,illu/ration3 ,,orville ,,wright ,,9 ,,! #hj-,,mile-,,an-,,h\r 8,,baby ,,wright0 ,,rac]4 ,h[ ,x ,flies or1 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,air ,! ,/ory ( ,man's ,endeavors to ,fly & ( ! ,inv5tions by :i* ,he ,has ,succe$$ ,by ,,ri*>d ,,f]ris1 ,b4,s41 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$ by ,ov] ,"o ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,half-tones & ,l9e ,draw+s1 ,%[+ ! ,/ages ( ,developm5t f ! ,e>lie/ ,balloon to ! ,late/ ,monoplane & ,biplane ,new ,york ,,?omas ,,nelson ,,& ,,sons #cha-che ,f\r? ,av5ue ,copyright1 #aiaj1 by ,,?omas ,,nelson ,,sons ,,! ,,tr[ ,,press1 ,,new ,,york ,,preface ,9 ^! pages1 by means ( simple language & suitable pictures1 ! au?or has told ! /ory ( ! ,%ips ( ! ,air4 ,he has expla9$ ! laws ( _! flight2 sket*$ _! developm5t to ! pres5t day2 %[n h[ to build ! fly+ ma*9e & ! balloon1 & h[ to op]ate !m2 rec\nt$ :at man has done1 & :at he hopes to d ) _! aid4 ,9 a ^w1 all ! ess5tial facts t ent] into ! ,conque/ ( ! ,air h be5 ga!r$ into ord]ly =m1 & are "h pres5t$ to ! public4 ,we :o live to-day h witness$ man's great a*ievem5t2 we h se5 8 dream ( ages come true4 ,man has le>n$ to fly6 ,! air :i* surr\nds u1 s intangible & s commonplace t x seldom arre/s our att5tion1 is 9 reality a va/1 unexplor$ ocean1 fraught ) future possibilities4 ,ev5 n[1 ! pione]s ( a c\ntless fleet are hov]+ above u 9 ! sky1 :ile /eadily1 surely ^! wond]ful possibilities are unfold$4 ,! ,publi%]s take pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ _! indebt$ness to ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican = _! c\rtesy 9 p]mitt+ ! use ( _m ( ! illu/rations appe>+ 9 ?is book4 ,,new ,,york1 ,octob] #bj1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,preface #g ,i4 ,,introductory #aa ,,ii4 ,,! ,,air #bj ,,iii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,flight #cg ,,iv4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es #ee ,v4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,! ,,biplane #gh ,,vi4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,! ,,monoplane #aab ,,vii4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,o!r ,,=ms #ada ,,viii4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,op]ate #aea ,,ix4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build #agd ,x4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,motors #aic ,,xi4 ,,model ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es #bae ,,xii4 ,,! ,,glid] #bda ,,xiii4 ,,balloons #beg ,,xiv4 ,,balloons3 ,,! ,,dirigible #bif ,,xv4 ,,balloons3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,op]ate #cdj ,,xvi4 ,,balloons3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make #cea ,,xvii4 ,,milit>y ,,a]onautics #cfc ,,xviii4 ,,biographies ,,( ,,prom95t ,,a]onauts #cgi ,,xix4 ,,*ronicle ,,( ,,aviation ,,a*ievem5ts #djg ,,xx4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,a]onautical ,,t]ms #deb ,,h[ ,,x ,,flies ,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! sudd5 awak5+--,e>ly successes--,influ5ce ( ! gasol9e eng9e on a]oplanes--,on dirigible balloons--,int]e/$ inquiry--,"s g5]al t]ms def9$4 ,9 ! ye> #aijh ! _w awak5$ sudd5ly to ! realization t at la/ ! c5turies ( man's endeavor to fly me*anically _h come to successful fruition4 ,!re _h be5 a little w>n+4 ,9 ! late autumn ( #aijf1 ,santos-,dumont made a flight ( #gbj feet 9 a p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 ,!re 0 an exclamation ( wond]1 a bur/ ( applause--!n a relapse into unconc]n4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aijg1 ,l\is ,bl]iot sp$ free ( ! gr\nd = #dgj feet2 & 9 ,novemb]1 ,santos-,dumont made two fly+ leaps ( b>ely #ejj feet4 ,t 0 ! ye>'s record1 & x excit$ little comm5t4 ,x is true t ! ,wright bro!rs _h be5 mak+ long flights1 b !y 7 9 secret4 ,!re 0 no public k ( !m4 ,9 #aijh came ! revelation4 ,9 ,m>*1 ,delagrange flew 9 a ,vois9 biplane #dec feet1 c>ry+ ,f>man ) him z a pass5g]4 ,two weeks lat] he flew alone ne>ly #b miles4 ,9 ,may he flew ne>ly #h miles4 ,9 ,june 8 be/ flight 0 #aj miles4 ,bl]iot came on ! sc5e aga9 9 ,july ) a monoplane1 9 :i* he flew #c miles4 ,9 ,septemb]1 ,delagrange flew #ae miles--9 less ?an #cj m9utes4 ,9 ! same mon? ! ,wrights began _! wond]ful public flights4 ,wilbur1 9 ,france1 made records ( #da1 #df1 #fb1 & #gg miles1 :ile ,orville flew f #dj to #ej miles at ,=t ,my]1 ,va4 ,wilbur ,wright's longe/ flight kept him 9 ! air #b h\rs & #bj m9utes4 ,! goal _h be5 rea*$--m5 _h a*iev$ ! app>5tly impossible4 ,! :ole _w 0 r\s$ to en?usiasm4 ,s9ce !n1 progress has be5 ph5om5ally rapid1 urg$ on by ! /riv+ ( ! inv5tors1 ! competition ( ! aircraft build]s1 & ! conte/s = records among ! pilots4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ factor 9 ! triumph ( ! a]oplane is ! improv$ gasol9e eng9e1 design$ orig9ally = automobiles4 ,)\t ?is wond]ful type ( motor1 deliv]+ a maximum ( p[] ) a m9imum ( weight1 f conc5trat$ fuel1 ! fly+ ma*9e w\ld /ill be re/+ on ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,r5>d & ,krebs air%ip ,la ,france1 at ,*alais-,meudon4 ,nor has ! influ5ce ( ! gasol9e motor be5 mu* less ^u t o!r great class ( aircraft1 ! dirigible balloon4 ,aft] #ahhe1 :5 ,r5>d & ,krebs' air%ip ,la ,france made its two hi/oric voyages f ,*alais-,meudon to ,p>is1 return+ safely to its %$1 "u ! propulsion ( an electric motor1 ! problem ( ! great air%ip lay dormant1 wait+ = ! discov]y ( adequate motive p[]4 ,if ! developm5t ( ! dirigible balloon seems less spectacul> ?an t ( ! a]oplane1 x is because ! latt] _h to be creat$2 ! dirigible1 already 9 exi/5ce1 _h only to be revivifi$4 ,confront$ ) ^! new & /range %apes 9 ! sky1 "s mak+ /ately j\rneys ( hundr$s ( miles1 o!rs :irr+ hi!r & ?i!r ) ! spe$ ( ! :irlw9d1 wond] quickly gives way to ! all-absorb+ "q3 ,h[ d !y fly8 ,to answ] fully & satisfactorily1 x seems wise1 = _m read]s1 to recall 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s "s pr9ciples d\btless long s9ce =gott54 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ) e great advance 9 civilization1 ?is expansion ( ! sci5ce ( a]onautics has _h its effect ^u ! language ( ! day4 ,t]ms =m]ly 9 use h become re/rict$ 9 application1 & o!r t]ms h be5 co9$ to convey ideas s entirely new z to f9d no suitable ^w exi/5t 9 our language4 ,x seems requisite1 !re=e1 fir/ to acqua9t ! read] ) cle> def9itions ( ! m common t]ms t are us$ ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,a]onautics is ! ^w employ$ to designate ! entire subject ( a]ial navigation4 ,an a]onaut is a p]son :o sails1 or comm&s1 any =m ( aircraft1 z di/+ui%$ f a pass5g]4 ,aviation is limit$ to ! subject ( fly+ by ma*9es :i* are n float$ 9 ! air by gas4 ,an aviator is an op]ator ( su* ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a free balloon1 ) p>a*ute4 ,bo? aviators & a]onauts are (t5 call$ pilots4 ,a balloon is ess5tially an envelope or bag fill$ ) "s gase\s sub/ance :i* is light]1 bulk = bulk1 ?an ! air at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & :i* s]ves to float ! app>atus 9 ! air4 ,9 its usual =m x is sph]ical1 ) a c> or basket susp5d$ bel[ x4 ,x is a captive balloon if x is atta*$ to ! gr\nd by a cable1 s t x may n rise above a c]ta9 level1 nor float away 9 ! w9d4 ,x is a free balloon if n s atta*$ or an*or$1 b is all[$ to drift :]e ! w9d may c>ry x1 ris+ & fall+ at ! w ( ! pilot4 ,illu/ration3 ,a dirigible balloon4 ,a dirigible balloon1 sometimes t]m$ simply a dirigible1 usually has its gas envelope elongat$ 9 =m4 ,x is fitt$ ) motive p[] to propel x1 & /e]+ me*anism to guide x4 ,x is di/9ctively ! air%ip4 ,a]oplanes are ^? =ms ( fly+ ma*9es :i* dep5d = _! support 9 ! air ^u ! spread ( surfaces :i* are v>i\sly call$ w+s1 sails1 or planes4 ,!y are commonly driv5 by propell]s actuat$ by motors4 ,:5 n driv5 by p[] !y are call$ glid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a biplane glid]4 ,a]oplanes exi/ 9 sev]al types3 ! monoplane1 ) "o spread ( surface2 ! biplane1 ) two spreads1 "o above ! o!r2 ! triplane1 ) ?ree spreads1 or decks2 ! multiplane1 ) m ?an ?ree4 ,! tetrah$ral plane is a /ructure ( _m small cells set "o ^u ano!r4 ,orni?opt] is ! "n giv5 to a fly+ ma*9e :i* is op]at$ by flapp+ w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a p>a*ute desc5d+4 ,helicopt] is us$ to designate ma*9es :i* are lift$ v]tically & su/a9$ 9 ! air by propell]s revolv+ 9 a horizontal plane1 z di/+ui%$ f ! propell]s ( ! a]oplane1 :i* revolve 9 v]tical planes4 ,a p>a*ute is an umbrella-l contrivance by :i* an a]onaut may desc5d g5tly f a balloon 9 mid-air1 buoy$ up by ! compression ( ! air "u ! umbrella4 ,= ! def9ition ( o!r & m te*nical t]ms ! read] is ref]r$ to ! c>efully prep>$ ,gloss>y t[>d ! end ( ! book4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,air4 ,intangibility ( air--,its sub/ance--,weight--,ext5t--,d5sity--,exp ansion by heat--,alcohol fire--,turbul5ce ( ! air--,in]tia--,ela/icity--,viscosity--,v elocity ( w9ds--,aircurr5ts--,cl\d levels--,a]ological /ations--,high altitudes--,practical sugge/ions--,! ideal highway4 ,! air ab\t u seems ! ne>e/ approa* to no?+ness t we "k (4 ,a pail is commonly said to be empty--to h no?+ 9 x--:5 x is fill$ only ) air4 ,?is is because our s5ses d n give u any in=mation ab\t air4 ,we _c see x1 he> x1 t\* x4 ,:5 air is 9 motion 7w9d7 we he> ! noises x makes z x passes among o!r objects m sub/antial2 & we feel x z x bl[s by u1 or :5 we move rapidly ?r\gh x4 ,we get "s idea t x exi/s z a sub/ance :5 we see dead leaves caught up 9 x & :irl$ ab\t2 &1 m impressively1 :5 9 ! viol5ce ( ! hurricane x seizes ^u a body ( great size & weight1 l ! ro( ( a h\se1 & :isks x away z ?\gh x 7 a fea!r1 at a spe$ exce$+ t ( ! fa/e/ railroad tra94 ,9 a mild] =m1 ?is invisible & intangible air does "s ( our "w = u 9 at lea/ two ways t are conspicu\s3 x moves %ips ^u ! ocean1 & x turns a multitude ( w9dmills1 supply+ ! *eape/ p[] kn[n4 ,t ?is atmosph]e is really a fluid ocean1 hav+ a def9ite sub/ance1 & 9 "s respects resembl+ ! liquid ocean ^u :i* our %ips sail1 & t we are only crawl+ ar\nd on ! bottom ( x1 z x 71 is a conception we d n readily grasp4 ,yet ?is conception mu/ be ! f\ndation ( e ef=t to sail1 to fly1 9 ?is a]ial ocean1 if su* ef=ts are to be cr[n$ ) success4 ,z a mat]ial sub/ance ! air has c]ta9 physical prop]ties1 & x is ! "p ( wisdom = ! man :o w\ld fly to acqua9t himself ) ^! prop]ties4 ,if !y are helpful to 8 flight1 he wants to use !m2 if !y h9d]1 he mu/ contrive to ov]come !m4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! air1 be+ 9 a gase\s =m1 p>takes ( ! prop]ties ( all gases--& ^! may be /udi$ 9 any text-book on physics1 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) ^? qualities :i* affect conditions "u :i* we /rive to fly4 ,( fir/ importance is ! fact t air has weight4 ,t is1 9 common ) all o!r sub/ances1 x is attract$ by ! mass ( ! e>? ex]t$ ?r\gh ! =ce we call gravity4 ,at ! level ( ! sea1 ?is attraction causes ! air to press ^u ! e>? ) a weight ( ne>ly fifte5 p\nds 7accurately1 #ad4g lbs47 to ! squ>e in*1 :5 ! temp]ature is at #cb ,f4 ,t pressure is ! weight ( a column ( air "o in* squ>e at ! base1 ext5d+ upw>d to ! out] limit ( ! atmosph]e--e/imat$ to be ab\t #ch miles 7"s say #ajj miles7 above sea-level4 ,! practical fact is t normal human life _c exi/ above ! level ( #ae1jjj feet1 or a little less ?an ?ree miles2 & navigation ( ! air w d\btless be c>ri$ on at a mu* l[] altitude1 = reasons :i* w appe> z we cont9ue4 ,! actual weight ( a def9ite quantity ( dry air--= in/ance1 a cubic foot--is f\nd by weigh+ a vessel fir/ :5 full ( air1 & aga9 aft] ! air has be5 exhau/$ f x ) an air-pump4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 det]m9$ t a cubic foot ( dry air1 at ! level ( ! sea1 & at a temp]ature ( #cb ,f41 weighs #efe gra9s--ab\t #j4jhjg lb4 ,at a height above ! level ( ! sea1 a cubic foot ( air w weigh less ?an ! figure quot$1 = its d5sity decreases z we g upw>d1 ! pressure be+ less ow+ to ! dim9i%$ attraction ( ! e>? at ! great] di/ance4 ,= in/ance1 at ! height ( a mile above sea-level a cubic foot ( air w weigh ab\t #dcc gra9s1 or #j4jfai lb4 ,at ! height ( five miles x w weigh ab\t #baf gra9s1 or #j4jcji lb4 ,at ?irty-eight miles x w h no weight at all1 its d5sity be+ s r>e z j to balance ! e>?'s attraction4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! :ole body ( air above ! e>?1 if x 7 all ( ! uni=m d5sity ( t at sea-level1 w\ld ext5d only to ! height ( #bf1aff feet4 ,p]haps a cle>] compreh5sion ( ! weight & pressure ( ! ocean ( air ^u ! e>? may be ga9$ by recall+ t ! pressure ( ! #ch miles ( atmosph]e is j equal to balanc+ a column ( wat] #cc feet high4 ,! pressure ( ! air1 !re=e1 is equival5t to ! pressure ( a flood ( wat] #cc feet deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,comp>ative ,elevations ( ,e>? & ,air4 ,b air is seldom dry4 ,x is almo/ always m+l$ ) ! vapor ( wat]1 & ?is vapor weighs only #ceb gra9s p] cubic foot at sea-level4 ,consequ5tly ! mixture--damp air--is light] ?an dry air1 9 proportion to ! moi/ure x conta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus to %[ effects ( heat on air curr5ts4 a1 alcohol lamp2 b1 ice4 ,! arr[s %[ direction ( curr5ts4 ,ano!r fact v important to ! a]onaut is t ! air is 9 con/ant motion4 ,ow+ to its ready expansion by heat1 a body ( air occupy+ "o cubic foot :5 at a temp]ature ( #cb ,f4 w occupy m space at a high] temp]ature1 & less space at a l[] temp]ature4 ,h5ce1 heat$ air w fl[ upw>d until x rea*es a po9t :]e ! natural d5sity ( ! atmosph]e is ! same z its exp&$ d5sity due to ! heat+4 ,"h ano!r complication comes into play1 = asc5d+ air is cool$ at ! rate ( "o degree = e #ahc feet x rises2 & z x cools x gr[s d5s]1 & ! spe$ ( its asc5sion is ?us gradually *eck$4 ,aft] pass+ an altitude ( #a1jjj feet ! decrease 9 temp]ature is "o degree = ea* #cbj feet ( asc5t4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be /at$ t air is exp&$ "o-t5? ( its volume = ea* #ej ,f4 t its temp]ature is rais$4 ,?is highly un/able condition "u ord9>y *anges ( temp]ature causes cont9ual movem5ts 9 ! air1 z diff]5t portions ( x are con/antly seek+ t position 9 ! atmosph]e :]e _! d5sity at t mom5t balances ! e>?'s attraction4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim relates an incid5t :i* aptly illu/rates ! effect ( *ange ( temp]ature ^u ! air4 ,he says3 8,on "o occasion1 _m ye>s ago1 ,i 0 pres5t :5 a bond$ w>eh\se 9 ,new ,york conta9+ #aj1jjj b>rels ( alcohol 0 burn$4444 ,i walk$ completely ar\nd ! fire1 & f\nd ?+s j z ,i expect$4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ a p]fect hurricane ?r\gh e /reet 9 ! direction ( ! fire1 al?\gh x 0 a dead calm ev]y:]e else2 ! flames m\nt$ /raight 9 ! air to an enorm\s height1 & took ) !m a l>ge am\nt ( burn+ wood4 ,:5 ,i 0 fully #ejj feet f ! fire1 a piece ( p>tly burn$ "o-in* bo>d1 ab\t #h in*es wide & #d feet long1 fell ?r\gh ! air & l&$ ne> me4 ,?is bo>d _h evid5tly be5 tak5 up to a great height by ! trem5d\s upru% ( air caus$ by ! burn+ alcohol40 ,t :i* happ5$ on a small scale1 ) a viol5t *ange ( temp]ature1 9 ! case ( ! alcohol fire1 is tak+ place on a l>g] scale1 ) mild] *anges 9 temp]ature1 all ov] ! _w4 ,! heat+ by ! sun 9 "o locality causes an expansion ( air at t place1 & cool]1 d5s] air ru%es 9 to fill ! p>tial vacuum4 ,9 ?is way w9ds are produc$4 ,s ! air 9 :i* we are to fly is 9 a /ate ( con/ant motion1 :i* may be lik5$ to ! ru% & swirl ( wat] 9 ! rapids ( a m\nta9 torr5t4 ,! trem5d\s diff]5ce is t ! p]ils ( ! wat] are 9 pla9 sight ( ! navigator1 & may be gu>d$ aga9/1 :ile ^? ( ! air are :olly invisible1 & mu/ be met z !y occur1 )\t a mom5t's w>n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! solid arr[s %[ ! directions ( a cyclonic w9d on ! e>?'s surface4 ,at ! c5tre ! curr5ts g directly upw>d4 ,9 ! upp] air above ! cyclone ! curr5ts h ! directions ( ! dott$ arr[s4 ,next 9 importance1 to ! a]ial navigator1 is ! air's resi/ance4 ,?is is due 9 "p to its d5sity at ! elevation at :i* he is fly+1 & 9 "p to ! direction & int5sity ( its motion1 or ! w9d4 ,:ile ?is resi/ance is f> less ?an t ( wat] to ! passage ( a %ip1 x is ( s]i\s mom5t to ! a]onaut1 :o mu/ =ce 8 fragile ma*9e ?r\gh x at great spe$1 & be on ! al]t e in/ant to combat ! possibility ( a fall z he passes into a r>] & less buoyant /ratum4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ di/urbance ( w9d curr5ts by inequalities ( ! gr\nd1 & ! smoo!r curr5ts ( ! upp] air4 ,note ! increase ( d5sity at ,a & ,b1 caus$ by compression aga9/ ! upp] /rata4 ,?ree prop]ties ( ! air ent] into ! sum total ( its resi/ance--in]tia1 ela/icity1 & viscosity4 ,in]tia is its t5d5cy to rema9 9 ! condition 9 :i* x may be3 at re/1 if x is /ill2 9 motion1 if x is mov+4 ,"s =ce mu/ be appli$ to di/urb ?is in]tia1 & 9 consequ5ce :5 ! in]tia is ov]come a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce is us$ up 9 ! op]ation4 ,ela/icity is t prop]ty by virtue ( :i* air t5ds to reoccupy its normal am\nt ( space aft] di/urbance4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is t5d5cy is ! spr++ back ( ! h&le ( a bicycle pump if ! valve at ! bottom is n op51 & ! air 9 ! pump is simply compress$1 n =c$ into ! tire4 ,viscosity may be describ$ z 8/ick9ess0--! t5d5cy ( ! p>ticles ( air to cl+ toge!r1 to resi/ sep>ation4 ,to illu/rate3 molasses1 p>ticul>ly 9 cold wea!r1 has great] viscosity ?an wat]2 v>ni% has great] viscosity ?an turp5t9e4 ,air exhibits "s viscosity1 ?\gh va/ly less ?an t ( cold molasses4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh relatively slight1 ?is viscosity has a "p 9 ! resi/ance :i* opposes ! rapid flight ( ! air%ip & a]oplane2 & ! high] ! spe$1 ! great] ! ret>d+ effect ( viscosity4 ,! in]tia ( ! air1 :ile 9 "s degree x blocks ! progress ( 8 ma*9e1 is a b5efit to ! a]onaut1 = x is in]tia :i* gives ! blades ( 8 propell] 8hold0 ^u ! air4 ,! ela/icity ( ! air1 compress$ "u ! curv$ surfaces ( ! a]oplane1 is believ$ to be helpful 9 ma9ta9+ ! lift4 ,! effect ( viscosity may be greatly r$uc$ by us+ surfaces f9i%$ ) poli%$ v>ni%--j z greas+ a knife w p]mit x to be pass$ ) less friction ?r\gh ?ick molasses4 ,9 ! case ( w9ds1 ! in]tia ( ! mov+ mass becomes :at is commonly t]m$ 8w9d pressure0 aga9/ any object n mov+ ) x at an equal spe$4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! measurem5ts ( w9d pressure1 z record$ at ! /ation on ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 = diff]+ velocities ( w9d3 ------------------------------------- ,velocity ,velocity ,pressure 9 ,miles 9 ,feet 9 ,p\nds on p] ,h\r p] ,second a ,squ>e ,foot ------------------------------------- #b #b4i #j4jab #d #e4i #j4jdh #f #h4h #j4ajh #h #aa4g #j4aib #aj #ad4g #j4cjj #ae #bb4j #j4fge #bj #bi4d #a4bjj #be #cf4g #a4hge #cj #dd4j #b4gjj #ce #ea4c #c4fge #dj #eh4g #d4hjj #de #ff4j #f4jge #ej #gc4d #g4ejj #fj #hh4j #aj4hjj #gj #ajb4g #ad4gjj #hj #aag4b #ai4bjj #ij #acb4j #bd4cjj #ajj #adf4g #cj4jjj ------------------------------------- ,9 apply+ ?is table1 ! velocity to be consid]$ is ! net velocity ( ! movem5ts ( ! air%ip & ( ! w9d4 ,if ! %ip is mov+ #bj miles an h\r aga9/ a head w9d bl[+ #bj miles an h\r1 ! net velocity ( ! w9d w be #dj miles an h\r1 & ! pressure #d4h lbs4 a squ>e foot ( surface pres5t$4 ,!re=e ! air%ip w be /&+ /ill1 s f> z objects on ! gr\nd are conc]n$4 ,if ! %ip is sail+ #bj miles an h\r ) ! w9d1 :i* is bl[+ #bj miles an h\r1 ! pressure p] squ>e foot w be only #a4b lbs42 :ile z reg>ds objects on ! gr\nd1 ! %ip w be travell+ #dj miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus = ! /udy ( ! action ( air 9 motion2 a bl[] at ! f>!r end ( ! great tube s5ds a 8w9d0 ( any desir$ velocity ?r\gh x4 ,planes & propell]s ( v>i\s =ms are ?us te/$4 ,sy/ematic /udy ( ! movem5ts ( ! air curr5ts has n be5 widespread1 & has n progress$ mu* beyond ! ga!r+ ( /ati/ics :i* may s]ve z useful data 9 te/+ exi/+ !ories or =mulat+ new ones4 ,x is already recogniz$ t !re are c]ta9 8tides0 9 ! atmosph]e1 recurr+ twice daily 9 six-h\r p]iods1 z 9 ! case ( ! ocean tides1 & p]haps f ! same causes4 ,o!r curr5ts are produc$ by ! e>?'s rotation4 ,!n !re are ! five-day oscillations not$ by ,eliot 9 ,india1 & daily movem5ts1 m or less regul>1 due to ! sun's heat by day & ! lack ( x by night4 ,! complexity ( ^! motions makes sci5tific rese>* extremely difficult4 ,some?+ def9ite has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( w9d velocities1 ?\gh ?is v>ies l>gely ) ! locality4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! av]age spe$ ( ! w9ds is #i miles p] h\r2 9 ,europe1 #aj miles2 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 #f miles2 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #f miles2 9 ,engl&1 #ab miles2 ov] ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 #bi miles p] h\r4 ,ea* ( ^! av]age velocities v>ies ) ! "t ( ye> & "t ( day1 & ) ! di/ance f ! sea4 ,! w9d moves fa/] ov] wat] & flat1 b>e l& ?an ov] hilly or =e/-cov]$ areas4 ,velocities increase z we g upw>d 9 ! air1 be+ at #a1fjj feet twice :at !y are at #ajj feet4 ,obs]vations ( ! movem5ts ( cl\d =ms at ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,bo/on1 give ! foll[+ results3 --------------------------------------- ,cl\d ,=m ,height ,av]age ,spe$ 9 ,feet p] ,h\r --------------------------------------- ,/ratus #a1fgf #ai miles4 ,cumulus #e1cbf #bd miles4 ,alto-cumulus #ab1gbd #cd miles4 ,cirro-cumulus #ba1hhh #ga miles4 ,cirrus #bi1cag #gh miles4 --------------------------------------- ,9 w9t] ! spe$ ( cirrus cl\ds may rea* #if miles p] h\r4 ,!re are =ty-n9e /ations scatt]$ ov] ,g]many :]e /ati/ics conc]n+ w9ds are ga!r$ expressly = ! use ( a]onauts4 ,at _m ( ^! /ations records h be5 kept = tw5ty ye>s4 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,assman1 director ( ! a]ological obs]vatory at ,l9d5burg1 has prep>$ a compreh5sive treatise ( ! /ati/ics 9 possession ( ^! /ations1 "u ! title ( ,die ,w9de 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,x %[s = ea* /ation1 & = ea* season ( ! ye>1 h[ (t5 ! w9d bl[s f ea* po9t ( ! compass2 ! av]age frequ5cy ( ! sev]al degrees ( w9d2 :5 & :]e a]ial voyages may safely be made2 ! probable drift ( dirigibles1 etc4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,fri$ri*%af51 :]e ,c\nt ,zeppel9's great air%ip %$s are locat$1 is n a favorable place = su* vessels1 hav+ a ye>ly record ( tw5ty-f\r /ormy days1 z comp>$ ) b two /ormy days at ,celle1 f\r at ,b]l91 f\r at ,cassel1 & l[ records at sev]al o!r po9ts4 ,9 practical aviation1 a controll+ factor is ! d5sity ( ! air4 ,we h se5 t at an altitude ( five miles ! d5sity is ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ! d5sity at sea-level4 ,?is means t ! support+ p[] ( ! air at a five-mile elevation is s small t ! area ( ! planes mu/ be increas$ to m ?an #b times ! area suit$ to fly+ ne> ! gr\nd1 or t ! spe$ mu/ be l>gely increas$4 ,!re=e ! adju/m5ts necess>y = ris+ at ! l[] level & j\rney+ 9 ! high] level are too l>ge & complex to make fly+ at high altitudes practicable--leav+ out ( consid]ation ! bitt] cold ( ! upp] regions4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,rot*1 director ( ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 9 8 valuable book1 ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,air1 gives ?is practical summ>y ( a long s]ies ( /udi\s obs]vations3 8,at night1 h[ev]1 because !re are no asc5d+ curr5ts1 ! w9d is mu* /eadi] ?an 9 ! daytime1 mak+ night ! mo/ favorable "t = a]ial navigation ( all k9ds4444 ,a suitable height 9 ! daytime1 unless a /rong we/]ly w9d is s\ght1 lies above ! cumulus cl\ds1 at ! height ( ab\t a mile2 b at night x is n necess>y to rise s high2 & 9 summ] a region ( relatively little w9d is f\nd at a height ( ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile1 :]e x is also w>m] & dri] ?an 9 ! daytime or at ! gr\nd40 ,not)/&+ all difficulties1 ! fact rema9s t1 once !y are ov]come1 ! air is ! ideal highway = travel & transportation4 ,on ! sea1 a %ip may sail to "r or left on "o plane only4 ,9 ! air1 we may /e] n only to "r or left1 b above & bel[1 & obliquely 9 innum]able planes4 ,we %all n ne$ to trav]se long di/ances 9 a wrong direction to f9d a bridge by :i* we may cross a riv]1 nor zigzag = toilsome miles up ! /eep slopes ( a m\nta9-side to ! pass :]e we may cross ! divide4 ,! c\rse ( ! air%ip is ! prov]bial bee-l9e--! mo/ economical 9 "t z well z 9 di/ance4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,flight4 ,! bird--,nature's models--,man's me?ods--,gravity--,! balloon--,! air%ip--,resi/ance ( ! air--,w9ds--,! kite--,laws ( motion & =ce--,application to kite-fly+--,a]oplanes4 ,if we 7 ask$ to expla9 ! ^w 8fly+0 to "s =eign] :o did n "k :at x meant1 we %\ld probably give z an illu/ration ! bird4 ,?is w\ld be because ! bird is s closely associat$ 9 our ?\ghts ) fly+ t we c h>dly ?9k ( ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 t s9ce m5 fir/ _h ! desire to fly !y %\ld /udy ! =m & motions ( ! birds 9 ! air1 & try to copy !m4 ,our ance/ors built imm5se flopp+ w+s1 into ! frames ( :i* !y fa/5$ !mselves1 & ) great muscul> ex]tion ( arms & legs /rove to atta9 ! results t ! bird gets by app>5tly simil> motions4 ,h[ev]1 ?is m5tal c\pl+ ( ! bird ) ! laws ( flight has be5 un=tunate = ! a*ievem5t ( flight by man4 ,& ?is is true ev5 to ! pres5t day1 ) its hundr$s ( successful fly+ ma*9es t are n 9 ! lea/ l a bird4 ,?is wrongly c\pl$ idea is s /rong t sci5tific publications pr9t pages ( rese>* by em95t contributors into ! flight ( birds1 ) ! attempt to d$uce lessons !refrom = ! in/ruction ( ! build]s & navigators ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,^! argum5ts are bas$ on ! belief t ,nature nev] makes a mi/ake2 t %e made ! bird to fly1 & !re=e ! bird mu/ be ! mo/ p]fect model = ! successful fly+ ma*9e4 ,b ! tru? is1 ! bird 0 n made prim>ily to fly1 any m ?an man 0 made to walk4 ,fly+ is an incid5t 9 ! life ( a bird1 j z walk+ is an incid5t 9 ! life ( a man4 ,fly+ is simply a bird's way ( gett+ ab\t f place to place1 on bus9ess or on pleasure1 z ! case may be4 ,santos-,dumont1 9 8 fasc9at+ book1 ,my ,air-,%ips1 po9ts out ! folly ( bl9dly foll[+ ,nature by %[+ t logically su* a proc$ure w\ld compel u to build our locomotives on ! plan ( gigantic horses1 ) huge iron legs :i* w\ld g gallop+ ab\t ! c\ntry 9 a ridicul\sly t]rible fa%ion2 & to con/ruct our /eam%ips on ! plan ( giant :ales1 ) mon/r\s flapp+ f9s & wildly la%+ tails4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim says some?+ ak9 to ?is 9 8 "w1 ,artificial & ,natural ,flight3 8,x appe>s to me t !re is no?+ 9 ,nature :i* is m effici5t1 or gets a bett] grip on ! wat]1 ?an a well-made screw propell]2 & no d\bt !re w\ld h be5 fi% ) screw propell]s1 provid+ ,dame ,nature c\ld h made an animal 9 two pieces4 ,x is v evid5t t no liv+ creature c\ld be made 9 two pieces1 & two pieces are necess>y if "o "p is /ation>y & ! o!r revolves2 h[ev]1 ! tails & f9s v (t5 approximate to ! action ( propell] blades2 !y turn fir/ to ! "r & !n to ! left1 produc+ a scull+ effect :i* is practically ! same4 ,?is argum5t might also be us$ aga9/ locomotives4 ,9 all ,nature we d n f9d an animal travell+ on :eels1 b x is q possible t a locomotive might be made t w\ld walk on legs at ! rate ( two or ?ree miles an h\r4 ,b locomotives ) :eels are able to travel at lea/ ?ree times z fa/ z ! fleete/ animal ) legs1 & to cont9ue do+ s = _m h\rs at a "t1 ev5 :5 atta*$ to a v heavy load4 ,9 ord] to build a fly+ ma*9e ) flapp+ w+s1 to exactly imitate birds1 a v complicat$ sy/em ( lev]s1 cams1 cranks1 etc41 w\ld h to be employ$1 & ^! ( !mselves w\ld weigh m ?an ! w+s w\ld be able to lift40 ,z ) ! man-contriv$ locomotive1 s ! p]fect$ air%ip w be evolv$ f man's und]/&+ ( ! ob/acles to 8 navigation ( ! air1 & 8 ov]com+ ( !m by 8 inv5tive g5ius4 ,?is w n be 9 ,nature's way1 b 9 man's own way1 & ) clev]ly design$ ma*9]y su* z he has us$ to accompli% o!r seem+ impossibilities4 ,) ! cle>+ up ( wrong conceptions1 ! pa? w be op5 to m rapid & m endur+ progress4 ,:5 we consid] ! problem ( fly+1 ! fir/ ob/acle we enc\nt] is ! attraction :i* ! e>? has = u & = all o!r objects on its surface4 ,?is we call weight1 & we are accu/om$ to measure x 9 p\nds4 ,let u take1 = example1 a man ^: body is attract$ by ! e>? ) a =ce1 or weight1 ( #aej p\nds4 ,to enable him to rise into ! air1 means mu/ be contriv$ n only to c\nt]act 8 weight1 b to lift him--a =ce a little great] ?an #aej p\nds mu/ be ex]t$4 ,we may atta* to him a bag fill$ ) "s gas 7z hydrog57 = :i* ! e>? has less attraction ?an x has = air1 & :i* ! air w pu% out ( ! way & upw>d until a place above ! e>? is rea*$ :]e ! attraction ( air & gas is equal4 ,a bag ( ?is gas l>ge en\gh to be pu%$ upw>d ) a =ce equal to ! weight ( ! man1 plus ! weight ( ! bag1 & a little m = lift+ p[]1 w c>ry ! man up4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! ord9>y balloon4 ,ris+ 9 ! air is n fly+4 ,x is a necess>y /ep1 b real fly+ is to travel f place to place ?r\gh ! air4 ,to accompli% ?is1 "s me*anism1 or ma*9]y1 is ne$$ to propel ! man aft] he has be5 lift$ into ! air4 ,su* ma*9]y w h weight1 & ! bag ( gas mu/ be enl>g$ to c\nt]balance x4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! man & ! bag ( gas may move ?r\gh ! air1 & ) suitable rudd]s he may direct 8 c\rse4 ,?is comb9ation ( ! lift+ bag ( gas & ! propell+ ma*9]y con/itutes ! dirigible balloon1 or air%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,deg5's app>atus to lift ! man & 8 fly+ me*anism ) ! aid ( a gas-balloon4 ,see ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! air%ip is affect$ equally ) ! balloon by prevail+ w9ds4 ,a breeze bl[+ #aj miles an h\r w c>ry a balloon at ne>ly t spe$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is bl[+4 ,suppose ! a]onaut wi%es to sail 9 ! opposite direction8 ,if ! ma*9]y w propel 8 air%ip only #aj miles an h\r 9 a calm1 x w virtually /& /ill 9 ! #aj-mile breeze4 ,if ! ma*9]y w propel 8 air%ip #bj miles an h\r 9 a calm1 ! %ip w travel #aj miles an h\r--z relat$ to places on ! e>?'s surface--aga9/ ! w9d4 ,b s f> z ! air is conc]n$1 8 spe$ ?r\gh x is #bj miles an h\r1 & ea* increase ( spe$ meets increas$ resi/ance f ! air1 & requires a great] exp5diture ( p[] to ov]come4 ,to r$uce ?is resi/ance to ! lea/ possible am\nt1 ! globul> =m ( ! e>ly balloon has be5 v>i\sly modifi$4 ,mo/ mod]n air%ips h a 8cig>-%ap$0 gas bag1 s call$ because ! ends look l ! tip ( a cig>4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 ?is is ! balloon t (f]s less resi/ance to ! air ?an any o!r4 ,ano!r me*anical means ( gett+ up into ! air 0 sugge/$ by ! fly+ ( kites1 a pa/ime dat+ back at lea/ #b1jjj ye>s1 p]haps long]4 ,ord9>ily1 a kite w n fly 9 a calm1 b ) ev5 a little breeze x w m\nt into ! air by ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! ru%+ breeze aga9/ its incl9$ surface1 be+ prev5t$ f bl[+ away 7drift+7 by ! pull ( ! kite-/r+4 ,! same effect w be produc$ 9 a dead calm if ! op]ator1 hold+ ! /r+1 runs at a spe$ equal to t ( ! breeze--) ?is important diff]5ce3 n only w ! kite rise 9 ! air1 b x w travel 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! op]ator is runn+1 a "p ( ! en]gy ( ! runn]'s pull ^u ! /r+ produc+ a =w>d motion1 provid$ he holds ! /r+ taut4 ,if we suppose ! pull on ! /r+ to be replac$ by an eng9e & revolv+ propell] 9 ! kite1 ex]t+ ! same =ce1 we h exactly ! pr9ciple ( ! a]oplane4 ,z x is ( ! greate/ importance to possess a cle> und]/&+ ( ! natural processes we propose to use1 let u ref] to any text-book on physics1 & review briefly "s ( ! natural laws relat+ to motion & =ce :i* apply to ! problem ( flight3 7a7 ,=ce is t p[] :i* *anges or t5ds to *ange ! position ( a body1 :e!r x is 9 motion or at re/4 7b7 ,a giv5 =ce w produce ! same effect1 :e!r ! body on :i* x acts is act$ ^u by t =ce alone1 or by o!r =ces at ! same "t4 7c7 ,a =ce may be repres5t$ graphically by a /raight l9e--! po9t at :i* ! =ce is appli$ be+ ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e2 ! direction ( ! =ce be+ express$ by ! direction ( ! l9e2 & ! magnitude ( ! =ce be+ express$ by ! l5g? ( ! l9e4 7d7 ,two or m =ces act+ ^u a body are call$ compon5t =ces1 & ! s+le =ce :i* w\ld produce ! same effect is call$ ! resultant4 7e7 ,:5 two compon5t =ces act 9 diff]5t directions ! resultant may be f\nd by apply+ ! pr9ciple ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces--! l9es 7c7 repres5t+ ! compon5ts be+ made adjac5t sides ( a p>allelogram1 & ! diagonal drawn f ! includ$ angle repres5t+ ! resultant 9 direction & magnitude4 7f7 ,conv]sely1 a resultant motion may be resolv$ into its compon5ts by con/ruct+ a p>allelogram ^u x z ! diagonal1 ei!r "o ( ! compon5ts be+ kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,deuts* de la ,mu]! dirigible balloon ,ville-de-,p>is2 an example ( ! 8cig>-%ap$0 gas envelope4 ,tak+ up aga9 ! illu/ration ( ! kite fly+ 9 a calm1 let u con/ruct a few diagrams to %[ graphically ! =ces at "w ^u ! kite4 ,let ! heavy l9e ,,ab repres5t ! c5tre l9e ( ! kite f top to bottom1 & ,c ! po9t :]e ! /r+ is atta*$1 at :i* po9t we may suppose all ! =ces conc5trate _! action ^u ! plane ( ! kite4 ,obvi\sly1 z ! fly] ( ! kite is runn+ 9 a horizontal direction1 ! l9e indicat+ ! pull ( ! /r+ is to be drawn horizontal4 ,let x be express$ by ,,cd4 ,! action ( ! air pressure be+ at "r angles to ! plane ( ! kite1 we draw ! l9e ,,ce repres5t+ t =ce4 ,b z ?is is a press+ =ce at ! po9t ,c1 we may express x z a pull+ =ce on ! o!r side ( ! kite by ! l9e ,,cf1 equal to ,,ce & 9 ! opposite direction4 ,ano!r =ce act+ on ! kite is its weight--! attraction ( gravity act+ directly d[nw>d1 %[n by ,,cg4 ,we h giv51 !re=e1 ! ?ree =ces1 ,,cd1 ,,cf1 & ,,cg4 ,we n[ wi% to f9d ! value ( ! pull on ! kite-/r+1 ,,cd1 9 two o!r =ces1 "o ( :i* %all be a lift+ =ce1 act+ directly upw>d1 & ! o!r a propell+ =ce1 act+ 9 ! direction 9 :i* we desire ! kite to travel--suppos+ x to repres5t an a]oplane = ! mom5t4 ,we fir/ con/ruct a p>allelogram on ,,cf & ,,cg1 & draw ! diagonal ,,*1 :i* repres5ts ! resultant ( ^? two =ces4 ,we h !n ! two =ces ,,cd & ,,* act+ on ! po9t ,c4 ,to avoid obscur+ ! diagram ) too _m l9es1 we draw a second figure1 %[+ j ^! two =ces act+ on ! po9t ,c4 ,^u ^! we con/ruct a new p>allelogram1 & draw ! diagonal ,,ci1 express+ _! resultant4 ,aga9 draw+ a new diagram1 %[+ ?is s+le =ce ,,ci act+ ^u ! po9t ,c1 we resolve t =ce into two compon5ts--"o1 ,,cj1 v]tically upw>d1 repres5t+ ! lift2 ! o!r1 ,,ck1 horizontal1 repres5t+ ! travell+ p[]4 ,if ! l9es express+ ^! =ces 9 ! diagrams _h be5 accurately drawn to scale1 ! measurem5t ( ! two compon5ts la/ f\nd w\ld give def9ite results 9 p\nds2 b ! weight ( a kite is too small to be ?us diagramm$1 & only ! pr9ciple 0 to be illu/rat$1 to be us$ lat] 9 ! discussion ( ! a]oplane4 ,illu/ration ,nor is ! problem z simple z ! illu/ration ( ! kite sugge/s1 = ! air is compressible1 & is moreov] set 9 motion 9 ! =m ( a curr5t by a body pass+ ?r\gh x at any?+ l ! ord9>y spe$ ( an a]oplane4 ,?is has caus$ ! curv+ ( ! planes 7f front to re>7 ( ! fly+ ma*9e1 9 contra/ ) ! flat plane ( ! kite4 ,! reason+ is along ?is l9e3 ,suppose ! ma9 plane ( an a]oplane six feet 9 dep? 7f front to re>7 to be pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 incl9$ upw>d at a slight angle4 ,by ! "t two feet ( ?is dep? has pass$ a c]ta9 po9t1 ! air at t po9t w h receiv$ a d[nw>d impulse or compression :i* w t5d to make x fl[ 9 ! direction ( ! angle ( ! plane4 ,! second & ?ird divisions 9 ! dep?1 ea* ( two feet1 w !re=e be mov+ ) a p>tial vacuum b5ea?1 ! air hav+ be5 drawn away by ! fir/ segm5t4 ,at ! same "t1 ! pressure ( ! air f above rema9s ! same1 & ! result is t only ! front edge ( ! plane is support$1 :ile two-?irds ( its dep? is pu%$ d[n4 ,?is condition n only r$uces ! support+ surface to t ( a plane two feet 9 dep?1 b1 :at is mu* worse1 releases a tipp+ =ce :i* t5ds to ?r[ ! plane ov] backw>d4 ,9 ord] t ! second section ( ! plane may be> ^u ! air b5ea? x ) a pressure equal to t ( ! fir/1 x mu/ be incl9$ d[nw>d at d\ble ! angle 7) ! horizon7 ( ! fir/ section2 ?is w 9 turn give to ! air b5ea? x a new direction4 ,! ?ird section ( ! plane mu/ !n be set at a /ill deep] angle to give x support4 ,connect+ ^! sev]al directions ) a smoo?ly fl[+ l9e )\t angles1 we get ! curv$ l9e ( section to :i* ! ma9 planes ( a]oplanes are b5t4 ,) ^! pr9ciples 9 m9d1 x is 9 ord] to apply !m to ! und]/&+ ( h[ an a]oplane flies4 ,wilbur ,wright1 :5 ask$ :at kept 8 ma*9e up 9 ! air--:y x did n fall to ! gr\nd--repli$3 8,x /ays up because x doesn't h "t to fall40 ,j :at he meant by ?is may be illu/rat$ by ref]r+ to ! common sport ( 8skipp+ /ones0 ^u ! surface ( /ill wat]4 ,a flat /one is select$1 & x is ?r[n at a high spe$ s t ! flat surface t\*es ! wat]4 ,x cont9ues 8skipp+10 aga9 & aga91 until its spe$ is s r$uc$ t ! wat] :]e x t\*es la/ has "t to get out ( ! way1 & ! weight ( ! /one c>ries x to ! bottom4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 a p]son skat+ swiftly across v ?9 ice w pass safely ov] if he goes s fa/ t ! ice hasn't "t to break & give way b5ea? 8 weight4 ,?is expla9s :y an a]oplane mu/ move swiftly to /ay up 9 ! air1 :i* has mu* less d5sity ?an ei!r wat] or ice4 ,! m9imum spe$ at :i* an a]oplane c rema9 9 ! air dep5ds l>gely ^u its weight4 ,! heavi] x is1 ! fa/] x mu/ g--j z a l>ge man mu/ move fa/] ov] ?9 ice ?an a small boy4 ,at "s aviation conte/s1 prizes h be5 aw>d$ = ! sl[e/ spe$ made by an a]oplane4 ,s f>1 ! sl[e/ on record is t ( #ba4bi miles an h\r1 made by ,capta9 ,dickson at ! ,lan>k meet1 ,scotl&1 9 ,augu/1 #aiaj4 ,z ! usual rate ( spe$ is ab\t #df miles an h\r1 t is sl[ = an a]oplane2 & z ,dickson's ma*9e is mu* heavi] ?an "s o!rs--! ,curtiss ma*9e1 = in/ance--x is rem>kably sl[ = t type ( a]oplane4 ,j :at is to be ga9$ by (f]+ a prize = sl[e/ spe$ is difficult to conjecture4 ,x is l (f]+ a prize to a cr[d ( boys = ! "o :o c skate sl[e/ ov] ?9 ice4 ,! m9imum spe$ is ! mo/ dang]\s ) ! a]oplane z ) ! skat]4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! highe/ spe$ is ! safe/ = an a]oplane4 ,ev5 :5 8 eng9e /ops 9 mid-air1 ! aviator is compell$ to keep up spe$ suffici5t to prev5t a fall by glid+ swiftly d[nw>d until ! v mom5t ( l&+4 ,! air surface necess>y to float a plane is spread out 9 "o area 9 ! monoplane1 & divid$ into two areas1 "o above ! o!r & #f to #i feet ap>t1 9 ! biplane2 if clos] ?an ?is1 ! di/urbance ( ! air by ! passage ( "o plane affects ! support+ p[] ( ! o!r4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t bett] results 9 ! l9e ( c>ry+ p[] w\ld be secur$ by s plac+ ! upp] plane t its front edge is a little back ( ! re> edge ( ! l[] plane1 9 ord] t x may ent] air t is :olly free f any curr5ts produc$ by ! ru%+ ( ! l[] plane4 ,z yet1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! pr9cipal a]oplane build]s z to :]e ! propell] %\ld be plac$4 ,all ( ! monoplanes h x 9 front ( ! ma9 plane4 ,mo/ ( ! biplanes h x beh9d ! ma9 plane2 "s h x betwe5 ! two planes4 ,if x is 9 front1 x works 9 undi/urb$ air1 b ?r[s its wake ^u ! plane4 ,if x is 9 ! re>1 ! air is full ( curr5ts caus$ by ! passage ( ! planes1 b ! planes h smoo? air to glide into4 ,z bo? types ( ma*9e are em95tly successful1 ! "q may n be s important z x seems to ! disputants4 ,! exact =m ( curve = ! planes has n be5 decid$ ^u4 ,exp]i5ce has prov5 t ( two a]oplanes hav+ ! same surface & run at ! same spe$1 "o may be able to lift twice z mu* z ! o!r because ( ! bett] curvature ( its planes4 ,! action ( ! air :5 surfaces are driv5 ?r\gh x is n fully und]/ood4 ,inde$1 ! =m ( plane %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure is call$ ! a]oplane p>adox4 ,if driv5 9 ei!r direction x leaves ! air ) a d[nw>d tr5d1 & !re=e ex]ts a proportional lift+ p[]4 ,if half ( ! plane is tak5 away1 ! o!r half is press$ d[nw>d4 ,all ( ! lift+ effect is 9 ! curv+ ( ! top side4 ,x seems desirable1 !re=e1 t su* ess5tial factors %\ld be ?or\ghly work$ out1 und]/ood1 & appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ! 8p>adox0 a]oplane4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es4 ,my?ological--,leon>do da ,v9ci--,v]anzio--,john ,wilk9s--,besni]--,m>quis de ,bacqueville--,paucton--,des=ges--,me]we 9--,/5tzel--,h5son--,von ,drieb]g--,w5ham--,horatio ,phillips--,sir ,hiram ,maxim--,lili5?al--,langley--,ad]--,pil* ]--,octave ,*anute--,h]r+--,h>grave--,! ,wright bro!rs--,ar*deacon--,santos-,dumont--,vo is9--,bl]iot4 ,! t]m ,fly+ ,ma*9es is appli$ to all =ms ( aircraft :i* are heavi] ?an air1 & :i* lift & su/a9 !mselves 9 ! air by me*anical means4 ,9 ?is respect !y are di/+ui%$ f balloons1 :i* are lift$ & su/a9$ 9 ! air by ! light]-?an-air gas :i* !y conta94 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! desire to fly 9 ! air has be5 "o ( ! /rong ambitions ( ! human race4 ,ev5 ! prehi/oric my?ology ( ! anci5t ,greeks reflect$ ! idea 9 ! /ory ( ,ic>us1 :o flew s ne> to ! sun t ! heat melt$ ! wax :i* fa/5$ 8 w+s to 8 body1 & he fell into ! sea4 ,p]haps ! fir/ hi/orical record 9 ! l9e ( me*anical flight wor?y ( att5tion exi/s 9 ! rem>kable sket*es & plans = a fly+ me*anism left by ,leon>do da ,v9ci at 8 dea? 9 #aeai4 ,he _h foll[$ ! model ( ! fly+ bird z closely z possible1 al?\gh :5 ! w+s 7 outspread !y _h an outl9e m l ^? ( ! bat4 ,:ile extremely +5i\s 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! lev]s1 ! p[] necess>y to move !m fa/ en\gh to lift ! weight ( a man 0 f> beyond ! muscul> /r5g? ( any human be+4 ,x 0 a c5tury lat]1 9 #afag1 t ,v]anzio1 a ,v5etian1 prov$ 8 fai? 9 8 inv5tive ability by leap+ f a t[] 9 ,v5ice ) a crude1 p>a*ute-l contrivance4 ,he alight$ )\t injury4 ,9 #afhd1 an ,engli%man1 ,john ,wilk9s1 !n bi%op ( ,*e/]1 built a ma*9e = fly+ 9 :i* he in/all$ a /eam-eng9e4 ,no record exi/s ( its p]=mance4 ,9 #afgh1 a ,fr5* locksmi? by ! "n ( ,besni] devis$ :at seems n[ a v crude app>atus = mak+ desc5d+ flights1 or glides1 f elevat$ po9ts4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 at t date consid]$ important en\gh to be describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,savants4 ,x 0 a :olly unsci5tific comb9ation ( ! 8dog-paddle0 motion 9 swimm+1 ) w+ areas :i* collaps$ on ! upw>d motion & spread out on ! d[nw>d ?ru/4 ,if x 0 ev] put to a te/ x mu/ h fail$ completely4 ,9 #agdb1 ! ,m>quis de ,bacqueville con/ruct$ an app>atus :i* "s consid] to h be5 bas$ on ,besni]'s idea--:i* seems r d\btful4 ,he fa/5$ ! surfaces ( 8 a]oplane directly to 8 arms & legs1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ a long glide f ! w9d[ ( 8 mansion across ! g>d5 ( ! ,tuil]ies1 alight+ ^u a wa%]woman's b5* 9 ! ,se9e )\t injury4 ,paucton1 ! ma!matician1 is cr$it$ ) ! sugge/ion ( a fly+ ma*9e ) two screw propell]s1 :i* he call$ 8pt]ophores0--a horizontal "o to raise ! ma*9e into ! air1 & an upright "o to propel x4 ,^! 7 to be driv5 by h&4 ,) su* hopelessly inadequate p[] x is n surpris+ t no?+ came ( x1 yet ! plan 0 a =e%ad[+ ( ! ma*9e :i* has 9 ^! days a*iev$ success4 ,! ,abb ,des=ges ga9$ a place 9 ! annals ( a]onautics by inv5t+ a fly+ ma*9e ( :i* only ! "n 8,or?opt]e0 rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,me]we9's ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,a1 %[s ! position ( ! man 9 ! w+s1 _! comp>ative size1 & ! op]at+ lev]s2 ,b1 position :5 9 flight4 ,ab\t #aghj1 ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,me]we91 an ar*itect1 & ! ,inspector ( ,public ,build+s = ,bad51 ,g]many1 made _m sci5tific calculations & exp]im5ts on ! size ( w+ surface ne$$ to support a man 9 ! air4 ,he us$ ! wild duck z a /&>d1 & figur$ t a surface ( #abf squ>e feet w\ld su/a9 a man 9 ! air4 ,?is agrees ) ! lat] calculations ( su* exp]im5t]s z ,lili5?al & ,langley4 ,o!r ( ,me]we9's conclusions are decid$ly ludicr\s4 ,he held t ! build ( a man favors a horizontal position 9 fly+1 z 8 no/rils op5 9 a direction :i* w\ld be away f ! w9d1 & s respiration w\ld n be int]f]$ )6 ,"s ( 8 reason+ is unacc\ntably a/ray2 z1 = in/ance1 8 argum5t t because ! man hangs 9 ! w+s ! weight ( ! latt] ne$ n be consid]$4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to say t 8 practical trials 7 a total failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,deg5's app>atus4 ,! next prom95t /ep =w>d t[>d me*anical flight 0 made by ! ,au/ralian wat*mak] ,deg51 :o balanc$ 8 w+ surfaces ) a small gas balloon4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts to fly n be+ successful1 he ab&on$ 8 inv5tion & took to balloon+4 ,/5tzel1 an eng9e] ( ,hamburg1 came next ) a ma*9e 9 ! =m ( a gigantic butt]fly4 ,f tip to tip ( its w+s x measur$ #bj feet1 & _! dep? =e & aft 0 #e feet4 ,! ribs ( ! w+s 7 ( /eel & ! web ( silk1 & !y 7 slightly concave on ! l[] side4 ,! rudd]-tail 0 ( two int]sect+ planes1 "o v]tical & ! o!r horizontal4 ,x 0 op]at$ by a c>bonic-acid motor1 & made #hd flaps ( ! w+s p] m9ute4 ,! ru% ( air x produc$ 0 s great t any "o /&+ ne> x w\ld be almo/ swept (f 8 feet4 ,x did n rea* a /age beyond ! model1 = x 0 able to lift only #ge lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,/5tzel's ma*9e4 ,9 #ahdc1 ! ,engli% inv5tor ,h5son built :at is admitt$ to be ! fir/ a]oplane driv5 by motive p[]4 ,x 0 #ajj feet 9 bread? 7spread7 & #cj feet long1 & cov]$ ) silk4 ,! front edge 0 turn$ slightly upw>d4 ,x _h a rudd] %ap$ l ! tail ( a bird4 ,x 0 driv5 by two propell]s run by a #bj-;horse-p[] eng9e4 ,h5son succe$$ only 9 fly+ on a d[n grade1 d\btless because ( ! upw>d b5d ( ! front ( 8 plane4 ,lat] inve/igations h prov5 t ! upp] surface ( ! a]oplane mu/ be convex to ga9 ! lift+ effect4 ,?is is "o ( ! p>adoxes ( fly+ planes :i* no "o has be5 able to expla94 ,9 #ahde1 ,von ,drieb]g1 9 ,g]many1 reviv$ ! sixte5?-c5tury ideas ( fly+1 ) ! q orig9al argum5t t s9ce ! legs ( man 7 bett] develop$ muscul>ly ?an 8 arms1 fly+ %\ld be done ) ! legs4 ,he built a ma*9e on ?is plan1 b no successful flights are record$4 ,9 #ahfh1 an exp]im5t] by ! "n ( ,w5ham add$ to ! increas+ sum ( a]onautical k by discov]+ t ! lift+ p[] ( a l>ge support+ surface may be z well secur$ by a numb] ( small surfaces plac$ "o above ano!r4 ,foll[+ up ^! exp]im5ts1 he built a fly+ ma*9e ) a s]ies ( six support+ planes made ( l95 fabric4 ,z he dep5d$ ^u muscul> ef=t to "w 8 propell]s1 he did n succe$ 9 fly+1 b he ga9$ in=mation :i* has be5 valuable to lat] inv5tors4 ,illu/ration3 ,von ,drieb]g's ma*9e2 view f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,w5ham's arrangem5t ( _m n>r[ surfaces 9 six ti]s1 or decks4 a1 a1 rigid framework2 b1 b1 lev]s work+ flapp+ w+s2 e1 e1 braces4 ,! op]ator is ly+ prone4 ,! hi/ory ( fly+ ma*9es _c be writt5 )\t def]5tial m5tion ( ,horatio ,phillips ( ,engl&4 ,! ma*9e t he made 9 #ahfb resembl$ a l>ge ,v5etian bl9d1 #i feet high & ov] #ba feet long4 ,x 0 m\nt$ on a c>riage :i* travell$ on a circul> track #fjj feet long1 & x 0 driv5 by a small /eam eng9e turn+ a propell]4 ,x lift$ unusually heavy loads1 al?\gh n l>ge en\gh to c>ry a man4 ,x seems to op5 ! way = exp]im5ts ) an entirely new arrangem5t ( su/a9+ surfaces--"o t has nev] s9ce be5 inve/igat$4 ,phillips's records cov] a s]ies ( mo/ valuable exp]im5ts4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ important "w 0 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! mo/ advantage\s =m = ! surfaces ( a]oplanes1 & 8 rese>*es into ! correct proportion ( motive p[] to ! area ( su* surfaces4 ,mu* ( 8 results h n yet be5 put to practical use by design]s ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,phillips's ,fly+ ,ma*9e--built ( n>r[ slats l a ,v5etian bl9d4 ,! ye> #ahhh 0 m>k$ by ! con/ruction by ,sir ,hiram ,maxim ( 8 great a]oplane :i* weigh$ ?ree & "o-half tons1 & is said to h co/ ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,! area ( ! planes 0 #c1hge squ>e feet1 & x 0 propell$ by a /eam eng9e 9 :i* ! fuel us$ 0 vaporiz$ naph?a 9 a burn] hav+ #g1ejj jets1 "u a boil] ( small copp] wat] tubes4 ,) a /eam pressure ( #cbj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ! two comp\nd eng9es ea* develop$ #ahj horse-p[]1 & ea* turn$ a two-blad$ propell] #ag feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ma*9e 0 us$ only 9 mak+ te/s1 be+ prev5t$ f ris+ 9 ! air by a re/ra9+ track4 ,! ?ru/ develop$ on trial 0 #b1afd lbs41 & ! lift+ p[] 0 %[n to h be5 9 excess ( #aj1jjj lbs4 ,! re/ra9+ track 0 torn to pieces1 & ! ma*9e injur$ by ! fragm5ts4 ,! dynamomet] record prov$ t a dead weight ( #d tons1 9 addition to ! weight ( ! ma*9e & ! crew ( #d m51 c\ld h be5 lift$4 ,! /ability1 spe$1 & /e]+ control 7 n te/$4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim made unnumb]$ exp]im5ts ) models1 ga9+ in=mation :i* has be5 invaluable 9 ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( a "p ( ,maxim's a]oplane1 %[+ "o ( ! imm5se propell]s4 ,at ! top is a "p ( ! upp] plane4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,otto ,lili5?al 9 glid+ ) a w+$ /ructure 7 be+ conduct$ at ?is p]iod4 ,he held t success 9 fly+ mu/ be f\nd$ ^u pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( balanc+ ! app>atus 9 ! air4 ,he made innum]able glides f heights :i* he cont9ually increas$ until he 0 travell+ di/ances ( ne>ly "o-f\r? ( a mile f an elevation ( #ajj feet4 ,he _h rea*$ ! po9t :]e he 0 ready to in/all motive p[] to drive 8 glid] :5 he met ) a fatal accid5t4 ,besides ! inspiration ( 8 d>+ p]sonal exp]im5ts 9 ! air1 he left a mo/ valuable s]ies ( records & calculations1 :i* h be5 ( ! greate/ aid to o!r inv5tors 9 ! l9e ( artificial flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,lili5?al 9 8 biplane glid]4 ,9 #ahif1 ,pr(essor ,langley1 director ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton1 made a te/ ( a model fly+ ma*9e :i* 0 ! result ( ye>s ( exp]im5t+4 ,x _h a span ( #ae feet1 & a l5g? ( #h feet )\t ! ext5d$ rudd]4 ,!re 7 #d sails or planes1 #b on ea* side1 #cj in*es 9 wid? 7=e-&-aft measurem5t74 ,two propell]s revolv+ 9 opposite directions 7 driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 ,! diamet] ( ! propell]s 0 #c feet1 & ! /eam pressure #aej lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! weight ( ! ma*9e 0 #bh lbs4 ,x is said to h made a di/ance ( #a mile 9 #a m9ute #de seconds4 ,z ,pr(essor ,langley's exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 /rict secrecy1 no au?oritative figures are 9 exi/5ce4 ,lat] a l>g] ma*9e 0 built1 :i* 0 int5d$ to c>ry a man4 ,x _h a spread ( #df feet1 & 0 #ce feet 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 f\r ye>s 9 build+1 & co/ ab\t #ej1jjj4 ,9 ! fir/ attempt to laun* x1 f ! ro( ( a h\se-boat1 x plung$ into ! ,potomac ,riv]4 ,! explanation giv5 0 t ! laun*+ app>atus 0 defective4 ,?is 0 rem$i$1 & a second trial made1 b ! same result foll[$4 ,x 0 nev] tri$ aga94 ,?is ma*9e 0 really a d\ble1 or t&em1 monoplane4 ,! framework 0 built ( /eel tub+ almo/ z ?9 z writ+ pap]4 ,e rib & pulley 0 holl[$ out to r$uce ! weight4 ,! total weight ( ! eng9e & ma*9e 0 #hjj lbs41 & ! support+ surface ( ! w+s 0 #a1jdj squ>e feet4 ,! a]oplanes n[ 9 use av]age f #b to #d lbs4 weight to ! squ>e foot ( su/a9+ surface4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,fr5* electrician ,ad]1 aft] ye>s ( exp]im5t+1 ) ! f9ancial aid ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 made "s secret trials ( 8 ma*9e1 :i* _h tak5 five ye>s to build4 ,x _h two bat-l w+s spread+ #ed feet1 & 0 propell$ by two screws driv5 by a #d-;cyl9d] /eam eng9e :i* has be5 describ$ z a m>vel ( lightness4 ,! inv5tor claim$ t he 0 able to rise to a height ( #fj feet1 & t he made flights ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds4 ,! (ficial te/s1 h[ev]1 7 unsatisfactory1 & no?+ fur!r 0 done by ei!r ! inv5tor or ! gov]nm5t to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts4 ,! report 0 t 9 e trial ! ma*9es _h be5 wreck$4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,lili5?al _h excit$ an int]e/ 9 8 ideas :i* 8 untimely dea? did n abate4 ,among o!rs1 a "y ,engli% m>9e eng9e]1 ,p]cy ,s4 ,pil*]1 took up ! problem ( glid+ flight1 & by ! device ( us+ ! p[] ex]t$ by runn+ boys 7) a five-fold multiply+ ge>7 he secur$ spe$ en\gh to float 8 glid] horizontally 9 ! air = "s di/ance4 ,he !n built an eng9e :i* he purpos$ to in/all z motive p[]1 b be=e ?is 0 done he 0 kill$ by a fall f 8 ma*9e :ile 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,*anute's movable-w+ glid]4 ,be=e ! dea? ( ,lili5?al 8 ef=ts _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ,octave ,*anute1 a di/+ui%$ civil eng9e] ( ,*icago1 :o1 believ+ t ! real problem ( ! glid] 0 ! ma9t5ance ( equilibrium 9 ! air1 in/itut$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts along t l9e4 ,lili5?al _h pres]v$ 8 equilibrium by mov+ 8 body ab\t z he hung susp5d$ "u ! w+s ( 8 ma*9e4 ,*anute propos$ to accompli% ! same end by mov+ ! w+s automatically4 ,8 attempts 7 p>tially successful4 ,he con/ruct$ sev]al types ( glid]s1 "o ( ^! ) two decks exactly 9 ! =m ( ! pres5t biplane4 ,o!rs _h ?ree or m decks4 ,upw>d ( sev5 hundr$ glides 7 made ) ,*anute's ma*9es by himself & assi/ants1 )\t a s+le accid5t4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t a mon? be=e ! fatal accid5t to ,lili5?al1 ,*anute _h condemn$ t =m ( glid] z unsafe4 ,illu/ration3 ,*anute's two-deck glid]4 ,9 #ahig1 ,a4 ,m4 ,h]r+1 :o _h be5 "o ( ! =emo/ assi/ants ( ,octave ,*anute1 built a d\ble-deck 7biplane7 ma*9e & equipp$ x ) a gasol9e motor betwe5 ! planes4 ,! eng9e fail$ to produce suffici5t p[]1 & an eng9e op]at$ by compress$ air 0 tri$1 b )\t ! desir$ success4 ,9 #ahih1 ,lawr5ce ,h>grave ( ,sydney1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 came into prom95ce z ! inv5tor ( ! cellul> or box kite4 ,foll[+ ! rese>*es ( ,*anute1 he made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u ! pa? ( air curr5ts "u v>i\sly curv$ surfaces1 & con/ruct$ "s kites :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 w\ld advance aga9/ a w9d believ$ to be absolutely horizontal4 ,f ^! results ,h>grave 0 l$ to ass]t t 8so>+ sails0 might be us$ to furni% propulsion1 n only = fly+ ma*9es1 b also = %ips on ! ocean sail+ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ rema9 9 obscurity4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aijj to #aijc1 ! bro!rs ,wright1 ( ,dayton1 ,ohio1 _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) glid]s among ! s& dunes ( ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 a small hamlet on ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,!y _h gone !re because ! ,gov]nm5t meteorological dep>tm5t _h in=m$ !m t at ,kitty ,hawk ! w9ds blew m /eadily ?an at any o!r locality 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! summ] ( #aijc1 !y decid$ t ! "t 0 ripe = ! in/allation ( motive p[]1 & on ,decemb] #ag1 #aijc1 !y made _! fir/ f\r flights "u p[]1 ! longe/ be+ #hec feet 9 #ei seconds--aga9/ a w9d bl[+ ne>ly #bj miles an h\r1 & f a />t+ po9t on level gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,wilbur ,wright glid+ at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,n4 ,c41 9 #aijc4 ,dur+ #aijd ov] "o hundr$ flights 7 made1 & *anges 9 con/ruction necess>y to sail 9 circles 7 devis$4 ,9 #aije1 ! ,wrights kept on secretly ) _! practice & developm5t ( _! ma*9e1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r mak+ ! flights until bo? 7 equally pr(ici5t4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,septemb] & e>ly "p ( ,octob]1 #aije1 occurr$ a s]ies ( flights :i* ! ,wrights all[$ to become kn[n to ! public4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 held 9 ,london on ,decemb] #ae1 #aije1 a lett] f ,orville ,wright to "o ( ! memb]s 0 read4 ,x 0 dat$ ,novemb] #ag1 #aije1 & an exc]pt f x is z foll[s3 8,dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb] we gradually improv$ 9 our practice1 & on ! #bf? made a flight ( a little ov] #aa miles4 ,on ! #cj? we increas$ ?is to #ab? miles2 on ,octob] #c1 to #ae miles2 on ,octob] #d1 to #bj miles1 & on ,octob] #e1 to #bd miles4 ,all ^! flights 7 made at ab\t #ch miles an h\r1 ! flight ( ,octob] #e occupy+ #cj m9utes #c seconds4 ,l&+s 7 caus$ by ! exhau/ion ( ! supply ( fuel 9 ! flights ( ,septemb] #bf & #cj1 & ,octob] #h1 & 9 ^? ( ,octob] #c & #d by ! heat+ ( ! be>+s 9 ! transmission1 ( :i* ! oil cups _h be5 omitt$4 ,b be=e ! flight on ,octob] #e1 oil cups _h be5 fitt$ to all ! be>+s1 & ! small gasol9e c _h be5 replac$ ) "o t c>ri$ en\gh fuel = an h\r's flight4 ,un=tunately1 we neglect$ to refill ! res]voir j be=e />t+1 & z a result ! flight 0 limit$ to #ch m9utes4444 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,wright ma*9e 9 flight4 8,! ma*9e pass$ ?r\gh all ( ^! flights )\t ! slighte/ damage4 ,9 ea* ( ^! flights we return$ frequ5tly to ! />t+ po9t1 pass+ high ov] ! heads ( ! spectators40 ,^! /atem5ts 7 receiv$ ) incr$ulity 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 ! m s z ! ,wrights refus$ to p]mit an exam9ation ( _! ma*9e1 fe>+ t ! details ( con/ruction might become kn[n be=e _! pat5ts 7 secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ar*deacon ma*9e on ! ,se9e4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aije1 ,capta9 ,f]b] & ,erne/ ,ar*deacon ( ,p>is _h made exp]im5ts ) glid]s4 ,"o ( ! ,ar*deacon ma*9es 0 t[$ by an automobile1 hav+ a bag ( s& to occupy ! place ( ! pilot4 ,x rose satisfactorily 9 ! air1 b ! tail became dis>rang$1 & x fell & 0 damag$4 ,x 0 rebuilt & tri$ ^u ! wat]s ( ! ,se9e1 be+ t[$ by a fa/ motor-boat at a spe$ ( #be miles an h\r4 ,! ma*9e rose ab\t #ej feet into ! air & sail$ = ab\t #ejj feet4 ,ar*deacon ga!r$ a company ( "y m5 ab\t him :o spe$ily became imbu$ ) 8 en?usiasm4 ,among !m 7 ,gabriel ,vois91 ,l\is ,bl]iot1 & ,leon ,delagrange4 ,! two =m]1 work+ toge!r1 built & flew sev]al glid]s1 & :5 ,santos-,dumont made 8 hi/oric flight ( #gbj feet ) 8 multiple-cell ma*9e on ,novemb] #ac1 #aijf 7! fir/ flight made 9 ,europe71 !y 7 spurr$ to new endeavors4 ,)9 a few mon?s ,vois9 _h f9i%$ 8 fir/ biplane1 & ,delagrange made 8 initial flight ) x--a m]e hop ( #cj feet--on ,m>* #af1 #aijg4 ,bl]iot1 h[ev]1 _h 8 own ideas1 & on ,augu/ #f1 #aijg1 he flew = #dgj feet 9 a monoplane ma*9e ( ! t&em type4 ,he succe$$ 9 /e]+ 8 ma*9e 9 a curv$ c\rse1 a feat :i* _h n previ\sly be5 accompli%$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 ,h5ri ,f>man1 !n a well-kn[n automobile driv]1 flew ! second ,vois9 biplane 9 a half circle ( #bec feet--a notable a*ievem5t at t date4 ,b ,santos-,dumont _h be5 pu%+ =w>d sev]al diff]5t types ( ma*9es1 & 9 ,novemb] he flew fir/ a biplane #ejj feet1 & a few days lat] a monoplane #djj feet4 ,at ?is po9t 9 our /ory ! pa/ seems to give place to ! pres5t4 ,! p]iod ( e>ly developm5t 0 ov]1 & ! ye> #aijh saw ! fir/ ( ^? rem>kable exploits :i* are record$ 9 ! *apt] ne> ! end ( ?is "w entitl$1 8,*ronicle ( ,aviation ,a*ievem5ts40 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ma*9es !n br\ght out are ^? ( to-day4 ,practically1 x may be said t !re has be5 no mat]ial *ange f ! orig9al types4 ,m p[]ful eng9es h be5 put 9 !m1 & ! frames /r5g!n$ 9 proportion1 b ! ,vois91 ! ,bl]iot1 & ! ,wright types rema9 z !y 7 at fir/4 ,o!r & lat] =ms are l>gely modifications & comb9ations ( _! peculi> features4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,! ,,biplane4 ,successful types ( a]oplanes--,di/+ui%+ features--,! ,wright biplane--,con/ruction--,new type--,five-pass5g] ma*9e--,! ,vois9 biplane--,new rac+ type--,! ,curtiss biplane--,! ,cody biplane--,! ,somm] biplane--,! ,baldw9 biplane--,new /abiliz+ plane--,! ,baddeck ,no4 #b--,self-su/a9+ radiator--,! ,h]r+ biplane--,/abiliz+ f9s4 ,9 ! _m conte/s = prizes & records1 two types ( fly+ ma*9es h won di/9ctive places = !mselves--! biplane & ! monoplane4 ,! appe>ance ( o!r =ms has be5 sporadic1 & !y h spe$ily disappe>$ )\t accompli%+ any?+ :i* _h n be5 bett] done by ! two classes nam$4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be con/ru$ z prov+ ! futility ( all o!r =ms1 nor t ! ideal fly+ ma*9e mu/ be ( "o ( ^! two prom95t types4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t record-mak+ & record-break+ is ! mo/ s]i\s bus9ess 9 :i* any ma*9es h s f> be5 engag$2 & ?is1 surely1 is n ! field ( usefulness to humanity :i* ! %ips ( ! air may be expect$ ultimately to occupy4 ,x may yet be prov$ t1 successful z ^! ma*9es h be5 9 :at !y h attempt$1 !y are b transition =ms lead+ up to ! p]fect air%ip ( ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,wright biplane 9 flight4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! biplane is n alone t x has two ma9 planes1 b t !y are plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,! d\ble 7or t&em7 monoplane also has two ma9 planes1 b !y are on ! same level1 "o 9 ! re> ( ! o!r4 ,a review ( ! notable biplanes ( ! day mu/ beg9 ) ! ,wright ma*9e1 :i* 0 n only ! fir/ ) :i* flights 7 made1 b also ! inspiration & p]haps ! patt]n ( ! :ole succe$+ fleet4 ,,! ,,wright ,,biplane4 ,! ,wright biplane is a /ructure compos$ ( two ma9 surfaces1 ea* #dj feet long & #f feet #f in*es wide1 set "o above ! o!r1 p>allel1 & #f feet ap>t4 ,! planes are held rigidly at ?is di/ance by /ruts ( wood1 & ! :ole /ructure is truss$ ) diagonal wire ties4 ,x is claim$ by ! ,wrights t ^! dim5sions h be5 prov5 by _! exp]im5ts to give ! maximum lift ) ! m9imum weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ ! con/ruction ( ! ,wright biplane4 ,! lev] ,r is connect$ by ! b> ,a ) ! rudd] ge>+ ,c1 & is pivot$ at ! bottom on a roll+ %aft ,b1 ?r\gh :i* ! w>p+ wires ,w#a1 ,w#b are op]at$4 ,! semicircul> planes ,f aid 9 /abiliz+ ! elevator sy/em4 ,! comb9ation ( planes is m\nt$ on two rigid skids1 or runn]s 7simil> to ! runn]s ( a sleigh71 :i* are ext5d$ =w>d & upw>d to =m a support = a pair ( small] planes 9 p>allel1 us$ z ! elevator 7= direct+ ! c\rse ( ! a]oplane upw>d or d[nw>d74 ,x has be5 claim$ by ! ,wrights t a rigid skid "u-/ructure takes up ! %ock ( l&+1 & *ecks ! mom5tum at t mom5t1 bett] ?an any o!r device4 ,b x necessitat$ a sep>ate />t+ app>atus1 & :ile ! />t+ impulse ?us receiv$ enabl$ ! ,wrights to use an eng9e ( less p[] 7to keep ! ma*9e go+ :5 once />t$71 & !re=e ( less dead weight1 x prov$ a h&icap to _! ma*9es 9 conte/s :]e !y 7 met by compet+ ma*9es :i* />t$ directly ) _! own p[]4 ,a lat] model ( ! ,wright biplane is provid$ ) a :eel$ runn+ ge>1 & an eng9e ( suffici5t p[] to raise x 9 ! air aft] a %ort run on ! :eels4 ,two propell]s are us$1 run by "o motor4 ,!y are built ( wood1 are ( ! two-blad$ type1 & are ( comp>atively l>ge diamet]--#h feet4 ,!y revolve 9 opposite directions at a spe$ ( #dej revolutions p] m9ute1 be+ ge>$ d[n by *a9 drive f ! eng9e spe$ ( #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! l>ge elevator planes 9 front h be5 a di/9ctive feature ( ! ,wright ma*9e4 ,!y h a comb9$ area ( #hj squ>e feet1 add+ t mu* m lift+ surface to ! planes 9 asc5d+1 = !n ! "u side ( _! surfaces is expos$ to ! w9d4 ,if ! same surfaces 7 9 ! re> ( ! ma9 planes _! top sides w\ld h to be turn$ to ! w9d :5 asc5d+1 & a depress+ in/ead ( a lift+ effect w\ld result4 ,to ! re> ( ! ma9 planes is a rudd] compos$ ( two p>allel v]tical surfaces = /e]+ to "r or left4 ,! feature ess5tial to ! ,wright biplane1 ^u :i* ! lett]s pat5t 7 grant$1 is ! flexible con/ruction ( ! tips ( ! ma9 planes1 9 virtue ( :i* !y may be w>p$ up or d[n to re/ore di/urb$ equilibrium1 or :5 a turn is to be made4 ,?is w>p+ ( ! planes *anges ! angle ( incid5ce = ! "p ( ! plane :i* is b5t4 7,! angle ( incid5ce is t :i* ! plane makes ) ! l9e 9 :i* x is mov+4 ,! b5d+ d[nw>d ( ! re> edge w\ld enl>ge ! angle ( incid5ce1 9 t way increas+ ! compression ( ! air b5ea?1 & lift+ t end ( ! plane47 ,! w+-w>p+ controls are actuat$ by ! lev] at ! "r h& ( ! pilot1 :i* also turns ! rudd] at ! re>--t :i* /e]s ! ma*9e to "r or to left4 ,! lev] at ! left h& ( ! pilot moves ! elevat+ planes at ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* %[+ relative positions ( planes & ( ! op]ator 9 ! ,wright ma*9e3 ,a1 ,a1 ! ma9 planes2 ,b1 ,b1 ! elevator planes4 ,! motor is plac$ beside ! op]ator4 ,! motor has #d cyl9d]s1 & develops #be to #cj horse-p[]1 giv+ ! ma*9e a spe$ ( #ci miles p] h\r4 ,a new] model ( ! ,wright ma*9e is built )\t ! l>ge elevat+ planes 9 front1 a s+le elevat+ plane be+ plac$ j back ( ! re> rudd]4 ,?is arrangem5t cuts out ! =m] lift+ effect describ$ above1 & sub/itutes ! depress+ effect due to expos+ ! top ( a surface to ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,! new model ,wright biplane--)\t =w>d elevator4 ,! smalle/ ( ! ,wright ma*9es1 popul>ly call$ ! 8,baby ,wright10 is built ^u ?is plan1 & has prov5 to be ! fa/e/ ( all ! ,wright s]ies4 ,,! ,,vois9 ,,biplane4 ,:ile ! ,wrights 7 busily engag$ 9 develop+ _! biplane 9 ,am]ica1 a gr\p ( en?usia/s 9 ,france 7 exp]im5t+ ) glid]s ( v>i\s types1 t[+ !m ) high spe$ automobiles along ! roads1 or ) swift motor-boats ^u ! ,se9e4 ,z an outcome ( ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* !y bore an active "p1 ! ,vois9 bro!rs began build+ ! biplanes :i* h made !m fam\s4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,wright ma*9e1 ! ,vois9 a]oplane is ( mu* heavi] con/ruction4 ,x weighs #a1ajj p\nds4 ,! ma9 planes h a lat]al spread ( #cg feet #i in*es1 & a bread? ( #g feet1 giv+ a comb9$ area ( #edj squ>e feet1 ! same z t ( ! ,wright ma*9e4 ,! l[] ma9 plane is divid$ at ! c5tre to all[ ! introduction ( a truss$ gird] framework :i* c>ries ! motor & propell]1 ! pilot's seat1 ! controll+ me*anism1 & ! runn+ ge> bel[2 & x is ext5d$ =w>d to support ! elevator4 ,?is is mu* l[] ?an 9 ! ,wright ma*9e1 be+ ne>ly on ! level ( ! l[] plane4 ,x is a s+le surface1 divid$ at ! c5tre1 half be+ plac$ on ea* side ( ! gird]4 ,x has a comb9$ area ( #db squ>e feet1 ab\t half ( t ( ! ,wright elevator1 & x is only #d feet f ! front edge ( ! ma9 planes1 in/ead ( #aj feet z 9 ! ,wright ma*9e4 ,a framework ne>ly squ>e 9 section1 & ab\t #be feet long1 ext5ds to ! re>1 & supports a cellul>1 or box-l1 tail1 :i* =ms a case 9 :i* is ! rudd] surface = /e]+ to "r or to left4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ details ( con/ruction ( ! ,vois9 biplane4 ,c1 ,c1 ! curta9s =m+ ! /abiliz+ cells4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! ,vois9 biplane is ! use ( f\r v]tical planes1 or curta9s1 betwe5 ! two ma9 planes1 =m+ two ne>ly squ>e 8cells0 at ! ends ( ! planes4 ,at ! re> ( ! ma9 planes1 9 ! c5tre1 is ! s+le propell]4 ,x is made ( /eel1 two-blad$1 & is #h feet #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is c\pl$ directly to ! %aft ( ! motor1 mak+ ) x #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! motor is ( ! ,v type1 develop+ #ej horse-p[]1 & giv+ a spe$ ( #cg miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ ! simplicity ( control ( ! ,vois9 ma*9e1 all op]ations be+ p]=m$ by ! :eel & its slid+ axis4 ,! controls are all actuat$ by a rod slid+ back & =? horizontally 9 front ( ! pilot's seat1 hav+ a :eel at ! end4 ,! elevator is fa/5$ to ! rod by a crank lev]1 & is tilt$ up or d[n z ! rod is pu%$ =w>d or pull$ back4 ,turn+ ! :eel f side to side moves ! rudd] 9 ! re>4 ,!re are no devices = controll+ ! equilibrium4 ,?is is suppos$ to be ma9ta9$ automatically by ! fix$ v]tical curta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,vois9 biplanes at ! />t+ l9e at ,rheims 9 ,augu/1 #aiji4 ,!y 7 fl[n by ,l\is ,paulhan1 :o won ?ird prize = di/ance1 & ,h5ri ,r\gi]1 :o won f\r? prize = altitude4 ,9 ! elim9ation races to det]m9e ! conte/ants = ! ,b5nett ,cup1 ,paulhan won second place ) ! ,vois9 ma*9e1 be+ defeat$ only by ,tiss&i] ) a ,wright ma*9e4 ,o!r not$ aviators :o fly ! ,vois9 ma*9e are ,m4 ,bunau-,v>illa & ! ,b>oness de la ,ro*e4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on two :eels =w>d1 & two small] :eels "u ! tail4 ,?is description applies to ! /&>d ,vois9 biplane1 :i* has be5 9 mu* favor ) _m ( ! be/ kn[n aviators4 ,rec5tly ! ,vois9s h br\ght out a new type 9 :i* ! propell] has be5 plac$ 9 front ( ! planes1 ex]t+ a pull+ =ce ^u ! ma*9e1 in/ead ( pu%+ x z 9 ! e>li] type4 ,! elevat+ plane has be5 remov$ to ! re>1 & comb9$ ) ! rudd]4 ,a rac+ type also has be5 produc$1 9 :i* ! v]tical curta9s h be5 remov$ & a p>allel pair ( long1 n>r[ ail]ons introduc$ betwe5 ! ma9 planes on bo? sides ( ! c5tre4 ,?is ma*9e1 x is claim$1 has made bett] ?an #fj miles p] h\r4 ,! fir/ ,vois9 biplane 0 built = ,delagrange1 & 0 fl[n by him ) success4 ,,! ,,f>man ,,biplane4 ,! second biplane built by ! ,vois9s w5t into ! h&s ( ,h5ri ,f>man1 :o made _m flights ) x4 ,n be+ q satisfi$ ) ! ma*9e1 & hav+ an inv5tive m9d1 he 0 soon build+ a biplane aft] 8 own designs1 & ! ,f>man biplane is n[ "o ( ! =emo/ 9 favor among bo? pr(essional & amateur aviators4 ,x is decid$ly small] 9 area ( surface ?an ! ,wright & ,vois9 ma*9es1 hav+ b #dcj squ>e feet 9 ! two support+ planes4 ,x has a spread ( #cc feet1 & ! planes are #g feet wide1 & set #f feet ap>t4 ,9 ! ,f>man ma*9e ! v]tical curta9s ( ! ,vois9 h be5 disp5s$ )4 ,! =w>d elevator is !re1 b rais$ ne>ly to ! level ( ! upp] plane1 & plac$ #i feet f ! front edge ( ! ma9 planes4 ,to control ! equilibrium1 ! two back corn]s ( ea* plane are cut & h+$ s t !y hang v]tically :5 n 9 flight4 ,:5 9 motion ^! flaps or ail]ons /ream out freely 9 ! w9d1 assum+ su* position z ! spe$ ( ! pass+ air gives !m4 ,!y are pull$ d[n by ! pilot at "o end or ! o!r1 z may be necess>y to re/ore equilibrium1 act+ 9 v mu* ! same mann] z ! w>p+ tips ( ! ,wright ma*9e4 ,a pair ( tail planes are set 9 p>allel on a framework ab\t #bj feet 9 ! re> ( ! ma9 planes1 & a d\ble rudd] surface beh9d !m4 ,ano!r model has h+$ ail]ons on ^! tail planes1 & a s+le rudd] surface set upright betwe5 !m4 ,^! tail ail]ons are mov$ 9 conjunction ) ^? ( ! ma9 planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f>man biplane1 %[+ ! position ( ! h+$ ail]ons :5 at re/4 ,at full spe$ ^! surfaces /ream out 9 ! w9d 9 l9e ) ! planes to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ! ,f>man biplane4 ,a lat] type has ! h+$ ail]ons also on ! tail planes4 ,! motor has #d cyl9d]s1 & turns a propell] made ( wood1 #h feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 at a spe$ ( #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute--ne>ly ?ree times z fa/ z ! spe$ ( ! ,wright propell]s1 :i* are ab\t ! same size4 ,! propell] is plac$ j "u ! re> edge ( ! upp] ma9 plane1 ! l[] "o be+ cut away to make room = ! revolv+ blades4 ,! motor develops #de to #ej horse-p[]1 & drives ! ma*9e at a spe$ ( #da miles p] h\r4 ,! 8rac+ ,f>man0 is slightly diff]5t1 hav+ ! h+$ ail]ons only on "o ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,e depression ( ! ail]ons acts z a drag on ! air fl[+ "u ! planes1 increas+ ! lift at ! exp5se ( ! spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( ,f>man ma*9e1 %[+ position ( op]ator4 ,a1 ,a1 ma9 planes2 ,b1 elevator2 ,c1 motor2 ,p1 tail planes4 ,! :ole /ructure is m\nt$ ^u skids ) :eels atta*$ by a flexible connection4 ,9 case ( a sev]e j>1 ! :eels are pu%$ up aga9/ ! spr+s until ! skids come into play4 ,! elevator & ! w+ naps are controll$ by a lev] at ! "r h& ( ! pilot4 ,?is lev] moves on a univ]sal jo9t1 ! side-to-side movem5t work+ ! flaps1 & ! =w>d-&-back motion ! elevator4 ,/e]+ to "r or left is done ) a b> op]at$ by ! feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,h5ri ,f>man c>ry+ a pass5g] across c\ntry4 ,f>man has himself made _m records ) 8 ma*9e1 & s h o!rs4 ,) a slightly l>g] & heavi] ma*9e ?an ! "o describ$1 ,f>man c>ri$ two pass5g]s a di/ance ( #ce miles 9 "o h\r4 ,,! ,,curtiss ,,biplane4 ,?is ,am]ican rival ( ! ,wright biplane is ! lighte/ ma*9e ( ?is type s f> con/ruct$4 ,! ma9 planes are b #bi feet 9 spread1 & #d feet #f in*es 9 wid?1 & are set n q #e feet ap>t4 ,! comb9$ area ( ! two planes is #bej squ>e feet4 ,! ma9 planes are plac$ midway ( ! l5g? ( ! =e-&-aft /ructure1 :i* is ne>ly #cj feet4 ,at ! =w>d end is plac$ ! elevator1 & at ! re> end is ! tail--"o small plane surface--& ! v]tical rudd] surface 9 two p>ts1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! tail plane4 ,equilibrium is controll$ by *ang+ ! slant ( two small balanc+ planes :i* are plac$ midway betwe5 ! ma9 planes at ! out] ends1 & 9 l9e ) ! front edges4 ,^! balanc+ planes are mov$ by a lev] /&+ upright beh9d ! pilot1 hav+ two arms at its upp] end :i* turn =w>d s z to embrace 8 %\ld]s4 ,! lev] is mov$ to "r or to left by ! sway+ ( ! pilot's body4 ,illu/ration3 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss 9 8 ma*9e ready to />t4 ,! =k ( ! balanc+ lev] is pla9ly se5 at 8 %\ld]s4 ,beh9d him is ! radiator1 ) ! eng9e /ill fur!r back4 ,! motor is rais$ to a position :]e ! %aft ( ! propell] is midway betwe5 ! levels ( ! ma9 planes1 & )9 ! l9e ( ! re> edges1 s t !y h to be cut away to all[ ! pass+ ( ! blades4 ,! motor is ( ! ,v type1 ) #h cyl9d]s4 ,x is #cj horse-p[] & makes #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! propell] is ( /eel1 two-blad$1 #f feet 9 diamet]1 & revolves at ! same spe$ z ! %aft on :i* x is m\nt$4 ,! high position ( ! eng9e p]mits a l[ runn+ ge>4 ,!re are two :eels "u ! re> edges ( ! ma9 planes1 & ano!r is plac$ half-way betwe5 ! ma9 planes & ! =w>d rudd]1 or elevator4 ,a brake1 op]at$ by ! pilot's foot1 acts ^u ?is =w>d :eel to *eck ! spe$ at ! mom5t ( l&+4 ,ano!r type ( ,curtiss ma*9e has ! ail]ons set 9 ! re> ( ! ma9 planes1 in/ead ( betwe5 !m4 ,! ,curtiss is ! fa/e/ ( ! biplanes1 be+ excell$ 9 spe$ only by "s ( ! monoplanes4 ,x has a record ( #ea miles p] h\r4 ,,! ,,cody ,,biplane4 ,! ,cody biplane has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ successful ,briti% a]oplane4 ,x 0 design$ & fl[n by ,capta9 ,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 at "o "t an ,am]ican1 b = "s ye>s an (fic] 9 ! ,briti% army4 ,x is ! l>ge/ & heavie/ ( all ! biplanes1 weigh+ ab\t #a1hjj lbs41 m ?an ?ree times ! weight ( ! ,curtiss ma*9e4 ,its ma9 planes are #eb feet 9 lat]al spread1 & #g feet #f in*es 9 wid?1 & are set #i feet ap>t4 ,! comb9$ area ( ^! su/a9+ surfaces is #ggj squ>e feet4 ,! upp] plane is ar*$1 s t ! ends ( ! ma9 planes are slightly clos] toge!r ?an at ! c5tre4 ,! elevator is 9 two p>ts plac$ end to end1 ab\t #ab feet 9 front ( ! ma9 planes4 ,!y h a comb9$ area ( #aej squ>e feet4 ,betwe5 !m & above !m is a small rudd] = /e]+ to "r or left 9 conjunction ) ! l>ge rudd] at ! re> ( ! ma*9e4 ,! latt] has an area ( #dj squ>e feet4 ,!re are two small balanc+ planes1 set "o at ea* end ( ! ma9 planes1 _! c5tres on ! re> corn] /ruts1 s t !y project beyond ! tips ( ! planes & beh9d _! re> l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cody biplane 9 flight4 ,capta9 ,cody has bo? h&s rais$ above 8 head1 %[+ ! automatic /ability ( 8 ma*9e4 ,! biplane is controll$ by a lev] rod hav+ a :eel at ! end4 ,turn+ ! :eel moves ! rudd]s2 pu%+ or pull+ ! :eel works ! elevator2 mov+ ! :eel f side to side moves ! balanc+ planes4 ,!re are two propell]s1 set "o on ea* side ( ! eng9e1 & well =w>d betwe5 ! ma9 planes4 ,!y are ( wood1 ( ! two-blad$ type1 #g feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y are ge>$ d[n to make #fjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! motor has #h cyl9d]s & develops #hj horse-p[] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on a :eel$ runn+ ge>1 two :eels "u ! front edge ( ! ma9 planes & "o a %ort di/ance =w>d 9 ! c5tre4 ,!re is also a small :eel at ea* extreme end ( ! l[] ma9 plane4 ,! ,cody biplane has frequ5tly c>ri$ a pass5g]1 besides ! pilot1 & is cr$it$ ) a spe$ ( #ch miles p] h\r4 ,! fir/ a]oplane flights ev] made 9 ,engl& 7 by ,capta9 ,cody on ?is biplane1 ,janu>y #b1 #aiji4 ,,! ,,somm] ,,biplane4 ,! ,somm] biplane is closely simil> to ! ,f>man ma*9e1 b has ! h+$ ail]ons only on ! upp] plane4 ,ano!r diff]5ce is t ! tail has b "o surface1 & ! rudd] is hung b5ea? x4 ,its dim5sions are3--,spread ( ma9 planes1 #cd feet2 dep? 7=e-&-aft71 #f feet #h in*es2 !y are set #f feet ap>t4 ,! area ( ! ma9 planes is #def squ>e feet2 area ( tail1 #fg squ>e feet2 area ( rudd]1 #i squ>e feet4 ,x is driv5 by a #ej-;horsep[] ,gnome motor1 turn+ an #h-;foot1 two-blad$ propell]4 ,m4 ,somm] has fl[n ) ?ree pass5g]s1 a total weight ( #ecf lbs41 besides ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,biplane4 ,! ,baldw9 biplane1 design$ by ,capta9 ,?omas ,s4 ,baldw91 ! di/+ui%$ ballooni/1 resembles ! ,f>man type 9 "s features1 & ! ,curtiss 9 o!rs4 ,x has ! ,curtiss type ( ail]ons1 set betwe5 ! w+s1 b ext5d+ beyond !m lat]ally4 ,! elevator is a s+le surface plac$ 9 front ( ! ma*9e1 & ! tail is ( ! biplane type ) ! rudd] betwe54 ,! spread ( ! ma9 planes is #ca feet #c in*es1 & _! dep? #d feet #f in*es4 ,a balanc+ plane ( #i squ>e feet is set upright 7l a f97 above ! upp] ma9 plane1 on a swivel4 ,?is is work$ by a =k fitt+ on ! %\ld]s ( ! pilot1 & is design$ to re/ore equilibrium by its sw++ into head-resi/ance on "o side or ! o!r z may be necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,baldw9 biplane1 %[+ balanc+ plane above upp] ma9 plane4 ,! motive p[] is a #d-;cyl9d] ,curtiss motor1 :i* turns a propell] #g feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 set j )9 ! re> l9e ( ! ma9 planes1 :i* are cut away to cle> ! propell] blades4 ,,! ,,baddeck ,,biplane4 ,! newe/ biplane ( ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association foll[s 9 g5]al cont\r its successful precursor1 ! 8,silv] ,d>t10 ) :i* ,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,curdy made _m records4 ,! 8,baddeck ,no4 #b0 is ( ! biplane type1 & bo? ! planes are ar*$ t[>d ea* o!r4 ,!y h a spread ( #dj feet1 & are #g feet 9 dep? at ! c5tre1 r\nd+ to #e feet at ! ends1 :]e ! w+ tips1 #e feet by #e feet1 are h+$4 ,! elevator is also ( ! biplane type1 two surfaces ea* #ab feet long & #bh in*es wide1 set #cj in*es ap>t4 ,?is is m\nt$ #ae feet 9 front ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! tail is m\nt$ #aa feet 9 ! re> ( ! ma9 planes1 & is ! same size & ( ! same =m z ! elevator4 ,! controls are op]at$ by ! same devices z 9 ! ,curtiss ma*9e4 ,! propell] is #g feet #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & is turn$ by a six-cyl9d] automobile eng9e ( #dj horse-p[] runn+ at #a1djj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! propell] is ge>$ d[n to run at #hej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! motor is plac$ l[ d[n on ! l[] plane1 b ! propell] %aft is rais$ to a position z ne>ly z possible t ( ! c5tre ( resi/ance ( ! ma*9e4 ,! spe$ atta9$ is #dj miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,mc,curdy biplane1 8,baddeck ,no4 #b40 ,a unique feature ( ! me*anism is ! radiator1 :i* is built ( #cj flatt5$ tubes #g feet #f in*es long1 & #c in*es wide1 & v ?94 ,!y are curv$ f front to re> l ! ma9 planes1 & give suffici5t lift to su/a9 _! own weight & t ( ! wat] c>ri$ = cool+ ! cyl9d]s4 ,! runn+ ge> is ( ?ree :eels plac$ z 9 ! ,curtiss ma*9e4 ,! 8,baddeck ,no4 #b0 has made _m satisfactory flights ) "o pass5g] besides ! pilot4 ,,! ,,h]r+ ,,biplane4 ,at ! ,bo/on ,aircraft ,exhibition 9 ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 ! ,h]r+ biplane attract$ mu* att5tion1 n only because ( its sup]iority ( me*anical f9i%1 b also on acc\nt ( its six triangul> /abiliz+ f9s set upright on ! upp] plane4 ,subsequ5t trials prov$ t ?is ma*9e 0 q out ( ! ord9>y 9 action4 ,x rose into ! air aft] a run ( b #he feet1 & at a spe$ ( only #bb miles p] h\r1 & made a #dj-;degree turn at a tipp+ angle ( #bj degrees4 ,z measur$ by ! inv5tor1 ! ma*9e rose 9 ! air ) ! pilot 7weigh+ #aij lbs471 ) a ?ru/ ( #adj lbs41 & requir$ only a ?ru/ ( f #hj to #he lbs4 to keep x fly+4 ,! spread ( ! planes is #bh feet1 & !y are #d feet 9 dep?1 ) a total support+ surface ( #bbj feet4 ,a #be horse-p[] ,curtiss motor turns a #d-;blad$ propell] ( #f feet diamet] & #e-;foot pit* 7design$ by ,mr4 ,h]r+7 at ! rate ( #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 7,league ( ,am]ican ,:eelm57 biplane at ! ,bo/on ,aircraft ,exhibition1 ,febru>y1 #aiaj4 ,note ! peculi> curve ( ! divid$ planes4 ,! motor is ( ! rotat+ type1 ( #ej horse-p[]4 ,! elevator consi/s ( a pair ( p>allel surfaces set ^u holl[ poles #ab feet 9 front ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! tail is a s+le surface4 ,! /abiliz+ f9s act 9 ?is mann]3 :5 ! ma*9e tips to "o side1 x has a t5d5cy to slide d[n an incl9e ( air t[>d ! gr\nd4 ,! f9s (f] resi/ance to ?is slid+1 ret>d+ ! upp] plane1 :ile ! l[] plane slides on & sw+s z a p5dulum into equilibrium aga94 ,,! ,,breguet ,,biplane4 ,! ,breguet biplane is conspicu\s 9 hav+ a biplane tail ( s l>ge an area z to m]it = ! ma*9e ! title 8t&em biplane40 ,! ma9 planes h a spread ( #da feet #h in*es1 & an area ( #ejj squ>e feet4 ,! tail spreads #bd feet1 & its area is ab\t #bhj squ>e feet4 ,! propell] is ?ree-blad$1 #h feet 9 diamet]1 & revolves at a spe$ ( #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x is plac$ 9 front ( ! ma9 plane1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! monoplanes4 ,! motive p[] is an #h-;cyl9d] ,r-,e-,p eng9e1 develop+ #ee horse-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,n4 ,y4 ,sun4 ,! ,s$don t&em biplane1 con/ruct$ by ,lieut5ant ,s$don ( ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,! area ( its planes is #b1jjj squ>e feet4 ,comp>e its size ) t ( ! monoplane 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x is int5d$ to c>ry t5 p]sons4 ,illu/ration3 ,wright biplane4 ,curtiss biplane4 ,comp>ative build & area ( prom95t ,am]ican biplanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,vois9 biplane4 ,breguet biplane4 ,comp>ative build & area ( prom95t ,european biplanes4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,! ,,monoplane4 ,! common goal--,int]*ang+ features--,! ,bl]iot ma*9e--,fir/ indep5d5t fly]--,con/ruction & controls--,! 8,anto9ette0--,l>ge area--,great /ability--,santos-,dumont's monoplane--,dim9utive size--,r-,e-,p monoplane--encas$ /ructure--,hanriot ma*9e--,boat body--,/urdy build--,pfitzn] ma*9e--,lat]al type--,?ru/+ propell]--,fair*ild1 ,burl+ame1 ,cromley1 ,*auvi]e1 ,v5dome1 & ,moisant monoplanes4 ,9 all ! ard5t /riv+ ( ! aviators to beat ea* o!r's records1 a surpris+ly small am\nt ( p]sonal rivalry has be5 develop$4 ,d\btless ?is is p>tly because _! ef=ts to p]=m def9ite feats h be5 absorb+2 b x mu/ also be t ^! m51 :o "k t !y face a possible fall 9 e flight !y make1 realize t _! competitors are z brave z !mselves 9 ! face ( ! same dang]2 & t !y are actually accompli%+ m>vell\s wond]s ev5 if !y d no m ?an j escape disa/r\s failure4 ,c]ta9 x is t ea*1 realiz+ ! trem5d\s difficulties all mu/ ov]come1 respects ! o!rs' ability & atta9m5ts4 ,consequ5tly we d n f9d among !m two di/9ctly div]g5t s*ools ( adh]5ts1 "o compos$ ( ! biplani/s1 ! o!r ( ! monoplani/s4 ,nor are ! two types ( ma*9es sep>at$ 9 ?is book = any o!r purpose ?an to secure a cle>] und]/&+ ( :at is be+ a*iev$ by all types 9 ! progress t[>d ! "o common goal--! flight ( man4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! monoplane is t x has b "o ma9 plane1 or spread ( surface1 z contra/$ ) ! two planes1 "o above ! o!r1 ( ! biplane4 ,besides ! ma9 plane1 x has a second>y plane 9 ! re>1 call$ ! tail4 ,! (fice ( ?is tail is prim>ily to secure longitud9al1 or =e-&-aft1 balance2 b ! second>y plane has be5 s con/ruct$ t x is movable on a horizontal axis1 & is us$ to /e] ! ma*9e upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! biplanes n[ h a horizontal tail-plane1 !y 7 n at fir/ s provid$1 b c>ri$ ! second>y plane 7or planes7 9 front ( ! ma9 planes4 ,ev5 9 ! late/ type br\ght out by ! cons]vative ,wright bro!rs1 ! =m] l>ge-surfac$ elevator 9 front has be5 remov$1 & a mu* small] tail-plane has be5 add$ 9 ! re>1 p]=m+ ! same function ( /e]+ ! ma*9e up or d[n1 b also provid+ ! =e-&-aft /abiliz+ feature =m]ly peculi> to ! monoplane4 ,ano!r feature h]et(ore di/9ctively belong+ to ! monoplane has be5 adopt$ by "s ( ! new] biplanes1 t ( ! traction propell]--pull+ ! ma*9e beh9d x ?r\gh ! air1 in/ead ( pu%+ x along by a ?ru/+ propell] plac$ beh9d ! ma9 planes4 ,! cont9ual multiplication ( new =ms ( ! monoplane makes x possible to notice only ^? :i* exhibit ! wid] diff]5ces4 ,,! ,,bl]iot ,,monoplane4 ,! ,bl]iot monoplane has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ :olly successful fly+ ma*9e4 ,al?\gh ! ,wright ma*9e 0 mak+ flights ye>s be=e ! ,bl]iot _h be5 built1 x 0 /ill dep5d5t ^u a />t+ device to enable x to leave ! gr\nd4 ,t is1 ! ,wright ma*9e 0 n complete 9 itself1 & 0 entirely helpless at ev5 a %ort di/ance f its />t+ t[]1 rail1 & c>1 :i* x 0 unable to c>ry along4 ,because ( its complet5ess1 ,m4 ,bl]iot 0 able to drive 8 ma*9e f ,t\ry to ,art5ay1 ,france 7a di/ance ( #h miles7 on ,octob] #ca1 #aijh1 make a l&+1 />t on ! return trip1 make a second l&+1 & aga9 cont9ue 8 j\rney back to ,t\ry1 all "u 8 own unassi/$ p[]4 ,?is feat 0 impossible to ! ,wright ma*9e z x 0 !n con/ruct$1 ?us leav+ ! ,bl]iot monoplane 9 undisput$ pre-em95ce 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,bl]iot monoplane1 8,no4 ,,xi10 9 flight4 ,at a little di/ance1 :]e ! details ( con/ruction are n visible1 ! ,bl]iot ma*9e has ! appe>ance ( a gigantic bird4 ,! su/a9+ surface1 consi/+ ( a s+le plane1 is divid$ into two w+s made ( a /iff p>*m5t-l mat]ial1 m\nt$ "o on ea* side ( a framework ( ! body1 :i* is built ( mahogany & :itewood truss$ ) diagonal ties ( /eel wire4 ,! ma9 plane has a lat]al spread ( #bh feet & a dep? ( #f feet1 & is r\nd$ at ! ends4 ,x has an area ( ab\t #aej squ>e feet1 & is slightly concave on ! "u side4 ,! tail-plane is #f feet long & #b feet #h in*es 9 dep?2 at its ends are ! elevators1 consi/+ ( pivot$ w+ tips ea* ab\t #b feet #f in*es squ>e ) r\nd$ extremities4 ,! rudd] = /e]+ to left or "r is m\nt$ at ! extreme re> end ( ! body1 & has an area ( #i squ>e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bl]iot 8,no4 ,,xii410 %[+ new =m ( tail1 & ! complete encas+ ) fabric4 ,! body is fram$ ne>ly squ>e 9 front & tap]s to a w$ge-l edge at ! re>4 ,x ext5ds f> en\gh 9 front ( ! ma9 plane to give room = ! motor & propell]4 ,! seat = ! pilot is on a l9e ) ! re> edge ( ! ma9 plane1 & above x4 ,! =w>d "p ( ! body is enclos$ ) fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,=w>d *assis ( ,bl]iot monoplane1 %[+ ca/] m\nt+ ( :eels4 ,! fram+ ( ! body is %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on ?ree :eels atta*$ to ! body3 two at ! front1 ) a p[]ful spr+ susp5sion & pivot$ l a ca/]1 & ! o!r rigidly at a po9t j =w>d ( ! rudd]s4 ,! lat]al balance is re/or$ by w>p+ ! tips ( ! ma9 plane2 if necess>y1 ! elevator tips at ! re> may be op]at$ to assi/ 9 ?is4 ,all ! controls are actuat$ by a s+le lev] & a drum to :i* ! sev]al wires are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ,bl]iot 8,no4 ,,xi410 f ! re>4 ,a1 ,a1 ma9 plane2 ,b1 tail2 ,c1 body2 ,d1 ,d1 w+ tips ( tail2 ,e1 rudd]2 ,h1 propell]2 ,m1 motor2 ,o1 axis ( w+ tips2 ,r1 radiator2 a1 a1 b1 b1 sp>s ( w+s2 h1 h1 guy wires2 p1 k1 truss4 ,! motors us$ on ! ,bl]iot ma*9es h v>i$ 9 type & p[]4 ,9 ! 8,no4 ,,xi410 ) :i* ,m4 ,bl]iot cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel1 ! motor 0 a #c-;cyl9d] ,anzani eng9e1 develop+ #bd horse-p[] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! propell] 0 ( wood1 #b-;blad$1 & #f feet #i in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 m\nt$ directly on ! %aft1 & revolv$ at ! same spe$1 giv+ ! ma*9e a velocity ( #cg miles p] h\r4 ,?is model has also be5 fitt$ ) a #cj horse-p[] ,r-,e-,p 7,r4 ,esnault-,pelt]ie7 motor1 hav+ #g cyl9d]s4 ,! heavi] type 8,no4 ,,xii40 has be5 fitt$ ) ! #ej horse-p[] ,anto9ette #h-;cyl9d] eng9e1 or ! #g-;cyl9d] rotat+ ,gnome eng9e1 also ( #ej horse-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket*es %[+ relative size1 con/ruction1 & position ( pilot 9 ! ,bl]iot ma*9es2 8,no4 ,,xi40 7! upp]71 & 8,no4 ,,xii40 7! l[]74 ,! total weight ( ! 8,no4 ,,xi40 monoplane is #dfb p\nds1 )\t ! pilot4 ,,! ,,anto9ette ,,monoplane4 ,! ,anto9ette is ! l>ge/ & heavie/ ( ! monoplanes4 ,x 0 design$ by ,m4 ,levavasseur1 & has prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! a]oplanes by its p]=mances "u adv]se conditions2 notably1 ! flight ( ,hub]t ,la?am 9 a gale ( #dj miles p] h\r at ,blackpool 9 ,octob]1 #aiji4 ,! ,anto9ette has a spread ( #df feet1 ! surface be+ dispos$ 9 two w+s set at a dih$ral angle2 t is1 ! out] ends ( ! w+s incl9e upw>d f _! level at ! body1 s t at ! front !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( a v wide op5 8,v40 ,^! w+s are trapezoidal 9 =m1 ) ! wid] base atta*$ to ! body1 :]e !y are #aj feet 9 dep? 7=e & aft74 ,!y are #g feet 9 dep? at ! tips1 & h a total comb9$ area ( #cgg squ>e feet4 ,! great dep? ( ! w+s requires t !y be made proportionally ?ick to be /rong en\gh to hold _! =m4 ,two truss$ sp>s are us$ 9 ea* w+1 ) a %ort ma/ on ea*1 half-way to ! tip1 rea*+ bel[ ! w+ z well z above x4 ,to ^! are fa/5$ guy wires1 mak+ ea* w+ an indep5d5t truss4 ,a ma/ on ! body gives atta*m5t = guys :i* b9d ! :ole into a light & rigid con/ruction4 ,! framework ( ! w+s is cov]$ on bo? sides ) v>ni%$ fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,anto9ette monoplane 9 flight4 ,! body is ( triangul> section4 ,x is a long gird]2 at ! front1 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 exp&+ to a prism at ! w+s1 & tap]+ t[>d ! tail4 ,x is completely cov]$ ) ! fabric1 :i* is giv5 sev]al coats ( v>ni% to secure ! m9imum ( sk9 friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ con/ruction ( ! ,anto9ette monoplane4 ,! tail is #ac feet long & #i feet wide1 9 ! =m ( a diamond-%ap$ kite4 ,! re> "p ( x is h+$ to be op]at$ z ! elevator4 ,!re is a v]tical /abiliz+ f9 set at "r angles to ! rigid "p ( ! tail4 ,! rudd] = /e]+ to "r or left is 9 two triangul> sections1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! tail-plane4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! ma*9e is #dj feet1 & its weight is #a1jde p\nds4 ,x is fitt$ ) a motor ( ! 8,v0 type1 hav+ #h cyl9d]s1 & turn+ a #b-;blad$ /eel propell] #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 develop+ f #ej to #ee horse-p[]4 ,! control ( ! lat]al balance is by ail]ons atta*$ to ! re> edges ( ! w+s at _! out] ends4 ,^! are h+$1 & may be rais$ z well z l[]$ z occasion dem&s1 work+ 9 opposite directions1 & ?us d\bl+ ! effect ( simil> ail]ons on ! ,f>man ma*9e1 :i* c only be pull$ d[nw>d4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on two :eels "u ! c5tre ( ! ma9 plane1 ) a flexible wood skid project+ =w>d4 ,ano!r skid is set "u ! tail4 ,x is claim$ = ! ,anto9ette ma*9e t its inh]5t /ability makes x "o ( ! easie/ ( all = ! beg9n] 9 aviation4 ,) z few z five lessons _m pupils h become qualifi$ pilots1 ev5 w9n+ prizes aga9/ competitors ( mu* wid] exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagrams %[+ comp>ative size & position ( surfaces & /ructure ( ! ,bl]iot 7left7 & ,anto9ette 7"r7 monoplanes4 ,,! ,,santos-,,dumont ,,monoplane4 ,?is little ma*9e may be call$ ! 8runab\t0 ( ! a]oplanes4 ,x has a spread ( only #ah feet1 & is b #bj feet 9 total l5g?4 ,its weight is ab\t #bde p\nds4 ,! ma9 plane is divid$ into two w+s1 :i* are set at ! body at a dih$ral angle1 b curve d[nw>d t[>d ! tips1 =m+ an ar*4 ,! dep? ( ! w+s at ! tips is #f feet4 ,= a space on ea* side ( ! c5tre !y are cut away to #e feet 9 dep?1 to all[ ! propell] to be set )9 _! =w>d edge4 ,! total area ( ! ma9 plane is #aaj squ>e feet4 ,! tail-plane is compos$ ( a v]tical surface & a horizontal surface int]sect+4 ,x is arrang$ s t x may be tilt$ up or d[n to s]ve z an elevator1 or f side to side z a rudd]4 ,its horizontal surface has an area ( ab\t #ab squ>e feet4 ,! eng9e is plac$ above ! ma9 plane & ! pilot's seat bel[ x4 ,! body is triangul> 9 section1 ) ! apex upp]mo/1 compos$ ( ?ree /rong bamboo poles ) cross-pieces held 9 place by alum9um sockets1 & cross brac$ ) piano wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,santos-,dumont's ,la ,demoiselle 9 flight4 ,! motor is ( ! oppos$ type1 made by ,d>racq1 weigh+ only #ff p\nds1 & develop+ #cj horse-p[] at #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! propell] is ( wood1 #b-;blad$1 & be+ m\nt$ directly on ! %aft ( ! motor1 revolves at ! same velocity4 ,! spe$ ( ! ,santos-,dumont ma*9e is #cg miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,d>racq motor & propell] ( ! ,santos-,dumont ma*9e4 ,! conical tank 9 ! re> ( ! pilot's seat holds ! gasol9e4 ,! lat]al balance is pres]v$ by a lev] :i* ext5ds upw>d & ent]s a long pocket sew$ on ! back ( ! pilot's coat4 ,8 lean+ f side to side w>ps ! re> edges ( ! w+s at _! tips4 ,! elevator is mov$ by a lev]1 & ! rudd] by turn+ a :eel4 ,:ile ?is ma*9e has n made any ext5d$ flights1 ,santos-,dumont has travell$ 9 ! aggregate upw>d ( #b1jjj miles 9 "o or ano!r ( ?is type4 ,! plans1 ) full p]mission to any "o to build f !m1 he gave to ! public z 8 contribution to ! advancem5t ( aviation4 ,sev]al manufactur]s are supply+ !m at a co/ mu* bel[ t ( an automobile4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* %[+ position ( pilot 9 ,santos-,dumont ma*9e4 ,a1 ma9 plane2 ,b1 tail plane2 ,c1 motor4 ,,! ,r-,e-,p ,,monoplane4 ,! ,rob]t ,esnault-,pelt]ie 7abbreviat$ by its inv5tor to ,r-,e-,p7 monoplane1 view$ f above1 be>s a /rik+ resemblance to a bird ) a fan-%ap$ tail4 ,x is mu* %ort] 9 proportion to its spread ?an any o!r monoplane1 & ! body be+ entirely cov]$ ) fabric1 x has q a di/9ct appe>ance4 ,! plane is divid$ into two w+s1 9 =m v mu* l ! w+s ( ! ,anto9ette ma*9e4 ,_! spread1 h[ev]1 is b #ce feet4 ,_! dep? at ! body is #h feet #f in*es1 & at ! tips1 #e feet4 ,_! total comb9$ area is #bbf squ>e feet4 ,! body ( ! ,r-,e-,p ma*9e has mu* ! appe>ance ( a boat1 be+ wide at ! top & com+ to a %>p keel bel[4 ,! boat-l pr[ 9 front adds to ?is resemblance4 ,z ! body is encas$ 9 fabric1 ^! surfaces aid 9 ma9ta9+ v]tical /ability4 ,a l>ge /abiliz+ f9 ext5ds f ! pilot's seat to ! tail4 ,! tail is comp>atively l>ge1 hav+ an area ( #fd squ>e feet4 ,its re> edge may be rais$ or l[]$ to s]ve z an elevator4 ,! rudd] = /e]+ to "r or left is set bel[ 9 ! l9e ( ! body1 z 9 a boat4 ,x is peculi> 9 t x is ( ! 8comp5sat$0 type2 t is1 pivot$ ne> ! middle ( its l5g?1 in/ead ( at ! =w>d end4 ,! control ( ! lat]al balance is ?r\gh w>p+ ! w+s4 ,?is is by means ( a lev] at ! left h& ( ! pilot1 ) a motion f side to side4 ,! same lev] mov$ =w>d or backw>d controls ! elevator4 ,! /e]+ lev] is 9 front ( ! pilot's seat1 & moves to "r or to left4 ,illu/ration3 ,elevation1 %[+ l>ge /abiliz+ f92 boat-l body encas$ 9 fabric2 & comp5sat$ rudd]1 pivot$ at ! re> end ( ! f94 ,illu/ration3 ,plan1 %[+ comp>ative spread ( surfaces1 & ! atta*m5t ( :eels at ! w+ tips4 ,graphic sket* %[+ elevation & plan ( ! ,r-,e-,p monoplane4 ,! motor is an inv5tion ( ,m4 ,esnault-,pelt]ie1 & may be ( #e1 #g1 or #aj cyl9d]s1 accord+ to ! p[] desir$4 ,! cyl9d]s are arrang$ 9 two ranks1 "o 9 ! re> ( ! o!r1 radiat+ outw>d f ! %aft l spokes 9 a :eel4 ,! propell] is ( /eel1 #d-;blad$1 & revolves at #a1djj revolutions p] m9ute1 develop+ #ce horse-p[]1 & draw+ ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air at a spe$ ( #dg miles p] h\r4 ,,! ,,hanriot ,,monoplane4 ,among ! m famili> ma*9es :i* h be5 conte/+ = records at ! v>i\s ,european meets dur+ ! season ( #aiaj1 ! ,hanriot monoplane e>n$ notice = itself & its two pilots1 "o ( !m ! fifte5-ye>-old son ( ! inv5tor4 ,at ,budape/ ! ,hanriot ma*9e c>ri$ (f ! honors ( ! occasion ) a total ( #ajf po9ts = 8be/ p]=mances10 z aga9/ #hd po9ts = ! ,anto9ette1 & #gg po9ts = ! ,f>man biplane4 ,a description ( its unusual features w be ( int]e/ by way ( comp>ison4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x is a cross betwe5 ! ,bl]iot & ! ,anto9ette1 ! w+s be+ %ap$ m l ! latt]1 b r\nd$ at ! re> ( ! tips l ! ,bl]iot4 ,its *ief peculi>ity is 9 ! body ( ! ma*9e1 :i* is 9 =m v simil> to a rac+ %ell--( c\rse ) alt]ations to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! a]oplane4 ,its =w>d "p is ( ?9 mahogany1 fa/5$ ^u a% ribs1 ) a /eel plate cov]+ ! pr[4 ,! re> "p ( ! ma*9e is cov]$ simply ) fabric4 ,! spread ( ! plane is #bd feet #g in*es1 & x has an area ( #agj squ>e feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! ma*9e1 =e-&-aft1 is #bc feet4 ,its weight is #dfc p\nds4 ,x is m\nt$ on a *assis hav+ bo? :eels & skids1 some:at l t ( ! ,f>man runn+ ge>1 b ) two :eels in/ead ( f\r4 ,! ,hanriot ma*9e is /urdily built all ! way ?r\gh1 & has endur$ )\t damage "s s]i\s falls & collisions :i* w\ld h wreck$ ano!r ma*9e4 ,x is fitt$ ei!r ) a ,d>racq or a ,cl]get motor1 & spe$s at ab\t #dd miles p] h\r4 ,,! ,,pfitzn] ,,monoplane4 ,! ,pfitzn] monoplane has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ ,am]ican ma*9e ( ! s+le-plane type4 ,x 0 design$ & fl[n by ! late ,lieut4 ,a4 ,l4 ,pfitzn]1 &1 ?\gh meet+ ) _m mi%aps1 has prov$ itself wor?y ( notice by its p]=mances1 ?r\gh mak+ use ( an entirely new device = lat]al /ability4 ,?is is ! slid+ w+ tip1 by :i* ! w+ t t5ds to fall f its prop] level may be l5g!n$ by #ae in*es1 ! o!r w+ be+ %ort5$ z mu* at ! same "t4 ,!re is no longitud9al /ructure1 z 9 ! o!r monoplanes1 ! con/ruction be+ transv]se & built ^u f\r ma/s set 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 #f feet ap>t1 ab\t ! c5tre4 ,^! are brac$ by diagonal /ruts1 & ti$ ) wires on ! edges ( ! squ>es4 ,!y also support ! guys rea*+ out to ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pfitzn] monoplane f ! re>1 %[+ ! slid+ w+ tips2 dih$ral angle ( ! w+s2 squ>e body2 & transv]se truss$ con/ruction4 ,! plane prop] is #ca feet 9 spread1 to :i* ! w+ tips add #b feet1 & is #f feet deep1 giv+ a total area ( #bjj squ>e feet4 ,a light framework ext5d+ #aj feet 9 ! re> c>ries a tail-plane #f feet 9 spread & #b feet 9 dep?4 ,bo? ! elevator & ! rudd] planes are c>ri$ on a simil> framework1 #ad feet 9 front ( ! ma9 plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pfitzn] monoplane1 %[+ ! /ructure ( ! body2 ! two conical gasol9e tanks above2 ! propell] 9 ! re>4 ,lieut5ant ,pfitzn] at ! :eel4 ,! w+s ( ! ma9 plane incl9e upw>d f ! c5tre t[>d ! tips1 & are truss$ by v]tical /ruts & diagonal ties4 ,! motor is plac$ 9 ! re> ( ! plane1 in/ead ( 9 front1 z 9 all o!r monoplanes4 ,x is a #d-;cyl9d] ,curtiss motor1 turn+ a #f-;foot propell] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & develop+ #be horse-p[]4 ,! ,pfitzn] ma*9e has prov$ v spe$y1 & has made "s rem>kably %>p turns on an ev5 keel4 ,,o!r ,,monoplanes4 ,sev]al ma*9es ( ! monoplane type h be5 produc$1 hav+ "s feature di/9ct f exi/+ =ms4 ,:ile all ( ^! h fl[n successfully1 few ( !m h made any ef=t to be class$ among ! conte/ants = honors at ! v>i\s meets4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,fair*ild monoplane1 %[s resemblances to ! ,r-,e-,p1 ! ,anto9ette1 & ! ,bl]iot ma*9es1 b diff]s f !m all 9 hav+ two propell]s in/ead ( "o2 & ^! revolve 9 ! same direction1 in/ead ( 9 contr>y directions1 z d ^? ( all o!r a]oplanes s equipp$4 ,! inv5tor claims t !re is little p]ceptible gyroscopic effect ) a s+le propell]1 & ev5 less ) two4 ,! propell] %afts are on ! level ( ! plane1 b ! motor is set ab\t #e feet bel[1 connections be+ made by a *a9 drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bea* type ( ! ,anto9ette1 an ,am]ican modification ( ! ,fr5* ma*9e1 at ! ,bo/on ,exhibition1 #aiaj4 ,! ,burl+ame monoplane has sev]al peculi>ities4 ,its ma9 plane is divid$ into two w+s1 ea* #aj feet 9 spread & #e feet 9 dep?1 & set #ah in*es ap>t at ! body4 ,!y are p]fectly rigid4 ,! tail is 9 two sections1 ea* #d feet by #e feet1 & set ) a gap ( #f feet betwe5 ! sections1 9 :i* ! rudd] is plac$4 ,?us ! spread ( ! tail f tip to tip is #af feet1 z comp>$ ) ! #ba foot spread ( ! ma9 plane4 ,! sections ( ! tail are op]at$ indep5d5tly1 & are made to s]ve z ail]ons to control ! lat]al balance1 & also z ! elevator4 ,! ,cromley monoplane1 ano!r ,am]ican ma*9e1 is modell$ aft] ! ,santos-,dumont ,demoiselle4 ,x has a ma9 plane divid$ into two w+s1 ea* #i feet by #f feet #f in*es1 ) a gap ( #b feet betwe5 at ! body2 ! total area be+ #aag squ>e feet4 ,at ! re> ( ! out] ends are h+$ ail]ons1 l ^? ( ! ,f>man biplane1 to control ! lat]al balance4 ,! tail is #ab feet 9 ! re>1 & is ( ! 8box0 type1 ) two horizontal surfaces & two v]tical surfaces4 ,?is is m\nt$ ) a univ]sal jo9t1 s t x c be mov$ 9 any desir$ direction4 ,! complete /ructure1 )\t ! motor1 weighs b #fj p\nds4 ,! ,*auvi]e monoplane is di/9ct 9 hav+ a rigid sp> = ! front ( ! plane1 b no ribs4 ,! surface is all[$ to spread out z a sail & take =m f ! w9d pass+ b5ea?4 ,! re> edges may be pull$ d[n at w to control ! lat]al balance4 ,x is driv5 by tw9 screws set f> back on ! body1 ne>ly to ! tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,morok monoplane at ! ,bo/on ,exhibition4 ,x has ! body ( ! ,bl]iot1 ! w+s ( ! ,santos-,dumont1 & ! slid+ w+ tips ( ! ,pfitzn]4 ,! smalle/ & lighte/ monoplane 9 practical use is t ( ,m4 ,ra\l ,v5dome4 ,x is b #af feet 9 spread1 & is #af feet =e & aft4 ,x is equipp$ ) a #ab horse-p[] motor1 & flies at a spe$ ( ne>ly #fj miles p] h\r4 ,)\t ! pilot1 its entire weight is b #ahj p\nds4 ,! w+s are pivot$ s t _! :ole /ructure may be tilt$ to secure lat]al balance4 ,! new ,moisant monoplane is built :olly ( metal4 ,! /ructure ?r\gh\t is ( /eel1 & ! surfaces ( %eet alum9um 9 a succession ( small ar*es f ! c5tre to ! tips4 ,no au!ntic reports ( its p]=mances are available4 ,9 ! ,tat9 monoplane1 also call$ ! ,bay>d-,clem5t1 ! ma9 plane is oval 9 outl9e1 & ! tail a small] oval4 ,! surfaces are curv$ upw>d t[>d ! tips = ne>ly half _! l5g? 9 bo? ! ma9 plane & ! tail4 ,! propell] is #h feet 9 diamet]1 & is turn$ by a ,cl]get motor1 :i* c be made to develop #fj horse-p[] = />t+ ! ma*9e into ! air1 & !n cut d[n to #cj horse-p[] to ma9ta9 ! flight4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,o!r ,,=ms4 ,! triplane--,! quadruplane--,! multiplane--,helicopt]s--,_! pr9ciple--,ob/acles to be ov]come--,! ,cornu helicopt]--,! ,leg] helicopt]--,! ,davidson gyropt]--,! ,breguet gyroplane--,! de la ,hault orni?opt]--,! ,bell tetrah$rons--,! ,russ fly]4 ,:ile ! ef=ts ( inv5tors h be5 pr9cipally along ! l9es ( ! successful monoplanes & biplanes1 g5ius & en]gy h also be5 active 9 o!r directions4 ,"s ( ^! o!r designs are n mu* m ?an v>iations f prevail+ types1 h[ev]4 ,among ^! is ! ,engli% ,roe triplane1 :i* is b a biplane ) an extra plane add$2 ! dep?s ( all be+ r$uc$ to give approximately ! same surface z ! biplane ( ! same c>ry+ p[]4 ,! tail is also ( ! triplane type1 & has a comb9$ area ( #afj squ>e feet--j half t ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! triplane type has long be5 famili> to ,am]icans 9 ! ?ree-deck] glid] us$ ext5sively by ,octave ,*anute 9 8 long s]ies ( exp]im5ts at ,*icago4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,roe triplane 9 flight4 ,! quadruplane ( ,colonel ,bad5-,p[ell1 also an ,engli% type1 is practically ! biplane ) unusually l>ge =w>d & tail planes4 ,! multiplane ( ,sir ,hiram ,maxim %\ld also be rememb]$1 al?\gh he nev] p]mitt$ x to h free flight4 ,8 new multiplane1 modell$ aft] ! =m] "o1 b equipp$ ) an improv$ gasol9e motor in/ead ( ! heavy /eam-eng9e ( ! fir/ model1 w d\btless be put to a practical te/ :5 exp]im5ts ) x are complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim /&+ beside 8 huge multiplane4 ,q ap>t f ^! v>iants ( ! a]oplanes are ! helicopt]s1 orni?opt]s1 gyropt]s1 gyroplanes1 & tetrah$ral ma*9es4 ,,helicopt]s4 ,! result aim$ at 9 ! helicopt] is ! ability to rise v]tically f ! />t+ po9t1 in/ead ( fir/ runn+ along ! gr\nd = f #ajj to #cjj feet be=e suffici5t spe$ to rise is atta9$1 z ! a]oplanes d4 ,! device employ$ to accompli% ?is result is a propell]1 or propell]s1 revolv+ horizontally above ! ma*9e4 ,aft] ! desir$ altitude is ga9$ x is propos$ to travel 9 any direction by *ang+ ! plane 9 :i* ! propell]s revolve to "o hav+ a small angle ) ! horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,! =ce necess>y to keep ! a]oplane mov+ 9 its horizontal pa? is ! same z t requir$ to move ! automobile ( equal weight up ! same gradi5t--mu* less ?an its total weight4 ,! great difficulty enc\nt]$ ) ?is type ( ma*9e is t ! propell]s mu/ lift ! entire weight4 ,9 ! case ( ! a]oplane1 ! p[] ( ! eng9e is us$ to slide ! plane up an incl9e ( air1 & = ?is mu* less p[] is requir$4 ,= in/ance1 ! weight ( a ,curtiss biplane ) ! pilot on bo>d is ab\t #gjj p\nds1 & ?is weight is easily slid up an incl9$ plane ( air ) a propell] ?ru/ ( ab\t #bdj p\nds4 ,ano!r difficulty is t ! helicopt] screws1 9 runn+ at ! />t be=e !y c atta9 spe$ suffici5t to lift _! load1 h e/abli%$ d[nw>d curr5ts ( air ) great velocity1 9 :i* ! screws mu/ run ) mu* less effici5cy4 ,) ! a]oplanes1 on ! contr>y1 _! runn+ ge> enables !m to run =w>d on ! gr\nd almo/ ) ! fir/ revolution ( ! propell]1 & z !y increase _! spe$ ! curr5ts--te*nically call$ ! 8slip0--become less & less z ! eng9e spe$ increases4 ,9 ! ,cornu helicopt]1 :i* p]haps has come ne>] to successful flight ?an any o!r1 ^! d[nw>d curr5ts are *eck$ by int]pos+ planes bel[1 set at an angle det]m9$ by ! op]ator4 ,! glanc+ ( ! curr5ts ( air f ! planes is expect$ to drive ! helicopt] horizontally ?r\gh ! air4 ,at ! same "t ^! planes (f] a l>ge degree ( resi/ance1 & ! eng9e p[] mu/ be /ill fur!r increas$ to ov]come ?is1 :ile pres]v+ ! lift ( ! entire weight4 ,) an #h-;cyl9d] ,anto9ette motor1 said to be b #bd horse-p[]1 turn+ two #bj-;foot propell]s1 ! ma*9e is report$ z lift+ itself & two p]sons--a total weight ( #gbc p\nds--to a height ( #e feet1 & su/a9+ itself = #a m9ute4 ,^u ! int]pos+ ( ! planes to produce ! horizontal motion ! ma*9e came imm$iately to ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ pr9ciple ( ! ,cornu helicopt]4 ,p1 ,p1 propell+ planes4 ,! arr[ %[s direction ( travel ) planes at angle %[n4 ,?is p]=mance mu/ necess>ily be comp>$ ) t ( ! a]oplanes1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,wright ma*9e1 :i*1 ) a #be to #cj horse-p[] motor op]at+ two #h-;foot propell]s1 raises a weight ( #a1jej p\nds & propels x at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r = upw>d ( #b h\rs4 ,ano!r =m ( helicopt] is ! ,leg] ma*9e1 s nam$ aft] its ,fr5* inv5tor4 ,x has two propell]s :i* revolve on ! same v]tical axis1 ! %aft ( "o be+ tubul>1 encas+ t ( ! o!r4 ,by suitable ge>+ ?is v]tical %aft may be incl9$ aft] ! ma*9e is 9 ! air 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is desir$ to travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,vitton-,hub] helicopt] at ! ,p>is a]onautical salon 9 #aiji4 ,x has ! d\ble conc5tric axis ( ! ,leg] helicopt] & ! propell+ planes ( ! ,cornu ma*9e4 ,! gyropt] diff]s f ! ,cornu type ( helicopt] 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d4 ,9 ! ,scot* ma*9e1 kn[n z ! ,davidson gyropt]1 ! propell]s h ! =m ( imm5se umbrellas made up ( curv+ slats4 ,! frame ( ! /ructure has ! %ape ( a ,t1 "o ( ! gyropt]s be+ atta*$ to ea* ( ! arms ( ! ,t4 ,! axes ^u :i* ! gyropt]s revolve may be incl9$ s t _! p[] may be ex]t$ to draw ! app>atus along 9 a horizontal direction aft] x has be5 rais$ to ! desir$ altitude4 ,! gyropt]s ( ! ,davidson ma*9e are #bh feet 9 diamet]1 ! entire /ructure be+ #fg feet long1 & weigh+ #c tons4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ) ! propos$ pair ( #ej horse-p[] eng9es ! gyropt]s w lift #e tons4 ,^u a trial ) a #aj horse-p[] motor connect$ to "o ( ! gyropt]s1 t end ( ! app>atus 0 lift$ f ! gr\nd at #ee revolutions p] m9ute--! boil] pressure be+ #hjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 at :i* pressure x bur/1 wreck+ ! ma*9e4 ,an example ( ! gyroplane is ! ,fr5* ,breguet app>atus1 a bl5d ( ! a]oplane & ! helicopt]4 ,x comb9es ! fix$ w+-planes ( ! "o ) ! revolv+ vanes ( ! o!r4 ,! revolv+ surfaces h an area ( #hb squ>e feet1 & ! fix$ surfaces #cgf squ>e feet4 ,! total weight ( ma*9e & op]ator is ab\t #a1cej lbs4 ,fitt$ ) a #dj horse-p[] motor1 x rose freely into ! air4 ,! orni?opt]1 or flapp+-w+ type ( fly+ ma*9e1 ?\gh ! object ( exp]im5t & rese>* = ye>s1 mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z unsuccessful4 ,! app>atus ( ,m4 de la ,hault may be tak5 z typical ( ! be/ ef=t 9 t l9e1 & x is yet 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,! ?robb+ beat ( ! me*anism1 9 imitation ( ! bird's w+s1 has always prov$ disa/r\s to ! /ructure be=e suffici5t p[] 0 develop$ to lift ! app>atus4 ,! mo/ prom95t expon5t ( ! tetrah$ral type--t made up ( numb]s ( small cells set "o ^u ano!r--is ! ,cygnet ( ,dr4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 :i* p]haps is m a kite ?an a true fly+ ma*9e4 ,! fir/ ,cygnet _h #c1jjj cells1 & lift$ its pilot to a height ( #agf feet4 ,! ,cygnet ,,ii4 has #e1jjj tetrah$ral cells1 & is propell$ by a #ej horse-p[] motor4 ,x has yet to make its record4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5tly devis$ ma*9es is t kn[n z ! ,fritz ,russ fly]4 ,x has two w+s1 ea* 9 ! =m ( half a cyl9d]1 ! convex curve upw>d4 ,x is driv5 by two imm5se helical screws1 or spirals1 set )9 ! semi-cyl9d]s4 ,no details ( its p]=mances are obta9able4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,op]ate4 ,in/9ctive balance--,:5 ! motor skips--,progressive exp]i5ce--,plum ,isl& ,s*ool me?ods--,lili5?al's conclusions--,! ,curtiss me*anism & controls--,spe$ records--,cross-c\ntry fly+--,l&+--,ess5tial qualifications--,gr\nd practice--,future relief4 ,any "o :o has le>n$ to ride a bicycle w recall ! great difficulty at fir/ exp]i5c$ to pres]ve equilibrium4 ,b once ! knack 0 ga9$1 h[ simple ! matt] seem$6 ,balanc+ became a second nature1 :i* came into play in/9ctively1 )\t consci\s ?\ght or ef=t4 ,on smoo? roads x 0 n ev5 necess>y to grasp ! h&le-b>s4 ,! sway+ ( ! body 0 suffici5t to guide ! ma*9e 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,mu* ( ?is exp]i5ce is p>allel$ by t ( ! w\ld-be aviator4 ,fir/1 he mu/ acquire ! art ( balanc+ himself & 8 ma*9e 9 ! air )\t consci\s ef=t4 ,un=tunately1 ?is is ev5 h>d] ?an 9 ! case ( ! bicycle4 ,! cases w\ld be m ne>ly alike if ! road b5ea? & ahead ( ! bicycli/ 7 heav+ & fall+ z 9 an e>?quake1 ) no light to guide him2 = ! air curr5ts on :i* ! aviator mu/ ride are 9 con/ant & irregul> motion1 & are z :olly invisible to him z w\ld be ! road at night to ! rid] ( ! :eel4 ,& !re are o!r ?+s to di/ract ! att5tion ( ! pilot ( an a]oplane--notably ! ro> ( ! propell]1 & ! ru% ( w9d 9 8 face1 comp>able only to ! ceaseless & brea?-tak+ =ce ( ! hurricane4 ,! well-kn[n aviator1 ,*>les ,k4 ,hamilton1 says3--8,s f> z ! air curr5ts are conc]n$1 ,i rely entirely on in/9ctive action2 b my e> is always on ! al]t4 ,! dang] signal ( ! aviator is :5 he he>s 8 motor miss an explosion4 ,!n he kn[s t tr\ble is 9 /ore4 ,sometimes he c spe$ up 8 eng9e1 j z an automobile driv] does1 & get x to r5ew its normal action4 ,b if he fails 9 ?is1 & ! motor /ops1 he mu/ dip 8 deflect+ planes1 & try to negotiate a l&+ 9 op5 c\ntry4 ,sometimes !re is no prelim9>y w>n+ f ! motor t x is go+ to cease work+4 ,t is ! "t :5 ! aviator mu/ be prep>$ to act quickly4 ,unless ! deflect+ planes are manipulat$ in/antly1 aviator & a]oplane w rapidly l& a tangl$ mass on ! gr\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,result ( a failure to deflect ! planes quickly en\gh :5 ! eng9e /opp$4 ,! op]ator =tunately escap$ ) b a few bruises4 ,at ! same "t1 ,mr4 ,hamilton says3 8,driv+ an a]oplane at a spe$ ( #abj miles an h\r is n ne>ly s difficult a task z driv+ an automobile #fj miles an h\r4 ,9 runn+ an automobile at high spe$ ! driv] mu/ be on ! job e second4 ,no?+ b untir+ vigilance c protect him f dang]4 ,!re are turns 9 ! road1 bad /ret*es ( pavem5t1 & o!r l difficulties1 & he c nev] tell at :at mom5t he is to enc\nt] "s vehicle1 p]haps travell+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,b ) an a]oplane x is a diff]5t proposition4 ,once a man becomes accu/om$ to a]oplan+1 x is a matt] ( unconsci\s att5tion4444 ,he has no ob/acles to enc\nt] except cross-curr5ts ( air4 ,air & w9d are mu* quick] ?an a man c ?9k & put 8 ?\ght into action4 ,unless exp]i5ce has taught ! aviator to ma9ta9 8 equilibrium in/9ctively1 he is sure to come to grief40 ,! ,wright bro!rs sp5t ye>s 9 le>n+ ! art ( balanc+ 9 ! air be=e !y appe>$ 9 public z aviators4 ,& _! me?od ( tea*+ pupils is evid5ce t !y believe ! only road to successful aviation is ?r\gh progressive exp]i5ce1 lead+ up f ! use ( glid]s = %ort flights to ! actual ma*9es ) motors only aft] "o has become an in/9ctive equilibri/4 ,at ! ,plum ,isl& s*ool ( ! ,h]r+-,burgess ,company ! le>n] is compell$ to beg9 at ! beg9n+ & "w ! ?+ out = himself4 ,he is plac$ 9 a glid] :i* re/s on ! gr\nd4 ,! glid] is lock$ d[n by a cat* :i* may be releas$ by pull+ a /r+4 ,to ! front end ( ! glid] is atta*$ a long ela/ic :i* may be /ret*$ m or less1 accord+ to ! pull desir$4 ,! beg9n] />ts ) ! ela/ic /ret*$ b a little4 ,:5 all is ready he pulls ! cat* free1 & is ?r[n =w>d = a few feet4 ,z practice ga9s = him bett] control1 he makes a long] flight2 & :5 he c %[ a p]fect ma/]y ( 8 craft = a flight ( #cjj feet1 & n till !n1 he is p]mitt$ to beg9 practice ) a motor-driv5 ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fr5* app>atus = in/ruct+ pupils 9 aviation4 ,! lam5t$ ,otto ,lili5?al1 ^: exp]i5ce 9 m ?an #b1jjj flights gives 8 in/ructions unque/ionable weight1 urges t ! 8gradual developm5t ( flight %\ld beg9 ) ! simple/ app>atus & movem5ts1 & )\t ! complication ( dynamic means4 ,) simple w+ surfaces 444 man c c>ry out limit$ flights 444 by glid+ ?r\gh ! air f elevat$ po9ts 9 pa?s m or less desc5d+4 ,! peculi>ities ( w9d effects c be/ be le>n$ by su* ex]cises4444 ,! ma9t5ance ( equilibrium 9 =w>d flight is a matt] ( practice1 & c be le>n$ only by repeat$ p]sonal exp]im5t4444 ,actual practice 9 individual flight pres5ts ! be/ prospects = develop+ our capacity until x leads to p]fect$ free flight40 ,! ess5tial importance ( ?or\gh prep>ation 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce c\ld sc>cely be made pla9] or /rong]4 ,if x seems t undue emphasis has be5 laid ^u ?is po9t1 ! explanation mu/ be f\nd 9 ! deplorable dea? record among aviators f accid5ts 9 ! air4 ,) few exceptions1 ! cause ( accid5t has be5 report$ z1 8,! aviator seem$ to lose control ( 8 ma*9e40 ,if ?is is ! case ) pr(essional fly]s1 ! ne$ = ?or\gh prelim9>y tra9+ _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,hav+ atta9$ ! art ( balanc+1 ! aviator has to le>n ! me*anism by :i* he may control 8 ma*9e4 ,:ile all ( ! pr9cipal ma*9es are b diff]5t embodim5ts ( ! same pr9ciples1 !re is a div]sity ( design 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! means ( control4 ,we %all describe t ( ! ,curtiss biplane1 z l>gely typical ( !m all4 ,9 g5]al1 ! biplane consi/s ( two l>ge su/a9+ planes1 "o above ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! planes is ! motor :i* op]ates a propell] locat$ 9 ! re> ( ! planes4 ,project+ beh9d ! planes1 & held by a framework ( bamboo rods1 is a small horizontal plane1 call$ ! tail4 ,! rudd] :i* guides ! a]oplane to ! "r or ! left is p>tially bisect$ by ! tail4 ,?is rudd] is work$ by wires :i* run to a /e]+ :eel locat$ 9 front ( ! pilot's seat4 ,?is :eel is simil> 9 size & appe>ance to ! /e]+ :eel ( an automobile1 & is us$ 9 ! same way = guid+ ! a]oplane to ! "r or left4 7,see illu/ration ( ! ,curtiss ma*9e 9 ,*apt] ,v47 ,9 front ( ! planes1 support$ on a %ort] project+ framework1 is ! altitude rudd]1 a pair ( planes h+$ horizontally1 s t _! front edges may tip up or d[n4 ,:5 !y tilt up1 ! air ?r\gh :i* ! ma*9e is pass+ cat*es on ! "u sides & lifts !m up1 ?us elevat+ ! front ( ! :ole a]oplane & caus+ x to glide upw>d4 ,! opposite action takes place :5 ^! altitude planes are tilt$ d[nw>d4 ,?is altitude rudd] is controll$ by a long rod :i* runs to ! /e]+ :eel4 ,by pu%+ on ! :eel ! rod is %ov$ =w>d & turns ! altitude planes upw>d4 ,pull+ ! :eel turns ! rudd] planes d[nw>d4 ,?is rod has a backw>d & =w>d ?ru/ ( ov] two feet1 b ! usual movem5t 9 ord9>y w9d curr5ts is r>ely m ?an an in*4 ,9 climb+ to high levels or swoop+ d[n rapidly ! extreme play ( ! rod is ab\t f\r or five in*es4 ,?us ! /e]+ :eel controls bo? ! horizontal & v]tical movem5ts ( ! a]oplane4 ,m ?an ?is1 x is a feel] to ! aviator1 w>n+ him ( ! condition ( ! air curr5ts1 & = ?is reason mu/ n be grasp$ too firmly4 ,x is to be held /eady1 yet loosely en\gh to transmit any wav]+ =ce 9 ! air to ! s5sitive t\* ( ! pilot1 enabl+ him in/9ctively to rise or dip z ! curr5t compels4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,view ( ! c5tre ( ! new ,wright ma*9e1 %[+ me?od ( op]at+4 ,ar*ibald ,hoxsey 9 ! pilot's seat4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds a lev] ) two h&les1 "o op]at+ ! w>p+ ( ! w+ tips1 & ! o!r ! rudd]4 ,bo? h&les may be grasp$ at once1 op]at+ bo? rudd] & w+ tips at ! same mom5t4 ,9 8 left h& ,hoxsey grasps ! lev] op]at+ ! elevat+ plane--at ! re> 9 ?is type4 ,! pass5g]'s seat is %[n at ! pilot's "r4 ,! pres]v+ ( an ev5 keel is accompli%$ 9 ! ,curtiss ma*9e by small planes h+$ betwe5 ! ma9 planes at ! out] ends4 ,!y s]ve to prev5t ! ma*9e f tipp+ ov] sideways4 ,!y are op]at$ by arms1 project+ f ! back ( ! aviator's seat1 :i* embrace 8 %\ld]s on ea* side1 & are mov$ by ! sway+ ( 8 body4 ,9 a measure1 !y are automatic 9 action1 = :5 ! a]oplane sags d[nw>d on "o side1 ! pilot naturally leans ! o!r way to pres]ve 8 balance1 & t motion sw+s ! ail]ons 7z ^! small /abiliz+ planes are call$7 9 su* a way t ! pressure ( ! w9d re/ores ! a]oplane to an ev5 keel4 ,! wires :i* connect !m ) ! back ( ! seat are s arrang$ t :5 "o ail]on is be+ pull$ d[n at its re> edge ! re> ( ! o!r "o is be+ rais$1 ?us d\bl+ ! effect4 ,z ! ma*9e is right$ ! aviator comes back to an upright position1 & ! ail]ons become level once m4 ,illu/ration3 ,/>t+ a ,wright ma*9e4 ,:5 ! ^w is giv5 bo? assi/ants pull vigor\sly d[nw>d on ! propell] blades4 ,!re are o!r controls :i* ! pilot mu/ op]ate consci\sly4 ,9 ! ,curtiss ma*9e ^! are lev]s mov$ by ! feet4 ,) a pressure ( ! "r foot he %ort-circuits ! magneto1 ?us cutt+ (f ! sp>k 9 ! eng9e cyl9d]s & /opp+ ! motor4 ,?is lev] also puts a brake on ! =w>d l&+ :eels1 & *ecks ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e z x t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,! "r foot also controls ! pump :i* =ces ! lubricat+ oil fa/] or sl[] to ! po9ts :]e x is ne$$4 ,! left foot op]ates ! lev] :i* controls ! ?rottle by :i* ! aviator c regulate ! fl[ ( gas to ! eng9e cyl9d]s4 ,! av]age spe$ ( ! #g-;foot propell] is #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,) ! ?rottle x may be cut d[n to #ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 :i* is n fa/ en\gh to keep afloat1 b w help along :5 glid+4 ,obvi\sly1 travell+ ) ! w9d enables ! aviator to make 8 be/ spe$ records1 = ! spe$ ( ! w9d is add$ to t ( 8 ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 ,aga91 s9ce ! w9d is always sl[] ne> ! gr\nd1 ! aviator mak+ a spe$ record w climb up to a level :]e ! surface curr5ts no long] affect 8 ma*9e4 ,b ov] hilly & wood$ c\ntry ! air is (t5 fl[+ or ru%+ 9 conflict+ *annels1 & ! aviator does n "k :at he may be call$ ^u to face f "o mom5t to ! next4 ,if ! a]oplane />ts to drop1 x is only necess>y to pu% ! /e]+ :eel =w>d a little--p]haps half an in*--to br+ x up aga94 ,usually1 ! ma*9e w drop on an ev5 keel4 ,!n1 9 addition to ! motion j describ$1 ! aviator w lean t[>d ! high] side1 ?us mov+ ! ail]ons by ! seat-back1 & at ! same "t he w turn ! /e]+ :eel t[>d ! l[] side4 ,?is movem5t ( ! seat-back is r>ely m ?an #b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ action ( w9d on flight ( a]oplane4 ,! =ce & direction ( ! w9d be+ repres5t$ by ! l9e ,a ,b1 & ! propell+ =ce & /e]$ direction be+ ,a ,c1 ! actual pa? travell$ w be ,a ,d4 ,9 fly+ across c\ntry a %>p look\t is kept on ! l& bel[4 ,if x be ( a "* unfit = l&+1 z woods1 or ?ickly settl$ t[ns1 ! aviator mu/ keep high up 9 ! air1 le/ 8 eng9e /op & he be compell$ to glide to ! e>?4 ,a ma*9e w glide =w>d #c feet = ea* foot t x drops1 if skilfully h&l$4 ,if he is up #bjj feet1 he w h to f9d a l&+ gr\nd )9 #fjj feet4 ,if he is up #ejj feet1 he may *oose 8 alight+ gr\nd any:]e )9 #a1ejj feet4 ,ov] a city l ,new ,york1 a less altitude ?an #a1ejj feet w\ld h>dly be safe1 if a glide became necess>y4 ,mr4 ,clif=d ,b4 ,h>mon1 :o 0 an a]onaut ( di/9ction be=e he became an aviator1 "u ! in/ruction ( ,paulhan1 has ?is to say3 8,x is l rid+ a bicycle1 or runn+ an automobile4 ,y h to try x alone to really le>n h[4 ,:5 "o fir/ h&les a fly+ ma*9e x is advisable to keep on ! gr\nd1 j roll+ along4 ,?is is a h>d] m5tal trial ?an y w imag9e4 ,z soon z "o is seat$ 9 a fly+ ma*9e he wi%es to fly4 ,x is almo/ impossible to submit to /ay+ ne> ! e>?4 ,b until ! manipulation ( ! lev]s & ! /e]+ ge> has become second nature1 ?is mu/ be done4 ,x is be/ to g v sl[ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,skipp+ along ! gr\nd w tea* a driv] mu*4 ,:5 "o fir/ gets up 9 ! air x is necess>y to keep f> f all ob/acles1 l build+s1 trees1 or cr[ds4 ,!re is ! same t5d5cy to run into !m t an amateur bicycle rid] has 9 reg>d to /ones & ruts on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 he keeps 8 eye on !m & tries ) all 8 might to /e] cle> ( !m1 he runs "r into !m40 ,illu/ration3 ,practic+ ) a monoplane1 #bj feet above ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ask$ :at he reg>d$ ! fundam5tal requirem5ts 9 an aviator1 ,mr4 ,h>mon said3 8,fir/1 he mu/ be muscul>ly /rong2 s t he w n tire4 ,second1 he %\ld h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! me*anism ( ! ma*9e he drives4 ,?ird1 m5tal poise--! ability to ?9k quick & to act in/antly ^u y\r ?\ght4 ,f\r?1 a feel+ ( confid5ce 9 ! air1 s t he w n feel /range or out ( place4 ,?is famili>ity ) ! air c be be/ obta9$ by fir/ be+ a pass5g] 9 a balloon1 !n by controll+ "o alone1 & la/ly go+ up 9 a fly+ ma*9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,grahame-,:ite on 8 ,bl]iot ,no4 ,,xii4 ,! lev] 9 front ( him op]ates all ! controls ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! drum at its base4 ,mr4 ,claude ,grahame-,:ite1 ! not$ ,engli% aviator1 has ?is to say ( 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ) 8 big 8,no4 ,,xii40 ,bl]iot monoplane--:i* diff]s 9 _m important features f ! 8,no4 ,,xi40 ma*9e 9 :i* ,m4 ,bl]iot cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel3 8,aft] sev]al disappo9tm5ts1 ,i ev5tually obta9$ ! deliv]y ( my ma*9e 9 work+ ord]4444 ,z ,i _h ga!r$ a good deal ( in=mation f wat*+ ! antics & pr(it+ by ! errors made by o!r beg9n]s on ,bl]iot monoplanes1 ,i _h a good idea ( :at n to d :5 ! eng9e 0 />t$ up & we 7 ready = our fir/ trial4444 ,x 0 a cold morn+1 b ! eng9e />t$ up at ! fir/ qu>t] turn4 ,aft] _m w>n+s f ,m4 ,bl]iot's =eman n on any acc\nt to accel]ate my eng9e too mu*1 ,i m\nt$ ! ma*9e along ) my fri5d z pass5g]1 & imm$iately gave ! ^w to let g1 & we 7 soon spe$+ along ! gr\nd at a good sixty kilomet]s 7ab\t #cg miles7 p] h\r4444 ,be+ v anxi\s to see :e!r ! ma*9e w\ld lift (f ! gr\nd1 ,i gave a slight j]k to ! elevat+ plane1 & soon felt ! ma*9e rise into ! air2 b rememb]+ ! w>n+s ( ! =eman1 & be+ anxi\s n to risk break+ ! ma*9e1 ,i clos$ ! ?rottle & cont5t$ myself ) runn+ ar\nd on ! gr\nd to famili>ize myself ) ! h&l+ ( ! ma*9e4444 ,! next day we got d[n to ,issy ab\t five o'clock 9 ! morn+1 "s two h\rs be=e ! ,bl]iot me*anics turn$ up4 ,h[ev]1 we got ! ma*9e out1 & ti$ x to "s rail+s1 & !n ,i _h my fir/ exp]i5ce ( />t+ an eng9e1 :i* to a novice at fir/ sight appe>s a mo/ haz>d\s und]tak+2 = unless ! ma*9e is ei!r firmly held by sev]al m51 or is /rongly ti$ up1 x has a t5d5cy to imm$iately leap =w>d4 ,we successfully />t$ ! eng9e1 & !n rigg$ up a lea%1 & :5 we _h m\nt$ ! ma*9e1 we let g2 & be=e eight o'clock we _h accompli%$ sev]al v successful flights1 bo? ) & aga9/ ! w9d4 ,^! exp]i5ces we cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! day1 & by nightfall ,i felt q capable ( an ext5d$ flight1 if only ! gr\nd _h be5 l>ge en\gh4444 ,! foll[+ day ,m4 ,bl]iot return$1 & he s5t = me & /rongly urg$ me n to use ! a]oplane any m at ,issy1 z he said ! gr\nd 0 f> too small = su* a p[]ful ma*9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ,bl]iot monoplane1 %[+ controll+ lev] ,l & bell-%ap$ drum ,c1 to :i* all controll+ wires are atta*$4 ,:5 ! bell is rock$ back & =w>d ! elevator tips on ! re> plane are mov$2 rock+ f side to side moves ! /abiliz+ tips ( ! ma9 plane4 ,turn+ ! bell ar\nd moves ! rudd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m>moni] gyroscopic p5dulum1 devis$ to secure automatic /ability ( a]oplanes4 ,! :eels are driv5 by ! a]oplane motor at high spe$4 ,! p5dulum rod is ext5d$ upw>d above ! axis & c>ries a vane :i* is engag$ by any gu/ ( w9d f ei!r side ( ! a]oplane1 t5d+ to tilt ! p5dulum1 & br++ its gyroscopic resi/ance into play to w>p ! w+s1 or op]ate ail]ons4 ,! caution %[n by ^! exp]i5c$ aviators _c be too closely foll[$ by a novice4 ,^! m5 d n say t _! assidu\s practice on ! gr\nd 0 ! fruit ( timidity4 ,on ! contr>y1 al?\gh !y are long pa/ ! prelim9>y /ages1 _! advice to beg9n]s is uni=mly 9 ! l9e ( caution & ?or\gh practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 ! a]oplane is /e]$ to ! left1 ! p5dulum sw+s to ! "r & depresses ! "r side ( ! plane1 z 9 7c74 ,! reaction ( ! air raises ! "r side ( ! plane until bo? surfaces are p]p5dicul> to ! incl9$ p5dulum1 z 9 7d74 ,diagrams %[+ action ( ,m>moni] gyroscopic p5dulum4 ,ev5 aft] "o has become an exp]t1 ! battle is n won1 by any means4 ,:ile fly+ 9 calm wea!r is extremely pleasurable1 a protract$ flight is v fatigu+2 & :5 x is necess>y to wre/le ) gu/s ( high w9d & fickle air curr5ts1 ! /ra9 ^u ! /ronge/ n]ve is a s]i\s s\rce ( dang] 9 t ! aviator is liable to be sudd5ly ov]come by we>9ess :5 he mo/ ne$s to be on ! al]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 t incl9$ position ! a]oplane makes ! turn1 & :5 ! c\rse aga9 becomes /raight1 bo? ! gyroscopic & c5trifugal =ces cease1 & ! p5dulum "u ! influ5ce ( gravity becomes v]tical4 ,9 ?is position x is incl9$ to ! left ) respect to ! planes1 on :i* its effect is to depress ! left w+ & s "r ! a]oplane1 z 9 7e74 ,diagram %[+ action ( ,m>moni] gyroscopic p5dulum4 ,eng9e tr\bles are mu* few] ?an !y us$ to be1 & a m dep5dable =m ( motor relieves ! m9d ( ! aviator f su* m5tal di/urbance4 ,"s device 9 ! l9e ( a w9d-%ield w\ld be a real boon1 = ev5 9 ! be/ wea!r !re is ! ceaseless ru% ( air into "o's face at #de to #ej miles an h\r4 ,! endurance ( ?is = h\rs is ( itself a tax ^u ! mo/ vigor\s physique4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! pres5t spectacul> /age ( ! art ( fly+ !re w d\btless come a m reliable =m ( ma*9e1 ) correspond+ relief to ! op]ator4 ,automatic me*anism w supplant ! int5se & cont9ual m5tal att5tion n[ dem&$2 & z ?is dem& decreases1 ! joys ( fly+ w be consid]ably enhanc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,if1 :5 pursu+ a /raight c\rse1 ! a]oplane is tilt$ by a sideways w9d 7b71 ! action ( ! p5dulum z describ$ above re/ores x to an ev5 keel1 z 9 7a74 ,diagrams %[+ action ( ,m>moni] gyroscopic p5dulum4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build4 ,santos-,dumont's gift--,la ,demoiselle--,me*anical skill requir$--,prep>atory practice--,g5]al dim5sions--,! frame--,! motor--,! ma9 planes--,! rudd]-tail--,! propell]--,%ap+ ! blades--,maxim's exp]i5ce--,! runn+ ge>--,! controls--,scrupul\s workman%ip4 ,:5 ,santos-,dumont 9 #aiji gave to ! _w ! unre/rict$ privilege ( build+ monoplanes aft] ! plans ( 8 fam\s ,no4 #bj--;aft]w>d nam$ ,la ,demoiselle--he gave n only ! be/ he knew1 b z mu* z any "o kn[s ab\t ! build+ ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,santos-,dumont has *os5 ! monoplane = himself because 8 long exp]i5ce comm5ds x above o!rs1 & ,la ,demoiselle 0 ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ye>s sp5t 9 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( air%ips ( all types4 ,9 view ( ,santos-,dumont's notable successes 9 8 *os5 field ( activity1 no "o w g a/ray 9 foll[+ 8 advice4 ,( c\rse1 ! possession ( plans & specifications = an a]oplane does n make any man a skill$ me*anic4 ,x is well to und]/& at ! />t t a c]ta9 degree ( me*anical ability is requir$ 9 build+ a ma*9e :i* w be entirely safe4 ,nor does ! possession ( a successful ma*9e make "o an a]onaut4 ,z 9 ! case ( bicycl+1 !re is no sub/itute = actual exp]i5ce1 :ile 9 ! air%ip ! art ( balanc+ is ( ev5 great] importance ?an on ! bicycle4 ,! w\ld-be aviator is !re=e advis$ to put himself ?r\gh a c\rse ( tra9+ ( m9d & body4 ,intellig5t exp]im5t+ ) "s "o ( ! models describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 w tea* mu* ( ! action ( a]oplanes 9 calms & :5 w9ds are bl[+2 & practice ) an easily con/ruct$ glid] 7see ,*apt] ,,xii47 w give exp]i5ce 9 balanc+ :i* w be ( ! greate/ value :5 "o laun*es into ! air = ! fir/ "t ) a p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 ,an exp]t acqua9tance ) gasol9e motors & magnetos is a prime necessity4 ,9 %ort1 e bit ( in=mation on ! subject ( fly+ ma*9es & _! op]ation _c fail to be useful 9 "s degree4 ,! dim5sions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,santos-,dumont monoplane are giv5 on ! orig9al plans accord+ to ! metric sy/em4 ,9 r$uc+ ^! to 8long measure0 in*es1 all measurem5ts h be5 giv5 to ! ne>e/ eigh? ( an in*4 ,9 g5]al1 we may note "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ,la ,demoiselle4 ,! spread ( ! plane is #ah feet f tip to tip1 & x is #bj feet ov] all f b[ to /]n4 ,9 height1 x is ab\t #d feet #b in*es :5 ! propell] blades are 9 a horizontal position4 ,! total weight ( ! ma*9e is #bfe lbs41 ( :i* ! eng9e weighs ab\t #ff lbs4 ,! area ( ! plane is #aae squ>e feet1 s t ! total weight support$ by ea* squ>e foot ) ,santos-,dumont 7weigh+ #aaj lbs47 on bo>d is a trifle ov] #c lbs4 ,! frame ( ! body ( ! monoplane is l>gely ( bamboo1 ! ?ree ma9 poles be+ #b in*es 9 diamet] at ! front1 & tap]+ to ab\t #a in* at ! re>4 ,!y are jo9t$ ) brass sockets j back ( ! plane1 = conv5i5ce ( tak+ ap>t = transportation4 ,two ( ^! poles ext5d f ! axle ( ! :eels backw>d & slightly upw>d to ! rudd]-po/4 ,! ?ird ext5ds f ! middle ( ! plane betwe5 ! w+s1 backw>d & d[nw>d to ! rudd]-po/4 ,9 cross-section ! ?ree =m a triangle ) ! apex at ! top4 ,^! bamboo poles are brac$ ab\t e #b feet ) /ruts ( /eel tub+ ( oval section1 & ! panels s =m$ are ti$ by diagonals ( piano wire fitt$ ) turn-buckles to draw !m taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,side view ( ! ,santos-,dumont monoplane4 ,,mp1 ma9 plane ) radiator1 ,r1 hung und]nea?2 ,,rp1 rudd] plane work$ by wires ,,hc1 atta*$ to lev] ,l2 ,,vc1 v]tical control wires2 ,,wt1 tube ?r\gh :i* run ! w>p+ wires work$ by lev] ,k1 9 a pocket ( ! pilot's coat2 ,b1 ,b1 bamboo poles ( frame2 ,s1 ,s1 brass1 or alum9um sockets2 ,d1 ,d1 /ruts ( bicycle tub+2 ,g1 gasol9e2 ,,rg1 res]ve gasol9e2 ,m1 motor2 ,p1 propell]2 ,q1 ,q1 out] rib ( plane1 %[+ camb]2 ,n1 skid4 ,9 ! ,santos-,dumont ma*9e a #b-;cyl9d]1 oppos$ ,d>racq motor ( #cj horse-p[] 0 us$4 ,x is ( ! wat]-cool$ type1 ! cool+ radiator be+ a gridiron ( v ?9 -in* copp] tub+1 & hung up on ! "u side ( ! plane on ei!r side ( ! eng9e4 ,! cyl9d]s h a bore ( ab\t #d in*es1 & a /roke ( ab\t #d in*es4 ,! propell] is #b-;blad$1 #f feet across1 & is run at #a1djj revolutions p] m9ute1 at :i* spe$ x ex]ts a pull ( #bdb lbs4 ,ea* w+ ( ! ma9 plane is built ^u #b transv]se sp>s ext5d+ outw>d f ! upp] bamboo pole1 />t+ at a slight angle upw>d & b5d+ d[nw>d ne>ly to ! horizontal z !y approa* ! out] extremities4 ,^! sp>s are ( a%1 #b in*es wide1 & tap]+ 9 ?ickness f #a in*es at ! c5tral bamboo to ab\t in* at ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,!y are b5t into %ape by imm]sion 9 hot wat]1 & /ra9+ !m ar\nd blocks nail$ to ! floor ( ! work%op1 9 ! =m %[n at ,,qq1 p4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,front view ( ! ,santos-,dumont monoplane1 %[+ position ( tubul> /ruts support+ ! eng9e & ! w+s2 also ! guys1 & w>p+ wires ent]+ ! tubes inside ! :eels4 ,,mp1 ! ma9 plane2 ,,tp1 tail plane 9 ! re>2 ,r1 radiators2 ,m1 motor2 ,p1 propell]1 ! arr[ %[+ direction ( revolution4 ,! front sp> is set ab\t #i in*es back f ! front edge ( ! plane1 & ! re> "o ab\t #ab in*es =w>d ( ! back edge ( ! plane4 ,across ^! sp>s1 & b5ea? !m1 runn+ =e & aft1 are bamboo rods ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! =w>d end1 & tap]+ t[>d ! re>4 ,!y are set #h in*es ap>t 7c5tre to c5tre71 except at ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,! two out] panels are #aj in*es f c5tre to c5tre ( ! rods1 to give great] ela/icity 9 w>p+4 ,^! =e-&-aft rods are #f feet #e in*es long1 except directly back ( ! propell]1 :]e !y are #e feet #h in*es long2 !y are b\nd to ! sp>s ) brass wire ,no4 #be1 at ! int]sections4 ,!y also are b5t to a curv$ =m1 z %[n 9 ! plans1 by ! aid ( ! hot-wat] ba?4 ,diagonal guys ( piano wire are us$ to truss ! frame 9 two panels 9 ea* w+4 ,ar\nd ! out] free ends ( ! rods runs a piano wire ,no4 #bj1 :i* is let into ! tips ( ! rods 9 a slot in* deep4 ,to prev5t ! splitt+ ( ! bamboo1 a turn or two ( ! brass wire may be made ar\nd ! rod j back ( ! slot2 b x is mu* bett] to provide ?9 brass caps = ! ends ( ! rods1 & to cut ! slots 9 ! metal z well z 9 ! rods4 ,in/ead ( caps1 f]rules w d4 ,:5 ! slots are cut1 let ! tongue =m$ 9 ! cutt+ be b5t d[n across ! bamboo to =m ! floor to ! slot1 ^u :i* ! piano wire may re/4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight & co/ is v little1 & ! damage t may result f a split rod may be s]i\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan & details ( con/ruction ( ,la ,demoiselle4 ,aft] ! frame ( ! plane is complet$ x is to be cov]$ ) clo? on bo? sides1 s z entirely to enclose ! frame1 except only ! tips ( ! rods1 z %[n 9 ! plans4 ,9 ! ,santos-,dumont monoplane ! clo? us$ is ( closely wov5 silk1 b a /rong1 unblea*$ musl9 w d--! k9d made especially = a]oplanes is be/4 ,bo? upp] & l[] surfaces mu/ be /ret*$ taut1 ! edges front & back be+ turn$ ov] ! piano wire1 & ! wire hemm$ 94 ,! upp] & l[] surfaces are !n sew$ toge!r--8?r\gh & ?r\gh10 z a seam/ress w\ld say--along bo? sides ( ea* rod1 s t ! rods are practically 9 8pockets40 ,no?+ mu/ be slight$1 if safety 9 fly+ is to be assur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional diagram ( #b-;cyl9d] ,d>racq oppos$ motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( #d-;cyl9d] ,d>racq oppos$ motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( #c-;cyl9d] ,anzani motor4 ,motors suitable = ,la ,demoiselle monoplane4 ,! tail ( ! monoplane is a rigid comb9ation ( two planes int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles along a c5tral bamboo pole :i* ext5ds back #c feet #e in*es f ! rudd]-po/1 to :i* x is atta*$ by a d\ble jo9t1 p]mitt+ x to move ^u ei!r ! v]tical or ! horizontal axis4 ,al?\gh ?is tail1 or rudd]1 may seem at fir/ glance some:at complicat$ 9 ! plans1 x w n be f\nd s if ! frame ( ! upright or v]tical plane be fir/ con/ruct$1 & t ( ! level or horizontal plane aft]w>d built fa/ to x at "r angles4 ,z ) ! ma9 plane1 ! tail is to be cov]$ on bo? sides ) clo?1 ! v]tical "p fir/2 ! horizontal halves on ei!r side s cov]$ t ! clo? ( ! latt] may be sew$ above & bel[ ! c5tral pole4 ,all ( ! ribs 9 ! tail are to be /it*$ 9 ) 8pockets10 z direct$ = ! rods ( ! ma9 plane4 ,! con/ruction ( ! motor is possible to an exp]t ma*9i/ only1 & ! a]oplane build] w save "t & money by buy+ 8 eng9e f a reliable mak]4 ,x is n necess>y to s5d to ,france = a ,d>racq motor4 ,any good gasol9e eng9e ( equal p[]1 & ab\t ! same weight1 w s]ve ! purpose4 ,! mak+ ( ! propell] is practicable = a c>eful workman4 ,! illu/rations w give a bett] idea ?an words ( h[ x %\ld be done4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! safety ( ! aviator dep5ds z mu* ^u ! propell] z ^u any o!r "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,! splitt+ ( ! blades :5 9 motion has be5 ! cause ( s]i\s accid5ts4 ,! utmo/ c>e1 !re=e1 %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! wood1 & 9 ! glue+ ( ! sev]al sections into "o solid mass1 all[+ ! "w to dry ?or\ghly "u heavy pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ h[ ! lay]s ( wood are plac$ = glue+3 ,a1 at ! hub2 ,b1 half way to ! tip ( ! blade2 ,c1 at ! tip4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! =m ( ! blade at ^! po9ts4 ,! =m+ ( ! blades requires a good deal ( skill1 & "s c>eful prelim9>y /udy4 ,x is app>5t t ! spe$ ( a po9t at ! tip ( a revolv+ blade is mu* great] ?an t ( a po9t ne> ! hub1 = x trav]ses a l>g] circle 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,b if ! propell] is to d effective "w )\t unequal /ra91 ! twi/ 9 ! blade mu/ be su* t ea* po9t 9 ! l5g? ( ! blade is ex]t+ an equal pull on ! air4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! sl[]-mov+ "p ( ! blade1 ne> ! hub1 or axis1 %all cut 8deep]0 into ! air ?an ! m swiftly mov+ tip ( ! blade4 ,consequ5tly ! blade becomes cont9ually 8flatt]0 7approa*+ ! plane 9 :i* x revolves7 z we "w f ! hub outw>d t[>d ! tip4 ,?is 8flatt5+0 is well %[n 9 ! ne>ly f9i%$ blade clamp$ to ! b5* at ! "r ( ! illu/ration--:i* %[s a f\r-blad$ propell]1 in/ead ( ! two-blad$ type ne$$ = ! monoplane4 ,! propell] us$ = propulsion 9 air diff]s f ! propell]-:eel us$ = %ips 9 wat]1 9 t ! blades are curv$ lat]ally2 ! =w>d face ( ! blade be+ convex1 & ! re>w>d face concave4 ,! object ( ?is %ap+ is ! same z = curv+ ! surface ( ! plane--to secure smoo!r entry into ! air =w>d1 & a compression 9 ! re> :i* adds to ! hold+ p[] on ! sub/ance ( ! air4 ,x is extremely difficult to describe ?is complex %ape1 & ! amateur build] ( a propell] w d well to inspect "o made by a pr(essional1 or to buy x ready made ) 8 eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,=m+ a #d-;blade propell] out ( #h lay]s ( wood glu$ firmly toge!r4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,sir ,hiram ,maxim's acc\nt ( 8 mo/ effective propell] may aid ! ambiti\s a]oplane build]3 8,my l>ge screws 7 made ) a great degree ( accuracy2 !y 7 p]fectly smoo? & ev5 on bo? sides1 ! blades be+ ?9 & held 9 position by a /rip ( rigid wood on ! back ( ! blade4444 ,l ! small screws1 !y 7 made ( ! v be/ k9d ( season$ ,am]ican :ite p9e1 & :5 f9i%$ 7 v>ni%$ on bo? sides ) hot glue4 ,:5 ?is 0 ?or\ghly dry1 !y 7 s&-pap]$ aga91 & made p]fectly smoo? & ev54 ,! blades 7 !n cov]$ ) /rong ,iri% l95 fabric ( ! smoo!/ & be/ make4 ,glue 0 us$ = atta*+ ! fabric1 & :5 dry ano!r coat ( glue 0 appli$1 ! surface rubb$ d[n aga91 & !n pa9t$ ) z9c :ite 9 ! ord9>y way & v>ni%$4 ,^! screws work$ exce$+ly well40 ,! cov]+ ( ! blades ) l95 glu$ fa/ comm5ds itself to ! c>eful workman z af=d+ precaution aga9/ ! spl9t]+ ( ! blades :5 9 rapid motion4 ,"s propell]s h _! wood5 blades encas$ ) ?9 %eet alum9um to accompli% ! same purpose1 b = ! amateur build] l95 is f> easi] to apply4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is me?od ( m\nt+ ! :eels ( ! *assis has be5 f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,! spr+ takes up ! %ock ( a sudd5 l&+ & ! pivot work+ 9 ! holl[ po/ all[s ! entire m\nt+ to sw+ l a ca/]1 & adapt itself to any direction at :i* ! ma*9e may /rike ! gr\nd4 ,! :eels are ( ! bicycle type1 ) wire spokes1 b ) hubs six in*es long4 ,! axle is b5t to incl9e upw>d at ! ends1 s t ! :eels incl9e outw>d at ! gr\nd1 ! bett] to take ! %ock ( a sideways ?ru/ :5 l&+4 ,! usual metal or wood rims may be us$1 b special tires ( exceptionally light con/ruction1 made = a]oplanes1 %\ld be pur*as$4 ,! controll+ wires or cords = mov+ ! rudd] 7or tail7 & = w>p+ ! tips ( ! w+s are ( flexible wire cable1 su* z is made = use z /e]+ rope on small boats4 ,! cable controll+ ! horizontal plane ( ! rudd]-tail is fa/5$ to a lev] at ! "r h& ( ! op]ator4 ,! cable gov]n+ ! v]tical plane ( ! rudd]-tail is atta*$ to a :eel at ! left h& ( ! op]ator4 ,! cables :i* w>p ! tips ( ! w+s are fa/5$ to a lev] :i* projects upw>d j back ( ! op]ator's seat1 & :i* is slipp$ into a long pocket sew$ to ! back ( 8 coat1 s t ! sway+ ( 8 body 9 response to ! fl+ ( ! tipp+ ma*9e t5ds to re/ore x to an ev5 keel4 ,spr+s are atta*$ to all ( ^! controll+ wires1 /rong en\gh to br+ !m back to a normal position :5 ! op]ator removes 8 h&s f ! /e]+ app>atus4 ,! brass sockets us$ 9 connect+ ! tubul> /ruts to ! ma9 bamboos & ! rudd]-po/1 & 9 fa/5+ ! axle ( ! :eels to ! l[] bamboos & else:]e1 %\ld be ?or\ghly made & braz$ by a good me*anic1 = no "o %\ld risk ! *ance ( a faulty jo9t at a critical spot1 :5 an accid5t may mean ! loss ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ,bl]iot monoplane %[+ sizes ( p>ts1 9 metres4 ,r$uc$ to feet & in*es ^! measurem5ts are3 #j4fj metres #a ft4 #aa 94 #a4ej metres #d ft4 #aa 94 #b4aj metres #f ft4 #aj 94 #c4ej metres #aa ft4 #f 94 #h4jj metres #bf ft4 #c 94 #h4fj metres #bh ft4 #b 94 ,! diagram be+ drawn to scale o!r dim5sions may be f\nd4 ,9 bo? ! plan 7upp] figure7 & elevation 7l[] figure71 ,a1 ,a1 is ! ma9 plane2 ,b1 tail plane2 ,c1 body2 ,d1 elevator w+-tips2 ,e1 rudd]2 a1 a1 rigid sp>2 b1 b1 flexible sp>2 r1 r1 po9ts ( atta*m5t = w>p+-wires2 h1 h1 guys2 ,h1 propell]2 ,m1 motor2 ,r1 radiator2 ,s1 pilot's seat2 ,p1 *assis4 ,= ! re/1 x has seem$ bett] to put ! details ( con/ruction on ! plans !mselves1 :]e !y w be available to ! a]oplane build] )\t ! tr\ble ( cont9ually consult+ ! text4 ,"s ( ! "w on an a]oplane w be f\nd simple & easy2 "s ( x1 difficult & requir+ mu* pati5ce2 & "s impracticable to any "o b a tra9$ me*anic4 ,b 9 all ( x1 ! work]'s motto %\ld be1 8,fidelity 9 e detail40 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,motors4 ,e>ly use ( /eam--,reliability necess>y--,! gasol9e motor--,c>buretion--,compression--,ignit ion--,air-cool+--,wat]-cool+--,lubricati on--,! magneto--,weight--,types ( motors--,! propell]--,=m1 size1 & pit*--,slip--,mat]ials--,con/ruction4 ,! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( ! fly+ ma*9e z we h x to-day has be5 ascrib$ to ! inv5tion ( ! gasol9e motor4 ,:ile ?is is n to be d5i$1 x is also true t ! gasol9e motors design$ & built = automobiles & motor-boats h _h to be wellnigh revolutioniz$ to make !m suitable = use 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( aircraft4 ,& x is to be rememb]$1 d\btless to _! great] cr$it1 t ,h5son1 ,h>grave1 ,langley1 & ,maxim _h all succe$$ 9 adapt+ /eam to ! problem ( ! flight ( models1 ! two latt] us+ gasol9e to produce ! /eam4 ,p]haps ! "o pr$om9ant qualification dem&$ ( ! a]oplane motor is reliability4 ,a motor-c> or motor-boat c be /opp$1 & eng9e tr\bles att5d$ to ) comp>atively little inconv5i5ce4 ,! a]oplane simply _c /op )\t p]il4 ,x is possible = a skilful pilot to rea* ! e>? :5 8 eng9e /ops1 if he is =tunately high en\gh to h space = ! d[nw>d glide :i* w ga9 = him ! necess>y headway = /e]+4 ,at a less] height he is sure to cra% to ! e>?4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! gasol9e motor works is ess5tial to a fair e/imate ( ! comp>ative advantages ( ! diff]5t types us$ to propel a]oplanes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! gasol9e motor & o!r eng9es is ! me?od ( us+ ! fuel4 ,x is n burn$ 9 ord9>y fa%ion1 b ! gasol9e is fir/ vaporiz$ & mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( air1 9 a contrivance call$ a c>buretor4 ,?is gase\s mixture is pump$ into ! cyl9d] ( ! motor by ! action ( ! motor itself1 compress$ into ab\t "o-t5? ( its normal volume1 & !n explod$ by a /rong electric sp>k at j ! "r mom5t to h its =ce act mo/ advantage\sly to drive ! ma*9]y onw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,fiat0 #h-;cyl9d] air-cool$ motor1 ( ! 8,v0 type1 made 9 ,france4 ,x is app>5t t !re are sev]al *ances = failure 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! c>buretor may n d its "p accurately4 ,! mixture ( air & vapor may n be 9 su* proportions t x w explode2 9 t case1 ! p[] f t /roke w be miss+1 & ! eng9e w falt] & sl[ d[n4 ,or a leakage 9 ! cyl9d] may prev5t ! prop] compression ( ! mixture1 ! =ce f ! explosion w be greatly r$uc$1 ) a correspond+ loss ( p[] & spe$4 ,or ! electric sp>k may n be 8fat0 en\gh--t is1 ( suffici5t volume & heat to fire ! mixture2 or x may n 8sp>k0 at j ! "r mom5t2 if too soon1 x w ex]t its =ce aga9/ ! onw>d motion3 if too late1 x w n deliv] ! full p[] ( ! explosion at ! "t :5 its =ce is mo/ useful4 ,! necessity = absolute p]fection 9 ^! op]ations is obvi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ne> view ( ! ,holmes eng9e f ! driv+ side4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,holmes rotative eng9e1 #g-;cyl9d] #ce horse-p[]1 weigh+ #afj p\nds4 ,an ,am]ican eng9e built 9 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,o!r peculi>ities ( ! gasol9e motor affect consid]ably its use = a]oplanes4 ,! cont9ual & (t-repeat$ explosions ( ! gase\s mixture inside ( ! cyl9d] g5]ate great heat1 & ?is n only int]f]es ) its regul>ity ( movem5t1 b )9 a v brief "t *ecks x altoge!r4 ,to keep ! cyl9d] cool en\gh to be s]viceable1 two me?ods are 9 use3 ! air-cool+ sy/em & ! wat]-cool+ sy/em4 ,9 ! fir/1 flanges ( v ?9 metal are ca/ on ! outside ( ! cyl9d] wall4 ,^! flanges take up ! int5se heat1 & be+ spread out ov] a l>ge surface 9 ?is way1 ! ru%+ ( ! air ?r\gh !m z ! ma*9e flies 7or sometimes bl[n ?r\gh !m ) a rot>y fan7 cools !m to "s degree4 ,) ! wat]-cool+ sy/em1 ! cyl9d] has an ext]nal jacket1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ ) wat] :i* is made to circulate con/antly by a small pump4 ,9 its c\rse ! wat] :i* has j tak5 up ! heat f ! cyl9d] travels ?r\gh a radiator 9 :i* x is spread out v ?91 & ?is radiator is s plac$ 9 ! ma*9e t x receives ! full draught f ! air ru%+ ?r\gh ! ma*9e z x flies4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = cool+ a motor is ab\t #a lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,) an #h-;cyl9d] #ej horse-p[] motor1 ?is wat] w\ld add ! v consid]able item ( #fj lbs4 to ! weight ! ma*9e has to c>ry4 ,z not$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! ,mc,curdy biplane has its radiator =m$ into a su/a9+ plane1 & supports its own weight :5 travell+ 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,! #ahj horse-p[] eng9e ( ,sir ,hiram ,maxim2 ( ! 8oppos$0 type1 comp\nd1 & driv5 by /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,anzani motor & propell] :i* c>ri$ ,m4 ,bl]iot across ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,! curv$ edge ( ! propell] blades is ! ent]+ edge1 ! propell] turn+ f ! "r ( ! picture ov] to ! left4 ,! ,anzani is ( ! 8radiant0 type & is ( ,fr5* build4 ,x is an unsettl$ po9t ) manufactur]s :e!r ! great] effici5cy 7g5]ally ackn[l$g$7 ( ! wat]-cool$ eng9e m ?an comp5sates = ! extra weight ( ! wat]4 ,ano!r feature peculi> to ! gasol9e motor is ! necessity = su* cont9ual oil+ t x is /yl$ 8lubrication10 & v>i\s devices h be5 inv5t$ to d ! "w automatically1 )\t att5tion f ! pilot fur!r ?an ! wat*+ ( 8 oil-gauge to see t a full fl[ ( oil is be+ pump$ ?r\gh ! oil+ sy/em4 ,! electric curr5t :i* produces ! sp>k inside ( ! cyl9d] is suppli$ by a magneto1 a ma*9e =m$ ( p]man5t magnets ( horse%oe =m1 betwe5 ! poles ( :i* a magnetiz$ armature is made to revolve rapidly by ! ma*9]y :i* turns ! propell]4 ,?is magneto is (t5 connect$ ) a small /orage batt]y1 or accumulator1 :i* /ores up a c]ta9 am\nt ( curr5t = use :5 />t+1 or 9 case ! magneto gives out4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional draw+s %[+ details ( con/ruction ( ! ,anzani motor4 ,! flanges ( ! air-cool+ sy/em are di/9ctly %[n4 ,! section at ! left is f ! side2 t at ! "r1 f ! front4 ,all measurem5ts are 9 millimtres4 ,a millimtre is #j4jci in*4 ,! great rivalry ( ! build]s ( motors has be5 9 cutt+ d[n ! weight p] horse-p[] to ! l[e/ possible figure4 ,x goes )\t say+ t useless weight is a disadvantage 9 an a]oplane1 b x has n be5 prov5 t ! v lighte/ eng9es h made a bett] %[+ ?an ^? ( /urdi] build4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,gobron0 eng9e ( ! 8d\ble oppos$10 or cross-%ap$ type4 ,a wat]-cool$ eng9e1 ) #h cyl9d]s4 ,"o ( ! items 9 ! weight ( an eng9e has be5 ! fly-:eel f\nd necess>y on all motors ( #d cyl9d]s or less to give /ead9ess to ! runn+4 ,) a l>g] numb] ( cyl9d]s1 & a consequ5tly l>g] numb] ( impulses 9 ! circuit ( ! propell]1 ! vibration is s r$uc$ t ! fly-:eel has be5 disp5s$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,em]son #f-;cyl9d] aviation eng9e1 ( ! 8t&em0 type1 wat]-cool$2 #fj horse-p[]2 made at ,alex&ria1 ,va4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct types ( aircraft eng9es1 bas$ on ! arrangem5t ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! 8t&em0 type has ! cyl9d]s /&+ upright 9 a r[1 "o beh9d ano!r4 ,!re may be z _m z eight 9 a r[4 ,! ,curtiss & ,wright eng9es are examples4 ,ano!r type is ! 8oppos$0 arrangem5t1 ! cyl9d]s be+ plac$ 9 a horizontal position & 9 two sets1 "o work+ opposite ! o!r4 ,an example ( ?is type is se5 9 ! ,d>racq motor us$ on ! ,santos-,dumont monoplane4 ,ano!r type is ! 8,v0 arrangem5t1 ! cyl9d]s set alt]nately lean+ to "r & to left1 z se5 9 ! 8,fiat0 eng9e4 ,/ill ano!r type is ! 8radiant10 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s are all above ! horizontal1 & dispos$ l rays f ! ris+ sun4 ,! #c-;cyl9d] ,anzani eng9e & ! #e- & #g-;cyl9d] ,r-,e-,p eng9es are examples4 ,! 8/>0 type is exemplifi$ 9 ! #e & #g-;cyl9d] eng9es 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s radiate at equal angles all ar\nd ! circle4 ,! 8d\ble oppos$0 or cross-%ap$ type is %[n 9 ! 8,gobron0 eng9e4 ,9 all ( ^! types ! cyl9d]s are /ation>y1 & turn ! propell] %aft ei!r by cranks or by ge>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,elbridge eng9e1 ( ! 8t&em0 type & wat]-cool$4 ,x is an ,am]ican eng9e1 built at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,an entirely di/9ct type ( eng9e1 & "o :i* has be5 devis$ solely = ! a]oplane1 is ! rotative--(t5 miscall$ ! rot>y1 :i* is totally diff]5t4 ,! rotative type may be illu/rat$ by ! ,gnome motor4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! sev5 cyl9d]s turn ar\nd ! %aft1 :i* is /ation>y4 ,! propell] is fa/5$ to ! cyl9d]s1 & revolves ) !m4 ,?is +5i\s effect is produc$ by an (fset ( ! crank-%aft ( half ! /roke ( ! pi/ons1 ^: rods are all connect$ ) ! crank-%aft4 ,! entire sy/em revolves ar\nd ! ma9 %aft z a c5tre1 ! crank-%aft be+ also /ation>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fam\s ,gnome motor2 #ej horse-p[]1 #g-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$2 ( ! rotative type2 made 9 ,france4 ,?is illu/ration %[s ! ,gnome /eel propell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional diagram ( ! #e-;cyl9d] ,r-,e-,p motor2 ( ! 8radiant0 type4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional diagram ( ! #e-;cyl9d] ,bay>d-,clem5t motor2 ( ! 8/>0 type4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! propell] is n a "p ( ! motor ( ! fly+ ma*9e1 b x is s intimately connect$ ) x 9 ! utilization ( ! p[] creat$ by ! motor1 t x w be treat$ ( briefly 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! =m ( ! air-propell] has pass$ ?r\gh a long & v>i$ developm5t1 />t+ ) t ( ! m>9e propell]1 :i* 0 f\nd to be v ineffici5t 9 s loose a m$ium z air4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is lack ( d5sity 9 ! air1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to act on l>ge masses ( x at practically ! same "t to ga9 ! ?ru/ ne$$ to propel ! a]oplane swiftly1 & ?is l$ to increas+ ! diamet] ( ! propell] to secure action on a proportionally l>g] area ( air4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is simply ! geometric rule t ! areas ( circles are to ea* o!r z ! squ>es ( _! radii4 ,?us ! surface ( air act$ on by two propell]s1 "o ( #f feet diamet] & ! o!r ( #h feet diamet]1 w\ld be 9 ! proportion ( #i to #af2 & z ! c5tral "p ( a propell] has practically no ?ru/ effect1 ! effici5cy ( ! #h-;foot propell] is ne>ly twice t ( ! #f-;foot propell]--o!r factors be+ equal4 ,b ^! o!r factors may be made to v>y widely4 ,= in/ance1 ! numb] ( revolutions may be increas$ = ! small] propell]1 ?us engag+ m air ?an ! l>g] "o at a l[] spe$2 &1 9 practice1 x is possible to run a small propell] at a spe$ t w\ld n be safe = a l>ge "o4 ,ano!r factor is ! pit* ( ! propell]1 :i* may be describ$ z ! di/ance ! hub ( ! propell] w\ld advance 9 "o complete revolution if ! blades mov$ 9 an unyield+ m$ium1 z a section ( ! ?read ( an ord9>y bolt moves 9 its nut4 ,9 ! yield+ mass ( ! air ! propell] advances only a "p ( its pit*1 9 "s cases n m ?an half4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !oretical advance & ! actual advance is call$ ! 8slip40 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,call ,aviation ,eng9e1 ( ! oppos$ type2 wat]-cool$4 ,! cyl9d]s are l>ge & few 9 numb]4 ,! #ajj horse-p[] eng9e has b #d cyl9d]s1 & weighs only #bej p\nds4 7,! ,gnome #ajj horse-p[] eng9e has #ad cyl9d]s47 ,?is is an ,am]ican eng9e1 built at ,gir>d1 ,kansas4 ,9 practical "w ! numb] ( blades :i* h be5 f\nd to be mo/ effective is two4 ,m blades ?an two seem to s di/urb ! air t !re is no hold = ! propell]4 ,9 ! case ( sl[ly revolv+ propell]s1 z 9 mo/ air%ip me*anisms1 f\r-blad$ propell]s are us$ ) good effect4 ,b :]e ! diamet] ( ! propell] is ab\t #h feet1 & ! numb] ( revolutions ab\t #a1bjj p] m9ute1 ! two-blad$ type is us$ almo/ exclusively4 ,! _m diff]+ =ms ( ! blades ( ! propell] is evid5ce t ! manufactur]s h n decid$ ^u any def9ite %ape z be+ ! be/4 ,"s h /raight edges ne>ly or q p>allel2 o!rs h ! ent]+ edge /raight & ! re> edge curv$2 9 o!rs ! ent]+ edge is curv$1 & ! re> edge /raight2 or bo? edges may be curv$4 ,! majority ( ! wood5 propell]s are ( ! ?ird-m5tion$ type1 & ! curve is fa%ion$ s t at ea* section ( its l5g? ! blade pres5ts ! same area ( surface 9 ! same "t4 ,h5ce ! out] tip1 travell+ ! fa/e/1 is n>r[] ?an ! middle ( ! blade1 & x is also mu* ?9n] to less5 ! c5trifugal =ce act+ ^u x at great spe$s4 ,ne> ! hub1 h[ev]1 :]e ! travel is sl[e/1 ! con/ructional problem dem&s t ! blade contract 9 wid? & be made /\t4 ,9 fact1 x becomes almo/ r\nd 9 section4 ,_m propell]s are made ( metal1 ) tubul> %anks & blades ( %eet metal1 ! latt] ei!r solid %eets or =m$ ) a d\ble surface & holl[ inside4 ,/ill o!rs h a frame ( metal ) blades ( fabric put on loosely1 s t x may adapt itself to ! pressure ( ! air 9 revolv+4 ,t great /r5g? is requisite becomes pla9 :5 x is consid]$ t ! spe$ ( ! tip ( a propell] blade (t5 rea*es sev5 miles a m9ute6 ,& at ?is velocity ! c5trifugal =ce excit$--t5d+ to te> ! blades to spl9t]s--is prodigi\s4 ,j z ! curv$ surface ( ! planes ( an a]oplane is m effective ?an a flat surface 9 compress+ ! air b5ea? !m1 & ?us secur+ a firm] m$ium on :i* to glide1 s ! propell] blades are curv$ lat]ally 7across _! wid?7 to compress ! air beh9d !m & ?us secure a bett] hold4 ,! advanc+ side ( ! blade is =m$ ) a /ill great] curve1 to ga9 ! advantage due to ! unexpla9$ lift ( ! p>adox a]oplane4 ,:]e ! propell] is built ( wood x is made ( sev]al lay]s1 usually ( diff]5t k9ds ( wood1 ) ! gra9 runn+ 9 slightly diff]5t directions1 & all c>efully glu$ toge!r into a solid block4 ,a%1 spruce1 & mahogany1 9 alt]nat+ lay]s1 are a favorite comb9ation4 ,9 "s in/ances ! wood5 propell] is %ea!d 9 %eet alum9um2 9 o!rs1 x is well coat$ ) glue :i* is s&pap]$ d[n v smoo?1 !n v>ni%$1 & !n poli%$ to ! highe/ lu/re--to r$uce ! effect ( ! viscosity ( ! air to ! m9imum4 ,illu/ration3 ,two propell]s1 ! "o on ! left ( left-h& pit*2 ! o!r ( "r-h& pit*4 ,bo? are ?ru/+ propell]s1 & are view$ f ! re>4 ,^! f9e models are ( ! lam9at$ type1 & are ( ,am]ican make2 ! "o to ! left a ,p>agon propell] made 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ! o!r a ,braun] propell] made 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ord] to get ! be/ results1 ! propell] & ! motor mu/ be suit$ to ea* o!r4 ,"s motors :i* 8race0 ) a propell] :i* is slightly too small1 "w admirably ) "o a little heavi]1 or ) a long] diamet]4 ,! "q z to :e!r "o propell]1 or two1 is ! bett] practice1 has n be5 decid$4 ,! majority ( a]oplanes h b "o4 ,! ,wright & ! ,cody ma*9es h two4 ,! c]ta9ty ( s]i\s consequ5ces to a ma*9e hav+ two1 %\ld "o ( !m be disabl$1 or ev5 brok5 s z to r$uce ! area1 seems to favor ! use ( b "o4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,model ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es4 ,awak5$ popul> int]e/--,! work%op's %>e--,ne$$ devices--,sup]-s5sitive inv5tions--,unsolv$ problems--,tools & mat]ials--,a model biplane--,! propell]--,! body--,! /e]+ plane--,! ma9 planes--,assembl+ ! p>ts--,! motive p[]--,fly+ ! model--,a monoplane model--,c>v+ a propell]--,_m ideas illu/rat$--,clubs & competitions--,"s rem>kable records4 ,x is relat$ ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 t :5 he w5t out ) 8 fam\s kite ) ! wire /r+1 try+ to collect electricity f ! ?und]cl\d1 he took a boy along to =e/all ! ridicule t he knew w\ld be met$ out to him if he op5ly flew ! kite himself4 ,o!r sci5tific exp]im5t]s1 notably ^? work+ ^u ! problem ( human flight 9 our own "t1 h enc\nt]$ a simil> condition ( ! public m9d1 & h *os5 to conduct _! trials 9 secret r ?an to cont5d ) ! d]ision1 criticism1 & loss ( reputation :i* a sceptical _w w\ld h be5 quick to heap ^u !m4 ,b su* a complete revolution ( ?\ght has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ^! latt] days t gr\ps ( notable sci5tific m5 gravely fly+ kites1 or exp]im5t+ ) c>efully made models ( fly+ ma*9es1 ar\se only ! deepe/ int]e/1 & _! smalle/ discov]ies are eag]ly seiz$ ^u by ! daily press z news ( ! fir/ importance4 ,s mu* rema9s to be le>n$ 9 ! field ( a]onautics t no build] & fly] ( ! little model a]oplanes c fail to ga9 valuable in=mation1 if t is 8 int5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x be ! sport ( rac+ ^! model a]oplanes :i* appeals to him1 ! in/ruction giv5 9 ! pages foll[+ w be equally useful4 ,! e>ne/ /ud5t ( aviation is rem9d$ t ! progressive "w 9 ?is new art ( fly+ is n be+ done altoge!r1 nor ev5 9 l>ge "p1 by ! d>+ op]ators :o1 ) sup]b c\rage1 are p]=m+ su* rem>kable feats ) ! fly+ ma*9es ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,n "o ( !m w\ld claim t 8 ma*9e is all t c\ld be desir$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! intrepid m5 m ?an any o!rs are fully aw>e ( ! _m & s]i\s defects ( ! app>atus !y use = lack ( bett]4 ,! sci5tific /ud5t 9 8 work%op1 pati5tly exp]im5t+ ) 8 models1 & work+ to prove or disprove unte/$ !ories1 is d\btless do+ an invaluable "p 9 br++ ab\t ! sort ( fly+ :i* w be m truly pr(itable to humanity 9 g5]al1 ?\gh less spectacul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a model fly+ ma*9e built & fl[n by ,l\is ,paulhan1 ! not$ aviator1 at a prize conte/ = models 9 ,france4 ,! design is aft] ,langley's model1 ) t&em monoplane surfaces plac$ at a dih$ral angle4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ne$s ( ! pres5t ma*9es is an automatic balanc] :i* %all sup]s$e ! conc5trat$ att5tion :i* ! op]ator is n[ compell$ to ex]cise 9 ord] to keep 8 ma*9e "r side up4 ,! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* su* a balanc] mu/ be built is und\bt$ly )9 ! rea* ( ! build] & fly] ( models4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by an em95t sci5tific exp]im5t] 9 ?+s a]onautic t 8we _c hope to make a s5sitive app>atus quick en\gh to take advantage ( ! ris+ curr5ts ( ! air10 etc4 ,) due respect to ! publicly express$ op9ion ( ?is inve/igator1 x is well to reassure ourselves aga9/ s pessimi/ic an outlook by rememb]+ t ! con/ruction ( j su* sup]s5sitive app>atus is a task to :i* man has frequ5tly appli$ 8 intellectual p[]s ) signal success4 ,witness ! photomicroscope1 :i* records fai?fully an enl>g$ view ( objects too m9ute to be ev5 visible to ! human eye2 ! an]oid b>omet]1 s s5sitive t x w indicate ! diff]5ce 9 level betwe5 ! table & ! floor2 ! !rmo/at1 :i* regulates ! temp]ature ( ! wat] fl[+ 9 ! dome/ic heat+ sy/em ) a delicacy impossible to ! mo/ highly con/itut$ human organism2 ! seismograph1 detect+1 record+1 & almo/ locat+ e>? tremors orig9at+ ?\s&s ( miles away2 ! automatic fire spr9kl]2 ! safety-valve2 ! record+ !rmomet] & o!r meteorological in/rum5ts2 & la/1 if n ( lea/ importance1 ! common al>m-clock4 ,& ^! are b a few ( ! contrivances ) :i* man does by bl9d me*anism t :i* is impossible to 8 s5ti5t det]m9ation4 ,ev5 if ! n]v\s sy/em c\ld be s*ool$ into endurance ( ! we> & te> ( consci\sly balanc+ an a]oplane = _m h\rs1 x is /ill imp]ative t ! task be n left to ! ex]tion ( human wits1 b controll$ by self-act+ devices respond+ in/antly to un=ese5 conditions z !y occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ turbul5t air curr5ts produc$ :5 a flat plane is =c$ ?r\gh ! air at a l>ge angle ( incid5ce 9 ! direction ,a-,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ smoo?ly fl[+ air curr5ts caus$ by correctly %ap$ plane at prop] angle ( incid5ce4 ,"s ( ! problems ( :i* ! model-build] may f9d ! solution are3 :e!r l>ge screws revolv+ sl[ly1 or small screws revolv+ rapidly1 are ! m effective2 h[ _m blades a propell] %\ld h1 & _! mo/ effective %ape2 :at is ! 8p]fect0 mat]ial = ! planes 7,maxim f\nd t ) a smoo? wood5 plane he c\ld lift #b times ! weight t c\ld be lift$ ) ! be/ made fabric-cov]$ plane72 :e!r ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! a]oplane %\ld be above or bel[ ! c5tre ( lift1 or %\ld co9cide ) x2 new =mulas = ! correct expression ( ! lift 9 t]ms ( ! velocity1 & angle ( incl9ation--! =m] =mulas hav+ be5 prov$ errone\s by actual exp]i5ce2 h[ to take ! be/ advantage ( ! 8tang5tial =ce0 ann\nc$ by ,lili5?al1 & reass]t$ by ,h>grave2 & _m o!rs4 ,& !re is always ! 8p>adox a]oplane0 to be expla9$--& :5 expla9$ x w be no long] a p>adox1 b w d\btless op5 ! way to ! mo/ surpris+ advance 9 ! art ( fly+4 ,x is n assum$ t e read] ( ?is *apt] w become a /udi\s exp]im5t]1 b x is unque/ionably true t e model-build]1 9 8 ef=t to produce w9n+ ma*9es1 w be m ?an likely to discov] "s fact ( value 9 ! progress mak+ t[>d ! ultimate e/abli%m5t ( ! comm]cial navigation ( ! air4 ,! tools & mat]ials requisite = ! build+ ( model a]oplanes are few & inexp5sive4 ,= ! tools--a small hamm]2 a small iron 8block0 plane2 a f9e-cut half-r\nd file2 a pair ( r\nd-nose pli]s2 ?ree twi/ drills 7z us$ = drill+ metals71 ! l>ge/ #a_/af in* diamet]1 & two small] sizes1 ) an adju/able brad-awl h&le to hold !m2 a %>p pocket knife2 &1 if practicable1 a small h& vise4 ,! vise may be disp5s$ )1 & common brad-awls may take ! place ( ! drills1 if necess>y4 ,= ! fir/-describ$ model--! simple/--! foll[+ mat]ials are ne$$3 "s ?9 :itewood1 #a_/af in* ?ick 7z prep>$ = fret-saw+72 "s spruce /icks1 in* squ>e 7sky-rocket /icks are good72 a %eet ( heavy glaz$ pap]2 a bottle ( liquid glue2 "s ( ! smalle/ 79 diamet]7 brass screws1 to in* long2 "s brass wire1 #a_/bj in* 9 diamet]2 #ajj in*es ( squ>e rubb] 7ela/ic7 8cord10 su* z is us$ on return-balls1 b #a_/af in* squ>e2 & a few /rips ( draughtsman's trac+ clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b1 blank f :i* propell] is %ap$2 ,p1 ,p1 p5cil l9es at c5tre ( b5d2 ,c1 ,d1 sections ( blade at po9ts opposite2 ,e1 ,g1 propell] aft] twi/+2 ,h1 view ( propell] endwise1 %[+ outw>d twi/ ( tips2 also %aft4 ,z ! propell] is ! mo/ difficult "p to make1 x is be/ to beg9 ) x4 ,! flat blank is cut out ( ! :itewood1 & subject$ to ! action ( /eam issu+ f ! sp\t ( an actively boil+ tea-kettle4 ,! /eam mu/ be hot2 m]e vapor w n d ! "w4 ,:5 ! /rip has become pliable1 ! %ap+ is done by sl[ly b5d+ & twi/+ at ! same "t--p]haps 8coax+0 w\ld be ! bett] ^w1 = x mu/ be done g5tly & ) pati5ce--& ! /eam mu/ be play+ on ! wood all ! "t1 fir/ on "o side ( ! /rip1 !n on ! o!r1 at ! po9t :]e ! fibres are be+ b5t4 ,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! two blades b5t exactly alike--al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ) a contr>y twi/1 ! "o to ! "r & ! o!r to ! left1 on ea* side ( ! c5tre4 ,a lead-p5cil l9e across ea* blade at exactly ! same di/ance f ! c5tre w s]ve to fix accurately ! c5tre ( ! b5d4 ,if two blocks are made ) slots cut at ! angle ( #a in* rise to #b in*es base1 & nail$ to ! top ( ! "w b5* j f> en\gh ap>t to all[ ! tips ( ! screw to be slid into ! slots1 ! dry+ 9 p]fect %ape w be facilitat$4 ,! c5tre may be held to a true upright by two o!r blocks1 "o on ea* side ( ! c5tre4 ,"s /rips ( :itewood may be s rigid t ! /eam w n make !m suffici5tly supple4 ,9 ?is case x may be necess>y to dip !m bodily into ! boil+ wat]1 or ev5 to leave !m imm]s$ = a few m9utes2 aft]w>d b5d+ !m 9 ! hot /eam4 ,b a wett$ /ick requires long] to dry & set 9 ! screw %ape4 ,:5 ! propell] is ?or\ghly dry & set 9 prop] =m1 x %\ld be work$ into ! f9i%$ %ape ) ! half-r\nd file1 accord+ to ! sev]al sections %[n beside ! elevation = ea* "p ( ! blade4 ,! two /r5g!n+ piece's are !n to be glu$ on at ! c5tre ( ! screw1 & :5 ?or\ghly dry1 work$ d[n smoo?ly to %ape4 ,:5 all is dry & h>d x %\ld be smoo!d ) ! f9e/ em]y clo? & giv5 a coat ( %ellac v>ni%1 :i*1 9 turn1 may be rubb$ to a poli% ) rott5 /one & oil4 ,x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t ?is is a crude me?od ( mak+ a propell]1 & ! result _c be v good4 ,x is giv5 "h because x is ! easie/ way1 & ! propell] w "w4 ,a mu* bett] way is describ$ fur!r on--& ! bett] ! propell]1 ! bett] any model w fly4 ,b = a novice1 no "t w be lo/ 9 mak+ ?is "o1 = ! exp]i5ce ga9$ w enable ! model-build] to d bett] "w ) ! second "o ?an he c\ld d )\t x4 ,= ! a]oplane body we get out a /raight sp> ( spruce1 in* squ>e & #ae in*es long4 ,at ! front end ( ?is--on ! upp] side--is to be glu$ a small triangul> piece ( wood to s]ve z a support = ! =w>d or /e]+ plane1 tilt+ x up at ! front edge at ! angle repres5t$ by a rise ( #a 9 #h4 ,?is block %\ld be %ap$ on its upp] side to fit ! curve ( ! "u side ( ! /e]+-plane1 :i* w be screw$ to x4 ,! /e]+-plane is cut accord+ to plan1 out ( #a_/af in* :itewood1 plan$ d[n gradually to be at ! ends ab\t half t ?ickness4 ,?is plane is to be /eam$ & b5t to a curve 7=e & aft7 z %[n 9 ! sectional view4 ,! /eam %\ld play on ! convex side ( ! b5d :ile x is be+ %ap$4 ,to hold x 9 prop] =m until x is set1 blocks ) curv$ slots may be us$1 or x may be b\nd ) ?read to a m\ld+ block ( equal l5g? =m$ to ! prop] curve4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry x is to be smoo!d ) ! em]y clo?1 & a /rip ( trac+ clo?--glossy face out--is to be glu$ across ea* end1 to prev5t break+ 9 case ( a fall4 ,x is !n to be v>ni%$ ) %ellac1 & poli%$1 z direct$ = ! propell]4 ,inde$1 x %\ld be said once = all t e "p ( ! model %\ld be z glossy z x is possible to make x )\t add+ to ! weight1 & t all 8ent]+ edges0 7^? :i* pu% into & divide ! air :5 9 flight7 %\ld be z %>p z is practicable ) ! mat]ial us$4 ,! /e]+-plane is to be fa/5$ 9 place by a s+le screw long en\gh to pi]ce ! plane & ! support+ block1 & ent] ! sp>4 ,! hole = ?is screw 7z = all screws us$7 %\ld be drill$ c>efully1 to avoid ! lea/ splitt+ ( ! wood1 & j l>ge en\gh to h ! screw 8bite0 )\t =c+ its way 94 ,?is screw :i* holds ! plane is to be screw$ 8home0 b n too tight1 s t 9 case ! fly+ model %\ld /rike ^u x 9 fall+1 ! sl5d] plane w swivel1 & n break4 ,x w be notic$ t :ile ?is screw passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! plane sideways1 x is ne>] to ! =w>d edge ?an to ! re> edge4 ,if ! "w has be5 accurate1 ! plane w balance if ! sp> is support$--^u ! f+]1 p]haps1 z t is s5sitive to any t5d5cy to tipp+4 ,if ei!r w+ is too heavy1 re/ore ! balance by fil+ a little f ! tip ( t w+4 ,! ma9 planes are next to be made4 ,! l[] deck ( ! biplane is ( ! #a_/af in* :itewood1 & ! upp] "o is ( ! glaz$ pap] ^u a skeleton framework ( wood4 ,! upright walls are ( pap]4 ,! wood5 deck is to be b5t into ! prop] curve ) ! aid ( /eam1 & :5 dry & set 9 =m is to be f9i%$ & poli%$4 ,! frame = ! upp] deck is made ( ! ?9 :itewood1 & is held to its position by two diagonal /ruts ( :itewood b5t at ! ends ) /eam1 & two /raight upright /ruts or po/s4 ,x is bett] to b5d all cross-pieces into ! curve ( ! plane ) /eam1 b !y may be work$ into ! curve on ! top side ) plane & file1 & left flat on ! l[] side4 ,! draw+s %[ full details ( ! con/ruction1 drawn accurately to scale4 ,x is be/ to glue all jo9ts1 & 9 addition to ins]t t9y screws1 :]e %[n 9 ! plans1 at ! "t ( glu+4 ,:5 all ! wood5 p>ts are 9 place ! entire outl9e ( ! upp] plane & ! upright walls is to be =m$ ( silk ?read c>ri$ f po9t to po9t1 & ti$ ^u v small p9s 7su* z are us$ 9 rolls ( ribbon at ! /ores7 ins]t$ 9 ! wood4 ,! glaz$ pap] is put on d\ble1 glossy side out4 ,cut ! pieces twice z l>ge 7& a trifle m7 ?an is ne$$1 & fold s t ! smoo? crease comes to ! front & ! cut edges come toge!r at ! re>4 ,! two inn] walls %\ld be put 9 place fir/1 s z to enclose ! ?read front & back1 & ! po/1 betwe5 ! two leaves ( ! fold$ pap]4 ,cutt+ ! pap] half an in* too long w give "o f\r? ( an in* to turn flat top & bottom to fa/5 to ! upp] & l[] decks respectively4 ,! two out] walls & ! upp] deck may be cut all 9 "o piece1 ! "u leaf be+ slit to pass on ei!r side ( ! inn] walls4 ,a bit ( glue "h & !re w /eady ! p>ts to _! places4 ,! cut edges at ! re> ( ! deck & walls %\ld be caught toge!r ) a ?9 film ( glue1 s z to enclose ! re> ?reads4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b1 plan1 & ,c1 section1 ( /e]+ plane2 ,h1 section ( l[] ma9 plane2 ,l1 wood skeleton ( upp] plane2 ,t1 ,t1 silk ?read2 ,o1 ,o1 po/s2 ,j1 ,j1 braces2 ,e1 rubb] /r&s2 ,d1 =w>d hook2 ,g1 %aft2 ,f1 ?ru/-block2 ,k1 upp] plane ( pap]2 ,m1 elevation ( ma9 planes1 f ! re>4 ,:5 ! biplane is complet$ x is to be fa/5$ securely to ! sp> 9 su* a position t x is accurately balanc$--f side to side4 ,! sp> may be laid on a table1 & ! biplane plac$ across x 9 its approximate position4 ,!n move ! plane to "o side until x tips d[n1 & m>k ! spot on ! re> edge ( ! plane4 ,repeat ?is op]ation t[>d ! o!r side1 & ! c5tre betwe5 ! two m>ks %\ld be accurately fa/5$ ov] ! c5tre l9e ( ! sp>4 ,ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e !re may /ill be failure to balance exactly1 b a little "w ) a file on ! heavy side1 or a bit ( *ew+ gum /uck on ! light] side1 w rem$y ! matt]4 ,! body ( ! a]oplane be+ n[ built1 x is 9 ord] to fit x ) propell+ me*anism4 ,! motive p[] to :irl ! propell] we h already prep>$ is to be ! torsion1 or twi/+ /ra9--9 ?is case ! =ce ( untwi/+--( india rubb]4 ,:5 sev]al /r&s ( pure rubb] cord are twi/$ up tight1 _! ela/icity t5ds to untwi/ !m ) consid]able =ce4 ,! atta*m5t = ! rubb] /r&s at ! front end ( ! sp> is a sort ( bracket made ( ! brass wire4 ,! ends ( ! wire are turn$ up j a little1 & !y are set into little holes 9 ! "u side ( ! sp>4 ,:]e ! wire turns d[nw>d to =m ! hook x is b\nd tightly to ! sp> ) silk ?read4 ,! hook-%ap$ tip is =m$ ( ! loop ( ! wire d\bl$ ^u itself4 ,! re> atta*m5t ( ! rubb] /r&s is a loop ^u ! propell] %aft itself4 ,z %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ?is %aft is b a piece ( ! brass wire4 ,on "o end 7! re>7 an op5 loop is =m$1 & into ?is is slipp$ ! c5tre ( ! propell]4 ,! %ort end ( ! loop is !n twi/$ ar\nd ! long] %ank--v c>efully1 le/ ! wire cut into & de/roy ! propell]4 ,two turns ( ! wire is en\gh1 & !n ! tip ( ! twi/$ end %\ld be work$ d[n flat ) ! file1 to s]ve z a be>+ = ! propell] aga9/ ! ?ru/-block4 ,?is latt] is made ( a piece ( %eet brass 7a bit ( pr9t]s' brass 8rule0 is j ! ?+7 ab\t #a_/dj ( an in* ?ick4 ,x %\ld be ( an in* wide except at ! =w>d end1 :]e x is to be fil$ to a long po9t & b5t up a trifle to ent] ! wood ( ! sp>4 ,! re> end is b5t d[n 7n too %>ply1 le/ x break7 to =m ! be>+ = ! propell]1 a hole be+ drill$ ?r\gh x = ! propell] %aft1 j l>ge en\gh = ! %aft to turn freely 9 x4 ,ano!r small] hole is to be drill$ = a little screw to ent] ! re> end ( ! sp>4 ,next pass ! /raight end ( ! propell] %aft ?r\gh ! hole drill$ = x1 & ) ! pli]s =m a r\nd hook = ! re> atta*m5t ( ! rubb] /r&s4 ,screw ! brass be>+ into place1 & = additional /r5g?1 w9d a b9d+ ( silk ?read ar\nd x & ! sp>4 ,tie ! ends ( ! rubb] cord toge!r1 divide x into t5 ev5 /r&s1 & pass ! loops ov] ! two hooks--& ! ma*9e is ready = flight4 ,to w9d up ! rubb] x w be necess>y to turn ! propell] 9 ! opposite direction to :i* x w move :5 ! model is fly+4 ,ab\t #ajj turns w be requir$4 ,aft] x is w\nd1 hold ! ma*9e by ! re> end ( ! sp>1 lett+ ! propell] press aga9/ ! h& s x _c unw9d4 ,raise x slightly above ! head1 hold+ ! sp> level1 or incl9$ upw>d a little 7z exp]i5ce may dictate71 & laun* ! model by a g5tle ?r[ =w>d4 ,if ! "w has be5 well done x may fly f #aej to #bjj feet4 ,_m exp]im5ts may be made ) ?is ma*9e4 ,if x flies too high1 weight ! front end ( ! sp>2 if too l[1 glid+ d[nw>d f ! />t1 weight ! re> end4 ,a bit ( *ew+ gum may be en\gh to cause x to ride level & make a long] & pretti] flight4 ,a v graceful model is t ( ! monoplane type illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ reproductions f photographs4 ,! front view %[s ! little ma*9e j ready to take flight f a table4 ,! view f ! re> is a snap-%ot tak5 :ile x 0 actually fly+4 ,?is successful model 0 made by ,h>old ,s4 ,lynn1 ( ,/am=d1 ,conn4 ,be=e discuss+ ! details ( con/ruction1 let u notice "s peculi> features %[n by ! photographs4 ,! =w>d plane is ar*$2 t is1 ! tips ( ! plane b5d slightly d[nw>d f ! c5tre4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! two w+s ( ! re> plane b5d slightly upw>d f ! c5tre1 mak+ a dih$ral angle1 z x is call$2 t is1 an angle betwe5 two surfaces1 z di/+ui%$ f an angle betwe5 two l9es4 ,! toy :eels1 ,mr4 ,lynn says1 are put on pr9cipally = 8looks0 b !y are also useful 9 p]mitt+ a />t to be made f a table or ev5 f ! floor1 in/ead ( ! usual way ( hold+ ! model 9 ! h&s & giv+ x a slight ?r[ to get x />t$4 ,h[ev]1 ! :eels add to ! weight1 & ! model w n fly q s f> ) !m z )\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,front view ( ! ,lynn model ( ! monoplane type1 ab\t to take flight4 ,! wood f :i* ?is model 0 made 0 tak5 f a bamboo fi%-pole1 su* z may be b\ght any:]e = a dime4 ,! pole 0 split up1 & ! suitable pieces :ittl$ & plan$ d[n to ! prop] sizes1 z giv5 9 ! plans4 ,9 putt+ ! framework ( ! planes toge!r1 x is well to not* v slightly ea* rib & sp> :]e !y cross4 ,t\* ! jo9t ) a bit ( liquid glue1 & w9d quickly ) a few turns ( sew+ silk & tie tightly4 ,?is mu/ be done ) delicacy1 or ! frames w be out ( true4 ,if ! "w is done rapidly ! glue w n set until all ! ties on ! plane are f9i%$4 ,ano!r way is to t\* ! jo9+s ) a drop ( glue1 place ! ribs 9 position on ! sp>s1 & lay a bo>d c>efully on ! "w1 leav+ x !re until all is dry1 :5 ! ty+ c be done4 ,x ei!r case ! jo9+s %\ld be t\*$ aga9 ) ! liquid glue & all[$ to dry h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lynn model monoplane 9 flight1 f bel[ & f ! re>4 ,! be/ mat]ial = cov]+ ^! frames is ! ?9ne/ ( ,*9a silk4 ,if ?is is too exp5sive1 use ! ?9ne/ cambric4 ,b ! model w n fly s f> ) ! cambric cov]+4 ,! mat]ial is cut "o-f\r? ( an in* too l>ge on e side1 & fold$ ov]1 & ! fold glu$ d[n4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! frame is squ>e & true be=e ! cov]+ is glu$ on4 ,! motive p[] is produc$ by twi/+ up rubb] tub+4 ,five & ?ree-qu>t] feet ( pure rubb] tub+ are requir$4 ,x is ti$ toge!r ) silk s z to =m a cont9u\s r+4 ,?is is loop$ ov] two screw-hooks ( brass1 "o 9 ! re> block & ! o!r con/itut+ ! %aft4 ,?is loop$ tub+ is twi/$ by turn+ ! propell] backw>d ab\t two hundr$ turns4 ,z x untwi/s x turns ! propell]1 :i*1 9 ?is model1 is a 8traction0 screw1 & pulls ! ma*9e aft] x z x advances ?r\gh ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,details & plans ( ! ,h>old ,lynn model monoplane4 ,w1 tail block2 ,y1 ?ru/-block2 ,s1 m\nt+ ( propell] %[+ glass bead next ! ?ru/-block1 & "o lea!r wa%] outside ! screw2 ,b1 glass bead2 ,c1 t9 wa%]2 ,m1 ,m1 t9 lugs hold+ axle ( :eels4 ,! propell] 9 ?is in/ance is =m$ f a piece ( v ?9 t91 su* z is us$ = ! tops ( cans conta9+ cond5s$ milk4 ,ref]5ce to ! _m illu/rations ?r\gh\t ?is book %[+ propell]s ( fly+ ma*9es w give "o a v good idea ( ! prop] way to b5d ! blades4 ,! m\nt+ ) ! glass bead & ! two lea!r wa%]s is %[n 9 detail 9 ! plans4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( =m+ propell] ( ! lam9at$1 or lay]1 type4 ,! lay]s ( wood are glu$19 ! position %[n & ! blades c>v$ out accord+ to ! sections4 ,only "o blade is %[n f ! axle to ! tip4 ,?is w make a "r h& propell]4 ,! :eels are tak5 f a toy wagon1 & a pair ( t9 e>s w s]ve z be>+s = ! axle4 ,! sport ( fly+ model a]oplanes has l$ to ! =mation ( _m clubs 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ,europe4 ,"s ( ! me*anisms t h be5 devis$1 & "s ( ! contrivances to make ! models fly bett] & fur!r1 are illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,at ,a is %[n a me?od ( m\nt+ ! propell] ) a glass or *9a bead to r$uce friction1 & a brass corn] to aid 9 /r5g!n+4 ,b %[s a transmission ( p[] by two spur :eels & *a94 ,c is a device = us+ two rubb] twi/s act+ on ! two spur :eels ,s1 ,s1 :i* 9 turn are connect$ ) ! propell] ) a *a9 drive4 ,d %[s a laun*+ app>atus = />t+4 ,w1 ! model2 ,v1 ! c>riage2 ,f1 ! trigg] gu>d2 ,t1 trigg]2 ,e1 ela/ic cord = ?r[+ ! c>riage =w>d to ! /op ,k4 ,records h be5 made :i* seem m>vell\s :5 x is consid]$ t #bjj feet is a v good flight = a model propell$ by rubb]4 ,= in/ance1 at ! conte/ ( ! ,birm+ham ,a]o ,club 7,engl&7 9 ,septemb]1 "o ( ! conte/ants won ! prize ) a flight ( #ddg feet1 la/+ #dh seconds4 ,! next be/ records = duration ( flight 7 #ci seconds & #ch seconds4 ,a model a]oplane :i* is 8gu>ante$ to fly #a1jjj feet10 accord+ to ! adv]tisem5t 9 an ,engli% magaz9e1 is (f]$ = sale at #ae4 ,! ,am]ican record = l5g? ( flight is held by ,mr4 ,frank ,s*ob]1 ( ,new ,york1 ) a di/ance ( #bae feet #f in*es4 ,8 model 0 ( ! ,langley type ( t&em monoplane1 & v highly f9i%$4 ,! problem is l>gely "o ( adequate p[] )\t s]i\s increase ( weight4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,glid]4 ,a]ial balanc+--,practice necess>y--,simplicity ( ! glid] ,mat]ials--,con/ruction--,glid+--,feats ) ! ,montgom]y glid]--,not$ exp]im5t]s--,glid] clubs4 ,x is a matt] ( record t ! ,wright bro!rs sp5t ! bett] "p ( ?ree ye>s among ! s& dunes ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a sea-coa/ practis+ ) glid]s4 ,9 ?is way !y acquir$ t confid5ce :ile 9 ! air :i* comes f intimate acqua9tance ) its peculi>ities1 & :i* _c be ga9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,x is true t ! ,wrights 7 !n develop+ n only !mselves1 b also _! glid]s2 b ! latt] "w 0 done once = all4 ,to develop aviators1 h[ev]1 means ! repeat+ ( ! same process = ea* individual--j z ea* = himself mu/ be taught to read4 ,& ! glid] is ! 8,fir/ ,read]0 9 a]onautics4 ,! long trail ( wrecks ( co/ly a]oplanes m>k+ ! progress 9 ! art ( fly+ m>ks also ! lack ( prep>atory tra9+1 :i* _! own]s ei!r ?\ght unnecess>y1 or hop$ to escape by "s royal road less we>isome ?an p]si/5t p]sonal practice4 ,b !y all paid de>ly to discov] t !re is no royal road4 ,practice1 m practice1 & /ill m practice--t is ! secret ( successful a]oplane flight4 ,= ?is purpose ! glid] is mu* sup]ior to ! p[]-driv5 a]oplane4 ,!re are no controls to le>n1 no me*anism to manipulate4 ,"o simply laun*es into ! air1 & conc5trates 8 ef=ts ^u balanc+ himself & ! app>atus2 n z two di/9ct bodies1 h[ev]1 b z a unit$ :ole4 ,:5 practice has made p]fect ! ability to balance ! glid] in/9ctively1 n9e-t5?s ( ! art ( fly+ an a]oplane has be5 a*iev$4 ,n only ?is1 b a new sport has be5 laid "u contribution2 "o beside :i* coa/+ ^u a sn[-clad hillside is a crude =m ( enjoym5t4 ,=tunately = ! multitude1 a glid] is easily made1 & its co/ is ev5 less ?an t ( a bicycle4 ,a mode/ degree ( skill ) a few c>p5t]'s tools1 & a little 8gumption0 ab\t odd jobs 9 g5]al1 is all t is requir$ ( ! glid] build]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a glid+ slope ) />t+ plat=m1 erect$ = club use4 ,! frame ( ! glid] is ( wood1 & spruce is recomm5d$1 z x is /rong] & t\gh] = its weight ?an o!r woods4 ,x %\ld be ( /raight gra9 & free f knots2 & z !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( spruce f diff]5t trees1 x is well to g ov] ! pile 9 ! lumb] y>d & pick out ! lighte/ bo>ds4 ,h !m plan$ d[n smoo? on bo? sides1 & to ! requir$ ?ickness1 at ! mill--x w save mu* toilsome h& "w4 ,! sep>ate p>ts may also be saw$ out at ! mill1 if "o desires to avoid ?is labor4 ,! lumb] ne$$ is z foll[s3 #d sp>s #bj ft4 long1 #a 94 wide1 94 ?ick4 #ab /ruts #c ft4 long1 #a 94 wide1 94 ?ick4 #b rudd] b>s #h ft4 long1 94 wide1 94 ?ick4 #ab po/s #d ft4 long1 #a 94 wide1 94 ?ick4 #da ribs #d ft4 long1 94 wide1 94 ?ick4 #b arm re/s #d ft4 long1 #b 94 wide1 #a 94 ?ick4 ,= rudd] frame4 #bd runn+ ft41 #a 94 wide1 #a 94 ?ick4 ,if x be impossible to f9d cle> spruce lumb] #bj feet 9 l5g?1 ! sp>s may be built up by splic+ two #aj-;foot /icks toge!r4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! splic+ /ick %\ld be z heavy z ! s+le sp>--#a in*es wide1 & in*es ?ick--& at lea/ #d feet long1 & be bolt$ fa/ to ! sp> ) six in* r\nd-head c>riage bolts ) wa%]s ( l>ge be>+ surface 7t is1 a small hole to fit ! bolt1 & a l>ge out] diamet]7 at bo? ends ( ! bolt1 to prev5t cru%+ ! wood4 ,a lay] ( liquid glue bru%$ betwe5 w help to make ! jo9t firm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,otto ,lili5?al 9 8 s+le-plane glid]4 ,! sw++ =w>d ( 8 feet t5ds to turn ! glid] t[>d ! gr\nd1 & increase its spe$4 ,:]ev] a bolt is put 91 a hole %\ld be bor$ = x ) a bit ( su* size t ! bolt w fit snug 9 ! hole )\t /ra9+ ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! corn]s ( ! f9i%$ sp> are to be r\nd$ (f on a l>ge curvature4 ,! ends ( ! /ruts are to be cut d[n on a slight slant ( ab\t #a_/af in* 9 ! #a in*es t x laps "u ! sp>--) ! idea ( tipp+ ! top ( ! sp> =w>d s t ! ribs w spr+ naturally f x into ! prop] curve4 ,! ribs %\ld be b5t by /eam+1 & all[$ to dry & set 9 a =m1 or betwe5 blocks nail$ ^u ! floor to ! l9e ( ! correct curve4 ,!y are !n nail$ to ! frames1 ! front end fir/3 #ba to ! frame ( ! upp] plane1 & #bj to t ( ! l[] plane1 omitt+ "o at ! c5tre1 :]e ! arm pieces w be plac$4 ,"s build]s tack ! ribs lightly into place ) small brads1 & screw clamps =m$ f %eet brass or alum9um ov] !m4 ,o!rs use copp] nails & cl9* !m ov] wa%]s on ! "u side4 ,bo? me?ods are %[n 9 ! plans1 b ! clamps are recomm5d$ z giv+ great] /iffness1 an ess5tial feature4 ,at ! front edge ( ! frames ! ribs are fa/5$ flu%1 & be+ #d feet long & ! frame b #c feet wide1 !y project ov] ! re> ab\t #a foot4 ,! arm pieces are bolt$ to ! sp>s ( ! l[] frame #f in*es on ea* side ( ! c5tre1 s z to all[ a free space ( #ac in*es betwe5 !m4 ,?is op5+ may be made wid] to accommodate a /\t] p]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan & details ( ,glid]4 ,! upp] plane has a rib at ! c5tre in/ead ( ! two arm pieces4 ,! po/s are !n put into place & bolt$ to ! /ruts & ! sp>s1 z %[n1 ) in* bolts4 ,! entire /ructure is !n to be brac$ diagonally ) ,no4 #af piano wire4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ^! diagonals pull j taut1 s t !y %all n w>p ! l9es ( ! frames out ( true4 ,a crook$ frame w n fly /raight1 & is a s\rce ( dang] :5 mak+ a l&+4 ,! frames are n[ to be cov]$4 ,!re is a special balloon clo? made :i* is be/ = ! purpose1 b if t _c be procur$1 /rong cambric musl9 w answ]4 ,?irty y>ds ( goods #a y>d wide w be requir$ = ! planes & ! rudd]4 ,f ! piece cut (f #g l5g?s = ea* plane1 #d feet #f in*es long4 ,^! are to be sew$ toge!r1 selvage to selvage1 s z to make a %eet ab\t #ai feet #f in*es long & #d feet #f in*es wide4 ,z ?is is to be tack$ to ! frame1 ! edges mu/ be d\ble-hemm$ to make !m /rong en\gh to resi/ te>+ out at ! tacks4 ,half an in* is fir/ fold$ d[n all ar\nd2 ! fold is !n turn$ back on ! goods #b in*es & sew$4 ,?is hem is !n fold$ back #a in* ^u itself1 & aga9 /it*$4 ,/rips #c in*es wide & a little ov] #d feet long are fold$ 8?ree-d\ble0 into a wid? ( #a in*1 & sew$ along bo? edges to ! l>ge %eet exactly ov] :]e ! ribs come4 ,^! are to /r5g!n ! fabric :]e ! ribs press aga9/ x4 ,sixte5-ounce tacks are us$1 be+ driv5 ?r\gh a felt wa%] ! size ( a gun wad at int]vals ( f\r in*es4 ,if felt is n readily obta9able1 common felt gun wads w d4 ,! tack+ is be/ begun at ! middle ( ! frame1 hav+ fold$ ! clo? !re to get ! c5tre4 ,!n /ret* smoo?ly out to ! f\r corn]s & tack at ea*4 ,x may !n be necess>y to loos5 ! two c5tre tacks & place !m ov] aga91 to get rid ( wr9kles4 ,! next tacks to drive are at ! ends ( ! /ruts2 !n half-way betwe52 & s on until all are 91 & ! %eet is taut & smoo?4 ,= a f9] f9i%1 brass r\nd-head uphol/]]'s nails may be us$4 ,! rudd]1 s-call$1 is r a tail1 = x is n movable & does n /e] ! glid]4 ,x does /eady ! ma*9e1 h[ev]1 & is v important 9 pres]v+ ! equilibrium :5 9 flight4 ,x is =m$ ( two small planes int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles & cov]$ on bo? sides ) ! clo?1 ! sections cov]+ ! v]tical "p be+ cut along ! c5tre & hemm$ on to ! upp] & l[] faces ( ! horizontal "p4 ,! frame = ! v]tical "p is fa/5$ to ! two rudd] b>s :i* /ret* out t[>d ! re>1 "o f ! upp] plane1 & ! o!r f ! l[]4 ,! :ole con/ruction is /eadi$ by guys ( ! piano wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,lili5?al 9 8 d\ble-deck glid]4 ,x prov$ unmanageable & fell1 caus+ 8 dea?4 ,! hill is an artificial "o built = 8 own use 9 exp]im5t+4 ,all wood5 p>ts %\ld be smoo!d (f ) s&pap]1 & giv5 a coat ( %ellac v>ni%4 ,to make a glide1 ! ma*9e is tak5 to an elevat$ po9t on a slope1 n f> up to beg9 )4 ,lift ! glid]1 get 9 betwe5 ! arm re/s1 & raise ! app>atus until ! re/s are snug "u ! arms4 ,run swiftly = a few y>ds & leap into ! air1 hold+ ! front ( ! planes slightly elevat$4 ,if ! weight ( ! body is 9 ! "r position1 & ! spe$ suffici5t1 ! glid] w take ! air & sail ) y d[n ! slope4 ,x may be necess>y at fir/ to h ! help ( two assi/ants1 "o at ea* end1 to run ) ! glid] = a good />t4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram %[+ diff]+ l9es ( flight z controll$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! body4 ,! w9d mu/ be bl[+ aga9/ ! direction ( flight2 9 ! illu/ration ?is w\ld be f left to "r4 ,! position ( ! body on ! arm re/s c be/ be le>n$ by a few exp]im5ts4 ,no two glid]s are q alike 9 ?is respect1 & no rule c be giv54 ,z to ! requisite spe$1 x mu/ be betwe5 #ae & #bj miles an h\r2 & z ?is spe$ is impossible to a man runn+1 x is ga9$ by glid+ aga9/ ! w9d1 & ?us add+ ! spe$ ( ! w9d to ! spe$ ( ! runn]4 ,! ,wrights select$ ! s& dunes ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a coa/ = _! glid] exp]im5ts because ( ! /eady w9ds t bl[ 9 f ! ocean1 across ! l&4 ,^! w9ds gave !m ! necess>y spe$ ( air ^u :i* to sail _! glid]s4 ,! fir/ flights attempt$ %\ld be %ort1 & z exp]i5ce is ga9$ long] ones may be essay$4 ,balanc+ ! glid] f side to side is accompli%$ by sway+ ! l[] "p ( ! body l a p5dulum1 ! weight to g t[>d ! side :i* has ris54 ,sw++ ! body =w>d on ! arm re/s w cause ! ma*9e to dip ! planes & glide m swiftly d[n ! incl9e4 ,hold+ ! weight ( ! body back 9 ! arm re/s w cause ! ma*9e to fly on a high] pa? & at a sl[] spe$4 ,?is is objectionable because ! glid] is m manageable at a high] spe$1 & !re=e saf]4 ,! t5d5cy at fir/ is to place ! weight too f> back1 ) a consequ5t loss ( velocity1 & ) t a proportionate loss ( control4 ,! prop] position ( ! body is slightly =w>d ( ! me*anical c5tre ( ! ma*9e4 ,! l&+ is accompli%$ by %ov+ ! body backw>d1 ?us tilt+ up ! front ( ! plane4 ,?is *ecks ! spe$1 & :5 ! feet t\* ! gr\nd a little run1 :ile hold+ back1 w br+ ! glide to an end4 ,l&+ %\ld be practis$ (t5 ) brief glides until skill is ga9$1 = x is ! mo/ difficult op]ation 9 glid+4 ,aft] "o becomes exp]t1 long] flights may be secur$ by go+ to high] po9ts = ! />t4 ,f an elevation ( #cjj feet a glide ( #a1bjj feet is possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,glid+ ) a ,*anute ?ree-deck]4 ,a />t ) two assi/ants4 ,:ile x is necess>y to make glides aga9/ ! w9d1 x is n wise to attempt flights :5 ! w9d bl[s h>d] ?an #aj miles an h\r4 ,:ile ! flight may be successful1 ! l&+ may be disa/r\s4 ,! accompli%$ glid] op]ator is 9 l9e = ! a]oplane1 & x is safe to say t he w n be long )\t "o4 ,! skilful & practis$ op]ator ( a glid] makes ! v be/ a]oplane pilot4 ,?is *apt] w\ld n be complete )\t an adequate ref]5ce to ! glid]s devis$ by ,pr(essor ,montgom]y ( ,santa ,cl>a1 ,cali=nia4 ,^! ma*9es 7 s5t up ) ord9>y hot-air balloons to v>i\s heights1 rea*+ #d1jjj feet 9 "s in/ances1 :5 !y 7 cut loose & all[$ to desc5d 9 a long glide1 guid$ by _! pilots4 ,! "t ( ! desc5t f ! highe/ altitude 0 tw5ty m9utes1 dur+ :i* ! glid] travell$ ab\t eight miles4 ,! l&+ 0 made accurately ^u a designat$ spot1 & s g5tly t !re 0 no p]ceptible j>4 ,two ( ! pilots turn$ completely ov] sideways1 ! ma*9e right+ itself aft] ! som]sault & cont9u+ its regul> c\rse4 ,pr(essor ,montgom]y has made ! ass]tion t he c fa/5 a bag ( s& weigh+ #aej lbs4 9 ! driv]'s seat ( 8 glid]1 & s5d x up ti$ upside d[n "u a balloon1 & t aft] be+ cut loose1 ! ma*9e w "r itself & come safely to ! gr\nd )\t any /e]+4 ,lili5?al 9 ,g]many1 ,pil*] 9 ,engl&1 & ,*anute 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are names em95t 9 connection ) ! exp]im5ts ) glid]s :i* h be5 productive ( discov]ies ( ! greate/ importance to ! progress ( aviation4 ,! illu/ration ( ! ,*anute glid] %[s its peculi>ities pla9ly en\gh to enable any "o to compreh5d !m4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( glid] clubs 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\ntry has creat$ a dem& = ready-made ma*9es1 s t an en?usia/ :o does n wi% to build 8 own ma*9e may pur*ase x ready made4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,balloons4 ,fir/ air vehicle--,pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es--,:y balloons rise--,inflat+ gases--,e>ly hi/ory--,! ,montgolfi]s--,! hot-air balloon--,*>les's hydrog5 balloon--,pilatre de ,rozi]--,! fir/ a]onaut--,! fir/ balloon voyage--,blan*>d & ,jeffries--,cross+ ! ,engli% ,*annel--,fir/ ,engli% asc5sions--,notable voyages--,rec5t long-di/ance j\rneys & high asc5sions--,prize balloon races--,a fasc9at+ sport--,"s impressions1 adv5tures1 & h>d%ips--,accid5t record--,increas+ int]e/ 9 balloon+4 ,! balloon1 ?\gh ! e>lie/ & crude/ means ( gett+ up 9 ! air1 has n become obsolete4 ,x has be5 9 exi/5ce practically 9 its pres5t g5]al =m = upw>ds ( #ejj ye>s4 ,appliances h be5 add$ f "t to "t1 b ! big gas envelope enclos+ a volume ( "s gas light] ?an an equal volume ( air1 & ! basket1 or c>1 susp5d$ bel[ x1 rema9 z ! typical =m ( a]ial vehicle :i* has n *ang$ s9ce x 0 fir/ devis$ 9 times s remote z to lie outside ! b\nd>ies ( record$ hi/ory4 ,! common %ape ( ! gas bag ( a balloon is t ( ! sph]e1 or sometimes ( an inv]t$ pe>4 ,x is all[$ to rise & float away 9 ! air z ! prevail+ w9d may c>ry x4 ,attempts h be5 made to /e] x 9 a desir$ direction1 b !y did n accompli% mu* until ! gas bag 0 made long horizontally1 9 proportion to its height & wid?4 ,) a drag-rope trail+ beh9d on ! gr\nd f ! re> end ( ! gas bag1 & sails on ! =w>d end1 x 0 possible to guide ! elongat$ balloon to "s ext5t 9 a det]m9$ direction4 ,9 expla9+ :y a balloon rises 9 ! air1 x is cu/om>y to quote ! 8pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es10 discov]$ & =mulat$ by t fam\s philosoph] c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,briefly /at$1 x is ?is3 ,e body imm]s$ 9 a fluid is act$ ^u by a =ce press+ upw>d1 :i* is equal to ! weight ( ! am\nt ( ! fluid displac$ by ! imm]s$ body4 ,x rema9$ = ,sir ,isaac ,newton to expla9 ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es 7by ! discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation71 & to %[ t ! reason :y ! imm]s$ body is app>5tly pu%$ upw>d1 is t ! displac$ fluid is attract$ d[nw>d4 ,9 ! case ( a subm]g$ bag ( a gas light] ?an air1 ! am\nt ( =ce act+ on ! surr\nd+ air is great] ?an t act+ on ! gas1 & ! latt] is simply cr[d$ out ( ! way by ! desc5d+ air1 & =c$ up to a high] level :]e its light] bulk is balanc$ by ! gravity act+ ^u x4 ,! fluid 9 :i* ! balloon is imm]s$ is ! air4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! air cr[ds d[n ar\nd & "u ! balloon is its weight--weight be+ ! measure ( ! attraction :i* gravity ex]ts ^u any sub/ance4 ,! weight ( air at a temp]ature ( #cb ,fahr41 at ! normal b>omet] pressure at ! sea-level 7#bi4ib in*es ( m]cury71 is #j4jhjg lbs4 p] cubic foot4 ,! gas us$ to fill a balloon mu/ !re=e weigh less ?an ?is1 bulk = bulk1 9 ord] to be cr[d$ upw>d by ! heavi] air--& ?us ex]t its 8lift+ p[]10 z x is commonly call$4 ,9 practice1 two gases h be5 us$ = inflat+ balloons--hydrog51 & illum9at+ gas1 made ord9>ily f coal1 & call$ 8coal gas40 ,hydrog5 is ! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n2 t is1 x is attract$ less by gravity ?an any o!r kn[n sub/ance1 9 proportion to its bulk4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ attempts to /e] a sph]ical balloon by ret>d+ its spe$ ) ! drag-rope1 & adju/+ ! sail to ! pass+ w9d4 ,a cubic foot ( hydrog5 weighs b #j4jjef lbs41 & x w !re=e be pu%$ upw>d 9 air by ! diff]5ce 9 weight1 or #j4jgea lbs4 p] cubic foot4 ,a cubic foot ( coal gas weighs ab\t #j4jdjj lbs41 & is cr[d$ upw>d 9 air ) a =ce ( #j4jdjg lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus to illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es4 ,at ! left1 ! small solid glass ball & l>ge holl[ glass sph]e are balanc$ 9 ! free air4 ,:5 ! balance is mov$ "u ! bell-glass ( ! air pump 7at ! "r71 & ! air exhau/$1 ! l>ge sph]e drops1 %[+ t its previ\s balance 0 due to ! upw>d pressure ( ! air1 great] because ( its l>g] bulk4 ,x is readily se5 t a v l>ge bulk ( hydrog5 mu/ be us$ if any consid]able weight is to be lift$4 ,= to ! weight ( ! gas mu/ be add$ ! weight ( ! conta9+ bag1 ! c>1 & ! network support+ x1 ! balla/1 in/rum5ts1 & pass5g]s1 & !re mu/ /ill be en\gh m to af=d elevat+ p[] suffici5t to raise ! entire load to ! desir$ level4 ,let u assume t we h a balloon ) a volume ( #bj1jjj cubic feet1 :i* weighs ) its appurt5ances #ejj p\nds4 ,! hydrog5 x w\ld conta9 w\ld weigh ab\t #aab p\nds1 & ! weight ( ! air x w\ld displace w\ld be ab\t #a1fbj p\nds4 ,! total available lift+ p[] w\ld be ab\t #a1jjj p\nds4 ,if a long-di/ance j\rney is to be und]tak5 at a comp>atively l[ level1 ?is w be suffici5t to c>ry ! necess>y balla/1 & a few pass5g]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is int5d$ to rise to a great height1 ! problem is diff]5t4 ,! weight ( ! air1 & consequ5tly its lift+ pressure1 decreases z we g upw>ds4 ,if ! balloon has n be5 entirely fill$1 ! gas w exp& z ! pressure is r$uc$ 9 ! high] altitude4 ,?is has ! effect ( c>ry+ ! balloon high]4 ,heat+ ( ! conta9$ gas by ! sun w also cause a rise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! diffusion ( ! gas ?r\gh ! envelope into ! air1 & ! p5etration ( air into ! gas bag w produce a mixture heavi] ?an hydrog51 & w cause ! balloon to desc5d4 ,! extreme cold ( ! upp] air has ! same effect1 z x t5ds to cond5se to a small] bulk ! gas 9 ! balloon4 ,to *eck a desc5t ! load c>ri$ by ! gas mu/ be light5$ by ?r[+ out "s ( ! balla/1 :i* is c>ri$ simply = ?is purpose4 ,f9ally a level is rea*$ :]e equilibrium is e/abli%$1 & above :i* x is impossible to rise4 ,! e>lie/ record$ asc5t ( a balloon is cr$it$ to ! ,*9ese1 on ! occasion ( ! coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,fo-,ki5 at ,pek9 9 ! ye> #acjf4 ,if ?is may be call$ hi/orical1 x gives evid5ce also t x spe$ily became a lo/ art4 ,! next really hi/oric record belongs 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac attempt$ to fly ) ! aid ( bags ( air atta*$ to 8 p]son1 expect+ !m to be s exp&$ by ! heat ( ! sun z to rise ) suffici5t =ce to lift him4 ,he did n succe$1 b 8 idea is pla9ly ! =]unn] ( ! hot-air balloon4 ,9 ! same c5tury ,francisco de ,lana1 :o 0 cle>ly a man ( mu* intellig5ce & ke5 reason+ ability1 hav+ det]m9$ by exp]im5t t ! atmosph]e _h weight1 decid$ t he w\ld be able to rise into ! air 9 a %ip lift$ by f\r metal sph]es #bj feet 9 diamet] f :i* ! air _h be5 exhau/$4 ,aft] sev]al failures he ab&on$ 8 ef=ts ^u ! religi\s gr\nds t ! ,almighty d\btless did n approve su* an ov]turn+ 9 ! affairs ( mank9d z w\ld foll[ ! atta9m5t ( ! art ( fly+4 ,9 #ageg1 ,gal51 a ,fr5* monk1 publi%$ a book1 8,! ,art ( ,navigat+ 9 ! ,air10 9 :i* he advocat$ fill+ ! body ( ! air%ip ) air secur$ at a great height above ! sea-level1 :]e x 0 8a ?\s& times light] ?an wat]40 ,he %[$ by ma!matical computations t ! upw>d impulse ( ?is air w\ld be suffici5t to lift a heavy load4 ,he plann$ 9 detail a great air%ip to c>ry #d1jjj1jjj p]sons & sev]al million packages ( goods4 ,?\gh x may h accompli%$ no?+ m1 ?is book is believ$ to h be5 ! *ief s\rce ( inspiration to ! ,montgolfi]s4 ,! discov]y ( hydrog5 by ,cav5di% 9 #aggf gave ,dr4 ,black ! opportunity ( sugge/+ t x be us$ to inflate a l>ge bag & s lift a heavy load into ! air4 ,al?\gh he made no attempt to con/ruct su* an app>atus1 he aft]w>d claim$ t ?r\gh ?is sugge/ion he 0 entitl$ to be call$ ! real inv5tor ( ! balloon4 ,?is is ! meagre hi/orical record prec$+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! bro!rs ,/eph5 & ,joseph ,montgolfi]1 :i* m>k$ di/9ctly ! beg9n+ ( practical a]onautics4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 7 highly educat$1 & !y 7 exp]i5c$ work]s 9 _! fa!r's pap] factory4 ,joseph _h made "s p>a*ute drops f ! ro( ( 8 h\se z e>ly z #agga4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts ) /eam1 smoke1 & hydrog5 gas1 ) :i* !y tri$ ineffectually to inflate l>ge pap] bags1 !y f9ally succe$$ ) heat$ air1 & on ,june #e1 #aghc1 !y s5t up a great pap] hot-air balloon1 #ce feet 9 diamet]4 ,x rose to a height ( #a1jjj feet1 b soon came to e>? aga9 ^u cool+4 ,x appe>s t ! ,montgolfi]s 7 :olly ignorant ( ! fact t x 0 ! r>efy+ ( ! air by heat+ t caus$ _! balloon to rise1 & !y made no attempt to keep x hot :ile ! balloon 0 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,an e>ly ,montgolfi] balloon4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,m4 ,*>les1 decid$ t hydrog5 gas w\ld be bett] ?an hot air to inflate balloons4 ,f9d+ t ?is gas pass$ readily ?r\gh pap]1 he us$ silk coat$ ) a v>ni% made by dissolv+ rubb]4 ,8 balloon 0 #ac feet 9 diamet]1 & weigh$ ab\t #bj p\nds4 ,x 0 s5t up f ! ,*amp de ,m>s on ,augu/ #bi1 #aghc1 amid/ ! boom+ ( cannon1 9 ! pres5ce ( #cjj1jjj spectators :o assembl$ despite a heavy ra94 ,x rose swiftly1 disappe>+ among ! cl\ds1 & soon bur/ f ! expansion ( ! gas 9 ! high] & r>] atmosph]e--no all[ance hav+ be5 made = ?is un=ese5 result4 ,x fell 9 a rural region ne> ,p>is1 :]e x 0 totally de/roy$ by ! inhabitants1 :o believ$ x to be "s hide\s =m ( ! devil4 ,! ,montgolfi]s _h already come to ,p>is1 & _h con/ruct$ a balloon ( l95 & pap]4 ,be=e !y _h opportunity ( s5d+ x up x 0 ru9$ by a ra9/orm ) a high w9d4 ,!y imm$iately built ano!r ( wat]pro( l95 :i* made a successful asc5sion on ,septemb] #ai1 #aghc1 tak+ z pass5g]s a %eep1 a cock1 & a duck4 ,! balloon came safely to e>? aft] be+ up eight m9utes--fall+ 9 consequ5ce ( a leak 9 ! air-bag ne> ! top4 ,! pass5g]s 7 exam9$ ) great int]e/4 ,! %eep & ! duck seem$ 9 ! same excell5t condition z :5 !y w5t up1 b ! cock 0 evid5tly ail+4 ,a consultation ( sci5ti/s 0 held & x 0 ! cons5sus ( op9ion t ! f[l c\ld n endure brea?+ ! r>] air ( ! high altitude4 ,at ?is juncture "s "o discov]$ t ! cock _h be5 trodd5 ^u by ! %eep1 & ! consultation clos$ abruptly4 ,! ,montgolfi] bro!rs 7 load$ ) honors1 ,/eph5 receiv+ ! l>g] portion2 & ! p ( ,p>is ent]$ en?usia/ically into ! sport ( mak+ & fly+ small balloons ( ! ,montgolfi] type4 ,/eph5 began "w at once ^u a l>g] balloon int5d$ to c>ry human pass5g]s4 ,x 0 fifty feet 9 diamet]1 & #he feet high1 ) a capacity ( #ajj1jjj cubic feet4 ,! c> = ! pass5g]s 0 swung bel[ f cords 9 ! fa%ion t has s9ce become s famili>4 ,9 ! meantime ,pilatre de ,rozi] _h con/ruct$ a balloon on ! hot-air pr9ciple1 b ) an arrangem5t to keep ! air heat$ by a cont9u\s fire 9 a pan "u ! m\? ( ! balloon4 ,he made ! fir/ balloon asc5t on record on ,octob] #ae1 #aghc1 ris+ to a height ( eighty feet1 9 ! captive balloon4 ,on ,novemb] #ba1 9 ! same ye>1 de ,rozi] und]took an exp$ition 9 a free balloon ) ! ,m>quis d',arl&es z a companion4 ,! exp]im5t 0 to h be5 made ) two condemn$ crim9als1 b de ,rozi] & d',arl&es succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! ,k+'s p]mission to make ! attempt1 & 9 consequ5ce _! names rema9 z ^? ( ! fir/ a]onauts4 ,!y came safely to ! gr\nd aft] a voyage la/+ tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,aft] ?is1 asc5sions spe$ily became a recogniz$ sport1 ev5 = ladies4 ,! greate/ altitude rea*$ by ^! hot-air balloons 0 ab\t #i1jjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,pilatre de ,rozi]'s balloon4 ,! great dang] f fire1 h[ev]1 l$ to ! clos] consid]ation ( ! hydrog5 balloon ( ,pr(essor ,*>les1 :o 0 build+ "o ( #cj feet diamet] = ! /udy ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,8 ma/]y ( ! subject is %[n by ! fact t 8 balloon 0 equipp$ ) almo/ e device aft]w>d 9 use by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ a]onauts4 ,he inv5t$ ! valve at ! top ( ! bag = all[+ ! escape ( gas 9 l&+1 ! op5 neck to p]mit expansion1 ! network ( cords to support ! c>1 ! grapnel = an*or+1 & ! use ( a small pilot balloon to te/ ! air-curr5ts be=e ! asc5sion4 ,he also devis$ a b>omet] by :i* he 0 able to measure ! altitude rea*$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,to provide ! hydrog5 gas requir$ he us$ ! *emical me?od ( p\r+ dilute sulphuric acid on iron fil+s4 ,! process 0 s sl[ t x took cont9u\s action = ?ree days & ?ree nights to secure ! #ad1jjj cubic feet ne$$1 b 8 balloon 0 f9ally ready on ,decemb] #a1 #aghc4 ,"o ( ! bro!rs ,rob]t accompani$ ,*>les1 & !y travell$ ab\t #dj miles 9 a little less ?an #d h\rs1 alight+ at ,nesles4 ,"h ,rob]t l&$ & ,*>les cont9u$ ! voyage alone4 ,neglect+ to take on bo>d balla/ to replace ! weight ( ,m4 ,rob]t1 ,*>les 0 c>ri$ to a great height1 & suff]$ sev]ely f cold & ! difficulty ( brea?+ 9 ! highly r>efi$ air4 ,he 0 oblig$ to op5 8 gas valve & desc5d aft] half an h\r's flight alone4 ,blan*>d1 ano!r ,fr5* inv5tor1 ab\t ?is "t con/ruct$ a balloon ) ! int5tion ( be+ ! fir/ to cross ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 ! air4 ,he took 8 balloon to ,dov] & ) ,dr4 ,jeffries1 an ,am]ican1 />t$ on ,janu>y #g1 #aghe4 ,8 balloon 0 leaky & he _h load$ x d[n ) a lot ( useless ?+s 9 ! way ( o>s1 provisions1 & o!r ?+s4 ,all ( ?is mat]ial & ! balla/ _h to be ?r[n ov]bo>d at ! outset1 & books & p>ts ( ! balloon foll[$4 ,ev5 _! clo?+ _h to be ?r[n ov] to keep ! balloon out ( ! sea1 & at la/1 :5 ,dr4 ,jeffries _h det]m9$ to jump out to enable 8 fri5d to rea* ! %ore1 an upw>d curr5t ( w9d caught !m & ) great difficulty !y l&$ ne> ,calais4 ,! feat 0 highly laud$ & a monum5t 9 m>ble 0 erect$ on ! spot to p]petuate ! record ( ! a*ievem5t4 ,de ,rozi] lo/ 8 life soon aft] 9 ! ef=t to duplicate ?is trip across ! ,*annel ) 8 comb9ation hydrog5 & hot-air balloon4 ,8 idea seems to h be5 t he c\ld pres]ve ! buoyancy ( 8 d\ble balloon by heat+ up ! air balloon at int]vals4 ,un=tunately1 ! exud+ ( ! hydrog5 z ! balloons rose =m$ an explosive mixture ) ! air he 0 ris+ ?r\gh1 & x 0 drawn to 8 furnace1 & an explosion took place :i* blew ! entire app>atus into fragm5ts at an altitude ( ov] #a1jjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,c> & hoop ( ! ,blan*>d balloon1 ! fir/ to cross ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,c\nt ,zambecc>i1 an ,italian1 attempt$ to improve ! de ,rozi] me?od ( fir+ a balloon by sub/itut+ a l>ge alcohol lamp = ! wood fire4 ,9 ! fir/ two trial trips he fell into ! sea1 b 0 rescu$4 ,on ! ?ird trip 8 balloon 0 swept into a tree1 & ! ov]turn$ lamp set x on fire4 ,to escape be+ burn$1 he ?rew himself f ! balloon & 0 kill$ by ! fall4 ,! ye> be=e ^! feats on ! ,cont95t two notable balloon asc5sions _h tak5 place 9 ,engl&4 ,on ,augu/ #bg1 #aghd1 an a]onaut by ! "n ( ,tytl] made ! fir/ balloon voyage )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,great ,brita94 ,8 balloon 0 ( l95 & v>ni%$1 & ! record ( 8 asc5sion indicates t he us$ hydrog5 gas to inflate x4 ,he so>$ to a great height1 & desc5d$ safely4 ,a few weeks lat]1 ! ,italian a]onaut ,lun>di made 8 fir/ asc5t f ,london4 ,! spectacle drew ! ,k+ & 8 c\ncillors f _! delib]ations1 & ! balloon 0 wat*$ until x disappe>$4 ,he l&$ 9 ,/&on1 ne> ,w>e1 :]e a /one 0 set to record ! ev5t4 ,on ,octob] #ab1 he made 8 fam\s voyage f ,ed9burgh ov] ! ,fir? ( ,=? to ,c]es2 a di/ance ( #df miles 9 #ce m9utes1 or at ! rate ( ne>ly #gi miles p] h\r2 a spe$ r>ely equall$ by ! swifte/ railroad tra9s4 ,f ?is "t on balloons multipli$ rapidly & ! asc5ts 7 too num]\s = record+ 9 ^! pages4 ,! few :i* h be5 select$ = m5tion are notable ei!r = ! great di/ances trav]s$1 or = ! spe$ ) :i* ! j\rneys 7 made4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! fa/e/ me?od ( l& travel 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! p]iod cov]$ 0 by /age coa*2 & ! sail+ %ip 0 ! only means ( cross+ ! wat]4 ,x is no wond] t (t5 ! p among :om ! a]onauts l&$ on a balloon voyage refus$ to believe ! /atem5ts made z to ! di/ance !y _h come1 & ! m>vell\sly %ort "t x _h tak54 ,& ev5 z comp>$ ) ! mo/ rapid transit ( ! pres5t day1 ! spe$s atta9$ 9 _m cases h nev] be5 equall$4 ,a rem>kable ,engli% voyage 0 made 9 ,june1 #ahjb1 by ! ,fr5* a]onaut ,g>n]9 & ,capta9 ,sn[don4 ,!y asc5d$ f ,*elsea ,g>d5s & l&$ 9 ,col*e/]1 #fj miles di/ant1 9 #de m9utes3 an av]age spe$ ( #hj miles an h\r4 ,on ,decemb] #af1 #ahjd1 ,g>n]9 asc5d$ f ! squ>e 9 front ( ,notre ,dame1 ,p>is2 pass+ ov] ,france & into ,italy1 sail+ above ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & ! ,vatican1 & desc5d+ into ,lake ,bracciano--a di/ance ( #hjj miles 9 #bj h\rs4 ,?is voyage 0 made z a "p ( ! coronation c]emonies ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,! balloon 0 aft]w>ds hung up 9 a corridor ( ! ,vatican4 ,on ,octob] #g1 #ahaa1 ,sadl] & ,bur*am voyag$ f ,birm+ham to ,bo/on 7,engl&71 #aab miles 9 #a h\r #dj m9utes1 a spe$ ( #fg miles p] h\r4 ,on ,novemb] #ag1 #ahcf1 ,*>les ,gre5 & ,monck ,mason />t$ on a voyage 9 ! great balloon ( ! ,vauxhall ,g>d5s4 ,x 0 pe>-%ap$1 #fj feet high & #ej feet 9 diamet]1 & held #he1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,x 0 cut loose at half-pa/ "o 9 ! aft]noon1 & 9 #c h\rs _h rea*$ ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & 9 #a h\r m _h cross$ x1 & 0 ne>ly ov] ,calais4 ,dur+ ! night x float$ on ov] ,france 9 pit*y d>kness & su* int5se cold t ! oil 0 froz54 ,9 ! morn+ ! a]onauts desc5d$ a few miles f ,weilburg1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,nassau1 hav+ travell$ ab\t #ejj miles 9 #ah h\rs4 ,at t date1 by ! fa/e/ coa*es ! trip w\ld h consum$ ?ree days4 ,! balloon 0 re*ri/5$ 8,! ,great ,balloon ( ,nassau0 by ! en?usia/ic citiz5s ( ,weilburg4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,s4 ,c4 ,l[e's mammo? balloon 8,city ( ,new ,york10 a feature ( ! ye> #ahfj1 9 :i* x made _m %ort voyages 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,9 #ahdi1 ,m4 ,arban cross$ ! ,alps 9 a balloon1 />t+ at ,m>seilles & l&+ at ,tur9--a di/ance ( #djj miles 9 #h h\rs4 ,?is rem>kable record = s long a di/ance at a high spe$ has r>ely be5 equall$4 ,x 0 exce$$ z to di/ance at ! same spe$ by ! ,am]ican a]onaut1 ,john ,wise1 9 #ahei4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s balloons ( rec5t times 0 ! 8,geant10 built by ,m4 ,nad>1 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahec4 ,! imm5se gas-bag 0 made ( silk ( ! f9e/ quality co/+ at t "t ab\t #a4cj a y>d1 & be+ made d\ble1 x requir$ #bb1jjj y>ds4 ,x _h a capacity ( #bae1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 & lift$ #d tons4 ,! c> 0 #ac feet squ>e1 & _h an upp] deck :i* 0 op54 ,on its fir/ asc5t x c>ri$ #ae pass5g]s1 includ+ ,m4 ,nad> z capta91 & ! bro!rs ,god>d z lieut5ants4 ,a few weeks lat] ?is balloon 0 set free = a long-di/ance j\rney1 & #ag h\rs aft] x left ,p>is x l&$ at ,nieuburg 9 ,hanov]1 hav+ trav]s$ #gej miles1 a "p ( ! "t at ! spe$ ( fully #ij miles p] h\r4 ,9 ,july1 #ahei1 ,john ,wise1 an ,am]ican a]onaut1 j\rney$ f ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 to ,h5d]son1 ,n4 ,y41 a di/ance ( #iej miles 9 #ai h\rs4 ,8 av]age spe$ 0 #ej miles p] h\r4 ,?is record = duration at s high a rate ( spe$ has nev] be5 exce$$4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj1 sev5ty-?ree balloons 7 s5t out f t city c>ry+ mail & dispat*es4 ,^! 7 "u ,gov]nm5t direction1 & receive notice 9 a subsequ5t *apt] devot$ to ,milit>y ,a]onautics4 ,"o ( ^! balloons is entitl$ to m5tion among ^? fam\s = rapid j\rneys1 hav+ travell$ to ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 a di/ance ( #bhe miles1 9 #c h\rs--an av]age spe$ ( #ie miles p] h\r4 ,ano!r ( ^! po/al balloons belongs 9 ! extreme long-di/ance class1 hav+ come d[n 9 ,norway ne>ly #a1jjj miles f ,p>is4 ,9 ,july1 #ahig1 ! ,arctic explor] ,&re />t$ on 8 voyage to ! ,pole4 ,z "s ( 8 in/rum5ts h be5 rec5tly recov]$ f a w&]+ b& ( ,esquimaux1 x is believ$ t a record ( 8 voyage may yet be secur$4 ,9 ! same ye> a balloon "u ! comm& ( ,god>d asc5d$ at ,leipsic1 & aft] a w&]+ j\rney 9 an irregul> c\rse1 desc5d$ at ,wilna4 ,! di/ance travell$ 0 e/imat$ at #a1jcb miles1 b z balloon records are always bas$ on ! airl9e di/ance betwe5 ! places ( asc5t & desc5t1 ?is record has n be5 accept$ z au?oritative4 ,! "t consum$ 0 #bd h\rs4 ,9 #ahii1 ,capta9 von ,sigsfield1 ,capta9 ,hildebr&t1 & a companion />t$ f ,b]l9 9 a w9d s /rong t x prev5t$ ! tak+ on ( an adequate load ( balla/4 ,!y rose into a gale1 & 9 two h\rs 7 ov] ,breslau1 hav+ made ! di/ance at a spe$ ( #ib miles p] h\r4 ,9 ! grasp ( ! /orm !y cont9u$ _! swift j\rney1 l&+ f9ally high up 9 ! sn[s ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,alps 9 ,au/ria4 ,!y 7 arre/$ by ! local au?orities z ,russian spies1 b succe$$ 9 ga9+ _! lib]ty by telegraph+ to an (ficial m closely 9 t\* ) ! a]onautics ( ! day4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 sev]al balloon voyages notable = _! l5g?4 ,jacques ,balsan travell$ f ,v9c5nes to ,dantzig1 #geg miles2 ,c\nt de la ,vaulx j\rney$ f ,v9c5nes to ,pol&1 #gjf miles2 ,jacques ,faure f ,v9c5nes to ,mamlity1 #gec miles4 ,9 a subsequ5t voyage ,jacques ,balsan travell$ f ,v9c5nes to ,rodom1 9 ,russia1 #hdc miles1 9 #bg h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,! balloon 9 :i* ,coxwell & ,glai%] made _! fam\s asc5t ( #bi1jjj feet4 ,"o ( ! longe/ balloon voyages on record 9 po9t ( "t consum$ is t ( ,dr4 ,weg5] ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,l9d5b]g1 9 #aije4 ,he rema9$ 9 ! air = #eb h\rs4 ,! longe/ voyage1 z to di/ance1 up to #aiaj1 0 t ( ,c\nt de ,la ,vaulx & ,c\nt ,ca/illon de ,sa9t ,victor 9 #aijf1 9 ! balloon 8,c5taur40 ,?is 0 a comp>atively small balloon1 hav+ a capacity ( only #ee1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! />t 0 made f ,v9c5nes on ,octob] #i?1 & ! l&+ at ,koro/is*eff1 9 ,russia1 on ,octob] #aa?4 ,! air-l9e di/ance travell$ 0 #a1aic miles1 9 #ce h\rs4 ,! balloon 8,c5taur0 0 aft]w>d pur*as$ by ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica1 & has made _m voyages 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,f$]ation ,a]onautique ,int]nationale1 an association ( ! a]onauts ( all nations1 0 f\nd$ 9 #aije4 ,"o ( its functions is an annual balloon race = ! ,int]national ,*all5ge ,cup1 pres5t$ to ! association by ,james ,gordon ,b5nett1 to be an object = competition until won ?ree times by "s "o compet+ national club4 ,! fir/ conte/ took place 9 ,septemb]1 #aijf1 & 0 won by ! ,am]ican competitor1 ,lieut4 ,frank ,p4 ,lahm1 ) a voyage ( #djb miles4 ,! second conte/ 0 f ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 9 #aijg4 ,!re 7 ?ree ,g]man1 two ,fr5*1 "o ,engli%1 & ?ree ,am]ican competitors4 ,! race 0 won by ,osc> ,erbslh1 "o ( ! ,g]man competitors1 ) an air-l9e voyage ( #hgb miles1 l&+ at ,bradley ,bea*1 ,n4 ,j4 ,alfr$ ,leblanc1 n[ a prom95t aviator1 0 second ) a voyage ( #hfg miles1 made 9 #dd h\rs4 ,he also l&$ 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! ?ird race />t$ at ,b]l9 9 ,octob]1 #aijh1 & 0 won by ! ,swiss balloon 8,helvetia10 pilot$ by ,colonel ,s*aeck1 :i* l&$ 9 ,norway aft] hav+ be5 #gd h\rs 9 ! air1 & cov]+ a j\rney ( #gej miles4 ,?is broke ! previ\s duration record made by ,dr4 ,weg5] 9 #aije4 ,! f\r? conte/ began on ,octob] #c1 #aiji1 f ,zuri*1 ,switz]l&4 ,!re 7 sev5te5 compet+ balloons1 & ! race 0 won by ,e4 ,w4 ,mix1 repres5t+ ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica1 ) a voyage ( #ehi miles4 ,! fif? conte/ began at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,octob] #ag1 #aiaj4 ,x 0 won by ,alan ,p4 ,hawley & ,augu/us ,po/1 ) ! 8,am]ica ,,ii40 ,!y travell$ #a1cee miles 9 #df h\rs1 mak+ a new _w's record = di/ance4 ,among o!r notable voyages may be m5tion$ t ( ! 8,field+0 9 a race on ,july #d1 #aijh1 f ,*icago4 ,! l&+ 0 made at ,we/ ,%ef=d1 ,quebec1 ! di/ance travell$ be+ #hie miles4 ,9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye> ,a4 ,e4 ,gaudron1 ,capta9 ,maitl&1 & ,c4 ,c4 ,turn]1 made ! longe/ voyage on record f ,engl&4 ,!y l&$ at ,mateki ,d]evni1 9 ,russia1 hav+ travell$ #a1aag miles 9 #ca h\rs4 ,!y 7 driv5 d[n to ! gr\nd by a sev]e sn[/orm4 ,on ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh1 ,m4 ,usuelli1 9 ! balloon 8,ruw5zori0 left ! ,italian lakes & pass$ ov] ! ,alps at a height ( #ad1gej feet1 l&+ 9 ,france4 ,?is feat 0 foll[$ a few weeks lat]--,febru>y #i1 #aiji--;by ,osc> ,erbslh1 :o left ,/4 ,moritz ) ?ree pass5g]s1 cross+ ! ,alps at an altitude ( #ai1jjj feet1 & l&$ at ,budape/ aft] a voyage ( #cc h\rs4 ,_m voyages ov] & among ! ,alps h be5 made by ,capta9 ,spelt]9i1 ! ,swiss a]onaut1 & he has secur$ "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable photographs ( ! m\nta9 sc5]y 9 pass+4 ,9 ^! voyages at su* great altitudes x is necess>y to c>ry cyl9d]s ( oxyg5 to provide a suitable air mixture = brea?+4 ,9 "o ( 8 rec5t voyages ,capta9 ,spelt]9i _h ! good =tune to be c>ri$ almo/ ov] ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,he asc5d$ ) ?ree pass5g]s at ,*am\nix1 & l&$ at ,lake ,maggiore sev5 h\rs lat]1 hav+ rea*$ ! altitude ( #ah1gjj feet1 & travell$ #ic miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph ( ! ,alps f a balloon by ,capta9 ,spelt]9i4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 sev]al balloon races dur+ ! ye> #aiji1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,/4 ,l\is ,c5t5nial race1 beg9n+ on ,octob] #d?4 ,t5 balloons />t$4 ,! race 0 won by ,s4 von ,phul1 :o cov]$ ! di/ance ( #eej miles 9 #dj h\rs #dj m9utes4 ,clif=d ,b4 ,h>mon & ,augu/us ,po/ 9 ! balloon 8,new ,york0 made a new duration record = ,am]ica ( #dh h\rs #bf m9utes4 ,!y also rea*$ ! highe/ altitude atta9$ by an ,am]ican balloon--#bd1bjj feet4 ,on ,octob] #ab?1 9 a race = ! ,lahm cup1 ,a4 ,holl& ,=bes & ,col4 ,max ,fleis*man won4 ,!y left ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 & l&$ #ai h\rs & #ae m9utes lat] at ,bea*1 ,va41 ne> ,ri*mond1 hav+ travell$ #fig miles4 ,9 #aiaj1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a rem>kable race1 ) ?irte5 competitors1 />t$ at ,indianapolis4 ,?is 0 ! elim9ation race = ! ,int]national race on ,octob] #ag?4 ,x 0 won by ,alan ,p4 ,hawley & ,augu/us ,po/ 9 ! balloon 8,am]ica ,,ii40 ,!y cross$ ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s at an elevation ( ab\t #bj1jjj feet1 & l&$ at ,w>r5ton1 ,va41 aft] be+ #dd h\rs #cj m9utes 9 ! air2 & desc5d$ only to escape be+ c>ri$ out ov] ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! greate/ height rea*$ by a balloon 0 atta9$ by ! ,italian a]onauts ,piac5za & ,m9a 9 ! 8,albatross10 on ,augu/ #i1 #aiji4 ,!y w5t up f ,tur9 to ! altitude ( #cj1cej feet4 ,! _w's height record re/s ) ,pr(essors ,b]son & ,sur+ ( ,b]l91 :o on ,july #ca1 #aija1 rea*$ #ce1ejj feet4 ,! record ( #cg1jjj feet claim$ by ,glai%] & ,coxwell 9 _! asc5sion on ,septemb] #e1 #ahfb1 has be5 reject$ z n au!ntic = sev]al discrepancies 9 _! obs]vations1 & on ! gr\nd t _! in/rum5ts 7 n ( ! highe/ reliability4 ,z !y c>ri$ no oxyg51 & report$ t = a "t !y 7 bo? unconsci\s1 x is e/imat$ t ! highe/ po9t !y c\ld h rea*$ "u ! conditions 0 less ?an #ca1jjj feet4 ,! greate/ spe$ ev] record$ = any balloon voyage 0 t ( ,capta9 von ,sigsfield & ,dr4 ,l9ke 9 _! fatal j\rney f ,b]l9 to ,antw]p1 dur+ :i* ! velocity ( #abe miles p] h\r 0 record$4 ,balloon+ z a sport has a fasc9ation all its own4 ,!re is mu* ( ! spice ( adv5ture 9 ! fact t "o's de/9y is q unkn[n4 ,float+ ) ! w9d1 !re is no consci\sness ( motion4 ,?\gh ! w9d may be travell+ at great spe$1 ! balloon seems to be 9 a complete calm4 ,a lady pass5g]1 writ+ ( a rec5t trip1 has ?us describ$ h] exp]i5ce3--8,! _w cont9ues sl[ly to unroll itself 9 ev]-v>y+ b ev]-beautiful panorama--pat*work fields1 %imm]+ silv] /reaks1 toy box *ur*es & h\ses1 & :ite roads l ! jo9ts ( a jig-saw puzzle4 ,& pres5tly cotton-wool bill[s come creep+ up1 ) purple %ad[s & fleecy outl9es & prismatic ra9b[ effects4 ,sometimes !y invade ! c>1 & %r\d x = a :ile 9 cl++ w>m :ite wrea?s1 & anon !y fall bel[ & %ut out ! _w ) a glori\s curta91 & we are all alone 9 p]fect sil5ce1 9 p]fect peace1 & 9 a realm made = u alone4 8,& s ! happy1 re/ful h\rs g smoo?ly by1 until ! e>? has _h en\gh ( x1 & ris+ up m or less rapidly to invade our solitude1 hits ! bottom ( our basket1 & we /ep out1 or maybe roll out1 into e-day exi/5ce a hundr$ miles away40 ,! p]fect smoo?ness ( motion1 ! absolute quiet1 & ! abs5ce ( di/ract+ app>atus comb9e to r5d] balloon voyag+ ! mo/ delightful mode ( transit f place to place4 ,"s ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ bits ( descriptive writ+ are ^? ( a]onauts4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ! report ( ,capt4 ,a4 ,hildebr&t1 ( ! balloon corps ( ! ,prussian army1 w %[ t al?\gh 8 exp$itions 7 :olly sci5tific1 he 0 f> f indiff]5t to ! sublim] influ5ces ( nature by :i* he 0 (t5 surr\nd$4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! j\rney f ,b]l9 to ,m>k>yd1 9 ,sw$51 ) ,pr(essor ,b]son z a companion a]onaut1 he says3 8,! view ov] ,rg5 & ! *alk cliffs ( ,/ubb5kamm] & ,arkona 0 spl5did3 ! atmosph]e 0 p]fectly cle>4 ,on ! horizon we c\ld see ! coa/s ( ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k1 look+ almo/ l a ?9 mi/2 ea/ & we/ !re 0 no?+ b ! op5 sea4 8,ab\t #c3ae ! balloon 0 9 ! middle ( ! ,baltic2 "r 9 ! di/ance we c\ld j see ,rg5 & ,sw$54 ,! sett+ ( ! sun at #d ,p4,m4 0 a truly magnific5t spectacle4 ,at a height ( #e1bej feet1 9 a p]fectly cle> atmosph]e1 ! effect 0 sup]b4 ,! blaze ( color 0 dimly reflect$ 9 ! ea/ by /reaks ( a blui%-gre54 ,i h se5 sunsets ov] ,france at heights ( #aj1jjj feet1 ) ! ,alps1 ! ,juras1 & ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s 9 ! di/ance2 b ?is 0 q z f9e4 8,! sunsets se5 by ! m\nta9e] or ! sailor are d\btless1 magnific5t2 b ,i h>dly ?9k ! spectacle c be f9] ?an t spread out be=e ! gaze ( ! ballooni/4 ,! impression is increas$ by ! absolute /illness :i* prevails2 no s\nd ( any k9d is he>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,l&scape z se5 f a balloon at an altitude ( #c1jjj feet4 8,z soon z ! sun w5t d[n1 x 0 necess>y to ?r[ out "s balla/1 ow+ to ! decrease ( temp]ature4444 ,we rea*$ ! ,sw$i% coa/ ab\t #e o'clock1 & pass$ ov] ,trelleborg at a height ( #b1jjj feet4 ,! "q !n arose :e!r to l&1 or to cont9ue ?r\gh ! night4 ,al?\gh x 0 well pa/ sunset1 !re 0 suffici5t light 9 consequ5ce ( ! sn[ to see our way to ! gr\nd1 & to l& q easily4444 ,h[ev]1 we want$ to d m meteorological "w1 & x 0 ?\ght t !re 0 /ill suffici5t balla/ to take u up to a mu* great] height4 ,we !re=e propos$ to cont9ue = ano!r sixte5 h\rs dur+ ! night1 9 spite ( ! cold4444 ,malm 0 !re=e pass$ on ! left1 & ! univ]sity t[n ( ,lund on ! "r4 ,aft] ?is ! map 0 ( no fur!r use1 z x 0 q d>k & we _h no lamp4 ,! :ole outlook 0 l a trans=mation sc5e4 ,floods ( light rose up f ,trelleborg1 ,malm1 ,cop5hag51 ,l&skrona1 ,lund1 ,els9ore1 & ,hels+borg1 :ile ! little t[ns b5ea? our feet sp>kl$ ) _m lights4 ,we 7 n[ at a height ( m ?an #aj1jjj feet1 & consequ5tly all ^! places 7 )9 sight4 ,! gli/5+ effect ( ! sn[ 0 height5$ by ! blaze :i* p\r$ f ! ligh?\ses along ! coa/s ( ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k4 ,! sight 0 z wond]ful z t ( ! sunset1 ?\gh ( a totally diff]5t nature40 ,capta9 ,hildebr&t's acc\nt ( ! end ( ?is voyage illu/rates ! spice ( adv5ture :i* is likely to be enc\nt]$ :5 ! balloon comes d[n 9 a /range c\ntry4 ,x has its h9t also ( ! h>d%ips = :i* ! v5turesome a]onaut has to be prep>$4 ,he says3-- 8,soon] or lat] ! balloon w\ld h be5 at ! m]cy ( ! waves4 ,! valve 0 op5$1 & ! balloon desc5d$ ?r\gh ! ?ick cl\ds4 ,we c\ld see no?+1 b ! little j]ks %[$ u t ! guide-rope 0 t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,9 a few seconds we saw ! gr\nd1 & le>n$ t we 7 desc5d+ into a =e/ :i* enclos$ a numb] ( small lakes4 ,at once m balla/ 0 ?r[n out1 & we skimm$ along ov] ! tops ( ! trees4 ,soon we cross$ a big lake1 & saw a place t seem$ suitable = a desc5t4 ,! valve 0 !n op5$1 bo? ( u gave a tug at ! ripp+ cord1 & aft] a few bumps we f\nd ourselves on ! gr\nd4 ,we _h come d[n 9 deep sn[ on ! side ( a wood1 ab\t #ad miles f ! railway /ation at ,m>k>yd4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ a l&+ ) ! aid ( by/&]s to pull d[n ^u ! trail-rope & a hold+ rope4 8,we pack$ up our in/rum5ts1 & began to look out = a cottage2 b ?is is n always an easy task 9 ! dead ( night 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r we f\nd a f>m1 & succe$$ 9 r\s+ ! inmates4 ,a mu* m difficult job 0 to influ5ce !m to op5 _! front door to two m5 :o talk$ "s sort ( d\ble ,dut*1 & :o sudd5ly appe>$ at a f>my>d miles (f ! highway 9 ! middle ( ! night & dem&$ admittance4 ,b]son c talk 9 six languages1 b un=tunately ,sw$i% is n "o ( !m4 ,he begg$ 9 ! mo/ humble way = %elt] 444 & at ! end ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r ! f>m] op5$ ! door4 ,we %[$ him "s pictures ( a balloon we _h ) u1 & !n !y began to und]/& ! situation4 ,we 7 !n receiv$ ) truly ,sw$i% hospitality1 & provid$ ) supp]4 ,!y ev5 propos$ to let u h _! b$s2 b ?is we naturally decl9$ ) _m ?anks4444 ,! y>d conta9$ h5s1 pigs1 c[s1 & %eep2 b an empty corn] 0 f\nd1 :i* 0 well pack$ ) /raw1 & s]v$ z a c\* = our tir$ limbs4 ,we cov]$ ourselves ) our great-coats1 & tri$ to sleep4 ,b ! temp]ature 0 #aj ,fahr41 & z ! place 0 only an ou?\se ( bo>ds r\ghly nail$ toge!r1 & ! w9d :i/l+ ?r\gh ! cracks & crevices1 we 7 n sorry :5 ! daylight came40 ,le/ ! possibility ( accid5t to travell]s by balloon be judg$ great] ?an x really is1 x may be well to /ate t records collect$ 9 ,g]many 9 #aijf %[$ t 9 #b1jfa asc5ts 9 :i* #g1egj p]sons p>ticipat$1 only #cf 7 injur$--or b #a out ( #baj4 ,s9ce t "t1 :ile ! balloon itself has rema9$ practically un*ang$1 bett] k ( atmosph]ic conditions has aid$ 9 creat+ an ev5 m favorable record = rec5t ye>s4 ,t ! day ( ord9>y balloon+ has n be5 dimm$ by ! adv5t ( ! air%ip & ! a]oplane is evid5c$ by ! rec5tly made e/imate t n less ?an #hjj sph]ical balloons are 9 con/ant use almo/ daily 9 "o "p or ano!r ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,& x seems entirely reasonable to pr$ict t ) a bett] compreh5sion ( ! movem5ts ( air-curr5ts--to :i* special k ! sci5tific _w is n[ apply+ its inve/igations z nev] be=e--!y w come a great increase ( int]e/ 9 simple balloon+ z a recreation4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,balloons3 ,,! ,,dirigible4 ,elongation ( gas-bag--,brisson--,meusni]--,air-ballon nets--,scott--,giff>d--,ha5le9--,tiss&i] --,r5>d & ,krebs--,s*w>tz--,santos-,dumont--,von ,zeppel9--,roze--,sev]o--,bradsky-,leb\n --,! ,lebaudy dirigible--,zeppel9 ,,ii--,p>seval ,i--,unequal w9d pressures--,zeppel9 ,,iii--,nulli ,secundus--,la ,patrie--,ville-de-,p>is--,zeppel9 ,,iv--,gross ,i--,p>seval ,,ii--,clem5t-,bay>d ,i--,ric>doni's air%ip--,gross ,,ii--,! new ,zeppel9 ,,ii--,la ,republique--,! ,g]man fleet ( dirigibles--,p>seval ,v--,! ,deuts*l&--,! ,erbslh--,gross ,,iii--,zeppel9 ,,vi--,! ,am]ica--,clem5t-,bay>d ,,iii--,! ,capazza l5ticul> dirigible4 ,! dirigible balloon1 or air%ip1 is built on ! same g5]al pr9ciples z ! ord9>y balloon--t is1 ) ! envelope to conta9 ! lift+ gas1 ! c> to c>ry ! load1 & ! susp5d+ cordage--b to ?is is add$ "s =m ( propell+ p[] to enable x to make headway aga9/ ! w9d1 & a rudd] = /e]+ x4 ,almo/ f ! v beg9n+ ( balloon+1 "s me?od ( direct+ ! balloon to a pre-det]m9$ goal _h be5 s\ght by inv5tors4 ,drift+ at ! fickle pleasure ( ! prevail+ w9d did n accord ) man's desire = au?ority & control4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction 0 ! *ange f ! sph]ical =m ( ! gas-bag to an elongat$ %ape1 ! r\nd =m hav+ an incl9ation to turn r\nd & r\nd 9 ! air :ile float+1 & hav+ no b[-&-/]n /ructure ^u :i* /e]+ devices c\ld op]ate4 ,! fir/ kn[n proposal 9 ?is direction 0 made by ,brisson1 a ,fr5* sci5ti/1 :o sugge/$ build+ ! gas-bag 9 ! %ape ( a horizontal cyl9d] ) conical ends1 its l5g? to be five or six times its diamet]4 ,8 idea = its propulsion 0 ! employm5t ( l>ge-blad$ o>s1 b he rightly d\bt$ :e!r human /r5g? w\ld prove suffici5t to "w ^! rapidly en\gh to give indep5d5t motion to ! air%ip4 ,ab\t ! same "t ano!r ,fr5* inv5tor _h actually built a balloon ) a gas-bag %ap$ l an egg & plac$ horizontally ) ! blunt end =emo/4 ,! r$uction 9 ! resi/ance ( ! air to ?is =m 0 s m>k$ t ! elongat$ gas-bag quickly displac$ ! =m] sph]ical %ape4 ,?is balloon 0 held back f travell+ at ! full spe$ ( ! w9d by ! clev] device ( a rope dragg+ on ! gr\nd2 & by a sail rigg$ s z to act on ! w9d :i* blew pa/ ! ret>d$ balloon1 ! navigator 0 able to /e] x )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x 0 ! fir/ dirigible balloon4 ,9 ! same ye> ! bro!rs ,rob]t1 ( ,p>is1 built an air%ip = ! ,duke ( ,*>tres1 "u ! direction ( ,g5]al ,meusni]1 a ,fr5* (fic] ( eng9e]s4 ,x 0 cyl9drical1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 #eb feet long & #cb feet 9 diamet]1 & conta9$ #cj1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! gas-bag 0 made d\ble to prev5t ! escape ( ! hydrog51 :i* _h prov$ v tr\blesome 9 previ\s balloons1 & x 0 provid$ ) a sph]ical air balloon inside ( ! gas-bag1 :i* device 0 expect$ to pres]ve ! =m ( ! balloon un*ang$ by exp&+ or contract+1 accord+ to ! ris+ or fall+ ( ! air%ip4 ,:5 ! asc5sion 0 made on ,july #f1 #aghd1 ! air-balloon /uck fa/ 9 ! neck ( ! gas-bag1 & s prev5t$ ! escape ( gas z ! hydrog5 exp&$ 9 ! increas+ altitude4 ,! gas-bag w\ld h bur/ _h n ! ,duke drawn 8 sword & sla%$ a v5t = ! imprison$ gas4 ,! air%ip came safely to e>?4 ,x 0 ,g5]al ,meusni] :o fir/ sugge/$ ! int]ior ballonnet ( air to pres]ve ! t5se outl9e ( ! =m ( ! air%ip1 & ! elliptical =m = ! gas-bag 0 ano!r ( 8 inv5tions4 ,9 ! build+ ( ! air%ip ( ! ,duke de ,*>tres he made ! fur!r sugge/ion t ! space betwe5 ! two envelopes be fill$ ) air1 & s connect$ ) ! air-pumps t x c\ld be inflat$ or deflat$ at w4 ,= ! motive p[] he design$ ?ree screw propell]s ( "o blade ea*1 to be turn$ unceas+ly by a crew ( eighty m54 ,meusni] 0 kill$ 9 battle 9 #agic1 & a]onautics lo/ its mo/ able develop] at t era4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,scott air%ip1 %[+ ! =w>d 8pocket0 p>tially drawn 94 ,9 #aghi1 ,b>on ,scott1 an (fic] 9 ! ,fr5* army1 devis$ a fi%-%ap$ air%ip ) two outside balloon-%ap$ 8pockets0 :i* c\ld be =cibly drawn into ! body ( ! air%ip to increase its d5sity1 & ?us cause its desc5t4 ,x began to be realiz$ t no adequate p[] exi/$ by :i* balloons c\ld be propell$ aga9/ ev5 light w9ds to su* a degree t !y 7 really controllable1 & balloon asc5sions came to be m]ely an adjunct ( ! exhibit ( ! travell+ %[man4 ,= ?is reason ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury seems b>r5 ( a]onautical incid5t z comp>$ ) ! latt] "p ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,9 #ahdh1 ,hugh ,bell1 an ,engli%man1 built a cyl9drical air%ip ) convex po9t$ ends4 ,x 0 #ee feet long & #ba feet 9 diamet]4 ,x _h a keel-%ap$ framework ( tubes to :i* ! long n>r[ c> 0 atta*$1 & !re 0 a screw propell] on ea* side1 to be work$ by h&1 & a rudd] to /e] )4 ,x fail$ to "w4 ,9 #aheb1 h[ev]1 a new era op5$ = ! air%ip4 ,h5ry ,giff>d1 ( ,p>is1 ! inv5tor ( ! _w-fam$ injector = /eam boil]s1 built an elliptical gas-bag ) cig>-%ap$ ends1 #add feet long1 & #dj feet 9 diamet]1 hav+ a cubic cont5t ( #hh1jjj cubic feet4 ,! c> 0 susp5d$ f a rod #ff feet long :i* hung f ! net cov]+ ! gas-bag4 ,x 0 equipp$ ) a #c-;horse-p[] /eam eng9e :i* turn$ a two-blad$ screw propell] #aa feet 9 diamet]1 at ! rate ( #aaj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,coke 0 us$ = fuel4 ,! /e]+ 0 done ) a triangul> rudd]-sail4 ,^u trial on ,septemb] #bd1 #aheb1 ! air%ip prov$ a success1 travell+ at ! rate ( ne>ly #f miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ ,giff>d dirigible4 ,giff>d built a second air%ip 9 #ahee1 ( a mu* m elongat$ %ape--#bce feet long & #cc feet 9 diamet]4 ,he us$ ! same eng9e :i* propell$ 8 fir/ %ip4 ,aft] a successful trial trip1 :5 ab\t to l&1 ! gas-bag unacc\ntably turn$ up on end1 all[+ ! net & c> to slide (f1 &1 ris+ slightly 9 ! air1 bur/4 ,giff>d & 8 companion escap$ unhurt4 ,giff>d aft]w>d built ! l>ge captive balloon = ! ,london ,exhibition 9 #ahfh1 & ! /ill l>g] "o = ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahgh4 ,he design$ a l>ge air%ip to be fitt$ ) two boil]s & a p[]ful /eam-eng9e1 b became bl9d1 & di$ 9 #ahhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ha5le9 air%ip inflat$ ) coal gas & driv5 by a gas-eng9e4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,paul ,ha5le9 devis$ a cig>-%ap$ air%ip to be inflat$ ) coal gas4 ,x 0 to be propell$ by a screw at ! front to be driv5 by a gas-eng9e draw+ its fuel f ! gas 9 ! body ( ! %ip4 ,an int]ior air-bag 0 to be exp&$ z ! gas 0 consum$1 to keep ! %ape intact4 ,a second propell] revolv+ horizontally 0 int5d$ to raise or l[] ! %ip 9 ! air4 ,x 0 n until #ahgb t he f9ally secur$ ! build+ ( an air%ip1 at ,vi5na1 aft] 8 plans4 ,x 0 #afd feet long1 & #cj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! =m ( ! gas-bag 0 t describ$ by ! keel ( a %ip rotat$ ar\nd ! c5tre l9e ( its deck z an axis4 ,! eng9e 0 ( ! ,l5oir type1 ) f\r horizontal cyl9d]s1 develop+ ab\t #f horse-p[]1 & turn$ a propell] ab\t #ae feet 9 diamet] at ! rate ( #dj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! l[ lift+ p[] ( ! coal gas ) :i* x 0 inflat$ caus$ x to float q ne> ! gr\nd4 ,) a consumption ( #bej cubic feet ( gas p] h\r1 x travell$ at a spe$ ( t5 miles an h\r4 ,! lack ( funds seems to h prev5t$ fur!r exp]im5ts ) an inv5tion :i* 0 at lea/ v promis+4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( ! ,de ,lome air%ip4 ,9 ! same ye> a dirigible balloon built by ,dupuy de ,lome = use by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 0 giv5 a trial4 ,x 0 driv5 by a screw propell] turn$ by eight m51 & al?\gh x 0 #aah feet long1 & #di feet 9 diamet]1 x made z good a spe$ record z ,giff>d's /eam-driv5 air%ip--six miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,c> ( ! ,tiss&i] dirigible2 driv5 by electricity4 ,9 #ahha1 ! bro!rs ,alb]t & ,ga/on ,tiss&i] exhibit$ at ! ,electrical ,exhibition 9 ,p>is a model ( an electrically driv5 air%ip1 orig9ally design$ to e/abli% communication ) ,p>is dur+ ! siege ( ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,9 #ahhc1 ! air%ip built aft] ?is model 0 tri$4 ,x 0 #ib feet long1 & #cj feet at its l>ge/ diamet]4 ,! motive p[] 0 a ,siem5s motor run by #bd bi*romate cells ( #ag lbs4 ea*4 ,at full spe$ ! motor made #ahj revolutions p] m9ute1 develop+ #a horse-p[]4 ,! pull 0 #bf lbs4 ,! propell] 0 #i feet 9 diamet]1 & a spe$ ( a little m ?an #f miles an h\r 0 atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( ! ,r5>d & ,krebs air%ip ,la ,france1 driv5 by a /orage batt]y4 ,9 #ahhd1 two ,fr5* army eng9e]s1 ,r5>d & ,krebs1 built an air%ip1 ! n[ hi/oric ,la ,france1 ) ! %ape ( a subm>9e torp$o4 ,x 0 #afe feet long & ab\t #bg feet 9 diamet] at ! l>ge/ "p4 ,x _h a gas cont5t ( #ff1jjj cubic feet4 ,a #i horse-p[] ,gramme electric motor 0 in/all$1 driv5 by a /orage batt]y4 ,?is op]at$ ! screw propell] #bj feet 9 diamet]1 :i* 0 plac$ at ! =w>d end ( ! long c>4 ,! trial 0 made on ! #i? ( ,augu/1 & 0 a complete success4 ,! %ip 0 sail$ ) ! w9d = ab\t #b miles1 & !n turn$ ab\t & made its way back aga9/ ! w9d till x /ood directly ov] its />t+ po9t1 & 0 drawn d[n to ! gr\nd by its an*or ropes4 ,! trip ( ab\t #e miles 0 made 9 #bc m9utes4 ,9 sev5 voyages und]tak5 ! air%ip 0 /e]$ back safely to its />t+ po9t five times4 ,?is fir/ air%ip :i* really des]v$ ! "n m>k$ an era 9 ! developm5t ( ?is type ( aircraft4 ,9 view ( its complete success x is a/oni%+ t no?+ fur!r 0 done 9 ?is l9e 9 ,france = fifte5 ye>s1 :5 ,santos-,dumont began 8 s]ies ( record-mak+ flights4 ,)9 ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! gasol9e motor _h be5 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! automobile1 & ?us a new & light-weight eng9e1 suitable 9 e respect1 _h be5 plac$ )9 ! rea* ( a]onauts4 ,9 ! meantime1 a new idea _h be5 br\ght to ! /age ( actual trial4 ,9 #ahic1 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,david ,s*w>tz built a rigid air%ip1 ! gas receptacle ( :i* 0 %eet alum9um4 ,x 0 brac$ by alum9um tubes1 b :ile be+ inflat$ ! int]ior "w 0 s badly brok5 t x 0 ab&on$4 ,s*w>tz made a second attempt 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahig4 ,! air%ip 0 safely inflat$1 & manag$ to hold its position aga9/ a w9d bl[+ #ag miles an h\r1 b c\ld n make headway aga9/ x4 ,aft] ! gas _h be5 )drawn1 & be=e x c\ld be put "u %elt]1 a sev]e w9d/orm damag$ x1 & ! mob ( spectators spe$ily demoli%$ x 9 ! craze = s\v5irs ( ! occasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,wreck ( ! ,s*w>tz alum9um air%ip1 at ,b]l91 9 #ahig4 ,illu/ration3 ,! type ( ! e>li] ,santos-,dumont dirigibles4 ,?is %ape %[$ a t5d5cy to 8buckle10 or d\ble up 9 ! middle l a jackknife4 ,to avoid ?is ! lat] ,santos-,dumonts 7 ( mu* l>g] proportional diamet] amid%ips4 ,9 #ahih1 ! "y ,brazilian1 ,santos-,dumont1 came to ,p>is imbu$ ) a]onautic zeal1 & det]m9$ to build a dirigible balloon t w\ld surpass ! =m] a*ievem5ts ( ,giff>d & ,r5>d1 :i* he felt confid5t 7 b h9ts ( :at might be accompli%$ by t type ( air%ip4 ,he began ! con/ruction ( ! s]ies ( dirigible balloons :i* ev5tually numb]$ #ab1 ea* successive "o be+ an improvem5t on ! prec$+4 ,he made use ( ! air-bag sugge/$ by ,meusni] = ! balloon ( ! ,duke ( ,*>tres 9 #aghd1 al?\gh 9 an orig9al way1 at fir/ us+ a pneumatic pump to inflate x1 & lat] a rotatory fan4 ,nei!r prev5t$ ! gas-bag f 8buckl+0 & com+ d[n ) consequ5ces m or less s]i\s to ! air%ip--b ,santos-,dumont himself always escap$ injury4 ,8 own record ( 8 voyages 9 8 book1 ,my ,air-,%ips1 gives a m detail$ acc\nt ( 8 contrivances & inv5tions ?an c be p]mitt$ "h4 ,if ,santos-,dumont did n greatly surpass 8 pr$ecessors1 he is at lea/ to be cr$it$ ) an en?usiasm :i* ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( ! :ole _w 9 ! problems ( a]onautics2 & 8 lat] a*ievem5ts 9 ! build+ & fly+ ( a]oplanes give him a unique place 9 ! hi/ory ( man's conque/ ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ( ! lat] ,santos-,dumont's dirigibles4 ,9 #aijj1 ,c\nt von ,zeppel9's great air%ip1 :i* _h be5 build+ = ne>ly two ye>s1 0 ready = trial4 ,x _h ! =m ( a prism ( #bd sides1 ) ! ends ar*+ to a blunt po9t4 ,x 0 #dbj feet long1 & #ch feet 9 diamet]4 ,! /ructure 0 rigid1 ( alum9um lattice "w1 divid$ into #ag comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* _h a sep>ate gas-bag %ap$ to fit its comp>tm5t4 ,ov] all 0 an out] envelope ( l95 & silk treat$ ) pegamoid4 ,a triangul> keel ( alum9um lattice /r5g!n$ ! :ole1 & !re 7 two c>s ( alum9um atta*$ to ! keel4 ,ea* c> held a #af horse-p[] ,daiml] gasol9e motor1 op]at+ two f\r-blad$ screw propell]s :i* 7 rigidly connect$ ) ! frame ( ! %ip a little bel[ ! level ( its axis4 ,a slid+ weight 0 run to ei!r end ( ! keel z might be requir$ to depress ! head or tail1 9 ord] to rise or fall 9 ! air4 ,! c>s 7 9 ! %ape ( boats1 & ! %ip 0 built 9 a float+ %$ on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance ne> ,fri$ri*%af54 ,at ! trial ! air%ip 0 float$ out on ! lake1 ! c>-boats re/+ on ! wat]4 ,sev]al accid5ts happ5$1 s t ?\gh ! %ip got up into ! air x c\ld n be manag$1 & 0 br\ght d[n to ! wat] aga9 )\t injury4 ,9 a second attempt a spe$ ( #bj miles an h\r 0 atta9$4 ,! con/ruction 0 f\nd to be n /rong en\gh = ! great l5g? ( ! body1 ! envelope ( ! balloon 0 n suffici5tly gas tight1 & ! eng9es 7 n p[]ful en\gh4 ,b few trips 7 made 9 x1 & !y 7 %ort4 ,! ,c\nt set himself to "w to raise money to build ano!r %ip1 :i* he did five ye>s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! ,zeppel9 ,i1 ) portion ( ! alum9um %ell & ext]nal fabric remov$ to %[ ! int]nal fram+ & sep>ate balloons4 ,9 ! di/ance is %[n ! great balloon %$4 ,9 #aija1 an inv5tor nam$ ,roze built an air%ip 9 ,colombo1 hav+ two gas envelopes ) ! eng9es & c> plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,he expect$ to d away ) ! roll+ & pit*+ ( s+le air%ips by ! d\ble =m1 b ! %ip did n "w satisfactorily1 asc5d+ to b>ely #ej feet4 ,9 #aijb1 ,augu/o ,sev]o1 a ,brazilian1 arrang$ an air%ip ) ! propell+ screws at ! axis ( ! gas-bag1 "o at ea* end ( ! %ip4 ,in/ead ( a rudd]1 he provid$ two small propell]s to "w 9 a v]tical plane & sw+ ! %ip sideways4 ,soon aft] asc5d+ x 0 notic$ t ! propell]s 7 n work+ prop]ly1 & a few m9utes lat] ! c> 0 se5 to be 9 flames & ! balloon explod$4 ,sev]o & 8 companion ,sa*e 7 kill$1 fall+ #a1cjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( ! ,sev]o air%ip1 %[+ arrangem5t ( ! driv+ propell]s on ! axis ( ! gas-bag1 & ! /e]+ propell]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,end view ( ,sev]o's air%ip1 %[+ ! longitud9al division ( ! gas-bag to all[ ! driv+ %aft ( ! propell]s to be plac$ at ! axis ( ! balloon4 ,9 ! same ye> ,b>on ,bradsky-,leb\n built an air%ip ) p>titions 9 ! gas-bag :i* 0 j l>ge en\gh to c\nt]balance ! weight ( ! %ip & its op]ators4 ,x 0 lift$ or l[]$ by a propell] work+ horizontally4 ,ano!r propell] drove ! %ip =w>d4 ,?r\gh "s lack ( /ability ! c> turn$ ov]1 ?r[+ out ! two a]onauts1 :o fell #cjj feet & 7 in/antly kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ ,lebaudy air%ip4 ,9 #aijb1 a dirigible balloon 0 built = ! bro!rs ,lebaudy by ! eng9e] ,juillot & ! a]onaut ,surc\f4 ,! gas envelope 0 made cig>-%ap$ & fa/5$ rigidly to a rigid elliptical keel-%ap$ floor #gj feet long & #ai feet wide1 made ( /eel tubes--! object be+ to prev5t roll+ & pit*+4 ,x 0 provid$ ) bo? horizontal & v]tical rudd]s4 ,a #ce horse-p[] ,daiml]-,m]c$es motor 0 us$ to turn two tw9-blad$ screws1 ea* ( #i feet 9 diamet]4 ,betwe5 ! #be? ( ,octob]1 #aijb1 & ! #ba/ ( ,novemb]1 #aijc1 #cc exp]im5tal voyages 7 made1 ! longe/ be+ #fa miles 9 #b h\rs & #df m9utes2 #ch4g miles 9 #a h\r & #da m9utes2 #bc miles 9 #a h\r & #cf m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fram+ ( ! floor & keel ( ! ,lebaudy air%ip4 ,9 #aijd ?is %ip 0 rebuilt4 ,x 0 l5g!n$ to #aij feet & ! re> end r\nd$ (f4 ,its capacity 0 increas$ to #id1jjj cubic feet1 & a new cov]+ ( ! yell[ calico :i* _h work$ s well on ! fir/ model 0 us$ on ! new "o4 ,x 0 coat$ ) rubb] bo? on ! outside & inside4 ,! int]ior air-bag 0 increas$ 9 size to #ag1fej cubic feet1 & p>tition$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,dur+ #aijd & #aije #cj voyages 7 made1 c>ry+ 9 all #aie pass5g]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! c> & propell]s ( ! ,lebaudy air%ip4 ,! success ( ?is air%ip l$ to a s]ies ( trials "u ! direction ( ! ,fr5* army1 & 9 all ( ^! trials x prov$ satisfactory4 ,aft] ! #gf? successful voyage x 0 retir$ = ! w9t] ( #aije-f4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aije1 ! rebuilt ,zeppel9 air%ip 0 put ^u trial4 ,:ile sup]ior to ! fir/ "o1 x met ) s]i\s accid5t1 & 0 completely wreck$ by a w9d/orm 9 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 ,9 ,may1 #aijf1 ,major von ,p>seval's non-rigid air%ip pass$ ?r\gh its fir/ trials successfully4 ,?is air%ip may be pack$ into small compass = transportation1 & is especially adapt$ = milit>y use4 ,9 plan x is slightly diff]5t f previ\s types1 hav+ two air-bags1 "o 9 ea* end ( ! envelope1 & ! front end is hemisph]ical in/ead ( po9t$4 ,z ! air%ip is design$ to =ce its way ?r\gh ! air1 in/ead ( float+ placidly 9 x1 x is evid5t t x mu/ h a c]ta9 t5s5ess ( outl9e 9 ord] to reta9 its %ape1 & resi/ be+ d\bl$ up by ! resi/ance x enc\nt]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! av]age velocity ( ! w9d at ! elevation at :i* ! air%ip sails is #ah miles p] h\r4 ,if ! spe$ ( ! %ip is to be #bj miles p] h\r1 z relat$ to /ations on ! gr\nd1 & if x is oblig$ to sail aga9/ ! w9d1 x is pla9 t ! w9d pressure :i* x is compell$ to meet is #ch miles p] h\r--a gale ( no mean proportions4 ,:5 ! l>ge expanse ( ! great gas-bags is tak5 into consid]ation1 x is evid5t t ord9>y balloon con/ruction is n suffici5t4 ,attempts h be5 made to meet ! outside pressure f ! w9d & air-resi/ance by produc+ me*anically a c\nt]-pressure f ! inside4 ,air-bags are plac$ inside ! cavity ( ! gas-bag1 usually "o ne> ea* end ( ! air%ip1 & ^! are inflat$ by pump+ air into !m "u pressure4 ,9 ?is way an outw>d pressure ( z mu* z #g lbs4 to ! squ>e foot may be produc$1 equival5t to ! resi/ance ( air at a spe$ 7ei!r ( ! w9d1 or ( ! air%ip1 or ( bo? comb9$7 ( #dh miles p] h\r4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! pressure ^u ! front end ( an air%ip mak+ headway aga9/ a /rong w9d w be mu* great] ?an ! pressure at ! re> end1 or ev5 ?an t amid%ips4 ,x 0 ?is unev5 pressure ^u ! outside ( ! gas-bag t d\bl$ up ! fir/ two air%ips ( ,santos-,dumont1 & l$ him to increase ! proportional gir? at ! amid%ip section 9 8 lat] dirigibles4 ,! great difficulty ( adju/+ ^! v>y+ pressures w>rants ! adh]5ce ( ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 to 8 design ) ! rigid /ructure & metallic %ea?+4 ,! loss ( ! second ,zeppel9 air%ip s disc\rag$ its design] t he decid$ to )draw f fur!r a]onautical "w4 ,b ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t prevail$ on him to cont9ue1 & by ,octob]1 #aijf1 he _h ! ,zeppel9 ,,iii 9 ! air4 ,?is air%ip 0 l>g] ?an ,zeppel9 ,,ii 9 bo? l5g? & diamet]1 & held #ace1jjj cubic feet m ( gas4 ,! motive p[] 0 suppli$ by two gasol9e motors1 ea* ( #he horse-p[]4 ,! gas envelope _h #af sides1 in/ead ( #bd1 z 9 ! e>li] %ip4 ,at its trial ! ,zeppel9 ,,iii prov$ highly successful4 ,x made a trip ( #fi miles1 ) #aa pass5g]s1 9 #b h\rs--a spe$ ( ab\t #cj miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,zeppel9 ,,iii back+ out ( ! float+ %$ at ,fri$ri*%af54 ,! illu/ration %[s ! add$ f9 at ! top1 ! rudd]s1 dipp+ planes1 & balanc+ planes4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t n[ made an (f] ( #ejj1jjj = an air%ip :i* w\ld rema9 cont9u\sly 9 ! air = #bd h\rs1 & be able to l& safely4 ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 imm$iately began "w ^u 8 ,no4 ,,iv1 9 ! ef=t to meet ^! requirem5ts1 9 ! meantime cont9u+ trips ) ,no4 ,,iii4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! trips 0 made 9 ,septemb]1 #aijg1 a j\rney ( #baa miles 9 #h h\rs4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aijg1 ! ,engli% air%ip 8,nulli ,secundus0 0 giv5 its fir/ trial4 ,! gas envelope _h be5 made ( goldbeat]'s sk9s1 :i* are consid]$ imp]meable to ! conta9$ gas1 b are v exp5sive4 ,?is air%ip 0 ( ! non-rigid type4 ,x made ! trip f ,ald]%ot to ,london1 a di/ance ( #ej miles1 9 #c h\rs--an app>5t spe$ ( #ad miles p] h\r1 lack+ in=mation z to ! aid or h9drance ( ! prevail+ w9d4 ,sev]al o!r trials 7 made1 b ) small success4 ,! (f] ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t _h /imulat$ o!r ,g]man build]s besides ,c\nt von ,zeppel91 & on ,octob] #bh1 #aijg1 ! ,p>seval ,i1 :i* _h be5 improv$1 & ! new ,gross dirigible1 compet$ = ! gov]nm5t prize1 at ,b]l94 ,! ,p>seval kept afloat = #f h\rs1 & ! ,gross = #h h\rs4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,france1 ! ,lebaudys _h be5 build+ a new air%ip :i* 0 nam$ 8,la ,patrie40 ,x 0 #aig feet long & #cd feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 a trial = altitude x 0 driv5 to an elevation ( #d1cjj feet4 ,on ,novemb] #bc1 #aijg1 ! 8,patrie0 set out f ,p>is = ,v]dun1 a di/ance ( #adf miles4 ,! j\rney 0 made 9 #f h\rs1 at an av]age spe$ ( #be miles p] h\r1 & ! fuel c>ri$ 0 suffici5t to h cont9u$ ! j\rney #ej miles fur!r4 ,soon aft] rea*+ ,v]dun a sev]e gale tore ! air%ip away f ! regim5t ( soldi]s detail$ to assi/ ! an*ors 9 hold+ x d[n1 & x disappe>$ into ! cl\ds4 ,x is kn[n to h pass$ ov] ,engl&1 = p>ts ( its ma*9]y 7 pick$ up at sev]al po9ts1 & "s days lat] ! gas-bag 0 se5 float+ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,ville-de-,p>is0 ( ,m4 de la ,meur!4 ,foll[+ close ^u ! ill-fat$ 8,patrie0 came ! 8,ville-de-,p>is10 a dirigible :i* _h be5 built by ,surc\f = ,m4 ,h5ri ,deuts* de la ,meur!1 an em95t patron ( a]onautic exp]im5ts4 ,9 size ?is air%ip 0 almo/ id5tical ) ! lo/ 8,patrie10 b x 0 q diff]5t 9 appe>ance4 ,x did n h ! flat framework at ! bottom ( ! gas envelope1 b 0 entirely r\nd 9 section1 & ! long c> 0 susp5d$ bel[4 ,at ! re> ! gas-bag 0 contract$ to a cyl9drical =m1 & f\r gr\ps ( two ballonnets ea* 7 atta*$ to act z /abiliz]s4 ,x 0 (f]$ by ,m4 de la ,meur! to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to take ! place ( ! 8,patrie0 9 ! army manuvres at ,v]dun1 & on ,janu>y #ae1 #aijh1 made ! trip ?i!r f ,p>is 9 ab\t #g h\rs4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ballonnets ex]t$ consid]able drag ^u ! %ip4 ,9 ,june1 #aijh1 ! great 8,zeppel9 ,,iv0 0 complet$ & giv5 its prelim9>y trials1 & on ,july #a x />t$ on its fir/ long j\rney4 ,leav+ ,fri$ri*%af51 its r\te 0 along ! nor!rly %ore ( ,lake ,con/ance ne>ly to ,s*affhaus51 !n s\?w>d to & ar\nd ,lake ,luc]ne1 !nce nor?w>d to ,zuri*1 !nce ea/w>d to ,lake ,con/ance1 & to its %$ at ,fri$ri*%af54 ,! di/ance trav]s$ 0 #bcf miles1 & ! "t consum$ #ab h\rs4 ,?is voyage )\t a s+le mi%ap ar\s$ ! greate/ en?usiasm among ! ,g]man p4 ,aft] sev]al %ort flights1 dur+ :i* ! ,k+ ( ,wrttemb]g1 ! ,que51 & "s ( ! royal pr9ces 7 pass5g]s1 ! ,zeppel9 ,,iv set out on ,augu/ #d to w9 ! ,gov]nm5t rew>d by mak+ ! #bd-;h\r flight4 ,sail+ ea/w>d f ,fri$ri*%af5 x pass$ ov] ,basle1 !n turn+ nor?w>d x foll[$ ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 pass+ ov] ,/rasburg & ,mannheim1 & _h ne>ly rea*$ ,may5ce :5 a slight accid5t necessitat$ a l&+4 ,repairs 7 made1 & ! j\rney resum$ aft] nightfall4 ,may5ce 0 rea*$ at #aa ,p4 ,m41 & ! return trip begun4 ,:5 pass+ ov] ,/uttg>t1 at #f ,a4 ,m41 a leak 0 discov]$1 & a l&+ 0 made at ,e*t]d+51 a few miles f>!r on4 ,"h1 :ile repairs 7 be+ made1 a squall /ruck ! air%ip & bump$ x heavily on ! gr\nd4 ,"s gasol9e 0 spill$1 9 "s unkn[n way1 :i* caught fire1 & 9 a few mom5ts ! great balloon 0 totally de/roy$4 ,x _h be5 9 cont9u\s flight #aa h\rs up to ! "t ( ! fir/ l&+1 & altoge!r #bj h\rs1 & _h travell$ #beh miles4 ,! ,g]man p imm$iately />t$ a public subscription to provide ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 ) ! funds ne$$ to build ano!r air%ip1 & 9 a few days ! sum ( #a1ejj1jjj 0 rais$ & turn$ ov] to ! un=tunate inv5tor4 ,! 8,zeppel9 ,,iii0 0 tak5 9 h&1 & l5g!n$1 & m p[]ful eng9es in/all$4 ,! 8,gross ,,ii0 0 ready to make its attempt = ! ,gov]nm5t prize on ,septemb] #aa1 #aijh4 ,x sail$ f ,tegel to ,magdeburg & back to ,tegel1 a di/ance ( #agf miles1 9 #ac h\rs1 )\t l&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,clem5t-,bay>d dirigible ent]+ its %$4 ,f\r days lat] ! 8,p>seval ,,ii0 made a trip betwe5 ! same po9ts 9 #aa h\rs1 b cut ! di/ance travell$ d[n to #aeg miles4 ,9 ,octob]1 ! 8,p>seval ,,ii0 0 s5t up = an altitude te/1 & rose to a height ( #e1jjj feet above ,tegel1 hov]+ ov] ! city = upw>d ( an h\r4 ,dur+ #aijh1 an air%ip design$ by ,m4 ,clem5t1 ! not$ motor-c> build]1 0 be+ con/ruct$ 9 ,france4 ,x made its fir/ voyage on ,octob] #bi1 c>ry+ sev5 pass5g]s f ,s>tr\ville to ,p>is & back1 at a spe$ ( f #be to #cj miles p] h\r4 ,! illu/ration gives a v good idea ( ! peculi> ballonnets atta*$ to ! re> end ( ! gas envelope4 ,^! ballonnets op5 into ! l>ge gas-bag1 & are practically a "p ( x4 ,9 ,italy a rem>kable dirigible has be5 built by ,capta9 ,ricaldoni1 = milit>y purposes4 ,x has ! =m ( a fi%1 blunt =w>d1 & tap]+ /raight away to ! re>4 ,x has a l>ge f9like surface on ! "u side ( ! gas-bag t[>d ! re>4 ,its p]=mances %[ t its effici5cy z comp>$ ) its motive p[] is l>g] ?an any o!r dirigible 9 commission4 ,illu/ration3 ,eng9e ( ! ,clem5t-,bay>d dirigible2 #g-;cyl9d]2 #ee horse-p[]2 weigh+ only #aee p\nds4 ,9 ,may1 #aiji1 ! rebuilt 8,zeppel9 ,,iii10 n[ re*ri/5$ 8,zeppel9 ,,ii10 aft] _m successful %ort flights 0 prep>$ = ! ,gov]nm5t trial4 ,on ,may #bi1 #aiji1 ) a crew ( six m51 ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 />t$ f ,fri$ri*%af5 = ,b]l91 #cfj miles away4 ,! great %ip pass$ ov] ,ulm1 ,nuremburg1 ,bayreu?1 & ,leipzig2 & "h x enc\nt]$ s /rong a head w9d f ! nor?1 t x 0 decid$ to turn ab\t at ,bitt]feld & return to ,fri$ri*%af54 ,! di/ance travell$ _h be5 ne>ly #cjj miles 9 #ba h\rs4 ,! c\rse foll[$ 0 q irregul>1 & took ! %ip ov] ,wurtzburg1 & by a wide det\r to ,heilbron & ,/uttg>t4 ,! supply ( gasol9e runn+ l[1 x 0 decid$ to l& at ,goepp+51 :]e m c\ld be obta9$4 ,x 0 ra9+ heavily1 & ?r\gh "s mi/ake 9 /e]+1 or "s sudd5 ve]+ ( ! w9d1 ! pr[ ( ! great dirigible came into collision ) a tree ^u ! hillside4 ,! envelope 0 badly torn1 & a "p ( ! alum9um inn] /ructure wreck$4 ,h[ev]1 ! me*anics on bo>d 7 able to make su* repairs t ! %ip 0 able to resume ! voyage ! next day1 & made port )\t fur!r mi%ap4 ,! vessel hav+ be5 #ch h\rs 9 ! air at ! "t ( ! accid5t1 s mu* ( ! ,gov]nm5t's /ipulations _h be5 compli$ )4 ,b x _h n succe$$ 9 l&+ safely4 ,nev]!less x 0 accept$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! entire j\rney has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #fhj to #ijj miles1 ei!r figure be+ a record = dirigibles4 ,illu/ration3 ,accid5t to ! new 8,zeppel9 ,,ii0 at ,goepp+54 ,! damage 0 repair$ & ! air%ip cont9u$ its voyage ! next day4 ,on ,augu/ #d1 ! dirigible 8,gross ,,ii0 made a voyage f ,b]l9 to ,apolda1 & return$2 a di/ance ( #bij miles 9 #af h\rs4 ,?is air%ip also 0 accept$ by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t & add$ to its fleet4 ,9 ,augu/1 ! ,zeppel9 ,,ii 0 successfully sail$ to ,b]l91 :]e ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 0 welcom$ by an imm5se & en?usia/ic multitude ( 8 c\ntrym51 includ+ ! ,emp]or & ! royal family4 ,on ,septemb] #bf1 ! new ,fr5* dirigible1 8,la ,republique10 built on ! model ( ! successful ,lebaudy air%ips1 met ) an accid5t :ile 9 ! air4 ,a blade ( "o ( ! propell]s broke & sla%$ into ! envelope4 ,! %ip fell f a height ( #f1jjj feet1 & its crew ( f\r m5 lo/ _! lives4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! damag$ ,zeppel9 f ! front1 %[+ ! tree aga9/ :i* x collid$4 ,on ,april #bb1 #aiaj1 a fleet ( ,g]man dirigibles1 compris+ ! 8,zeppel9 ,,ii10 ! 8,gross ,,ii10 & ! 8,p>seval ,i10 sail$ f ,cologne to ,hamburg1 :]e !y 7 review$ by ,emp]or ,william4 ,a /rong w9d hav+ aris51 ! 8,gross ,,ii10 :i* is ( ! semi-rigid type1 0 deflat$1 & %ipp$ back to ,cologne by rail4 ,! non-rigid 8,p>seval0 made ! return flight 9 safety4 ,! rigid 8,zeppel9 ,,ii0 />t$ on ! return voyage1 b 0 compell$ to desc5d at ,limburg1 :]e x 0 moor$4 ,! w9d increas+1 x 0 =c$ away1 & f9ally 0 driv5 to ! gr\nd at ,weilburg & demoli%$4 ,9 ,may1 #aiaj1 ! 8,p>seval ,v10 ! smalle/ dirigible s f> con/ruct$1 be+ b #ij feet 9 l5g?1 0 put ^u its trial trip4 ,x made a circul> voyage ( #hj miles 9 #d h\rs4 ,= sev]al mon?s a great ,zeppel9 pass5g] dirigible _h be5 build+ by a /ock company f9anc$ by ,g]man capital1 "u ! direction ( ! dauntless ,c\nt von ,zeppel94 ,x 0 #dij feet long1 ) a capacity ( #fff1ijj cubic feet4 ,a pass5g] cab9 0 built ) -in* mahogany v5e] ^u a framework ( alum9um1 ! inside be+ decorat$ ) panels ( rosewood inlaid ) "m-(-pe>l4 ,! seats 7 wick] *airs1 & ! w9d[ op5+s _h no glass4 ,x 0 *ri/5$ ! 8,deuts*l&40 ,aft] _m days wait+ = propiti\s wea!r ! fir/ 8air-l9]0 set sail on ,june #bb1 #aiaj1 f ,fri$ri*%af5 = ,dsseldorf1 c>ry+ #bj pass5g]s :o _h paid #ej ea* = _! passage4 ,9 addition !re 7 #ac o!r p]sons on bo>d4 ,! />t 0 made at ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & ! c\rse laid 0 up ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 z f> z ,cologne4 ,dsseldorf 0 rea*$ at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ! airl9e di/ance ( #cjj miles hav+ be5 cov]$ 9 #i h\rs ( actual sail+4 ,f ,mannheim to ,dsseldorf1 favor$ by ! w9d1 ! great %ip rea*$ ! spe$ ( #ej miles p] h\r1 = ?is "p ( ! trip1 out/ripp+ ! fa/e/ express tra9s :i* consume #f h\rs 9 ! w9d+ track up ! valley4 ,! next morn+ ! 8,deuts*l&0 left ,dsseldorf on an excursion trip1 c>ry+ sev]al ladies among its pass5g]s4 ,! voyage 0 9 e way a great success1 & public en?usiasm 0 widespread4 ,on ,june #bi1 a te/ trip 0 decid$ ^u4 ,no pass5g]s 7 tak51 b #ai newspap] correspond5ts 7 invit$ gue/s4 ,! ,c\nt _h be5 w>n$ ( wea!r di/urbances 9 ! neighborhood1 b he ei!r disreg>d$ !m or felt confid5ce 9 8 craft4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ! voyage %\ld la/ f\r h\rs1 b ! air%ip soon enc\nt]$ a /orm1 & aft] #f h\rs ( futile /riv+ aga9/ x1 ! fuel gave out4 ,caught 9 an upw>d draft1 ! 8,deuts*l&0 rose to an altitude ( ov] #e1jjj feet1 los+ consid]able gas1 & !n1 ent]+ a ra9/orm1 0 heavily lad5 ) moi/ure4 ,sudd5ly1 )\t def9ite reason1 x began to fall v]tically1 & 9 a few mom5ts _h cra%$ into ! tops ( ! trees ( ! ,teutob]g =e/4 ,no "o on bo>d receiv$ m ?an slight injury1 & all alight$ safely by means ( ladd]s4 ,! 8,deuts*l&0 0 a wreck1 & 0 tak5 ap>t & %ipp$ back to ,fri$ri*%af54 ,on ,july #ac1 ano!r giant pass5g] air%ip1 design$ by ,osc> ,erbslh1 :o won ! int]national balloon race 9 #aijg by a voyage f ,/4 ,l\is to ,asbury ,p>k1 met ) fatal disa/]4 ,x 0 sail+ ne> ,cologne at an altitude ( ab\t #b1ejj feet :5 x bur/1 & ,erbslh & 8 f\r companions 7 kill$ 9 ! fall4 ,on ,july #bh1 ! 8,gross ,,iii0 left ,b]l9 ) ! object ( beat+ ! long di/ance record = dirigibles4 ,soon aft] pass+ ,go?a ! air%ip return$ to t place1 & ab&on$ ! attempt4 ,9 #ac h\rs a di/ance ( #bfj miles _h be5 trav]s$4 ,undismay$ by ! cata/rophes :i* _h de/roy$ 8 air%ips almo/ z fa/ z he built !m1 ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 _h 8 numb] ,,vi ready to sail on ,septemb] #c4 ,) a crew ( sev5 & twelve pass5g]s he sail$ f ,bad5 to ,heidelb]g--#ec miles 9 #fe m9utes4 ,x 0 put into commission z an excursion craft1 & made sev]al successful voyages4 ,on ,septemb] #ad1 z x 0 be+ plac$ 9 its %$ at ! close ( a j\rney1 x took fire unacc\ntably1 & 0 de/roy$ toge!r ) ! %$1 a "p ( ! framework only rema9+4 ,on ,octob] #ae1 #aiaj1 ! ,wellman dirigible 8,am]ica0 :i* _h be5 9 prep>ation = _m weeks1 left ,asbury ,p>k 9 an attempt to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,its balloon 0 #bbh feet long1 ) a diamet] ( #eb feet1 conta9+ #cde1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! c> 0 #aef feet 9 l5g?1 & 0 arrang$ z a tank 9 :i* #a1bej gallons ( gasol9e 7 c>ri$4 ,a lifeboat 0 atta*$ und]nea? ! c>4 ,!re 7 two eng9es1 ea* ( #hj horse-p[]1 & an auxili>y motor ( #aj horse-p[]4 ,sleep+ qu>t]s 7 provid$ = ! crew ( six1 & ! balloon 0 fitt$ ) a wireless telegraph sy/em4 ,all w5t well until (f ! isl& ( ,nantucket1 :]e /rong nor? w9ds 7 enc\nt]$1 & ! dirigible 0 swept s\?w>d t[>d ,b]muda4 ,z an aid 9 keep+ ! air%ip at an elevation ( ab\t #bjj feet above ! sea1 an enl>g$ trail-rope1 call$ ! equilibrator1 _h be5 con/ruct$ ( cans :i* 7 fill$ ) gasol9e4 ,?is app5dage weigh$ #a tons1 & ! l[] "p ( x 0 expect$ to float ^u ! sea4 ,9 practice x 0 f\nd t ! j>r+ ( ?is equilibrator1 :5 ! sea became r\gh1 dis>rang$ ! ma*9]y1 s t ! propell]s w\ld n "w1 & ! balloon 0 compell$ to drift ) ! w9d4 ,t[>d ev5+ ( ! second day a %ip 0 sight$1 & ! ,am]ica's crew 7 rescu$4 ,! air%ip float$ away 9 ! gale1 & 0 soon out ( sight4 ,on ,octob] #af1 a new ,clem5t-,bay>d dirigible1 ) sev5 m5 on bo>d1 left ,p>is at #g4ae o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & sail$ = ,london4 ,at #a ,p4 ,m4 x circl$ ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & l&$ at ! hang> at ,wormwood ,scrubbs a half h\r lat]4 ,! di/ance ( #bei miles 7airl9e7 0 trav]s$ at ! rate ( #da miles p] h\r1 & ! j\rney surpass$ 9 spe$ any previ\s j\rney by any o!r =m ( conveyance4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright by ,pictorial ,news ,company4 ,wellman dirigible 8,am]ica0 />t+ = ,europe1 ,octob] #ae1 #aiaj4 ,on ,novemb] #e1 #aiaj1 ! "y ,wel% a]onaut1 ,erne/ ,t4 ,will[s1 :o sail$ 8 small dirigible f ,c>diff to ,london 9 ,augu/1 made a trip f ,london across ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,d\ai1 ,france4 ,?is is ! ?ird "t )9 a mon? t ! ,*annel _h be5 cross$ by air%ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ! ,capazza dirigible f ! side4 ,a ,a1 /abiliz+ f9s2 ,b1 air-ballonnet2 ,r1 rudd]2 ,m ,m1 motors2 ,,fs1 =w>d propell]2 ,,ss1 /]n propell]4 ,t[>d ! close ( #aiaj1 #eb dirigibles 7 9 commission or 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 #g2 9 ,belgium1 #b2 9 ,engl&1 #f2 9 ,france1 #ab2 9 ,g]many1 #ad2 9 ,italy1 #e2 9 ,russia1 #a2 9 ,spa91 #a4 ,! new ,capazza dirigible is a decid$ dep>ture f all prec$+ con/ructions1 & may m>k a new era 9 ! navigation ( ! air4 ,its gas envelope is %ap$ l a l5s1 or a l5til1 & is arrang$ to sail flatwise ) ! horizon1 ?us p>tak+ ( ! a]oplane z well z ! balloon type4 ,no def9ite facts conc]n+ its a*ievem5ts h be5 publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,capazza dirigible f ! front4 ,f above x is an exact circle 9 outl9e4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,balloons3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,op]ate4 ,prelim9>y inspection--,in/rum5ts--,accessories--,b alla/--,inflat+--,atta*+ ! c>--,! asc5sion--,controls--,l&+--,"s ?+s to be consid]$--,aft] l&+--,precautions4 ,! actual op]ation ( a balloon is always entru/$ to an exp]i5c$ pilot1 or 8capta90 z he is (t5 call$1 because he is 9 comm&1 & 8 au?ority mu/ be recogniz$ in/antly :5ev] an ord] is giv54 ,nev]!less1 x is (t5 ( great importance t e pass5g] %all und]/& ! details ( manag+ ! balloon 9 case ( ne$2 & a well-in=m$ pass5g] is greatly to be pref]r$ to an ignorant "o4 ,x is ord9>ily "o ( ! duties ( ! capta9 to inspect ! balloon ?or\ghly2 to see t !re are no holes 9 ! gas-bag1 t ! valve is 9 p]fect work+ ord]1 & p>ticul>ly t ! valve rope & ! ripp+ cord are n tangl$4 ,he %\ld also ga!r ! in/rum5ts & equipm5t to be c>ri$4 ,! in/rum5ts are usually an an]oid b>omet]1 & p]haps a m]cury b>omet]1 a b>ograph 7record+ b>omet]71 a psy*romet] 7record+ !rmomet]71 a clock1 a compass1 & an outfit ( maps ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* x is possible t ! balloon may float4 ,telegraph blanks1 railroad "t tables1 etc41 may be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,a cam]a ) a supply ( plates w be indisp5sable almo/1 & ! cam]a %\ld be provid$ ) a yell[ scre5 = photograph+ cl\ds or di/ant objects4 ,! balla/ %\ld be inspect$1 to be sure t x is ( dry s&1 free f /ones2 or if wat] is us$ = balla/1 x %\ld h ! prop] admixture ( glyc]9e to prev5t freez+4 ,x is ess5tial t ! inflat+ be prop]ly done1 & ! capta9 %\ld be compet5t to direct ?is process 9 detail1 if necess>y4 ,:at is call$ ! 8circul> me?od0 is ! simple/1 & is entirely satisfactory unless ! balloon is be+ fill$ ) pure hydrog5 = a v high asc5t1 9 :i* case x w d\btless be 9 ! h&s ( exp]ts4 ,:5 inflat+ ) coal-gas1 ! supply is usually tak5 f a l>ge pipe adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! gas-ma9 ! gr\nd is made smoo?1 & ! gr\nd clo?s are spread out & pegg$ d[n to keep !m 9 place4 ,! fold$ balloon is laid out on ! clo?s ) ! neck op5+ t[>d ! gas-pipe4 ,! balloon is !n unfold$1 & s dispos$ t ! valve w be upp]mo/1 & 9 ! c5tre ( a circle embrac+ ! upp] half ( ! sph]e ( ! balloon1 ! op5+ ( ! neck project+ a few in*es beyond ! rim ( ! circle4 ,! hose f ! gas-ma9 may !n be connect$ ) ! socket 9 ! neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,balloon laid out 9 ! circul> me?od1 ready = inflation4 ,! valve is se5 at ! c5tre4 ,! neck is at ! "r4 ,hav+ made sure t ! ripp+ cord & ! valve rope are free f ea* o!r1 & prop]ly connect$ ) _! active p>ts1 & t ! valve is fa/5$ 9 place1 ! net is laid ov] ! :ole1 & spread out symmetrically4 ,a few bags ( balla/ are hook$ into ! net ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! balloon z x lies1 & ! assi/ants di/ribut$ ar\nd x4 ,x %\ld be ! duty ( "o man to hold ! neck ( ! balloon1 & n to leave x = any purpose :atev]4 ,! gas may !n be turn$ on1 &1 z ! balloon fills1 m bags ( balla/ are hung symmetrically ar\nd ! net2 & all are cont9ually mov$ d[nw>d z ! balloon rises4 ,con/ant wat*+ is necess>y dur+ ! inflation1 s t ! mat]ial ( ! balloon op5s fully )\t creases1 & ! net pres]ves its correct position4 ,:5 ! inflation is f9i%$ ! hoop & c> are to be hook$ 9 place4 ,! c> %\ld be fitt$ up & hung ) an abundance ( balla/4 ,disconnect ! gas hose & tie ! neck ( ! balloon 9 su* fa%ion t x may be op5$ ) a pull ( ! cord :5 ! asc5t beg9s4 ,! balla/ is !n transf]r$ to ! hoop1 or r+1 & ! balloon all[$ to rise until ?is is cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,! c> is !n mov$ und]nea?1 & ! balla/ mov$ d[n f ! r+ into x4 ,! trail-rope %\ld be made fa/ to ! c> directly "u ! ripp+ panel1 ! object be+ to ret>d t side ( ! balloon 9 l&+1 s t ! gas may escape freely :5 ! panel is torn op51 & n und]nea? ! balloon1 z w\ld happ5 if ! balloon came to e>? ) ! ripp+ panel und]nea?4 ,! balloon is n[ ready to />t1 & ! capta9 & pass5g]s take _! places 9 ! c>4 ,! neck ( ! balloon is op5$1 & a glance upw>d w det]m9e if ! valve rope hangs freely ?r\gh x4 ,! l[] end ( ?is %\ld be ti$ to "o ( ! c> ropes4 ,! cord to ! ripp+ panel %\ld be ti$ 9 a diff]5t place1 & 9 su* fa%ion t no mi/ake c be made betwe5 !m4 ,! assi/ants /& ar\nd ! edge ( ! basket1 hold+ x s t x %all n rise until ! ^w is giv54 ,! capta9 !n adju/s ! load ( balla/1 ?r[+ (f suffici5t to all[ ! balloon to pull upw>d lightly aga9/ ! m5 :o are hold+ x4 ,a little m balla/ is !n ?r[n (f1 & ! ^w giv5 to let g4 ,! trail-rope %\ld be 9 *>ge ( "s "o :o w see t x lifts freely f ! gr\nd4 ,! balloon rises into ! air to an altitude :]e a bulk ( ! high] & !re=e light] air equal to ! bulk ( ! balloon has exactly ! same weight4 ,?is is ord9>ily ab\t #b1jjj feet4 ,if ! sun %\ld be %9+ ! gas 9 ! balloon w be exp&$ by ! heat1 & "s ( x w be =c$ out ?r\gh ! neck4 ,?is expla9s ! importance ( ! op5 neck4 ,9 "s ( ! e>ly asc5sions no su* provision = ! expansion ( ! gas 0 made1 & ! balloons bur/ ) disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,inflat+ a milit>y balloon4 ,! net is be+ adju/$ smoo?ly z ! balloon rises4 ,! bags ( balla/ surr\nd ! balloon ready to be atta*$ z soon z ! buoyancy ( ! gas lifts x f ! e>?4 ,:5 "s ( ! gas has be5 driv5 out by ! heat1 !re is less weight ( gas 9 ! balloon1 ?\gh x occupies ! same space4 ,x !re=e has a t5d5cy to rise /ill high]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x passes into a cl\d1 or ! sun is o!rwise obscur$1 ! volume ( ! gas w contract2 x w become d5s]1 & ! balloon w desc5d4 ,to *eck ! desc5t ! load c>ri$ by ! balloon mu/ be light5$1 & ?is is accompli%$ by ?r[+ out "s balla/2 g5]ally1 a few h&fuls is en\gh4 ,!re is always m or less leakage ( gas ?r\gh ! envelope z well z f ! neck1 & ?is also less5s ! lift+ p[]4 ,to re/ore ! balance1 m balla/ mu/ be ?r[n out1 & 9 ?is way an approximate level is kept dur+ ! j\rney4 ,:5 ! balla/ is ne>ly exhau/$ x w be necess>y to come d[n1 = a com=table l&+ _c be made )\t ! use ( balla/4 ,a good l&+ place hav+ be5 select$1 ! valve is op5$1 & ! balloon br\ght d[n )9 a few y>ds ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ripp+ cord is !n pull$ & balla/ ?r[n out s t ! basket w t\* z lightly z possible4 ,"s a]onauts use a small an*or or grapnel to assi/ 9 mak+ a l&+1 b on a w9dy day1 :5 ! c> is liable to d "s bump+ be=e com+ to re/1 ! grapnel (t5 makes matt]s mu* worse = ! pass5g]s by a s]ies ( hold+s & slipp+s1 & sometimes causes a de/ructive /ra9 ^u ! balloon4 ,9 mak+ an asc5t ) a balloon full ( gas !re is c]ta9 to be a wa/e ( gas z x exp&s4 ,?is expansion is due n only to ! heat ( ! sun1 b also to ! light] pressure ( ! air 9 ! upp] altitudes4 ,x is !re=e ! cu/om ) "s a]onauts to asc5d ) a p>tially fill$ balloon1 all[+ ! expansion to completely fill x4 ,?is process is p>ticul>ly advis$ if a v high altitude is s\ght4 ,:5 x is desir$ to make a long voyage x is wise to make ! />t at twilight1 & s avoid ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! balloon w !n float along on an almo/ un*ang+ level )\t exp5diture ( balla/4 ,ra9 & ev5 ! moi/ure f cl\ds w sometimes wet ! balloon s t x w cause a mu* great] loss ( balla/ ?an w\ld h be5 requir$ to be ?r[n out to rise above ! cl\d or /orm4 ,su* details 9 ! h&l+ ( a balloon dur+ a voyage w dem& ! skill$ judgm5t ( ! capta94 ,illu/ration3 ,a balloon ready = asc5t4 ,notice t ! neck is /ill ti$4 ,! trail-rope is a valuable adjunct :5 ! balloon is travell+ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! long] ! "p ( ! trail-rope t is dragg+ on ! gr\nd ! less weight ! balloon is c>ry+4 ,& at night1 :5 x is impossible to tell ! direction 9 :i* "o is travell+ 9 any o!r way1 ! l9e ( ! trail+ rope w %[ ! direction f :i* ! w9d is bl[+1 & h5ce ! drift ( ! balloon4 ,! c>e ( ! balloon & its in/rum5ts ^u l&+ falls ^u ! capta91 = he is n likely to f9d assi/ants at h& compet5t to relieve him ( any "p ( ! necess>y "w4 ,! c> & ! r+ are fir/ deta*$4 ,! ropes are laid out free & cle>1 & ! valve is unscrew$ & tak5 (f4 ,! mat]ial ( ! balloon is fold$ smoo?ly1 gore by gore4 ,! balla/ bags are empti$4 ,aft] all is bundl$ up x %\ld be pack$ 9 ! c>1 ! cov]+ clo? b\nd on ) ropes1 & def9ite in/ructions affix$ = transportation to ! />t+-po9t4 ,x is app>5t t ! :ole ( ! gas is lo/ at ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,! co/ ( ?is is ! l>ge/ exp5se ( balloon+4 ,= a small balloon ( ab\t #ej1jjj cubic feet1 ! coal-gas = inflat+ w co/ ab\t #ce to #dj4 ,if hydrog5 is us$1 x w co/ probably t5 times z mu*4 ,9 important voyages x is cu/om>y to s5d up pilot balloons1 to discov] ! direction ( ! w9d curr5ts at ! diff]5t levels1 s t ! level :i* promises ! be/ may be select$ be=e ! balloon leaves ! gr\nd4 ,a /udy ( ! wea!r conditions ?r\gh\t ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is a wise precaution1 & no />t %\ld be made if a /orm is imm95t4 ,! ext5t ( control possible 9 balloon+ be+ s limit$1 all risks %\ld be scrupul\sly avoid$1 bo? be=e & dur+ ! voyage1 & no?+ left to haphaz>d4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,balloons3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make4 ,! fabrics us$--,prelim9>y v>ni%+--,v>ni%es--,rubb]iz$ fabrics--,pegamoid--,weight ( v>ni%--,latitudes ( ! balloon--,calculat+ gores--,lay+ out patt]ns & cutt+--,sew+--,v>ni%+--,dry+--,oil+--,! neck--,! valve--,! net--,! basket4 ,! mak+ ( a balloon is almo/ always plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a pr(essional balloon-mak]4 ,b z ! use ( balloons increases1 & _! own]s multiply1 x is becom+ a matt] ( importance t ! mo/ improv$ me?ods ( mak+ !m %\ld be kn[n to ! int5d+ pur*as]1 z well z to ! amateur :o wi%es to con/ruct 8 own balloon4 ,! fabric ( :i* ! gas envelope is made may be ei!r silk1 cotton 7p]cale71 or l954 ,x %\ld be ( a tight1 diagonal weave1 ( uni=m & /rong ?reads 9 bo? w>p & wo(1 unblea*$1 & )\t dress+1 or f9i%4 ,if x is color$1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ t ! dye is "o t w n affect injuri\sly ! /r5g? or texture ( ! fabric4 ,lightness 9 weight1 & great /r5g? 7z te/$ by te>+71 are ! ess5tials4 ,! f9e/ ,g]man p]cale weighs ab\t #b ounces p] squ>e y>d2 ,russian p]cale1 #c ounces1 & ,fr5* p]cale1 #counces1 p] squ>e y>d4 ,! :ite silk us$ 9 ,russian milit>y balloons weighs ab\t ! same z ,g]man p]cale1 b is v mu* /rong]4 ,pongee silk is a trifle heavi]4 ,! silk us$ = s\nd+ balloons is mu* light]1 weigh+ only a little ov] "o ounce to ! squ>e y>d4 ,goldbeat]'s sk9 & rubb] h be5 us$ to "s ext5t1 b ! great co/ ( ! =m] places x 9 rea* only ( gov]nm5tal dep>tm5ts1 & ! latt] is ( use only 9 small balloons = sci5tific "w--up to ab\t #age cubic feet capacity4 ,! fabric is fir/ to be v>ni%$1 to fill up ! pores & r5d] x gas-tight4 ,= ?is purpose a ?9 l9se$-oil v>ni% has be5 commonly us$4 ,to #ajj p>ts ( pure l9se$-oil are add$ #d p>ts ( li?>ge & #a "p ( umb]1 & ! mixture is heat$ to ab\t #cej ,fahr41 = six or sev5 h\rs1 & /irr$ con/antly4 ,aft] /&+ a few days ! cle> "p is drawn (f = use4 ,= ! ?ick] v>ni% us$ on lat] coats1 ! heat %\ld be rais$ to #dej & kept at ab\t t temp]ature until x becomes ?ick4 ,?is op]ation is att5d$ ) mu* dang] ( ! oil tak+ fire1 & %\ld be done only by an exp]i5c$ v>ni%-mak]4 ,! only advantages ( ! l9se$-oil v>ni% are its ease ( application1 & its *eapness4 ,its drawbacks are /ick9ess--requir+ cont9ual exam9ation ( ! balloon envelope1 especially :5 ! deflat$ bag is /or$ away--its liability to spontane\s combu/ion1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! v>ni% is new1 & its v sl[ dry+ qualities1 requir+ a long wait betwe5 ! coats4 ,ano!r v>ni% made by dissolv+ rubb] 9 b5z9e1 has be5 l>gely us$4 ,x requires vulcaniz+ aft] application4 ,x is nev] /icky1 & is always s(t & pliable4 ,h[ev]1 ! rubb] is liable to decomposition f ! action ( ! violet ray ( light1 & a balloon s v>ni%$ requires ! protection ( an out] yell[ cov]+--ei!r ( pa9t1 or an additional yell[ fabric4 ,un=tunately1 a s+le %eet ( rubb]iz$ mat]ial is n gas-tight1 & x is necess>y to make ! envelope ( two1 or ev5 ?ree1 lay]s ( ! fabric1 ?us add+ mu* to ! weight4 ,! great gas-bags ( ! ,zeppel9 air%ips are v>ni%$ ) 8,pegamoid10 a pat5t prep>ation ! con/itu5ts ( :i* are n kn[n4 ,its use by ,c\nt ,zeppel9 is ! highe/ recomm5dation possible4 ,! weight ( ! v>ni% adds l>gely to ! weight ( ! envelope4 ,fr5* pongee silk aft] receiv+ its five coats ( l9se$-oil v>ni%1 weighs #h ounces p] squ>e y>d4 ,a d\ble bag ( p]cale ) a lay] ( vulcaniz$ rubb] betwe51 & a coat+ ( rubb] on ! inside1 & pa9t$ yell[ on ! outside1 w weigh #aa ounces p] squ>e y>d4 ,pegamoid mat]ial1 :i* comes ready prep>$1 weighs b ab\t #d ounces p] squ>e y>d1 b is mu* m co/ly4 ,9 cutt+ out ! gores ( ! envelope x is possible to wa/e fully ( ! mat]ial unless ! "w is skilfully plann$4 ,tak+ ! wid? ( ! *os5 mat]ial z a basis1 we mu/ fir/ d$uct f ( an in* to #a in*es1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! propos$ balloon1 = a broad seam & ! ov]lapp+ necess>y4 ,divid+ ! circumf]5ce at ! l>ge/ diamet]--! 8equator0 ( ! balloon--by ! rema9+ wid? ( ! fabric gives ! numb] ( gores requir$4 ,to obta9 ! bread? ( ea* gore at ! diff]5t 8latitudes0 7suppos+ ! globe ( ! balloon to be divid$ by p>allels simil> to ^? ( ! e>?7 ! foll[+ table is to be us$2 #j repres5t+ ! equator1 & #ij ! apex ( ! balloon4 ,! bread? ( ! gore 9 in*es at any latitude is ! product ( ! decimal opposite t latitude 9 ! table by ! orig9al wid? ( ! fabric 9 in*es1 ?us all[+ = seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9/]wald]'s me?od ( cutt+ mat]ial = a sph]ical balloon1 by :i* ov] "o-f\r? ( ! mat]ial1 usually wa/$ 9 ! common me?od1 may be sav$4 ,x has ! fur!r advantage ( sav+ m ?an half ( ! usual sew+4 ,! balloon is consid]$ z a sph]ical hexah$ron 7a six-surfac$ figure simil> to a cube1 b ) curv$ sides & edges74 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e divid$ by ! wid? ( ! mat]ial gives ! unit ( measurem5t4 ,! dim5sions ( ! imag9$ hexah$ron may !n be det]m9$ f ! calculat$ surface & ! cutt+ proce$ accord+ to ! illu/ration above1 :i* %[s five bread?s to ea* ( ! six curv$ sides4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! seams ( ! balloon made aft] ! ,f9/]wald] me?od1 :5 look+ d[n ^u x f above4 ,,table ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,%ape ,,( ,,gores ,,= ,,sph]ical ,,balloons #j #a4jjj #c #j4iih #f #j4iid #i #j4ihh #ab #j4igh #ae #j4iff #ah #j4iea #ba #j4icd #bd #j4iac #bg #j4hia #cj #j4hff #cc #j4hci #cf #j4hji #ci #j4ggg #db #j4gdc #de #j4gjg #dh #j4ffi #ea #j4fbi #ed #j4ehh #eg #j4edd #fj #j4ejj #fc #j4ded #ff #j4djg #fi #j4ceh #gb #j4cji #ge #j4bei #gh #j4bjh #ha #j4aef #hd #j4ajd #hg #j4jeb ,9 practice1 ! %ape ( ! gore is calculat$ by ! above table1 & plott$ out on a heavy pa/ebo>d1 g5]ally 9 two sections = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,! bo>d is cut to ! plott$ %ape & us$ z ! patt]n = e gore4 ,9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts all ! gores are cut at once by a ma*9e4 ,! raw edges are hemm$1 & fold$ into "o ano!r to give a flat seam1 & are !n sewn toge!r 8?r\gh & ?r\gh10 9 twos & ?rees3 aft]w>d ^! sections are sewn toge!r4 ,puck]+ mu/ be scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,9 ! case ( rubb]iz$ mat]ial1 ! ?read holes %\ld be sme>$ ) rubb] solution1 & n>r[ /rips ( ! fabric cem5t$ ov] ! seams ) ! same sub/ance4 ,v>ni%+ is ! next process1 ! gores be+ treat$ 9 turn4 ,half ( ! envelope is v>ni%$ fir/1 & all[$ to dry 9 a well-v5tilat$ place out ( rea* ( ! sun's rays4 ,! o!r half is v>ni%$ :5 ! fir/ is dry4 ,a framework :i* holds half ( ! balloon 9 ! %ape ( a bell is usually employ$4 ,9 case ( ha/e1 ! balloon may be bl[n up ) air1 b ?is mu/ be con/antly r5ew$ to be ( any s]vice4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 v>ni%+ is to get "o side 7! out]1 or ! inn]7 coat$ ) a v>ni% ?9 en\gh to p5etrate ! mat]ial3 !n turn ! envelope ! o!r side out & give t a coat ( ! ?9 v>ni%4 ,next1 aft] all is ?or\ghly dry1 give ! out] side a coat ( ?ick v>ni% clos+ all pores4 ,:5 ?is is dry give ! inn] side a simil> coat4 ,f9ally1 aft] dry+ ?or\ghly1 give bo? sides a coat ( olive oil to prev5t /ick9ess4 ,! am\nt ( v>ni% requir$ is1 = ! fir/ coat #a times ! weight ( ! envelope1 & = ! second coat ! weight--( ! ?9 v>ni%4 ,= ! ?ick coat on ! out] side ( ! weight ( ! envelope1 & on ! inn] side ab\t half z mu*4 ,= ! olive-oil coat1 ab\t ( ! weight ( ! envelope w be ne$$4 ,^! figures are approximate1 "s mat]ial requir+ m1 "s less2 & a wa/eful workman w cause a great] diff]5ce4 ,! neck ( ! balloon 7also call$ ! tail7 is 9 =m a cyl9drical tube ( ! fabric1 sewn to an op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! balloon1 :i* has be5 /r5g!n$ by an extra r+ ( fabric to support x4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube1 call$ ! m\?1 is sewn to a wood5 r+1 :i* /iff5s x4 ,! size ( ! neck is dep5d5t ^u ! size ( ! balloon4 ,its diamet] is det]m9$ by f9d+ ! cube ( "o-half ! diamet] ( ! balloon1 & divid+ x by #a1jjj4 ,9 l5g?1 ! neck %\ld be at lea/ f\r times its diamet]4 ,! apex ( ! balloon envelope is fitt$ ) a l>ge valve to p]mit ! escape ( gas :5 x is desir$ t ! balloon %all desc5d4 ,! door ( ! valve is made to op5 inw>d into ! envelope1 & is pull$ op5 by ! valve-cord :i* passes ?r\gh ! neck ( ! balloon into ! basket1 or c>4 ,?is valve is call$ ! manuvr+ valve1 & !re are _m diff]5t designs equally effici5t4 ,z !y may be _h ready made1 x is be/ = ! amateur1 unless he is a ma*9i/1 to pur*ase "o4 ,! ma9 po9t to see to is t ! seat ( ! valve is ( s(t pliable rubb]1 & t ! door ( ! valve presses a comp>atively %>p edge ( metal or wood s firmly ^u ! seat z to ind5t x2 & ! spr+s ( ! valve %\ld be /rong en\gh to hold x ev5ly to its place4 ,! mak+ ( ! net ( ! balloon is ano!r "p ( ! "w :i* mu/ be delegat$ to pr(essionals4 ,! mat]ial po9t is t ! net di/ributes ! weight ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! upp] hemisph]e ( ! envelope4 ,! /r5g? ( ! cordage is an item :i* mu/ be c>efully te/$4 ,diff]5t samples ( ! same mat]ial %[ su* wide v>iations 9 /r5g? t no?+ b an actual te/ w det]m9e4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be said t ,*9a-grass cordage is f\r times z /rong z hemp cordage1 & silk cordage is t5 times z /rong z hemp--= ! same size cords4 ,! me%es ( ! net %\ld be small1 all[+ ! use ( a small cord4 ,l>ge cords mean l>ge knots1 & ^! we> s]i\sly ^u ! balloon envelope1 & are v likely to cause leaks4 ,9 l>ge me%es1 also1 ! envelope puffs out betwe5 ! cords & becomes some:at /ret*$1 op5+ pores ?r\gh :i* mu* gas is lo/ by diffusion4 ,! 8/>10 or c5tre ( ! net at ! apex ( ! balloon1 mu/ be fa/5$ immovably to ! rim ( ! valve4 ,! susp5sion cords beg9 at f #cj to #de bel[ ! equator ( ! envelope1 & are loop$ ?r\gh r+s 9 :at are call$ 8goose-necks40 ,^! all[ a measure ( slid+ motion to ! cordage z ! basket sways 9 ! w9d4 ,= protect+ ! net aga9/ rott+ f frequ5t wett+1 x is recomm5d$ to saturate x ?or\ghly ) a solution ( acetate ( soda1 dry+ imm$iately4 ,p>aff9 is sometimes us$ ) m or less success1 b t>r+ %\ld be avoid$1 z x mat]ially weak5s ! cordage4 ,oil or grease are ev5 worse4 ,at ! bottom ( ! net prop] ! few l>ge cords into :i* ! _m small cords h be5 m]g$ are atta*$ to ! r+ ( ! balloon4 ,?is is ei!r ( /eel or ( sev]al lay]s ( wood well b\nd toge!r4 ,! ropes support+ ! basket are also fa/5$ to ?is r+1 & f x hang ! trail-rope & ! hold+ ropes4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* %[+ ! diamond me% ( balloon cordage & ! me?od ( di/ribut+ ! r+s = ! goose-necks2 also ! m]g+ ( nett+ cords into ! susp5sion cords :i* support ! c>4 ,! pr9cipal knots us$ 9 ty+ balloon nets are %[n on ! "r4 ,! basket is also to be made by a pr(essional1 z ^u its workman%ip may dep5d ! lives ( its occupants1 ?\gh e o!r feature ( ! balloon be faultless4 ,x mu/ be light1 & /ill v /rong to c>ry its load & )/& sev]e bump+4 ,x %\ld be f #c to #d feet deep1 ) a floor space ( #d feet by #e feet4 ,x is usually made ( will[ & rattan wov5 sub/antially toge!r4 ,! ropes support+ ! c> are pass$ ?r\gh ! bottom & wov5 9 ) x4 ,buff]s are wov5 on to ! outside1 & ! inside is padd$4 ,! seats are small baskets 9 :i* is /or$ ! equipm5t4 ,) ! completion ( ^! ! balloon is ready = its furni%+s & equipm5t1 :i* come "u ! direction ( ! pilot1 or capta91 z detail$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,milit>y ,,a]onautics4 ,! pione] ,meusni]--,l',entrepr5ant--,fir/ a]o/i]s--,fir/ a]ial w>%ip--,bomb>dm5t by balloons--,free balloons 9 obs]vations--,ord]+ artill]y f balloon--,! po/al balloons ( ,p>is--,compress$ hydrog5--,national exp]im5ts--,bomb dropp+--,fall+ explosives--,widespread activity 9 ga!r+ fleets--,controv]sies--,range ( vision--,reassur+ outlook4 ,almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( success 9 trav]s+ ! air ! great possibilities ( all =ms ( aircraft z aids 9 w>f>e h be5 recogniz$ by milit>y au?orities1 &1 z has s (t5 be5 ! case ) o!r inv5tions by non-milit>y m9ds1 ! practically unlimit$ funds at ! disposal ( national w> dep>tm5ts h be5 available = ! developm5t ( ! balloon at fir/1 !n ! air%ip1 & n[ ( ! a]oplane4 ,! ,montgolfi]s _h sc>cely prov$ ! possibility ( ris+ into ! air1 9 #aghc1 be=e ,g5]al ,meusni] 0 busily engag$ 9 inv5t+ improvem5ts 9 _! balloon ) ! express$ purpose ( mak+ x ( s]vice to 8 army1 & be=e he 0 kill$ 9 battle he _h secur$ ! appo9tm5t ( a commission to te/ ! improv$ balloon z to its effici5cy 9 w>4 ,! report ( ! committee be+ favorable1 a balloon corps 0 =m$ 9 ,april1 #agid1 & ! balloon ,l',entrepr5ant 0 us$ dur+ ! battle ( ,fleurus1 on ,june #bf?1 by ,meusni]'s successor1 ,g5]al ,j\rdan1 less ?an a ye> aft] ,meusni]'s dea?4 ,9 #agie ?is balloon 0 us$ 9 ! battle ( ,may5ce4 ,9 bo? in/ances x 0 employ$ = obs]vation only4 ,b :5 ! ,fr5* ent]$ ,mosc[1 !y f\nd !re1 & captur$1 a balloon lad5 ) #a1jjj p\nds ( gunp[d] :i* 0 int5d$ to h be5 us$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 #agif two o!r balloons 7 us$ by ! ,fr5* army !n 9 front ( ,&]na* & ,ehr5breit/e91 & 9 #agih ! #a/ ,company ( ,a]o/i]s 0 s5t to ,egypt1 & op]at$ at ! battle ( ! ,nile1 & lat] at ,cairo4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+1 ?is balloon corps 0 disb&$4 ,9 #ahab ,russia secur$ ! s]vices ( a ,g]man balloon build] nam$ ,leppi*1 or ,leppig1 to build a w> balloon4 ,x _h ! =m ( a fi%1 & 0 s l>ge t ! inflation requir$ five days1 b ! con/ruction ( ! framework 0 faulty1 & "s important p>ts gave way dur+ inflation1 & ! air%ip nev] left ! gr\nd4 ,z x 0 int5d$ t ?is balloon %\ld be dirigible & suppli$ ) explosives1 & take an active "p 9 attacks on enemies1 x may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ a]ial w>%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,a milit>y dirigible mak+ a t\r ( obs]vation4 ,9 #ahdi1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ actual employm5t ( ! balloon 9 w>f>e took place4 ,au/ria 0 engag$ 9 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,v5ice1 & ! range ( ! besieg+ batt]ies 0 n great en\gh to p]mit %ells to be dropp$ into ! city4 ,! eng9e]s =m$ a balloon deta*m5t1 & made a numb] ( ,montgolfi]s out ( pap]4 ,^! 7 ( a size suffici5t to c>ry bombs weigh+ #cj p\nds = half an h\r be=e com+ d[n4 ,^! w> balloons 7 tak5 to ! w9dw>d side ( ! city1 & aft] a pilot balloon _h be5 float$ ov] ! po9t :]e ! bombs 7 to fall1 & ! "t consum$ 9 ! flight asc]ta9$1 ! fuses ( ! bombs 7 set = ! same "t1 & ! w> balloons 7 releas$4 ,! actual damage done by ! dropp+ ( ^! bombs 0 n great1 b ! moral effect ^u ! p ( ! city 0 enorm\s4 ,! balloon deta*m5t *ang$ its position z ! w9d *ang$1 & _m %ells 7 explod$ 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 "o ( !m 9 ! m>ket place4 ,b ! de/ruction wr\ght 0 insignificant z comp>$ ) t usually result+ f cannonad+4 ,z ^! little ,montgolfi]s 7 s5t up unmann$1 p]haps !y are n /rictly entitl$ to be dignifi$ by ! "n ( w> balloon1 be+ only :at 9 ?is day w\ld be call$ a]ial bombs4 ,! next use ( ! balloon 9 w>f>e 0 by ,napoleon ,,iii1 9 #ahei4 ,he s5t up ,lieut5ant ,god>d1 =m]ly a manufactur] ( balloons1 & ,nad>1 ! ballooni/1 at ,ca/iglione4 ,x 0 a t\r ( obs]vation only1 & ,god>d made ! important discov]y t ! inhabitants 7 ga!r+ _! flocks ( dome/ic animals & *ok+ ! roads ) !m1 to oppose ! advance ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! fir/ milit>y use ( balloons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,)9 a mon? aft] ! w> broke out1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,s4 ,c4 ,l[e1 ( ,wa%+ton1 put himself & 8 balloon at ! comm& ( ,presid5t ,l9coln1 & on ,june #ah1 #ahfa1 he s5t to ! ,presid5t a telegram f ! balloon--! fir/ record ( ! k9d 9 hi/ory4 ,aft] ! defeat at ,manassas1 on ,july #bd1 #ahfa1 ,pr(essor ,l[e made a free asc5t1 & discov]$ ! true position ( ! ,conf$]ates1 & prov$ ! falsity ( rumors ( _! advance4 ,! organization ( a regul> balloon corps foll[$1 & x 0 atta*$ to ,mc,clellan's army1 & us$ 9 reconnoit]+ be=e ,yorkt[n4 ,! balloons 7 op]at$ "u heavy artill]y fire1 b 7 n injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a small captive milit>y balloon fitt$ = obs]vation4 ,a cyl9d] ( compress$ hydrog5 to replace leakage is se5 at ,f4 ,on ,may #bd?1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 a g5]al (fic]--9 ?is case1 ,g5]al ,/oneman--direct$ ! fire ( artill]y at a hidd5 enemy f a balloon4 ,lat] 9 ! mon? balloons 7 us$ at ,*ickahom9y1 & aga9 at ,fair ,oaks & ,ri*mond1 be+ t[$ ab\t by locomotives4 ,on ! retreat f be=e ,ri*mond1 ,mc,clellan's balloons & gas g5]ators 7 captur$ & de/roy$4 ,9 #ahfi1 dur+ ! siege ( a =t at ,wakamatzu by ! ,imp]ial ,japanese troops1 ! besieg$ s5t up a man-c>ry+ kite4 ,aft] mak+ obs]vations1 ! (fic] asc5d$ aga9 ) explosives1 ) :i* he attempt$ to disp]se ! besieg+ army1 b )\t success4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 9 #ahgj1 !re 7 sev]al exp]i5c$ ballooni/s %ut up 9 ! city1 & ! six balloons at h& 7 quickly repair$ & put to use by ! army = c>ry+ dispat*es & mail beyond ! besieg+ l9es4 ,! fir/ trips 7 made by ! pr(essional a]onauts1 b1 z !y c\ld n return1 !re 0 soon a sc>city ( pilots4 ,sailors1 & acrobats f ! ,hippodrome1 7 press$ into ! s]vice1 & be=e ! siege 0 rais$ #fd ( ^! po/al balloons _h be5 dispat*$4 ,fifty-sev5 out ( ! #fd l&$ safely on ,fr5* t]ritory1 & fulfill$ _! mission2 #d 7 captur$ by ! ,g]mans2 #a float$ to ,norway2 #a 0 lo/1 ) its crew ( two sailors1 :o fai?fully dropp$ _! dispat*es on ! rocks ne> ! ,liz>d z !y 7 swept out to sea2 & #a l&$ on ! islet ,ho$ic1 9 ! ,atlantic4 ,9 all1 #afd p]sons left ,p>is 9 ^! balloons1 always at night1 & !re 7 c>ri$ a total ( #i tons ( dispat*es & #c1jjj1jjj lett]s4 ,at fir/ dogs 7 c>ri$ to br+ back replies1 b none ev] return$4 ,!n c>ri] pigeons 7 us$ successfully4 ,replies 7 set 9 type & pr9t$4 ,^! pr9t$ %eets 7 r$uc$ by photography s t #af folio pages ( pr9t1 conta9+ #cb1jjj words1 7 r$uc$ to a space ( #b in*es by #a in*es on ! ?9ne/ ( gelat9e film4 ,tw5ty ( ^! films 7 pack$ 9 a quill1 & con/itut$ ! load = ea* pigeon4 ,:5 receiv$ 9 ,p>is1 ! films 7 enl>g$ by means ( a magic lant]n1 copi$1 & deliv]$ to ! p]sons address$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sph]ical cani/] ( compress$ hydrog5 = use 9 inflat+ milit>y balloons4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! cani/]s may be tapp$ at ! same "t & ! inflation proce$ rapidly2 a l>ge balloon be+ fill$ 9 two h\rs4 ,9 m rec5t times ! ,fr5* us$ balloons at ,tonk91 9 #ahhd2 ! ,engli%1 9 ,africa1 9 #ahhe2 ! ,italians1 9 ,abyss9ia1 9 #ahhh2 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,santiago1 9 #ahih4 ,dur+ ! ,bo] ,w>1 9 #aijj1 balloons 7 us$ by ! ,briti% = direct+ artill]y fire1 & "o 0 %ot to pieces by well-aim$ ,bo] cannon4 ,at ,port ,ar?ur1 bo? ! ,japanese & ! ,russians us$ balloons & man-c>ry+ kites = obs]vation4 ,! mo/ rec5t use is t by ,spa91 9 h] campaign aga9/ ! ,moors1 9 #aiji4 ,! introduction ( compress$ hydrog5 9 compact cyl9d]s1 :i* are easily transport$1 has simplifi$ ! problem ( inflat+ balloons 9 ! field1 & ( re/or+ gas lo/ by leakage4 ,! adv5t ( ! dirigible has engag$ ! active att5tion ( ! w> dep>tm5ts ( all ! civiliz$ nations1 & exp]im5ts are con/antly progress+1 9 _m in/ances 9 secret4 ,x is a fact at once significant & int]e/+1 z m>k+ ! rapidity ( ! m>* ( improvem5t1 t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has lately refus$ to buy ! newe/ ,zeppel9 dirigible1 on ! gr\nd t x is built ( alum9um1 :i* is out ( date s9ce ! discov]y ( its light] alloys4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,g]man milit>y non-rigid dirigible ,p>seval ,,ii4 ,x surviv$ ! /orm :i* wreck$ ! ,zeppel9 ,,ii 9 ,april1 #aiaj1 & rea*$ its %$ at ,cologne 9 safety4 ,practically all ! armies are be+ provid$ ) fleets ( a]oplanes1 o/5sibly = use 9 sc\t+4 ,b !re h be5 _m conte/s by aviators 9 8bomb-dropp+0 :i* h at lea/ prov$ t x is possible to drop explosives f an a]oplane ) a great degree ( accuracy4 ,! favorite t>get 9 ^! conte/s has be5 ! life-siz$ outl9e ( a battle%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,g]man milit>y ,zeppel9 dirigible1 :i* took "p 9 ! manuvres at ,hamburg 9 ,april1 #aiaj1 & 0 wreck$ by a high w9d at ,weilburg on ! return j\rney to ,cologne4 ,gl5n ,curtiss1 aft] 8 trip d[n ! ,hudson f ,albany1 decl>$ t he c\ld h dropp$ a l>ge en\gh torp$o ^u ! ,p\ghkeepsie ,bridge to h wreck$ x4 ,8 subsequ5t feats 9 dropp+ 8bombs10 repres5t$ by oranges1 h giv5 weight to 8 claims4 ,by "s writ]s x is ass]t$ t ! successful navigation ( ! air w gu>antee univ]sal peace2 t w> ) aircraft w be s de/ructive t ! :ole _w w rise aga9/ its horrors4 ,aga9/ a fleet ( fly+ ma*9es dropp+ explosives into ! he>t ( great cities !re c be no adequate def5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,hudson ,maxim decl>es t ! explod+ ( ! limit$ quantities ( dynamite t c be c>ri$ on ! pres5t types ( a]oplanes1 on ! decks ( w>%ips w\ld n d any vital damage4 ,he also says t _m tons ( dynamite might be explod$ 9 ,madison ,squ>e1 ,new ,york ,city1 ) no m s]i\s results ?an ! bl[+ out ( ! w9d[s ( ! adjac5t build+s z ! air )9 ru%$ out to fill ! void caus$ by ! upru% ( air heat$ by ! explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lebaudy air%ip 8,la ,patrie40 ,z comp>$ ) ! fir/ ,lebaudy1 x %[s ! r\nd$ /]n ) /abiliz+ planes1 & ! long f9 b5ea?1 ) rudd] & dipp+ planes4 ,z yet1 ! only exp]i5ce t may be in/anc$ is t ( ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 :]e ca/-iron %ells1 weigh+ #ddh lbs41 conta9+ #bh lbs4 ( p[d]1 7 fir$ f a high angle into ,port ,ar?ur1 & did b little damage4 ,9 #ahii ! ,hague ,conf]5ce pass$ a resolution prohibit+ ! use ( aircraft to dis*>ge projectiles or explosives1 & limit$ _! use 9 w> to obs]vation4 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy )held cons5t ^u ! proposition4 ,9 g5]al1 undef5d$ places are reg>d$ z exempt f attack by bomb>dm5t ( any k9d4 ,nev]!less1 !re are /raws :i* %[ h[ ! w9d is bl[+4 ,g]man citiz5s & clubs :i* pur*ase a type ( air%ip approv$ by ! ,w> ,(fice ( ! ,g]man ,empire are to receive a sub/antial subsidy1 ) ! und]/&+ t 9 case ( w> ! aircraft is to be at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,"u ?is plan x is expect$ t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t w control a l>ge fleet ( %ips ( ! air )\t be+ oblig$ to own !m4 ,&1 9 ,france1 funds 7 rais$ rec5tly1 by popul> subscription1 suffici5t to provide ! nation ) a fleet ( f\rte5 air%ips 7dirigibles7 & ?irty a]oplanes4 ,^! are already be+ built1 & x w n be long be=e ,france w h ! l>ge/ air-fleet afloat4 ,! results ( ! ,g]man manuvres ) a fleet ( f\r dirigibles 9 a night attack ^u /rong =tresses h be5 kept a pr(\nd secret1 z if ( great value to ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,signal ,corps has be5 active 9 op]at+ ! ,baldw9 dirigible & ! ,wright a]oplanes own$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,to ! latt]1 wireless telegraphic app>atus has be5 atta*$ & is op]at$ successfully :5 ! ma*9es are 9 flight4 ,9 addition1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,a]onautical ,res]ve has be5 =m$1 ) a l>ge memb]%ip ( prom95t amateur & pr(essional aviators4 ,"s milit>y exp]ts1 h[ev]1 ass]t t ! dirigible is hopelessly outclass$ = w>f>e by ! a]oplane1 :i* c op]ate 9 w9ds 9 :i* ! dirigible d>e n v5ture1 & c so> s high above any altitude t ! dirigible c rea* z to easily de/roy x4 ,ano!r argum5t us$ aga9/ ! availability ( ! dirigible z a w>-vessel is1 t if x 7 laun*$ on a w9d :i* c>ri$ x ov] ! enemy's c\ntry1 x might n be able to return at suffici5t spe$ to escape de/ruction by high-fir+ guns1 ev5 if its limit$ fuel capacity did n =ce a l&+4 ,ev5 ! obs]vation value ( ! aircraft is 9 "s dispute4 ,! foll[+ table is quot$ z giv+ ! ranges possible to an obs]v] 9 ! air3 ,altitude 9 feet4 ,di/ance ( horizon4 #ejj #cj miles4 #a1jjj #db 8 #b1jjj #ei 8 #c1jjj #gb 8 #d1jjj #hd 8 #e1jjj #ic 8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! moi/ure ord9>ily 9 ! air effectually limits ! range ( bo? natural vision & ! use ( ! cam]a = photograph+ objects on ! gr\nd4 ,! usual limit ( practical range ( ! be/ telescope is eight miles4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 h[ev]1 x is to be expect$ t ! exp]im5t+ by army & navy (fic]s all ov] ! _w w lead to su* improvem5t & inv5tion 9 ! art ( navigat+ ! air z w develop its b5evol5t1 r ?an its malevol5t1 possibilities--8a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$40 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,biographies ,,( ,,prom95t ,,a]onauts4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs--,santos-,dumont--,l\is ,bl]iot--,gabriel ,vois9--,leon ,delagrange--,h5ri ,f>man--,rob]t ,esnault-,pelt]ie--,c\nt von ,zeppel9--,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss--,*>les ,k4 ,hamilton--,hub]t ,la?am--,alfr$ ,leblanc--,claude ,grahame-,:ite--,l\is ,paulhan--,clif=d ,b4 ,h>mon--,walt] ,brook9s--,john ,b4 ,moisant--,j4 ,arm/rong ,drexel--,ralph ,john/one4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #aiji1 x w\ld h be5 a brief task to write a few biographical notes ab\t ! 8prom95t0 aviators4 ,at t date !re 7 b five :o _h made flights exce$+ t5 m9utes 9 duration--! ,wright bro!rs1 ,f>man1 ,delagrange1 & ,bl]iot4 ,at ! close ( #aiaj ! roll ( aviators :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by w9n+ prizes or break+ previ\s records has increas$ to m ?an #ajj1 & ! numb] ( qualifi$ pilots ( fly+ ma*9es n[ numb]s ov] #cjj4 ,! impossibility ( giv+ ev5 a m5tion ( ! notable airm5 9 ?is *apt] is app>5t1 & ! few ^: names h be5 select$ are ^? :o h m rec5tly 9 our own c\ntry come into l>g] public notice1 & ^? ( ! pione]s ^: names w nev] lose _! fir/ prom95ce4 ,,! ,,wright ,,bro!rs4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs h s sy/ematically l9k$ _! individual p]sonalities 9 all _! "w1 9 private no less ?an 9 public1 t ! brief life /ory to be told "h is b "o = !m bo?4 ,9 fact1 until ,wilbur w5t to ,france 9 #aijh1 & ,orville to ,wa%+ton1 ! ne>e/ approa* to a sep>ation is illu/rat$ by a hi/oric rem>k ( ,wilbur's to an acqua9tance 9 ,dayton1 "o aft]noon3 8,orville flew #ba miles ye/]day2 ,i am go+ to beat t to-day40 ,& he did--by #c miles4 ,_! e>ly life 9 _! home t[n ( ,dayton1 ,ohio1 0 unm>k$ by significant incid5t4 ,!y 7 int]e/$ 9 bicycles1 & at l5g? w5t into ! bus9ess ( repair+ & sell+ ^! ma*9es4 ,_! att5tion seems to h be5 /rongly turn$ to ! subject ( human flight by ! dea? ( ,lili5?al 9 ,augu/1 #ahif1 at :i* "t ! press publi%$ "s ( ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,a magaz9e article by ,octave ,*anute1 himself an exp]im5t] ) glid]s1 l$ to correspond5ce ) him1 & ! ,wrights began a s]ies ( simil> inve/igations ) models ( _! own build+4 ,by #aijj !y _h succe$$ 9 fly+ a l>ge glid] by runn+ ) a /r+1 z ) a kite1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> !y _h made "s flights on _! glid]s1 ( :i* !y _h sev]al ( diff]+ types4 ,= two ye>s ! ,wrights /udi$ & te/$ & disprov$ ne>ly e =mula laid d[n by sci5tific works = ! relations ( gravity to air1 & f9ally gave !mselves up to discov]+ by actual trial :at ! true conditions 71 & to ! improvem5t ( _! glid]s accord+ly4 ,mean:ile !y cont9u$ _! con/ant p]sonal practice 9 ! air4 ,! mo/ ( ?is exp]im5tal "w 0 done at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,n4 ,c42 = ! reason t !re ! w9ds bl[ m uni=mly ?an at any o!r place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! great s& dunes !re gave ! ,wrights ! ne$$ elevation f :i* to leap into ! w9d ) _! glid]s4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 at la/ !y 7 ready to try a ma*9e driv5 by a motor1 x 0 at ?is seclud$ spot t ! fir/ flights ev] made by man ) a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e took place4 ,on ,decemb] #ag1 #aijc1 _! fir/ ma*9e left ! gr\nd "u its own p[]1 & rema9$ 9 ! air = twelve seconds4 ,f ?is "t on progress 0 ev5 sl[] ?an be=e1 on acc\nt ( ! complications add$ by ! motive p[]2 b by ! "t ano!r ye> _h pass$ !y 7 mak+ flights :i* la/$ five m9utes1 & _h _! ma*9e 9 su* control t !y c\ld fly 9 a circle & make a safe l&+ )9 a few feet ( ! spot designat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,turp91 ,taylor1 ,orville ,wright1 ,wilbur ,wright1 ,brook9s1 & ,john/one discuss+ ! m]its ( ! ,wright ma*9e4 ,on ! #e? ( ,octob]1 #aije1 ,wilbur ,wright made 8 hi/oric flight ( #bd miles at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 beat+ ! record ( ,orville1 made ! day be=e1 ( #ba miles4 ,! av]age spe$ ( ^! flights 0 #ch miles an h\r4 ,no cont5tion z to ! priority ( ! device kn[n z w+-w>p+ c ev] set aside ! fact t ^! long practical flights 7 made m ?an a ye> be=e any o!r man _h fl[n #ejj feet1 or _h rema9$ 9 ! air half a m9ute1 ) a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e driv5 by p[]4 ,! ,wrights are n[ at ! head ( "o ( ! l>ge/ a]oplane manufactories 9 ! _w1 & devote ! l>g] "p ( _! "t to rese>* "w 9 ! l9e ( ! navigation ( ! air4 ,,alb]to ,,santos-,,dumont4 ,,alb]to ,,santos-,,dumont 0 born 9 ,brazil 9 #ahgg4 ,:5 b a lad he became int5sely int]e/$ 9 a]onautics1 hav+ be5 ar\s$ by witness+ ! asc5sion at a %[ ( an ord9>y hot-air balloon4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s he _h made sev]al trips to ,p>is1 & 9 #ahig made 8 fir/ asc5t 9 a balloon ) ! balloon build] ,ma*uron1 ! p>tn] ( ! fam\s ,la*ambre4 ,9 #ahih he began ! con/ruction ( 8 notable s]ies ( dirigibles1 :i* ev5tually rea*$ twelve 9 numb]4 ,) 8 ,no4 #f he won ! #bj1jjj prize (f]$ by ,m4 ,deuts* 7de la ,meur!7 = ! fir/ trip f ! ,p>is ,a]o ,club's gr\nds to & ar\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 #cj m9utes or less4 ,! di/ance 0 ne>ly #g miles4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,m4 ,santos-,dumont t he %\ld give #ae1jjj ( ! prize to relieve di/ress among ! poor ( ,p>is1 & ! rema9d] to 8 me*anicians :o _h built ! balloon4 ,8 smalle/ dirigible 0 ! ,no4 #i1 :i* held #g1ggj cubic feet ( gas2 ! l>ge/ 0 ! ,no4 #aj1 :i* held #hj1jjj cubic feet4 ,9 #aije1 :5 ,bl]iot1 ,vois91 & _! comrades 7 /riv+ to accompli% flight ) ma*9es heavi] ?an air1 ,santos-,dumont turn$ 8 g5ius ^u ! same problem1 & on ,augu/ #ad1 #aijf1 he made 8 fir/ flight ) a cellul> biplane driv5 by a #bd horse-p[] motor4 ,on ,novemb] #ac? ( ! same ye> he flew #gbj feet ) ! same ma*9e4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ flights ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es 9 ,europe1 & ! fir/ public flights any:]e4 ,lat] he turn$ to ! monoplane type1 & ) 8,la ,demoiselle0 add$ new laurels to ^? already won ) 8 dirigibles4 ,,l\is ,,bl]iot4 ,,l\is ,,bl]iot1 design] & build] ( ! celebrat$ ,bl]iot monoplanes1 & himself a pilot ( ! fir/ rank1 0 born 9 ,cambrai1 ,france1 9 #ahgb4 ,he graduat$ f a not$ te*nical s*ool1 & soon atta*$ himself to ! gr\p ( "y m5--all "u ?irty ye>s ( age--:o 7 exp]im5t+ ) glid]s 9 ! ef=t to fly4 ,8 attempts at fir/ 7 ) ! flapp+-w+ contrivances1 b he soon gave ^! up z a failure1 & devot$ 8 en]gy to ! automobile indu/ry2 & ! excell5t ,bl]iot acetyl5e headlight te/ifies to 8 con/ructive ability 9 t field4 ,attract$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,erne/ ,ar*deacon he jo9$ 8 foll[+1 & ) ,gabriel ,vois9 engag$ 9 build+ glid]s ( ! biplane type4 ,by #aijg he _h turn$ :olly to ! monoplane idea1 & 9 ,april ( t ye> made 8 fir/ leap into ! air ) a p[]-driv5 monoplane4 ,by ,septemb] he _h s improv$ 8 ma*9e t he 0 able to fly #fjj feet1 & 9 ,june1 #aijh1 he broke ! record = monoplanes by fly+ ne>ly a mile4 ,aga9 & aga9 he beat 8 own records1 & at l5g? ! :ole civiliz$ _w 0 ?rill$ by 8 triumphant flight across ! ,briti% ,*annel on ,july #be1 #aiji4 ,! ,bl]iot ma*9es hold ne>ly all ! spe$ records1 & _m ( ^? 9 o!r l9es ( a*ievem5t1 & ,m4 ,bl]iot enjoys ! d\ble honor ( be+ an em95tly successful manufactur] z well z a dauntless aviator ( h]oic rank4 ,,gabriel ,,vois94 ,,gabriel ,,vois91 ! eld] ( ! two ,vois9 bro!rs1 0 born 9 #ahgi at ,belleville-sur-,saone1 ne> ! city ( ,lyons1 ,france4 ,he 0 educat$ z an ar*itect1 b e>ly became int]e/$ 9 a]onautics1 & engag$ 9 glid+1 /imulat$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( ,pil*]1 9 ,engl&1 & ,capta9 ,f]b]1 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,he assi/$ ,m4 ,ar*deacon 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! ,se9e1 (t5 rid+ ! glid]s :i* 7 t[$ by ! swift motor boats4 ,9 #aijf he associat$ himself ) 8 bro!r 9 ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ biplane ma*9es1 & 9 ,m>*1 #aijg1 he himself made ! fir/ long flight ) a p[]-driv5 ma*9e 9 ,europe4 ,?is a]oplane 0 built = 8 fri5d ,delagrange1 & 0 "o 9 :i* ! latt] 0 soon break+ records & w9n+ prizes4 ,! second ma*9e 0 = ,f>man1 :o made ! ,vois9 biplane fam\s by w9n+ ! ,deuts*-,ar*deacon prize ( #aj1jjj = mak+ a flight ( #a1jic y>ds 9 a circle4 ,! ,vois9 biplane is di/9ctive 9 /ructure1 & is acc\nt$ "o ( ! lead+ a]oplanes ( ! pres5t day4 ,,leon ,,delagrange4 ,,leon ,,delagrange 0 born at ,orleans1 ,france1 9 #ahgc4 ,he ent]$ ! ,s*ool ( ,arts z a /ud5t 9 sculpture1 ab\t ! same "t t ,h5ri ,f>man w5t !re to /udy pa9t+1 & ,gabriel ,vois91 ar*itecture4 ,he exhibit$ at ! ,salon1 & won sev]al m$als4 ,9 #aije1 he took up a]onautics1 assi/$ at ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,ar*deacon4 ,8 fir/ a]oplane 0 built by ,vois91 & he made 8 fir/ flight at ,issy1 ,m>* #ad1 #aijg4 ,less ?an a mon? lat]--on ,april #aa--;he made a new record = duration ( flight1 rema9+ 9 ! air = #i m9utes & #ae seconds--twice z long z ! previ\s record made by ,f>man4 ,illu/ration3 ,leblanc1 ,bl]iot1 & ,delagrange1 7f left to "r7 9 aviation dress1 /&+ 9 front ( ! ,bl]iot ma*9e :i* cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,at ,rheims1 9 #aiji1 he appe>$ ) a ,bl]iot monoplane1 & cont9u$ to fly ) t type ( ma*9e until 8 dea?4 ,at ,donca/]1 ,engl&1 he made ! _w record = spe$ up to t "t1 travell+ at ! rate ( #di4i miles p] h\r4 ,he 0 kill$ at ,bordeaux1 ,france1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 by ! fall ( 8 ma*9e4 ,,h5ri ,,f>man4 ,,h5ri ,,f>man1 ju/ly reg>d$ z ! mo/ prom95t figure 9 ! aviation _w today1 0 born 9 ,france 9 #ahgc4 ,8 fa!r 0 an ,engli%man4 ,:ile a m]e boy he became locally fam\s z a bicycle rac]1 & lat] a*iev$ a wid] fame z a fe>less & skillful driv] 9 automobile races4 ,9 #aijb he won ! ,p>is-,vi5na race4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aijg1 he made 8 fir/ attempt to fly1 us+ ! second biplane built by 8 fri5d ,gabriel ,vois91 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he won ) x ! ,deuts*-,ar*deacon prize ( #aj1jjj4 ,he !n built a ma*9e aft] 8 own ideas1 :i* m resembles ! ,wright ma*9e ?an ! ,vois91 & ) x he has won _m prizes1 & made _m _w records4 ,dem&s = ma*9es1 & = tea*+ ! art ( h&l+ !m1 h p\r$ 9 ^u him1 necessitat+ a cont9ual increase ( manufactur+ facilities until x may safely be said t he has ! l>ge/ plant = build+ fly+ ma*9es 9 ! _w1 turn+ out ! l>ge/ numb] ( ma*9es1 & ?r\gh 8 s*ool = aviators is in/ruct+ a l>g] numb] ( pupils annually ?an any o!r simil> e/abli%m5t4 ,,rob]t ,,esnault-,,pelt]ie4 ,,rob]t ,,esnault-,,pelt]ie 0 born 9 #ahhj1 & educat$ 9 ! city ( ,p>is4 ,he e>ly %[$ a me*anical turn ( m9d1 & 0 int]e/$ p>ticul>ly 9 sci5tific /udies4 ,he became an en?usia/ 9 matt]s a]onautic1 & devot$ himself to ! con/ruction ( gasol9e eng9es suitable = aviation purposes4 ,aft] satisfy+ 8 ideal 9 ?is direction ) ! n[ fam\s 8,r-,e-,p0 motor1 he design$ a new type ( fly+ ma*9e :i* is kn[n z ! 8,r-,e-,p monoplane40 ,8 fir/ flights 7 made at ,buc 9 ,octob]1 #aijg1 & :ile !y 7 %ort1 !y prov$ ! possibility ( /e]+ a fly+ ma*9e s t x w\ld describe a curv$ l9e--at t "t a consid]able a*ievem5t among ,european aviators4 ,9 ,april1 #aijh1 he flew = ( a mile1 & rea*$ a height ( #ajj feet4 ,?is feat eclips$ all previ\s records = monoplanes4 ,8 fame1 h[ev]1 re/s ^u 8 motors1 :i* are q orig9al 9 design & con/ruction4 ,,c\nt ,,f]d9& ,,von ,,zeppel94 ,,c\nt ,,f]d9& ,,von ,,zeppel9 0 born 9 #ahch1 on ! %ores ( ! ,lake ,con/ance1 :]e 8 great air%ips h _h _! initial trials4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 made 8 fir/ balloon asc5sion 9 a w>-balloon atta*$ to ! army corps comm&$ by 8 fri5d1 ,c>l ,s*urz1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x 0 only aft] ye>s ( absorb+ /udy ( all t human k c\ld contribute t ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 decid$ ^u ! type ( dirigible :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,"u ! patronage ( ! ,k+ ( ,wrtemb]g he began 8 fir/ air%ip1 hav+ previ\sly built an imm5se float+ %$1 :i*1 sw++ by a cable1 always _h its doors fac+ away f ! w9d4 ,! successful flights ( ! s]ies ( magnific5t ,zeppel9 air%ips h be5 m>vell\s 9 an age cr[d$ ) wond]s4 ,& ! mis=tune :i* has foll[$ close ^u _! sup]b a*ievem5ts ) complete de/ruction w\ld long ago h undone a man ( less en]gy & c\rage ?an ! dauntless ,c\nt4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ( ! hundr$s ( pass5g]s c>ri$ 9 8 %ips ( ! air1 all h come to l& safely--a record t x w\ld be difficult to mat* ) any o!r =m ( travel4 ,! accid5ts :i* h de/roy$ ! ,zeppel9s h nev] happ5$ 9 ! air1 except+ only ! wreck+ ( ! ,deuts*l& by a ?und]/orm4 ,! indefatigable ,c\nt is n[ con/ruct+ ano!r air%ip ) ! new alloy1 electron1 in/ead ( alum9um4 ,he e/imates t #e1jjj p\nds' weight c be sav$ 9 ?is way4 ,,capta9 ,,?omas ,s4 ,,baldw94 ,,capta9 ,,?omas ,s4 ,,baldw91 ballooni/ & aviator1 0 born 9 ,mississippi 9 #ahee4 ,8 fir/ a]onautical exp]i5ce 0 z a p>a*ute rid] f a balloon 9 ! air4 ,he inv5t$ ! p>a*ute he us$1 & receiv$ = x a gold m$al f ! ,balloon ,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,exhibit+ ?is p>a*ute1 ,capta9 ,baldw9 made an ext5sive t\r ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 #ahib he built 8 fir/ air%ip1 a comb9ation ( a balloon1 a screw propell]1 & a bicycle1 ! la/ to furni% ! motive p[]4 ,x 0 n until #aijb1 :5 be in/all$ an automobile eng9e 9 8 air%ip1 t he succe$$ 9 mak+ x sail4 ,x 0 n yet dirigible1 h[ev]2 b aft] two ye>s ( devis+ & exp]im5t+1 he sail$ away f ,oakl&1 ,cal41 on ,augu/ #b1 #aijd1 aga9/ ! w9d1 & aft] a %ort voyage1 turn$ & came back to 8 balloon-%$4 ,f ?is "t on he made sev]al successful dirigibles1 & 9 #aijh he met all ! requirem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = a milit>y dirigible1 & sold to x ! only dirigible x possesses4 ,he became int]e/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,curtiss & ,mc,curdy at ,hammondsport1 9 #aijh1 & aid$ 9 build+ ! rem>kable s]ies ( biplanes ) :i* record flights 7 made4 ,! new] design1 kn[n z ! ,baldw9 biplane1 is unique 9 ! pivot$ balanc+ plane set upright above ! upp] plane1 a device entirely di/9ct f ! w>p+ or o!r manipulation ( horizontal surfaces = ! purpose ( re/or+ lat]al balance4 ,,gl5n ,,hammond ,,curtiss4 ,,gl5n ,,hammond ,,curtiss 0 born at ,hammondsport1 ,n4 ,y41 on ! %ore ( ,lake ,keuka1 9 #ahgh4 ,f boyhood he 0 a competitor & w9n] 9 all sorts ( races :]e spe$ 0 ! supreme te/4 ,by nature a me*anic1 he became not$ = 8 +5i\s contrivances 9 ?is l9e1 & built a s]ies ( extremely fa/ motor-cycles1 ) "o ( :i* he made ! record ( "o mile 9 #bf seconds1 :i* /ill /&s z ! fa/e/ mile ev] made by man ) any =m ( me*anism4 ,?r\gh ! pur*as+ ( "o ( 8 light eng9es by ,capta9 ,baldw9 = 8 dirigible1 ,curtiss became int]e/$ 9 a]onautical matt]s1 & soon built a glid] ) :i* he sail$ d[n f ! ,hammondsport hills4 ,! comb9ation ( 8 motor & ! glid] 0 ! next /ep1 & on ,july #d1 #aijh1 he flew #a miles ) ! ,june ,bug1 w9n+ ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican trophy4 ,le>n+ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 n to be repres5t$ at ! ,rheims meet 9 ,augu/1 #aiji1 he ha/ily built a biplane & w5t !re4 ,he won ! fir/ prize = ! c\rse ( #cj kilometres 7#ah4f miles71 second prize = ! c\rse ( #aj kilometres1 ! ,james ,gordon ,b5nett cup1 & ! t5? prize 9 ! conte/ = di/ance4 ,f ,rheims he w5t to ,brescia1 ,italy1 & !re won ! fir/ prize = spe$4 ,9 all ^! conte/s he 0 mat*+ 8 biplane aga9/ monoplanes :i* 7 ackn[l$g$ to be a fa/] type ?an ! biplane4 ,on ,may #bi1 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,curtiss made ! fir/ /at$ a]oplane t\r to take place 9 ?is c\ntry1 travell+ f ,albany to ,new ,york ,city1 #acg miles1 ) b "o /op = fuel4 ,) ?is flight he won a prize ( #aj1jjj4 ,he has made _m o!r notable flights & /&s 9 ! =emo/ rank ( ! active aviators4 ,at ! same "t he is busily engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,curtiss biplane & ! ,curtiss eng9e1 bo? /aple productions 9 _! l9e4 ,,*>les ,,ke5ey ,,hamilton4 ,,*>les ,,ke5ey ,,hamilton is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ skilful ( aviators4 ,he 0 born 9 ,connecticut 9 #ahha1 & %[$ 8 8b5t0 by mak+ di/ress+1 & (t5 disa/r\s1 leaps f high places ) ! family umbrella = a p>a*ute4 ,9 #aijd he work$ ) ,mr4 ,israel ,ludl[1 :o at t "t 0 exp]im5t+ ) glid]s ( 8 own con/ruction1 & :5 ,mr4 ,ludl[ began t[+ !m beh9d automobiles1 ,hamilton rode on ! glid]s & /e]$ !m4 ,lat] he became int]e/$ 9 balloon+1 & made a t\r ( ,japan ) a small dirigible4 ,illu/ration3 ,hamilton & ,la?am4 ,he e>ly became fam\s 9 ! aviation _w by 8 spectacul> glides f a great height4 ,he has said t ! fir/ ( ^! 0 un9t5tional1 b 8 motor hav+ /opp$ sudd5ly :ile he 0 high 9 ! air1 he _h only ! o!r alt]native ( fall+ v]tically4 ,! s5sation ( ! swift glid+ hav+ pleas$ him1 he does x frequ5tly 8= ! fun ( x40 ,^! glides are made at s /eep an angle t !y h ga9$ ! di/9ctive "n1 8,hamilton dives40 ,hamilton came mo/ prom95tly be=e ! public at l>ge ) 8 flight f ,gov]nor's ,isl& to ,philadelphia & back1 on ,june #ac1 #aiaj4 ,foll[+ close ^u ,curtiss's flight f ,albany to ,new ,york1 x 0 n only a record-break+ a*ievem5t1 b help$ to e/abli% 9 ?is c\ntry ! value ( ! a]oplane z a vehicle = place-to-place j\rney+s4 ,,hub]t ,,la?am4 ,,hub]t ,,la?am1 ! fam\s ,anto9ette pilot1 is a graduate ( ,ox=d4 ,8 fa!r 0 a naturaliz$ ,fr5*man4 ,8 fir/ a]onautical exp]i5ce 0 z companion to 8 c\s91 ,jacques ,faure1 ! ballooni/1 on 8 fam\s trip f ,london to ,p>is 9 #f h\rs1 ! fa/e/ "t ev] made betwe5 ! two places until ! ,clem5t-,bay>d dirigible surpass$ x by a few m9utes on ,octob] #af1 #aiaj4 ,! ,anto9ette monoplane ) :i* ,m4 ,la?am has id5tifi$ himself began ) ! +5i\s eng9e ( ,levavasseur1 :i* 0 spe$ily made use ( = a]oplanes by ,santos-,dumont1 ,bl]iot1 & ,f>man4 ,levavasseur also _h ideas ab\t a]oplanes1 & p]suad$ "s capitali/s to back him 9 ! ent]prise4 ,:5 x 0 done1 no "o c\ld be f\nd to fly x4 ,"h ,m4 ,la?am1 a lieut5ant ( m9]s & sapp]s 9 ! ,fr5* army1 /epp$ into ! brea*1 & has made a "n = himself & = ! ,anto9ette ma*9e 9 ! =efront ( ! progress ( aviation4 ,aft] w9n+ sev]al conte/s he set out1 on ,july #ai1 #aiji1 to cross ! ,briti% ,*annel4 ,aft] fly+ ab\t half ! di/ance he fell into ! sea4 ,six days lat] ,bl]iot made ! cross+ successfully1 & ,la?am made a second attempt on ,july #bg?1 & ?is "t got )9 a mile ( ! ,dov] coa/ be=e he aga9 came d[n 9 ! wat]4 ,he has %[n unsurpass$ d>+ & skill 9 fly+ 9 gales bl[+ at #dj miles p] h\r1 a record :i* few o!r aviators h c>$ to rival4 ,,alfr$ ,,leblanc4 ,,alfr$ ,,leblanc1 ! *ampion cross-c\ntry fli] ( ! _w1 0 born 9 ,france 9 #ahgi4 ,by pr(ession he is a metallurgi/4 ,a fri5d ( ,bl]iot1 he became int]e/$ 9 monoplane fly+1 ! m readily because he 0 already a skill$ ballooni/4 ,at ! "t ,bl]iot made 8 hi/oric flight across ! ,briti% ,*annel1 ,leblanc prec$$ him1 &1 /&+ on ! ,dov] %ore1 signall$ ,bl]iot :]e to /rike ! l&4 ,he organiz$ ,bl]iot's s*ool = aviators at ,pau1 & became its director4 ,its excell5ce is exhibit$ 9 ! quality ( its pupils2 among !m ,*avez1 ,morane1 & ,aubrun4 ,! a*ievem5t ?r\gh :i* ,leblanc is mo/ widely kn[n is 8 w9n+ ( ! #dhi-mile race ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ,france 9 ,augu/1 #aiaj1 & ) ! victory ! prize ( #bj1jjj (f]$4 ,,claude ,,grahame-,,:ite4 ,,claude ,,grahame-,,:ite1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ,briti% aviators1 le>n$ to fly 9 ,france1 "u ! tutelage ( ,m4 ,bl]iot1 ,hav+ accompli%$ s mu*1 he w5t to ,m\rmelon1 ! location ( ,f>man's e/abli%m5t1 & made himself equally pr(ici5t on ! ,f>man biplane4 ,:ile 9 ,france he taught _m pupils1 among !m ,arm/rong ,drexel4 ,return+ to ,engl&1 he op5$ a s*ool = ,engli% aviators4 ,he came into prom95t public notice 9 8 conte/ ) ,paulhan 9 ! race f ,london to ,man*e/]1 & al?\gh ,paulhan won ! prize1 ,grahame-,:ite receiv$ a full %>e ( glory = 8 plucky p]si/5ce aga9/ disc\rag+ mi%aps4 ,at ! ,bo/on-,h>v>d meet1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 ,grahame-,:ite c>ri$ (f ne>ly all ! prizes1 & 9 addition won = himself a l>ge measure ( p]sonal popul>ity4 ,on ,octob] #ad? he flew f ! ,b5n+ ,race ,track #f miles away1 ov] ! ,potomac ,riv]1 ar\nd ! dome ( ! ,capitol1 ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 & ov] ! c\rse ( ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue1 up to ! ,/ate1 ,w>1 & ,navy ,dep>tm5t build+1 alight+ accurately ) 8 #dj-;foot biplane 9 ! #fj-;foot /reet4 ,hav+ end$ 8 8call10 he m\nt$ 8 ma*9e & rose skilfully into ! air & return$ to 8 />t+ po9t4 ,at ! ,belmont ,p>k meet1 9 ,octob]1 ,grahame-,:ite captur$ ! int]national spe$ prize ) 8 #ajj-;horse-p[] ,bl]iot monoplane1 & f9i%$ second 9 ! race ar\nd ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty1 be+ beat5 by only #dc seconds4 ,,l\is ,,paulhan4 ,,l\is ,,paulhan 01 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 a me*anic 9 ,m\rmelon1 ,france1 e>n+ ! good wages 9 t c\ntry ( #ae p] week4 ,he became an aviator1 mak+ 8 fir/ flight on ,july #aj1 #aiji1 ( #a miles4 ,five days lat] he flew ov] #dj miles1 rema9+ 9 ! air #a h\r #ag m9utes1 & ris+ to an altitude ( #ceg feet1 !n ! _w's record4 ,he flew con/antly 9 public ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( #aiji1 w9n+ _m prizes & break+ & mak+ records4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 he 0 ! mo/ prom95t aviator at ! ,los ,angeles meet1 & !re made a new _w's record = altitude1 #d1aff feet4 ,)9 ! #ac mon?s & #c weeks 7up to ,octob] #a1 #aiaj7 t he has be5 fly+1 he has won ov] #ajj1jjj 9 prizes1 besides receiv+ _m h&some fees = o!r flights & = in/ruction to pupils4 ,,clif=d ,b4 ,,h>mon4 ,,clif=d ,b4 ,,h>mon has ! d\ble di/9ction ( be+ n only ! =emo/ amateur aviator ( ,am]ica1 b 8 feats h also at times excell$ ^? ( ! pr(essional airm54 ,on ,july #b1 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,h>mon made a cont9u\s flight ( m ?an #b h\rs1 break+ all ,am]ican records1 & ?is he held = sev]al mon?s4 ,mr4 ,h>mon's fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ! air 0 z a ballooni/1 & 9 ?is capacity he held ! duration record ( #dh h\rs #bf m9utes = a ye>4 ,on ?is same voyage1 at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,c5t5nial1 he made a new record 9 ,am]ica = altitude atta9$1 #bd1djj feet4 ,at ! ,los ,angeles aviation meet1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 :]e he w5t ) 8 balloon ,new ,york1 he met ,paulhan1 & became 8 pupil4 ,at t meet ,paulhan made a new _w's record = altitude ) a ,f>man biplane1 & ?is ma*9e ,mr4 ,h>mon b\ght1 & br\ght to ,m9eola1 ,l4 ,i41 :]e he practis$ assidu\sly1 cr[n+ 8 m9or a*ievem5ts by fly+ f !re across ,long ,isl& ,s\nd to ,gre5wi*1 ,conn4 ,at ! ,bo/on-,h>v>d aviation meet1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,h>mon won e prize (f]$ to amateur conte/ants4 ,,walt] ,,brook9s4 ,,walt] ,,brook9s is "o ( ! y\nge/ ( not$ aviators4 ,he 0 born 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 9 #ahij1 & w5t to s*ool to ,miss ,ka!r9e ,wright1 si/] ( ! ,wright bro!rs4 ,"y ,walt] 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts made by ! ,wrights1 & ,orville "o day promis$ him t :5 he grew up !y w\ld build a fly+ ma*9e = him4 ,brook9s appe>$ at ,dayton 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiaj1 aft] sev]al ye>s' abs5ce1 dur+ :i* he _h gr[n up1 & dem&$ ! promis$ fly+ ma*9e4 ,! ,wrights met ! dem&1 & develop$ ,brook9s into "o ( ! mo/ successful ,am]ican aviators4 ,brook9s's fir/ leap into prom95ce 0 at ! ,indianapolis meet1 9 ,june1 #aiaj1 :]e he made a new _w's record = altitude1 #d1hjc feet4 ,?is be+ beat5 soon aft] 9 ,europe1 by ,j4 ,arm/rong ,drexel1 ) #f1fjj feet1 ,brook9s attempt$1 at ,atlantic ,city1 9 ,septemb]1 to excel ,drexel's record1 & rose to a height ( #f1age feet1 be+ =c$ to come d[n by ! miss+ ( 8 motor4 ,on ,septemb] #bi1 #aiaj1 he left ,*icago = ,spr+field1 ,ill4 ,he made two /ops on ! way = repairs & fuel1 & rea*$ ,spr+field 9 #g h\rs #i m9utes elaps$ "t4 ,8 actual "t 9 ! air 0 #e h\rs #dg m9utes4 ,! air-l9e di/ance betwe5 ! two cities is #ahg miles1 b z ,brook9s flew 9 ! face ( a w9d bl[+ #aj miles an h\r1 he actually travell$ #bej miles4 ,dur+ ! j\rney ,brook9s made a new cross-c\ntry record = ,am]ica 9 a cont9u\s flight = #b h\rs #ch m9utes4 ,,john ,b4 ,,moisant4 ,,john ,b4 ,,moisant is an ar*itect ( ,*icago1 born !re ( ,spani% p>5tage 9 #ahhc4 ,becom+ int]e/$ 9 aviation1 he w5t to ,france 9 #aiji1 & began ! con/ruction ( two a]oplanes1 "o ( !m entirely ( metal4 ,he />t$ to le>n to fly on a ,bl]iot ma*9e1 & "o day took "o ( 8 me*anicians abo>d & />t$ = ,london4 ,! me*anician _h nev] be=e be5 up 9 an a]oplane4 ,aft] battl+ ) /orms & repair+ consequ5t accid5ts to 8 ma*9e1 ,moisant l&$ 8 pass5g] 9 ,london ?ree weeks aft] ! />t4 ,x 0 ! fir/ trip betwe5 ! two cities = an a]oplane c>ry+ a pass5g]1 & al?\gh ,moisant fail$ to w9 ! prize :i* _h be5 (f]$ = su* a feat1 he receiv$ a great ovation1 & a special m$al 0 /ruck = him4 ,at ! ,belmont ,p>k meet1 9 ,octob]1 #aiaj1 ,moisant1 aft] wreck+ 8 own ma*9e 9 a gale1 climb$ into ,leblanc's ,bl]iot1 :i* _h be5 secur$ = him b a few m9utes be=e1 & made ! trip ar\nd ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty 9 ,new ,york ,bay & return$ to ! ,p>k 9 #cd m9utes #ch seconds4 ,z ! di/ance is ov] #cd miles1 ! spe$ 0 ne>ly a mile a m9ute4 ,?is feat won = him1 & = ,am]ica1 ! gr& prize ( ! meet--#aj1jjj4 ,j4 ,,arm/rong ,,drexel4 ,j4 ,,arm/rong ,,drexel is a native ( ,philadelphia4 ,he 0 taught to fly a ,bl]iot ma*9e at ,pau by ,grahame-,:ite1 & he has frequ5tly surpass$ 8 in/ructor 9 conte/s :]e bo? took "p4 ,at ! ,engli% meets 9 #aiaj he won _m ( ! prizes1 be+ excell$ 9 ?is respect only by ,leon ,morane4 ,at ,lan>k1 ,scotl&1 he e/abli%$ a new _w's record = altitude1 #f1fjj feet4 ,at ! ,belmont ,p>k meet he pass$ 8 =m] record ) an altitude ( #g1ahe feet1 mak+ ?is ! ,am]ican record1 ?\gh x _h be5 excell$ 9 ,europe4 ,at ,philadelphia1 ,novemb] #bc1 #aiaj1 he rea*$ an altitude ( #i1igj feet1 accord+ to ! record+ b>omet] he c>ri$1 ?us mak+ a new _w's record4 ,?is record 0 disput$ by ! ,a]o ,club1 & x may be r$uc$4 ,a millionaire1 he flies = %e] love ( ! sport4 ,,ralph ,,john/one4 ,,ralph ,,john/one 0 born 9 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 9 #ahhj4 ,he became an exp]t bicycle rid]1 & travell$ ext5sively 9 _m c\ntries giv+ exhibitions ( trick bicycle rid+1 includ+ ! feat kn[n z 8loop+ ! loop40 ,he jo9$ ! /aff ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs' aviators 9 ,april1 #aiaj1 & spe$ily became "o ( ! mo/ skilful a]oplane op]ators4 ,he made a specialty ( altitude fly+1 break+ 8 =m] records day aft] day1 & f9ally1 at ! ,int]national ,aviation ,meet at ,belmont ,p>k1 ,l4 ,i41 9 ,octob]1 #aiaj1 he made a new _w's altitude record ( #i1gad feet1 surpass+ ! previ\s record ( #i1aba feet made by ,wynmal5 at ,m\rmelon1 on ,octob] #a/4 ,john/one 0 in/antly kill$ at ,d5v]1 ,col41 on ,novemb] #ad1 #aiaj1 by a fall ) 8 ma*9e ow+ to ! break+ ( "o ( ! w+s at a height ( #hjj feet4 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*ronicle ,,( ,,aviation ,,a*ievem5ts4 ,h[ feeble ! />t1 & h[ wondr\sly rapid ! gr[? ( ! art ( fly+6 ,no?+ c bett] convey a full idea ( its beg9n+s & its progress ?an ! record$ facts z giv5 bel[4 ,& ^! facts %[ beyond dispute t ! cr$it ( lay+ ! f\ndation = e accompli%m5t 9 ! entire record mu/ be l>gely due to ! m5 ^: names /& alone = ye>s z ! only a]oplani/s 9 ! _w--! ,wright ,bro!rs4 ,aft] ! fir/ flight on ,decemb] #ag1 #aijc1 ! ,wrights work$ /eadily t[>d improv+ _! ma*9es1 & ga9+ a high] degree ( ! art ( balanc+1 )\t :i* ev5 ! mo/ p]fect ma*9es w\ld be useless4 ,mo/ ( _! exp]im5t+ hav+ be5 done 9 secret1 ! op5 record ( _! results f "t to "t is v meagre4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t = ne>ly ?ree ye>s no "o else made any records at all4 ,! next "n to appe> on ! roll is t ( ,santos-,dumont1 already fam\s = 8 rem>kable a*ievem5ts 9 build+ & navigat+ dirigible balloons1 or air%ips4 ,8 fir/ a]oplane flight 0 on ,augu/ #bb1 #aijf1 & 0 b little m ?an ris+ cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 ne>ly sev5 mon?s lat] :5 ,delagrange add$ 8 "n to ! ?ree !n on ! li/ ( practical aviators4 ,9 ab\t five mon?s ,bl]iot jo9$ !m1 & 9 a few m weeks ,f>man _h plac$ 8 "n on ! roll4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! insignificant figures ( ! fir/ flights ( ^! m5 ) _! successive feats z !y ga9 9 exp]i5ce4 ,up to ,octob] #ai1 #aijg1 ! flights record$ _h be5 made ) ma*9es ( ! biplane type1 b on t date1 ,r4 ,esnault-,pelt]ie made a few %ort flights ) a monoplane4 ,a mon? lat] ,santos-,dumont _h gone ov] to ! monoplane type1 & ! little gr\p ( sev5 _h be5 divid$ into two classes--five biplani/s & two monoplani/s4 ,on ,m>* #bi1 #aijh1 ,delagrange />t$ a new column 9 ! record book by tak+ a pass5g] up ) him1 9 ?is case1 ,f>man4 ,!y flew only #dec feet1 b x 0 ! beg9n+ ( pass5g] c>ry+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aijh only two m names 7 add$ to ! roll--,baldw9 & ,mc,curdy--bo? on ! biplane side4 ,on ,july #d1 #aijh1 ,curtiss comes into ! circle ) 8 fir/ record$ flight1 9 :i* he us$ a biplane ( 8 own con/ruction4 ,! same day 9 ,france1 ,bl]iot *ang$ to ! ranks ( ! monoplane m51 ) a flight measur$ 9 miles1 in/ead ( 9 feet4 ,two days lat]1 ,f>man advanc$ 8 di/ance record f #a4bd miles to #ab4b miles1 & 8 spe$ record f ab\t #ba miles an h\r to ne>ly #ci miles an h\r4 ,9 two days m1 ,delagrange _h tak5 up ! fir/ woman pass5g] ev] c>ri$ on an a]oplane2 & a mon? lat]1 ,capta9 ,l4 ,f4 ,f]b] _h made 8 fir/ flights 9 public1 & add$ 8 "n to ! gr[+ legion ( ! biplani/s4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( #aijh1 ! ,wrights seem to take possession ( ! record--,orville 9 ,am]ica1 & ,wilbur 9 ,europe--surpass+ _! own previ\s feats z well z ^? ( o!rs4 ,bl]iot & ,f>man also /eadily advance _! p]=mances to a m di/+ui%$ level4 ,! record = #aiji />ts (f ) ?ree new names--,moore-,brabazon1 & ,legagneux 9 ,france1 & ,cody 9 ,engl&4 ,ri*>dson1 ,c\nt de ,lamb]t1 ,cald]>a1 ,la?am1 ,tiss&i]1 ,r\gi]1 jo9 ! ranks ( ! aviators be=e ! ye> is half gone1 & a few days lat] ,somm] & ,paulhan add _! names4 ,( ^! only ,la?am flies ! monoplane type ( ma*9e1 b at ! ,rheims t\rnam5t ,delagrange appe>s z a monoplani/1 increas+ ! little gr\p to f\r2 b1 ) ,le ,blon add$ lat]1 !y p]=m "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable feats on record4 ,! conte/ at ,rheims 9 ,augu/ is a succession ( record-break+ & record-mak+ a*ievem5ts4 ,b x is at ,blackpool & ,donca/] t ! mo/ di/9ct progress ( ! ye> is m>k$1 by ! d>+ flights ( ,le ,blon & ,la?am 9 fi]ce gales4 ,spectators op5ly *>g$ ^! m5 ) foolh>d9ess1 b x 0 ( ! fir/ importance t x %\ld be demon/rat$ t ^! delicately built ma*9es c be h&l$ safely 9 ! mo/ turbul5t wea!r2 & ! fact t x has be5 done successfully w inspire e o!r aviator ) a great] degree ( confid5ce 9 8 ability to control 8 ma*9e 9 :atev] unt[>d circum/ances he may be plac$4 ,& su* confid5ce is by f> ! l>ge/ elem5t 9 safe & successful fly+4 ,,notable ,,aviation ,,records ,,to ,,close ,,( #aiaj ,decemb] #ag1 #aijc--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,n4 ,c41 makes ! fir/ successful flight by man ) p[]-propell$ ma*9e1 a di/ance ( #heb feet1 9 #ei seconds4 ,novemb] #i1 #aijd--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies #c miles 9 #d m9utes & #cj seconds4 7,he & ,orville made upw>d ( #ajj unrecord$ flights 9 t ye>47 ,septemb] #bf1 #aije--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane 8,:ite ,fli]10 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies #aa miles 9 #ah m9utes & #i seconds4 ,septemb] #bi1 #aije--,orville ,wright1 ) 8,:ite ,fli]10 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies #ab miles 9 #ai m9utes & #ee seconds4 ,octob] #c1 #aije--,wilbur ,wright1 ) 8,:ite ,fli]0 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies #ae miles 9 #be m9utes & #e seconds4 ,octob] #d1 #aije--,orville ,wright ) biplane 8,:ite ,fli]10 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies #ba miles 9 #cc m9utes & #ag seconds4 ,octob] #e1 #aije--,wilbur ,wright ) 8,:ite ,fli]10 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies #bd miles 9 #ch m9utes4 7,he made _m unrecord$ flights 9 t ye>47 ,augu/ #bb1 #aijf--;,a4 ,santos-,dumont ) biplane at ,bagatelle1 ,france1 made 8 fir/ public flight ) an a]oplane1 h>dly m ?an ris+ cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,septemb] #ad1 #aijf--,santos-,dumont ) biplane1 at ,bagatelle1 flies = #h seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,santos-,dumont fly+ at ,bagatelle 9 8 cellul> biplane4 ,octob] #bd1 #aijf--,santos-,dumont ) biplane1 at ,bagatelle1 flies #afj feet 9 #d seconds4 ,novemb] #ac1 #aijf--,santos-,dumont ) biplane1 at ,bagatelle1 flies #gbb feet 9 #ba seconds4 ,?is feat is record$ z ! fir/ a]oplane flight made 9 ,europe4 ,m>* #af1 #aijg--,leon ,delagrange ) fir/ ,vois9 biplane1 at ,bagatelle1 flies #cj feet4 ,augu/ #f1 #aijg--,l\is ,bl]iot ) a ,langley ma*9e1 at ,issy1 ,france1 flies #dgj feet4 ,octob] #ae1 #aijg--;,h5ry ,f>man ) biplane1 at ,issy1 flies #icg feet 9 #ba seconds4 ,octob] #ai1 #aijg--,r4 ,esnault-,pelt]ie ) monoplane1 at ,buc1 ,france1 makes %ort flights4 ,octob] #bf1 #aijg--;,f>man ) biplane1 at ,issy1 flies #b1ebi feet 9 a half circle1 9 #eb seconds4 ,novemb] #ag1 #aijg--,santos-,dumont ) biplane1 at ,issy1 makes sev]al %ort flights1 ! longe/ be+ ab\t #ejj feet4 ,novemb] #ba1 #aijg--,santos-,dumont ) monoplane at ,bagatelle1 makes sev]al %ort flights1 ! longe/ be+ ab\t #djj feet4 ,janu>y #ac1 #aijh--;,f>man ) biplane1 at ,issy1 makes ! fir/ flight 9 a circul> c\rse--#c1bgi feet 9 #a m9ute & #bh seconds4 ,m>* #ab1 #aijh--;,f4 ,w4 ,baldw9 ) biplane 8,r$ ,w+10 at ,hammondsport1 ,n4 ,y41 flies #cai feet4 ,m>* #ba1 #aijh--;,f>man ) biplane1 at ,issy1 flies #a4bd miles 9 #c m9utes & #ca seconds4 ,m>* #bi1 #aijh--;,delagrange ) biplane1 at ,gh5t1 ,belgium1 makes fir/ record$ flight ) "o pass5g] 7,f>man71 #dec feet4 ,april #aa1 #aijh--;,delagrange ) biplane at ,issy1 flies #b4dc miles 9 #f m9utes & #cj seconds1 w9n+ ! ,ar*deacon cup4 ,may #ah1 #aijh--;,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,curdy ) biplane 8,:ite ,w+0 at ,hammondsport1 flies #fjj feet4 ,may #bg1 #aijh--;,delagrange ) biplane1 at ,rome1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+ ( ,italy1 flies #g4i miles 9 #ae m9utes & #be seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,! e>ly ,vois9 biplane fl[n by ,f>man at ,issy4 ,may #cj1 #aijh--;,f>man ) biplane1 at ,gh5t1 flies #j4gg miles ) "o pass5g] 7,mr4 ,ar*deacon74 ,june #h1 #aijh--;,esnault-,pelt]ie ) monoplane1 at ,buc1 flies #j4ge miles1 rea*+ an altitude ( #ajj feet4 ,june #bb1 #aijh--;,delagrange ) biplane1 at ,milan1 ,italy1 flies #aj4e miles 9 #af m9utes & #cj seconds4 ,july #d1 #aijh--;,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss ) biplane1 at ,hammondsport1 flies #e1jij feet1 9 #a m9ute & #db seconds1 w9n+ ,sci5tific ,am]ican cup4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,june ,bug0 fl[n by ,curtiss w9n+ ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican cup1 ,july #d1 #aijh4 ,july #d1 #aijh--;,bl]iot ) monoplane1 at ,issy1 flies #c4g miles 9 #e m9utes & #dg seconds1 mak+ sev]al circles4 ,july #f1 #aijh--;,f>man 9 biplane1 at ,gh5t1 flies #ab4b miles 9 #ai m9utes & #c seconds1 w9n+ ! ,arm5g& prize4 ,july #h1 #aijh--;,delagrange ) biplane1 at ,tur91 ,italy1 flies #ejj feet ) ! fir/ woman pass5g] ev] c>ri$ on an a]oplane--,mrs4 ,pelti]4 ,augu/ #i1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,le ,mans1 ,france1 makes sev]al %ort flights to prove ! ease ( control ( 8 ma*9e4 ,augu/ #h1 #aijh--,l4 ,f4 ,f]b] ) biplane1 at ,issy1 makes fir/ trial flights4 ,septemb] #f1 #aijh--;,delagrange ) biplane1 at ,issy1 flies #ae4b miles 9 #bi m9utes & #eb seconds1 beat+ exi/+ ,fr5* records4 ,septemb] #h1 #aijh--,orville ,wright ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 ,va41 flies #dj miles 9 #a h\r & #b m9utes1 ris+ to #ajj feet4 ,septemb] #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #aijh--,orville ,wright ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 makes sev]al flights1 increas+ 9 duration f #eg m9utes to #a h\r t5 m9utes & #bd seconds4 ,septemb] #ab1 #aijh--,orville ,wright ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies #ej miles 9 #a h\r1 #ad m9utes & #bj seconds1 ! longe/ flight on record4 ,septemb] #ab1 #aijh--,orville ,wright ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies = #i m9utes & #f seconds ) "o pass5g] 7,major ,squi]71 mak+ a new record4 ,septemb] #ag1 #aijh--,orville ,wright ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies #c miles 9 #d m9utes1 ) ,lieut5ant ,selfridge4 ,! ma*9e fell3 ,selfridge 0 kill$ & ,wright sev]ely injur$4 ,septemb] #ai1 #aijh--,l4 ,f4 ,f]b] ) biplane1 at ,issy1 flies #a1fdj feet4 ,septemb] #ba1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,auv\rs1 flies #da miles 9 #a h\r & #ca m9utes4 ,septemb] #be1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,le ,mans1 ,france1 flies #aa m9utes & #ce seconds1 ) "o pass5g]1 mak+ a new record4 ,octob] #c1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,le ,mans1 ,france1 flies #ee m9utes & #cg seconds1 ) "o pass5g]1 mak+ new record4 ,octob] #f1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,le ,mans1 flies #a h\r #d m9utes & #bf seconds1 ) "o pass5g]1 break+ all records4 ,octob] #aj1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,auv\rs1 flies #df miles 9 #a h\r & #i m9utes1 ) "o pass5g] 7,mr4 ,pa9leve74 ,also c>ri$ #ce o!rs on diff]5t trips1 "o at a "t4 ,octob] #ba1 #aijh--;,bl]iot ) monoplane1 at ,t\ry1 ,france1 flies #d4be miles 9 #f m9utes & #dj seconds4 ,octob] #cj1 #aijh--;,f>man ) biplane at ,*alons1 ,france1 makes a flight across c\ntry to ,rheims--#ag miles 9 #bj m9utes4 ,octob] #ca1 #aijh--;,f>man ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies #bc m9utes1 rea*+ a height ( #hb feet4 ,octob] #ca1 #aijh--;,bl]iot ) monoplane1 at ,t\ry1 flies #h4g miles to ,art5ay1 9 #aa m9utes1 l&s1 & returns to ,t\ry4 ,decemb] #ah1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,auv\rs1 flies #fb miles 9 #a h\r & #ed m9utes1 ris+ to #cfj feet--mak+ a _w record4 ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,le ,mans1 flies #gf4e miles 9 #b h\rs #ah m9utes & #ec seconds1 mak+ a new _w record1 & w9n+ ! ,mi*el9 prize4 ,! di/ance trav]s$ 7un(ficial7 is claim$ to h be5 actually ov] #ajj miles4 ,janu>y #bh1 #aiji--,moore-,brabazon ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies #c4a miles1 9 practice ) a ,voison ma*9e4 ,febru>y #ad1 #aiji--,legagneux ) biplane1 at ,m\rmelon1 ,france1 flies #a4b miles1 & 9 a second flight ( #f4b miles 7#aj kilometres71 traces two circles4 ,febru>y #bb1 #aiji--,s4 ,f4 ,cody ) biplane1 at ,ald]%ot1 ,engl&1 flies #a1bjj feet 9 a #ab-mile w9d4 ,febru>y #bc1 #aiji--;,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,curdy1 ) ! biplane 8,silv] ,d>t10 at ,baddeck1 ,cape ,breton1 flies #b1fdj feet4 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji--,mc,curdy1 ) ! biplane 8,silv] ,d>t10 at ,baddeck1 flies #d4e miles4 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji--,moore-,brabazon1 ) biplane1 at ,issy1 flies #a4b miles1 trac+ two circles4 ,febru>y #bh1 #aiji--,moore-,brabazon made sev]al flights at ,issy4 ,m>* #h1 #aiji--,mc,curdy1 ) biplane 8,silv] ,d>t10 at ,baddeck1 made five flights1 ! longe/ ab\t #h miles 9 #aa m9utes & #ae seconds4 ,m>* #aj1 #aiji--,santos-,dumont1 ) monoplane 8,libellule10 at ,bagatelle1 flies #a1cjj feet4 ,m>* #aa1 #aiji--,w4 ,j4 ,ri*>dson ) a new =m ( a]oplane1 at ,dayton1 ,o41 flies = #ch m9utes1 ris+ to a height ( ov] #cjj feet4 ,m>* #aa1 #aiji--,mc,curdy ) biplane 8,silv] ,d>t10 at ,baddeck1 flies #ai miles 9 #bb m9utes4 ,m>* #ag1 #aiji--;,c\nt de ,lamb]t 7pupil ( ,wilbur ,wright7 made 8 fir/ flight alone 9 biplane1 at ,pau1 ,france4 ,he rema9$ 9 ! air #c m9utes4 ,m>* #ah1 #aiji--,mc,curdy1 ) biplane 8,silv] ,d>t10 at ,baddeck1 flies #af miles1 complet+ a record ( an ev5 #a1jjj miles 9 ! air )9 a p]iod ( #aj mon?s4 ,m>* #ah1 #aiji--;,f4 ,w4 ,baldw9 ) biplane 8,silv] ,d>t10 at ,baddeck1 made a %ort flight4 ,m>* #bj1 #aiji--,wilbur ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,pau1 succe$s 9 ris+ f ! gr\nd )\t ! />t+ device previ\sly us$4 ,he makes sev]al flights4 ,m>* #bd1 #aiji--;,c\nt de ,lamb]t ) biplane1 at ,pau1 flies #ae4f miles 9 #bg m9utes & #aa seconds4 ,april #aj1 #aiji--,santos-,dumont ) monoplane 8,demoiselle10 at ,/4 ,cyr1 ,france1 flies #a4b miles4 ,april #ac1 #aiji--;,c\nt de ,lamb]t ) biplane1 at ,pau1 flies = #a m9ute & #cj seconds1 ) "o pass5g] 7,leon ,delagrange74 ,april #af1 #aiji--,wilbur ,wright ) biplane1 at ,rome1 ,italy1 made _m flights1 tak+ up _m pass5g]s1 "o at a "t4 ,april #bg1 #aiji--,legagneux ) ,vois9 biplane1 at ,vi5na1 flies #b4e miles 9 #c m9utes & #bf seconds4 ,april #bh1 #aiji--,lieut5ant ,m>io ,cald]>a 7pupil ( ,wilbur ,wright7 ) biplane1 at ,rome1 made 8 fir/ public flight1 rema9+ 9 ! air #aj m9utes4 ,april #cj1 #aiji--,moore-,brabazon ) biplane1 9 ,engl&1 flies #d4e miles4 ,may #ad1 #aiji--,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 ) ! army biplane1 at ,ald]%ot1 flies #a mile4 ,may #ai1 #aiji--;,hub]t ,la?am1 ) ,anto9ette monoplane1 at ,*alons1 flies #a1fdj feet4 ,may #bj1 #aiji--,paul ,tiss&i] 7pupil ( ,wilbur ,wright7 ) biplane at ,pau1 flies #ce4g miles4 ,may #bc1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) biplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #c4f miles 9 #aj m9utes & #ah seconds1 w9n+ ! ,lagat9]i prize4 ,may #bc1 #aiji--;,h5ri ,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #ah4f miles 7#cj kilometres74 ,may #cj1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane at ,issy1 flies #h4g miles4 ,june #e1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,*alons1 flies = #a h\r #g m9utes & #cg seconds 9 w9d & ra94 ,june #f1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #aj miles across c\ntry4 ,june #ab1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #cj miles 9 #ci m9utes1 w9n+ ! ,g\py prize4 ,june #ab1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) biplane1 at ,juvissy1 makes cross c\ntry flight ( #c4g miles4 ,june #ab1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #ihd feet1 ) two pass5g]s--,santos-,dumont & ,f\rni]4 ,june #ac #aiji--;,f]b]1 ) ,vois9 biplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #c4a miles 9 #e m9utes & #cj seconds4 ,june #ai1 #aiji--,santos-,dumont1 ) monoplane1 at ,issy1 makes sev]al flights4 ,july #d1 #aiji--,rog] ,somm] ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies #c4ge miles on ,f>man ma*9e4 ,july #aj1 #aiji--,l\is ,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,d\ai1 ,france1 makes 8 fir/ flight--#a4be miles4 ,july #ac1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,m9eola1 ,l4 ,i41 flies #a4e miles 9 #c m9utes4 ,july #ac1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane1 at ,mondesir1 makes a flight ( #bf miles across c\ntry 9 #dd m9utes & #cj seconds4 ,july #ae1 #aiji--,paulhan ) biplane1 at ,d\ai1 flies = #a m9ute & #ag seconds1 so>+ to an altitude ( #ceg feet4 ,july #ag1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies #af m9utes & #dj seconds1 at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r4 ,july #ag1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,m9eola1 makes #ae miles 9 #ba m9utes1 describ+ circles 9 bo? directions1 z 9 ! figure #h4 ,july #ah1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,hemp/ead ,pla9s1 ,l4 ,i41 flies #bi miles 9 #eb m9utes & #cj seconds1 a flight exce$$ only by ! ,wrights1 9 ,am]ica1 & ,bl]iot1 ,la?am1 & ,paulhan1 9 ,europe4 ,july #ah1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies = #a h\r & #bc m9utes1 mak+ 8 fir/ long flight4 ,july #ah1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 makes 8 longe/ flight--#a h\r & #dj m9utes4 ,july #ai1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,calais1 ,france1 makes 8 fir/ attempt to cross ! ,*annel to ,dov]4 ,he flies #aa miles1 & !n 8 ma*9e falls into ! sea4 ,july #ai1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,d\ai1 makes a cross-c\ntry flight ( #ab4a miles 9 #bb m9utes & #ec seconds4 ,july #bj1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies #a h\r & #bj m9utes4 ,july #ba1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies #a h\r & #bi m9utes4 ,july #ba1 #aiji--;,e4 ,lefebvre1 ) biplane1 at ,la ,haye1 ,france1 flies #b miles4 ,july #ba1 #aiji--,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 ) biplane1 at ,ald]%ot1 flies #d miles4 ,july #bc1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 makes a cross-c\ntry flight to ,suippes--#dj miles 9 #a h\r & five m9utes4 ,july #bc1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,d\ai1 flies #dc4e miles 9 #a h\r #ag m9utes & #ai seconds4 ,july #bd1 #aiji--;,curtiss 9 biplane1 at ,hemp/ead ,pla9s1 flies #be miles 9 #eb m9utes & #cj seconds1 w9n+ ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican cup ! second "t4 ,july #be1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane1 at ,calais1 flies to ,dov]1 ,engl&1 across ! ,engli% ,*annel--#cb miles 9 #cg m9utes4 ,july #bg1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 flies #a h\r & #ac m9utes1 ) "o pass5g]1 secur+ acceptance ( ,wright ma*9e by ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t on ! duration specifications4 ,july #bg1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,calais1 flies #bj miles 9 a second attempt to cross ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,:5 ne> ,dov] ! ma*9e fell4 ,july #bg1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies to ,vad5ay & back--#be miles 9 #a h\r #bc m9utes & #cj seconds4 ,july #cj1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,=t ,my]1 e/abli%$ a _w record ) "o pass5g] 9 a cross-c\ntry flight to ,%ut]'s ,hill & back--ab\t #aj miles 9 #ad m9utes & #dj seconds1 a spe$ ( ab\t #db miles an h\r--w9n+ a bonus ( #be1jjj f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,augu/ #a1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies #a h\r #ej m9utes & #cj seconds1 at an av]age height ( #hj feet1 ov] a di/ance e/imat$ at #gj miles1 surpass+ all ,fr5* records4 ,augu/ #b1 #aiji--,mc,curdy1 ) a new type ( ma*9e1 at ,petawawa1 makes sev]al flights4 ,augu/ #b1 #aiji--;,f4 ,w4 ,baldw91 ) biplane1 at ,petawawa1 makes sev]al %ort flights4 ,augu/ #b1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies to ,suippes--#i miles1 at ! rate ( #de miles an h\r4 ,augu/ #d1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,*alons1 9 ! ef=t to beat ,wilbur ,wright's record1 flies = #b h\rs #j m9utes & #aj seconds 7,wright's record flight 0 #b h\rs #bj m9utes & #bc seconds1 made on ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh74 ,augu/ #e1 #aiji--;,e4 ,bunau-,v>illa1 ) ,vois9 biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies = #ae m9utes4 ,augu/ #f1 #aiji--,legagneux1 ) biplane1 at ,/ockholm1 flies ) "o pass5g]1 #c1bhj feet4 ,augu/ #f1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,dunk]que1 ,france1 flies = #ah m9utes & #bj seconds1 rea*+ an altitude ( #bjj feet4 ,augu/ #g1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) ,vois9 biplane1 at ,dunk]que1 flies #bc miles 9 #cc m9utes4 ,augu/ #g1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) ,vois9 biplane1 at ,*alons1 flies = #b h\rs #bg m9utes & #ae seconds1 mak+ new _w record = duration4 ,augu/ #ac1 #aiji--;,*>les ,f4 ,will>d1 ) biplane1 at ,hemp/ead ,pla9s1 made ! longe/ cross-c\ntry flight on record = ,am]ica--ab\t #ab miles 9 #ai m9utes & #cj seconds4 ,! break+ ( 8 eng9e caus$ him to come d[n4 ,he l&$ )\t mi%ap4 ,augu/ #bb1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 ,france1 flies #a h\r #ai m9utes & #cj seconds4 ,augu/ #bb1 #aiji--,legagneux1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #i m9utes & #ef seconds1 w9n+ ?ird prize = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #aj kilometres4 ,augu/ #bb1 #aiji--,tiss&i]1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ah4f miles 9 #bi m9utes4 7,he won ) ?is record ! ?ird prize = spe$ ov] #cj kilometres47 ,augu/ #bb1 #aiji--;,e4 ,bunau-,v>illa1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #ac m9utes & #cj seconds4 7,) ?is record he won ! ?irte5? prize = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #aj kilometres47 ,augu/ #bc1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #aa m9utes & #d seconds4 7,he won ! t5? prize = spe$ ov] #aj kilometres47 ,augu/ #bc1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #h m9utes & #ce seconds--a spe$ ( #db4c miles an h\r--beat+ ! record = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #aj kilometres4 ,augu/ #bc1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ah4f miles 9 #ch m9utes & #ab seconds1 rea*+ an altitude ( #bie feet4 ,augu/ #bc1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #cd4h miles 9 an endurance te/4 ,augu/ #be1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #hb miles 9 #b h\rs #dc m9utes & #be seconds4 7,) ?is record he won ! ?ird prize = duration ( flight47 ,augu/ #be1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #h m9utes & #dd seconds1 aga9 r$uc+ ! "t = #aj kilometres4 ,augu/ #be1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #h m9utes & #d seconds1 mak+ a new record = spe$ ov] ! c\rse ( #aj kilometres4 ,augu/ #bf1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 9 biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ai miles 9 #bi m9utes4 7,) ?is record he won ! t5? prize = duration ( flight47 ,augu/ #bf1 #aiji--;,c\nt de ,lamb]t1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #gb miles 9 #a h\r & #eb m9utes4 7,) ?is record he won ! f\r? prize = duration ( flight47 ,augu/ #bf1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #if4e miles 9 #b h\rs #ag m9utes & #ba seconds4 7,) ?is record he won ! second prize = duration ( flight47 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #aab miles 9 #c h\rs #d m9utes & #eg seconds4 7,?is record won = him ! fir/ prize = duration ( flight47 ,illu/ration3 ,la?am fly+ 9 8 ,anto9ette at ,rheims4 ,to view ?is prop]ly ! picture %\ld be held ov]head4 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies to an altitude ( #ejh feet4 7,) ?is record he won fir/ prize = altitude47 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ca miles4 7,) ?is record he won ! eigh? prize = duration ( flight47 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #cg miles4 ,he won ! sev5? prize = di/ance4 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--,tiss&i]1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #fi miles4 7,?is record won = him ! six? prize = di/ance47 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--,lefebvre1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ab4d miles 9 #bj m9utes & #dg seconds1 exhibit+ great d>+ & skill4 7,he 0 f9$ = 8recklessness407 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #be miles 9 #da m9utes4 7,?is record won = him ! n9? prize = di/ance fl[n47 ,augu/ #bh1 #aiji--,lefebvre1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 makes a spectacul> flight = #aa m9utes ) "o pass5g]4 ,augu/ #bh1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ab4d miles 9 #ae m9utes & #ef seconds1 w9n+ ! ,gordon ,b5nett cup4 ,augu/ #bh1 #aiji--;,bl]iot1 ) monoplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #g m9utes & #dh seconds4 7,) ?is record he won ! fir/ prize = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #aj kilometres47 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles ) two pass5g]s1 9 #aj m9utes & #cj seconds1 w9n+ a prize4 ,augu/ #bi4 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ah4f miles 9 #bc m9utes & #cj seconds4 7,) ?is record he won ! fir/ prize = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #cj kilometres47 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #f4b miles 9 #g m9utes & #ea seconds1 w9n+ ! second prize = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #aj kilometres4 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 rises to a height ( #ahj feet1 w9n+ ! f\r? prize = altitude4 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiji--;,e4 ,bunau-,v>illa1 ) biplane1 at ,rheims1 flies #ah4f miles 9 #ch m9utes & #ca seconds4 7,) ?is record he won ! eigh? prize = spe$ ov] c\rse ( #cj kilometres47 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 makes sev]al %ort flights4 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiji--,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 ) biplane1 at ,ald]%ot1 flies #aj miles ) "o pass5g]4 ,septemb] #d1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies = #ee m9utes4 ,septemb] #f1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,nancy1 ,france1 flies #be miles 9 #ce m9utes4 ,he takes up a numb] ( pass5g]s2 "o at a "t4 ,septemb] #g1 #aiji--,lefebvre1 ) biplane1 at ,juvissy1 is kill$ by ! break+ ( 8 ma*9e 9 ! air aft] he _h fl[n #a1hjj feet4 ,septemb] #h1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #ag m9utes ) "o pass5g]--,capta9 ,hildebr&t4 ,septemb] #h1 #aiji--,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 ) biplane1 at ,ald]%ot1 flies to ,f>nbor\gh & back--#df miles 9 #a h\r & #c m9utes4 ,?is is ! fir/ record$ cross-c\ntry flight 9 ,engl&4 ,septemb] #i1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies = #ae m9utes ) "o pass5g]--,capta9 ,engleh>dt4 ,septemb] #i1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,t\rnai1 ,belgium1 flies #ab4d miles 9 #ag m9utes4 ,septemb] #i1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 flies #ab m9utes & #aj seconds1 so>+ to a height ( #cbh feet4 ,septemb] #aj1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,nancy1 flies #ah miles1 accompany+ troops on review4 ,septemb] #aa1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,nancy1 flies to ,l5onc\rt--#bd miles4 ,septemb] #aa1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 flies #ca miles 9 #di m9utes & #bd seconds1 w9n+ ! fir/ prize = spe$4 ,septemb] #ab1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 flies #ca miles 9 #a h\r #aj m9utes & #ah seconds1 so>+ to a height ( #chj feet4 ,septemb] #ab1 #aiji--;,cald]>a1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 flies #f4c miles ) "o pass5g]1 w9n+ a prize4 ,septemb] #ac1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,t\rnai1 flies to ,ta9tiguies & back 9 #a h\r & #ce m9utes4 ,septemb] #ac1 #aiji--,santos-,dumont1 ) monoplane1 at ,/4 ,cyr1 ,france1 flies #e miles 9 #ab m9utes1 to ,buc1 to visit ,maurice ,guffroy1 on a bet ( #bjj t ea* w\ld be ! fir/ to visit ! o!r4 ,septemb] #ae1 #aiji--;,f]b]1 ) biplane1 at ,b\logne1 ,france1 flies to ,wim]\x--#f miles 9 #i m9utes4 ,septemb] #ae1 #aiji--;,cald]>a1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 flies #e4f miles ) "o pass5g]1 w9n+ ! ,old(r$i prize4 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies = #ed m9utes & #bf seconds1 ris+ to an altitude ( #gfe feet 7e/imat$74 ,he aft]w>d flew = #dg m9utes & #e seconds ) ,capta9 ,engleh>dt4 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiji--,santos-,dumont1 ) monoplane1 at ,/4 ,cyr1 flies #aj miles 9 #af m9utes across c\ntry4 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,o/5d1 ,belgium1 flies #a4bd miles 9 #c m9utes & #af seconds1 along ! wat] front & out ov] ! sea4 ,septemb] #ah1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 e/abli%es a _w record by fly+ = #a h\r #ce m9utes & #dg seconds1 ) "o pass5g]--,capta9 ,engleh>dt4 ,septemb] #ah1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,o/5d1 flies = #a h\r ov] sea front1 circl+ ov] ! wat]2 w9n+ a prize ( #e1jjj4 ,septemb] #bj1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 broke ! record = high fly+ by rea*+ an altitude ( #fde feet 7(ficial measurem5t74 ,septemb] #bj1 #aiji--;,cald]>a1 ) biplane1 at ,brescia1 flies #ca miles 9 #ej m9utes & #ea seconds1 w9n+ ! second prize = spe$4 ,septemb] #bb1 #aiji--;,capta9 ,f]b]1 ) a biplane1 at ,b\logne1 flies #a mile1 :51 8 eng9e break+ 9 ! air1 8 ma*9e falls & he is kill$4 ,septemb] #be1 #aiji--,wilbur ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,new ,york1 flies f ,gov]nor's ,isl& ar\nd ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty4 ,septemb] #bg1 #aiji--,la?am1 9 monoplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #f4e miles across c\ntry 9 #ac m9utes4 ,septemb] #bh1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #ca miles 9 #ed m9utes1 so>+ to an altitude ( #eah feet4 ,septemb] #bi1 #aiji--,la?am 9 monoplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #db miles 9 #a h\r & #aj m9utes1 w9n+ ! second prize = di/ance4 ,septemb] #bi1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #dh miles 9 #a h\r & #ce m9utes4 ,septemb] #bi1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,new ,york1 makes flights ab\t ! h>bor f ,gov]nor's ,isl&4 ,septemb] #cj1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 so>s to a height ( #ijb feet1 mak+ a _w record = altitude4 ,septemb] #cj1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #ea miles 9 #a h\r & #bc m9utes4 ,octob] #a1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #hj miles 9 #b h\rs & #ch m9utes1 w9n+ ! fir/ prize = di/ance & spe$4 ,octob] #b1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 makes a flight ( #aj m9utes' duration ) ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,g]many4 ,octob] #c1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #fb miles 9 #a h\r & #dj m9utes1 w9n+ ! ?ird prize = di/ance & spe$4 ,octob] #d1 #aiji--,orville ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,b]l91 so>$ to an altitude ( #a1fjj feet1 mak+ a _w record4 ,octob] #d1 #aiji--,wilbur ,wright1 ) biplane1 at ,new ,york1 flies f ,gov]nor's ,isl& to ,grant's ,tomb & back--#ba miles 9 #cc m9utes & #cc seconds4 ,octob] #aj1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 makes sev]al flights at ! ,c5t5nial celebration4 ,octob] #aj1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,pt4 ,aviation1 flies #ba4e miles 9 #ba m9utes & #dh seconds4 ,octob] #ab1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,pt4 ,aviation1 flies #c4f miles 9 #f m9utes & #aa seconds1 w9n+ ! prize = sl[e/ flight4 ,octob] #af1 #aiji--;,curtiss1 ) biplane1 at ,*icago1 makes exhibition flights at #de miles p] h\r4 ,octob] #af1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,donca/]1 ,engl&1 flies #i4g miles 9 #ba m9utes & #de seconds1 mak+ ! record = ,great ,brita94 ,octob] #af1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) monoplane1 at ,donca/]1 flies #e4ge miles 9 #aa m9utes & #be seconds4 ,octob] #af1 #aiji--;,cody1 ) biplane1 at ,donca/]1 flies #c1jjj feet1 :5 8 ma*9e is wreck$1 & he is injur$4 ,octob] #ah1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,blackpool1 ,engl&1 flies #ad miles 9 #be m9utes & #ec seconds4 ,octob] #ah1 #aiji--,r\gi]1 ) biplane1 at ,blackpool1 flies #ag4g miles 9 #bd m9utes & #dc seconds1 w9n+ ! second prize4 ,octob] #ah1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,blackpool1 flies #ad miles 9 #bc m9utes4 ,octob] #ah1 #aiji--,le ,blon1 ) monoplane1 at ,donca/]1 flies #bb miles 9 #cj m9utes1 9 a ra9/orm1 w9n+ ! ,brad=d cup4 ,octob] #ah1 #aiji--;,c\nt de ,lamb]t1 ) biplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #ca miles to ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is1 & back1 9 #di m9utes & #ci seconds4 ,octob] #ai1 #aiji--,le ,blon1 ) monoplane1 at ,donca/]1 flies #ae miles 9 a gale4 ,octob] #ai1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,blackpool1 flies #ae4g miles 9 #cb m9utes & #ah seconds1 w9n+ ! ?ird prize4 ,octob] #bj1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,blackpool1 flies #dg miles 9 #a h\r1 #cb m9utes1 & #af seconds1 w9n+ ! fir/ prize--#aj1jjj4 ,octob] #bj1 #aiji--,le ,blon1 ) monoplane1 at ,donca/]1 makes a spectacul> flight 9 a fi]ce gale4 ,octob] #ba1 #aiji--;,c\nt de ,lamb]t1 ) biplane1 at ,pt4 ,aviation1 flies #a4be miles 9 #a m9ute & #eg seconds1 w9n+ prize ( #c1jjj = spe$4 ,octob] #bb1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,blackpool1 flies 9 a squally gale bl[+ f #cj to #ej miles an h\r4 ,:5 head$ into ! w9d ! ma*9e mov$ backw>d 9 relation to po9ts on ! gr\nd4 ,go+ be=e ! w9d1 x pass$ po9ts on ! gr\nd at a spe$ ( ne>ly #ajj miles an h\r4 ,?is flight1 twice ar\nd ! c\rse1 is ! mo/ difficult feat accompli%$ by any aviator up to ?is date4 ,octob] #bf1 #aiji--,somm]1 ) biplane1 at ,donca/]1 flies #bi4g miles 9 #dd m9utes & #ec seconds1 w9n+ ! ,:itwor? cup4 ,octob] #bf1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) monoplane1 at ,donca/]1 flies #f miles 9 #g m9utes & #cf seconds--a spe$ ( ov] #ej miles an h\r4 ,octob] #cj1 #aiji--,moore-,brabazon1 ) biplane1 at ,%ell ,bea*1 ,engl&1 w9s a prize ( #e1jjj = flight ) a ,briti% ma*9e4 ,novemb] #c1 #aiji--;,f>man1 ) biplane1 at ,m\rmelon1 ,france1 flies #add miles 9 #d h\rs #f m9utes & #be seconds1 f> surpass+ 8 previ\s be/ record ( #aab miles 9 #c h\rs #d m9utes & #eg seconds1 made at ,rheims1 & w9n+ ! ,mi*el9 cup = duration & di/ance4 ,novemb] #ai1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,m\rmelon1 broke ! record = height by asc5d+ to #a1agj feet1 9 a w9d bl[+ f #bj to #be miles an h\r4 ,novemb] #ai1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) ,anto9ette monoplane1 surpass$ ,paulhan's record by ris+ to an altitude ( #a1ccc feet4 ,novemb] #bj1 #aiji--,paulhan1 ) biplane1 at ,m\rmelon1 flies to ,*alons & back--#cg miles 9 #ee m9utes4 ,decemb] #a1 #aiji--,la?am1 ) monoplane1 at ,m\rmelon1 so>s to #a1ejj feet 9 a #dj-mile gale4 ,decemb] #cj1 #aiji--;,delagrange1 ) monoplane1 at ,juvissy1 flies #abd miles 9 #b h\rs & #cb m9utes--an av]age spe$ ( #dh4i miles p] h\r1 surpass+ all previ\s records4 ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji--;,f>man at ,*>tres1 ,france1 flies to ,orleans--#db miles 9 #ej m9utes4 ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji--,maurice ,f>man1 at ,m\rmelon1 def5d+ 8 bro!r ,h5ry's record aga9/ compet+ aviators1 flies #ajj miles 9 #b h\rs & #de m9utes1 )\t a fault4 ,! ,mi*el9 cup rema9s 9 8 bro!r's possession4 ,janu>y #g1 #aiaj--,la?am1 ) ,anto9ette monoplane1 at ,*alons1 rises to height ( #c1bha feet 7_w's record74 ,janu>y #aj1 #aiaj--,op5+ ( aviation meet at ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,janu>y #ab1 #aiaj--,paulhan1 ,f>man biplane1 at ,los ,angeles1 rises to height ( #d1adf feet4 7,_w's record47 ,janu>y #ag1 #aiaj--,paulhan1 ,f>man biplane1 at ,los ,angeles1 flies #ge miles 9 #a h\r #eh m9utes & #bg seconds4 ,febru>y #g1 #aiaj--;,fir/ flight 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,bregi1 ,vois9 biplane1 makes two flights ne> ,bu5os ,aires4 ,febru>y #g1 #aiaj--;,duray1 ) ,f>man biplane1 at ,heliopolis1 ,egypt1 flies #e kilometres 9 #d m9utes & #ab seconds4 7,_w's record47 ,april #h1 #aiaj--;,d4 ,k9et1 ) ,f>man biplane1 at ,m\rmelon1 flies = #b h\rs #ai m9utes & #d seconds ) pass5g]1 cov]+ #ajb miles4 7,_w's record = pass5g] flight47 ,april #aa1 #aiaj--;,e4 ,jeann91 ) ,f>man biplane1 flies #b h\rs #a m9ute & #ee seconds1 at ,johanni/hal4 7,g]man record47 ,april #ae1 #aiaj--,op5+ ( ,nice meet+4 ,april #ag1 #aiaj--,paulhan1 ) ,f>man biplane1 flies f ,*evilly to ,arcis-sur-,aube1 #aah miles4 7,record cross-c\ntry flight47 ,april #bc1 #aiaj--;,grahame-,:ite1 ) ,f>man biplane1 flies f ,p>k ,royal1 ,london1 to ,rugby 7#hc miles7 9 #b h\rs & #a m9ute4 ,/>t+ aga9 9 #ee m9utes1 flies to ,:itt+ton 9 #a h\r & #e m9utes4 ,april #bg1 #aiaj--,paulhan1 ) ,f>man biplane1 />ts f ,h5don1 ,london1 at #e4ca ,p4 ,m41 flies )9 #e mile circle & cont9ues to ,li*field1 arriv+ #h4aj ,p4 ,m4 7#aag miles74 ,grahame-,:ite />ts f ,wormwood ,scrubs1 ,london1 at #f4bi ,p4 ,m41 flies to ,roade1 arriv+ #g4ee ,p4 ,m4 7#fj miles74 ,april #bh1 #aiaj--,paulhan flies f ,li*field to )9 #e miles ( ,man*e/]1 w9n+ ! #aj1jjj ,daily ,mail prize4 ,april #cj1 #aiaj--,op5+ ( meet+ at ,t\rs1 ,france4 ,may #a1 #aiaj--,op5+ ( fly+-week at ,b>celona4 ,may #c1 #aiaj--,wi5czi]s1 ) ,anto9ette monoplane1 twice circles ! ,/rassburg ca!dral4 ,may #f1 #aiaj--,olieslag]s1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 makes flight ( #ah m9utes & #bj seconds above ! sea at ,b>celona1 & ov] ! =tress ( ,monjui*4 ,may #ac1 #aiaj--;,engelh>dt1 ) ,wright biplane1 at ,b]l91 flies #b h\rs #ba m9utes & #de seconds4 7,g]man record47 ,may #ae1 #aiaj--,k9et1 ) ,f>man biplane1 flies #b h\rs & #ea m9utes ) a pass5g] at ,m\rmelon1 mak+ ! _w's record = pass5g] flight4 ,may #ae1 #aiaj--,olieslag]s1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 flies #ae miles ov] ! sea at ,g5oa4 ,may #ba1 #aiaj--,m4 de ,lesseps1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 flies f ,calais to ,dov] 9 #cg m9utes1 w9n+ #ejj prize (f]$ by ,m4 ,m4 ,ru9>t4 ,may #bh1 #aiaj--;,g4 ,curtiss1 ) ,curtiss biplane1 />ts f ,albany at #g4jc ,a4 ,m41 flies to ,p\ghkeepsie 9 #a h\r & #ba m9utes 7#gj miles74 ,leaves ,p\ghkeepsie at #i4bd ,a4 ,m41 flies to ,spuyt5 ,duyvil 9 #a h\r & #aa m9utes 7#fg miles74 ,rises aga9 at #aa4de1 flies ov] ,new ,york1 l&+ on ,gov]nor's ,isl& at #ab4jc ,p4 ,m4 ,w9s prize ( #aj1jjj giv5 by ! ,new ,york ,_w4 ,june #b1 #aiaj--,rolls1 ) ,%ort-,wright biplane1 leaves ,dov] at #f4cj ,p4 ,m41 crosses ,*annel to ,fr5* coa/ ne> ,calais 7#g4ae ,p4 ,m471 )\t l&+ re-crosses ,*annel to ,dov]1 flies ov] h>bor1 circles ,dov] ,ca/le1 & l&s at #h4aj ,p4 ,m4 ,w9s second ,ru9>t prize ( #hj4 ,june #ad1 #aiaj--;,brook9s1 ) ,wright biplane1 at ,indianapolis1 rea*es height ( #d1chj feet4 7,_w's record47 ,june #be1 #aiaj--;,9 ,italian ,p>liam5t #be million lire 7ab\t #e1jjj1jjj7 vot$ = aviation 9 ! extraord9>y e/imates ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w>4 ,june #bf1 #aiaj--;,dickson1 ) ,f>man biplane1 at ,r\51 w9s total di/ance prize ( #b1jjj & ! #djj = longe/ unbrok5 flight4 ,di/ance fl[n1 #dff miles4 ,june #bg1 #aiaj--,m4 de ,lesseps1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 flies ov] ,montreal = #di m9utes1 cov]+ ab\t #cj miles at height g5]ally ( #b1jjj feet4 ,july #f1 #aiaj--;,fir/ ,g]man milit>y a]oplane makes maid5 cross-c\ntry flight ov] ,doeb]itz4 ,july #bf1 #aiaj--,m4 de ,lesseps1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 />t+ f ,ile de ,gros ,bois 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 makes trip ( #dj miles 9 #cg m9utes4 ,augu/ #a1 #aiaj--;,h5ry ,f>man takes up ?ree pass5g]s at ,m\rmelon = #a h\r & #d m9utes4 ,augu/ #e1 #aiaj--;,*avez1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 atta9s height ( #e1gej feet4 ,_w's record4 ,augu/ #g1 #aiaj--,lieut5ants ,camm]man & ,vill]me fly toge!r f ,m\rmelon to ,nancy1 #abe miles 9 #b h\rs1 ) a ,f>man biplane4 ,augu/ #aa1 #aiaj--;,drexel1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 at ,lan>k1 beats ! _w's record = height1 ris+ #f1fjj feet4 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiaj--;,fir/ wireless telegram f a fly+ a]oplane1 s5t by ,mc,curdy f a ,curtiss ma*9e 9 ! air1 at ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! s5d+ key 0 atta*$ to ! /e]+ :eel4 ,augu/ #bh1 #aiaj--;,dufaux1 ) biplane con/ruct$ by himself1 flies ov] ,lake ,g5eva1 w9s prize ( #bjj (f]$ by ,swiss ,a]o ,club4 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiaj--;,breguet1 ) ,breguet monoplane1 makes a flight at ,lille1 ,france1 c>ry+ five pass5g]s1 e/abli%+ _w's record = pass5g] flight4 ,augu/ #bi1 #aiaj--,morane1 ) ,bl]iot monoplane1 at ,havre1 beats _w's altitude record1 rea*es height ( #g1aff feet4 ,septemb] #b1 #aiaj--,mlle4 ,hlne ,dutrieux flies ) a pass5g] f ,o/5d to ,bruges1 ,belgium1 & back to ,o/5d4 ,at ,bruges %e circl$ ar\nd ! fam\s belfry at a height ( #a1cjj feet1 ! *imes peal+ 9 honor ( ! feat--! mo/ wond]ful flight s f> accompli%$ by a woman4 ,septemb] #c1 #aiaj--,m4 ,bielovucci l&s at ,bordeaux1 ,france1 hav+ made ! trip f ,p>is1 #cff miles1 inside ( #dh h\rs4 ,! actual "t 9 ! air 0 #g h\rs #f m9utes4 ,/rong head w9ds blew him backw>d1 =c+ a l&+ ?ree times on ! way4 ,?is is ! f\r? longe/ cross-c\ntry flight on record1 & makes ! _w's record = su/a9$ spe$ ov] a long di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,mlle4 ,hlne ,dutrieux4 ,septemb] #d1 #aiaj--,morane1 at ,havre1 rises to height ( #h1dfi feet4 ,septemb] #g1 #aiaj--,weyman1 ) ,f>man biplane1 flies f ,buc 9 attempt to rea* ! top ( ! ,puy-de-,dme1 l&s at ,volvic1 #e miles f 8 de/9ation4 ,e/abli%es _w's record = flight ) pass5g]1 hav+ cov]$ #aci miles )\t l&+4 ,septemb] #bh1 #aiaj--;,*avez crosses ! ,alps on a ,bl]iot monoplane f ,brigue1 9 ,switz]l&1 to ,domodossola1 9 ,italy1 fly+ ov] ! ,simplon ,pass4 ,octob] #a1 #aiaj--;,h5ri ,wynmal51 ( ,holl&1 ) a biplane at ,m\rmelon1 ,france1 rises to a height ( #i1aba feet1 mak+ a new _w's record = altitude4 ,octob] #d1 #aiaj--,maurice ,tabuteau recross$ ! ,pyr5ees1 9 8 return trip f ,san ,seba/ian to ,bi>ritz1 )\t accid5t or m>k$ incid5t4 ,octob] #e1 #aiaj--,leon ,morane1 ! w9n] ( ne>ly all ! conte/s 9 ! ,engli% meets = #aiaj1 fell ) 8 monoplane at ,boissy ,/4 ,leg]1 dur+ a conte/ = ! ,mi*el9 cup1 & 0 s]i\sly injur$4 ,octob] #h1 #aiaj--;,ar*ibald ,hoxsey1 ) a biplane1 makes ! longe/ cont9u\s a]oplane flight record$ 9 ,am]ica1 betwe5 ,spr+field1 ,ill41 & ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4--#ajd miles4 ,octob] #ab1 #aiaj--;,alfr$ ,leblanc1 ) monoplane1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 flies #ac miles 9 #aj m9utes1 a spe$ ( #gh miles p] h\r4 ,x 0 n (ficially record$1 z a "p ( ! di/ance 0 outside ( ! prescrib$ c\rse4 ,octob] #ad1 #aiaj--;,grahame-,:ite flies f ! ,b5n+s ,race ,track #f miles across ! ,potomac ,riv] to ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 circles ! dome1 & !n circles ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 & f9ally alights ) precision 9 ,executive ,/reet1 betwe5 ! ,executive ,(fices & ! build+ ( ! ,/ate1 ,army1 & ,navy ,dep>tm5ts4 ,aft] a brief call1 he rose f ! n>r[ /reet--b #bj feet wid] ?an 8 biplane--& return$ to ! race track )\t unt[>d incid5t4 ,octob] #af1 #aiaj--,wynmal5 flies f ,p>is to ,brussels1 & returns1 ) "o pass5g]1 )9 ! elaps$ "t ( #bg h\rs #ej m9utes1 w9n+ two prizes am\nt+ to #ce1jjj4 ,! di/ance is #cej miles1 & ! actual "t 9 ! air 0 #ae h\rs #ch m9utes4 ,octob] #be1 #aiaj--;,j4 ,arm/rong ,drexel1 ) monoplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 ,l4 ,i41 rises to height ( #g1aje feet1 break+ previ\s records1 & surpass+ 8 own record ( #f1fjj feet1 made at ,lan>k1 ,scotl&4 ,octob] #bf1 #aiaj--,ralph ,john/one1 9 biplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 rises to ! height ( #g1cac feet1 ?r\gh sleet & sn[1 break+ ! new ,am]ican record made by ,drexel ! day be=e4 ,octob] #bg1 #aiaj--;,john/one1 ) biplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 rises to height ( #h1dga feet1 surpass+ 8 own record ( ! day be=e & e/abli%+ a new ,am]ican record4 ,! feat 0 p]=m$ 9 a gale bl[+ ne>ly #fj miles p] h\r1 & ! aviator 0 c>ri$ #ee miles away f 8 />t+ po9t be=e he l&$4 ,octob] #bh1 #aiaj--,tabuteau1 ) biplane1 at ,etampes1 ,france1 makes a new _w's endurance record ( #f h\rs' cont9u\s flight1 cov]+ a di/ance ( #bhi miles4 ,octob] #bi1 #aiaj--;,grahame-,:ite1 ) monoplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 w9s ! ,int]national spe$ race ov] ! di/ance ( #fb4a miles1 9 #a h\r #a m9ute #d seconds4 ,octob] #bi1 #aiaj--,leblanc1 ) monoplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 makes a new _w's record = spe$1 rea*+ #gj miles p] h\r dur+ ! ,int]national spe$ race4 ,?r\gh a lack ( fuel he lo/ ! race to ,grahame-,:ite1 aft] cov]+ #ei miles 9 #eb m9utes4 ,octob] #cj1 #aiaj--;,john ,b4 ,moisant1 ) monoplane1 w9s ! race f ,belmont ,p>k ar\nd ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty 9 ,new ,york h>bor1 & ! prize ( #aj1jjj4 ,! di/ance is ab\t #cd miles1 & ,moisant cov]$ x 9 #cd m9utes #ci seconds4 ,octob] #cj1 #aiaj--;,james ,radley1 ) monoplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 w9s ! cross-c\ntry flight ( #bj miles 9 #bj m9utes #e seconds4 ,octob] #ca1 #aiaj--;,john/one1 ) biplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 rises to a height ( #i1gad feet1 break+ ! previ\s _w's record1 made by ,wynmal5 on ,octob] #a4 ,octob] #ca1 #aiaj--;,drexel1 ) monoplane1 rac+ = altitude ) ,john/one1 rea*es a height ( #h1cgj feet4 ,octob] #ca1 #aiaj--,moisant1 ) monoplane1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 w9s ! two-h\r di/ance race ) a record ( #hd miles4 ,8 next ne>e/ competitor cov]$ b #eg miles4 ,novemb] #ad1 #aiaj--;,eug5e ,ely1 ) biplane1 flew f a /ag+ on ! deck ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,cruis] ,birm+ham #h miles to ! %ore ne> ! m\? ( ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! flight 0 int5d$ to end at ! ,norfolk ,navy ,y>d1 b an accid5t to ! propell] at />t+ =c$ ,ely to make directly = ! %ore4 ,novemb] #ag1 #aiaj--,ralph ,john/one1 hold] ( ! _w's altitude record ( #i1gad feet1 0 kill$ at ,d5v]1 ,col41 by a fall ) 8 biplane4 ,novemb] #bc1 #aiaj--;,drexel1 at ,philadelphia1 rea*es an altitude ( #i1igj feet1 pass+ all o!r altitude records4 ,com+ d[n he made a /raight glide ( sev5 miles4 ,decemb] #b1 #aiaj--;,*>les ,k4 ,hamilton1 at ,memphis1 ,t5n41 flies #d miles 9 #c m9utes #a second1 a spe$ ( #gi4b miles p] h\r4 ,?is is a new _w's record4 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,a]onautical ,,t]ms4 ,e developm5t 9 human progress is m>k$ by a concurr5t developm5t 9 language4 ,to express ! new ideas1 new words appe>1 or new mean+s are giv5 to words already 9 use4 ,z yet1 ! vocabul>y ( a]onautics is 9 ! same con/ructive & incomplete /ate z is ! sci5ce to :i* x attempts to give voice1 & ! utmo/ t c be done at ?is "t is to record su* words & special mean+s z are 9 use 9 ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,a ,adju/+ ,plane--,a small plane1 or surface1 at ! out] end ( a w+1 by :i* ! lat]al 7f side to side7 balance ( an a]oplane is adju/$4 ,x is n connect$ ) ! controll+ me*anism1 z are ! ail]ons--nor ) any automatic device4 ,a]odrome--,a t]m us$ by ,pr(essor ,langley z a bett] "n = ! a]oplane2 b latt]ly x has be5 appli$ to ! build+s 9 :i* air%ips are h\s$1 & also 9 a few in/ances1 z a "n = ! c\rse laid out = a]onautical conte/s4 ,a](oil--,ano!r "n = ! a]oplane1 sugge/$ z m accurate1 consid]+ t ! surfaces are n true planes4 ,a]onef--,ano!r "n = an a]oplane4 ,a]oplane--,! type ( fly+ ma*9e :i* is support$ 9 ! air by a spread ( surfaces or planes1 =m]ly flat1 & !re=e truly 8plane10 b ( late m or less curv$4 ,ev5 ?\gh n absolutely accurate1 ?is t]m has resi/$ displacem5t by any o!r4 ,a]o/at--,a free balloon afloat 9 ! air4 ,a]onate--,a captive balloon4 ,ail]on--,a small movable plane at ! w+-tips1 or h+$ betwe5 ! ma9 planes1 usually at _! out] ends1 op]at$ by ! aviator to re/ore ! lat]al balance ( ! ma*9e :5 di/urb$4 ,air-spe$--,! spe$ ( aircraft z relat$ to ! air 9 :i* !y are mov+2 z di/+ui%$ f l&-spe$ 7:i* see74 ,alight+ ,ge>--,devices on ! "u side ( ! a]oplane to take up ! j> ( l&+ aft] flight1 & at ! same "t to *eck ! =w>d motion at t mom5t4 ,angle ( ,entry--,! angle made by ! tang5t to ! curve ( ! a]oplane surface at its =w>d edge1 ) ! direction1 or l9e1 ( travel4 ,angle ( ,incid5ce--,! angle made by ! *ord ( ! arc ( a curv$ 8plane10 or by ! l9e ( a flat plane1 ) ! l9e ( travel4 ,illu/ration ,angle ( ,trail--,! angle made by ! tang5t to ! re> edge ( a curv$ plane ) ! l9e ( travel4 ,apt]oid--,a =m resembl+ ! 8%ort & broad0 type ( ! w+s ( c]ta9 birds--z di/+ui%$ f ! pt]ygoid 7:i* see74 ,arc--,any "p ( a circle1 or o!r curv$ l9e4 ,ar*--,! curve =m$ by b5d+ ! w+s d[nw>d at ! tips1 leav+ !m high] at ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e4 ,aspect--,! view ( ! top ( an a]oplane z x appe>s :5 look$ d[n ^u f above4 ,aspiration--,! 7hi!rto7 unexpla9$ t5d5cy ( a curv$ surface--convex side upw>d--to rise & advance :5 a /ream ( air bl[s aga9/ its =w>d edge & across ! top4 ,attitude--,! position ( a plane z relat$ to ! l9e ( its travel2 usually express$ by ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,automatic ,/ability--,t /ability :i* is pres]v$ by self-act+1 or self-adju/+1 devices :i* are n "u ! control ( ! op]ator1 nor a fix$ "p ( ! ma*9e1 z are ! adju/+ planes4 ,aviation--,fly+ by means ( p[]-propell$ ma*9es :i* are n buoy$ up 9 ! air1 z ) gas bags4 ,aviator--,! op]ator1 driv]1 or pilot ( an a]oplane4 ,b ,balance--,equilibrium ma9ta9$ by ! controll+ me*anism1 or by ! automatic action ( balanc+-surfaces--z di/+ui%$ f ! equilibrium pres]v$ by /abiliz+ surfaces4 ,balanc+ ,plane--,! surface :i* is employ$ ei!r int5tionally1 or automatically1 to re/ore a di/urb$ balance4 ,biplane--,! type ( a]oplane :i* has two ma9 support+ surfaces or planes1 plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,body--,! c5tral /ructure ( an a]oplane1 conta9+ ! ma*9]y & ! pass5g] space--z di/+ui%$ f ! w+s1 or planes1 & ! tail4 ,brace--,a con/ruction memb] ( ! fram+ ( aircraft :i* resi/s a compression /ra9 9 a diagonal direction--z di/+ui%$ f a 8/ay10 or 8diagonal10 :i* supports a pull+ /ra92 also f a /rut :i* supports a compression /ra9 9 a v]tical direction4 ,c ,camb]--,! di/ance f ! *ord ( ! curve ( a surface to ! highe/ po9t ( t curve1 measur$ at "r angles to ! *ord4 ,ca/]1 or ,ca/or1 ,:eel--,a :eel m\nt$ on an upright pivot$ %aft plac$ =w>d ( its axle1 s t x swivels automatically to assume ! l9e ( travel ( an a]oplane :5 l&+3 us$ 9 ! alight+ ge>4 ,to be di/+ui%$ f a fix$ :eel1 :i* does n swivel4 ,cell--,a /ructure ) enclos+ sides--simil> to a box )\t top or bottom /ood ^u "o side4 ,! v]tical walls ( ! cell give lat]al /ability1 & its horizontal walls =e-&-aft /ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ ,santos-,dumont biplane1 con/ruct$ ( cells4 ,c5tre ( ,gravity--,t po9t ( a body :]e its weight c5tres4 ,if ?is po9t is support$1 ! body re/s 9 exact balance4 ,c5tre ( ,lift--,! "o po9t at :i* ! lift+ =ces ( ! fly+ planes might be conc5trat$1 & produce ! same effect4 ,c5tre ( ,resi/ance--,! "o po9t at :i* ! =ces oppos+ ! flight ( an air-craft might be conc5trat$1 & produce ! same result4 ,c5tre ( ,?ru/--,! "o po9t at :i* ! =ces g5]at$ by ! revolv+ propell]s might be conc5trat$1 & produce ! same effect4 ,*assis--,! "u-/ructure or 8runn+-ge>0 ( an a]oplane4 ,*ord--,! /raight l9e betwe5 ! two ends ( an arc ( a circle or o!r curv$ l9e4 ,comp\nd ,control--,a me*anical sy/em by :i* sev]al di/9ct controls are op]at$ ?r\gh diff]5t manipulations ( ! same lev] or /e]+-:eel4 ,compression ,side--,t side ( a plane or propell] blade aga9/ :i* ! air is compress$--! "u surface ( a fly+ plane1 & ! re> surface ( a revolv+ propell]4 ,curta9--,! v]tical surface ( a cell--! wall :i* /&s upright4 ,d ,deck--,a ma9 a]oplane surface4 ,! t]m is us$ g5]ally 9 describ+ biplanes2 z ! upp] deck1 & ! l[] deck2 or ) a]oplanes ( _m decks4 ,dem\ntable--,a type ( con/ruction :i* p]mits a ma*9e to be easily tak5 ap>t = transportation4 ,d]rick--,a t[]-%ap$ /ructure 9 :i* a weight is rais$ & all[$ to fall to give />t+ impetus to an a]oplane4 ,dih$ral--,t =m ( con/ruction 9 :i* ! w+s ( an a]oplane />t ) an upw>d incl9e at _! junction ) ! body ( ! ma*9e1 in/ead ( /ret*+ out on a level4 ,dirigible--,! condition ( be+ directable1 or /e]able3 appli$ g5]ally to ! balloons fitt$ ) propell+ p[]1 or air%ips4 ,d\ble ,rudd]--,a rudd] compos$ ( two int]sect+ planes1 "o v]tical & ! o!r horizontal1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ator to /e] 9 any direction ) ! "o rudd]4 ,illu/ration ,d\ble-,surfac$--,planes :i* are cov]$ ) fabric on bo? _! upp] & l[] surfaces1 ?us completely inclos+ _! frames4 ,d[n-,w9d--,along ) ! w9d2 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d is bl[+4 ,drift--,! recoil ( an a]oplane surface =c$ ?r\gh ! air3 also ! t5d5cy to float 9 ! same direction z ! w9d4 ,e ,elevator--,a %ort] "n = ! elevat+ planes or elevat+ rudd]1 us$ = direct+ ! a]oplane upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,ellipse--,an oval figure outl9$ by cutt+ a cone ?r\gh f side to side on a plane n p>allel to its base4 ,"s inv5tors use ! curves ( ! ellipse 9 =m+ ! w+s ( a]oplanes4 ,see ,hyp]bola & ,p>abola4 ,entry--,! p5etration ( ! air by ! =w>d edge ( aircraft surfaces4 ,see ,angle ( ,entry4 ,equival5t ,head ,area--,su* an area ( flat surface z w enc\nt] head resi/ance equal to ! total ( t ( ! con/ruction memb]s ( ! framework--/ruts1 braces1 sp>s1 diagonals1 etc41 ( ! a]ial craft4 ,f ,fea!r+--,a =m ( con/ruction 9 :i* m\nt+ on h+es1 or pivots1 p]mits ! surfaces to engage ! air flatwise 9 "o direction & to pass edgewise ?r\gh x 9 o!r directions4 ,f9--,a fix$ v]tical /abiliz+ surface1 simil> 9 =m to ! f9 on ! back ( a fi%4 ,fi% ,section--,a t]m appli$ to ! l5g?wise section ( an aircraft :5 ! outl9e resembles ! g5]al %ape ( a fi%--blunt$ 9 front & tap]+ t[>d ! re>4 ,?is =m is believ$ to enc\nt] less resi/ance ?an any o!r1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,fix$ ,:eel--,a :eel 9 a fix$ m\nt+1 s t x does n swivel z does a ca/] :eel4 ,flapp+ ,flight--,flight by ! up-&-d[n beat+ ( w+s1 simil> to ! common flight ( pigeons4 ,flexible ,propell]--,a propell] 9 :i* ! blades are frames cov]$ m or less loosely ) a fabric :i* is 9 a measure free to adju/ its =m to ! compression ( ! air beh9d x z x revolves4 ,fly+ ,angle--,! angle ( incid5ce ( ! ma9 surface ( an a]oplane :5 9 flight4 ,see ,gr\nd ,angle4 ,footp\nd--,! am\nt ( =ce requir$ to raise "o p\nd to a height ( "o foot4 ,=e-&-aft--,f front to re>3 l5g?wise3 longitud9al4 ,fuselage--,! framework ( ! body ( an a]oplane4 ,g ,glid]--,a /ructure simil> to an a]oplane1 b )\t motive p[]4 ,glid+--,fly+ d[n a slope ( air ) a glid]1 or ) an a]oplane 9 :i* ! propell+ p[] is cut (f4 ,glid+ ,angle--,! flatte/ angle at :i* a giv5 ma*9e w make a p]fect glide4 ,?is angle diff]s ) diff]5t ma*9es4 ,! flatt] ! glid+ angle ! saf] ! ma*9e4 ,gr\nd ,angle--,! angle ( incid5ce ( an a]oplane surface :5 ! ma*9e is /&+ on ! gr\nd4 ,guy--,a wire atta*$ to a m or less di/ant "p ( ! /ructure ( any aircraft to prev5t spread+4 ,also us$ to d5ote controll+ wires :i* transmit ! movem5ts ( ! lev]s4 ,gyroscopic ,action--,! resi/ance :i* a rotat+ :eel1 or :eel-l con/ruction1 exhibits :5 a di/urb+ =ce t5ds to *ange its plane ( rotation4 ,h ,hang>--,a /ructure = ! h\s+ ( a]oplanes4 ,head ,resi/ance--,! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by a surface mov+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,heavi]-?an-air--,a t]m appli$ to fly+ ma*9es ^: weight is n c\nt]balanc$ or buoy$ up by ! lift+ p[] ( "s gas light] ?an air2 & :i* weigh m ?an ! volume ( air displac$4 ,helicopat]--,a type ( fly+ ma*9e 9 :i* propell]s revolv+ horizontally lift & su/a9 its weight 9 ! air4 ,horizontal ,rudd]--,! rudd] surface :i* is us$ to /e] an aircraft upw>d or d[nw>d3 s-call$ because x lies normally 9 a position p>allel to ! horizon2 t is1 level4 ,horse-p[]--,an am\nt ( "w equival5t to ! lift+ ( #cc1jjj footp\nds 9 "o m9ute4 ,see ,footp\nd4 ,hyp]bola--,! outl9e =m$ by ! cutt+ ( a cone by a plane pass+ "o side ( its axis at su* an angle t x w\ld also int]sect ano!r cone plac$ apex to apex on ! same axis4 ,k ,keel--,a framework ext5d+ l5g?wise "u an aircraft to /iff5 ! con/ruction3 usually employ$ on air%ips ) elongat$ gas-bags4 ,l ,lat]al--,f side to side2 t is1 cross+ ! l5g? =e-&-aft1 & g5]ally at "r angles to x4 ,l&-spe$--,! spe$ ( aircraft z relat$ to objects on ! gr\nd4 ,see ,air-spe$4 ,l&+ ,area--,a piece ( l& specially prep>$ = ! alight+ ( a]oplanes )\t risk ( injury4 ,leeway--,movem5t ( a ma*9e aside f ! int5d$ c\rse1 due to ! lat]al drift ( ! :ole body ( air2 measur$ usually at "r angles to ! c\rse4 ,lift--,! rais+1 or su/a9+ effect ( an a]oplane surface4 ,x is express$ 9 ! weight ?us ov]come4 ,light]-?an-air--,a t]m us$ to designate aircraft :i*1 ow+ to ! buoyancy ( ! gas atta*$1 weigh less ?an ! volume ( air :i* !y displace4 ,longitud9al--,9 a l5g?wise1 or =e-&-aft direction4 ,m ,ma9 ,plane--,! pr9cipal support+ surface ( an a]oplane4 ,9 ! biplane1 or ! multiplane type1 x d5otes ! l[e/ surface1 unless "s o!r is decid$ly l>g]4 ,ma9 ,l&+ ,:eels--,^? :eels on ! alight+ ge> :i* take ! %ock 9 l&+4 ,ma/--,a v]tical po/ or /rut giv+ angul> altitude to guys or long /ays4 ,also us$ 7errone\sly7 to designate a sp> rea*+ out lat]ally or longitud9ally 9 a horizontal position4 ,monoplane--,an a]oplane ) "o ma9 support+ surface4 ,a ,d\ble ,monoplane has two ( su* surfaces set "o beh9d ! o!r 7t&em7 b on ! same level4 ,multiplane--,an a]oplane hav+ sev]al ma9 planes1 at lea/ m ?an ?ree 7= :i* !re is ! special "n ( triplane74 ,n ,nacelle--,! framework1 or body1 ( a dirigible balloon or air%ip4 ,negative ,angle ( ,incid5ce--,an angle ( incid5ce bel[ ! l9e ( travel1 & !re=e express$ ) a m9us sign4 ,surfaces b5t to c]ta9 curves fly successfully at negative angles ( incid5ce1 & exhibit a comp>atively l>ge lift4 ,o ,orni?opt]--,a type ( fly+ ma*9e ) w+ surfaces :i* are design$ to raise & su/a9 ! ma*9e 9 ! air by flapp+4 ,p ,panel--,ano!r "n = ,curta9--:i* see4 ,p>abola--,! =m outl9$ :5 a cone is cut by a plane p>allel to a l9e drawn on its surface f its apex to its base4 ,decl>$ to be ! correct sci5tific curve = a]oplane surfaces1 b n s prov51 z yet4 ,pilot--,a t]m widely us$ = an op]ator1 or driv]1 ( any =m ( aircraft4 ,pit*--,! di/ance :i* a propell] w\ld progress dur+ "o revolution1 if free to move 9 a m$ium :i* p]mitt$ no slip 7:i* see72 j z ! ?read ( a bolt travels 9 ! groove ( its nut4 ,plane--,speak+ ) exactness1 a flat spread ( surface2 b 9 a]onautics x includes also ! curv$ su/a9+ surfaces ( a]oplanes4 ,polyplane--,ano!r t]m = ,multiplane4 ,port--,! left-h& side ( an aircraft1 z "o faces =w>d4 ,see ,/>bo>d4 ,project$ ,area--,! total area ( an irregul> /ructure z project$ ^u a flat surface2 l ! total area ( ! %ad[ ( an object ca/ by ! sun ^u a plane fix$ at "r angles to its rays4 ,propell] ,reaction--,a =ce produc$ by a s+le revolv+ propell]1 :i* t5ds to revolve ! ma*9e :i* x is driv+1 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,?is is neutraliz$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! ma*9es driv5 by s+le propell]s4 ,:]e two propell]s are us$ x is escap$ by arrang+ !m to move 9 opposite directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,a pt]ygoid plane4 ,pt]ygoid--,t type ( ! w+s ( birds :i* is long & n>r[--z di/+ui%$ f ! apt]oid type4 ,pylon--,a t[]-%ap$ /ructure us$ z a d]rick 7:i* see72 also = display+ signals to a]onauts4 ,r ,radial ,spoke--,a wire spoke ext5d+ f ! hub ( an alight+ :eel /raight outw>d f ! c5tre to ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,see ,tang5t ,spoke4 ,r>efaction ,side--,a correct t]m = ! incorrect 8vacuum side10 s-call$4 ,! side opposite ! compression side3 ! =w>d side ( a revolv+ propell] blade1 or ! upp] side ( a fly+ surface1 or ! side ( a rudd]-surface turn$ away f ! w9d4 ,reactive ,/ratum--,! lay] ( compress$ air b5ea? a mov+ a]oplane surface1 or beh9d a mov+ propell] blade4 ,rib--,! small] con/ruction memb]s us$ 9 build+ up surfaces4 ,g5]ally !y run =e-&-aft1 cross+ ! sp>s or w+-b>s at "r angles1 & !y are b5t to =m ! curve ( ! w+s or planes4 ,ris+ ,angle--,te*nically1 ! /eepe/ angle at :i* any giv5 a]oplane w rise into ! air4 ,rudd]--,a movable surface by :i* ! a]onaut is enabl$ to /e] 8 craft 9 a desir$ direction4 ,see ,horizontal ,rudd] & ,v]tical ,rudd]4 ,runn]--,a con/ruction simil> to ! runn]s ( a sleigh1 us$ = alight+ on "s ma*9es1 in/ead ( ! :eel alight+ ge>2 a skid4 ,s ,screw--,ano!r t]m = propell]2 prop]ly1 screw-propell]4 ,s+le-surfac$--,a t]m us$ to designate w+s or planes ^: frames are cov]$ ) fabric only on ! upp] side4 ,see ,d\ble-surfac$4 ,skid--,ano!r "n = runn]4 ,sk9 ,friction--,! ret>d+ effect ( ! adh]5ce ( ! air to surfaces mov+ rapidly ?r\gh x4 ,x is v slight ) poli%$ surfaces1 & 9 case ( sl[ spe$s is entirely negligible4 ,slip--,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual progress ( a mov+ propell]1 & ! !oretical progress express$ by its pit*4 ,x is mu* great] 9 "s propell]s ?an 9 o!rs1 due to ! 8*urn+0 ( ! air by blades ( faulty design & con/ruction4 ,so>+ ,flight--,! sail+ motion 9 ! air a*iev$ by "s ( ! l>g] birds )\t ! flapp+ ( _! w+s4 ,x is to be di/+ui%$ f glid+ 9 t x is 9 an upw>d direction4 ,so>+ has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 & is consid]$ to be ! secret ^: discov]y w br+ ab\t ! l>ge/ advance 9 ! navigation ( ! air4 ,sp>--,a /ick ( consid]able l5g? us$ 9 ! fram+ ( ! body ( a]oplanes1 or z ! long memb]s 9 w+ /ructures4 ,/abilize--,to ma9ta9 balance by ! automatic action ( adjunct surfaces1 z di/+ui%$ f ! int5tional manipulation ( controll+ devices4 ,/abiliz]--,any surface ^: automatic action t5ds to ! ma9ta9+ ( balance 9 ! air4 ,/able ,equilibrium--,t equilibrium :i* is inh]5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e1 & does n dep5d ^u automatic or controll+ balanc+ devices4 ,/>bo>d--,! "r-h& side ( an aircraft z "o faces =w>d4 ,see ,port4 ,/>t+ ,area--,an area ( gr\nd specially prep>$ to facilitate ! />t+ ( a]oplanes into flight4 ,/>t+ ,device--,any contrivance = giv+ an a]oplane a p[]ful impulse or ?ru/ into ! air4 ,see ,d]rick4 ,/>t+ ,impulse--,! ?ru/ ) :i* an a]oplane is />t$ into ! air = a flight4 ,mo/ ma*9es dep5d ^u ! ?ru/ ( _! own propell]s1 ! ma*9e be+ held back by =ce until ! eng9es h work$ up to fly+ spe$1 :5 x is sudd5ly releas$4 ,/>t+ ,rail--,! rail ^u :i* ! />t+ truck runs be=e ! a]oplane rises into ! air4 ,/>t+ ,truck--,a small vehicle ^u :i* ! a]oplane re/s :ile x is ga9+ suffici5t impulse to take flight4 ,/ay--,a con/ruction memb] ( an a]oplane su/a9+ a pull+ /ra94 ,x is usually ( wire4 ,/raight ,pit*--,t type ( pit* 7:i* see7 9 a propell] blade 9 :i* e cross-section ( ! blade makes ! same angle ) its axis ( revolution4 ,/ra9]--,ano!r t]m = ,turnbuckle--:i* see4 ,/rut--,an upright1 or v]tical1 con/ruction memb] ( an a]oplane su/a9+ a compression /ra92 z di/+ui%$ f a brace :i* su/a9s a diagonal compression /ra94 ,supplem5t>y ,surface--,a comp>atively small surface us$ z an adjunct to ! l>ge surfaces = "s special purpose2 z1 = in/ance1 ! pres]v+ ( balance1 or = /e]+4 ,su/a9+ ,surface--,! l>ge surfaces ( ! a]oplane ^: rapid movem5t ?r\gh ! air at a slight angle to ! horizontal su/a9s ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,t ,tail--,a re> surface on an a]oplane design$ to assi/ 9 ma9ta9+ longitud9al /ability4 ,x is 9 use pr9cipally on monoplanes1 & is (t5 s arrang$ z to s]ve z a rudd]4 ,tail ,:eel--,a :eel m\nt$ "u ! re> end ( an a]oplane z a "p ( ! alight+ ge>4 ,tang5t--,a /raight l9e pass+ ! convex side ( a curv$ l9e1 & t\*+ x at "o po9t only4 ,! /raight l9e is said to be tang5t to ! curve at ! po9t ( contact4 ,tang5tial--,9 ! position or direction ( a tang5t4 ,tang5t ,spoke--,a wire spoke ext5d+ f ! out] edge ( ! hub ( a :eel along ! l9e ( a tang5t until x t\*es ! rim4 ,its position is at "r angles to ! c\rse ( a radial spoke 7:i* see7 f ! same po9t on ! hub4 ,tie--,a con/ruction memb] connect+ two po9ts ) a pull+ /ra94 ,tight5]--,a device = tak+ up ! slack ( a /ay1 or tie2 z ! turnbuckle4 ,tractor ,propell]--,a propell] plac$ 9 front1 s t x pulls ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air1 in/ead ( pu%+1 or ?ru/+1 x f beh9d4 ,triplane--,an a]oplane ) ?ree ma9 surfaces1 or decks1 plac$ 9 a ti]1 "o above ano!r4 ,turnbuckle--,a device ) a nut at ea* end1 ( contr>y pit*1 s z to take a "r-h& screw at "o end1 & a left-h& screw at ! o!r2 us$ = draw+ toge!r1 or t[>d ea* o!r ! op5 ends ( a /ay1 or tie4 ,u ,uni=m ,pit*--,t v>y+ pit* 9 a propell] blade :i* causes ea* po9t 9 ! blade to move =w>d 9 its own circle ! same di/ance 9 "o revolution4 ,up-w9d--,9 a direction opposite to ! curr5t ( ! w9d2 aga9/ ! w9d2 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d4 ,v ,v]tical ,rudd]--,a rudd] = /e]+ t[>d "r or left2 s call$ because its surface occupies normally a v]tical position4 ,w ,wake--,! /ream ( di/urb$ air left 9 ! re> ( a mov+ aircraft1 due ma9ly to ! slip ( ! propell]4 ,wa%--,! air-curr5ts fl[+ out diagonally f ! sides ( a mov+ a]oplane4 ,w+ ,b>--,! l>g] con/ruction memb]s ( a w+1 runn+ f ! body outw>d to ! tips4 ,! ribs are atta*$ to ! w+ b>s1 usually at "r angles4 ,w+ ,plan--,! outl9e ( ! w+ or ma9 plane surface z view$ f above4 ,w+ ,section--,! outl9e ( ! w+ /ructure ( an a]oplane z x w\ld appe> if cut by a plane pass+ ?r\gh x p>allel to ! longitud9al c5tre ( ! ma*9e4 ,w+ ,skid--,a small skid1 or runn]1 plac$ "u ! tip ( ! w+s ( an a]oplane1 to prev5t damage 9 case ( viol5t contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,w+ ,tip--,! extreme out] end ( a w+ or ma9 plane4 ,w+ ,w>p+--,a controll+ device = re/or+ di/urb$ lat]al balance by ! =cible pull+ d[n or pull+ up ( ! tips ( ! w+s1 or ( ! out] ends ( ! ma9 surface ( ! a]oplane4 ,w+ ,:eel--,a small :eel plac$ "u ! out] end ( a w+ or ma9 plane to prev5t contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,an improvem5t on ! w+ skid4 ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4