest of drawers1 the roomiest of closets1 the most restful of chairs1 and a boundless welcome to all the household4 ,closet room should be struggled for in the building of a house4 ,this is a point where the masculine intellect shows its weakness and the feminine its strength4 ,a quick-witted woman will suggest to her architect1 nook after nook of waste space to be utilized as closet room which would altogether escape his notice4 ,no bedroom should be unfurnished in this regard4 ,when closets are not built in1 portable wardrobes should be supplied4 ,there is fallacy in the supposition that the most attractive portion of the house should be reserved as a 8spare room0 for the casual guest4 ,the family should first be made comfortable2 when that has been done1 if one would use hospitality without grudging1 it will be necessary to imitate the great woman of ,shunem1 and at least furnish a little chamber with the necessary bed1 table1 stool and candlestick4 ,moving out of one's own room and doubling up with another for a night or two does very well in the holiday season1 when the spirit of hospitality and good nature is in the air2 but1 ordinarily speaking1 it is quite a task to empty the upper drawer of one's bureau1 and leave one's own comfortable quarters4 ,so far as health1 neatness and style are concerned1 brass bedsteads are the best4 ,they are very simple in form and construction1 and so are some of the iron bedsteads1 which can be kept absolutely nice and clean in any climate1 and are1 unlike brass1 quite inexpensive4 ,the most objectionable of all bedsteads is that 8,contrived a double debt to pay1 ,a bed by night1 a chest of drawers by day10 which is only to be tolerated where a parlor must serve temporarily as sleeping room4 ,a well made bed is the essential piece of bedroom furniture1 which may be hidden from view by a screen or curtains1 but should not be slammed up and boxed in against the wall1 or made to stand upon anything but its own merits4 ,wire net springs are probably as good as can be got1 and a feather bed under the mattress is an improvement to the best modern bed1 if properly aired1 turned and shaken daily4 ,mattresses should be remade and their contents pulled lightly apart before they grow matted or ridgy4 ,curled hair mattresses are1 of course1 the best1 but ,english flock1 excelsior1 and straw1 all make respectable beds1 and can be made easier by covering them with thick comfortables or blankets1 under the sheet4 ,it is quite worth while to make slip covers for mattresses4 ,sheets should have an allowance of at least three quarters of a yard for tucking in4 ,three yards will not be found too long for comfortable home sheets4 ,blankets are apt to be too short4 ,it is better to tear a pair of blankets apart1 and finish the edge with a buttonhole stitch in worsted4 ,the old fashioned 8blanket stitch10 as it was called1 a long and short stitch alternating1 is very pretty4 ,this finish is better than binding1 which is apt to shrink and tear off4 ,it seems a waste of time to make cotton patchwork when pretty quilts can be bought so cheap4 ,in the days when cotton cloth was costly1 every scrap was worth saving1 but now patchwork seems only serviceable in teaching little girls to sew overhand seams4 ,hand-wrought spreads look well when pulled up over the pillows1 covering the whole bed1 and should be treated with respect and carefully folded and laid away at night4 ,pillow shams are troublesome to keep in place1 and can be discarded without regret1 when a pretty covering of this sort conceals the whole bed4 ,of my own choice ,i would never make use of anything with so disreputable a name4 ,the fault of crazy quilts is their craziness4 ,to be really pleasing they should have some design1 like a ,turkish rug which1 though very irregular in detail1 has yet a general plan1 a distinct centerpiece1 and a plainly defined border4 ,one of the most objectionable features of the ordinary 8crazy0 quilt is the huddling together in the same piece of work of painting upon silk and embroidery1 two widely differing sorts of decoration1 which will not bear being brought heedlessly in juxtaposition4 ,very pretty comfortables1 to be folded like a silk quilt1 and thrown over the foot of the bed1 can be made of paper muslin1 in dainty colors1 or of cheese-cloth1 lightly filled with cotton batting1 and knotted with bright colored wools4 ,cotton comfortables are not so serviceable as blankets1 but they are much cheaper1 and it is well to keep a supply on hand for use in cold winter weather1 or to make up an extra bed with in case of emergency4 ,they can be folded under the sheet to soften a hard mattress1 or white palliases filled with cotton can be made for the same purpose1 but great care should be taken to air bedding of this sort very thoroughly4 ,a roomy lounge in a bed chamber is a great convenience4 ,it affords an opportunity for an afternoon nap without disarranging the well made bed1 and many a careworn woman would lie down for a few minutes upon a lounge in her bedroom who would not think of resting in the daytime upon the bed4 ,a long1 broad1 pine box1 with wooden castors attached1 makes an admirable lounge frame1 or a narrow cot bedstead could be cut down to be of suitable height for a lounge frame4 ,this should be supplied with a good mattress1 or a covering of chintz or cretonne could be drawn over it1 with a frill falling nearly to the floor4 ,from one to three square pillows1 similarly covered1 would perfect this lounge1 which could serve readily for a bed in time of need4 ,bed hangings and canopies are pretty and unnecessary1 except in mosquito countries1 where lace net1 gathered full upon a hoop suspended horizontally from the ceiling1 and falling in ample folds to the floor1 will serve to keep many out1 and one or two teasing marauders in1 the long night through4 ,bed hangings proper are prettiest when made in the form of a canopy over the bed head1 and should be of a material that will bear washing4 ,an ample supply of choice bed linen and towels1 all handsomely marked1 is no less a subject of pride with housekeepers than dainty table damask1 and people of wealth in these days spend lavishly upon hemstitched linen or silk sheets1 elegant towels1 and elaborately embroidered letterings4 ,this fondness for well stocked linen presses is a womanly and pardonable weakness1 inherited from our far away ancestresses1 who strewed stalks of lavender between the sheets in their chests and presses1 a custom that has not gone altogether out of date among old fashioned ,european housekeepers4 ,other comforts of the sleeping room where bath-rooms are not attached are plenty of water and bath towels1 a washstand for each occupant of the room1 generous bowls1 a well filled pail with which to replenish the pitchers1 foot tub1 a portable bath tub1 capacious slop jars1 a rubber or enameled leather cloth to spread upon the floor1 a screen for seclusion's sake1 and room to splash4 ,if the bedroom china1 pails and jars be pretty in shape and color1 so much the better1 but at any rate1 let them be large enough4 ,a wooden topped washstand should be protected with a piece of enameled leather1 over which a plain towel can be spread for look's sake4 ,fanciful fringed and colored mats are out of place on the washstand1 where water should be free to spatter4 ,where 8splashers0 are used to protect the wall1 they should be simple of design and easy to wash1 and mottoes1 if introduced1 should be appropriate to the place4 8,sweet ,rest in ,heaven10 which ,i have known used for this purpose1 can hardly be considered suitable2 nor yet the prophet's command to the leprous ,syrian captain1 8,wash and be clean10 a too suggestive motto1 wholly subversive of the theory that bathing is a luxury indulged in for refreshment's sake2 nor yet again a representation of birds dipping into a stream1 with the scriptural allusion to the ,good ,samaritan's washing and binding up of wounds1 8,go and do thou likewise40 ,these sentences might be appropriate in the accident ward of a charity hospital1 but hardly suit the wall decoration of a lady's dainty bed-chamber4 ,something more suggestive of the sparkling1 limpid purity of the crystal spring would be in better taste--such as3 8,see the face of ,laughing ,water40--,longfellow4 8,she sprinkled bright water from the stream40--,shelley4 8,from a thousand petty rills ,that tumble down the snowy hills40--,milton4 ,there can be no lack of good mottoes to those who look for them4 ,a roomy1 deep drawered bureau is best for a woman's use1 a dressing table or bureau with small and large drawers for a man4 ,there should be looking glasses suited to the needs of each1 but for a lady it is convenient to have a glass so placed as to reflect her full figure1 so that she may judge of the 8hang0 of a skirt or the looping of dress drapery4 ,a candle-stand by the bed1 with candlestick and matches1 a table or desk for writing purposes1 chairs low enough for sewing or lounging in1 and a big1 old-fashioned stuffed chair for the solace of the sick1 these are all bedroom comforts4 ,i have said nothing of servants' rooms1 though much might be written on the thoughtless neglect which generally makes such rooms unpresentable4 ,i can recall to memory but one house containing a model room for servants' use4 ,that bed-chamber was as exquisitely nice in its appointments as the room of the mistress herself1 though its furnishing was1 of course1 much less costly4 ,boys' rooms1 also1 especially in country homes1 are apt to be cheerless1 neglected spots1 wholly unattractive to their occupants4 ,boys ought not to be burdened in their rooms with the care of those little prettinesses in which their sisters delight2 still they should be educated to enjoy what is truly refined and beautiful4 ,their bedrooms should be tasteful and comfortable1 and they should be taught to keep them in order1 to hang clothes tidily in the press1 to lay away neckties carefully in the drawer1 and to take pride and pleasure in making their rooms attractive to themselves and their young friends4 ,they should be encouraged to feel at home in their rooms1 and if no attic or shed room can be given up for their boyish gatherings1 for whittling1 tinkering1 kitemaking1 and other important youthful manufactures1 to say nothing of choice collections of sticks and stones1 then banish the carpet1 retaining only a warm rug before the bed1 and let them make whatever clutter their legitimate pursuits involve1 so long as they are rigidly required to right all disorder when the work is done4 ,free permission to carry on such innocent occupations within his own domain1 with a kindly winking of the maternal eye at an occasional pillow fight1 would tell more as a means of grace on the boy who now slips out of the house to find doubtful recreation elsewhere1 than a whole barrelful of ,sunday sermons4 ,the boy who has once learned to take pleasure and pride in the appointments of his own room will want some time for enjoying them1 other than the hours spent in bed1 and as he of choice lives more within the walls of home1 and enters more and more into the spirit of home he will be so much the more likely in his turn to be one day the master and joint possessor of a homelike house4 8,,consider ,,the ,,lilies40 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,n4 ,,evans4 ,pure white the lily's cup6 ,reminding thee of those whom ,god hath clad ,in linen robings--fine1 and clean1 and white-- ,the righteousness of saints6 ,perfumed1 the lily's cup6 ,reminding thee of incense-breathing lives ,whose fervent prayer1 whose loving words and deeds ,all earth with fragrance fill6 ,with honey stored1 its cup6 ,reminding thee of pure heart-chalices ,whose limpid depths are wells of heavenly love ,whence all who will may draw4 ,the lily's cup shall fade6 ,but withered flower and body death-destroyed1 ,or ,spring1 or ,angel-trump shall wake again ,to resurrection1 life6 ,this1 then1 the lily saith3 8,pure1 perfumed1 stored with sweetness be thy life1 ,on earth a benison--then1 glory-crowned1 ,immortal be in heaven60 ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,of ,,forestry4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,powell4 ,in this country many people have only just begun to know that there is such a thing as forestry4 ,very few understand clearly that it is both a science and an art1 and is one of the most important subjects which can come before the mind4 ,for convenience we will treat it under two heads3 ,a1 the value or benefit of forests2 and ,b1 ,how shall we get the greatest benefit from them8 ,a4 ,we may regard forests3 ,i4 ,as yielding a vast amount of products necessary for civilized people4 ,,ii4 ,as efficient in preventing certain evils1 such as3 7a7 ,washing soil from hillsides2 7b7 ,depositing this material where it does great and lasting mischief2 7c7 ,droughts and floods2 7d7 ,harm done by drying1 chilling or malarious winds2 7e7 ,the shifting of wind-driven sands which1 when not held in place by forests1 often cover and ruin fertile land1 and even bury fences and buildings2 7f7 ,the undue multiplication of insects harmful to vegetation4 ,,iii4 ,as beautifying a region and affording healthful retreats for tired and sick people4 ,but forestry treats not only of this use and value in the woods1 but also tells us3 ,b4 ,how to make them of use3 that is1 how to manage forest property so as to make it yield the greatest benefit in the long run1 to the individual owner1 to the community1 and to future generations4 ,this involves the study of a great many questions which we may classify as follows3 ,i4 ,on what kinds of soil and in what situations shall we keep or plant trees8 ,,ii4 ,what kinds of trees shall we raise in any particular place8 ,,iii4 ,at what age1 and in what way shall we cut the trees of each kind in a given region8 ,,iv4 ,what are the methods of marketing forest products which will secure the greatest profit8 ,v4 ,how shall we protect trees from disease1 from robbery1 and from fires8 ,few ,americans have studied forests with any other design than that of getting from them the greatest possible amount of immediate profit4 ,scarcely anywhere has care been taken to so use them that they should continue to yield their many sided benefits to succeeding generations4 ,neither have they been regarded as of much use in the present except as sources of certain products1 such as lumber1 timber1 tan-bark1 charcoal1 turpentine1 resin1 tar1 wood-pulp1 etc4 ,as a rule1 no consideration has been given to the effect they have upon climate1 rainfall1 droughts1 floods1 health1 or the beauty and attractiveness of a region4 ,the first settlers cleared off1 in the quickest and cheapest way1 great forests of the finest trees which1 if standing now1 would be worth far more than the ground on which they stood can ever be worth for farming4 ,these splendid forests of species of timber that now bring a high price--from #de to #aej per thousand feet for the best quality--were cut down1 hauled together1 skidded up in piles and burned to get rid of them4 ,and this was called improvement of that land6 ,they often cleared in this way steep hillsides which1 after yielding two or three good crops by means of the rich vegetable mould that always accumulates under a forest1 were almost worthless1 even as pastures1 and entirely so for tillage4 ,as a result1 in large regions so improved1 springs and brooks fail in the dry season1 and in a wet time floods become more and more destructive4 ,had these hillsides been kept as forests--that is1 cut over in such a way as to ensure a new growth of equally good trees--they would have kept on affording in winter steady and remunerative employment2 springs and streams would have preserved a more even and permanent flow2 climate would have been more favorable for the production of all kinds of crops1 and especially of fruits2 men and animals would have enjoyed better health2 and regions now barren1 uninviting1 and thinly inhabited by poverty-stricken and unambitious people would furnish a good living to large and vigorous populations1 and would beside be attractive to summer visitors in search of health or recreation4 ,in a word1 we may say that forestry--using the term as meaning the science and art of getting from the woods the greatest and most lasting benefits--has never been studied except by a very few of our people4 ,one reason for this is that until quite recently all forest products have been abundant1 and the injury to water supply1 health1 farming1 manufacturing and navigation resulting from the destruction of the woods has only just begun to appear4 ,besides1 these mischievous results are not by most folks assigned to their true cause1 e4 g41 certain parts of the lower peninsula of ,michigan are far less adapted for raising wheat1 corn1 clover and peaches than they were before1 to so great an extent1 the great sheltering forests of that ,state were cut off4 ,a commission appointed in #ahfg by the legislature to examine the subject1 reported that for forty years the winters had been growing more severe2 and that thirty years before the peach had been abundant1 and the crop rarely failed1 frost being unknown from ,may to ,october2 but that at the time of the report it was very uncertain on account of unseasonable frosts4 ,the further statement was made that3 8,the destruction of the wheat as well as the corn crop is becoming a matter of great anxiety to our farmers in many sections1 and the winter-killing of the clover in the eastern part of the ,state last winter1 not by #8heaving1' but1 apparently1 by being frozen dead in the ground1 as it appears black and rotten in the spring1 may be another proof of climatic changes of great significance to the farmers and the dairymen40 ,it was estimated that the damage to winter wheat by its exposure to cold1 wind and sun for want of its former usual covering of snow1 caused a loss of half the crop1 or #e1jjj1jjj bushels in a single year4 7,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,report on ,forestry1 #ahgg1 p4 #bga47 ,yet1 notwithstanding this evidence of the injury done by forest destruction1 it aroused no such general demand for the preservation of at least shelter-belts across the tract of injurious winds that the legislature felt obliged to interfere and secure such preservation4 ,since #ahfg the destruction of the forests of ,michigan has gone on much faster than before4 ,prof4 ,b4 ,g4 ,northrop1 of ,connecticut1 who has done so much to promote the observance of 8,arbor ,days10 says that in visiting the regions where the floods in the ,ohio river in #ahhc-d did so much damage--that of #ahhc1 it was estimated1 destroyed #fj1jjj1jjj worth of property1 beside a great many lives1 and that of #ahhd1 which was five feet higher1 did less harm only because that of #ahhc had left less property within reach--he often met1 even among the sufferers1 a doubt or denial that cutting away the forests on the head-waters of the ,ohio had much effect in causing the floods4 ,another reason for our apathy is that people get used by degrees to changes in climate1 springs and streams2 in the adaptedness of a region to raise fruit1 vegetables1 grain or stock2 or in the price and quality of forest products4 ,in all these respects1 large portions of the country are already suffering great loss1 but most of it has come on gradually4 ,of late years1 however1 so much has been said in the papers and magazines that floods1 drought and injurious changes of climate are more generally attributed to forest destruction4 ,but people do not seem as yet to be very uneasy about the waste and destruction of the valuable material afforded by the woods4 ,we had so much when we received this continent from ,god's hand that it never seemed as if we could suffer from lack of it4 ,in fact1 few people realize how great is the money value of what every year we draw from this bank4 ,most folks would be greatly surprised to learn that what we get from the woods is worth more than any other one crop4 ,no one yield of cotton1 corn1 wheat or hay is worth so much in dollars and cents4 ,in #ahhj1 the last census year1 these products were worth the enormous sum of #gjj1jjj1jjj1 which is one and two-fifths times the value of our breadstuffs2 two and one-eighth times that of the meat we raise2 two and one-half times that of all the steel and iron we make2 almost three times that of the woolen1 and three and one-eighth times that of the cotton goods turned out by our mills2 more than three and one-half times that of the boots and shoes2 four and one-half times that of the sugar and molasses2 eight and one-fourth times our total outlay for public education2 ten times the output of our gold and silver mines1 and three times that of the entire product of coal and ores of all sorts4 ,now1 this immense sum is what the raw materials afforded by the forests are worth4 ,but these raw materials are themselves the necessary foundation of a vast number of the most important industries1 such as the manufacture of furniture1 wagons1 agricultural implements1 railroad cars1 pianos1 organs and other musical instruments1 house-building1 etc41 etc4 ,it would be a useful exercise to write out a list of the trades and occupations one can think of which must have forest products1 or something more costly1 as their raw material4 ,we should find that those industries which depend directly on these products include the most important ones1 while every branch of manufacture and every kind of work is indirectly dependent on them4 ,different branches of industry are more and more interwoven with and dependent upon each other1 as civilization advances4 ,the greater the number of parts entering into a machine1 the greater is the loss from the stoppage of the whole if any one breaks down4 ,a chain is no stronger than its weakest link4 ,another reason for our indifference is that most things made from forest products are1 as yet1 cheap1 because improved methods and machinery1 together with sharp competition1 have lessened the cost of finished articles4 ,men employed in getting these products out of the woods and carrying them to the consumer1 are constantly devising more efficient methods of work4 ,a modern saw mill1 planing mill1 sash and blind or furniture factory1 is as much more efficient than anything known fifty years ago as an express train is better than a stage coach4 ,then1 too1 wherever the ground is moderately level1 the narrow-gauge railroad often takes the place of the old fashioned sleds or trucks drawn by teams4 ,this makes loggers independent of high water for floating their logs4 ,a train of twenty-five cars1 containing #dj1jjj feet of logs1 is on the average loaded in seventy-five and unloaded in nine minutes1 and the train will run1 one day with another1 #afj miles4 ,by this means much timber is now reached that grows so far from streams that it would not have paid to carry it to the mills by the old methods4 ,a dollar or a day's work will1 by means of these contrivances1 accomplish so much more now than it used to1 that under the pressure of competition1 most of the finished articles made of wood in whole or in part1 are sold cheaper than formerly4 ,but really good lumber and timber in the tree or log is very much dearer1 and this because our enormous consumption is exhausting the stock4 ,but since people in general are impressed by what a finished article costs when they buy it1 we are not likely to be goaded into the necessary measures by feeling the lack of forest products until the greater part of our woods have been used up4 ,nothing but agitation and educational work1 such as that done by 8,arbor ,days10 will arouse us in time to prevent the destruction of our forests4 ,before leaving this part of our subject1 which has to do with the value of the forests as sources of valuable products1 it may be well to say a word about the important matter of forest fires4 ,all experts agree that they consume at least as much as the axe and saw1 and that is not less than #cjj1jjj1jjj worth a year1 which is about #e4jj for every man1 woman and child in the country4 ,but the indirect damage they do by preventing the proper care of old1 and the planting of new woodland1 will1 quite possibly1 prove greater than that which they do by destroying what we already have4 ,the most profitable tree culture is that which produces mature and good timber1 because it always will command a high price2 while there is now1 and probably for a long time there will be1 a large supply of1 and a low price for1 immature and cheap timber4 ,but to raise mature trees1 we must wait longer for the profit on the time and money expended4 ,most of our hasty people want quick returns1 and if anything makes the long investment risky1 these two objections--delay and risk--will weigh more than any arguments that can be put into the other side of the scale1 and it is so hard with our present laws and habits to keep fires out of the woods1 that it makes it hazardous to spend time and labor in keeping and caring for trees long enough to get the best timber from them1 and therefore few undertake it4 ,,ii4 ,but we were to give a glance at the usefulness of forests as preventing certain evils4 ,taking these up in the order named1 we come first to 7a7 ,the washing of the soil from hillsides4 ,it was estimated by the exact and cautious ,george ,p4 ,marsh 78,earth as ,modified by ,human ,action0--a book that no one can afford not to read--pp4 #bhb-c71 that during the last two thousand years there has been washed away from the portion of ,italy drained by the river ,po1 enough soil to raise the entire surface forty-five feet6 ,had the woods been left on the steep hillsides as they should have been1 most of this havoc would never have occurred4 ,for lack of that soil many districts once fertile are barren1 and much of the material of which they have been robbed has been deposited where it is an almost unbearable nuisance4 ,e4 g41 it has little by little raised the bottom of the ,po itself1 and the dykes have been built higher and higher to keep the river from flooding the plains through which in the lower part of its course it flows1 so that it runs far above the surrounding country1 in a sort of aqueduct4 ,the same thing has occurred in the lower part of the ,mississippi4 ,from the deck of a steamboat1 for a long distance above ,new ,orleans1 one looks down on the plantations4 ,this elevation1 of course1 makes the pressure of the water and the cost of keeping up the dykes1 or levees1 greater every year1 and when a break occurs in time of high water1 of course it is more destructive1 because it pours down from a higher level4 ,now1 were all the steep land in the ,mississippi valley kept covered with trees1 as it should be1 this enormous amount of sediment would not come down to raise the bottom and the dykes1 and to do much other harm4 ,in time it may break through its banks and make new channels for itself1 leaving important towns high and dry1 and1 of course1 destroying much property where its new route is cut4 ,the vast mass of vegetable mould1 ashes1 etc41 which will be washed down into the ,hudson--if the forests of the ,adirondacks are ever destroyed by fire1 as there is danger that they may be--by the great floods which denudation of those mountain sides will often cause1 will quite possibly ruin the navigation of that river and the harbor of ,new ,york1 not to speak of the destruction of farms1 factories1 and towns lying where those floods can reach them4 ,next in our list of evils prevented by forests come ,droughts and ,floods 7c74 ,the annual supply of water from rain and snow1 if held back by woods on steep hillsides until it can soak down to the underground sources of springs1 or if stored up as in a sponge by the mass of fine roots1 dead leaves1 decayed wood1 moss1 etc41 which often accumulate on the surface under old forests to the depth of two or three feet--may be made to last through a whole summer4 ,there falls from the clouds--one year with another--only a certain amount of water in any particular region4 ,if there is nothing on the hillsides to hinder its rush down into the streams1 it is lavished like the money of a spendthrift1 where it does little or no good1 and very likely much harm4 ,the difference between the two is that between feverish1 riotous waste and sober plenty4 8,waste not1 want not10 is as good a maxim for the management of water as for that of cash4 ,a torrent is a stream liable to extreme and sudden increase and decrease--usually very small or quite dry in a dry time1 but liable to rise suddenly to a great height1 and as quickly to shrink to its former size4 ,by the loss of its once rich forests1 the ,ardche1 a tributary of the ,rhone1 became such a torrent1 its principal branch often being entirely dry4 ,it has been known to rise sixty feet and dwindle back to almost nothing within a few days4 ,the upper ,hudson has apparently all the conditions necessary for becoming such a torrent if once its forests are exterminated4 ,it descends some #d1jjj feet in a short and steep course1 from a region where there falls a great deal of rain and snow4 ,as the headwaters of this important river1 unlike those of the ,ohio1 lie almost within the limits of a single state1 and the control of a single legislature1 great efforts have1 within the last two years1 been made to secure the appropriation of the great ,adirondack region1 which is entirely unsuited for farming1 to be kept forever as a forest4 ,it has been objected that this would cost too much1 and that if such laws were enacted as would enable the ,state 7which now holds mostly by tax title some #gej1jjj acres7 and the permanent owners of large tracts to protect their land from fire and timber stealing1 those who hold smaller lots1 and do not care to keep them after cutting off the spruce and hemlock they contain1 would let them pass into the possession of the ,state by non-payment of taxes4 ,but a recent judicial decision renders it very doubtful whether in this way a sufficiently valid title could be secured4 ,there are strong arguments against any effective measures4 ,most men who have invested money in lumbering1 tanning and pulp mills1 and iron works requiring charcoal1 have been accustomed to carry on their work in such a way that it has made the destruction of the woods liable or almost certain to occur sooner or later2 and they are not willing--indeed1 they declare they are not able--to go on with their business if there is added the cost which would be involved in the changing to safer methods4 ,they are certainly mistaken in their violent opposition to legislation which aims to protect the woods4 ,they would1 were a proper system of forestry once put in practice1 find that their tracts of land would yield so much more1 and so much better material1 and that their losses from fires1 floods1 etc41 would be so diminished1 that in the long run they would be gainers1 and at any rate the damage which would result from the denudation of those mountains would be so vast and so lasting that all the possible cost of paying these men a fair equivalent for any loss such protective measures might occasion would be a mere trifle in the comparison4 ,as to the value of forests in preventing damage done by drying1 chilling or malarious winds 7d71 there can be no doubt that it is very great4 ,it is probable that all through the region between the eastern boundary of the ,indian ,territory1 ,kansas and ,nebraska1 and #aje west longitude1 dry winds from the south and west are very detrimental to both vegetable and animal life4 ,if any species of trees can be made to grow there--and by doing this over areas large enough to warrant the cost of irrigation and other protective measures the undertaking might succeed where it would not if attempted on a smaller scale--it is very probable that in the line of such belts of timber other species and many crops might thrive which can not now be raised4 ,it is certain that everywhere in the northern prairie states a grove that breaks the force of the cold winds from the north and west adds greatly to the value of a farm4 ,and it is gratifying to learn that so much tree planting has already been done in those states4 ,some have even been so sanguine as to predict that when the soft and hard timber of ,michigan1 ,wisconsin and ,minnesota is gone these new prairie states may be able--at least partially--to supply the needs of those just named1 whose forests were confidently asserted to be inexhaustible4 ,the effect of certain trees--indeed1 of almost any--as fences against malarious winds has been carefully studied in ,france and ,italy1 and the verdict is that it is very great4 ,marsh 78,earth as ,modified by ,human ,action10 p4 #aei7 says3 8,it is well known that the great swamps of ,virginia and the ,carolinas1 in climates nearly similar to that of ,italy1 are healthy even to the white man1 so long as the forests in and around them remain1 but become very insalubrious when the woods are felled40 ,he quotes ,jules ,clav1 a ,french expert1 as authority for the statement that 8the flat and marshy district of the ,sologne1 in ,france1 was salubrious till its woods were felled4 ,it then became pestilential1 but within the last few years its healthfulness has been restored by forest plantations40 ,marsh also thinks that in ,germany and ,india belts of trees have been found very beneficial in warding off cholera4 ,a lumber journal recently asserted that cholera has never prevailed in pine-producing districts4 ,lanisci says that in the time of ,gregory ,,viii4 7who came to the papal chair in #aegb and reformed the calendar7 ,rome became much more unhealthful when a pine forest lying to the south was cut down because infested by brigands4 ,the abbey of ,trois ,fontaines1 considered one of the worst places in the fever infested ,roman campagna1 was much improved in three years by plantations of the ,eucalyptus1 and this tree has been used with good effect for the same purpose in the ,french settlements in ,algeria 7,hough1 ,u4,s4 ,forestry ,report for #ahgg1 p4 #bhe74 ,of the service rendered by forests in preventing the drifting of sands 7e7 the most remarkable instance is afforded by the once dreary regions in the extreme southwestern part of ,france1 where plantations of the maritime pine have1 in the departments of the ,landes and ,gironde transformed over #d1jjj square miles of poverty-stricken country into populous hives of an intelligent and thrifty population4 ,in the lower part of the valley of the ,wisconsin river1 much loss and inconvenience is experienced by the drifting of the sand which1 driven by the prevailing west winds1 covers and ruins fields and gardens1 and in many cases1 even fences4 ,a few belts of timber running across that valley would be worth many times their cost in preventing this nuisance4 ,woods prevent the increase of noxious insects 7f7 in two ways3 ,they shelter birds1 nature's great insect-police1 and they stop the progress of many species1 such as the grasshoppers1 which scourge some of the western states1 and the chinch-bug1 so much dreaded by wheat growers4 ,it is said that the latter pest never traverses a belt of thick trees as much as seven or eight rods in width4 ,so1 too1 it is affirmed on apparently good authority1 that winds carrying the fungus called wheat-rust deposit their baleful load if they find a forest in their track4 ,,iii4 ,scarcely any room remains to speak of the important service which forests render in beautifying a region4 ,besides preventing the disfiguring ravages of wind and water1 they add a positive element of beauty4 ,no one accustomed to the palpitating glow of autumn color in the ,berkshire ,hills of ,massachusetts2 or to the more subtle attractions of the shifting half-tints in which spring drapes budding trees in the same region2 or to the splendor of a wooded mountain side with the diamonds of an ice-storm glittering in the sun2 or to the restful coolness of a dark hemlock grove in ,july heat1 can ever feel quite at home in a treeless region4 ,b4 ,how shall we manage forest property so as to make it yield these benefits and ward off these evils8 ,the questions arranged under our five heads have for more than a hundred years been exhaustively studied in ,germany and ,france4 ,germany thinks that before a man is put in charge of the immense interests which center around her forests1 he needs from ten to fourteen years of hard work and study after he has as much education as the average graduate of an ,american college4 ,the science elaborated in these schools1 and in the forests under the charge of their graduates1 is embodied in a large1 learned and rapidly growing literature4 ,the application of these principles to any particular region must be learned upon the spot4 ,for this purpose1 one of the first things which our national and state governments should do is to establish in different parts of the country experiment stations connected with large tracts of land4 ,at these stations we could work out specific answers to the questions suggested under our second main division 7,b74 ,it is plainly impossible in the limits of a single article to do more than give a hint of some of these practical questions4 ,not even the most expert ,german forester could give adequate answers until he had before him the results of years of experiment conducted in different parts of the country by able men4 ,even then such answers would fill many books4 ,the end aimed at in this paper has been reached1 if the numerous readers of ,,the ,,chautauquan get from it some distinct impression of the magnitude of the interests with which the science of forestry has to do1 and of the pressing need that the ,american people begin at once1 and in earnest1 to protect1 to improve1 and to extend the forest estate which up to the present we have been so heedlessly wasting4 ,,government ,,employment ,,for ,,women4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,pattie ,l4 ,,collins4 ,since the appearance of my first article on this subject1 in the ,october number of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 ,i have received letters1 asking further information1 from ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,iowa1 ,indiana1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania and ,wisconsin4 ,i have tried to answer all of them1 but to none could ,i return more than a brief1 and ,i fear unsatisfactory reply4 ,i therefore resume the subject in this public way1 with the hope of furnishing full information to all who are interested4 ,my former article was much criticised by my friends1 scarcely one of whom agreed with me entirely4 ,some said that my view of the ,civil ,service was an ideal one--as it should be1 not as it is--and others that ,i wrote from the standpoint of a successful 767 woman4 ,a person high in authority gave me food for reflection in the following inquiry3 8,do you not think that in justice to those who wish to apply for examination1 you ought to say how many have already successfully passed1 for whom places can not be found80 ,this was a new phase of the question1 and quite staggered me4 ,with my accumulating correspondence around me1 ,i began to feel as if ,i had ignorantly committed a serious blunder which ,i must lose no time in explaining4 ,the fact that the ,commission already had on file the names of many women1 with a bare possibility of the list being exhausted at a remote period1 was an aspect of the case which ,i had not adequately considered4 ,the reason for the great excess in the number of women's names over those of men left on file1 is officially stated to be that1 whenever vacancies occur in any of the departments a demand is usually made for a male instead of a female clerk4 ,i think that ,i am not mistaken in saying that appointments have hitherto been made in the ratio of six to one4 ,the ,commission has been allowed no discretion4 ,when a demand was made for a male clerk1 a female could not be supplied4 ,with my observation and experience among department clerks1 this appears to me an unjust discrimination4 ,i have often asked the reason for this of those who ought to be able to furnish intelligent opinions upon the subject1 but have never succeeded in eliciting anything satisfactory4 ,one general argument used is that it is more difficult to enforce discipline among women4 ,this1 however1 is such a weak statement1 though oft repeated1 that ,i am not inclined to discuss its merits or demerits4 ,a really strong point is made in their average loss of time4 ,it is claimed by some of the aggrieved class that this would be rectified by a just apportionment of salary as it would relieve them of much additional labor after office hours4 ,i am not prepared to suggest the remedy1 ,i only desire to speak of the service as it exists4 ,whenever a proposition is made to introduce a woman clerk into one of the cosy1 well-furnished apartments occupied by three1 four or six clerks of the opposite sex1 it is met by a prompt and indignant protest4 ,why8 ,well1 this is a question ,i will answer myself1 and if it be treason1 ,i am absolutely indifferent to the consequences4 ,pass along the corridors and glance through the half-open doors into these pleasant offices2 observe the occupants engaged with fresh newspapers1 their chairs tipped back1 barely preserving a perilous balance by making footstools of the desks2 observe also the clouds of fragrant smoke2 if the weather be warm1 graceful neglig costumes will not escape you2 a vacant chair1 perhaps many vacant chairs will be sadly suggestive to the unenlightened1 but if you inquire1 the answer will be reassuring3 8,he has only stepped out0 7for an hour or two74 ,paradoxical as it may appear1 the affairs of an entire department may be administered while the #h1jjj head1 accompanied by his bureau officers1 is fishing in the ,adirondacks1 making an excursion to ,florida1 crossing the plains1 or summering at ,mount ,desert2 and all along the line there are delicious masculine privileges which the ambitious female must not even cherish a profane desire to possess4 ,in the light of these exclusive dispensations ,i have often seriously considered the tenets of the ,arcadian settlement upon the bayou ,tche4 ,no woman is allowed to enter its peaceful borders who can read and write1 consequently they are lovely cooks and have no wrinkles4 ,the difficulty seems to begin when they are allowed to master the alphabet--after that there is no stopping them4 ,in a word1 the intelligent1 deft1 skillful1 conscientious women workers of the departments have trespassed alarmingly upon the ancient1 solidified rights of the original 8lords of the territory10 and that1 too1 just as they were most aggressively and menacingly arrayed4 ,the passage of the ,civil ,service act was 8a trumpet pealing news of battle above the unrisen morrow0--to women4 ,visions of the beautiful 8equal work1 equal pay0 doctrine rose thick and fast beyond the dark limit line of a hitherto narrow horizon2 visions of regular promotions for well performed work4 ,alas1 instead of this1 the departments are permitted to discriminate in favor of male clerks1 and no laws have yet been enacted in reference to promotion4 ,in view of these two truths perhaps ,i ought to take back all that my former article contained4 ,if the operation of the law is to practically exclude women1 while it offers no opportunities of advancement to those already within the gates1 certainly ,i owe it to my readers to admit it4 ,but this admission--even with the six to one1 or even greater ratio confronting me1 ,i am not prepared to make4 ,i have shadowed forth the reasons for this state of things1 and ,i shall continue to hope and to believe that wise legislation will regulate the system1 and time will adjust it to harmonious working order4 ,in reading the complete and exhaustive work upon the ,civil ,service of ,great ,britain1 by the ,hon4 ,dorman ,b4 ,eaton1 chairman of our own ,commission1 ,i find that when women were first employed in that enlightened land they were considered too dishonest to be trusted with letters that had not been first cut open by men clerks1 and all valuables removed6 ,they were also under the constant surveillance of a 8matron40 ,now they fill numberless places of trust and responsibility1 and a large class of earnest1 self-reliant1 independent women has been the outgrowth of an experiment which had this puny1 almost despicable beginning4 ,therefore1 despite facts and figures1 we need not be discouraged in this country4 ,it ought to be comforting to those clamoring upon the outside that there are friends and allies within4 ,it is said that there are twelve hundred women in the ,treasury alone1 while those in the other departments must aggregate many hundreds more4 ,a certain historian affirms that the ,bourbons mainly owed their restoration to the throne of ,france to the following message sent by ,prince ,talleyrand to the allied sovereigns and their generals3 8,you may do everything and you dare nothing2 for once1 then1 be daring40 ,i repeat the warlike sentiment to women desiring work here4 ,if you do not ask for it1 assuredly you will not receive it4 ,if you do ask--you1 or you1 my sister--from the ,north1 ,east1 ,south or ,west1 may be successful4 ,some of you certainly4 ,in direct response to questions which have been asked me by numerous correspondents1 ,i make the following statements3 ,each state and territory is entitled to a quota of appointments based upon its population1 without reference to present incumbents who were appointed under the old system4 ,examinations are held in various places1 thereby affording all who desire an opportunity to attend4 ,a letter addressed 8,civil ,service ,commission1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c410 containing a request for information1 will obtain a printed form containing full particulars as to every step of procedure4 ,age1 moral character1 previous employment1 where educated1 etc41 must be testified to under oath1 and each applicant must be endorsed by not less than three nor more than five reputable persons to whom he or she must be personally known4 ,all applicants will be informed when and where the first examination most convenient to them will be held4 ,a thorough1 rudimentary education is all that is necessary for the #ijj examination4 ,for the #a1bjj places something more is required2 a knowledge of book-keeping1 and our civil government1 and wider historical and geographical information4 ,there are special and technical examinations for linguists1 mechanical experts1 etc4 ,the ordinary work--by which ,i mean all that is usually performed by clerks of the lower grades--is never of an intricate character4 ,it is easily learned1 whether it be keeping books of records1 copying or briefing letters1 counting money or reckoning percentages4 ,i do not wish to convey the impression that there is any child's play in the matter--far from it4 ,there is an abundant field in which industry and intelligence can exhibit themselves advantageously4 ,the extracts appended are from the first annual report of the ,commission1 submitted to the ,president in ,february1 #ahhd4 ,i have endeavored to outline the difficulties that lie all along the way1 and to show that long waiting may follow even a successful examination4 ,i am not conscious of being even at heart a strong partisan1 and think that ,i have presented a calm and impartial statement4 ,in conclusion1 ,i may add that although good penmanship may be considered as a rather low accomplishment1 it is an important factor of success in this special direction4 ,,appendix ,no4 #e4 ,the questions below are an example of those used in the grades which fall under the first and fourth clauses of ,rule #g1 known respectively as the general and limited examinations4 ,they are a fair sample of all those used in those grades4 ,it is at one or the other of those grades that fully #ie out of every #ajj applicants have been examined under the rules4 ,the questions are frequently varied1 indeed almost at every examination1 without materially changing their grade1 and there are special adaptions of them to various places in the postal and customs offices4 ,for the sake of brevity the ample spaces for the answers on the examination papers are omitted4 ,,general ,,examination ,,under ,,clause #a ,,of ,,rule #g4--;,,first ,,subject4 ,question #a4--,one of the examiners will distinctly read 7at a rate reasonable for copying7 fifteen lines from the ,civil ,service ,law or ,rules1 and each applicant will copy the same below from the reading as it proceeds4 ,question #b4--,write below1 at length1 the names of fifteen states and fifteen cities of the ,union4 ,question #c4--;,copy the following1 which is section five of the ,civil ,service act1 in the blank below3 ,,sec4 #e4 ,that any said commissioner1 examiner1 copyist1 or messenger1 or any person in the public service who shall willfully and corruptly1 by himself or in coperation with one or more other persons1 defeat1 deceive1 or obstruct any person in respect of his or her right of examination according to any such rules or regulations1 or who shall willfully1 corruptly1 and falsely mark1 grade1 estimate or report upon the examination or proper standing of any person examined hereunder1 or aid in so doing1 or who shall willfully and corruptly make any false representations concerning the same or concerning the person examined1 or who shall willfully and corruptly furnish to any person any special or secret information for the purpose of either improving or injuring the prospects or chances of any person so examined1 or to be examined1 being appointed1 employed1 or promoted1 shall for each such offense be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor1 and upon conviction thereof1 shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars1 nor more than one thousand dollars1 or by imprisonment not less than ten days1 nor more than one year1 or by both such fine and imprisonment4 ,,second ,,subject4 ,question #a4--,multiply #cjgifh by #dijhge and divide the product by #cjgifh4 ,write in full the operation4 ,question #b4--;,divide three fourths of eight ninths by one seventh of three fifths and subtract one seventh from the quotient4 ,question #c4--;,divide one thousand and eight and three one-thousandths by three and eight one-hundredths1 expressing the process in decimal fractions4 ,question #d4--,the compensation of a clerk1 beginning ,june #cjth1 was #acc4cc a calendar month4 ,on the first of ,october his salary was increased #ae per cent41 and so remained until ,june #ast1 when it was increased a further amount of three per cent4 on the original salary4 ,what was the whole amount payable to the clerk for the year8 ,question #e4--;,a commissary suddenly forced to change quarters had on hand #ihj bushels of wheat which cost #hj cents per bushel4 ,he sold six per cent4 of it at a loss of four per cent4 and four per cent4 of it at a loss of three per cent4 ,how much was the whole loss incurred by the sale8 ,,third ,,subject4 ,question #a4--;,a note for #b1fdg4cd is payable eleven months from date with interest at #c per cent4 ,what will be the amount due on the note at maturity8 ,give all the figures in the operation4 ,question #b4--;,a disbursing agent failed1 owing the government one item of #cjh4de1 another of #b1ija4jb4 ,the government agreed to make a discount of #ac per cent4 on the first item and #aa per cent4 on the second4 ,how much was payable under the agreement8 ,question #c4--;,june #cj1 #ahhj1 ,a gave ,b a note for #a1jje payable ,july #d1 #ahhb1 with interest at #d per cent4 ,may #a1 #ahhb1 ,a paid #bce4 ,what was the amount of principal and interest due ,b when the note matured8 ,question #a4--;,a contractor furnished the government articles as follows3 ,june #h1 #ahhj1 #cjj barrels of flour at #d4ej a barrel1 and ,july #f1 #ahhj1 #ahg yards of carpet at #a a yard4 ,august #d1 #ahhj1 #a1jjj yards of carpet at #hg cents a yard4 ,the government paid on account as follows3 ,june #ab1 #ahhj1 #a1jjj2 ,july #aj1 #ahhj1 #ajj2 ,august #d1 #ahhj1 #ejj4 ,state the dealings between the parties in the form of a debit and credit account1 showing the balance due4 ,,fourth ,,subject4 ,question #a4--;,give a definition as full as the space will allow of 7#a7 a verb2 7#b7 a noun2 7#c7 an adverb2 7#d7 an adjective2 7#e7 a preposition2 7#f7 a conjunction2 and of 7#g7 the phrase1 8the grammar of the ,english language40 ,question #b4--,write a letter1 addressing it to the ,president and giving your views1 as far as you are willing to express them1 in regard to the duties and responsibilities of an officer in the public service which you seek to enter4 ,let it fill1 as nearly as may be1 the following space4 ,,fifth ,,subject4 ,question #a4--,which ,states extend to or border on the sea or tide-water8 ,what is the capital of each of said ,states8 ,question #b4--,what is meant in our history1 7#a7 by the ,colonial period2 7#b7 by the ,continental ,congress2 7#c7 by the ,declaration of ,independence2 7#d7 by the ,emancipation ,proclamation8 ,let your answers1 as nearly as may be1 fill this blank4 ,question #c4--,state in general terms1 but as particularly as the space below will permit1 what are the authority and functions of 7#a7 the ,congress of the ,united ,states2 of 7#b7 the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states2 of 7#c7 the ,president of the ,united ,states2 and give the names of each of the executive departments at ,washington4 ,,limited ,,examination ,,under ,,clause #d ,,of ,,rule #g4 ,first subject same as in examination under ,clause #a4 ,,second ,,subject4 ,,direction4--,in case the examiners think that any of the following examples may have been seen by the applicants1 they can in the first strike out a line of the figures1 and1 in the others1 change some of the figures without altering the grade of the question4 ,question #a4--;,add the following3 #fdcgiehb #bheigcdf #iagcafbe #ebfacgai #bfeihdba #ecfgigac #hcegfecb #fbihebgd #gicfedig -------- ,question #b4--;,find the difference between the following numbers3 #ijeabgjchfbd #fjeachgeiibh ------------ ,question #c4--,subtract ten thousand one hundred dollars and six cents from one hundred thousand and seven dollars and five cents1 giving all the figures required in the operation4 ,question #d4--,multiply #gjhi by #ihc4 ,question #e4--;,divide #cfhejf by #cge4 ,question #f4--,when board costs three dollars and seventy-six cents per week what will it cost from ,march #aeth to ,july #dth8 ,question #g4--;,how many times is #ag cents contained in ten thousand dollars and ten cents8 ,question #h4--,there are seven hundred and three dollars to be divided between nine men and three boys4 ,the boys are to have twenty-five dollars and five cents each1 the residue is to be equally divided among the men1 what is each man's share8 ,give all the figures involved in the solution4 ,,appendix ,no4 #f4 ,the following tables show the statistics of the examinations in the three branches of the classified service4 ,these considerations should be borne in mind in considering them3 #a4 ,that the ratio of those who fail to those who succeed is likely to be much less when the grade of questions shall be better understood2 for the more incompetent will see they have little chance of succeeding4 ,besides1 a better class has appeared at each succeeding examination4 #b4 ,it was necessary in the outset to examine a large number to make sure of having those competent to fill every variety of vacancy4 ,many appointments may be now made without further examinations4 ,the excessive number examined from the ,district of ,columbia was the result of conforming to a rule having an unanticipated effect1 which has been since amended4 #c4 ,in regard to education1 the records of the ,commission are defective in not showing how long those who have been at an academy or college have remained at either1 nor how many are graduates4 ,if a person has been but a month at an academy or college1 he is put under the head of those institutions4 ,the habit of calling so many schools academies1 and so many academies colleges1 helps to make this unavoidable classification the more misleading4 ,,table ,showing numbers of examinations1 number of those examined1 passed1 appointed1 age1 education1 etc41 in the ,department ,service1 ,washington4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,number examined4 ,male4 ,number ,female4 appointed4 ,average ----- ,,states1 age4 ,number passed at #fe ,,territories --------------- per ,,and ,education4 cent4 ,,dist4 ,,of --------------- or ,,columbia4 ,common school4 over4 ,academy4 ,college4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,alabama #d #b #b #db #b #b 44 #b 44 ,arizona ,territory #a 44 #a #cc 44 #a 44 #a 44 ,california #g #f #a #cj #b #b #c #e #a ,colorado #d #b #b #cg #a #c 44 #b 44 ,connecticut #i #c #f #bi #d #b 44 #c #a ,dakota ,territory #b #a #a #bi #a #a 44 #a 44 ,district of ,columbia #abe #ed #ga #be #dh #ec #bd #gd #c ,delaware #a 44 #a #be #a 44 44 #a 44 ,florida #b 44 #b #cf 44 #a #a #a 44 ,georgia #c #b #a #be 44 #a #b 44 44 ,illinois #bd #af #h #ca #d #f #ad #ae #d ,indiana #dj #bi #aa #bf #ae #ab #ac #ah #b ,indian ,territory #a #a 44 #cj 44 #a 44 44 44 ,iowa #c #b #a #bc #a #a #a #c #a ,kansas #ae #ac #b #cb #g #b #f #i #b ,kentucky #ba #af #e #bh #d #g #aj #ac #b ,louisiana #f #c #c #cd #b #d 44 #c 44 ,maine #ad #aj #d #bf #b #aa #a #aa #b ,maryland #ff #dj #bf #bf #ac #ce #ah #dd #c ,massachusetts #cf #bg #i #cj #f #ag #ac #bf #a ,michigan #ah #ab #f #bh #c #aj #e #aj #c ,minnesota #g #e #b #cf #c 44 #d #d 44 ,mississippi #d #c #a #cj #b #a #a #a 44 ,missouri #ae #aa #d #cd #aj #d #a #g #b ,nebraska #a 44 #a #be 44 #a 44 44 44 ,new ,hampshire #f #b #d #ce 44 #f 44 #c #a ,new ,jersey #af #g #i #bh #e #i #b #aj #b ,new ,york #id #fe #bi #bf #bj #ed #bj #ej #e ,north ,carolina #ch #bf #ab #bg #b #bd #ab #ai #a ,ohio #fd #de #ai #cb #bj #bg #ag #db #d ,pennsylvania #db #cj #ab #cj #aj #bb #aj #bb #e ,rhode ,island #f #d #b #db #e #a 44 #a #a ,south ,carolina #ac #aa #b #bd #a #f #f #i #a ,tennessee #d #a #c #ca #b #b 44 #b 44 ,texas #c #a #b #cf 44 #c 44 #c 44 ,vermont #e #a #d #bh #b #c 44 #d #a ,virginia #cg #ba #af #cb #i #bb #f #bd #b ,washington ,territory #a 44 #a #dj 44 44 #a #a 44 ,west ,virginia #ai #ac #f #cj #g #f #f #aj #a ,wisconsin #g #f #a #cb #c #c #a #e #b ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #ghd #dia #bic #cb #bag #cff #bja #dei #ec 99 99 99 99 99 ,time was when ,nature's every mystic mood ,poured round my heart a flood of eager joy2 ,when pageantry of sunsets moved the boy ,more than high ventures of the great and good2 ,when trellised shadows in the vernal wood1 ,and little peeping flowers1 so sweet and coy1 ,were simple happiness without alloy1 ,and whispered to me things ,i understood4 ,but now the strange sad weight of human woe1 ,and all the bitterness of human wrong1 ,press on my saddened spirit as ,i go1 ,and stir the pulsings of a graver song3 ,dread mysteries of life and death ,i scan1 ,and all my soul is only full of man4--,w4 ,w4 ,bedford4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,fish ,,culture4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,g4 ,,brown ,,goode4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,there are two forms of fish culture4 ,one of these1 which has been practiced for many centuries in ,china1 and perhaps quite as long in ,europe1 consisted in the transportation of living fish from waters in which they were abundant1 to other waters1 depleted or naturally deficient in fish life4 ,the carp and the goldfish have been so long domesticated that they have become modified1 like domestic fowls and cattle4 ,the goldfish was introduced into all parts of the world from ,china1 centuries ago4 ,the introduction of the carp into the ,united ,states by the efforts of our ,commissioner of ,fisheries has been one of the most extensive operations in fish culture ever attempted4 ,in #ahgh carp were brought from ,bavaria1 and from this stock1 planted in ,babcock ,lake1 over #cjj1jjj young fish have been distributed1 in lots of ten to twenty1 to every part of the country1 so that almost every county is now stocked with this valuable food fish4 ,as early as #aggj some experiments in transplanting fish were attempted1 at the suggestion of ,benjamin ,franklin and others4 ,in #ahed1 the black bass1 now so abundant in the ,potomac1 were introduced by an engineer on the ,b4 ,o4 ,r4 ,r41 who brought them over the ,alleghenies in the water tank of his engine4 ,this fish has also been sent to ,england and ,france1 where it bids fair to become a favorite4 ,in #ahgc1 a car was freighted with eastern fish designed for introduction into the waters of ,california4 ,the car ran off the track in ,nebraska1 and the rivers in that region are now stocked with our best fishes4 ,far more important than fish transportation and the acclimation of foreign species1 is the art of fish breeding1 by which it is possible to keep up the supply of fishes in waters into which they have been successfully introduced4 ,it was in the year #agda that ,stephen ,ludwig ,jacobi1 a wealthy landed proprietor and civil engineer of northwestern ,germany1 discovered the method of artificially fertilizing the eggs of fish for the purpose of restocking ponds and streams1 and began a series of painstaking experiments with that end in view4 ,he first conceived the idea in #agbe1 when a youth of seventeen years1 and was successful after laboring for sixteen years4 ,his discovery was not announced till #agfc4 ,although his discovery was thought to be of interest1 and was used by physiologists and students of embryology1 it was not until the ,french government resolved to make a grand experiment in stocking the waters of ,france with fish that modern industrial fish culture was born4 ,the establishment in #ahej at ,huningen1 in ,alsace1 by the ,french government1 of the first fish-breeding station1 or 8piscifactory10 as it was named by ,prof4 ,coste1 is of great significance1 since it marks the initiation of public fish culture4 ,to this establishment the world is indebted for some practical hints1 but most of all for its influence upon the policy of governments4 ,the fortunes of war and conquest have now thrown ,huningen into the hands of the ,german government4 ,the art discovered in ,germany was practiced in ,italy as early as #agia by ,bufalini1 in ,france in #ahbj1 in ,bohemia in #ahbd1 in ,great ,britain in #ahcg1 in ,switzerland in #ahdb1 in ,norway1 under government patronage in #ahej1 in ,finland in #aheb1 in the ,united ,states in #ahec1 in ,belgium1 ,holland1 and ,russia in #ahed1 in ,canada about #ahfc1 in ,austria in #ahfe1 in ,australasia1 by the inhabitants of ,english ,salem in #ahfb1 and in ,japan in #ahgg4 ,the history of fish culture in this country is so familiar to every one who has the slightest interest in the subject that it seems unnecessary to refer to it in this place1 except to show that it was largely to the growth of popular interest in the subject that the ,fish ,commission has owed its original and since increasing support4 ,the establishment of the ,united ,states ,commission of ,fish and ,fisheries in #ahga marked the beginning of a period of great activity and great progress in fish culture1 which has been quite without parallel elsewhere4 ,the duties of the ,commissioner were thus defined3 8,to prosecute investigations on the subject 7of the diminution of valuable fishes71 with the view of ascertaining whether any and what diminution in the number of food fishes of the coast and the lakes of the ,united ,states has taken place2 and1 if so1 to what causes the same is due2 and also whether any1 and what protection1 prohibitory or precautionary measures should be adopted in the premises1 and to report upon the same to ,congress40 ,i think ,i may truthfully assert that very much of the improvement in the condition of our fisheries has been due to the wise and energetic management of our ,commissioner1 ,prof4 ,spencer ,f4 ,baird4 ,himself an eminent man of science1 for forty years in the front rank of biological investigation1 the author of several hundred scientific memoirs1 no one could realize more thoroughly the importance of a scientific foundation for the proposed work4 ,his position as the head of that influential scientific organization1 given by an ,englishman to the ,united ,states1 8for the increase and diffusion of useful knowledge among men10 enabled him to secure at once the aid of a body of trained specialists4 ,i wish to emphasize the idea that the work of the ,fish ,commission owes its value solely and entirely to the fact of its being based upon an extensive and long continued system of scientific investigations1 for the purpose of discovering unknown facts1 the knowledge of which is essential to the welfare of the fisheries1 the economical management of the national fishery resources1 the success of fish culture1 and the intelligent framing of fishery laws4 ,the resolution establishing the ,commission requires that its head shall be a civil officer of the government1 of proved scientific and practical acquaintance with the fishes of the coast--thus formally fixing its scientific character4 ,the work of the ,commission is and always has been under the direction of eminent and representative scientific specialists1 acting as heads of its several divisions1 and the employes1 with the exception of a very limited number of clerks1 are trained experts1 usually scientific students--so exact and special is the training required even for subordinate positions1 that in a majority of cases each man employed is the only man in the country who understands and can perform his own individual work4 ,pure and applied science have labored together always in the service of the ,fish ,commission1 their representatives working side by side in the same laboratories2 indeed1 much of the best work in the investigation of the fisheries and in the artificial culture of fishes has been performed by men eminent as zologists4 ,the work of the ,fish ,commission is naturally divided into three sections3 #a4 ,the systematic investigation of the waters of the ,united ,states1 and the biological and physical problems which they present4 ,the scientific studies of the ,commission are based upon a liberal and philosophical interpretation of the law4 ,in making his original plans the ,commissioner insisted that to study only the food fishes would be of little importance1 and that useful conclusions must needs rest upon a broad foundation of investigations purely scientific in character4 ,the life history of species of economic value should be understood from beginning to end1 but no less requisite is it to know the histories of the animals and plants upon which they feed1 or upon which their food is nourished2 the histories of their enemies and friends1 and the friends and foes of their enemies and friends1 as well as the currents1 temperature and other physical phenomena of the waters in relation to migration1 reproduction and growth4 ,a necessary accompaniment to this division is the amassing of material for research to be stored in the ,national and other museums for future use4 #b4 ,the investigation of the methods of fisheries1 past and present1 and the statistics of production and commerce of fishery products4 ,man being one of the chief destroyers of fish1 his influence upon their abundance must be studied4 ,fishery methods and apparatus must be examined and compared with those of other lands1 that the use of those which threaten the destruction of useful fishes may be discouraged1 and that those which are inefficient may be replaced by others more serviceable4 ,statistics of industry and trade must be secured for the use of ,congress in making treaties or imposing tariffs1 to show to producers the best markets1 and to consumers where and with what their needs may be supplied4 #c4 ,the introduction and multiplication of useful food fishes throughout the country1 especially in waters under the jurisdiction of the general government1 or those common to several states1 none of which might feel willing to make expenditures for the benefit of the others4 ,this work1 which was not contemplated when the ,commission was established1 was first undertaken at the instance of the ,american ,fish ,cultural ,association1 whose representatives induced ,congress to make a special appropriation for the purpose4 ,this appropriation has since been renewed every year on an increasingly bountiful scale1 and the propagation of fish is at present by far the most extensive branch of the work of the ,commission1 both in respect to number of men employed and quantity of money expended4 ,the limits of this article do not permit the discussion of work in connection with the fisheries1 or of the scientific investigations which form the bed for the whole current of its activity4 ,the principal activity of the ,commission has properly been directed to the wholesale replenishment of our depleted waters1 as is shown by the fact that from seventy-five to eighty-five per cent4 of the appropriations have been directed into this channel4 ,for fifteen or twenty years prior to the establishment of the ,commission1 popular interest in the fisheries1 and a desire for their maintenance had been on the increase1 the state of public opinion being doubtless under stimulation from the action of the ,french government in fostering the still infant art of fish culture4 ,the publications and experiments of ,garlick1 ,fry1 ,atwood1 ,lyman1 ,green1 ,stone1 ,ainsworth1 ,roosevelt1 ,atkins1 ,stady1 and others1 awakened everywhere a sense of the fact that our rivers and streams were being rapidly cleared out1 and the feeling that a similar state of affairs was probably existing in the adjoining ocean4 ,measures were set on foot for restoration and protection as early as #afje1 when ,massachusetts appointed the first commission1 and prior to #ahgj this example was followed by several other states4 ,nearly all the states and territories now have similar organizations4 ,the ,united ,states has distanced all its competitors1 as was evinced by the manner in which the prizes were distributed at the recent fishery exhibitions in ,berlin and ,london4 ,the fertilization of the fish egg is the simplest of processes1 consisting1 as every one knows1 in simply pressing the ripe ova from the female fish into a shallow receptacle1 and then squeezing out the milt of the male upon them4 ,formerly a great deal of water was placed in the pan1 now the 8dry method10 with only a little water1 discovered by the ,russian ,vrasski1 in #ahed1 is preferred4 ,the eggs having been fertilized1 the most difficult part of the task remains1 namely1 the care of the eggs until they are hatched1 and the care of the young fry until they are able to care for themselves4 ,the apparatus employed is various in principle1 to correspond to the physical peculiarities of the eggs4 ,fish culturists divide eggs into four classes1 viz43 7#a7 heavy eggs1 non-adhesive1 whose specific gravity is so great that they will not float1 such as the eggs of the salmon and trout2 7#b7 heavy adhesive eggs1 such as those of the herring1 smelt and perch2 7#c7 semi-buoyant eggs1 like those of the shad and whitefish 7,coregonus71 and 7#d7 buoyant eggs1 like those of the cod and mackerel4 ,heavy1 non-adhesive eggs are placed in thin layers1 either upon gravel1 grilles of glass1 or sheets of wire cloth1 in receptacles through which a current of water is constantly passing4 ,there are numerous forms of apparatus for eggs of this class1 but the most effective are those in which a number of trays of wire cloth1 just deep enough to carry single layers of eggs1 are placed one upon the other in a box or jar1 into which the water enters from below1 passing out at the top4 ,heavy1 adhesive eggs1 are received upon bunches of twigs1 or frames of glass plates1 to which they adhere1 and which are placed in receptacles through which water is passing4 ,semi-buoyant eggs1 or those whose specific gravity is but slightly greater than that of the water1 require altogether other treatment4 ,they are necessarily placed together in large numbers1 and to prevent their settling upon the bottom of the receptacle1 it is necessary to introduce a gentle current from below4 ,for many years these eggs could be hatched only in floating receptacles placed in a river1 with wire cloth bottoms1 placed at an angle1 the motion of which was utilized to keep the eggs in suspension4 ,later1 an arrangement of plunging buckets was invented1 cylindrical receptacles with tops and bottoms of wire cloth1 which were worked up and down at the surface of the water by machinery4 ,the eggs in the cylinders were suspended in rows from beams which were worked up and down at the surface of the water by machinery4 ,the eggs in the cylinders were thus kept constantly in motion4 ,finally1 the device now most in favor was perfected2 this is a receptacle1 conical1 or at least with a constricted termination1 placed with its apex downward1 through which passes from below a strong current1 keeping the eggs constantly suspended and in motion4 ,this form of apparatus1 of which the ,mc,donald and ,clark hatching jars are the most perfect developments1 may be worked in connection with any common hydrant4,a ,floating eggs have been hatched only by means of rude contrivances for sustaining a lateral circular eddy1 or swirl of water in the receptacle4 ,the use of refrigerators1 to retard the development of the egg until such time as it is most convenient to take care of the fry1 is now extensively practiced in the ,united ,states1 and has been experimented upon in ,germany4 ,in the discussion of fish-cultural economy1 the distinction between private fish culture and public fish culture must be carefully observed1 and it must also be borne in mind that by public fish culture1 or modern fish culture1 ,i mean fish culture carried on at public expense1 and for the public good4 ,public fish culture1 to be effective1 must be conducted by men trained in scientific methods of thought and work4 ,the distinction between private and public fish culture must be carefully observed4 ,the maintenance of ponds for carp1 trout1 and other domesticated species1 is an industry to be classed with poultry raising and bee-keeping1 and its interest to the political economist is but slight4 ,the proper function of fish culture is the stocking of the public waters with fish in which no individual can claim the right of property4 ,the comparative insignificance of the private fish-culture of ,europe is1 perhaps1 what has led to the recent savage attack upon fish culture in general by ,malmgren of the ,university of ,helsingfors4 ,european fish culturists have always operated with small numbers of eggs4 ,the establishment of ,sir ,james ,maitland at ,howieton1 near ,stirling1 ,scotland1 is the finest and largest private establishment in the world1 and yields a handsome addition to the revenues of its proprietor4 ,a description of this hatchery is published as one of the conference papers of the ,international ,fisheries ,exhibition1 and that the distinction between public and private enterprise in fish-culture may be understood1 it should be compared with the following statement by ,mr4 ,livingston ,stone1 the superintendent of one of the seventeen hatcheries supported by the ,united ,states ,fish ,commission--that on the ,mc,cloud ,river in ,california4 8,in the eleven years since the salmon-breeding station has been in operation1 #fg1jjj1jjj eggs have been taken1 most of which have been distributed in the various states of the ,union4 ,several million1 however1 have been sent to foreign countries1 including ,germany1 ,france1 ,great ,britain1 ,denmark1 ,russia1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,canada1 ,new ,zealand1 ,australia1 and the ,sandwich ,islands4 8,about #ae1jjj1jjj have been hatched at the station1 and the young placed in the ,mc,cloud and other tributaries of the ,sacramento ,river4 ,so great have been the benefits of this restocking of the ,sacramento1 that the statistics of the salmon fisheries on the ,sacramento show that the annual salmon catch of the river has increased #e1jjj1jjj pounds each year during the last few years40 ,in the two government hatcheries at ,alpena and ,northville1 ,michigan1 in the winter of #ahhc-hd1 there were produced over #ajj1jjj1jjj eggs of whitefish1 ,coregonus clupeiformis1 and the total number of young fish to be placed in the ,great ,lakes this year by these and the various state hatcheries will exceed #bbe1jjj1jjj4 ,the fishermen of the ,great ,lakes admit that but for public fish culture half of them would be obliged to abandon their calling4 ,instances of great improvement might be cited in connection with nearly every shad river in the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,potomac alone the annual yield has been brought up by the operations of the ,fish ,commission from #ffh1jjj pounds in #ahgg to an average of more than #a1fjj1jjj in recent years4 ,in #ahhb1 carp bred in the ,fish ,commission ponds in ,washington was distributed in lots of from #bj to #aj1jjj applicants in every ,state and ,territory1 at an average distance of more than #ijj miles1 the total mileage of the shipments being about #i1jjj1jjj miles1 and the actual distance traversed by the transportation cars #cd1jjj miles4 ,public fish culture is only useful when conducted upon a gigantic scale--its statistical tables must be footed up in hundreds of millions4 ,to count young fish by the thousand is the task of the private propagator4 ,the use of steamships and steam machinery1 the construction of refrigerating transportation cars1 and the maintenance of permanent hatching stations1 seventeen in number1 in different parts of the continent1 are forms of activity only attainable by government aid4 ,equally unattainable by private effort would be the enormous experiments in transplanting and acclimating fish in new waters--,california salmon in the rivers of the east2 landlocked salmon and smelt in the lakes of the interior2 the planting of shad in ,california and the ,mississippi valley2 and ,german carp in thirty thousand separate bodies of water distributed through all the states and territories of the ,union4 ,the two last named experiments1 carried out within a period of three years1 have met with success beyond doubt1 and are of the greatest importance to the country2 the others have been more or less successful1 though their results are not yet fully realized4 ,it has been demonstrated1 however1 beyond possibility of challenge1 that the great river fisheries of the ,united ,states1 which produced in #ahhj #dh1jjj1jjj pounds of alewives1 #ah1jjj1jjj pounds of shad1 #eb1jjj1jjj pounds of salmon1 besides bass1 sturgeon1 and smelt1 and worth 8at first hands0 between #d1jjj1jjj and #f1jjj1jjj1 are entirely under control of the fish culturist to sustain or destroy1 and are capable of immense extension4 ,having now attempted to define the field of modern fish culture1 and to show what it has already accomplished1 it remains to be said what appear to be its legitimate aims and limitations4 ,its aims1 as ,i understand them1 are3 #a4 ,to arrive at a thorough knowledge of the life history from beginning to end1 of every species of economic value2 the histories of the animals and plants upon which they feed or upon which their food is nourished2 the histories of their enemies and friends1 and the friends and foes of their enemies and friends1 as well as the currents1 temperature and other physical phenomena of the waters in relation to migration1 reproduction and growth4 #b4 ,to apply this knowledge in such a practical manner that every form of fish shall be at least as thoroughly under control as are now the salmon1 the shad1 the alewives1 the carp1 and the whitefish4 ,its limitations are precisely those of scientific agriculture and animal rearing1 since1 although certain physical conditions may constantly intervene to thwart man's efforts in any given direction1 it is quite within the bounds of reasonable expectation to be able to understand what these are and how their effects are produced4 ,an important consideration concerning the limitations of fish culture must always be kept in mind in weighing the arguments for and against its success4 ,it is simply this3 that effort toward the acclimation of fishes in new waters is not fish culture1 but is simply one of the necessary experiments upon which fish culture may be based4 ,the introduction of carp from ,germany was not fish culture1 it was an experiment3 the experiment has succeeded1 and fish culture is now one of its results4 ,the introduction of ,california salmon to the ,atlantic slope was an experiment4 ,it has not succeeded4 ,its failure has nothing to do with the success of fish culture4 ,if any one wants to see successful fish culture in connection with this fish1 let him go to the ,sacramento ,river4 ,the introduction of shad to the ,pacific coast was an experiment4 ,it succeeded4 ,shad culture can now be carried on without fear of failure by the fish commissions of the ,pacific states4 ,shad culture is an established success1 so is whitefish culture in the ,great ,lakes4 ,the experiments with cod and ,spanish mackerel were not fish culture1 though there is reason to hope that they may yet lead up to it4 ,public fish culture1 then1 scarcely exists except in ,america1 though in ,europe many eminent men of science appreciate its importance and are striving to educate the people to the point of supporting it4 ,germany is at present in the vanguard1 and the powerful ,deutscher ,fischerei ,verein is doing all in its power to advance the interests of fish culture4 ,a ,trans4 ,amer4 ,fish ,cultural ,association1 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we could take all things as ordained and for the best1 we should indeed be conquerors of the world4 ,nothing has ever happened to man so bad as he has anticipated it to be4 ,if we should be quiet under our troubles they would not be so painful to bear4 ,i can not separate the existence of a ,god from his pre-ordination and direction of all things1 good and evil2 the latter he permits1 but still controls4--,chinese ,gordon4 ,,honesty ,,in ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,the system of examinations which prevails in secular schools has its advantages1 but is not an unmixed benefit4 ,it is an incentive to study4 ,it aids the teacher in determining the proper time and degree of the promotion sought by the pupil4 ,it is an approximate test of the place which a candidate may be able to command in the advanced grades4 ,but the examinations may become an end instead of a means4 ,pupils may work for success in a process rather than for the possession of power to think on any subject at any time4 ,examinations may give advantage to an inferior type of mind1 rewarding mere memory and facility of expression1 thus putting to a disadvantage the steadier1 calmer1 slower movements of a thorough student4 ,while in the day school1 which deals with youth1 we think the examination in some form or other is indispensable1 in our ,circle it is entirely impracticable4 ,it is equally undesirable and unnecessary4 ,we aim at reading and not study1 except as reading by mature minds1 eager to know1 must necessarily induce the most fruitful kind of study4 ,this1 our aim1 is the highest and wisest4 ,people join the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 not for degrees in college1 not for recognition as competitors in departments of exact scholarship1 but for direction in useful reading1 and for the pleasures of association in literary pursuits4 ,it gives no pecuniary reward in the shape of prizes or professional diplomas4 ,it would seem to present no inducement to dishonesty on the part of its members4 ,they read for personal profit4 ,their compensation lies chiefly1 if not wholly1 in the joy of knowing1 in the sense of increasing taste and power1 and in the delights of high and honorable companionship4 ,in our ,circle moral worth is assumed4 ,the men and women who join us have long since learned that knowledge without character is not only worthless1 but is a curse4 ,they come1 through faith in the highest ends of life1 to improve their intellectual faculties4 ,the gate by which they enter the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 bears this legend3 8,we study the ,word and the ,works of ,god40 ,on our holiest altar they read3 8,let us keep our ,heavenly ,father in the midst40 ,the most fervent appeals which fall from the lips of our leaders are based upon the lofty religious standards which are lifted by the institution4 ,the memorial days1 the ,sunday vesper hour1 the sacred songs1 all bear testimony to the religious character of the ,circle4 ,there would seem to be no inducement to dishonest souls to knock at our doors1 or record their names on our lists4 ,a fact or two1 not widely representative1 justifies this word of warning4 ,i am glad to believe that to but few members in the ,circle can it be necessary or appropriate4 ,we should all be watchful where temptation is not excluded1 and we may as well recall the fact that in the old story from a very old book1 there was a lurking serpent in a garden of innocency and delight4 ,a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 diploma1 though radiant with thirty-one seals--shields1 stars1 octagons--would not stand for much in ,heidelberg1 ,oxford1 or ,harvard4 ,as an ,american curiosity it would not attract a moment's notice1 save as thoughtful men might come to measure its real significance4 ,but even then it would be respected1 not as conferring honor upon its holder1 but as indicating a popular movement in favor of higher education4 ,no wearer of the badge of the 8,s4 ,h4 ,g40 or of the 8,guild of the ,seven ,seals10 would thereby stand any chance for appointment from any of these institutions1 to wear an honorary degree1 or take a professor's chair4 ,at ,chautauqua in the season1 and at local circle receptions1 and recognitions1 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 badge and diploma are not thus impotent4 ,the color and stamp assign the holder to the place of honor4 ,it is something even to our learned and honored ,dr4 ,eaton to be the first member of the 8,guild of the ,seven ,seals10 and the only member of its highest degree4 ,it is something to be able to linger to the last in the ,hall of ,philosophy at ,chautauqua at the sunset1 as the successive societies are requested to remain--8,s4 ,h4 ,g410 8,o4 ,w4 ,s410 8,l4 ,r4 ,t410 and the 8,g4 ,s4 ,s40 ,members of our ,circle appreciate the distinction1 and it is a distinction with meaning in it1 and with genuine pleasure accompanying it4 ,it is something to have a high place in the ,chautauqua procession1 and to frame a diploma at home with increasing luster as new seals flash out upon it as stars in the evening sky4 ,but along these lines of promotion lie the perils indicated4 ,the recognition given to the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates and members of its advanced societies may prove a temptation to unguarded souls1 and in an evil moment reading may be reported that has not been done1 and seals solicited on false representations4 ,an anonymous note 7which none but contemptible people ever write7 called my attention to a possibility in a particular case1 and a careful investigation was made4 ,the idle boast of a thoughtless woman was reported1 and an official examination of her report papers seemed to corroborate the ungracious charge4 ,later investigations vindicate our member and relieve her from the implied condemnation4 ,but the subject has weighed heavily upon my mind1 so that ,i call the attention of all to a possible peril4 ,since the organization of the ,circle ,i have been greatly pleased with the conscientiousness of its members4 ,many of them were afraid1 when we required a report of the time spent each day in reading1 that they would not keep an exact account4 ,they were afraid that if they could not recall the contents of the chapter1 or book1 as students at school would be required to do1 that they could not report that chapter or book as thoroughly read4 ,many persons refused to join the ,circle lest they should not be able to complete the four years' course1 believing as they did that members were pledged to such completed work4 ,while this conscientiousness was gratifying it was excessive1 and was based on false views of the aims of the ,circle4 ,i have endeavored to correct these views1 to modify details of working1 and to impress all members with the simple aim of the ,circle1 to promote the reading of certain books1 leaving every person free to decide how superficially or thoroughly the reading should be done4 ,our only aim is to promote reading4 ,if we enlist people in the reading of good books on a wide range of subjects we shall at some point strike their taste1 and thus promote the culture that comes from the use of one's faculties in the line of his inclination and opportunity4 ,this being the modest standard of the ,circle1 we have a right to expect that every member will honorably discharge his duty1 reporting the books he has read and none else1 filling out his memoranda 7when he undertakes to do it at all7 by his own hand1 or by dictation1 not by proxy1 winning the honors he seeks in our ,circle by the honesty which will render his recognition a pleasure to himself and a credit to the management4 ,if any member feels that his conscience would be quieted by re-reading portions of the required books1 let him do it4 ,if any member expects to gain distinction or place among us by unfairness1 let him remember that self-contempt is the severest penalty we care to predict4 ,let us live honestly4 ,,outline ,,and ,,programs4 ,,outline ,,of ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,may4 ,first ,week 7ending ,may #h74--a4 8,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,may #c1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,week 7ending ,may #af74--a4 8,english as a ,universal ,language10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,may #aj1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,third ,week 7ending ,may #bc74--a4 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,may #ag1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourth ,week 7ending ,may #ca74--a4 8,the ,eyes ,busy on ,things ,about ,us10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,may #bd and ,may #ca1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,programs ,,for ,,local ,,circle ,,work4 ,,first ,,week ,,in ,,may4--,,addison',s ,,day4 8,give days and nights1 sir1 to the study of ,addison if you mean to be a good writer1 and1 what is more worth1 an honest man40--,samuel ,johnson4 ,music4 #a4 ,roll call--,responses consisting of the name and distinguishing trait of some character in ,addison's writings4 #b4 ,a ,paper on the ,political ,history of ,england in ,addison's ,time4 #c4 ,a ,brief ,sketch of ,addison's ,life and ,travels4 ,music4 #d4 ,selection--8,the ,transmigration of ,souls--,a ,letter from a ,monkey40 #e4 ,a ,history of the ,newspapers with which ,addison was connected4 #f4 ,a ,paper on two of ,addison's ,works--8,the ,campaign0 and 8,the ,tragedy of ,cato40 ,music4 #g4 ,selection--8,reflections on the ,delights of ,spring40 #h4 ,essay--,addison's ,delineation of ,woman's ,character4 ,music4 ,a delightful entertainment for an evening can be given by preparing a banquet at which the guests are to personate the characters introduced in ,addison's 8,vision of the ,table of ,fame40 ,these characters can be studied from other sources1 so that each person may be enabled fittingly to carry on the representation during the time spent at the table4 ,the 8,exercise of the ,fan0 can be prepared by a little practice so as to afford much amusement4 ,for books of reference see ,thackeray's 8,english ,humorists10 ,aiken's 8,memorials of ,addison10 ,macaulay's 8,life and ,writings of ,addison10 and the books on ,english ,literature4 ,,second ,,week ,,in ,,may4 #a4 ,essay--,the ,aryan ,race4 #b4 ,a ,review ,lesson--,questions from ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,no4 #e2 ,greek ,history4 #c4 ,selection--8,orpheus and ,eurydice40 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,saxe4 #d4 ,a ,trip on ,paper through the ,soudan4 ,music4 #e4 ,story--8,circe's ,palace40 ,from ,hawthorne's 8,tangle-,wood ,tales40 #f4 ,book ,review--8,the ,life of ,george ,eliot40 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,cross4 #g4 ,a ,general ,talk on the ,mohammedan ,power of ,to-day4 #h4 ,question ,box4 ,,third ,,week ,,in ,,may4 #a4 ,a ,paper on the ,introduction of ,temperance ,text-,books into the ,public ,schools4 #b4 ,selections--8,prometheus0 and 8,epimetheus40 ,by ,longfellow4 ,the two read by different members4 #c4 ,brief ,sketches of ,literary ,women who have assumed ,masculine ,pseudonyms4 ,music4 #d4 ,essay--,what is the ,oklahoma ,boom8 #e4 ,a ,general ,talk on the practical ,home ,use of the ,study of ,chemistry4 #f4 ,a ,pronunciation ,match--,the circle chooses sides1 the leader spells the words1 and the class pronounces4 #g4 ,critic's ,report4 ,,fourth ,,week ,,in ,,may4 #a4 8,questions and ,answers10 in review4 #b4 ,essay--,may-day as ,observed in ,olden ,times4 ,it might be well to suggest that a ,may-day suitably arranged for modern times would be fully as enjoyable as it used to be4 #c4 ,recitation--8,phaton10 by ,j4 ,g4 ,saxe4 ,compare this with 8,the ,story of ,phaton10 by ,addison4 #d4 ,map ,exercise--,locate all the most important battle fields of ,greek history4 ,music4 #e4 ,a ,paper on the ,foreign ,service of the ,united ,states4 #f4 ,essay--,what ,remains of ,greek ,art4 #g4 ,conversazione--,the ,wrongs of the ,indians as portrayed in ,mrs4 ,jackson's 8,ramona40 99 99 99 99 99 ,knowing there are times and places in which every little helps1 we offer a few suggestions for ,special ,sunday4 ,if they only serve as index fingers1 pointing out the way to fields where each can glean for himself much more successfully and satisfactorily than to take what others have gathered1 they will accomplish a good purpose4 ,to hopeful1 earnest1 self-reliant workers with 8eyes busy on things about us10 more help is not needed1 and perhaps not even this much4 ,in addition to the vesper service prepared1 selections1 essays or papers1 and ,bible studies can be very profitably used4 ,from 8,the ,literature of the ,age of ,elizabeth10 by ,william ,hazlitt1 the part referring to the translation of the ,bible is very fine4 ,also1 8,christianity the ,great ,remedy10 by ,robert ,charles ,winthrop1 ,,ll4,d4 ,these selections can be found in ,allibone's 8,great ,authors of ,all ,ages40 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,january1 #ahhe1 8,the ,inner ,chautauqua0 is a good reading4 ,in ,the ,chautauqua ,assembly ,herald for ,august #i1 #ahhd1 8,mrs4 ,pickett's ,missionary ,box0 ,miss ,p4 ,j4 ,walden1 #cf ,bromfield ,street1 ,boston1 will send for three cents 8,thanksgiving ,ann40 ,nothing could be better suited for such a service than selections from ,miss ,havergal's writings4 ,themes for ,essays are3 8,personal ,culture a ,christian ,duty40 8,how ,best can ,i ,help my ,neighbor80 8,work in the ,home ,missionary ,field40 8,how to ,make the ,sabbath a ,beautiful ,day40 ,papers can be prepared on ,bible customs and manners1 ,bible lands1 and ,bible characters4 ,with the aid simply of a ,concordance and a ,reference ,bible1 interesting ,bible studies on any desired topic can be prepared4 ,hitchcock's 8,analysis of the ,bible0 would afford great help in arranging work of this kind4 ,,local ,,circles4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,mottoes4 8,we ,study the ,word and the ,works of ,god40--8,let us keep our ,heavenly ,father in the ,midst40--8,never be ,discouraged40 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,memorial ,,days4 #a4 ,,opening ,,day--,october #a4 #b4 ,,bryant ,,day--,november #c4 #c4 ,,special ,,sunday--,november1 second ,sunday4 #d4 ,,milton ,,day--,december #i4 #e4 ,,college ,,day--,january1 last ,thursday4 #f4 ,,special ,,sunday--,february1 second ,sunday4 #g4 ,,founder',s ,,day--,february #bc4 #h4 ,,longfellow ,,day--,february #bg4 #i4 ,,shakspere ,,day--,april #bc4 #aj4 ,,addison ,,day--,may #a4 #aa4 ,,special ,,sunday--,may1 second ,sunday4 #ab4 ,,special ,,sunday--,july1 second ,sunday4 #ac4 ,,inauguration ,,day--,august1 first ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,chautauqua4 #ad4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,day--,august1 second ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of the dedication of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at ,chautauqua4 #ae4 ,,commencement ,,day--,august1 third ,tuesday4 #af4 ,,garfield ,,day--,september #ai4 ,the sensible1 social way in which the ,february memorial days were observed has brought to our mind a comment on ,madame ,mohl and her methods of entertaining1 how1 8beyond ordering a good and abundant meal1 she gave little thought to the mere material details of her entertainments2 but she took great pains with the intellectual menu4 ,she would give time and thought and personal trouble to provide for each guest intellectually what he would most enjoy1 and would carefully consider whether this person would like to meet the other1 and to sit next ,so-and-,so4 ,her great preoccupation was the combining of congenial elements for all in general and particular40 ,we feel very much as if our circles' friends have learned ,madame ,mohl's wisdom4 ,as if the long desired reform in the methods of social entertainment was beginning in our own ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 family4 ,to give entertainments where wit and wisdom and social freedom prevail1 where thoughts are more desired than feasts1 and music and art take the place of supper tables is1 it may be1 the ,quixote and blue-stocking way to-day--but it is the true social method4 ,any one who will take a glance with us over the receptions1 8socials10 8at homes10 and public meetings which our circles held in ,february will1 we believe1 conclude that it certainly is the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 idea of 8society10 and of a 8good time40 ,such delightful programs are rare to find4 ,founder's day is a new and very welcome occasion for observance1 and very many circles made it the time of a special or public meeting4 ,some prepared an extra program1 invited a few friends and spent a quiet evening in pleasant1 friendly talk and merriment2 others prepared a public meeting and strove to celebrate the day by increasing the interest in the work4 ,at ,,franklin1 ,,new ,,hampshire1 the 8,webster0 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 had charge of a joint meeting4 ,the program they carried out was admirable4 ,two other ,chautauqua societies assisted the 8,websters0 in the entertainment2 the 8,pemigewassett0 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and the 8,crystal0 ,c4 ,y4 ,f4 ,r4 ,u4----,february #bgth was so close in the wake of ,february #bc;d that the celebration of the two days was united in several places1 with excellent results1 too1 we should judge4 ,at ,,milford1 ,,mass41 such a union meeting was held4 ,the circle numbers twenty-eight1 and as each member was allowed to invite one guest it made a goodly company4 ,vine wreathed portraits of the two heroes of the evening decorated the tables of the parlor where the circle met1 and the program1 divided into two portions1 one devoted to ,chancellor ,vincent1 the other to ,longfellow1 was happily arranged4 ,we are glad that they have found out ,lowell's tribute to ,longfellow2 it makes a very appropriate number4----,at ,,foxboro1 ,,mass41 the 8,star0 circle quite distinguished itself by its celebration of ,founder's day4 ,there were present several out-of-town circles1 among them those from ,franklin1 ,medfield1 and ,mansfield4 ,in the notice which a local paper gave of this affair1 we find some comments which are particularly encouraging3 8,many have expressed their great delight at the manner in which the whole entertainment was carried out1 which shows that these seasons are becoming more and more popular4 ,says a lady somewhere in the fifties1 #8,how ,i wish there had been such an organization when ,i was young4 ,my advantages for gaining an education were limited4 ,if my memory was not so poor ,i should be tempted to join1 even at this late day4' ,another says3 #8,i have enjoyed the whole program very much1 and have got a better idea of the work of the ,circle from this evening's entertainment than from any other source4' ,still another3 #8,i enjoyed the whole of it very much indeed4 ,the program was nicely carried out1' and asks #8,why don't the circle give such entertainments oftener1 so that people can better understand the object of this organization8' ,says a gentleman1 a graduate of one of the higher schools1 #8,i enjoyed it immensely4 ,the exercises from the commencement to the close were very interesting4' ,another1 #8,it carried me back to school-days and spelling schools1 and ,i thoroughly enjoyed it1 supper included4'0----,at ,,providence1 ,,rhode ,,island1 the plan of the ,milford circle was followed by the 8,milton0 circle4 ,a paper on 8,the ,chautauqua ,movement0 was one feature of the evening4 ,it seems to have been an evening of practical work as well as pleasure1 for good results are promised us as an outcome of the meeting4 ,the 8,miltons0 now number twenty-two1 an increase of seven over last year4 ,indeed1 we can hardly see how a meeting at all suitable for ,founder's day could do anything else but convert people4 ,it would necessarily be brimming over with such sparkling ideas1 such enticing plans1 that the fortunate guests at such an entertainment would very naturally want to join the company4----,another circle1 that at ,,northfield1 ,,ohio1 adopted this theory1 and combined the two memorial days1 making their celebration a public meeting1 to which about sixty guests were invited4 ,the program was very skillfully arranged1 including some excellent subjects for essays4 ,the ,northfield circle was organized last year by ten 8,pansies10 and has been recruited this year by two of the class of '#hh4 ,a good idea of their program is that they begin each evening's work with the vesper service4 ,the 8quiz0 is a prominent feature of the evening1 and as 8discussion0 sends them home alert1 interested1 and sorry that the evening is over4 ,a discussion on a live subject1 we would whisper to leaders1 is one of the best methods of making your circle sorry that it is time to stop1 a result which is the best possible proof of an enjoyable evening4----,at ,,silver ,,creek1 ,,new ,,york1 ,founder's day was celebrated with much enthusiasm by the circle2 an excellent program of the evening was prepared and published1 the week previous1 in the local paper4 ,the program was divided into three parts--the first consisting of ,chautauqua songs1 mottoes1 selections from ,founder's writings or sayings1 a sketch of his life1 and appropriate recitations2 then a petit souper1 and1 on the principle1 perhaps1 that the best should come last1 part third consisted of the reading of a letter from the ,founder himself1 sent in reply to a request from the circle for only a few words1 and of a poem from the poetess of the class of #ahhf1 ,mrs4 ,cleveland4----,the three ,chautauqua circles of ,,new ,,albany1 ,,indiana1 have now about seventy-five members1 and all memorial days are observed by them jointly4 ,among the several pleasant meetings of the year1 none have been so successful as ,founder's day4 ,on the program of exercises we notice that roll call was responded to by giving quotations on the 8,companionship of ,books40 ,these were collected and printed in a local paper for preservation in the circle's scrap books4 ,prof4 ,r4 ,a4 ,ogg1 of the class of '#hd1 presented 8,the ,founder and his ,chautauqua ,idea0 in his happiest manner4 8,the ,founder at ,chautauqua0 was vividly pictured by ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,austin1 secretary of the class of '#hf4 ,every ,chautauquan present left this memorial meeting with the expression upon his lips1 8,the best of all our union meetings10 and the public were loud in their praises of it4----,the sixth circle of ,,milwaukee1 ,,wisconsin1 young1 enthusiastic '#hhs1 all ladies1 and hard at work for their own improvement and for the advancement of their circle1 make a right jubilant report of the pleasant time they had with their friends of the 8,beta0 circle on ,founder's day4 ,they held their meeting in the afternoon1 and carried out the program very nearly as ,,the ,,chautauquan prescribed4 8,to some of us10 a member writes1 8our second alma mater bids fair to become even dearer than the one of earlier remembrance40----,right in tune with this glad greeting is a message which comes from the circle at ,,indianola1 ,,iowa1 another circle that celebrated ,founder's day4 8,we have received so many helpful hints and useful suggestions through your local circle column1 that we take courage to say3 #8,may the ,chautauqua work we love so well go on until it spreads from east to west1 from north to south4'0 ,our ,indianola friends were organized six years ago4 ,two of their number were members of the first graduating class4 ,a method of leadership1 which we believe to be very effective in a small circle1 is pursued by them4 ,it is that each member take turns in the leadership of the circle4 ,the #bgth of ,february is the memorial day most universally celebrated1 and this because1 perhaps1 our memories of ,longfellow are so peculiarly near and tender4 ,this season the memorial services celebrated by the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 were particularly prominent4 ,to begin 8at home10 the 8,willis0 circle of ,,portland1 ,,me41 gave a charming entertainment4 ,from a ,portland paper we clip the following description3 8,the exercises were conducted in a very unique and pleasing manner4 ,one of the double parlors was filled with about fifty invited guests1 while the other1 being fitted up in representation of the ,wayside ,inn1 was occupied by members of the circle1 each one representing in costume some one of ,longfellow's characters4 ,each of the participants in the exercises was introduced with appropriate selections by #8,john ,alden1' while by his side sat #8,priscilla1 the ,puritan maiden4' ,other characters represented were the #8,landlord and ,daughter1' #8,evangeline1' #8,rabbi ,ben ,levi1' #8,astred1 the ,abbess1' #8,precissa1 the ,gipsy1' #8,spanish ,lady1' #8,hiawatha1' #8,minnehaha1' #8,young ,musician1' #8,paul ,revere1' #8,theodore1' and #8,lady ,wentworth4' ,on the whole1 the entertainment was decidedly a novel affair and will be long remembered by the members of the circle and their many friends40 ,this 8,willis0 circle was organized last ,september1 and numbers eighteen members4 ,they are blessed with the best of recommendations4 ,they declare that willingness and good nature are their prominent characteristics4 ,certainly1 with plenty of the sunlight and fresh air of society theirs1 it is not strange that they 8look forward from one meeting to the next1 anticipating much pleasure and profit40 ,the 8,dorionic0 circle of ,,biddeford1 ,,maine1 laid aside its studies for one evening and held special exercises in honor of ,longfellow4 ,this circle has been doing exceptionally thorough work in chemistry this winter4 ,a full course of lectures on the subject has been delivered in connection with the study of the text-book on chemistry4----,one of the most novel programs with which we have been favored is from ,,richmond1 ,,me4 ,the 8,merry ,meeting0 circle send it4 ,a gay ,japanese napkin1 on which the title page1 the committees and the exercises all find place4 ,as in several of the programs1 we find that tableaux take a prominent position4 ,no better interpretation of striking scenes is possible than by tableaux vivants1 and a strictly literary program can be readily enlivened by a well selected scene4----,the ,longfellow memorial day was especially and appropriately observed at ,,old ,,town4 ,the pleasant and commodious vestry of the ,congregational ,church was filled with the members and invited guests to the number of a hundred or more4 ,the program--an excellent one--contained beside its essays1 readings and music1 extracts with tableaux from 8,evangeline10 8,miles ,standish0 and 8,excelsior40 ,the 8,old ,town0 circle is one of our new friends1 having been organized last ,october2 young yet1 but vigorous1 for it numbers already thirty-five members4----,at ,,castleton1 ,,vermont1 the 8,lone ,pine0 circle is doing very thorough work1 and rejoicing in a good organization4 ,their ,longfellow memorial program was very complete2 though they have but fourteen members1 they seemed to have no difficulty in securing the music1 essays and readings for a full program4 ,the closing feature of the evening was an informal conversazione over their ice cream and cake1 on ,longfellow4 ,with such an entertaining 8something to talk about0 the circle must have gone home full of ideas and happy thoughts4----,a very energetic effort was made recently by the 8,berkeley0 circle1 of ,,boston1 ,,mass41 to bring the ,chautauquans of ,boston and vicinity into more intimate relations4 ,a union meeting was the means chosen1 and ,longfellow's day was the time4 ,fifteen circles in all participated in the exercises2 among them were3 8,phillips10 of ,south ,boston2 8,hurlbut10 of ,east ,boston2 8,people's ,church10 of ,boston2 8,parker ,hill10 of ,roxbury2 8,floral ,society10 of ,tremont ,temple2 8,longfellow10 of ,cambridge2 8,pericles10 of ,brighton2 8,clark10 of ,jamaica ,plain2 8,sherwin10 of ,dorchester2 8,henry ,m4 ,king10 of ,roxbury2 8,the ,pilgrims10 of ,dorchester2 8,bromfield ,street ,church10 of ,boston2 8,berkeley10 of ,boston4 ,about fifty persons were present4 ,letters were received from the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1 the president of the class of '#hf1 and ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 who were unable to attend4 ,this brave effort to strengthen the bonds of fellow-feeling will not be fruitless1 we are sure4 8,berkeley0 circle1 in undertaking such a reunion1 has instituted one of the most practical and useful ways of increasing the breadth and strength of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it is to be hoped that it will be made an annual feature of the ,chautauqua work of ,boston4----,the 8,mount ,hope0 circle1 of ,,bristol1 ,r4 ,i4 believes in the liberal use of printer's ink4 ,accordingly1 all of their meetings have been reported in one or both of the papers most widely circulated in the town4 ,three of the reviews which have been read before the circle this year have been printed1 and an essay read at their recent ,longfellow memorial also appeared4 ,this 8,memorial0 was an unusually pleasant affair4----,the circle at ,,gouverneur1 ,n4 ,y41 is the outgrowth of ,mr4 ,hurlbut's teachings at ,thousand ,islands ,park1 one year ago last summer4 ,it has been successful beyond the hope of its organizers4 ,at present its membership is about twenty-five1 and these are all hard workers4 ,some two hundred of the circle's friends met with them on ,february #bgth to celebrate the day4 ,there was music1 recitations in costume1 and an essay on a splendid subject--8,acadia0--and finally1 a pleasant hour of social life4 ,this circle at ,gouverneur has done great good in the community and the members seem to grow more enthusiastic the longer their connection with the circle lasts4 ,two features of their meetings which they find very interesting are the review contest and conversation on a certain given subject4----,a flourishing ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 exists at ,,amsterdam1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it is composed of forty members--double the number of last year4 ,the circle recently celebrated ,longfellow's memorial day in a pleasant manner4 ,the program consisted of an essay on the poet and his works2 music1 songs and readings1 selected from ,longfellow2 8,the ,black ,knight0 and 8,nun of ,nidaros0 were read and illustrated by tableaux4 ,the program closed with a series of tableaux1 taken from 8,evangeline10 portions of which were read4----,the 8,courtship of ,miles ,standish0 was dramatized for ,longfellow's day by the circle at ,,johnstown1 ,n4 ,y41 and with music and a few additional numbers1 made a very interesting program4 ,this is the first memorial day observed by the circle1 and it brought together many old ,chautauquans1 who professed themselves highly pleased with the vigor of the circle4 ,we hope that if any of these 8old ,chautauquans0 are not lending to the vigor of the circle1 they will hasten after this happy evening to renew their allegiance4----,the program of a literary and musical entertainment given on this chosen day by the circle at ,,east ,,norwich1 ,n4 ,y41 has reached our table1 in company with a genial letter about the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 life of that town4 8,we have been sarcastically spoken of10 our friend writes1 8as that great ,chautauqua ,circle1 and no doubt we have rather bored the people by our enthusiasm4 ,hawthorne compared religion to a painted window in a cathedral2 seen from the outside it is not admirable1 and one wonders that they can be so much praised2 for it must be viewed from the inside to see its full beauty4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 it seems to me1 could be fittingly compared to the same thing4 ,you see1 ,i know1 for it is not very long since ,i was outside myself4 ,our entertainment was a great success4 ,we have considerable talent in our circle1 both elocutionary and musical40----,another delightful entertainment was the social given by the 8,alyssum0 to the 8,argonaut0 circle1 of ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the program was brightened by an excellent variety of tableaux1 refreshments were bountifully served1 and the delighted guests departed after a hearty vote of appreciation of the pleasant evening with ,longfellow4----,the program carried out by the 8,allegheny0 circle of ,,pittsburgh was characteristic of the circle--that is1 very good4 ,this circle always does something good4----,the 8,pansy0 circle1 of ,,chester1 ,,pa41 observed the 8,longfellow ,memorial0 in a very appropriate and spirited manner1 by a program which included the singing of ,chautauqua songs1 sketches and recitations4 ,a pretty feature was the reading of 8,the ,nun of ,nidaros10 with organ accompaniment and tableaux4 ,the greater portion of 8,the ,courtship of ,miles ,standish10 with numerous tableaux1 was given4 ,the evening's program ended with choruses from the songs4 ,this 8,pansy0 circle was organized last ,october and its membership is divided between 8,pansies0 and 8,plymouth ,rocks40----,another ,pennsylvania circle formed last fall is the 8,longfellow10 of ,,philadelphia4 ,the circle is made up of eight members4 ,their regular order of exercises is capitally arranged to cover all points of the readings4 ,they invited the 8,sappho0 circle to join with them in commemorating ,longfellow's day1 the members of both circles to take equal part in the entertainment4 ,they spent such a very pleasant and profitable evening1 that it has been decided to keep all the memorial days in the same manner4----,in a recent letter from a ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 friend1 we find the following interesting points about one of the circles of that city3 8,the weekly meetings of #8,parker ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4' during the past winter have been1 for the most part1 very interesting4 ,the annual celebration of ,longfellow's day was no exception4 ,an appropriate program was carried out1 one of the best features of which was the account of the poet's life4 ,the whole time was divided into periods and assigned to different members4 ,after the exercises1 ,mr4 ,lowe1 ,engineer ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 at whose home the circle met1 kindly gave a most interesting and instructive account of the ,greely ,relief ,expedition1 by previous request1 he having been one of those brave rescuers4 ,he was listened to with attention1 and the scenes he pictured were rendered more vivid by the exhibition of various articles of fur clothing worn in that region1 by photographs of the relief ships1 natives1 etc41 and also by some of the identical food upon which ,greely's party were subsisting when found40----,the 8,crescent0 circle1 organized at ,,fremont1 ,,ind41 three years ago1 would like to extend greeting to their many fellow students1 and claim a place in the great family of workers who are reading the same books and thinking the same thoughts4 ,the circle is not large1 but has abundant hope and ambition to make the work enjoyable4 ,every meeting is a treat to them1 they say4 ,they1 too1 observed ,longfellow's day and carried out an excellent program1 in which some of the 8little folks0 carried off high honors for their share in tableaux and charades4----,at ,,hampshire1 ,,ill41 the most interesting memorial service of the year was that celebrated on ,longfellow's day4 ,a large audience collected to listen to the exercises and went away seemingly well satisfied with the ability of ,chautauquans to furnish an evening which should be both literary and social4 ,this circle is doing good work in ,hampshire4 ,the members are more active than ever1 and there is a prospect of an increase in numbers4----,another delightful parlor entertainment was that at ,,elk ,,horn1 ,,wisconsin4 ,the circle1 bubbling over with ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 devotion1 mingled an occasional purely ,chautauqua subject with the ,longfellowana1 not at all to the detriment of the program1 so we think4 ,at the close of the literary exercises1 the guests1 numbering about forty1 were invited to a lunch1 in quality and quantity 8fit for a king40 ,then came the 8good-nights10 and each guest left with the wish that ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 might long continue to flourish1 and that such evenings might be in the ascendant among the diversions of the town4----,a dainty invitation has come to us to be present at the ,longfellow memorial exercises and social reunion held ,march #b1 at the ,grand ,avenue ,congregational ,church in ,,milwaukee1 ,,wis4 ,the program which accompanied it has an essay subject which we hope our friends will tuck away in their memories for next year's use4 ,it is 8,the ,women of ,longfellow's ,writings40----,a houseful of ,chautauquans and their friends gathered on the evening of ,longfellow's day at one of the delightful homes of ,,marshalltown1 ,,iowa4 ,the 8,vincent0 and 8,alden0 circles held a joint meeting which was a source of great pleasure to both the ,chautauquans and guests present4 ,the social notes of the local paper of ,marshalltown contain a very complimentary reference to this pleasant affair4----,along with the notice of a ,longfellow dinner given by the secretary of the circle at ,,maple ,,hill1 ,,kansas1 comes a sparkling letter of the birth and growth of that same circle4 ,perhaps it will be more suggestive than even the pleasant exercises of the dinner would be4 ,our correspondent writes3 8,it would be too long a story to tell of the first infection of the secretary of this circle by visiting a live ,chautauquan in ,topeka during the fall of #ahhc4 ,enough to say1 she #8caught' the fever1 as the diagnosis plainly showed4 ,the first pronounced symptom1 enthusiasm1 was increased by the purchase of ,pansy's #8,hall in the ,grove1' and finally culminated in the ,chautauqua brain fever4 ,she went home and showed a #8method in her madness' by inoculating her friends through the loan of that same #8,hall in the ,grove1' and she was delighted to see the usual symptoms develop in due course of time4 ,this same secretary was dubbed the #8,she-,talker' by her friends1 but all to no purpose1 so far as discouragements go1 for she had the satisfaction of forming a class in ,november of #ahhc1 consisting of four members4 ,now be it known1 ,maple ,hill is a sparsely settled farming town1 made up mostly of large farms and ranches1 and this makes it the more difficult to carry on such an enterprise4 ,we1 however1 read on during the winter1 but were disappointed when the fall of #ahhd came round1 to find that one of our most enthusiastic members had #8taken a school' some twelve miles away1 and would have to read on alone1 #8probably1' but before our first month had passed we had taken five new names1 and had adopted two honorary members1 who1 although they were fully in sympathy with the movement1 could not this year take up the regular line of work4 ,so we number eight regular members1 making a class of ten4 ,it would make my letter too long to tell of all our work4 ,our readings have been not only profitable1 but exceeding pleasant this #8long and dreary winter1' and this united class of '#hg-hh extend the right hand of fellowship to their comrades all over our goodly land40----,at ,,chanute1 ,,kansas1 the memorial service was equally pleasant4 ,the circle there is composed of seventeen members1 and they all contributed their best to make the program bright and taking4 ,the success which attended their efforts is peculiarly gratifying1 when we remember that for all save one of the members this is the first year of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work4----,longfellow's day was appropriately observed at ,,clinton1 ,,missouri1 by the 8,excelsior0 circle1 with a program modeled on that published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,this circle1 organized with four members1 now numbers nineteen1 all ladies4 ,there is a growing interest in the work at ,,clinton which insures future prosperity and increase of strength4----8,out among the ,rockies10 at ,,boulder1 ,,colorado1 ,longfellow's day was appropriately observed by the circle4 ,the meeting was made doubly pleasant by the fact that ,february #bgth is the birthday of the hostess of the occasion4----8,central0 circle of ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,california1 has never yet been reported to ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,it was organized in #ahhc1 and reorganized in #ahhd1 with a membership of twenty-three1 fourteen of whom belong to the 8,plymouth ,rocks10 '#hh4 ,their plan of work is to have a special leader for each study1 and a paper or select reading has a place in nearly every program4 ,longfellow's day was observed in a pleasing manner4 ,in addition to a biography of the poet1 each chapter of which was written by a different member1 8,the ,bridge10 and 8,the ,day is ,done0 were sung1 and 8,the ,builders0 given as a recitation4 ,at roll call responses were given from ,longfellow's most beautiful thoughts4 ,a good degree of interest is manifested1 and young and old find places in their ranks4 ,two of the members expect to graduate this year1 but1 writes one of them1 8,i shall be none the less a #8,chautauquan1' for that ,i intend to be through life40 ,a large number of new circles are reported this month1 with a few which1 though organized for some time1 have never be fore reported to us4 ,at ,,augusta1 ,,maine1 a circle of fourteen members was formed in ,october last4 ,the circle has been so interesting that the numbers usually swell beyond the actual fourteen--a good sign of the manner in which the circle conducts its meetings4 ,they have observed the memorial days1 and send us an excellent program of the ,longfellow exercises4 ,one of the numbers on this occasion was an original poem--from the pen of a 8,pansy10 we suspect--one stanza of which we quote3 8,take whatever ,god sends1 ,as the blossoming pansies do2 ,he clothes them with royal grace2 ,shall he not take thought for you8 ,trust--for the trustful heart ,knoweth the tenderest leading1 ,knoweth how certainly ,god ,our need and our craving is heeding40 ,the 8,garfield0 circle1 at ,,lewiston1 ,,maine1 a new circle of seven members1 gives us a delightful glimpse of their ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 hour3 8,our president is a dressmaker1 and #8we girls1' or at least four of us1 work for her4 ,we have reading in the shop nearly every day1 forty minutes or more1 and then talk of what we read4 ,almost a ,socratic school in a dressmaker's shop6 ,friday evening of each week the shop takes on another look4 ,the work is put away1 the table drawn out1 the bright cloth laid1 the lamps trimmed and burning2 the members take their seats and place at the #8table square1' and for two or three hours we spend a refreshing and enjoyable evening4 ,we find the programs in ,,the ,,chautauquan very useful1 but always have to add to and rearrange the parts1 for we all want to do something for the next meeting4 ,arrangements were made by the presidents of the #8,garfield' and #8,scott' circles to have a union meeting on ,longfellow day4 ,we spent a delightful evening4 ,the work was divided between the two circles1 and we all felt much benefited by the meeting4 ,we heartily recommend the occasional union meeting40 ,there are over twenty-one regular members in the 8,alpha0 circle of ,,melrose1 ,,mass41 though it was started only last ,october1 and any amount of enterprise4 ,the secretary writes many appreciating words of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c43 8,this is my fourth year10 she says1 8but ,i can echo the sentiment expressed by some one in the last ,,chautauquan--#8,once a ,chautauquan1 always a ,chautauquan'--and rejoice to think that it is by no means my last year4 ,i hope to send you annual greetings from our circle1 for we anticipate a future for it40----,a share of the honor which is bestowed upon the circles of '#hh certainly belongs to the 8,hestia0 circle1 of ,,leominster1 ,,mass4 ,their motto1 ,festina lente1 they are faithfully carrying out4 ,in addition to the ,chautauqua course1 they are taking a systematic course in botany1 which they expect to enjoy very much this coming summer4 ,one of their number is a zealous student in botany and chemistry1 and is a great help to them in these branches1 performing all the experiments1 and explaining the difficult points4 ,the 8,gardner0 circle was organized in ,,pascoag1 ,r4 ,i41 last ,november1 with a membership of seven1 which rapidly grew to its present number of twenty-two1 all1 with the exception of two1 8,pansies10 of the class of '#hh4 ,the circle was named in honor of ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,gardner1 of ,norwich1 ,conn41 to whose inspiring words it owes its formation4 ,the interest of the members is steadily increasing1 and although few of the number are persons of leisure1 yet the earnest work accomplished by this circle1 we are confident1 would cheer the hearts of those who love the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a second circle in ,,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 has met with a cordial recommendation from ,dr4 ,hurlbut4 ,there is no lack of enthusiasm in the new circle4 ,the members are thoroughly pleased by the readings1 and give a hearty support to the work1 writing many interesting papers4 ,at a recent meeting it was decided that the circle be hereafter known as the 8,hurlbut0 circle1 in recognition of the assistance which has been received by them from the able ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 worker1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut4----,at ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa41 so a note informs us1 the 8,arcadia0 circle was organized in ,february1 with a membership of five1 and a promise of gathering in more4----,on ,february #afth1 through the efforts of ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,seeley1 a circle of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was organized at ,,jefferson1 ,,ohio1 which at present numbers thirteen members4 ,it is the first circle organized in the place1 although two of the members are graduates of '#hb4----,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of ,,ellsworth1 ,,ohio1 has never before been noticed in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a circle of seven members was organized there more than a year ago4 ,each made an effort to enlarge the circle this year1 but succeeded in obtaining but one new member4 ,it is a country place1 and the members are scattered1 but meet occasionally2 although they can not meet often they are busy workers4 ,this little note from ,,iowa explains itself3 8,we are glad to announce an organized local circle in ,,iowa ,,city1 of eleven members4 ,at our first meeting we received an invitation from the ,nineteenth ,century ,club1 to attend a lecture given by the president of the ,state ,university4 ,subject3 #8,our ,national ,constitution4' ,we are all enthusiastic over the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 are working now for a large membership to begin fall work in time40----,at ,,hopkinton a circle was formed last ,october of fourteen members4 ,a bright1 interested circle it is1 too1 quite up to the times in the variety and quality of its fortnightly exercises4 ,the special days afford much pleasure to the circle4 ,college day was spent in a half day's visit to their flourishing local college1 ,lenox4 ,at the confluence of the ,vermillion and ,missouri rivers in the town of ,,vermillion1 ,,dakota ,,territory1 a new circle came to life in ,november last4 ,the circle has an active membership of twelve1 consisting of lawyers1 teachers1 printers1 university students1 milliners1 business men and their wives4 ,among the special features of the circle may be mentioned that of thorough interest in the readings2 special effort to acquire accuracy in pronunciation2 the utmost freedom in conversing about1 and discussing questions that incidentally arise during the evening's reading2 essays on the important facts of the subjects considered2 and the roll call1 the responses thereto being made by reciting mottoes1 wise sayings1 proverbs1 quotations from the poets1 brief descriptions of foreign countries 7the assignments for this exercise having been made at a previous meeting74 ,at its next meeting the responses will consist of three minute biographical sketches of eminent ,american statesmen4----,still another new circle sends greetings from the heart of the ,rockies4 ,a class of three has been formed at ,,gunnison1 ,,colorado1 and neither the small number nor their far-away home dampens their ardor4 ,they are 8greatly interested1 and feel a thousand times repaid40 ,several of our senior friends from ,,new ,,york have come in with how-do-you-dos and cheerful news this month4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readers in the 8,flower ,city0 7,,rochester7 have not been idle during the past months1 and although1 like most ,chautauquans1 they are busy men and women--teachers1 professional and business men1 housekeepers and students--still they find time to keep abreast with the prescribed reading1 and do not fail to attend the meetings of the circle4 ,the circle is known as a section of the ,rochester ,academy of ,science4 ,by affiliating with this body they secure an excellent hall for a place of meeting1 as well as increased dignity and importance1 and frequently members of other sections are attracted to their meetings as interested spectators4 ,their circle was reorganized early in the fall1 starting off with nearly twice as many members as last year4 ,they hold meetings twice a month1 and the interest and attendance are constantly increasing4 ,the leaders in the ,academy of ,science1 at first somewhat adverse to connection with them1 are only too glad now to welcome the circle in their monthly meetings1 and the vice president of the circle is now the corresponding secretary of the ,academy4 ,there are about fifty active members1 and many others are quietly pursuing the course of reading4 ,in character they are quite cosmopolitan1 representing extremes in age and character1 as well as every ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 class1 from that of '#hb to that of '#hh4 ,the president is an old ,chautauquan1 and although an active business man1 never misses a meeting2 other leading members are quite as punctual in their attendance4----,at ,,andover the circle of nine is steadily working away1 and with good results1 too1 for their work has brought this experience3 8,we all agree that the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has brought a blessing and inspiration into our lives1 and we give to all its projects our undivided and unswerving loyalty40----,at ,,south ,,lansing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has lost one of its most devoted workers4 ,miss ,emma ,morrison1 a member of the class of '#hd1 died at her home ,october #ba1 #ahhd4----;,another bereaved circle is that of ,,olean4 ,nelson ,f4 ,butler1 a warm admirer of the ,chautauqua work1 and a leader in the 8,philomathic0 circle1 was taken from them ,february #bj1 #ahhe4----8,les ,huguenots10 of ,,new ,,paltz1 ,n4 ,y41 was organized in #ahhc1 since which time the circle has increased from fifteen to twenty-seven4 ,the programs1 prepared two weeks in advance1 are very bright and interesting4 ,the circle is faithful1 and work promises well for the future4----,some excellent suggestions1 and aptly called too1 come from ,,webster',s ,,corners1 ,n4 ,y41 where the 8,iota0 class of ,orchard ,park entered upon its second year's work last ,october4 ,it is at present composed of fourteen earnest members1 the classes of '#hd1 '#hf1 '#hg and '#hh being represented4 ,the aim of the class has been to make its meetings as informal as possible1 and this year it has succeeded4 ,among their exercises are roll call1 responded to by quotations or facts1 talks on some given topic1 select readings1 pronouncing contests1 and the question box4 ,to vary the program a 8basket of facts0 is sometimes substituted for the usual question box4 ,sometimes they have conundrums on ,greek ,history4 ,one feature of a recent program which gave an excellent drill1 besides affording much amusement1 was a ,greek memory test1 consisting of twelve facts from ,greek ,history4 ,at first the leader gives but one fact1 the class repeating it4 ,as each additional fact is given1 the ones previously given are repeated in reverse order4 ,for instance1 after the twelfth is given1 all are repeated in this order--#abth1 #aath1 #ajth1 #ith1 ''' #b;d1 #ast4 ,they have also had 8,an ,historical ,lingo10 commencing about #ijj ,b4 ,c41 and giving prominent facts in ,greek ,history down to the year #ade ,b4 ,c41 when the ,romans controlled ,greece4 ,several ,,pennsylvania items are at hand1 too4 ,the 8,emanon0 circle1 of ,,west ,,philadelphia1 now in its second year1 is meeting with good success4 ,the members of this circle have been delighted with the studies ever since the organization--no one regrets1 they say1 having joined the circle4 ,while actively engaged in the literary1 historical1 and other studies1 they pay more attention to the scientific studies1 probably because they have more advantages in that direction4 ,the circle has access to a very fine microscope1 and is one of the circles to whom ,mr4 ,hall1 of ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y41 sends slides with instructions regarding them1 and the preparation of the same4 ,again1 they have a good outfit of chemicals and chemical appliances for experimenting in chemistry2 also the use of stereopticon views1 to illustrate some studies4 ,and while thus well equipped in various instruments and appliances to help in their studies1 it should be added that they are largely--indeed1 altogether--indebted to their instructor1 ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,rodgers1 for the explanation of these branches of study4----,at ,,lock ,,haven the circle has been enjoying a good winter1 and prominent in their work has been chemistry1 many experiments having been performed for them by an interested friend4----,at the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 parlors of ,,harrisburg a meeting was held on ,march #bjth1 the program of which we have received4 ,it has some very pleasant features4 ,an excellent method of work has been adopted at ,,bayonne ,,city1 ,,new ,,jersey4 ,each member makes a specialty of some subject in the course1 and is prepared to furnish an article on the subject at any meeting when called upon1 and also to answer any questions on that subject from the question box4 ,the 8,pamrapo0 circle has ten members and one officer1 a president--they do1 however1 have an extra official1 a journalist1 who is appointed at each meeting4 ,as enjoyable a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 banquet as we have heard of this year was that held in ,,akron1 ,,ohio4 ,the circle entertained its friends royally on this occasion1 some one hundred of whom were seated at the supper table4 ,a happy surprise of the affair was an unexpected visit from ,chancellor ,vincent1 who responded to the toast1 8,chautauqua40 ,a fine speech was made by ,president ,lewis ,miller4 8,this is an age of quick things10 he said1 giving an apt illustration of his remark by referring to his telephone talk with ,dr4 ,vincent1 at ,cleveland1 forty miles away1 but for which conversation1 voice to voice1 ,dr4 ,vincent would not have been the guest of the ,akron ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,because one could talk with ,pittsburgh by telegraph--by the quick medium which was the product of this latter day--did not obviate the necessity for the longer or slower trip by rail1 requiring hours4 ,in fact1 the telegram might be only a preliminary to the trip by car4 ,as this is an age of quick things1 so it is an age of condensed things4 ,the student sweeps over #a1jjj years of history--of great events--in the story of an hour4 ,this is the work of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it takes these broad1 quick views of the great events in the world's life4 ,and because the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 student makes this general survey1 we are not to infer that he is content with that4 ,it is the hour's study in the history of the ,roman empire that precedes the trip to ,rome4 8,though we are so late in reporting the existence of our little circle1 known as the #8,philomaths1' of ,,ackley1 ,,iowa1 we are confident that none other has been carrying on the season's work with more enthusiasm than our own4 ,september #ai1 #ahhd1 we organized with an enrollment of ten2 since that time the number has increased to fourteen--all #8,plymouth ,rocks4' ,each member leads a busy life1 yet we meet each ,friday evening1 and are convinced that we can not spend our few spare minutes more profitably than in following the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readings4 ,our programs1 prepared by an efficient board of three members1 are based on the proposed programs of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 and are published each week in the town papers4 ,the quotations selected as responses are brought into the circle on uniform slips of paper and are preserved in a #8,mark ,twain ,scrap ,book4' ,in course of time we shall possess a very choice collection of #8gems4' ,bryant and ,milton days were observed in their turn1 as was also a ,burns day4 ,we are all delighted with the work1 and our only regret is that the wave reached us no sooner40----8,we have organized in our village--,,blanchard--a local circle of the class of '#hg1 of eleven members4 ,this year we have nineteen members1 one being a lady seventy-four years old1 a graduate of the class of '#hb4 ,we hold our meetings weekly1 members answering by quotations4 ,we pursued ,,the ,,chautauquan plan of questions and answers last year very successfully1 and are proceeding in the same way this1 although our programs vary according to the option of the leader4 ,we usually have written questions on the readings in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the work has proven pleasant and profitable40----,another ,,iowa circle from which we are very glad to hear is that of ,,grundy ,,center4 ,they had the misfortune to have their goodly membership of fifteen of last year dwindled down to five when they started last fall1 but their enthusiasm was too much for discouragement4 ,they have 8caught up0 again1 and now are a democratic assembly composed of three ministers1 ,methodist1 ,baptist and ,presbyterian1 and their wives1 one doctor1 four lawyers1 an editor1 and two school teachers1 a banker's wife1 two merchants' wives1 a county officer and two farmers4 ,it is a matter of congratulation that the ,,chattanooga1 ,,tennessee1 branch has joined the 8local circles40 ,the cheery letter giving their past history is a guarantee that we will get the lines from them giving accounts of their future progress which they promise to send from time to time3 8,we have a very active little circle in ,chattanooga1 and think we have accomplished a fair amount of work in a short time1 and under somewhat adverse circumstances4 ,in the latter part of ,march1 #ahhc1 seven of us met and organized a class4 ,we hoped and expected to increase our numbers in a short time1 but resolved to pursue the course of reading and cling together1 whether successful or unsuccessful in our efforts to induce others to do likewise4 ,a month passed before we got fairly to work1 the ,chautauqua term being then two thirds gone4 ,we preferred1 however1 doing double work and studying during the summer months to waiting until the following ,october to commence4 ,we completed the first year's reading in ,december1 and were ready to begin the third year the first of last ,october4 ,our meetings are intensely interesting1 for we are all in love with the course1 and intend to finish it4 ,our silence respecting our circle and its work is attributable to the fact of our work and the jealous economy of every moment of time4 ,we hope1 however1 to forward an account of our progress from time to time40 8,we can not do without the ,chautauqua movement here10 so writes the secretary of the circle at ,,kahoka1 ,,missouri4 ,the class of workers there is large1 including twenty-two regular members1 beside many local ones4 ,they are studious and regular1 and as a result interested4 ,last year this circle held an open session in ,june1 which was very successful1 and they are looking forward hopefully to the next one4 ,the personnel of the circle at ,,columbus1 ,,nebraska1 is very striking1 and1 we think1 decidedly an advantage4 ,here is what the secretary says3 8,one farmer1 one teacher 7our pioneer1 all honor to her71 one book-keeper1 and two housewives4 ,we are also decidedly cosmopolitan2 one hailing from ,switzerland1 another from ,alsace1 one from ,nova ,scotia1 and two from ,ohio4 ,one ,nihilist1 four woman suffragists 7the ladies included71 four prohibitionists1 but all enthusiastic ,chautauquans4 ,what we lack in quantity we make up in quality1 versatility and power4 ,our ,longfellow anniversary was a right pleasant affair1 and instructive withal4 #8,ah1 that's the way you literary people entertain yourselves6' exclaimed one aged visitor4 ,our town is not a #8literary' one1 by any means4 ,saloons1 skating rinks and ball rooms seem to crush all upward tendencies4 ,it is evident that a mingling of people from the four quarters of the globe has a depressing effect on public morals here40 ,at ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah1 much more interest is taken in the ,chautauqua readings this year than ever before4 ,the circle has regularly observed memorial days4 ,it meets every ,tuesday evening4 ,the roll call1 responded to by quotations from different authors1 is always profitable and entertaining4 ,the ,rev4 ,t4 ,c4 ,iliff1 pastor of the ,methodist ,church1 is the president4 ,he is an enthusiastic leader1 and frequently entertains them with accounts of his travels in many of the places mentioned in the ,greek studies4 ,in its platform the circle is broadly ,chautauquan1 four churches being represented4 ,a class in the 8,spare-,minute ,course0 has lately been organized in ,salt ,lake ,city1 composed mostly of pupils from the various schools in the city4 ,excellent work is being done4 ,we are heartily glad that our loyal ,chautauqua worker1 ,mr4 ,burnell1 brought out the ,,seattle friends who were consenting to hide their light under a bushel4 ,here is a second come forward to vindicate ,seattle's ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 honor4 ,however1 it must be said1 in order to in turn vindicate ,mr4 ,burnell1 that his work on his western tour was evangelistic1 that his efforts to aid the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was an extra labor of love1 done because his heart was so warm toward ,chautauqua1 so zealous for her welfare that he was glad to use any effort to extend her usefulness4 ,he was in ,seattle only a few hours and was driven with work all the time4 ,it is not strange that he did not find the workers which now come so valiantly to the front4 ,as we said before1 we are glad ,mr4 ,burnell has 8brought them out40 ,and here is the second vindication4 ,it contains much excellent news about the work in that section3 8,the article from ,k4 ,a4 ,burnell is entirely behind the times4 ,three active circles are in ,seattle1 with an average attendance of forty in all4 ,the ,university of ,washington has just arranged a series of twelve lectures1 six on #8,chemistry1' and six on the #8,greek ,college ,course4' ,professor ,g4 ,o4 ,curme1 ,professor of ,greek1 ,latin and ,german1 is an earnest worker and enthusiastic lecturer on ,greek history and literature1 and four of the professors are actively engaged in the course4 ,an executive committee of five from each circle1 and two from the university faculty1 have organized to hold a ,chautauqua ,assembly on ,puget ,sound the coming summer1 and the teachers of the public schools are in full sympathy with the movement4 ,the first public movement in the ,chautauqua course known to me was the formation of a literary society for the study of ,american authors1 in the ,seattle ,baptist ,church1 ,september1 #ahhc1 at which ,,the ,,chautauquan was regularly read for one year4 ,this society resolved itself into a ,chautauqua circle the first of ,september1 #ahhd1 and engaged ,prof4 ,g4 ,o4 ,curme1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,b4 ,johnson and ,j4 ,c4 ,sundberg1 ,m4 ,d41 to lecture before its members4 ,other circles were formed1 and a general society centered in the university1 resulting in the present combination1 as above stated4 ,i think there will be twenty circles in ,puget ,sound next year40 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,classes4 ,,class ,,of #ahhe4--8,,the ,,invincibles40 8,press on1 reaching after those things which are before40 ,,officers4 ,president--,j4 ,b4 ,underwood1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,vice ,president--,c4 ,m4 ,nichols1 ,springfield1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,carrie ,hart1 ,aurora1 ,ind4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,executive ,committee--,officers of the class4 ,class badges may be procured of either ,president or ,treasurer4 ,the thousands of men and women who belong to the ,chautauqua ,class of #ahhe are beginning1 we think1 to feel the pressure of the responsibility of their position--which is something more than that which has rested upon the shoulders of their honored predecessors2 that the expectations of the ,chautauqua public are becoming higher1 year by year2 that what was equal to the great occasion in former years will not meet the hopes that will be entertained by the masses of people who will be gathered on the grounds this year4 ,the readings must not only be faithfully and intelligently completed1 so that the diplomas may be earned and received1 but it should be the purpose of every member to answer1 entire1 the list of questions submitted1 and answer them correctly4 ,and an organized attempt should be made to secure the attendance of all members of the class who can possibly be present on ,commencement day4 ,we should have a larger class present in front of the ,golden ,gate than has ever appeared in that conspicuous place4 ,members should commence their preparations at once1 and so arrange matters as to enable them to do their part in swelling the ranks of a class which is to honor itself by the work of the year1 and by the demonstration of strength and spirit which shall bring it to the front at the supreme hour6 ,for ,chautauqua is growing6 ,and its career is onward1 and upward1 and outward6 ,it has planted itself in hundreds of cities and villages throughout the land1 and in some other lands1 and in thousands of social circles it has shown an influence and potency that is not only wholesome1 but inspiring and wonderful4 ,well may the class of #ahhe sing in behalf of the whole fraternity3 8,no pent-up ,utica contracts our powers2 ,the whole boundless continent is ours60 ,and the whole world1 too6 ,for ,chautauqua is not only reaching outward1 in all countries1 but the peoples of all climes and zones are beginning to reach toward ,chautauqua4 ,her representatives have their hands upon the machinery which moves many of the country's most important enterprises2 the new administration could not carry on its work without ,chautauquans1 and we can not now tell whereunto this great thing will grow4 ,for the end is not yet4 ,chautauqua has only made a fair beginning4 ,let us hope that ,dr4 ,vincent and ,mr4 ,lewis ,miller will live to experience a long series of annual surprises at the wonderful developments and achievements of ,chautauqua6 ,the work of generating1 cultivating1 and executing the first of these surprises belongs to the class of '#he4 ,classes of former years have done so well that it will require thought1 and effort1 and scheming1 and coperation1 and energetic pushing on the part of our class to do better6 ,there must be hard studying1 and close figuring on expenses1 and a vast deal of management1 and a world of rallying and enthusiastic work1 if we are to have the best and the largest of classes at the foot of the ,chautauqua ,acropolis this year6 ,but let us have it6 ,let the ',eighty-,fivers1 of all classes1 sexes and colors1 flock toward ,chautauqua early in ,august1 from ,oregon1 and ,california1 and ,texas1 and ,florida1 and ,canada1 and ,england1 and ,china1 and ,india1 and the ,soudan1 with a common impulse1 and inspiration1 and a common purpose to honor their alma mater and the cause of popular1 intellectual and moral culture1 and growth1 and progress1 which she represents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,from ,,members4--,one lady1 mother of two little children1 writes3 8,i only wish every young mother in this land could see her way clear to try this course1 not only for her own pleasure1 but the influence it would have on her home40 99 99 99 99 99 ,another from ,massachusetts1 8the solitary '#he0 in a circle of fourteen1 writes3 8,i read alone for a year1 then succeeded in starting a circle4 ,i have had some advantages of education1 but this ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has made my life very different from what it would have been without it40 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,philadelphia1 likewise1 report comes of good work by the '#hes1 who organized the 8,ivy0 circle of that city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an 8,invincible0 asks1 8,why can not the class of '#he have a seal for reading the course of biographies1 etc41 which was provided for the '#hds last year80 99 99 99 99 99 ,a classmate now residing in ,kansas challenges all his fellow-students that1 being born in the year in which the battle of ,waterloo was fought1 he is the oldest--no1 the youngest1 who will claim his diploma this year among the 8,invincibles40 ,does any one dispute the honor8 ,his letter1 together with many others1 will be read at our class gatherings at ,chautauqua1 the coming season4 ,let us all be there4 99 99 99 99 99 ,those of the '#hes who can not possibly be at ,chautauqua this summer1 but who can visit1 if for only one day1 ,ocean ,grove1 ,n4 ,j41 will be pleased to learn that during the ,sunday-school ,assembly exercises at that popular resort1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,recognition services will be held1 ,july #bith1 and then those who have won their parchments can not only obtain them1 but also hear eloquent words of congratulation from ,dr4 ,vincent1 who has consented to be present4 ,all who expect to be present1 and desire their diplomas1 should send their names immediately to the ,rev4 ,e4 ,h4 ,stokes1 ,d4,d41 the president of ,ocean ,grove1 or the ,rev4 ,b4 ,b4 ,loomis1 ,superintendent of ,instruction for ,ocean ,grove ,assembly1 at ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is proposed that the 8,invincibles10 after their graduating exercises are over1 publish in a small volume the ,baccalaureate ,sermon by ,chancellor ,vincent1 ,oration by ,bishop ,warren1 ,class ,poem by ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard1 the ,memorabilia of the ,class ,meetings1 and whatever else may be deemed of interest4 ,such a book could be issued and bound in cloth1 in class colors1 for fifty cents each1 or seventy-five cents in gilt edges1 if 7#ejj7 five hundred copies are desired4 ,if enough names are received by ,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 our secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 before ,july #ast1 arrangements will be made to issue the book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many inquiries are still made1 notwithstanding several explanations have been given in this column1 as to the purpose of the class fund4 ,it is that we may present to our alma mater a suitable remembrance of the 8,invincibles40 ,just what it shall be will be decided by the class at ,chautauqua1 at such time as the largest representation may be on the grounds4 ,every true '#he should send their contribution at once to ,miss ,carrie ,hart1 ,treas41 ,aurora1 ,ind1 as it is very desirable to have as little of this business to do at ,chautauqua as possible2 we want all the moments then for the ever-to-be-remembered 8good time coming10 when we meet as a class at the ,hall in the ,grove4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,chancellor of the ,chautauqua ,university1 will conduct ,recognition services for the benefit of '#hes who can not be at ,chautauqua1 at ,ocean ,grove1 ,n4 ,j41 ,july #bith1 and at ,framingham ,assembly in ,july--date to be announced in next ,,chautauquan4 ,,class ,,of #ahhg4--8,,the ,,pansies40 8,neglect not the gift that is in thee40 ,,officers4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,frank ,russell1 ,mansfield1 ,ohio4 ,western ,secretary--,k4 ,a4 ,burnell1 ,esq41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,eastern ,secretary--,j4 ,a4 ,steven1 ,m4,d41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,treasurer--,either ,secretary1 from either of whom badges may be obtained4 ,executive ,committee--,the officers of the class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,allegheny1 ,pa41 circle1 ,class of '#hg1 is gaining a reputation for enthusiasm and thoroughness of work4 ,they hold regular meetings1 have printed programs1 and sometimes are entertained at times of meetings or excursions1 at a good hotel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,toledo1 ,ohio1 circle1 with the ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,bacon for its president1 issues a beautiful program of the whole course of winter meetings1 with a list of the memorial days1 put in handsome shape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the officers of the class are in receipt of many pleasant letters1 speaking among other things of many letters which have been written to ,pansy containing suggestions about the class memorial book which is expected from her pen1 and which will receive most enthusiastic welcome from every member of the class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as the dreary winter weather is likely at last to give way to spring1 ,pansy blossoms are appearing on paper in preparation for their appearance in the memorial ,pansy bed1 which it is hoped will be a treasured improvement in the ,chautauqua grounds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,williamsburg1 ,kansas1 writes of a circle of forty members1 all but two of whom are members of '#hh4 ,these two delightful ,pansy blossoms1 a minister and his wife1 represent the class of '#hg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here is a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 inspiration from a lonely but enthusiastic reader in ,new ,virginia1 ,iowa3 8,i have never had the benefit of a circle1 and could seldom attend if one were here1 having four small children1 the eldest of whom is not yet seven1 and besides1 ,i am trying to fill my mission as the wife of a pastor whose work takes him much away from home4 ,after the little ones are tucked up in bed1 and the good-nights are spoken1 ,i find it delightful to rest with my book and reading for an hour or more4 ,i am determined that my husband with his studies shall not leave me far behind4 ,two years is a long look ahead1 but ,i am planning for that one trip to ,chautauqua1 when ,i shall hope to grasp the hand of many an '#hg40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,lower ,oswego ,falls circle1 ,new ,york1 is doing a most excellent work by downright hard study1 in their class meetings4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the circle in ,hartford1 ,conn41 with ,secretary ,steven for its president1 issues a fine program for its meetings1 which already for this winter run into the twenties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new circle has been organized in ,chicago1 called the ,oakland circle4 ,all of its members belong to the ,pansy class1 though that can not account for their all being ladies4 ,they are doing a most excellent work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,great gifts are not given to all1 ,great tasks from all not required4 ,the ,master is just--faithful use ,of talent is all desired4 8,neglect not the gift that is in thee10 ,oh6 heed well that resonant call2 ,teach1 write1 or speak1 at its bidding-- ,to thy work1 ere the shadows fall4 --,margaret ,heath1 ,class '#hg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,eliza ,gummage1 a member of the class of '#hg1 recently died at her home in ,lewiston1 ,me4 ,she was a devoted and enthusiastic ,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,massachusetts4--,i am a member of the ,pansy class1 but am entirely alone in my reading4 ,my attempts to form a circle have not yet been successful4 ,not because our people are not interested in all good work1 but they have some 8first loves0 in the way of clubs1 the proceeds from which are appropriated for good at home or abroad4 ,still ,i hope that very soon they will expand their hearts and take in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the benefits of which are so many4 ,i read with much interest all items from our class4 ,in fact1 ,i think the ,pansy column is the first thing ,i look for upon the arrival of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,i am not only alone in my reading1 but have not the acquaintance of a single member of the great family of 8,chautauquans40 ,however1 ,i am far from discouraged1 and look forward to meeting a goodly array of ,pansies in '#hg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,flora ,warren ,potter1 a member of 8,pansy0 class 7'#hg71 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and of 8,union0 circle1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 died in that city on the evening of ,march #bjth1 at the residence of her brother-in-law1 ,geo4 ,h4 ,walker1 ,washington correspondent of the ,cleveland ,leader4 ,becoming a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 she foresaw the advantages and possibilities which it opened out before her1 and though an humble toiler in the work1 none loved it more than she4 ,at five o'clock on the ,sabbath afternoon following her death1 at the regular ,chautauqua vesper hour1 funeral services were held in the ,union ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 the members of 8,union0 circle being present in a body and rendering the music1 some new and choice selections1 on the occasion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the past winter the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 lost a devoted member of the class of '#hg in ,miss ,maggie ,r4 ,elwell1 of ,salem1 ,new ,jersey4 ,most appreciative resolutions of condolence and respect were sent the bereaved friends by the ,salem circle4 ,,class ,,of #ahhh4--8,,the ,,plymouth ,,rocks40 8,let us be seen by our deeds40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 ,d4,d41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,vice ,presidents--,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,ellis1 #ajh ,gates ,avenue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,roberts1 ,bellevue1 ,ohio4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,all items for this column should be sent1 in condensed form1 to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida4 ,we give name1 locality1 and number of members of new circles formed3 8,kate ,f4 ,kimball10 ,minneapolis1 ,kan41 #ab2 8,delta10 ,norwich1 ,conn41 #af2 ,orlando1 ,fla41 #bj2 8,evening ,star10 ,torreyville1 ,n4 ,y41 #g2 8,oird10 ,oird1 ,mich41 #bg2 8,lawrence10 ,chillicothe1 ,o41 #ah2 8,souri10 ,blair1 ,neb41 #bb2 8,progressives10 ,danielsonville1 ,conn41 #af2 8,colton10 ,colton1 ,cal41 #af2 8,gleaners10 ,zumbrota1 ,minn42 8,euclid10 ,vicksburg1 ,miss41 #ah2 8,olympic10 ,yarmouth1 ,me41 #ad2 8,adelphic ,union10 ,holden1 ,mo41 #ba2 ,south ,manchester1 ,conn41 #ej2 oldest member seventy-four1 youngest sixteen2 ,west ,lebanon1 ,n4 ,y41 few members2 ,carpinteria1 ,cal41 #h2 ,hopkinton1 ,ia41 #ab2 ,tiffin1 ,o41 organized with #f1 now #ac2 8,st4 ,johns10 ,toledo1 ,o41 #bf1 was organized by a 8lone member40 ,in ,barrie1 ,ontario1 ,canada1 the enthusiasm of #e enrolled #bd more2 smallest attendance has been #af4 ,two teachers of ,brainard1 ,neb41 have failed but twice during the severe winter1 to meet every week4 ,their walk is several miles to the home of an invalid1 who1 with them1 composes a circle1 8,the ,triangle40 8,straight ,line10 ,matawan1 ,n4 ,j41 #b4 ,these object to name1 saying 8it speaks of poultry40 ,can not the class suggest names and have them given in our column1 and be voted upon1 selecting the one receiving the highest number of votes8 ,portland1 ,ind41 circle desires a change of name4 ,one from ,darlington1 ,ind41 also objects to name4 ,one member from ,chicago1 ,ill41 suggests change of motto to 8,let us be doers of the ,word1 not hearers only30 ,matt4 v3#af4 8,evening ,star10 ,terryville1 ,n4 ,y41 8started late1 but worked hard and caught up1 and have not yet had a dull meeting40 8,oird10 ,mich41 writes3 8,after starting1 no one wishes to turn back40 ,quite a number have written regarding their 8,longfellow0 day4 ,one circle1 8,delta10 of ,norwich1 ,conn41 sends a poem respecting their 8,washington0 day4 ,want of space crowds out this1 and much more4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,plymouth ,,rocks4 ,why should we take with such pretense ,a name so great8 and in what sense ,should we be likened to the stone ,which to the ,pilgrims first was known8 ,this answering thought then came to me2 8,the teachings of our class should be ,a stepping-stone for coming youth1 ,from seas of doubt to shore of truth40 ,so1 when the ocean waves of wrong ,shall dash about us fierce and strong1 ,we may not fear1 nor be dismayed-- ,truth never in the grave was laid4 ,and when the surging waves subside ,and calmed shall be the raging tide ,we1 like the 8rock10 may firmly stand ,to 8welcome home0 the storm-tossed band4 ,these principles our lives will lead1 ,if to our name we give good heed2 ,true helpfulness to others give1 ,and firmness for the right to live4 ,our influence will then appear1 ,proving more clearly year by year1 ,the motto which our class now leads1 8,let us be seen by our 7good7 deeds40 --,marietta ,s4 ,case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many write of the 8unbounded pleasure0 they find in our reading course4 99 99 99 99 99 8,adelphic ,union10 ,holden1 ,mo41 says their circle has neither 8flaw nor break40 ,they have sent us a program of a symposium4 ,each member assumed a ,greek name and wore an appropriate costume4 ,the ,greek idea was carried out even to the 8,master of ,revels40 99 99 99 99 99 8,kate ,f4 ,kimball10 ,minneapolis1 ,kansas1 sends us their menu4 ,the invitation to this tempting repast we could not accept1 though the food was prepared in accordance with ,,the ,,chautauquan',s directions4 ,we must also decline the kindly invitation to the reception tendered our president1 the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 by the ,congregational ,sunday-school ,superintendents' ,union1 of ,boston4 ,the card is itself a treat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,make your items for this column very brief1 as we are not allowed much space4 ,write no more words than are necessary1 and yet state everything of interest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,illinois4--8,the ,north ,side ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 of ,chicago1 held a public examination and reception at the parlors of the ,grace ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 recently2 it was a great success4 ,there were about #aej persons present1 and they evinced great interest in the exercises4 ,we belong to the class of '#hh1 and this is our first reception1 and we all feel delighted over our success1 and we will have another in a short time4 ,we know that our meeting will be of interest to all ,chautauquans1 particularly those of ,chicago and vicinity40 99 99 99 99 99 ,from a packet on the ,tensas ,river comes a bit of history telling how one new member has been added to the class of '#hh3 8,having complained to a passenger on board my steamer that time hung heavily on my hands during a portion of each trip1 and asked her to suggest a remedy1 she immediately named the ,chautauqua school1 and advised me to become a member of the class of '#hh1 and gave me a list of questions ,i would be obliged to answer4 ,as my education has necessarily been limited1 ,i thought favorably of the scheme of self-improvement1 as a relief to the monotonous long watches40 ,the master of the packet is now a member of the class of '#hh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,way down in ,texas1 at ,hempstead1 is a faithful band of fifteen ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 workers of the class of '#hh4 ,they are college folks1 the president of the institution--,soule ,college--to which they belong being the president of the circle4 ,they are very enthusiastic over the course1 and do a great deal of work4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,,general ,,grant',s ,,illness4 ,the pathetic interest surrounding the illness of ,general ,grant recalls the intenser1 but not more persistent1 emotions of the days when ,president ,garfield lay dying4 ,the strong and sustained popular interest in the illness of ,general ,grant is shown by the constant attention of the press to the theme4 ,no day is allowed to pass without a telegraphic bulletin informing the nation how well or ill the distinguished patient slept the last night1 and reporting any change for the better or the worse4 ,we are all gathered about the invalid chair1 in which the illustrious sufferer spends his wearisome days2 and any word which drops from his lips flies on the wires all over the country4 ,it is not a passion1 or a folly1 or a nullity4 ,it is a piece of modern ,providential education4 ,what distinguished patient1 ever before ,garfield had so large and so near an audience of sympathy8 ,and who does not see in the strong-flowing tide of sympathy for ,general ,grant another lesson of the same kind8 ,eminence has been honored before2 but these thought-laden wires take us into the very chamber of the patient and set us all upon muffled words of regret1 and pity1 and sorrow4 ,we are learning1 hardly knowing it1 how eminence claims our regard and commands our attention1 and how rapidly we can forget our criticisms and our antagonisms when ,death knocks at the great man's door4 ,there is nothing political1 nothing sensational1 in this illness4 ,no public fortunes1 or hopes1 or fears hang upon the event4 ,general ,grant is dying2 that is all2 but the man who has filled so large a space in his country's history1 and dwelt so long in the world's eye1 can not die without quickening all pulses1 and awakening every soul to pitiful attention4 ,great worlds of mysterious human powers of interest and sympathy seem to open before us1 and invite us within the awe and solemnity of their spiritual skies4 ,it is better--we see why1 now--to go to the house of mourning than to the house of feasting4 ,no day of triumph in ,general ,grant's life had such an uplifting and educating power as is borne along in the arms of these days' sickness and sorrow4 ,dying so among us1 the illustrious patient does indeed die for us--his death lifting us into better life4 ,there are many smaller lessons4 ,what an education in gunshot wounds we got at the bedside of ,garfield6 ,what a window into one of the awfully mysterious diseases we are looking through at the bedside of ,grant6 ,before the end comes1 cancer will have parted with much of its mystery4 ,what doctors know the nation will know2 and the education will save human lives2 perhaps impel men to closer and more effectual search for the causes and remedies of this terrible disease4 ,a human interest1 such as we are feeling throughout the nation and the world1 has a stimulating power which no man can measure4 ,it may be that out of ,grant's dying of cancer may come discoveries of permanent and universal value to mankind4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,senate4 ,many circumstances have combined to fix attention at the present time upon the ,senate of the ,united ,states4 ,we have seen a ,republican majority confirm the appointments of a ,democratic ,president with the calmness and dignity of a ,supreme ,court passing upon questions of law4 ,the event is not a new one1 but it is still an impressive one1 quite as much so as the change of the presidential office on the fourth of ,march4 ,we then saw a defeated party resign the control of the government with decorum and civic reverence4 ,we waited with bated breath for the first conflicts between the ,president and the ,senate4 ,no conflict came4 ,appointments were confirmed by the ,senate without partisan bickerings or lamentations4 ,the dignity of the ,senate was seen to be a splendid and honorable reality4 ,we catch other lights shining upon the ,senate by going back a little4 ,last year1 when the ,english people were 8mad to the verge of insanity0 because the ,house of ,lords refused to pass a bill extending the franchise1 the ,english magazines and newspapers overflowed with commendations of our ,upper ,house4 ,in the light of their own trouble1 the ,english saw how happily our fathers had founded an ,upper ,house upon enduring foundations1 and how deftly they had combined popular representation with conservative privilege in our ,senate4 ,no other ,american institution ever had so much first-rate advertising as this ,senate of ours had last year4 ,the praise came from the best foreign sources2 from men deeply versed in history1 rich in public experience1 and renowned for candid and sober judgment4 ,what the historian sees in our ,senate is an ,upper ,house which reposes upon the elective principle1 and is in fact constituted indirectly by the same vote which fills the ,lower ,house--and therefore as truly from the people--but which has at the same time a distinct and original and impressive office in the government4 ,the result was achieved by the fathers with a few well-aimed strokes of political art4 ,for example1 the ,senate never dies4 ,there are many ,congresses1 but there is only one ,senate4 ,there is at this time no ,house of ,representatives2 there never was an hour of constitutional history when there was not a ,senate4 ,this was achieved by a simple provision that one third of the ,senators should retire biennially4 ,the ,senate must 8advise10 that is to say1 confirm all the ,president's appointments4 ,it is his council for considering and completing treaties with foreign powers--and without the consent of the ,senate the ,president can make no treaty4 ,and if the people through the ,house of ,representatives impeach the ,president1 it is in that august presence that he must appear and plead in his defense4 ,the ,senate has exercised all these peculiar functions during the century past1 and in all of them it has displayed in the main those special qualities which the framers of the constitution sought to enlist in the service of government4 ,it has even tried a ,president in the intense heat of controversies begotten in civil war--and acquitted him in the face of the clamorous dominant party to which the majority belonged4 ,its record is full of striking triumphs over the bitterness of party spirit4 ,it has been judicial in its temper many a time when the air was full of rancorous strifes and malignant personalities4 ,it has sloughed off the partisan sores caused by factional poison2 and though it was seriously endangered by such devices as 8the courtesy of the ,senate10 it has refused to be used for narrow and selfish ends4 ,the wranglers have passed out of sight2 the ,senate never dies4 ,the judicial character of the body is apparent in its methods of discussion4 ,there is no 8previous question0 gag upon debate4 ,a conspicuous unfairness to a member is impossible4 ,a neat way of showing self respect by respecting brother ,senators is the custom of confirming1 without reference to a committee1 any nomination of a ,senator to an office4 ,all other names must go to the committees2 the names of ,senators are honored by immediate action4 ,members of the ,lower ,house are1 not without reason1 jealous of the power and 8arrogance0 of the ,senate4 ,but the people enjoy the breadth and decorum of their ,senate4 ,it can be trusted to judge1 to put its candid opinion into all the peculiar functions which it exercises4 ,in the field of politics1 senatorial action may be very like any other human behaving in such environments2 but in the special judicial tasks of the ,senators there is the serenity and probity of a court room4 ,and yet the ,senate has its dangers1 and it has in recent years been close to the perilous edge of the precipice4 ,a tendency to venal methods of electing ,senators came in after the civil war1 and a number of rich nobodies have disgraced the high office4 ,it is believed that there are now a few ,senators whose purses are far longer than their heads1 and in some of the wrangles over recent elections of ,senators1 the power of money has been very freely talked of and boasted of4 ,but in this matter the worst is over4 ,the election of ,mr4 ,evarts in ,new ,york is a proof that legislatures can be lifted above money influence2 for if any senatorships would invite special efforts to win them by venal arts1 they are those of the ,empire ,state4 ,when that state chose last winter one of its most eminent citizens--a man known rather as a great man than as a politician--it set an example which will have no small influence over other states4 ,the ,senate has in both parties men of great ability4 ,there is undoubtedly a growing desire and purpose that only great men be clothed with senatorial honors4 ,we are well past the civil war and reconstruction periods1 and as we advance into happier conditions we are likely to take an increasing popular pride in our unique1 original and successful ,upper ,house4 ,there is nothing like it in the world4 ,it is the most conspicuous work of ,american political genius4 ,the more the people realize it1 the more pains will they take in filling it with great men4 ,,summer ,,amusements4 ,we are1 as a people1 growing in taste for amusements4 ,some of the manifestations of this taste are not of an entirely satisfactory character2 but there are other aspects of a very agreeable nature4 ,our summer amusements are in the open air4 ,we have not yet learned to play outdoors in the winter2 but we are slowly learning of the ,canadians1 and it is not improbable that ,southern people will by and by come north in the season of short days to play in the frost of our most ,arctic states4 ,we have commented in a former number of ,,the ,,chautauquan upon the advantages of the ,canadian winter sports4 ,our summer sports are in a more advanced state of development4 ,base ball1 ,lacrosse1 lawn tennis and croquet are established institutions1 while we are only experimenting with tobogganing4 ,it needs no argument here to satisfy people who think at all that amusements should be in the open air and require exercise enough to increase the strength and expand the lungs4 ,exercise is a farce unless the heart is put into it2 and play is unwise if it is not healthful4 ,play is primarily a demand of the physique2 its value to the mind begins with the refreshment of the body by wholesome use of the muscles4 ,the summer amusements in which women take part are above all just criticism4 ,croquet and lawn tennis have no doubtful elements4 ,the exercise they afford will not content an athlete1 but they are adequate to the wants of sedentary people in warm weather4 ,there is no doubt that many persons would be greatly benefited by such games4 ,they are too sedentary2 they live too much indoors2 they are too closely tied to a routine of thought or feeling4 ,the open air1 the mild exercise1 the social chat1 would give them a change of feeling and an agreeable exercise4 ,nor is there any conceivable avenue of approach for moral dangers4 ,it is not wise for any one to make a business of croquet or of any other amusement2 but the danger of excess is not worth considering4 ,it will occur so seldom and have such limited consequences that the moralist need not post sentinels upon croquet grounds4 ,the 8manly sports0 are less satisfactory4 ,cricket1 base ball and ,lacrosse have the disadvantages following3 ,first1 they are exhibitions and public rather than social2 second1 they require violent exertion in hot weather2 third1 they are accompanied by gambling and other unmanly vices4 ,cricket and ,lacrosse are not open to the last objection to any considerable extent4 ,those who engage in them are for the most part gentlemen2 they are1 so to say1 the aristocratic games1 while base ball is the great popular athletic game4 ,it is not very old4 ,when men now fifty were boys they did not know the modern game1 though they did know a much simpler and far less strenuous practice with a soft ball--a game also called base ball4 ,there is some reason to fear that this form of athletics is being ruined by immoral attachments and environments4 ,of boating we make special mention because it requires no overstrain--since boating need not mean boat-racing--and1 indeed1 is open to none of the objections urged against the exhibitory public games4 ,on ,chautauqua ,lake1 in the ,assembly season1 boating is one of the most healthful and enjoyable recreations4 ,the exercise can be adjusted to strength1 arrested at any time or prolonged at pleasure1 and the boatload is enough for pleasant society--which may1 of course1 be selected to suit one's tastes4 ,of this amusement we have only one regrettable feature to mention--it can be enjoyed only where there is convenient water4 ,of the vigorous sports1 we are compelled to speak with some reserve4 ,we doubt the wholesomeness of athletics2 they involve excess of exertion1 and the gambler is the curse of base ball games4 ,the other games may escape the influence of the demoralization1 and cricket1 polo and ,lacrosse become great ,american exhibitory games of strength and skill4 ,but the quiet social amusements ought to flourish among us1 and indefinitely increase4 ,the pleasure row-boat1 the croquet and lawn tennis grounds1 deserve our special attention4 ,let us play a little more4 ,we can spare the time1 for we shall live longer2 we can well afford the hours1 because the other hours will be worth more to us4 ,in these quiet games we get refreshment of body and of spirit4 ,,the ,,modern ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,soldier4 ,decoration ,day has many happy outlooks upon the humanities4 ,philanthropy may use it as a finger-board indicating the direction of our modern progress4 ,the soldier's grave is its special theme2 it as clearly suggests the happier fate of the modern soldier as compared with his ancient brother4 ,great nations have always honored their dead soldiers2 it is only in modern times that nations have given their whole hearts to the living soldiers4 ,in the long wars between ,france and ,england from the twelfth century onward1 the armies had no surgeons1 and medical supplies were unknown4 ,the medical equipment of a modern army is costly and ample2 and that no man may die unnecessarily1 woman hangs on the verge of battle to nurse the wounded1 sheltered and safe under a red cross or a red crescent4 ,in the old navies of ,england and ,france1 the men were slaves who had been captured in their own lands and sent to suffer in crowded bulkheads of ships1 or in the galleys1 steaming with the most abominable odors4 ,a ,french duchess in the sixteenth century wrote of that 8living hell10 the many-oared galley war ship of the ,mediterranean4 ,one can not recall the horrors of any battle on sea or land with composure1 but the whole life of soldier and sailor in public service was in the old days full of the horrors of battle fields4 ,it is often said that war will eventually be stopped by the increased and perfected effectiveness of engines of war4 ,it may well be doubted on general grounds2 but it is specially true that humanity has robbed war of many of its terrible aspects2 it may well be that those who open again the gates of mercy are competing successfully against those who 8shut the gates of mercy0 on mankind4 ,the modern treatment of the soldier is conspicuous in providing for his comfort4 ,why should ,england buy canned meats for her soldiers8 ,some crusts would have sufficed the providing spirit of an ancient general4 ,the ,british army in the field must be well fed or there will be a great noise about the ears of the government4 ,let it be written home that the biscuits were stale1 or the army went without its supper1 and the newspapers will roar out the indignation of the nation4 ,it is an immense task2 but it must be accomplished2 the modern soldier must have his regular meals with certainty1 and the food must be good4 ,the ,mahdi has no such cares or duties4 ,his soldiers must forage and browse as best they can4 ,the superior power of the civilized soldier lies as much in his regular feeding as in his discipline--the feeding is an element of his discipline4 ,the soldiers must also be comfortably clothed and sheltered4 ,woe to the commander who exposes his men to needless hardships4 ,the country will not allow its loyal and brave defenders to suffer a needless deprivation or hardship4 ,if commissaries are careless or venal1 the nation will pillory them in eternal infamy4 ,the soldier must have1 even in the far off desert1 many of the comforts of home or the country will know the reason why4 ,and when the battered veterans come home1 how the air rings with huzzas1 how tender the pity for the wounded1 how liberal the pensions for the widows and orphans of those who did not come home6 ,neither ,cyrus nor ,alexander had any such pension rolls4 ,rome idolized her armies1 but she let them starve abroad1 and forgot their families at home4 ,this whole line of treatment means more than we can express in words4 ,it is a very real and royal worship of the nobility which we see in the soldier4 ,often he is a sorry human creature1 but it is almost a profanation to say so4 ,we idolize him and his office4 ,he is our defender1 our chivalric knight1 our personation of the flag over us1 and of the civilization in us4 ,but--but--what chance does this treatment of the soldier afford for the ,day of ,universal ,peace8 ,will a sword ever become a pruning hook so long as it is glorified by such a symbolism and illumined by these soft lights of pity and reverence8 ,let us not take too gloomy a view of the effects of our philanthropy toward the soldier4 ,the causes of war probably lie out of the range of these influences4 ,wars would still be1 if they were still as diabolically merciless as they were in the medival days when a war galley was 8a living hell40 ,peace is a question of universal civilization2 and the pity we yield to the soldier is one of the undying agencies of universal civilization4 ,,the ,,lighting ,,of ,,towns4 ,street lighting is a modern invention4 ,the history is imperfect1 but ,alexander ,dumas gives credit to the tradition that ,naples was first lighted in the seventeenth century by the cunning of a popular and sagacious priest1 who induced the people to burn votive lamps before the numerous images of ,st4 ,joseph1 the patron saint of the city4 ,in the ancient towns people went about at night with lamps2 and in medival times crimes of vengeance and greed found shelter and safety in the gloom of unlighted thoroughfares and bridges4 ,when lighting began with oil lamps1 the situation was not much improved2 the feeble glimmer of the lamp-wicks only made certain corners less gloomy4 ,when gas lights began to be used the millennium seemed to have come1 and gas was expected to abolish midnight crimes4 ,until about a score of years ago1 there was general satisfaction with gas light4 ,very satisfactory results were obtained in small towns by the use of petroleum1 and the only formidable difficulties were those arising from the high cost of gas in towns of moderate wealth4 ,it almost doubled the tax-levy1 and when this bill did not materially decrease the cost of a police force the tax-payers murmured4 ,still1 the work of lighting went on1 and as soon as a town became ambitious1 its citizens demanded street lights of some kind4 ,the general result has been an immense increase of the aggregate outlays for this purpose4 ,if we take into account the growth of towns and the extension of public lighting1 it is safe to estimate that the public lighting bill of the world is twenty times as large as it was fifty years ago4 ,the invention of electric lights has1 by the superior efficiency of this method1 rendered oil and gas unsatisfactory2 and the electric lamp furnishes three or four times as much light as gas at the same cost4 ,but there are a dozen or more methods of using the electric lamp1 and it may be doubted that we have yet reached the end of our inventive wits in this field4 ,it is quite probable that the electric lamp of the next century will cost far less than any now in use4 ,we are yet in the infancy of electrical invention1 and it may be wise for communities to suffer a little longer the evils of darkness in order to obtain the best appliances for public lighting4 ,the time is at hand when all towns will have street lamps2 the inventors are busy and hopeful1 and a little cautious patience in the public will probably stimulate rather than discourage invention4 ,it is a good trait in our people that they want the newest device1 at whatever cost2 but on the other hand the ability of ,a to stock the market with an inferior article discourages the efforts of ,b to devise a superior one4 ,the plant for lighting a town is expensive1 and can not easily be thrown aside for a better one4 ,besides1 we are in some danger of hatching a new brood of monopolies to plague us with unreasonable exactions4 ,we need street lights much more than our fathers did4 ,in large towns--and in many small ones--the din of toil does not cease when darkness comes on4 ,there is a steady increase of night occupations4 ,some of these occupations are of high convenience1 such as the pharmacies1 the printing offices1 and the depots of travel4 ,others are means to profitable ends for individuals4 ,in a great city a multitude of people use the streets at night4 ,the market gardener must be in his stall before day dawn4 ,the daily bread is baked or distributed to depots of sale in the night time2 a thousand small trades are plied in the darkness to provide the tables of the families with the necessaries and luxuries of life4 ,the result is a growing demand for artificial sunshine1 and this demand will be amply met in a near future4 ,the bright lights will do what the feeble lights partially failed to do4 ,the night will cease to be the hour of crime4 ,if one will but think of it1 a marvelous change has come over the world since petroleum was discovered in ,western ,pennsylvania--which was1 as it were1 but yesterday4 ,then we had tallow dips in all but the largest towns for all lighting purposes1 except when extravagant people burned on rare occasions the costly illuminating oils4 ,to make noonday in a whole town at midnight would have seemed a foolish dream thirty years ago4 ,the world moves--into the light4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,the world was never kept busier studying its geography than just at present4 ,all quarters of the world are demanding attention4 ,in ,china the ,tonquin trouble has assumed such proportions that the daily papers have come out with a map of the disputed country4 ,the ,afghan difficulty has set us to locating ,herat and learning how to pronounce the barbarous names2 the ,soudan is pinned up on everybody's wall or tucked into their note-book2 the revolution in ,central ,america demands that we familiarize ourselves with a country we never did know much about1 while the ,oklahoma boomers of the ,west and rebellious ,manitoba keep us interested enough in home affairs not to forget how our boundaries lie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most popular places in ,washington during inaugural week was the ,national ,museum4 ,during the #b;d1 #c;d1 #dth1 #eth and #fth days of ,march #bc1jjj visitors were registered4 ,going to the inauguration1 like 8goin' to the ,fourth10 is becoming an ,american custom4 ,to express the peculiar habits of those who surrendered themselves to the festivities1 ,washingtonians say that they have gone 8inaugurating10 a noun which we may be obliged to put into the dictionary if we continue to make so much of our political moultings4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a useful improvement in letter delivery is to go into effect on ,july #ast4 ,a ten-cent stamp is to be provided1 which1 attached to a letter1 entitles it to immediate delivery in all cities having #d1jjj inhabitants or over1 within the carrier limit of any free delivery office1 or within one mile of the postoffice4 ,it is a perfectly practical scheme1 and it is apparent that there is a demand for a quicker means of communication than an uncertain and delayed letter delivery1 for a class of letters which are unsuited for telegraph or telephone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,bird's-,eye ,view of ,forestry0 which appears in this issue of ,,the ,,chautauquan from the pen of the ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,powell will be read1 we trust1 with attention4 ,mr4 ,powell is an authority on the subject1 being corresponding secretary of the ,new ,york ,state ,forestry ,association recently organized at ,utica1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is something new in bills of fare4 ,for several seasons littrateurs have rejoiced in menus1 with quotations4 ,the 8allusive0 menu takes its place now4 ,here is a sample from a mid-,lent luncheon party in ,london3 8,beauty draws us with a single hair0 turned out to be jugged hare2 8,my ,lord1 the early village cock10 curried spring chicken2 8,sing me songs of ,araby10 coffee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the year #ahhd did nothing brilliant for astronomy4 ,nine new asteroids were added to the list1 giving us a family of #bdd4 ,six new comets were noted1 but none of them created much of an excitement save in astronomical circles1 and even there they were rather disappointing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,russia threatens to completely outstrip ,america in the production of petroleum4 ,their richest petroleum region has but #djj wells1 while in ,america there are over #bc1jjj2 but one well of the #djj is declared to produce1 in a day1 more than all our daily production4 ,spouting or flowing wells throw out such mammoth quantities that the oil is allowed to run into the sea or is burned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,everybody knows that we get our trained artisans from ,europe2 that our trades unions have discouraged apprentices until it is very difficult for boys to get any instruction in trades4 ,what shall take the place of the former system of apprenticeship8 ,it seems to us that the ,new ,york ,trade ,schools are framing a practical answer4 ,the schools offer courses in bricklaying1 plastering1 plumbing1 carpentry1 wood carving1 pattern making1 stone cutting1 and fresco painting2 they furnish the best instructors procurable1 and for such a cost that almost any young man can afford the instruction4 ,these schools1 if encouraged1 will make it as possible for young ,americans to become skilled mechanics as it is for young ,germans or ,englishmen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the re-appointment of ,postmaster ,pearson1 of ,new ,york ,city1 will do more for civil service reform than many speeches in favor of the measure4 ,the wholesomeness and reasonableness of appointing men because they are competent to do the work1 and not because they belong to a particular party1 will be more forcibly demonstrated to the country by a few such illustrations than by any other means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in a recent crusade movement at ,cornwall1 ,n4 ,y41 several ladies of the 8,society of ,friends0 besieged a saloon1 where they remained several days1 praying and singing4 ,pepper was burned on the stove1 the room was smoked full by the loafers1 but with more valor than discretion the ladies staid in spite of every insult4 ,it is difficult to see what has been gained4 ,the saloon had law on its side1 and the good women were arrested for trespass and fined1 while the leading men of the ,society published a card declaring that they did not 8approve nor consent to all their unwise practices40 8,wise as serpents1 harmless as doves10 is the only motto for those who contend effectually with the liquor traffic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some one has set afloat1 in the midst of all the attention which has been given to the ,washington monument1 a touching story of a monument erected seventy-five years ago to the 8,father of his ,country10 by the inhabitants of ,boonesboro1 ,md4 ,it was purely a labor of love4 ,near the town stands ,south ,mountain1 and on the most conspicuous point a site was chosen1 where the farmers of the vicinity hauled and laid with their own hands the rocks which they themselves had quarried4 ,labor and time were given willingly until the work was complete4 ,the humble1 eloquent tribute still stands1 a witness to the honest devotion of a faithful people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,afghan frontier difficulty between ,england and ,russia came in like a lion1 and bids fair1 at this writing1 to go out like a lamb4 ,war was announced to hang by a thread4 ,the ,russians were declared to be advancing into the territory of the ,ameer2 ,england to be ready with an ultimatum1 which might be accepted or not1 as ,russia pleased4 ,announcements were made that no such vast stores of ammunition1 unbounded supplies of provisions1 and altogether gigantic preparations for a ferocious war had ever before been made4 ,british consols and ,russian securities went down1 and ,american wheat went up4 ,undoubtedly the war cry has been fostered in ,england--a shrewd maneuver of the ministry--to take the attention from the ,soudan trouble1 and there is but little doubt now that the negotiations in progress will be successful4 ,england has her hands full already1 while ,russia is not so hot-headed as to rush into a war without counting its cost4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a pleasant surprise has stirred literary circles this past month4 ,a favorite magazine contributor for several years has been ,charles ,egbert ,craddock1 whose striking1 original stories1 full of freshness and keen observation have been constantly becoming more popular4 8,mr40 ,craddock kept himself quietly in ,st4 ,louis until his literary position was well established1 and then went to ,boston to make the acquaintance of his publishers4 ,what was the astonishment of the latter to find that this contributor was a lady1 ,miss ,m4 ,n4 ,murfree by name4 ,the revelation was almost 8too good to be true10 for no one had suspected the vigorous writing to come from other than a masculine mind4 ,the surprise has greatly increased her popularity1 of course4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the striking public spectacle of #ajj1jjj visitors gathered to witness and to swell the pageant of the #dth of ,march is not yet at an end4 ,the month goes1 but it still leaves in ,washington hundreds of office seekers1 who have before themselves the belittling1 wearing1 unmanly business of etching their way into public service4 ,the way in which most of the appointments have thus far been made signifies very plainly that this work is at a discount1 and that we may reasonably hope to soon see the office seeker starved out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,niagara is to be preserved4 ,the bill which passed the ,new ,york ,state ,assembly recently1 providing for the preservation of the banks of the rivers from the works of the vandals1 proves conclusively how quick we ,americans are to do the right thing when we are fully persuaded what is right4 ,most of our wrongs against good taste and our depredations against rivers and forests are rather to be attributed to a lack of thought than1 is usually the case1 to be laid at the doors of avarice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are pained to record the death of our able contributor1 ,mr4 ,richard ,grant ,white4 ,for several months ,mr4 ,white has been seriously ill1 though making a brave effort to continue his labors4 ,the excellent series of articles on ,good ,english1 which have appeared in the ,required ,readings in this volume of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 from his pen1 was interrupted by his illness1 and now his death leaves a vacancy which ,president ,wheeler kindly comes in to fill for our readers4 ,mr4 ,white's work for ,,the ,,chautauquan has very deeply interested him4 ,as late as ,march #ahth1 he wrote us3 8,i may be obliged to abandon the series entirely1 but this ,i should greatly regret40 ,his expressions of interest in our work have been encouraging and hearty4 ,mr4 ,white was only sixty-three years old at his death4 ,he first gained public distinction as a musical critic in the ,courier and ,enquirer4 ,he was subsequently attached to the staff of the ,world1 the ,albion1 and the ,times2 and of late years he has been widely known as a writer on ,english topics1 and especially as a critic of social and philological subjects4 ,the news of his decease will be received with sincere sorrow by the wide circle of his friends and professional associates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rev4 ,joseph ,leslie1 an honored minister1 who for about fifty years served churches within a few hundred miles of ,chautauqua ,lake1 died at his home in ,cattaraugus1 ,new ,york1 ,march #acth4 ,he was a pioneer preacher in the grove at ,chautauqua many years before the ,assembly was held there4 ,as a faithful preacher1 a man of fine character and sunny disposition1 he has made a strong impression for ,christianity on the people among whom he lived4 ,he was a trustee of the ,chautauqua ,assembly1 and in his death the ,board lose one of their most honored members4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,arthur1 author and publisher1 died at his home in ,philadelphia1 on ,march #fth4 ,mr4 ,arthur is well and widely known as the author of one of the most effective temperance stories ever written--8,ten ,nights in a ,bar ,room40 ,temperance people1 particularly1 owe him a kind remembrance for his vigorous works against strong drink4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another writer of a widely popular book died the past month1 ,miss ,susan ,warner1 the author of 8,the ,wide1 ,wide ,world40 ,a healthy1 vigorous story it is1 and its continued popularity for a third of a century is an almost unknown phenomenon in ,american novels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,think of it6 ,on the first day of ,april there were eighteen inches of snow covering the ,assembly grounds at ,chautauqua1 and the robins were singing in the trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a most remarkable work has been accomplished in the last twelve years by ,mr4 ,anthony ,comstock and his associates4 ,when he put his hand to the work in #ahgb there was a systemized business for spreading vile literature and vile pictures over the land4 ,out of #bja books published in ,new ,york1 the plates of #aii have been seized1 #bcj1iee pictures1 #a1djb1ddd circulars and leaflets have been destroyed1 and #ihb1jaj names which the managers of this infamous business had collected from the catalogues of schools and seminaries seized4 ,in #ahgg there were six hundred open gambling dens and nine lotteries in ,new ,york ,city2 to-day there is not an open saloon or lottery in the city where gambling can be done or lottery tickets purchased4 ,the character of criminal papers has been so restricted by law that two out of the four worst papers scattered through the country have died of enforced respectability4 ,the circulation of a third has been reduced from #abe1jjj to #fg1jjj1 and that of another has fallen fifty per cent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is probably no doubt in the mind of the magic-working electrician that the horse car of the future1 and1 indeed1 the railway car1 will be run by electricity1 and the public has seen so much of the wonderful that it is quite ready to believe in anything promised4 ,already a very successful experiment with a tram car has been made in ,millwall1 ,england1 where it has been proven that the electric machine necessary has in weight an advantage of five to one compared with a steam or air locomotion1 that the speed can be increased much more easily than with horse power1 and if necessary1 a propelling power equal to sixteen horses can be gained4 ,the changing of batteries requires less time than the change of horses2 the arrangement of bells and lamps is much superior1 and the cost per mile just one half4 ,another consideration suggests itself to the member of the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals--it will prevent much wicked abuse of horses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is a society in ,london which has undertaken to furnish two-cent dinners to poor children4 ,the first thought would be that such a scheme must fail entirely of paying its own way1 and sooner or later collapse if not endowed4 ,the organization sends out a report1 however1 which declares that it is a financial success--such a success1 in fact1 that a second society has undertaken to furnish one-cent dinners to the very poor children4 ,this latter enterprise1 it is believed1 will nearly pay its way4 ,here is one of the worthiest schemes for the philanthropists of our cities and larger towns1 and one which can be conducted without taxing anybody's pocket-book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,richard ,proctor says3 8,one of the most remarkable inventions of the age is the ammoniaphone40 ,the inventor1 ,dr4 ,carter ,moffat1 has for years believed the beauty of ,italian vocal tones was due to something in the air of ,italy4 ,visiting ,southern ,italy he made over seventy-five analyses of the air and dew1 and finally became convinced that its peculiar characteristic was its saturation with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide4 ,he has spent nine years in perfecting an instrument for inhaling vapors4 ,mr4 ,proctor says after testing the instrument3 8,one draught of air was inhaled1 when1 to our great astonishment1 the intensity of the voice was about doubled1 while its cleanness was as greatly increased40 ,the inventor claims that the 8employment of the ammoniaphone according to direction ,italianizes the voice1 and makes a weak voice or a drawing room voice strong1 rich1 clear1 and ringing40 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,may4 ,,english ,,as ,a ,,universal ,,language4 #a4 8,max ,mller40 7#ahbc-47 ,an ,english philologist1 and one of the most eminent living orientalists4 ,he prepared an edition of the 8,rig-,veda0 7a collection of ancient ,hindoo literature71 with a commentary4 ,this stupendous work is composed of six volumes1 and each volume contains more than #a1bjj pages4 ,he has published many philological works1 and has done more than any other one scholar to awaken a taste for the science of language4 #b4 8,the ,aryan tribe40 ,see in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,october1 #ahhd1 the first article1 8,why we ,speak ,english40 #c4 8,sanskrit40 ,the literary language of the ,hindoos1 the ,aryan inhabitants of ,india4 #d4 8,dark ,ages40 ,the name given to the time of intellectual depression in ,europe1 extending from the fifth century to the fifteenth4 ,during this time some periods were darker than others1 the darkest occurring about the seventh century4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 #a4 8,gil-fillan10 ,george4 7#ahac-ahgh47 ,a ,scottish minister and author2 has published many works4 #b4 8,herbert10 ,george4 7#aeic-afcb47 ,all ,english divine and poet4 ,he was generally known as 8,holy ,george ,herbert10 his life being most exemplary and zealous4 #c4 8,prof4 ,upham10 ,thomas ,cogswell4 7#agii-ahgb47 ,an ,american author4 ,for two years he was pastor of the ,congregational church in ,rochester1 and in #ahbe he accepted a professorship in ,bowdoin ,college4 ,,chemistry4 #a4 8,adams10 ,john ,couch4 7#ahai-47 ,an ,english astronomer1 who shares with ,leverrier the honor of having calculated the place of the planet ,neptune before it had been seen4 #b4 8,leverrier10 ,urbain ,john ,joseph1 lh-vair-y4 7#ahaa-ahgg47 ,a ,french astronomer4 ,his 8,tables of ,mercury0 and some memoirs led to a friendship with ,arago1 and opened to him the door of the ,french ,academy4 ,he then began the study of the disturbances of the planets1 which led to the discovery of ,neptune4 ,by a remarkable coincidence the existence of this planet was discovered at the same time1 and independently1 by ,adams4 #c4 8,foucault10 ,leon1 foo-k4 7#ahai-ahfh47 ,a ,french natural philosopher1 who for years turned his attention exclusively to optics1 and was very successful in mechanics4 ,he invented an electric lamp which was adopted by natural philosophers for physical experiments1 and was used for lighting large factories4 #d4 8,brobdig-nag10 also written ,brobdingnag4 ,the imaginary country described by ,dean ,swift in 8,gulliver's ,travels10 which was inhabited by a race of giants4 #e4 8,perihelion10 peri-hlyun2 8,aphelion10 af-hlyun4 #f4 8,kepler10 ,johann4 7#aega-afcj47 ,a distinguished ,german astronomer and mathematician1 to whom the world is indebted for the discovery of the laws that regulate the movements of the heavenly bodies4 ,he was appointed to the chair of astronomy in ,gratz ,university1 in ,styria1 but in #aeih was dismissed because he professed the reformed religion2 he was afterward recalled4 ,he was an earnest disciple of ,copernicus1 and published in seven volumes the 8,epitome of the ,copernican ,astronomy10 which was placed in the list of prohibited books by the inquisition4 ,he was the author of many other works4 #g4 8,dr4 ,maskelyne10 ,neville4 7#agcb-ahaa47 ,an ,english astronomer4 #h4 8,dr4 ,cavendish40 ,see ,notes in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,october1 #ahhd4 #i4 8,archimedes10 ark-i-mdes4 7,b4 ,c4 #bhg-bab47 ,the most celebrated mathematician of antiquity4 ,cicero and ,livy both refer to him in their writings1 the former to his aptness in solving problems1 the latter to his ingenuity in the invention of warlike engines4 ,the law referred to was1 that a body plunged in water loses as much weight as is equal to the weight of an equal body of water4 ,king ,hiero suspected that a gold crown had been alloyed with silver1 and asked ,archimedes to test it4 ,he was trying to find some means by which he could decide the matter1 when going one day to the bath tub he found it full1 and immediately saw that as much water must run over the tub as was equal to the bulk of his body4 ,he saw at once a method for determining the matter of the crown1 and crying 8,eureka1 eureka2 ,i have found it1 ,i have found it10 he ran home4 ,,the ,,eyes ,,busy ,,on ,,things ,,about ,,us4 #a4 8,turner10 ,joseph ,mallord ,william4 7#agge-ahea47 ,an ,english painter4 ,his greatest fame was acquired through ,ruskin1 who in 8,modern ,painters0 gives a full account of his works4 ,as an artist he is distinguished by the strong lights and high colors of his landscapes4 #b4 8,ruskin40 ,in addition to what was said of him in the ,notes in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,april1 the following is given3 ,his books upon art are the most eloquent and original ever written4 ,his 8,modern ,painters0 was revolutionary in its spirit1 and roused the hostility of conservative art lovers4 ,its design was to prove the superiority of modern landscape painters1 and particularly ,turner1 over the old artists4 ,its high merits gave it a fixed place in literature4 #c4 ,for ,galileo1 ,humboldt and ,hugh ,miller1 see former ,notes in the present volume of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 8,newton10 ,sir ,isaac4 7#afdb-agbg47 ,an ,english philosopher4 ,he was educated at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 and in #affi accepted the mathematical professorship in that institution4 ,while there he made his three great discoveries1 of fluxions1 the nature of light and colors1 and the laws of gravitation4 ,he was the author of many works1 chief among which is the 8,principia10 containing his theory of the universe1 which brought him fame and riches4 ,his generosity was remarkable2 he frequently entertained in a royal manner his many friends1 and his kindness and courtesy toward foreigners was very marked4 8,agassiz10 ,louis4 7#ahjg-ahgc47 ,one of the most eminent naturalists of the century4 ,he was born in ,switzerland1 and educated in the universities of ,zurich1 ,heidelberg and ,munich4 ,he made great researches in the field of science in different lands1 and published extensively on subjects of natural history4 ,from #ahdf his biography belongs to the scientific history of the ,united ,states4 ,for some years he was professor in the scientific school founded at ,cambridge by ,mr4 ,abbot ,lawrence4 ,for two years he held the professorship of comparative anatomy in the medical college of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 and in #ahfh was appointed professor in ,cornell ,university1 in ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,his eminence as a scientific man was early recognized in ,europe4 ,he was made a member of the ,academy of ,science in ,paris1 and of the ,royal ,society of ,london4 #d4 8,vergers10 verjers4 #a4 ,an attendant upon a dignitary4 #b4 ,a beadle in a cathedral church2 a pew opener or an attendant4 #e4 8,cathedral at ,pisa40 ,one of the most remarkable structures in the world4 ,it was commenced in #ajfh and finished in #aaah4 ,it is built of white marble1 and its noble dome is supported by seventy-four pillars4 ,it contains some celebrated works of art1 and these1 together with its variegated marbles and stained windows1 add much to its attractiveness4 #f4 8,count ,maurice of ,nassau40 7#aefg-afbe47 ,the second son of ,william of ,orange4 ,he was in his seventeenth year at the time of his father's assassination1 and was soon after proclaimed governor by the states of ,holland and ,zealand4 ,his talents1 as a general1 in the troublous times that followed1 surpassed all expectations4 #g4 8,sir ,samuel ,browne40 7#aggf-aheb47 ,an ,english engineer who brought into use both chain cables and iron suspension bridges4 #h4 8,james ,watt40 7#agcf-ahai47 ,a ,scottish inventor4 ,he began life as a mathematical instrument maker4 ,in this capacity he was employed in the university of ,glasgow from #ageg to #agfc4 ,he devoted his evenings to the study of modern languages and music4 ,in #ageh he began his experiments with steam as a propelling power1 which led to the invention of the steam engine4 ,among his other inventions are a micrometer1 a copying machine1 and a machine for making drawings in perspective4 ,for some years he devoted himself to land surveying and superintending the works on canals1 to the improvement of harbors and the building of bridges4 ,he possessed an extraordinary memory1 and a more than superficial acquaintance with many sciences and arts4 #i4 8,sir ,isambert ,bru-nel40 7#agfi-ahdi47 ,the well known executor of the ,thames tunnel4 ,he was a ,frenchman1 and was intended for the church1 but manifested so strong a liking for the physical sciences1 and so great a genius for mathematics1 that he was allowed to follow his natural bent and adopt the profession of a civil engineer4 ,during the ,french ,revolution he emigrated to the ,united ,states1 where he engaged in many great works4 ,after a stay of some years he went to ,england and there invented a number of useful machines1 and was steadily employed upon important architectural and engineering works4 ,his greatest achievement was the construction of the tunnel under the ,thames ,river1 which after many difficulties and disasters was completed in #ahdc1 eighteen years after it was commenced4 ,he was a member of the ,royal ,society1 and also of the ,french ,academy4 #aj4 8,cuvier10 kvy4 ,george ,leopold ,christian ,frederic ,dagobert1 ,baron4 7#agfi-ahcb47 ,an eminent ,french naturalist4 ,such was his talent and such the perseverance with which he followed up his examination and inquiries1 that he was soon looked upon as one of the best zologists in ,europe4 ,his fame reached the ears of ,napoleon1 and he bestowed upon him the most important offices in the department of public instruction4 ,france is indebted to him for the finest osteological collection in the world2 and the world is indebted to him for the great addition he has made to the science of zology4 #aa4 8,buffon10 ,george ,louis ,leclerc4 7#agjg-aghh47 ,a ,french naturalist4 ,he studied law1 but never practiced it1 being strongly inclined to scientific and mathematical studies4 ,euclid was his constant pocket companion4 ,after having traveled extensively1 he settled down in ,france and devoted himself to study and to his literary works4 ,his fame rests upon his 8,natural ,history10 in thirty-six volumes1 which has been translated into almost every ,european language4 ,it is a wonderful work in the extent of its information and its eloquence1 though it is often inaccurate1 and is full of wild theories4 #ab4 8,cuttle-fish40 ,a molluscous shell-fish4 ,the shell is internal1 and is of a friable1 calcareous substance1 much used for making pounce1 tooth powder1 and for polishing purposes4 ,the fishes are provided with eight arms and two long tentacles1 all of which are ranged round the head and provided with suckers1 which take such fast hold of objects that the limbs will sometimes tear away before they will let go4 ,the animal is provided with an ink bag as a means of defense2 when attacked it instantly darkens the water with this black fluid1 and so conceals itself1 and often makes its escape4 ,they have very large eyes1 which are designed for use in the night1 as the animal seems to shun the light of day4 ,it is not easily caught1 and is one of the pests of ,scottish fishermen1 as it frequently devours the fish which have been caught in their nets4 #ac4 8,cromar-ty ,firth40 ,a landlocked inlet of the ,north ,sea1 on the northeast coast of ,scotland4 ,it is a fine harbor1 eighteen miles long1 running southwest1 and from three to five miles broad4 ,the largest fleet could be safely sheltered within it4 #ad4 8,ammon-ites40 ,a genus of fossil shells1 somewhat like the ,nautilus4 ,they are found in all fossiliferous rocks from the transition strata to the chalk4 ,they vary in size from those that are exceedingly small to those three and four feet in diameter4 ,some of them resemble in form the coil of a ram's horn1 and others a snake coiled up4 ,for a long time they were taken by the common people to be petrified snakes4 ,they are so abundant in ,burgundy that in some places the roads are paved with them4 ,,animal ,,biology4 #a4 8,barna-cles40 ,a kind of shell fish1 now recognized as belonging to the ,articulata4 ,they are provided with a long1 flexible footstalk1 by means of which they adhere either to fixed or floating objects4 ,at the summit of this stalk are shelly valves1 five in number1 which enclose the principal organs of the animal4 ,this shell opens and closes to admit of its spreading out and retracting a net-like organ1 by means of which the animal catches its food1 which consists of small crustacea4 ,on emerging from the eggs1 young barnacles are free1 and are furnished with organs of locomotion1 and with large eyes1 but in a short time a change occurs in them4 ,they assume the form of their parents1 and attach themselves to some place of residence4 ,in warm climates they are exceedingly abundant1 and often fasten themselves in such numbers to the bottom of a vessel as to retard its progress4 #b4 8,fourteen-footed ,crustacea40 ,the beach-fleas which are found so commonly among weeds1 belong to this order1 and the mantis shrimp4 #c4 8,ten-footed ,crustacea40 ,this order is represented by the shrimp4 #d4 8,cephalo-thorax10 sepha-lo thorax4 ,head-chested4 ,the first segment of the animal contains the head and the chest4 #e4 8,carapace10 cara-pace4 #f4 8,epidermis10 p-i-dermis4 ,the thin1 semi-transparent covering over the true skin4 ,it is readily seen in the occurrence of blisters1 as the fluid is always contained between it and the dermis1 or true skin4 ,it extends over the whole body1 even the front of the eye4 #g4 8,acarina10 -ka-reena4 #h4 8,pedipalpi10 pedi-palp4 ,the word is derived from two ,latin words1 meaning a foot1 and to touch softly4 #i4 8,araneina10 ar-a-nna4 #aj4 8,centipedes10 senti-pdes4 ,the word means hundred-footed4 #aa4 8,chitine10 ktn4 #ab4 8,chilognatha10 k-logna-th4 #ac4 8,chilopoda10 k-lopa-d4 #ad4 8,neuroptera10 new-ropte-r4 #ae4 8,orthoptera10 or-thopte r4 #af4 8,hemiptera10 h-mipte-r4 #ag4 8,coccus ,cacti10 coccus cac-ti4 #ah4 8,nopal10 npal4 ,a plant of the genus cacti2 the ,indian fig4 #ai4 8,cortes10 or ,cortez1 ,fernando4 7#adhe-aeed47 ,the ,spanish conqueror of ,mexico4 #bj4 8,coleoptera10 c-l-opte-ra4 #ba4 8,imago10 -mgo4 #bb4 8,elytra10 el-tra4 #bc4 ,ornaments made from the sheaths of beetles4 ,in the ,national ,museum at ,washington are many articles made by ,indians and trimmed with beetle wings4 ,there are leather capes and straps decorated with them1 and head-dresses on which rows of the wings are sewed together edge to edge4 ,besides these1 many little fancy ornaments are made of them4 ,they may also be seen in large millinery stores1 as they bid fair now to come in vogue as decorations for ladies' bonnets4 #bd4 8,lepidoptera10 lp-i-dpte-ra4 #be4 8,the silk worm40 ,this insect is a native of the north of ,china1 and a large part of the raw silk for ,europe and ,america comes from that country4 ,the silk worm was brought into the south of ,europe in the sixth century1 whence the insects1 being found profitable1 gradually spread into ,italy and ,france1 in both of which countries the production of silk has long been an important industry4 ,the worms1 when properly cared for1 do remarkably well in this country1 where1 in an early day1 considerable attention was given to silk culture4 ,in colonial times the government encouraged the industry1 and the production was considerable4 ,in all the middle and southern parts both soil and climate were found favorable1 and there was fair prospect of success2 but for some reason the production of raw silk has fallen far behind other ,american industries1 and certainly is not now in a flourishing condition4 ,as late as #ahdd the production was #cif1gjj pounds1 worth #a1djj1jjj4 ,it has been much less since4 ,but with our superior natural advantages1 and the very fine quality of silk that can be produced1 if ever the price of labor in other countries is raised to near the same it is here1 it will be profitable1 and capitalists ready to invest largely in the business4 #bf4 ,such statements as these call to mind the following doggerel couplet3 8,big fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em ,and these again have other fleas2 and so on1 ad infinitum40 #bg4 ,the habits of ants form a most interesting study4 ,the males and females are provided with delicate glistening wings1 the infertile females1 or neuters1 are wingless4 ,the latter are divided into two classes--the workers or nurses1 and soldiers4 ,there is on the part of the fertilized females a disposition to desert the colony1 but the workers1 who are always on the lookout for any such manifestations1 prevent it if possible4 ,the nurses take all the care of the eggs1 which are so small as scarcely to be visible to the naked eye1 and which the mother never notices unless she is left alone2 they also care for the young ants4 ,when the proper time comes they cut them from the cocoons in which the pup envelop themselves1 but from which they are unable to extricate themselves without help4 ,winged ants are seen most frequently in the autumn1 and the greater part die before cold weather4 ,ants feed mostly on the sugar found in vegetable substances1 and on the secretions of the aphides1 or plant lice1 called honey dew1 which is found smeared over the leaves of plants4 ,some kinds of ants catch these aphides and carry them to their cells where they carefully provide for them in order that they may have the honey dew for food4 ,thus in their way they keep cows4 ,the workers also have the care of building the habitations of the colony1 forming the streets and chambers1 repairing them1 and fortifying them against the weather4 ,the soldiers are larger1 and are provided with stronger jaws4 ,they do the heavier parts of the work1 and the fighting for the colony4 ,some species of ants are slaveholders4 ,they attack other colonies1 and if not repelled1 carry off the eggs and cocoons1 which they care for1 and when they are hatched and grown they are compelled to life service for their captors4 #bh4 8,ascidian10 as-sidi-an4 #bi4 8,lamprey10 lampry4 #cj4 8,marsipobranchii10 mar-sipo-brank4 #ca4 8,lamprey pie40 ,lampreys were formerly held in high esteem for the table1 and it was an old custom for the city of ,gloucester annually to present a lamprey pie to the sovereign4 ,worcester1 also1 is famous1 for its pies and potted lampreys4 #cb4 ,the ,american lamprey likes best shallow places in rapidly flowing streams where there are pebbly bottoms4 ,out of the pebbles it builds its circular nest of stones1 which vary in size from a hen's egg to a cannon ball4 ,it carries the stones in its mouth4 ,the eggs are laid in these nests1 and the young remain here until able to care for themselves4 ,for full account of nest building fishes see the ,christmas number of ,harper's ,monthly for #ahhc4 #cc4 8,nictating membrane40 8,a thin membrane at the inner angle of the eye1 capable of being drawn across the ball beneath the lid1 as in birds and some ruminant animals2 the third eyelid40--,webster's ,dictionary4 #cd4 8,operculum10 -percu-lum4 #ce4 8,vascular10 vascu-lar4 ,consisting of vessels4 ,the vascular system in animals contains the arteries1 veins1 and like parts4 #cf4 8,elasmobranchii10 e-lasmo-brank4 #cg4 8,teleosti10 t-l-osti4 #ch4 8,the electric eel40 ,these animals are found in several of the rivers of ,south ,america4 ,they are three or four feet in length1 though a few have been found measuring six feet4 ,the viscera lie close to the head1 and all the rest of the body is taken up by the electrical apparatus1 which consists of four batteries1 two on each side4 ,these batteries consist of horizontal membranous plates1 intersected by delicate vertical plates2 the spaces contain a glutinous matter4 ,the batteries are supplied with two hundred and twenty-four pairs of nerves on each side4 ,humboldt gave much study to these eels1 and wrote a graphic description of how the ,indians captured them by driving horses into the water occupied by them4 ,the powers of the fishes were exhausted in shocking the horses 7some of which died from the effects71 and the eels were caught4 ,it is said1 too1 that the ,indians sometimes caught wild horses by driving them into the water and capturing them while they were under the influence of the shock4 ,faraday calculated that the eel emitted a force as great as the highest charge of a ,leyden battery of fifteen jars1 having a coated surface of #c1ejj square inches4 ,the most powerful shocks are felt by touching the head of the eel with one hand1 and the tail with the other4 #ci4 8,blind fishes40 ,these are fishes found in caves1 especially in the ,mammoth ,cave of ,kentucky4 ,they possess organs of touch so delicate that they are able to pursue and overtake fishes with eyes1 that stray into their domain4 ,it is very difficult to capture them1 their sense of hearing being as acute as that of touch4 ,they are nearly colorless and present a ghostly appearance in the water4 ,they vary in length from two to five inches2 they are viviparous4 #dj4 8,sargossa ,sea40 ,the name given to that part of the ,atlantic ,ocean lying between #be and #cf north latitude1 and west of the ,azore islands1 which is covered by a kind of seaweed distributed in great masses by the ,gulf ,stream4 ,humboldt speaks of it as 8that great bank of weeds which so vividly occupied the imagination of ,christopher ,columbus1 and which ,oviedo calls the seaweed meadows40 ,on his first voyage ,columbus passed through this sea1 which caused great alarm to his companions1 who thought there must be rocks or shoals near4 ,the quantity of the weed is such as often to impede the progress of vessels4 ,,talk ,,about ,,books4 ,the histories of ,james ,anthony ,froude are best appreciated by and adapted to those who already have a good knowledge of history4 ,they are like studies in higher mathematics1 which always demand a careful preparation in the branches preceding them4 ,all who read ,thomas ,becket,b will readily assent to this4 ,without some knowledge of the 8,constitutions of ,clarenden10 one could hardly gather from this book what the beginning of the trouble was about1 and would lose much of the enjoyment to be had in the fine analysis of the event4 ,the first chapter contains a few incidents illustrative of the spirit of the times2 then comes a very brief sketch of the famous archbishop1 up to the time of the rupture of friendship between him and the king from that time until his murder in the cathedral of ,canterbury1 his life and characteristics are very fully drawn4 ,the book lacks entirely that which no good book should ever be without--a full index4 ,abridged dictionaries have been among the most unsatisfactory works which we have ever owned4 ,they never cover the ground4 ,a fresh attempt to make a complete1 compact work has resulted in a book that no one need hesitate to recommend4 ,it has been revised from ,webster's unabridged dictionary1 and the editing has been subject to ,president ,noah ,porter4 ,several plans have been adopted for saving spaces1 which neither cheapen the work nor injure the quality4 ,the abridgment has been accomplished1 we believe1 after carefully comparing the abridged and unabridged works1 without sacrificing either pronunciation1 definitions or derivations4 ,the aid of examples and synonyms is lost in the smaller work4 ,the invaluable appendix of the larger work is very adequately represented by a pronouncing vocabulary of ,biblical1 classical1 mythological1 historical and geographical proper names4 ,the cost of the book places it in the reach of almost every one4 ,we have felt for a long time that there was no really desirable dictionary of low price which we could recommend willingly to our ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readers4 ,this work will fully meet their needs1 and we take pleasure in calling attention to it4,c ,a study of frontier life and government is to be found in 8,mining ,camps40,d ,as one reads the book the old saying 8,one half of the world does not know how the other half lives10 recurs again and again to the mind4 ,that such great organizations should have been in existence1 governed by local laws devised by themselves to suit the necessities of their condition1 and carried up to a high state of development1 while other parts of the country were almost in ignorance concerning these commonwealths1 seems hard to understand4 ,the book is not designed as a technical history of mining4 ,ancient and medival mining systems are examined1 and the development of their institutions carefully traced4 ,the greater part of the book is devoted to the study of camps in the remote ,west4 ,the 8,historical ,reference ,book0,e at once takes its place among those works which cause one to wonder how he ever did without them4 ,it comprises a chronological table of universal history1 a chronological dictionary of universal history1 a biographical dictionary1 and geographical notes4 ,great care has been taken in the biographical dictionary to select all the names of those men who have a strong claim to distinction1 and from the list1 which is necessarily limited1 those have been omitted whose renown is fleeting4 ,for those who can not provide themselves with cyclopdias1 large dictionaries1 and books of reference1 we know of no work better calculated to meet their needs1 and those who have these other helps at hand will find this the most convenient for brief notices4 ,it is especially adapted to the use of students4 ,in 8,workday ,christianity0,f the names of tradesmen1 as 8,the ,carpenter10 8,the ,potter10 etc41 have been used as the subjects of chapters1 and the history of each calling is briefly given1 from the earliest ,bible times down to the present4 ,they are then used as figures1 and around them are draped moral lessons from which may be gathered many useful suggestions4 ,there is1 however1 a gloomy outlook spread before the ,christian2 his life is made to seem only as 8a life of work1 of trial1 of tears and fears1 of conflicts fierce and long40 ,in the author's denunciations of hypocrisy1 style1 cant and caste in the churches1 he inconsistently pays them the high honor of allowing them to overshadow all else4 ,he never sees the true1 the beautiful and the good existing there also4 ,such sentences as the following have a wrong tendency and do harm3 8,it was not considered a disgrace in those days to ply a trade40 8,how many rich young ladies would scorn to associate with the sons and daughters of our workmen40 ,for some strange cause there is a large class of laboring people who are always debasing themselves by supposing other people feel above them4 ,they are constantly snubbing themselves1 in the fear that somebody is going to do so4 ,this feeling should never be fed by a religious book4 ,the author stands on the wrong side of many questions he attempts to handle4 ,the most pleasing observations of nature at present being contributed to our literature are those by ,john ,burroughs4 ,most writers in their descriptions of the outside world are one-sided4 ,they see the landscape but forget the sounds4 ,burroughs never does this4 ,he catches everything3 the dew1 the color1 the sound1 the accent of the country-folk1 the lay of the land1 the build of the plow4 ,in his 8,fresh ,fields0,g the effect is exactly what the walk through the fields would have been4 ,a vivid1 fresh1 constantly changing panorama is spread before you4 ,the style suits the shifting scenes4 ,it is not 8fine writing10 but it is clear1 plain and appropriate2 like the corduroy trousers1 short coat1 and top boots which form the outfit for tramps like those of ,mr4 ,burroughs1 it is not elegant1 but exactly 8the thing40 ,while the observations of flower and bird and sky are so exact and pleasing1 there is much 8humanization of nature40 ,he is not so enamored with the fields that he can not take a genuine interest in men4 ,the most delicious story we have read for a long time is his 8,hunt for the ,nightingale40 ,no knight in fiction ever followed his lady-love more eagerly than does this ardent wooer his ,philomel1 and it has been a long time since we have been more eager to have a story turn out well4 ,in 8,letters to ,guy0,h boys will find an interesting book4 ,these letters are written from ,australia1 by a mother to her son left at home in ,england4 ,they tell of the voyages from one place to another1 of the places visited1 of the people1 and of the natural history of the country4 ,they are written in a bright1 racy style1 and are so homelike that any boy could easily forget they were penned by a titled lady1 and imagine they might be his own mother's letters to himself4 ,in 8,how to ,get ,on in the ,world0,i will be found a full account of the life and literary works of ,william ,cobbett4 ,in his preface the author says3 8,it is thought that an account of the life and writings of one of ,england's most powerful writers and most remarkable characters1 with some of the best productions of his pen1 can not fail to be useful40 ,and a very useful and entertaining book he has succeeded in giving to the public4 ,the making it serve the double purpose of biography and autobiography affords1 as is always the case1 a pleasing variety4 ,his early history1 his experience in the ,british army1 in the ,united ,states1 and as an editor1 his trial and imprisonment for the libels he placed on government and individuals1 and all of the leading events in the stirring life of this great political writer are clearly set forth4 ,there is also a full account of his works1 which are very numerous4 ,better than any theoretical treatise on this subject is the history of this self-made man1 conquering difficulties and winning successes along the lines in which he sought it4 ,a story of the times of ,wyckliffe is given under the title 8,dearer than ,life40,j ,one of the best means of doing good now in use is that of teaching the young people useful lessons in the form of these attractive historical novels4 ,in this one1 the fortunes of a family who were for a long time divided in their opinions concerning the doctrines of the great reformer are narrated1 and are so closely interwoven with the real history of the times that there can be no skipping of the facts for the sake of the fancy4 ,of the recent text-books published for use in schools1 on physiology and hygiene1 none deserves higher commendation than 8,our ,bodies1 and ,how we ,live40,k ,the lessons are all so arranged and expressed as to awaken and hold the attention of the scholar1 and can not fail1 especially in the hands of a skillful teacher1 to make this important study an exceedingly interesting one4 ,the effects of strong drink on different parts of the system are carefully shown4 ,the numerous illustrations are very clear1 and so well labeled that they perfectly supplement the lessons and leave no chance for misunderstanding or mistake4 ,the book contains a glossary and an index4 ,two little books by ,charles ,kingsley1,l put into the hands of children who have been taught to love good reading--and indeed the books of themselves would teach any child to do this--would prove a treasure-house to them4 ,the prefaces alone1 with their cordial1 sympathetic greeting1 their natural1 straightforward statements1 and their spirit of love and reverence1 are worth the price of the books4 ,any one who has had experience in arranging tableaux knows how true it is that there is a false and a true way of producing effects4 ,not knowing how to drape1 to select colors1 to arrange a group1 to copy this or that1 spoils many tableaux and discourages managers4 ,we are glad to find a suggestive book on this difficult art4,m ,without any theorizing the authors teach us how to do by plunging in medias res and producing the tableaux before our eyes4 ,the book describes twenty-four tableaux1 but the variety of subjects is such that study of them furnishes a very complete drill for producing any desired effect4 ,a good game will occasionally fill a niche in an evening1 in a way entirely its own4 ,we believe we have found two such in ,miss ,alice ,m4 ,guernsey's ,shakspere ,game1,n and ,elements and ,compounds4,o ,the games are pleasing variations of the well known game of 8,authors40 ,the latter is particularly novel in its arrangement1 and local circles who want to fix in mind the troublesome 8compounds0 will find it very useful4 ,it is a very convenient thing for a reader of history to have at hand a chart which gives in brief the synchronological events of nations4 ,so many charts of this kind1 however1 are cumbersome1 that the trouble of using is almost as time-taking as that of consulting books4 ,a chart without this drawback is the 8,concentric ,chart of ,history0,p which ,dr4 ,ludlow has recently published4 ,it can be held in the hand when in use1 and folds up into small compass4 ,it contains all the facts which readers ought to go to a chart for1 and some interesting items on the useful arts1 on sculptors1 artists1 and literary characters4 ,altogether it makes a very convenient reference table for a reader of history4 ,the 8,common ,school ,compendium0,q is a little volume1 intended1 the author says1 8to serve several purposes--to provide graduates of high schools and colleges a quick means of reviewing the work of early school days2 to give to teachers a reliable hand-book of knowledge they are expected always to have at command1 and above all to provide that large class of young people who are striving in the privacy of home to master the difficulties of a systematic course of study1 a work that should do away with the necessity for large numbers of text-books40 ,it outlines1 and gives brief lessons in1 geography1 arithmetic1 grammar1 natural history and history4 ,it will be found by all to be a valuable reference book4 ,,gordon ,,in ,,the ,,soudan4--8,i have certainly got into a slough with the ,soudan2 but looking at my banker1 my commander-in-chief1 and my administrator1 it will be wonderful if ,i do not get out of it4 ,if ,i had not got this ,almighty ,power to back me in ,his in finite wisdom1 ,i do not know how ,i could ever think of what is to be done4 ,with terrific exertions ,i may in two or three years' time1 with ,god's administration1 make a good province1 with a good army and a fair revenue and peace and an increased trade1 and also have suppressed slave raids1 and then ,i will come home and go to bed and never get up again till noon every day1 and never walk more than a mile40,r ,,books ,,received4 ,evolution and ,christianity1 or an ,answer to the ,development of ,infidelity of ,modern ,times4 ,by ,benjamin ,f4 ,tefft1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,boston3 ,lee and ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,t4 ,dillingham4 #ahhe4 ,how to ,do ,it4 ,by ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhd4 ,weird ,tales4 ,by ,e4 ,t4 ,w4 ,hoffmann4 ,a new translation from the ,german4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,bealby1 ,b4,a4 ,in two volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,words and ,ways2 or1 ,what ,they ,said1 and ,what ,came of ,it4 ,by ,sarah ,j4 ,jones4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,edward ,arnold as ,poetizer and ,paganizer1 ,containing an ,examination of the ,light of ,asia for its ,literature and for its ,buddhism4 ,by ,william ,cleaver ,wilkinson4 ,funk ,wagnalls4 ,new ,york3 #ahhd4 ,the ,clerk's ,manual of ,rules1 ,forms1 and ,laws for the ,regulation of ,business in the ,senate and ,assembly of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,including ,croswel's ,manual4 ,albany3 ,weed1 ,parsons ,co4 #ahhe4 ,consolation4 ,a ,special ,collection of ,standard ,hymns1 ,tunes1 and ,chants for ,funeral and ,memorial ,services1 together with suitable 8,gospel ,songs10 ,new and ,old1 designed to ,comfort those ,who ,mourn4 ,edited by ,james ,r4 ,murray4 ,cincinnati3 ,published by ,john ,church ,co4 ,serapis4 ,a ,romance4 ,by ,george ,ebers4 ,new ,york3 ,william ,s4 ,gottsberger1 ,publisher4 #aa ,murray ,street4 #ahhe4 ,price1 paper cover1 #ej cents4 ,a ,railroad ,waif4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,b4 ,sargent4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,mind-,reading and ,beyond4 ,by ,william ,a4 ,hovey4 ,boston3 ,lee and ,shepard4 #ahhe4 ,the ,three ,pronunciations of ,latin4 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,fisher1 ,d4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,the ,story of the ,resurrection ,by ,william ,h4 ,furness1 ,d4,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahhe4 ,composition and ,rhetoric4 ,by ,g4 ,p4 ,quackenbos1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,organic ,chemistry4 ,by ,ira ,remsen4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 ,continuity of ,christian ,thought4 ,by ,a4 ,v4 ,g4 ,allen4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 #ahhd4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,the ,hallam ,succession4 ,a ,tale of ,methodist ,life in ,two ,countries4 ,by ,amelia ,e4 ,barr4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,the ,lenp and their ,legends4 ,library of ,aboriginal ,american ,literature4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,brinton1 ,m4,d4 ,philadelphia4 #ahhe4 ,the ,open ,door4 ,the ,portrait4 ,two ,stories4 ,by the author of ,a ,little ,pilgrim1 and ,old ,lady ,mary4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,tales from ,shakspere4 ,by ,charles and ,mary ,lamb4 ,edited for the use of ,schools4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,b ,thomas ,becket4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,c ,condensed ,dictionary of the ,english ,language4 ,edited under the supervision of ,noah ,porter1 ,,dd41 ,,ll4,d4 ,by ,dorsey ,gardner4 ,new ,york and ,chicago3 ,ivison1 ,blakeman1 ,taylor ,company4 ,price1 #a4hj4 ,d ,mining ,camps4 ,by ,charles ,howard ,shinn4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,e ,the ,historical ,reference ,book4 ,by ,louis ,heilprin4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and ,company4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #c4jj4 ,f ,workday ,christianity4 ,by ,alexander ,clarke4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,g ,fresh ,fields4 ,by ,john ,burroughs4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,h ,letters to ,guy4 ,by ,lady ,barker4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,i ,how to ,get ,on in the ,world1 as ,displayed in the ,life and ,writings of ,william ,cobbett4 ,by ,robert ,waters4 ,new ,york3 ,r4 ,worthington1 #ggj ,broadway4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,j ,dearer than ,life4 ,by ,emma ,leslie4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,k ,our ,bodies1 and ,how we ,live4 ,by ,albert ,f4 ,blaisdell1 ,m4,d4 ,boston3 ,lee and ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,t4 ,dillingham4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #fj cents4 ,l ,the ,heroes4 ,price1 #cj cents4 ,madam ,how and ,lady ,why4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahhe4 ,m ,artistic ,tableaux1 with ,picturesque ,diagrams and ,descriptions of ,costumes4 ,text by ,josephine ,pollard4 ,arrangement of ,diagrams by ,walter ,satterlee4 ,new ,york3 ,white1 ,stokes ,allen4 #ahhd4 ,n ,quotations4 ,a ,shaksperean ,game4 ,by ,alice ,m4 ,guernsey4 ,chicago3 ,s4 ,r4 ,winchell ,co4 ,price1 #be cents4 ,o ,elements and ,compounds4 ,a ,chemical ,game4 ,by ,alice ,m4 ,guernsey4 ,chicago3 ,s4 ,r4 ,winchell ,co4 ,price1 #be cents4 ,p ,ludlow's ,concentric ,chart of ,history4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,ludlow1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york ,city3 ,funk ,wagnalls4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,q ,the ,common ,school ,compendium4 ,for ,home ,students and ,teachers4 ,by ,mr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,lanphere4 ,chicago3 ,fairbanks ,palmer4 #ahhe4 ,r ,chinese ,gordon1 the ,uncrowned ,king4 ,his character as it is portrayed in his ,private ,letters4 ,compiled by ,laura ,c4 ,holloway4 ,new ,york3 ,funk ,wagnalls4 #ahhe4 ,ribbon-tied4 ,price1 #be cents4 ,,chautauqua1 #ahhe4 ,chautauqua is the original recreative and educational summer resort on ,chautauqua ,lake2 ,chautauqua is the center of an elegant and literary social life2 ,chautauqua is the first of many similar movements in all parts of the land1 and the one from which they have received their idea and inspiration2 ,chautauqua is the seat of the world-wide 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 7the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle71 which enrolls more than fifty thousand readers1 and provides more than thirty distinct courses of reading and study for persons of all ages and degrees of culture2 ,chautauqua is a place of rest and recreation2 with grounds1 high1 dry1 perfectly drained1 clean1 delightful2 with three lovely natural plateaus rising from the lakeside to an elevation among the very highest on the lake4 ,the sanitary regulations are scientific and effective4 ,the healthfulness of the place is not excelled in ,america4 ,chautauqua has a charming hotel1 the ,hotel ,athenum1 one of the most elegant and substantial summer hotels on the continent4 ,its lovely outlook on the lake1 its ample piazzas1 spacious halls1 parlor and dining room render it equal to any hotel outside of ,new ,york ,city4 ,chautauqua provides cottage-boarding at all rates1 and persons preferring cheap board to that of the more expensive and elegant ,hotel ,athenum can easily find it4 ,chautauqua is ,,chautauqua4 ,the name of the ground is ,,chautauqua4 ,the landing is ,,chautauqua4 ,the postoffice is ,,chautauqua4 ,the express office is ,,chautauqua4 ,it is not 8,point ,chautauqua0 or 8,chautauqua ,point10 or 8,chautauqua ,lake10 but simply ,,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,chautauqua is the children's paradise4 ,games1 romps1 bathing1 boating1 calisthenics1 roller skating under judicious control1 bonfires1 concerts1 stereopticon exhibitions1 a splendid museum of oriental curiosities and pictures1 a useful 8hour-a-day0 during the ,assembly season 7if children wish it7 of lessons1 story-telling1 and songs--all these make ,chautauqua a most charming resort for children4 ,,sunday ,,school ,,normal ,,work4 ,at the summer session of the ,assembly the normal work is conducted in five departments1 viz43-- #a4 ,the ,children's ,class1 for young people1 taught by the ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent4 #b4 ,the ,intermediate ,normal ,class1 for advanced scholars and teachers1 also taught by the ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent4 #c4 ,the ,sunday ,school ,normal ,class1 in the two sections of the ,bible and the ,sunday ,school1 taught by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4 ,d41 and ,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes4 #d4 ,the ,advanced ,normal1 conducted by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning and the ,rev4 ,frank ,russell4 #e4 ,the ,primary ,teachers' ,normal ,class1 for the instruction of teachers of little people4 ,by ,mrs4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent4 #f4 ,among other exercises valuable and interesting to ,sunday ,school workers are the following3 ,daily ,bible ,reading1 under the direction of ,dr4 ,john ,williamson1 of ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,daily ,devotional ,services1 led by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,m4 ,adams1 of ,new ,york2 ,occasional ,question-drawers and ,normal ,councils1 under the direction of ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent2 ,sunday ,school ,teachers' ,meetings on ,saturday evenings1 and the great ,,normal ,,alumni ,,reunion on ,thursday1 ,august #acth4 ,information concerning the ,normal ,course may be obtained by addressing either the ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4 ,d41 #hje ,broadway1 ,new ,york2 or the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 ,congregational ,house1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,college ,,of ,,modern ,,languages4 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,worman1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,director4 ,,prof4 ,a4 ,,lalande1 ,associate1 ,school of ,french4 ,the ,college of ,modern ,languages1 under the direction of the distinguished teacher and author1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,worman1 will open ,july #aath1 and continue in session for six weeks4 ,concerning ,prof4 ,worman1 it is not necessary that anything be said in this announcement4 ,as a teacher he is unexcelled in this country4 ,as an author of school books in language he is widely known4 ,prof4 ,lalande1 a ,parisian1 a thorough ,frenchman1 a born teacher1 captivates his pupils while he leads them on to a mastery of his native tongue through his aptness to teach1 distinct enunciation1 and personal enthusiasm4,s ,for full information concerning the ,,college ,,of ,,modern ,,languages for the coming season1 address as follows3 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,spanish1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,worman1 ,vanderbilt ,university1 ,nashville1 ,tenn42 for ,french1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,lalande1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,s ,indiana ,cottage1 #bec ,north avenue1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y41 will furnish for #ee4jj for the six weeks 7,july #aath--,august #bdth7 of the ,chautauqua ,schools of ,language1 room and board1 including all the comforts of a quiet home1 with a private table to be presided over by ,prof4 ,a4 ,lalande1 where nothing but ,french is to be spoken4 ,,the ,,academia ,,of ,,latin ,,and ,,greek4 7,summer ,term of ,six ,weeks47 ,professor ,shumway writes to the ,chancellor of ,chautauqua ,university3 ,my ,dear ,doctor ,vincent3 ,it gives me great pleasure to be able to offer this summer1 at ,chautauqua1 a course in ,latin and ,greek of unusual merit4 ,of the assistant teachers1 ,mr4 ,otto is already favorably known to our pupils of last summer1 and to many correspondence students as an energetic and thorough teacher4 ,dr4 ,bevier will be a great acquisition for ,chautauqua4 ,he was graduated from ,rutgers with first honors1 having also during his course won honors in ,latin and ,greek at the inter-collegiate contest4 ,after graduation he studied at ,johns ,hopkins ,university 7which conferred on him the degree ,ph4,d471 and then continued his studies in ,europe4 ,he was a student at the ,american ,school at ,athens1 ,greece1 and is now an enthusiastic and successful teacher4 ,he is the author of a paper on the ,olympieion 7in the report of the ,school at ,athens1 published by ,professor ,goodwin1 of ,harvard74 ,although our session in ,latin last year began a week late1 and we suffered from other disadvantages1 ,i believe our numbers in ,latin reached a total unparalleled in the history of ,chautauqua4 ,what was1 however1 especially gratifying1 was the improved quality of scholarship manifested by students4 ,for this summer we offer the following course3 #a4 ,,roman ,,law 7using the ,institutes of ,justinian7 with information4 ,not only every lawyer1 but every teacher of ,latin to-day should familiarize 8thon0self with ,roman law1 lying1 as it does1 at the base of ,roman civilization4 #b4 ,,the ,,latin ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,church ,,fathers4--,recent publication and discussion have brought into such prominence the influence of the early ,latin ,fathers on church doctrine that every clergyman1 present or prospective1 will do well to examine this question for himself4 #c4 ,,comparative ,,philology 7using ,halsey's ,etymology2 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co47--7,every student preparing to enter either of these three classes should at once communicate with the principal1 that there may be no delay at the opening of the session1 in securing apparatus47 #d4 ,,plato4--,apology and ,crito1 ,tyler's ,ed4 7,appletons47 #e4 ,,cicero4--,de ,natura ,deorum1 ,stickney's ,ed4 7,ginn1 ,heath ,co47 #f4 ,,homer4--,odyssey4 #g4 ,,vergil4--neid4 #h4 ,,horace4--,chase's ,ed4 7,eldridge ,bro47 #i4 ,,cicero4--,orations4 #aj4 ,,xenophon4--,anabasis4 #aa4 ,c,,sar4--,de ,bello ,gallico 7two hours per day74 #ab4 ,,beginners ,,in ,,greek4 ,harkness's ,text-,book1 last ed4 7,appletons47 #ac4 ,,beginners ,,in ,,latin 7,,three ,,hours ,,per ,,day ,,by ,,the ,,inductive ,,method1 ,,with ,,constant ,,use ,,of ,,latin ,,question ,,and ,,answer74 ,latin students must have the 8,hand-,book of ,latin ,synonymes40 7,ginn1 ,heath ,co47 ,special rates will be made for correspondence pupils1 and all are urged to attend4 ,i hope you will give us at ,chautauqua zealous students1 who will concentrate their work on ,latin and ,greek1 and especially two classes3 ,,teachers of ,latin and ,greek1 and those who are absolutely ,,beginners4 ,a clear-headed student who doesn't know a word of ,latin1 can1 by devoting six weeks to it1 ,,five ,,hours per day 7,beginners and ,csar7 or ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,hours in six weeks--quite as much time as the average school gives in one year--make decided progress4 ,it is thought that teachers of ,latin and ,greek will find of value not only the method1 but also the inspiration which indubitably does arise when teachers gather4 ,it is perhaps hardly necessary to add that the use of ,latin not only in elucidating text1 but also in discussing syntax1 derivations1 synonymes1 history1 geography1 archology1 etc41 is an essential feature of our work in ,latin4 ,worthy of the attention of teachers is the fact that our colloquial work is not the mere parrot-like repetition of phrases of the text4 ,your ob't servant1 ,,edgar ,s4 ,,shumway1 ,principal of ,chautauqua ,academia4 ,,rutgers ,,college1 ,february #bc1 #ahhe4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of ,,hebrew4 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,harper1 of the ,institute of ,hebrew1 ,director4 ,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,hebrew will open ,august #d1 at #b p4 m41 and continue until ,august #ca1 at #ab m4 ,the tuition fee is #aj4jj4 ,this sum includes admission to the grounds4 ,elementary1 ,intermediate1 ,progressive1 and ,advanced ,classes will be organized4 ,for further information1 correspond with ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,harper1 ,morgan ,park1 near ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,college ,,of ,,english ,,and ,,anglo-,,saxon4 ,the ,chautauqua ,college of ,english and ,anglo-,saxon is under the direction of ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mc,clintock1 who has by steadiness1 fidelity1 tact1 and rich scholarship commanded the respect and enthusiastic devotion of his pupils during several summers at ,chautauqua4 ,for particulars concerning the ,summer ,school of ,english1 address ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mc,clintock1 ,millersburgh1 ,ky4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,teachers' ,,retreat4 ,the ,teachers' ,retreat is a three weeks' meeting of secular school teachers1 opening ,july #aa1 #ahhe1 for lectures1 illustrative exercises1 biographical studies1 and scientific experiments1 combined with the recreative delights of a summer vacation and the quickening influence of the summer school4 ,the teachers in the 8,retreat0 for this season are3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dickinson1 of ,boston1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,edwards1 of ,randolph1 ,n4 ,y41 ,w4 ,c4 ,j4 ,hall1 ,esq41 of ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y41 ,prof4 ,r4 ,l4 ,cumnock1 of ,evanston1 ,ill41 ,prof4 ,c4 ,r4 ,wells1 of ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bridge1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,prof4 ,henry ,lummis1 of ,boston1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,a4 ,spring1 of ,perth ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j41 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,blanchard1 of ,new ,york ,city1 ,miss ,mary ,a4 ,bemis1 of ,fredonia1 ,n4 ,y41 ,prof4 ,walton ,n4 ,ellis1 etc4 ,lessons in experimental science1 microscopy1 kindergarten1 elocution1 the science and art of pedagogy1 penmanship and book-keeping1 mineralogy and geology1 calisthenics1 phonography1 stenograph reporting1 botany and forestry1 drawing1 painting1 needle-work1 clay modeling1 voice culture1 harmony1 organ instruction1 etc4 ,tickets of admission to the ,chautauqua ,teachers' ,retreat for the three weeks in ,july1 #e4jj4 ,this ticket admits to all general ,amphitheater exercises1 lectures1 concerts1 etc41 and to the following3 ,the special and general exercises of the 8,chautauqua ,foreign ,tourists'0 ideal excursion through ,italy1 brilliantly illustrated with the stereopticon2 fourteen lessons in pedagogy2 fourteen lessons in the practical application of pedagogical science2 four tourists' conferences2 four expositions of method in chemistry2 one exposition of method in penmanship2 one exposition of method in elocution2 two admissions to each of the several classes in the ,schools of ,language2 two lectures on school method1 by ,prof4 ,edward ,e4 ,smith1 superintendent of schools in ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y42 one exposition of method in standard phonography2 one exposition of method in reporting by the stenograph2 ten half-hour drills in school calisthenics1 etc4 ,for circulars1 address ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan1 ,esq41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,american ,,church-,,school ,,of ,,church ,,work4 ,,rev4 ,,george ,p4 ,,hays1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,denver1 ,director4 ,dr4 ,hays will open at ,chautauqua this season a 8,school of ,church ,work10 for the benefit of the laity in all denominations and in all branches of ,christian activity4 ,see announcements in ,may issue of ,assembly ,herald4 ,,chautauqua ,,ideal ,,foreign ,,tour4 ,among the most instructive and entertaining features of the ,chautauqua season is the annual 8foreign tour0 to some of the 8lands beyond the sea40 ,the 8,ideal ,foreign ,tour0 this year will be made through ,,italy4 ,foreign tourists' conferences1 parlor soirees1 stereopticon illustrated lectures1 and a large library of well-selected works on foreign travel1 with a large variety of engravings1 photographs1 etc41 will furnish abundant enjoyment and profit to all the members of the ,teachers' ,retreat and the members of any department of the ,schools of ,language4 ,,school ,,of ,,oratory4 ,,prof4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,cumnock1 ,director4 ,the school will open on the #acth of ,july1 and continue in session six weeks4 ,the instruction in elocution will be thorough1 practical and progressive4 ,four classes will be organized3 ,juvenile1 ,general1 ,advanced1 ,ministerial4 ,,terms3--,i4 ,juvenile ,class3 #aj4jj for the session2 #g4jj for three weeks2 #e4jj for two weeks2 #c4jj for one week4 ,,ii4 ,general or ,advanced ,class3 #ab4jj for the session2 #h4jj for three weeks2 #f4jj for two weeks2 #d4jj for one week4 ,,iii4 ,general and ,advanced ,classes3 #bj4jj for the session2 #ad4jj for three weeks2 #i4jj for two weeks2 #f4jj for one week4 ,,iv4 ,ministerial ,class3 #h4jj for three weeks2 #f4jj for two weeks2 #d4jj for one week4 ,v4 ,private ,hours1 #c4jj4 ,in sections of four1 #a4jj each per hour4 ,for further particulars1 address ,prof4 ,r4 ,l4 ,cumnock1 ,evanston1 ,ill4 ,prof4 ,cumnock will give two public readings at ,chautauqua during the season4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,art4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,blanchard1 of the ,american ,art ,school1 ,new ,york1 will conduct this department at ,chautauqua the coming season4 ,she will give thorough instructions in free-hand drawing1 all branches of painting1 crayon portraiture1 and art needle-work4 ,,terms3--#aj ,lessons in ,drawing #e4jj #ab 0 0 ,painting1 ,mineral1 ,oil and ,water ,colors #aj4jj #aj 0 0 ,needle-,work #e4jj #ab 0 0 ,out-door ,sketching #aj4jj #aj 0 0 ,object ,drawing and ,perspective #e4jj ,,the ,,organ4 ,isaac ,v4 ,flagler1 of ,syracuse ,university1 will preside at the organ4 ,a full program for ten organ recitals will be given in an early program4 ,many of the organ selections are not to be found in this country elsewhere1 and will be played for the first time at ,chautauqua4 ,they were sent to ,prof4 ,flagler by the composers1 whose acquaintance he made in ,europe4 ,the principal purposes of organ-playing will be demonstrated theoretically and practically by ,mr4 ,flagler4 #a4 ,playing for divine services4 #b4 ,playing for concerts and exhibitions4 #c4 ,playing accompaniments4 ,especial attention will be given to manual and pedal technique1 and the art of registration1 or the employment of such stops as will display not only the different degrees of power1 but also the utmost variety of tone color4 ,terms for a course of lessons on the organ at ,chautauqua1 #aj4jj4 ,,kindergarten4 ,this department will be in charge of ,miss ,mary ,a4 ,bemis1 a pupil of ,mrs4 ,kraus-,boelte1 of ,new ,york1 and for years teacher in this department at ,chautauqua4 ,an opportunity will be given1 as last year1 to observe the children under training by ,miss ,bemis4 ,after each recitation1 parents and teachers may receive practical instruction in the use of kindergarten material and the application of kindergarten principles to home and school life4 ,,phonography ,,and ,,the ,,stenograph4 ,this department will be in charge of ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bridge1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 for thirty years a shorthand writer1 and for many years a practical shorthand reporter4 ,for the last four years he his been engaged constantly with ,dr4 ,vincent as shorthand secretary and assistant4 ,classes for beginners and advanced pupils in 8,standard ,phonography0 will be organized4 ,there will also be organized in this department of shorthand one or more classes in instruction on the 8,stenograph10 the newly invented machine for practical reporting4 ,a competent teacher will be in attendance from ,july #aath to ,august #bdth4 ,,terms3 #aj4jj for either department1 8,standard ,phonography10 or the 8,stenograph10 in classes2 seventy-five cents per hour in private4 ,for full information concerning this department1 address ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bridge1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 up to ,july #ast2 after that1 at ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,missionary ,,institute ,will open ,saturday1 ,august #ast1 and continue for several days1 with conferences on important missionary topics1 conducted by earnest men and women2 with lectures1 sermons and platform meetings4 ,,music ,,at ,,chautauqua4 ,the arrangements for musical entertainment this year will exceed those of any former year in the history of ,chautauqua4 ,the season of #ahhe may justly be called the 8summer of song0 at ,chautauqua4 ,among the attractions are the following3 ,a grand chorus under the direction of ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 of the ,new ,england ,conservatory of ,music1 in ,boston2 ,prof4 ,c4 ,c4 ,case1 of ,akron1 ,ohio2 and ,prof4 ,a4 ,t4 ,schauffler1 of ,new ,york ,city2 ,the famous ,schubert ,quartette 7male71 of ,chicago1 will be present from ,august #hth to #bb;d2 ,miss ,dora ,henninges1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 mezzo soprano1 will be at ,chautauqua from ,august #dth to #ahth4 ,prof4 ,isaac ,v4 ,flagler1 of ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 will preside at the great organ during the season2 ,miss ,adele ,m4 ,dodge1 of ,williamsport1 ,pa41 will preside at the piano4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,hutchins1 of ,chicago1 ,ill41 one of the greatest cornetists in ,america1 will be at ,chautauqua from ,august #dth to #ahth4 ,,the ,,fisk ,,jubilee ,,singers4 ,the original company who so charmed ,chautauqua three years ago with their matchless music1 will be at ,chautauqua ,july #aa-ah1 and ,july #bh-;,august #e4 ,in this company are four of the original members of the earliest ,fisk ,jubilee ,company1 our old friends3 ,miss ,jennie ,jackson1 soprano2 ,mrs4 ,maggie ,l4 ,porter-,cole1 soprano2 ,miss ,minnie ,w4 ,tate1 contralto1 and ,miss ,georgia ,m4 ,gordon1 soprano4 ,,the ,,platform4 ,the entire program has not been completed1 but the following lecturers are engaged3 ,dr4 ,geo4 ,c4 ,lorimer1 of ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,dr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,northrop1 of ,connecticut2 ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,livermore1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 who will lecture on ,wendell ,phillips1 and a ,dream of ,to-morrow2 ,miss ,kate ,field1 of ,boston2 ,dr4 ,geo4 ,dana ,boardman1 of ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,rev4 ,robert ,nourse1 now of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,philip ,phillips2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,a4 ,stewart1 of ,ontario2 ,h4 ,k4 ,carroll1 ,esq41 editor of ,the ,independent1 ,n4 ,y42 ,col4 ,homer ,b4 ,sprague1 ,boston1 ,mass41 who will deliver two lectures on ,shakspere1 and two on ,milton2 ,miss ,l4 ,m4 ,von ,finkelstein1 of ,jerusalem2 ,bishop ,r4 ,s4 ,foster1 of ,boston1 ,mass42 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley1 of ,new ,york2 ,w4 ,m4 ,r4 ,french1 the brilliant crayonist2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,deems1 of ,new ,york2 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 of ,boston2 ,bishop ,cyrus ,d4 ,foss1 of ,minnesota2 ,it is hoped that ,john ,b4 ,gough and ,frank ,beard may be present4 ,other names will be announced in due time4 ,the distinguished ,english orator and scientist1 ,george ,sexton1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 will deliver several lectures on scientific subjects4 ,the full program of the ,,chautauqua ,,assembly and the ,,schools will be ready in a short time4 ,questions addressed to ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 or ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan1 ,esq41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 will receive prompt attention4 ,,the ,,florida ,,chautauqua4 ,the ,florida ,chautauqua is a success4 ,four months ago we had a dubious feeling that such an undertaking would fail of any real support in a clime which has always been so averse to adopting progressive ideas4 ,our healthy ,chautauqua tree1 we feared1 would be enervated by tropical sunshine2 but it has taken root with surprising readiness4 ,and its growth is assured by the hearty northern support it is receiving4 ,this support is a striking feature of ,lake de ,funiak4 ,you see it in the pretty cottages that are being built about the grounds4 ,they are generally owned by northerners4 ,wallace ,bruce has a cottage there2 ,pansy is building one2 ,mrs4 ,harper1 of ,terre ,haute1 ,ind41 another2 ,dr4 ,hatfield1 of ,chicago1 one1 and ,mrs4 ,emily ,huntingdon ,miller another4 ,one delightful spot has been turned into an 8,artist's ,corner0 by ,joaquin ,miller1 ,mr4 ,durkin1 ,harper ,brothers' well known artist1 and ,mr4 ,gross1 of ,covington4 ,the attraction which ,lake de ,funiak has for literary and artistic people is easily explained4 ,the country is enveloped in a mist of most fascinating story4 ,ponce de ,leon and his warriors once searched its forest1 and1 perhaps1 who knows1 bathed in the lake's clear waters4 ,it has an ideal climate4 ,the lake lies on a ridge eighty by thirty miles in extent1 and three hundred feet above sea level4 8,too cold to raise oranges here10 the natives say1 and sure enough it is1 though east1 at a lower altitude in the same latitude1 orange groves are abundant4 ,the beautiful ,la,conte pear1 peaches1 apples1 and quinces1 are the favorite fruits of this ridge4 ,the result is that here in this overheated1 indolent land1 is formed an oasis with an even temperature1 unknown to the mosquito1 and unvisited by the cyclone4 ,no better place could be found for gathering the 8material0 in which the artist and the writer revel4 ,these mammoth forests of pine1 magnolia1 cypress1 palmetto1 and oak1 are broken by the settlements of a peculiar people4 ,northerners find here a fresh field of study for pen and pencil4 ,and it is a fresh field for the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,during the progress of the ,assembly the people of the surrounding country were in a constant wonderment over the peculiar performances1 but when they understood what was meant1 their coperation was the heartiest1 and their interest was untiring4 ,the earnest workers who have undertaken to introduce the ,chautauqua plans1 if they are still in the first stage1 are yet sure of abundant results4 ,in arranging the ,florida ,assembly the effort has been to have everything truly ,chautauquan4 ,naturally we think of the ,auditorium first1 and at ,lake de ,funiak the situation is superb4 ,the lake1 which is about a mile in circumference1 some sixty-four feet in depth1 and its water of extraordinary clearness and purity1 has a setting of grassy banks which slope upward from the lake some fifty feet to the edge of the forest4 ,into this bank1 looking out over the lake1 is built a square auditorium1 large enough to seat #d1jjj people1 enclosed and furnished with an iron roof4 ,all of the various ,chautauqua developments have found their way there4 ,the platform1 presided over by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the normal work1 a school of ,greek1 a kindergarten1 school of cookery1 and an art school4 ,prof4 ,sherwin was there1 presiding over the chorus4 ,messrs4 ,fairbanks ,palmer opened a bookstore4 ,there were ,chautauqua singers1 songs1 speeches1 and ideas1 and they all took root4 ,the beautiful situation1 the desirable company that is building the new town1 the vigor of the management1 and its sound financial backing1 evidence the future of ,lake de ,funiak4 ,what more beautiful southern home could those of us who migrate southward from this land of snow and ice wish1 than under the pines of ,ponce de ,leon's fountain1 surrounded by a band of the most earnest workers in the world1 and in daily reach of the best thought which money and skill can bring together8 ,or if we can find time and money for but a month's study of ,florida and her people1 what more delightful headquarters8 ,,special ,,notes4 ,a ,,school ,,of ,,pedagogy has been arranged in the ,,chautauqua ,,university4 ,its purpose is to assist the directors of popular education1 and especially teachers1 in the study--#ast1 of the subjects taught in the schools2 #bnd1 of the principles and art of teaching2 and1 #c;d1 of the history of education4 ,two courses of study and of reading will be arranged4 ,one course may be completed in a year1 the other in two years4 ,books to be studied and read will be suggested4 ,examinations for promotion and certificates will be made at the close of each year4 ,the design of the course of studies and reading is to prepare school directors and teachers for the work of organizing and teaching the schools in accordance with the best methods4 ,any person may become a member of the ,school of ,pedagogy by paying the ,matriculation ,fee of #e1 unless it has already been paid in connection with some other department1 and the ,tuition ,fee of #aj4 ,the ,tuition ,fee is a yearly fee4 ,all fees are payable in advance1 to ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,registrar of the ,chautauqua ,university1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 from whom all particulars in reference to the school may be obtained4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,susan ,hayes ,ward1 in her article in the ,march impression of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 spoke disparagingly of electro-silicon as a cleaner for silver4 ,some good housekeepers represent it to be both a very useful and safe cleaning material4 ,in all such cases1 however1 the person using the article must be the judge4 ,but in this case we favor the opinion of the good housekeepers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,easter cards of the season just past were very bright and beautiful1 and many of them exceedingly rich4 ,prang's cards1 as usual1 took the lead in artistic design and fine finish4 ,they issued a very large number of new designs1 and some very taking novelties in satin and plush4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,siloam ,springs1 ,benton ,co41 ,arkansas1 another ,chautauqua has been established4 ,a joint stock company1 with ample capital1 has been organized1 and a state charter secured4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,dolgoruki was elected director-general4 ,siloam ,springs is a place of #b1jjj inhabitants1 near the southwest corner of the state1 one mile from ,indian ,territory4 ,an amphitheater large enough to seat #b1ejj persons is in process of erection1 and efforts are being made to secure a good and diversified program for the coming session1 which opens ,june #aa1 #ahhe1 and continues three weeks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,march number of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 among the errata1 appears the following3 8,arann1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m41 not ,araun40 ,it seems it is not right yet2 it should be ,avann4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #dcg1 8transfered0 changed to 8transferred0 7and transferred it to their own home7 ,page #dea1 8crochety0 changed to 8crotchety0 7crotchety but kind7 ,page #dee1 8insistance0 changed to 8insistence0 7ill-timed insistence7 ,page #deh1 8tation0 changed to 8station0 7the station agent was kind enough to say7 ,page #dei1 8corrider0 changed to 8corridor0 7a corridor nearly two hundred feet long7 ,page #dfh1 8fnnctions0 changed to 8functions0 7the authority and functions of7 ,page #dgd1 8,broomfield0 changed to 8,bromfield0 7#cf ,bromfield ,street1 ,boston7 ,page #dgi1 8,eebruary0 changed to 8,february0 7,february #bj1 #ahhe7 ,page #dhj1 8wvies0 changed to 8wives0 7two merchants' wives7 ,page #dhg1 8fnlly0 changed to 8fully0 7when we are fully persuaded7