,,the ,,chautauquan4     ,a ,,monthly   
,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the         
,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4      
,,organ ,,of               ,,the        
,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and           
,,scientific ,,circle4                  
,,vol4 ,v4      ,,january1 #ahhe4       
,no4 #d4          ,officers of the      
,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific   
,circle4      ,president1 ,lewis        
,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,chancellor1 ,j4
 ,h4 ,vincent1  ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1    
,conn4 ,counselors1 ,the ,rev4 ,lyman   
,abbott1 ,d4,d41  the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4     
,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4        
,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4         
,wilkinson1 ,d4,d42 ,edward ,everett    
,hale4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate  
,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4      
,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4        
,martin1  ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4             
,contents    ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this
 table of contents of this periodical   
was created  for the ,,html version to  
aid the reader4        ,,required       

,,reading      ,temperance ,teachings of
 ,science2 or1 the ,poison ,problem     
,chapter ,,iv4--,the ,cost of           
,intemperance                     #ahc  
,sunday ,readings          ,january #d  
#ahf          ,january #aa              
#ahf          ,january #ah              
#ahf          ,january #be              
#ahg      ,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek  
,life          ,chapter ,,iv4--,public  
,life of the ,greek ,citizen            
#ahg      ,greek ,mythology             
,chapter ,,iv4                          
#aij      ,studies in ,kitchen ,science 
and ,art          ,,iv4--,apples1       
,peaches1 ,blackberries and             
,strawberries       #aid      ,home     
,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics     
,air--,physical ,properties             
#aii      ,the ,homelike ,house         
,chapter ,i4--,the ,hall                
#bjc      ,a ,prayer by the ,sea        
#bjf      ,geography of the ,heavens for
 ,january                         #bjg  
,yale ,college and ,yale ,customs       

#bjh      ,new ,zealand                 
#baa      ,the ,laureate ,poets         
#bab      ,the ,bells of ,notre ,dame   
#bae      ,the ,new ,york ,custom ,house
                                    #bae
      ,the ,christian ,revolt of the    
,jews in ,southern ,russia          #bah
      ,the ,inner ,chautauqua           
#bbj      ,outline of ,required         
,readings                               
#bba      ,programs for ,local ,circle  
,work                               #bba
      ,local ,circles                   
#bbb      ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,classes 
#bbg      ,questions and ,answers       
#bbi      ,the ,chautauqua ,university3 
,the ,correspondence ,schools           
#bca      8,invincible0--,class of '#he 
#bcb      ,editor's ,outlook            
#bcc      ,editor's ,note-,book         
#bce      ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on     
,required ,readings for ,january        
#bch      ,notes on ,required ,readings 
in 8,the ,chautauquan0              #bci
      ,a ,chapter of ,blunders          

#bdb      ,talk ,about ,books           
#bdd      ,special ,notes               
#bde      ,sunday-,school ,normal       
,graduates1 ,class of #ahhd             
#bdf          ,,required ,,reading ,,for
 ,,january4          ,,temperance       
,,teachings ,,of ,,science2 ,,or1 ,,the 
,,poison ,,problem4    ,,by ,,felix ,l4 
,,oswald1 ,m4,d4      ,,chapter         
,,iv4--,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,intemperance4
        8,shall we sow tares and pray   
for bread80--,abd el ,wahab4#a    ,if we
 consider the manifold afflictions which
 in the after years of so  many millions
 of our fellowmen outweigh the happiness
 of childhood1 we  can hardly wonder    
that several great thinkers have        
expressed a serious  doubt if earthly   
existence is on the whole a blessing4   
,yet for those  who hold that the       
progress of science and education will  
ultimately  remove that doubt1 it is a  
consoling reflection that the greatest  
of all  earthly evils are avoidable     
ones4 ,the earthquake of ,lisbon#b      

killed  sixty thousand persons who could
 not possibly have foreseen their fate4 
,in #abhb an irruption of the ,zuyder   
,sea overwhelmed sixty-five towns  whose
 inhabitants had not five minutes' time 
to effect their escape4  ,but what are  
such calamities compared with the havoc 
of wanton wars1  or the ravages of      
consumption and other diseases that are 
the direct  consequences of outrageous  
sins against the physical laws of ,god8 
,the  cruelty of man to man causes more 
misery than the rage of wild beasts  and
 all the hostile elements of ,nature1   
but the heaviest of all evils in  our   
great burden of self-inflicted woe is   
undoubtedly the curse of the  poison    
vice4 ,the alcohol habit is a           
concentration of all scourges4 ,in  the 
poor island of ,ireland alone one       
hundred and forty million bushels  of   
bread-corn and potatoes are yearly sent 
to the distillery4 ,the  shipment of the
 grain1 its conversion into a           
health-destroying drug1 the             

distribution and sale of the poison1 are
 carried on under the protection  of a  
so-called civilized government4 ,waste  
is not an adequate word for  that       
monstrous folly4 ,if the grain farmers  
of ,laputa#c should organize  an        
expedition to the sea-coast1 and under  
the auspices of the legal  authorities  
equip an apparatus for flinging a       
hundred million sacks  of grain into the
 ocean1 the contents of those sacks     
would be lost1  and there would be an   
end of it4 ,the sea would swallow the   
cargo4 ,the  distillery swallows the    
grain1 but disgorges it in the form of a
 liquid  fire that spreads its flames   
over the land and scorches the bodies   
and souls of men till the smoke of the  
torment arises from a million           
homesteads4 ,we might marvel at the     
extravagance of the ,laputans1 but  what
 should we say if the priests of a      
pastoral nation were to slaughter       
thousands of herds on the altar of a    
national idol1 and in conformity  with  

an established custom let the carcasses 
rot in the open fields till  the        
progress of putrefaction filled the land
 with horror and pestilence2  if        
moreover1 among the crowd of victims we 
should recognize the milch  cows of     
thousands of poor families whose        
children were wan with hunger1  and if  
furthermore the intelligent rulers of   
that nation should supervise  the       
ceremonies of the sacrifice1 distribute 
the carcasses and calmly  collect       
statistics to ascertain the percentage  
of the resultant mortality8    ,the     
,,loss ,,of ,,life caused by the ravages
 of the alcohol plague equals the       
result of a perennial war4 ,the most    
belligerent nation of modern times1  the
 ,russians1 with the perpetual          
skirmishes on their eastern frontier1   
and their periodical campaigns against  
their southern neighbors1 lose  in      
battle a yearly average of #g1jjj men4  
,the average longevity of the           
,caucasian nations is nearly #ch years4 

,of their picked men about #de years4   
,the average age of a soldier is        
now-a-days about #be years4 ,the death  
of  #g1jjj soldiers represents therefore
 a national loss of #g1jjj times the    
difference between #be and #de years1 i4
 e41 a total waste of #adj1jjj  years4  
,medical statistics show that in the    
,united ,states alone the direct        
consequences of intoxication cost every 
year the lives of six thousand  persons1
 most of them reckless young drunkards1 
who thus anticipate  the natural term of
 their lives by about twenty years4 ,but
 at the very  least1 two per cent4 of   
our population is addicted to the       
constant use  of some form of alcoholic 
liquors4 ,prof4 ,neison1 of the ,british
 ,general  ,life ,insurance ,company1   
estimates that rum-drinkers shorten     
their lives  by seven years1            
beer-drinkers by five and one-half1 and 
8mixed drinkers0  by nine and one-half  
years4 ,for the city of ,london1 ,sir   
,h4 ,thompson  computes that drinkers of

 all classes shorten their lives by six 
years4  ,but let us be quite sure to    
keep within the limits of facts applying
 to  all conditions of life1 and assume 
a minimum of four years4 ,a total of    
#d1abj1jjj years for the population of  
the ,united ,states is therefore a      
moderate estimate of the annual life    
waste by the consequences of the  poison
 vice6 ,in other words1 in a country of 
by no means exceptionally  hard         
drinkers1 alcohol destroys yearly thirty
 times as much life as the  warfare of  
the most warlike nation on earth4 ,the  
first year of the war  for the          
preservation of the ,union and the      
suppression of slavery cost  us #hb1jjj 
lives4 ,when the death list had reached 
a total of #ajj1jjj the  clamors for    
peace became so importunate that the    
representatives of our  nation were     
several times on the point of abandoning
 the cause of the  most righteous war   
ever waged4 ,yet the far larger life    
waste on the altar  of the              

,poison-,moloch continues year after    
year1 and for a small bribe  not a few  
of our prominent politicians seem       
willing to perpetuate that  curse to the
 end of time4 ,among all the nations of 
the ,christian world1  with the only    
exception of the ,syrian ,maronites1#d  
the poison vice  has shortened the      
average longevity of the working classes
 by at least  five years4 ,political    
economists have calculated the          
consequent loss of  productive force1   
but there is another consideration which
 is too often  overlooked4 ,the progress
 of degeneration has reduced our life   
term so  far below the normal average   
that the highest purposes of individual 
existence are generally defeated4 ,our  
lives are mostly half-told tales4  ,our 
season ends before the harvest time2    
before the laborer's task  is half done 
he is overtaken by the night when no man
 can work4 ,the  secret of longevity    
would1 indeed1 solve the chief riddle of
 existence1  for the children of toil   

could then hope to reach the goal of the
  visible compensation which1 on earth  
at least1 is now reserved for the       
exceptional favorites of fortune4 ,that 
hope is diminished by everything  that  
tends still further to reduce our       
shortened span of life1 and beside      
increasing the burdens of existence1 the
 poison vice therefore directly         
decreases the possibility of its        
rewards4    ,yet that result is almost  
insured by the ,,loss ,,of ,,health     
which all  experienced physiologists    
admit to be the inevitable consequence  
of the  stimulant habit4 ,every known   
disease of the human system is          
aggravated by  intemperance4 ,the morbid
 diathesis1 as physicians call a        
predisposition  to organic disorders1   
finds an ally in alcohol that enables it
 to defy  the expurgative efforts of    
,nature4 ,a consumptive toper will fail 
to  derive any benefit from a change of 
climate4 ,a dram-drinking dyspeptic  can
 not be cured by outdoor exercise4 ,the 

influence of alcoholic tonics  tends to 
aggravate nervous disorders into mental 
derangements4 ,but  even the soundest   
constitution is not proof against the   
bane of that  influence4 ,before the end
 of the first year habitual drinkers    
lose that  spontaneous gayety which     
constitutes the happiness of perfect    
health as  well as of childhood4 ,the   
system becomes dependent upon the       
treacherous  aid of artificial          
stimulants1 and the lack of vital vigor 
soon begins to  tell upon every part of 
the organism4 ,alcohol counteracts the  
benefit  of all the hygienic advantages 
of climate and habit1 and it is doubtful
  if the effect of its continued        
influence could be equaled by the       
intentional introduction of contagious  
diseases4 ,a medical expert might       
collect the most incurable patients in  
the leper slums of ,shanghai1 in  the   
lazarettos#e of ,naples and the fever   
hospitals of ,vera ,cruz1 and           
distribute them in the cities of another

 country2 yet a year after the          
dissemination of such diseases the      
hygienic condition of a temperate       
nation would be better than that of a   
drunkard nation after a year of the     
strictest quarantine protection4 ,in the
 sanitary history of the ,caucasian     
nations alcohol has proved a worse      
plague than the ,black ,death4    ,the  
,,waste ,,of ,,land and the ,,waste ,,of
 ,,labor must be considered together1   
in order to comprehend the total amount 
of the loss which the fourteen  most    
civilized nations inflict on themselves 
by the unspeakable folly of  devoting   
from #bj to #be per cent4 of their      
fertile area to the production  of      
stimulating poisons4 ,if the land thus  
abused were simply neglected1 if  it    
were abandoned to the weeds and tares1  
the laborers who now cultivate  it in   
the interest of hell might employ their 
time in assisting their  friends and    
help them to cultivate better or larger 
crops on the soil of  the adjoining     

lands4 ,if they should prefer to        
emigrate1 their abandoned  fields might 
be cultivated by their neighbors4 ,even 
children in the  intervals of their play
 might plant cherry stones1 and help the
 soil to  contribute to the welfare of  
the community4 ,as it is1 it contributes
 only  to the development of diseases1  
vices and crimes4 ,the productions of   
the  land1 the toil of the husbandmen1  
are not only utterly lost1 but become a 
curse to the population of the country4 
,starving ,ireland devotes a third  of  
her arable lands to the production of   
distillery crops4 ,spain begs  with one 
hand and with the other flings          
two-fifths of her produce to the  poison
 vender4 ,the statistics of the last    
census show that distilleries  devour   
every year #cd1cjj1jjj acres of our     
total farm produce2 breweries1          
#i1fjj1jjj2 wine cellars1 cider mills   
7not to mention tobacco factories71     
about five millions more6    ,the old   
settlers of western ,arkansas still     

remember the excitement caused  by      
occasional raids of predatory ,indians  
who used to cross the ,texas  border and
 devastate the farms of the             
frontiersmen4 ,near ,arkadelphia they   
once burned three hundred acres of ripe 
corn1 and half a dozen counties  joined 
in the pursuit of the marauders4        
,imagine the blazing indignation1  the  
mass meetings1 the general uprising of  
an outraged people1 if the  ,mormons    
should take it in their heads to burn   
three million acres of  our grain crop4 
,yet the distillers not only burn up    
more than the  tenfold amount1 but fan  
the flames to kindle a soul and body    
consuming  conflagration1 and shriek    
about infringements of their privileges 
if a  bold hand here and there succeeds 
in snatching a brand from the burning4  
,the ,,waste ,,of ,,remedial            
,,expenditure must be considered under a
 separate  head1 for beside squandering 
their own resources1 the votaries of the
  poison fiend waste those of their     

neighbors1 who have to devise means  for
 mitigating the resulting mischief4 ,the
 care of drunkards1 i4 e41  of persons  
picked up in the streets in a state of  
life-endangering  intoxication1 costs   
our hospitals a yearly sum of           
#e1jjj1jjj4 ,a list  of the various     
diseases which can be traced to the     
direct or indirect  influence of        
intemperance would require the          
enumeration of nearly all  known        
disorders of the human organism1 but1   
though drunkards become a  burden to    
their families oftener than to the      
charitable institutions of  the         
community1 it has been ascertained that 
they constitute #cj per cent4  of the   
inmates of such establishments as county
 infirmaries1 charity  hospitals1       
almshouses1 poorhouses and lunatic      
asylums4 ,prisons proper1  that is1     
institutions for the cure of moral      
disorders1 are filled with  patients    
where derelictions in forty out of a    
hundred cases have been  committed      

either under the immediate influence of 
intoxicating liquors1  or as a          
consequence of such direct results of   
intemperance as loss of  property1 loss 
of credit1 loss of moral or mental      
integrity4 ,in #ahgj the  prisons of the
 ,united ,states cost the nation a      
yearly sum of #hg1jjj1jjj4  ,by this    
time their cost probably amounts to a   
full hundred millions4  ,the magistrates
 of our city courts have to waste half  
their time on  the trial of drunkards4  
,on the blackboards of our metropolitan 
station  houses 8,d4 ,d4 ,c40 after the 
name of a prisoner means ,so-and-,so    
locked  up for drunkenness and          
disorderly conduct2 they have to        
abbreviate the  specification of that   
offense to save a little space for other
 memoranda4  ,if the indirect           
consequences of the poison vice could be
 traced through  all their              
ramifications1 it would be found that   
the suppression of that  vice would     
relieve our cities from a burden        

equivalent to a full half of  all their 
municipal taxes4    ,the ,,moral ,,loss 
is not confined to the direct influence 
of the  brutalizing poison4 ,the liquor 
traffic defiles all participants of  a  
transaction which involves a sin against
 ,nature1 a crime against  society and  
posterity1 and an outrage against the   
moral instincts of  the veriest savage1 
for more than five thousand years ago   
the lawgivers  of the ,bactrian nomads#f
 recorded their protest against the vice
 of  intoxication4 ,a drunkard who flees
 from the prohibitory laws of his       
native place can not escape the voice of
 an inner monitor4 ,the liquor  dealer  
who points to his license is not the    
less conscious that he is an  enemy of  
mankind1 and that his servants eat the  
wages of a soul and body  corrupting    
vice4 ,the lawgiver who can be bribed to
 connive at that vice  not only sins    
against the laws of political economy1  
but against ,nature  and the first      
principles of natural ethics1 and       

forfeits his claim to the  respect of   
the community4 ,faith in the sanctity of
 the law1 in the wisdom  and integrity  
of the legislator1 is the very          
corner-stone of public  morals1 but that
 faith is incompatible with a system of 
legalized crime1  and the lawgiver who  
consents to sanction the outrage of the 
poison  traffic undermines the basis of 
his authority1 and thereby the authority
  of the law itself4 ,it is wholly      
certain that larceny and perjury        
combined do not damage the state the    
hundredth part as much as the curse  of 
the poison vice2 yet what should we     
think of the moral status of a          
legislative assembly devising a plan to 
increase the national revenues  by      
granting license to pickpockets and     
professional false witnesses8  ,imagine 
a ,titus ,oates#g offering his services 
on the public streets1  and a chief     
justice compelling the courts to        
recognize the legality  of his business1
 and protect him in the enjoyment of its

 emoluments6  ,imagine ,jack ,sheppard#h
 filching the weekly wages of a         
half-witted  working man1 and flaunting 
a government license if the wife of his 
victim  should demand the restitution of
 the plunder4 ,the absurdity of such an 
arrangement might seem too glaring to   
imagine its possibility4 ,yet for  the  
same reason posterity may refuse to     
credit the records of our liquor        
system2 for1 translated into plain      
speech1 the contract between the state  
and the rum vender means even this3 8,on
 condition of receiving a share in  the 
yearly profits of your business1 ,i     
herewith grant you the right to  poison 
your fellow-citizens40    ,the ,,loss   
,,of ,,wealth1 which some of the        
foregoing considerations will  enable us
 to estimate1 has increased with the    
progress of our national  development in
 a way which in many respects has made  
that progress a  curse instead of a     
blessing4 ,thirty-five years ago our    
brethren in  ,maine had a hard fight    

against the champions of the liquor     
traffic1 but  they had to deal with     
whiskey alone4 ,since then our foreign  
immigrants  have introduced ale1 lager  
beer1 and ,french high wines1 and       
threaten  to introduce absinthe#i and   
opium4 ,the poison vice has assumed the 
magnitude of a pandemic plague4         
,according to the statistics of the     
,treasury ,department1 the alcohol      
drinkers of the ,united ,states spent   
during the last ten years a yearly      
average of #cgj1jjj1jjj for whiskey1    
#ec1jjj1jjj for other distilled liquors1
 #ef1jjj1jjj for wine1 and  #adj1jjj1jjj
 for ale and beer4 ,together1           
#fbd1jjj1jjj a year4 ,under the  head of
 liquors evading the revenue tax1 ,prof4
 ,w4 ,hoyle1 of ,manchester1  adds #bj  
per cent4 for ,great ,britain1          
,commissioner ,halliday #ae per cent4   
for the ,united ,states1 and ,dr4       
,bowditch #ah per cent4 for the state of
  ,massachusetts alone4 ,let us assume  
the minimum of #ae per cent4 ,the total 

direct cost of the poison vice 7without 
including tobacco and other  narcotic   
stimulants7 is therefore #gje1jjj1jjj a 
year4 ,the indirect cost  eludes        
computation1 except under the three     
following heads3 #a4 ,the loss  of      
productive capacity1 as revealed in the 
difference between the yearly  earnings 
of a manufacturing community under the  
protection of prohibitory  laws or under
 the influence of the license system4   
#b4 ,the inebriate  percentage of       
patients in our public hospitals1 and of
 convicts in our  prisons4 #c4 ,the loss
 sustained by the employers of agents1  
trustees1  clerks1 etc41 addicted to the
 use of intoxicating liquors4 ,the      
aggregate  of these indirect losses we  
will assume to be only #cej1jjj1jjj a   
year1  though several political         
economists compute it as equal to the   
direct  cost4 ,our estimate does not    
include the amount of rum-begotten      
distress  relieved by private charity1  
nor the rum percentage of undetected    

crime1  nor yet the wholly incalculable 
value of the benefactions1 reforms and  
improvements prevented by the use of    
intoxicating liquors among the  upper   
classes4 ,we can therefore be quite sure
 of understating the truth  if we       
estimate the aggregate cost of the      
poison vice at #a1jee1jjj1jjj  a year--a
 yearly sum equivalent to the cost value
 of all our public  libraries1 our      
church property1 school property1       
steamboats1 bridges1 and  telegraphs    
taken together4    ,prohibition would   
put a stop to one half of that          
prodigious waste4 ,we  will not delude  
ourselves with the hope that the        
deep-rooted habit of  the stimulant vice
 could at once be wholly eradicated by  
any legislative  measures whatever4 ,for
 years to come #bj per cent4 of the     
aggregate  would undoubtedly be devoured
 by liquor venders finding means to     
elude  the vigilance of the law4        
,fifteen per cent4 would be spent on    
other  vices4 ,fifteen per cent4 more   

would probably be wasted for frivolous  
purposes--innocent1 as compared with the
 crime of the poison traffic1 but  still
 on the whole amounting to a loss of    
national resources4 ,the waste  of the  
remaining fifty per cent4 could be      
prevented by prohibition4 ,in  ten years
 the saving of that sum and its         
application to useful purposes  would   
transform the moral and physical        
condition of our country4 ,with  five   
billion dollars we could construct ten  
bridges over every one of our  hundred  
largest rivers4 ,we could build an      
international railroad of a  gauge that 
would enable the denizens of snow-bound 
,new ,england to reach  the tropics in  
twenty-four hours4 ,we could realize    
,professor ,lexow's  project of         
providing every large city with a system
 of free municipal  railways connecting 
the centers of commerce with the        
suburban homes of  the workingmen4 ,we  
could make those suburbs attractive     
enough to drain  the population of the  

slums4 ,we could counteract the         
temptations of the  grog-shops by       
providing the poor with healthier means 
of recreation2 city  parks with free    
baths1 competitive gymnastics and       
zological attractions  for the summer   
season1 and reading rooms with picture  
galleries and  musical entertainments   
for the long winter evenings4 ,we could 
employ  home missionaries enough for a  
direct appeal to every fallen or tempted
  soul in the country4 ,we could cover  
our hillsides with orchards and  line   
our highways with shade trees2 we could 
plant forest trees enough  to redeem    
thousands of square miles in the barren 
uplands of the ,west4  ,each township in
 the country could have a free school1  
each village a  free public library2 we 
could help the sick by teaching them to 
avoid  the causes of disease2 we could  
prevent rather than punish crime2 we    
could teach our homeless vagrants the   
lessons of self-support1 and found      
asylum colonies for the lost children of

 our great cities4 ,and moreover1  we   
could increase the savings of the next  
decade by the endowment of  a ,national 
,reform ,college1 with a corps of       
competent sanitarians and  political    
economists1 for the training of         
temperance teachers1 with local         
lecturers1 traveling lecturers1 and free
 lecture halls in every larger  city of 
the country4    ,only thus prohibition  
could be brought to answer its whole    
purpose1 for  we should remember that   
the practical efficiency of all         
government laws  depends on the         
consensus of the governed4 ,without the 
coperation of the  teacher the mandates 
of the legislator fall short of their   
aim4 ,but it is  equally certain that in
 the field of social ethics the teacher 
can not  dispense with the aid of the   
legislator1 and that our lawgivers can  
not  much longer afford to ignore that  
truth1 for the penalty of the neglect   
already amounts to the equivalent of the
 average yearly income of seven  million

 working people4 ,in the ,south a       
million men1 women and children  of farm
 laborers earn less than a hundred      
millions a year1 i4 e41 #ejj  for every 
family of five persons4 ,in the         
manufacturing districts of the  ,north  
they would earn less than #bjj1jjj1jjj4 
,we can therefore again be  wholly      
certain of not overstating the truth1 if
 we assert that in the  ,united ,states 
alone the poison vice devours every year
 the aggregate  earnings of more than   
fourteen hundred thousand families4 ,in 
one dollar  bank-notes of the ,united   
,states ,treasury1 one billion dollars  
could be  pasted together into a paper  
strip that would reach up to the moon4  
,stacked up in bundles1 they would form 
a paper pile a hundred feet long1  fifty
 feet wide1 and fifty feet high4    ,if 
the equivalent of so many               
creature-comforts could be employed for 
the benefit of the poor1 it would almost
 realize the dreams of a ,golden  ,age4 
,but even if we could save it from the  

hands of the poison vender by  burning  
it on the public streets1 all friends of
 mankind would hail the  conflagration  
as the gladdest bonfire that ever       
cheered the hearts of  men4 ,for its    
flames would save more human lives than 
the perpetual peace  of the millennium2 
it would prevent more crimes than the   
civilization of  all the savages that   
infest the prairies of our border states
 and the  slums of our large cities4    
,nay1 it would save us from evils for   
which  mankind has thus far discovered  
no remedy1 for intemperance robs us of  
blessings which human skill is unable to
 restore4          ,,sunday ,,readings4 
,,selected ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4    
,,vincent1 ,d4,d4      ,january #d4     
,think of ,god as your constant         
benefactor--that he made you1 that he   
sustains you in every moment of your    
existence--that1 to express yourself    
with the simple energy of inspiration1  
in him you live1 and move1 and  have    
your being--that in all the joys which  

are scattered over the  pilgrimage of   
life1 we see nothing but the kindness of
 ,god always  exerting itself in our    
favor1 and meeting us in every          
direction--that  though we seldom look  
beyond the creatures which surround us1 
it is ,god  who reigns in these         
creatures and makes them subservient to 
his most  wise1 his most gracious1 his  
most benevolent purposes2 that though in
  the hey-day of youth we are carried   
along the tide of gayety without  care  
and without reflection1 it is ,god who  
gives to the spirit of man  all its     
cheerfulness2 that though we stop short 
in our gratitude at the  benefactor who 
relieved and at the friend who supported
 us1 it is ,god  who reigns over the    
constitution of the mind1 and could by a
 single word  of his power make every   
companion abandon us1 and every friend  
look upon  us with an altered           
countenance2 that though ,i call the    
house in which ,i  live my own1 and find
 in the endearments of my family my     

repose and my  happiness1 it is ,god who
 gave me my home1 who spreads security  
around  it1 and fills it with all its   
charities2 that though my path in       
society  be dignified by the homage and 
civility of my acquaintances1 it is ,god
  who reigns in the human breast and    
administers all the delight of social   
intercourse2 that though my eye         
expatiates in rapture on the landscape  
around us1 it is the living ,god who    
beautifies the scene1 and gives it  all 
its magnificence and all its glory2 in  
short1 that everything we  enjoy is a   
gift2 that in whatever quarter happiness
 is met with1 a burden  of obligation   
and dependence lies upon us2 that we    
have nothing which  we did not          
receive--that our all is suspended on   
,god1 and that to him we  owe all the   
praise1 all the gratitude1 all the      
obedience4 ,now will any  man who is    
acquainted with the movements of his own
 breast1 say that  this praise and this 
obedience are actually given8 ,are not  

the pleasures  of life often tasted     
without acknowledgment8 ,is not the     
conduct of life  often proceeded in     
without any reference to the will and   
authority of  him who is the author of  
it8 ,is not the mind in a state of      
habitual  estrangement from ,god1 his   
existence absent from our reflections1  
and his  superintendency as a judge and 
as a lawgiver absent from our           
principles8  ,go to whatever quarter you
 please for happiness1 there is no      
escaping  the conclusion that ,god is   
the giver of it1 in his pervading energy
  which gives effect and operation to   
all things4 ,you can not fly out of  his
 presence1 nor repair beyond the limits 
of his sovereignty4--,from ,dr4         
,chalmers4      ,january #aa4    ,of all
 the impossibles which ever were        
attempted1 there is none so wild  and so
 irrational as to attempt an            
independence upon ,god4 ,it is in virtue
  of him that you are held together4 ,he
 measures out to you every moment of    

your existence4 ,he gives you not merely
 the air you breathe1 but he gives  you 
the faculty of breathing4 ,he provides  
for you not merely the external  goods  
which are scattered around you in such  
bounteous profusion1 but  it is he who  
furnishes you with the capacity of      
enjoying them4 ,you talk  of the        
pleasures of the world1 and fly to them 
as your refuge and your  consolation    
against the displeasure of an offended  
,deity1 but think that  it is only by a 
continuance of his unmerited favor that 
you have these  pleasures to fly to4 ,he
 can take them away from you2 or1 what  
perhaps  is a still more striking       
demonstration of his sovereignty1 he can
 make  them no longer pleasures to you4 
,he reigns within as well as without    
you4  ,to him you owe not merely what is
 external1 but to him you owe the taste 
and the faculty which enjoys it4 ,he can
 pervert these faculties4 ,he can       
change your pleasures into disgust4 ,he 
can derange the constitution of  the    

inner man1 and make you loathe as       
tasteless and unsatisfying what  you at 
present indulge in with delight or look 
forward to with rapture4  ,he is all in 
all4 ,the whole of our being hangs upon 
him1 and there is no  getting away from 
his universal1 from his ceaseless1 from 
his unexcepted  agency4 ,now1 do the    
,almighty the same justice that you     
would do to an  earthly benefactor2     
measure the extent of his claims upon   
you by the  extent of his benefits2     
think of the authority over you which1  
as your  ,creator and as your constant  
preserver1 he has a right to exercise2  
think  of your perpetual dependence1 and
 that all around you and within you1 for
  every moment and particle of your     
existence is upheld by ,god2 and tell   
me1 if either in the thoughts of your   
hearts or in the actions of your  life  
you come up to the demand which his     
justice and his authority have a  title 
to prefer against you8--,from ,dr4      
,chalmers4      ,january #ah4    ,what  

then1 art thou1 ,o1 my ,god2 what1 ,i   
ask1 but the ,lord ,god8 ,for who is    
,lord but the ,lord8 or who is ,god save
 our ,god8 ,most high1 most excellent1  
most potent1 most omnipotent1 most      
piteous and most just2 most hidden  and 
most near2 most beauteous and most      
strong2 stable1 yet contained  of none2 
unchangeable1 yet changing all things2  
never new1 never old1  making all things
 new1 yet bringing old age upon the     
proud1 and they  know it not2 always    
working1 yet ever at rest2 gathering1   
yet needing  nothing2 sustaining1       
pervading1 and protecting2 creating1    
nourishing1  and developing2 seeking1   
and yet possessing all things4 ,thou    
lovest1 and  burnest not2 art jealous1  
yet free from care2 repentest1 and hast 
no  sorrow2 art angry1 yet serene2      
changest thy ways1 leaving unchanged thy
  plans2 recoverest what thou findest1  
having yet never lost2 art never  in    
want1 while thou rejoicest in gain2     
never covetous1 though requiring  usury 

7,matt4 xxv3#bg74''' ,thou payest debts1
 while owing nothing2 and when  thou    
forgivest debts1 losest nothing4 ,yet1  
,o my ,god1 my life1 my holy  joy1 what 
is this that ,i have said8 ,and what    
saith any man when he speaks  of thee8  
,yet woe to them that keep silence1     
seeing that even those who  say most are
 as dumb6    ,oh6 how shall ,i find rest
 in thee8 ,who will send thee into my   
heart to  inebriate it1 so that ,i may  
forget my woes1 and embrace thee1 my    
only  good8 ,what art thou to me8 ,have 
compassion on me1 that ,i may speak4    
,what  am ,i to thee1 that thou         
demandest my love1 and unless ,i give it
 thee art  angry and threatenest me with
 great sorrows8 ,is it1 then1 a light   
sorrow  not to love thee8 ,alas6 alas6  
tell me of thy compassion1 ,o ,lord my  
,god1  what thou art to me3 8,say unto  
my soul1 ,i am thy salvation40 ,so speak
  that ,i may hear4 ,behold ,lord1 the  
ears of my heart are before thee2 open  
thou them1 and 8say unto my soul1 ,i am 

thy salvation40 ,when ,i hear1 may ,i   
run and lay hold on thee4 ,hide not thy 
face from me4 ,let me die1 lest ,i  die1
 if only ,i may see thy face4           
,cramped is the dwelling of my soul2 do 
thou expand it1 that thou mayest  enter 
in4 ,it is in ruins1 restore thou it4   
,there is that about it which  must     
offend thine eyes2 ,i confess and know  
it1 but who will cleanse  it8 or to whom
 shall ,i cry but to thee8 ,cleanse me  
from my secret  sins1 ,o ,lord1 and keep
 thy servant from those of other men4 ,i
 believe1  and therefore do ,i speak2   
,lord1 thou knowest4 ,have ,i not       
confessed my  transgressions unto thee1 
,o my ,god2 and thou hast put away the  
iniquity  of my heart4 ,i do not contend
 in judgment with thee1 who art the     
truth2  and ,i would not deceive myself1
 lest my iniquity lie against itself4 ,i
  do not1 therefore1 contend in judgment
 with thee1 for 8if thou1 ,lord1        
shouldst mark iniquities1 ,o ,lord1 who 
shall stand80    ,o ,lord ,god1 grant   

thy peace unto us1 for thou hast        
supplied us with  all things2 the peace 
of rest1 the peace of the ,sabbath1     
which hath no  evening4 ,for all this   
most beautiful order of things1 8very   
good0 7all  their courses being         
finished71 is to pass away1 for in them 
there was  morning and evening4    ,but 
the seventh day is without any evening1 
nor hath it any setting1  because thou  
hast sanctified it to an everlasting    
continuance2 that  which thou didst     
after thy words1 which were very good1  
resting on the  seventh day1 although in
 unbroken rest thou madest them1 that   
the voice  of thy ,book may speak       
beforehand unto us1 that we also after  
our works  7therefore very good1 because
 thou hast given them unto us7 may      
repose in  thee1 also in the ,sabbath of
 eternal life4--,from ,st4 ,augustine4#a
      ,january #be4    ,now tell me1    
,christians1 have you hitherto          
understood it1 and do you  still        
understand it1 in this manner8 ,let each

 candidly examine himself  in the       
presence of ,god4 ,where is the         
ambitious man1 who1 looking on  his     
ambition as the wound of his soul1      
desires in good earnest to be           
thoroughly cured8 ,where is the         
voluptuous man1 who1 truly afflicted at 
his unhappy situation1 wishes           
efficaciously1 and as his sovereign     
good1  to be freed from his passion8    
,where is the avaricious man1 who1      
ashamed  of his injustice1 sincerely and
 from his heart detests his iniquity8   
,where is the woman1 who1 listening to  
religion1 hath a horror of vanity1  and 
thinks of extirpating her self-love8    
,from what passion1 from what  vicious  
and ruling inclination hath this divine 
,savior as yet delivered  you8 ,by what1
 then1 do you know him to be a ,savior8 
,and if he be a  ,savior1 by what mark  
do you pretend to know that he is yours8
 ,what hath  he by your own means       
performed in your regard8 ,now1 as ,i   
perceive that  you are so ill disposed1 

should ,i not prevaricate1 did ,i       
declare to you  his coming as a cause of
 joy8 ,and to speak as a faithful       
minister of  the ,gospel1 ought ,i not  
to tell you1 what in fact ,i tell you8  
,undeceive  yourselves1 and bewail your 
woeful situation1 for1 while enamored   
with  the world1 you obstinately persist
 in such criminal dispositions1 though  
the ,savior be born1 no more advantage  
accrues to you from his sacred  birth1  
than if he were not born4'''    '''     
,hath this spirit of truth been hitherto
 a spirit of truth for us8'''  ,whatever
 profession we may make of being1 as    
,christians1 the disciples  of the      
spirit of truth1 are we really persuaded
 of the truths of  ,christianity8 ,hath 
he made us relish them8 ,hath he given  
us a sincere  and efficacious           
disposition to put them in practice8 ,we
 adore these  divine truths in          
speculation2 but do we conform our      
conduct to them8  ,we speak of them     
perhaps with eloquence and enthusiasm2  

but are our  morals correspondent with  
our words8 ,we give lessons to others   
upon that  head2 but are we ourselves   
fully convinced of them8 ,do we believe 
with  a steadfast and lively faith that1
 to be ,christians1 it is our duty not  
only to carry our cross1 but to place   
our glory in it8 ,that1 to follow       
,jesus ,christ1 we must internally      
renounce not only all things1 but even  
ourselves8 ,that1 to belong to him1 not 
only must we not indulge the  flesh1 but
 must crucify it8 ,that1 to find grace  
before ,god1 we must not  only forget   
injuries received1 but return good for  
evil8 ,do we firmly1  and without       
hesitation1 believe all these points of 
the ,evangelic  doctrine8 ,and can we   
bear witness to ourselves that we       
believe them as  fully and constantly in
 heart as we openly confess them in     
words8 ,the  ,apostles1 the moment they 
received the ,holy ,ghost1 were ready to
 lay  down their lives for the truth2   
are we ready1 ,i do not say to lay down 

our lives but to destroy our irregular  
passions8 ,according to this rule1  is  
there room to believe that the spirit of
 truth hath undeceived us  with respect 
to a thousand errors which occasion all 
the misdeeds in the  world8 ,that he    
hath disabused us of ,i know not how    
many maxims which  pervert us8''' ,if he
 hath done nothing of all this1 what    
proof have we  that we have received    
him8 ,and if we have not received him1  
whom have  we to blame for it but       
ourselves8''' ,preserve us from so great
 and fatal  an irregularity1 ,o ,divine 
,spirit6 and1 to that intent1 make us   
know the  things thou didst teach the   
,apostles4 ,grant that at last we may   
become  truly thy disciples2 and be to  
us not only a ,spirit of ,truth1 but a  
,spirit of ,holiness4--,from            
,bourdaloue4#b          ,,glimpses ,,of 
,,ancient ,,greek ,,life4    ,selected  
from ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy's 8,old ,greek    
,life40      ,,chapter ,,iv4--,,public  
,,life ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,citizen4    

,the aristocracy of the older ,greek    
society was one based on the exclusive  
owning of land1 and of civic rights1 and
 was not marked by titles1 but  by the  
name of the clan4 ,thus at ,athens an   
,alcmonid#a was respected  much as the  
member of an old ,scottish clan is now  
by his fellows4 ,but  poverty injured   
the position of the old ,greek more than
 that of the  ,scotchman4 ,in the       
aristocratic days all work in the way of
 trade or  business was despised by the 
landed gentry1 and idleness was called  
the  sister of freedom4 ,the pursuit of 
a trade often disqualified a man for    
political rights1 and in any case       
deprived him of all public influence4   
,this feeling did not die out even in   
the complete democracies of later  days1
 and there was always a prejudice in the
 ,greek mind against trades  and        
handicrafts1 because they compelled men 
to sit at home and neglect  the proper  
training of the body by sports1 and the 
mind by society4  ,mercantile pursuits  

were also objected to by ,greek         
gentlemen1 but on  different grounds4   
,it was considered that the making of   
profits by retail  trading was of the   
nature of cheating1 and the life of a   
merchant in any  ,greek city not his own
 was always one of dependence and fear1 
for nowhere  were aliens treated with   
real justice and liberality4 ,thus even 
the poor  citizen of ,athens1 living by 
the small pay 7nine cents daily7 given  
him  for sitting on juries1 and         
performing other public duties1 looked  
down  with contempt upon the rich       
tradesman1 who was confined all day to a
  close dark shop1 or still worse1 did  
his work in the hot atmosphere of  a    
furnace4 ,consequently the greater part 
of the shops in ,athens1 and  most of   
the trades were in the hands of licensed
 aliens who paid certain  taxes to the  
state1 and by making large profits      
recouped#b themselves  for the risk of  
being persecuted and plundered by the   
citizens in days  of danger and         

distress4 ,these people may be compared1
 as to their social  and political      
position1 with the ,jews in the middle  
ages1 who lived all  through the cities 
of ,europe without civic rights1 or     
landed property1  merely by trade and   
usury4 ,they were despised and          
persecuted1 but still  tolerated as     
useful1 and even necessary1 by the      
governments of those  days4 ,rich       
capitalists1 on the contrary1 who were  
able to manage a large  business through
 an overseer and a number of slaves1    
were not at all  despised1 even though  
their ways of making profits were       
sometimes very  shameful4 ,but any free 
man who was compelled by poverty to     
perform this  manual labor was held     
little better than a slave4 ,there were 
certain  privileged classes in ,homer's 
day1 such as the leech1#c the seer1 the 
bard1 and the cunning worker of brass4  
,so in later days the sculptor and  the 
sophist were in some respects considered
 good society1 but still the  gaining of

 money by giving up their time to others
 told very seriously  against them4     
,a great part of the ordinary clothing  
and breadstuffs was prepared by the     
slave within the ,greek house4 ,the     
principal tradesmen who supplied the    
other necessaries of life were the      
architect1 who was often a great and    
important person--indeed1 the only      
tradesman very honorably mentioned2     
under him masons1 carpenters1 and       
cabinet-makers4 ,there were potters1 who
  must have been a very large body1     
considering the great demand for their  
wares1 as neither glass nor wooden      
vessels were much used4 ,so there were  
separate makers of lamps1 jewelry1      
weapons of war1 musical instruments4    
,there were a few weavers1 and hardly   
any tailors--as the forms of dress  were
 perfectly simple1 and the fashions did 
not change--but many bleachers  and     
dyers of clothes4 ,the making of shoes  
was even subdivided among  several      
tradesmen4 ,there were in the market1   

cooks 7hired by the day71  ropemakers1  
tanners1 and also many perfumers and    
druggists4 ,tanners were  generally     
compelled to have their workshops       
outside the city4 ,we may  also1 without
 doubt1 consider military service by sea
 or land one of the  ordinary trades of 
,greece1 practiced from very early times
 in ,asia1 and  all through ,greek      
history by the ,arcadians1 who were the 
,swiss of the old  world4 ,the usual pay
 for a mercenary soldier or sailor was  
four obols1  which was often raised in  
times of difficulty4 ,when the former   
outlet  which enterprising young men had
 found in new colonies throughout ,asia 
,minor1 ,pontus1 and ,magna ,grcia1 was 
closed by the rise of new races  and new
 empires1 this trade1 disreputable as it
 was1 became very common  indeed4 ,the  
celebrated #aj1jjj whom ,xenophon       
brought safely from the heart  of the   
,persian empire1 were an army made up of
 these adventurers1 who had  followed   
the younger ,cyrus merely for the sake  

of pay and plunder4 ,thus  ,agesilaus#d 
and ,cleomenes1 kings of ,sparta1 were  
not ashamed to serve in  ,egypt as      
mercenaries4      ,,mercantile          
,,pursuits4    ,we may first notice the 
lower sort1 the retail merchants1 who   
were  employed in buying the            
husbandman's and the tradesman's goods1 
and  selling them in the markets or     
through the towns at a profit4 ,it was  
indeed much in fashion among the        
,greeks1 to sell one's own produce in   
the market1 but of course such people as
 fishermen or shepherds could  not leave
 their business to journey often a long 
way to a market town4  ,thus we find in 
large places like ,athens1 many         
butchers1 fishmongers1  vegetable and   
other grocers1 and particularly wine    
sellers1 who went  about with their wine
 in carts4 ,all these people were       
accused of  extortion and insolence1 the
 fishmongers of selling stale fish1 the 
vintners of watering their wine 7a very 
harmless adulteration74 ,there  were    

street cries1 and often even the buyer  
going into the market called  out what  
he wanted4    ,the wholesale merchant   
was of course a more important person1  
and the  rise of this larger trade was  
in fact what raised up a wealthy city   
class  in opposition to the landed      
aristocracy1 and was generally the cause
 of  overthrowing oligarchies4#e ,many  
respectable citizens 7except in ,sparta7
  thought it no disgrace to follow this 
sort of business1 and none of them      
scorned to invest money in it as a      
speculation4 ,as the land traffic in    
,greece is unusually difficult and      
roundabout1 almost all commerce was     
carried on by sea1 so that a merchant   
was often called a skipper4 ,we are     
fully informed about ,athenian commerce 
only4    ,we must imagine the ,greek    
waters not as they are now1 lonely and  
desolate1 with often not a single boat  
to give life to a great bay or  reach of
 water1 but rather covered in the summer
 with traffic and with  life1 so much so

 that a ,greek poet speaks of sailors as
 the 8ants of the  sea10 hurrying in all
 directions with ceaseless industry4    
,there were  public wharves and         
warehouses close to the quays1 where the
 skipper  brought samples of his cargo4 
,with the exception of the corn and     
slave  factors1 the ,greek merchants did
 not confine themselves to trading in   
one  kind of goods1 but conveyed        
anything according as they saw chances  
of  profit4 ,pottery from ,samos and    
,athens1 fine woolen stuffs and         
,assyrian  carpets from ,miletus1 paper1
 unguents1 and glass from ,egypt1 salt  
fish1  skins and corn from the ,black   
,sea1 ship timber and slaves from       
,thrace  and ,macedonia1 ivory and      
spices from ,cyrene#f--these were among 
the  usual articles imported and        
exported through the ,greek waters4     
,merchants  were in some places treated 
with peculiar favor1 had their taxes and
  military duty forgiven1 and above all1
 were granted a speedy trial1 and  in   

the idle winter months1 in case of      
disputes about contracts1 or other      
lawsuits4      ,,weights1 ,,measures1   
,,and ,,coinage4    ,all these great    
helps to trade were originally imported 
from the  ,babylonians1 through the     
,phnicians into ,greece1 but with so    
many  variations that the computing of  
values according to the different       
standards is very intricate4    ,as to  
measures of length1 it seems that the   
,olympic stadium or furlong  was        
generally received through ,greece4 ,it 
was the one-fortieth of our             
geographical mile1 and was divided into 
six plethra of one hundred feet  each4  
,each foot1 which was nearly equal to   
our ,english foot1 was divided  into    
four hands1 and each of these into four 
inches4    ,cubic measures started from 
the half pint1 and were used for both   
fluids  and solids4    ,in these        
measures the ginetan1#g ,attic1 and     
,olympic standards varied4  ,the latter1
 though originally brought from         

,babylon1 was somewhat smaller1  the    
cubic foot being only two-thirds of the 
,babylonian4 ,to this ,olympic  cubic   
foot the ,attic was as twenty-seven to  
twenty1 the ginetan as nine  to four4   
,similarly as to weight1 the            
,babylonians had fixed a cubic foot  of 
rain water as the standard weight of    
their talent4 ,the ,attic talent  was   
much smaller4    ,all the various       
talents1 however1 agreed in having sixty
 min2 each mina  one hundred drachm2    
each drachme six obols4 ,the terms      
ginetan and  ,eubic point to the fact   
that the early ,greek trade was chiefly 
in the  hands of these people1 where the
 weights and coinage were first fixed1  
just as the ,attic standard became      
almost universal afterward4 ,the ,attic 
talent was about #a1ahj2 the mina       
accordingly about #ai4ej2 the drachme   
nineteen cents2 the obolus three cents4 
,this ,attic drachme was of silver1     
which was the only metal habitually     
coined for a long time in ,greece1 as   

gold was very scarce4 ,the ,macedonian  
mines first produced gold enough  for   
ordinary coinage4 ,so also copper       
coinage came in from ,sicily and  ,magna
 ,grcia1 where the talent was regarded  
as a weight of copper1 and  only equal  
to six 7or even less7 ,attic drachm4    
,there were at ,athens  silver pieces of
 four and eight drachm1 and even half   
and quarter obols4  ,this shows how much
 scarcer money was then than now1 and   
how the public  treasures and private   
fortunes1 which seem to us so small1    
were really  large in proportion to the 
prices paid even for the luxuries of    
life4    ,debasing the coinage1 and     
using alloy1 were common devices among  
the  ,greeks1 whose local coins seem    
seldom to have had any general currency4
  ,it was specially noted of the ,attic 
money1 that it passed everywhere1 on    
account of its excellence4              
,,politics4    ,the general principle of
 ,greek states was to consider high     
political  office as both a duty and an 

honor1 but not a profession1 so that no 
salaries were attached to such duties4  
,it is certain1 however1 that the       
indirect profits were very great1       
inasmuch as the bribery of that day  was
 applied1 not to the electors1 but to   
the holders of even very high  office4  
,this form of corruption is said to     
exist even now in ,greece1  where       
bribery of electors is very rare4 ,the  
lower state officials1 such  as         
secretaries and heralds1 were paid      
moderate salaries4    ,when ,athens     
became an imperial city1 the sovereign  
people were paid  sundry emoluments from
 the taxes of their subjects4 ,for      
example1 those  ,athenian citizens who  
were employed as dicasts1#h or judges in
 court1  received three obols per       
day--an income on which most of the     
poorer  citizens lived4 ,they were also 
paid by public distribution a sufficient
  sum for their entrance to the theater1
 and to enjoy themselves at the  great  
festivals of the city4 ,these profits   

were the direct result of  political    
privileges4    ,as mercenary warfare was
 common1 so that of mercenary general   
was  practiced1 even by distinguished   
,greeks1 such as ,agesilaus and         
,cleomenes1  in later days4 ,as the pay 
was only four times that of the common  
soldier1  it is evident that extortion  
and plunder must have been presupposed  
as  an additional means of gain1 and    
this was the case with many of the      
older citizen generals of whom we read  
in history1 such as ,pausanias1         
,themistocles1 and others4 ,the         
profession of military engineer was not 
common1 but was practiced with success  
and fame by a few remarkable men1  such 
as ,artemon1#i whose mechanical genius  
made them very valuable4      ,,law4    
,as men pleaded their own case among the
 ,greeks1 the legal profession1 as  far 
as we know1 could only give friendly    
advice1 or compose speeches for         
litigants1 and this was an extended and 
lucrative profession at ,athens4  ,in   

some cases friends or supporters were   
allowed to speak in addition  to the    
actual litigants1 but paid counsel were 
not directly recognized4  ,when the     
state retained what we should call a    
public prosecutor1 he was  only paid one
 drachma 7nineteen cents7 for a speech1 
which reminds us  of a medival entry    
quoted by ,hallam1 where eight cents and
 his dinner  was a lawyer's fee4 ,but   
distinguished orators like ,demosthenes 
obtained  large private fees4 ,there was
 also in almost all democracies special 
encouragement1 in the absence of state  
lawyers1 for any citizen to  denounce   
any violation of the laws which he could
 detect4 ,this gave rise  to a          
profession called sycophancy1 which     
usually degenerated into that  of a spy 
or informer2 and such men constantly    
extracted money from rich  people and   
from politicians by threats of          
accusation4      ,,literature4    ,in   
addition to the schoolmasters1 who were 
not in high repute1 and were  rather    

considered a trade than a profession1   
there were the sophists1 who  were both 
rhetoricians and philosophers1 and who  
performed exactly the  functions now    
expected from universities1 as          
distinguished from schools4  ,people    
spoke of a pupil of ,isocrates as they  
now do of 8a ,harvard man40  ,these men 
taught politics1 rhetoric1 literary     
criticism1 and higher  science in a     
practical way1 and made large incomes in
 spite of their  great unpopularity with
 the old-fashioned side of both         
political and  social ,greece4 ,at first
 they obtained enormous fees1 but by    
competition  these were reduced to an   
average of from five to ten min for a   
course of  instruction4 ,their course   
lasted about three years4    ,we do not 
hear of any authors making a livelihood 
by their work1 except  poets1 who were  
largely paid for occasional poems by    
both states and  kings1 and whose       
dramatic works were a source of profit  
as well as honor4  ,copies of books were

 easily multiplied by means of slave    
labor1 so that  we hear of              
,anaxagoras'#aj treatise being sold for 
one drachma1 then  very dear4 ,this was 
at a regular bookstall in ,athens1 from 
whence books  were actually an article  
of exportation as far as the ,black     
,sea4 ,still1  collections of books were
 rare till after the time of ,euripides1
 and we  know of no fortunes made by    
writing books4 ,anaxagoras himself1     
though so  popular with the rising      
generation1 is said to have died in     
poverty4    ,the profession of          
architects was esteemed far the greatest
 among artists1  and was the most richly
 paid4 ,they were no doubt men of       
culture1 and  were literary men1 as1 for
 example1 ,ictinus1#aa one of the       
architects  of the ,parthenon1 who wrote
 a special work about the great temple4 
,the  professions of sculptor and       
painter were not so at first1 the       
sculptor  being hardly more than a      
skillful workman1 and this seems to be  

the case  in most great art epochs4 ,men
 like ,pheidias and ,polygnotus1#ab who 
were of a higher level1 often worked    
without accepting any pay1 but the      
sculptors who adorned the ,erectheum at 
,athens1 one of the most beautiful  of  
,greek temples1 were either paid by the 
day from one to two drachm1 or  by the  
job1 receiving two hundred to two       
hundred and forty drachm 7under  #ej7   
for each figure or small group of       
figures4 ,this was in ,pericles'  time1 
when art had reached its highest        
perfection4    ,similarly in music1     
though amateur singing and playing were 
very common1  it was not thought        
gentlemanly to live by them1 and        
professional  musicians were ranked with
 actors and jugglers1 and the other     
classes who  lived by amusing the rich4 
,at later periods1 however1 both        
celebrated  musicians and celebrated    
actors became important personages1 and 
were  courted by a society which had    
abandoned higher and more serious       

pursuits4    ,the medical profession had
 always a high position in ,greek life1 
from the  days of ,machaon              
,podalirius1#ac in ,homer1 down to the  
doctors of ,plato's  day1 who sometimes 
brought an orator with them to persuade 
the patient to  take their remedies4    
,this was done because it was the       
fashion to discuss  everything in       
,greece1 and people were not satisfied  
to submit silently to  anybody's        
prescriptions4    ,there was of course a
 great deal of superstitious quackery1  
which dealt  in amulets and charms1 and 
there were slave assistants1 who visited
 slave  patients1 but the higher members
 of the profession were not only well   
paid1 but appointed publicly by the     
various cities as official physicians4  
,the most famous schools for medicine   
were at ,croton1 ,cnidus1 ,rhodes1 and  
,cos1 where the name of ,hippocrates is 
celebrated as the founder4 ,these       
schools were guilds or trade unions1    
into which the apprentice entered  with 

a very remarkable and solemn oath4 ,such
 accredited physicians  were specially  
exempted by law1 in some cities1 from   
prosecution for  manslaughter1 if their 
patients died4 ,the descriptions of the 
symptoms  and the treatment of various  
diseases still preserved in the works   
attributed to ,hippocrates1 are so      
striking for their good sense and acute 
observation1 that the most competent    
judges consider them the foundation  of 
all rational medicine in ,europe4    ,in
 all the larger ,greek towns the art    
collections were always the main  object
 of curiosity1 which every one went to  
see4 ,there were the temples  either    
venerable for age1 or remarkable for    
architectural splendor1 and  in them the
 statues of the gods1 and the portraits 
of heroes and victors  which were the   
work of famous sculptors4 ,the inner    
walls of both temples  and porticoes    
were often covered with frescoes1 and   
had even separate  pictures hung upon   
them4 ,in fact1 just as we now-a-days go

 to see in  such a town as ,antwerp or  
,rouen the churches1 the pictures1 the  
statues  and carvings1 and the          
antiquities1 so every educated ,greek   
enjoyed the  arts1 and thought his life 
incomplete without having seen their    
highest  products4 ,crowds went to see  
the ,pheidian statue of ,zeus at        
,olympia1 the  ,eros of ,praxiteles at  
,thespi1 the cow of ,myron at ,athens4  
,such great  works were constantly      
copied1 and to this practice we owe the 
inestimable  benefit of finding in      
,roman galleries close imitations of the
 ,greek  masterpieces brought from      
,greece itself4    ,each important state
 was indeed represented in considerable 
cities by  a proxenus1 who corresponds  
to our modern consuls1 but of course he 
could not be expected to offer          
hospitality to all travelers1 though he 
did so to official visitors4 ,every     
distinguished family had accordingly    
family friends in foreign cities1 to    
whom they were bound by mutual  ties of 

hospitality4 ,these friendships were    
handed down from generation  to         
generation1 and when the traveler had   
never seen his host he often  brought   
with him a token formerly given to his  
family by the family  he went to visit4 
,on his arrival the host gave him a     
separate set of  apartments1 and        
supplied him with light1 fuel and salt2 
he also sent him  his dinner the first  
day1 and invited him to dine afterward1 
but for the  rest the guest was attended
 by his own servants1 and supplied      
himself4 ,as  to the actual traveling1  
so much of it was done by sea that there
 seems  to have been but indifferent    
means of journeying on land4 ,to        
,delphi1  ,olympia1 and such public     
resorts there were good roads1 which    
could be  traveled in carriages1 but    
elsewhere pack mules and riding1 or even
  walking was1 as it now is1 the only   
way of crossing the country4            
,athletic contests were always held     
conjointly with festivals1 so that we   

must separate two phases in the greatest
 and most complex enjoyment of  ,greek  
society4 ,in fact1 the ,greeks always   
combined religion with sport4  ,the     
greatest of these meetings was          
undoubtedly that held at ,olympia every 
five years1 and at which the victors    
were recorded since #ggf ,b4 ,c4 ,it    
was gradually thrown open to all        
,peloponnesians1 then to all ,european  
,greeks1 and finally to all the         
colonies1 in #fbj ,b4 ,c4 ,this         
extension was  followed by the founding 
in rapid succession of the public       
contests at  ,delphi 7#ehf71 the        
,isthmos of ,corinth 7#ehb71 and ,nemea 
7#egf ,b4 ,c474 ,they  were celebrated  
in honor of the peculiar god honored at 
the place--,apollo  at ,delphi1         
,poseidon at the ,isthmus1 ,zeus at     
,nemea and ,olympia4 ,there was  a      
solemn truce declared throughout ,greece
 during the ,olympic games1 and  all the
 world flocked thither to enjoy the     
sports1 meet their friends1  transact   

mercantile or even political business1  
and publish or advertise  new works and 
new inventions4 ,at ,delphi musical and 
poetical contests  predominated1 but at 
the others the athletic elements4    ,in
 addition to athletic games1 many       
musical and poetical contests were      
encouraged at the festivals1 as1 for    
example1 at the ,pythian games1  held at
 ,delphi1 and at the ,dionysia1 held at 
,athens4 ,so much did  these            
competitions come into fashion1 that the
 best advertisement and  publication of 
a new poem1 or of a novelty in music1   
was its production  on one of these     
occasions4 ,the great tragedies handed  
down to us were  all composed in this   
way1 and brought out at ,athens in honor
 of the god  ,dionysus4 ,for a fee of   
two obols1 granted him by the state1    
every citizen  and his wife1 at some    
contests even resident strangers1 could 
go and  sit at the theater1 and hear    
four plays of schylus pitted against    
four  plays of ,sophocles1 and four of  

,euripides4 ,the endurance of an        
audience  not given to reading1 and not 
fond of staying at home1 is of course   
much  greater than that of our modern   
play-going people4      ,,festivals4    
,as the games and dramatic shows were in
 honor of the gods1 or sometimes  in    
honor of deceased heroes1 the real      
celebration consisted in  sacrifices1   
prayers1 and solemn processions4 ,these 
sacrifices were  combined with public   
feasts1 as a great many victims were    
slain4 ,in all  processions the         
military1 or citizens in armor1 and on  
horseback1 formed1  as they now do1 an  
important and imposing part4 ,but we are
 bound to  add that in addition to all  
the splendor of the festivals and       
athletic  contests1 there was the usual 
collection of mountebanks1 jugglers1    
thimble-riggers1 and other bad          
characters1 who now frequent horse      
races4  ,this was so much the case in   
later days1 that ,cicero indignantly    
denies  the report that he had gone to  

the ,olympic games4 ,on the other hand1 
we must regard the home festivals in    
each ,greek city among the most  humane 
and kindly institutions in their life4  
,they corresponded to our  ,sundays and 
holidays1 when the hard-worked and      
inferior classes are  permitted to meet 
and enjoy themselves4 ,this was         
particularly the case  with the slaves1 
who enjoyed many indulgences on these   
special days4  ,the women also in such  
cities as usually insisted upon their   
seclusion1  were allowed to join in     
processions1 and see something of the   
world2  and 8the stranger that was      
within their gates10 or who came to     
worship  at the feast1 was received with
 kindness and hospitality4 ,no          
executions  or punishments were allowed2
 prisoners were let out on bail1 and the
  sentences of the law for debts or     
fines were postponed in honor of the    
gods1 who were worshiped not in sadness1
 but with joy4          ,,greek         
,,mythology4      ,,chapter ,,iv4       

,,hestia 7,,vesta74#a ,in the domestic  
life of the ,greeks ,hestia1 the hearth 
goddess1 occupied an important position4
 ,she was one of the twelve great       
divinities1 and her expressive symbol1  
the fire1 they carefully guarded  and   
kept constantly burning4 ,in the more   
rude1 barbaric state of society  her    
worship was1 perhaps1 not general1 as   
there is no mention of her  by ,homer in
 the 8,iliad0 or 8,odyssey40 ,but as    
society advanced and the  importance of 
domestic order and purity was more fully
 recognized1 no  other deity was held in
 greater veneration4 ,she gives security
 to the  dwelling1 and especially guards
 the virtue and happiness of the family4
  8,the hearth possessed among the      
ancients a far higher significance than 
it does in modern life4 ,it served not  
only for the preparation of the  daily  
meals1 but was esteemed the sacred altar
 in the house4 ,there the  images of the
 ,penates1#b or household gods1 were    
placed2 and then1 after  the old        

patriarchal fashion1 the father and     
priest of the family offered  sacrifice 
on all important occasions of their     
domestic life40 7,seemans47    ,the     
well-ordered home1 under the            
guardianship of the virgin goddess1     
herself pure as the bright flame that   
was her symbol1 is the secure  abode of 
happiness as complete as mortals know4  
,for the maintenance of  its purity and 
peace the most solemn vows were made and
 the tutelary#c  goddess invoked to     
avenge the injured and reward the       
faithful4 ,for those  without1 the      
hearth itself was a sacred shrine before
 which suppliants1  if danger           
threatened1 sought not in vain          
protection from the inhabitants  of the 
house4 ,and1 as the state is an extended
 family1 embracing all the  domestic    
organizations in its domain1 ,hestia1   
protectress of the home  circle1 regards
 also the interest and safety of every  
civil community4  ,so1 thoughtful men of
 upright character1 their statesmen and 

wise  senators1 did not hesitate to     
carry the religion of their homes into  
political matters that engaged their    
best endeavors4    ,in the ,greek states
 the senate house1 or department of the 
governing  body1 was solemnly dedicated 
to ,hestia1 and in it they built her an 
altar1 on which fire was kept ever      
burning4 ,that the daily sacrifice      
might not be wanting1 or that sacred    
fire ever become extinct1 it was        
assiduously guarded by vestal#d virgins1
 whose negligence would be  severely    
punished4    ,the name ,hestia is not   
only very sacred1 but has a stem or root
 meaning  that indicates the fixed      
abiding position of her altar in the    
room where  the family dwelt1 or the    
senators met for business4    ,,hermes  
7,,mercury74 ,for the accredited        
pedigree1 characteristics1 and  exploits
 of this sly deity--things of much      
interest to students of the  old        
mythology--we are mostly indebted to    
,homer and his imitators1 the           

,rhapsodists1 some of whose productions 
were accepted as ,homeric4 ,he was  the 
reputed son of ,zeus and the mountain   
nymph ,maia1 and born in a cave1  or    
grotto1 on ,mount ,cyllene1#e in        
,arcadia4 ,the so-called 8,homeric      
,hymn10  assuming cunning and dexterity 
as his principal characteristics1 tells 
in a way to interest the reader1 with   
what amazing capacity his powers        
developed4 ,having such a father1 and   
his mother a daughter of ,atlas1 he     
grew as none but gods can1 almost       
instantly revealing his divine powers4  
,only a few hours after his birth he    
sprung from his mother's arms1 or  from 
the cradle where he lay1 already        
planning an expedition of vast          
proportions1 and escaped from the grotto
 to at once execute his purpose4  ,on   
the way he met a beautiful tortoise that
 he killed1 and extracting the  carcass 
from the shell1 stretched resonant cords
 across the cavity1 and  thus made him a
 harp on which he played most skilfully4

 ,the same day he  hurried off to       
,pieria1 where he stole fifty kine from 
the herd of ,apollo1  and undertook to  
drive them to the grotto of his mother4 
,fearing that the  theft1 so adroitly   
accomplished1 might be detected by their
 tracks in  the sand1 he managed to     
drive them in such circuitous paths     
that1 where  most exposed to            
observation1 the tracks showed them to  
be going toward  the place from which   
they were stolen4 ,his own footsteps he 
disguised by  wrapping his feet with    
tamarisk and myrtle leaves4 ,the next   
morning1 at  early dawn1 he reached the 
stream of ,alpheus1#f and then rubbed   
sticks  of wood against each other till 
they were ignited4 ,thus ,hermes is said
 to  have first given fire to mortal    
men4 ,another legend attributes the same
  to ,prometheus1#g who is said to have 
stolen fire from the altars of the      
gods4 ,but this was kindled in the      
forest by the friction of dry branches  
rubbed against each other by the wind4  

,in that forest ,hermes slaughtered  two
 of the herd1 but1 though pressed with  
hunger1 he ate none of the  roasted     
meat4 ,after quenching the fire1 and    
effacing all signs of it1 he  proceeded 
to ,cyllene1 where he concealed the     
cattle1 and1 having entered  the place  
of his birth softly as a summer breeze1 
resumed his place as a  babe1 and lay   
innocently playing with the cradle      
clothes1 while his right  hand held the 
tortoise lyre hidden under them4 ,his   
absence and the booty  with which he    
returned were not unobserved by his     
mother1 who chided him  for the theft1  
but was assured that1 by such exploits1 
he would secure  for her and for himself
 admission to the assembly of the gods4 
,in the  morning ,apollo1 missing part  
of his herd1 set out in search of them4 
,an  old man informed him that a child  
was seen the day before driving cows    
along the road4 ,at ,pylos he saw       
confused tracks of his cattle1 but was  
amazed at the strange footprints of the 

driver4 ,greatly chagrined at his  loss1
 and meditating chastisement for the    
thief1 he entered the cave  of the      
nymph4 ,hermes1 seeing him1 gathered    
himself under the clothes1  feigning    
fear of the angry god4 ,apollo searched 
all the premises for his  stolen        
property to no purpose4 ,but convinced  
that the child1 his own  younger brother
 was certainly guilty of the theft1 he  
threatened to hurl  him into ,tartarus#h
 if he did not tell at once where the   
cows were4 ,the  little fellow in his   
cradle1 winking slyly1 and making a low 
whistling  sound1 as if amused at       
,apollo's excitement1 denies any        
knowledge of the  matter1 and innocently
 asks what cows are like4 8,i know      
nothing of cows10  he said1 8but their  
name4 ,we must refer the matter to      
,zeus1 who will  decide for us40        
,when the father of gods and men heard  
the complaint and the evidence1  little 
,hermes1 to the great amusement of the  
celestials1 stoutly denied  the charge1 

and with his cradle clothes about his   
person1 argued the  absurdity of        
supposing a mere child like himself     
capable of such deeds4    ,zeus         
admonished the contestants to be        
friends1 but with a significant  nod1   
the suit was decided in ,apollo's favor1
 and the brothers sent in  quest of the 
missing kine4 ,the miscreant led the    
way1 and when the cattle  were brought  
out of the cave1 ,apollo missed two1 and
 was surprised to  find their hides     
stretched on a rock to dry--more so1    
that when attempting  to drive the      
others away their feet were found       
fastened in the earth4  ,again he seized
 the offender for punishment1 but he in 
the emergency1  thought of his lyre1 and
 touching its chords1 called forth music
 so sweet  and soothing that ,apollo1   
forgetting his anger1 coveted the       
instrument  and besought the musician to
 teach him his wondrous art4 8,take it10
 said  he1 8since you are wise1 and will
 know how to use it well1 but if touched

  by those unskilled in the divine art1 
it will utter strange nonsense1  making 
uncertain1 discordant moanings40        
,delighted with his acquisition1        
,apollo gave his brother a magic wand1  
by which he could confer happiness  on  
whom he would2 and1 henceforth1 they    
dwelt together in great harmony  and    
love1 the honored sons of a common      
father4    ,interpreting this myth one  
says1 8while ,apollo represents the     
genial  sunshine1 ,hermes1 as a power of
 nature1 is the rain--rain and sunshine 
being both from the great ,god of       
heaven1 or1 in the language of          
mythologists1 his sons4 ,they are both  
beneficent and have many things so      
similar as to indicate a common origin40
    ,in the process of time their       
conceptions of the younger brother seem 
to  have undergone some change1 or      
possibly the different shades of opinion
  may indicate the places rather than   
the times in which they prevailed4  ,to 
those who regarded him as sending the   

fertilizing rain1 and thus the          
dispenser of manifold gifts1 he also1   
and naturally1 represented the  wind    
that 8bloweth where it listeth10 and    
carries the clouds about on  their      
mission4 ,this idea of personification  
may account for some things  in their   
legends that otherwise seem             
inexplicable4 ,helpless infancy1 in  a  
very few hours leaving the cradle and   
performing exploits the most            
astonishing1 has its parallel in the    
wind1 which1 at first only gentle       
zephyrs whispering softly1 soon may     
freshen to a gale1 and in an hour  sweep
 over the earth with a force that defies
 resistance2 and when people  make      
inquest for the mischief done they hear 
but the mocking laugh as it  hastens on1
 and the calm after a squall is like the
 quiet return of the  adventurous god to
 the cave and cradle that were left for 
the exploits  of that eventful day4     
,then the clouds of various shape and   
color that  are seen grouped above the  

horizon1 or scattered over the vast     
field of  the sky1 were1 to a vivid     
imagination1 the herd of ,phbus1 who    
watches  over them4 ,when the rising    
wind1 represented by ,hermes' leaving   
the cave1  carries them away1 a         
stupendous theft has been committed4    
,the offices of ,hermes were many1 and  
supposed to be useful1 nor was his  many
 sided character thought bad when judged
 by the moral code of a  people who made
 him a god after their own likeness4    
,crafty1 dishonest  merchants did not   
mean to impeach his honesty when they   
implored him  to give them such         
shrewdness as to outwit and supplant    
others in the  bargains they made4      
,rogues and thieves prayed to him1 just 
as bandits and  robbers in the same     
country and in parts of ,italy ask the  
patron saints  to aid their assaults on 
defenseless travelers1 and give them a  
rich  booty4    ,arcadian shepherds     
invoked ,hermes as the guardian of      
flocks while he  inspired their pastoral

 songs and directed in the manufacture  
of the  rustic instruments on which they
 played4    ,moreover1 he was regarded  
and often spoken of as the fleet        
messenger and  dextrous agent of his    
father1 ,zeus4 ,in this character the   
epic poets most  frequently present him4
 ,swifter than the wind he passes over  
the land  and sea to execute whatever   
commissions are intrusted to him4 ,once 
he  destroyed the hundred eyed ,argus1  
the guardian of ,io1 on which account he
  is called by ,homer the ,argus slayer4
    ,seemans suggests that ,argus in    
that myth represents the starry heavens1
  and the suggestion is                 
plausible--,argus is slain by the rain  
god2 that is1  the stars are hid by the 
thick clouds4    ,as represented in art1
 he bears the herald's staff1 or wand1  
given  him by ,apollo1 by the means of  
which he can induce sleep or rouse the  
slumberer2 but it was supposed to be    
used chiefly in guiding souls to  their 
abodes in the under world4 ,the earliest

 ,greeks1 as indeed men of  all nations1
 and in every state of society1         
civilized1 semi-civilized  or savage1   
cherished the expectation of a state    
after death1 and though  vaguely hoping 
for happiness hereafter1 they also felt 
the need of an  escort1 though unseen1  
to that 8land of deepest shade unpierced
 by human  thought40 ,the belief in     
,hermes as psychopompus1#i or conductor 
of the  soul1 doubtless gave the dying  
mythologist when consciously loosing his
  hold on things visible and tangible1  
some crumbs of comfort4 ,with no  other 
rod or staff on which to lean1 a heathen
 poet could say3        8,non ego omnis 
moriar40#aj    ,such was at least the   
longing for immortality in the darkest  
ages4    ,the statues and plastic       
representations of ,hermes1 as also of  
the other  divinities1 changed with the 
progress of this ideal development4     
,they  represent him as a shepherd1     
sometimes a herald1 or messenger1 and   
always  as a powerful1 bearded man4     

,those of later date show him as a      
beardless  youth1 but of great strength1
 with broad chest1 lithe but powerful   
limbs1  curly hair1 small mouth and     
eyes1 a wonderful combination of grace  
and  vigor4 8,if we add to this the     
expression of kindly benevolence which  
plays around his finely cut lips1 and   
the inquiring look of his face  as he   
bends forward thoughtfully1 we have the 
principal characteristic  features      
artists have given of this god40 ,of    
existing statues1 in bronze  and marble1
 we can not speak more                  
particularly--such are found in the     
,vatican1 at ,naples1 and in the        
,british ,museum4    ,,hades4--,this    
name now1 and from the beginning of the 
,christian era1 used  only to           
distinguish a place1 was in mythology a 
personal appellative1  and given to one 
of the ,olympic divinities who received1
 by allotment1  control of the lower    
world4 ,he was son of ,cronos and ,rhea1
 and there  are but few legends of him  

that the reader would care to see       
recorded1  on account of the mysterious 
gloom that enveloped his person and his 
kingdom4 ,it is enough to say he was at 
first regarded with dread as the        
unpitying1 unrelenting foe of mankind1  
and while all were fated in their       
appointed time to descend to his dismal 
realms1 heedless of their mortal        
reluctance and agony1 he gathered them  
in1 and deaf to their prayers kept  his 
gate so guarded by that hundred headed  
monster ,cerberus#aa that none  could   
ever escape4 ,the conception was so     
horrible that men shrank from  it in    
dismay4 ,hades1 being inexorable1 was   
not worshiped4 ,prayer had no           
encouragement1 no utterance4 ,those who 
dreaded to become his victims  might    
wail in their agony or curse bitterly1  
but no door of hope was open  for them4 
,in the course of time--how long none   
can tell1 as no details are given1  but 
in after ages--the ,greek conception of 
,hades as a divinity seemed  to undergo 

considerable change4 ,not only other but
 very different  characteristics were   
given to him4 ,he even received a new   
name1 ,pluton  7riches71 possibly       
indicating for him some agency in       
sending up1 from  the bosom of the      
earth1 nourishment for things that grow 
on its surface1  and also as offering   
unbounded wealth to mankind in the      
metals whose  mines are in the          
subterranean chambers4 ,but though the  
original dismal  conception of this     
stern1 inexorable deity was partially   
relieved1  mention of him seems always  
to have conveyed to the mind the idea of
  something grim and painfully          
mysterious1 and that probably caused    
them to  speak of him but seldom1 and   
with fear4    ,we are more interested to
 trace their notions of the underworld  
itself1  and respecting the state of the
 dead who have entered it4 ,on these    
subjects there was evidently some       
diversity of opinion1 not between       
different persons only1 but of the same 

person at different times4 ,even  ,homer
 presents two distinct views respecting 
the abode and condition of  the dead4   
,in the 8,iliad0 he locates it beneath  
the flat earth1 and not  far from the   
upper surface4 ,describing the battle of
 the gods he says3        8,pluto1 the  
infernal monarch1 heard alarmed1        
,and1 springing from his throne1 cried  
out in fear1       ,lest ,neptune       
breaking through the solid earth        
,to mortals and immortals should lay    
bare       ,the dark and drear abode of 
gods abhorred40    ,but in the          
8,odyssey10 the realm in which the      
shades of the departed  wander1 lies far
 west of the earth-girdling ,oceanus1 or
 is an island  in the midst of that     
fabled stream4 ,nor is this at all      
wonderful1  since1 after the progress of
 centuries1 and the partial unveiling of
  the future in the divine oracles1 the 
heaven revealed1 as to its  latitude1   
longitude and topography1 remains1 even 
to ,christians1 a terra  incognita4#ab  

,in the profoundly interesting problem  
of a future life the question of        
locality is of little importance4 ,that 
which more concerns the mortal1  yet    
immortal man1 is what that life shall   
be2 and1 in their answers to  that      
question1 theology and mythology differ 
widely4 ,the latter claims  for departed
 spirits only a shadowy1 dreamy1 dismal 
existence1 devoid  of any real          
happiness4 ,at first they seem to have  
had no thought of  any difference in    
their allotments1 and say nothing of the
 judgment of  the dead4 ,further on in  
their history the idea of future reward 
and  punishment had some development4   
,thenceforward there was a division in  
,pluto's realm1 and the nethermost part 
was called ,tartarus1 a deep1  dark1    
cavernous abode of wretchedness and woe1
 where those condemned  by the          
judges1#ac ,minos1 ,rhadamanthus and    
acus were tormented by the  ,furies4    
,the good1 being special favorites of   
the gods1 are transferred to  elysian   

fields--isles of the blessed--and find  
their happiness complete1  while those  
of a middle class1 without either       
positive excellence or  damning wrong1  
are permitted to remain in a dusky      
region1 where1 as dim  but ghastly      
shades1 they pass a dull1 joyless       
existence1 without much  positive       
suffering4    ,the punishment of great  
criminals was a fruitful theme for the  
imaginations and pens of the ,greek     
poets4 ,tityus1 who had offered         
violence to ,leto1 is chained to the    
earth while vultures constantly tear    
his ever growing liver4 ,tantalus1#ad   
who had been admitted to the table  of  
the gods1 but impiously thought to test 
their superior discernment by  putting  
before them the flesh of his son        
,pelops1 is for his crime doomed  to    
suffer the torments of continual hunger 
and thirst4 ,just above his  head are   
branches laden with beautiful and       
luscious fruits1 but when he  attempts  
to pluck them a gust of wind bears them 

quite beyond his reach4  ,he stands on  
the bank of a beautiful stream clear as 
crystal1 or in the  midst of the water1 
but when he attempts to quench his      
raging thirst it  is impossible even to 
wet his lips4 ,sisyphus1 once king of   
,corinth1 and a  great sinner1 was      
condemned to roll a block of stone up a 
high mountain1  but1 soon as the top was
 reached1 the huge stone1 by some sudden
 impulse1  rolled back to the plain1 and
 with weary limbs he must continue the  
fruitless struggle4 ,ixion1 also an     
insolent offender1 is chained1 hands    
and feet1 to an ever revolving wheel and
 tortured without respite or hope  of   
release4 ,and the daughters of ,danaus1 
who at their father's bidding  had slain
 their husbands the night of their      
nuptials1 are laboriously  pouring water
 into a perforated cask with despair of 
ever accomplishing  the required task of
 filling it4 ,the punishment was deemed 
retributory1  and in these examplary    
cases from its nature without end4      

,,eros ,,and ,,psyche#ae 7,,cupid ,,and 
,,the ,,soul74--,eros1 reputed a son of 
,aphrodite and ,ares1 in the earlier    
legends appears a winged child2 then  a 
boy of marvelous beauty on the verge of 
youth1 but small of stature4  ,his      
characteristic is the golden bow1 from  
whose taut string arrows fly  to their  
mark1 with unerring aim1 and inflict    
wounds that represent the  consuming    
pangs of love4 ,as the charming but     
mischief-making ,eros1 being  solitary1 
did not grow1 his mother1 by the advice 
of ,artemis1 gave him  as a play-fellow 
a brother whom they named ,anteros2 his 
company caused  content and happiness4  
,eros was venerated not only as the god 
of love1  kindly influencing the sexes  
toward each other1 and kindling purest  
fires on their home altars1 but as the  
author also of loving friendships       
between youths and men4 ,for this reason
 probably1 his statue was placed        
between those of ,hermes and ,hercules  
in the gymnasia1 and the warlike        

,spartans sacrifice to him before       
battle1 pledging themselves to be       
faithful1 and stand by one another in   
time of need4    ,the significant myth  
showing the love of ,eros for ,psyche is
 of  more recent origin and shows some  
higher religious notions4 ,various      
interpretations of the legend have been 
suggested1 all of them  sufficiently    
fanciful4 ,we give here an abridgment of
 a much lengthier  account found in     
8,stories from the ,classics40    ,in a 
certain city were three daughters of the
 king1 of whom the youngest1  ,psyche1  
being exceedingly beautiful1 was thought
 the loveliest of  mortals4 ,her        
enraptured admirers built altars for her
 worship as a  goddess1 and strewed them
 with flowery garlands4 ,the charming   
,psyche was  too gentle and good to be  
elated by the homage1 however           
extravagantly  expressed1 but the hearts
 of her less beautiful sisters were soon
 filled  with envy and jealousy4        
,moreover ,venus herself1 the goddess of

 beauty1  became like a mortal jealous  
of poor ,psyche4 ,highly offended that  
her  own altars should be neglected for 
those of an earth-born maiden1 she      
retired in anger to her favorite isle1  
and there cherished purposes of         
revenge4 ,thither her winged boy1       
,cupid1 came quickly at his mother's    
call4 ,with tears and many passionate   
lamentations she told him the story  of 
her wrongs--how ,psyche was honored and 
,venus neglected4 8,you alone1 my  son10
 she said1 8can punish this presumptuous
 beauty1 and make her feel  that it is a
 serious thing to incur the displeasure 
of the immortals40  ,when her plans were
 made known1 soothing his mother with   
fond caresses1  ,cupid readily promised 
to execute all her wishes4 ,then1 in    
obedience to  her commands1 he hastened 
away to a luxuriant island in the midst 
of  the ocean1 where were two fountains 
side by side1 one clear as crystal1     
imparting health and happiness to all   
who drank of the delicious water2  the  

other turbid and of a most deadly       
nature4 ,those who tasted its  poisoned 
water were never happy again4 ,from the 
one1 a living fountain1  he took water  
of joy1 from the other of sorrow1 and   
placing each in a  little amber urn1    
flew away to the palace of ,psyche1     
where he found her  lying upon a couch1 
fragrant with roses1 asleep1 and smiling
 in her  pleasant dreams4 ,too intent on
 accomplishing his mission to be        
deterred1  even by the sight of such    
transcendent beauty1 silently and       
lightly as  falls a noxious dew upon a  
gentle flower he shed on her slightly   
parted  lips the fatal drops of grief1  
and was preparing to wound her with  his
 arrow1 when his victim suddenly awoke4 
,the scene was changed and  the         
mischievous1 cruel ,cupid was now quite 
overcome with her strange  loveliness1  
and the gentle expression of her        
lustrous eyes4 ,filled with  remorse for
 what was done he hastily shed on her   
golden ringlets the  balmy drops of joy1

 intended for another1 and vanished from
 her sight4    ,the father of ,psyche   
fearing the wrath of the celestials on  
account of  the adoration paid to his   
daughter1 inquired1 at the oracle of    
,apollo1  what course he should pursue4 
,the response filled him with anguish4  
,he  was directed to place the maiden on
 a barren rock on the top of the        
mountain1 and there abandon her to her  
unknown fate4 ,the poor king and  his   
queen wept much1 but dared not disobey  
the oracle1 cruel as it  seemed4        
,preparations were made in sadness1 and 
on the day appointed  ,psyche was       
attended to the destined rock by a      
mournful procession of  friends whose   
lamentations rent the air4 ,when the    
broken-hearted parents  bade a last     
adieu to their beloved child1 they      
ordered the gates of  their palace to be
 shut and gave themselves up to despair4
 ,as the train  of mourners gradually   
disappeared ,psyche stood trembling on  
the top of  the lone mountain1 and now  

overcome with grief and fear1 she burst 
into  tears1 bemoaning her sad          
condition4 ,then the gently blowing     
zephyr caught  and raised her in the    
air1 and bearing her over the valley at 
the foot  of the mountain left her on a 
flowery turf1 in a sweet sleep4 ,when   
she  awoke all fear was gone4 ,looking  
around she saw1 near a grove of lofty   
trees1 a cool fountain gently flowing1  
and within the grove a palace so        
gorgeous that it was evidently the      
residence of a god4 ,it was of costly   
materials1 exquisite workmanship1 and   
filled with immense treasures1 all  of  
which seemed secure without guards or   
doors4 ,as the astonished but  now      
delighted maiden entered1 a voice of    
angelic sweetness addressed  her1       
saying1 8,lovely ,psyche1 all these     
treasures are yours1 and we whose       
voices you hear1 though invisible1 are  
your servants1 who will obey all  your  
commands4 ,come to the banquet already  
prepared for our rightful  mistress40   

,she was conducted to a rich repast of  
ambrosia and nectar1  served by         
invisible hands1 and entertained with   
delightful music from  olian harps4     
,psyche did not know who the lord of the
 palace was1 but1 without being         
suffered to behold him1 she became his  
wife1 and lived for a long time         
contented and happy2 treated by him1    
when present1 with the utmost  kindness1
 and1 in his absence1 cheered by the    
voices of her unseen  attendants4       
,when her sisters1 wicked women1 who had
 heard of her happiness1 and were       
invited to share it1 arrived at the     
palace they were received by ,psyche    
most cordially4 ,she tenderly embraced  
them1 showed them her treasures1  and   
bestowed such gifts as sisterly         
affection suggested4 ,but their hearts  
were hard and cruel4 ,more envious than 
before at the sight of such             
magnificence1 they artfully planned to  
destroy their unsuspecting victim1  who 
had been warned not to allow any idle   

curiosity about her husband1  lest1 by  
so doing1 she might lose him forever4   
8,dearest sister10 they  say1 concealing
 their real feelings under a mask of    
sisterly kindness1  8our love constrains
 us to make known to you that the being 
you call your  husband is doubtless some
 malignant spirit who dares not show to 
you his  hideous person1 and who will   
some day destroy you4 ,take therefore1  
we  entreat1 this lamp and dagger2      
conceal the lamp in the tapestry of your
  chamber1 and in the night satisfy your
 curiosity4 ,if he prove the monster  we
 suspect1 you can kill him in his sleep 
and return to the home of your          
distracted parents40    ,poor ,psyche   
was overwhelmed with sorrow1 and after  
much talking they so  wrought on both   
her fear and curiosity that she         
reluctantly promised to  heed their     
advice4 ,as night approached her courage
 failed1 and all the  past kindness of  
her husband coming in mind made her     
design appear most  ungrateful1 yet she 

must keep her promise1 and at any risk1 
satisfy the  doubts that were           
distracting her4 ,so when all voices    
were hushed1 the  lights out1 and deep  
silence reigned in the palace1 she took 
the lamp  from the place where she had  
concealed it1 and1 with trembling1 drew 
near the couch where she saw her husband
 lying fast asleep4 ,what was  her glad 
surprise when she found him none other  
than the beautiful god  ,cupid himself4 
,his countenance was so radiant that the
 very light of  the revealing lamp      
seemed to grow dim4 ,on his shoulders   
were wings of  delicate whiteness1      
covered with a tremulous down4 ,his bow 
and arrows  lay at his feet4 ,as she    
stood over him1 entranced by the sight1 
the oil  in the lamp1 as if to punish   
her crime1 bubbled over and the burning 
liquid fell on the shoulder of the      
sleeper4 ,immediately he started up1    
and looking reproaches stronger than    
words1 at once flew away in silence4    
,alas6 for the imprudent wife's         

distress1 when the husband she adored   
left  her in anger1 and1 as she feared1 
never to return4    ,the deceitful      
sisters1 themselves deceived by a false 
tale of ,cupid's  regard for them1      
miserably perished4 ,when the indignant 
,venus learned  that ,cupid1 instead of 
punishing1 had taken to his palace her  
detested  rival1 and then suffered      
injury at her hand1 she threatened      
vengeance and  sent ,mercury in search  
of the object of her hate4 ,her wounded 
son was  cared for1 but not without     
upbraiding him for his conduct1 and     
proposing  such chastisement as anger   
mingling with maternal love suggested4  
,as for the deserted ,psyche1 having    
attempted in vain to drown herself  in a
 neighboring stream1 she wanders through
 the world in search of her  lost love4 
,relentlessly persecuted by her         
adversary1 who subjected her to         
numerous and severe trials1 the plants  
and animals1 the reed1 the swan1  the   
eagle1 offer advice and assistance4     

,pitied1 but unaided1 unprotected  by   
the higher goddesses1 ,ceres and ,juno1 
her case becomes desperate1 and  she    
determines1 at once1 to surrender       
herself into the hands of ,venus4       
8,possibly she may be won by my good and
 dutiful conduct1 and in the  house of  
his mother ,i may get a sight of him ,i 
have so long sought in  vain40 ,that    
hope1 too1 was doomed to disappointment4
 ,the haughty goddess1  forgetting alike
 the dignity of her rank1 and the       
tenderness of a mother1  spoke bitter1  
revengeful words1 and1 calling two      
servants1 ,sorrow and  ,solicitude1 she 
ordered them to chastise her in the     
severest manner4 ,the  suffering of her 
victim did not satisfy the angry ,venus1
 and the most  difficult tasks were     
enjoined4 ,having tried her ability by  
requiring  many things thought          
impossible for mortals1 but that were   
all1 by the  aid of favoring divinities1
 accomplished1 as a last effort she bade
 her  go to the palace of ,pluto1 in the

 infernal regions1 and1 carrying a  box 
given her for the purpose1 to request of
 ,proserpine#af a portion  of her divine
 beauty1 and bring back the treasure    
untouched4 ,it was a  perilous          
undertaking2 but again helped and       
instructed how to proceed1  it was      
accomplished in safety1 and with entire 
success4 ,she escaped the  wiles with   
which ,proserpine sought to detain her  
guest1 and obtained  the treasure box1  
filled and carefully closed4 ,in her    
instructions she  was enjoined not1 on  
any account1 to open the box or meddle  
with its  precious contents4 ,when      
returning1 the chief difficulties and   
dangers of  the way already past1 her   
woman's curiosity again prevails1 and   
silencing  her fears and her conscience1
 she decides to appropriate a very small
  portion of its contents1 desiring to  
become more pleasing to her offended    
husband1 whom she still hopes to meet4  
,the lid was cautiously raised1  when   
lo6 instead of the celestial beauty that

 was expected1 there issued  from       
within1 a black1 dense vapor which      
enveloped her so closely1 that1         
presently1 overcome with a deep stupor1 
she fell senseless to the ground4       
,cupid having escaped from the palace1  
and1 having on his downy wings1         
witnessed the whole of this proceeding1 
flew to the spot1 and1 quickly          
gathering up the deadly vapor1 confined 
it again within the casket4  ,then      
gently arousing the stupefied ,psyche1  
with a touch of his arrow1  8,see10 said
 he1 8how thou wouldst perish by this   
foolish curiosity6 ,arise  now and      
complete the task imposed by my mother1 
while ,i supplicate the  mighty ,jupiter
 to appease her anger40 ,thus saying he 
soared on high1 nor  ceased his flight  
till he reached ,olympus1 the lofty     
dwelling of the  gods4 ,then kneeling   
before the throne he pleaded with such  
eloquence the  cause of his hapless     
spouse that the king of gods was moved  
to pity1 and  promised1 by the exercise 

of his sovereign will1 to end forever   
,psyche's  misfortunes and sufferings4  
,mercury was ordered to conduct her to  
his  presence1 and1 eager to fulfill so 
pleasant a commission1 the winged       
messenger darted through the air with   
utmost speed and soon returned with  his
 charge4    ,the joy of ,cupid was      
boundless1 when ,psyche1 more lovely    
than ever1 stood  by his side4 ,jupiter1
 regarding her for a time with silent   
admiration1  then1 presenting a cup of  
nectar1 said3 8,take this1 and be       
henceforth  immortal4 ,the bitter waters
 that have occasioned all your          
sufferings1  after this divine draught  
will be forgotten4 ,venus shall no      
longer mourn  your union with her son4  
,it has the approval of the gods1 and   
shall  endure forever40    ,psyche thus 
indued with a new and glorious nature1  
looked imploringly at  mother ,venus4   
,friendly influences stealing into her  
heart1 the goddess  yielded1 and        
embraced her radiant daughter with      

maternal affection4 ,the  wedding       
banquet was prepared1 and the ,hours    
with roseate fingers decked  the bride4 
,ganymede1#ag as commanded1 poured for  
them the sparkling  nectar1 and         
cloud-capped ,olympus echoed to the glad
 sounds of choral  voices4    ,neptune  
came from his ocean cave2 ,apollo and   
the ,muses were attracted  by the sweet 
notes of song2 ,minerva laid aside her  
helmet to grace the  marriage feast with
 her presence2 ,mars1 with swordless    
hand1 and merry  ,bacchus1 the grape    
wreath that bound his golden hair       
nodding as he  stepped1 all joined the  
festive company4 ,the ,graces had       
decorated the  spacious hall2 there were
 thrilling strains of music in the      
orchestra1  and ,venus herself danced   
for joy4 ,psyche1 the admired of all1   
reclining  on the bosom of her          
reconciled husband1 in the bliss of so  
divine a union  lost forever the        
remembrance of all her sorrows4    ,this
 beautiful fable1 some say1 represents  

the trials and destiny of  human beings4
 ,the soul--so the mythologists         
held--though of divine origin1  is here 
subjected to error and evil in its      
prison1 the body4 ,trials  and          
purifications are necessary1 that it may
 become capable of purer  pleasures and 
nobler aspirations4 ,two loves meet it1 
one earthly and  degrading1 the other   
heavenly and elevating4 ,this1 when     
victorious leads  off the soul1         
disenthralled and purified1 to the      
abodes of the blessed4    ,according to 
these expositors the myth is a moral    
one1 and represents  the dangers to     
which nuptial fidelity was exposed in   
such a country as  degenerate ,greece1  
and also gives an instance of true      
constancy subjected  to many and strong 
temptations1 but victorious over them   
all4    ,as allegorical myths are of    
doubtful interpretation1 the reader may 
escape some perplexity by accepting the 
story as a tale of fancy1  intended for 
innocent amusement1 rather than for     

instruction in  psychology or morals4   
,,studies ,,in ,,kitchen ,,science ,,and
 ,,art4    ,,iv4 ,,apples1 ,,peaches1   
,,blackberries ,,and ,,strawberries4    
,,by ,,byron ,d4 ,,halsted1 ,,sc4 ,d4   
,in our study of the food products of   
the earth1 we now come to a             
consideration of some of our leading    
fruits4 ,all of the four given above    
are furnished us by a single order of   
plants1 namely3 the ,rose ,family1  or  
,rosace4#a ,this order not only contains
 the 8,queen of ,flowers10  but the     
8,king of ,fruits20 it is1 in short1 a  
royal family among plants1  without     
which we should be deprived of much that
 is very beautiful1 and  more that is   
exceedingly useful4 ,we are dependent   
upon the cereals for  our flour1 but    
what would flour be without some fruit  
to mix with it in  the formation of a   
very long list of our most highly prized
 viands8 ,apple  pies1 peach dumplings1 
blackberry puddings and strawberry      
shortcakes all  have their ardent       

admirers1 and happy is the housewife who
 can make them  to perfection4    ,,the 
,,apple4--,well might the apple be the  
fruit to tempt mankind4 ,the  schoolboy 
feels this when before him stands a     
neighbor's tree loaded with  the golden 
spheres of ripeness and sweetness4 ,well
 might ,solomon with  all his wisdom    
acknowledge the beauty and worth of this
 best of fruits  when he writes3 8,a    
word fitly spoken is like apples of gold
 in pictures  of silver40 ,downing1 in  
his classic work on 8,the ,fruits and   
,fruit ,trees  of ,america0 says3       
8,among the heathen gods of the north   
there were apples  fabled to possess the
 power of conferring immortality1 which 
were  carefully watched over by the     
goddess ,iduna1#b and kept for the      
special  dessert of the gods who felt   
themselves growing old40 ,apples may not
  confer immortality1 but they lend new 
charms to life1 and we should guard     
this fruit as did the sleepless dragon  
the golden apples in the orchards  of   

,hesperus4#c    ,if the 8tree of        
knowledge0 is not an allegory1 and it   
bore apples1 we  have the antiquity as  
well as ancient edibility of the apple  
at once  established4 ,the origin and   
first home of the apple1 like all the   
fruits1  flowers and vegetables in      
cultivation before the time of human    
records1  is all obscurity1 and         
speculation has free course in seeking  
for the  early history of the apple4    
,this fruit was extensively cultivated  
by the  ,romans1 and is widely diffused 
through all parts of the temperate zone4
    ,the apple tree is one of slow      
growth and medium size1 though there    
are some specimens in this country of   
great dimensions4 ,the head is          
low-spreading1 and the flowers sweet and
 beautiful4 ,the blossom1 as well  as   
the fruit that follows it1 is famous in 
story and in song4 ,the kinds  of apples
 are very numerous1 and the number is   
increasing every year4 ,the  genus      
,pyrus1#d to which the common apple     

belongs1 has several species1  including
 the mountain ashes1 common chokeberry1 
and several kinds of  crab apples1 and  
last1 but far from the least1 the pears4
 ,the orchard  apple is thus seen to be 
in the midst of good company4    ,apples
 are classified in various ways2 that by
 ,j4 ,j4 ,thomas1 in his  8,american    
,fruit ,culturist10 is as follows3      
,three divisions are made upon  the time
 of ripening--as1 summer1 autumn1 and   
winter apples4 ,under each of  these are
 two classes1 namely3 sweet apples1 and 
those with more or less  acidity4 ,under
 each of these six classes are two      
sections1 viz43 color  striped with     
red--color unstriped4 ,the three points 
in this classification  are season1     
taste1 and color of skin4 ,for example1 
the apple before  me is a summer fruit1 
sweet1 with skin not striped4 ,it       
belongs in the  second section of class 
one of the first division4 ,it is the   
sweet  bough4 ,again1 the apple is      
striped1 acid1 and winter2 by referring 

to  the descriptive list we find it is  
northern spy1 king of ,tompkins1  or    
,wagener4 ,the characteristics of the   
groupings above given are not  properly 
distinct4 ,as ,thomas says3 8,summer    
apples gradually pass into  autumn1 and 
autumn into winter apples4 ,a few '''   
possess nearly a neutral  flavor between
 a dead sweetness and slight acidity4   
,again1 apples classed  with those that 
are striped1 sometimes present a nearly 
uniform shade  of red40 ,so much        
interwoven are the colors1 periods of   
ripening1 etc41  that ,downing discards 
all classification and arranges his     
descriptive  list alphabetically4 ,in   
describing apples and similar fruit the 
word  base is used for the stem end of  
the fruit1 and apex the blossom end4    
,the primary forms of apples are3       
oblate1 roundish1 conical1 and oblong4  
,the last report of the ,american       
,pomological ,society#e catalogues three
  hundred and thirty-seven varieties of 
apples1 with the standing of each  in   

the several states and territories4     
,from this tabulation we select  the    
following varieties as among those that 
proved the best3 ,for summer1  early    
harvest1 red astrachan1 sweet bough1    
,american summer1 ,carolina  ,june1 and 
,oldenburg2 for autumn1 fall pippins1   
,porter1 maiden's blush1  ,gravenstein1 
late strawberry1 sops of wine1 and      
primate2 for winter1  ,baldwin1 ,ben    
,davis1 ,hubbardston1 ,rhode ,island    
greening1 northern spy1 and  farmer's4  
,these sorts are not equally good       
everywhere1 but taken all in  all they  
are among the leading sorts4 ,there may 
be some varieties of only  local        
reputation that do better in their      
native section than any here  mentioned4
 ,some apples are adapted to the warmer 
climate of the southern  states1 while  
others are suited to the cold regions   
farther north4 ,the  wealthy apple is a 
fine illustration of the latter2 it is  
especially  suited to ,new ,hampshire1  
,wisconsin1 ,minnesota1 ,iowa and       

,colorado4    ,apple trees are raised   
from seed sown in autumn1 and remain in 
the seed  bed for two or three years1   
when they are removed in the spring1    
with  their tap-root or main root cut to
 the nursery rows4 ,the following autumn
  they are budded with the desired      
variety4 ,the well ripened bud is       
inserted in the bark of the twig1 near  
the ground4 ,the growth from the  bud   
afterward forms the tree top4 ,the trees
 may be set in the orchard  the third   
year after budding4 ,the soil best      
adapted for an orchard is  a strong loam
 containing abundant limestone or       
calcareous matter4 ,the  soil should be 
kept mellow by frequent cultivation1    
until the trees are  of considerable    
size4 ,it must be remembered that the   
trees are of first  importance1 and they
 should not be starved by lack of       
richness in the  soil or by the growth  
of exhausting grain crops4    ,there are
 many insect enemies to the apple tree1 
the leading among which  are the borers1

 ,american tent caterpillar1 canker     
worm1 bark-lice and  codling moth4 ,the 
methods of treating each one of these   
pests have been  well worked out1 but   
space forbids our giving them in this   
connection4    ,it is important that    
apples be gathered with care1 especially
 if to be  sent to market4 ,the         
reputation of ,american apples in the   
,english market  has suffered greatly   
from carelessness in picking and        
packing4 ,fruit  sells more by          
appearance than anything else1 and      
therefore the packages  should be neat  
and the contents uniformly good4 ,apples
 are employed in  various ways beside   
cooking4 ,they are the source of much   
cider that  afterward by fermentation   
forms the best quality of vinegar4      
,,the ,,peach4--,the peach 7,prunus     
,persica#f7 is a native of ,persia1 as  
the  botanical name indicates1 and was  
brought from that country to ,italy  by 
the ,romans4 ,it is frequently mentioned
 by ancient writers1 and was  regarded  

with much veneration by the people of   
,asia4 ,the peach reached  the ,british 
,isles in the sixteenth century4 ,there 
is no country where  the peach is more  
successfully grown than in some portions
 of the ,united  ,states4 ,it can not be
 grown with profit north of #db north   
latitude1 but  south of this line it    
flourishes as far as the ,gulf of       
,mexico4 ,there are  some localities    
specially adapted for the peach1 and    
here it is grown  in its perfection4    
,first among such sections is the       
,delaware peninsula1  a territory of six
 thousand square miles1 within which    
more peaches per  acre are produced than
 anywhere else on the globe1 and of the 
finest  quality4 ,a portion of          
,michigan1 known as the 8peach belt10 is
 likewise  famous1 and supplies the     
western markets with vast quantities of 
this  luscious fruit4    ,the peach is a
 small tree1 with long narrow leaves and
 beautiful pink  blossoms4 ,it grows    
rapidly to maturity1 and after bearing a

 few crops is  through with its best    
work1 and should be replaced by another4
    ,mr4 ,fulton1 in his small book on  
8,peach ,culture10 writes3 8,the seed   
should be of natural fruit4 ,it is more 
vigorous1 more hardy1 more certain  to  
germinate1 and the tree lives longer4   
,this should never be overlooked  by any
 planter who wishes the full reward of  
his labors40 ,this indicates  that the  
seed in the budded fruit loses some of  
its vitality4 ,it is  doubtless a law   
that as we go farther from the native or
 wild state the  less vigorous becomes  
the nurtured plant4 ,the artificial life
 that many  plants lead leaves them no  
time to store up strength for the       
continuation  of the race1 and in many  
cases they have lost all power of       
producing  offspring4 ,the young peach  
trees are provided by sowing the seeds  
in  beds1 carefully kept free from      
weeds4 ,after the proper size is        
reached1  buds are inserted1 as above   
mentioned under the apple1 and in a year

 or  two the budded trees are ready for 
the orchard4    ,this process of budding
 is similar to that of making cuttings  
or slips1  only1 a single bud is set in 
the cleft bark of a living stem1 instead
 of  a piece of branch1 with two or more
 buds1 set in moist sand4 ,grafting     
differs from budding in that the cion is
 a stem with two or more buds1  usually 
set in a cleft of a living branch2 it is
 budding on a larger  scale1 and is     
suited to large trees4    ,the varieties
 of peaches are very numerous1 more than
 one hundred and  fifty sorts being set 
down in some lists4 ,it is not an easy  
task to  select the best4 ,there are    
many things to consider in deciding upon
 the  merit of a peach4 ,it may have the
 best flavor1 but be subject to rot1 a  
poor bearer1 or be so small that it will
 not sell well4 ,the tree should  be    
vigorous and productive1 with fruit     
large1 rich flavored1 and fine  colored4
 ,such fruit is fit food for the gods4  
,from the recent ,pomological  ,society 

catalogue we find that the following    
varieties are the most in  favor1 take  
the whole country through4 ,among those 
known as very early  are3 ,alexander1   
early ,york1 large early ,york1 ,hales  
and truth2 medium1  early ,crawford1    
,chinese cling1 ,columbia1 oldmixon free
 and oldmixon  cling2 late1 smock1      
stump-the-world1 late ,crawford1 ,heath 
cling1 and  ,ward's late4 ,by a careful 
selection of varieties with regard to   
their  time of ripening1 a small orchard
 would furnish fruit from midsummer     
until the frosts come4 ,in setting out  
an orchard there is a tendency to       
purchase new sorts1 and for this the    
nurserymen are largely to blame4 ,a     
man's interest in the sale of so simple 
a thing as a tree may cause it to  be   
overestimated4 ,a half dozen time-tested
 standard sorts are worth more  than a  
score of new seedlings without any      
record4    ,peaches are classified by   
their fruit into those with white flesh 
and  yellow flesh1 and these are divided

 again into free-stones and clings4  ,in
 some of the clings the flesh is very   
superior1 but owing to its close  union 
with the stone it is difficult to eat1  
and therefore is far less  popular than 
free-stones of an inferior quality4     
,the leading enemies to the peach are   
the borer1 curculio1#g the  leaf-curl   
and the 8yellows40 ,the 8curl0 is caused
 by a fungus1 and the  remedy is picking
 and burning the leaves4 ,the 8yellows0 
is the most fatal  of all the enemies1  
having ruined hundreds of the finest    
orchards4 ,the  cause is not fully      
understood1 but the indications are that
 it may be a  low form of microscopic   
life known as bacteria4 ,no cure has    
been found1  and when a tree turns the  
characteristic yellow it should be torn 
out and  burned1 root and branch4    ,we
 can not close this brief sketch without
 thinking of that happy boy  reclining  
upon the shady sod1 who                 
--lifted his head to where hung in his  
reach      ,all laden with honey1 the   

ruddy-cheeked peach4                    
,,blackberries4--,the two fruits already
 described in this paper are of  a      
comparatively large size1 and grow on   
trees4 ,we now come to the  so-called   
8small fruits10 among which are the     
blackberry1 raspberry1  strawberry1     
currant1 and gooseberry4 ,the genus     
,rubus#h furnishes both  the            
blackberries and the raspberries1 thus  
showing that these two kinds  of small  
fruits are very closely related4 ,there 
are about one hundred  and fifty species
 of blackberries scattered throughout   
the world1 but  of these only two have  
furnished our gardens with the best     
cultivated  varieties1 namely3 the high 
blackberry 7,r4 villosus#i71 growing    
everywhere in thickets1 with a strong   
prickly stem1 six feet high1 and  the   
low blackberry1 or dewberry 7,r4        
canadensis#aj71 a long trailing  plant1 
with slightly prickly stems1 and small1 
early ripening fruit4    ,the           
cultivation of the blackberry has been  

retarded to a considerable  extent by   
the excellence of the wild sorts--the   
people being satisfied  with the fruit  
of the bramble in the fence row4 ,the   
varieties that now  head the list have  
all been chance seedlings found growing 
wild1 and  afterward improved by garden 
culture4 ,the ,lawton was found growing 
on a  roadside in ,westchester county1  
,new ,york1 and is often known by the   
name  of its native town1 ,new          
,rochelle4 ,the ,lawton did much to     
introduce the  blackberry to the fruit  
gardens4 ,the canes winter kill1 and the
 fruit1  unless perfectly ripe1 is hard 
and sour at the core4 ,the ,kittatinny  
stands among the first for the size and 
richness of its fruit4 ,this  berry is a
 little earlier than the ,new ,rochelle4
 ,it was found near the  ,kittatinny    
mountains1 in ,new ,jersey1 and bears   
the peculiar ,indian name  of the place 
of its nativity4 ,mr4 ,roe1 in his      
8,success with ,small ,fruits0  says of 
the discoverer of the ,kittatinny       

blackberry3 8,he has done more  for the 
world than if he had opened a gold      
mine40    ,the ,wilson's early is a     
third variety1 of ,new ,jersey origin1  
that grows  low1 with the canes trailing
 upon the ground4 ,as the name          
indicates1 this  is a remarkably early  
blackberry1 and were it not subject to  
attacks from  insects it would be a very
 superior variety4 ,the ,snyder is of   
western  origin1 is wonderfully         
productive and hardy4 ,the small size of
 the berry  is the greatest defect of   
the ,snyder4 ,there are some recent     
candidates  for popular favor1 but the  
four mentioned have been found worthy of
 a  place in the small fruit garden4    
,the blackberry prefers a rather dry    
soil1 of medium richness4 ,on a moist   
and very fertile soil the canes grow    
rank and large and produce very  little 
fruit4 ,the plants need to be set in    
rows six to eight feet apart  each way4 
,it is best to set the plants in autumn1
 because they start  into growth very   

early in the spring1 before there is    
opportunity for  transplanting4 ,stakes 
or cheap wire trellises are usually     
provided for  holding up plants4 ,the   
canes that grow up one season produce   
fruit the  succeeding year1 and then    
die4 ,it is therefore necessary to treat
 as  weeds all shoots that are not      
needed for the bearing canes the        
following  season4 ,judicious pruning of
 the cane while it is growing will      
produce  much branched tops1 which are  
more productive than those that grow to 
great length1 and they are less liable  
to be injured by frost4 ,mr4 ,roe  says3
 8,more can be done with the thumb and  
finger at the right time  than with the 
most savage pruning shears after a year 
of neglect40 ,the  blackberry produces  
many suckers1 and if these are left to  
grow for a  year or two the whole ground
 becomes a wilderness that is not       
productive1  and very difficult to      
subdue4    ,,strawberries4--,it is not  
an easy task to find the person who     

dislikes  strawberries4 ,they are       
acceptable to the vast majority1 and in 
almost any  form1 from the plain berry  
just picked off the vine to the juicy1  
red  layer in a shortcake1 or the       
heaping saucer with its fragrant        
contents  half floating in sweet cream4 
,the name strawberry probably came from 
the  old ,saxon streawberige1 either    
because of the strawlike stems to the   
plants1 or from the berries being strewn
 upon the ground4 ,in olden times       
children strung the berries upon straws 
and sold them thus1 and possibly  from  
this we now have the name for our       
earliest and finest of small  fruits4   
,the name of the strawberry genus is    
,fragaria1#aa the ,latin  for 8sweet    
smelling40 ,the cultivated varieties of 
strawberries represent  five species4   
,the most common one1 growing wild      
almost everywhere being  ,fragaria      
vesca4 ,in this species the seeds are   
superficial on the  luscious cone4 ,the 
,virginian strawberry1 ,f4 ,virginiana1 

abundant in all  parts of the ,united   
,states1 has roundish fruit1 with the   
seeds embedded  in deep pits4 ,at the   
time of the introduction of this species
 in ,english  gardens the culture of the
 strawberry took a fresh start4 ,by     
sowing the  seed of the ,virginian      
species new varieties have been produced
 in large  numbers1 so that now it is   
the parent of nine-tenths of all the    
sorts  grown in our gardens4 ,the       
,hovey1 ,wilson1 monarch1 ,seth ,boyden1
 ,charles  ,downy1 and ,sharpless are   
some of the improved varieties of this  
species4  ,a new impetus was given to   
strawberry culture by the introduction  
of a  ,south ,american species1 ,f4     
grandiflora4 ,the fruit is large and    
sweet1  with a peculiar sprightliness   
that makes the varieties derived from   
this  species highly prized in ,england 
and on this continent4 ,our cold winters
  and hot summers are too severe        
extremes for these offsprings of a more 
tropical species4 ,the triumphe de gand 

and jucunda are two superb sorts        
derived from the ,f4 grandiflora4       
,some varieties of strawberries have    
what are known as pistillate flowers2   
that is1 the stamens or male organs are 
imperfect or wanting4 ,in such  cases it
 is necessary to grow a perfect-flowered
 7bi-sexual7 variety in  close          
proximity1 in order to insure           
fertilization and the formation of      
fruit4 ,the famous ,hovey seedling is a 
pistillate variety1 and there are  many 
others of this character4    ,one of the
 leading features of the strawberry     
plant is to multiply by  means of long1 
slender branches1 called runners4 ,there
 are1 however1  three methods of        
propagating the strawberry1 viz43 by the
 runners1 by  division of the root1 and 
by seeds4 ,the chief method is by       
runners4  ,strawberries need a rich1    
mellow soil4 ,the plants may be set     
either  in the spring or fall1 though   
the spring is generally preferred by    
experienced strawberry growers4 ,plants 

set in autumn will not come into        
bearing the next season unless they are 
pot-grown4 ,these pot-grown plants  are 
obtained by sinking small flower pots in
 the earth of the strawberry  bed1 into 
the contents of which the runners strike
 root and form plants4  ,the roots of   
the plants are not disturbed by         
transplanting1 and one  whole season is 
gained4 ,in setting out strawberry      
plants care needs to  be observed that  
the crown is not buried4 ,the holes     
should be large1 so  that the roots may 
be spread out in all directions4 ,if set
 in rows two  and a half feet apart1 and
 a foot or so distant in the row1 a     
horse and  cultivator may be used to    
advantage in keeping down the weeds4    
,after two  or three full crops have    
been gathered from a bed the rows may be
 plowed  up4 ,some growers gather only  
one crop1 and reset the land4 ,there are
 many  methods of treatment4 ,in the    
fall the strawberry bed should be       
covered  with a mulch4 ,the success of  

many cultivators of the strawberry is   
due1  in great measure1 to the          
protection of their plants in winter4   
,the insect enemies to the strawberry   
are numerous1 not the least of  which is
 the white grub1 the larv of the ,may   
beetle or 8,june ,bug10 the  strawberry 
worm1 the leaf-roller1 crown borer1 saw 
fly1 and various cut  worms4 ,a rust    
sometimes attacks the plants and almost 
ruins them4    ,it is very difficult to 
indicate what are the best varieties of 
strawberries4 ,again referring to the   
chart in the last issue of the          
,american ,pomological ,society1 we find
 forty-one varieties there  tabulated4  
,of these the ,charles ,downing and the 
,wilson take the lead1  being suited to 
a wide range of climate1 soil1 and other
 conditions4 ,the  ,downing is the type 
of excellence in flavor and other       
qualities1 while  the ,wilson is a firm1
 sour1 and very prolific berry well     
suited for the  market garden4 ,among   
the other sorts worthy of attention1    

mentioned  alphabetically1 are3         
,crescent1 ,cumberland1 ,hovey1         
,kentucky1 ,manchester1  miner's        
prolific1 ,monarch1 ,sharpless1 and     
triumphe de gand4 ,a dozen or  more new 
sorts appear each year1 some of which   
may take their places  among the        
time-tested sorts here mentioned4 ,it   
may be that in a few  years all of these
 old varieties will be superseded by new
 sorts1 and  the berries that we now eat
 with so much relish will seem poor by  
the  contrast4 ,let the future be as it 
may1 no one should neglect the culture  
of the kinds we now possess4 ,a person  
with only a village half acre may  grow 
his own berries of various sorts1 and   
still have room for a few  pear1 apple1 
peach1 and cherry trees4    ,let us     
close this brief treatment of small     
fruits at the same place  where ,mr4    
,roe began his large1 elegant and       
exhaustive book on the same  subject1 by
 quoting the following passage from his 
8,preliminary ,parley30  8,many think of

 the soil only in connection with the   
sad words of the  burial service1       
#8earth to earth1 ashes to ashes4' ,let 
us1 while we may1  gain more cheerful   
associations with our kindred dust4 ,for
 a time it can  be earth to strawberry  
blossoms1 ashes to bright red berries1  
and their  color will get into our      
cheeks1 and their rich1 sub-acid juices 
into  our insipid lives1 constituting a 
mental1 moral and physical alteration   
that will so change us that we shall    
believe in evolution1 and imagine       
ourselves fit for a higher state of     
existence4 ,one may delve in the earth  
so long as to lose all dread at the     
thought of sleeping in it at last1  and 
the luscious fruits and bright hued     
flowers that come out of it1 in a  way  
no one can find out1 may teach our own  
resurrection more effectually  than do  
the learned theologians40               
,,apples1 ,,peaches1 ,,blackberries     
,,and ,,strawberries4      8,the liberal
 use of various fruits as food is       

conducive to good health4  ,fruit is not
 a solid and lasting element like beef  
and bread1 and does  not give strength  
to any great extent4 ,but fruits contain
 those acids  which refresh and give    
tone to the system during the season    
when it  is most needed4 ,they should   
never be eaten unless thoroughly ripe1  
or  cooked4 ,stale fruits1 or those that
 have been plucked some time1 are       
unhealthy in the extreme4 ,the proper   
time to eat fruit is in the morning  and
 early afternoon4 ,at night it is       
#8leaden1' according to the ,spanish1   
who call fruit #8golden in the morning  
and silver at noon4'0 ,these words  of  
general advice fitly introduce our      
8apples1 peaches1 strawberries1 and     
blackberries10 for whose use1 fresh and 
uncooked1 we would strongly plead4      
,,ripe ,,fruit4--,wash and polish apples
 with a clean towel1 and pile in a      
china fruit basket1 with an eye to      
agreeable variety of color4 ,of peaches 
and pears the finest should be selected1

 handling as little as may be1  and pile
 upon a salver or flat dish1 with bits  
of ice between them1  and ornament with 
peach leaves or fennel sprigs4 ,one of  
the prettiest  dishes of fruit ,i ever  
saw upon a dessert table was an open    
silver  basket1 wide at the top1 heaped 
with rich red peaches and yellow        
,bartlett  pears1 interspersed with     
feathery bunches of green1 which few of 
those  who admired it knew for carrot   
tops4 ,wild white clematis wreathed the 
handle and showed here and there among  
the fruit1 while scarlet and  white     
verbenas nestled amid the green4 ,send  
around powdered sugar with  the fruit1  
as many like to dip peaches and pears in
 it after paring and  quartering them4  
,never wash strawberries or raspberries 
that are intended to be eaten as  fresh 
fruit4 ,if they are so gritty as to     
require this process keep them  off the 
table4 ,you will certainly ruin the     
flavor beyond repair if you  wash them1 
and as certainly induce instant         

fermentation and endanger the  coats of 
the eaters' stomachs1 if1 after         
profaning the exquisite delicacy  of the
 fruit to this extent1 you complete the 
evil work by covering them  with sugar1 
and leaving them to leak their lives    
sourly away for one or  two hours4 ,put 
them on the table in glass dishes1      
piling them high and  lightly2 send     
around powdered sugar with them and     
cream1 that the guests  may help        
themselves4 ,it is not economical1      
perhaps1 but it is a healthful  and     
pleasant style of serving them--,i had  
almost said the only decent one4  8,but 
,i don't know who picked them10 cries   
,mrs4 ,fussy4    ,no1 my dear madame6   
nor do you know who makes the baker's   
bread1 or  confectioner's cake1 creams1 
jellies1 salads1 etc4 ,nor1 for that    
matter1  how the flour is manufactured  
out of which you conjure your dainty    
biscuits and pies4 ,i know ,god made    
strawberries4 8,doubtless10 says        
,bishop ,butler1 8he could have made a  

better berry1 but he never did40 ,the   
picker's light touch can not mar flavor 
or beauty1 nor1 were her fingers  filthy
 as a chimney sweep's1 could the        
delicate fruit suffer from them  as from
 your barbarous baptism4--,marion       
,harland in 8,common ,sense in the      
,household40    ,,puddings ,,and        
,,pies4--,apple ,dumplings4--,make a    
crust as for biscuit1 or a  potato      
crust1 as follows3 ,three large potatoes
 boiled and mashed while  hot4 ,add to  
them two cups of sifted flour and one   
teaspoonful of salt1  and mix           
thoroughly4 ,now chop or cut into it one
 small cup of butter1  and mix into a   
paste with about a teacupful of cold    
water4 ,dredge the  board thick with    
flour1 and roll out--thick in the middle
 and thin at  the edges4 ,a thick       
pudding-cloth--the best being made of   
,canton flannel1  used with the nap-side
 out--should be dipped in hot water and 
wrung out1  dredged evenly and thickly  
with flour1 and laid over a large bowl4 

,upon  the middle of this place the     
rolled-out crust1 fill with apples pared
  and quartered1 eight or ten good-sized
 ones being enough for this amount  of  
crust4 ,gather the edges of the crust   
evenly over it4 ,then gather  the cloth 
up1 leaving room for the dumpling to    
swell1 and tying very  tightly4 ,in     
turning out1 lift to a dish1 press all  
the water from the  ends of the cloth2  
untie and turn away from the pudding1   
and lay a hot  dish upon it1 turning    
over the pudding into it1 and serving at
 once1 as  it darkens or falls by       
standing4 ,in using a boiler1 butter    
well1 and fill  only two-thirds full1   
that the mixture may have room to swell4
 ,set it  in boiling water1 and see that
 it is kept at the same height1 about an
  inch from the top4 ,cover the outer   
kettle1 that the steam may be kept in4  
,peaches pared and halved1 or canned    
ones drained from the syrup1 may be     
used instead of the apples4 ,when canned
 fruit is used the syrup can be  used as

 a sauce1 either cold for cold puddings 
and blancmanges1 or heated  and         
thickened for hot1 allowing to a pint of
 juice a heaping teaspoonful  of corn   
starch1 dissolved in a little cold      
water1 and boiling it five  minutes4    
,strawberry or raspberry syrup is       
especially nice4    ,bread and ,apple   
,pudding4--,butter a deep pudding dish  
and put first a  layer of crumbs1 then  
one of any good acid apple1 sliced      
rather thin1  and so on until the dish  
is nearly full4 ,six or eight apples and
 a quart  of fresh crumbs will fill a   
two-quart dish4 ,dissolve a cup of sugar
 and  one teaspoonful of cinnamon in one
 pint of boiling water and pour into    
the dish4 ,let the pudding stand half an
 hour to swell2 then bake until         
brown--about three-quarters of an       
hour--and eat with liquid sauce4 ,it can
  be made with slices of bread and      
butter instead of crumbs4               
,short-,cake4--,one quart of flour1 one 
teaspoonful of salt and two of  baking  

powder sifted with the flour1 one cup of
 butter1 or half lard and  half butter1 
one large cup of hot milk4 ,rub the     
butter into the flour2  add the milk and
 roll out the dough1 cutting in small   
square cakes and  baking to a light     
brown4 ,for a strawberry or peach       
short-cake have three  tin pie-plates   
buttered2 roll the dough to fit them1   
and bake quickly4  ,fill either1 when   
done1 with a cup of sugar1 or with      
peaches cut fine and  sugared1 and      
served hot4    ,,pies--,,apple1 ,,peach1
 ,,and ,,berry4--,in the first place1   
don't make them except  very            
semi-occasionally4 ,pastry1 even when   
good1 is so indigestible that  children 
should never have it1 and their elders  
but seldom4 ,a nice  short-cake1 filled 
with stewed fruit1 or with fresh        
berries1 mashed and  sweetened1 is quite
 as agreeable to eat and far more       
wholesome4 ,but1 as  people will both   
make and eat pie-crust1 the best rules  
known are given4  ,butter1 being more   

wholesome than lard1 should always be   
used if it can  be afforded4 ,a mixture 
of lard and butter is next best4 ,for a 
plain  pie-crust1 take3 ,one quart of   
flour1 one even teacup of lard and one  
of  butter1 one teacup of ice water or  
very cold water1 and a teaspoonful of   
salt4 ,rub the lard and salt into the   
flour till it is dry and crumbly1  add  
the ice water and work to a smooth      
dough4 ,wash the butter and have it     
cold and firm as possible1 divide it in 
three parts4 ,roll out the paste  and   
dot it all over with bits from one part 
of the butter1 sprinkle with  flour and 
roll up4 ,roll out and repeat until the 
butter is gone4 ,if the  crust can now  
stand on the ice for half an hour it    
will be nicer and more  flaky4 ,this    
amount will make three good-sized pies4 
,enough for the bottom  crusts can be   
taken off after one rolling in of       
butter1 thus making the  top crust      
richer4 ,lard alone will make a tender1 
but not a flaky1 paste4    ,for puff    

paste there is required one pound of    
flour1 three quarters of a  pound of    
butter1 one teacupful of ice water1 one 
teaspoonful of salt1 one  of sugar1 and 
yolk of one egg4 ,wash the butter1      
divide into three parts1  reserving a   
bit the size of an egg1 and put it on   
the ice for an hour4  ,rub the bit of   
butter1 the salt1 and sugar1 into the   
flour1 and stir in  the ice water and   
egg beaten together4 ,make into a dough 
and knead on  the moulding-board till   
glossy and firm--at least ten minutes   
will be  required4 ,roll out into a     
sheet ten or twelve inches square4 ,cut 
a cake  of the ice-cold butter in thin  
slices1 or flatten it very thin with the
  rolling-pin4 ,lay it on the paste1    
sprinkle with flour1 and fold over the  
edges4 ,press it in somewhat with the   
rolling-pin and roll out again4  ,always
 roll from you4 ,do this again and again
 until the butter is all  used1 rolling 
up the paste after the last cake is in1 
and then putting  it on the ice for an  

hour or more4 ,have filling all ready1  
and let the  paste be as nearly ice-cold
 as possible when it goes into the oven4
 ,there  are much more elaborate rules1 
but this insures handsome paste4 ,make a
  plainer one for the bottom crusts4    
,cover puff paste with a damp cloth and 
it may be kept on the ice a day or two  
before baking4    ,apple ,pie4--,line a 
pie-plate with plain paste4 ,pare sour  
apples--greenings are best--quarter and 
cut in thin slices4 ,allow one  cup of  
sugar1 and quarter of a grated nutmeg   
mixed with it4 ,fill the  pie-plate     
heaping full of the sliced apple1       
sprinkling the sugar between  the       
layers4 ,it will require not less than  
six good-sized apples4 ,wet  the edges  
of the pie with cold water1 lay on the  
cover and press down  securely1 that no 
juice may escape4 ,bake three-quarters  
of an hour1 or a  little less if the    
apples are very tender4 ,no pie in which
 the apples are  stewed beforehand can  
compare with this in flavor4 ,if they   

are used stew  till tender and strain4  
,sweeten and flavor to taste4 ,fill the 
pies and  bake half an hour4    ,berry  
,pies4--,have a very deep plate1 and    
either no under crust1 save a  rim1 or a
 very thin one4 ,allow a cup of sugar to
 a quart of fruit1 but  no spices4      
,prick the upper crust half a dozen     
times with a fork1 to let  out the      
steam4--,helen ,campbell1 in 8,the      
,easiest ,way in ,housekeeping and      
,cooking40    ,apple ,mringue           
,pies4--,stew and sweeten ripe1 juicy   
apples1 when you have  pared and sliced 
them4 ,mash smooth and season with      
nutmeg4 ,if you like  the flavor1 stew  
some lemon peel with the apple1 and     
remove when cold4  ,fill your crust and 
bake until just done4 ,spread over the  
apple a thick  mringue1#a made by       
whipping to a stiff froth the whites of 
three eggs  for each pie1 sweetening    
with a tablespoonful of powdered sugar  
for each  egg4 ,flavor this with        
rose-water or vanilla2 beat until it    

will stand  alone1 and cover the pie    
three-quarters of an inch thick4 ,set   
back in  the oven until the mringue is  
well 8set40 ,should it color too darkly1
  sift powdered sugar over it when cold4
 ,eat cold4 ,peach pies are even more   
delicious made in this manner4    ,apple
 ,snow requires six apples1 whites of   
two eggs and three  tablespoonfuls of   
powdered sugar4 ,peel and grate the     
apples into the  whites1 which must have
 been whipped to a stiff froth4 ,beat in
 the sugar  with a few light sweeps of  
the egg2 whip and set in a cold place   
until  wanted4 ,eat with crackers or    
cake4--,marion ,harland4    ,apple      
,fritters4--,pare some fine apples1 and 
with an apple-corer cut out  the core   
from the center of each2 now cut them   
across in slices1 about  one-third of an
 inch thick1 having the round opening in
 the center1 dip  these in a fritter    
batter and fry in boiling lard2 sprinkle
 over sugar4  ,fresh or canned peaches  
may be used in the same way4--,mrs4     

,henderson1 in  8,practical ,cooking40  
,,putting ,,up ,,fruit4--,one of the    
most satisfactory operations which is   
carried on in the household is the      
annual putting up of fruit4 ,to be      
sure1 it has its disadvantages1 like    
everything else4 ,the fruit generally   
gets ripe a week or two earlier than you
 expect it will1 and is brought  to you 
on a day for which you have planned     
other work2 but1 after all1  there is to
 the well-regulated mind a rare pleasure
 in being confronted  with a basket of  
luscious fruit which may be preserved   
for enjoyment in  the winter2 and ,i    
maintain that the pleasure we receive in
 midwinter  from a dish of peaches1     
cherries1 or plums on the table is not  
wholly  of the senses1 but the mind     
itself enjoys the contrasting picture   
which  inevitably comes before it4      
,something of the brightness of the long
  summer days in which it grew and      
ripened is felt again1 and just as      
chopped pickle in ,june will suggest a  

,november day when the tomatoes  no     
longer ripen1 the cucumbers have gone to
 seed1 and the frost has  covered the   
tangled vines in the garden with a      
fairy-like network1 so  red raspberries 
and pears in ,december and ,march       
minister to other wants  than those of  
the palate4 ,half the trouble of putting
 up fruit--the broken  cans1 the scalded
 fingers and stained dresses--might be  
done away with if  a woman could enter  
upon the work in the right spirit4 ,if1 
instead of  complaining in ,may because 
the trees are full of blossoms1 and     
exhausting  ourselves mentally by       
putting up the fruit and having it spoil
 long  before it is ripe1 we were to    
refrain from asking if we shall live to 
eat  it or to see it eaten1 we should   
accomplish something really great in    
preserving our peace of mind as well as 
our fruit4 ,it is a simple matter  also1
 if entered into with calm cheerfulness1
 to look over and can the  fruit4 ,after
 the fruit has been carefully examined1 

set it in a cool  room or into the      
refrigerator1 while you examine your    
cans4 ,it is well  to have some new     
rubber rings on hand1 as you may need   
them2 have also  a cup of flour paste   
ready2 then if the zinc rings or covers 
are bent a  little1 you may still make  
them air-tight with the paste4 ,if you  
are at  all doubtful about the condition
 of your cans1 use the paste4 ,in a long
  experience of putting up fruit ,i have
 never broken but one can1 and that  was
 on account of carelessness in rinsing  
it in too hot water4 ,i rinse  the can  
in warm water1 then set it in a         
two-quart basin with a little  water in 
it1 set it on the stove beside my       
porcelain kettle1 fill the can  with    
boiling fruit1 and seal up as quickly as
 may be4 ,one thing which  should be    
carefully avoided is too much boiling of
 the fruit after the  sugar is put with 
it4 ,the injury which boiling does is   
not by any means  well understood by    
many good cooks4 ,last year ,i gave up  

all the care of  putting up fruit and   
pickles to a competent and honest girl2 
but1 by her  not knowing that sugar1    
when boiled1 actually changes its       
nature1 and  loses much of its          
sweetness1 she used more than twice the 
quantity which  ,i have used this year1 
and then the fruit was not so sweet as  
it ought to  be4 7,when making syrup to 
eat on hot cakes bear this in mind3     
after the  sugar is dissolved let it    
come to a boil1 but do not boil it47    
,,peaches4--,if possible1 pare and cut  
up your peaches the afternoon before    
they are to be canned1 and scatter sugar
 over them4 ,in the morning  there will 
be syrup enough to cook them in4 ,put   
this syrup into your  porcelain         
kettle--if you have one1 if not1 into a 
bright tin pan2 cook a  few peaches at a
 time1 try them with a broom-splint2    
just before they  are done add the      
necessary quantity of sugar4 ,some      
housekeepers make a  practice of putting
 one whole peach into a can1 to give the

 almond flavor  of the stone to the     
whole can4 ,you can not1 of course1     
guess at just the  number of halves or  
quarters needed to fill the can2 if you 
have too  many pieces1 and are afraid of
 their cooking too much1 take them out  
carefully on a plate and1 after cooking 
others for the next canful1 add  to     
them4 ,by cooking a few at a time you   
can preserve the shape and have  much   
finer results than if you cook a great  
many at a time4    ,,quinces ,,and      
,,sweet ,,apples4--,prepare the quinces 
and apples as for canning4  ,steam them 
in the same way1 having about one-third 
as many quinces as  apples4 ,make a very
 sweet syrup1 as they will keep better  
with plenty of  sugar4 ,these may be    
canned or kept in a large stone         
jar4--,emma ,whitcomb  ,babcock1 in     
8,household ,hints40                    
,,preserves4--,preserves are scarcely   
needed if canning is nicely done4 ,they 
require much more trouble1 and are too  
rich for ordinary use1 a pound of  sugar

 to one of fruit being required4 ,if    
made at all1 the fruit must be  very    
fresh1 and the syrup perfectly clear4   
,for syrup allow one teacup  of cold    
water to every pound of sugar1 and1 as  
it heats1 add to every  three or four   
pounds the white of an egg4 ,skim very  
carefully1 boiling  till no more rises1 
and it is ready for use4 ,peaches1      
pears1 green gages1  cherries1 and      
crab-apples are all preserved alike4    
,peel1 stone1 and halve  peaches1 and   
boil only a few pieces at a time till   
clear4 ,peel1 core1 and  halve pears4   
,prick plums and gages several times4   
,core crab-apples1 and  cut half the    
stem from cherries4 ,cook till tender4  
,put up when cold in  small jars1 and   
paste paper over them4    ,,jams4--,make
 syrup as directed above4 ,use          
raspberries1 strawberries1 or any  small
 fruit1 and boil for half an hour4 ,put 
up in small jars or tumblers2  lay      
papers dipped in brandy on the fruit1   
and paste on covers1 or use  patent     

jelly-glasses4    ,,marmalade4--,quinces
 make the best2 but crab-apples or any  
sour apple  are also good4 ,poor        
quinces1 unfit for other use1 can be    
washed and  cut in small pieces1 coring1
 but not paring them4 ,allow            
three-quarters  of a pound of sugar and 
a teacupful of water to a pound of      
fruit1 and  boil slowly two hours1      
stirring1 and mashing it fine4 ,strain  
through a  colander1 and put up in      
glasses or bowls4 ,peach marmalade is   
made in the  same way4    ,,fruit       
,,jellies4--,crab-apple1 quince1 grape1 
etc41 are all made in the same  way4    
,allow a teacup of water to a pound of  
fruit2 boil till very tender2  then     
strain through a cloth1 and treat as    
currant jelly4 ,cherries will  not jelly
 without gelatine1 and grapes are       
sometimes troublesome4 ,where  gelatine 
is needed1 allow a package to two quarts
 of juice4    ,,candied ,,fruits4--,make
 a syrup as for preserves1 and boil any 
fruit1  prepared as directed1 until     

tender4 ,let them stand two days in the 
syrup4  ,take out2 drain carefully2 lay 
them on plates2 sift sugar over them1   
and  dry either in the sun or in a      
moderately warm oven4--,helen ,campbell1
 in  8,the ,easiest ,way in             
,housekeeping and ,cooking40            
,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and 
,,physics4    ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,t4      
,,edwards1 ,d4,d4    ,director of the   
,chautauqua ,school of ,experimental    
,science4      ,,air4--,,physical       
,,properties4        ,to make the weight
 for the winds4--,job xxviii3#be4       
,one day an old ,florentine pump-maker  
came to ,galileo#a to inquire why he    
could not make a pump work effectively  
when it was more than thirty-four  feet 
long4 ,the philosopher could not answer1
 nor did he solve the problem  during   
his lifetime1 but bequeathed it to his  
pupil1 ,torricelli4#b ,this  famous     
,italian succeeded in partially         
answering the question in #afdc4 ,he    
performed the following experiment3     

,taking a glass tube thirty-six inches  
long and one-fourth of an inch in       
diameter1 closed at one end1 he filled  
it with mercury1 and holding his finger 
over the open end1 inverted and  placed 
it in a cup of mercury1 then removing   
his finger1 discovered that  the        
quicksilver settled in the tube six     
inches1 leaving a column of  the shining
 metal thirty inches high4 ,he thus     
demonstrated that air has  weight1 equal
 to that of a column of mercury thirty  
inches in height4    ,on this           
supposition it was argued that if the   
whole height of the air  should be      
lessened the column would fall4 ,such   
was the opinion of  ,blaise ,pascal1#c  
who in #afdf requested ,m4 ,prier1 his  
brother-in-law1 to  ascend the ,puy de  
,dome1 a summit near ,clermont1 and     
repeat the experiment  of ,torricelli4  
,to his delight1 upon reaching the top  
of the mountain1 the  column stood three
 inches lower4 ,pascal then used a tube 
fifty feet long1  which he filled with  

water1 and found that this liquid could 
be supported  by the air to the height  
of thirty-four feet4 ,water is #ac4f    
lighter  than mercury1 and it will be   
observed from the foregoing statement1  
that  it was supported #ac4f higher than
 quicksilver4 ,here was a full answer   
to the pump-maker's query6 ,a column of 
water1 thirty-four feet long and  one   
square inch at the base1 weighs fifteen 
pounds4 ,a column of mercury1  thirty   
inches long and one square inch at the  
base1 weighs fifteen  pounds4 ,a column 
of air the whole height of the          
atmosphere1 one square  inch at the     
base1 weighs fifteen pounds4    ,any    
influence1 therefore1 which varies the  
weight of the air1 will vary  the height
 of a column of quicksilver2 and the    
reverse will of course be  true1 that   
any fluctuation in the column of mercury
 indicates a change  in the condition of
 the atmosphere4 ,thus1 a 8falling      
barometer0 predicts  foul weather1 for  
it shows that the air is becoming       

lighter1 and will  therefore rise1 while
 other air will rush in1 with varying   
speed1 to take  its place1 producing    
breezes1 gales1 and possibly tornadoes4 
,the warm air  rising may come in       
contact with a cold stratum above and   
its moisture be  condensed into rain or 
snow4 ,we shall presently refer to this 
again4    ,illustration3 ,,showing      
,,density ,,of ,,atmosphere ,,at        
,,different ,,heights4    ,a quart of   
air1 at ordinary temperature1 weighs    
about eight hundred times  less than a  
quart of water1 yet the aggregate       
pressure of the atmosphere  is equal to 
fifteen pounds on every square inch4 ,a 
person of average  size presents a      
surface of about two thousand square    
inches4 ,this would  receive a pressure 
of fifteen tons1 a weight more crushing 
than that of  all the shields cast upon 
the traitorous ,tarpeia#d at the ,roman 
gate4    ,herschel calculates that the  
total weight of the atmosphere is one   
twelve-hundred-thousandth of that of the

 earth4    ,why does not such enormous  
pressure destroy life8 ,because it is   
counterbalanced by the pressure of air1 
gases and blood within the body4  ,that 
this is true may readily be seen in the 
process of dry-cupping4  ,bare the arm1 
take a bit of writing paper an inch and 
a half long1 dip  it in alcohol1 light1 
and instantly place in a small wine     
glass1 and at  once apply the glass to  
the soft part of the arm4 ,the flesh    
under the  glass will rise like a       
pin-cushion1 and become red from the    
pressure  of the blood within4 ,persons 
going down in diving-bells suffer from  
the condensation of the air in the bell1
 while on a high mountain they          
experience a pressure in the opposite   
direction1 on account of the            
rarefaction of the atmosphere1 the blood
 often gushing from the nose and  ears4 
,we shall better understand the         
phenomena of the air by first           
considering  some of its distinctive    
properties4    ,illustration3           

,,magdeburg ,,hemispheres4      ,,air   
,,presses ,,equally ,,in ,,all          
,,directions4    ,this great principle1 
which applies to all gases as well as to
 fluids1  has many illustrations in     
nature4 ,the haliotis#e is held to the  
rock  with a tenacity which sometimes   
resists the strength of the collector1  
who would add its iridescent beauty to  
his cabinet of shells4    ,alas for the 
fisherman's line whose bait has been    
swallowed by a  skate6#f ,quickly       
descending to the bottom1 this broad1   
flat fish expels  the air from beneath  
it1 and defies all effort at capture4   
,the most complete demonstration of this
 law is shown by the ,magdeburg         
hemispheres1#g invented by ,otto von    
,gricke#h and used by him before        
,charles ,v4 and his brilliant court4   
,they are still preserved in the        
ancient city which gave them their name1
 are twenty-four inches in  diameter1   
and after the air in them had been      
removed1 required twelve  horses to     

separate them4    ,the pressure of the  
air varies greatly at different         
altitudes4 ,at the  height of three and 
one-half miles the column of mercury in 
a barometer  falls to fifteen inches1   
showing that below that elevation we    
have as  much air as in all the space   
above4    ,illustration3 ,,showing      
,,torricelli',s ,,historical            
,,experiment ,,and ,,the  ,,principle   
,,of ,,the ,,barometer4    ,the boiling 
point of liquids is materially          
influenced by the pressure  of the      
atmosphere4 ,on high mountains potatoes 
and even eggs can not be  cooked by     
boiling1 as the water will all evaporate
 before it is heated  sufficiently to   
cook them4    ,partially fill a glass   
flask with water1 heat it until steam   
begins to  escape1 then remove the lamp 
and insert a stopper1 the boiling will  
cease4 ,now pour cold water upon the    
flask1 and the water within begins      
again to boil vigorously4 ,the cold     
water condenses the steam1 creating  a  

partial vacuum1 thus relieving the      
heated water from pressure1 and  it     
boils at a lower temperature than #bab4 
,this illustrates the famous  culinary  
paradox that 8cold water will make hot  
water boil40    ,the buoyancy of        
substances in air depends upon the same 
principle that  determines their        
buoyancy in liquids4 ,it will be        
proportioned to the  amount of air which
 they displace4    ,it is correct to say
 that a balloon rises because the air is
 heavier1 and  therefore pushes under   
the balloon and forces it up2 or1 that  
it rises  because it displaces more than
 its own weight of air4 ,thistle-down   
may  be compressed so that it will fall 
like shot4 ,the resistance offered by   
the air to the fall of bodies led men   
long to hold to the fallacy that  the   
rapidity of the descent of falling      
bodies was proportioned to their        
weight4 ,this error was at length       
exploded by ,galileo in his interesting 
experiment on the leaning tower of      

,pisa4#i ,in a vacuum1 a cannon ball    
and a feather fall in the same time4    
,illustration3 ,,air ,,pump4            
,,compressibility4    ,the statement    
that air can be expanded involves the   
counter-truth that it  may be           
compressed4    ,mariotte#aj announces   
the law as follows3 ,doubling the       
pressure upon  a given amount of gas    
will halve the space it occupies1 and   
double its  expansive energy4 ,the      
application of this principle in one    
form gives  us the air-gun4#aa ,if the  
air in a gun-barrel forty inches long   
were  compressed into the space of half 
an inch it would press with eighty      
times its previous force1 or with a     
power equal to twelve hundred pounds  to
 the square inch4 ,compressed air is    
often used as a power in mines  and     
excavations1 and its advantages are     
many2 it was so employed in  the ,hoosac
 tunnel4 ,though the engine that        
compressed the air was three  miles     
away1 the loss from friction was very   

slight1 and the air1 having  performed  
its work in driving the drill1 was then 
liberated to purify  the atmosphere of  
the tunnel and expel noxious gases which
 accumulated  from continuous blasting4 
,the apparatus for compressing air is   
called  a condenser4 ,it consists       
essentially of a cylinder and piston1   
with a  valve in the bottom of each1    
opening downward4 ,a precisely opposite 
arrangement of valves is found in the   
air-pump1 a machine for exhausting  air 
from a given space1 usually a receiver4 
,as the piston is raised in  removing   
the air1 the valve closes1 and the air  
is thus forced out of  the cylinder2 the
 air in the receiver then expands1 opens
 the valve at  the bottom of the        
cylinder1 and rises into it2 as the     
piston descends  its valve is opened2   
rising1 it again removes the cylinder   
full of air2  the air in the receiver   
again expands1 opens the lower valve1   
and so  continues1 until the air in the 
vessel becomes too much rarefied to lift

  the delicate valve and make its       
escape4 ,the vacuum thus produced is by 
no  means so perfect as the             
8,torricellian vacuum10#ab the name     
given to the  unoccupied space above the
 column of mercury in a barometer4      
,various substances may be placed in a  
receiver to show the expansive  tendency
 of air4 ,a piece of wood immersed in a 
jar of water will throw  off thousands  
of little bubbles4 ,a shriveled apple   
will become round and  plump4 ,the air  
in an empty rubber bag will often expand
 so as to fill the  receiver4 ,air in a 
thin glass vessel1 tightly corked1 will 
expand so as  to burst the vessel into  
fragments4    ,the following simple but 
useful piece of apparatus can easily be 
made3  ,take a pint bottle with a nicely
 fitted cork1 through the cork insert  a
 small glass tube so as to be perfectly 
air-tight 7melted sealing wax  is       
convenient for making tubes or glass    
tight27 a perforated rubber  stopper is 
better4 ,let the end of the tube        

inserted be drawn out in  the flame of  
an alcohol lamp 7this is not essential1 
but will make the  experiments more     
interesting71 suck the air from the     
bottle1 close the  end of the tube at   
once with the finger and place it in a  
glass of water1  and a miniature        
fountain1 in vacuo1 will be revealed4   
,after performing  this pretty          
experiment remove the tube and reinsert 
it with the larger  end down1 having    
filled the bottle two-thirds full of    
water4 ,with the  lips force a quantity 
of air into the bottle1 upon removing   
the mouth  the water will rise in the   
tube and fall in a fine spray from the  
small  aperture at the top4 ,this last  
experiment is particularly interesting1 
as  it is a perfect illustration of a   
flowing oil well4 ,closely allied to the
  expansibility of air is its           
,,elasticity1    ,or tendency to regain 
its former volume after being           
compressed4 ,many a  school-boy has     
observed this property1 while           

manipulating his fascinating  popgun4   
,when he places his finger over the open
 end of the piece of  elder1 utilized as
 a gun1 and suddenly pushes down the    
piston upon the  wad1 he notices that it
 quickly flies back4 ,an inflated       
bladder thrown  upon the floor bounds   
like a rubber ball2 force pumps in our  
houses  act upon this principle4 ,the   
air in the chamber of the pump is first 
compressed by the entrance of the water2
 it reacts like a spring1 and  forces   
the water through the pipes to the rooms
 above4    ,illustration3 ,,expanding   
,,rubber ,,bag ,,in ,,an ,,exhausted    
,,receiver4    ,the hydraulic ram is    
another application of the same         
principle4 ,perhaps  the reader may know
 some place where this apparatus can be 
used4 ,let us  briefly describe the     
conditions of its operation4 ,near your 
house1 at a  lower elevation1 may be a  
beautiful spring1 so situated that1     
within the  distance of about seventy   
feet1 a fall of from five to ten feet   

can be  obtained4 ,now run a large pipe 
from the spring to the spot where the   
ram  is to be placed1 below the level of
 the spring4 ,the ram is a pear-shaped1 
cast iron cylinder1 open at the small   
end1 at which point a valve is  placed1 
opening upward4 ,the pipe coming from   
the spring is screwed into  the bottom  
of the ram below this valve1 in such a  
manner as to conduct  the water past the
 valve1 and out through an opening      
beyond4 ,at this  point1 however1 is    
placed a metallic valve1 against which1 
as the water  escapes1 it continues to  
crowd4 ,presently the rushing stream    
obtains  sufficient momentum to close   
this valve1 and thus prevent for a      
moment  its further escape4 ,the        
accumulated force of the water then     
raises the  valve in the bottom of the  
ram and it rises into the chamber1 which
 is  partially filled with air4 ,this   
air is compressed1 but on account of its
  elasticity at once reacts upon the    
water and forces it through another     

pipe to the required height4 ,only about
 one-eighth of the water is sent        
through the last pipe1 as seven-eighths 
of it is required to force the          
remainder to the desired elevation4 ,i  
have a great respect for this  useful   
apparatus1 the invention of the elder   
,montgolfier4#ac ,i know of  one        
hydraulic ram which for fifteen years   
has raised1 through a pipe  twenty-two  
hundred feet long1 to an elevation of   
seventy-five feet1 an  average of       
twenty-four barrels of water daily4 ,its
 total cost for repairs  has not        
exceeded twenty-five dollars1 and yet it
 has done every day the  work of four   
men4 ,if men had been hired to do this  
labor at #a4ej per day  each1 their     
wages would have amounted to the snug   
sum of #cb1hej4    ,illustration3 ,a    
,,fountain ,,made ,,by ,,compressing    
,,air ,,in ,a ,,bottle4    ,atmospheric 
pressure is employed in many of our     
cities to convey packages  from one part
 of a building to another1 and to even  

greater distances4  ,this 8,pneumatic   
,dispatch0#ad system1 as it is called1  
was first tried  successfully in ,paris1
 in #ahfe4 ,a company was then          
established1 which  now claims to send  
eight hundred and thirty packages daily4
 ,in our own  country this curious      
appliance may be seen in operation at   
the ,united  ,states ,express office in 
,new ,york ,city1 in the mammoth        
establishment of  ,mr4 ,wanamaker1 in   
,philadelphia1 and doubtless in many    
other places4 ,for  many years attempts 
have been made to propel cars by        
compressed air1 but  as yet the expense 
of such a plan greatly exceeds that of  
steam4      ,,light4    ,among the most 
gracious and beautiful offices performed
 by the atmosphere  is the reflection   
and refraction of light4 ,the blue dome 
of the sky1 the  magnificent coloring of
 the clouds1 and all the delicate and   
ever varying  tints of the morning and  
evening twilight are due to its         
influence4  ,without the air we should  

be in complete darkness until the sun   
rose1  a fiery ball1 above the horizon4 
,all day long the only light we should  
receive would come directly from the    
sun1 or be reflected from objects  on   
the earth4 ,at sunset1 darkness would   
instantly be spread over us like  a     
pall4 ,no gentle gradations of light and
 deepening shade would usher in  and    
close the day4    ,all must have        
observed during the past year the       
remarkable appearance  of the western   
sky after the sun had set4 ,cities were 
more than once  supposed to be burning1 
reflecting their lurid blaze upon the   
clouds4 ,the  cause of this is still a  
matter of dispute1 but is generally     
attributed  to the presence of star     
dust1 or some minute mineral matter     
suspended in  the higher atmosphere4    
,it will be remembered that color is not
 an inherent property of a  substance1  
but depends upon what portion of the    
light rays it absorbs4  ,snow is white1 
as it absorbs none of the prismatic     

colors1 but reflects  them all to the   
eye4 ,whatever1 then1 varies the        
absorbing or reflecting  power of an    
object varies its tints4 ,thus1 objects 
seen on the horizon  are red1 because   
the dense atmosphere has turned aside   
the violet1  indigo1 blue1 green1 yellow
 and orange1 and only the red color     
reaches  the eye4    ,observe that the  
initial letter of the prismatic colors  
taken in their  order make the word     
8vibgyor40    ,again1 were there no     
atmosphere1 there could be no           
,,clouds ,,nor ,,rain4    ,the moon is  
destitute of these1 or at least that    
half of it which is  always turned      
toward us4 ,the most powerful telescopes
 can detect there  the presence of      
neither atmosphere nor cloud4    ,a most
 remarkable proof of divine wisdom can  
be seen in the nice  adjustment by which
 the pressure of the air prevents undue 
evaporation  from the lakes and seas1   
and at the same time furnishes the      
medium by  which moisture is conveyed to

 the remotest parts of the earth4 ,the  
fact  that water1 in the form of mist or
 clouds1 should float1 and not fall in  
a substance many times lighter than     
itself1 is one of the most wonderful  of
 nature's phenomena4 ,when shot are     
dropped into water1 we expect that  they
 will sink2 yet lead is but eleven times
 heavier than water1 while  water is    
eight hundred times heavier than air4   
,the following seems to be the most     
satisfactory explanation of the  matter3
 ,it is a well known fact that the air  
has the power to absorb and  hold1 in an
 invisible form1 a certain amount of    
moisture4 ,the quantity  which it can   
contain depends upon its temperature4   
,if the air is cooled1  it parts with a 
portion2 thus if the grass radiates its 
heat1 dew is  deposited upon it2 if it  
is very cold1 the frost covers it with  
sparkling  crystals4 ,it is thought that
 when cooling from any cause takes place
 in  higher altitudes1 the atmospheric  
moisture changes from the invisible  to 

the visible form1 and assumes the       
physical condition of spheroids or      
vesicles1 minute bubbles of water in    
point of fact1 each bubble filled  with 
air4 ,these bubbles1 heated by the sun's
 rays1 would become lighter  than the   
medium in which they float1 for the same
 reason that soap  bubbles float while  
they are warm4 ,in this condition they  
are drifted  along by currents until    
they reach a colder stratum of air1 when
 they are  condensed and fall as rain4  
,if cooled sufficiently1 snow would be  
formed4    ,cloud forms are four in     
number1 cirrus1 cumulus1 nimbus1 and    
stratus1 all  of which may sometimes be 
seen at once1 in the sky of a summer's  
day4 ,at  times they float above the    
loftiest mountains4 ,gay-,lussac1#ae    
rising in  his balloon to an elevation  
of #ba1fjj feet1 perceived clouds       
drifting far  above him4                
,illustration3 ,,air                    
,,currents--,,showing ,,the ,,principle 
,,on ,,which ,,mines ,,are  ,,often     

,,ventilated4    ,the work performed by 
the atmosphere in supplying water to the
 soil is  worthy of profound attention4 
,close observation shows that it varies 
in  amount1 year by year1 much less than
 one would suppose4 ,for example1  the  
average yearly rain-fall in western ,new
 ,york1 for the last thirteen  years1   
has been thirty-six inches4 ,contrary to
 the general impression1  the record    
shows a slight yearly increase in the   
amount4 ,while this is  true1 the       
quantity of water carried down by our   
rivers is constantly  diminishing4 ,all 
must have observed the lessening size of
 our streams4  ,many a mill has ceased  
to run from lack of its former supply of
 water4  ,this has resulted from the    
destruction of forests1 and clearing of 
land1  which have greatly increased     
evaporation of moisture from the soil4  
,so  grave a matter has this become1    
that it is attracting the attention of  
governments1 because of its relation to 
agriculture and the navigation of       

rivers4    ,one can have but little     
idea1 unless he carefully calculates it1
 of the  inestimable blessings conferred
 by the atmosphere upon man1 in         
furnishing  to the soil its supply of   
water4      ,,mr4 ,,thoughtful          
,,thankful1    ,being disposed properly 
to acknowledge the care of a kind       
,providence1  in carrying on the work of
 his farm1 one day sat down to figure   
out the  value of a recent shower1 which
 had refreshed his crops4 ,the leaves of
  his corn had begun to curl1 the oats  
and wheat were growing prematurely      
yellow1 a few more days of the scorching
 heat and drouth would have  made his   
harvests a failure1 but to his great    
relief a plenteous shower  fell4 ,the   
rain gauge showed half an inch of water4
 ,mr4 ,thankful took  out his pencil    
and1 after careful mathematical         
calculations1 arrived  at this          
astounding conclusion3 ,an unseen hand  
had conveyed from a  remote distance1   
and deposited upon every acre of his    

little farm1  more than fifty-six tons  
of water4 ,he owns a hundred acres4     
,there must  therefore have been        
scattered upon the entire farm over     
#e1fjj tons of  rain1 an amount so large
 that if he had been compelled to pay   
for its  transportation it would have   
required more than all the income of his
  farm4    ,illustration3 ,,making      
,,water ,,boil ,,by ,,applying ,,cold   
,,water4      ,,sound4    ,our          
atmosphere is the medium of sound4 ,upon
 lofty mountains its  vibrations become 
faint1 while in a vacuum all sound      
ceases4 ,the world of  music1 with which
 we are surrounded1 were the air        
removed1 would become  forever silent4  
,no song of birds1 no murmur of the     
brook1 no sighing of  the trees1 no     
thunder of the cataract1 no grand       
diapason of the sea1 no  sweet voice of 
friendship1 no thrilling words of love  
could ever again  fall upon human ear4  
,gather together in one heap of useless 
rubbish 7for  they will never more be   

needed71 harp1 lyre1 flute1 flageolet1  
violin and  guitar1 piano and organ4    
,even that harp of three thousand       
strings1 which  the divine hand has     
placed in the human ear1 shall not again
 vibrate to  the delicate touch of      
nature's hand4      ,,electricity ,,and 
,,meteors4    ,we will close our present
 article by mentioning two other        
interesting  atmospheric phenomena4     
,dr4 ,franklin proved that lightning and
 electricity are identical4 ,this       
wonderful agent manifests itself in a   
variety of ways4 ,the zigzag track  of  
light across the darkened sky1 with its 
accompanying crash1 is one of  nature's 
exhibitions of tremendous power4 ,the   
irregularity of its path is  due to the 
resistance of the air1 compressed by the
 electric motion4 ,the  beautiful       
illumination called heat or sheet       
lightning1 is caused by the  reflection 
of the electric flash1 at a great       
distance from the observer4    ,a very  
curious form of electricity is that     

known as ,st4 ,elmo's fire1  which      
appears as a glowing ball1 often poising
 itself on the spars of  ships1 to the  
great consternation of superstitious    
sailors4    ,judge ,dana1 in his        
admirable book1 8,two ,years ,before the
 ,mast10 more than  once alludes to the 
sensation caused by these weird         
visitors1 as they  rounded stormy ,cape 
,horn4    ,the northern lights1 or      
aurora borealis1 with their throbbing1  
shifting1  crimson and purple tints1    
sometimes called 8the merry dancers10   
are  supposed to be produced by the     
discharge of electricity in high        
altitudes  and in rarefied air4 ,all    
around us there is slumbering this      
power1 which  science may some day      
awaken to do the common work of the     
world4    ,meteors1 or 8shooting stars10
 as they are often incorrectly called1  
are  small bodies1 often not larger than
 grains of sand1 which rush into our    
atmosphere at a speed equal to the      
earth's motion1 eleven hundred miles  a 

minute1 and by friction are set on fire1
 and blaze for a moment in  the sky4    
,lockyer#af says that seven millions of 
these1 visible to the  naked eye1       
traverse our atmosphere in a single day1
 and that a powerful  telescope would   
reveal in the same time not less than   
four hundred  millions4    ,once in     
thirty-three years an astonishing       
display of these celestial  fireworks   
takes place4 ,the last was in #ahff4 ,at
 that time these bodies  chanced to     
cross the track of the earth's orbit1   
and were thus brought  into collision   
with it4 ,the largest of them1 called   
meteorites1 sometimes  pass through the 
atmosphere unconsumed and reach the     
earth4 ,they have  been known to kill   
both men and cattle4    ,in #ahff one   
thousand of these stones1 the largest   
weighing six hundred  pounds1 fell in   
,hungary4    ,it is very incorrect to   
call these flashing bodies in the air   
shooting  stars1 for they are extremely 
minute in size1 while stars are vast    

suns2  again1 in point of distance1 they
 are different1 being near at hand1     
while the latter are millions of miles  
away4 ,it would be difficult to  find an
 instance in which language can convey a
 greater error than this  phrase1 which 
constantly implies that vast worlds1 by 
thousands1 are  flying hither and       
thither1 like sky-rockets4 ,often a     
single glance at the  sky on a clear    
night1 would show how unsafe this world 
would be as the  object of such         
tremendous cannonading4        ,end of  
,required ,reading for ,january4        
,,the ,,homelike ,,house4    ,,by       
,,susan ,,hayes ,,ward4      ,,chapter  
,i4--,,the ,,hall4    ,in studying how  
to make home beautiful1 we must not     
forget that1 first  of all1 there must  
be a home2 and that in a true home1 the 
household1  and not the house1 is of    
primary importance4 ,we have all seen   
careful  housekeepers whose first and   
last thought was to keep their domains  
with  absolute neatness1 and whose      

domestic law was of ,median and ,persian
  inflexibility4 ,overshoes must be left
 here2 slippers must be put on  there2  
the front stair-carpet must only be     
trodden by the visitor's  foot2 the     
front door-latch must never be lifted by
 the children's hand2  curtains must be 
drawn close lest carpets fade2 and      
autumn fires remain  unlighted lest     
ashes fly4 ,these were housekeepers1 not
 home makers4 ,the  virtue of           
carefulness is a housewife's glory2 but 
when carried to an  excess1 it becomes a
 woman's shame1 leading her to imagine  
that meat is  more than life1 raiment   
than body1 and house than man4 ,of the  
virtuous  woman we read first3 8,she    
openeth her mouth with wisdom1 and in   
her  tongue is the law of kindness20    
then that 8she looketh well to the ways 
of her household1 and eateth not the    
bread of idleness20 after which it      
follows naturally that 8her children    
rise up and call her blessed1 her       
husband also1 and he praiseth her20 but 

when the devil of neatness enters  into 
a woman he defies family comfort1 and   
banishes the angel of peace  from the   
home4 ,and yet comfort1 important though
 its place may be in the  home economy1 
is not to be the first aim4 ,a wise     
critic says3 8,every  house should have 
in it that which tells of strength1 and 
seems to favor  self-sacrifice1         
simplicity1 self-control4 ,nothing is   
finer in a house  than a kind of subtle 
ubiquitous spirit1 which asserts the    
superiority  of the household1 and tells
 you that they fear neither hunger nor  
cold1  neither toil nor danger1 and do  
not bow down1 night and morning to the  
vulgar divinity1 ,comfort40 ,not the    
house we live in1 but the life we live  
in it is that on which the real beauty  
of home depends4 ,in the ,house         
,beautiful1 not ,mr4 ,cook's1 nor ,mrs4 
,allen's1 but in that incomparable      
,house ,beautiful which ,bunyan has     
described for us1 even there the  boy   
,matthew fell sick from tampering with  

the fruit of ,beelzebub's  garden4      
,compared with this soundness of inner  
life in the house1 these  questions of  
outer adornment1 of taste1 or           
expediency1 or expense1 are  but        
unimportant matters1 since no home can  
be truly beautiful that is  tarnished by
 an unworthy life within its walls4     
,so much of preliminary statement must  
be pardoned me1 because in the  refined 
paganism of these days there seems to be
 a mania for magnifying  the house we   
live in1 and the highest religion of    
many a family is  simply to make their  
home beautiful and attractive4 ,it is   
better than no  religion at all--but a  
higher religion teaches us to make the  
homes of the  poor comfortable          
before--we make our own beautiful1 shall
 ,i say8 ,not at  all2 but before we    
spend freely to gain this end4 ,for the 
external beauty  of home does not depend
 on the amount of money spent in its    
adornment4  ,money buys a great deal of 
clutter that had far better be left in  

the  shops2 money buys a vast amount of 
superfluous stuck-on ornaments1 that    
were better left off1 but money does not
 and can not buy good taste--an  eye for
 color1 thoughtful care for the general 
comfort1 a quick wit1 and  common sense4
 ,yet these are the safest and surest   
helps to the woman who  aims to make her
 home attractive to the eye and restful 
to the body4    ,let us enter the door  
of this woman's house and see what she  
allows and  what she disallows4         
,first1 we notice that her entry and    
stairways are planned upon as  liberal a
 scale as possible4 ,that is but common 
sense1 for furniture  and trunks must go
 in and out1 up and down1 to say nothing
 of household  and visitors1 and the    
broader the entry way1 the more         
hospitable and  inviting it can be made 
with chairs1 table and sofa4 ,modern    
builders  have at last learned this1 and
 they are giving us the old-fashioned   
hall  again1 with a corner or side      
fireplace1 and1 if possible1 an outlook 

on  the back garden4 ,this hall is not  
kept too dark in winter1 nor too light  
in summer4 ,in cold weather we need     
cheerfulness1 warmth1 and light on      
entering the house4 ,in summer we should
 step from the glare of a vertical  sun 
and heat of the nineties1 into a cool1  
refreshing shade1 kept1 of a  purpose1  
darker than sitting-room1 dining-room   
and kitchen1 to prevent  flies from     
swarming into the hall and up the       
stairway and becoming the  pest of the  
morning sleeper4 ,the back stairs also  
are closed1 either  above or below1 so  
that premonitory hints of meals to come 
may not ascend  to the bedrooms and go  
down the front stairs to guests in the  
parlor1  thus proclaiming on the        
housetop what you whisper to your cook  
in the  kitchen4    8,aim at a gold gown
 and you'll get a sleeve10 says our     
grandmother's  proverb2 so our wise     
woman knows what is best and aims for   
it1 but  contents herself with what she 
can get4 ,for an ,american house1 the   

best  flooring1 generally speaking1     
would be--for a vestibule--tiles of     
small  pattern and modest color1 such as
 yellow and brown1 which would take no  
injury from muddy overshoes or dripping 
umbrellas2 for the rest of the  house   
hard wood floors 7,southern pine is     
admirable71 plain or very simply        
inlaid4 ,elaborate patterns in inlaid   
woods should be avoided1 except in      
large rooms1 and contrasts of colors1   
such as stripes of black walnut and     
hard pine1 which make a narrow hallway  
look yet narrower2 but a modest  border 
might be inlaid around any room1 hall1  
parlor1 or bedroom with  good effect1 if
 desired1 with a substantial oriental   
rug in the midst of  it all4 ,there can 
be nothing better than this4    ,but a  
cheap pine floor1 if properly laid1 can 
be stained and made to  do good service1
 instead of hard wood1 and a strip of   
cocoanut matting  running the length of 
the hall is not to be despised2 or1 if  
cracks yawn  too perceptibly to have the

 floor bare1 it can be covered with a   
plain1  self-colored drugget or carpet  
filling1 or 8two ply10 while a strip of 
bright carpet passes from the doorway up
 the stairs1 and enlivens the  hall4    
,or1 simpler yet1 the floor can be      
painted a serviceable yellow  or gray1  
and a width of rag carpet can add warmth
 and color4 ,there are  pretty straw    
mattings in greens and reds and cream   
colors which1 with  the aid of rugs1    
serve admirably for floor coverings1 but
 they are  hardly durable enough for    
entry ways4 ,our wise woman bears in    
mind that  a well-laid1 hard wood floor 
will outlast many a drugget1 or carpet1 
or  coat of paint1 or oil cloth1 and she
 does up her hall floor1 at first1 in   
as durable a fashion as her purse will  
allow4    ,there is a certain fitness of
 things also to be observed4 ,good taste
  forbids her to step from an entry with
 stained or painted pine floor  and rag 
carpet to a parlor with inlaid floors   
and ,persian rugs4 ,the  rag carpet of  

the hall demands something              
correspondingly simple in the  reception
 room2 a floor stained or painted in the
 same fashion1 or a  straw matting1 with
 perhaps a few breadths of 8,morris0    
carpet1 of warm  color and quiet figure1
 sewed together to make a rug1 and      
raveled at the  ends for fringe4    ,as 
for walls1 it is convenient to divide   
them with a chair rail or  moulding of  
the same stuff as that used for         
mop-boards and door casings1  fastened  
about four feet from the floor and      
running around the entry and  up the    
side wall of the stairway4 ,the wall    
below this moulding can be  painted in  
oil a warm olive-brown or green1 or a   
dull red1 and1 when so  painted1 can be 
washed like the woodwork4    ,a more    
expensive way would be to panel off this
 space with big cedar  shingles of the  
sort that cost about #be a thousand1    
provided the rest  of the woodwork is   
repainted1 or with wood corresponding   
with the finish  of the room4 ,unpainted

 woodwork1 even though made of soft     
pine1 is far  better from the           
housekeeper's standpoint than that which
 is coated  with paint4 ,pine1 when     
oiled and varnished--not too            
heavily--assumes a  rarely beautiful hue
 and shows the variety of its markings  
to very good  effect4 ,the wall space   
above could be papered with some figured
 pattern  corresponding in color with   
that below the chair-rail1 or dado1 as  
it  is called 7if that is painted rather
 than paneled71 but the wall-space      
should be of lighter tint than the dado1
 or it could be calcimined1 or          
kalsomined1 as they spell and pronounce 
it in ,new ,jersey4    ,when paper is   
used1 the pattern should not be so large
 as to make the  room look small1 nor so
 pronounced as to prevent the walls from
 serving  as a fair back-ground for     
pictures and plants4    ,but suppose our
 prudent woman can afford neither       
chair-rail nor  oil-painted dado1 and   
yet would like to divide the wall space4

 ,then let  ,mr4 ,kalsominer paint a    
dado of olive-brown or green1 a wall    
space of much  lighter shade1 and a     
ceiling of cream color4 ,he can also    
paint a band  of dull red where the     
chair-rail should be1 and then our wise 
woman1  if she be also a woman of       
faculty1 will take the little red paint 
pot  into her own hand and will cut out 
of varnished paper some conventional    
leaf or flower1 and using this as a     
stencil1 with a stiff brush she will    
powder,a this leaf or flower at regular 
intervals of about a foot all  over the 
dado4 ,or1 discarding the stencil1 some 
simple arrangement of  triple dots might
 be used that need only be indicated    
with a pencil point  and then painted   
on1 with a small brush1 free hand4 ,the 
kalsominer would  double his prices if  
he did it1 but the room will be twice as
 pretty  if she does it herself4 ,or she
 may powder her lighter wall space with 
figures of the same dark shade as the   
dado1 so harmonizing the upper  and     

lower portions1 while a yet darker brown
 line divides them4 ,but the  stenciling
 of a wall space requires too much      
step-ladder work for the  ordinary      
woman4 ,last1 and probably cheapest of  
all1 she may use wall  paper--the       
darkest shade below--of some stiff      
diaper or tile pattern1 the  lighter    
above1 with border between2 the ceiling 
being washed a lighter  harmonizing     
color4    ,as to the furniture of the   
hall1 it ought to begin outside the     
door1 with  a bench1 or settle1 or      
chair1 at least1 upon the piazza1 or    
8stoop10 for  any weary body to drop    
down upon while the door is undoing4 ,a 
wide piazza  gives room not only for a  
few chairs1 and the picturesque and     
comfortable  hammock1 but for a table1  
as well1 where the afternoon cup of tea 
can  rest1 or the work-basket with the  
weekly mending4 ,a broad platform with  
awnings is a comfortable and picturesque
 addition to a house of plain and       
unattractive exterior4 ,happy and       

healthy are the households whose piazzas
  are their summer sitting-rooms4       
,the vestibule should have closets or   
some very plain and simple  receptacle  
for umbrellas and ,india rubber shoes4  
,in the hall proper comes  up the vexed 
question of the hat tree4 ,it is an     
ungainly1 aggressive  piece of          
furniture1 and very cumbersome4 ,if     
possible1 let it be done  away with4 ,if
 there is a closet under the stairs for 
the family hats and  coats1 then the    
chance visitor can throw off his coat on
 the hall sofa  or table4 ,hall chairs  
are useful1 with a box seat holding     
whisk broom1  hat brush1 driving gloves1
 and things of that sort1 and so is the 
table  drawer2 any of these contrivances
 are better than the hat tree1 and so is
  a simple rail hidden away in some dark
 corner under the stairs1 if there  be  
no closet1 with pegs attached for hats  
and coats4 8,there can be no  reasonable
 law against making a hall chair both   
comfortable and suitable  to its        

situation4 ,the common ,windsor         
high-backed arm-chair1 made in the  same
 wood as the table1 and with a cushion  
covered with some bright  colored       
material is well suited for this        
purpose2 or a chair ''' with a  high    
back and broad1 low seat looks both     
severe enough to discourage  unbecoming 
lounging1 and yet sufficiently          
comfortable to secure a proper  degree  
of rest for the weary40    ,and where in
 the hall can hangings and stuffs be    
used to best advantage8  ,enter any     
house and look about for yourself4 ,if  
the ground glass of the  vestibule door 
be exposed and staring1 the hall floor  
bare and cold1 the  hall chair hard and 
stiff1 the doors to the reception or    
sitting-room all  closed1 rising black  
and grim before you1 and the hall itself
 so dark  that you can not see even     
where to lay down your companionable    
umbrella1  does there not come over you 
a chill1 as if you were being repelled  
by  the spirit of inhospitality8 ,the   

entrance hall gives you no hearty cheer 
of welcome4 ,but warm up the floor with 
a rug1 lay a restful and inviting       
cushion on the chair2 open the door that
 leads to the room where the  household 
gathers1 or where your hostess is to    
receive you1 or take it  off the hinges 
bodily and lay it away1 and hang instead
 a curtain that  shall give a glimpse of
 the warmth and light within1 while     
still shutting  out the draught4 ,let   
soft silk or ,madras muslin hang in full
 folds over  the window in the door1 and
 the stranger who enters no longer feels
 like  a prisoner in ,doubting ,castle1 
whom ,giant ,despair has cast into a    
dungeon  for trespassing on his grounds1
 but rather shall ,i not say1 as if he  
had  fallen upon the ,house ,beautiful1 
built on purpose for the entertainment  
of pilgrims1 where only the fair virgins
 ,prudence1 ,piety and ,charity  would  
be his companions8    ,just so inviting 
was the entrance to my wise woman's     
house when ,i last  visited her4 ,it was

 a house with a door in the middle1 the 
hall running  through the entire depth4 
,midway1 an arch curtained with ,mexican
 blankets  half screened the back hall1 
which served for the family music room4 
,facing the piano was a long1           
old-fashioned sofa1 where the weary head
 of  the house could lie and be rested  
by music from his daughter's fingers  or
 the voices of his children4 ,this happy
 man1 who had his quiver full  of them1 
had one of those charming houses that   
grows with the household4  ,near the    
side entrance1 what used to be a        
dining-room is now known as  the coat   
room4 ,i saw one side of the room       
literally lined with coats  and wraps1  
hats and bonnets1 depending from some   
hat rack arrangement  of domestic       
manufacture4 ,boots1 shoes1 and galoches
 of all shapes and  sizes stood in a    
suitable rack beneath4 ,guns and hunting
 gear1 fishing  rods and tackles1 bows  
and arrows1 grace hoops1 battle-doors   
and  shuttle-cocks1 tennis rackets and  

croquet mallets and balls all found     
their appointed places here4 ,water and 
towels awaited the convenience of  those
 who must make a partial toilet in      
haste4 ,even the shoe-blacking  had its 
own corner4 ,a book case on the wall    
held well thumbed grammars  and         
geographies side by side with           
dictionaries1 college text-books and  a 
cook book or two2 while before the      
fireplace that 8filled the room on  one 
side10 you might see a young ,nimrod    
greasing his boots or polishing  his    
gun2 and later1 the little folks popping
 corn1 making caramels1 or  boiling     
taffy4 ,when the wise woman1 after      
looking well to the ways of  her        
household1 devises such liberal things  
as these in their behalf1 no  wonder her
 children rise up and call her blessed4 
,the room on which the average ,american
 housekeeper expends the most  thought  
and pains is the parlor1 as she calls   
it4 ,the word parlor means1  primarily1 
a room for conversation4 ,properly      

speaking1 the room where  members of the
 family gather that they may talk       
together1 is the parlor  7from the      
,french parler71 but somehow the word   
has been applied to  8the best room of a
 house1 kept for receiving company1 as  
distinguished  from the sitting room of 
the family40 ,we have an ,english word  
for  that--drawing room--contracted from
 withdrawing room--a room appropriated  
for the reception of guests 8to which a 
company withdraws from the dining       
room40 ,since the household is more     
important than the house1 the best of   
the house should be at the service of   
the household2 hence whatever is  most  
comfortable and cheerful should be in   
the parlor where the family  congregate4
 ,if aside from the dining room and     
kitchen there is but one  other room on 
the first floor1 let that be the parlor 
for family use1 the  8living room10     
unless there be a family sitting room on
 the second floor4    ,for people who   
entertain many guests the reception or  

withdrawing room  is a necessity1 and it
 is often convenient in city houses to  
have1 in  addition1 a smaller room near 
the door1 where the lady of the house   
can  receive visitors without disturbing
 the family party or the friends whom   
she may be entertaining in the drawing  
room4    ,there is never need of saying 
to an ,american housewife1 let the room 
where you receive your friends be as    
handsome as may be4 ,i would rather  say
 let it be as comfortable as you know   
how to make it4 ,do not keep it  dark   
and unwholesome1 stuffy and shut up4 ,if
 your economical soul refuses  to expose
 its treasures always to the light of   
day1 at least do your  best to make the 
room look habitable1 and as if it were  
put into daily  use4 ,what can be more  
embarrassing to a guest than to be      
ushered into a  dark room1 cold and     
repellent in winter1 close and stifling 
in summer1  there to wait drearily till 
the mistress of the house has donned her
 good  clothes and is ready to push back

 the shutter or raise the curtain that  
she may have light enough to recognize  
her guest8    ,our ,english sisters set 
us a good example in this respect4      
,their drawing  rooms are made          
comfortable1 with easy chairs strong    
enough to hold a  man's weight1 with    
tables conveniently placed1 with books  
here and an  embroidery frame there1 and
 a lady's work basket near at hand1 not 
at  all too fine for daily use4 ,i have 
seen an ,american lady hustle her work  
basket out of the room when the         
door-bell rang1 hide her thimble in her 
pocket1 and assume an air of elegant    
idleness and leisure1 as if she were    
ashamed to be caught needle in hand4    
,her ,english sister1 better bred1      
would lay down her work to welcome her  
guest1 and resume it again1 as a  matter
 of course1 to set her visitor at ease4 
,a marble-topped center table is not    
essential to a drawing room2 nor  are a 
photograph album and illustrated books  
essential ornaments of the  center      

table4 ,the morning papers1 the last    
number of ,the ,century1 and a  readable
 book are more attractive ornaments than
 the most costly album1  though filled  
with pictures of all the celebrities you
 have ever seen4  ,i would have a book  
case1 at least a book-shelf1 in every   
room in the  house--,i have three in my 
hall1 even--and the reception room      
surely is no  exception to the rule4    
,let there be books at hand for the     
entertainment  of guests1 and let there 
be every facility possible for rendering
 the  room light enough to read or to   
sew4 ,in a large room there should be   
more than one table1 and student lamps  
in abundance where there is no  gas4    
,where gas is burned there should still 
be lamps or drop-lights on  the tables4 
,parsimony in lamp-light is as bad as   
parsimony in fuel or  in bedding1 and   
results in serious injury to the eyes4  
,as to the matter  of heating our       
houses1 there have been so many funny   
things done in the  attempt to affect a 

compromise between the fire place and   
the furnace  that almost every house has
 in it something incongruous in this    
line4 ,the  old-fashioned fireplace for 
burning wood was healthful and artistic1
 but  it often smoked1 and in the depth 
of winter seldom gave out sufficient    
heat4 ,the grate in which anthracite    
coal is burned1 or soft coal1 was  good1
 but the care of the coal fire1 though  
not so continuous as of  the wood1 was  
still a heavy burden4 ,there is a price 
to pay for every  comfort1 and we can   
not rightly enjoy the comfort without   
paying its  full price4 ,but that seemed
 a hard doctrine1 and so the inventors  
went  to work4 ,they gave up that       
abomination1 the air-tight stove1 which 
rose  in grim blackness an offense to   
the eye1 and parched all the air for us 
before we had breathed it in4 ,then the 
furnace came in and there was  an era of
 real rejoicing4 ,fireplaces were walled
 up and holes cut in  all the floors1   
but with hot air furnaces there were new

 complications4  ,water pans which      
should be replenished daily were as     
often as not left  empty1 and the air   
was no better to breathe than that baked
 dry by an  air-tight stove1 and the    
fire1 as a rule1 required a man's hand4 
,beside1  holes in the floor were not   
inviting to have around4 ,but the       
furnace1  whether hot air or steam1 did 
warm the house4 ,thermometers stood at  
from seventy to eighty instead of being 
kept where they belonged1 down  in the  
sixties1 and throat and lung diseases   
multiplied4 ,then some one  who had not 
forgotten the cheer of the fireplace    
introduced the hot air  from a chimney  
register1 giving out heat1 with no sign 
of fire1 from the  old spot1 and then   
came the make-believe iron logs with an 
internal gas  arrangement which was     
lighted when guests came1 and burned in 
a pathetic1  appealing way1 provoking   
the beholder now to laughter and now to 
tears4    ,it was left to the sthetic   
craze to bring in the last and worst    

affront  of all to comfort and common   
sense1 a fireplace with highly glazed   
tiles and elaborate wrought iron back1  
with choice and costly fenders1  tongs1 
and andirons of brass and steel1 with   
all the appointments of the  fireplace  
of the most luxurious stamp1 but all too
 fine for possible use1  with absolutely
 nothing intended for use4 ,the poor1   
foolish1 iron logs  never deceived any  
one1 but they burned2 nevertheless1     
these beautifully  tiled fireplaces1    
with their spick and span hearths are   
mere husks1 and  are as loathsome and   
cluttersome as are the 8air castles0 and
 wax fruit1  which these sthetics would 
banish in contempt from their homes4    
,the  height of luxury is to have the   
sharpness of winter's cold subdued by a 
good furnace in the cellar1 which       
modifies the air all over the house1    
and then to have open fires here and    
there to give cheer as well as          
additional warmth and good ventilation1 
and a fireplace finished with  plain    

brick1 without a tile1 the brick work1  
freshened up occasionally by  painting  
it with ,indian red mixed with milk1    
after the fashion of fifty  years ago1  
or a plain iron grate for coal1 used as 
occasion calls1 is in  better taste for 
a drawing room than the most elaborate  
combination of  tiles1 brass and steel  
kept for mere show4 ,when any object1   
not alone a  fireplace1 but any object  
designed primarily for use is so        
excessively  ornamented as to fail of   
its mission of utility1 this very excess
 of  decoration becomes an offense and  
renders the object neither useful nor   
beautiful4    ,wm4 ,morris's stringent  
rule1 8,have nothing in your homes that 
you do not  know to be useful or believe
 to be beautiful10 applies with full    
force to  the drawing room2 and when the
 housekeeper has striven first of all to
  supply her drawing room with          
comfortable1 useful pieces of furniture1
 she  may look around her with surprise 
to find that almost without her thought 

the place has grown beautiful as well4  
,a ,,powder--a technical term used in   
heraldry--a figure is powdered on a     
coat of arms1 when it is repeated at    
uniform intervals over its surface4     
,a ,,prayer ,,by ,,the ,,sea4    ,,by   
,,sarah ,,doudney4          ,i saw the  
ships on a windy sea        ,in the     
light of the morning's gold2      ,and  
the shout of the sailors came to me     
,like songs from the days of old4       
,wild waves leaped up on the crags and  
beat        ,on the edge of the         
rock-bound shore2      ,and the thought 
of a coming time was sweet1        ,when
 the sea should be no more4        ,no  
more1 no more shall mothers and wives   
,dream of loves that the blue wastes    
hide1      ,no more shall the vigorous  
hearts and lives        ,be flung to the
 wind and tide6        ,oh1 ,father1    
follow the gallant ships        ,through
 the light of the morning pale6         
,thou hearest the prayer of the loving  
lips1        ,thy mercy never can fail4 

,and guide us all to some haven blest   
,where never a tempest is known2        
,for life is sad1 and the secret of rest
        ,is hidden with ,thee alone4    
,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens ,,for  
,,january4    ,,by ,,prof4 ,m4 ,b4      
,,goff1    ,western ,university of      
,pennsylvania4      ,,the ,,sun4        
,during this month the sun makes rapid  
strides northward1 moving from          
declination #bb #eg south on the #ast to
 declination #ag #aa south on the       
#cast4 ,this occasions also quite an    
increase in the length of the day1  from
 sunrise to sunset on the #ast being    
#i;h4 #bcm4 #cfs41 and on the #cjth1    
#aj;h4 #dm4 #efs4 ,on the #ast1 #afth   
and #cjth1 #g3bb1 #g3ba and #g3aa a4 m4 
are  the respective hours of rising1 and
 #d3df1 #d3ei and #e3af p4 m4 the hours 
of setting4 ,on the #afth1 day breaks at
 #e3dj a4 m41 and twilight ends  at     
#f3dj p4 m41 giving just thirteen hours 
between 8early dawn and dewy  eve40 ,the
 sun is slower than the clock1 on the   

#ast1 being on the meridian  at three   
minutes and thirty-eight seconds past   
twelve1 and on the #cast  reaching the  
meridian thirteen minutes and           
forty-seven seconds after the  clock    
indicates noon4      ,,the ,,moon       
,will present its ordinary four changes 
at the following times3 last  quarter on
 the #gth1 at #aj3bh p4 m42 new moon1   
#afth1 #c3bh a4 m42 first  quarter1     
#bc;d1 #h3ah p4 m42 full1 #cjth1 #aa3aa 
a4 m4 ,it will be in apogee1  or        
farthest from the earth1 on the #acth1  
at #c3db a4 m41 and in perigee1  or     
nearest to the earth1 on the #bhth1 at  
#h3db p4 m4 ,it will reach its  greatest
 elevation1 amounting to #ff #ee1 on the
 #bhth1 and the least  elevation1 #cj1  
on the #adth4      ,,mercury1    ,well  
named from its mercurial habits1 having 
the smallest orbit1 and  being the most 
rapid traveler1 presents in a given time
 more phases than  any other of the     
planets4 ,thus we find that on the #c;d1
 at #e3jj p4 m41  it is in inferior     

conjunction with the sun1 that is1      
between the earth  and the sun2 on the  
#adth1 at #h3db a4 m41 #b #a south of   
the moon2 on the  #adth1 at #c3jj p4 m41
 stationary1 that is1 it is moving in a 
direct line  7or nearly so7 away from   
the earth1 and thus seems to stand      
still2  on the #bdth1 at #e3jj a4 m41 is
 #a #f north of ,venus1 on which        
occasion  the latter will serve as a    
good 8pointer10 enabling one readily to 
find  this peculiar planet4 ,on the     
#bfth1 it is at its greatest distance   
7#bd  #ec7 west of the sun4 ,its motion 
for the first fourteen days is #ab #de  
retrograde2 and for the remainder of the
 month1 #bi #ea #dj direct4 ,on  the    
#ast it rises at #g3ci a4 m41 and sets  
#e3aa p4 m42 and on the #afth1  rises at
 #e3eb a4 m41 sets at #c3bb p4 m42 and  
on the #cjth rises at #e3eb a4  m41 and 
sets at #c3aj p4 m42 changing from      
evening star during the first1  to      
morning star in the latter part of the  
month4      ,,venus    ,continues       

morning star1 and will remain so till   
the #dth of ,may4 ,on the  #ast1 rises  
at #e3aa a4 m41 sets #b3ci p4 m42 on the
 #afth1 rises at #e3dj a4  m41 sets     
#b3eb p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at     
#e3ei a4 m41 sets #c3ag p4 m4  ,motion  
#da #cb #ei direct4 ,diameter diminishes
 from #ab4d to #aa4b4 ,on  the #acth1 at
 #c3cd p4 m41 #d #h south of the moon4  
,on the #bdth1 at #e3jj a4  m41 #a #f   
south of ,mercury4      ,,mars4    ,this
 planet presents nothing peculiar this  
month4 ,it will be an evening  star1    
though appearing but a short time after 
sunset each day4 ,on the  #ast it rises 
at #h3aj a4 m41 and sets at #e3bj p4 m42
 on the #afth rises at  #g3ea a4 m41    
sets at #e3ba p4 m42 on the #cjth rises 
at #g3bi a4 m41 sets at  #e3ba p4 m4 ,it
 has a direct motion of #be #af #b1 and 
its diameter remains  about the same    
during the month1 namely3 #d4b4 ,on the 
#afth1 at #f3dh p4  m41 is #e #db south 
of the moon4      ,,jupiter    ,makes a 
retrograde motion of #b #bd #dg1 and is 

classed as a morning  star1 though he   
shines nearly the entire night1 rising  
on the #ast at  #i3jb p4 m41 and setting
 next morning at #aj3ad a4 m42 rising on
 the  #afth at #g3ei p4 m41 setting on  
the #agth at #i3ac a4 m42 and on the    
#cjth  rising at #f3ef p4 m4 and setting
 at #h3ad on the morning of the #cast4  
,an indication that he is approaching   
the earth is that his diameter          
increased from #ci4f on the #ast to     
#db4b on the #cjth4 ,on the #dth1 at    
#g3bd  p4 m41 he is #d #b north of the  
moon4      ,,saturn    ,has a retrograde
 motion of #a #ca #ec1 and his diameter 
decreases during  the month six-tenths  
of a second of arc2 but this diminution 
affects  but very slightly his          
brightness4 ,as he is an evening star1  
the most  convenient opportunities are  
afforded for obtaining a fine view4 ,he 
rises  on the #ast at #c3jg p4 m41 and  
sets on the #bnd at #e3dc a4 m42 on the 
#aeth  rises at #b3jd p4 m41 and sets   
the following morning at #d3dj2 on the  

#cjth1  rises at #a3jg p4 m41 and sets  
on the #cast at #c3dc a4 m4 ,on the     
#bfth1 at  #i3jb p4 m41 is #c #bg north 
of the moon4    ,the use of the         
telescope in developing the rings of    
,saturn is one of the  interesting items
 in astronomical history4 ,to one       
looking at this planet  with the naked  
eye1 he appears simply as a bright star2
 but to a person  using a telescope of  
moderate power1 he now presents some    
such appearance  as was hinted at in the
 ,december number of ,,the              
,,chautauquan1 and resembles  a globe   
with an appendage on either side similar
 to a new moon 7the  concave part turned
 toward the globe74 ,to the early       
astronomers1 whose  telescopes were so  
much inferior to ours1 his appearance   
was a great  puzzle and produced a great
 variety of opinions4 ,to ,galileo the  
planet  appeared like three globes1 a   
large one with a smaller detached one on
  each of two sides4 ,to ,scheiner1 in  
#afad1 he appeared as one large globe1  

with a small attached ball on either    
side4 ,to others he appeared as a  globe
 with crescents 7shape of new moon7     
sometimes detached1 and at  other times 
having their cusps 7sharp points7 meet  
on the edge of the  planet4 ,and it was 
not until #afee that the discovery was  
made that these  appendages were neither
 balls nor crescents1 but were1 as then 
supposed1  a ring 7seen in various      
positions7 around the body of the       
planet4 ,in  the spring of this year1   
,huyghens discovered that what had      
appeared as  handles extended out on    
each side and were somewhat like a      
veritable  ball with its projecting axes
 ready to be laid in their 8bearings40  
,the  next spring the 8gudgeons0 had    
disappeared and only the plain sphere   
remained4 ,in the fall of #afef the axes
 had reappeared4 ,thus was suggested  to
 ,huyghens that these appearances were  
produced by the alternate  presentation 
to view of the edge and face of a ring1 
whose thickness was  so small as to be  

invisible when its plane was directed to
 the eye4 ,being  anxious to secure to  
himself the honor of this discovery1 and
 yet not  wishing to publish it         
prematurely1 lest his conception should 
turn out  to be incorrect1 he printed at
 the end of a little pamphlet           
descriptive  of the planet the following
 characters3 aaaaaaa ccccc d eeeee g h  
iiiiiii llll mm nnnnnnnnn oooo pp q rr s
 ttttt uuuuu4 ,should his theory  prove 
to be incorrect no one would be likely  
to solve the riddle2 should  it be      
correct1 as it proved to be1 he readily 
arranged the letters to  read3 ,annulo  
cingitur tenui1 plano nusquam           
cohaerente1 ad eclipticam  inclinato2   
which being translated means3 8,girdled 
by a thin1 plane ring1  nowhere         
touching1 inclined to the ecliptic40 ,it
 was soon ascertained  that the ring had
 an inclination of #bg to the plane of  
its orbit1 and  as it with the planet   
revolves about the sun1 its axis        
maintains the  same absolute position2  

so that as the revolution is made once  
in every  twenty-nine and a half years1 
every fourteen and three-fourth years   
its edge is directly toward the sun1    
and1 practically1 toward the earth      
7since the distance of the earth from   
the sun is comparatively small71  and is
 invisible except through the most      
powerful telescopes4 ,in like  manner1  
every fourteen and three-fourth years   
the greatest possible  portion of the   
ring's surface is presented to the sun1 
and if the ring  were perpendicular to  
the plane of the earth's orbit1 and its 
axis  directed toward the earth1 we     
should see the globe entirely girdled1  
instead of seeing1 as we do1 a large    
portion of one side of the ring and  the
 opening only on two sides between it   
and the planet4    ,after ,huyghens1 the
 discovery was made by an ,english      
astronomer named  ,ball1 that instead of
 only one ring1 ,saturn had two rings1  
divided by a  narrow1 dark line1 and    
that the inner ring was broader than the

 outer in  about the ratio of seventeen 
to ten2 that is1 the breadth of the     
inner  was estimated to be #ag1jjj      
miles1 while that of the outer was only 
#aj1cjj  miles4 ,in #ahej1 ,prof4 ,bond1
 of ,cambridge1 discovered a third ring 
lying  between the inner ring and the   
planet4 ,but this was hardly regarded as
 a  discovery1 as this ring had been    
8seen in ,england by ,messrs4 ,lassell  
and  ,dawes1 before it was formally     
announced by the ,bonds20 and 8something
 of  the same kind had been seen by ,dr4
 ,galle1 at ,berlin1 as far back as     
#ahch40    ,another perplexing question 
is1 whether there are changes going on  
in  these rings1 and if so1 what they   
are4 ,struve1 in #ahea1 propounded  the 
theory that the inner edge of the ring  
7or rings7 was gradually  contracting1  
and thus lessening the space between it 
and the planet1 and  this at the rate of
 about #a4c per century2 at which rate  
it would close  in on the planet about  
the year #baej--;a date at such a       

distance that the  event1 should it     
transpire1 will be of little moment to  
our readers4    ,another not yet        
satisfactorily answered question is1 of 
what are these  rings composed8 ,the    
generally accepted answer at present is1
 that it is  neither a solid nor a fluid
 ring1 but a cloud of satellites1 too   
small  and too numerous to be seen      
singly4 8,they are like the separate    
little  drops of water out of which are 
composed fogs and clouds1 which1 to our 
eyes1 seem like solid masses40          
,,uranus    ,reaches his stationary     
point on the #fth1 at #e3jj p4 m41      
having made a  direct motion of #ea4de2 
during the rest of the month he         
retrogrades #ag  #ab4f4 ,on the #fth1 at
 #f3ej p4 m41 he is #a #ah north of the 
moon4 ,he  figures as a morning star1   
rising on ,dec4 #cast1 '#hd1 at #aa3bi  
p4 m41 and  setting on ,new ,year's at  
#aa3be a4 m42 on the #aeth1 rising at   
#aj3cj p4 m41  and setting on the #afth 
at #aj3bf a4 m42 on the #bith1 rising at

 #i3cc p4  m41 and setting on the #cjth 
at #i3ca a4 m4      ,,neptune    ,also  
plays the rle of morning star1 rising in
 the afternoon of the  #ast at #a3ca1   
and setting on the morning of the #b;d  
at #c3be2 on the #afth1  rising at      
#ab3ca p4 m41 and setting next morning  
at #b3be2 and on the #cjth1  rising at  
#aa3cf a4 m41 and setting at #a3cj a4 m4
 on the #cast4 ,on the  #bdth1 at #aa3cd
 p4 m41 he is #a #dh north of the moon2 
is stationary at  #c3jj a4 m4 on the    
#cjth1 up to which date he has          
retrograded #ad #ea4f4  ,his diameter   
being only #b4f1 he can only be seen    
through a telescope of  higher power4   
,,yale ,,college ,,and ,,yale ,,customs4
    ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,vincent4        
,the good people who1 in #afch1 came    
over from ,england and settled ,new     
,haven1 came with a definite purpose4   
,they aimed to establish a model        
community in church and state1 and1 as  
an important means to this end1  they   
proposed to found a college4 ,at first1 

events conspired to keep  the classic   
groves from taking root on the bleak    
,connecticut shore4 ,a  capricious      
government in ,england was granting and 
annulling charters  with alarming       
frequency1 and the colonies were in a   
corresponding state  of uncertainty and 
apprehension1 while the ravages of the  
,indian wars  did much to occupy and    
distract the thoughts of the ,new ,haven
 people4  ,finally1 in #affj1 a bequest 
of ,governor ,hopkins induced the       
colonists  to found an institution which
 they called a 8,collegiate ,school10   
lest a  more pretentious title might    
make it difficult to obtain a charter4  
,the  ,governor's will1 however1 was    
contested by the legislature1 which     
finally  obtained a part of the bequest4
 ,this fact1 together with the          
depression  caused by the compulsory    
union of ,new ,haven with the           
,connecticut colony1  prevented any     
marked advance in the prosperity of the 
institution which1  under the title of  

the 8,hopkins ,grammar ,school10 still  
prepares students  for the various      
departments of ,yale4    ,after the     
peace of ,ryswick in #afig1 prosperity  
returned to the colonists1  and a second
 time the subject of a college was      
agitated4 ,ten trustees1  most of them  
ministers from ,new ,haven and vicinity1
 met some time in #agjj  at ,brandford1 
a small town near ,new ,haven4 ,each    
trustee presented a few  volumes with   
the declaration3 8,i give these books   
for the founding of a  college40    ,the
 next year a charter was granted to the 
new college1 which was located  at      
,saybrook1 with the ,rev4 ,abraham      
,pierson1 a metaphysician of some  note1
 as president4 ,the students1 eight in  
number1 and 8put into classes  according
 to the proficiency they had            
antecedently made10 lived in the        
president's house1 under his supervision
 and instruction4 ,the first            
commencement was held at ,saybrook1     
,september #ac1 #agjb4    ,the ,french  

war of the same year had its effect upon
 the college1 and  when in #agjg ,rector
 ,pierson died1 it was found impossible 
to support a  resident professor at     
,saybrook4 ,consequently the senior     
class was sent to  ,milford and placed  
under the ,rev4 ,samuel ,andrew1 while  
the other classes  remained at ,saybrook
 with two tutors4 ,at this time ,yale   
,college extended  from the senior class
 at ,milford to the juniors1 sophomores 
and freshmen  at ,saybrook1 a distance  
of forty miles4    ,in #agad1 the death 
of the ,rev4 ,james ,pierpont1 who may  
be regarded as  the founder of the      
college1 struck another blow at its     
prosperity4 ,at  the same time          
complaints about their accommodations   
from the ,saybrook  students made it    
evident that if the college was to      
become a permanent  institution1 some   
active measures were required4 ,at a    
meeting of  trustees in #agaf1 after a  
protracted discussion1 and not a little 
to  the dissatisfaction of ,hartford1 it

 was decided to locate the college      
permanently at ,new ,haven4 ,hartford   
was appeased by building there a new    
court house1 and the scattered students 
were gathered at ,new ,haven1 which     
that day became a college town4         
,among several donations to the college1
 the most generous was that of  ,elihu  
,yale1 a former resident of ,new ,haven1
 and at the time a wealthy  ,london     
merchant4 ,in view of his munificence1  
the trustees called the new  building   
which his donation had enabled them to  
complete1 ,yale ,college4    ,it would  
be superfluous for our purpose to trace 
the history of the  college from this   
permanent foundation in #agah to the    
present time4 ,among  its presidents we 
find such names as ,elihu ,williams1    
,ezra ,stiles1 ,timothy  ,dwight1       
,jeremiah ,day1 ,theodore ,d4 ,woolsey  
and ,noah ,porter--grand men of  the    
orthodox school1 some of them rigid and 
severe in administration1  but all      
respected and honored4 ,the character of

 the presidents is an  index to the     
institution1 which has developed under  
the severe discipline  of ,new ,england4
 ,the students who of late years have   
come from distant  states have modified 
the general character of the college1   
but have not  destroyed the old         
influence4 ,the recognition of religion1
 which in some  universities has        
well-nigh disappeared1 still holds its  
own1 and the same  bell which1 in years 
gone by1 summoned sleepy and            
half-dressed students  to the murky     
chapel1 at five in the morning1 now1 at 
a more convenient  hour1 assembles in   
the handsome 8,battell0 those who have  
come to college  from every state in the
 ,union4 ,thus the old ,new ,england    
rgime makes an  impression upon the     
rising generation of the whole country4 
,it is not within the scope of this     
article to consider the development  of 
the college curriculum2 but1 perhaps1 in
 view of the radical changes  which the 
,yale faculty have introduced for the   

college year #ahhd-'he1 it  may not be  
out of place rapidly to sketch the      
innovations4 ,in #aghf the  requirements
 for admission were 8,virgil1 ,tully1   
and the ,greek ,testament40  ,this is   
characteristic of the college1 which has
 always been remarkably  conservative in
 its devotion to the classics4 ,charles 
,francis ,adams'  oration at the        
,harvard 8,phi ,beta ,kappa0 dinner two 
years ago1 aroused  no little antagonism
 in ,new ,haven4 ,president ,porter has 
written several  articles defending the 
classics1 and when ,matthew ,arnold and 
,lord  ,coleridge addressed the ,yale   
students1 both congratulated the        
institution  upon its attitude toward   
the ancient languages4 ,heretofore      
,latin and  ,greek have been compulsory 
during both freshman and sophomore      
years4 ,but  under the new system       
,german and ,french may be substituted  
for a portion  of the classics4 ,to the 
senior and junior classes even greater  
liberty  is given4 ,they are offered    

between twenty and thirty elective      
courses2  so that now1 instead of       
turning a whole class out of the same   
mould1 the  college permits men to      
select those studies which they find    
attractive1  or which will best prepare 
them for their pursuits in life4 ,thus  
in one  year ,yale has made very rapid  
strides1 and now stands a 8golden mean0 
between the conservatism of the past and
 the rashly radical tendencies of  the  
present4 ,so much for the origin and    
curriculum of ,yale4    ,it is not the  
instruction alone that makes a college  
course desirable4  ,the associations1   
friendships1 and experiences in the     
college community  are also important   
factors4 ,it has been well said that a  
college is a  miniature world1 with its 
successes1 failures1 and temptations as 
real as  those of the world without4    
,it is impossible1 in an article like   
the present1 to do more than give  a few
 of the peculiarities of ,yale4 ,the    
writer disclaims any attempt to  analyze

 critically the influences and          
tendencies of the college1 but aims     
merely to present a few facts concerning
 its students1 buildings1 class  spirit1
 and every-day life4    ,the college    
catalogue shows that in the academic    
department the classes  average one     
hundred and fifty students4 ,in the     
,sheffield ,scientific  ,school the     
aggregate number is about two hundred   
and twenty-five4 ,the  other departments
 swell the total to between ten and     
eleven hundred4 ,it  is probably        
unnecessary to state that co-education  
is not 8dreamed of0 in  the ,yale       
philosophy4 ,the warm affection which   
the faculty feel for the  dead languages
 seems only to increase their coldness  
toward the gentler  sex4    ,yale is    
eminently a cosmopolitan institution4   
,when two years ago state  clubs were   
being formed at ,yale1 some one remarked
 that if the same  experiment were      
attempted at ,harvard1 there would be   
two clubs1 one from  ,boston1 and one   

from the rest of ,massachusetts4 ,while 
this statement is  by no means true1 it 
suggests the sectional character of the 
other ,new  ,england colleges4 ,a few   
figures will sustain this claim4 ,in    
#ahhc-'hd1  out of #hbd students in the 
academic and scientific departments1    
only  twenty-nine per cent4 were from   
,connecticut4 ,there were nineteen men  
from ,california1 six from ,colorado1   
seven from ,georgia1 fifty-one from     
,illinois1 thirty-three from ,ohio1     
twenty from ,missouri1 and sixty-five   
from ,pennsylvania4 ,almost every state1
 and many of the territories1 were      
represented1 and the very fact that     
,yale draws its men from so many  widely
 different sources has an important     
influence upon the character of  the    
students4 ,the swift-coursing1 tingling 
blood of the ,west is infused  into the 
old1 staid1 ,new ,england institution1  
which restrains1 modifies1  and directs 
it4 ,the enthusiasm of ,yale is due in a
 great measure to this  western element4

 ,there is a whole-heartedness about    
,yale students which  you will find in  
no other eastern institution4 ,nor is   
money at ,yale the  basis of social     
standing4 ,a man may command any        
position which he has the  character or 
ability to attain4    ,it is generally  
supposed that in a large institution the
 numbers in a  class prevent that       
personal contact with the instructors   
which smaller  classes afford4 ,this    
objection can be easily answered4 ,let  
us suppose  that a freshman class       
numbers one hundred and fifty students1 
and that  the curriculum includes five  
studies4 ,the class will be divided into
  five sections of thirty men each1 and 
will recite to five instructors  in     
order4 ,there are fifteen recitations a 
week1 so that every member of  the class
 recites three times a week to each of  
these instructors1 and  that1 too1 in a 
class of only thirty4 ,this affords all 
the 8contact0  that either instructors  
or instructed need or desire4 ,the      

divisions are  arranged according to    
excellence in scholarship at the end of 
every term1  so that each division has  
its own standard of attainment2 hence   
the  diligent are not retarded by their 
more leisurely classmates4 ,recitations 
and examinations are marked upon a scale
 of four4 ,when one's average  standing 
falls below two1 he is given the choice 
between leaving college  or entering the
 class next below4 ,this unpleasant     
experience is known  as being 8dropped40
 ,for irregularities and tardiness in   
attendance1 the  penalties are inflicted
 in the form of 8marks10 which have no  
influence  upon scholarship standing4   
,the penalty for 8cutting0 chapel on a  
week  day is two marks1 on ,sunday1     
eight4 ,as these marks accumulate1      
parents  are informed by 8letters home0 
when a certain limit is approached1     
which  varies in the different          
years--more latitude being granted to   
seniors and  juniors than is enjoyed by 
the lower classes4 ,for seniors1 the    

first  letter comes at thirty marks2 the
 second at about fifty2 and the third1  
if there be one1 informs the parent that
 his son has incurred sixty  marks1 and 
has been suspended for six weeks4 ,this 
is 8rustication40  ,the unfortunate     
retires to ,milford1 where he pursues   
his studies in  interesting solitude4   
,this marking system has many 8defects10
 which are  especially patent to the    
down-trodden student1 but it certainly  
has  the merit of securing method and   
regularity in college duties4 ,other    
colleges1 notably ,amherst1 have adopted
 new methods for which they claim  great
 superiority over the archaic system4   
,but it is safe to say that the  ,yale  
faculty must be thoroughly converted    
before they will discard the  old       
system1 which has been for years the    
bone of contention in every ,yale       
debating club4    ,we come now to speak 
of the material world of ,yale--its     
buildings  and campus4 ,architecturally1
 ,yale is inferior to both ,harvard and 

,princeton4 ,there are between thirty   
and forty buildings connected with      
,yale ,university2 but on the college   
campus there are sixteen4 ,six of  these
 are dormitories1 occupied exclusively  
by members of the academic  department1 
or ,yale ,college proper4 ,four of these
 dormitories1 together  with three other
 buildings1 the 8,athenum10 8,lyceum10  
and 8,old ,chapel10  extend in a line   
along the east side of the campus1 and  
constitute the  8old brick row40 ,the   
dormitories are called 8south10 8south  
middle10  8north middle10 and 8north10  
and are separated by the three          
recitation  buildings mentioned above4  
8,south middle10 erected in #agej1 is   
the oldest  building on the campus4     
,until within a few years1 it was       
reserved for  the use of the sophomore  
class1 and many a trembling freshman has
 had  his first experience of hazing    
within its ancient walls4 ,the faculty  
concluded1 however1 that they would best
 consult the interests of good  order   

and education by razing this sophomore  
stronghold4 8,south middle10  thoroughly
 renovated1 is to-day as quiet as the   
seniors' retreat--8,south40  ,durfee    
,hall1 at the north end of the campus1  
is a handsome dormitory  of brown stone1
 accommodating eighty students4 ,farnam 
,hall is a modern  building of brick1   
furnishing rooms for an equal number4   
,battell ,chapel1  on the north-eastern 
corner of the campus1 is a large stone  
building  with a seating capacity of    
eight or ten hundred4 ,its walls contain
 many  handsome memorial windows1 and in
 one of its towers are the clock and    
chimes4 ,graduate's ,hall is a massive  
brown stone building1 presenting the    
general appearance of a feudal castle4  
,it is1 in fact1 the stronghold  of the 
college1 and must be taken several times
 during the course--it  is the          
examination hall4 ,next comes the       
,library1 a gothic building  with low   
wings on either side4 ,it is a          
repository for some one hundred  and    

seventy-five thousand volumes4 ,the ,art
 ,school is one of the most  expensive  
buildings on the campus4 ,it is of brown
 stone1 and1 like the  library1 is      
overgrown with ivy planted by graduating
 classes4 ,the ,art  ,school contains   
excellent collections of paintings1     
marbles1 and casts1  together with      
several studios and class rooms4 ,the   
other buildings1 known  as 8,old ,lab410
 8,cabinet10 and 8,treasury0 are1 it is 
to be hoped1 as  useful as they are     
unattractive4 ,so much for the campus   
proper4 ,near by  are the new ,sloane   
,physical ,laboratory1 the gymnasium1   
and the ,peabody  ,museum1 which even in
 its present incomplete state is one of 
the largest  buildings in ,new ,haven4  
,the collections are excellent1 being   
especially  complete in the departments 
of mineralogy and palontology4 ,within  
the  radius of a few squares are the    
,sheffield ,scientific ,school1 the     
,divinity  ,school1 and the departments 
of ,law and ,medicine4    ,let us now   

turn to the composition of the college  
community4 ,the  four classes are       
separated by very clearly defined lines4
 ,while1 of  course1 there are many     
friendships between men of different    
classes1  as a rule men associate       
exclusively with their own classmates4  
,when  it is remembered that a class    
averages one hundred and fifty men1 one 
explanation of this clannishness is     
obvious4 ,it takes four years for  a    
student to know his classmates1 and     
among them he will find all the  friends
 he needs4 ,until within the last year  
or two the elective system1  which      
brings members of different classes into
 the same recitation  room1 has not been
 in operation1 and men have always      
recited with their  classmates          
exclusively4 ,another prominent reason  
for class feeling1 as  it is called1 is 
found in athletic rivalry4 ,let one     
attend a class boat  race1 hear the     
shouting1 observe the ecstacy of delight
 with which the  winners carry their    

crew on their shoulders from the boat1  
and he will  begin to understand the    
real significance of class spirit4 ,this
 class  spirit is warmest between the   
two lower classes1 where the friction   
is greatest4 ,just here we may refer to 
hazing and rushing1 which are  objects  
of so much popular misapprehension4     
,that in early years freshmen  were     
subjected to rough1 and often brutal    
treatment1 can not be denied4  ,but that
 order of things has passed away1       
together with early chapel  and biennial
 examinations4 ,a 8rush0 is nothing more
 than an attempt of  freshmen and       
sophomores1 arranged in solid phalanxes1
 to force each  other back4 ,such a     
thing as a decision on a rush is        
unknown1 and the  whole affair has the  
advantage of leaving both sides assured 
of a 8most  decisive and brilliant      
victory40 ,hazing is confined to the    
first few  weeks of the term1 and is    
harmless1 not to say puerile1 in its    
character4  ,sophomores wander about the

 streets1 admonishing freshmen to 8put  
out0  their lights4 ,if these commands  
are not complied with1 the hazers ascend
  to the room of the audacious freshman1
 quiz him awhile1 and then put him  to  
bed1 where he stays until his           
persecutors have left1 when he resumes  
his interrupted tasks4 ,the whole thing 
is a farce1 and can not last much       
longer4 ,although the custom may be     
childish1 it certainly is not the       
pernicious thing which the press would  
have the public believe4    ,athletics  
have a very prominent place in the      
college world4 ,youthful  vitality finds
 a safety valve in athletic exercises4  
,inter-collegiate  rivalry is a most    
natural thing4 ,university foot ball    
teams1 crews and  ball nines follow as a
 matter of course4 ,these contests are  
of absorbing  interest1 and are eagerly 
anticipated4 ,alumni of many years'     
standing  are carried away with         
enthusiasm at a college match4 ,the     
public is led  to suppose that athletics

 monopolize the student's thought and   
interest4  ,it is true that students do 
talk of a ball match more frequently    
than  of ,greek particles4 ,the one     
belongs to the recreative side of       
college  life1 the other to the         
recitation room4 ,when relieved from his
 regular  duties1 the normal student    
seeks recreation4 ,beside affording     
exercise1  athletics engender a college 
spirit which helps to bind together the 
,yale  alumni all over the land4        
,whatever may be the excesses1 the      
advantages  are manifold4 ,the faculty  
declare that athletics have never been  
more  prominent1 nor the standard of    
scholarship higher than at the present  
time4    ,one trace1 at least1 of the   
good1 old1 puritanic days is found in   
8compulsory prayers40 ,at seven every   
morning1 except ,sunday1 when there  are
 regular services at #aj3cj1 the old    
bell in the lyceum tower disturbs  the  
peacefully slumbering student4 ,at eight
 it gives a second warning1  and at     

about seven minutes after it rings      
again1 until1 tolling the last  minute1 
it stops at #h3aj precisely4 ,the       
students who have been dropping  in one 
by one since eight1 come in increasing  
numbers as the time  approaches4 ,as the
 bell and organ voluntary cease1 a few  
stragglers drop  into their seats4 ,if  
it is the last of the term1 there are   
often a few  men who1 having only two   
marks between them and the cold world1  
appear in  conspicuously superficial    
toilets4    ,the chapel has two         
transepts1 one occupied by the juniors1 
the other by  the sophomores4 ,the      
seniors fill the seats on either side of
 the center  aisle2 while the freshmen  
are consigned to the gloomy region under
 the  rear gallery4 ,the deportment of  
the students during chapel exercises is1
  without exception1 dignified and      
respectful4 ,president ,porter reads a  
selection from the scriptures and       
announces four verses of a hymn1 which  
are sung by the choir4 ,then follows the

 8long prayer10 during which  almost    
every head is bowed4 ,it can not be     
denied1 however1 that many a  lesson is 
rapidly scanned during this part of the 
devotions4 ,at the close  of the prayer 
all stand until the president and       
instructors have left  the building4    
,the seniors face the center aisle1 and 
as the president  passes make a low bow1
 bringing the body into a horizontal    
position4  ,the effect from the         
galleries is ludicrous1 and affords     
visitors no  little amusement4          
,immediately after prayers the classes  
repair to their  recitation rooms4      
,although compulsory prayers are not    
universally  popular1 yet if regarded   
merely as a means of securing           
regularity1 and1  by assembling the     
classes1 of fostering a spirit of       
college unity1 they  are undeniably     
valuable4    ,it would not do to        
describe ,yale customs and neglect the  
8fence40 ,the  uninitiated can not read 
of the 8fence0 and its traditions       

without a  smile4 ,to one who has not   
been a member of the ,yale world1 the   
customs  of the fence seem as ridiculous
 as the antics and gambols of brokers   
on 'change4 ,but having once1 as a      
freshman1 felt the joy of balancing  on 
that 8fence10 after defeating the       
,harvard freshman at base ball2 as      
sophomore having displayed the wonders  
of the tailor's art from the  next      
higher division of the same perch2 as   
junior having sung there  the college   
songs1 and watched the people 8pass on  
the other side of  the way10 and at     
last1 as senior1 having parted from     
one's classmates  there1 the ,yale      
8fence0 must be to him more than any    
other dingy-brown1  two-railed old      
structure can be4    ,among several     
privileges which are withheld from the  
freshman when he  begins his course1 is 
that of sitting on the 8fence40 ,most   
readers would  not regard this in the   
light of a serious privation4 ,but such 
it really  seems to the new comer4 ,as  

soon as the ,yale freshmen defeat the   
,harvard  freshmen at base ball1 they   
are rewarded by being permitted to sit  
on the  freshmen fence4 ,a man on taking
 his seat in the ,united ,states ,senate
 can  not feel any more real            
satisfaction than a ,yale freshman      
perched for the  first time on the      
8fence we've won40    ,one of the most  
amusing exercises of commencement time  
is the  presentation of the sophomore   
fence to the freshmen4 ,a sophomore     
makes  the speech of presentation1 to   
which a freshman replies4 ,these        
speeches  are often bright and witty1   
and are received with great applause4   
,the 8fence0 is the forum1 the market   
place of the college4 ,here             
appointments are made4 ,it is here you  
look for a student before you  seek him 
in his room4 ,here in the twilight1 and 
far into the beautiful  evenings of ,may
 and ,june1 you may hear the college    
songs--now a lively air  or snatch of   
opera2 now a warble1 loud and clear2    

again1 some plaintive  plantation       
melody4 ,this is the time when the magic
 of the fence is most  potent in its    
influence4 ,there are more romantic     
things with which to  associate the     
delightful memories of college life1    
perhaps1 but nothing  can bring a       
pleasanter throng of recollections to   
the ,yale alumnus than  the mention of  
the fence4    ,fond as they are of being
 8on the fence10 ,yale men are by no    
means  undecided or vacillating4 ,yale  
is a positive institution1 strong1      
orthodox1 and conservative4 ,its alumni 
are prominent not so much in  letters as
 in the affairs of state4 ,yale ,college
 is yearly sending out  into the world  
enthusiastic1 practical1 sensible young 
fellows to strive1  as the grand old    
song has it1        8,for ,god1 for     
country1 and for ,yale40    ,,new       
,,haven1 ,,conn4          ,,new         
,,zealand4    ,,by ,m4 ,,emile          
,,blanchard4    ,translated for ,,the   
,,chautauquan from the ,rvue des ,deux  

,mondes4      ,during a long cycle of   
years1 upon the land called ,new        
,zealand1 there  were no inhabitants    
more powerful than gigantic eagles and  
moas1 enormous  birds now extinct4 ,at  
some indeterminate time men landed upon 
these  desolate shores2 being1          
doubtless1 unable to return to their    
point of  departure1 and1 perhaps1      
finding the country an asylum1 they     
remained  there4 ,they were             
,melanesians1 men of dark color1 and of 
coarse hair1 like  those who inhabited  
the archipelago in the western part of  
the ,pacific1  put down upon the maps as
 ,melanesia4    ,later came people from 
,polynesia1 of whom all tradition is    
lost4 ,at  a time1 the date of which can
 be approximately fixed1 some canoes    
reached this land whose occupants       
declared that they came from ,hawaki1   
probably ,hawaii4 ,afterward1 in the    
first relations of the ,europeans  with 
these inhabitants1 they were quickly    
satisfied that the leading  races were  

of ,polynesian origin1 though in some   
parts all the races  were so            
intermingled that it was hard to        
distinguish them4 ,these better         
developed classes were known under the  
name of the ,maoris4 ,these people1     
full of treachery1 robbers without      
shame1 barbarians of a remarkable       
intelligence1 able to construct fishing 
utensils1 fine canoes1 implements  of   
warfare1 and even to sculpture rude     
figures and to design ornaments  which  
indicated a certain artistic taste1     
inclined to observation enough  to      
attach a name to all objects which fell 
under their notice1 appeared  to the    
first ,european voyagers to their land  
as a people that could be  easily       
civilized4    ,they were in general of  
tall figure1 and had regular features2  
their  small1 jet black eyes were always
 in motion4 ,according to an artist who 
has traveled nearly round the world1 the
 young men would serve well  as models  
for a statue of ,hercules4 ,the women   

were well formed1 had  beautiful eyes   
and an abundance of black hair4 ,their  
faces looked quite  intelligent1 and    
even possessed a certain grace4         
,former explorers tried to find out what
 religious sentiments1 what             
superstitions1 reigned among these      
people2 they sought to gather up their  
traditions4 ,owing to their idiomatic   
language the information was derived    
slowly and only after great effort4 ,in 
the midst of a people presenting  the   
spectacle of primitive life it is       
impossible not to take a lively         
interest in their belief touching the   
origin and the final destiny of  man4   
,many of their ideas on these subjects  
present a striking similarity  to those 
prevailing among civilized people4      
,they have a long mythological history  
concerning the migrations of  several   
distinguished ancestors4 ,the life of   
one of these in its  beginning is of    
peculiar interest4 ,at his birth his    
mother1 seeing that  he was very feeble1

 put him in a little skiff which she    
placed upon the  sea4 ,the winds and the
 waves rocked him4 ,he was finally      
wafted ashore1  and found and cared for 
by a woman in high authority4 ,his after
 life was  full of wonderful and        
supernatural deeds4 ,then comes an age  
of heroes4  ,these at death were deified
 and shone as stars in the heavens4     
,their  brilliancy was greater or less  
according to their deeds of valor4      
,in the cosmogony of these ,new         
,zealanders the earth is a plain1 the   
heavens an opaque body extending around 
it1 separated from it by a  transparent 
substance4 ,they supposed that the sun  
and moon glided on  the outside of this 
crystal-like appearance4 ,above is the  
reservoir of  the rain1 higher the      
haunts of the winds1 higher still the   
dwelling of  spirits1 then that of      
light1 and then the highest region1 the 
abode of  the greatest of all the gods4 
,they recognized a multitude of         
divinities1 and accorded to each one a  

special function4 ,they occasionally    
presented offerings to the gods1 in     
order to render them propitious4        
,they did not anticipate any pain nor   
any recompense in the future life4      
,after death souls1 having remained     
three days near the bodies which they   
had abandoned1 took themselves to the   
extreme north of ,new ,zealand1 in      
order to take their last plunge into    
eternal night1 or into glory4    ,as to 
their customs1 scholars say that among  
the ,maoris the family  existed1 the    
tribe1 and1 in a certain rude sense1 the
 nation4 ,under  ordinary circumstances 
the people lived independent of one     
another4 ,upon  great occasions the     
chief called together the tribes under  
his sway4 ,he  had1 however1 the power  
to declare war or peace1 or to dispose  
of any  question of interest to the     
public1 only with the consent of his    
people4  ,there was little distinction  
in regard to rank among them4 ,the      
practice  of tattooing themselves       

prevailed largely1 especially among the 
warriors4    ,they had a custom of      
flattening the noses of the boys and    
bandaging their  knees and the lower    
part of the legs1 in order to make them 
smaller4 ,thus  they manifested the     
sthetic sentiment4 ,the hands of the    
girls were bound  in such a way as to   
render them more skillful1 in their     
estimation1 in  separating and weaving  
the fibers of the plant which affords   
the famous  linen of ,new ,zealand4     
,eight days after the birth of a child  
it underwent a sort of baptismal        
ceremony4 ,the marriage relation was    
observed4 ,at the death of an           
individual the whole tribe assembled1   
and from time to time uttered loud      
cries1 expressive of their grief4 ,the  
relatives cut off their hair4    ,by    
their work the ,maoris excited the      
surprise of their first civilized       
visitors4 ,they displayed remarkably    
inventive minds1 struggling under  the  
most restricted resources4 ,the         

necessary work was divided between  the 
men and women very much after the manner
 of our times4 ,the men built  the      
houses1 constructed canoes1 cultivated  
the earth1 carved their rude  ornaments1
 and went hunting and fishing4 ,the     
women prepared the food1  spun the      
linen1 and wove the cloth4 ,their       
language was well adapted to  oratorical
 effects4 ,there were fourteen letters  
in the alphabet2 each  syllable ended in
 a vowel1 whence resulted a singularly  
harmonious  speech4 ,they had many      
proverbs bearing a striking analogy to  
many used  throughout ,europe4 ,for     
instance1 they said3 8,one may avoid the
 point  of a lance1 but not a slander20 
also1 8,one may in time learn all the   
nooks and corners of any house1 but     
never those of the heart40 ,in their    
assemblies the most eloquent exercised a
 great influence1 and gave proofs  of a 
remarkable memory in reciting with great
 effect proverbs1 songs and  poems1     
capable of producing a great impression 

upon their auditors4    ,the exploits of
 heroes were only perpetuated by these  
frequent recitals4  ,whenever any       
notable event occurred it became the    
motive power of some  improvisation4    
,they entertained themselves as people  
in ,europe do1  by all sorts of         
amusements1 especially dancing4 ,certain
 dances were  engaged in by the women   
alone1 others by the men2 but in most   
the men  and women danced together4 ,the
 women had for their especial amusement 
the tangi1 or scene of despair4 ,they   
feigned the deepest grief1 wrung  their 
hands1 and uttered the most             
heart-rending cries1 while tears  flowed
 in abundance4 ,a stranger moved at the 
sight always learned with  surprise that
 it was simply a pastime1 and reproached
 himself for having  misplaced his      
sympathy4 ,whenever a visitor presented 
himself1 the mode  of salutation was for
 the host to rub his nose against the   
nose of  his guest4 ,small baskets of   
provisions were brought in1 and a       

cordial  invitation given to the visitor
 to join in partaking of the            
refreshments4    ,but these people1     
hard1 cruel1 without pity in the        
execution of  vengeance1 but of a quick 
intelligence and unquestioned bravery1  
industrious and ingenious1 cultivating a
 rude kind of art and of poetry1  have  
been crushed in their struggles with the
 ,europeans4 ,the descendants  of the   
fierce ,new ,zealand warriors1 as       
prisoners in certain districts  which   
the ,english colonists have promised to 
respect1 live sad and  miserable1 hating
 the plunderers of their land4 ,at the  
present time they  are scattered by     
families over the island1 nearly always 
at a distance  from the colonies4 ,each 
year this population diminishes2 in the 
near  future they will have entirely    
disappeared4 ,soon there will live only 
the  memory of an extinct race4    ,but 
while this is true of the ,maoris1 the  
,english colonists1 masters of  the     
country1 exceedingly prosperous1 occupy 

all the places possessing the  greatest 
advantages4    ,important cities have   
been built upon the most desirable      
locations1 both  on the sea coast and   
river banks4 ,vast agricultural         
districts are now  tilled4 ,new ,zealand
 has become a ,european country1 where  
the population  lives with no fear of   
the original inhabitants4 ,it is a      
dependency of  ,england1 a colony which 
since its formation has made great      
progress4 ,the  mildness of the climate1
 the fertility of the soil1 the extent  
of its  forests1 the presence of the    
best materials for industrial           
occupations1  the independence and      
safety which an insular position gives  
have marked  this island as a privileged
 region4 ,new ,zealand comprises two    
islands1  separated from each other by  
,cook's ,straits2 they are distinguished
 as  ,north ,island and ,south ,island4 
,the development of the country since   
the  occupation by the ,english has been
 remarkable4 ,at the commencement of    

#ahha there remained only #cf1jjj       
,maoris2 the colonial population        
numbered  #ejj1iaj4 ,some of its cities 
have acquired considerable importance4  
,dunedin1 in ,south ,island1 has #db1gid
 inhabitants1 and ,auckland1 in ,north  
,island1 the ancient capital1 #cj1ieb2  
,wellington1 the present capital1       
#bj1ecf4 ,in #ahha there were about     
#a1caj miles of railroad built1 and     
about  #c1jjj miles of telegraph lines4 
,the revenues of the government amounted
  to nearly #ah1jcf1jjj1 and the        
expenses to #ag1fdd1jjj4 ,the           
exportation  was valued at #ae1bab1jjj1 
and the precious metals at #e1fjb1jjj4  
,there  are on the island #ajj1jjj      
horses1 #ejj1jjj cattle1 and #aj1jjj1jjj
 sheep1  yielding great profit4 ,ships  
cross from ,canterbury in the eastern   
part of  the country to ,london in forty
 days4    ,the linen produced on the    
island affords a fine branch of         
industry1 and  the colonies send it to  
,london1 receiving for it not less than 

#f1jjj or  #h1jjj per year4 ,trees of   
the coniferous order furnish a quantity 
of gum  or resin1 which is an important 
source of revenue4 ,the commerce carried
  on in grain1 woods and fats is very   
great4 ,in the whole country the        
abundance of combustible material       
constitutes a great source of wealth4   
,beside its fine forests1 it has        
numerous coal fields4 ,petroleum is     
found  in several places1 and the       
colonists affirm that it is inferior in 
no  respect to that found in the ,united
 ,states4    ,gold districts are so     
extensive and productive that a great   
part of the  population is engaged in   
them4 ,then add that silver1 mercury1   
copper1  lead1 manganese1 antimony1 and 
iron exist in abundance4 ,they are as   
reserves of public fortune to the       
colony4 ,this country has had the rare  
good fortune of having already among its
 inhabitants distinguished  scientific  
men who have explored the region for the
 greater profit of  the new society1 and

 for the interests of those who are     
occupied with  the general knowledge of 
the globe4 ,the ,institute of ,new      
,zealand was  founded at ,auckland in   
#ahfh4 ,its members proposed to have for
 their use  museums and public          
libraries1 and to disseminate by all    
means possible1  instruction relative to
 questions of art1 of science1 and of   
literature4  ,when the capital was moved
 to ,wellington the ,institute was also 
transferred4 ,since its opening it has  
published every year a great volume     
filled with reports and communications  
of deep interest in regard to the       
ancient inhabitants of the country1 the 
fauna and the flora1 the geology  and   
mineralogy and economy4 ,it is a        
valuable work on the natural history  of
 this region of the world4    ,the      
decline1 the oppression1 almost the     
annihilation of one race of  mankind has
 been seen here4 ,we may see now upon   
the same soil1 rising to  prominence1   
men of another race who talk of liberty 

for themselves1 and  are preparing for a
 long and glorious future for their     
descendants4          ,,the ,,laureate  
,,poets4    ,,by ,,the ,,reverend ,a4   
,e4 ,,winship4      ,,chapter ,,iii4    
,royal favors skip from small to great  
and back again by no law of ethics  or  
sthetics1 and if we flatter ourselves   
that we can account for the  choice of  
some candidates for the poet's pension  
we shall certainly find  our wits tested
 in search of a philosophy to apply to  
,charles ,,ii41 who1  with equal        
felicity1 placed the crown on the       
geniusless ,davenant and the  immortal  
,dryden4    ,john ,dryden1 with all his 
faults of verse and purpose1 was the    
genius  of his age1 and remains one of  
the five names that star the diadem  of 
,english song4 ,in circumstances that   
tended to enervate rhyme1 at a  time    
when the rebound from ,puritanism paid a
 premium on license and  licentiousness1
 when no element in national life had   
the electrical  currents to stimulate   

literary1 least of all poetic genius1   
,john ,dryden  had the skill to attune  
the age in which he lived to a melodious
 key that  harmonizes with ,chaucer1    
,spenser1 ,shakspere and ,milton4    ,in
 character and record he is             
inexplicable4 ,born in the erratic days 
of  ,cromwell he is the most heartily   
,english of all her 8men of letters20 of
  strictest ,puritan training1 he died a
 devout ,romanist2 of cleanly life  and 
chaste conversation1 his verses are     
morally reckless2 educated at           
,cambridge1 where he remained for a     
seven years' post-graduate course1  he  
was noted for disloyalty to his ,alma   
,mater2 never wrote a line in  praise of
 it1 but went out of his way to endorse 
its rival--,oxford--to whom  he owed    
nothing4    ,it was his unanticipated   
loyalty to royalty that led ,charles    
,,ii4 to  appoint him laureate to       
succeed ,davenant1 at the same time     
creating a  post of literary honor and  
financial                               

profit--historiographer--receiving  #ajj
 for each position4 ,his honors cost him
 dearly in public favor4 ,it  was       
currently believed that he renounced the
 cause of the people for  court favors1 
and ,puritanism for self-advancement1   
and for a score of  years he lost in    
popularity all that he won of financial 
ease and royal  distinction4    ,his    
greatness consisted in the sublime tact 
with which he used the  opportunity that
 disfavor brought him to immortalize    
himself in verse4    ,the ,duke of      
,buckingham1 the people's favorite1     
ridiculed the laureate  in scathing     
rhyme1 which called forth vociferous    
applause from all the  lesser poets whom
 envy and jealousy led to bitter hatred 
of the favorite  of the court4          
,dryden had the grit and genius to hurl 
the masterpiece of his age at  the whole
 range of critics under the title of    
8,absalom and ,achitophel10  and by     
sheer superiority of brilliancy and wit 
dethroned ,buckingham  and seated       

himself on the throne of popular favor4 
,a specimen of his  characterization may
 not be amiss4        8,some of their   
chiefs were princes of the land2        
,in the first rank of these did ,zimri  
stand4       ,a man so various that he  
seemed to be       ,not one1 but all    
mankind's epitome4       ,stiff in      
opinions1 always in the wrong1          
,was everything by starts and nothing   
long2       ,but in the course of one   
revolving moon       ,was chemist1      
fiddler1 statesman and buffoon1         
,then all for women1 painting1 rhyming1 
drinking1       ,beside ten thousand    
freaks that died in thinking1           
,blest madman1 who could every hour     
employ       ,with something new to wish
 or to enjoy4       ,railing and        
praising were his usual themes1         
,and both to show his judgment in       
extremes4       ,so over violent or over
 civil1       ,that every man with him  
was ,god or devil4       ,in squandering
 wealth was his peculiar art1           

,nothing went unrewarded but desert4    
,he laughed himself from court1 then    
sought relief       ,by forming parties1
 but could ne'er be chief4       ,thus1 
wicked but in will1 of means bereft1    
,he left not faction1 but of that was   
left40    ,dryden was the first         
well-paid poet ,england ever had4 ,for  
the translation  of his fables he       
received #cjj1 while for translating    
,virgil he received  the fabulous sum of
 #a1bjj4    ,his most distinguished poem
 is his 8,ode to ,st4 ,cecilia10 which  
he wrote  at the age of seventy1 at a   
single all-night sitting4 ,in the       
evening hour  the thought occurred to   
him and he could not drop his pen until 
at dawn  the last word was on paper4    
,wordsworth could not love ,dryden1     
because there is not an image in all    
his poetry suggested by nature4 ,while  
,chaucer seems to have been always  out 
of doors1 ,dryden apparently never knew 
there was any out of doors4  ,he could  
not create1 could not be pathetic1 but  

in power of argument1 in  satirical     
skill1 in 8declamatory magnificence10 he
 is without a peer in  the language4    
,thomas ,shadwell1 8mature in dullness  
from his tender years10 who only  lives 
through the grace of ,dryden's          
crucifying satire1 by a fortune no  art 
can explain enjoyed the laurel that had 
decked the brow of ,dryden for  a       
generation4 ,without poetic merit he was
 skillful as a hater1 shrewd as  a      
schemer2 he missed no opportunity to    
make ,dryden wince until he made        
himself acknowledged as his rival1 and  
when ,william and ,mary ascended  the   
throne the only way they could          
effectively snub the royalty they       
supplanted was to transfer the laurel   
from ,dryden to ,shadwell1 who owed  all
 the fame he ever enjoyed to his artful 
drawing of ,dryden's fire4    ,it is too
 bad that ,william and ,mary were fated 
to divest their reign of  all literary  
glory by bestowing the court honors     
first upon ,shadwell and  then upon     

,nahum ,tate1 who had some veins of     
merit1 but no popular talent4  ,dryden  
praised him in his day1 and the 8,book  
of ,common ,prayer0 and our  church hymn
 books retain some choice lines that he 
wrote4 ,queen ,anne  retained him ten   
years1 but he was almost universally    
regarded as stupid  and juiceless in    
poetry1 and at the age of sixty-five1   
poor1 homeless1  unable to earn a       
living1 she ejected him from the        
laureateship1 and he  retired to the    
8,mint10 the prison for the better class
 of poor debtors4  ,thus1 in poverty and
 humility ended the days of him who     
wrote our  familiar hymn1        8,while
 shepherds watched their flocks by      
night1       ,all seated on the ground2 
,the angel of the ,lord came down1      
,and glory shone around40    ,nicholas  
,rowe1 with no popular fervor of verse1 
won high favor in classic  circles      
through an independent fortune and rare 
social gift4 ,pope's  friendship        
welcomed him to the circle of rare      

visits1 while the lite  of ,queen       
,anne's reign courted him with royal    
art4 ,few men of real genius  ever have 
been so splendidly rewarded as he4      
,swift and ,addison were only  second in
 their admiration to ,pope1 who wrote   
this tender epitaph3        8,thy       
relics1 ,rowe1 to this sad shrine we    
trust1       ,and near thy ,shakspere   
place the honored bust2       ,oh6 next 
him skilled to draw the tender tear1    
,for never heart felt passion more      
sincere2       ,to nobler sentiment to  
fire the brave1       ,for never ,briton
 more disdained a slave4       ,peace to
 thy gentle shade1 and endless rest6    
,blest is thy genius1 is thy love1 too1 
blest6       ,and blest that timely from
 our scene removed1       ,thy soul     
enjoys the liberty it loved40           
,unknown as ,rowe has proved to be to   
fame1 he was blest with the respect  of 
his contemporaries1 which could not be  
said of his successor1 ,lawrence        
,eusden1 then as well as now unknown to 

fame1 and yet he wore the laureate      
wreath twelve years4 ,pope abused him in
 his 8,dunciad10 ,cooke in the  8,battle
 of the ,poets0 has this couplet3       
8,eusden1 a laurel'd bard by fortune    
raised1       ,by very few was read1 by 
fewer praised40    ,the rhetorician1    
,oldmixon1 says he never met a poet with
 so much of the  8ridiculum and fustian 
jumbled together1 a sort of nonsense    
which so  perfectly confounds all ideas 
that there is no distinct one left in   
the  mind40 ,and yet the ,georges ,i4   
and ,,ii4 placed the laurel on his brow4
    ,george ,,ii41 with characteristic  
misfortune1 selected ,colley ,cibber1   
whom  ,pope made famous--,i had almost  
said infamous--in these lines3          
8,in merry ,old ,england it once was a  
rule1       ,the king had his poet1 and 
also his fool1       ,but now we're so  
frugal1 ,i'd have you to know it1       
,that ,cibber can serve both for fool   
and for poet40    ,his father1 ,caius   
,gabriel ,cibber1 an artist1 sculptured 

the statues of  two lunatics over the   
gates of ,bedlam hospital4 ,although the
 artistic  work was creditable1 ,pope   
made the father's hand the medium of a  
savage  attack on the son in the first  
book of the 8,dunciad10 which was       
written  for the purpose of making      
,eusden and ,cibber1 the laureates of   
,george ,,ii41  ridiculous4 ,he thus    
introduces them as dunces3              
8,still ,dunce the ,second reigns like  
,dunce the ,first40    ,and thus he     
makes the father's art serve his wicked 
purpose3        8,close to those walls  
where ,folly holds her throne1          
,when o'er the gates1 by his famed      
father's hand1       ,great ,cibber's   
brazen1 brainless brothers stand40      
,his only literary work that has endured
 even in the knowledge of scholars  was 
an admirable autobiography which would  
have honored his name had he  the wit to
 let poetry alone4    ,eusden and       
,cibber succeeded in one thing1 they    
made the position of  laureate          

thoroughly undesirable1 so that when    
upon the latter's death it  was offered 
the author of the 8,elegy ,written in a 
,country ,churchyard10  ,thomas ,gray   
promptly declined it1 but ,william      
,whitehead accepted1 serving  during the
 excitement preceding and attending the 
,american ,revolution4  ,he became at   
once the target for the shafts of satire
 aimed by his  fellow poets1 ,churchill 
endeavoring to persecute him as ,pope   
had his  predecessors4 ,but ,whitehead  
had the rare grace to bear all attacks  
in  silence1 living as comfortable and  
happy a life as though there had  been  
no satirical buzzing4 ,he knew he was   
not brilliant1 and did not  propose to  
make himself miserable over it4         
,churchill might rasp him as            
caustically as he chose1 he would lose  
neither sleep nor peace of mind  in     
consequence1 and this sublime           
indifference ultimately silenced all    
critics1 permitting him to enjoy thirty 
years of self-satisfied service4    ,at 

his death ,thomas ,warton1 the senior of
 two poetic brothers1 whom  ,hazlitt    
says was studious with ease and learned 
without affectation1  reclaimed the     
position from the contempt in which it  
had been so  long held4 ,he achieved    
what should satisfy the aspiration of   
any man  successfully challenging the   
public taste that had been the slave of 
the  didactic school of poetry under    
,pope1 imparting a love for the poetry  
of  nature and the literary style of the
 ,old ,english masters who lived out of 
doors4 ,it is hard to think that at his 
death the laureateship sank lower  than 
ever4 ,it is humiliating to record that 
for a quarter of a century  ,henry      
,james ,pye bore the honors1 ushering   
out the eighteenth and ushering  in the 
nineteenth century1 a man of whom ,byron
 expressed the universal  disdain when  
he wrote3          8,what6 ,what6       
,pye come again8 ,no more1 no more of   
that40    ,three names grace the        
laureate record of the past seventy     

years1 names  of pioneers1 each         
rapturously praised by admirers1 and as 
violently  condemned by                 
critics--,southey1 ,wordsworth and      
,tennyson4    ,taine1 our racy ,french  
critic1 places ,southey in the first    
rank of his  class of poets1 a clever   
man1 an indefatigable reader1           
inexhaustible  writer1 crammed with     
erudition1 gifted in imagination1 gifted
 like ,victor  ,hugo for the freshness  
of his annotations and splendor of his  
picturesque  curiosity4 ,de ,quincy     
criticises him as being too intensely   
objective1  with too little exhibit of  
the mind as introverting upon its own   
thought  and feelings4 ,he is           
distinguished at once for his unwearying
 attacks  upon the institutions of which
 the natural ,englishman is proud4 ,this
 is  readily accounted for from the fact
 that at fourteen he was disgraced  at  
,westminster school for writing a       
sarcastic article on corporal           
punishment1 for which the publisher was 

prosecuted by the head-master1  and that
 at ,oxford ,university1 where he took a
 partial course1 he was  annoyed by the 
exasperations of financial infelicities 
preventing high  rank1 and ultimately   
forcing him away from scholastic        
privileges4    ,as a critic1 historian  
and antiquarian ,southey held high rank 
among the  scholars of the land1 and yet
 he acquired his scholarly taste and    
vast  learning by out of school studies4
    ,he was preminently one of those    
curious creatures of circumstance who   
are such because they have the tact to  
make unpromising events serve  them4 ,he
 was too active a democrat to hope for  
court favors1 and too  closely allied   
with the ,unitarians to venture within  
the church1 and  therefore happily fell 
into association with ,coleridge and his
 coterie4  ,at the time ,coleridge was  
scheming as a high-toned communist to   
send a  colony to ,america to found a   
model1 impracticable republic on the    
banks  of the ,susquehanna1 from which  

all selfishness was to be banished1 and 
,southey1 at eighteen1 attempted to     
raise money for that object1 failing  in
 which he was frequently a penniless    
youth4    ,to prevent the poverty       
stricken youth from marrying ,mrs4      
,coleridge's  sister1 his uncle shipped 
him to ,lisbon1 but it was too late1 as 
the lad  had already married her        
secretly on borrowed money4    ,he was  
sixty years of age before he was        
financially straight1 and before  he was
 eighty he died1 leaving one of the     
finest libraries in ,europe and  an     
estate of #ab1jjj4 ,his library was the 
result of his habits of close  study and
 devout love of books4 ,of himself he   
wrote3        8,my days among the dead  
are passed2       ,around me ,i behold1 
,where'er these casual eyes are cast1   
,the mighty minds of old2       ,my     
never-failing friends are they1         
,with whom ,i converse night and day40  
,a college chum befriended him in his   
youthful poverty and settled upon  him  

an annuity of #afj1 which prevented     
suffering many times4 ,he prided        
himself on early rising and was at his  
desk soon after rising1 whether he  had 
special work on hand or not4 ,the       
morning after he had finished one of    
his leading poems he wrote the first    
hundred lines of a more successful  one 
before breakfast4 ,he worked almost     
literally every hour of every day  of   
every month of every year of his life1  
until at seventy-six he broke  down with
 softening of the brain4    ,william    
,wordsworth1 a companion and admirer of 
,southey1 succeeded him  as laureate4   
,he was good naturedly ridiculed by the 
literary world1  but instead of being   
maddened thereby as ,byron was1 instead 
of being  heart-broken and sent to an   
untimely grave as ,keats was1 he smiled 
serenely on his critics and studiously  
sought to write as his critics  did not 
wish him to write1 and thereby lived to 
enjoy a generous and  widespread        
appreciation4    ,while others went to  

,greece and ,rome1 to history and       
mythology for  heroes1 he went into the 
streets1 highways and byways1 huts and  
hovels1  and chose the rude and crude1  
the loveless and homeless for his poetic
  purpose4 ,a more uniformly prosperous1
 serene1 moral man never graced         
,english authorship1 and in his age he  
said with pride1 8,whatever the  world  
may think of me or of my poetry is now  
of little consequence2 but  one thing is
 a comfort in my old age1 that none of  
my works ''' contain  a line which ,i   
should wish to blot out because it      
panders to the baser  passions of our   
nature40 ,who could ask to have more    
said of him than that  he was always    
correct in life1 sweet in spirit1       
amiable in disposition1  unwaveringly   
conscious that he was doing his utmost  
to make the world  better8    ,upon his 
death an effort was made to abolish the 
office of laureate1 but  it failed and  
,alfred ,tennyson was selected1 and has 
for thirty-five years  poetized for the 

glory of ,england4 ,it is popular in our
 day to make light  of ,tennyson's      
verse1 but it was not always thus1 for  
our own classic  ,longfellow wrote3     
8,o sweet historian of heart6       ,to 
thee the laurel leaves belong1       ,to
 thee our love and our allegiance1      
,for thy allegiance to the poet's art40 
,the criticisms of no poet are so       
amusing4 ,ward 7,t4 ,h471 who is        
unrivaled  in general judicious         
criticism1 calling from oblivion        
innumerable  forgotten names1 seems     
never to have so much as heard of him1  
while  ,taine1 our ,french critic1 who  
unceremoniously 8skips0 numerous poets  
of  acknowledged rank1 gives to scarcely
 one ,english poet so extended1 clear1  
close1 appreciative criticism as to     
,tennyson4 ,shaw in his 8,literary      
,compendium0 does not deign to mention  
him1 while ,bayard ,taylor said 8,no    
,english poet1 with the possible        
exception of ,byron1 has so ministered  
to  the natural appetite for poetry40   

,the average newspaper ridicules him  as
 stupid1 but one of our keenest critics 
says1 8,he can gather up his  strength  
like a serpent in the gleaming coil of a
 line1 or dart it out  straight and     
free40    ,when ,tennyson appeared as a 
poet at the age of thirty-two he        
evidenced  a rare poetic taste1 unlike  
that which had hitherto catered to      
,english  readers4 ,for a long time the 
poetry of ,england had been prosy in the
  extreme1 metaphysical1 monotonous1    
remorseful1 dark and somber1 and  the   
appearance of a poet light1 graceful and
 sentimental1 was an event  calculated  
to arouse the nation into joyous        
enthusiasm4    ,there was about his     
life1 as in his stanzas1 a poetic halo1 
living as  he did in the ,isle of       
,wight1 away from the rivalries and     
annoyances of  society4 ,queen ,victoria
 appointed him laureate1 out of respect 
to the  public demand that he be thus   
honored4    ,it is three centuries since
 ,spenser first wore the laurel4 ,the   

first  century embraced five names1     
three of whom--,spenser1 ,johnson and   
,dryden--were men of recognized         
superiority4 ,the second had no poet of 
note4 ,from the reign of the ,prince of 
,orange to the independence of  ,america
 there was no man of talent who         
consented to sing the praises of        
,william1 ,mary1 ,anne or the ,georges4 
,the present century has been honored   
by scholarly1 virtuous men1 devoid of   
marked genius4    ,it is a delightful   
thing to be able to say that of the     
entire sixteen1  dull as some of them   
have been1 they have been almost        
unexceptionally men  of recognized      
purity of character1 in ages when poets 
were renowned for  their laxity of      
morals4        ,,concluded4             
,,the ,,bells ,,of ,,notre ,,dame4      
,,by ,,ada ,,iddings ,,gale4            
,thy deep tones burden all the air      
,and hearing1 strangest thoughts are    
mine2      ,thou'rt calling all the     
world to prayer1      ,to contemplation 

all divine4      ,fled are the pageants 
of the past      ,that once turned at   
thy deep voiced calls1      ,in glooms  
doth stand the palace vast1      ,and   
silent are its splendid halls4          
,the galaxy of kings and queens1        
,of courtiers--maids of honor fair1     
,the glittering robe of costly sheen1   
,the tossing plume1 the jewel rare1     
,the wild retainers in their glee1      
,that passed unheeded1 thy sad tone2    
,alas6 that life so frail should be     
,by moulded brass and iron outdone4     
,beneath thy chimes passed pomp of      
pride1      ,here many a royal love hath
 come1      ,whose beauties long since  
faded--died1      ,whose dulcet voice is
 long since dumb4      ,thou rang'st the
 royal infant's birth1      ,thou       
tolled'st above the royal bier3         
,kings1 potentates have sunk to earth-- 
,still art thou speaking calmly here4   
,still speak'st above the noise and din 
,of the fair city's glittering sweep--  
,thy deep1 pathetic tones do win        

,my very soul--,i list and weep4        
,thou only art eternal here1      ,thy  
voice the only voice that stays1        
,out-ringing1 far-toned1 deep and       
clear--      ,unmeasured is thy length  
of days4      ,thrones crumble--empires 
pass away1      ,and great republics    
spring to place2      ,if but men better
 seem to-day1      ,why mourn the faults
 of age or race8        ,why mourn the  
sad and bitter past1      ,if but from  
it the perfect flower      ,of justice  
springeth up at last      ,to sweeten   
all the present hour8      ,why mourn   
that gilded thrones should fall1        
,and jeweled crowns forget to shine1    
,since ,right will triumph over all1    
,moved onward by a power divine8        
,,the ,,new ,,york ,,custom ,,house4    
,,by ,,coleman ,e4 ,,bishop4      ,one  
day ,i said to the ,factotum of the     
,collector of ,customs in ,new ,york1   
8,i must do up the ,custom ,house in a  
magazine article of three thousand  five
 hundred words2 how much time shall ,i  

need to give to the collection  of data 
here80    ,factotum smiled              
compassionately on me and said3 8,about 
three months60    ,in this granite      
building on ,wall ,street1 with its tall
 ,ionic columns1  is transacted a       
business greater than all the industries
 of the ,united  ,states combined half a
 hundred years ago4 ,the merchandise    
that was  inspected1 weighed1 counted1  
measured1 valued1 catalogued here last  
year  was valued at--count the          
figures6--#heg1dcj1fcg4 ,the catalogue  
includes  over three thousand articles1 
many of which you never heard of and    
would not even recognize the names      
thereof4 ,each of these articles has    
its particular rate of duty1 some having
 two or three different ones4  ,these   
have to be calculated specifically on   
every package by quantity1  or if the   
duty be ad valorem1 the value of the    
article has to be first  determined and 
the duty then calculated on the quantity
 of goods of  that class4 ,these        

estimates and adjustments form the most 
intricate and  delicate business known  
to civilization4 ,we sometimes think    
things are  plain and easy to administer
 upon1 but the whole range of           
metaphysics  and abstract thought is not
 more perplexing and doubtful than this 
mere  business matter of levying and    
collecting the duties on goods passing  
the custom house4    ,i remember of     
hearing a debate in the ,senate of the  
,united ,states upon  a proposed        
amendment to the tariff laws4 ,the bill 
had been prepared  and revised in a     
committee of ,senators most experienced 
and acute in  such matters1 and it had  
been hammered over in long days of      
debate4  ,some one now asked what would 
be the exact duty collectible under this
  bill on the class of merchandise to   
which it related1 and not a man in  the 
,senate could tell4 ,last winter1 when  
it was proposed in the ,house  of       
,representatives to cut down the duties 
twenty per cent4 all around             

78horizontal reduction071 it was        
demonstrated by experts that the measure
  would work such confusion that it     
could not be executed4    ,to illustrate
 the nicety and intricacies that have   
grown around this  business1 take       
fabrics4 ,the duty on silk goods and    
that on cotton goods  are different4 ,in
 the case of mixed1 silk and cotton1 it 
is1 of course1  different still4 ,then1 
whether the goods be silk or cotton1 or 
mixed1  the duty is calculated by a     
double standard--so much per square     
yard1 and  so much according to its     
fineness and weight4 ,they count the    
threads of  warp and woof in a square   
inch1 and charge duty accordingly4 ,if  
there  are two hundred threads to the   
inch the fabric must pay a duty of1 say1
  thirty-five per cent4 ad valorem1 if  
it cost over twenty-five cents per      
yard2 while on another piece counting   
two hundred and one threads to the  inch
 the duty shall be six and a half cents 
per square yard and fifteen  per cent4  

of its cost4 ,a single thread more or   
less may change the duty4  ,then there  
is all the complication of fixing the   
value of goods4 ,i don't  suppose there 
is a farmer in the ,united ,states who  
can ascertain by any  amount of figuring
 what it costs him to raise a pound of  
wool2 yet the  customs officers must fix
 the cost for all wool that is imported4
 ,so of  all other products on which ad 
valorem duty is levied4 ,congress two   
years ago made a change in the basis of 
valuation1 by decreeing that the  value 
of the package in which goods are       
imported1 the fees of brokers  and other
 middlemen in the country where the     
goods were bought1 and the  cost of     
transporting them from points inland    
abroad to the seaboard1  should not be  
counted in the value of the goods4 ,all 
these items had  before to be included  
in the appraisement4 ,the fine          
distinctions and  the contested points  
in fixing duties are innumerable4 ,if   
any of them  seem absurd and needlessly 

exact1 you must remember that every one 
of  them has been fought over between   
government and importers1 between       
foreign and ,american dealers1 and      
between rival importers1 and has been   
established by experience as the best   
adjustment of all conflicting           
interests4 ,for the tariff system is the
 growth of centuries4 ,we inherited  its
 leading features from ,england's       
protective system--what time that1      
instead of free trade1 was her better   
policy--and have gradually modified  and
 expanded it to suit the exigencies of  
our own national growth4 ,each  item in 
it is the record of more than fiscal    
economy4 ,it measures the  government's 
efforts1 as well to defeat the devices  
of smugglers and  the designs of foreign
 producers as to raise its own revenues4
 8,as the  laws of nations are the      
crystallizations of its historical      
experiences1  so the customs regulations
 of a people are the residual           
crystallization  of its commercial      

relations with foreigners1 its efforts  
at industrial  development and          
self-preservation1 and its bitter       
acquaintance with  greed1 guile and     
guilt40,b    ,the country's acquaintance
 with greed1 guile and guilt does not   
stop  at such manifestations of human   
nature in those who seek to evade the   
payment of duties1 either4 ,it has to   
protect itself at the same time  against
 the dishonesty and incapacity of its   
own servants4 ,the customs  system is   
therefore one of checks and balances to 
secure 7#a7 the  impartial and rigorous 
collection of all duties2 7#b7 the      
prevention  of mistakes in accounts2    
7#c7 the prevention of frauds and       
peculations1  both inside and outside   
the custom houses4 ,to secure all these 
the  system of book-keeping and business
 detail is grown wonderfully complex    
and ingenious4 ,the work is divided into
 three departments1 or bureaus1  each   
under the head of its official1 all     
separate and distinct from one  another1

 all under the jurisdiction of the      
,collector of ,customs1 and yet  each   
official having his prerogatives and    
duties which the ,collector can  not    
interfere with4 ,each department revises
 the work of the others and  tests      
accuracy and fidelity therein4    ,the  
,collector's duties are to see that all 
the departments do theirs4    ,the      
,surveyor of the ,port has charge of all
 outside matters4 ,he is the eye  of the
 ,custom ,house4 ,he is its right hand1 
which is laid upon a vessel1  its       
passengers and cargo as soon as they    
enter the ,narrows1 and never  taken off
 until all dues and requirements of the 
government are paid and  fulfilled4     
,the ,appraiser is to inspect1 value1   
and catalogue all merchandise1 and      
apportion the duties thereon4    ,the   
,naval ,officer is to revise the work of
 all the others1 and correct  errors and
 neglects1 but he has nothing to do with
 the machinery of  collection4    ,to   
insure greater correctness there is a   

reviser of the revisers1  who about a   
year after the clearance of a cargo     
takes all the papers  connected with it1
 computes1 compares and checks them off1
 and ascertains  what has become of all 
the goods invoiced4    ,one would       
suppose that after a ship and its       
invoices had run the gauntlet  of all   
these lynx-eyed officials1 and the      
accounts had been cast in half  a dozen 
different ways1 and the whole affair    
probed1 and pried open1 and  pried into1
 and taken to pieces and put together   
again in different ways1  errors and    
frauds would be impossible4 ,importers  
evidently have not such  faith in the   
perfection and inevitableness of the    
system1 for appeals  from the demands of
 the custom house are frequent1 and     
upward of five  hundred suits in a year 
are brought in court against the        
collector4    ,the best way to get a    
slight comprehension of the way this    
labyrinthine  business is done is to go 
through it once1 in fancy4 ,say you are 

a  merchant traveling in ,europe1 and   
keeping an eye on the main chance  by   
buying a stock of silks1 woolens1 and   
fancy goods2 also dresses1  gloves1 and 
8knick-knacks10 for gifts4 ,when the    
former are ready to be  shipped you have
 three invoices made and presented to   
the ,united ,states  ,consul of the port
 of shipment1 for him to revise and     
approve as correct  descriptions of the 
goods4 ,one of these invoices he keeps1 
one he mails  to the ,collector of      
,customs at ,new ,york1 and one he gives
 the owner or  consignee of the goods4  
,if on opening the consignment in ,new  
,york the  inspector find this invoice  
does not correspond with the goods1 it  
must  be returned to the consul for     
correction4 ,thus early in the          
transaction  do the safeguards begin4   
,arrived in port1 the vessel is boarded 
by inspectors who take from  the master 
the ship's manifest and the other       
papers1 and seal up the  hatchways1 one 
remaining in charge of the ship while   

another takes  duplicates of the papers 
to the collector4 ,the master of the    
vessel also  proceeds to the custom     
house and submits his papers1 which     
convey a  complete history and          
description of his vessel1 its voyage1  
passengers1  crew1 cargo1 stores1 etc41 
etc4 ,there are in some cases port dues 
and  other charges against the vessel   
for him to pay4 ,his statement includes 
a schedule of the number1 nature1       
contents1 consignees' names and         
residences1 and markings and numbers of 
your packages of goods1 and of  all     
others in the cargo4 ,all this he       
vouches for under oath4 ,thus1 to  begin
 with1 the government has three accounts
 of the cargo4 ,the master is  then     
given a permit to land his cargo1 still 
under surveillance of the  inspector4   
,the cargo while being discharged on the
 wharf is checked off by the  manifest1 
so as to determine whether the cargo    
apparently corresponds  with the        
representations of the master and his   

papers4 ,the cargo being  landed1 the   
interests of yourself and other         
consignees become active4 ,you  go to   
the custom house in person1 or by a     
broker1 present the bill of  lading and 
the invoices of your goods1 certified by
 the consul2 and you  state under oath  
that you have certain merchandise in the
 cargo as set  forth in the invoices1   
with the marks of the packages and      
description of  their contents4 ,this is
 called an entry of the goods4 ,if      
approved1 the  papers are stamped1 dated
 and numbered1 and the value of the     
goods and  the rate of duty are indorsed
 on the back of your invoice by the     
entry  clerk4 ,he then issues to you a  
permit to take away such of the goods   
as you choose1 upon payment of the      
estimated duties thereon1 and after     
compliance with the further conditions  
described below4 ,if you choose to      
leave any of the goods for a season in  
government warehouses1 you need  not pay
 the duties thereon1 but may give bonds 

for payment to be made  whenever you do 
take them4 ,this is a bonded warehouse1 
and when you take  the goods it is      
called 8taking them out of bond40 ,often
 goods intended  for re-export are left 
in bond until sent out of the country1  
and no duty  is ever paid on such4      
,the correctness of these preliminary   
steps having been reviewed and  vouched 
for by the naval officer1 certain       
portions of the goods1 about  ten per   
cent41 are sent to the appraiser's      
office1 as samples from  which the value
 of the whole consignment may be        
appraised4 ,before the  appraisal is    
made1 however1 you must go to the       
cashier's office and pay  the estimated 
duty on the goods wanted immediately1 on
 their apparent  value as shown in the  
invoice2 you must also give what is     
called a  8return bond0 that you will   
not open the goods until ten days after 
the  appraiser has passed upon the      
samples1 and that you will return the   
goods to the custody of the collector if

 required during that time2 this        
enables the government to keep its hold 
on the goods until the final  adjustment
 of its claims4 ,you now get your permit
 indorsed by the deputy  collector and  
the naval officer1 and take it to the   
inspector in charge  of the vessel4     
,all your other papers are sent to the  
appraiser1 with the sample goods4  ,his 
examiner identifies the one by the other
 and he makes his estimates--a          
difficult and delicate task1 sometimes4 
,the changes from the invoices1  either 
in the quantity or value of goods are   
noted1 and the papers are  returned to  
the collector's office1 where the work  
of the appraiser as  to classification  
of goods and proper duties1 to be paid  
is carefully  revised4 ,if the          
appraiser's work be disapproved it is   
returned to him  for correction4 ,after 
he has amended it1 it goes to the naval 
office1  where the whole work is again  
revised4 ,then it goes finally to the   
,bureau  of ,liquidation1 where if you  

have already paid the right duty you can
  get a permit to take your goods2 if   
there is more to pay you pay it2 if  you
 have paid too much the amount of the   
overcharge is returned to you4  ,if you 
be not satisfied with the valuation or  
any other feature of the  adjustment you
 can appeal1 within a certain time1 to  
the ,secretary of the  ,treasury1 and if
 he sustain the collector you can still 
further appeal  to the ,united ,states  
,court4 ,or if the valuation do not     
satisfy you1 you  can ask for a         
re-appraisement1 or demand to have the  
goods valued by a  disinterested        
outsider expert in such goods4 ,before  
him you can call  expert witnesses and  
make as good a case as possible4    ,if 
you find any of your goods have been    
damaged in the voyage--say by  bilge    
water or breakage--you can demand a     
reduction of the valuation 7and  hence  
of the duty7 in consequence4    ,you    
have now done with the custom house1 but
 it has not done with your  papers4     

,they are all gone over again in another
 way1 so as to verify  them2 and then   
all the data are tabulated in such a way
 as to again prove  the accuracy of the 
processes4 ,there is another review of  
them before the  much-tested documents  
are finally laid to rest4 ,and as before
 noted1 the  whole account of the cargo 
is re-examined a year later4    ,with   
the kid gloves and finery in your trunk 
you will have less red-tape  trouble4   
,inspectors from a revenue cutter have  
boarded the ship down the  ,bay1 and    
taken a sworn statement from every      
passenger as to the number of  pieces of
 baggage he has1 and whether or no he   
has any dutiable goods  therein4 ,you   
may not know whether your goods are     
dutiable or not1 and  what is of more   
importance to you1 you may not know that
 some things  which are strictly        
dutiable in law and would have to pay if
 put through  the custom house in an    
invoice1 can pass free in your baggage4 
,you shall  see how and why this        

liberality of the government is         
exercised4    ,now you and your baggage 
are taken off the steamer and           
transported  on barges to the barge     
office at the ,battery4 ,here the scene 
is as  animated1 if not as picturesque1 
as at ,castle ,garden1 described in the 
,october ,,chautauquan4 ,a large rotunda
 is piled with long tiers of trunks1    
boxes and parcels1 each ranged under a  
placard bearing the letter  which is the
 initial of the owner's name--so that it
 is easy for you to  find yours1 unless 
you are as uncertain as to the          
orthography of your  name as ,tony      
,weller was4 ,a blue-clad1 brass-badged 
inspector1 holding  your sworn statement
 in his hand1 demands the keys to your  
trunks4  ,the manner in which you comply
 will have much to do with the rigor of 
his investigation1 as will your general 
appearance and make-up4 ,these          
officials become as good judges of      
character by externals as do railroad   
conductors4 ,one of the latter once said

 to me3 8,i can pick out all the  fresh 
passengers in a coach as soon as ,i open
 the door1 by the way they  sit1 look1  
and breathe4 ,if they try to deceive1   
their faces will betray  them2 they look
 too unconcerned and innocent4 ,if they 
feign sleep they  overdo it2 their      
attitudes betray them40 ,so an inspector
 here says that  people's words1        
movements1 dress1 all tell of them4     
,i can tell the incoming traveler an    
open secret4 ,uncle ,sam is extremely   
liberal in the matter of baggage        
inspection4 ,you would be surprised1 sir
  or madam1 at the things the inspector 
don't see1 if you simply throw  yourself
 on the government's generosity and act 
as if you expected to be  liberally     
dealt with4 ,you have only to remember  
that your foot is on your  native heath1
 and you are an ,american citizen1 one  
of the sovereigns4 ,an  inspector said3 
8,this property is personal effects1 and
 public sentiment  is very sensitive as 
to domiciliary inspection and invasion  

of private  sanctity4 ,the inspector is 
given wide latitude of judgment2 he must
 have  it4 ,by law1 every pair of kid   
gloves that has not been worn is        
dutiable1  but we began to allow a lady 
a few extra pairs1 and finally the limit
 was  set at a dozen4 ,although that is 
liberal1 we find that plenty of ladies  
have more pairs in use2 and if her      
appearance1 dress1 and the other        
contents of the trunks justify it1 we   
pass as many as we fancy a lady in  her 
station might possess4 ,so of dresses1  
laces1 fans1 fancy articles1  et cetera4
 ,even piece goods not cut or sewed are 
under certain conditions  ignored1 if   
the owner declares they are for her own 
necessary use4 ,so of  cigars4 ,our rule
 is to pass a hundred duty free2 but we 
don't always stop  to count them1 if the
 passenger looks like a man of means and
 character4  ,what would the seizure    
amount to if there were ten or twenty1  
or even  fifty over the arbitrary limit 
we have fixed8 ,the government does not 

do  such #8picayune business4'0         
8,does not this leave the door open for 
smuggling80    8,not much4 ,a person can
 not get much through openly in a trunk 
that can  affect the revenues or injure 
honest importers4 ,the chief thing we   
need  to prevent is passing goods       
intended for selling4 ,this sort of     
fraud is  usually attempted by          
deception1 and we are pretty sure to    
detect it1  either by the nervousness or
 appearance of the person1 by the looks 
of the baggage1 or by having been       
forewarned by detectives abroad1 on     
shipboard or here4 ,we get a moiety     
share of the forfeiture and fine1 if  we
 detect such attempts1 and this is so   
large a sum that our interests  are     
mostly with the government40    ,we will
 learn more about smuggling4 ,false     
bottoms and secret pockets  in trunks   
are an old device for hiding things2 but
 the man who first  secreted diamonds in
 his boot heel originated something4    
,secreting about  the person is the ruse

 oftenest used1 and1 women's costumes   
affording the  best resources for this  
purpose1 women are the most frequent    
smugglers4    ,some of them--reputable  
women1 too--take quite superfluous pains
 and make  themselves look needlessly   
ridiculous by loading their persons with
  apparel that no one would question if 
in their trunks1 and no one does  on    
their persons1 except to smile at the   
self-exposure4 ,on a hot ,july  day ,i  
saw elegant appearing ladies in the     
barge office1 sweating under  enormous  
fur cloaks that made them look like     
,arctic explorers4 ,this  foible is     
neatly satirized in 8,nothing to ,wear10
 in which is described  the enormously  
stout appearance of ,miss ,flora        
,mc,flimsy upon landing4    ,one day the
 inspector witnessed a woman waddling   
down the gang plank with  the body of a 
two hundred pounder and the face and    
head of a skinny1  ninety-five pounder4 
,of course she was invited to the       
examination room  by the female         

inspector1 where the peripatetic ladies'
 furnishing store  was opened up and    
duty demanded on the whole outfit4 ,the 
same things in a  trunk would probably  
have gone through1 most of them4 ,here  
the open and  honest course were the    
wisest4    ,laces1 silks1 and linens are
 wound around the body and limbs1 or    
made  up into extra and superfluous     
skirts4 ,coiffeurs are made to serve as 
bustles2 extra gold watches and jewelry 
are hung to the inside of skirts1  and a
 dozen other devices are the suggestion 
of lovely and ingenious  woman4         
,here1 as well as on the ,canada        
frontier1 women are found most apt at   
amateur smuggling4 ,the reasons for this
 are numerous4 ,women are by  education 
and domestic necessity close buyers and 
can not usually forego  a bargain4 ,the 
lines of duty1 moral or fiscal1 are not 
closely drawn  or clearly defined here4 
,smuggling is a statutory offense1 not a
 moral  crime1 and from time immemorial 
injustice and favoritism have been      

alleged against the whole tariff on     
imports4 ,you shall hear plenty of  good
 moral men to-day denouncing all tariff 
as robbery4 ,besides1 what  deference   
for or loyalty to government demands    
should we expect of women  when they are
 denied all share in government or      
law-making8 ,over against  these customs
 peccadilloes we may set the unanimous  
verdict of business  men that in        
positions of financial trust and        
responsibility1 and as  debtors1 women  
are almost universally honest4    ,the  
belief is quite common that smuggling   
through luggage is much  practiced by   
feeing the inspectors4 ,of course1 the  
inspectors deny this4  ,they point to   
the superior inducements to fidelity on 
their part in the  share they secure of 
seizures1 forfeitures1 and penalties2 to
 the risk  they run of detection in     
accepting bribes1 the inspection being  
done  openly with many interested       
spectators and paid spies about1 and to 
the  serious consequences of detection4 

,moreover1 since the courts in the      
celebrated ,astor suit decided that     
anything may pass which the person      
would swear is for personal or family   
use1 the necessity for bribery  is      
largely done away4 ,mr4 ,astor recovered
 from government duties upon  #dj1jjj   
worth of luggage that had been seized4  
,this story is told3 ,two years ago a   
woman landed with as many trunks as a   
banyan tree2 the inspector had been     
notified that she was a fashionable     
milliner in ,new ,york4 ,she said to the
 inspector1 8,i am in great hurry1  and 
if you will put my baggage right through
 and come up to my store  this evening  
,i will give you a five pound note40    
,the collector scented  more than       
twenty-five dollars for himself in      
forfeitures1 and began the  examination4
 ,a dozen pairs of new kid gloves1 of   
four different sizes1  were the first   
thing uncovered4 ,the lady protested    
that they were all for  herself1 and    
that she was entitled to a dozen1 and   

they were passed4 ,but  when more gloves
 of different sizes were found1 until   
there were half a  gross1 she began to  
raise her bid4 ,then fifty pairs of new 
shoes of many  different sizes were     
turned out1 and then silks1 flowers1    
ribbons1 fans1  and finery  la          
,mc,flimsy4 ,she at last offered three  
hundred dollars to  have the trunks     
passed1 but as there was about twelve   
hundred dollars  worth of goods on which
 was a duty to collect of1 say1 five    
hundred  dollars1 all of which          
7seventeen hundred dollars7 was forfeit1
 it was no  use4 ,the business had gone 
to a point where the owner could not    
afford  to bid against the government   
for the purchase of the inspector's     
honor4  ,the goods were sent to the     
seizure room1 and the woman was sued for
 the  penalty1 as it exceeded the value 
of the property4 ,after two years of    
obstacles and delay the case was        
compromised and settled4 ,the inspector 
told me that his share of the damages   

would be much more than the three       
hundred dollars she offered4 ,honesty is
 the best policy1 virtue is its  own    
reward1 and everybody is honest when it 
pays best1 you see4 ,if the  woman had  
not offered the bribe1 and thus put it  
out of the power of the  official to    
show her any leniency1 she would have   
been allowed to take  the goods away on 
payment of simple duty4 ,she at least   
learned that there  is a time and way   
for all things1 including bribery4    ,b
 ,harper's for ,june1 #ahhd4            
,,the ,,christian ,,revolt ,,of ,,the   
,,jews ,,in ,,southern ,,russia4    ,,by
 ,,bishop ,,john ,f4 ,,hurst1 ,d4,d41   
,,ll4,d4      ,there is a little country
 in the south-eastern corner of ,europe1
  bordering on the ,black ,sea1 which   
goes by the name of ,bessarabia4 ,it    
drops into the angle formed by the      
,black ,sea and one of the three mouths 
of the ,danube4 ,before the ,crimean war
 it was a part of ,russia1 but in       
consequence of ,russia's defeat in that 

war she was compelled1 in the  treaty1  
to give it up to ,turkey1 and until six 
years ago it remained a  part of the    
,turkish ,empire4 ,but in the late war  
between ,russia and ,turkey  it was     
,russia's time to win1 and so she took  
back ,bessarabia1 and it  again became a
 part of her dominions4 ,it has always  
been the scene of a  busy and peculiar  
life4 ,the very river itself seems to   
have imparted much  of its current to   
the people1 and they have been thinking1
 in their own  humble way1 of the best  
means to promote their own interests4   
,the most recent movement in this small 
section of ,russia is the religious     
awakening of the ,jews who settled in   
,bessarabia many years ago1 being       
driven there by the pressure of         
persecution1 and leading a quiet life1  
saying nothing as the lash came down    
upon them4 ,from one step to another    
this religious reformation has          
proceeded1 all the while approaching    
,christianity1 until now it is a strong 

and still growing work1 and in all      
essential respects1 save only organic   
unity1 is allied with the ,christian    
church4 ,it has already attracted the   
attention of inquiring minds in  western
 ,europe1 and threatens to extend into  
the hitherto firm body of  ,judaism1 and
 awaken intense ,christian aspirations  
and sympathies in the  ,jewish mind     
throughout the world4 ,delitzsch1 of    
,leipzig ,university1  has given some   
account of the general features of the  
revolution in  his ,documente der       
,national-jdischen ,christglubigen      
,bewegung in  ,sdrussland1 but the most 
that has been written has thus far been 
in  fugitive form1 in the ,slavic       
periodicals of the ,danubian            
principalities4  ,the whole affair has  
taken place in such an obscure country1 
and so far  removed from the busy       
centers of ,european thought and life1  
that it has  not had time to get into   
the permanent field of literature4 ,its 
leaders  have been so little accustomed 

to rely on the press1 or to take it into
  view as a means of propagating their  
opinions1 that in this new phase of     
their work they have depended simply on 
the justice of their cause and  the firm
 principles which they believe underlie 
it4 ,from various sources1  and         
especially from the ,rev4 ,dr4          
,kleinheim1 of ,bucharest1 who has been 
a  resident of this far-off city about  
twenty years1 and is probably better    
acquainted with the internal working of 
,judaism in eastern and southern        
,europe than any other man1 ,i have     
gathered the most of the data which ,i  
herewith present to your readers4 ,this 
gentleman has spent his life in  trying 
to christianize the ,jews of ,moldavia  
and ,wallachia1 and his labors  have    
been remarkably successful4 ,he has been
 kind enough to answer all my           
inquiries1 and to open to me some of the
 interior views of this important  and  
unique movement which could not have    
been secured at a distance4    ,the     

prime mover in this revolt against pure 
,judaism1 and in favor of  ,christian   
adaptations1 is a layman1 ,joseph       
,rabinowitz4 ,he is a lawyer  by        
profession1 and for learning1 and as a  
pure and elevated character1  he has    
been long held in the highest repute by 
his companions in faith  throughout     
,bessarabia4 ,from his very development 
into manhood he seems  to have been     
interested in the improvement of their  
condition1 and to  have conceived the   
idea that there must be some new and    
easy solution of  their solitude and    
sorrow4 ,in #ahhj he presented a plan1  
which was more  theoretical and fanciful
 than practical1 by which the ,jewish   
priesthood  might be thoroughly         
reorganized1 and thereby the whole      
,jewish system  undergo a most salutary 
rehabilitation4 ,there was1 however1 no 
intimation  here that any form of       
,christianity should be superadded to   
,judaism4 ,but  he had his thoughts1 and
 applied himself with redoubled energy  

to helping  his brethren to something   
better than they had so far possessed1  
both  in faith and material comfort4    
,the ,jews have seldom shown any        
sympathy  with agriculture4 ,they are a 
folk of trade1 the world's shopmen and  
money  changers4 ,but ,rabinowitz       
endeavored to introduce agriculture     
among the  ,bessarabian ,jews1 and to   
locate them in pleasant and open homes4 
,by and  by1 in #ahhb1 the violent      
persecution of the ,jews of the whole of
 southern  ,russia broke out1 and       
neither life nor property seemed to rest
 on any  approach to a secure base4     
,rabinowitz now turned his attention to 
the ,holy ,land4 ,he felt that ,russia  
was no place for the ,jews to live in1  
that they should go to a country  where 
their fathers had once been great and   
strong1 that now ,palestine  had only a 
sparse population1 that the ,jews would 
not be disturbed there  in any way1 and 
that they should wander hither1 become  
tillers of the  soil1 and develop once  

more into a great people4 ,he went there
 himself1  made a careful study of the  
country1 and especially of its history1 
and  came to the startling conclusion   
that the land itself1 from positive     
internal evidence1 gives the fullest and
 clearest proof possible1 to-day1  that 
such a character as ,jesus ,christ did  
live in it1 that he1 and none  other1 is
 the promised ,messiah1 that all further
 expectation of a ,messiah  on the part 
of the ,jews is idle1 and that the only 
proper course for  them to adopt is to  
accept him as their ,savior and         
,redeemer4 ,this is  concession which   
lies at the root of all ,judaism2 once  
granted1 there is  positively nothing   
essential left4    ,rabinowitz had gone 
to ,palestine for the sole purpose of   
opening the  country for a new          
immigration1 not only of ,jews from     
,bessarabia1 but  from every land4 ,he  
saw in the occupation of the country1 by
 his  fellow-believers1 a magnificent   
future for them4 ,but through some      

strange  providence1 which no one seems 
yet to understand1 he saw a larger      
future--the ,jews of all lands coming to
 the cross of ,christ4 ,he went back  to
 ,bessarabia1 and soon astounded his    
companions in doctrine by his bold  and 
impassioned declarations of the divine  
character of ,jesus4 ,with the  genius  
of the real leader1 he adopted a        
watchword1 which has now become  broadly
 known as the rallying cry of all ,jews 
who share his doctrine3  8,the key of   
the ,holy ,land lies in the hand of our 
brother ,jesus40    ,there is no want of
 clearness in the creed of this new and 
striking  departure in ,judaism4 ,it is 
an adoption of the fundamental doctrines
  of ,christianity2 at the same time1   
however1 those who entertain these      
doctrines do not propose to withdraw    
from ,judaism completely1 but to  retain
 some of the minor features of the old  
system1 and to refrain from  joining any
 ,christian denomination4 ,they call    
themselves 8,the ,national  ,jewish     

,society of the ,new ,testament40 ,in   
their articles of faith1 as             
communicated by ,pastor ,faltin1 of     
,kischinev1 to ,dr4 ,delitzsch1 they    
hold  the following general views3      
,there is one living and true ,god1     
creator  of all things4 ,he made a      
covenant with ,israel1 his people1 that 
he would  raise from their midst a      
prophet1 who should have the spirit of  
the ,lord1  and himself be the ,lord1   
who would plant righteousness throughout
 the  earth4 ,this prophet is the       
promised ,messiah1 who taught the people
 the  truth1 and bore their sins1 and   
died for the whole world4 ,he was born  
about seventy years before the          
destruction of the second temple1 and   
died  at the hands of his enemies4 ,he  
will rule the house of ,david1 and exalt
  the horn of his people for ever more4 
,the ,jews of his time were stricken    
with blindness4 ,the light was before   
them1 but because of their hardness  of 
heart they were punished with           

helplessness4 ,hence they killed their  
,lord4 ,it is now time to open their    
eyes1 and see him whom their fathers    
slew4 ,he alone is ,redeemer4 ,he alone 
can build up the ,jewish people4 ,from  
all lands they should hasten to         
,palestine1 and accept ,christ          
immediately1  and expect nothing less   
than that he will restore ,jerusalem to 
its former  glory1 and build there once 
more the throne of ,david4    ,such is  
the mere thread of doctrine which       
pervades this new system1 but  there is 
interwoven with it a certain general    
paraphrase of teaching1  which it is    
also necessary to understand4 ,this is  
furnished ,dr4 ,delitzsch  by ,wilhelm  
,faber 7of ,kirsanoff71 who took notes  
one afternoon when  ,rabinowitz himself 
gave a survey of his creed4 8,we ,jews10
 says the  leader1 8who have come into  
the full vision of ,jesus ,christ1 and  
now feel  the power of his spirit1 have 
not come to the great light through any 
general indoctrination from without4    

,no1 we have looked deeply into the     
,old and ,new ,testaments1 and have     
found that ,god takes no pleasure in the
  death of the sinner1 and that he loves
 his people ,israel1 and is willing  to 
save them4 ,our reflection has become   
stirred by the miracles of ,jesus4  ,we 
see in them the evidences of his        
divinity and the proofs of his love     
toward us4 ,we have come to look to our 
brother ,jesus as the ,messiah1 and  to 
find in him our only hope of salvation40
    ,while ,rabinowitz has organized his
 companions in this new doctrine into  a
 separate religious body1 which does not
 alienate itself fully from  ,judaism1  
it differs from ,christianity widely    
enough to prevent perfect  affiliation  
with it4 ,it stands upon the            
border-line1 being neither  positively  
,jewish nor altogether ,christian4      
,rabinowitz finds fault with            
,christians for being divided into many 
confessions1 and congratulates  his     
fellow-believers from among the ,jews on

 the ease with which they  can build    
themselves into a new organization      
without the embarrassment  of           
subdivisions4 ,in answer to the question
 as to whether circumcision  should be  
enforced in this new religious society1 
,rabinowitz says3 8,it  is not sinful to
 abstain from circumcision1 but he who  
does so abstain  cuts himself off from  
all relation to his people40 ,he1       
therefore1 makes  this rite a part of   
the creed of his church1 but not a      
necessity4 ,he  regards the sentences of
 the ,old and ,new ,testaments as of    
equal validity1  and rejects the ,talmud
 and the writings of the rabbinists as  
not of  authoritative force1 but as     
valuable monuments of an early time4 ,he
  adopts the communion service of the   
,lutheran church1 and makes baptism an  
essential part of his system4           
,rabinowitz propounded his doctrines to 
his fellow ,jews only two years  ago1   
and in this brief time over two hundred 
families have formally  united with him4

 ,of course the regular ,jews do not    
endorse such a  departure4 ,they regard 
it as a miserable apostasy1 and proclaim
 loudly  against it4 ,on the other hand1
 the ,christian church can not hail it  
with  unmixed pleasure1 inasmuch as the 
8,national ,jews0 still adhere to some  
parts of the ,jewish system1 and must   
make some important concessions  before 
they can be regarded as a thorough      
religious body4    ,in what light1      
therefore1 must these ,jews1 who have   
accepted ,christ and  his full          
atonement1 be held8 ,can we see in their
 doctrines a sign of real  hope for the 
entire ,jewish world8 ,we think that    
only one answer can be  given1 the one  
which ,delitzsch and other close        
students of the ,hebrew  mind1 both past
 and present1 have been compelled to    
give--namely1 that  we see here an      
evidence of the breaking up of the old  
,jewish solidity4  ,mendelssohn and     
others have proven that the ,jews are   
subdivided among  themselves1 that there

 are numerous tendencies which pervade  
the entire  body1 and that these are    
constantly growing stronger4 ,this1     
however1  is the first instance where an
 important part of the ,jewish church   
has  openly adopted the atonement of    
,christ1 and proposes to rise or fall by
  that alone4 ,may it not be the great  
outcome of the ,jewish mystery1 that    
large sections will formally adopt      
,christianity2 that not as individuals  
but as vast territorial sections they   
will renounce their old faith and  take 
their place among ,christian bodies2 and
 that in due time they will  drop the   
,jewish name altogether1 and be         
thoroughly identified with the  great   
,christian church in all its activities 
and grand purposes8    ,the middle      
ground of the ,national ,jews of to-day1
 as occupied and  preached by           
,rabinowitz1 is simply an impossibility 
for the future4 ,it is  neither one     
thing nor another4 ,its exact parallel1 
in our day1 can be  found in the        

impossible church of ,father ,hyacinth4 
,his work is neither  all ,protestant   
nor all ,roman ,catholic4 ,to succeed it
 must become  ,protestant1 and formally 
reject all attachments to the old       
,romanism4  ,there must be no looking   
back when once the 8hand is put to the  
plow40  ,had ,martin ,luther stood all  
his life upon the door-sill of ,roman   
,catholicism1 looking out and yet not   
going out1 his work would have been  a  
total failure1 and have shown a lack of 
that final courage which makes  a       
successful revolution4 ,we must1        
however1 bear in mind the fact that  he 
was preceded by men who had taken       
positive ground1 but not the last  step4
 ,to their moderate work he owed much4  
,he saw their failure1 and the  cause of
 it1 and hence he broke the whole yoke  
and became a free man4 ,in  the same    
useful line must we rank the doctrines  
and work of ,rabinowitz4  ,he may not   
take all the advanced course which we   
would like1 and which  history reveals  

as only the true ,reformer1 but he is   
the sure forerunner  of one or more who 
will do this work4 ,it is one of the    
ways in which ,god  distributes his     
honors1 that his great movements are not
 conducted by one  alone4 ,there is     
always the ,baptist1 and sometimes many1
 who must preach  in the wilderness1    
before the full gospel of the mountain  
side and sea  shore can be heard from   
the lips of the world's ,teacher4 ,in   
this light1  as the prophecy of a new   
religious awakening among the ,jews1 who
 have for  all ages rejected all        
approaches from ,christianity1 must we  
regard the  doctrines and work of       
,rabinowitz and his friends4 ,his cause 
is rapidly  growing1 and must continue  
to grow4 ,while it is not a finality1 it
 is in  the right direction1 and hence a
 blessing which all ,christian people   
must  hail with pleasure4               
,,bucharest1 ,,roumania1 ,october #g1   
#ahhd4          ,,the ,,inner           
,,chautauqua4    ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4  

,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4      ,chautauqua  
is a place and an idea4 ,the idea was   
before the place2  although it must be  
confessed that the embodiment of the    
thought in a  physical frame-work of    
soil and forest had a most wholesome    
effect on  the idea itself1 giving it a 
chance to draw strength from its        
external  conditions2 to 8ultimate0 its 
conceptions in action2 to experiment    
with  raw material2 to command the      
attention and elicit the commendation on
  which good things thrive1 and to adapt
 its aim and energy to the variety  of  
people and conditions with which it     
proposed to deal4    ,the place is      
beautiful1 and grows more beautiful with
 the passing years4  ,nature has not    
suspended her beneficent ministries     
since ,art pitched her  pavilion by the 
side of these waters4 ,trees still put  
forth branches and  clothe them with    
foliage4 ,the old trees stand like      
venerable giants1  with as much of hope 
as of memory in their hearts1 and in    

their annual  robe of verdure forget    
that for so many years they have watched
 the  coming and the going of the       
seasons4 ,young trees that have grown a 
dozen  years older since the first      
,chautauqua song broke the silence are  
now  stately and beautiful1 ready to be 
witnesses for a hundred years1 of the   
strange things to be done here1 and of  
which we who are looking about  for     
graves only dream of now4 ,the lake--who
 shall tell of its moods1 its  smiles   
and frowns1 its loud murmurings of      
unrest when the fierce winds  come down 
in power upon it2 its low sobbings after
 the storm1 trying to  forgive and      
forget2 its sweet answers to the toying 
breeze2 its splendor  when the moon     
flings a robe of silver over it2 and    
when the sun1 making  it a mirror1      
rejoices in it 7as ,christ in the true  
saints7 because it  faithfully reflects 
his own glorious image8    ,art has not 
altogether been useless1 although more  
than once unwise4  ,penuriousness has   

sometimes spoiled lines and angles1 and 
mixed bad  colors4 ,stupidity has       
blundered into sad combinations and     
contrasts2  but on the whole ,art has   
clasped hands with ,nature1 and made the
 place  ,chautauqua a lovely and fitting
 tabernacle for the ,chautauqua ,idea4  
,there is a ,chautauqua within          
,chautauqua4 ,to see this other         
,chautauqua1  one must have eyes--eyes  
that look into the innermost things4 ,he
 must  see beyond groves and crowds1    
beyond lake and sky1 beyond buildings   
and  programs4 ,he must be able to see  
necessities1 intellectual and spiritual1
  in the individual and in society1     
tendencies of thought1 forces of        
conviction1 pressures of desire and     
ambition1 the conflict of new and old   
civilizations in the personal life1 as  
circumstances bring a man face to  face 
with the new1 while yet from habit and  
feeling he is held half-slave  by the   
old4    ,he who sees ,chautauqua must   
understand the relations 7not generally 

understood7 between gracious culture and
 the rough1 unsthetic services  which   
people must render each other and their 
own lives in this world1  services of   
feeding and clothing and cleaning and   
housing--low1 gross and  humiliating1 as
 judged from an artist's studio or a    
8poet's frenzied  mood40 ,he must find  
out that high and low1 noble and ignoble
 are relative  terms2 that a kitchen may
 for a time cage an angel whose hands   
dabble  in dough1 and whose tired feet  
in coarse shoes tread rough floors4 ,she
  may serve her inferiors and treasure  
the pittance they give her to buy  books
 for her brain life1 at least that      
portion of the pittance she does  not   
need to feed unfortunate people who     
depend upon her4 ,when crowns are  given
 out1 a marvelous readjustment of       
relations will take place1 and  certain 
little neighborhoods will be shaken with
 surprise4    ,chautauquans with eyes   
see the distinctions in advance1 and    
recognize  the crowns that hover in     

mid-air over the saints1 and they pay   
honors to  8,alfreds in neat herd's     
huts0 before the throne is ready4       
,chautauquans who have eyes to see have 
discovered the strong and  delicate     
cords of religious life which run       
through and unite all the  diverse      
elements of life into a sacred          
harmony--a sacrament exceeding holy4    
,chautauquans see ,god in everything and
 find in everything ways of coming  near
 to him4 ,they believe in nature and in 
science--true science--and  abide by her
 final decisions1 and take delight in   
her processes4 ,but  they believe also  
in a ,,father whose thought makes       
scientific thought  possible1 and of    
whose creative and controlling thought  
science is but an  interpretation4      
,chautauquans believe in the ,god of the
 ,book--the ,,book of ,books4 ,they  do 
not trouble themselves about the modus1 
the quantum and the  qualitas of        
inspiration4 ,they simply take the book 
in its entirety1 as  the book given to  

be studied1 trusted1 loved1 and obeyed1 
as individual  conscience and judgment  
respond to its contents after calm1     
devout and  diligent study thereof2 and 
not to be quarreled over or quibbled    
about1  or forced to sustain            
preconceived or preaccepted notions by a
 string of  separated texts on the cord 
of a curious fancy1 or an antiquated    
dogma4  ,they put ,,book and soul       
together1 and trust both thoroughly for 
fair  treatment4    ,chautauquans 8study
 the ,word and the ,works of ,god40 ,and
 so firm is their  faith in the ,,spirit
 who wrought the works and inspired the 
,word1 and in  the spirit of man for    
whom the ,word was inspired1 that they  
feel it not  strange that ,god the      
,father should 8dwell in the midst of   
them10 folding  his own children to his 
heart and breathing of his own spirit   
into their  spirits1 enlightening1      
regenerating1 comforting1 witnessing4   
,and as trust  grows and desire         
increases this access becomes less and  

less interrupted1  and they hope one of 
these days in all wisdom1 reason and    
sense to trust  in ,god continually1 and
 every day to feel his presence and     
rejoice in his  grace4    ,chautauquans1
 however1 discriminate between this     
divine possession which  captures and   
sways intellect and will week days and  
,sundays1 in business  and in church    
life steadily and effectively1 and the  
mere spasms of  resolution under        
pressure of occasion2 the selfish       
efforts over fancied  personal security2
 the studied outward conformity to      
religious duties  according to the ebb  
and flow of religious emotion4 ,they    
believe so  firmly in the kingdom and   
patience of our ,lord that obedience is 
worth  more than comfort and faith1 a   
firmer foundation than sight or feeling4
    ,to ,chautauquans1 therefore1 all   
things hold a measure of ,god's infinite
  wisdom4 ,all things are precious1 for 
in all things one may find traces of    
his grace4 ,all things are sublime1 for 

all things are connected with a         
glorious unity1 which fills heaven and  
earth1 eternity past and eternity  to   
come4 ,flowers1 fossils1 microscopic    
dust1 foul soil1 things that  crawl and 
things that soar1 ooze from the         
sea-depths1 lofty heights that  salute  
the stars--all are divine in origin and 
nature4 ,a boot-black may be  a         
king--boot-black and king--both at once4
 ,human eyes see only the black  hands1 
patched knees and crouching form that   
bespeak servility4 ,there are  eyes that
 can see deeper and further4 ,seeing so 
much they extend a hand  of greeting4   
,then kings and saints converse4        
,chautauquans believe in ,wealth when   
honesty wins it1 prudence protects  it1 
and benevolence uses it4 ,they believe  
in ,position when worth secures  it1    
work honors it1 and humility attends it4
 ,they believe in ,culture1  when       
teachableness goes before it1 and all   
the faculties in true harmony  receive  
it and religion inspires and controls   

it4 ,they believe in ,labor1  when true 
social relations distribute it1 when no 
one family of faculties  is abused by   
it1 and when true1 reverent and         
philanthropic motives direct  it4       
,chautauquans are believers in a common 
brotherhood--but are not  8communists40 
,they are open to truth1 and hold an    
inheritance in all  truth1 and are      
subject only to the truth4 ,but they are
 not boastful free  thinkers in         
8,realms remote1 mysterious1 divine10   
dogmatizing and denouncing4 ,they       
believe in truth1 ,god1 and humanity4   
,they seek the first1 rejoice in the    
second1 and serve the third4    ,these  
are some of the ideas which belong to   
the ,chautauqua movement--the  thoughts 
within the things--the theories of which
 phenomenal ,chautauqua is  a visible   
expression4          ,,outline ,,of     
,,required ,,readings4      ,,january1  
#ahhe4    ,first ,week 7ending ,january 
#h74--a4 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in
  ,english10 from page #a to #ba4    #b4

 8,character of ,jesus10 from page #a to
 #de4    #c4 8,temperance ,teachings of 
,science10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4      
#d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,january #d1  
in ,,the ,,chautauquan4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,second
 ,week 7ending ,january #ae74--a4       
8,preparatory ,greek ,course in         
,english10 from page #ba to #dc4    #b4 
8,character of ,jesus10 from page #dj to
 #hg4    #c4 8,greek ,mythology10 in    
,,the ,,chautauquan4    #d4 8,kitchen   
,science and ,art10 in ,,the            
,,chautauquan4    #e4 ,sunday ,readings 
for ,january #aa1 in ,,the              
,,chautauquan4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,third ,week    
7ending ,january #bc74--a4 8,preparatory
 ,greek ,course in  ,english10 from page
 #dc to #fc4    #b4 8,character of      
,jesus10 from page #hg to #abi4    #c4  
8,old ,greek ,life10 in ,,the           
,,chautauquan4    #d4 ,sunday ,readings 
for ,january #ah1 in ,,the              
,,chautauquan4           99       99    

99       99       99    ,fourth ,week   
7ending ,january #ca74--a4 8,preparatory
 ,greek ,course in  ,english10 from page
 #fc to #hc4    #b4 8,character of      
,jesus10 from page #abi to #agc4    #c4 
8,home ,studies in ,chemistry and       
,physics10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4      
#d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,january #be1 
in ,,the ,,chautauquan4      ,,programs 
,,for ,,local ,,circle ,,work4          
,,first ,,week ,,in ,,january4    #a4   
,review of the ,persian ,war4    ,giving
 cause of the war1 date and location of 
each battle1 leaders on  both sides1 and
 a brief outline of the life of each    
leader4    #b4 ,recitation--8,picture of
 ,modern ,greece10 by ,lord ,byron4     
,from 8,the  ,giaour40 ,found also in   
,chambers's 8,cyclopdia of ,english     
,literature40    #c4 ,essay--,torricelli
 and ,pascal4    ,music4    #d4 ,select 
,reading--8,ancient ,greece10 by ,lord  
,byron4 ,from 8,childe ,harold40  ,canto
 ,,ii4 ,stanzas #b to #i4    #e4        
,essay--,the ,proposed ,new ,word1      

8,thon40    #f4 ,question ,box4    #g4  
,talk on the ,new ,orleans ,exposition4 
,,second ,,week ,,in ,,january4    #a4  
,roll-call--,responses by ,mottoes4     
#b4 ,essay--,use and ,abuse of ,food4   
#c4 ,fifteen minutes' talk on           
8,temperance ,teachings of ,science40   
#d4 ,recitation--8,pericles and         
,aspasia10 by the ,rev4 ,george ,croly1 
found in  ,chambers's 8,cyclopdia of    
,english ,literature40    ,intermission4
    #e4 ,essay--,herodotus4    #f4      
,select ,reading--8,cautions to be      
,observed in the ,reading of ,ancient   
,greek and ,roman ,historians40 ,by     
,addison4    #g4 ,one-half of the       
8,questions and ,answers0 for ,january4 
#h4 ,conversation on the ,topics of the 
,times4      ,,third ,,week ,,in        
,,january4    #a4 ,talk and ,questions  
on the ,month's ,readings4    #b4       
,essay--,thucydides4    #c4             
,recitation--8,psyche and ,pan40 ,by    
,mrs4 ,browning4    ,music4    #d4      
,select ,reading--8,on the ,athenian    

,orators40 ,by ,macaulay4 ,the last     
third  of the article1 beginning1       
8,oratory is to be estimated--0    #e4  
,essay--,visible ,forms of ,electricity4
    #f4 ,chemical ,experiments4         
,,monthly ,,parlor ,,meeting4    ,music4
    #a4 ,roll-call--,quotations from    
,readings of the ,month4    #b4 ,paper  
on ,plato's ,republic1 carefully        
prepared1 followed by discussion  of the
 subject by the members4    ,articles   
upon it may be found in ,mahaffy's      
8,history of ,classical ,greek          
,literature10 and in ,de ,quincy's      
writings4    #c4 ,recitation--8,marriage
 of ,psyche and ,cupid40 ,by ,mrs4      
,browning4    ,music4    #d4            
,essay--,apples4    ,it need not be     
entirely practical2 allusions may be    
made to the apples  of mythology and    
history4    #e4 ,select                 
,reading--8,dissertation on ,roast      
,pig40 ,by ,charles ,lamb4    ,music4   
#f4 ,question ,match--,answers relating 
to ,greek ,history and ,literature given

  to all questions in ,,the             
,,chautauquan of the present volume4    
,,local ,,circles4      ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
,,mottoes4    8,we ,study the ,word and 
the ,works of ,god40--8,let us keep our 
,heavenly  ,father in the               
,midst40--8,never be ,discouraged40     
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,memorial ,,days4      
#a4 ,,opening ,,day--,october #a4    #b4
 ,,bryant ,,day--,november #c4    #c4   
,,special ,,sunday--,november1 second   
,sunday4    #d4 ,,milton                
,,day--,december #i4    #e4 ,,college   
,,day--,january1 last ,thursday4    #f4 
,,special ,,sunday--,february1 second   
,sunday4    #g4 ,,founder',s            
,,day--,february #bc4    #h4            
,,longfellow ,,day--,february #bg4      
#i4 ,,shakspere ,,day--,april #bc4      
#aj4 ,,addison ,,day--,may #a4    #aa4  
,,special ,,sunday--,may1 second        
,sunday4    #ab4 ,,special              
,,sunday--,july1 second ,sunday4    #ac4
 ,,inauguration ,,day--,august1 first   
,saturday after first ,tuesday2         

anniversary of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at       
,chautauqua4    #ad4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s    
,,day--,august1 second ,saturday after  
first ,tuesday2  anniversary of the     
dedication of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at    
,chautauqua4    #ae4 ,,commencement     
,,day--,august1 third ,tuesday4    #af4 
,,garfield ,,day--,september #ai4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,how shall we arrange a program8 ,it is 
a constantly recurring query  for       
instruction committees4 ,a skillfully   
planned program insures an  interested  
society1 but it is no easy undertaking  
for even a very wise  committee to plan 
a series of exercises which shall be of 
just the right  length1 of pleasing     
variety1 and on topics in which every   
one will be  interested4 ,only a careful
 study of the reading of the month1 a   
knowledge  of the taste and ability of  
the circle1 and considerable practice   
will  guarantee a really good program4  
,many hints may be gathered1 we believe1
  each month from the programs presented

 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,at least1     
many circles report that they find them 
helpful4 ,the ,,quincy1 ,,ill41  circle 
writes3 8,those programs are a very     
great help to us40 ,at ,,kittery1       
,,maine1 where a circle of ten active   
members has been in operation for  three
 years1 they have adopted ,,the         
,,chautauquan programs1 and express the 
belief that with them they will do      
better work than ever before4 ,this     
modest little circle has never made     
itself known before1 but in a quiet  way
 has done much good with the 8,popular  
,education0 circular4 ,at least  one    
circle in another state owes its        
existence to its efforts4 ,one of  their
 amusements is the ,chautauqua games1   
and they say that the use of  these     
games has led to much close reading of  
the books and articles4  ,the regular   
programs are used1 too1 at ,,shenandoah1
 ,,iowa1 where a circle  of twenty-five 
members1 representing the classes of    
'#hf1 '#hg1 and '#hh1  are meeting      

weekly4 ,the plan has proven very       
successful with them1 they  write4      
,bryant's ,day was celebrated by special
 exercises4 ,this circle  has found1 as 
we believe all readers will1 that       
bringing all the ,greek  studies into   
one year is a great help1 instead of a  
drawback4 ,the more  one knows on any   
subject1 the greater his interest4 ,the 
,greek course of  this year enables us  
to learn a great deal on that subject4  
,at ,,putnam1 ,,conn41 ,,west           
,,middlesex1 ,,pa41 and ,,dartford1     
,,wis41 circles  report the adoption of 
these same programs4 ,the organization  
at ,putnam1  numbering eighteen members1
 is of recent date1 although there have 
been  several young people there        
pursuing the prescribed course for the  
past  five years4 ,an interesting       
variation to their program is a paper   
called  the ,olla ,podrida4 ,it is made 
up of original contributions from the   
members1 and is issued monthly1 a       
different editor being appointed each   

time4 ,the ,middlesex circle is in its  
second year4 ,it has had already an     
addition of four '#hhs4 ,dartford circle
 of six members is a new addition  to   
our ranks1 and a very welcome one4 ,we  
feel sure that the hope they  express of
 gaining great benefit from the         
,required ,readings will not be         
disappointed4    ,while many circles    
find the prescribed exercises           
satisfactory1 we are  glad to know that 
others vary performances to suit the    
talents and  interests of their members4
 ,this is found necessary in the        
,,bowling ,,green1  ,,ohio1 circle1 we  
learn from a recent letter4 ,they use   
the programs simply  as a model1 and    
work according to their talent4 ,all the
 features of a  first-class circle are  
found in this year-old circle at        
,bowling ,green4  ,they boast a goodly  
membership1 an efficient president1 a   
thorough  organization1 a constitution  
which all cordially support1 and much   
social  life4 ,the first annual         

reception of our ,bowling ,green friends
 was given  last summer4 ,in ,september 
they wisely held their first meeting1   
that  their plans might be laid to begin
 work the first week of ,october--a     
point which many of us would do well to 
bear in mind until next fall4  ,bryant's
 ,day was observed1 and very            
flatteringly noticed in their local     
paper4 ,among the virtues which we infer
 belong to this circle we must  include 
the missionary spirit4 ,they have in    
mind the conversion of their  whole     
county to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4    ,the   
same plan in regard to programs is      
followed at ,,ludington1 ,,mich41  where
 there is a new circle of twenty-seven  
members1 called 8,pre  ,marquette0--a   
magnificent beginning4 ,our             
correspondent writes3 8,we enjoy  our   
reading and our weekly meetings very    
much indeed2 the only regret ,i  have is
 that ,i have let so much time slip by  
before taking the course40    ,some of  
the programs sent us contain novelties  

which when introduced  into a purely    
literary program are very agreeable     
diversions4 ,one which  is capable of   
being made very entertaining we find in 
a program from a  newly organized circle
 of thirty members--nearly all '#hhs--at
 ,,norwich1  ,,conn4 ,it is character   
personation 78,who am ,i8074 ,the well  
known game1  8,characters10 is another  
number on one of their programs4 ,the   
response  to roll-call by quotations on 
,bryant's ,day was improved by stating  
after the quotation an interesting fact 
from the life of the poet4 ,the         
,norwich members are certainly to be    
congratulated on the variety in their   
exercises4    ,another ,,connecticut    
circle which has a particularly good    
plan for its  evenings is the           
8,quintette0 local circle1 of ,,sharon4 
,they have but  recently organized1 and 
report their plan for work as           
experimental2  successful1 too1 we      
prophesy it will be4 ,the secretary     
informs us3 8,we  intend to learn the   

questions and answers in ,,the          
,,chautauquan1 and recite  at our       
regular meetings1 held every two weeks4 
,for the present we in  turn are to read
 aloud selected articles from ,,the     
,,chautauquan and #8,cyrus  and         
,alexander2' after each reading         
discussing in general conversation1     
what has been read1 commenting on       
pronunciation1 looking up references    
concerning people and places mentioned1 
and trying to inform ourselves          
thoroughly about what has been read40   
,that plan of preparing programs  a     
month in advance1 and giving to each    
member a printed copy has been  adopted 
by the 8,longfellow0 circle1 of ,,north 
,,cambridge1 ,,mass4 ,this circle  has  
begun its second year with extraordinary
 vigor1 the membership being  largely   
increased4    ,one objection that may be
 urged against the majority of the      
programs is  that they are too long4 ,it
 is difficult to make them short4 ,there
 is so  much we want to talk about2 so  

many charming selections to read1 such  
a wealth of subjects for essays1 it is  
not strange that sometimes we  tire out 
ourselves and our guests by overdoing   
matters4 ,to avoid this  try the plan of
 the ,,sacramento1 ,,cal41 circle1 which
 introduces midway  in the evening a    
8recess of fifteen minutes40 ,it will   
prove many a time  a saving clause4     
,another feature of their plan of work  
may furnish some  one an idea2 it is    
that a committee should prepare a set of
 questions1  distribute them one week1  
and that at the following meeting1 the  
answers1 as original and concise as     
possible1 should be read4 ,the circle   
which has given us these two ideas      
enrolls itself among the strong and     
enthusiastic circles4 ,their year opened
 most promisingly1 six new names  being 
added to their roll4 8,we all10 they    
write1 8seem to have caught the  true   
,chautauqua inspiration1 and it has     
fired our hearts and elevated  the      
character of our work40 ,to the hints on

 programs which the letters  of the     
month have given us we must add two     
programs1 which seem to us  particularly
 good2 the first one comes from the     
circle at ,,baltimore1 ,,md41  now in   
its sixth year1 and is of the ,bryant   
memorial service3        ,,william      
,,cullen ,,bryant--,,born ,,nov4 #c1    
#agid--;,,died ,,june #ab1 #ahgh4       
,chautauqua ,vesper ,service4           
,bryant ,letter to ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4      
,quotations from ,bryant4               
,anniversary ,hymn4      8,bryant as a  
,student of ,nature40      ,illustrated 
,readings4    ,the other is from the    
8,vincent0 circle1 of ,,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 
,we print the  slip in full4 ,it will   
furnish a useful model for those who may
 wish to  send out similar notices3     
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4                         
,,the ,,first                           
,,monthly ,,meeting ,,of ,,the          
,,vincent ,,circle                      
,,will ,,be ,,held                ,in   
the ,north ,second ,street ,methodist   

,church1                    ,thursday   
,evening1 ,november #f1 #ahhd1          
,at half past seven o'clock4            
,,program4            #a4 ,geography of 
,greece4          #b4 ,glimpses of      
,ancient ,greek ,life4          #c4 ,our
 ,every ,day ,speech4          #d4 ,why 
are the ,french at ,war with ,china8    
#e4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant--,a        
,conversazione4          #f4 ,our       
,round-,table4        ,the ,new ,year   
opens invitingly4 ,its wealth of        
instruction is      proffered to the    
earnest student4 ,remember our motto3   
8,,we      ,,study ,,the ,,word ,,and   
,,works ,,of ,,god40 ,there is no royal 
road to      learning--save that of hard
 work6 ,we hope to greet the older      
members of the ,circle4 ,a welcome to   
all4        ,the 8,bryant ,memorial     
,day0 is ,november #c2 let us work up a 
hearty      conversazione4 ,every       
monthly meeting we shall have at least  
one      current topic3 ,no4 #d is such4
 ,remember the ,round-,table and make   

it witty and wise4 ,come promptly4      
,h4 ,c4 ,,farrar1                       
,president4                             
,a4 ,m4 ,,wright1                       
,secretary4    ,the many newly organized
 circles which are coming in day after  
day  testify that a great amount of work
 has been done by somebody in the       
interests of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it is 
true1 much has been done4 ,much more is 
being done2 of how much nothing that we 
have received is more suggestive  than  
the following letter from a prominent   
member of the class of '#hg1  ,mr4 ,k4  
,a4 ,burnell1 and it must be remembered 
that there are many more  workers as    
zealous as is ,mr4 ,burnell3            
,,walla-,,walla1 ,,washington           
,,territory1 ,november #aj1 '#hd4       
,,dear ,,chautauquan3--,as a member of  
'#hg1 and deeply interested in          
every one of the #ah1jjj whose names    
appear on the two big books      at     
,plainfield1 as well as every one       
reading in any one of the      classes  

of all of the great ,chautauqua         
household1 ,i venture      an account of
 an evangelistic tour over the ,northern
 ,pacific      ,railroad4        ,miss  
,kimball most kindly mailed me the names
 of the two to three      score of      
readers in ,dakota1 ,montana1 ,idaho1   
and ,washington      ,territories1 and  
,i wrote eighteen letters to as many    
points1      indicating that as one     
deeply interested in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4    
,c41 ,i      was to be over the         
,northern ,pacific ,railroad on an      
evangelistic      tour1 and should be   
happy to meet circles or individual     
readers1      and render any service    
possible1 and ,i felt sure if ,i        
imparted      nothing ,i should not fail
 to be a recipient4 ,i heard from most  
of      the messages1 and with uniform  
and marked interest in the fact of      
meeting one late from ,chautauqua1 and  
especially with a member of      the    
,pansy class of '#hg4        ,at ,fargo1
 ,casselton1 ,cooperstown and ,mandan1  

,dakota1 ,i found      individual       
readers1 and did what ,i could to induce
 others to take      up the course4 ,my 
habit was at the close of each service  
to make      a few minutes' statement   
concerning the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readings1
      their rapid growth1 and their very
 great advantage and exceeding          
helpfulness4 ,i received from           
,plainfield a generous package of the   
green books1 admission sheets1 and      
circulars1 and at each place      these 
documents were placed in the hands of   
the people at the      close of the     
public service1 and were received       
gladly4        ,at ,gladstone1 ,dakota1 
the very patient and self-forgetting    
,scotch-,irish minister brought from his
 five miles distant ranch1      his     
three sons and two daughters1 with whom 
after the service ,i      drove home1   
passing the night and most of the next  
day1 the good      minister then driving
 me to my next appointment 7,dickinson71
      which also was one of his         

preaching places4        ,this family1  
as a whole1 became so interested in the 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4      readings 7it was   
not new to them7 as to fully decide to  
take the      course1 and at once enter 
upon it4 ,these bright1 thoughtful and  
inquiring young people will be benefited
 beyond estimate by their      thought1 
research and study1 and by their        
intimate relations to      the great    
numbers who are pursuing the same       
stimulating studies4      ,the          
adaptation of our grand everybodies'    
college to meet a great      want has   
striking application in this exemplary  
minister's home4        ,at ,helena1    
,montana's capital1 rich and wicked1    
there is a      single reader1 but ,i   
failed to find her after repeated public
      intimations4 ,at ,rathdrum1       
,idaho1 the only reader 7a school       
teacher7 had gone away to the mines4 ,no
 readers from ,oregon were              
announced from ,plainfield1 but ,i was  
glad indeed to find a circle      in    

good beginning in connection with and at
 the rooms of the      ,young ,men's    
,christian ,association of ,portland4   
,the ,portland ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 is a     
vigorous and hard-working company1      
and in its adoption of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4 readings is doubtless a             
prophecy as to the future4 ,at ,seattle 
and ,tacoma1 ,washington                
,territory1 under the shadow of grand1  
old1 snow-capped ,mount      ,tacoma1   
the only glacier mountain in this       
county1 ,i found a      single reader1  
and one family reading4 ,steps were     
taken for      forming a circle at an   
early day4 ,the delights of an          
evangelistic      campaign of forty-five
 days on the ,northern ,pacific         
,railroad have      been deepened       
because of our ,chautauqua classmates4  
,k4 ,a4 ,,burnell4    ,this individual  
effort has been supplemented by a great 
deal of newspaper  work4 ,through the   
past year very many valuable articles on
 the ,c4 ,l4  ,s4 ,c4 have appeared from

 time to time4 ,the ,daily ,arkansas    
,gazette1  of ,,little ,,rock1 recently 
contained such an article from the pen  
of  ,mrs4 ,myra ,vaughan4 ,it gave all  
the details of our work1 correctly and  
interestingly--an article that everybody
 would read1 and having read would      
ponder4 ,these efforts have told4 ,the  
number of new circles claiming our      
recognition this month is the best proof
 of their success4 ,listen while  we run
 through the list3 ,a club called the   
8,clio0 club has been formed  at        
,,newport1 ,,vermont4 ,there are sixteen
 members1 and the meetings are  held    
weekly4 ,the club has a corresponding   
secretary1 and would be glad  to open   
communication with other circles4----,at
 ,,woodstock1 ,,vt41 seven  ladies      
organized1 on ,september #ai1 the       
8,mayflower0 circle4 ,they began  on    
,garfield's ,day1 with a celebration--an
 admirable plan--and on ,november  #ajth
 observed ,bryant's memorial day4 ,a bit
 of personal effort comes  with our     

report1 which is worth saving4 ,the lady
 to whom the circle  largely owes its   
life is the mother of five children1 two
 of whom she  teaches at home1 while she
 does all the work for a family of      
eight4 ,still  she finds time for the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,another demonstration  
of our old  proverb about 8a will0 and  
8a way40----,a letter from              
,,newtonville1 ,,mass41  says3 8,we have
 started this year a local circle1 and  
hasten to inform  you of the fact which 
gives us so much pleasure2 although our 
number  is at present small1 being but  
thirteen1 still we are in earnest1 and  
interested in our work1 and propose to  
go through4 ,our number is made  up of  
very busy people--housekeepers1         
teachers1 young men of business1  etc4  
,we attended--that is1 most of us--the  
,framingham ,assembly1 and there  became
 filled with enthusiasm which terminated
 in the foundation of  our              
circle40----,another ,massachusetts     
circle is heard from at ,,ipswich1      

whence the secretary writes3 8,this fall
 a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was formed in our    
town in time to begin work ,october #a4 
,we organized with about fifteen        
members2 since then our circle has      
steadily increased1 additions being     
made at every meeting1 until now we are 
thirty in number4 ,we follow1 with      
slight variation1 the programs laid out 
in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the chemical   
experiments are performed1 and the      
,bryant memorial day was observed4  ,we 
are young yet1 but we start out under   
quite favorable auspices1  having an    
intelligent and enthusiastic president1 
and a circle of busy1  wide-awake       
members4 ,you may hear from us          
again40----,last year a few persons  at 
,,rockville1 ,,connecticut1 subscribed  
for ,,the ,,chautauquan and read its    
numbers with growing interest4 ,this    
year the fervor was unabated1 and  steps
 were taken in ,october to organize a   
local circle4 ,they number at  present  
thirty-one members1 including one or two

 graduates--twenty-five  belonging to   
the general ,circle1 class of '#hh4 ,the
 present prospect is  of much profit and
 real enjoyment in the literary field1  
during the  winter months4----,in the   
quiet old town of ,,bristol1 ,,rhode    
,,island1 upon the  borders of the      
beautiful ,narragansett1 a number of    
persons have been  pursuing the         
,chautauqua course of reading by        
themselves4 8,last autumn  the idea of  
forming a local circle was advanced4 ,a 
preliminary meeting  was held ,october  
#bc;d1 and the ten ,chautauquans present
 agreed to form a  circle4 ,as we are   
all busy people1 with no spare time1 we 
shall hold our  meetings but once a     
month1 but we intend to make every      
meeting a decided  success4 ,as ,bristol
 is noted for having within its limits  
the classic  hill where ,philip--not of 
,macedon1 but of ,narragansett--lived   
and died1  we call ours the #8,mount    
,hope' circle4 ,we hold our meetings at 
private  residences1 as this gives them 

a more social air1 and those who have   
any  part assigned them feel more at    
ease than if in a public hall4 ,at our  
meeting on ,november #acth1 twenty-one  
members were present1 and responded  to 
roll-call by quotations from ,greek     
authors4 ,brief papers were read  upon  
mythological events2 an interesting     
biographical sketch of ,bryant  was also
 read1 and a humorous poem1 written for 
the occasion4 ,vocal and  instrumental  
music also found a place4 ,the          
enthusiasm manifested was  a promise of 
future success4 ,the #8,mount ,hope'    
circle is exceptionally  fortunate in   
having for its president1 ,mr4 ,george  
,w4 ,arnold1 the  librarian of our      
excellent #8,rogers ,free ,library4'    
,his familiarity with  this choice      
collection of books1 and his ability to 
place before us  just the reference     
needed at any time1 is of inestimable   
value to us as  readers and students4   
,we have1 in our membership1            
representatives from  every ,protestant 

church in town4 ,many of us are         
teachers1 either in the  ,sunday-school 
or in public schools1 or in both4 ,we   
are confident that the  ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
is a power for good1 and in the words of
 an old ,sunday-school  hymn1 #8,we're  
glad we're in this army4'0----,in that  
pleasant summer resort  by the sea1     
,,westhampton1 ,n4 ,y41 a few 8,pansies0
 have been studying  together1 but this 
year they generously opened their doors1
 and by their  genial influence have    
drawn together a pleasant set of        
twenty-one young  people4 ,much good is 
naturally looked for from this circle4  
8,already10  writes a friend1           
8beneficial results are                 
manifest40----,at ,,buffalo1 ,n4  ,y41  
the 8,alyssum10 an offshoot from the old
 circle in that city1 has  been well    
organized4 ,they have a plan in their   
program committee which  seems          
practical4 ,at each meeting a new member
 is appointed4 ,the former  chairman    
drops out and the next in order takes   

the position4 ,in this  way each member 
of said committee becomes chairman in   
turn1 serves  at three committee        
meetings1 and those who have never done 
such work  have the advantage of seeing 
how others do before their turn comes4  
,it  works admirably4 ,each member is   
assessed ten cents a month for the nine 
months4 ,the circle has decided it shall
 be the social duty of each member      
unable to be present to send notice of  
such absence to the hostess of  the     
evening4----,a fine compliment1         
evidently deserved1 is paid the circle  
at ,,scranton1 ,,pa41 in the following  
letter3 8,it affords us pleasure to     
report the formation of a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 in ,,pittston1 ,,pa4 ,we have long  
felt  the need of such an organization1 
but it was at a parlor entertainment    
given by the #8,vincent' ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4
 of ,scranton that we fully determined  
to have one of our own1 and we are      
indebted to that circle for help  and   
encouragement received in forming our   

circle4 ,ours1 known as the             
#8,riverside' ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 was      
organized in ,september1 and has already
  reached the limit of its              
membership--twenty4 ,we meet on ,monday 
evening  of each week1 at the home of   
one of the members1 and follow the      
program  given in ,,the ,,chautauquan4  
,we are all delighted with the work1 and
 are  already satisfied that the time   
spent in the pursuance of the course    
could not be spent more profitably40    
,another new ,chautauqua circle is      
reported in ,,sullivan1 ,,ohio1 from    
which place a lady writes3 8,i think our
 members all appreciate the  value of   
this great educational movement and have
 the success of the  work at heart4 ,we 
number but five members1 but have met   
regularly  since ,october #hth1 the time
 of organization4 ,we celebrated        
,bryant's  ,day1 spending a most        
delightful evening in the study of      
,bryant and his  productions40----,a    
local circle of five members has entered

 upon the  work of the class of '#hh at 
,,montezuma1 ,,ind4 ,full of enthusiasm 
for the  present1 and determination for 
the future1 we do not for a moment doubt
  that they will be able to accomplish  
the good report which they express      
themselves so anxious to have ready in  
#ahhh4----,two readers in the village   
of ,,onarga1 ,,ill41 last year1 were the
 leaven from which has risen this  year 
a prosperous circle of eighteen members4
 ,busy mothers and teachers1  young     
ladies at home1 and one professor make  
up their membership4 ,their  methods and
 plans we hope to hear of in the        
year4----,three new circles  are        
reported from ,,michigan3 ,the          
8,mayflower0 of twenty-two members1 all 
8,plymouth ,rocks10 at ,,schoolcraft1   
where1 as they write1 they are brimming 
over with ,chautauqua enthusiasm2 a     
circle of a dozen energetic young       
people organized by the ,rev4 and ,mrs4 
,l4 ,f4 ,bickford1 at ,,pontiac1 and at 
,,climax a very enthusiastic circle of  

ten members organized in ,october       
through the effort of ,j4 ,h4 ,brown1 a 
member of the class of '#hf2 the  nine  
remaining members belong to the class of
 '#hh4 ,they follow the plan  given for 
local circles in ,,the                  
,,chautauquan4----,two circles are      
reported  from ,,iowa--a state which    
always has a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 report4 ,at
 ,,cherokee1  owing to the energetic    
efforts of a young lady graduate from   
the ,state  ,normal1 a local circle of  
eleven members was organized on         
,bryant's ,day4  ,though the plans of   
the infant association are still        
indefinite1 great  hopes are entertained
 of its ultimate success4 ,from ,,alta1 
also1 a friend  writes us of the        
8,summit ,gleaners10 a society lately   
organized4 ,they  began with four       
members1 but have quickly increased to  
eleven1 and hope  for more4 ,two or     
three of their circle are members of the
 8,pansy0 class2  the rest are of the   
class of '#hh4 ,they follow the course  

prescribed in  ,,the ,,chautauquan as   
near as possible1 for1 as they write1   
they find it  better than anything they 
can suggest4----,in ,october last a     
local circle  was organized in ,,eureka 
,,springs1 ,,arkansas4 ,special credit  
is due the  ,presbyterian minister of   
the place for working up an interest in 
the  8,chautauqua ,idea40 ,he undertook 
it at the suggestion of an earnest      
,christian lady belonging to his church1
 who has been reading the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 books for more than a year4 ,they   
have in the circle thirty members1      
nearly all of whom are reading the      
books1 and more are joining all the     
time4 ,the circle is popular4 ,the      
course of reading is well received by   
their most intelligent                  
people4----,,missouri presents the last 
new circle--a  class of seven members   
formed at ,,mound ,,city4 ,the books    
have been secured1  and they are now    
ready for work4 ,all have started with a
 determination to  finish the four      

years' course4    ,the circles of other 
years are writing us of much that is    
interesting  and suggestive4 ,many of   
their bits of circle history and circle 
social  life are so good that we feel a 
little envious2 for example1 of the good
  fortune of the circle at ,,brantford1 
,,ontario1 ,,canada1 where they were    
recently honored by a visit from        
,chancellor ,vincent4 ,the organization 
at ,brantford1 which town1 by the way1  
is a former reserve of the ,six         
,nations1 dates from ,october1 #ahhc1   
and numbers twenty-one members2 8up  to 
the standard0 they must be1 for they    
write3 8,last month we tried some  of   
the chemical experiments given in ,,the 
,,chautauquan1 some of which  proved    
quite successful4 ,another evening we   
tested an experiment made  by our       
hostess in cooking potatoes after one of
 the rules given in ,,the               
,,chautauquan1 and they were pronounced 
by all to be excellent40    ,a name we  
have1 too1 this month1 which is         

particularly pleasing to those  of us   
who read the 8,art ,readings0 of last   
year4 ,it is the 8,dorionic0  ,circle1  
of ,,biddeford1 ,,maine4 ,from its start
 the circle has been much  interested in
 ,greek history and literature4 ,in     
comparing the two  leading types of     
,grecian character1 the ,doric and the  
,ionic each found  enthusiastic         
champions4 ,excellent qualities were    
discerned in both1  and in recognition  
of the value of the combination the     
circle decided  to call itself          
8,dorionic40 ,this circle1 formed       
,november1 #ahhc1 has had  a prosperous 
and pleasant experience4 ,it now numbers
 sixty1 with new  members coming in     
every evening4 ,the ,bryant memorial    
exercises were of  special interest4    
,the president of this circle is the    
,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1  president of the  
class of '#hf4    ,the 8,alpha0 circle1 
of ,,rutland1 ,,vt41 has entered upon   
its fourth year  full of zeal and       
enthusiasm4 ,they commenced the year's  

reading promptly  on the first of       
,october4 ,in her report1 the secretary 
gives an account  of their special      
features4 8,we all craved additional    
information about  the great men in     
,roman history1 so at our last meeting  
we had five-minute  sketches of ,julius 
,csar1 ,scipio ,africanus1 ,cicero1     
,camillus1 and ,pompey1  and at our next
 meeting are to have as many more4 ,we  
are also to have an  essay on ,roman    
women4 ,a new feature with us is the    
question-box4 ,each  member is requested
 to hand in one question upon some given
 subject1  these are distributed and    
answered at the next succeeding meeting4
 ,we  observed ,bryant's ,memorial and  
passed a delightful evening40    ,the   
vigorous circle which sprang into       
existence at the beginning of the  year 
of '#hc-'hd at ,,east ,,weymouth1       
,,mass41 has had this year a very marked
  increase in its members4 ,a public    
meeting was called early in ,october and
  its effects were soon evident in the  

dozen new names which were added to     
their roll4 ,much of the energy with    
which the circle has been enabled to    
begin its work is attributed to the     
inspiration which the members who       
visited the ,framingham ,assembly       
gathered from its inspiring meetings4   
,this spirit seems to have spread       
through all ,new ,england4 ,the circles 
are teeming with new ideas and swelling 
with numbers4 ,at ,,gloucester1         
,,mass41 where the 8,prospect0 ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c4 was organized in #ahhc1 they    
have  a membership of nineteen1 and have
 begun the year expecting large things  
in the future4 ,at ,,reading1 ,,mass41 a
 8,triangle0 of young ladies is meeting 
fortnightly to compare notes and talk   
over the readings4 ,they find the       
course valuable1 and send us the        
encouraging word that soon they hope to 
unite the several readers in the town   
into a circle4 ,and the 8,hurlbut0      
circle of ,,east ,,boston are writing a 
book--8,a ,cyclopdia of ,animal ,life40 

,each member in turn prepares his or her
 paper with a good deal of care1        
obtaining information from standard     
works of reference4 ,the writer must    
confine himself to four pages--letter   
paper size--and as he is expected to    
describe two representatives of the     
animal kingdom within this compass1  he 
must select the most important and      
interesting characteristics1 and        
condense his statements4 ,the ,cyclopdia
 is necessarily limited--but ten        
representatives of each letter of the   
alphabet4 ,the members of the           
8,hurlbut0 circle are learning strange  
and beautiful things concerning  animal 
life4    ,some of the 8old circles0 are 
new to us4 ,such is the one at ,,new    
,,canaan1  ,,conn41 whence a friend     
writes3 8,you ought to have been        
informed last  year of the existence of 
a flourishing ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in this   
place4 ,we  have twenty members1 with   
the promise of others4 ,our meetings are
 both  pleasant and profitable1 each    

member faithfully doing his part4       
,during  the past year we had some very 
interesting programs4 ,our members are  
enjoying the work4 ,we are greatly      
pleased with ,,the ,,chautauquan40 ,the 
growth and energy started during the    
summer is not confined to ,new          
,england1 either4 ,there is a word from 
,,long ,,island1 which is as ringing  as
 any ,framingham report4 ,it comes from 
,,east ,,norwich1 where the circle  was 
reorganized this year with a regular    
membership of eighteen4 ,their  meetings
 are held in a very pleasant school     
house1 and are rapidly  increasing in   
interest4 ,they take great pride in the 
circle1 which they  rightly consider one
 of the best in the land4    ,at        
,,caledonia1 ,n4 ,y41 the year-old      
circle has returned to work4 ,nearly    
all the old members are back1 and       
several new ones have joined1 swelling  
the membership to twenty-seven4 ,they   
must thoroughly enjoy the course1  for  
they do all the work4 ,the secretary    

informs us that the 8,temperance        
,teachings of ,science0 have evoked     
quite a lively and interesting          
discussion which was entered into by    
nearly all present4 ,they expect that   
some time during the winter they will be
 favored with some interesting  chemical
 experiments1 performed by a prominent  
chemist of ,rochester4    ,the local    
circle at ,,harrisburg1 ,,pa41 was      
reorganized on ,september #cjth1  with  
an increased membership1 the total      
number now being fifty1 of which        
thirty-one are new members4 ,although   
the meetings of last year were very     
interesting and profitable1 those of    
this year bid fair to surpass them  in  
every way4 ,the members appear to have  
decided to do thorough work and  already
 its effect can be seen upon the        
meetings4 ,the programs are varied  and 
take in as much of the month's readings 
as it is possible to crowd in  and yet  
do justice to all4    ,eleven large     
circles are registered in ,,washington1 

,d4 ,c4 ,each month we  hear some good  
thing from them4 ,an item from the      
,washington ,evening  ,star says of the 
8,union0 circle3 8,with the approach of 
the winter season  the literary and     
social clubs of the city begin to       
attract attention1  and none have begun 
the season's work with more vim than the
 ,chautauqua  ,literary and ,scientific 
,circles1 of which there are now several
 in  the city1 all owing allegiance to  
the central organization1 whose         
headquarters are at ,plainfield1 ,new   
,jersey4 ,one of the oldest of these    
,chautauqua organizations in the city is
 #8,union' circle1 which meets every    
,thursday evening at the residence of   
the president4 ,it has a total of       
nearly thirty members1 all of whom are  
enthusiastic in the work1 and each      
meeting's exercises are of an           
interesting character4 ,some of the     
members  of #8,union' circle will       
graduate in the four years' course of   
reading next  year40 ,and the secretary 

of 8,foundry0 circle writes3            
8#8,foundry' local  circle1 of this     
city1 enters upon the third year of its 
existence with  thirty-five enthusiastic
 members4 ,our meetings are held weekly 
in the  parlor of ,foundry ,m4 ,e4      
,church4 ,we have followed some of the  
programs for  weekly meetings in ,,the  
,,chautauquan1 and have had interesting 
meetings4  ,the evening of ,october     
#bgth was given up to chemistry1 ,prof4 
,israel1 of  the ,washington ,high      
,school1 delivering an interesting      
lecture on the  subject1 and performing 
the experiments explained in ,,the      
,,chautauquan for  ,october1 and some   
others not mentioned there40    ,a new  
circle at ,,kalamazoo1 ,,mich41 has led 
the former organization to  adopt the   
title of 8,alpha0 circle4 ,this latter  
is a very lively body1 we  judge from   
their report4 ,their reorganization was 
a time for a general  meeting1 to which 
invitations were issued4 ,so well has   
the year started  off that the secretary

 writes3 8,our past four meetings have  
been so  very enjoyable that the closing
 hour--ten o'clock--comes only too soon4
  ,one feature of the evenings which has
 caused us the greatest sport has  been 
the #8pronouncing' match 7also          
#8questions and answers' match71 which  
was carried on as a spelling match1     
choosing sides1 etc42 the one who  first
 takes his seat through failure must    
favor the society with a song1          
suggested by the fortunate one4 ,the    
roll-call responded to by quotations1   
as suggested in ,,the ,,chautauquan1    
monthly report1 essays and impromptu    
speeches form pleasing variety4 ,a      
speech on a given subject is required   
as penalty for former absence4 ,then1   
too1 the music6 ,how we enjoy that  part
 of the program6 ,as our musical        
committee varies each ,monday evening1  
singing or playing often falls to the   
lot of non-musicians1 who amuse us  by  
compliance2 on one occasion an organ    
grinder's instrument was secured  for   

the evening's entertainment40    ,an    
,egyptian campaign in the interests of  
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is being  organized 
at ,,metropolis1 in ,,illinois4 ,have   
they a ,chinese ,gordon1 we  wonder1 to 
conduct their forces8 ,they must have a 
leader as efficient1  surely1 for they  
write that their circle1 strengthened by
 a goodly  increase1 organized promptly 
at the beginning of the year1 that their
  former members belonging to the class 
of '#hf are becoming more in  earnest as
 the year advances1 and that they are   
planning to go down into  ,egypt1 an    
expedition which has the heartiest good 
wishes of us all4----,at  ,,aurora1     
,,ill41 too1 a campaign was planned for 
the fall1 which proved  most successful4
 ,the secretary of the 8,first0 circle  
of that city1 while  at ,chautauqua1    
planned a ,round-,table1 at which the   
three circles should  unite in          
celebrating 8,opening ,day40 ,a very    
entertaining program was  prepared1 and 
,chancellor ,vincent kindly wrote them a

 letter of greeting2  the hope that the 
circle had had of increasing their      
membership by this  union meeting was   
not disappointed4 ,aurora now boasts    
five circles1  each numbering from      
eighteen to twenty members4             
,,illinois also sends us a chapter of   
history this month which is very good   
reading4 ,it is from the ,,winchester   
circle3 8,our circle has just entered   
its fourth year's work1 with nine       
members4 ,having consisted mainly1 in   
previous years1 of teachers1 our number 
has been fluctuating4 ,since  ,october1 
#ahhj1 we have enrolled eighteen names1 
nearly all of whom proved  zealous      
workers4 ,at present we have only two of
 the original number1 who  are called   
the #8,veterans4' ,during the summer of 
#ahha two of our members  went on to    
attend the convention2 that of #ahhb was
 spent by three of  them on #8,a ,tour  
,around the ,world1' in ,,the           
,,chautauquan2 and the recent  vacation1
 that of #ahhc1 was devoted to the      

#8,art ,papers' of last year2  by the   
way1 when those appeared in the journal1
 they seemed so fully to  meet the wants
 of some of the members that an #8,art  
,branch' was promptly  organized and a  
thorough study of the subject commenced4
 ,as we took up  each artist separately1
 and only held our branch meetings every
 two  weeks1 we did not finish with the 
year's work1 nor are we through yet1    
having gotten as far as ,rubens in the  
,may number of #ahhd4 ,we feel repaid  a
 thousand times for doing the extra     
work4 ,last year ,prof4 ,j4 ,m4 ,crow1  
of ,grinnell1 ,iowa1 a student of       
,leipsic ,university1 and a gentleman   
who  has made several trips to ,europe1 
lectured for us on #8,greece and the    
,parthenon4' ,this year we propose to   
hold an extra meeting each month1       
invite our friends in1 and thus strive  
to convince them that the ,c4 ,l4  ,s4  
,c4 work is not superficial 7as some    
have the impression74 ,we defend  our   
,alma ,mater from the attacks of the    

skeptical1 with almost as  much energy  
as #8,horatius held the bridge1' and    
trust we are laying the  foundation for 
a circle that will flourish in the      
future4 ,our president  and others of   
the class hope to represent us at       
,chautauqua next summer4  ,miss ,m4     
,huston1 our former enthusiastic        
president1 is now a teacher in          
,california1 whither she has doubtless  
carried the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 spirit4     
,since taking up the course1 the        
hitherto dismal days of fall have become
  golden ones1 and life has grown       
sweeter1 brighter and better40    ,a    
local circle was organized in the little
 village of ,,blue ,,earth ,,city1      
,,minn41 several months since1 with     
about ten members1 now increased to     
thirteen4 ,they meet every ,tuesday     
evening at the house of some member4    
,their reading is confined to the       
magazine principally2 each gives some   
item of news at the opening of the      
meeting1 then questions are asked on    

the preceding lesson1 and persons are   
appointed to look up and report  at the 
next meeting any subject which may arise
 in connection with the  lesson4 ,they  
are all greatly interested and feel that
 the meetings are  a benefit1 as well as
 a help in cultivating among the members
 a better  acquaintance and more        
friendly relations4    ,from            
,,fairfield1 ,,iowa1 a friend writes3   
8,we would like to report ourselves  as 
living and active in our work4 ,this new
 year has opened auspiciously4  ,our    
circle numbers twenty-five are not found
 outside the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  ,we are   
known as the #8,hawkeye ,arc1' have our 
meetings weekly and hope to  greatly    
profit by the studies of the year4 ,we  
have met a serious loss in  the death of
 our president1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,d4 ,ewing1   
the wife of the president  of ,parson's 
,college1 of this place4 ,she was a lady
 of culture and liberal  education1 and 
gave her best efforts to the advancement
 of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  ,c4 in this1 her   

adopted home4 ,but we are glad that     
while many of our  associates are called
 to #8come up higher1' the work does not
 languish  and is still exerting the    
beneficent influence of this wonderful  
band of  reading ones40    ,,norfolk1   
,,nebraska1 is as far as we can go west 
this month4 ,a live1  enterprising      
circle at that point is working with a  
western vim4 ,they  seem to take a      
rather unusual pride in being 8like     
everybody else10  but when we remember  
the points of resemblance1 it is not    
surprising  that they should be proud4  
,they send word3 8,all bear stories open
 with  #8once upon a time1' so all      
reports of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4s read1 #8,our
 circle was  organized on such an       
evening1 and consists of lawyers1       
doctors1 bankers1  ministers1 merchants1
 and their wives and daughters2 all     
intelligent1  enthusiastic workers1'    
etc4 ,ours is no exception to this rule4
 ,we have  twenty-five members with     
three officers1 president1 vice1 and    

secretary4  ,as variety hath charms1 our
 president is authorized to appoint a   
new  leader for each evening1 and as no 
two men or women of different           
professions have minds made after the   
same mould1 we succeed in the  variety4 
,especially do we succeed in this       
particular1 when we undertake  to       
pronounce the ,greek words found in the 
readings40          ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 ,,classes4      ,,class ,,of #ahhe4 
8,press on1 reaching after those things 
which are before40      ,,officers4     
,president--,j4 ,b4 ,underwood1         
,meriden1 ,conn4      ,vice             
,president--,c4 ,m4 ,nichols1           
,springfield1 ,ohio4                    
,treasurer--,miss ,carrie ,hart1        
,aurora1 ,ind4      ,secretary--,miss   
,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 
,executive ,committee--,officers of the 
class4    ,class badges may be procured 
of either ,president or ,treasurer4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,letters are coming to the secretary    

from members in all parts of the        
,united ,states--,kentucky1 ,maryland1  
,pennsylvania1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1         
,minnesota  and ,iowa being represented1
 and the indications are1 the           
8,invincibles0  will not be 8lost in the
 woods0 in ,august '#he4 ,those who     
attended the  camp-fire last season at  
,chautauqua will appreciate the         
foregoing phrase4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,one            
enthusiastic young lady writes3 8,i have
 read the course alone1 could  not form 
here even a #8straight line' or a       
#8triangle2'0 another1 8,i am  alone in 
my studies1 but hope to meet and greet  
my fellow-laborers #8under  the         
arches4'0 ,such courage is truly        
8,invincible0 and should be rewarded  by
 an extra seal4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,letters ending 
8,your ,chautauqua friend10 8hoping to  
clasp hands with  you at ,chautauqua in 
,august '#he10 etc41 make one feel      
8,chautauqua0 is  the magic word that   

draws us together as links in the great 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  chain1 and that        
friendships formed through its medium   
may continue even  after we have        
8finished our course40 8,for so the     
whole round earth is  every way bound by
 gold chains about the feet of ,god40   
,,class ,,of '#hf4    8,we study for    
light1 to bless with light40            
,,class ,,organization4                 
,president--,the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1   
,biddeford1 ,maine4    ,vice            
,presidents--,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4         
,whitley1 ,salisbury1 ,maryland2 ,mr4   
,l4 ,f4  ,houghton1 ,peoria1 ,illinois2 
,mr4 ,walter ,y4 ,morgan1 ,cleveland1   
,ohio2 ,mrs4  ,delia ,browne1           
,louisville1 ,kentucky2 ,miss ,florence 
,finch1 ,palestine1 ,texas4             
,secretary--,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,austin1 
,dunkirk1 ,new ,york4      ,,new        
,,england ,,organization4    ,class     
,headquarters was a new and most        
pleasant feature at ,framingham  last   
summer1 and one which the limited hall  

accommodations rendered a  necessity4   
,the class tent was tastefully          
decorated1 and over the entrance  was   
displayed the device of the class--a    
hand passing a lighted torch  to another
 hand--with the class motto1 8,we study 
for light to bless  with light40 ,the   
committee having the matter in charge   
hope to provide  suitable accommodations
 for the class at the ,assembly next    
season4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,a very pleasant reunion 
was held in ,normal ,hall1 ,thursday1   
,july #bd1 at #aj  a4 m4 ,the exercises 
consisted of an address by the          
president1 the ,rev4  ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1 of 
,biddeford1 ,me41 and stirring speeches 
by representatives  from several states1
 with reading of original and selected  
articles4 ,a  most interesting item on  
the program was the reading of the well 
known  poem1 8,no sect in ,heaven10 by  
,mr4 ,c4 ,cleveland1 of ,hartford1      
,conn41  son of the authoress1 who is   
also a member of the class4 ,miss ,gelia

 ,h4  ,tewkesbury 7,helen ,hawthorne7   
was unanimously elected class poetess4  
,hon4  ,wm4 ,claflin1 ex-,governor of   
,massachusetts1 was made an honorary    
member of  the class4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,six   
hundred and forty-eight names from one  
hundred and seventy-three  towns are now
 enrolled1 only a fraction of the whole 
number4 ,will all  members of ,class    
'#hf in ,new ,england1 who have not yet 
registered1 please  send their names and
 address1 stating whether they are      
studying alone or  in a circle1 and the 
name of the circle1 to the ,new ,england
 ,secretary at  their earliest          
convenience8           99       99      
99       99       99    ,the following  
officers were elected for the ensuing   
year3    ,president1 the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4  
,snow1 ,biddeford1 ,me42 ,vice          
,presidents1 ,miss  ,emily ,jordan1     
,alfred1 ,me41 ,edwin ,f4 ,reeves1      
,laconia1 ,n4 ,h41 the ,rev4 ,j4  ,h4   
,babbitt1 ,swanton1 ,vt41 ,chas4        

,wainwright1 ,lawrence1 ,mass41 ,h4     
,howard  ,pepper1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 
the ,rev4 ,a4 ,gardner1 ,buckingham1    
,conn42  ,secretary and ,treasurer1     
,mary ,r4 ,hinckley1 ,new ,bedford1     
,mass4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,a new badge bearing the 
emblem of the class is proposed4 ,if it 
is adopted  further particulars will be 
given hereafter4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,ida ,m4        
,grisell1 of the class of '#hf1 died at 
her home in ,upper ,sandusky1  ,ohio1   
,june #cj1 #ahhd4 ,she was an           
enthusiastic ,chautauquan1 having       
remarked  shortly before her death that 
life seemed so much more worth living   
since  she had taken the course4        
,,class ,,of '#hg--8,,the ,,pansies40   
,from ,de ,soto1 ,mo41 comes news of    
most vigorous work in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c41 a  large circle of enterprising    
members and a program for the observance
 of  the ,bryant ,day1 that tells of a  
meeting of rare interest4           99  

99       99       99       99    ,the   
,rev4 ,n4 ,b4 ,fisk1 of ,woburn1 ,mass41
 class of '#hg1 is the secretary and    
treasurer of the ,board of ,trustees who
 have in hand the erection of the       
8,hall on the ,hill0 for ,new ,england's
 accommodation at ,framingham4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,in the ,november number of ,,the       
,,chautauquan the ,new ,england branch  
of the  ,class of '#hg was given three  
presidents4 ,the ,rev4 ,f4 ,m4 ,gardner1
 of  ,lawrence1 ,mass41 is the          
president2 the other two names should   
have been  grouped with the vice        
presidents4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,newspaper      
notices of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work         
sometimes do more than we expect4       
,circles in the country and smaller     
towns read programs of meetings and     
other ,chautauqua items with a good deal
 of interest1 and often get             
encouragement from seeing what others   
are doing4 ,the papers are glad to  get 

the notices4 ,we advise circles to use  
them freely1 and to publish  in their   
local papers notices of the memorial    
days1 with a list of the  reading for   
those days4 ,try it4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,the   
8,pansy0 bed at ,chautauqua1 projected  
as a testimonial improvement by  the    
class of '#hg1 is in the hands of a     
committee who are to secure a good      
location and carry the matter to        
completion4 ,it will be placed near the 
,amphitheater1 a little toward ,mrs4    
,alden's cottage4 ,already a number of  
most exquisite designs have been        
furnished by widely separated members of
  the class4 ,when agreed upon the      
description will be given in our column4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,one ,new ,england         
minister1 who is a member of '#hg1      
writes3 8,i consider  this ,chautauqua  
business a part of my pastoral duties2  
it is so saturated  with the spirit of  
,jesus1 emanating from such a           

consecrated man as ,dr4  ,vincent1 and  
comprehending so much of the devotional1
 aggressive1 and  persuasive in         
religion4 ,i have a ,congregational     
church in a hotbed of  infidelity and   
heresy1 and can see very plainly that   
such books as  #8,philosophy of the     
,plan of ,salvation' and #8,evidences1' 
together with  the devout spirit of the 
whole plan1 are making an impression    
among the  skeptical and shaking them   
somewhat in their infidel               
intrenchments40           99       99   
99       99       99    ,a ,michigan    
mother nearly sixty years old writes a  
letter1 touchingly  grateful that the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was ever organized4 ,she
 has two sons who  are members with her 
of the class of '#hg1 and who are       
herders of cattle  in ,new ,mexico4 ,she
 says no one can appreciate her joy at  
the assurance  that they are held by    
their reading to the improvement of     
their time1 and  thus escape the evils  
that work the ruin of many boys away    

from home4 ,she  with them forms a      
circle4 ,their meetings are only through
 correspondence4  ,neither has ever seen
 ,chautauqua1 or any other summer       
,assembly1 but they  bless the plan of  
improvement whose privileges they share4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,among pleasant ,c4 ,l4 ,s4
 ,c4 experiences which are found among  
the members  of '#hg1 as among those of 
the other classes1 is the case of an    
engineer  on the railway west from      
,chicago4 ,the last argument he made to 
his wife  why he could not join the     
class and do the reading was that he    
would  unavoidably so soil his books    
that she could not tolerate them in     
their  cosy cottage home4 ,she said1    
8,try it1 and ,i will clean every soiled
  page the year through and have them   
tastily on our little shelves40 ,he     
agreed to undertake it4 ,she found no   
small task upon her hands1 but she  did 
it by pinching her allowance to the     
purchase of a duplicate for each        

successive book1 to which joyous        
accomplishment on her part her husband  
points with pride in his growing        
library4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,quite a large proportion
 of the class are going on with the     
reading this  second year4 ,but the     
number can be increased by a little     
personal effort  on the part of those   
who have the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 enthusiasm4
 ,see that your  book stores keep the   
books ready for sale4 ,see that each    
member has one  of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  
circulars for #ahhd-e1 so that they may 
not be in  any doubt about what the     
reading for each month is4 ,help them   
about  sending for ,,the ,,chautauquan  
by forming a club and sending together1 
thus saving expense4 ,some fail to send 
in their annual fees1 but go on  with   
the reading4 ,secretaries of circles    
should collect the annual fees  of #ej  
cents1 and send on by check or          
postoffice order to ,plainfield4  ,by   
attending to these matters some will be 

kept in the ranks who would  otherwise  
fall behind4 ,if any one can not do the 
prescribed reading just  as directed in 
,,the ,,chautauquan1 week by week or day
 by day1 let such try  to keep a little 
in advance1 rather than behind4 ,the    
officers of circles  ought to keep in   
advance especially1 so as to be ready to
 arrange some  parts of the program for 
the future meetings of their circles4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,the most of the more than two hundred  
'#hgs whose names were registered  at   
,chautauqua1 this year1 promised to     
write ,mrs4 ,alden1 ,carbondale1        
,pa4--8,pansy0--a letter of incident in 
the work1 she most kindly indicating    
her willingness to write a book1        
dedicated to the class4 ,it's one  thing
 to promise1 another to perform1 and    
while we could not think of  a          
,chautauquan who would not do as they   
agree1 the secretaries of '#hg1  with   
the president1 are very anxious to know 
if ,mrs4 ,alden has received  nearly two

 hundred letters4 ,early in the new year
 the class officials  will write to     
,carbondale to know if all the promises 
have been made good4  ,mrs4 ,alden's    
book will be grand1 every one of her    
more than fifty books  are excellent4   
,let every one of us who promised do    
gladly all that we  promised and more4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the '#hg badges were noticeably fine at
 ,chautauqua last year1 and every       
reader in that great class should have  
this badge4 ,they should be worn        
uniformly at the circles and on all     
memorial days4 ,class love 7call it     
pride if you will7 is important indeed2 
it can scarcely be overestimated4  ,you 
are and can be in but one class1 and    
that is the class to you1 and  will be  
all through life4 '#hg 8,pansy0 class is
 yours1 and you love your  classmates1  
and you are deeply interested in every  
one of them1 and will  be all along down
 through life4 ,it is true that the     
first great class  7in numbers at least7

 is '#hg1 and while we hope '#hh and    
'#hi and '#ij will  every way excel it1 
it still remains for us of '#hg to make 
the most of  every hour4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,miss  
,ellen ,a4 ,shaw1 of ,keeseville1 ,n4   
,y41 a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 of
  the class of '#hg1 entered 8that      
school where she no longer needs our    
poor  protection1 but ,christ himself   
doth rule10 on ,september #cj1 #ahhd1   
aged  nineteen years4 ,they had been    
8nineteen beautiful years10             
exceptionally  happy to herself1 and the
 source of great pleasure to all her    
friends4  ,graduating from the ,high    
,school in ,keeseville in ,june1 #ahhd1 
she  immediately took up the ,chautauqua
 ,idea1 and began the prescribed course 
in ,october following4 ,she enjoyed it  
exceedingly1 interested others in  it1  
read carefully1 and made her memoranda  
and reports faithfully until  her       
strength failed1 and she laid down her  
hopes of earthly improvement1  with     

brighter ones of the country where our  
mental powers know no fatigue  or decay4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,at a meeting of the       
8,bryant0 circle of ,worcester1 ,mass41 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41  ,october #gth1 #ahhd1 
the following memorial was adopted3     
8,whereas1 ,it has  pleased our         
,heavenly ,father to remove from our    
circle one of our beloved  members1     
,miss ,effie ,c4 ,warner1 of the class  
of '#hg1 we desire to express  our      
appreciation of her character and her   
worth as a member of our  circle4 ,her  
presence was always welcomed with       
pleasure1 and our meetings  were made   
interesting by her fine musical         
attainments1 which she was  ever ready  
to devote to the cause she loved4 ,while
 we mourn her loss1 we  bow in          
submission to the will of him who       
#8doeth all things well4' ,we are       
thankful for her pure1 gentle life1 and 
feel sure that its influence will  long 
be felt in our circle40                 

,,questions ,,and ,,answers4    ,,one   
,,hundred ,,questions ,,and ,,answers   
,,on 8,,college ,,greek ,,course ,,in   
,,english10  ,,and 8,,the ,,character   
,,of ,,jesus40    ,,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,martin1
    ,general ,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
,i4--,,fifty ,,questions ,,and ,,answers
 ,,on 8,,college ,,greek ,,course ,,in  
,,english10 ,,from  ,,commencement ,,of 
,,book ,,to ,,page #hb1 ,,inclusive4    
#a4 ,q4 ,what is the object of the      
volume1 8,college ,greek in ,english80  
,a4 ,to  furnish readers not versed in  
any tongue but the ,english1 with the   
means  of obtaining1 at their leisure1  
and without change of residence on their
  part1 approximately the same knowledge
 of ,greek letters as is imparted to    
students during a four years' stay in   
the average ,american college4    #b4   
,q4 ,what is said of the courses of     
,greek reading in colleges8 ,a4         
,various colleges have various courses  
of ,greek reading prescribed for  their 
students1 and some colleges from time to

 time vary their courses4    #c4 ,q4    
,what is the ,greek course considered in
 the present volume8 ,a4 ,a  kind of    
eclectic and average ,greek course4     
#d4 ,q4 ,in ,europe how does the        
university student accomplish his       
prescribed  course of study8 ,a4 ,in any
 way he may choose to adopt1 aiming     
simply at  being able to pass the tests 
of examination that await him only at   
long  intervals of his progress4    #e4 
,q4 ,how are the examinations of college
 students conducted in this  country8   
,a4 ,the student is examined1 not only  
at certain widely separated  stations in
 his course1 but every day4    #f4 ,q4  
,what is said of the standard of        
performance in recitation8 ,a4  ,it     
varies greatly under different teachers1
 at different colleges1 in  different   
classes4 ,it is never anywhere too high4
    #g4 ,q4 ,what is the average maximum
 accomplished in colleges in any one    
,greek author8 ,a4 ,about one hundred   
pages of text4    #h4 ,q4 ,what is      

probably a fair estimate for the average
 number of terms in  which ,greek is    
studied by the ,greek student8 ,a4 ,five
 or six terms1 and it  is rarely the    
case that to any one ,greek author more 
than a single term  is devoted4    #i4  
,q4 ,on an average how many ,greek      
authors are introduced into a college   
,greek course8 ,a4 ,six are as many as  
are perhaps introduced on an average4   
#aj4 ,q4 ,what is the plan in the       
present book8 ,a4 ,to give the readers a
  taste of some ten or twelve ,greek    
authors1 representing four departments  
of ,greek literature4    #aa4 ,q4 ,what 
are the four departments of ,greek      
literature represented8 ,a4  ,history1  
philosophy1 poetry1 and eloquence4      
#ab4 ,q4 ,who are the historians        
represented8 ,a4 ,herodotus and         
,thucydides4    #ac4 ,q4 ,what title has
 been bestowed upon ,herodotus8 ,a4 ,the
 father of  history4    #ad4 ,q4 ,how   
many years may have elapsed after ,homer
 wrote the world's  first great epic1   

before ,herodotus wrote the world's     
first great history8  ,a4 ,five hundred 
years4    #ae4 ,q4 ,when did ,thucydides
 write his historical masterpiece8 ,a4  
,promptly  after ,herodotus--perhaps    
while ,herodotus was still among the    
living4    #af4 ,q4 ,what makes         
,herodotus differ so much in seeming    
antiquity from his  younger             
contemporary1 ,thucydides8 ,a4 ,it is   
largely the striking contrast  in tone  
and manner between the two historians4  
#ag4 ,q4 ,what has gained for ,herodotus
 a traditional and popular repute  of   
untrustworthiness1 that he is far from  
deserving8 ,a4 ,his credulity1  together
 with his plan of reporting reports1 to 
a great extent  irrespective of their   
probable truth4    #ah4 ,q4 ,what is    
said of ,herodotus's efforts to gain    
information8 ,a4 ,he  was very          
painstaking in his efforts to gain      
information1 and traveled  extensively4 
#ai4 ,q4 ,what does the word history in 
its present universal usage mean8 ,a4   

,a supposedly trustworthy account1      
written with a degree of philosophical  
insight into cause and effect1 of       
transactions rising to a certain height 
of importance and dignity4    #bj4 ,q4  
,in the use of ,herodotus what did the  
word history mean8 ,a4 ,merely  a report
 of investigations1 researches1         
inquiries undertaken by the  author4    
#ba4 ,q4 ,what is there to the          
conception of ,herodotus's work8 ,a4 ,a 
kind of  epic majesty and sweep4    #bb4
 ,q4 ,where and when was ,herodotus     
born8 ,a4 ,in ,halicarnassus1 a ,dorian 
,greek colony on the coast of ,asia     
,minor1 about #dhd ,b4 ,c4    #bc4 ,q4  
,when and where did ,herodotus die8 ,a4 
,when and where he died is not          
certainly known4    #bd4 ,q4 ,what made 
up to ,herodotus the whole world of     
mankind8 ,a4 ,the  ,greeks and the      
,barbarians4    #be4 ,q4 ,what are the  
ultimate objective points at which he   
aims8 ,a4 ,first1  ,marathon1 and then  
,thermopyl and ,salamis1 with ,plata and

 ,mycale4    #bf4 ,q4 ,to reach these   
points what start does the history take8
 ,a4 ,from  the origin of those empires 
older than the ,persian1 which in due   
time the  ,persian received and         
swallowed up4    #bg4 ,q4 ,of what      
countries does it fall within the       
comprehensive design of  the history to 
treat8 ,a4 ,of ,lydia1 ,egypt1 ,babylon1
 ,scythia1 ,libya1 as  well as of       
,persia and ,greece4    #bh4 ,q4 ,from  
what fact does the book on ,egypt have a
 peculiar interest8  ,a4 ,from the fact 
of its being the only literature to     
furnish information  concerning that    
country parallel with the information   
contained in the  ,bible4    #bi4 ,q4   
,to what parts of the history does the  
present author chiefly limit  himself8  
,a4 ,to the story of ,crsus and the     
invasion of ,xerxes4    #cj4 ,q4 ,what  
do these two parts together best        
illustrate8 ,a4 ,the peculiar  theory of
 human life upon which ,herodotus       
conceived and composed his  history4    

#ca4 ,q4 ,how does ,crsus come in our   
historian's way8 ,a4 ,as having1        
according to ,herodotus1 been the first 
,asiatic to commence hostilities        
against the ,greeks4    #cb4 ,q4 ,what  
,greek colonies did ,crsus bring under  
his dominion8 ,a4 ,the  ,greek colonies 
in ,asia ,minor4    #cc4 ,q4 ,of what   
empire was ,crsus the ruler8 ,a4 ,the   
,lydian empire4    #cd4 ,q4 ,for whom   
did ,sardis1 the capital of the ,lydian 
empire1 become the  resort8 ,a4 ,for the
 sages of ,greece4    #ce4 ,q4 ,whom    
among the ,greek celebrities to visit   
him did ,crsus make his  own guest1 and 
lodge him in his palace8 ,a4 ,solon4    
#cf4 ,q4 ,with what is the first        
considerable extract from ,herodotus    
made by  our author occupied8 ,a4 ,with 
an account of a conversation between    
,solon  and ,crsus4    #cg4 ,q4 ,against
 whom did ,crsus make war8 ,a4 ,cyrus1  
king of ,persia4    #ch4 ,q4 ,what was  
the result of the war in which ,crsus   
engaged with ,cyrus8  ,a4 ,sardis was   

taken by ,cyrus and ,crsus made a       
captive4    #ci4 ,q4 ,how was ,crsus    
treated by ,cyrus after he became his   
prisoner8 ,a4  ,he was made his         
companion and counselor4    #dj4 ,q4 ,an
 account of the capture of what city by 
,cyrus is given in the  extracts from   
,herodotus8 ,a4 ,the capture of         
,babylon4    #da4 ,q4 ,to what is nearly
 the entire second book of ,herodotus's 
history  devoted8 ,a4 ,to an account of 
,egypt1 the land and the people4    #db4
 ,q4 ,what plan has our author followed 
in making extracts from  ,herodotus's   
history of the invasion of ,greece by   
,xerxes8 ,a4 ,a few salient  anecdotes  
are selected from the full store        
supplied by ,herodotus4    #dc4 ,q4     
,what aim are the selections made to    
serve8 ,a4 ,not only to show the  matter
 and method of ,herodotus1 but to       
illustrate the characters of two  men in
 particular1 brought into the strong    
light of mutual contrast by  the        
struggle--,xerxes and ,themistocles4    

#dd4 ,q4 ,to what is the fact due that  
,thucydides is not so entertaining  a   
historian as ,herodotus8 ,a4 ,partly to 
the nature of his subject2 but  partly  
to the nature of the man4    #de4 ,q4   
,what does ,thucydides describe in his  
history8 ,a4 ,the so-called             
,peloponnesian war4    #df4 ,q4 ,to what
 conflict is this name given8 ,a4 ,to a 
conflict1 continued  with little        
interruption during twenty-seven years1 
between ,sparta1 with  her allies1 on   
the one side1 and ,athens1 with her     
allies1 on the other4    #dg4 ,q4 ,what 
was the prize contended for in this war8
 ,a4 ,the leadership in  ,hellenic      
affairs4    #dh4 ,q4 ,how did           
,thucydides regard the ,peloponnesian   
war8 ,a4 ,he thought  that never in the 
world had there been a war so great as  
promised in its  imminency to be the    
,peloponnesian war4    #di4 ,q4 ,in what
 particulars is the history of          
,thucydides important8 ,a4  ,not as     
history1 but1 first1 as literature1 and 

secondly1 as fund of  illustration for  
the ,greek national genius1 it is of the
 very highest  importance4    #ej4 ,q4  
,in what form is it composed8 ,a4 ,in   
the form of annals1 that is1  the events
 and incidents are related              
chronologically by years4               
,,ii4--,,fifty ,,questions ,,and        
,,answers ,,on 8,,the ,,character ,,of  
,,jesus40    #ea4 ,q4 ,what is the      
design of the author in the argument of 
the book under  consideration8 ,a4 ,to  
show the self-evidencing1 superhuman    
character of  ,christ1 forbidding his   
possible classification with men4       
#eb4 ,q4 ,what is the grand peculiarity 
of the sacred writings8 ,a4 ,that they  
deal in supernatural events and         
transactions1 and show the fact of a    
celestial institution finally erected on
 earth4    #ec4 ,q4 ,who is the central 
figure of ,christianity8 ,a4 ,jesus     
,christ1 and  with him the entire fabric
 either stands or falls4    #ed4 ,q4 ,in
 the argument1 what is1 and what is not 

assumed1 in regard to  the narrative by 
which the manner and facts of the life  
of ,jesus are  reported to us8 ,a4 ,the 
truth of the narrative is not assumed1  
but only  the representations themselves
 as being just what they are4    #ee4   
,q4 ,on what is it proposed to rest a   
principal argument for  ,christianity as
 a supernatural institution8 ,a4 ,on the
 single question of  the more than human
 character of ,jesus4    #ef4 ,q4 ,what 
is the first peculiarity at the root of 
his character8 ,a4  ,that he begins life
 with a perfect youth4    #eg4 ,q4 ,what
 is the early character of ,jesus in    
this respect8 ,a4 ,it is a  picture that
 stands by itself4    #eh4 ,q4 ,what    
element in the character of ,jesus in   
his maturity do we  discover at once    
which distinguishes it from all human   
characters8 ,a4 ,his  innocence4    #ei4
 ,q4 ,how does human piety begin8 ,a4   
,with repentance4    #fj4 ,q4 ,what does
 ,christ1 in the character given him1   
acknowledge as to  sin8 ,a4 ,he never   

acknowledges sin4    #fa4 ,q4 ,what     
elements of character was ,christ able  
perfectly to unite8  ,a4 ,elements of   
character that others find the greatest 
difficulty in  uniting1 however unevenly
 and partially4    #fb4 ,q4 ,what       
attitude of ,jesus is distinct from any 
that was ever taken  by a sane man1 and 
is yet triumphantly sustained8 ,a4 ,the 
attitude of  supremacy toward the race1 
and inherent affinity or oneness with   
,god4    #fc4 ,q4 ,what is there        
peculiar in the passive side of the     
character of  ,jesus8 ,a4 ,in opposition
 to the impression of the world         
generally1 ,christ  connects the        
non-resisting and gentle passivities    
with a character of the  severest       
grandeur and majesty4    #fd4 ,q4 ,what 
is it easy to distinguish in what is    
called preminently the  passion of      
,christ8 ,a4 ,a character which         
separates it from all mere human        
martyrdoms4    #fe4 ,q4 ,in what way    
does ,christ show himself to be a       

superhuman character  even more         
sublimely than in the personal traits   
exhibited in his life8  ,a4 ,in the     
undertakings1 works1 and teachings1 by  
which he proved his  ,messiahship4      
#ff4 ,q4 ,what was the grand idea in the
 mission of ,christ8 ,a4 ,to new-create 
the human race and restore it to ,god1  
in the unity of a spiritual kingdom4    
#fg4 ,q4 ,how is the plan of ,christ    
related to time8 ,a4 ,it is a plan as   
universal in time as it is in the scope 
of its objects4    #fh4 ,q4 ,with whom  
does ,christ take rank8 ,a4 ,he takes   
rank with the poor1  and grounds all the
 immense expectations of his cause on a 
beginning made  with the lowly and      
dejected classes of the world4    #fi4  
,q4 ,hitherto what opinion had prevailed
 among all the great statesmen  and     
philosophers of the world1 in regard to 
a great change or reform in  society    
beginning with the poor8 ,a4 ,no        
philosopher who had conceived  the      
notion of building up an ideal state or 

republic ever thought of  beginning with
 the poor4    #gj4 ,q4 ,where was any   
hope of reaching the world by any scheme
 of social  regeneration to begin8 ,a4  
,with the higher classes1 and through   
them  operate its results4    #ga4 ,q4  
,how is the more than human character of
 ,jesus further displayed in  his thus  
identifying himself with the poor8 ,a4  
,in the fact that he was  yet able to do
 it without eliciting any feeling of    
partisanship in them4    #gb4 ,q4 ,what 
is noticed first of all in the teaching 
of ,christ8 ,a4 ,the  perfect           
originality and independence of his     
teaching4    #gc4 ,q4 ,what is not to be
 detected by any sign in his teaching8  
,a4 ,that  the human sphere in which he 
moved imparted anything to him4    #gd4 
,q4 ,by what methods does he not teach8 
,a4 ,he does not teach by the  human    
methods4    #ge4 ,q4 ,in what particular
 does he never reveal the infirmity so  
commonly  shown by human teachers8 ,a4  
,he never veers a little from the point1

 or  turns his doctrine off by shades of
 variation to catch the assent of       
multitudes4    #gf4 ,q4 ,what is one    
remarkable fact that distinguishes      
,christ from any  other known teacher of
 the world8 ,a4 ,words could never turn 
him to a  one-sided view of anything4   
#gg4 ,q4 ,what was the relation of      
,christ to the superstitions of his     
times8  ,a4 ,he was perfectly clear of  
all the current superstitions4    #gh4  
,q4 ,of what did ,christ never take the 
ground or boast the distinction8  ,a4   
,of a liberal among his countrymen4     
#gi4 ,q4 ,what is a remarkable and even 
superhuman distinction of ,jesus  in    
regard to the simplicity of his         
teachings8 ,a4 ,while he is advancing   
doctrines so far transcending all       
deductions of philosophy1 and opening   
mysteries that defy all human powers of 
explication1 he is yet able to  set his 
teachings in a form of simplicity that  
accommodates all classes  of minds4     
#hj4 ,q4 ,what form for truth was ,jesus

 first able to find8 ,a4 ,a form for    
truth adequate to all the world's uses4 
#ha4 ,q4 ,what is the character of the  
,god that ,christ revealed8 ,a4 ,god    
whom the humblest artisan can teach1 and
 all mankind embrace with a faith  that 
unifies them all4    #hb4 ,q4 ,in what  
has the morality of ,jesus a potential  
superiority to that  of all human       
teachers8 ,a4 ,in the fact that it is   
not an artistic or  theoretically       
elaborated scheme1 but one that is      
propounded in precepts  that carry their
 own evidence4    #hc4 ,q4 ,what is a   
high distinction of ,christ's character 
as seen in his  teachings8 ,a4 ,that he 
is never anxious for the success of his 
doctrines4    #hd4 ,q4 ,in what was the 
character of ,jesus different from that 
of all the  mere men of the race as     
shown by familiarity8 ,a4 ,instead of   
being reduced  in eminence1 as human    
characters are1 it was raised and made  
sacred by  familiarity4    #he4 ,q4     
,what two questions now remain which the

 argument of the author  requires to be 
answered8 ,a4 ,did any such being as    
,jesus actually exist8  and1 if so1 was 
he a sinless character8    #hf4 ,q4     
,what can we believe more easily than   
that ,christ was a man1 and  yet a      
perfect character1 such as here given8  
,a4 ,we can believe any  miracle more   
easily4    #hg4 ,q4 ,if ,jesus was a    
sinner1 of what was he conscious8 ,a4   
,he was  conscious of sin1 as all       
sinners are1 and1 therefore1 was a      
hypocrite in  the whole fabric of his   
character4    #hh4 ,q4 ,what would such 
an example of successful hypocrisy be of
 itself8  ,a4 ,the greatest miracle ever
 heard of in the world4    #hi4 ,q4     
,what is ,mr4 ,parker's estimate of the 
doctrine of ,christ8 ,a4 8,he  pours out
 a doctrine beautiful as the light1     
sublime as heaven1 and true  as ,god40  
#ij4 ,q4 ,what is the first conclusion  
reached by our author in his  argument8 
,a4 ,that ,christ actually lived and    
bore the real character  ascribed to him

 in history4    #ia4 ,q4 ,what is the   
second conclusion8 ,a4 ,that he was a   
sinless character4    #ib4 ,q4 ,what is 
it incredible and contrary to reason to 
suppose of a being  out of humanity8 ,a4
 ,that he will be shut up within all the
 limitations of  humanity4    #ic4 ,q4  
,jesus being a miracle himself1 if he   
did not work miracles what  would it be8
 ,a4 ,it would be the greatest of all   
miracles4    #id4 ,q4 ,what is said of  
the mythical hypothesis to account for  
the  ,christian miracles advanced by the
 critics who deny them8 ,a4 ,it is      
itself  impossible4    #ie4 ,q4 ,what   
have the evangelists been able to give  
us concerning ,christ8  ,a4 ,a doctrine 
upon which the world has never advanced1
 and a character so  deep that the      
richest hearts have felt nothing deeper1
 and added nothing  to the sentiment of 
it4    #if4 ,q4 ,of what are these      
mighty works of ,jesus1 which have been 
done and  duly certified1 a fit         
expression to us8 ,a4 ,of the fact that 

he can do for  us all that we want4     
#ig4 ,q4 ,what does our author call the 
spirit of ,jesus unabridged8 ,a4 ,the   
great miracle of ,christianity4    #ih4 
,q4 ,what only can draw the soul to     
faith1 and open it to the power of  a   
supernatural and new-creative mercy8 ,a4
 ,nothing but to say1 8,jesus of        
,nazareth1 a man approved of ,god by    
miracles and signs which ,god did by    
him40    #ii4 ,q4 ,in what way are all  
the conditions of life raised by the    
advent of  ,jesus8 ,a4 ,by the meaning  
he has shown to be in them1 and the     
grace he has  put upon them4    #ajj4   
,q4 ,what does our author say it would  
be easier to do than to get the         
character of ,jesus out of the world8   
,a4 ,it were easier to untwist all the  
beams of light in the sky1 separating   
and expunging one of the colors4        
,,the ,,chautauqua ,,university4        
,,the ,,correspondence ,,schools4       
,,by ,,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,holmes1 ,a4,m4   
8,what is the relation of the           

,correspondence ,schools to the         
,university80    8,i am a member of the 
,correspondence ,class in ,german2 am ,i
 also a member  of the ,university80    
,correspondents have recently asked     
these questions4 ,they are important    
enough to receive public answer1 since  
they represent many of the same  import4
 ,they exhibit an uncertainty concerning
 the relation of the  ,university to    
other ,chautauqua institutions1 which   
should be removed4 ,to  accomplish it is
 our present purpose4    ,we answer the 
first easily4 ,there is no relation     
between the ,university  and the        
,correspondence ,schools2 the latter    
have ceased to exist as  separate       
institutions4 ,we answer the second     
easily1 though this answer  may seem to 
contradict the former4 ,a member of the 
,correspondence ,class  in ,german is1  
and is not1 a member of the ,university4
 ,both answers are  true4 ,the separate 
existence of the ,correspondence ,school
 has ceased1  but its existence in the  

,university as the ,college of ,modern  
,languages  continues4    ,again1       
although members of the ,correspondence 
,school are thus in the  ,university1   
they are not matriculated members1 not  
having met the  matriculation           
requirement4 ,the faculty is unchanged4 
,dr4 ,worman directs  the ,college of   
,modern ,languages2 ,prof4 ,lalande the 
,department of ,french4    ,but the     
answers thus given do not meet the      
spirit of the questions4 ,to  do this we
 must review the history which has      
resulted in the ,chautauqua             
,university4 ,the ,chautauqua ,summer   
,school of ,languages held its first    
session in the summer of #ahgi4 ,it made
 no claim to originality4 ,it was  among
 the earlier of these popular schools1  
and has achieved an enviable            
reputation4 ,it ranged itself from the  
outset on the side of the so called     
8new education40 ,it adopted the system 
of ,pestalozzi1 and announced to  the   
world the opening of a school for       

instruction in language by the  natural 
method4 ,six schools were organized with
 a brilliant corps of  teachers4 ,after 
the lapse of six years1 it is the candid
 judgment of  a careful observer1 that  
better teaching has never been done on  
this  continent than was done in that   
first session of the ,chautauqua ,summer
  ,school4 ,the original heads of the   
,french and ,german ,schools still      
occupy  their positions with honor alike
 to themselves and to ,chautauqua1 while
  the standard of excellence has never  
been higher than at the present hour4   
,the session of the ,summer ,school     
lasted for six weeks4 ,it early became  
evident that these six weeks must in    
some way be supplemented if the  student
 was to make any lasting acquisition4   
,to meet this necessity  members of the 
school were advised to continue their   
work at home1 and  were assured that    
needed aid would be rendered by         
correspondence by their  department     
professors4 ,the attempt was made4 ,it  

failed4 ,the causes were  numerous4     
,there was the lack of the teacher's    
presence1 and of a bond of  union4      
,professional duties claimed the        
teacher's time4 ,acquaintance had  been 
too brief to create even personal       
interest of teacher in pupil4 ,the      
student had no incentive to persistent  
effort1 there was a lamentable  want of 
system1 and the correspondence was      
irregular and unsatisfactory4  ,it      
failed2 but failure is not the end of   
,chautauqua enterprises4 ,another  year 
witnessed another effort for an         
after-school course of study4 ,one      
person was selected to receive all      
inquiries from the students1 to  forward
 them to the respective teachers1 and to
 secure from the teachers  prompt       
attention4 ,this attempt failed2 but    
failure brought yet deeper  conviction  
that there were great possibilities in  
the after-school  idea1 if only a true  
method of work could be found4 ,there   
were a few  patient students who had    

persevered notwithstanding the          
difficulties4  ,something must be       
provided for them4 ,after much          
deliberation a plan for  ,correspondence
 ,schools was adopted4 ,there was to be 
a regular course of  study1 lasting from
 ,october to ,july4 ,ten dollars was to 
be the annual  tuition fee4 ,each       
professor was pledged to a definite     
amount of work1 and  each school was to 
have the benefit of the ,chautauqua     
name2 but there was  no homogeneity4    
,each professor was independent of every
 other1 giving  attention only to the   
details of his own particular school1   
and with no  interest save his own4 ,the
 only benefit that could accrue to      
,chautauqua  was a possible increase in 
attendance upon the ,summer ,school4    
,the plan succeeded4 ,for three years   
teachers and students have worked       
successfully4 ,true1 there have been    
disadvantages4 ,french and ,german  are 
living languages4 ,pronunciation is     
difficult even to one trained in        

language when aided by a present native 
teacher4 ,valuable as the lesson  paper 
may be in helping to a knowledge of     
principles and translation1 it  can not 
speak1 nor tell another how to speak4   
,yet it is plain that one  who is       
correctly trained in principles1 and can
 with rapidity translate1  could easily 
master pronunciation when once in       
contact with the living  teacher4       
,but notwithstanding these difficulties 
the schools have been successful4  ,good
 work has been done4 ,the students have 
made notable progress2 and  some able to
 attend the ,summer ,school1 have       
speedily added to their  foundation in  
principle the essentials of correct     
pronunciation4 ,the  problem was solved2
 but with its solution came another     
important  question4 ,why may not all   
the subjects embraced in a college      
curriculum  be taught by correspondence8
 ,to this there can be but one answer3  
,there  is no reason why any subject may
 not be so taught1 except such as       

require  the use of instruments and the 
performance of experiments2 and for     
these  good local instructors could be  
obtained4 ,the next and logical step is 
the incorporation and organization of   
the ,chautauqua ,university4    ,we have
 now reached a point where a            
comprehensive answer can be made to  the
 questions which begin this paper4 ,to  
organize the ,university1 the           
professors identified with the          
,correspondence ,schools were retained1 
while the schools themselves1 which had 
achieved success by efforts of          
,chautauqua officials1 and through the  
prestige of the ,chautauqua name1  were 
merged in ,chautauqua's crowning        
glory--the ,university4    ,henceforth  
there are no separate and unrelated     
institutions1 which  professors shall   
control and direct as circumstances     
allow2 but  each is part of one grand   
institution1 watched over and directed  
by  its ,chancellor1 and managed through
 its central office4 ,all this is       

effected without prejudice to any       
interest4 ,the professor becomes  the   
representative of an institution which  
will hereafter be known  as the pioneer 
in the grandest educational movement of 
the century4  ,the student1 from an     
isolated class1 is brought into relation
 with  many other departments of study1 
with a curriculum which may end in a    
diploma and degree4 ,all this has been  
possible only through the work  which   
,chautauqua has accomplished4 ,not only 
has it been possible1 but  possible at a
 merely nominal cost4 ,the little       
tuition charged has gone  as an         
inadequate compensation to the faithful 
work of talented teachers4  ,chautauqua 
has received from these sources no      
pecuniary benefit4 ,here  is a question 
for each student of the ,correspondence 
,schools to ponder3  ,do ,i not owe     
something to the ,university in return  
for the advantages ,i  have enjoyed1 and
 to aid it in extending them to others8 
,here1 too1 is  an anomaly3 ,a          

,university planning the largest        
educational work1 without  a dollar of  
endowment and with meager provision for 
necessary expenses4  ,in addition to the
 former tuition fee of ten dollars there
 is required  from all students1 before 
entering1 the payment of a matriculation
 fee  of five dollars4 ,only those who  
have paid this fee are enrolled upon    
the ,university books4 ,this explains   
the statement already made1 that        
members of the ,correspondence classes  
were1 and were not1 members of  the     
,university4 ,there is no purpose to    
disturb the present status of  the      
schools of ,french1 ,german and         
,english4 ,those who entered them under 
the previous arrangement are entitled to
 the benefits promised them4  ,should   
any student in these schools feel       
disposed to aid the work by the  payment
 of the matriculation fee1 proper       
acknowledgment will be made4 ,it  will  
not for the present year be required2   
but with the expiration of  the year1   

when the obligation between student and 
teacher has been met1  the ,university  
will assert its right to demand full    
conformance to its  requirements by all 
who participate in its privileges4      
,professors will  no longer be burdened 
with business details4 ,all fees will be
 sent to  the central office1 and       
through it students will be introduced  
to their  professors1 and the           
,university will enter upon a future of 
usefulness  which no forecasting can    
express4                                
8,,invincible0--,,class ,,of '#he4      
,,by ,,phebe ,a4 ,,holder4          ,the
 age is trembling with the steps        
,of an advancing ,god1      ,our pulses 
feel the thrill and beat        ,with   
sympathetic chord4      ,the everlasting
 doors of ,truth        ,stand open to  
our sight1      ,along the shining way  
she leads        ,we walk in purest     
light4        ,her precious words       
inspire the soul1        ,touch every   
hidden key1      ,sweep every chord with

 subtle power1        ,and wondrous     
sympathy4      ,a large1 rich soul can  
always give1        ,scatter its wealth 
around1      ,and like the sun that     
lights the world1        ,no poorer     
shall be found4        ,to meet the     
morning we go forth        ,leaving     
behind the night1      ,and face the    
full1 clear blaze that glows            
,with pure electric light4      ,press  
on while deeper meanings come           
,into the wondrous years1      ,and     
brighter with ,god's changeless love    
,immortal life appears4        8,press  
on to reach the things before0          
,our watchword still shall be1          
,until is sown the golden crown         
,of immortality4          ,,editor',s   
,,outlook4      ,,practical             
,,loyalty--,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,books4     
,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 text-books are     
adapted to the peculiar method of ,c4   
,l4  ,s4 ,c4 work4 ,they are the result 
of efforts to meet the wants of the     
main body of our members1 and there has 

been no hap-hazard in their  selection1 
but careful1 patient and abundant       
thoughtfulness4 ,sometimes a  member    
desires to substitute some book not in  
the course for one of ours4  ,sometimes 
his request may be granted2 often it may
 not be granted4 ,in the  first place1  
it is desirable that there should be    
uniformity in the work  done1 and this  
we secure1 for the most part1 by uniform
 text-books4 ,in a  college1 the        
uniformity is secured by the living     
teacher2 we must secure  ours by the    
printed page4 ,our need of common       
text-books is therefore  peculiar and   
imperative4 ,if we granted all the      
requests for substitutions  which might 
be made1 we should end by frittering    
away our course of  study4 ,we might    
seriously impair it by granting only    
those requests which  seem to those who 
make them to be entirely reasonable4    
,there must be hard  and fast lines in  
any system of instruction2 in our system
 the uniform  text-books make one of    

those lines4 ,it is our means of keeping
 together1  of easily communicating with
 each other1 of simplifying examinations
  and assisting our members in          
overcoming difficulties4 ,in a rare     
case1 a  substitution may be allowed2   
but the substituted book must be equally
  good and equally fresh4 ,very few old 
text-books are now good4 ,the  subjects 
have undergone changes of importance    
either in the principles  or the modes  
of illustrating them4 ,a good text-book 
must be a fresh  book4 ,furthermore1 our
 books are specially adapted to private 
study2 the  ordinary school-books are   
made to be interpreted by a living      
teacher4 ,the  full meaning of this     
difference will not be grasped at once  
by those who  have not thought about it4
 ,we have had to think about it4 ,our   
success  depended upon our thinking     
about it to some purpose4 ,the result of
 much  thinking and careful planning is 
the ,chautauqua system of text-books4   
,we  find it more and more important to 

adhere to our own books4 ,the books  are
 our teachers4    ,we hope1 therefore1  
that those who have desired changes to  
meet their  special wants will remember 
the reason why their wishes can not be  
consulted4 ,there is a call for loyalty 
on their part to the system4  ,it       
depends on their loving it enough to    
forego some personal feelings  or       
interests4 ,we are in special and       
numerous ways dependent upon the        
affectionate respect of our members for 
the invisible authority of  this        
institution--just as colleges depend on 
a like feeling toward the  visible      
authority in their work4 ,the colleges  
select their text-books2  we select     
ours4 ,in each case1 substitutions ought
 to be very rare4 ,if  the disappointed 
applicant for a change of book has a    
loyal feeling  toward the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 he will cheerfully sacrifice his    
preferences or  his convenience to the  
welfare of the whole body4 ,the whole   
body must  move on common lines to      

common ends2 and the individual members 
keep  step1 because a great army can not
 march in any other way--the individual 
must coperate in the movement according 
to a common plan4 ,we therefore  appeal 
to the loyalty of our members to aid us 
in all reasonable ways  to maintain our 
system of uniform books4 ,we see more   
clearly than  they possibly can that    
this uniformity is vital to the ,c4 ,l4 
,s4 ,c4  organization4      ,,the       
,,dishonesty ,,of ,,repudiation4    ,in 
the ,north ,american ,review for        
,december ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,hume repeats  
his  appeal to the honest people of this
 country to vindicate the national      
honor by paying the dishonored bonds of 
twelve states4 ,mr4 ,hume is  severe and
 almost bitter2 but he tells us some    
truth which must needs  be unpleasant   
and should be seriously told4 ,we are in
 an anomalous  position in the matter of
 these state debts2 the states are by   
the  eleventh amendment secure from     
legal pursuit1 and the ,union secures   

them  from the forcible settlement which
 the law of nations authorizes4 ,there  
is no doubt that each of these states   
would have been seized for debt  by     
foreign powers1 just as ,mexico was     
seized a few years ago1 if the  national
 government did not cover them with its 
protection4 ,the evil is  precisely     
this1 that the constitution cuts off    
creditors of states from  any remedy    
when the states do not pay their debts4 
,this state of things  was brought about
 by the whole people when the eleventh  
amendment was  adopted4 ,we are all     
therefore responsible for state roguery4
 ,we have1  though unintentionally1     
authorized the repudiation by opening   
the door  to it2 and so long as we leave
 the door open we are responsible for   
the  rascally people who repudiate state
 bonds4 ,we have tried hard to see some 
escape from the logic of ,mr4 ,hume2 but
 we have found none4 ,we are as a       
nation responsible for the existence of 
these dishonored debts1 which now       

exceed three hundred millions of        
dollars4 ,we are a dishonest nation2 it 
is a hard saying1 but it is the exact   
truth of the case4    ,the logical      
remedy is the repeal of the eleventh    
amendment1 but  unfortunately there is  
no hope of that4 ,the defaulting states 
are too  numerous2 and there is further 
some doubt whether the rest of us are   
honest enough to approve such a reform4 
,representatives in legislatures  and in
 ,congress are liable to be influenced  
by a set of considerations  which have  
no proper relation to the matter4 ,it is
 affirmed that the  states were wronged 
by their officers in the issue of the   
bonds2 that the  bonds are now held by  
men who bought them for a small part of 
their face  value2 and that to pay them 
is to honor the rascalities which gave  
them  birth1 and reward speculators in  
unreasonable measure4 ,if the subject   
is pressed upon our attention1 we shall 
be told1 and have no reason to          
disbelieve it1 that the speculators are 

spending money through a lobby1  and    
that the road to honor lies through more
 filth than is piled up  in the path of 
dishonor4 ,the evil1 we shall be told1  
is done1 and is  irremediable4 ,we can  
not reach the persons who were really   
wronged4 ,they  have parted with their  
property at an almost total sacrifice2  
the present  holders have no moral      
rights whatever4 ,all this has been     
plentifully  said1 and it has lulled    
many consciences to sleep4 ,another     
moral opiate  is the fact that the      
creditors had due notice that the states
 could  not be sued at law1 and         
therefore can not complain of this      
defect in  our constitution4 ,but this  
is a two-edged argument and might well  
rouse  a sleepy conscience4 ,these state
 debts are for this very reason debts   
of honor1 such as honest men pay before 
all other debts4 ,and yet1 it  is true1 
and pity 'tis 'tis true1 no hope exists 
that the unfortunate  amendment can be  
repealed4 ,it is perfectly just to say  

that it would  be proper to accompany   
the repeal with any legislation which   
might be  required to enable courts to  
take account of all the equities in each
  case1 even to require that original   
holders of bonds1 or their heirs be     
found1 and that any reduction from par  
in the original sales be allowed  to the
 state4 ,it would1 in short1 be possible
 to do justice as exactly as  men can do
 justice in transactions of this        
complicated character1 and to  secure   
the tax-payers of the states in default 
against any oppression4  ,but the great 
public is not going to be convinced4 ,it
 will be said that  the remedial measure
 is for the relief of idle rich men in  
,wall street1  and ,congressmen and     
legislators will be warned not to sign  
their death  warrants4 ,in the course of
 such a campaign so much immorality will
 be  taught1 so many men now decent in  
life will be manufactured into rascals1 
that it may be wiser not to attempt to  
repeal the eleventh amendment4 ,it  is a

 disagreeable conclusion to reach1 but  
we reach it frankly3 ,we are a          
dishonest nation4 ,there is no          
reasonable hope1 rather no shadow of    
hope1  that we can purge ourselves in   
the matter of dishonored state bonds4   
,there are not enough honest voters to  
redeem our reputation4 ,we may  succeed 
in raising up an honest generation to   
follow us2 for our part1  we of this    
generation must wear the stigma and     
groan under the burden of  our dishonor4
 ,we are not able to allow creditors of 
defaulting states  to present their     
cases to our own courts and have them   
passed upon as  all other debts are4    
,the nation has a court to consider     
claims against  itself2 but a state is  
free of even such supervision1 and is   
authorized  to be guilty of any         
dishonesty4 ,the other remedy which ,mr4
 ,hume proposes  is not practicable for 
the foregoing reasons4 ,he proposes that
 the  nation shall assume all these     
debts4 ,we could easily pay them2 but   

for  that matter1 it would be easier for
 the indebted states to pay them than   
not to pay them4 ,no one doubts that the
 state of ,illinois did the best  thing 
financially when in #ahde it assumed and
 provided for the crushing  debt--for   
which1 by the way1 it had very little to
 show as value received4  ,good men     
avoid dishonest communities1 and such   
states are resorted to by  men of prey4 
,granted1 however1 that we might pass in
 ,congress the proper  bills to pay the 
dishonored bonds of states1 it would    
certainly be better  to pay thus than to
 bear our reproach4 ,and yet this would 
only give us  a short rest4 ,the next   
decade would find us plunged back into  
the gulf  of disgrace4 ,so long as      
dishonest men can create debts1 for     
which no  one is legally responsible1 by
 using the names of states1 the business
  of making us all responsible for      
scoundrelism will go on4 ,no1 we will   
modify that4 ,the men who made the debts
 are not necessarily rascals4 ,they  may

 mean that posterity shall pay the      
debts2 but so long as a dishonest       
legislature can with a stroke of the pen
 plunge us back into dishonor1  it is   
hardly worth while to pay the dishonored
 millions now staring our  consciences  
in the face and humiliating us to the   
dust4 ,the bill for  paying off the     
debts should be contingent on the repeal
 of the eleventh  amendment4 ,in short1 
this repeal is the only road to honor4  
,when we shake  ourselves from our      
rogueries1 we shall have to march to the
 eleventh  amendment and wash ourselves 
in a national act of repeal4 ,we write  
most  sorrowfully our conviction that we
 shall not for some time rid ourselves  
of this uncleanness4    ,mr4 ,hume very 
properly calls attention to the solemn  
silence of our  ,american churches on   
this subject4 ,we are glad that he has  
done so4  ,our church organizations are 
verily guilty in the matter4 ,they often
  lift up their voices on subjects of   
far less obvious and direct moral       

concernment4 ,we are living in a state  
of the national law whose direct  effect
 is to make every citizen a thief1 a    
partaker with thieves in their          
violation of the eighth commandment4    
,decalogue religion is1 we sometimes    
fear1 a little below par4 ,thousands of 
our citizens who are church  members    
fail miserably in keeping the ,decalogue
 in their public conduct  as voters and 
members of political parties4 ,and yet  
we believe that the  silence of our     
churches is due to the forgetfulness of 
the facts1 or to  despair of any real   
and permanent cure4 ,it is a hard case4 
,more than one  newspaper has asked how 
many bonds ,mr4 ,hume owns2 and the     
ministers who  urge the duty of public  
honesty will in fact find themselves    
aiding and  abetting the schemes of     
,wall street speculators and lobbyists4 
,the road  to righteousness is so foul  
and so infested with thieves that       
sublime  courage is necessary to him who
 attempts the journey4 ,we have written 

every sentence of this article with a   
consciousness that we are offending  men
 who see the uncleanness of the path to 
honor1 and do not see that  it is the   
righteous road in spite of the foul     
smells with which it reeks4  ,we recall 
such to the simple facts3 ,first1 by the
 eleventh amendment a  state can not be 
sued4 ,it is the only debt-creating     
power in the ,union  which is above any 
form of judicial inquiry or compulsion4 
,even the ,union  has a court of claims 
whose decisions are respected by        
,congress4 ,second1  more than three    
hundred millions of money is apparently 
due by defaulting  states to their      
creditors4 ,the nation stands between   
the creditors and  the states1 and bars 
the way to the courts4 ,it is our one   
colossal and  unpardonable crime against
 the eighth commandment4      ,,the     
,,fall ,,in ,,prices4    ,it is often   
disagreeable to admit a plain truth1 and
 there are truths  which one may safely 
admit in private which have an almost   

incendiary  character when printed4 ,to 
admit in private that the commercial    
outlook  is not good costs nothing2 to  
print the fact and prove it is to run   
the  risk of aggravating the causes of  
the unpromising condition of affairs4   
,the public is like a patient whose     
chance of recovery depends upon his  not
 knowing his critical condition4 ,if his
 nerves get to playing around  that     
danger1 they may drag him into it4 ,to  
state in printed words that  the times  
are bad and growing worse might be to   
tell a truth2 but it  would tend to     
produce the worse times4 ,this is the   
reason why editors  are either silent1  
or even lie a little1 in seasons of     
financial  and commercial depression4   
,but it is also true that in our present
  circumstances there are unpleasant    
things which admit of mitigation1 and   
even of radical cure2 and it is perhaps 
wiser to state what most of us  know and
 suggest the remedies for an evil case4 
,it is known that the wages of laboring 

men and clerks all over the  country are
 being cut down4 ,it is probably within 
the mark to say that  seven millions of 
wage-earners 7of all classes7 will      
receive in #ahhe an  average of ten per 
cent4 less compensation for their       
services than they  received in #ahhd4  
,assuming a very low average for the old
 wages1 #a4be  per day1 the total       
reduction in wages for the year will    
amount to more  than #bfj1jjj1jjj4 ,this
 amount will of course be taken from the
 net total  of trade4 ,the workmen and  
clerks will buy two hundred and sixty   
million  dollars worth less of goods in 
#ahhe4 ,the reduction will be dispersed 
over  a large area1 but it will not     
spread into a thinness which will render
 it  impalpable4 ,nor does the reduction
 end with the workmen4 ,all the persons 
of whom workmen buy manufactured goods  
will buy less for their own             
consumption--they also will have less to
 buy with4 ,this class is a very  large 
one1 and there are few of us who do not 

belong in it--are not in  some way      
dependent on workmen for patronage4 ,to 
say that all these will  reduce their   
annual purchases two hundred and sixty  
millions1 carrying  the reduction up to 
five hundred and twenty millions1 is    
probably within  the mark4 ,we may as   
well consider in this connection the    
reductions  in the price of farm        
products1 another great drain on the    
volume of  trade4 ,agricultural products
 are worth at most ten per cent4 less   
than  in #ahhc4 ,the effect of the      
reduction in prices of farm products    
acts  more disastrously on trade1 since 
farmers usually double their caution4   
,they will not merely buy ten per cent4 
less2 they will buy as little  as       
possible4 ,old clothes1 old wagons1 old 
tools1 will be kept in use1  and it may 
be within the mark to say that the loss 
of farmers' trade of  all sorts will    
amount to as much as all the others--to 
five hundred and  twenty millions more4 
,one thousand and forty millions taken  

off from the  net total of sales of     
goods will necessarily be keenly missed4
 ,the  payment of all the national debt 
in a prosperous year would be easier    
and more pleasant4 ,if it had no        
compensations this reduction would      
crush the life out of us4 ,at least it  
is a burden to bear4 ,economies  upon   
customary spending in a single household
 matter but little1 but  economies in   
millions of households--less buying of  
customary comforts--are  a large matter4
 ,they are not merely a consequence of  
hard times2 they  make the times hard4  
,and we are so bound together that the  
enforced  economies in the families of  
workmen act on the whole purchasing line
  with mathematical certainty4 ,it is a 
good thing1 a beneficence of natural    
order1 that there are compensations4 ,we
 see these natural offsets most  easily 
by looking back at the case of the      
farmer4 ,he has to sell his food  in a  
cheaper market1 and wants to buy also in
 a cheaper market4 ,he has  made food   

cheaper for the workman1 and he wants   
the goods made by the  workman at less  
cost4 ,he wants the same amount of      
cloth1 sugar1 salt1  tools1 etc41 for   
the same number of bushels of wheat4 ,it
 is the cloth1  tools1 etc41 that he    
wants as a farmer4 ,as a debtor1 indeed1
 he wants  the same number of dollars2  
and this is his real pinch4 ,he is in   
debt1  and has to pay in the fall of    
grain a twenty per cent4 premium on what
  he owes4 ,as a producer1 he would1    
however1 suffer no harm if all other    
prices fell as much as the price of     
grain4 ,if1 then1 by the corresponding  
and simultaneous reduction of the price 
of food and of wages1 the ten  per cent4
 less money would buy the same things to
 eat and wear--if the  reduction were   
equalized all round--nobody would       
suffer4 ,the farmer's  grain would buy  
as much as before2 the workman's wages  
would buy as much4  ,goods of all kinds 
would be so much cheaper in money terms1
 but just as  valuable in barter terms4 

,the reduction would be only in the     
figures and  not in the facts of trade4 
,the footings of the ledgers would be   
smaller1  but the ledgers of comfort    
would show an undiminished balance in   
favor of  happiness4    ,will it work   
out in this way8 ,partly it will2 partly
 it will not4 ,cheaper  food will partly
 balance the accounts of all parties1   
but some accounts  will not balance4    
,prices sink or rise unequally4 ,and    
this is not half  our trouble4 ,in these
 matters 8thinking makes it so20 the    
belief that  we are losing ground causes
 the sliding back which we dread4 ,there
 is  a reluctance to buy what we are    
accustomed to buy4 ,the reduction in    
wages makes men feel poor2 and to feel  
poor is to be a poor customer  of the   
seller4 ,suppose that a general fall in 
prices is going on--a  possibly complete
 explanation of our troubles--then we   
must remember  that all values are      
disturbed4 ,we can not make a           
8horizontal reduction0  by a stroke of  

the pen4 ,it must be effected slowly and
 painfully and  irregularly and in      
detail4 ,the results are suffering and  
depression of  spirit4 ,the strain is   
severe1 but it has to be borne2 and     
patience really  lightens all burdens4  
,if we reflect that these stretches of  
bare ground  in trade are really safe   
roads--safer than the smoother paths    
along which  we have driven gaily and   
recklessly--we shall have confidence to 
keep  company with patience1 and the two
 will make a rough road tolerable1  if  
not enjoyable4 ,honest and industrious  
souls thrive in such times4             
,speculative rogues thrive in good      
times4 ,the honest man's chief trouble  
is that he will get into debt4 ,his     
worst calamity is he is paying now  with
 eighty-cent wheat debts contracted in  
dollar-wheat prices4 ,the poor  man can 
not be helped4 ,may the ,lord be good to
 him4    8,but0 one will say1 8this is  
not our whole disease4 ,we are really at
  war4 ,workmen are falling under the   

wheels of a great machine called        
progress2 and the machine is driven by  
forces too powerful for any hope  of    
resistance4 ,it is not a mere           
readjustment of prices2 it is a life and
  death struggle2 and the god           
,competition must be dethroned1 or the  
people  will perish40 ,we do not believe
 this wild-eyed reformer1 but we do     
expect  a hard winter4 ,let us all      
remember the poor4          ,,editor',s 
,,note-,,book4    ,the steady growth of 
this country is shown by the fact that  
in the  last fiscal year there was a net
 increase of #b1aed in the number of    
post-offices4 ,the total number is now  
#ej1jga4 ,about this time it is         
interesting to learn that there are only
 #b1cbc ,president's post-offices  with 
salaries of #a1jjj and higher2 and there
 are only #aei free delivery  offices4  
,the expenses of the last year exceeded 
the receipts by more than  three        
millions of dollars4           99       
99       99       99       99           

,hostile ,apaches continue to be        
troublesome on the ,mexican border4     
,they  escape across the line and are   
safe from pursuit4 ,these troubles will 
end when the two governments make       
permanent arrangements for the pursuit  
of marauders across the boundary4 ,a    
temporary provision of that kind has    
existed1 but it should be               
permanent--unless1 indeed1 our citizens 
fear  ,mexican soldiers more than they  
fear ,indians4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,a ,united      
,states ,court has decided in due form  
that an 8,indian not taxed  is not a    
citizen of the ,united ,states40 ,it is 
time he was made a citizen4  ,the       
fiction of regarding the ,indians as    
independent powers1 and dealing  with   
them as tribes1 ought to be made an end 
of4 ,the ,indians themselves  need the  
discipline of citizenship1 and we need  
to free ourselves from  a useless and   
harmful fiction4 ,by all means keep     
faith to the last  farthing1 but make a 

man of this red brother as soon as      
possible4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,a ,connecticut   
paper soberly declares that a citizen of
 that state did not  know the name of   
either candidate for the presidency     
until the ,saturday  before the         
election4 ,and yet people unreasonably  
complain that there was  too much noise 
in the late campaign4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,it is 
remarked that ,presidential electors    
were scratched to a  considerable extent
 this year4 ,it is as unreasonable a    
performance as  kicking the stone you   
have stumbled over1 more so indeed for  
the stone  has done you some harm1 while
 a ,presidential elector is incapable of
  doing any harm4 ,he is1 by our        
political customs1 merely a machine for 
transmitting a vote to the candidate of 
the party4 ,but there has been so  much 
of this scratching this year that       
politicians will probably estimate  its 
influence hereafter4 ,in a close        

election this species of scratcher      
might defeat his own wishes and his     
party by blind stupidity4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,a new 
life of the witty ,sydney ,smith has    
brought to light a new piece of  his    
inimitable jesting4 ,a friend complained
 to ,smith that in an important         
interview ,lord ,brougham had treated   
him as if he were a fool4 8,never  mind1
 never mind10 said the incorrigible wit1
 in his most sympathetic  tones1 8never 
mind1 never mind1 he thought you knew   
it40           99       99       99     
99       99    8,swift as the wind0 is  
not very swift after all4 ,the record of
 its  travels in ,new ,york ,city1 for a
 whole week in ,november1 showed only   
#a1jgf  miles4 ,ocean steamers go nearly
 three times as fast1 and through trains
  from ,new ,york to ,chicago travel    
five times as fast4 ,a good pedestrian  
would beat an average wind if he did not
 have to rest4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,since the      

,november election there has been a     
marked increase in business  failures4  
,the wages of workmen have been reduced 
in many places1 and many  mills have    
suspended4 ,politicians are not agreed  
about the cause1 but  it is probable    
that this will be a hard winter for the 
poor4 ,heavenly  charity will1 we trust1
 be everywhere equal to the tasks laid  
upon her4  ,remember the poor4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,it is positively affirmed that         
physicians regard canned foods as       
dangerous4 ,many cases of poisoning     
occur from eating such foods1 but       
chemical testimony is divided4 ,some    
chemists trace the poisoning to  special
 conditions of the food used2 in other  
words1 the food was in an  advanced     
state of decomposition when it was put  
into the can4 ,this is the  opinion     
recently expressed by an eminent        
,english chemist4 ,in this view1  proper
 caution in examining the food will     
avert all danger4           99       99 

99       99       99    ,what           
impressions would our chief cities make 
on those of us who do not  live in them1
 if we received all our knowledge of    
them through the  newsy papers8 ,san    
,francisco1 for example1 is known in    
that way as the  home of ,sand ,lot     
orators1 astonishing divorce suits1     
fighting editors1  and swearing         
preachers4 ,the latest of these         
picturesque incidents is  the shooting  
of an editor1 ,mr4 ,de ,young1 who is   
the second man in his  family to be shot
 by outraged and bloody-minded readers4 
,such incidents  doubtless misrepresent 
the ,city of the ,golden ,gate2 but many
 thousands of  newspaper readers know   
only these miserable doings in ,san     
,francisco4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,the sacred hen 
of ,brahma has long been at home in     
,american barn-yards2  and now we learn 
that for several years the sacred cow of
 ,india has been  establishing herself  
in the ,south4 ,the ,brahma cattle1     

judiciously crossed  with ,english      
breeds1 are becoming fashionable in ,new
 ,mexico4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,perhaps the most 
unfortunate man in the late campaign was
 a distinguished  one who ostensibly had
 nothing to do with politics4           
,ex-,senator ,conkling  is credited with
 depriving1 by secret influence1 ,mr4   
,blaine of many  votes4 ,the misfortune 
is in the fact that good and bad        
politicians agree  in despising a sneak4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,the 8roller-skating rink0 
is condemned in vigorous terms by one of
 the  ,methodist conferences4 ,it is    
doubtless becoming a nuisance4 ,the     
base-ball  business is past praying for1
 so degraded and disreputable has it    
become4  ,there seems to be no          
possibility of maintaining any form of  
athletics in  a wholesome1 moral        
condition4 ,they are becoming a worse   
nuisance each  year4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,the   

outbreak of cholera in ,paris has       
created almost a panic1 in ,new  ,york1 
in the middle of ,november4 ,cholera has
 always been a warm weather  disease1   
and the apprehensions of ,new ,york were
 altogether unreasonable4  ,the disease 
made very little headway in ,paris4     
,perhaps we should provide  for its     
reception in this country next summer2  
though it could be kept  out by proper  
and sufficient quarantine measures4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,we advise our readers not to give up   
,shakspere on account of the  so-called 
cipher of the ,hon4 ,ignatius ,donnelly4
 ,authority is of some  importance in   
this case1 and whatever authority ,mr4  
,donnelly has is in  ,minnesota         
politics4 ,all that has been reported   
about ,mr4 ,d4's discovery  might be    
true and still not disturb ,shakspere's 
claim to the writings  which bear his   
name4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,the last of the patents 
for sewing machines expired in #ahgf2   

but the  women of the country are so    
attached to the old machines that they  
would  not buy the new1 and probably    
better machines4 ,the result is that the
  new companies go into bankruptcy and  
the old companies monopolize the        
business4 ,here is a plain account of   
one of the 8grasping monopolies0 of  the
 country4 ,a few others are explained by
 the insane attachment of the  men of   
the country to tools of a particular    
brand or make4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,we notice in   
the papers an unusual number of reports 
of contests over  wills containing      
charitable bequests4 ,let us say frankly
 that we think  this post mortem method 
of being charitable rather a sneaking   
way of  discharging the duty of         
benevolence4 ,give like a man what you  
might keep  yourself4 ,it is a coward's 
way to assess your children to pay your 
debts  to philanthropy4 ,a man who      
really wants to be benevolent is usually
 able  to execute his own will4 ,be your

 own executor4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,the largest    
farm in ,america has been sold to       
foreign nabobs4 ,it is a  cattle ranch  
of #hjj1jjj acres in ,texas4 ,mr4 ,king1
 who has just sold it  for #f1ejj1jjj1  
built up this property1 beginning with  
nothing4 ,he is  now eighty years old   
and thinks it time to retire from       
business4 ,the  new owners will operate 
the farm as a joint stock concern1 and  
it will  probably be bankrupt in twenty 
years4 ,one ,king is better than a score
 of  nabobs for such business4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,dr4 ,talmage is still picturesquely    
anti-evolution4 ,in a recent speech  he 
said3 8,there ought to be some place    
where ,god could go1 where the          
evolutionists could not reach him4 ,they
 keep ordering him off the  premises4'''
 ,according to evolutionists we are only
 a sort of ,alderney  cow among other   
cattle4 ,i believe in an evolution of   
mortality into  immortality--a heavenly 

evolution40           99       99       
99       99       99    ,the ,english   
,house of ,lords has obtained a great   
victory4 ,after a summer  of agitation  
in the form of great meetings1 monster  
processions and  burning eloquence1 the 
,ministry has compromised with the      
,lords on the  ,franchise bill1 on terms
 dictated by the ,lords4 ,the ,radicals 
are very  angry2 but ,mr4 ,gladstone has
 secured the extension of the ballot to 
some millions of ,englishmen1 and is    
believed to regard this success as  a   
fitting crown of his public career4 ,he 
will leave the 8reform of the  ,lords0  
to his successors4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,the     
immigration of ten months of this year  
brought us #dad1jjj new  citizens2 in   
the same period last year #eja1jjj came 
to us4 ,the reduction  is less than was 
expected2 but the depression in trade is
 now acting as a  check on immigration1 
though matters are even worse in        
,europe4 ,this is1  however1 a stream   

which will not dry up in this century1  
perhaps not in  the next4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,a     
,french chemist has thought of a useful 
device to prevent accidents  in the     
handling of poisons4 ,a large number of 
persons are killed every  year by       
mistakes of apothecaries1 of their      
friends1 or of themselves4  ,the ,french
 chemist suggests that white cylindrical
 bottles be used  for medicines to be   
taken internally1 and colored square    
bottles for  medicines to be used       
externally4 ,the suggestion can be      
improved by  additional devices to      
prevent mistakes1 but half the errors   
would be cut  off by the proposed plan4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,a great many ,republicans are unhappy  
because their party has not settled  the
 ,mormon question4 ,probably the ,senate
 will resist the admission of  ,utah as 
a state2 but the evil is only postponed4
 ,some vigorous measures  must be taken1
 or plural marriage will become one of  

the established  modes of regulating the
 ,american family4 ,if polygamy becomes 
a state  institution1 it will be as     
strongly entrenched as slavery was2 and 
it may  be held that a plural marriage  
in one state is good in all the states2 
this is the rule for monogamous         
marriage4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,in ,new ,york    
,city1 in #ahhd1 eleven thousand and    
fifty girls under fourteen  years of age
 were arrested by the police2 the number
 of boys of like age  was only two      
thousand two hundred and forty-eight4   
,the disproportion has  its melancholy  
lesson4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,a story went over the   
country that the temperance people of an
 ,ohio town  mobbed and killed a liquor 
man4 ,the story should have been that   
some  rejoicing ,democrats refused to   
leave a saloon1 where they were         
drinking1  and fatally wounded the      
proprietor while he was attempting to   
put them  out4 ,our authority for the   

revised version is the ,new ,york ,sun4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,a decision1 under the anti-,chinese    
laws1 seems to nullify them4 ,judge     
,brown has decided that a ,chinaman has 
a right to land and visit with us4      
,this looks reasonable1 but we have no  
police to look him up and send him      
packing when he has visited enough4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,indian question moves to a final  
settlement4 ,commissioner ,price        
reports a considerable increase in the  
number of ,indian farmers and  students2
 and ,general ,crook's annual report on 
the murderous ,apaches of  ,new ,mexico 
and ,arizona is full of promise4 ,the   
,general has had no serious  trouble    
with ,american ,apaches for a whole     
year4 ,mexican ,apaches still  trouble  
us4           99       99       99      
99       99    ,a story is circulating  
that the watch of ,arctic-explorer ,de  
,long and the  watch of his wife stopped
 at the same instant--he with his watch 

being in  the ,arctic ,ocean1 and she   
with hers in this country4 ,it is added 
that  the clock at home and the         
chronometer on the far-off ship united  
with  the watches in the conspiracy4 ,it
 is not worth while to believe this     
story1 at least not until proper        
corrections for longitude are made4     
,when  meridian time shall be used      
everywhere1 such stories will come      
within the  range of intelligent        
consideration4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,a ghastly      
corpse of a woman is found among ashes  
in a cellar in ,new  ,york ,city4 ,the  
police do not know whether it is a case 
of murder or of  suicide4 ,but the      
pathetic and blood-chilling fact is that
 many persons  who had mysteriously lost
 female relatives came to see if the    
body might  be that of their sister1    
wife or friend4 ,many people go down out
 of sight  suddenly in the waves of city
 life4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,a commercial treaty with

 ,spain is pending in the ,united       
,states ,senate4  ,its object is to     
facilitate trade between our country and
 ,cuba4 ,we need  foreign markets for   
our manufactures--and those markets lie 
in the ,west  ,indies1 ,mexico1 and     
,south ,america4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,the ,centennial
 ,methodist ,conference held in         
,baltimore1 ,december #ajth to  #afth1  
commemorated the organization in that   
city1 ,christmas week1 #aghd1  of the   
,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,it      
should not be forgotten1 however1  that 
,methodism had existed in this country  
for about twenty years4 ,the  recent    
celebration represented some #c1jjj1jjj 
of ,methodists4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,two pieces of  
new wit deserve a place in this record4 
,the first is the  8#bhh joke10 and it  
is explained as 8too gross40 ,spell too 
with a w4  ,pepper and salt to your     
taste4 ,the other describes a sermon as 
like  champagne4 ,the preacher is elated

 by the criticism until it is added that
  8extra-dry0 champagne is meant4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,the most unreasonable man we have heard
 of during the last month went to  a    
physician to be treated for several     
diseases4 ,the doctor looked him  over  
carefully1 minutely examined all the    
implicated organs1 and informed  the    
patient that there was nothing the      
matter with him1 whereupon the  hero of 
several diseases assaulted the          
physician1 and became the hero of  a    
police court4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,quacks receive 
a blow by a legal decision in           
,massachusetts that men  who administer 
drugs1 whose effects they do not know1  
are criminally  responsible for the     
mischief they do4 ,it is common sense   
and deserves a  wide circulation4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,silver dollars continue to accumulate  
in the ,treasury4 ,the ,secretary       
advises ,congress to abolish one1 two   

and five dollar bills1 so that all      
payments under ten dollars may be made  
in silver4 ,this is the ,french  method1
 and a good one4 ,it is the best        
compromise offered1 and the silver  men 
ought to accept it4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,french are considering a plan to       
restore the practice of transporting    
ex-convicts to some far-off ,french     
colony4 ,experience shows that          
transportation is the best practical    
measure for securing the permanent      
reformation of the criminals2 but the   
colonists always object to this  class  
of new citizens4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,we produce     
apples for ,europe4 ,it is expected that
 #b1jjj1jjj barrels will  be exported   
this year4 ,good eating apples are but  
little cultivated in  ,europe2 ours are 
the best in the world4 ,this is an apple
 year4 ,who says  that times are hard8  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,haygood has    

resigned the presidency of ,macon       
,college1  ,georgia1 to give his time to
 the management of the ,slater          
,educational  ,fund4 ,we regret that    
,dr4 ,haygood has taken this step4 ,he  
is a man of  broad views and generous   
impulses1 and useful in a high          
institution of  learning4 ,it is not too
 much to say that he is better known at 
the ,north  than any educator in the    
,south4 ,his sermons and lectures in    
,northern  ,states have awakened new    
sympathies in the hearts of many people 
for the  cause of higher education in   
the ,south1 and indeed1 ,dr4 ,haygood   
has been  one of the best               
representatives of the ,south4 ,always  
standing firmly by  his college and     
people1 he has done much to strengthen  
the bonds of union  between the two     
sections4 ,perhaps his new office will  
give him a new  range on more people1   
and increase his opportunities for      
usefulness4 ,it  is not the privilege of
 many men to decline the offices of     

bishop and the  presidency of a college 
such as that at ,macon inside three     
years1 but ,dr4  ,haygood has done both 
of these things4 ,we predict for him    
large success  in his new educational   
work4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,it is refreshing to find
 that the ,christmas idea of making     
others  happy has at last reached our   
,sunday-schools4 ,for years teachers and
  parents have made annually an         
exhaustive effort to feast their schools
  on ,christmas day4 ,however great     
their efforts the results could never   
be entirely satisfactory4 ,somebody was 
unavoidably overlooked1 and the         
managers were always too nearly worn out
 to enjoy the holiday4 ,a new  plan1 we 
hope1 is to be instituted4 ,last season 
many schools tried it1  more are making 
the experiment this year4 ,it is to     
substitute giving by  the school4 ,on   
,christmas eve the classes bring in     
offerings for the poor4  ,whatever they 
wish and their purses allow is offered4 

,the plan meets  with the heartiest     
reception wherever proposed1 the        
smallest children  often being the most 
eager to give4 ,a general adoption of   
this method of  celebrating ,christmas  
would do much to counteract the selfish 
feeling so  often found in              
,sunday-schools that gifts1             
entertainments and prizes must  be      
continually given in order to keep the  
school together4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,edward ,everett
 ,hale has consented that his name be   
added to the list of  the counselors of 
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,this announcement  
will be received with  genuine          
satisfaction by every one interested in 
our work4 ,it is an honor  to us to     
number such a man in our faculty4 ,mr4  
,hale's position in the  religious and  
literary world is well established4     
,last spring when ,the  ,critic and     
,good ,literature asked the public to   
cast a vote for the forty  native       
,american authors whom it deemed most   

worthy to form the 8forty  immortals0 of
 a proposed ,american ,academy1 his name
 was the eleventh on  the list1 which   
ran3 ,holmes1 ,lowell1 ,whittier1       
,bancroft1 ,howells1 ,curtis1  ,aldrich1
 ,harte1 ,stedman1 ,white and ,hale4    
,his books are known most widely2  his  
sympathies are broad and wise2 he is a  
man of the truest culture of  both mind 
and heart4 ,he will be welcomed most    
warmly by ,chautauquans as  one of their
 honored counselors4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,mr4   
,richard ,grant ,white1 whose articles  
on ,english form so important and       
interesting a part of this year's course
 of reading1 has been for several  weeks
 seriously ill2 so ill1 indeed1 that he 
has been quite unable to  prepare his   
article for the present issue of ,,the  
,,chautauquan4 ,by another  month1      
however1 ,mr4 ,white writes us that he  
believes his health will be  so improved
 that he can continue his work4         
99       99       99       99       99  

,the announcement of the ,chautauqua    
,school of ,church ,work1 found in  this
 issue1 associates with the ,chautauqua 
work a name well known and  deeply      
honored by many of our readers4 ,dr4    
,geo4 ,p4 ,hays1 the director of  this  
new department at the great summer      
school1 was for several years  president
 of ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1
 and since his connection  with that    
institution ceased he has been the      
pastor of a ,presbyterian  church in    
,denver1 ,col4 ,his name has several    
times appeared on the  ,chautauqua      
programs1 and his appearance on that    
platform has always been  very welcome4 
,dr4 ,hays will represent the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c4 in the ,west1 and we  look for  
large results from his efforts4 ,this   
new department of church  work will be a
 great addition to the ,chautauqua      
attractions for #ahhe4          ,c4 ,l4 
,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required         
,,readings ,,for ,,january4             
,,college ,,greek ,,course ,,in         

,,english4    ,p4 #af4--8;,herodotus40  
,critical essays containing the results 
of the  researches concerning ,herodotus
 will be found in the works of the      
eminent ,germans1 ,creuzer1 ,dahlman1   
,heyse1 ,blum1 ,a4 ,bauer1 ,k4 ,o4      
,mller1  ,stein1 ,kirchhoff and         
,blakesley4 ,de ,quincey has an essay in
 ,vol4 i4 of  8,historical and ,critical
 ,essays40 ,see also ,vol4 ii4 of 8,a   
,history of  ,classical ,greek          
,literature10 by ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy4      
,the following abridged opinions on     
,herodotus are interesting4 ,macaulay   
says of him3 ,of the romantic           
historians1 ,herodotus is the earliest  
and  the best4 ,his animation1 his      
simple-hearted tenderness1 his wonderful
  talent for description and dialogue1  
and the pure1 sweet flow of  his        
language place him at the head of       
narrators4 ,he reminds us of a          
delightful child4''' ,but he has not    
written a good history4''' ,the faults  
of ,herodotus are the faults of a simple

 and imaginative mind4 ,he wrote  as it 
was natural he should write4 ,he wrote  
for a nation susceptible1  curious1     
lively1 insatiably desirous of novelty  
and excitement2 for a  nation in which  
the fine arts had attained their highest
 excellence1 but  in which philosophy   
was still in its infancy4 ,mahaffy      
quotes the ,german  ,blakesley's opinion
 that ,herodotus wrote not to instruct  
but to please1  that he selected such   
events and attributed such motives as he
 thought  would be striking and popular1
 without any misgivings as to the       
accuracy  of statement2 that at his time
 there was no historic sense1 but that  
the idea of exact and critical          
historical writing is a late and gradual
  acquisition which ,thucydides acquired
 only by his extraordinary genius  and  
circumstances in those early days4      
,p4 #ba4--8,rawlinson10 ,the ,rev4      
,george4 7#ahae-47 ,an ,oxford man1 in  
#ahgd  made ,canon of ,canterbury4      
,besides his 8,herodotus0 he has        

published a  celebrated work called     
8,the ,five ,great ,monarchies of the   
,ancient ,eastern  ,world1 or the       
,history1 ,geography and ,antiquities of
 ,chaldea1 ,assyria1  ,babylonia1 ,media
 and ,persia40 ,to this he added1 in    
#ahgc1 the 8,sixth  ,great ,oriental    
,monarchy10 meaning ,parthia1 and in    
#ahgf the 8,seventh  ,great ,oriental   
,monarchy2 or the ,geography1 ,history  
and ,antiquity of the  ,sassanian or    
,new ,persian ,empire40    8,rawlinson10
 ,sir ,henry4 7#ahaj-47 ,a brother of   
the former4 ,when but  sixteen years of 
age he was sent to the ,east in the     
service of the ,east  ,india ,company2  
being transferred to the ,persian army1 
he began to study  the ,persian         
cuneiform inscriptions and forwarded    
valuable copies to  ,england4 ,he also  
explored the countries of ,central      
,asia4 ,his studies have  given him high
 rank among modern archologists4 ,his   
publications include  several valuable  
works on the history and inscriptions of

 ,assyria1  ,babylon and ,chaldea1 and  
he has contributed many learned papers  
to the  journals of the ,asiatic        
,society4    8,wilkinson40 7#agig-ahge47
 ,an ,englishman who during a residence 
of twelve  years in ,egypt studied the  
history1 ruins1 manners and customs of  
the  country4 ,his studies were embodied
 in voluminous works on a great variety 
of phases of ,egyptian life and history1
 including the 8,topography of  ,thebes 
and ,general ,view of ,egypt10 8,manners
 and ,customs of the ,ancient           
,egyptians10 8,architecture of ,ancient 
,egypt10 8,modern ,egypt and ,thebes10  
and others4 ,in striking contrast was a 
subject on which he published  a work in
 #aheh--8;,color1 and the ,general      
,diffusion of ,taste among all          
,classes40    ,p4 #bb4--8,lydian        
,empire40 ,lydia was a very early seat  
of ,asiatic  civilization1 the empire   
being founded at ,sardis in mythical    
times4  ,three dynasties of kings are   
said to have ruled the country1 the     

,atyad1  the ,heraclid and the ,mermnad1
 the last of which alone is authentic4  
,of their civilization ,smith says3     
8,among the inventions or improvements  
which the ,greeks are said to have      
derived from them were the weaving and  
dyeing of fine fabrics2 various         
processes of metallurgy2 the use of gold
  and silver money1 which the ,lydians  
are said to have first coined2 and      
various metrical and musical            
improvements1 especially the scale or   
mode  of music called the ,lydian1 and  
the form of lyre called the ,magadis40  
,after the ,persian conquest of ,lydia  
it formed with ,mysia1 the second       
satrapy4 ,after the ,macedonian conquest
 it passed to the kings of ,syria1      
thence to those of ,pergamus1 and       
finally to the ,romans1 who made it a   
part of the province of ,asia4          
8,sardis10 or ,sardes1 stood until the  
wars of the ,middle ,ages1 when in      
#adjb it was almost entirely destroyed  
by ,tamerlane4 ,the remains extend  over

 a wide space4 ,two ,ionic columns 7see 
illustration1 page #cc1 of  8,college   
,greek ,course107 are the most          
conspicuous of the remains4 ,these      
columns are supposed to have belonged to
 a temple of ,cybele4 ,the walls  of the
 ,acropolis1 some of its towers1 a few  
remnants of the magnificent  palace of  
,crsus1 of a gymnasium1 and a few other 
buildings are all that  can be traced4  
,the tombs of the ,lydian kings are in  
the neighborhood1  prominent among which
 is the tumulus of ,alyattes1 a huge    
circular mound  #a1adj feet in diameter4
 ,an ,arabian village of mud huts called
 ,sart now  stands on its site4    ,p4  
#bf4--8;,crsus's father40 ,alyattes1    
king of ,lydia1 ,b4 ,c4 #fag-efj4    ,p4
 #bg4--8;,hermus40 ,a good sized river  
of ,asia ,minor1 rising in ,phrygia1    
flowing through ,lydia1 watering the    
plain of ,sardis1 and emptying into  the
 ,gulf of ,smyrna4    ,p4               
#bh4--8,telmessus40 ,a town of ,cana    
about six miles from ,halicarnassus4    

,its people were celebrated for their   
power in divination4    ,p4             
#cb4--8;,agbatana40 ,the usual form of  
writing the word is ,ecbatana2 the      
first form is the ,ionic1 used in       
poetry4    8,pactyas40 ,an army was sent
 against this man when he fled to ,cyme1
 thence  to ,mytilene1 and from there to
 ,chios4 ,the ,chians gave him up to the
  ,persians4    ,p4 #cc4--8,l',allegro10
 ll-lgr4 ,the merry1 the gay4    ,p4    
#ce4--8,nitocris40 ,supposed to have    
been the wife of ,nebuchadnezzar1 and   
the mother or grandmother of            
,belshazzar4 ,while queen of ,babylon   
many  important works were carried on by
 her for the improvement of the city4   
,p4 #cg4--8,massaget40 ,they were       
probably a nomad people of ,central     
,asia4  ,the best authorities suppose   
them to have lived north of the         
,jaxartes  and the sea of ,aral4 ,some  
critics identify them with the ,mesech  
of the  ,scriptures4 ,many of their     
customs were very peculiar4 ,they       

worshipped the  sun1 to which they      
sacrificed horses4 ,their very old      
people were killed  and eaten4 ,the race
 to which they belonged is in dispute1  
though usually  considered the          
,turkoman4    ,p4 #dj4--8,prexaspes40   
,he had always been held in high honor  
by ,cambyses1  having been employed by  
the latter to kill his brother ,smerdis1
 whom he  feared4 ,later in life an     
impostor calling himself ,smerdis1 tried
 to usurp  the throne and ,cambyses     
suspected ,prexaspes1 but he cleared    
himself4  ,after the death of ,cambyses 
this false ,smerdis was acknowledged    
king1  and the ,magi1 who had put him on
 the throne1 tried to win over          
,prexaspes  to their plans1 but he told 
before the assembled ,persians of the   
assassination of the true ,smerdis1 and 
then threw himself from the tower  on   
which he was standing4    ,p4           
#dc4--8;,apis40 ,a bull worshipped by   
the ,egyptians4 ,he was supposed  to    
contain the spirit of the divinity      

,osiris1 and was the symbol of          
fertility4 ,the god must be black1 with 
a white square or triangular mark  on   
his forehead1 an eagle on the back1 and 
other mysterious marks about  the body4 
,when such an animal was found he was   
carried to ,heliopolis and  thence to   
,memphis1 where he had his own temple   
and priests4 ,the lifetime  of ,apis was
 twenty-five years4 ,if one died the    
whole land was in mourning  until a     
successor was found4    ,p4             
#de4--8,staters10 stter4 ,the chief gold
 coin of the ,greeks1 usually  worth    
about #e4ej1 though it varied much in   
value4    ,p4 #ea4--8;,andrians40 ,the  
inhabitants of ,andros1 the most        
northerly of the  ,cyclades4            
8,ca-rysti-ans40 ,those of ,carystus1 a 
town on the southern coast of  ,euba4   
,beautiful white marble and the mineral 
asbestos abounded near  ,carystus4      
8,parians40 ,from ,paros1 one of the    
largest of the ,cyclades1 north of      
,delos4    ,p4 #eb4--8,thucydides40 ,for

 additional readings on ,thucydides see 
,grote's  ,history of ,greece1 and also 
,thirwall's1 ,mahaffy's ,history of     
,classical  ,greek ,literature1 ,mller  
and ,donaldson's ,history of ,greek     
,literature1  and ,mure's ,history of   
the ,greek ,language and ,literature4   
,cicero commends ,thucydides as 8a      
faithful and dignified narrator  of     
facts10 and declares that he surpasses  
all others in the art of  composition4  
,macaulay says3 8,thucydides has        
surpassed all his rivals in the art  of 
historical narration1 in the art of     
producing an effect on the  imagination 
by skilful selection and disposition    
without indulging in the  license of    
invention40    ,mahaffy thus compares   
,herodotus and ,thucydides3 8,while the 
conceptions  of history in ,herodotus   
and ,thucydides were mainly the         
consequence of  the temper of the men   
and of their surroundings1 it must be   
declared  that1 for an historian1 the   
atmosphere in which the latter lived1   

while  giving him critical acumen and   
freeing him from theological prejudices 
narrowed his view and distorted his     
estimate of the relative importance  of 
events4 ,we may indeed feel very        
grateful that ,herodotus was not        
attracted in early life by this         
brilliant exclusiveness1 and that he    
remained an ,ionic instead of becoming  
an ,attic historian40    ,p4            
#ef4--8;,jowett10 jowet4 7#ahag-47 ,an  
,english ,greek scholar and professor4  
,p4 #gb4--8,peabody40 7#ahaa-47 ,an     
,american theologian and author4    ,p4 
#gc4--8;,eurymedon40 ,one of the        
,athenian generals in the ,peloponnesian
  war4 ,after the expedition to         
,corcyra1 ,eurymedon commanded in the   
expedition against ,sicily in #dbe4 ,in 
#dad he was a leader in a second        
armament fitted out against ,syracuse2  
he fell in the first sea fight in  the  
harbor of that city4    ,p4             
#ha4--8;,alcus40 ,about ,b4 ,c4 #fjj4 ,a
 native of ,mytilene4 ,in a war between 

,athens and his country he is said to   
have fled1 leaving his arms on the      
field of battle4 ,he was afterward      
driven from his native land in a strife 
between the nobility and people1 and    
spent the remainder of his life         
traveling4 ,some of his odes are extant1
 and the imitations of ,horace  have    
made the character of ,alcus' verse well
 known4 ,see 8,brief ,history  of       
,greece10 page #eb4 ,mahaffy says of    
,alcus1 we see in him 8the perfect      
picture of an unprincipled1 violent1    
lawless ,greek aristocrat1 who          
sacrificed all and everything to the    
demands of pleasure and power40         
,,the ,,character ,,of ,,jesus4         
,excellent works to read in connection  
with 8,the ,character of ,jesus0  are   
,farrar's 8,life of ,christ10 ,thomas   
,hughes's 8,manliness of ,christ10      
,geikie's 8,life and ,words of ,christ10
 ,pollock's 8,the ,christ of            
,christianity and of ,modern            
,criticism40    ,p4 #ajh4--8;,celsus40  

,an ,epicurean philosopher who lived in 
the second  century4 ,only fragments of 
his works have been preserved as        
quotations  given by ,origen4 ,he       
charges ,christians with blind          
credulity1 with  religious arrogance1   
with party divisions1 and with having   
altered their  sacred writings4 ,his own
 doctrines were that evil is necessary  
and  eternal1 and that sin can never be 
entirely removed1 least of all by       
vicarious sacrifice4    ,p4             
#aji4--8;,justin ,martyr40 ,the earliest
 of the church fathers after the        
apostolic age4 ,he lived in the second  
century1 and attended the pagan  schools
 of ,asia ,minor1 ,greece and ,egypt4   
,afterward he embraced the  ,christian  
religion and wrote two apologies in its 
behalf4 ,he suffered  martyrdom at ,rome
 under ,marcus ,aurelius1 because he    
refused to sacrifice  to the heathen    
gods4    8,tertullian40 ,an eminent     
,latin father of the church who lived at
 ,carthage  in the second century4 ,he  

was converted from paganism to          
,christianity4  ,he was a man of        
powerful intellect and great learning2  
was the author of  numerous works which 
are still extant4    ,p4 #aaa4--8,summum
 bonum40 ,a ,latin expression meaning   
the highest good4    ,p4                
#acd4--8,talmud40 ,the work which gives 
the laws1 both civil and  canonical1 of 
the ,jews4 ,it contains the rules by    
which the conduct of  the people is     
regulated1 and relates not only to      
religion1 but also to  philosophy1      
medicine1 history1 and the branches of  
practical duty4    ,p4 #acf4--8,mr4     
,parker10 ,theodore4 7#ahaj-ahfj47 ,a   
distinguished ,american  scholar2 a     
,unitarian minister4 ,his new doctrines 
gave great offence  to the ,new ,england
 ,unitarians1 as he assumed the absolute
 humanity of  ,christ1 and said his     
inspiration differed in no respect from 
that of  other men4 ,he died in         
,florence1 whither he had gone for his  
health4    ,p4 #afa4--8,vishnu40 ,one of

 the gods of the ,hindoos1 a sun god4   
,he gave the  earth to man as his       
inheritance4 ,the unbroken order of the 
world is due  to him4          ,,notes  
,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,in 8,,the  
,,chautauquan40      ,,temperance       
,,teachings ,,of ,,science4    #a4 8,abd
 el ,wahab40 ,the founder of a recent   
,mohammedan sect now dominant           
throughout the greater part of ,arabia4 
,he was the son of an ,arab chief1  and 
was born about the end of the           
seventeenth century4 ,he was highly     
educated1 and conceived the idea of     
restoring in its primitive shape the    
ruined structure of ,islam4 ,the ,koran 
had fallen into abeyance1 and their     
religion was little else than a round of
 external ceremonies4 ,he gained  a     
numerous following in his efforts to    
revive the old zeal in their  religion4 
,the sect took the name of the          
,wa-habis1 or the ,wa-habites4    #b4   
8,the earthquake at ,lisbon40 ,this1 the
 greatest of the frequent  earthquakes  

at ,lisbon1 and one of the most         
remarkable that ever occurred  anywhere1
 took place in #agge1 and destroyed a   
great part of the city4 ,the  area      
affected was very extensive4 ,the shock 
was felt on one side as far  as the     
southern shore of ,finland1 and on the  
other it reached to ,canada1  an area of
 #g1ejj1jjj square miles4 ,the force    
required to move this must  have been   
enormous1 for suppose the thickness of  
the earth's crust moved  to have been   
only twenty miles1 then #aej1jjj1jjj    
cubic miles of solid  matter was moved4 
,the sea wave caused by it rose to a    
height of sixty  feet at ,cadiz4    #c4 
8,laputa40 ,the name of a flying island 
described by ,swift in his  imaginary   
8,travels of ,lemuel ,gulliver40 ,it is 
said to be 8exactly  circular1 its      
diameter seven thousand eight hundred   
and thirty-seven  yards1 or about four  
miles and a half1 and consequently      
contains ten  thousand acres40 ,the     
inhabitants are speculative             

philosophers1 devoted to  mathematics   
and music4--,webster's ,dictionary4     
,so materializing is the spirit of the  
age that the extended study of  physical
 and mechanical science seems likely one
 of these days to convert  our island   
7,great ,britain7 into a                
,laputa4--,keightly4    #d4 8,syrian    
,maronites10 maro-nites4 ,a ,christian  
tribe of very ancient  origin4 ,in the  
year #adde they were formally united to 
the ,roman ,catholic  ,church1 but were 
allowed to retain their own national    
rites and usages4  ,their priests are   
allowed to marry4    #e4 8,lazaretto40  
,a pest-house or hospital for the       
reception of the sick1  particularly for
 those affected with contagious         
distempers4    #f4 8,bactrian nomads40  
,bactria is a country of ,central ,asia4
 ,a great part  of it is made up of     
stretches of barren and drifting sands1 
so that the  inhabitants are obliged to 
resort to the nomadic style of life4 ,it
 was  subjugated by ,alexander the      

,great1 but afterward became            
independent4 ,its  modern history is not
 important4    #g4 8,titus ,oates40 ,an 
,englishman who in the reign of ,charles
 ,,ii4  communicated the details of a   
pretended plot1 8the figment of his own 
brain10 in which were revealed a rising 
of the ,catholic party1 a general       
massacre of the ,protestants1 the       
burning of ,london1 and the             
assassination  of the king4 ,several    
incidents seemed to corroborate the     
monstrous  assertion1 and it was        
universally believed4 ,all ,london went 
wild with  fear and rage1 and at one    
time a massacre of the ,roman ,catholics
 seemed  likely to occur in anticipation
 of the one the ,protestants feared4    
,many  of the ,catholics were arrested1 
tried and condemned to meet the death of
  traitors at the block4 ,on the        
accession of ,james ,,ii41 ,oates was   
tried1  sentenced to be pilloried1      
publicly whipped1 and afterward         
imprisoned for  life4 ,when ,william    

,,iii4 came to the throne he was        
pardoned1 and was no  more heard of4 ,he
 died in obscurity seventeen years      
later1 in #agje1 at  the age of         
seventy-six4    #h4 8,jack ,sheppard40  
7#agja-agbd47 ,he was noted for twice   
escaping from  prison at ,newgate1      
whither he was sent for taking part in  
the revolution  against the king1       
,george ,i4 ,he was hung at ,tyburn4    
#i4 8,absinthe40--,a cordial of brandy  
flavored with wormwood4      ,,sunday   
,,readings4    #a4 8,st4 ,augustine40   
7#ced-dcj47 ,one of the fathers of the  
,christian  church4 ,he was born at     
,tagaste1 in ,africa4 ,he was sent to   
,carthage to  be educated1 and there    
plunged into the frightful abyss of     
corruptions  which marked that wicked   
city4 ,in his 8,confessions0 he         
describes his  life at this time1 and   
does not seek to excuse himself4 ,at the
 age of  thirty-three years he embraced 
the ,christian religion and was baptized
  by ,ambrose4 ,his conversion from his 

errors was complete and permanent4      
,monica1 his mother1 who through all    
these years had been praying for her    
son1 died shortly after1 feeling that   
she could depart in peace1 as her  eyes 
had seen his salvation4 ,he wrote with  
great zeal and voluminously  against all
 the sects which the church held to be  
heretical4    #b4 8,bourdaloue10 ,louis4
 7#afcb-agjd47 ,a most eloquent ,french 
preacher4  ,louis ,,xiv4 was an         
attendant upon his ministry1 and on many
 different  occasions invited him to    
preach the festival sermons before the  
court of  ,versailles4 ,he was renowned 
for the solid dignity of his thought and
 his  fervid religious eloquence4       
,,glimpses ,,of ,,ancient ,,greek       
,,life4    #a4 8,alcmonid10 alc-meo-nid4
 ,one of the tribe of the ,alcmonid1 a  
noble  family of ,athens4 ,it received  
its name from ,alcmon1 a great-grandson 
of  ,nestor4 ,the story of the sacrilege
 brought upon the family by ,megacles is
  given on page #aa of 8,brief ,history 

of ,greece40 ,clisthenes was their most 
famous member in after years4    #b4    
8,recouped10 re-kooped4 ,recompensed4   
#c4 8,leech40 ,the word comes from the  
,anglo-,saxon word for healer1          
physician1 but in this sense is now     
almost obsolete4    #d4 8,a-gesi-laus40 
8,cle-ome-nes40 ,see 8,brief ,history of
 ,greece40    #e4 8,oligarchies10       
oli-garchies4 ,governments in the       
control of a few  persons4    #f4       
8,cyrene10 cy-rene4 ,a maritime city in 
,northern ,africa1 founded  by a ,greek 
colony2 beautiful for situation1 and of 
great mercantile  importance4 8,it was  
built on a high terrace of the ,cyrenan 
table-land1  about nine miles from the  
coast of ,appolonia1 which became its   
port4 ,the  road which connected the    
city with the harbor1 a vast necropolis1
 and  ruins of streets1 temples1        
theaters1 tombs1 and remnants of art1   
are  still visible4 ,the site of the    
ancient city has been identified with   
the  modern ,grennah40    #g4 8ginetan10

 g-i-netan4 ,pertaining to the island   
and city of gina4    #h4 8,dicasts40    
,the dicasts in ancient ,athens         
exercised the functions of  our jurymen1
 rather than of the judges of courts4   
#i4 8,arte-mon40 ,said to have been from
 ,clazomen4 ,he was an engineer1 and  to
 him was attributed the invention of the
 testudo and the battering ram4  ,in the
 siege of ,samos he was employed by     
,pericles4    #aj4 8,anax-ago-ras40 7,b4
 ,c4 #ejj-dbh47 ,an ,ionian philosopher1
 a native  of ,clazomen4 ,when a young  
man he went to ,athens1 where he became 
the  teacher of ,pericles1 ,euripides   
and others4 ,see 8,brief ,history of    
,greece10  page #fb4    #aa4            
8,ic-tinus40 ,a ,grecian architect who  
lived about #dej ,b4 ,c4 ,he was the    
architect of the great temple of        
,minerva1 on the ,acropolis1 and of that
  of ,apollo ,epicurius1 in ,arcadia4   
#ab4 8,pol-yg-notus40 7#dfj8-dcj8 ,b4   
,c47 ,a painter1 whose native home  was 
,thasos1 but who afterward became a     

citizen of ,athens1 where he was        
employed by ,cimon to ornament the      
temple of ,theseus4 8,he is styled      
#8,the  ,homer of painting1' because he 
treated his subjects in an epic rather  
than a dramatic spirit4 ,he had         
imagination in the highest degree4 ,in  
allusion to the ideal character and     
moral expression of his works1          
,aristotle calls him an ethic painter4  
,the same critic says1 in another       
passage1 #8,polygnotus represented men  
better than they are 7superior to       
nature74' ,among his works were the     
#8,capture of ,troy1' and the #8,visit  
of  ,ulysses to the ,lower ,world4'0    
#ac4 8,ma-chaon ,pod-a-liri-us40 ,a son 
of sculapius1 celebrated among the      
,greeks for his ability as a physician2 
he is said to have gone to the  ,trojan 
war with thirty ships2 he acted as a    
surgeon as well as serving  in battle4  
,he is mentioned by some writers as one 
of the heroes who were  concealed in the
 wooden horse4      ,,greek ,,mythology4

    ,those desiring to carry on more    
fully their readings in ,greek          
,mythology  will find the following     
works peculiarly helpful3 8,mythology of
 the  ,aryan ,nations10 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox2   
8,introduction to the ,science of       
,religion10  ,max ,mller2 8,origin and  
,development of ,religious ,belief10    
,baring-,gould2  8,handbook of          
,mythology10 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox2 8,myth and   
,science10 ,vignole2  8,mythology10     
,seeman4    #a4 8,hestia40 ,the ,greek  
form corresponding to the ,latin ,vesta4
 ,it is  conjectured by some that the   
two words are the same1 going back to a 
period when the ,greeks and ,latins were
 still an undivided people4    #b4      
8,pe-nts40 ,the word is derived from    
penus1 the innermost part  of the house1
 and referred to those divinities who1  
as exercising  providential care over   
domestic affairs1 were considered as the
 gods of  the household4 ,the ,penates  
were also the gods of the state1        
considered  as a family1 and as such had

 a sanctuary near the center of ,rome1  
where  sacrifices were made by public   
men4    #c4 8,tutelary10 tte-la-ry4     
,derived from the ,latin word tutela1   
protection1 and signifying protecting   
goddess4    #d4 8,vestal40 ,the         
priestesses of ,vesta4 ,a temple to this
 goddess stood in  ,rome1 in the ,forum1
 and over the temple presided four1     
afterward six1  virgins1 who were chosen
 to the office at first by the kings1   
and later  by lot4 ,they entered on this
 service when no older than ten years1  
and  served thirty years2 the first ten 
being spent in learning1 the second  ten
 in performing1 and the third in        
teaching1 their duties4 ,a vow of       
chastity was taken1 the violation of    
which was punished by being buried      
alive4 ,the chief duty of the virgins   
was to keep the fire on the altar of    
the goddess ever burning4 ,after the    
term had expired they might marry1      
although it was considered unlucky4     
#e4 8,cyl-lene40 ,the highest mountain  

in ,peloponnesus4 ,it was sacred to     
,mercury1 who was said to have been born
 there1 and was hence called            
,cyllenius4    #f4 8,alphe-us40 ,the    
largest river in ,peloponnesus4 ,it     
rises in ,arcadia1  but soon sinks      
underground4 ,it rises again and unites 
with the ,eurotas4  ,after flowing      
together for nearly three miles the two 
rivers disappear  underground4 ,the     
,alpheus rises again at ,peg1 and flows 
northwest into  the ,ionian ,sea4    #g4
 8,pro-methe-us40 ,see page #ed of      
8,brief ,history of ,greece40    #h4    
8,tartarus40 ,according to ,homer       
,tartarus is the lowest hell1 a locality
  as far below ,hades as earth is below 
heaven2 into this dark region  all who  
rebelled against ,zeus were hurled4     
,later the word was used  synonymously  
with ,hades4    #i4 8,psychopompus10    
si-ko-pompus4    #aj4 8,non ego10 etc4  
,i shall not all die4    #aa4           
8,cerbe-rus40 8,the monster that guarded
 the entrance to the infernal  regions4 

,he was a son of ,typhon and ,echidna1  
and is represented as a  dog with three 
heads1 the tail of a serpent1 and a mane
 composed of the  anterior extremities  
of numberless snakes4 ,his business was 
to admit the  spirits of the dead into  
their subterranean abode1 and to prevent
 them  from leaving it4 ,orpheus lulled 
him to sleep with his lyre1 and         
,hercules  dragged him from ,hades1 and 
exhibited him to the eyes of wondering  
mortals40    #ab4 8,terra in-cog-nita40 
,unknown land4    #ac4 8,judges40       
,minos1 and ,rhada-manthus were         
brothers1 sons of  ,jupiter and ,europa4
 ,the former1 the king and legislator of
 ,crete1 was  distinguished for his     
wisdom1 and with the latter1 famous     
throughout life  for his justice1 was   
made a judge of the lower world4 ,the   
third judge1  a-cus1 was a son of       
,jupiter and gina4 ,the island where he 
was born was  named after his mother1   
and he became its ruler4 ,he was        
renowned for his  justice1 being called 

upon by gods as well as men to settle   
disputes4    #ad4 8,tanta-lus40 ,from   
this name we have the word tantalize1   
signifying  to put a good within sight1 
that it may excite desire1 but still to 
keep  it out of reach4    #ae4          
8,psyche10 sike4    #af4                
8,pro-serpi-na10 or ,per-sepho-ne4 ,the 
daughter of ,jupiter and ,ceres1  and   
wife of ,pluto1 by whom she is said to  
have been carried off to ,hades4    #ag4
 8,gany-mede40 ,said to have been the   
most beautiful of human beings4         
,jupiter was so delighted with him that 
he carried him to ,olympus as his       
cup-bearer4      ,,kitchen ,,science4   
#a4 8,ro-sace-40 ,a highly important    
order in botany1 including herbs1       
shrubs and trees that have stipulate    
leaves and regular flowers1  resembling 
those of the rose family4 ,it includes  
five sub-orders1  eighty-seven genera1  
and #a1jjj species4 ,it embraces our    
finest ornamental  flowering shrubs1 and
 a long catalogue of delicious fruits1  

as apples1  pears1 peaches1 plums1      
cherries1 strawberries1 blackberries and
  raspberries4    #b4 8,i-dun40 ,the    
goddess who kept in a box the apples    
which the gods  tasted in order to      
preserve their perpetual youth4    #c4  
8,orchards of ,hesperus40 ,the lands    
watched over by the ,hesperides1        
maidens who guarded the golden apples   
which ,earth gave ,hera at her  marriage
 to ,zeus4 ,the apples grew on a tree   
which was also further  guarded by a    
sleepless dragon4 ,these 8orchards0 were
 in that part of the  heaven where the  
sun sets4    #d4 8,pyrus40 ,a genus of  
trees of the order ,rosace1 including   
the apple  and pear and some ornamental 
trees4    #e4 8,the ,american           
,pomological ,society40 ,this society   
was organized in ,new  ,york ,october   
#aj1 #ahdh4 ,its main object was to     
elicit and disseminate  information     
relating to fruit growing1 and to       
promote a cordial spirit  of intercourse
 among horticulturists4 ,it has brought 

together from all  the states and       
territories the most intelligent1       
experienced and skilful  cultivators who
 have taught each other and made the    
knowledge of one the  property of all4  
,its sessions are held in the different 
leading cities of  the country4    #f4  
8,prunus ,persi-ca40 ,the ,prunus is a  
genus of trees of the order  ,rosace1   
including those species which have the  
stone of the fruit  sharp-pointed1 and a
 longitudinal furrow passing all round4 
,the young  leaves are rolled up4       
8,persica0 means that it is a native of 
,persia4    #g4 8,curculio10 weevil4 ,a 
,linnan genus of insects characterized  
by the  elongation of the head into a   
beak or snout1 at the extremity of which
  the mouth is placed1 and from which   
the club-shaped antenn spring4 ,the     
species are very numerous and are       
distributed over all parts of the earth4
    #h4 8,rubus40 ,a genus of the order 
,rosace1 distinguished by a five-lobed  
calyx1 without bracts1 and the fruit    

formed by an aggregation of small       
drupes4    #i4 8,rubus ,vil-losus40     
,villosus signifies shaggy or           
long-haired2 given  because the leaflets
 of the high blackberry are hairy on    
both sides4    #aj4 8,rubus             
,can-a-densis40 ,so called because it is
 found growing in  ,canada4    #aa4     
,fra-gari-a4      ,,apples1 ,,peaches1  
,,blackberries ,,and ,,strawberries4    
#a4 8,mringue10 m-rng4      ,,chemistry4
    #a4 8,galileo10 gl-i-leeo4          
7#aefd-afdb47 ,an illustrious           
astronomer1  mathematician and          
philosopher1 the creator of experimental
 science4 ,he  made a number of         
important discoveries in the science of 
astronomy1  among which were ,jupiter's 
satellites1 ,saturn's rings1 the sun's  
spots1  and the starry nature of the    
milky way4 ,he was a strong advocate of 
the ,copernican system--which represents
 the sun to be at rest in the  center   
and the earth and other planets to move 
round it--and for this was  twice       

persecuted by the ,inquisition4 ,on both
 occasions he was publicly  compelled to
 abjure the system1 but the last time he
 is said to have  stamped his foot while
 muttering to himself1 8but nevertheless
 it does  move40 ,the later years of his
 life were spent in his country house   
near  ,florence4    #b4 8,torricelli10  
tor-ri-celli4 7#afjh-afdg47 ,a          
celebrated ,italian  mathematician and  
philosopher4 ,he made himself renowned  
for all time by  his interpretation of  
the fact that water will rise in a      
suction pump to  a height of thirty-two 
feet1 which1 up to his time1 had been   
explained  on the ground that 8nature   
abhors a vacuum20 above that limit the  
law  was modified4 ,torricelli employed 
mercury to perform this experiment1  and
 soon found the clue to the mystery4 ,he
 discovered that the column of  fluid   
was sustained by the pressure of the    
atmosphere on the open surface  of the  
fluid4    #c4 8,blaise ,pascal40        
7#afbc-affb7 ,a distinguished ,french   

philosopher and  scholar4 ,in his       
sixteenth year he produced a treaty on  
conic sections2  in his nineteenth year 
he invented a calculating machine4      
,turning his  attention to the theory of
 fluids which ,torricelli had advanced1 
he  wrote two essays which established  
his reputation as an experimental       
physicist4 ,he was the author of the    
magnificent but unfinished 8,penses40   
,he was of a deeply religious turn1 and 
before his death was entirely  given up 
to prayer and practices of              
mortification1 among which may be       
mentioned that of wearing an iron girdle
 studded with sharp points which  he    
forced into his flesh whenever he felt  
himself assailed by sinful  thoughts4   
8,puy de ,dome10 pw deh dm4    #d4      
8,tarpeia10 tar-peya4 ,the daughter of  
,tarpeius1 the governor of the  citadel 
of ,rome4 ,she promised to open the     
gates of the city to the  ,sabines if   
they would give her what they carried on
 their left hands1  meaning their gold  

bracelets4 ,the king consented1 and as  
he entered the  gates1 to punish her    
perfidy he threw not only his bracelet1 
but his  shield upon her4 ,his soldiers 
followed his example1 and she was       
crushed  to death4 ,she was buried in   
the capitol1 which from her has been    
called  the ,tarpeian ,rock4    #e4     
8,haliotis10 hal-i-tis4 ,a genus of     
gasteropods with a shell  resembling the
 human ear4 ,the gasteropods are a class
 of univalve  mollusks1 like the snail4 
#f4 8,skate40 ,a kind of shark4 ,a name 
given to several species of fish  having
 a rhomboidal body4    #g4 8,magdeburg  
,hemispheres40 ,they are two hollow     
hemispheres generally  made of brass or 
copper1 with edges accurately fitted to 
each other1 and  one of them provided   
with a stop cock4 ,when the edges are   
pressed tightly  together and the globe 
thus formed is exhausted of air through 
the cock1  the hemispheres are held     
together with such force that it is with
 great  difficulty they can be pulled   

apart4    #h4 8,otto von ,gricke10 fon  
grik-eh4 7#afjb-afhf47 ,a celebrated    
,german  physicist4 ,he invented the    
air-pump and made the famous experiment 
with  the ,magdeburg hemispheres4    #i4
 8,tower of ,pisa40 ,the round marble   
belfry called 8,the ,leaning ,tower0    
because it deviates about fourteen feet 
from the perpendicular4 ,it is  #ahj    
feet high1 and consists of seven stories
 divided by rows of columns1  and       
surmounted by a flat roof and an open   
gallery commanding a splendid  view of  
the surrounding country4 ,it was built  
in the twelfth century by a  ,german    
architect1 ,wilhelm of ,innsbruck4      
#aj4 8,mariotte10 ,m-ri-t4 ,a ,french   
philosopher of the seventeenth  century4
 ,he possessed an extraordinary power of
 drawing conclusions  from experiment4  
,he made a thorough investigation of the
 subject of the  conduction of water1   
and calculated the strength necessary   
for pipes  under different              
circumstances4    #aa4 8,air-gun40 ,an  

instrument resembling a musket4 ,by     
means of a condenser  the air is forced 
into a metallic globe which is attached 
to the musket  nearly opposite the      
trigger4    #ab4 8,torricellian         
,vacuum40 ,to produce this vacuum a     
small quantity of  pure mercury is      
placed in the tube and boiled for some  
time4 ,it is then  allowed to cool and a
 further quantity1 previously warmed1   
added1 which  is boiled1 and so on until
 the tube is quite full2 in this manner 
the  moisture and the air which adhere  
to the sides of the tube pass off with  
the mercurial vapor4    #ac4            
8,mont-golfi-er40 ,there were two       
brothers of this name1 ,etienne and     
,joseph1 distinguished as the inventors 
of the first kind of balloons4  ,they   
were both received as members of the    
,french ,academy4 ,they lived in  the   
latter part of the eighteenth century4  
#ad4 8,pneumatic ,dispatch40 ,the       
packages are placed on easily rolling   
carriages which are nicely fitted within

 tubes4 ,the force necessary to  move   
them is produced by the alternate       
compression and expansion of  air in    
large reservoirs4 ,this compression and 
expansion is caused by  forcing the     
water into1 and then allowing it to run 
out of a connecting  reservoir1 the     
action being changed by a system of     
cocks4    #ae4 8,gay-,lussac40          
7#aggh-ahej47 ,a ,frenchman1 one of the 
most distinguished  chemists and        
physicists of modern times4 ,in #ahjd he
 made a balloon  ascension of #bc1jjj   
feet1 and ,humboldt examined with him   
the air brought  down from that height1 
for the purpose of discovering the      
intensity of  the magnetic force4 ,in   
#ahci ,gay-,lussac was created a peer of
 ,france4    #af4 8,lockyer40 7#ahcf-47 
,an ,english astronomer4 ,he invented a 
method  of observing the red flames of  
the sun without being obliged to wait   
for an eclipse4 ,in #ahgj and #ahga he  
was sent to ,sicily by the ,english     
government1 as the chief of the eclipse 

expedition4          ,a ,,chapter ,,of  
,,blunders4      ,pass1 certificate1 and
 competitive examinations are1 no doubt1
 all  sufficiently serious affairs to   
examinees1 and sufficiently trying ones 
to examiners4 ,to the outer public1     
however1 to those 8who have no son or   
brother there10 such 8exams40 are1 as a 
rule1 nothing if not a source  of       
amusement4 ,the 8results0 aimed at in   
examinations are1 for the most  part1   
admirable2 but in the course of the     
processes1 in the answering  of         
examination questions1 the unexpected   
constantly happens1 and it  is the      
unlooked-for results1 the 8surprises0 of
 the occasions1 that  make sport for the
 ,philistines4 ,the situation on this   
head is easily  explicable4 ,it is a    
natural result of the modern system of  
preparation  for examination--the cram  
system4 ,examinees bent only on 8getting
 through0  will answer questions on the 
hit-or-miss principle1 while others1    
whose  brains have become more or less  

addled under the pressure of 8memory    
work10 will evolve from their unbalanced
 inner consciousness replies  fearfully 
and wonderfully made4    ,some of the   
8exam40 stories current in educational  
circles1 though  characteristic1 and    
possibly 8founded on fact10 have an air 
of belonging  to the too-good-to-be-true
 category4 ,a number of these are told  
against--and1 if invented1 were probably
 invented by--undergraduates4  ,thus--so
 the story goes--an undergraduate was   
asked to name the minor  prophets1 and1 
not having 8got them up10 neatly and    
politely replied that  he would rather  
not make invidious distinctions4        
,another university man1  called upon to
 give the parable of the ,good          
,samaritan1 did so correctly  enough    
until he came to the passage where the  
,samaritan said to the  innkeeper3      
8,when ,i come again ,i will repay      
thee10 to which he added1  8,this he    
said1 knowing that he would see his face
 no more40 ,perhaps1  however1 the      

examinee upon this occasion was a       
conscious humorist1 and  had in mind the
 worldly-wise saying1 that there are a  
great many people  willing to play the  
part of the ,good ,samaritan1 less the  
oil and the  twopence4    ,something of 
the same stamp must have been the       
candidate for a degree1  who1 asked to  
state the substance of ,st4 ,paul's     
sermon at ,athens1  said that it was    
8crying out for two hours1 #8,great is  
,diana of the  ,ephesians4'0 ,with      
variations1 that is the substance of a  
great many  sermons1 and of other       
discourses beside sermons4    ,such     
stories as the above may or may not be  
rather broadly illustrative  than       
strictly true1 but in any case they can 
be pretty well matched by  others1 about
 the truthfulness of which there is no  
doubt4 ,every year a  certain proportion
 of the children of the ,london board   
schools enter into  a competitive       
examination in ,scriptural knowledge1   
for the 8,peek ,prizes10  which consist 

of handsomely got-up ,bibles and        
,testaments4 ,they are 8paper  work0    
examinations1 and the following are a   
few of the many curious  8hash0 answers 
that have at various times been put in  
at them4    8,abraham was the father of 
,lot1 and ad tew wives4 ,one was called 
,hishmale  and tother ,haggar1 he kept  
wun at home1 and he turned tother into  
the  desert where she became a pillow of
 salt in the day time1 and a pillow of  
fire by night40    8,joseph wore a koat 
of many garments4 ,he was chief butler  
to ,faro and  told is dreams4 ,he       
married ,potiffers dortor1 and he led   
the ,gypshans out  of bondage to ,kana  
in ,gallilee1 and there fell on his     
sword and died in  sight of the promised
 land40    8,moses was an ,egypshion4   
,he lived in a hark made of bulrushes1  
and he  kept a golden calf and worshipt 
brazen snakes1 and he het nothing but   
kwales and manner for forty year4 ,he   
was kort by the air of his ed while     
riding under the bow of a tree and he   

was killed by his son ,absolon as he    
was hangin from the bow4 ,his end was   
pease40    ,of the numerous stories told
 in connection with diocesan inspection 
8exams40 in public elementary schools1  
the two following are perhaps  the best 
known and most worth quoting4 ,at one of
 these exams41 a boy1  asked to mention 
the occasion upon which it is recorded  
in ,scripture  that an animal spoke1    
made answer3 8,the whale when it        
swallowed ,jonah40  ,the inspector1     
being something of a humorist1          
maintained his gravity  and asked3      
8,what did the whale say80 ,to which the
 boy promptly replied3  8,almost thou   
persuadest me to be a ,christian40      
,another inspector1 finding  a class    
hesitating over answering the question1 
8,with what weapon did  ,samson slay the
 ,philistines80 and wishing to prompt   
them1 significantly  tapped his own     
cheek1 and asked1 8,what is this80 and  
his action touching  8the chords of     
memory10 the whole class instantly      

answered3 8,the jawbone  of an ass40    
,a good example of the manner in which  
students who are 8in0 for several       
8subjects0 at the same time get their   
ideas mixed1 is that of the youth  who  
having to answer the question1 8,who was
 ,esau80 replied2 8,esau was a  man who 
wrote fables1 and sold the copyright for
 a bottle of potash40  ,here the        
confusion thrice confounded of ,esau and
 sop1 birthright and  copyright1 and    
pottage and potash1 is really admirable 
in its way4    ,as might be expected1   
the examinations of medical students    
afford some  good stories--true or      
otherwise4 ,as might also be expected1  
some of them  are wittily impudent4 ,for
 instance1 a 8badgering0 examiner asked 
a  student what means he would employ to
 induce copious perspiration in a       
patient1 and got for answer3 8,i'd try  
to make him pass an examination  before 
you1 sir40 ,the most frequently cited   
anecdote of this kind is that  of the   
brusque examiner--said by some to have  

been ,dr4 ,abernethy--who1  losing      
patience with a student who had answered
 badly1 exclaimed3  8,perhaps1 sir1 you 
could tell me the names of the muscles  
,i would put in  action if ,i were to   
kick you80 8,undoubtedly1 sir10 came the
 prompt reply2  8you would put into     
motion the flexors and extensors of my  
arm1 for ,i  should knock you down40 ,on
 the same lines as this was the retort  
made  to ,m4 ,lefebvre de ,fourcy1 a    
,french examiner1 celebrated1 not only  
for  his learning1 but also for his     
severity and rudeness4 ,he was examining
  a youth1 who1 though well up in his   
work1 hesitated over answering one  of  
the questions put to him4 ,losing temper
 at this1 the examiner shouted  to an   
attendant3 8,bring a truss of hay for   
this young gentleman's  breakfast40     
8,bring two10 coolly added the examinee1
 8,monsieur and ,i will  breakfast      
together40 ,of such alleged answers by  
students as that the  pancreas was so   
named after the ,midland railway        

station1 that the bone  of the upper arm
 7humerus7 was called the humerous1 and 
was so styled  because it was known as  
the funny-bone2 or that the ankle-bone  
7tarsus7  was so called because ,st4    
,paul walked upon it to the city of that
 name--of  such alleged answers as these
 it is charitable to suppose that they  
must  be weak inventions of the enemy4  
,many of the comicalities in the way of 
examination answers recorded by  her    
,majesty's inspectors of schools1 the   
examiners in the school board           
scholarships competitions1 and other the
 like official personages1 go  a long   
way to prove that in examination        
blundering1 as in many other  matters1  
truth is sometimes stranger than        
fiction4 ,at least1 it seems  to us that
 no invented story--supposing           
examination stories ever are            
invented--could equal for 8nice         
derangement0 the following written      
answer  which was actually given at an  
examination in the 8specific subjects0  

in  a public elementary school within   
the metropolitan area4 ,the specific    
subject taken was physiology1 and the   
children 8presented0 in it were  asked  
to 8describe the processes of           
digestion10 which one of them did  in   
this wise3 8,food is digested by the    
action of the lungs4 ,digestion  is     
brought on by the lungs having something
 the matter with them4 ,the  food then  
passes through your windpipe to the     
pores1 and thus passes  off your body by
 evaporation1 through a lot of little   
holes in your  skin called capillaries4 
,the food is nourished in the stomach4  
,if you  were to eat anything hard you  
would not be able to digest it1 and the 
consequence would be you would have     
indigestion4 ,the gall-bladder throws   
off juice from the food which passes    
through it4 ,we call the kidneys the    
bread-basket1 because it is where all   
the bread goes to4 ,they lay up         
concealed by the heart40    ,domestic   
economy1 as nowadays taught to 8children

 of the elementary  school class10      
embraces a good deal of physiological   
knowledge1  or rather1 as applied to    
such children1 physiological jargon4 ,it
  is a subject which affords hosts of   
amusing answers1 though1 from           
considerations of space1 two or three   
must here suffice for specimens4  ,thus1
 in reply to the question1 8,why do we  
cook our food80 one girl gives  the     
delightfully inconsequent reply3 8,their
 of five ways of cooking  potatoes4 ,we 
should die if we eat our food roar40    
,another girl writes3  8,the function of
 food is to do its proper work in the   
body4 ,its proper  work is to well      
masticate the food1 and it goes through 
without dropping1  instead of being     
pushed down by the skin40 ,a third      
domestic economy  pupil puts in her     
examination paper that 8food digested is
 when we put  it into our mouths1 our   
teeth chews it1 and our tongue roll it  
down into  our body4''' ,we should not  
eat so much bone-making foods as        

flesh-forming  and warmth-giving foods1 
for if we did we would have too many    
bones1  and that would make us look     
funny40 ,on the subject of ventilation1 
one  student informs us that a room     
should be kept at ninety in the winter  
by a fire2 in the summer by a           
thermometer3 while a classmate writes3  
8,a  thermometer is an instrument used  
to let out the heat when it is going to 
be cold40 ,another girl sets down3      
8,when roasting a piece of beef place   
it in front of a brisk fire1 so as to   
congratulate the outside40 ,but an      
answer--still in domestic economy--that 
better1 perhaps1 than any of the  above 
illustrates the jargoning that comes of 
the cram system1 is the  following3     
8,sugar is an amyolid1 if you was to eat
 much sugar and not  nothing else you   
would not live because sugar has not got
 no carbon1  hydrogen1 oxygen1 nitrogen4
 ,potatoes is another amyolids40    ,the
 definitions sometimes given by children
 in reply to examination  questioning1  

are1 to say the least of it1 original4  
,after a reading of  ,gray's 8,elegy0 by
 a fourth-standard class1 the boys were 
asked what  was meant by 8fretted       
vaults10 and one youth replied3 8,the   
vaults in  which those poor people were 
buried2 their friends came and fretted  
over them40 ,asked what he understood by
 8elegy10 another boy in the  same class
 answered3 8,elegy is some poetry wrote 
out for schools to  learn like ,gray's  
#8,elegy4'0 ,a class of girls1 who had  
read a passage  from 8,evangeline10 were
 told to write out the meaning of 8the  
forge10  and these were among the       
answers1 8,a firnest in a blacksmith    
shop40 8,a  firnest in a blacksmith40   
8,the village smithy's anvil40 8,the    
dust that  rises from the floor of a    
blacksmith's40 ,a teacher1 giving a     
reading  lesson to his class in the     
presence of an inspector1 asked the boys
 what  was meant by conscience--a word  
that had occurred in the course of the  
reading4 ,the class having been duly    

crammed for the question1 answered as   
one boy3 8,an inward monitor40 8,but    
what do you understand by an inward     
monitor80 put in the inspector4 ,to this
 further question only one boy          
announced himself ready to respond1 and 
his triumphantly given answer  was1 8,a 
hironclad1 sir40    ,a few years back   
there was published1 as a curiosity1 in 
its way1 the  subjoined transcript from 
,cowper's poem on ,alexander ,selkirk   
written  7from dictation7 by a          
fifth-standard boy at a government      
examination of  a public elementary     
school3 8,i ,ham ,monac of hall ,i      
searve1 there is none  heare my rite to 
,dispute from the senter4 ,hall round to
 the sea ,i am  lorde of the fowls to   
the ,brute all shoshitude ware are the  
charms that  sages have sene in thy face
 better ,dewel in miste of a larms than 
in this  moste horribel place4 ,i am how
 of umity reach if must finish my ,jurny
 a  lone never here the swete music of  
speach i start at the sound of my hone  

the ,beasts that rome over the place my 
form with indrifence see they are  so   
unocent with men such tamess is shocking
 to me40    ,the examiner for the       
,school ,board ,scholarship competed for
 in #ahhb1 gives  the following among   
other equally strange answers on        
historical matters4  8,when             
,commonwealth comes to the throne it is 
called ,oliver ,cromwell40  8,the treaty
 of ,utrecht was fought between the     
,zulus and the ,english40  8,lord ,clive
 captured the ,fiji ,islands in #afbd40 
8,cardinal ,wolsey was a  great         
warrior40 8,walpole translated the      
,bible40 8,walpole was another  favorite
 of ,henry ,,viii4 ,he was the chief man
 in helping ,henry to get a  divorce40  
8,chaucer wrote sop's fables40 ,in      
another of these scholarship            
examinations ,jack ,cade was described  
as 8a great ,indian conqueror10 ,sir    
,christopher ,wren was set down as 8a   
discoverer0 and 8an animal painter10    
and ,mr4 ,gladstone as 8a great ,african

 traveler40 ,the battle of ,crecy  was  
stated to have been fought in the reign 
of ,george ,,iii41 between the  ,britons
 and ,romans1 and 8,the ,wide1 ,wide    
,world0 was named as ,shakspere's       
greatest work4 ,this last1 however1 was 
not so bad as the history of a          
pupil-teacher1 who informed the examiner
 that 8,shakspere lived in the  reign of
 ,george ,,iii41 discovered ,america1   
and was killed by ,caliban40    ,a      
schoolboy habit of placing upon a       
question some literal meaning other     
than that intended by the examiner1     
often leads to answers as curious  as   
unexpected4 ,thus an inspector1 testing 
a class upon their knowledge  of the    
succession of the kings of ,israel1     
asked the boy to whose turn  it had come
 to be questioned3 8,and who came after 
,solomon80 ,to which  the youngster     
answered3 8,the ,queen of ,sheba1 sir40 
,asked what were the  chief ends of man1
 another boy replied1 8,his head and    
feet20 and a third1  questioned as to   

where ,jacob was going when he was ten  
years old1 replied  that he was 8going  
on for eleven40 ,one specially practical
 juvenile1  called upon to say for what 
the ,red ,sea was famous1 answered1     
8,red  herrings60    ,to the type of    
answers here in view1 belongs an answer 
given by a boy  whose father was a      
strong teetotaler1 and upon whom it     
would appear home  influence had made a 
stronger impression than school lessons4
 8,do you  know the meaning of syntax80 
he was asked4 8,yes10 he answered2      
8sin-tax  is the dooty upon spirits40   
,an inspector1 who had been explaining  
to a  class that the land of the world  
was not continuous1 said to the boy who 
happened to be standing nearest to him3 
8,now1 could your father walk  round the
 world80 8,no1 sir10 was promptly       
answered4 8,why not80 8,because  he's   
dead10 was the unlooked-for response4   
,as little anticipated1  probably1 was  
the answer made to another inspector1   
who asked1 8,what is a  hovel80 and was 

met with the reply3 8,what you live in40
    ,a prettily humorous examination    
story is that of the little ,scotch boy 
at the ,presbytery examination4 ,he was 
asked3 8,what is the meaning of         
regeneration80 8,to be born again10 he  
answered4 8,quite right6 ,would you  not
 like to be born again80 ,he hesitated1 
but being pressed1 said that  he would  
not1 and asked why not1 replied3 8,for  
fear ,i might be born a  lassie40 ,alike
 astonishing and amusing was an answer  
given by an adult  examinee1 who was    
8sitting0 for a certificate as acting   
teacher4 ,in the  examination to test   
general knowledge1 he was asked1 8,what 
is the age of  reason80 and answered3   
8,as many years as have elapsed since   
the birth  of the person so named40 ,it 
was also a certificate candidate1 who1  
in  reading1 rendered two lines from    
,goldsmith's 8,edwin and ,angelina0     
thus3--        ,the wicket opening with 
a latch        ,received the armless    
pair4        --,all the ,year ,round4   

,,talk ,,about ,,books4      ,the       
8,critical and ,exegetical ,hand-book to
 the ,gospel of ,matthew10,c now  given 
to ,american readers with an admirable  
preface by ,dr4 ,crooks1 is  just what  
the title asserts1 a critical exegesis  
of the text4 ,the author  was a thorough
 linguist1 and especially familiar with 
the language in  which ,matthew wrote4  
,his expositions1 which are accurately  
grammatical1  give evidence of much     
philological research1 and a strict1    
attention  to the usus loquendi of both 
classic and ,new ,testament ,greek4 ,as 
an  exegete he ranks with the best2     
albeit1 the exegesis itself is1 at      
times1  clearer than the ,english used  
to state it4 ,some sentences are        
burdened  with adjuncts1 and there is   
not always the most felicitous          
arrangement of  the explanatory clauses4
 ,one familiar with good writing will   
occasionally  feel an impulse to recast 
and improve what does not quite suit    
him4 ,for  professional men1 and        

especially young ministers1 the         
,hand-book has great  value1 and is     
worthy of their careful study4    ,at   
least one novel book has been issued    
among the recent holiday volumes4  ,it  
is 8,one ,year's ,sketch ,book10,d a    
collection of engravings following  the 
birth1 growth1 and death of a year4     
,flowers are made to interpret  the     
changing phases of the seasons by the   
artist1 for1 though she weaves  in many 
landscapes1 they are almost always as   
backgrounds1 for now a  bunch of ox-eyed
 daisies1 a bouquet of blue violets1 a  
loose cluster of  roses1 a spray of     
clematis1 or a bunch of bitter-sweet4   
,she deals more  sympathetically1 too1  
with flowers than with other subjects1  
and her work  on them shows much more   
finish4 ,there are several anachronisms 
in the  book that are annoying4 ,march  
is made to follow ,may2 the page called 
the  end of spring-time bears a cluster 
of trailing arbutus as its emblem1  a   
flower which belongs to the birth of    

spring2 and in her preface1 she  makes  
her newly wedded birds hesitate between 
nest building in the  locust1 with its  
8drooping white blossoms heaving with   
sweetness10 and  the apple trees with   
their 8pink and white glory blushing    
against the  sky10 forgetful that the   
8pink and white glory0 has fallen to the
 ground  before the locust flower has   
come4 ,the pictures are quite as        
beautiful1  however1 as if placed in    
strict calendar order1 and the make up  
of the  book is delightful4    ,probably
 the most suggestive work on education  
ever written is ,rousseau's  8,emile40,e
 ,it is the work to which we owe the    
common sense and the  thoughtful        
training which more and more            
characterize our system of  education4  
,it is the work which aroused           
,pestalozzi and ,frbel1 but it has  been
 for many years practically a dead      
volume1 particularly to ,english        
readers4 ,old1 poorly translated1 long1 
and with many tedious digressions1      

teachers and mothers who ought to have  
been reading it were repelled by  these 
difficulties4 ,some time ago ,m4 ,jules 
,steeg removed these barriers  from his 
,french countrymen by arranging a volume
 into which he gathered  the most       
valuable portions of ,emile1 and now one
 of our country-women has  removed the  
difficulties from ,english readers by a 
clear translation of  ,mr4 ,steeg's     
work4 ,it is a book worth possessing1   
and educators ought to  welcome this    
practical and satisfactory arrangement  
of ,rousseau's great  book4    ,a jest  
book and a history are not often found  
in the same volume1 but the             
8,enchiridion of ,wit10,f is not only   
what it professes1 a hand book of       
,english conversational wit2 it is a    
very delightful history of certain      
periods of ,english court and society   
life4 ,the author has adopted the  novel
 plan of arranging chronologically the  
bon-mots he has collected4  ,the effect 
is very striking4 ,this grouping into   

periods enables a reader  to study the  
progress1 the men1 the culture and      
refinement of each age  from an entirely
 new standpoint1 and one which no other 
book with which  we are familiar makes  
possible4 ,the volume will form a       
valuable handbook  in studies of the    
education and polish of the social and  
literary  coteries from the time of ,sir
 ,thomas ,moore down to the days of     
,thackeray  and ,bishop ,wilberforce4   
8,a ,penniless ,girl0,g is the story of 
one who1 simply because she was a  girl1
 could not inherit the immense fortune  
which would have fallen to  a son4 ,her 
father's disappointment1 and neglect of 
the daughter whose  mother died at her  
birth1 her reception into the house of a
 wealthy noble  family where1 after she 
had been well educated1 she accepted the
 position  of governess2 and her        
struggles to free herself from the      
meshes spread  on all sides to lead her 
into a marriage for wealth and position1
 and to  remain true to herself and the 

man she loved1 make up the plot4 ,it is 
a  book that will help while away an    
hour or so very pleasantly4    ,a few   
short extracts from the first page of   
8,episodes of ,my ,second  ,life0,h give
 the meaning of the title4 8,on the     
#aeth of ,august1 #ahcf1  ,i was born   
again4 ,on that day ,i embarked at      
,gibraltar for ,new ,york1  being then  
twenty-five years old4 ,it was the      
beginning of a new life40  ,the author  
is an ,italian1 and had passed his      
seventieth birthday before  beginning   
this book4 ,it is made up principally of
 reminiscences of his  life in ,america 
and in ,england4 ,his comments on some  
of the customs of  ,american social life
 give us a not very flattering view of  
ourselves as  others sometimes see us4  
,his appreciation of the treasures of   
,english  literature is very great1 and 
his commendation of them as warm as his 
denunciation of ,french literature is   
bitter4 ,his patriotic1 diplomatic1     
literary1 parliamentary1 and            

journalistic experiences give quite an  
insight into these great fields of      
labor4 ,there is much of egotism within 
its pages1 but the book is very readable
 and possesses literary merit4          
8,light ,ahead0,i is one of those       
satisfactory books in which the poor    
good characters all turn out well1 and  
have abundant opportunity to heap  coals
 of fire on the heads of the bad rich   
ones1 who in former years had  treated  
them with contempt4 ,the story of the   
little spirituelle ,alice1  who1 from a 
refined home where poverty dwelt1 won   
her way among the noble  and the true in
 the highest circles1 until she gained  
an established  position in the very    
best society1 will do good wherever it  
goes4    8,pretty ,lucy ,merwyn0,j is a 
charming story for the young4 ,there is 
a  freshness and an individuality about 
it that captivates the reader from  the 
first4 ,the racy1 original little       
speeches of ,lucy and her companions    
have in them a naturalness that is      

seldom found1 and the descriptions of   
their travels abroad are so vivid that  
those reading half believe that  they   
themselves are visiting the 8memory     
haunted lands beyond the seas40  ,it is 
written in good style and in the purest 
,english4    ,marion ,harland1 with her 
usual good sense in taking everything   
new and  good into the kitchen1 has     
prepared a 8,calendar0,k for housewives4
 ,it is  the aptest device we have ever 
seen for furnishing a daily inspiration 
to  model housekeeping4 ,no woman with a
 spark of household pride in her soul   
can pull away the leaves of this pretty 
calendar day by day and read the  bright
 thoughts1 the practical hints1 and the 
encouraging words which  ,mrs4 ,terhune 
has put on them without profit4 ,it is a
 pretty object1 too1  for a wall1 with  
its richly colored sketch of ,marion    
,harland herself1  sitting in the corner
 of her library4    ,a choice little    
book is the one containing two brief    
sketches called  8,miss ,toosey's       

,mission0 and 8,laddie40,l ,one         
experiences something of  a sense of    
wrong on looking in vain at the title   
page for the author's  name4 ,both      
stories are written in a delightful     
manner1 and find their  way straight to 
one's heart4 ,would that there were more
 like poor  ,miss ,toosey1 who grieve   
over making just such failures of their 
lives  as she thought she had4 ,could   
she only have known of the purpose which
  she fanned to life in the breast of   
strong ,john ,rossiter to go into the   
mission field and really do what she so 
fondly dreamed of once1 she would  have 
felt that she had wrought 8better than  
she knew40    ,the 8,laddie0 was a      
prominent physician in ,london1 who     
years before as  an uncommonly promising
 youth had left his simple rural home   
and poor  mother4 ,the story tells of   
how she went to find him1 and the       
thoughtless  words he spoke which made  
her leave his grand house1 and of the   
long  search he had for her and the sad 

finding4    ,the firm1 convinced        
statements of ,dr4 ,van ,dyke in 8,the  
,reality of  ,religion0,m are a welcome 
change from much 8popular0 writing and  
preaching on religious themes4 ,to him  
there is no question of the  truths of  
the ,bible4 ,god is manifest as a       
physical reality1 a moral  reality1 an  
historical reality1 a spiritual reality4
 ,the saving power  of the ,cross of    
,christ is no theory2 it is a fact4 ,the
 whole is ringing  with the perfect     
confidence the writer feels in the      
living truths which  he presents4 ,it   
carries in its tone conviction4 ,the    
book is a strong  argument for what it  
teaches4 ,if one man has found such     
perfect knowledge  no reader can afford 
to overlook his experience4 ,it is a    
forcible appeal  to unbelievers2 it is  
splendid help to wavering minds4        
,mrs4 ,harrison1 in writing 8,the ,old  
,fashioned ,fairy ,book0,n has not only 
opened up a world of delight for little 
readers in which they can amuse         

themselves by the hour1 but has also    
conferred a great favor upon mothers    
and many other older persons by putting 
into their hands the means by  which    
they may be enabled to respond to the   
oft repeated wish1 8tell us  a story1   
please40 ,the book is a treasure house  
in which one may find  that which will  
suit any hour and any mood4 ,there are  
tales of dwarfs  and witches1 and 8lots 
of fairies10 and lovely princesses1 and 
brave  champions1 and all the rest of   
the things that belong to fairy lore4   
,and charming illustrations set off the 
whole book2 even the cover is a         
delight4    ,we are pleased to welcome a
 complete collection of ,lucy ,larcom's 
poems4,o ,for many years she has been   
sending out her fresh1 loving  verses1  
until she has won a warm place in the   
hearts of earnest  readers4 ,her poems  
possess beside a real melody in         
versification1 a  pure1 devotional tone 
which makes them something better than  
merely  pleasing2 it makes them         

inspiring4 ,her deep appreciation of    
nature1 her  quick sympathy with the    
sorrowing and the tempted1 her tender   
love for  childhood1 fill her poems1    
making them most beautiful collections  
for  lovers of verse4    8,how ,we      
,live0,p is a little book finely        
illustrated1 that treats of  ,physiology
 and ,hygiene4 ,it is adapted to the use
 of scholars in the  elementary schools4
 ,the chapters are short1 well arranged1
 and clearly  expressed2 at the end of  
each is a list of questions upon the    
subjects  taught in the chapter1 put in 
a novel and interesting manner4 ,the    
effects  of alcohol and narcotics upon  
the system are pointed out1 but great   
care has been taken not to exaggerate   
the statements1 as is too often  the    
tendency in a work of this nature4 ,the 
book merits a welcome from  all parents1
 who should see that their children are 
learning just such  lessons as it       
teaches1 and so growing up to be strong 
men and women4    ,one of the new series

 of ,appleton's ,science ,text-,books is
 a ,compend of  ,geology4,q ,the aim of 
the author has been to make an          
interesting as well  as an instructive  
book1 and to direct the attention of    
scholars to the  phenomena now occurring
 on all sides4 ,no roundabout method for
 leading  up to the study proper has    
been used1 but the author has very      
simply  commenced at the beginning4 ,the
 directness of the whole book is one of 
its best features4 ,his method of       
unfolding the science is at once easy   
and natural1 and can not fail to awaken 
and retain the close attention of  the  
student4 ,the definitions are clear1    
concise1 and simply stated2 the         
illustrations are numerous and finely   
supplement the text4    ,a very neat    
little book is that called 8,vocal and  
,action ,language40,r  ,in a carefully  
prepared introduction the objections    
against the study of  elocution are very
 fairly met1 and its necessity1         
importance and history  set forth4      

,public speakers can gather many a      
useful hint from its pages  aside from  
the practical drill lessons which it    
contains4    ,c ,critical and           
,exegetical ,hand-book to the ,gospel of
 ,matthew4 ,by  ,heinrich ,august       
,wilhelm ,meyer1 ,th4,d4 ,translated    
from the sixth edition of  the ,german1 
by the ,rev4 ,peter ,christie4 ,new     
,york3 ,funk and ,wagnalls4 #ahhd4    ,d
 ,one ,year's ,sketch ,book4            
,illustrated and arranged by ,irene ,e4 
,jerome4  ,boston3 ,lee  ,shepard1      
,publishers4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,t4   
,dillingham4 #ahhe4    ,e ,emile2 or    
,concerning ,education4 ,extracts1 with 
an ,introduction  and ,notes by ,jules  
,steeg1 ,dput ,paris1 ,france4          
,translated by ,eleanor  ,worthington4  
,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath  ,co4 #ahhe4     
,f ,the ,enchiridion of ,wit4 ,the ,best
 ,specimens of ,english ,conversational 
,wit4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott
  ,co4 #ahhe4    ,g ,a ,penniless ,girl4
 ,a ,novel4 ,from the ,german of ,w4    

,heimburg4 ,translated  by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4
 ,wister4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4        
,lippincott  ,co4 #ahhe4    ,h ,episodes
 of ,my ,second ,life4 ,by ,antonio     
,gallengo4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4       
,lippincott  ,co4 #ahhe4    ,i ,light   
,ahead4 ,by ,cecelia ,a4 ,gardiner4 ,new
 ,york3 ,phillips  ,hunt4  ,cincinnati3 
,walden  ,stowe4 #ahhd4 ,price1 #a4be4  
,j ,pretty ,lucy ,merwyn4 ,by ,mary     
,lakeman4 ,boston3 ,lee  ,shepard1      
publishers4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,t4    
,dillingham4 #ahhd4    ,k ,the ,common  
,sense ,calendar4 ,by ,marion ,harland4 
,new ,york3 ,charles  ,scribner's ,sons4
 #ahhe4    ,l 8,miss ,toosey's ,mission0
 and 8,laddie40 ,boston3 ,roberts       
,brothers4 #ahhd4    ,m ,the ,reality of
 ,religion4 ,by ,henry ,j4 ,van ,dyke1  
,jr41 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3  ,charles      
,scribner's ,sons4    ,n ,the ,old      
,fashioned ,fairy ,book4 ,by ,mrs4      
,burton ,harrison4 ,illustrated by      
,miss ,rosina ,emmet4 ,new ,york3       
,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhd4      

,price1 #b4jj4    ,o ,the ,poetical     
works of ,lucy ,larcom4 ,household      
edition4 ,boston3  ,houghton1 ,mifflin  
,co4 #ahhe4    ,p ,how ,we ,live1 or the
 ,human ,body and ,how to ,take ,care of
 it4 ,by ,james  ,jolonot and ,eugene   
,bouton1 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4        
,appleton  ,co4 #ahhd4    ,q ,a ,compend
 of ,geology4 ,by ,joseph ,le ,conte4   
,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton  ,co4  #ahhd4 
,r ,vocal and ,action ,language4 ,by ,e4
 ,n4 ,kirby4 ,boston3 ,lee  ,shepard1   
publishers4 ,new ,york3 ,c4 ,t4         
,dillingham4 #ahhe4          ,,special  
,,notes      ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of 
,,church ,,work4    ,rev4 ,geo4 ,p4     
,hays1 ,d4,d41 ,director1 ,box #bebi1   
,denver1 ,colorado4      ,this school is
 designed to do whatever may be found   
practicable in  training ,christians for
 official position in their churches1   
and for  personal effort for the        
conversion of their acquaintances and   
friends4  ,with this in view1 it is     
divided into two departments1 and will  

during  the summer session of #ahhe hold
 two sessions per day4    ,official     
,duty4--,this department will hold a    
morning session4 ,here the  theory of   
all official authority and influence1   
and the best methods of  meeting the    
same1 will be studied in their          
scriptural statements1 their  abstract  
application in the rules of business and
 of the church1 and  their concrete     
illustrations in the lives of successful
 officers in the  church and the world4 
,personal ,effort4--,this department    
will hold an afternoon session1 at      
which the ,scriptural obligation to work
 as individuals will be carefully       
considered1 and1 afterward1 the best    
methods of dealing with our  friends as 
to their objections1 their fears1 and   
their indifference4  ,in both           
departments an effort will be made duly 
to appreciate personal  peculiarities1  
and yet for all make the experience of  
others as useful as  possible4    ,the  
stationery adopted for the classes of   

'#hg and '#hh is out1 and very  pretty  
it is1 too4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hart1 of       
,atlanta1 ,ga41 manufactures and  sells 
the paper for these classes4 ,the       
satisfaction which his badges have      
given is the best recommendation for his
 stationery4 ,readers of the ,c4 ,l4    
,s4 ,c4 who may wish to secure either   
badges or paper will reach ,mr4 ,hart   
by addressing ,atlanta1 ,ga4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,alma ,mater1 ,no4 #c1 which has just   
been sent to all members of the ,c4  ,l4
 ,s4 ,c41 is the first number for the   
current year #ahhd-e4 ,four numbers     
will be sent during the year1 but on    
account of some necessary changes1  the 
various 8lessons0 in every-day speech1  
self-discipline1 etc41 will  not appear 
in the order first announced4 ,the      
readings in each of the four  numbers   
will be required1 but not in connection 
with the work of any  one month4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,members of the class of '#hh should    

send items of particular interest to    
the class to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean1
 ,jacksonville1 ,florida4 ,mr4 ,mc,lean 
has  been chosen to prepare class matter
 for ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,do not let   
him  lack for news4 ,those items which  
interest you as a 8,plymouth ,rock0 will
  interest your classmates4             
,,sunday-,,school ,,normal ,,graduates4 
,,class ,,of #ahhd4      ,,chautauqua   
,,assembly ,,normal ,,alumni4      ,o4  
,b4 ,booth                  ,akron1     
,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    ,mrs4 ,o4 ,s4   
,baum              ,chautauqua1         
,chautauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,harriet   
,e4 ,borden            ,kalkaska1       
,kalkaska ,co41 ,mich4    ,o4 ,s4 ,baum 
,chautauqua1 ,chautauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y4  
,gertrude ,e4 ,cutler                   
,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y4   
,alvaretta ,crouse             #aah     
,brown ,st41 ,akron1 ,summit ,co41      
,ohio4    ,caroline ,c4 ,cornnelle      
,madisonville1 ,hamilton ,co41 ,ohio4   
,harry ,e4 ,crankshaw           #dji ,e4

 ,center ,st41 ,akron1 ,summit ,co41    
,ohio4    ,josephine ,l4 ,creque        
,akron1 ,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    ,orra   
,n4 ,chamberlain          ,watseka1     
,iroquois ,co41 ,ill4    ,charles ,e4   
,caskey            ,akron1 ,summit ,co41
 ,ohio4    ,bella ,c4 ,carter           
,randolph1 ,cattaraugus ,co41 ,n4 ,y4   
,george ,w4 ,dithridge          #gea    
,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4          
,harriet ,m4 ,l4 ,dithridge             
,tionesta1 ,forest ,co41 ,pa4    ,ella  
,b4 ,downey               ,windsor      
,hotel1 ,akron1 ,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    
,morris ,elwell                ,newark  
,valley1 ,tioga ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,hattie
 ,m4 ,ensign             ,madison1 ,lake
 ,co41 ,ohio4    ,sadie ,l4 ,gifford    
,akron1 ,summit ,co41 ,ohio4            
,cornelius ,c4 ,hunt                    
,summerville1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,pa4     
,clara ,e4 ,hill                        
,buffalo1 ,erie ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,ella  
,m4 ,holden               ,marlborough1 
,middlesex ,co41 ,mass4    ,carrie ,e4  

,hill               #df ,york ,st41     
,buffalo1 ,erie ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,rettie
 ,m4 ,hanna              ,lakeville1    
,livingston ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,mrs4 ,e4  
,j4 ,harper            ,north ,hope1    
,butler ,co41 ,pa4    ,w4 ,c4 ,herrick  
#gac ,e4 ,market ,st41 ,akron1 ,summit  
,co41 ,ohio4    ,cora ,j4 ,hoover       
,flushing1 ,genesee ,co41 ,mich4        
,emma ,m4 ,jones                ,akron1 
,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    ,lillie ,w4     
,johnson            ,memphis1 ,shelby   
,co41 ,tenn4    ,emma ,d4 ,knapp        
,box #ajb1 ,fairfield1 ,fairfield ,co41 
,conn4    ,jennie ,f4 ,kenyon           
#bjg ,s4 ,union ,st41 ,akron1 ,summit   
,co41 ,ohio4    ,lorenzo ,kidder        
,connellsville1 ,fayette ,co41 ,pa4     
,j4 ,h4 ,king                   #acc ,w4
 ,fourth ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4      
,christina ,lang                        
,fetterman1 ,allegheny ,co41 ,pa4       
,celia ,r4 ,long                ,akron1 
,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    ,sadie ,lyle    
#cg ,liberty ,st41 ,allegheny ,city1    

,allegheny ,co41 ,pa4    ,inez ,marshall
                ,akron1 ,summit ,co41   
,ohio4    ,mrs4 ,fanny ,a4 ,marsh       
,union ,city1 ,erie ,co41 ,pa4    ,miss 
,vie ,maynard             ,busti1       
,chautauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,f4 ,e4    
,meigs                  ,warrensburg1   
,johnson ,co41 ,mo4    ,marcia ,mitchell
              ,terre ,haute1 ,vigo ,co41
 ,ind4    ,ora ,m4 ,neeld               
#ha ,wood ,st41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4       
,ella ,paterson                ,akron1  
,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    ,frank ,c4      
,perkins             ,dunkirk1          
,chautauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,sarah ,j4 
,payne               ,pittsburgh1       
,allegheny ,co41 ,pa4    ,amos ,a4      
,rothtrock            ,westerville1     
,franklin ,co41 ,ohio4    ,ida ,e4      
,rockwell              ,darien1 ,genesee
 ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,louise ,rickart      
#aaca ,madison ,st41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4  
,may ,rhodes                   ,corry1  
,erie ,co41 ,pa4    ,william ,g4        
,roberts           ,bellevue1 ,huron    

,co41 ,ohio4    ,charles ,l4 ,reifsnider
        #aae ,james ,st41 ,akron1 ,ohio4
    ,j4 ,frumont ,scott                 
,delaware1 ,delaware ,co41 ,ohio4    ,t4
 ,c4 ,strickland             ,randolph1 
,cattaraugus ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,laura ,l4
 ,smith               #abj ,w4 ,seventh 
,st41 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind4    ,helen ,a4
 ,storer              ,akron1 ,summit   
,co41 ,ohio4    ,james ,h4 ,smart       
,kingsville1 ,essex ,co41 ,ontario4     
,l4 ,m4 ,swanzey                ,ridott1
 ,stephenson ,co41 ,ill4    ,harry ,g4  
,limric              ,akron1 ,summit    
,co41 ,ohio4    ,frances ,m4 ,sawyers   
#cb ,ward ,st41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4    ,m4
 ,e4 ,taylor                 #eac       
,prospect ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4      
,mrs4 ,alice ,trow              ,drake's
 ,mills1 ,crawford ,co41 ,pa4    ,mrs4  
,josephine ,taylor        ,pittsburgh1  
,pa4    ,emily ,gertrude ,weegar        
,akron1 ,summit ,co41 ,ohio4    ,the    
,rev4 ,charles ,g4 ,wood     ,kansas1   
,edgar ,co41 ,ill4    ,cora ,e4 ,wise   

#aaj ,n4 ,summit ,st41 ,akron1 ,ohio4   
,hattie ,m4 ,wise               #aaj ,n4
 ,summit ,st41 ,akron1 ,ohio4    ,mrs4  
,margaret ,a4 ,watts       #ac ,main    
,st41 ,louisville1 ,ky4    ,e4 ,e4      
,williams               ,tilsonburg1    
,oxford ,co41 ,ontario4    ,hattie ,l4  
,waters             ,southfield1        
,oakland ,co41 ,mich4    ,jennie ,t4    
,weimer             #bji ,s4 ,forge     
,st41 ,akron1 ,ohio4      ,,framingham  
,,normal ,,union4      ,rubie ,l4 ,adams
               care of the ,rev4 ,e4 ,a4
 ,adams1 ,chicago1 ,ill4    ,nellie ,f4 
,alexander          #ef ,messer ,st41   
,providence1 ,r4 ,i4    ,lottie ,m4     
,alexander          #fc ,court ,st41    
,boston1 ,mass4    ,emily ,j4 ,anthony  
#ac ,chestnut ,st41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4
    ,anna ,l4 ,batchelder               
,westborough1 ,worcester ,co41 ,mass4   
,annie ,c4 ,beale                       
,wiscasset1 ,lincoln ,co41 ,maine4      
,mrs4 ,sarah ,j4 ,bragg                 
,spencer1 ,worcester ,co41 ,mass4       

,emma ,f4 ,brown                #ag     
,piedmont ,st41 ,worcester1 ,mass4      
,m4 ,anna ,burns                        
,oakdale1 ,worcester ,co41 ,mass4       
,mrs4 ,h4 ,k4 ,burrison          ,west  
,newton1 ,middlesex ,co41 ,mass4        
,mrs4 ,geo4 ,clark              #e ,home
 ,st41 ,worcester1 ,mass4    ,mary ,e4  
,dorr                 ,cordaville1      
,worcester ,co41 ,mass4    ,mrs4 ,s4 ,c4
 ,dyer              ,spencer1 ,mass4    
,minnie ,e4 ,gaskins                    
,mattapan1 ,suffolk ,co41 ,mass4        
,jessie ,e4 ,guernsey                   
,framingham1 ,mass4    ,mrs4 ,s4 ,c4    
,hayward           ,fitchburg1 ,mass4   
,jesse ,h4 ,jones               ,north  
,abington1 ,plymouth ,co41 ,mass4       
,miss ,g4 ,f4 ,leonard                  
,cambridgeport1 ,mass4    ,elizabeth    
,merriam            ,south ,framingham1 
,mass4    ,ella ,f4 ,moore              
,framingham1 ,mass4    ,mrs4 ,nellie ,e4
 ,moulton       #h ,madison ,st41       
,worcester1 ,mass4    ,abbie ,p4 ,noyes 

#gb ,line ,st41 ,newburyport1 ,mass4    
,ella ,c4 ,roberts              #ai     
,mount ,vernon ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4    
,mary ,l4 ,sawyer                       
,boxford1 ,essex ,co41 ,mass4    ,miss  
,m4 ,j4 ,sherman           ,brookfield1 
,mass4    ,carrie ,l4 ,smith            
#ac ,broadway1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4     
,elizabeth ,f4 ,thayer                  
,lexington1 ,mass4    ,effie ,l4 ,warner
              #egd ,maine ,st41         
,worcester1 ,mass4    ,florence ,e4     
,whitcher         ,lexington1 ,middlesex
 ,co41 ,mass4    ,mrs4 ,emma ,c4 ,white 
,braintree1 ,norfolk ,co41 ,mass4       
,stella ,m4 ,a4 ,wilcox                 
,providence1 ,r4 ,i4    ,lillia ,t4     
,witherbee          #ajj ,franklin ,st41
 ,boston1 ,mass4      ,,inter-,,state   
,,assembly1 ,,ottawa1 ,,kansas4      ,a4
 ,p4 ,allen                             
,hillsborough1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,ill4  
,robert ,cochran                        
,bridgeport1 ,kan4    ,h4 ,j4 ,coker    
,garnett1 ,anderson ,co41 ,kan4    ,j4  

,f4 ,drake                  ,emporia1   
,lyon ,co41 ,kan4    ,mary ,h4 ,gardner 
#ajbc ,grand ,ave41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 
,george ,k4 ,grant              ,media1 
,douglas ,co41 ,kan4    ,o4 ,hansen     
,centralia1 ,nemaha ,co41 ,kan4    ,m4  
,ingels                    ,lanna1      
,allen ,co41 ,kan4    ,rose ,m4 ,kinney 
,hamlin1 ,brown ,co41 ,kan4    ,mary ,e4
 ,leonard              ,ottawa1         
,franklin ,co41 ,kan4    ,mrs4 ,c4 ,b4  
,markham           #aaba ,parallel ,st41
 ,atchison1 ,kan4    ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,nabb   
,council ,grove1 ,morris ,co41 ,kan4    
,jennie ,penrod                ,emporia1
 ,lyon ,co41 ,kan4    ,the ,rev4        
,francis ,rice        ,augusta1 ,butler 
,co41 ,kan4    ,mary ,e4 ,gibson        
,ottawa1 ,franklin ,co41 ,kan4    ,mrs4 
,sarah ,k4 ,stebbins       ,atchison1   
,atchison ,co41 ,kan4    ,the ,rev4 ,f4 
,c4 ,sherman       ,stockton1 ,rooks    
,co41 ,kan4    ,william ,wheeler        
,ottawa1 ,franklin ,co41 ,kan4          
,,sunday-,,school ,,parliament4         

,herman ,c4 ,boehme                     
,fordham1 ,n4 ,y4    ,sadia ,e4 ,baird  
#aic ,waverly ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4    
,mrs4 ,hattie ,e4 ,buell                
,cazenovia1 ,madison ,co41 ,n4 ,y4      
,delia ,a4 ,matson              ,oswego 
,falls1 ,oswego ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,libbie
 ,i4 ,mc,lean             #aic ,waverly 
,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4      ,,mountain  
,,lake ,,park ,,assembly4      ,robert  
,w4 ,armstrong          #abh ,lexington 
,st41 ,baltimore1 ,md4    ,the ,rev4 ,l4
 ,e4 ,peters        ,clarksburg1 ,west  
,va4    ,the ,rev4 ,m4 ,w4 ,ryder       
,oakland1 ,md4    ,g4 ,w4 ,atkinson     
,wheeling1 ,west ,va4    ,laura ,w4     
,rice                #aig ,carrolton    
,ave41 ,baltimore1 ,md4                 
,,chautauqua ,,teachers' ,,union4       
,individual students who have taken the 
,normal ,course and ,examination4       
,effie ,danforth               ,peru1   
,huron ,co41 ,ohio4    ,minnie ,a4      
,fletcher           #abb ,east #aith    
,st41 ,new ,york ,city4    ,john ,t4    

,judd                 ,lewisburg1 ,union
 ,co41 ,pa4    ,mrs4 ,ella ,c4 ,keith   
#af ,cambridge ,st41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 
,john ,a4 ,parker                       
,schooley's ,mountain1 ,morris ,co41 ,n4
 ,j4    ,cyrus ,poling                  
,philippi1 ,barbour ,co41 ,west ,va4    
,antoinette ,f4 ,peterson       #gbj    
#adth ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4   
,c4    ,margaretta ,v4 ,wilcox          
#fdi ,north #ceth ,st41 ,philadelphia1  
,pa4    ,william ,s4 ,corlett           
,warrensville1 ,cuyahoga ,co41 ,ohio4   
,fred4 ,c4 ,abbott                      
,waterbury1 ,conn4    ,florence ,edwards
             #eid ,prospect ,st41       
,cleveland1 ,ohio4    ,mrs4 ,e4 ,p4     
,hickok            ,winfield1 ,cowley   
,co41 ,kan4    ,ida ,a4 ,mahler         
,box #efd1 ,waterbury1 ,conn4           
,william ,mc,kay                ,east   
,norwich1 ,queens ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,a4  
,w4 ,moss                   ,sweet      
,valley1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,pa4    ,retta  
,richardson             ,stockton1      

,chautauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y4    ,edwin ,h4 
,williams            ,waterbury1 ,conn4 
,minnie ,a4 ,wyman                      
,waterbury1 ,conn4    ,jennie ,g4       
,haight             ,cleveland1 ,ohio4  
,emily ,h4 ,miller              ,new    
,vienna1 ,clinton ,co41 ,ohio4    ,mrs4 
,cornelius ,d4 ,tinsley    #c ,adams    
,st41 ,petersburg1 ,va4    ,miss ,e4    
,beswick              #eh ,anne ,st41   
,toronto1 ,ontario4    ,carrie ,baur    
#dcb ,north #f ,st41 ,terre ,haute1     
,ind4    ,mary ,j4 ,erwin               
,charlotte1 ,mich4           99       99
       99       99       99             
,transcriber's ,notes3    ,obvious      
punctuation errors repaired4    ,page   
#ahh1 8term0 changed to 8terms0 7,the   
terms ginetan and ,eubic7    ,pages     
#ahh-ahi1 8drachma0 and 8drachme0 are   
both used for the singular4  ,not       
changed4    ,page #ahi1 8when0 changed  
to 8then0 7one drachma1 then very dear7 
,page #ahi1 8,similarily0 changed to    
8,similarly0 7,similarly in music7      

,page #aij1 8#hef0 changed to 8#ehf0    
7the public contests at ,delphi 7#ehf77 
,page #aib1 8taught0 changed to 8taut0  
7from whose taut string arrows fly7     
,page #aid1 8beome0 changed to 8become0 
7to become more pleasing7    ,page #aih1
 reversed order of lines 8apples into   
the whites1 which must  have been       
whipped to a0 and 8stiff froth4 ,beat in
 the sugar with a few  light sweeps of  
the01 originally printed the other way  
around4    ,page #bjb1 8,guy ,lussac0   
changed to 8,gay-,lussac0 7the loftiest 
mountains4  ,gay-,lussac7    ,page #bbe1
 8,chatuauquan0 changed to              
8,chautauquan0 7the chemical            
experiments given in ,,the              
,,chautauquan7    ,page #bbh1           
8,worccster0 changed to 8,worcester0    
7,worcester1 ,mass47    ,page #bbi1 8he0
 changed to 8the0 7contained in the     
,bible7    ,page #bbi1 8ffrst0 changed  
to 8first0 7been the first ,asiatic7    
,page #bcd1 8sinc0 changed to 8since0   
7since farmers usually double their     

caution7    ,page #bcd1 noted more for  
amusement than anything else1 the line  
8in  millions of households--less buying
 of customary comforts--are0 was        
originally printed upside down4    ,page
 #bda1 8,pensees0 changed to 8,penses0  
7the magnificent but unfinished         
8,penses407    ,page #bda1              
8,guy-,lassac0 changed to 8,gay-,lussac0
 7,gay-,lussac was created a  peer7     
,page #bda1 8th e,english0 changed to   
8the ,english0 7by the ,english         
government7    ,page #bdb1 repeated word
 8are0 removed 7students who are 8in0   
for several  8subjects07    ,page #bdd1 
8,gibralter0 changed to 8,gibraltar0 7,i
 embarked at ,gibraltar for  ,new ,york7
    ,page #bde1 8,steegs0 changed to    
8,steeg0 7an ,introduction and ,notes by
 ,jules  ,steeg7