,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,publi%$ by ,bumpus ,griff9 ,london1 #ahca4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+1 ,,or ,,pla9 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,mak+ ,,! ,,*emical ,,& ,,philosophical ,,in/rum5ts ,,:i* ,,are ,,=m$ ,,( ,,glass2 ,,su* ,,z ,,b>omet]s1 ,,!rmomet]s1 ,,hydromet]s1 ,h\r-,glasses1 ,funnels1 ,syphons1 ,,tube ,,vessels ,,= ,,*emical ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,toys ,,= ,,recreative ,,philosophy1 c4 ,,by ,a ,,fr5* ,,arti/4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,engrav+s4 ,,london3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,bumpus ,,& ,,griff91 #c1 ,,sk9n]-,,/reet2 ,,& ,,ri*>d ,,griff9 ,,& ,,co4 ,,glasg[3 ,,sold ,,also ,,by ,,/illies1 ,,bro!rs1 ,,ed9burgh4 #ahca4 ,w4 ,,wilson1 ,,pr9t]1 #eg1 ,,sk9n]-,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,libr>y4 ,! design ( ! ,publi%]s ( ! ,,polyte*nic ,,libr>y is to produce a ,s]ies ( highly-in/ructive ,works1 :i* ! ,public may be tempt$ to buy1 because !y w be *eap1--be induc$ to read1 because !y w be brief1--be compet5t to und]/&1 because !y w be cle>ly writt51--& be able to pr(it by1 because !y w be ,,works ,,( ,,practical ,,utility4 ,e volume1 !re=e1 w conta9 a complete ,treatise relat+ to "o ( ! useful arts or sci5ces1 or ! *emical or me*anical trades4 ,,j ,,publi%$1 ,,price ,,half-,a-,,cr[n1 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,libr>y1 ,neatly pr9t$ 9 #ahmo4 & b\nd 9 ,clo?1 conta9+ ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+1 ,or ,pla9 ,in/ructions = ,mak+ ! ,,*emical ,,philosophical ,,in/rum5ts ,,:i* ,,are ,,=m$ ,,( ,,glass2 ,su* z ,,b>omet]s1 ,,!rmomet]s1 ,,hydromet]s1 ,h\r-,glasses1 ,funnels1 ,syphons1 ,,tube-,,vessels ,,= ,,*emical ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,toys ,,= ,,recreative ,,philosophy1 c4 ,,by ,a ,,fr5* ,,arti/4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,upw>ds ,,( ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,figures1 ,elegantly engrav$ on ,copp] plates4 ,arti/s & ,/ud5ts ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ces w f9d ?is "w adapt$ to aid !m effectually 9 ! economical prep>ation ( _! ,app>atus2 & p]sons :o w\ld will+ly occupy _! leisure h\rs 9 practis+ ! *>m+ art ( work+ ,glass & ,enamels ) ! ,bl[pipe1 b :o h hi!rto be5 det]r$ by ! anticipat$ exp5se ( ! in/rum5ts1 & ! imag9>y difficulties ( ! und]tak+1 are taught h]e9 ! simple/1 mo/ exp$iti\s1 lea/ exp5sive1 & mo/ effectual me?ods ( work+ ,glass into e v>iety ( useful or fanciful device4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,bumpus ,,griff91 ,,sk9n]-,,/reet1 ,,london2 ,r4 ,,griff9 ,,& ,,co4 ,,glasg[2 ,,& ,,/illies1 ,,bro!rs1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,works1 ,,int5d$ ,,to ,,=m ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,polyte*nic ,,libr>y1 ,are ne>ly ready = ,publication4 ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,*emi/2 ,compris+ ,in/ructions = ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,adult]ations ,9 num]\s ,articles employ$ 9 ,,dome/ic ,,economy ,,! ,,arts4 ,to :i* is prefix$1 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,detect+ ,,poisons ,,9 ,,food ,,& ,,organic ,,mixtures4 ,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,m9]al ,,poisons ,,9 ,,vegetable ,,or ,,animal ,,mixtures4--,copp]1 ,lead1 ,antimony1 ,ars5ic1 ,m]cury1 ,iron1 ,b>ytes1 ,lime1 ,alum9a1 ,pota%1 ,soda1 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,nitric ,acid1 ,muriatic ,acid4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,articles ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,be ,,adult]at$4--,alcohol1 ,ale1 ,an*ovy ,sauce1 ,arr[-,root1 ,be]1 ,br&y1 ,bread1 ,calomel1 ,c>m9e1 ,cay5ne ,pepp]1 ,*eese1 ,*ocolate1 ,*rome ,yell[1 ,c9namon1 ,cloves1 ,co*9eal1 ,c(fee1 ,confection]y1 ,crabs' ,eyes1 ,cream1 ,cream ( ,t>t>1 ,epsom ,salts1 ,fl\r1 ,g91 ,gum ,arabic1 ,spirits ( ,h>t%orn1 ,honey1 ,hops1 ,ipecacuanha1 ,is+lass1 ,ket*up1 ,lakes1 ,lee*es1 ,lemon ,acid1 ,li?>ge1 ,magnesia1 ,milk1 ,mu%rooms1 ,mu/>d1 ,olive ,oil1 ,p>sley1 ,pepp]1 ,p]uvian ,b>k1 ,pickles1 ,port]1 ,r$ ,oxide ( ,m]cury1 ,rhub>b1 ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,salt1 ,saltpetre1 ,soap1 ,soluble ,t>t>1 ,spani% ,liquorice1 ,spirits1 ,sug>1 ,sulphur1 ,tam>9ds1 ,tapioca1 ,t>t>ic ,acid1 ,t>t> ,emetic1 ,tea1 ,ultram>9e1 ,v]digris1 ,v]milion1 ,v9eg>1 ,volatile ,oils1 ,wax1 ,:ite ,lead1 ,w9e1 ,wat]17includ+ directions = te/+ ! purity ( all descriptions ( ,ra91 ,riv]1 or ,spr+ ,wat]47 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,te/s ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,dome/ic ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,= ,,! ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,*emical ,,op]ations2 ,,) ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,glasses ,,& ,,app>atus ,,prop] ,,to ,,be ,,employ$4 ,! "w is writt5 9 a popul> mann]1 & int5d$ = ! use ( ,families1 ,publicans1 ,w9e & ,_s ,m]*ants1 ,oilm51 ,manufactur]s1 ,apo!c>ies1 ,physicians1 ,coron]s1 & ,jurym54--,price ,?ree ,%ill+s4 ,,! ,,p]fum]',s ,,oracle4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to pres5t a compreh5sive & practical acc\nt ( ! ,prep>ation ( ,,p]fumes & ,,cosmetics1 accord+ to ! newe/1 mo/ successful1 & mo/ economical processes4 ,x w be adapt$ ei!r = ,pr(essional ,p]sons1 or = ,ladies :o may wi% to amuse !mselves ) ?is elegant bran* ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4--,price ,?ree ,%ill+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b4 ,publi%$ by ,bumpus ,griff9 ,london1 #ahca4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4 ,publi%$ by ,bumpus ,griff9 ,london1 #ahca4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #d4 ,publi%$ by ,bumpus ,griff9 ,london1 #ahca4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! sci5tific in/rum5ts prep>$ by ! glass-bl[] are num]\s & highly useful3 b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 syphons1 & _m o!r vessels con/ruct$ ( tubes1 are indisp5sable to ! /ud5t ( physics or *emi/ry4 ,"s ( ^! in/rum5ts are high 9 price1 & liable to frequ5t de/ruction2 & ^? by :om !y are mu* employ$ are subject to consid]able exp5se 9 procur+ or replac+ !m4 ,x is !re=e advisable t he :o desires to occupy himself 9 ! pursuit ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 %\ld "k h[ to prep>e su* in/rum5ts himself2 t1 9 %ort1 he %\ld become 8 own glass-bl[]4 8,! atta9m5t ( a ready practice 9 ! bl[+ & b5d+ ( glass10 says ,mr4 ,f>aday1 8is "o ( ^? exp]im5tal acquirem5ts :i* r5d] ! *emi/ mo/ indep5d5t ( l>ge t[ns & ( in/rum5t-mak]s40 ,unque/ionably ! be/ me?od ( le>n+ to "w glass is to obta9 p]sonal in/ructions f "o :o is conv]sant ) ! art3 b su* in/ructions are n easily obta9$4 ,! be/ op]ators are n always ! be/ tea*]s2 & to f9d a p]son equally qualifi$ & will+ to tea* ! art1 is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,9 l>ge t[ns1 workm5 are too mu* engag$ ) _! ord9>y bus9ess to /ep aside = su* a purpose2 & 9 small t[ns glass-bl[]s are seldom to be f\nd4 ,9 mo/ cases1 also1 !y are too jeal\s ( _! suppos$ secrets to be will+ to communicate _! me?ods ( op]at+ to /rang]s1 ev5 :5 paid to d s4 ,! foll[+ ,treatise is a free translation ( ,l',art du ,s\ffleur la ,lampe1 p> ,t4 ,p4 ,,dang]4 ,! au?or is employ$1 9 ,p>is1 9 prep>+ glass in/rum5ts = sale1 & 9 tea*+ o!rs ! art ( prep>+ !m4 ,he has pres5t$ 9 ?is "w ! mo/ m9ute in/ructions = ! work+ ( glass :i* h ev] be5 (f]$ to ! public4 ,! g5]al processes ( ! art are s fully expla9$1 & ! exp]im5tal illu/rations are s num]\s1 t no?+ rema9s except ! r$uc+ ( ^! in/ructions to practice to enable ! /ud5t to become an adept 9 ! bl[+ ( glass4 ,i tru/ t1 9 publi%+ ?is "w 9 an ,engli% dress1 ,i may be consid]$ z aid+ 9 "s degree ! progress ( physical sci5ce4 ,?is "w conta9s a description ( a *eap bl[pipe & a v conv5i5t lamp2 bo? ( !m ! inv5tion ( ! au?or3 b any o!r k9d ( lamp or bl[pipe may be employ$ in/ead ( ^!4 ,! read] :o wi%es = a description ( ! bl[pipes g5]ally employ$ 9 ,engl&1 may consult ,mr4 ,,griff9',s ,practical ,treatise on ! ,use ( ! ,bl[pipe 9 ,*emical & ,m9]al ,analysis4 ,london1 ,septemb] #ahca4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,! flame ( a lamp1 or c&le1 cond5s$ & direct$ by a curr5t ( air1 is exce$+ly useful 9 a great numb] ( arts4 ,! in/rum5t :i* is employ$ to modify flame is ! ,,bl[pipe4 ,?is is an indisp5sable ag5t = jewell]s1 wat*-mak]s1 enamell]s1 glass-bl[]s1 natural philosoph]s1 *emi/s1 m9]alogi/s1 &1 inde$1 = all p]sons :o are occupi$ ) ! sci5ces1 or _! application to ! arts4 ,its employm5t (f]s imm5se advantages 9 a multitude ( circum/ances2 & ! be/ me?od ( mak+ use ( s p[]ful an ag5t ought to be well kn[n to e p]son :o is likely to be call$ ^u to adopt x4 ,/ud5ts1 especially ^? :o desire to ex]cise !mselves 9 *emical manipulation1 mu/ feel ! want ( a simple & economical process1 by means ( :i* !y c\ld give to glass tubes1 ( :i* !y make great use1 ! v>i\s =ms t are necess>y = p>ticul> op]ations4 ,h[ mu* reason h !y to compla9 ( ! high price ( ! in/rum5ts ( :i* !y make cont9ual use6 ,! /udies ( a great numb] are %ackl$ f want ( opportunity to ex]cise !mselves 9 manipulation2 & _m1 n d>+ to be at ! exp5se ( a ma*9e ( :i* !y d\bt _! ability to make an advantage\s use1 figure to !mselves ! employm5t ( ! glass-bl[]'s app>atus z be+ beset ) difficulties1 & s re/ )\t hav+ ev5 an idea ( ! numb]less in/rum5ts :i* c be made by its means4 ,_m p]sons w\ld v will+ly occupy _! leisure "t 9 practis+ ! *>m+ art ( work+ glass & enamels ) ! bl[pipe2 b ! anticipat$ exp5se ( ! app>atus1 & ! difficulties :i* !y imag9e to =esee 9 ! execution ( "w ( ?is k9d1 always repels !m4 ,! new species ( bl[pipe :i* we h (f]$ to ! public1 & :i* has receiv$ ! approbation ( ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 obviates all ^! inconv5i5ces3 its mod]ate price1 its portability1 & ! facility ) :i* x c be us$1 adapt x to g5]al employm5t4 ,b we %\ld n believe t we _h atta9$ ! end :i* we _h propos$ to ourselves if we _h n plac$ "y /ud5ts 9 a situation to repeat at _! own h\ses1 at little co/1 & ) ! greate/ facility1 ! exp]im5ts :i* are necess>y to famili>ise !m ) ! sci5ces4 ,x is ) su* a view t we pres5t to !m ?is little ,treatise1 :i* is de/9$ to tea* !m ! simple/1 ! mo/ exp$iti\s1 ! lea/ exp5sive1 & ! mo/ effectual me?ods ( con/ruct+ !mselves ! v>i\s in/rum5ts :i* !y require 9 ! prosecution ( _! /udies4 ,! ^w glass-bl[]1 g5]ally speak+1 signifies a workman :o occupies himself 9 mak+ ( glass & enamel1 ! in/rum5ts1 vessels1 & ornam5ts1 :i* are fabricat$ on a l>g] scale 9 ! glass-h\ses3 b ! doma9 ( ! sci5ces hav+ laid ! art ( glass-bl[+ "u contribution1 ! arti/s ( ! lamp h divid$ ! lab\rs !re(4 ,"s apply !mselves p>ticul>ly to ! con/ruction ( philosophical & *emical in/rum5ts2 o!rs occupy !mselves ) little ornam5tal objects1 su* z fl[]s1 c42 &1 among ! latt]1 "s manufacture no?+ b pe>ls1 & o!rs only artificial eyes4 ,f9ally1 a few arti/s conf9e !mselves to draw+ & pa9t+ on enamel1 :i* sub/ance is previ\sly appli$ to metallic surfaces by means ( ! fire ( a muffle4 ,z we int5d to treat sep>ately ( ^! diff]5t bran*es ( ! art1 we comm5ce ) t ( :i* ! manipulation is ! simple/4 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,i4--,in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ,glass-,bl[+ #a ,! ,bl[pipe #a ,! ,glass-,bl[]'s ,table #c ,! ,eolipyle #e ,bl[pipe ) ,cont9u$ ,curr5t #e ,! ,lamp #h ,! ,c&le/ick #i ,combu/ibles #i ,oil1 ,tall[1 c4 #i ,! ,wicks #aj ,relation betwe5 ! ,diamet] ( ! ,beaks ( ! ,bl[pipe & ! ,wicks ( ! ,lamp #ab ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y ,notions ( ! ,art ( ,glass-,bl[+ #af ,! ,flame #af ,places fit to "w 9 #ai ,means ( obta9+ a ,good ,fire #ai ,*oice & ,pres]vation ( ,glass #bb ,prep>ation ( ,glass ,tubes be=e heat+ !m #be ,me?od ( pres5t+ ,tubes to ! ,fire1 & ( work+ !m !re9 #bf ,,iii4 ,fundam5tal ,op]ations 9 ,glass-,bl[+ #cj #a4 ,cutt+ #ca #b4 ,bord]+ #cd #c4 ,wid5+ #cf #d4 ,draw+-out #cf #e4 ,*ok+ #cg #f4 ,seal+ #ch #g4 ,bl[+ #ci #h4 ,pi]c+ #df #i4 ,b5d+ #dh #aj4 ,sold]+ #di ,,iv4 ,con/ruction ( ,*emical & ,philosophical ,in/rum5ts #ed ,adapt]s #ee ,app>atus = v>i\s ,in/rum5ts #ee ,ar*im$es's ,screw #eg ,areomet]s #ga ,b>k]'s ,mill #eg ,b>omet]s #eh ,ci/]n ,b>omet] #eh ,dial ,b>omet] #eh ,syphon ,b>omet] #ei ,/op-cock ,b>omet] #ei ,comp\nd ,b>omet]s #ei ,gay-,lussac's ,b>omet] #fj ,bunt5's ,b>omet] #fa ,b>omet] pi]c$ lat]ally = ,demon/rations #fa ,bell ,glasses = ,exp]im5ts #fa ,bl[pipe #fb ,capsules #fc ,c>tesian ,devils #fd ,communicat+ ,vases #fe ,cryophorus #ee ,dropp+ ,tubes #fe ,f\nta9s #ff ,f\nta9 ( ,circulation #ff ,f\nta9 ( ,compression #fg ,int]mitt+ ,f\nta9 #fh ,h]o's ,f\nta9 #fh ,funnels #fh ,h\r ,glasses #gj ,hydraulic ,ram #gj ,hydromet]s #ga ,baum's ,hydromet] #ga ,ni*olson's ,hydromet] #gc ,hydromet]s ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r bran*es #gd ,manomet]s #gd ,m>iotte's ,tube #ge ,phosphoric ,fire-bottle #ge ,pulsomet] #ge ,pump #gf ,retorts = ,*emical ,exp]im5ts #gf ,rum=d's ,!rmoscope #gg ,syphons #gh ,spoons #hj ,_s ,level #hj ,te/ ,glass ) a foot #hj ,!rmomet]s #ha ,ord9>y ,!rmomet] #ha ,dial ,!rmomet] #hc ,*emical ,!rmomet] #hd ,spiral ,!rmomet] #he ,pocket ,!rmomet] #hf ,maximum ,!rmomet] #hf ,m9imum ,!rmomet] #hf ,bellani's ,maximum ,!rmomet] #hg ,diff]5tial ,!rmomet] #hg ,!rmoscope #gg ,tubes b5t = v>i\s purposes #hh ,vial ( ! f\r ,elem5ts #ij ,wat] ,hamm] #ia ,welt]'s ,safety ,tubes #ib ,v4 ,graduation ( ,*emical & ,philosophical ,in/rum5ts #ic ,( ! sub/ances employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! in/rum5ts #ic ,( ,graduation 9 g5]al #id ,exam9ation ( ! ,bore ( ,tubes #ie ,division ( ,capill>y ,tubes into p>ts ( equal ,capacity #ie ,graduation ( ,gas ,j>s1 ,te/ ,tubes1 c4 #ig ,graduation ( ,hydromet]s #ii ,graduation ( ,b>omet]s #ajc ,graduation ( ! ,manomet] #aje ,graduation ( ,!rmomet]s #aje ,graduation ( ,rum=d's ,!rmoscope #aab ,graduation ( ,m>iotte's ,tube #aab ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+4 ,i4--,in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ,glass-,bl[+4 ,on see+1 = ! fir/ "t1 a glass-bl[] at "w1 we are a/oni%$ at ! multitude & ! v>iety ( ! modifications to :i* he c make ! glass submit4 ,! small numb] & ! simplicity ( ! in/rum5ts he employs1 is also surpris+4 ,! bl[pipe1 or1 9 its place1 ! glass-bl[]'s bell[s & a lamp1 are inde$ all t are indisp5sable4 ,,! ,,bl[pipe4 ,orig9ally1 ! bl[pipe 0 only a simple1 conical tube1 m or less curv$ t[>ds its po9t1 & t]m9at$ by a v small circul> op5+4 ,by means ( ?is1 a curr5t ( air 0 c>ri$ aga9/ ! flame ( a c&le1 & ! inflam$ matt] 0 direct$ ^u small objects1 ( :i* x 0 desirable to elevate ! temp]ature4 ,work]s 9 metal /ill d]ive imm5se advantages f ! use ( ?is little in/rum5t3 !y employ x 9 ! sold]+ ( v small articles1 z well z = heat+ ! extremities ( delicate tools1 9 ord] to temp] !m4 ,b s9ce ! bl[pipe has pass$ into ! h&s ( m9]alogical *emi/s1 its =m has be5 subject$ to a s]ies ( v curi\s & important modifications4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ^! ameliorations1 :i* r5d]$ ! in/rum5t bett] adapt$ = ! uses to :i* x 0 successively appli$1 we are f> f hav+ drawn f x all ! advantages to :i* we might atta91 7 its employm5t n z fatigu+ z x is difficult4 ,we require no o!r pro( ( ?is ?an ! small numb] ( ^? :o "k well h[ to make use ( ! bl[pipe4 ,! mo/ economical bl[pipe is a tube ( glass1 b5t ne> "o end1 & po9t$ at its extremity4 ,a bulb is bl[n ne> t "p ( ! tube :i* corresponds ) ! curvature 7pl4 #c1 fig4 #g47 ,?is bulb s]ves z a res]voir = moi/ure deposit$ by ! air bl[n into ! tube f ! m\?4 ,if y employ a tube )\t a bulb1 ! moi/ure is project$ 9 drops into ! flame1 & ^u ! objects heat$ by x--an effect :i* is v inconv5i5t 9 practice4 ,to put ?is in/rum5t into action1 accu/om y\rself to hold ! m\? full ( air1 & to keep ! *eeks well inflat$1 dur+ a pretty long s]ies ( alt]nate inspirations & expirations2 !n1 seiz+ lightly ) ! lips ! m\? ( ! bl[pipe1 suff] ! air compress$ by ! muscles ( ! *eeks1 :i* act ! "p ( a bell[s1 to escape by ! beak ( ! bl[pipe1 :i* y w be able to d )\t be+ put to ! lea/ inconv5i5ce ) reg>d to respiration4 ,:5 ! air conta9$ 9 ! m\? is pretty ne>ly exp5d$1 y mu/ take advantage ( an inspiration1 to inflate ! lungs afre%2 & ?us ! op]ation is cont9u$4 ,y mu/ nev] bl[ ?r\gh ! tube by means ( ! lungs2 fir/1 because air :i* has be5 9 ! lungs is less prop] = combu/ion ?an t :i* has m]ely pass$ ?r\gh ! nose & m\?2 secondly1 because ! ef=t :i* x w\ld be necess>y to make1 to su/a9 ! bla/ = only a %ort "t1 w\ld by its frequ5t repetition become v injuri\s to y\r heal?4 ,! jet ( flame produc$ by ! m\?-bl[pipe c only be us$ to heat small objects3 :5 in/rum5ts ( a consid]able bulk h to be work$1 x is cu/om>y to employ ! lamp1 or glass-bl[]'s table4 ,,! ,,glass-,,bl[]',s ,,table4 ,arti/s give ?is "n to an app>atus :i* consi/s ( ! foll[+ articles3-- #a4 ,a ,table1 bel[ :i* is dispos$ a d\ble bell[s1 capable ( be+ put 9 motion by means ( a p$al4 ,?is bell[s furni%es a cont9u$ curr5t ( air1 :i* c be direct$ at pleasure by mak+ x pass ?r\gh a tube t]m9at+ above ! table 9 a %>p beak4 ,! bell[s ) :i* ! glass-bl[]'s tables are commonly furni%$ h v great defects4 ,! irregul> =m :i* is giv5 to ! pannels dim9i%es ! capacity ( ! in/rum5ts1 )\t augm5t+ _! advantages4 ,if we reflect an in/ant on ! angle1 m or less op51 :i* ^! pannels =m :5 9 motion1 we in/antly p]ceive t ! weight ) :i* ! upp] surface ( a bell[s is *>g$1 & :i* always af=ds a v]tical pressure1 acts v unequally on ! arm ( a lev] :i* is cont9ually *ang+ its position4 ,?is faulty disposition ( ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e has ! effect ( v>y+ e in/ant ! int5sity ( ! curr5t ( air direct$ ^u ! flame4 ,all ^! inconv5i5ces w\ld disappe>1 7 ! upp] pannel1 l t 9 ! middle1 dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z to be always horizontal4 ,x ought to be elevat$ & depress$1 9 its :ole ext5t1 9 ! same mann]2 s t1 :5 *>g$ ) a weight1 ! pressure %\ld be con/antly ! same1 & ! curr5t ( air uni=m4 #b4 ,a lamp1 ( copp] or t9 plate4--,! con/ruction ( ?is article1 suffici5tly imp]fect until ! pres5t "t1 has v>i$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ^? :o h made use ( x4 ,we %all give1 f>!r on1 ! description ( a lamp altoge!r novel 9 its con/ruction4 #c4 ,! glass-bl[]'s table is g5]ally furni%$ ) little draw]s = hold+ ! tools employ$ 9 modell+ ! s(t5$ glass4 ,c>eful arti/s h ! surface ( _! table coat$ ) %eet iron1 9 ord] t x may n be burn$ by ! hot sub/ances t fall1 or are laid ^u x4 ,z glass-bl[]s h frequ5t occasion to take measures1 x is conv5i5t to h ! front edge ( ! table divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( equal p>ts1 m>k$ ) copp] nails4 ,?is enables ! workman to take1 at a glance ( ! eye1 ! half1 ?ird1 or f\r? ( a tube1 or to give ! same l5g? to articles ( ! same k9d1 )\t hav+ p]petual rec\rse to ! rule & compasses4 ,b :5 x is desirable to h ! tubes1 or ! "w1 measur$ ) great] exactness ?an x c be measur$ by ?is me?od1 ! rule & ! compasses c be appli$ to4 ,,! ,,eolipyle4 ,we %all m]ely make m5tion ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,x is a globul> vessel1 commonly =m$ ( brass4 ,if fill$ ) a v combu/ible liquor1 su* z alcohol1 & /rongly heat$1 x af=ds a rapid curr5t ( vap\r1 :i*1 if direct$ by means ( a f9e beak into ! middle ( a flame1 produces ! same effect z ! air :i* issues f a bl[pipe4 ,! eolipyle is a pretty toy1 b n a good in/rum5t = a workman1 its action be+ too irregul>4 ,,bl[pipe ,,) ,,cont9u$ ,,curr5t4 ,x is aft] hav+1 dur+ a long p]iod1 made use ( ! in/rum5ts ( :i* we h spok51 & fully exp]i5c$ _! inconv5i5ces1 t1 aw>e ( ! indisp5sable necessity = su* in/rum5ts 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 we h ?\ght x our duty to make kn[n to ! public a ,new ,app>atus1 :i* is1 n only calculat$ to fulfil ! same purposes1 b pres5ts advantages :i* x is easy to appreciate4 ,! price ( x is only ! six? "p ( t ( ! glass-bl[]'s table#a4 ,x is v portable1 & capable ( be+ atta*$ to any table :atev]4 ,x unites ! advantages ( n fatigu+ ! workman1 ( leav+ 8 h&s free1 & ( r5d]+ him absolute ma/] ( ! curr5t ( air1 :i* he c direct on ! flame ei!r ( ! lamp or ! c&le1--advantages :i* are n (f]$ 9 ! same degree ev5 by ! table ( ! glass-bl[]4 #a ,9 ,p>is1 ! bl[pipe :i* is "h describ$ is sold = six francs 7five %ill+s ,engli%72 or1 ) ! improv$ lamp & c&le/ick1 twelve francs4 ,! in/rum5t :i* we h pres5t$ is1 prop]ly speak+1 no?+ b a simple bl[pipe1 ,c1 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #ai7 communicat+ ) a bladd]1 or lea!r bag1 fix$ on ,e1 :i* is kept full ( air by means ( a b5t tube1 ,d1 ?r\gh :i* ! op]ator bl[s occasionally ) ! m\?4 ,?is tube is clos$ at its inf]ior extremity1 ,f1 by a valve1 :i* p]mits ! passage ( air into ! res]voir1 b n ( its return1 s t ! air c only escape by ! beak ( ! bl[pipe4 ,! valve at ,f is con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,at ab\t two in*es f ! end ( ! tube a contraction is made1 z repres5t$ at a1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #bd4 ,?is r$uces ! int]nal diamet] ( ! tube ab\t "o-?ird4 ,a small conical piece ( cork or wood is n[ introduc$ into ! tube 9 ! mann] repres5t$ by c4 ,! base ( ! cone mu/ be l>ge en\gh to close ! tube at ! po9t :]e x is contract$2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 n be s l>ge z to close ! tube at ! wide "p4 ,a brass p9 is ins]t$ 9 ! po9t ( ! cone1 z is %ewn 9 ! figure4 ,betwe5 ! cone & ! end ( ! tube1 ! piece ( wood1 b1 is fix$2 ! %ape ( ?is piece ( wood is be/ %ewn by figure #be1 on ! same plate4 ,!re is a hole 9 ! c5tre1 9 :i* ! p9 ( ! cork cone c move easily4 ,! cone or valve is !re=e at lib]ty to move betwe5 ! contraction a1 & ! fixture b4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 air is bl[n into ! tube at e1 ! valve is =c$ f ! contraction1 falls into ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es d1 & all[s ! air to pass by its sides4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! op]ator ceases to bl[1 ! valve is act$ ^u by ! air 9 ! bladd]1 :i*1 press+ back at f1 drives ! valve close aga9/ ! contraction1 & effectually closes ! ap]ture4 ,a slight hiss+ is he>d1 b :5 ! contraction is well made1 & ! cork is good1 an extremely small quantity ( air escapes4 ,! workman1 seat$ be=e ! table :]e he has fix$ 8 in/rum5t1 bl[s f "t to "t1 to fe$ ! res]voir or bladd]1 :i*1 be+ press$ by a sy/em ( /r+s /ret*$ by a weight1 produces an uni=m curr5t ( air4 ,! =ce ( ?is curr5t ( air c be modifi$ at pleasure1 by press+ ! res]voir m or less betwe5 ! knees4 7,fig4 #bb repres5ts a bl[pipe complete1 =m$ n ( glass1 b ( brass tubes4 ,fig4 #bb1 bis1 repres5ts ! bladd] or res]voir app]ta9+ to ?is bl[pipe47 ,m4 ,,gaulti] ,,de ,,claubry1 :o 0 *>g$ by ! ,committee ( ,*emical ,arts ( ! ,society ( ,enc\ragem5t 7( ,p>is7 to make a report on ?is in/rum5t1 0 a/oni%$ at ! facility ) :i* ! au?or1 9 8 pres5ce1 r$uc$ ! oxide ( cobalt to ! metallic /ate1 & fus$ ! metal to a globule2 an exp]im5t :i* ev5 ,m4 ,b]zelius c\ld n p]=m ) ! simple bl[pipe1 s9ce he expressly says1 9 8 "w on t in/rum5t1 t oxide ( cobalt suff]s no *ange :5 heat$ be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,! results obta9$ ) ca/ iron1 oxide ( t91 c4--exp]im5ts :i* are exhibit$ e day at ! public lectures giv5 by ! au?or--evid5tly prove ! sup]iority ( ?is app>atus ov] all ! bl[pipes t h hi!rto be5 contriv$4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! glass tubes belong+ to ?is improv$ bl[pipe w be f\nd 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is "w1 at ! article ,bl[pipe4 ,,! ,,lamp4 ,:ile occupi$ 9 r5d]+ popul>1 if we may s speak1 ! use ( ! bl[pipe--an in/rum5t :i* is s advantage\s 9 a great numb] ( circum/ances--we h also endeav\r$ to improve ! lamp1 :i* has1 until ! pres5t "t1 be5 us$ by all ^? :o employ ! glass-bl[]'s table4 ,! lamp :i* we recomm5d 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #bc7 is ( a v simple con/ruction4 ,x possesses ! advantages ( giv+ mu* less smoke ?an ! old lamp1 & ( be+ clean$ ) ! greate/ facility4 ,x also gives s5sibly m heat2 because ! portion ( flame :i*1 9 ! common lamps1 rises p]p5dicul>ly1 & is n us$1 is1 9 ?is case1 beat5 d[n by a cap or hood1 & made to contribute to ! =ce ( ! jet4 ,?is cap also keeps ! flame f injur+ ! eyes ( ! op]ator1 & de/roys ! smoke to su* an ext5t1 t ! l>ge hoods ) :i* glass-bl[]s commonly g>ni% _! "w table1 to c>ry (f ! smoke1 become unnecess>y4 ,?is is a peculi> advantage 9 ! *amb] ( a /ud5t1 :]e a l>ge hood or *imney c seldom be conv5i5tly prep>$4 ,,! ,,c&le/ick4 ,= m9]alogical rese>*es1 *emical assays1 & ! sold]+ ( small objects1 z 9 jewell]y1 we recomm5d ! use ( a little c&le/ick1 :i*1 by means ( a spr+ fix$ to ! bottom1 ma9ta9s ! c&le always at ! same height4 ,a res]voir1 or %all[ cup1 =m$ at ! top ( ! c&le/ick1 to h9d] ! runn+ away ( ! tall[ or wax1 all[s ! op]ator to consume ! fragm5ts ( tall[ or grease :i* are ord9>ily lo/ 9 dome/ic economy4 ,!re is a little hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! cup or upp] "p ( ! c&le/ick1 ?r\gh :i* ! wick ( ! c&le passes4 o1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #bb1 is a repres5tation ( ?is c&le/ick4 ,,combu/ibles4 ,oil1 ,tall[1 c4--,among ! sub/ances :i* h be5 employ$ to fe$ ! fire ( ! glass-bl[]'s lamp1 ^? to :i* ! pref]5ce is to be giv5 are wax1 olive oil1 rape oil1 poppy oil1 & tall[4 ,animal oils1 su* z bone oil & fi% oil1 are mu* e/eem$ by "s glass-bl[]s1 :o pret5d t ) ^! sub/ances !y obta9 bett] results ?an ) o!r combu/ibles4 ,nev]!less1 animal oils1 g5]ally speak+1 d n give s mu* heat z purifi$ rape oil1 :ile !y exhale an od\r :i* is extremely disagreeable4 ,z to alcohol1 :i* is sometimes us$ ) ! eolipyle1 its combu/ion furni%es s feeble a degree ( heat t its employm5t _c be recomm5d$4 ,purifi$ rape oil is t ( :i* ! use is ! mo/ g5]al4 ,next to olive oil & wax1 x af=ds ! greate/ heat1 & ! lea/ smoke4 ,b1 9 a ^w1 z 9 ! work+ ( glass1 ! op]ator has m ne$ ( a bright flame )\t smoke1 ?an ( a high temp]ature1 any combu/ible may be employ$ :i* is capable ( furni%+ a flame possess+ ^! two qualities4 ,! vegetable oils ?ick51 & suff] alt]ations m or less s5sible1 :5 !y are long expos$ to ! action ( ! air4 ,!y %\ld be *os5 v limpid1 & !y may be pres]v$ 9 t /ate by be+ enclos$ 9 bottles1 :i* %\ld be kept q full & well cork$4 ,! ,wicks4--,!re has nev] be5 any sub/ance s g5]ally us$ = wicks z cotton2 "s glass-bl[]s1 inde$1 h employ$ wicks ( asbe/us1 b )\t d]iv+ f !m ! advantages :i* might h be5 expect$2 ! great] numb]1 !re=e1 keep to cotton4 ,b x has be5 obs]v$ t cotton :i* has be5 = "s "t expos$ to ! air no long] possesses ! good prop]ties = :i* glass-bl[]s e/eem x4 ,! alt]ation ( ! cotton is probably br\ght ab\t by ! du/ & wat] :i* ! air always holds 9 susp5sion4 ,su* cotton burns badly1 =ms a bulky coal1 & p]mits ) mu* difficulty ! capill>y asc5sion ( ! liquid :i* s]ves to support ! flame2 s t x is impossible to obta9 a good fire1 & necess>y to be incessantly occupi$ 9 snuff+ ! wick4 ,cotton is equally subject to alt]ation :5 ly+ 9 ! lamp1 ev5 ?\gh impregnat$ ) oil4 ,y %\ld avoid mak+ use ( wicks t are too old4 ,:5 y =esee t y w rema9 a long "t )\t hav+ occasion to employ ! lamp1 p\r ! oil into a bottle1 :i* c be cork$ up1 & let ! wick be de/roy$1 previ\sly squeez+ f x ! oil :i* x conta9s4 ,x is indisp5sable to make use ( none b new & good cotton2 x %\ld be clean1 s(t1 f9e1 & n twi/$4 ,x is be/ to pres]ve x 9 boxes1 aft] hav+ fold$ x 9 _m d\ble pap]s1 to exclude du/ & moi/ure4 ,:5 y wi% to make wicks1 take a ske9 ( cotton & cut x into f\r or six pieces1 dispose !m side by side 9 su* a mann] z to make a bundle1 m or less ?ick1 & eight or t5 in*es 9 l5g?2 pass a l>ge comb lightly ?r\gh ! bundle1 to lay ! ?reads ev51 & tie x g5tly at ea* end1 to keep ! ?reads f gett+ entangl$4 ,relation betwe5 ! diamet]s ( ! beaks ( ! bl[pipe1 & ! wicks ( ! lamp4--,we believe t we _c place bett] ?an "h a few obs]vations respect+ ! size ( ! op5+ 9 ! beak ( ! bl[pipe1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! size ( ! wick ( ! lamp4 ,^! obs]vations w probably be sup]flu\s to ^? :o are already conv]sant ) ! use ( ! bl[pipe2 b z e ?+ is int]e/+ to beg9n]s1 :o are frequ5tly /opp$ 9 _! progress by v slight difficulties1 & z ?is ,treatise is p>ticul>ly design$ = beg9n]s1 we d n hesitate to ent] into ! m9ute/ details on subjects :i* we deem int]e/+4 ,! po9t ( y\r bl[pipe %\ld be =m$ 9 su* a mann]1 t y c fix ^u x v>i\s little beaks or caps1 ! orifices 9 :i*1 always p]fectly r\nd1 ought to v>y 9 size accord+ to ! bulk ( ! flame ^u :i* y desire to act4 ,y _c1 )\t ?is precaution1 obta9 ! maximum ( heat :i* ! combu/ion ( ! oil is capable ( af=d+4 ,?is employm5t ( little moveable caps (f]s ! facility ( e/abli%+ a curr5t ( air1 great] or small]1 accord+ to ! object y wi% to effect2 above all1 x all[s y to clean ) ease ! cavity or orifice ( ! beak1 z (t5 z x may be necess>y4 ,^! caps c be made ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,x is mo/ advisable to h !m made ( copp] or brass2 ^? :i* are =m$ ( t9 plate 7:ite iron71 & :i* are commonly us$ 9 *emical laboratories1 are ! wor/ k9d ( all4 ,!y soon become cov]$ ) grease or soot1 :i* ei!r completely closes up ! orifices1 or1 at lea/1 v soon alt]s ! circul> =m :i* is necess>y to ! production ( a good fire4 ,glass caps are less liable to get dirty1 & are mu* *eap] ?an ! above2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h ! disadvantage ( be+ easily melt$4 ,?is c to a c]ta9 ext5t be rem$i$ by mak+ ! po9ts ( v ?ick glass1 & by always keep+ !m at "s di/ance f ! flame4 ,moreov]1 z y c make !m y\rself :5 y are at leisure1 _! use is v commodi\s4 ,if !y are to be us$ ) ! bl[pipe describ$ 9 ?is "w1 !y mu/ be fix$ 9 ! cork t closes ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t ( air arrives4 ,c c & ,c c 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #ai7 are two glass beaks1 c c are ! corks1 :i* c indiff]5tly be adapt$ to c1 9 ! wood5 vice1 by :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bl[pipe are connect$ :5 x is 9 action4 ,( :atev] mat]ial ! beak may be made1 its orifice mu/ be p]fectly r\nd1 & ! size ( ! orifice1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 mu/ h a relation to ! size ( ! wick :i* is to be us$ ) x4 ,y c asc]ta9 ! diamet]s ( ! orifices by ins]t+ into !m a little plate ( brass1 hav+ ! =m ( a long isoceles triangle1 su* z is repres5t$ by pl4 #a1 fig4 #b4 ,x %\ld be an in* long1 ! twelf? ( an in* wide at "o end1 & dim9i% to no?+ at ! o!r4 ,:5 divid$ into eight equal p>ts1 x w give1 at ! divisions1 ! respective proportions ( #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g eigh?s ( ! diamet] at ! wide end1 z is exemplifi$ by ! figure above ref]r$ to4 ,we h /at$ 9 ! foll[+ table ! relative diamet]s :i* long exp]i5ce has recomm5d$ to u1 z be+ adapt$ to produce ! greate/ effect2 yet x is n to be imag9$ t ^! proportions are ma!matically correct & indisp5sable = ! obta9+ ( good results4 ,a s5sible diff]5ce ( effect w\ld be p]ceiv$1 h[ev]1 7 ^! proportions dep>t$ f 9 a notable mann]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,diamet] ( ! ,diamet] ( ! ,height ( ! wick wick1 orifice ( ! above ! surface 9 in*es4 beak1 ( ! oil1 9 p>ts ( an in*4 9 in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #if? #dh? #a #bd? #a #af? #a #b #ab? #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,x mu/ be m5tion$1 t ?is table has be5 =m$ f exp]im5ts made ) a glass-bl[]'s lamp ( ! ord9>y con/ruction2 s t1 ) ! new lamp ) ! hood1 describ$ 9 ?is "w1 x w n be necess>y to employ wicks ( s great a bulk1 nor yet to elevate !m s mu* above ! level ( ! oil1 9 ord] to produce ! same effect4 ,h5ce !re w be a v consid]able sav+ 9 oil4 ,! wicks ( a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] are only adapt$ = m9]alogieal exam9ations1 = sold]+ v f9e metallic sub/ances1 & = work+ v small tubes4 ,:5 ! objects are ( consid]able bulk1 x is 9 g5]al necess>y to h a flame suffici5tly l>ge to cov] ! :ole in/rum5t1 or at lea/ all ! portion ( ! in/rum5t :i* is op]at$ ^u at once4 ,= work+ tubes1 ( :i* ! sides are n m ?an ! twelf? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 y %\ld h a wick at lea/ z wide z ! tube t is work$ ^u4 ,! diamet] ( ! lamp-wick usually employ$ is "o in*2 a wick ( ?is size is suffici5t = all ! glass in/rum5ts :i* are 9 common use4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+4 ,,ii4--,prelim9>y ,notions ( ! ,art4 ,,! ,,flame4 ,x is only by long habitude1 & a species ( r\t9e1 t workm5 come to "k1 n only ! k9d ( flame :i* is mo/ prop] = ea* object !y wi% to make1 b ! exact po9t ( ! jet :]e !y ought to expose _! glass4 ,by analys+ ! flame1 ^u ! k ( :i* dep5ds ! success ( ! "w1 we c imm$iately obta9 results1 :i*1 )\t t1 c\ld only be ! fruit ( long exp]i5ce4 ,flame is a gase\s matt]1 ( :i* a portion is heat$ to ! po9t ( becom+ lum9\s2 its =m dep5ds ^u ! mode ( its dis5gagem5t1 & ^u ! =ce & direction ( ! curr5t ( air :i* ei!r supports its combu/ion or acts ^u x me*anically4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a47 ,! flame ( a c&le1 burn+ freely 9 /ill air1 pres5ts 9 g5]al ! =m ( a pyramid1 ( :i* ! base is support$ on a hemisph]e4 ,x consi/s ( f\r di/9ct p>ts3 ! imm$iate products ( ! decomposition ( ! combu/ible by ! heat :i* is produc$1 occupy ! c5tre1 o1 :]e !y exi/ 9 ! /ate ( an obscure gase\s matt]1 circumscrib$ by a brilliant & v lum9\s envelope1 s2 ! latt] is no?+ b ! obscure matt] itself1 9 ! circum/ances :]e1 on com+ into contact ) ! atmosph]e1 x comb9es ) ! oxyg5 :i* exi/s !re91 & =ms :at is prop]ly call$ flame4 ,! bluei% light :i* *>act]ises ! inf]ior "p ( ! flame1 s1 is produc$ by a curr5t ( cold air1 :i*1 pass+ f bel[ upw>ds1 h9d]s ! combu/ion f tak+ place at ! bottom ( ! flame1 at ! same temp]ature t exi/s 9 ! p>ts ( ! flame n imm$iately subject to ?is influ5ce4 ,f9ally1 on obs]v+ att5tively1 we p]ceive a f\r? "p1 :i* is b slightly lum9\s1 & exi/s z an envelope ( all ! o!r p>ts ( ! flame4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ?is envelope corresponds ) ! summit ( ! flame4 ,f ?is po9t x gradually becomes ?9n]1 till x arrives at ! l[e/ "p ( ! bluei% light1 :]e x altoge!r disappe>s4 ,x is 9 ?is la/-describ$ portion ( ! flame t ! combu/ion ( ! gas is f9i%$1 & !re x is t we f9d ! seat ( ! mo/ int5se heat :i* ! flame ( ! c&le af=ds4 ,if we comp>e ! temp]ature ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! flame1 we f9d t ! maximum ( heat =ms a r+ correspond+ to ! zone ( ins]tion1 ,a ,a2 a po9t :i* is ! limit ( ! sup]ior extremity ( ! bluei% light4 ,:5 ! flame is act$ ^u by ! bl[pipe1 x is subject to two pr9cipal modifications3-- #a4 ,if1 by means ( a bl[pipe ) a v f9e orifice1 y direct a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! middle ( ! flame1 y project a portion ( ! flame 9 ! direction ( ! bla/4 ,! jet ?us =m$ appe>s l a tongue ( fire1 bluei%1 cyl9drical1 /raight1 & v long2 ! curr5t ( air occupies its int]ior4 ,?is flame is envelop$ on all sides by an almo/ invisible light1 :i*1 ext5d+ beyond ! blue flame1 =ms a jet1 ,a ,b1 v little lum9\s1 b possess+ an extremely high temp]ature4 ,x is at ! po9t ,a1 :i* corresponds ) ! extremity ( ! blue flame1 t ! maximum ( heat is f\nd4 ,! extreme po9t ( ! jet ,b possesses a less degree ( heat4 ,?is flame is adapt$ = m9]alogical assays1 = sold]+1 = work+ enamels1 & 9 g5]al = all small objects4 #b4 ,:5 ! orifice ( ! bl[pipe is some:at l>ge1 or :5 7! orifice be+ capill>y7 ! curr5t ( air is v /rong1 or ! beak is some:at remov$ f ! flame1 ! jet ( fire1 in/ead ( be+ prolong$ into a po9t$ tongue1 is bl[n into a bru%4 ,x makes !n a ro>+ noise1 & spreads into an irregul> figure1 :]e9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! flame are conf\nd$ beyond ! possibility ( discrim9ation4 ,?is flame is v prop] = ! work+ ( glass1 & p>ticul>ly ( glass tubes2 x ought to be cle> & v brilliant1 & above all %\ld n deposit soot ^u cold bodies sudd5ly plung$ into x4 ,! maximum ( temp]ature 9 ?is flame is n well m>k$2 we c say1 h[ev]1 t 9 g5]al x w be f\nd at ab\t two-?irds ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! jet4 ,z ?is ro>+ flame conta9s a great quantity ( c>burett$ hydrog51 & ev5 ( vap\r ( oil1 escap$ f combu/ion1 x possesses a disoxidiz+ or r$uc+ prop]ty 9 a v high degree4 ,,places ,,fit ,,to ,,"w ,,94 ,e place is adapt$ = a work%op1 provid$ x is n too light & ! air is tranquil4 ,! light ( ! lamp enables "o to "w ) m safety ?an day-light1 :i* does n p]mit ! dull-r$ col\r ( hot glass to be se54 ,curr5ts ( cold air are to be avoid$1 because !y occasion ! fracture ( glass expos$ to !m on com+ out ( ! flame4 ,,means ,,( ,,obta9+ ,a ,,good ,,fire4 ,! lamp %\ld be firmly seat$ ^u a /eady & p]fectly horizontal table1 & %\ld be kept cont9ually full ( oil4 ,! oil :i* escapes dur+ ! op]ation1 f ! lamp into ! t9-/& plac$ bel[ x1 %\ld be tak5 up ) a glass tube hav+ a l>ge bulb1 & return$ to ! lamp4 ,:5 y set to "w1 ! fir/ ?+ y h to d is to exam9e ! orifice ( ! beak4 ,if x is clos$1 or alt]$ 9 =m1 by adh]+ soot1 y mu/ c>efully clean x1 & op5 ! canal by means ( a ne$le or f9e wire4 ,9 ! next place1 y fre%5 ! wick by cutt+ x squ>ely1 & c>ry+ (f ) ! sciss>s ! p>ts :i* are c>bonis$4 ,y !n divide x into two pr9cipal bundles1 su* z ,c1 ,k 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #ba71 :i* y sep>ate suffici5tly to p]mit a curr5t ( air1 direct$ betwe5 ! two1 to t\* _! surfaces lightly1 )\t be+ int]rupt$ 9 its progress4 ,by pu%+ ! bundles m or less close to "o ano!r1 & by snuff+ !m1 y arrive at l5g? at obta9+ a conv5i5t jet4 ,x is a good plan to all[1 betwe5 ! two pr9cipal bundles & at _! inf]ior "p1 a little portion ( ! wick to rema93 y b5d ?is d[n 9 ! direction ( ! jet1 & make x lie imm$iately b5ea? ! curr5t ( air4 ,! wick mu/ be prev5t$ f t\*+ ! rim ( ! lamp1 9 ord] to avoid ! runn+ ( ! oil into ! /& ( ! lamp4 ,?is is easily manag$ by means ( a b5t iron-wire1 dispos$ z x is 9 ! lamp describ$ 9 ?is "w2 see pl4 #a1 fig4 #bc1 :]e ! wire is se5 9 an elevat$ position4 ,:5 ! wick is 9 ! lamp1 ! wire is br\ght d[n r\nd ! wick & level ) ! surface ( ! lamp4 ,a few drops ( oil ( turp5t9e1 spread on ! wick1 makes x take fire imm$iately1 ov] its :ole ext5t1 on ! approa* ( an inflam$ sub/ance4 ,to obta9 a good fire1 x is necess>y to place ! lamp 9 su* a position t ! orifice ( ! bl[pipe %all j t\* ! ext]ior "p ( ! flame4 ,! beak mu/ n ent] ! flame1 z x c !n ?r[ into ! jet only an inconsid]able portion ( ! ignit$ matt]4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #bj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! lamp be too f> away f ! bl[pipe1 ! flame becomes trembl+1 appe>s bluei%1 & possesses a v l[ degree ( heat4 ,= m9]alogical exp]im5ts1 & = op]ations connect$ ) wat*-mak+ & jewell]y1 ! curr5t ( air %\ld project ! flame horizontally4 ,= glass-bl[+1 ! flame %\ld be project$ 9 ! direction intimat$ by ! arr[ 9 pl4 #a1 fig4 #bj--t is to say1 "u an angle ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five degrees4 ,! curr5t ( air ought to be con/ant1 uni=m1 & suffici5tly p[]ful to c>ry ! flame 9 its direction4 ,:5 x is n /rong en\gh to produce ?is effect1 x is necess>y to add weights to ! bell[s or ! bladd]1 accord+ z ! glass-bl[]s' table or our lamp is employ$4 ,! po9t to :i* y %\ld apply1 9 ! use ( ^! in/rum5ts1 is to enable y\rself to produce a curr5t ( air s uni=m 9 its c\rse t ! project$ flame be )\t ! lea/ v>iation4 ,f9ally1 :5 y leave (f work+ y %\ld ext+ui% ! flame1 by cutt+ (f ! inflam$ portion ( ! wick ) ! sciss>s4 ,?is has ! d\ble advantage ( avoid+ ! production ( a mass ( smoke & ( leav+ ! lamp 9 a fit /ate = ano!r op]ation4 ,,*oice ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,glass4 ,! only mat]ials employ$ 9 ! fabrication ( ! objects describ$ 9 ?is ,treatise1 are tubes ( common glass or ( fl9t-glass4 ,!y c be _h ( all diamet]s1 & ( e v>iety ( sub/ance4 ,!y are commonly ab\t ?ree feet long1 b "s are f\nd 9 comm]ce :i* are six feet 9 l5g?4 ,y %\ld *oose tubes t are v uni=m--t is to say1 /raight & p]fectly cyl9drical1 bo? inside & outside4 ,a good tube %\ld h ! same diamet] f "o end to ! o!r1 & ! sides or sub/ance ( ! glass %\ld be ( equal ?ickness 9 e "p4 ,?is is indisp5sable :5 ! tubes are to h sph]ical bulbs bl[n ^u !m4 ,we %all describe1 9 ! article ,graduation1 ! me?od ( asc]ta9+ :e!r or n a tube is uni=m 9 ! bore4 ,! sub/ance ( ! glass %\ld be p]fectly cle>1 )\t bulbs1 or specks1 or /ripes4 ,! tubes are s mu* ! m easy ( use1 z ! glass ( :i* !y are made is ! m homog5e\s4 ,"u ?is po9t ( view1 ! :ite glass1 kn[n 9 comm]ce by ! "n ( cry/al or fl9t-glass1 is pref]able to common glass3 x is m fusible1 less fragile1 & less liable to break "u ! alt]nations ( heat & cold2 b x is de>] & heavi]1 & has ! s]i\s disadvantage ( becom+ p]man5tly black :5 expos$ to a c]ta9 "p ( ! flame4 ,?is is an effect1 ! causes & consequ5ces ( :i* w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,y mu/ take c>e nev] to employ fl9t-glass = in/rum5ts :i* are to be submitt$ to ! action ( c]ta9 fluids--su* z sulphurett$ & phosphurett$ hydrog51 & ! hydro-sulphurets2 = ^! comp\nds are capable ( decompos+ fl9t-glass1 9 consequ5ce ( its conta9+ oxide ( lead4 ,9 g5]al1 h>d common glass is pref]able to fl9t-glass = all in/rum5ts :i* are to be employ$ 9 *emi/ry4 ,fl9t-glass %\ld only be us$ = ornam5tal objects1 & = ! b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts employ$ 9 philosophical rese>*es4 ,x sometimes happ5s t glass tubes lose _! transp>5ce & ductility1 & sudd5ly become almo/ infusible1 9 ! fire ( ! lamp3 ?is effect takes place :5 !y h be5 kept = "s "t 9 a melt$ /ate4 ,x is !n almo/ impossible to br+ !m back to _! orig9al condition2 x c only be done by expos+ !m = a long "t to an exce$+ly high temp]ature4 ,y c prev5t ?is accid5t by work+ su* k9d ( glass ) consid]able rapidity1 & 9 a pretty brisk fire4 ,!re are tubes1 h[ev]1 :i* vitrify s promptly t x is only a p]son well v]s$ 9 ! art :o c make good use ( !m4 ,x is be/ n to employ su* glass4 ,b h[ c x be discrim9at$ be=e-h&8 ,x is exp]i5ce1 soon] ?an any *>act]s capable ( description1 t w tea* y h[ to make *oice ( good glass2 nev]!less we h obs]v$1 t1 among ! glass tubes :i* occur 9 comm]ce1 ^? possess+ a v :ite col\r manife/ ?is bad quality mo/ p>ticul>ly4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t1 = tubes :i* are to h ?9 sides1 ?is vitrifiable sort ( glass is bett] ?an any o!r4 ,= c]ta9 philosophical in/rum5ts x is necess>y to employ flat tubes4 ,^! are =m$ ( fl9t-glass1 are v small1 & h a canal or bore1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ r\nd1 z 9 common tubes1 has ! =m ( a long & v flat oval4 ,?is disposition has ! advantage ( r5d]+ m p]ceptible ! column ( liquid t may be introduc$1 & :i* 9 a r\nd canal w\ld sc>cely be visible4 ,9 *oos+ ?is sort ( tubes1 c>efully avoid ^? ( :i* ! canal is twi/$1 & n f\nd to be 9 ! same plane1 9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube4 ,! tubes %\ld be sort$1 accord+ to _! sizes & qualities1 & %\ld be deposit$ 9 l>ge draw]s or on long %elves1 9 su* a mann] z to be equally support$ ?r\gh _! :ole ext5t4 ,!y %\ld also be %elt]$ f du/ & f moi/ure4 ,if y _c conv5i5tly w>eh\se !m 9 ?is mann]1 y %\ld tie !m up 9 p>cels1 & support !m 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,x is a v bad plan to place !m 9 an incl9$ direction1 or to support !m by _! extremities on wood5 brackets1 z x is ! fa%ion to d 9 *emical laboratories2 because1 z ! tubes are !n support$ only at c]ta9 po9ts1 !y b5d1 9 c\rse ( "t1 "u ! influ5ce ( _! own weight1 & contract a curvature :i* is extremely prejudicial 9 c]ta9 in/rum5ts1 & :i* x is almo/ impossible to correct4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,tubes ,,be=e ,,heat+ ,,!m4 ,be=e pres5t+ a tube to ! flame1 y %\ld clean x well bo? )9 & )\t1 9 ord] to remove all du/ & humidity4 ,if y neglect to take ?is precaution1 y run ! risk ( crack+ or /a9+ ! glass4 ,:5 ! diamet] ( ! tube is too small to p]mit ( y\r pass+ a plug ( clo? or pap] to clean its int]ior1 y c accompli% ! object by ! introduction ( wat]1 :i* mu/1 _m times alt]nately1 be suck$ 9 & bl[n out1 until ! tube is deem$ clean4 ,"o end ( x mu/ !n be clos$ at ! lamp1 & x mu/ be gradually expos$ to a *>coal fire1 :]e1 by rais+ successively all p>ts ( ! tube to a suffici5tly high temp]ature1 y endeav\r to volatilize & expel all ! wat] x conta9s4 ,9 all cases y consid]ably facilitate ! dis5gagem5t ( moi/ure by r5ew+ ! air 9 ! tube by means ( a bottle ( ,indian-rubb] fa/5$ to ! end ( a long n>r[ tube1 :i* y keep 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube to be dri$ dur+ ! "t t x is be+ heat$4 ,y c "h advantage\sly sub/itute alcohol = wat]1 z be+ mu* m volatile1 & z dissolv+ greasy matt]s2 b ^! me?ods ( cleans+ %\ld only be employ$ = valuable objects1 because x is extremely difficult fully to expel moi/ure f a tube :]e9 y h introduc$ wat]1 & because alcohol is too exp5sive to be employ$ :]e !re is no p>ticul> necessity4 ,:5 ! tubes no long] conta9 du/1 or moi/ure1 y measure !m1 & m>k ! divisions accord+ to ! sort ( "w :i* y propose to execute4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,pres5t+ ,,tubes ,,to ,,! ,,fire1 ,,& ,,( ,,work+ ,,!m ,,!re94 ,! two arms are support$ on ! front edge ( ! table1 & ! tube is held ) ! h&s ei!r above or bel[1 accord+ z x may be necess>y to employ m or less =ce1 m or less lightness4 ,y ought1 9 g5]al1 to hold ! tube horizontally1 & 9 su* a mann] t its direction may be p]p5dicul> to t ( ! flame4 ,yet1 :5 y wi% to heat at once a l>ge portion ( ! tube1 or to s(t5 x s t x %all s9k toge!r 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 z 9 ! op]ation ( seal+1 y w f9d x conv5i5t to incl9e ! tube1 ! direction ( :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ always be su* z to turn ! heat$ "p cont9ually t[>ds y4 ,we are ab\t to give a g5]al rule1 ^u ! obs]vance ( :i* we _c too /rongly insi/1 z ! success ( almo/ e op]ation entirely dep5ds ^u x4 ,! rule is1 nev] to pres5t a tube to ! flame )\t ,,cont9ually ,,turn+ x2 & turn+ x1 too1 ) su* a degree ( rapidity t e "p ( its circumf]5ce may be heat$ & s(t5$ to ! same degree4 ,z melt$ glass necess>ily t5ds to desc5d1 !re is no me?od ( prev5t+ a heat$ tube f becom+ de=m$ b t ( cont9ually turn+ x1 s z to br+ ! s(t5$ "p v frequ5tly upp]mo/4 ,:5 y heat a tube ne> ! middle1 ! movem5t ( ! two h&s mu/ be uni=m & simultane\s1 or ! tube w be twi/$ & spoil$4 ,:5 ! tubes h ?ick sides1 !y mu/ n be plung$ into ! flame until !y h previ\sly be5 /rongly heat$4 ,y expose !m at fir/ to ! curr5t ( hot air1 at "s in*es f ! extremity ( ! jet2 y keep !m !re "s "t1 tak+ c>e to turn !m cont9ually1 & !n y gradually br+ !m t[>ds1 & f9ally into1 ! flame4 ,! ?ick] ! sides ( ! tubes are1 ! great] precaution mu/ be tak5 to elevate ! temp]ature gradually3 ?is is ! only means ( avoid+ ! fractures :i* occur :5 ! glass is too rapidly heat$4 ,?\gh x is necess>y to take s mu* c>e ) l>ge & ?ick tubes1 !re are1 on ! contr>y1 "s tubes s small & s ?9 t ! mo/ sudd5 application ( ! fire is insuffici5t to break !m4 ,practice soon tea*es ! rule :i* is to be foll[$ ) reg>d to tubes t come betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,common glass ought to be fus$ at ! maximum po9t ( heat2 b glass t conta9s oxides capable ( be+ r$uc$ at t temp]ature 7su* z fl9t-glass7 require to be work$ 9 t "p ( ! flame :i* possesses ! highe/ oxidat+ p[]4 ,if y op]ate )\t tak+ ?is precaution1 y run ! risk ( decompos+ ! glass4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! case ( fl9t-glass1 y may r$uce ! oxide ( lead1 :i* is "o ( its con/itu5ts1 to ! /ate ( metallic lead4 ,! consequ5ce ( su* a r$uction is ! production ( a black & opaque /a9 ^u ! "w1 :i* c only be remov$ by expos+ ! glass1 dur+ a v long "t1 to ! extremity ( ! jet4 ,y mu/ inv>iably take ! greate/ c>e to keep ! flame f pass+ into ! int]ior ( ! tube2 = :5 x gets !re x deposits a greasy vap\r1 :i* is ! ord9>y cause ( ! dirt :i* accumulates 9 in/rum5ts t h be5 con/ruct$ )\t suffici5t precaution z to ?is matt]4 ,9 ord] t y may n black5 y\r "w1 y %\ld take c>e to snuff ! wick ( ! lamp :5ev] y p]ceive ! flame to deposit soot4 ,y c judge ( ! consi/5ce ( ! tubes "u op]ation z mu* by ! feel z by ! look ( ! glass4 ,! degree ( heat necess>y to be appli$ to p>ticul> tubes1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! objects = :i* !y are de/9$4 ,z soon z ! glass beg9s to feel s(t1 at a br[ni%-r$ heat1 = example1 y are at ! temp]ature mo/ fav\rable to good b5d+4 ,b is x int5d$ to bl[ a bulb8 ,! glass mu/1 9 ?is case1 be completely melt$1 & subject$ to a full r$di%-:ite heat4 ,we %all take c>e1 :5 speak+ h]eaft] ( ! diff]5t op]ations to be p]=m$1 to m5tion ! temp]ature at :i* ea* c be p]=m$ ) mo/ success4 ,:5 an in/rum5t ^u :i* y h be5 occupi$ is f9i%$1 y %\ld remove x f ! flame gradually1 tak+ c>e to turn x cont9ually1 until ! glass has acquir$ suffici5t consi/5ce to support its own weight )\t becom+ de=m$4 ,e in/rum5t =m$ ?us ( glass requires to und]go a species ( anneal+1 to enable x to be pres]v$ & employ$4 ,to give ! in/rum5t ?is anneal+1 x is only necess>y to remove x f ! flame v gradually1 all[+ x to repose "s "t 9 ea* cool] place to :i* y successively remove x4 ,! ?ick] or ! m equal ! sides ( ! glass1 ! m c>efully x requires to be anneal$4 ,no in/rum5t %\ld be p]mitt$ to t\* cold or wet bodies :ile x is w>m4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+4 ,,iii4--,fundam5tal ,op]ations 9 ,glass-,bl[+4 ,all ! modifications ( %ape & size :i* c be giv5 to tubes 9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s in/rum5ts1 are produc$ by a v small numb] ( dissimil> op]ations4 ,we h ?\ght x be/ to unite ! description ( ^! op]ations 9 "o article1 bo? to avoid repetitions & to place ^? :o are desir\s to ex]cise ?is art 9 a /ate to proce$1 )\t emb>rassm5t1 to ! con/ruction ( any in/rum5t ( :i* !y may be provid$ ) a model or a draw+2 = ^? :o att5d prop]ly to ! in/ructions giv5 "h1 ) respect to ! fundam5tal op]ations ( glass-bl[+1 w ne$ no o!r in/ructions to enable !m to succe$ 9 ! con/ruction ( all k9ds ( in/rum5ts capable ( be+ made ( tubes4 ,^! fundam5tal op]ations c be r$uc$ to t51 :i* may be nam$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,cutt+4 #b4 ,bord]+4 #c4 ,wid5+4 #d4 ,draw+ out4 #e4 ,*ok+4 #f4 ,seal+4 #g4 ,bl[+4 #h4 ,pi]c+4 #i4 ,b5d+4 #aj4 ,sold]+4 ,we proce$ to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! diff]5t op]ations4 #a4--;,,cutt+4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( cutt+ ( glass tubes :i* h be5 contriv$1 are all f\nd$ on two pr9ciples2 "o ( ^! is ! division ( ! surface ( glass by cutt+ in/rum5ts1 ! o!r ! effect+ ( ! same object by a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature2 & sometimes ^! two pr9ciples are comb9$ 9 "o process4 ,! fir/ me?od consi/s 9 not*+ ! tube1 at ! po9t :]e x is to be divid$1 ) ! edge ( a file1 or ( a ?9 plate ( h>d /eel1 or ) a diamond2 aft] :i*1 y press ^u ! two ends ( ! tube1 z if to enl>ge ! not*1 or1 :at is bett]1 y give ! tube a slight sm>t bl[4 ,?is me?od is suffici5t = ! break+ ( small tubes4 ,_m glass-bl[]s habitually employ an agate1 or a common fl9t1 :i* !y hold 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r !y rub ! tube ov] ! %>p edge ( ! /one1 tak+ ! precaution ( secur+ ! tube by ! help ( ! ?umb4 ,= tubes ( a great] diamet]1 y c employ a f9e iron wire /ret*$ 9 a b[1 or1 /ill bett]1 ! glass-cutt]s' :eel2 ) ei!r ( ^!1 assi/$ by a mixture ( em]y & wat]1 y c cut a circul> trace r\nd a l>ge tube1 & !n divide x ) ease4 ,:5 ! portion :i* is to be remov$ f a tube is s small t y _c easily lay hold ( x1 y cut a not* ) a file1 & expose ! not* to ! po9t ( ! bl[pipe flame3 ! cut !n flies r\nd ! tube4 ,?is br+s u to ! second me?od ( cutt+ tubes--a me?od :i* has be5 modifi$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! prop]ty possess$ by vitrifi$ matt]s1 ( break+ :5 expos$ to a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature4 ,act+ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 "s arti/s apply to ! tube1 at ! po9t :]e !y desire to cut x1 a b& ( fus$ glass4 ,if ! tube does n imm$iately sep>ate into two pieces1 !y give x a slight sm>t bl[ on ! extremity1 or !y drop a little wat] on ! heat$ r+4 ,o!r glass-bl[]s make use ( a piece ( iron heat$ to r$ness1 an angle or a corn] ( :i* !y apply to ! tube at ! po9t :]e x is to be cut1 & !n1 if ! fracture is n at once effect$ by ! action ( ! hot iron1 !y plunge ! tube sudd5ly into cold wat]4 ,! two me?ods "h describ$ c be comb9$4 ,aft] hav+ made a not* ) a file1 or ! edge ( a fl9t1 y introduce into x a little wat]1 & br+ close ^u x ! po9t ( a v little tube previ\sly heat$ to ! melt+ po9t4 ,?is d\ble application ( heat & moi/ure obliges ! not* to fly "r r\nd ! tube4 ,:5 ! object to be cut has a l>ge diamet]1 & v ?9 sides--:5 x is su* a vessel z a dr9k+-glass1 a cup1 or a gas tube--y may divide x ) mu* neatness by proce$+ z foll[s4 ,aft] hav+ well clean$ ! vessel1 bo? )9 & )\t1 p\r oil into x till x rises to ! po9t1 or v ne>ly to ! po9t1 :]e y desire to cut x4 ,place ! vessel1 s prep>$1 9 an airy situation2 !n take a rod ( iron1 ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 make ! extremity brightly r$-hot1 & plunge x into ! vessel until ! extremity ( ! iron is half an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! oil3 !re is imm$iately =m$ a great quantity ( v hot oil1 :i* assembles 9 a ?9 /ratum at ! surface ( ! cold oil1 & =ms a circul> crack :]e x t\*es ! sides ( ! glass4 ,if y take c>e to place ! object 9 a horizontal position1 & to plunge ! hot iron )\t communicat+ mu* agitation to ! oil1 ! p>ts s sep>at$ w be z neat & z uni=m z y c\ld desire !m to be4 ,by means ( ?is me?od we h always p]fectly succe$$ 9 cutt+ v regul> zones f ord9>y glass4 ,! me?od :i* is describ$ 9 "s works1 ( cutt+ a tube by twi/+ r\nd x a ?read saturat$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 & !n inflam+ ! ?read1 we h f\nd to be unfit = objects :i* h ?ick sides4 ,"s p]sons employ cotton wicks dipp$ 9 sulphur4 ,by ! burn+ ( ^!1 ! glass is /rongly heat$ 9 a giv5 l9e1 or v n>r[ space1 :i* is in/antly cool$ by a wet fea!r or a wet /ick4 ,s soon z a crack is produc$1 x c be l$ 9 any requir$ direction by a r$-hot iron1 or an inflam$ piece ( *>coal4 ,f9ally1 y may cut small portions f glass tubes 9 a /ate ( fusion1 by means ( common sciss>s4 #b4--;,,bord]+4 ,to :atev] use y may de/9e ! tubes :i* y cut1 !y ought1 almo/ always1 to be bord]$4 ,if y m]ely desire t ! edges %all n be %>p1 y c smoo!n !m ) ! file1 or1 :at is bett]1 y c expose !m to ! flame ( ! lamp until !y are r\nd$4 ,if y fe> ! s9k+ 9 ( ! edges :5 !y are 9 a s(t5$ /ate1 y c h9d] ?is by work+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube a r\nd rod ( iron1 su* z pl4 #a1 fig4 #e4 ,! rod ( iron %\ld be "o-six? ( an in* ?ick2 "o end ( x %\ld be fil$ to a conical po9t1 & ! o!r end be ins]t$ into a ?91 r\nd1 wood5 h&le4 ,y w f9d x conv5i5t to h a simil> rod ) a slight b5d 9 ! middle4 ,:5 y desire to make ! edges ( ! tube project1 br+ ! end to a s(t /ate1 !n ins]t 9 x a metallic rod1 & move x ab\t 9 su* a mann] z to wid5 a little ! op5+4 ,:ile ! end ( ! tube is /ill s(t1 place x sudd5ly ^u a horizontal surface1 or press x by means ( a v flat metallic plate4 ,! object ( ?is op]ation is to make ! end ( ! tube flat & uni=m4 ,! metallic rod :i* y employ may be ! same z we h describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,in/ead ( agitat+ ! rod 9 ! tube1 y may hold x 9 a fix$ oblique position1 & turn ! tube r\nd ) ! o!r h&1 tak+ c>e to press x cont9ually & regul>ly aga9/ ! rod4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #f4 ,v small tubes c be bord]$ by approa*+ _! extremities to a flame n act$ ^u by ! bl[pipe2 p>ticul>ly ! flame ( a _s-lamp4 ,:5 ! edges ( a tube are to be r5d]$ capable ( suff]+ consid]able pressure1 y c v consid]ably augm5t _! /r5g? by sold]+ a rib or /r+ ( glass all r\nd ! end ( ! tube--see pl4 #a1 fig4 #ab4 ,hold+ ! tube 9 ! left h&1 & ! /r+ ( glass 9 ! "r1 y expose !m bo? at once to ! flame4 ,:5 _! extremities are suffici5tly s(t5$1 y atta* ! end ( ! rib ( glass to ! tube at a v %ort di/ance f its extremity2 y !n cont9ue gradually to turn ! tube1 s z to cause ! rib ( glass to adh]e to x1 9 proportion z x becomes s(t5$4 ,:5 ! rib has made ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! tube1 y sep>ate ! surplus by sudd5ly d>t+ a /rong jet ( fire ^u ! po9t :]e x %\ld be divid$2 & y cont9ue to expose ! tube to ! flame1 always turn+ x r\nd1 until ! r+ ( glass is fully incorporat$ ) ! glass x 0 appli$ to4 ,y !n remove ! in/rum5t f ! flame1 tak+ c>e to anneal x 9 s do+4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation y mu/ take c>e to prev5t ! s9k+ toge!r ( ! sides ( ! tube1 by n[ & !n turn+ ! iron rod 9 its int]ior4 ,x is a r$ heat1 or a br[ni% r$ heat1 t is be/ adapt$ to ?is op]ation4 #c4--,,wid5+4 ,:5 y desire to enl>ge ! diamet] ( ! end ( a tube1 x is necess>y1 aft] hav+ br\ght x to a s(t /ate1 to remove x f ! flame1 & to press ! sides ( ! glass outw>ds by means ( a l>ge rod ( iron ) a conical po9t4 ,! tube mu/ be aga9 heat$1 & aga9 press$ ) ! conical iron rod1 until ! prop] enl>gem5t is effect$4 ,?is op]ation is mu* ! same z t ( bord]+ a tube ) project+ edges4 #d4--;,,draw+ ,,out4 ,y c draw out or contract a tube ei!r 9 ! middle or at ! end4 ,let u 9 ! fir/ place consid] t a tube is to be drawn out 9 ! middle4 ,if ! tube is long1 y support x ) ! "r h& bel[1 & ! left h& above1 by :i* means y secure ! =ce t is necess>y1 z well z ! position :i* is commodi\s1 = turn+ x cont9ually & uni=mly 9 ! flame4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 ! jet till x has acquir$ a *]ry r$ heat4 ,y !n remove x f ! flame1 & always cont9u+ g5tly to turn x1 y gradually sep>ate ! h&s f ea* o!r1 & draw ! tube 9 a /raight l9e4 ,9 ?is mann] y produce a long ?9 tube 9 ! c5tre ( ! orig9al tube1 :i* ought to exhibit two uni=m cones :]e x jo9s ! ?9 tube1 & to h ! po9ts ( ^! cones 9 ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! tube4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #c4 ,to draw out a tube at its extremity1 y heat ! extremity till x is 9 fusion1 & !n remove x f ! flame2 y imm$iately seize ?is extremity ) ! pli]s1 & at ! same "t sep>ate ! two h&s4 ,! m rapidly ?is op]ation is p]=m$1 ! glass be+ suppos$ to be well s(t5$1 ! m capill>y w ! drawn-out po9t ( ! tube be r5d]$4 ,in/ead ( p9*+ ! fus$ end ) ! pli]s1 x is simpl] to br+ to x ! end ( a little auxili>y tube1 :i* %\ld be previ\sly heat$1 to fuse ! two toge!r1 & !n to draw out ! end ( ! orig9al tube by means ( ! auxili>y tube--see pl4 #a1 fig4 #d & #aa4 ,9 all cases1 ! small] ! portion ( tube s(t5$1 ! m abrupt is ! "p drawn out4 ,:5 y desire to draw out a po9t f ! side ( a tube1 y mu/ heat t portion alone1 by hold+ x fix$ly at ! extremity ( ! jet ( flame4 ,:5 x is suffici5tly s(t5$1 sold] to x ! end ( an auxili>y tube1 & !n draw x out4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #ah1 exhibits an example ( a tube drawn out lat]ally4 ,a r$ heat1 or a *]ry r$ heat1 is be/ adapt$ to ?is op]ation4 #e4--;,,*ok+4 ,we d n mean by *ok+1 ! clos+ or /opp+ ( ! tube1 b simply a dim9ution ( ! int]ior passage1 or bore4 ,x is a sort ( contraction4 ,= examples1 see pl4 #b1 fig4 #ae1 #bj1 #bi4 ,y p]=m ! op]ation by pres5t+ to ! flame a zone ( ! tube at ! po9t :]e ! contraction is to be effect$4 ,:5 ! glass is s(t5$1 y draw out ! tube1 or pu% x toge!r1 accord+ z y desire to produce a holl[ 9 ! surface ( ! tube1 or to h ! surface ev51 or to cause a ridge to rise above x4 ,a *]ry r$ heat is ! prop] temp]ature to employ4 #f4--,,seal+4 ,if ! sides ( ! tube to be seal$ are ?91 & its diamet] is small1 x is suffici5t to expose ! end t y wi% to close to ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,:5 ! glass is s(t5$ x s9ks ( itself1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rotatory motion giv5 to x1 t[>ds ! axis ( ! tube1 & becomes r\nd$4 ,! application ( no in/rum5t is necess>y4 ,if ! tube is ( consid]able diamet]1 or if ! sides are ?ick1 y mu/ s(t5 ! end1 & !n1 ) a metallic rod or a flat pair ( pli]s1 m\ld ! sides to a hemisph]e1 by br++ ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre1 & cont9u+ to turn ! tube 9 ! flame1 until ! extremity is well seal$1 & p]fectly r\nd4 ,examples ( ! figure are to be se5 9 pl4 #b1 fig4 #c & #e4 ,in/ead ( ?is me?od1 x is good1 :5 ! extremity is suffici5tly s(t5$1 to employ an auxili>y tube1 ) ! help ( :i* y c abruptly draw out ! po9t ( ! orig9al tube1 :i* becomes by t means cut & clos$ by ! flame4 ,9 ord] t ?is "p may be well r\nd$1 y may1 z soon z ! tube is seal$1 close ! o!r extremity ) a little wax1 & cont9ue to expose ! seal$ "p to ! flame1 until x has assum$ ! =m ( a drop ( tall[4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #ae4 ,y c also seal 9 ?is fa%ion1 by bl[+1 ) precaution1 9 ! op5 end ( ! tube1 :ile ! seal$ end is 9 a s(t5$ /ate4 ,if y desire ! seal$ "p to be flat1 l pl4 #c1 fig4 #cj1 y mu/ press x1 :ile x is s(t1 aga9/ a flat sub/ance4 ,if y wi% x to be concave1 l ! bottom ( a bottle1 or pl4 #c1 fig4 #b1 y mu/ suck air f ! tube ) ! m\?2 or1 in/ead ( t1 =ce ! s(t5$ end inw>ds ) a metallic rod4 ,y may also draw out ! end till x be conical1 z pl4 #b1 fig4 #d1 or t]m9ate x ) a little button1 z pl4 #b1 fig4 #f4 ,9 "s cases ! seal$ end is b5t lat]ally2 9 o!rs x is twirl$ into a r+1 hav+ previ\sly be5 drawn out & /opp$ 9 ! bore4 ,9 %ort1 ! =m giv5 to ! seal$ end ( a tube c be modifi$ 9 an inf9ity ( ways1 accord+ to ! object = :i* ! tube may be de/9$4 ,y %\ld take c>e n to accumulate too mu* glass at ! place ( seal+4 ,if y all[ x to be too ?ick !re1 y run ! risk ( see+ x crack dur+ ! cool+4 ,"s f>!r obs]vations on seal+ w be f\nd at ! article ,wat] ,hamm]1 9 a subsequ5t section4 ,! op]ation ( seal+ succe$s be/ at a *]ry-r$ heat4 #g4--;,,bl[+4 ,! con/ruction ( a great numb] ( philosophical in/rum5ts requires t he :o w\ld make !m %\ld ex]cise himself 9 ! art ( bl[+ bulbs possess+ a figure exactly sph]ical4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult op]ations4 ,to bl[ a bulb at ! extremity ( a tube1 y comm5ce by seal+ x2 aft] :i*1 y collect at ! seal$ extremity m or less glass1 accord+ to ! size & ! solidity :i* y desire to give to ! bulb4 ,:5 ! end ( ! tube is made ?ick1 completely seal$1 & well r\nd$1 y elevate ! temp]ature to a r$di% :ite heat1 tak+ c>e to turn ! tube cont9ually & rapidly betwe5 y\r f+]s4 ,:5 ! end is p]fectly s(t y remove x f ! flame1 &1 hold+ ! tube horizontally1 y bl[ quickly ) ! m\? into ! op5 end1 )\t discont9u+ = a s+le mom5t ! movem5t ( rotation4 ,if ! bulb does n by ?is op]ation acquire ! necess>y size1 y s(t5 x aga9 9 ! flame1 :ile "u ! action ( :i* y turn x v rapidly1 le/ x %\ld s9k toge!r at ! sides1 & become de=m$4 ,:5 x is suffici5tly s(t5$ y introduce1 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 a fre% quantity ( air4 ,x is ( importance to obs]ve t1 if ! tube be ( a l>ge diamet]1 x is necess>y to contract ! end by :i* y are to bl[1 9 ord] t x may be turn$ r\nd ) facility :ile 9 ! m\?4 ,:5 ! bulb :i* y desire to make is to be some:at l>ge1 x is necess>y1 aft] hav+ seal$ ! tube1 to s(t5 x = ! space ( ab\t half an in* f its extremity1 & !n1 ) ! aid ( a flat piece ( metal1 to press mod]ately & repeat$ly on ! s(t5$ portion1 until ! sides ( ! tube :i* are ?us press$ ^u1 s9k toge!r1 & acquire a c]ta9 degree ( ?ickness4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation1 h[ev]1 y mu/ take c>e to bl[1 n[ & !n1 into ! tube1 9 ord] to reta9 a holl[ space 9 ! mid/ ( ! little mass ( glass1 & to h9d] ! bore ( ! tube f be+ clos$ up4 ,:5 y h ?us1 at ! exp5se ( ! l5g? ( ! tube1 accumulat$ at its extremity a quantity ( glass suffici5t to produce a bulb1 y h no?+ m to d ?an to heat ! matt] till x is rais$ to a temp]ature m>k$ by a r$di%-:ite col\r1 & !n to exp& x by bl[+4 ,in/ead ( accumulat+ ! glass ?us1 x is m exp$i5t to bl[ on ! tube a s]ies ( little bulbs close to "o ano!r 7see pl4 #a1 fig4 #h71 & !n1 by heat+ ! int]vals1 & bl[+1 to unite ^! little bulbs into a l>ge "o ( conv5i5t dim5sions4 ,we h already obs]v$1 & we repeat "h1 t x is indisp5sably necess>y to hold ! glass out ( ! flame dur+ ! act ( bl[+4 ,?is is ! only means ( ma9ta9+ uni=mity ( temp]ature 9 ! :ole s(t5$ p>ts ( ! tube1 )\t :i* x is impossible to produce bulbs ) sides ( equal ?ickness 9 all _! ext5t4 ,:5 y desire to =m a bulb at ! extremity ( a capill>y tube1 t is to say1 ( a tube :i* has a bore ( v small diamet]1 su* z ! tubes :i* are commonly employ$ to =m !rmomet]s1 x w\ld be improp] to bl[ x ) ! m\?2 7 y to d s1 ! vap\r :i* w\ld be introduc$1 hav+ a great aff9ity = ! glass1 w\ld soon ob/ruct ! little canal1 & pres5t to ! passage ( ! air a resi/ance1 :i*1 ) ! tubes ( smalle/ int]ior diamet]1 w\ld (t5 be insurm\ntable4 ,b1 ev5 :5 ! tubes y employ h n s v small an int]nal diamet]1 y %\ld /ill take c>e to avoid bl[+ ) ! m\?2 because ! introduction ( moi/ure always injures f9e in/rum5ts1 & x is impossible to dry ! int]ior ( a capill>y tube :5 once x has become wet4 ,x is bett] to make use ( a bottle ( ,indian rubb]1 :i* c be fix$ on ! op5 end ( ! tube by means ( a cork ) a hole bor$ ?r\gh x4 ,y press ! bottle 9 ! h&1 tak+ c>e to hold ! tube v]tically1 ) ! hot "p upw>ds2 if y 7 n to take ?is precaution1 ! bulb w\ld be turn$ on "o side1 or w\ld exhibit ! =m ( a pe>1 because x is impossible1 9 ?is case1 to give to ! mass 9 fusion t rotatory motion :i* is necess>y1 :5 ! tube is held horizontally1 to ! production ( a globe p]fectly sph]ical 9 its =m1 & ) sides ( equal ?ickness4 ,:5ev] y bl[ into a tube y %\ld keep ! eye fix$ on ! dilat+ bulb1 9 ord] to be able to arre/ ! passage ( air at ! prop] mom5t4 ,if y 7 n to att5d to ?is1 y w\ld run ! risk ( giv+ to ! bulb too great an ext5sion1 by :i* ! sides w\ld be r5d]$ s ?9 t x w\ld be liable to be brok5 by ! t\* ( ! lighte/ bodies4 ,?is is ! reason t1 :5 y desire to obta9 a l>ge bulb1 x is necess>y to ?ick5 ! extremity ( ! tube1 or to comb9e _m small bulbs 9 "o1 t x may possess m solidity4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 y bl[ a bulb ) ! m\?1 x is bett] to introduce ! air a little at a "t1 =c+ 9 ! small portions v rapidly "o aft] ! o!r2 r ?an to attempt to produce ! :ole expansion ( ! bulb at once3 y are !n m c]ta9 ( be+ able to arre/ ! bl[+ at ! prop] "t4 ,:5 y desire to produce a mod]ate expansion1 ei!r at ! extremity or 9 any o!r "p ( a tube1 y are enabl$ easily to effect x by ! foll[+ process1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! prop]ty possess$ by all bodies1 & especially by fluids1 ( exp&+ :5 heat$2 a prop]ty :i* *>act]ises air 9 a v high degree4 ,aft] hav+ seal$ "o end ( ! tube & drawn out ! o!r1 all[ x to become cold1 9 ord] t x may be q fill$ ) air2 close ! end :i* has be5 drawn out1 & prev5t ! air )9 ! tube f communicat+ ) t at its ext]ior2 !n gradually heat ! "p :i* y desire to h exp&$1 by turn+ x g5tly 9 ! flame ( a lamp4 ,9 a %ort "t ! s(t5$ matt] is act$ on by ! t5sion ( ! air :i* is enclos$ & heat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube2 ! glass exp&s1 & produces a bulb or swell+ m or less ext5sive1 accord+ z y expose ! glass to a great] or less] degree ( heat4 ,to bl[ a bulb 9 ! middle ( a tube1 x is suffici5t to seal x at "o ( its extremities1 to heat ! "p t y wi% to inflate1 &1 :5 x is at a *]ry-r$ heat1 to bl[ 9 ! tube1 :i* mu/ be held horizontally & turn$ ) bo? h&s1 ( :i*1 = ! sake ( great] facility1 ! left may be held above & ! "r bel[4 ,if ! bulb is to be l>ge1 ! matt] mu/ previ\sly be ?ick5$ or accumulat$1 or1 in/ead ( t1 a s]ies ( small bulbs fir/ produc$1 & ^! subsequ5tly bl[n into a s+le l>g] bulb1 z we h already m5tion$4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #h4 ,= "s in/rum5ts1 ! tubes ( :i* mu/ be capill>y1 x is necess>y to bl[ ! bulbs sep>ately1 & !n to sold] !m to ! requisite adjuncts4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t x w\ld be too difficult to produce1 f a v f9e tube1 a bulb ( suffici5t size & solidity to answ] ! int5d$ purpose4 ,y make *oice ( a tube :i* is n capill>y1 b ( a suffici5t diamet]1 v cyl9drical1 ) equal sides1 & tol]ably sub/antial3 x may g5]ally be f ! tw5tie? to ! twelf? ( an in* ?ick 9 ! glass4 ,y s(t5 two zones 9 ?is tube1 m or less ne> to ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! bulk y desire to give to ! bulb1 & y draw out ! melt$ "p 9 po9ts4 ,! tal5t consi/s 9 well-c5t]+--t is to say1 9 draw+ out ! melt$ tube 9 su* a mann] t ! ?9 p>ts or po9ts %all be situat$ exactly 9 ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! little portion ( ! orig9al tube rema9+ betwe5 !m4 ,?is op]ation is te*nically t]m$ draw+ a cyl9d] betwe5 two po9ts4 ,! tube s drawn out is exhibit$ by pl4 #a1 fig4 #d4 ,y cut ^! po9ts at "s di/ance f ! c5tral or ?ick "p1 & seal "o end2 y next completely s(t5 ! little ?ick tube & exp& x into a bulb1 by bl[+ ) ! precautions :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,y mu/ keep ! glass 9 cont9ual motion1 if y desire to be successful 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,mu* rapidity ( movem5t1 & at ! same "t lightness ( t\*1 are requisite 9 ! op]ation "h describ$4 ,x is t]m$ bl[+ a bulb betwe5 two po9ts4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #aj1 exhibits a bulb bl[n betwe5 two po9ts4 ,to obta9 a r\nd bulb1 y %\ld hold ! tube horizontally2 to obta9 a flatt5$ bulb1 y %\ld hold x p]p5dicul>ly1 ) ! fus$ extremity turn$ above2 to obta9 a pe>-%ap$ bulb1 y %\ld hold ! fus$ extremity d[nw>ds4 ,:5 y are work+ ^u a bulb betwe5 two po9ts1 or 9 ! middle ( a tube1 y %\ld hold ! tube horizontally1 9 ! ord9>y mann]2 b y are to pu% ! s(t5$ portion toge!r1 or to draw x out1 accord+ z y desire to produce a ridge or a prolongation4 ,:5 y are at lib]ty to *oose ! po9t f :i* y are to bl[1 y %\ld pref]1 #a/1 t :]e ! moi/ure ( ! brea? c be ! lea/ prejudicial to ! in/rum5t :i* is to be made2 #b;dly1 t :i* br+s ! "p :i* is to be exp&$ ne>e/ to y\r eye2 #c;dly1 t :i* pres5ts ! fewe/ difficulties 9 ! execution4 ,:5 bulbs are to be =m$ 9 complicat$ app>atus1 x is good to reflect a little on ! be/ means ( effect+ ! object4 ,x is easy to und]/& t contrivances :i* may appe> v simple on pap]1 pres5t difficulties 9 ! practical execution :i* (t5 call = consid]able managem5t4 #h4--,,pi]c+4 ,y fir/ seal ! tube at "o extremity1 & !n direct ! po9t ( ! flame on ! "p :i* y desire to pi]ce4 ,:5 ! tube has acquir$ a r$di%-:ite heat1 y sudd5ly remove x f ! flame1 & =cibly bl[ into x4 ,! s(t5$ portion ( ! tube gives way be=e ! pressure ( ! air1 & bur/s into a hole4 ,y expose ! tube aga9 to ! flame1 & bord] ! edges ( ! hole4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve1 t1 if x be a seal$ extremity :i* y desire to pi]ce1 x is necess>y to turn ! tube betwe5 ! f+]s :ile 9 ! fire2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 y desire to pi]ce a hole 9 ! side ( a tube1 y %\ld keep ! glass 9 a fix$ position1 & direct ! jet ^u a s+le po9t4 ,if ! side ( ! tube is ?91 y may disp5se ) bl[+4 ,! tube is seal$ & all[$ to cool2 !n1 accurately clos+ ! op5 extremity ) ! f+]1 or a little wax1 y expose to ! jet ! "p :i* y desire to h pi]c$4 ,:5 ! glass is suffici5tly s(t5$1 ! air enclos$ 9 ! tube be+ exp&$ by ! heat1 & n f9d+ at ! s(t5$ "p a suffici5t resi/ance1 bur/s ?r\gh ! tube1 & ?us pi]ces a hole4 ,y may g5]ally disp5se ) ! seal+ ( ! tube1 by clos+ ! ends ) wax1 or ) ! f+]s4 ,!re is /ill ano!r me?od ( p]=m+ ?is op]ation1 :i* is v exp$iti\s1 & con/antly succe$s ) objects :i* h ?9 sides4 ,y raise to a r$di% :ite heat a little cyl9d] ( glass1 ( ! diamet] ( ! hole t y desire to make1 & y in/antly apply x to ! tube or globe1 to :i* x w /rongly adh]e4 ,y all[ ! :ole to cool1 & !n give ! auxili>y cyl9d] a %>p slight knock2 ! little cyl9d] drops (f1 & c>ries ) x ! portion ( ! tube to :i* x _h adh]$4 ,on pres5t+ ! hole to a slight degree ( heat1 y remove ! %>pness ( its edges4 ,:5 y purpose to pi]ce a tube lat]ally1 = ! purpose ( jo9+ to x ano!r tube1 x is always be/ to pi]ce x by bl[+ _m times1 & only a little at a "t1 & ) t view1 to s(t5 ! glass b mod]ately4 ,by ?is means ! tube pres]ves m ?ickness1 & is 9 a bett] /ate to support ! subsequ5t op]ation ( sold]+4 ,!re are circum/ances 9 :i* y c pi]ce tubes by =cibly suck+ ! air out ( !m2 & ?is me?od sometimes pres5ts advantages t c be turn$ to good acc\nt4 ,f9ally1 ! orifices :i* are produc$ by cutt+ (f ! lat]al po9t ( a tube drawn out at ! side1 may also be reckon$ z an op]ation belong+ to ?is article4 #i4--;,,b5d+4 ,if ! tube is n>r[1 & ! sides are pretty ?ick1 ?is op]ation pres5ts no difficulty4 ,y heat ! tube1 b n too mu*1 le/ x become de=m$2 a r$di%-br[n heat is suffici5t1 = at t temp]ature x gives way to ! slighte/ ef=t y make to b5d x4 ,y %\ld1 z mu* z possible1 avoid mak+ ! b5d too abrupt4 ,= ?is purpose1 y heat a zone ( "o or two in*es 9 ext5t at once1 by mov+ ! tube backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! flame1 & y take c>e to b5d x v gradually4 ,b if ! tube is l>ge1 or its sides are ?91 & y b5d x )\t prop] precautions1 ! =ce y employ entirely de/roys its cyl9drical =m1 & ! b5t "p exhibits no?+ b a d\ble flatt5+1--a canal1 m or less compress$4 ,to avoid ?is de=mity x is necess>y1 fir/1 to seal ! tube at "o extremity1 & !n1 :ile giv+ x a c]ta9 curvature1 to bl[ cauti\sly by ! o!r extremity1 :i* = conv5i5ce sake %\ld previ\sly be drawn out4 ,:5 tubes h be5 de=m$ by bad b5d+1 z above describ$1 y may1 by foll[+ ?is me?od1 correct ! fault2 t is to say1 ^u seal+ "o extremity ( ! de=m$ tube1 heat+ ! flatt5$ "p1 & bl[+ into ! o!r extremity1 y c ) c>e reproduce ! r\nd =m4 ,9 g5]al1 t a curvature may be well-made1 x is necess>y t ! side ( ! tube :i* is to =m ! concave "p be suffici5tly s(t5$ by heat to s9k ( itself equally 9 e "p dur+ ! op]ation1 :ile ! o!r side be only s(t5$ to su* a degree z to enable x to give way "u ! =ce appli$ to b5d x4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 aft] hav+ s(t5$ 9 a *]ry-r$ heat "o side ( ! tube1 y %\ld turn ! o!r side1 :i* is to =m ! ext]ior ( ! curvature1 t[>ds y1 & !n1 expos+ x to ! po9t ( ! jet1 y %\ld b5d ! tube imm$iately ^u its beg9n+ to s9k "u ! heat4 ,:5 y desire to b5d ! extremity ( a tube into a r+ y mu/ employ a metallic rod1 ) :i*1 by press+ on ! tube1 y sep>ate ) a curve1 ,c1 7see pl4 #a1 fig4 #ad7 all ! portion ,a ,c :i* is necess>y to produce ! desir$ curl4 ,y !n successively s(t5 all p>ts ( ?is curve1 & gradually twi/ x 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[1 press+ ! iron rod con/antly ^u ! extremity ( ! curve4 ,:5 ! end ,a comes into contact ) b5d ,c y sold] !m toge!r at ?is po9t1 & ?us complete ! r+4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #bg1 & pl4 #c1 fig4 #bg1 exhibit examples ( r+s =m$ by ?is process4 #aj4--,,sold]+4 ,if ! tubes :i* y propose to sold] are ( a small diamet]1 pretty equal 9 size1 & h ?ick sides1 x is suffici5t1 be=e jo9+ !m toge!r1 to wid5 !m equally at _! extremities1 by agitat+ a metallic rod )9 !m4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #ag47 ,b if !y h ?9 sides1 or are ( a l>ge diamet]1 ! br++ ( _! sides into juxta-position is v difficult1 & ! me?od ( sold]+ j indicat$ becomes insuffici5t4 ,9 ?is case y are oblig$ to seal1 & subsequ5tly to pi]ce1 ! two ends :i* y desire to jo94 ,! disposition :i* ?is op]ation gives to _! sides v mu* facilitates ! sold]+4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! tubes are ( a v diff]5t diamet]1 y mu/ draw out ! extremity ( ! l>g] & cut x :]e ! "p drawn out corresponds 9 diamet] to ! tube :i* x is to be jo9$ to4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #i & #ae1 exhibit examples ( ?is mode ( adapt+ tubes to "o ano!r4 ,= lat]al sold]+s y mu/ dispose ! tubes 9 su* a mann] t ! sides ( ! orifices :i* y desire to jo9 toge!r co9cide ) ea* o!r completely4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #g4 ,:5 ! holes are well prep>$1 y heat at ! same "t ! two p>ts t are to be sold]$ toge!r1 & jo9 !m at ! mom5t :5 !y ent] into fusion4 ,y mu/ pu% !m slightly toge!r1 & cont9ue to heat successively all _! po9ts ( contact2 :]eupon ! two tubes soon unite p]fectly4 ,z x is almo/ always necess>y1 :5 y desire ! sold]+ to be neatly done1 or ! jo9t to be imp]ceptible1 to t]m9ate ! op]ation by bl[+1 x is prop] to prep>e ! extreme ends ( ! tubes be=e-h&4 ,t end ( ! tube by :i* y int5d to bl[ %\ld be c>efully drawn out1 provid$ x be s l>ge z to r5d] draw+ out necess>y2 & ! o!r end ( ! tube1 if l>ge1 %\ld be clos$ ) wax1 z 9 pl4 #a1 fig4 #i1 or if small1 %\ld be seal$ at ! lamp 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #ae74 ,:5 ! po9ts ( junction are p]fectly s(t5$1 & completely incorporat$ ) ea* o!r1 y introduce a little air into ! tube1 :i* produces a swell+ at ! jo9t4 ,z soon z ?is has tak5 place1 y mu/ g5tly pull ! two ends ( ! jo9$ tube 9 diff]5t directions1 by :i* means ! swell$ portion at ! jo9t is br\ght d[n to ! size ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! tube1 s t ! :ole surface becomes cont9u\s4 ,! sold]+ is !n f9i%$4 ,to sold] a bulb or a cyl9d] betwe5 two po9ts1 to ! extremity ( a capill>y tube1 y cut & seal "o ( ! po9ts at a %ort di/ance f ! bulb 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #af71 & at ! mom5t :5 ?is extremity is 9 fusion y pi]ce x by bl[+ /rongly at ! o!r extremity4 ,by ?is means ! op5+ ( ! res]voir is t]m9at$ by edges v mu* wid5$1 :i* facilitates consid]ably its be+ br\ght into juxta-position ) ! little tube4 ,9 ord] t ! ends ( ! two tubes may be well incorporat$ ! "o ) ! o!r1 y %\ld keep ! sold]$ jo9t = "s "t 9 ! flame1 & ought to bl[ 9 ! tube1 pu% ! ends toge!r & draw !m asund]1 until ! protub]ance is no long] p]ceptible4 ,if1 aft] hav+ jo9$ two tubes1 x %\ld be f\nd t !re /ill exi/s an op5+ too consid]able to be clos$ by simply pu%+ ! two tubes ^u "o ano!r1 y c close su* an op5+ by means ( a morsel ( glass1 appli$ by pres5t+ ! fus$ end ( an auxili>y tube4 ,y %\ld avoid sold]+ toge!r two diff]5t species ( glass--= example1 a tube ( ord9>y glass ) a tube ( fl9t-glass2 because ^! two species ( glass exp]i5ce a diff]5t degree ( contraction ^u cool+1 &1 if jo9$ toge!r :ile 9 a fus$ /ate1 are s viol5tly pull$ f "o ano!r z !y become cool1 t ! cohesion ( ! po9t ( sold]+ is infallibly ov]come1 & ! tube breaks4 ,y ought also1 = a simil> reason1 to take c>e n to accumulate a great] mass ( glass 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,if ! fir/ op]ation has n be5 suffici5t to complete ! sold]+1 ! tube mu/ be aga9 pres5t$ to ! flame1 & aga9 pu%$ toge!r at ! jo9t1 or drawn asund]1 or bl[n into1 accord+ z x may appe> to be necess>y4 ,9 all cases ! sold]+ is n truly solid1 b inasmu* z ! two masses ( glass are well incorporat$ toge!r1 & pres5t a surface cont9u\s 9 all po9ts4 ,! m9]alogical flame 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #a1 ,a ,b7 is t :i* is to be employ$ 9 pref]5ce to ! l>g] flame1 :5 y desire to effect a good jo9+3 x is suffici5t to proportion ! size ( ! flame to ! object y wi% to execute4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+4 ,,iv4--,con/ruction ( ,*emical & ,philosophical ,in/rum5ts4 ,:5 a p]son is well acqua9t$ ) ! fundam5tal op]ations :i* we h j describ$1 ! prep>ation ( ! in/rum5ts ( :i* we are ab\t to speak c pres5t sc>cely any difficulty4 ,inde$1 "s ( !m are s extremely simple1 & are s easy ( execution1 t x is suffici5t to ca/ a glance ^u ! figures :i* repres5t !m1 to seize at once ! me?od :i* mu/ be foll[$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,( su* in/rum5ts we %all n /op to give a detail$ description1 b %all cont5t ourselves ) pres5t+ ! design4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ( importance to obs]ve t a c]ta9 numb] ( in/rum5ts are graduat$ or furni%$ ) pieces1 or m\nt+s1 ( :i* x is n ! object ( our art to tea* ! con/ruction1 & :i* dem& a m or less ext5sive k ( ! sci5ces4 ,we %all treat ( ^! m\nt+s b summ>ily1 ref]r+ ! /ud5t1 = m detail$ in/ructions1 to ! works on natural philosophy & *emi/ry1 9 :i* ^! in/rum5ts are especially treat$ (4 ,our reason = ?is is1 t we d n wi% to ab&on ! plan we _h adopt$ ( describ+ simply ! art ( glass-bl[+4 ,to describe ! use & application ( philosophical in/rum5ts1 or to expla9 ! pr9ciples on :i* !y act1 w\ld be pass+ q out ( our prov9ce4 ,,adapt]s4--,^! are tubes ( glass ( v>i\s =ms1 employ$ 9 *emi/ry to connect toge!r ! diff]5t pieces con/itut+ an app>atus--z1 = example1 to jo9 a retort to a receiv] dur+ ! op]ation ( di/illation4 ,y %\ld take c>e to bord] ! extremities ( an adapt]2 or y may wid5 !m into ! =m ( ! m\? ( a bottle1 :5 !y are to be clos$ air-tight by corks4 ,besides ?is1 !re is no?+ p>ticul> to be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( adapt]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,boil+ ,,9 ,,vacuo4--,repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #ai4 ,employ a tube ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,bl[ two bulbs2 give ! tube ! necess>y curvature2 fill "o ( ! bulbs ) nitric e!r2 boil ! e!r to expel ! atmosph]ic air f ! app>atus1 !n seal ! op5+ 9 ! o!r bulb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,freez+ ,,9 ,,vacuo4 ,! ,cryophorus4--,take a tube "o-?ird ( an in* or r m 9 diamet]1 & pretty ?ick 9 ! sides4 ,bl[ a bulb at ea* end2 ! fir/ at ! seal$ "p ( ! tube1 ! o!r at ! op5 po9t2 !n give to ! tube ! curvature repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #cb4 ,introduce z mu* wat] z w half fill "o ( ! bulbs2 make ! wat] boil1 & draw (f ! po9t & seal ! app>atus dur+ ! ebullition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,conduct+ ,,wat] ,,9 ,,b5t ,,tubes4--,sold] a funnel 7see ,,funnels7 to ! end ( a tube2 pi]ce two holes 9 ?is tube 9 ! same l9e1 & sold] to ea* a little addition prop] to receive a cork4 ,f9i% ! in/rum5t by b5d+ x 9 ! mann] indicat$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #ah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,runn+ ,,liquids4--,a tube b5t once at a "r angle1 m\nt$ ) a funnel1 pi]c$ lat]ally1 & sold]$ at ! same po9t to a small] tube4 ,see pl4 #c1 fig4 #ag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,exhibit+ ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,capill>y ,,tubes4--,?is app>atus consi/s ( a capill>y tube sold]$ to ano!r tube ( a m consid]able diamet]4 ,sometimes x is b5t l ! lett] ,u4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,phosphuret ,,( ,,lime4--,an app>atus t c be employ$ = ! prep>ation ( phosphuret ( lime1 z well z 9 a v>iety ( o!r *emical exp]im5ts1 consi/s ( a tube seal$ at "o extremity1 slightly b5t & *ok$ at two in*es & a half f ! seal$ "p1 & drawn out 7aft] ! introduction ( ! sub/ances to be op]at$ ^u7 at ! o!r extremity4 ,?is little di/illatory app>atus is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #bi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ar*im$es',s ,,screw4--,!re is no p>ticul> process = ! mak+ ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y = "o :o w\ld succe$ 9 mak+ x1 to ex]cise himself 9 ! art ( well b5d+ a tube4 ,aft] a few attempts1 y may f9i% by produc+ a pretty-regul> spiral4 ,! tube *os5 = ?is in/rum5t %\ld be six or sev5 feet long1 & ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,y comm5ce by mak+ a b5d1 ne>ly at a "r angle1 ab\t f\r in*es f "o ( its extremities4 ,?is b5t portion s]ves aft]w>ds z a h&le1 & v mu* facilitates ! op]ation2 x repres5ts ! prolongation ( ! rational axis :i* may be conceiv$ to pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! spiral4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>k]',s ,,mill4--,app>atus = exhibit+ ! rotatory motion produc$ by ! runn+ ( liquids4--,contract a tube at its two extremities1 pi]ce x lat]ally ab\t ! middle ( its l5g?1 & sold] to ! hole an additional tube1 t]m9at$ by a funnel4 ,s(t5 ! pr9cipal tube at ! side opposite to ! "p t 0 pi]c$1 & =m !re a conical cavity by press+ ! s(t5$ glass inw>d ) ! aid ( a metallic rod4 ,?is cavity mu/ be s c>efully made t ! :ole app>atus c be support$ on a pivot4 ,b5d ! contract$ ends ( ! tube horizontally1 & 9 diff]5t directions1 cut (f _! extremities at a prop] l5g?1 & slightly bord] ! edges ( ! orifices4 ,see pl4 #c1 fig4 #cc4 ,y may produce ?is app>atus "u a diff]5t =m1 z may be se5 at pl4 #c1 fig4 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>omet]s4--,b>omet]s s]ve to measure ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! foll[+ are ! v>ieties mo/ 9 use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ci/]n ,,b>omet]4--,take a tube ab\t ?irty-two in*es long1 & at lea/ "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 int]nally2 seal "o ( its extremities1 free x ) mo/ p>ticul> c>e f moi/ure1 fill x ) m]cury1 & make ! m]cury boil 9 ! tube1 by heat1 9 ord] to drive out e p>ticle ( air :i* might be pres5t4 ,:5 ! tube is full ( m]cury1 & ! boil+ has tak5 place1 turn x upside d[n1 & plunge ! op5 end into a ci/]n also fill$ ) m]cury :i* has be5 boil$4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dial 7or ,,:eel7 ,,b>omet]4--,! tube int5d$ = ?is b>omet] %\ld be v regul> 9 ! bore4 ,x %\ld be ?irty-n9e in*es long4 ,close x at "o end1 & b5d x l ! lett] ,u at ab\t ?irty-two in*es f ! seal$ extremity4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #e1 & ,graduation ( ! ,dial ,b>omet]4 ,,syphon ,,b>omet]4--,make use ( su* a tube z might be employ$ = a ,ci/]n ,b>omet]2 sold] to its op5 end a cyl9drical or sph]ical res]voir1 & b5d ! tube close to ! po9t ( junction 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! cyl9d] p>allel ) ! tube4 ,if ! res]voir is to be clos$ ) a cov] ( lea!r1 cut (f ! rema9+ po9t ( ! cyl9d]1 slightly wid5 ! orifice1 & !n bord] x4 ,if no lea!r is to be appli$1 b ! po9t ( ! cyl9d] left op51 x is necess>y1 aft] ! introduction ( ! m]cury1 to draw (f ! po9t abruptly1 & to leave an op5+ s small t m]cury _c pass by x4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/op-,,cock ,,b>omet]4--,?is diff]s f ! prec$+ b>omet] only by hav+ a /op-cock m\nt$ 9 iron betwe5 ! res]voir & ! tube4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comp\nd ,,b>omet]s4--,bl[ a bulb at ea* end ( a b>omet] tube ( ab\t ?irty-?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,sold] a small & almo/ capill>y tube to ! po9t :i* t]m9ates "o ( ! bulbs1 & b5d ! great tube v ne> ?is bulb4 ,?is mu/ be done 9 su* a mann] t ! c5tre ( "o bulb %all be ?irty in*es f ! c5tre ( ! o!r bulb4 ,introduce a quantity ( m]cury suffici5t to fill ! great tube & half ! two bulbs2 fill ! rema9+ space 9 ! la/ bulb ) alcohol4 ,y may give a diff]5t disposition to ?is in/rum5t4 ,divide a b>omet] tube into two1 ?ree1 or f\r pieces1 & reunite ! pieces by int]m$iate capill>y tubes1 s z to =m a s]ies ( l>ge & small tubes1 sold]$ alt]nately ! "o at ! end ( ! o!r4 ,!n communicate to ?is comp\nd tube ! =m exhibit$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #be1 & jo91 at ea* sup]ior b5d1 a little tube1 = ! conv5i5ce ( easily fill+ ! in/rum5t ) m]cury3 seal ^! tubes z soon z ! m]cury is introduc$4 ,! graduation ( comp\nd b>omet]s is made by br++ !m into comp>ison ) a good /&>d b>omet]4 ,aft] tak+ two or ?ree fix$ po9ts1 x is easy to cont9ue ! scale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gay ,,lussac',s ,,b>omet]4--,take a tube :i* is v regul> 9 ! bore1 f\r-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ?irty-five in*es & a half 9 l5g?4 ,seal "o ( its extremities & draw out ! o!r2 !n cut ! tube at ab\t two-?irds ( its :ole l5g? f ! seal$ end1 & reunite ! two pieces by means ( a capill>y tube sold]$ betwe5 !m1 ! :ole be+ kept 9 a l9e4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #a4 ,pi]ce lat]ally ! "p ( ! tube :i* is drawn out1 at "s in*es f ! base ( ! po9t1 & =ce ! m>g9 ( ! hole into ! int]ior ( ! tube1 by means ( a conical po9t ( metal1 9 su* a mann] z to =m a little sunk funnel1 ( :i* ! orifice mu/ be v small4 ,aft] hav+ introduc$ ! prop] quantity ( m]cury into ! in/rum5t1 boil x1 & assi/ ! dis5gagem5t ( ! bubbles ( air by agitat+ a f9e iron wire )9 ! tube4 ,!n remove ! "p ( ! tube :i* 0 drawn out1 by seal+ ! end ( ! wide "p4 ,give to ! :ole in/rum5t ! curvature indicat$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bunt5',s ,,b>omet]4--,?is in/rum5t diff]s f ! prec$+ b 9 "o po9t1 namely1 t ! capill>y tube is =m$ ( two sold]$ pieces1 ( :i* ! "o1 pass+ into ! o!r1 is t]m9at$ by a capill>y po9t4 ,?is arrangem5t is exhibit$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>omet] ,,pi]c$ ,,lat]ally ,,= ,,demon/rations4--,take a tube ?irty-n9e in*es long1 ) ?ick sides1 & two-t5?s ( an in* int]nal diamet]4 ,seal x at "o end1 & *oke x at ! di/ance ( eight in*es !refrom4 ,pi]ce a hole 9 ! tube ab\t twelve or sixte5 in*es f ! *ok$ "p1 & sold] to ! hole an additional piece1 :i* c be clos$ by a cork or cov]$ by a piece ( bladd]4 ,! in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #ae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bell-,,glasses ,,= ,,exp]im5ts4--,^! are pieces ( tube seal$ at "o end1 & wid5$ or bord]$ at ! o!r4 ,!y are extremely useful1 & mu* employ$ 9 *emical exp]im5ts4 ,!y also supply ! place ( bottles = pres]v+ small quantities ( sub/ances4 ,sometimes !y are requir$ to be /raight1 z pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab4 ,sometimes !y ne$ to be curv$1 z pl4 #c1 fig4 #bi4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case :5 !y are to be employ$ z retorts1 = :i* purpose ! seal$ "p %\ld be made ?94 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #f1 exhibits a retort ) a tubulure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bl[pipe4--,we %all give 9 ?is article an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s pieces ( glass :i* =m "p ( ! bl[pipe describ$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is "w4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #ai4 ,! beak ,c1 :i* is employ$ ) ! c&le/ick1 is m]ely a b5t tube1 at ! extremity ( :i* a bulb is bl[n4 ,! bulb is t]m9at$ by a po9t1 ! ?ickness ( ! sides ( :i* is augm5t$ by turn+ x = a long "t 9 ! flame4 ,z = ! beak us$ ) ! lamp1 x is simply a b5t tube ,c1 ( :i* ! orifice has be5 dim9i%$ by turn+ x r\nd 9 ! flame4 ,! po9t ( ?is beak is n drawn out l t ( ! beak describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 b is all[$ to be ?ick1 t x may n melt 9 ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,! tube ,d ,f has f\r-t5?s ( an in* int]nal diamet]1 & is pretty ?ick 9 ! sides4 ,y mu/ comm5ce by bord]+ & slightly wid5+ "o ( its extremities1 & !n proce$ to *oke x at ab\t two in*es f its o!r extremity1 tak+ c>e to give to ! *ok$ "p a figure z p]fectly conical z possible1 9 ord] t ! valve may act well4 ,we h describ$ ! valve at l5g? at p4 #f4 ,! tube d is z mu* n>r[] ?an ! tube ,d ,f z is necess>y to p]mit x to pass up & d[n )9 ! latt]4 ,its use is to l5g!n or %ort5 ! tube = ! conv5i5ce ( ! bl[]4 ,! l[] end is w\nd r\nd ) wax$ ?read1 to make x fit air-tight4 ,! m\?-piece is execut$ by wid5+ ! end ( ! tube1 & !n1 :ile ! wid5$ "p is /ill s(t1 by press+ ! two sides obliquely1 "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,by ?is means y give to ! m\?-piece a flatt5$ =m1 :i* adapts x bett] to ! lips4 ,! tube is f9i%$ by slightly b5d+ ?is extremity4 ,9 ord] t ! bladd]1 or air res]voir1 may be conv5i5tly & securely atta*$ to ! tube ,e1 y mu/ take c>e to wid5 ! end ( ?is tube1 & to turn up ! edges /rongly1 by press+ ! s(t end aga9/ a flat metallic surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,capsules4--,^! are v small m]cury funnels1 ( :i* ! op5+ or neck has be5 clos$4 ,to trans=m ^! funnels into capsules1 y mu/ cut ! neck z close z possible1 & !n s(t51 close1 & flatt5 ! op5+4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is op]ation1 hold ! capsule by ! edge ) y\r p9c]s1 & employ a piece ( metal to press ! glass toge!r & make x close ! hole & =m ! flat bottom ( ! capsule4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #bc4 ,ano!r ,me?od4--,aft] hav+ bl[n a bulb at ! end ( a po9t1 s(t5 a n>r[ zone ( ! bulb1 & !n bl[ sudd5ly & /rongly into x2 by :i* means y sep>ate ! bulb into two capsules1 :i* only ne$ to be bord]$4 ,if y f9d any difficulty 9 pres5t+ to ! flame ! capsule :i* =ms ! "p ( ! bulb oppos$ to ! po9t1 y c atta* to x a little rod ( glass1 :i* y c aft]w>ds easily sep>ate by a slight sm>t bl[4 ,occasionally y w h to make capsules ) d\ble sides1 :i* w be describ$ at ! article ,ni*olson's ,hydromet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>tesian ,,devils4--,bl[ a bulb at ! extremity ( a v small tube1 & heat a portion ( ! bulb1 = ! purpose ( prolong+ x into a beak4 ,?is c be effect$ ) ! aid ( an auxili>y tube1 :i*1 on be+ jo9$ to ! heat$ "p ( ! bulb1 c>ries away ) x ! portion ( glass :i* adh]es4 ,?is portion ( ! bulb becomes ?us prolong$ into a little po9t1 :i* mu/ be cut at its extremity1 s z to leave a small op5+4 ,! pr9cipal tube mu/ be cut at ! di/ance ( half an in* f ! bulb1 & ! ends ( x mu/ be drawn out & twi/$ into a r+4 ,in/ead ( =m+ lat]ally a little beak to ! bulb1 y may pi]ce ! tail1 aft] twi/+ x into ! =m ( a r+1 or y may manage 9 su* a mann] z n to oblit]ate ! canal ( ! twi/$ "p4 ,9 g5]al1 little enamel figures are susp5d$ to ! r+ ( ^! globes1 z is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #bb4 ,a simple bulb1 bl[n at ! extremity ( a small portion ( tube1 c supply ! place ( ! ,ludion or ,c>tesian devil4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,communicat+ ,,vases4--,employ a tube ( a l>ge diamet]2 t]m9ate "o ( its extremities ) a funnel1 fa%ion ! o!r l ! neck ( a bottle2 & b5d ! tube into ! %ape %ewn by pl4 #d1 fig4 #aa4 ,!n twi/ "s o!r tubes into v>i\s =ms1 accord+ to ! end y propose to atta91 & adju/ ^! tubes to ! neck ( ! l>ge tube by means ( corks1 :i* h holes bor$ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ?is mann] an ex*ange ( tubes is provid$ = v>i\s exp]im5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dropp+ ,,tubes4--,! "n dropp+ tube is giv5 to an in/rum5t ( glass :i* is v mu* employ$ 9 *emi/ry1 = ! purpose ( transf]r+ small quantities ( liquor f "o vessel into ano!r1 )\t di/urb+ ei!r ( ! vessels4 ,dropp+ tubes are made ( a great v>iety ( =ms & sizes1 accord+ to ! purposes to :i* !y are int5d$ to be appli$4 ,bl[ a bulb betwe5 two po9ts1 & !n1 be=e ! glass has rega9$ its consi/5ce1 l5g!n ! bulb into an oval =m4 ,cut & bord] ! two po9ts4 ,if ! bulb1 or res]voir1 is to be s l>ge t x _c be =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! ?ickness ( ! tube1 & yet be suffici5tly /rong1 x mu/ be bl[n sep>ately f a l>g] tube1 & !n sold]$ to two small] tubes1 "o ( :i* %\ld h a c]ta9 curvature giv5 to x4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #bj4 ,sometimes a dropp+ tube is employ$ to measure small quantities ( liquid4 ,9 ?is case ! po9t %\ld be drawn (f abruptly1 & ! scale %\ld be m>k$ on ! %ank or tube ) spots ( black enamel4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #ba1 repres5ts a peculi> v>iety ( dropp+ tube employ$ 9 "s exp]im5ts4 ,x is made 9 ! same mann] z ! common dropp+ tubes1 except+ t1 :5 ! tail is =m$1 x is seal$ at ! extremity1 b5t !re into a r+1 & !n pi]c$ at ,a4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #bf1 repres5ts ano!r v>iety ( dropp+ tube1 a description ( :i* is unnecess>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\nta9s4--,x w readily be und]/ood by ^? acqua9t$ ) ! con/ruction ( hydraulic app>atus1 t1 by means ( a judici\s arrangem5t ( glass tubes1 a great v>iety ( f\nta9s may be produc$4 ,! foll[+ are giv5 z examples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,circulation4--,take a tube1 tw5ty-f\r or ?irty in*es long1 ne>ly half an in* 9 diamet]1 & ) pretty ?ick sides2 bl[ a bulb at "o ( its extremities1 & b5d ! o!r into a ,u1 aft] hav+ drawn x out z indicat$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #d4 ,pi]ce ! tube at ,b1 & jo9 !re a %ort piece adapt$ to receive a cork4 ,!n prep>e a bulb ( ! same size z ! fir/ bulb1 & sold] x to ! extremity ( a v long & almo/ capill>y tube1 :i* y mu/ b5d 9 zig-zag1 9 su* a mann] z to make x repres5t a ,maltese cross1 a />1 a rose1 or any o!r figure t may be sugge/$4 ,! side ( ! bulb opposite to t :i* is atta*$ to ?is twi/$ tube1 ought to be =m$ l ! neck ( a bottle1 9 ord] t x may receive ! drawn-out "p ( ! l>g] tube1 :i* %\ld ent] ! bulb until ! po9t ( ! l>ge tube ne>ly t\*es ! neck ( ! little tube at its junction ) ! bulb4 ,?is disposition is %ewn 9 ! figure4 ,seal n[ ! o!r end ( ! little tube to ! bulb ( ! l>ge tube2 !n1 ) a little cem5t or seal+-wax1 close ! space betwe5 ! bulb ( ! little tube & ! po9t ( ! l>ge tube4 ,! in/rum5t be+ ?us prep>$1 z mu* alcohol1 previ\sly col\r$ r$1 mu/ be ins]t$ by ! neck b z is suffici5t to fill "o ( ! bulbs4 ,! neck is !n clos$ ) a cork1 & a little cem5t or seal+-wax4 ,or1 in/ead ( =m+ ?is neck to ! in/rum5t1 ! additional piece may be drawn out to a po9t1 :i* p]mits x to be seal$ h]metically4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,compression4--,introduce into a tube ( l>ge diamet] a piece ( capill>y tube ) ?ick sides4 ,?is mu/ pass a little beyond ! extremity ( ! l>ge tube1 :i* is to be s(t5$ & sold]$ to ! o!r1 s t x %all be fix$ conc5trically4 ,! common po9t is !n to be drawn out4 ,:5 ! tube is q cold1 & ! small tube prop]ly fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge "o1 cut ! latt] at a prop] di/ance1 bord] x1 & *oke x ne> ! end1 :i* mu/ be fa%ion$ 9 su* a mann] z to be capable ( be+ completely clos$ by a cork4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #bi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,int]mitt+ ,,f\nta94--,?is app>atus is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #af4 ,sold] a cyl9drical res]voir to ! extremity ( a capill>y tube1 pi]c$ at a1 & seal$ at its extremity4 ,draw out abruptly ! po9t ( ! res]voir1 & give x a v small orifice2 !n give to ! capill>y tube ! =m indicat$ by ! figure4 ,prep>e next a funnel resembl+ a m]cury-funnel1 b mu* l>g]2 *oke ! neck ( ?is funnel1 & b5d ! tube into ! =m ( a syphon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]o',s ,,f\nta94--,sold] a bulb to ! extremity ( a tube1 & trans=m ! bulb into a funnel4 ,close ! funnel ) a cork1 & sold] to ! o!r end ( ! tube a bulb simil> to ! fir/4 ,next1 sold] a ?ird bulb betwe5 two tubes1 ( :i* "o mu/ be twice z long ! o!r2 sold] ! long] ( ^! tubes to ! bulb ( ! fir/ tube1 & draw out ! po9t ( ! %ort] tube4 ,y h n[ a long tube1 ) a funnel at "o end1 a contract$ po9t at ! o!r1 & two bulbs 9 its l5g?4 ,give to ! :ole app>atus ! =m indicat$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #ba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,funnels4--,x w be se51 ^u look+ ov] ! engrav+s1 t funnels require to be made = a great v>iety ( in/rum5ts2 y ought !re=e to acquire z soon z possible ! art ( mak+ !m well4 ,! foll[+ are ^? mo/ frequ5tly requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,retort ,,funnel4--,bl[ a bulb at ! extremity ( a tube2 pres5t ! sup]ior hemisph]e ( ! bulb to ! flame1 & :5 x is suffici5tly s(t5$1 bl[ /rongly into ! o!r end ( ! tube4 ,! air w =ce its way ?r\gh ! bulb1 mak+ a hole :i* w be l>g] or small] accord+ to ! ext5t ( surface :i* may h be5 s(t5$4 ,! op5+ ( ! funnel be+ made ?us1 !re is no?+ m to d ?an to adju/ ! edges1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate1 are bo? fragile & irregul>4 ,?is x is v easy to d4 ,! edges are s(t5$1 ! mo/ prom95t p>ts are cut (f ) ! sciss>s1 & ! p>ts :i* are ?9 are b5t back on !mselves1 t !y may become ?ick]4 ,^u turn+ ! funnel r\nd 9 ! flame1 ! small] irregul>ities give way1 & ! edges become r\nd$4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #bd4 ,:5 ! funnel is desir$ to be v l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! tube1 a bulb is made f a l>g] tube1 & aft]w>ds sold]$ to ! small tube1 & trans=m$ into a funnel 9 ! mann] above describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,funnel ,,= ,,introduc+ ,,m]cury ,,into ,,n>r[ ,,tubes4--,! m]cury-funnel is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #be4 ,bl[ a bulb betwe5 two po9ts2 cut (f "o ( ! po9ts1 & op5 ! bulb at t place1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! prec$+ article4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydro/atic ,,funnel4--,?is is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #ca4 ,x is an in/rum5t ( con/ant use 9 *emical exp]im5ts4 ,=m a funnel at ! extremity ( a tube 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 hav+ previ\sly bl[n a bulb ne> ! middle ( ! tube4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 b5d ! tube into ! =m %[n by ! figure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h\r-,,glasses4--,bl[ f\r bulbs on a tube close to ea* o!r2 op5 ! two end bulbs l funnels1 & !n =m !m into flat supports or p$e/als1 accord+ to ! me?od describ$ at ! article ,te/-glass ) a foot4 ,ob/ruct entirely ! canal :i* sep>ates "o ( ^! feet2 *oke to a c]ta9 ext5t ! passage betwe5 ! two rema9+ bulbs2 & close ! canal betwe5 ! o!r foot & ! bulbs1 aft] introduc+ ! quantity ( s& :i* y h f\nd to be necess>y4 ,see pl4 #c1 fig4 #ac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydraulic ,,ram4--,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #ae4 ,employ a tube ab\t six feet long1 ) ?ick sides & ( l>ge diamet]4 ,seal x at "o extremity1 k1 & bord] x at ! o!r2 sold] at p an additional piece1 *ok$ s z to receive a valve4 ,pi]ce ! tube at l2 draw x out1 & fix a funnel !re2 !n twi/ ! tube into a spiral4 ,=m1 on ! o!r h&1 a f\nta9 ( compression1 o1 & a funnel1 m2 & fix bo? ( ^! pieces by means ( seal+-wax1 z soon z ! two valves p & l h be5 put into _! places4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydromet]s4--,hydromet]s are in/rum5ts :i*1 on be+ plung$ into liquids1 indicate imm$iately _! d5sity or specific gravity4 ,areomet]s diff] f hydromet]s sometimes 9 graduation1 sometimes m]ely 9 "n4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( hydromet]s1 ( :i* a great _m v>ieties are 9 use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,baum',s ,,hydromet]4--,make a cyl9d] betwe5 two po9ts1 & sold] x to ! extremity ( a tube ) ?9 sides1 & :i* mu/ be v regul> on ! outside4 ,close ! op5 "p :i* is to =m ! /alk ( ! hydromet] ) a little wax4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #i & #ae4 ,:5 ! sold]+1 :i* mu/ be well done1 is complete1 & ! /alk well c5t]$1 *oke ! res]voir at a little di/ance f ! base ( ! po9t1 by draw+ x out 9 su* a mann] z consid]ably to dim9i% ! canal 9 ?is "p4 ,remove !n ! ball ( wax :i* clos$ ! tube1 draw (f ! po9t ( ! cyl9d]1 & make ! "p :i* 0 pull$ away f ! cyl9d] by ! *ok+1 into a bulb1 by bl[+ ) precaution into ! tube4 ,if ! res]voir is requir$ to be sph]ical in/ead ( cyl9drical1 x mu/ be s(t5$ & exp&$ by bl[+4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to balla/ ! in/rum5t ) m]cury1 ! canal mu/ be completely /opp$ at ! po9t :]e x is *ok$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! "p drawn away f ! cyl9d] is exp&$ into a bulb by bl[+ ?r\gh ! extreme po9t1 :i* is to be cut (f aft] ! in/rum5t is complet$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 y balla/ ! in/rum5t ) lead %ot1 :i* y fix 9 ! l[] bulb by means ( a little wax1 :i* closes ! canal at ! *ok$ "p4 ,9 ! second case1 aft] hav+ prov$ ! balla/ by putt+ x fir/ into ! l>ge res]voir1 x is remov$ into ! little bulb1 & ! latt] is imm$iately seal$4 ,"o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( a good hydromet] is t ! /alk %\ld keep a p]fectly v]tical position :5 ! in/rum5t is plung$ 9 wat]4 ,if1 !re=e1 on prov+ ! balla/1 y p]ceive ! /alk to re/ obliquely1 y mu/ take c>e1 on retir+ x f ! wat]1 to wipe x dry1 & to pres5t ! *ok$ "p betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! little bulb to ! flame2 :5 x is s(t5$1 x is easy1 by giv+ x a slight b5d 9 ! direction :]e ! /alk ( ! hydromet] passes f ! v]tical1 to rectify ! defect4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! in/rum5t is balla/$1 y mu/ seal ! /alk1 aft] hav+ fix$ 9 its int]ior ! /rip ( pap] :i* be>s ! graduat$ division4 ,?is me?od ( op]ation s]ves equally = all ! areomet]s kn[n "u ! names ( areomet] ( ,baum1 pse-sels1 pse-liqueurs1 pse-acides1 & hydromet]s1 :i* diff] only 9 ! s*eme ( _! graduation4 ,z to ! size & ! l5g? ( ! /alks1 !y dep5d ^u ! dim5sions y desire to give to ! degrees ( ! scale1 & ^u ! use to :i* ! in/rum5ts are de/9$4 ,= ! areomet] ( ,baum1 & = ! pse-sels1 ! /alks are g5]ally ?ick] & %ort] ?an = hydromet]s4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #ai1 #bj1 & #ba1 repres5t diff]5t hydromet]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ni*olson',s ,,hydromet]4--,sold] a bulb to ! extremity ( a capill>y tube2 op5 x s z to =m a v wide funnel1 or r capsule2 bord] ! edges1 & melt ! po9t ( junction ) ! tube s z to close ! op5+ ( ! latt]4 ,sold] ! o!r extremity ( ! tube to a cyl9drical res]voir4 ,s(t5 ! po9t at ! l[] extremity ( ! cyl9d]1 & ob/ruct ! canal s z to conv]t ! po9t into a glass rod2 b5d ?is rod into a hook4 ,n[ bl[ a bulb at ! end ( a po9t1 z if to make a m]cury funnel2 b1 aft] hav+ s(t5$ ! hemisph]e ( ! bulb opposite to ! po9t1 & plac$ ! latt] 9 ! m\?1 in/ead ( bl[+ into ! bulb s z to make a funnel1 /rongly suck air f ! bulb3 by ?is means ! s(t5$ "p ( ! glass is drawn inw>ds1 & y obta9 a capsule ) d\ble sides1 z exhibit$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #ag4 ,?is capsule mu/ h a small h&le fa/5$ across x1 by :i* x may be hung to ! hook =m$ at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] describ$ above4 ,?is hydromet] be+ always br\ght to ! same level1 ! po9t to :i* x mu/ be sunk 9 ! liquid exp]im5t$ )1 is m>k$ on ! /alk by apply+ a little spot ( black enamel4 ,! in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #bc4 ,a v>iation 9 =m is %ewn by pl4 #d1 fig4 #bb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydromet] ,,) ,,two ,,bran*es4--,to measure ! relative d5sity ( two liquids :i* h no action on ea* o!r1 y employ a simple tube1 b5t 9 ! middle & wid5$ at its two extremities4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #aa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydromet] ,,) ,,?ree ,,bran*es4--,?is consi/s ( a tube b5t 9 su* a mann] t ! two bran*es become p>allel4 ,to ?is tube ano!r is sold]$ at ! po9t ( curvature1 & is b5t 9 ! direction exhibit$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #ab4 ,:5 ! two bran*es are put into diff]5t liquids1 & ! op]ator sucks air f ! ?ird bran*1 ! two liquids rise 9 _! respective tubes to heights :i* are 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! specific gravities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydromet] ,,) ,,f\r ,,bran*es4--,?is is m]ely a tube b5t ?ree times1 & wid5$ at its extremities4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #ac4 ,to graduate hydromet]s ) two1 ?ree1 & f\r bran*es1 y h to divide _! tubes into a c]ta9 numb] ( equal p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,manomet]s4--,make *oice ( a tube ne>ly capill>y1 v regul> 9 ! bore1 & ) sides m or less ?ick1 accord+ to ! degree ( pressure :i* x is to support4 ,seal ?is tube at "o end1 bl[ a bulb ) ?ick sides ne> ! middle1 & curl x 9 ,s1 j z is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #i4 ,= manomet]s :i* s]ve to measure ! ela/icity ( ! air "u ! receiv] ( ! air-pump1 :at is g5]ally employ$ is a tube clos$ at "o end & b5t into a ,u4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #aj4 ,y %\ld take c>e to contract ^! at "s di/ance f ! seal$ "p1 9 ord] to avoid ! break+ ( ! in/rum5t on ! sudd5 admission ( air4 ,manomet]s are graduat$1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! sequel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m>iotte',s ,,tube4--,?is is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #g4 ,x consi/s ( a tube ?irty-n9e in*es long1 clos$ at "o end1 bord]$ & wid5$ at ! o!r1 & b5t into a ,u at ! di/ance ( eight in*es f its seal$ end4 ,! graduation ( ?is in/rum5t w be describ$ h]eaft]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phosphoric ,,fire-,,bottle4--,?is is a %ort piece ( tube clos$ at "o end1 & wid5$ & bord]$ at ! o!r1 9 su* a mann] z to receive a cork4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #cd4 ,x is 9 ?is little vessel t ! phosphorus is enclos$4 ,glasses ( ?is =m c be employ$ 9 a great v>iety ( *emical exp]im5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pulsomet]4--,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a tube1 ( :i* ea* extremity is t]m9at$ by a bulb2 x is p>tly fill$ ) nitric e!r1 & seal$ at ! mom5t :5 ! ebullition ( ! e!r has *as$ ! atmosph]ic air :olly f ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #af4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pump4--,sold] a cyl9d]1 ,b 7pl4 #d1 fig4 #ab71 to ! extremity ( a small tube1 ,c1 & =m _! po9t ( co9cid5ce into a funnel1 to :i* y w adapt a valve4 ,pi]ce ! wide tube or body ( ! pump at ,d1 & sold] !re a piece ( tube b5t into an elb[ & wid5$ at ! o!r end into a funnel1 :i* is to be furni%$ ) a second valve1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,prep>e !n ! f\nta9 ( compression ,e1 &1 by means ( a cork & a little seal+-wax1 fix x ^u ! bran* ,d4 ,to prep>e ! pi/on1 ,a1 bl[ a bulb at ! end ( a tube1 flatt5 ! end ( ! bulb1 & *oke x across ! middle1 9 ord] to =m a place r\nd :i* t[ c be twi/$1 to make x fit ! tube air-tight4 ,f9i% ! pi/on by twi/+ ! o!r end ( ! tube into a r+1 z at ,a4 ,! valves are =m$ ( small cones ( cork1 or wood1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre an iron wire ( suffici5t size & weight to enable !m to play well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,retort ,,= ,,*emical ,,exp]im5ts4--,plate #c1 fig4 #i1 repres5ts a comb9ation ( a l>ge & a small tube1 =m+ a retort1 :i* c be employ$ ) mu* advantage 9 _m *emical exp]im5ts4 ,:5 a gas is to be di/ill$ by means ( su* a vessel1 ! +r$i5ts are put into ! wide tube1 :i* is previ\sly clos$ at "o end1 & !n ! o!r end ( ! tube is ei!r drawn out or sold]$ to a n>r[ tube4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #h & #bi1 repres5t su* vessels "u diff]5t =ms4 ,v (t5 a sort ( retort c be =m$ by jo9+ a wide tube to a long b5t n>r[ tube1 by means ( a cork4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tubulat$ ,,retort4--,?is is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #f4 ,prep>e a retort1 su* z is describ$ 9 ! prec$+ article1 b "o :i* is b5t ne> ! clos$ end2 pi]ce x at ,a 7fig4 #f71 & sold] !re a little piece ( tube previ\sly drawn out & seal$1 su* z is repres5t$ by pl4 #a1 fig4 #aa4 ,:5 ! sold]+ is f9i%$1 s(t5 ! end ( ! little tube1 pi]ce x1 & fa%ion x into a bottle neck1 s t x c be clos$ by a cork4 ,f9i% ! in/rum5t by =m+ ! op5 end accord+ to ! purpose to :i* x may be de/9$4 ,9 ! figure1 ! end is repres5t$ z drawn out = ! conv5i5ce ( bl[+ into ! retort to pi]ce ! tubulure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rum=d',s ,,!rmoscope4--,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #ce4 ,x is necess>y to take a tube almo/ capill>y1 to sold] a bulb at ea* extremity1 to pi]ce x lat]ally at b1 & to sold] !re a piece ( tube previ\sly drawn out1 b ( :i* y op5 ! po9t = ! purpose ( f9i%+ ! seal+ ( ! bulb ,a4 ,aft] do+ ?is1 y b5d ! two bran*es1 z %ewn 9 ! figure4 ,:5 ! liquid has be5 introduc$ into ! in/rum5t1 y mu/ seal ! little piece ( tube :i* s]ves z a res]voir4 ,?is in/rum5t c be made 9 ano!r mann]4 ,take two pieces ( tube1 "o ( !m twice z long z ! o!r2 sold] a bulb at "o end ( ea* ( ^! tubes1 & at ab\t ! ?ird "p ( ! l5g? ( ! long tube1 p>t+ f ! bulb1 b5d x at a "r angle2 pi]ce ! little tube at a correspond+ di/ance1 & sold] to ! hole ! end ( ! long tube4 ,! sold]+ be+ f9i%$1 & ! :ole sy/em hav+ ! =m indicat$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #ce1 introduce1 by ! op5 end ( ! %ort tube1 a small quantity ( col\r$ acid1 & !n seal ! end ( ! %ort tube1 :i* s]ves z a res]voir4 ,! int]ior diamet] ( ! tubes :i* are g5]ally employ$ z !rmoscopes1 is "o-eigh? or "o-twelf? ( an in*4 ,! mode ( graduation is describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syphons4--,! simple syphon is a glass tube b5t1 at a little di/ance f ! middle1 into a =m :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( & 1 ! legs be+ /ret*$ ap>t l ^? ( ! latt]1 b ! b5d be+ r\nd$ l t ( ! =m]4 ,! tube is b5t ne> ! middle1 & n exactly at ! middle1 9 ord] t ! legs may be ( unequal l5g?s2 an arrangem5t :i* is indisp5sable4 ,syphons are made ( diff]5t l5g?s & diamet]s1 = v>i\s purposes4 ,!y c be made ( tubes s capill>y t x is suffici5t to put !m into wat] to make !m act3 ! liquid rises 9 !m by capill>y attraction1 & does n require to be suck$ ?r\gh ! tube1 z x does :5 l>ge syphons are employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wirtemb]g ,,syphon4--,?is syphon is ! same z ! simple syphon1 except+ t ! two bran*es are ( equal l5g?1 & are b5t 9 ,u at bo? extremities4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #bb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syphon ,,) ,,?ree ,,bran*es4--,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #ai4 ,close a tube at "o end & draw x out at ! o!r2 pi]ce x at "s in*es f ! contract$ extremity1 & sold] to ! hole a little tube ( :i* ! o!r end has be5 clos$ ) wax4 ,give ! tube ! b5d necess>y to con/itute a syphon1 & op5 ! two bran*es4 ,! sold]+ ( ! two tubes is facilitat$ by giv+ to ! extremity ( ! little tube a b5d :i* adapts x to be appli$ p>allel to ! l>ge tube4 ,:5 ! syphon is desir$ to be well f9i%$1 ! m\?-piece ( ! little tube mu/ be bord]$ & wid5$1 & a bulb mu/ be bl[n ne> ! m\?-piece4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syphon ,,) ,,jet ,,( ,,wat]4--,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #a4 ,take a tube ( a l>ge diamet]1 close x at "o end1 & draw x out at ! o!r4 ,cut ! contract$ "p 9 su* a mann] z to be able to introduce1 ?r\gh ! orifice1 ! extremity1 also drawn out1 ( ano!r tube1 :i* %\ld be almo/ capill>y4 ,sold] ^! toge!r 9 su* a mann] t ! po9t ( ! small tube %all rema9 fix$ ab\t an in* )9 ! int]ior ( ! res]voir4 ,pi]ce aga9 ! latt]1 at ,b1 & sold] !re ano!r bran* ( ! same diamet] z ! =m]2 b fix x 9 su* a mann] t its side %all be contigu\s to ! side ( ! res]voir4 ,f9ally1 give to ! bran*es ! b5d repres5t$ by ! figure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spoons4--,sold] a bulb to ! extremity ( a capill>y tube2 op5 ! bulb z = a funnel1 b make ! op5+ lat]ally4 ,cut ) sciss>s ! edges ( ! "p bl[n op51 & 9 su* a mann] z to =m a spoon or a ladle1 accord+ z ! bulb _h ! =m ( a sph]e or an olive4 ,?is in/rum5t is useful = tak+ small quantities ( acids4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #aa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,_s ,,level4--,! _s level is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #bh4 ,*oose a piece ( tube v /raight1 & ) sides precisely ( ! same ?ickness 9 all p>ts4 ,seal x at "o end1 & draw x out abruptly at ! o!r4 ,fill x almo/ entirely ) alcohol1 & seal ! po9t by ! jet ( a c&le4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/ ,,glass ,,) ,a ,,foot4--,take a tube drawn out at "o end2 *oke x at an in* f ! base1 9 su* a mann] z to ob/ruct ! canal almo/ entirely4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #ab4 ,cut (f ! po9t1 close ! op5+1 & s(t5 ! :ole end completely2 !n bl[ x into a bulb & bur/ x into a funnel4 ,n[ pres5t ! contract$ "p to ! fire1 s z totally to close ! passage4 ,bord] & s(t5 ! funnel1 & by press+ x aga9/ a flat plate ( metal give x ! =m ( a foot1 or p$e/al4 ,cut ! tube at ! l5g? :i* y desire ! te/-glass to h1 & bord] ! edges ( ! op5+4 ,?is is a v useful little *emical in/rum5t4 ,x is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!rmomet]s4--,!rmomet]s are in/rum5ts employ$ = appreciat+ *anges ( temp]ature1 ei!r 9 ! atmosph]e or 9 sub/ances :i* we h occasion to exam9e4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal v>ieties n[ employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ord9>y ,,!rmomet]4--,if y desire to make /&>d !rmomet]s1 y mu/ h capill>y tubes ( p]fect accuracy 9 ! bore4 ,y are assur$ ( regul>ity 9 ! diamet] ( a tube :5 a drop ( m]cury1 made to pass along ! canal by means ( a g5tle incl9ation1 or by air bl[n f an ,indian-rubb] bottle1 gives ev]y:]e a metallic column ( ! same l5g?4 ,= ord9>y !rmomet]s ?is precaution is sup]flu\s4 ,9 all cases y employ a tube m or less capill>y1 at "o ( ! extremities ( :i* y bl[ or sold] a sph]ical or cyl9drical res]voir4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #a & #b4 ,y fill ! in/rum5t ) well-purifi$ m]cury1 or alcohol1 :i* y boil 9 ! tube1 9 ord] to *ase ! air f x4 ,z x is necess>y to heat ! in/rum5t ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 y mu/ place x on a rail+ ( iron wire1 incl9$ 9 ! mann] repres5t$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #ad1 & cov]$ ) burn+ *>coal1 or r$-hot wood a%es4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to employ a k9d ( muff1 =m$ ( two conc5tric wire grates1 betwe5 :i* y put burn+ *>coal1 & res]ve ! c5tre = ! in/rum5t4 ,! tube is ?us kept 9 a v]tical position1 :i* all[s ! bubbles ( air to escape ) m facility4 ,an iron wire is made use ( to fa/5 ! tube precisely 9 ! c5tre ( ! column ( fire4 ,! op]ation is consid]ably promot$ by sold]+ a little funnel to ! upp] extremity ( ! !rmomet] tube2 &1 9 ord] to avoid ! int]ruption ( ! column ( liquid by bubbles ( air1 x is bett] to give to ! sup]ior "p ( ! res]voir ! =m ( a cone 7pl4 #d1 fig4 #c71 r ?an to pres]ve ! completely sph]ical =m indicat$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #b4 ,:5 ! ebullition has expell$ all ! air :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! m]cury1 or alcohol1 y imm$iately plunge ! op5 extremity ( ! in/rum5t into a vessel fill$ ) "o or ! o!r ( ^! liquids2 or1 in/ead ( ?is1 y p\r ! liquid into ! funnel1 9 ord] t ! in/rum5t may be q fill$ at ! common temp]ature4 ,y !n cut (f ! funnel1 if "o has be5 us$1 &1 by prop]ly elevat+ ! temp]ature ( ! res]voir1 y expel s mu* ( ! liquid t ! summit ( ! column re/s at ! po9t :i* y desire to make *oice ( = ! mean temp]ature3 ?is op]ation is t]m$ regulat+ ! c\rse ( ! !rmomet]4 ,!re are two me?ods ( clos+ !rmomet]s3 y may ei!r produce a vacuum above ! column ( m]cury1 or y may all[ air to rema9 !re4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 aft] hav+ drawn out ! end ( ! tube1 y heat ! liquid until a s+le drop passes out ( ! op5+2 y !n in/antly br+ ! po9t into ! jet1 & seal x4 ,9 ! second case1 y seal ! in/rum5t at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & hav+ previ\sly rais$ to a r$di%-:ite heat ! button ( glass :i* is =m$ by ! seal+1 y sudd5ly elevate ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury4 ,! liquid1 on ris+1 compresses ! enclos$ air1 :i* dilates ! r$-hot button at ! summit ( ! tube1 & produces a species ( res]voir4 ,?is res]voir is indisp5sably necess>y :5 y leave air above ! column ( liquid1 9 ord] to provide aga9/ ! bur/+ ( ! in/rum5t on ^? occasions :5 ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury comes to be consid]ably elevat$4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #ac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dial ,,!rmomet]4--,t]m9ate a piece ( tube1 ( six-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) two po9ts1 & sold] to "o ( ^! po9ts a tube "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet] & six in*es long2 close ! end ( ?is small tube1 &1 heat+ a zone ( ! res]voir1 ne> ! base ( ! o!r po9t1 bl[ a bulb !re4 ,cut (f ! po9t by :i* y h bl[n1 at a little di/ance f ! bulb2 op5 & bord] ! end ( ! n>r[ tube1 & b5d x into a ,u4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #af4 ,fill ! bulb & ! res]voir ) alcohol1 & add a drop ( m]cury :i* fills a c]ta9 space 9 ! n>r[ tube4 ,?is m]cury be>s on its surface a little iron weight1 to :i* a ?read is fa/5$2 ! o!r end ( ?is ?read passes ov] a pulley1 ^: axis turns a ne$le4 ,! expansion or contraction ( ! alcohol causes ! m]cury to rise & fall1 & consequ5tly produces a movem5t ( ! ne$le or index ( ! dial4 ,?is !rmomet] is graduat$ l ! o!rs1 by be+ br\ght into comp>ison ) a /&>d !rmomet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*emical ,,!rmomet]4--,?is in/rum5t is m]ely a common !rmomet]1 ! divisions ( :i*1 graduat$ on pap]1 are enclos$ 9 a v ?9 glass tube1 to h9d] !m f be+ alt]$ or de/roy$ :5 ! in/rum5t is plung$ into liquids4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g1 repres5t *emical !rmomet]s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! case ( ! !rmomet] c be made 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 y take a tube ( a pretty l>ge diamet]1 & ) v ?9 sides2 y draw out "o end & oblit]ate ! po9t1 :i* y b5d into a r+1 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to t ( ! case2 y pass ?r\gh ?is r+ ! /alk ( ! !rmomet]1 :i* is ?us plac$ p>allel to ! l>ge tube4 ,aft] hav+ fix$ ! graduat$ scale 9 ! int]ior ( ! case1 by means ( a small drop ( seal+-wax1 :i* has be5 dropp$ on ! slip ( pap]1 & :i*1 be+ support$ aga9/ ! side ( ! case1 ne$s only to be w>m$ to adh]e !re & fix ! scale securely to its envelope1 y close ! upp] extremity ( ! case by draw+ x out1 oblit]at+ ! canal & sold]+ x to ! !rmomet] tube :i* has be5 introduc$ into ! r+ at ! l[] end ( ! case4 ,y heat ! connect+ piece till x is s(t1 & !n pu% ! !rmomet] up & d[n until ! z]o m>k$ on its tube corresponds ) ! z]o m>k$ on ! scale )9 ! case4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #f & #g4 ,! second me?od ( mak+ ! case is z foll[s3--,y take a tube ) ?9 sides1 & suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 ! entire !rmomet]2 y draw out ! tube at "o end1 & *oke x at "s di/ance f ! po9t ( ! contract$ "p4 ,?is y mu/ d 9 su* a mann] z to =m a little bulb1 :i* is to be balla/$ 9 ! mann] describ$ at ! article ,hydromet]s4 ,aft] hav+ introduc$ into ! case a little ball ( cotton1 y place !re9 ! !rmomet]1 furni%$ ) its scale1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! res]voir re/s on ! cotton4 ,y t]m9ate ! upp] end ( ! case ei!r ) a r+ or by a contraction :i* p]mits ! in/rum5t to be susp5d$ by a cord4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #d & #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spiral ,,!rmomet]4--,take a tube :i* is n capill>y1 b :i* has ?9 sides2 close "o ( its ends1 & b5d x r\nd by press+ x ) a metallic rod2 cont9ue to b5d x r\nd till x has made sev]al turns1 all 9 ! same plane4 ,see pl4 #a1 fig4 #ac4 ,! latt] turns may be manag$ ) ! f+]s in/ead ( ! metallic rod4 ,:5 ! res]voir s =m$ is suffici5tly l>ge1 sold] to ! end ( x a capill>y tube1 :i* y po9t 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to t ( ! axis ( ! spiral4 ,! in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pocket ,,!rmomet]4--,! pocket !rmomet] diff]s 9 no?+ f ! !rmomet] j describ$1 except t ! capill>y tube1 in/ead ( pass+ away f ! spiral 9 a /raight l9e1 is turn$ r\nd1 s z to =m a cont9uation ( ! spiral4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #ag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,maximum ,,!rmomet]4--,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( an ord9>y m]curial !rmomet]1 b5t at a "r angle ne> ! orig9 ( ! res]voir1 & 9 ! horizontal column ( :i* a little /eel or iron rod has be5 introduc$3 ?is rod1 by glid+ 9 ! tube1 :]e x exp]i5ces v little friction1 s]ves z an index4 ,s9ce ?is index does n p]mit ! in/rum5t to be seal$ ) ! vacuum above ! m]cury1 y mu/ t]m9ate ! seal+ by a little res]voir1 z we h describ$ at ! article on ! second me?od ( clos+ !rmomet]s4 ,! in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #bd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4--,?is in/rum5t is con/ruct$ pretty ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z ! prec$+4 ,! liquid1 h[ev]1 mu/ be alcohol1 & ! index a little rod ( enamel1 :i* ought n to be q s l>ge z ! bore ( ! !rmomet] tube4 ,y seal ! tube by mak+ a vacuum above ! column4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bellani',s ,,maximum ,,!rmomet]4--,?is !rmomet] is repres5t$ by pl4 #d1 fig4 #i4 ,take a tube :i* is v regul>1 & ab\t "o-eigh? or "o-twelf? ( an in* diamet] 9 ! bore2 sold] a res]voir at ea* end1 "o ( !m mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r2 make a b5d ne> ! l>ge res]voir1 & !n fill ! in/rum5t ) alcohol to ,a4 ,above t1 place ! fir/ index1 :i* consi/s ( a v small piece ( tube clos$ at "o end & cut (f squ>e at ! o!r4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ?is tube ! two ends ( a hair are fix$1 by means ( a little rod ( iron1 :i* is pu%$ into ! tube4 ,introduce a quantity ( m]cury above ?is index1 make ! b5d ,b1 add aga9 m]cury z f> z ,c1 !n ano!r index simil> to ! fir/4 ,f9ally1 fill ! re/ ( ! tube & ! half ! little res]voir ) alcohol1 & seal ! po9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diff]5tial ,,!rmomet]4--,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #ad4 ,take a tube t5 or twelve in*es long1 & "o-eigh? or "o-twelf? ( an in* int]nal diamet]2 bl[ a bulb at "o end1 & b5d ! tube at a "r angle t[>ds ! f\r? "p ( its l5g?4 ,prep>e a second tube 9 ! same mann]1 & sold] ! b5t ends toge!r1 s z to =m a s+le tube ) a bulb at ea* end1 hav+ previ\sly p\r$ into "o ( ! bulbs a small quantity ( sulphuric acid t+$ r$4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! above me?od1 y may take a s+le tube ( tw5ty or tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( ! above-m5tion$ diamet]2 y sold] a bulb at ea* end1 b5d ! tube twice till x repres5ts ! figure1 p\r 9 ! acid1 & !n seal ! op5 po9ts4 ,! graduation ( ! diff]5tial !rmomet]1 z well z ( all ! o!r !rmomet]s1 is describ$ 9 a subsequ5t section4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tube ,,= ,,cry/alliz+ ,,sp]maceti4--,take a little capill>y tube2 curl "o ( its ends into a r+1 & sold] ! o!r to a cyl9drical res]voir1 two-?irds ( ! capacity ( :i* y fill ) v pure sp]maceti dissolv$ 9 sulphuric e!r2 y !n seal ! po9t ( ! res]voir4 ,see pl4 #c1 fig4 #bg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tube ,,= ,,demon/rat+ ,,! ,,non-,,conductability ,,( ,,heat ,,by ,,liquids4--,?is is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #bf4 ,x is a tube seal$ at "o end1 bord]$ at ! o!r1 & b5t 9 su* a mann] z conv5i5tly to p]mit ! upp] "p ( a column ( liquid to be expos$ to heat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tube ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,! ,,d5sity ,,( ,,vap\rs4--,repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #ad4 ,x is m]ely a tube seal$ at "o end1 bord]$ at ! o!r1 & b5t z %ewn by ! figure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tubes ,,= ,,expos+ ,,sub/ances ,,to ,,heat ,,& ,,gases4--,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a tube b5t 9 ! middle into a ,u4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #c4 ,x is mu* employ$ 9 *emi/ry1 = conta9+ sub/ances :i* we wi% at ! same "t to expose to an elevat$ temp]ature & to ! action ( c]ta9 gases4 ,?is tube c also be employ$ = cool+ gases1 or liquids1 9 di/illation2 ! b5t "p be+1 9 ?is case1 dipp$ into wat] or a freez+ mixture1 or envelop$ 9 wet pap] or clo?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tubes ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,objects ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,or ,,( ,,*emical ,,prep>ations4--,take a tube ( :i* ! wid? & l5g? corresponds ) ! object :i* is to be enclos$2 draw x out at "o end1 &1 aft] hav+ ob/ruct$ ! po9t1 twi/ x into a r+4 ,introduce ! object by ! op5 extremity1 :i* y mu/ aft]w>ds draw out2 fill ! tube ) ! liquid necess>y to pres]ve ! object1 & !n seal ! po9t4 ,see pl4 #b1 fig4 #bg4 ,if y desire to h ! p[] ( tak+ out ! object at w--z1 = example1 :5 gra9 is pres]v$1 or :51 9 *emi/ry1 ! tube is employ$ to conta9 salts & o!r comp\nds1 ( :i* small quantities are n[ & !n requir$ = use--y d n seal ! end ( ! receiv]1 b bord] x 9 su* a mann] t x c be clos$ by a cork4 ,9 "s cases a cork is n suffici5t to secure ! sub/ance f ! action ( air3 x mu/ !n be assi/$ ) a little cem5t4 ,by melt+ toge!r two p>ts ( yell[ wax1 "o "p ( turp5t9e1 & a small quantity ( ,v5etian r$1 a v useful cem5t = su* purposes is obta9$4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to susp5d ! objects enclos$ )9 ! tube3 y !n introduce a little glass hook1 ! tail ( :i* y sold] to ! upp] extremity ( ! tube2 manag+ ?is op]ation at ! same "t t y make ! ext]nal r+ = ! support ( ! in/rum5t4 ,by turn+ ! hook r\nd cauti\sly1 :i* is done :5 ! end ( ! tube is 9 a s(t /ate1 & by cool+ ! :ole ) c>e1 y may succe$ 9 fix+ ! hook 9 ! c5tre ( ! tube4 ,see pl4 #c1 fig4 #bj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tube ,,= ,,empty+ ,,eggs4--,x is a simple tube1 drawn out to a capill>y po9t at "o end1 & b5t !re into a ,v4 ,see pl4 #c1 fig4 #bc4 ,! application :i* ! au?or has made ( ?is in/rum5t1 & ( ! tube repres5t$ by pl4 #c1 fig4 #bf1 has be5 %ewn 9 a memoir ins]t$ 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 ,tom4 ,,xv4 ,novembre #ahbh1 conc]n+ a new me?od ( prep>+ & r5d]+ durable collections ( eggs de/9$ = cab9ets ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vial ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,elem5ts4--,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ by pl4 #b1 fig4 #bg4 ,take a tube drawn out at "o end1 ob/ruct ! canal two in*es f ! extremity1 & twi/ ! contract$ "p into a r+4 ,draw out ! o!r end ( ! tube1 introduce ! prop] liquids1 remove ! po9t ( ! tube1 & seal x4 ,! liquids g5]ally employ$ = fill+ ! vial ( ! f\r elem5ts are1 #a4 ,m]cury2 #b4 ,a v conc5trat$ solution ( c>bonate ( pota%2 #c4 ,oil ( turp5t9e2 #d4 ,alcohol4 ,a portion ( air is also all[$ to rema9 9 ! tube4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat] ,,hamm]4--,pl4 #b1 fig4 #ah1 is a repres5tation ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,*oose a tube ( a good diamet]1 & ) ?ick sides2 seal x at "o end & draw x out at ! o!r4 ,bl[ a bulb at ! base ( ! contract$ "p2 !n1 hav+ put a quantity ( wat] 9 ! tube1 let x boil !re91 to expel ! atmosph]ical air4 ,:5 y imag9e t all ! air has be5 expell$1 & t no?+ rema9s 9 ! tube b /eam & wat]1 seal ! op5 po9t4 ,:5 y h to seal a tube 9 ?is mann]1 y %\ld be c>eful to draw out ! extremity ( ! tube some:at abruptly1 & leave a v small op5+1 s t x %all be suffici5t to expose ! po9t to ! jet ( a c&le bl[n by a m\? bl[pipe1 to h ! seal+ completely & sudd5ly effect$4 ,y c aft]w>ds r\nd ?is seal$ "p by turn+ x 9 ! flame ( ! lamp1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t y h pres]v$ a suffici5t ?ickness ( glass at ! sides ( ! po9t4 ,if y omit to take ?is precaution1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 act+ ) great =ce on ! s(t5$ glass :5 x is unsupport$ by ! p>tial vacuum )9 ! tube1 is capable ( produc+ su* a flatt5+1 or ev5 s9k+ 9 ( ! matt]1 z c\ld n subsequ5tly be rectifi$2 except1 inde$1 by heat+ simultane\sly ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! tube & ! glass to be m5d$1 :i* is an op]ation ( a v delicate description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,welt]',s ,,safety ,,tubes4--,aft] hav+ clos$ a tube at "o end & drawn x out at ! o!r1 give x ! curvature exhibit$ by plate #c1 fig4 #ah4 ,pi]ce x !n lat]ally1 9 ! middle ( ! "p a b1 & sold] !re ! extremity ( a tube1 to ! o!r end ( :i* a funnel has be5 sold]$3 x is necess>y t ! funnel be clos$ by a cork4 ,! sold]+ be+ t]m9at$1 a bulb mu/ be bl[n & ! tube b5t 9 ,s1 9 ! mann] %ewn by ! figure4 ,!n op5 ! clos$ end1 & cut (f ! contract$ po9t4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,glass-,,bl[+4 ,v4--,graduation ( ,*emical & ,philosophical ,in/rum5ts4 ,,( ,,! ,,sub/ances ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,^! ,,in/rum5ts4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! subject ( graduation1 x is necess>y to say a few words respect+ ! sub/ances :i* are g5]ally employ$ to fill a v>iety ( in/rum5ts1 p>ticul>ly b>omet]s & !rmomet]s4 ,m]cury4--,x ought to be completely purifi$ f all =eign sub/ances4 ,y c sep>ate x f ! du/ x may conta9 by pass+ x ?r\gh a piece ( *amois lea!r2 y tie a v h>d knot1 & by pressure oblige ! m]cury to pass out 9 a f9e ra94 ,?is process is suffici5t = ! purification ( m]cury :i* m]ely conta9s extrane\s bodies 9 susp5sion2 b x is n suffici5t :5 ! m]cury to be purifi$ conta9s t91 lead1 or o!r metals1 9 solution4 ,x is !n necess>y to di/il ! m]cury2 ^u :i* ! fix$ metals rema9 beh9d4 ,! oxide ( m]cury produc$ by ! di/illation is remov$ by agitat+ ! di/ill$ metal ) sulphuric acid1 & subsequ5tly wa%+ x ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 till all ! acid is remov$2 x is !n dri$ z completely z possible ) blott+-pap]1 & aft]w>ds is mod]ately w>m$4 ,alcohol ought to be v pure & well rectifi$4 ,x is necess>y to col\r x1 because1 be+ col\rless ( itself1 x c\ld n be se5 9 capill>y tubes4 ,to col\r alcohol1 y infuse c>m9e 9 x1 &1 aft] "s "t1 decant or filt] ! cle> solution4 ,! liquid %\ld be p]fectly transp>5t1 & free f all extrane\s sub/ances4 ,x is n prop] to employ alcohol 9 ! con/ruction ( /&>d !rmomet]s2 m]cury be+ mu* pref]able4 ,sulphuric ,acid4--,x is made use ( = ! diff]5tial !rmomet]1 & ! !rmoscope ( ,rum=d4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ light] ?an m]cury1 & v slightly volatile3 ^! two qualities1 jo9$ to its t5d5cy to absorb ! vap\r ( wat]1 r5d] x v prop] to be employ$ = v>i\s in/rum5ts4 ,x mu/ be v conc5trat$1 & t+$ r$ by c>m9e4 ,e!r4--,sulphuric & nitric e!r1 ) :i* "s small in/rum5ts are fill$1 are m]ely employ$ to %ew ) :at facility ^! liquids are br\ght to _! boil+ po9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( ,,graduation ,,9 ,,g5]al4--,graduation1 g5]ally speak+1 consi/s 9 divid+ l9es1 surfaces1 & capacities1 into a c]ta9 numb] ( equal or proportional p>ts4 ,x is n our int5tion to treat "h ( ! me?ods furni%$ by practical geometry = effect+ su* divisions ) ma!matical accuracy2 ^! me?ods are kn[n to e body4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to describ+ ! processes ( graduation :i* are peculi> to ! in/rum5ts con/ruct$ by ! glass-bl[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,bore ,,( ,,tubes4--,we h already obs]v$1 t1 = /&>d !rmomet]s & o!r in/rum5ts :i* require to be made v accurate1 x is necess>y to employ tubes :i* are extremely regul> 9 ! bore4 ,:5 a drop ( m]cury1 pass$ successively along all p>ts ( ! tube1 =ms ev]y:]e a column ( ! same l5g?1 ! exam9] is assur$ ( ! goodness ( ! tube4 ,t a tube may be regul> 9 ! bore1 x is n necess>y t ! bore be cyl9drical2 x is suffici5tly accurate :5 equal l5g?s correspond to equal capacities4 ,a tube ) a flat canal1 = example1 c be p]fectly accurate )\t at all approa*+ ! cyl9drical =m4 ,x is only necess>y t a drop ( m]cury occupy ev]y:]e ! same l5g?4 ,we may obs]ve1 by1! way1 t1 9 flat canals1 ! flatt5+ %\ld be always 9 ! same plane4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,division ,,( ,,capill>y ,,tubes ,,into ,,p>ts ,,( ,,equal ,,capacity4--,z x is v difficult to meet ) capill>y tubes :i* are exactly regul> 9 ! bore1 x happ5s t ! tubes :i* glass-bl[]s are oblig$ to employ h diff]5t capacities 9 p>ts ( equal l5g?4 ,y comm5ce ! division ( ^! tubes into p>ts ( equal capacity by a process describ$ by ,m4 ,gay-,lussac4 ,y introduce a quantity ( m]cury1 suffici5t to fill r m ?an half ! tube1 & make a m>k at ! extremity ( ! column4 ,y !n pass ! m]cury to ! o!r end ( ! tube1 & aga9 m>k ! extremity ( ! column4 ,if y s manage t ! di/ance betwe5 ! two m>ks is v small1 y may consid] ! enclos$ space z conc5tric1 & a m>k made 9 ! middle ( ! division w divide ! tube into two p>ts ( evid5tly equal capacity4 ,y divide "o ( ^! p>ts1 by ! same process1 into two equal capacities1 & ea* ( ^! into two o!rs2 & 9 ?is mann] y cont9ue to graduate ! tube until y h pu%$ ! division z f> z y judge prop]4 ,b x is /ill m simple to introduce a drop ( m]cury into ! tube1 s z to =m a little cyl9d]1 & !n to m>k ! two extremities ( ! cyl9d]4 ,if x 7 possible to pu% ! drop ( m]cury f "o end ( ! tube to ! o!r1 9 su* a mann] z to make x co9cide1 at e removal1 ) ! la/ m>k1 x w\ld be v easy to divide ! tube accurately2 b z x is v difficult1 n to say impossible1 to atta9 ?is precision ( result 9 mov+ ! column ( m]cury1 y mu/ endeav\r to approa* exactness z nigh z may be4 ,y measure1 e "t y move ! m]cury1 ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] x produces1 & c>ry ?is l5g? to ! la/ m>k1 presum+ ! small space :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! m>k & ! comm5cem5t ( ! column to be fairly repres5t$ by ! same space aft] ! column4 ,y ?us obta9 a s]ies ( small & correspond+ capacities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,gas ,,j>s1 ,,te/ ,,tubes1 ,c4--,if ! tube is regul> 9 ! bore1 close "o end1 ei!r by seal+ x at ! lamp1 or by ins]t+ a cork1 & p\r into ! int]ior two or ?ree small & equal portions ( m]cury1 9 ord] to h an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! irregul>ities produc$ by ! seal$ "p4 ,take c>e to m>k1 ) a writ+ diamond1 ! height ( ! m]cury1 aft] ! addition ( ea* portion4 ,:5 equal portions ( m]cury are p]ceiv$ to fill equal spaces1 take ) ! compass ! l5g? ( ! la/ portion1 & m>k x successively along ! side ( ! tube1 :]e y mu/ previ\sly trace a l9e p>allel to its axis4 ,= tubes :i* are irregul> 9 ! bore1 & :]e equal l5g?s indicate unequal capacities1 x is necess>y to cont9ue ! graduation 9 ! same mann] t y comm5c$ x--t is to say1 to fill ! tubes by add+ successively _m small & equal portions ( m]cury1 & m>k+ ! height ( ! metallic column aft] e addition4 ,^! divisions w ( c\rse repres5t p>ts ( an ounce or ( a cubic in* accord+ to ! measure :i* y make use (4 ,:5 y h ?us trac$ on ! tube a c]ta9 numb] ( equal p>ts1 y c1 by means ( ! compasses1 divide ea* ( !m into two o!r p>ts ( equal l5g?4 ,! fir/ divisions be+ v close to "o ano!r1 ! small portion ( tube betwe5 e two may be consid]$ )\t mu* risk ( error z be+ s5sibly ( equal diamet] 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,:5 ! tube :i* y desire to graduate is long & has ?9 sides1 x w\ld be difficult to fill x ) m]cury )\t runn+ ! risk ( see+ x break "u ! weight ( ! metal4 ,9 ?is case1 y mu/ use wat] in/ead ( m]cury4 ,bell-glasses ( l>ge dim5sions are graduat$ by fill+ !m ) wat]1 plac+ !m 9 an inv]t$ position on a smoo? & horizontal surface1 :i* is slightly cov]$ ) wat]1 & pass+ "u !m a s]ies ( equal measures ( air4 ,b x is !n necess>y to op]ate con/antly at ! same temp]ature & "u ! same atmosph]ic pressure1 because air is v ela/ic & capable ( be+ greatly exp&$4 ,9 all cases1 tubes1 bell-glasses1 c4 ought to be held 9 a position p]fectly v]tical4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t measure is a dropp+-tube1 on ! /alk ( :i* a m>k has be5 made1 or a small piece ( tube1 seal$ at "o end1 & gr\nd flat at ! o!r2 ! latt] c be accurately clos$ by a plate ( glass4 ,! m>ks :i* are trac$ on tubes be+ g5]ally v close to "o ano!r1 y facilitate ! read+ ( ! scale by giv+ a great] l5g? to ^? m>ks :i* repres5t e fif? division1 & by writ+ ! figures m]ely to e t5? division4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #h4 ,! numb] ( divisions is some:at arbitr>y2 nev]!less1 #ajj1 #abj1 #cfj1 #ajjj1 are divisions :i*1 9 practice1 (f] mo/ advantages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,hydromet]s4--,cut a b& ( pap] on :i* ! graduation ( ! in/rum5t c be trac$1 & let fall ^u x a little drop ( seal+-wax2 !n roll ! pap] ^u a little glass tube1 & introduce x into ! /alk ( ! hydromet]4 ,! in/rum5t is aft]w>ds to be plung$ into di/ill$ wat]1 :i* is c>efully kept at ! temp]ature ( #dj ,f4 above z]o4 ,give ! in/rum5t suffici5t balla/ to make x s9k till ! po9t 7a1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #bj17 :i* y desire to make to repres5t ! d5sity ( wat]1 t\*es ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,m>k ?is po9t ) mu* precision2 x is ! z]o ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! o!r degrees are tak5 by plung+ ! hydromet] into di/ill$ wat] to :i* y h add$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c4 t5?s1 or #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c4 hundr$?s1 ( ! sub/ance = :i* y wi% to con/ruct ! hydromet]1 accord+ z y desire ! scale to indicate t5?s or hundr$?s4 ,:5 y h ?us m>k$ ! degrees on ! /alk ( ! in/rum5t1 transf] !m to ! pap] ) ! help ( ! compasses4 ,! scale be+ complet$1 replace x 9 ! tube ( ! hydromet]1 :]e x mu/ be fix$2 9 s do+1 take c>e to make ! degrees on ! scale co9cide precisely ) ^? m>k$ on ! /alk4 ,y c ?us procure hydromet]s = alcohol1 acids1 salts1 c4 :i* are in/rum5ts t indicate ! proportion ( alcohol1 acid1 salt1 c4 conta9$ 9 a giv5 mass ( wat]4 ,b if x 7 necess>y to plunge ! hydromet] 9 a hundr$ diff]5t solutions 9 ord] to produce ! scale1 x is easy to conceive t t w\ld be extremely tr\blesome1 especially = hydromet]s :i* are employ$ 9 comm]ce1 & :i* d n ne$ to be s extremely accurate4 ,:5 ! d5sity ( ! mixtures or solutions is a mean betwe5 ^? ( ! sub/ances :i* ent] into !m1 y may cont5t y\rself ) m>k+ ! z]o & "o o!r fix$ po9t1 7a & b1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #bj47 ,!n1 z ! /alk ( ! hydromet] is evid5tly ( equal diamet] 9 all its ext5t1 y c divide ! space :i* sep>ates ! two fix$ po9ts into a c]ta9 numb] ( equal p>ts4 ,"o ( ^!1 be+ tak5 = unity1 repres5ts a p>ticul> quantity ( ! sub/ance :i* y h add$ to a det]m9$ weight ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,by means ( ?is unity y c c>ry ! scale up & d[n ! /alk ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is ?us1 t1 to obta9 a ,baum's hydromet]1 aft] hav+ obta9$ ! z]o by imm]sion 9 di/ill$ wat]1 y plunge ! in/rum5t into a solution conta9+ a hundr$ p>ts ( wat] & fifte5 ( common salt1 to h ! #ae? degree1 or conta9+ a hundr$ wat] & ?irty salt1 to h ! #cj? degree4 ,^u divid+ ! int]val into fifte5 or ?irty equal p>ts1 accord+ z y h employ$ "o or ! o!r solution1 y obta9 ! value ( ! degree1 :i* y c c>ry upw>ds or d[nw>ds z f> z y wi%4 ,among ! sub/ances = :i* hydromet]s are requir$ 9 comm]ce1 are "s :i* x is impossible to obta9 free f wat]--su* are alcohol1 ! acids1 c4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to employ ! sub/ances 9 _! pure/ /ate1 & depriv$ ( z mu* wat] z possible4 ,! employm5t ( hydromet]s is v ext5sive3 !y are us$ to e/imate ! /r5g? ( lyes1 ( soap solutions1 ( w9es1 milk1 c4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no bran* ( comm]ce 9 :i* ^! in/rum5ts are n requir$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! goodness ( ! articles :i* are b\ght & sold4 ,! employm5t ( hydromet]s w\ld be /ill m g5]al1 if !y c\ld be made to give imm$iately ! absolute specific gravity ( ! liquids into :i* !y might be plung$1 ! specific gravity ( wat] be+ consid]$ z unity4 ,x is possible to graduate a !rmomet] ( ?is description by proce$+ z foll[s3-- ,make *oice ( a hydromet] ( :i* ! ext]ior "p ( ! /alk is v regul>4 ,introduce ! b& ( pap] on :i* ! scale is to be writt51 & !n balla/ ! in/rum5t4 ,make a m>k :]e ! surface ( ! di/ill$ wat] t\*es ! /alk4 ,remove ! hydromet] f ! wat]1 wipe x p]fectly dry1 & weigh x v accurately ) a s5sible balance4 ,!n p\r into x a quantity ( m]cury equal to its own weight2 plunge x aga9 into ! wat]1 & aga9 m>k ! po9t :]e ! /alk t\*es ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,p\r ! m]cury out ( ! in/rum5t1 transf] ! two m>ks to ! scale1 & divide ?is fix$ di/ance into fifty equal p>ts4 ,hav+ by ?is op]ation obta9$ ! value ( ! degree1 y c>ry x upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 to augm5t ! scale4 ,if y take ! fir/ po9t ne> ! res]voir1 ! hydromet] w be prop] to indicate ! d5sity ( liquids :i* are heavi] ?an wat]2 if y take x t[>ds ! middle ( ! tube1 ! contr>y w be ! case4 ,if y de/9e ! hydromet] = liquids mu* heavi] ?an wat]--su* z acids1 = example--y might1 aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! fir/ po9t1 add to ! orig9al balla/ z mu* m]cury z is equal to ! weight ( ! :ole in/rum5t2 !n ! po9t :]e ! /alk w\ld t\* ! surface ( ! wat]1 & :i* w\ld be repres5t$ by #ajj1 w\ld be v high1 & ! second po9t1 :i* w\ld be f\nd bel[1 w\ld be repres5t$ by #bjj4 ,on divid+ ! space into a hundr$ equal p>ts1 y w\ld h ! value ( ! degree1 :i* c\ld be c>ri$ up & d[n = ! ext5sion ( ! scale4 ,! specific gravities be+ 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! volumes plung$ into ! liquid1 ! numb]s ( ! scale :i* m>k ! specific gravities dim9i% f bel[2 s t1 on m>k+ ! l[e/ po9t #ajj1 y h1 on proce$+ upw>ds1 ! successive degrees #jii1 #jih1 #jig1 #jif1 c4 ,! hydromet]s ) two1 ?ree1 & f\r bran*es1 are graduat$ by hav+ _! tubes divid$ into a hundr$ or a ?\s& equal p>ts4 ,! divisions on ea* bran* mu/ correspond ) ^? on ! o!r bran*es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,b>omet]s4--,! graduation ( ?is in/rum5t consi/s 9 divid+ a piece ( metal1 wood1 or ivory1 into in*es & p>ts ( in*es4 ,! divid$ rod is !n employ$ to measure ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube4 ,z ! rule is moveable1 ! op]ation pres5ts no sort ( difficulty3 all t is necess>y is to make ! z]o ( ! scale co9cide ) ! inf]ior level ( ! m]cury2 ! po9t :i* corresponds ) ! sup]ior level ( ! m]cury1 se5 9 ! tube1 indicates ! height ( ! b>ometric column4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! ci/]n b>omet] is graduat$4 ,b if ! b>omet] is "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! surface ( ! m]cury is v>iable1 su* z ! b>omet] ( ,gay-,lussac1 x is necess>y to h rec\rse to a diff]5t process ( graduation4 ,if ! two bran*es ( ! in/rum5t are v regul>1 & ( equal diamet]1 y fir/ measure ) precision ! height ( ! column ( m]cury1 !n divide x 9 ! middle1 & fix ! scale1 :i* mu/ be graduat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! m>k ( fifte5 in*es corresponds exactly ) ! middle po9t4 ,?is mode ( graduation s]ves to indicate m]ely ! app>5t height ( ! b>ometric column4 ,if y desire t ! scale %\ld imm$iately indicate ! real height1 y mu/ fix ! z]o at ! middle ( ! column1 & !n d\ble ! figure :i* m>ks ea* degree4 ,:5 y d n wi% to write ! real height1 y make two divisions1 ( :i* "o proce$s upw>ds1 ! o!r d[nw>ds4 ,y d n1 9 ?is case1 d\ble ! value ( ea* division1 b 9 obs]vations made ) su* a b>omet] scale y add ! degree m>k$ by ! two surfaces1 9 ord] to f9d ! real height4 ,x is 9 an analog\s mann] t y graduate ! gauges or %ort b>omet]s :i* are employ$ to measure ! d5sity ( air "u ! recipi5t ( ! air-pump4 ,y take ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! gauge1 & fix at ! middle ( ! column ! z]o ( a d\ble scale1 ( :i* "o division proce$s upw>ds1 ! o!r d[nw>ds2 or1 in/ead ( ?is1 if y *oose to h only "o scale1 & t an asc5d+ scale1 y d\ble ! value ( e degree4 ,! z]o ( ! b>ometric scale c be fix$ bel[ ! inf]ior surface ( ! m]cury2 b !n1 to h ! real height1 x is necess>y to measure precisely ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! two bran*es ( ! in/rum5t1 & to d$uct ! small] f ! l>g]4 ,dial 7or ,:eel7 ,b>omet]4--,! disposition :i* %\ld be giv5 to ?is in/rum5t is precisely ! same z t ( ! ,dial ,!rmomet]1 describ$ 9 a prec$+ section4 ,y make a small iron weight float on ! inf]ior surface ( ! m]cury1 & fix to ?is weight a silk ?read1 :i* is /ret*$ by a c\nt]poise1 & rolls ov] a v moveable pulley4 ,! axis ( ?is pulley c>ries a ne$le1 :i* turns backw>ds or =w>ds accord+ z ! column ( m]cury augm5ts or dim9i%es4 ,y arrange ! :ole 9 su* a mann] t ! extreme v>iations ( ?is column _c make ! ne$le describe m ?an "o circumf]5ce2 ) ?is view y give ! pulley a diamet] ( ne>ly an in*4 ,! dial b>omet] be+ r an object ( luxury ?an an in/rum5t ( precision1 y graduate x by inscrib+ ! foll[+ words1 at full l5g?1 on ! scale4 ,9 pl4 #d1 fig4 #af1 = example1 y write1 ,at ! po9t a ,tempe/4 444 b ,mu* ra94 444 c ,ra9 or ,w9d4 444 d ,temp]ate4 444 e ,f9e ,wea!r4 444 f ,fix$ ,fair4 444 g ,v ,dry4 ,y write no?+ at ! inf]ior division4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,! ,,manomet]4--,! graduation ( ?is in/rum5t consi/s 9 divid+ ! tube :]e ! air is to be compress$1 into a giv5 numb] ( p>ts ( equal capacity2 b z1 9 g5]al1 su* tubes are employ$ z are ne>ly capill>y & v regul>1 ! op]ation is r$uc$ to a l9e> division1 :]e e degree occupies an equal space4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,!rmomet]s4 ,con/ruction ( ,/&>d ,!rmomet]s4--,hav+ con/ruct$ y\r in/rum5t ) a v regul> tube1 or "o :i* has be5 divid$ into p>ts ( equal capacity1 & hav+ fill$ x ) ! prop] liquid1 accord+ to ! in/ructions giv5 9 a prec$+ section1 ! graduation is to be effect$ z foll[s4 ,procure v pure ice1 break x into small pieces1 & fill a vessel ) x4 ,:5 ! ice beg9s to melt1 plunge ! !rmomet] into ! middle ( x1 9 su* a mann] t1 )\t t\*+ ! sides ( ! vessel1 ! :ole !rmomet]1 or at lea/ t "p ( x :i* conta9s ! liquid1 may be cov]$ ) ice4 ,all[ ! in/rum5t to rema9 9 ?is /ate until1 9 spite ( ! gradual melt+ ( ! ice1 ! surface ( ! column ( liquid rema9s at a fix$ po9t1 & nei!r falls nor rises4 ,m>k ?is po9t v c>efully on ! /alk ( ! !rmomet]1 ei!r ) a ?read or a little drop ( seal+-wax1 or ) ! trace ( a diamond or a fl9t4 ,?is is ! freez+ po9t1 ! z]o ( ! c5tigrade scale1 ! ?irty-second degree ( ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,z = ! second fix$ po9t1 x is m>k$ dur+ an exp]im5t ) boil+ wat]1 p]=m$ z foll[s3--,y employ a vessel ( t9 plate suffici5tly high to enclose ! :ole !rmomet]2 y p\r into ?is vessel di/ill$ wat]1 till x is ab\t an in* deep1 & !n y heat x4 ,! vessel is surm\nt$ by a cov] pi]c$ ) two holes1 "o ( :i* is int5d$ to receive ! /alk ( ! !rmomet]1 ! o!r to all[ ! /eam to escape4 ,:51 on cont9u+ ! ebullition1 y obs]ve t ! m]cury ceases to rise 9 ! tube1 y m>k ! po9t at :i* x has /opp$1 j z y m>k$ ! fir/ po9t4 ,! la/ m>k indicates ! boil+ po9t2 ! "o hundr$? degree ( ! c5tigrade scale1 ! two hundr$ & twelf? degree ( ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,y transf] to pap] ! di/ance :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! fir/ po9t & ! second po9t det]m9$1 & y divide ?is di/ance into "o hundr$ equal p>ts1 or degrees1 = ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 into eighty p>ts = ! !rmomet] ( ,raumur1 & into "o hundr$ & eighty = t ( ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! tube ( ! in/rum5t is v regul> 9 ! bore1 ! degrees %\ld be equal 9 l5g?2 if1 on ! contr>y1 y h be5 oblig$ to divide x into p>ts ( equal capacity1 y f9d h[ _m ( ^! p>ts or little spaces x is necess>y to take to con/itute "o ( ! above degrees4 ,y f9d ?is by divid+ _! :ole numb] by #ajj1 or #hj1 or #ahj1 accord+ to ! degrees ( ! scale :i* y int5d to make use (4 ,?us1 if y f9d betwe5 ! two po9ts fix$ by melt+ ice & boil+ wat]1 ?ree hundr$ divisions ( equal capacity1 x is necess>y to include ?ree ( ^! divisions 9 e degree ( ! c5tigrade scale4 ,! vessel employ$ to take ! boil+ po9t mu/ be ( metal1 & its surface %\ld be p]fectly clean & well poli%$1 & h no r\gh po9ts4 ,if s&1 or o!r matt]s1 7 p]mitt$ to repose on ! vessel1 & to =m asp]ities1 ! wat] w\ld ent] into ebullition at an inf]ior temp]ature4 ,?is op]ation %\ld1 moreov]1 be p]=m$ "u an atmosph]ical pressure1 :i* is indicat$ by ! b>omet] :5 ! m]cury /&s at tw5ty-n9e in*es & a half4 ,b z ?is pressure is diff]5t accord+ to ! elevation ( ! place ( op]ation1 &1 inde$1 suff]s cont9ual v>iations ev5 9 ! same place1 x foll[s t ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] is subject to cont9ual *anges1 & t1 9 ! graduation ( ! !rmomet]1 x is indisp5sably necess>y to take notice ( ! height ( ! b>omet] at ! v mom5t t ! po9t d5ot+ ! degree ( boil+-wat] is fix$ ^u4 ,y succe$ 9 mak+ ! necess>y corrections by ! help ( ! foll[+ table1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,g4 ,%uckburg & ( ! ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,see ! ,table on ! opposite page4 ,common ,!rmomet]s4--,hav+1 by ! me?od :i* we h j describ$1 obta9$ a ,/&>d ,!rmomet]1 y may procure ) facility z _m ord9>y !rmomet]s z y desire4 ,x is prop] to employ ! mo/ regul> tubes :i* y c obta91 & :5 ! in/rum5ts are ready to be graduat$1 y mu/ br+ !m into comp>ison ) y\r /&>d !rmomet]4 ,y place !m toge!r into a liquid ( :i* y gradually raise ! temp]ature1 & y m>k sev]al po9ts on ! scale ( ! new !rmomet]1 ! int]vals betwe5 :i* are subsequ5tly divid$ into z _m degrees z are m>k$ on ! scale ( ! /&>d !rmomet]4 ,?us1 = example1 y m>k ! #aj & #ae1 & aft]w>ds divide ! int]val into five equal p>ts4 ,?is gives y ! l5g? ( a degree on ! /alk ( ! new in/rum5t4 ,! m y multiply ^! fix$ po9ts1 ! m y insure ! precision ( ! !rmomet]4 ,:5 y h tak5 a c]ta9 numb] ( po9ts1 y measure ! rema9d] ) ! compasses4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,height ( ! ,b>omet] 9 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------- ,correction 9 ,:5 ! boil+ ,:5 ! boil+ #ajjj?s ( ! po9t is f\nd po9t is f\nd int]val betwe5 by imm]s+ by imm]s+ ! freez+ ! ,in/rum5t ! ,in/rum5t & boil+ po9ts 9 ,/eam4 9 ,wat]4 ( ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 444 #cj4fj #aj 444 #cj4ej #i #cj4ga #cj4da #h #cj4ej #cj4bi #g #cj4dh #cj4ah #f #cj4cg #cj4jg #e ,l[]4 #cj4be #cj4ie #d #cj4ad #cj4hd #c #cj4jc #cj4gc #b #bi4ia #cj4fa #a #bi4hj #cj4ej #j #bi4fi #bi4ci #a #bi4eh #bi4bh #b #bi4dg #bi4ag #c #bi4cf #bi4jf #d #bi4be #bh4ie #e ,high]4 #bi4ad #bh4hd #f #bi4jc #bh4gc #g #bh4ib #bh4fb #h #bh4ha #bh4ea #i #bh4gj #aj ,! boil+ po9t to be m>k$ s mu* high] or l[] ?an ! /& ( ! m]cury dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! z]o1 #j1 ( ! !rmomet] ( ,fahr5heit1 is tak5 by means ( a mixture ( sn[ & common salt1 & its maximum po9t is1 l t ( ! prec$+ !rmomet]1 tak5 by means ( boil+ wat]2 b ?is int]val is divid$ into #bab degrees2 s t ! scale m>ks #cb :]e ! c5tigrade & ,raumur's scales m>k #j4 ,! !rmomet] ( ,delisle has b "o fix$ po9t1 :i* is ! heat ( boil+ wat]2 ?is is ! z]o ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! inf]ior degrees are #j1jjja 7"o t5-?\s&? "p7 ( ! capacity ( ! bulb & /alk ( ! !rmomet]4 ,x m>ks #aej at #j ( ! c5tigrade1 or #cb ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,! dial1 ! maximum & ! m9imum !rmomet]s1 are graduat$ accord+ to ! same pr9ciples z ! common !rmomet]s4 ,y c1 ) a m]curial !rmomet]1 make ! c5tigrade scale rise to #cjj or #djj degrees above z]o2 b ) an alcohol !rmomet]1 y mu/ nev] g beyond ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! inf]ior degrees ( ! alcohol !rmomet] c be c>ri$ to ! v l[e/ po9t1 :ile ^? ( ! m]curial !rmomet] %\ld be /opp$ at ?irty or ?irty-five degrees bel[ ! z]o ( ! c5tigrade scale1 z ! m]cury !n approa*es v ne> ! po9t ( its congelation4 ,9 all cases1 ! degrees ( !rmomet] scales are indicat$ by ! sign - :5 !y are bel[ z]o1 & by ! sign :5 !y are above x2 ! -is always m>k$1 b ! g5]ally omitt$4 ,see pl4 #d1 fig4 #f4 ,we may obs]ve "h t x is prop] f "t to "t to plunge ! /&>d !rmomet] into melt+ ice1 = ! purpose ( v]ify+ its exactness4 ,x has be5 f\nd t !rmomet]s con/ruct$ ) a vacuum above ! column ( m]cury gradually become inaccurate1 ! #j asc5d+1 until x corresponds ) #a or #b4 ,?is s+ul> effect is attributable to ! con/ant pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 be+ support$ m]ely by ! resi/ance ( ! v ?9 sides ( ! !rmomet]1 f9ally presses !m toge!r1 & dim9i%es ! capacity ( ! res]voir4 ,x is p>tly = ! sake ( avoid+ ?is inconv5i5ce t we consid] x good n to make an entire vacuum above ! m]cury1 b to leave a portion ( air 9 ! tube1 & at ! same "t to =m a little res]voir at ! summit ( ! in/rum5t4 ,diff]5tial ,!rmomet]4--,to graduate ?is in/rum5t1 y fir/ ma9ta9 ! two bulbs at an equal temp]ature1 by :i* y det]m9e ! fir/ fix$ po9t1 :i* is z]o4 ,!n1 envelop+ "o ( ! two bulbs ) melt+ sn[1 & elevat+ ! o!r by means ( a vessel ) w>m wat]1 to a kn[n temp]ature--to #bj ,c5tigrade1 = example--y fix a c]ta9 space1 :i* y aft]w>ds divide into #bj equal p>ts or degrees4 ,! scale is cont9u$ by c>ry+ successively to ea* side ! kn[n value ( a degree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,rum=d',s ,,!rmoscope4--,?is in/rum5t is graduat$ by divid+ ! tube :i* sep>ates ! two bulbs into equal p>ts1 ! numb] ( :i* is arbitr>y1 ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 ! !rmoscope tube is divid$ into n9e or elev5 p>ts4 ,!re is always an odd numb] ( degrees1 & y manage s t ! odd degree is f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! tube4 ,x c>ries ! m>k ( z]o at ea* end1 & ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 proce$ f ea* end ( ?is middle degree1 & =m two correspond+ scales4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,graduation ,,( ,,m>iotte',s ,,tube4--,y divide ! little bran* :i* is seal$ at ! end into a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts ( equal capacity1 & ! l>ge bran* into in*es & p>ts ( in*es4 ,x is necess>y to take c>e t ! z]o ( ! two asc5d+ scales correspond1 & are situat$ above ! inf]ior b5d =m$ by ! two bran*es ( ! in/rum5t4 ,,! ,,end4 ,w4 ,,wilson1 ,,pr9t]1 #eg1 ,,sk9n]-,,/reet1 ,,london4