,,night ,,op]ations    ,,= ,,infantry4  
,night ,op]ations    ,= ,infantry       
,,compil$ ,,= ,,! ,,use    ,,( ,,company
 ,,(fic]s      ,,by    ,brig4-,g5]al ,c4
 ,t4 ,,dawk9s1    ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g4     
,,london3 ,,gale  ,,pold51 ,,ltd41      
#b1 ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1     
,e4,c4    ,,well+ton ,,works1 ,,ald]%ot1
    ,,also ,,at    ,,nelson ,,h\se1     
,,portsm\?4      ,obta9able f all       
,booksell]s4      ,,"o ,,& ,,sixp5ce    
7,,net7            ,,ald]%ot3    ,,pr9t$
 ,,by ,,gale  ,,pold5 ,,ltd4            
,,well+ton ,,works4      #aiaf4         
,p4 #c1jic4  7,all ,rights ,res]v$74    
,,cont5ts                 ,,page        
,,*apt] ,i4      ,! ,importance (       
,c>eful ,tra9+ 9 ,night ,op]ations      
#a        ,,*apt] ,,ii4      ,elem5t>y  
,in/ruction                             
#h      ,tra9+ ( ,vision                
#h      ,tra9+ ( ,he>+                  
#i      ,f9d+ ,be>+s                    
#aj      ,mov+ 9 ! ,d>k                 
#aa      ,g5]al                         

#ad        ,,*apt] ,,iii4      ,g5]al   
,rem>ks on ,night ,op]ations            
#af      ,def9itions                    
#af      ,importance ( ,c>eful          
,prep>ation                         #ag 
,plan ( ,op]ations                      
#bj      ,! ,fram+ ( ,ord]s = ,night    
,op]ations                #ba           
,protection dur+ ,op]ations             
#bb      ,ma9t5ance ( ,connection       
#bd      ,rifle ,fire 9 ,night ,attacks 
#be      ,caution necess>y 9 plann+     
,night ,op]ations1         b ,resolution
 ,ess5tial 9 _! ,execution              
#be      ,def5ce aga9/ ,night ,attacks  
#bf      ,passive ,def5ce ,useless      
#bf        ,,*apt] ,,iv4      ,tra9+ a  
,company = ,(f5sive ,action             
#bi      ,in/ruction 9 ,reconnaissance  
#bi      ,night ,m>*es                  
#cj      ,night ,advances & ,night      
,attacks                          #cb   
,guid+ ,troops across ,c\ntry at ,night 
#cg      ,! ,assault                    
#ci      ,tra9+ = ,def5sive ,action     

#da      ,outpo/s                       
#da      ,position ( ,piquets at ,night 
#dc      ,read9ess = ,action            
#dd      ,cov] = ,gr\ps                 
#df      ,m>k+ ( ,r\te to & f ,piquets  
#df      ,s5tries ,*all5g+              
#df      ,s5tries ,fir+                 
#dg      ,action ( ,outpo/s 9 a ,night  
,attack                      #dh        
,,*apt] ,v4      ,miscellane\s          
#ej      ,tra9+ & ,employm5t ( ,sc\ts   
#ej      ,se>*lights 9 ,attack & 9      
,def5ce                     #ec         
,fl>es1 etc4                            
#ed      ,h& ,gr5ades                   
#ee      ,lum9\s ,discs                 
#ef      ,pocket ,electric ,lamps       
#ef      ,connect+ ,ropes               
#ef      ,pass+ ,f5ces                  
#eg      ,entr5*+ by ,night             
#eh      ,wire ,entanglem5ts            
#ei      ,halts at ,night               
#ei      ,recognition ( ,fri5ds at      
,night                           #ei    
,k ( ! ,moon & ,/>s                     

#fj      ,con/ant ,practice ! only      
,means ( acquir+ ,k   #fb               
,conclusion                             
#fc          ,,night ,,op]ations ,,=    
,,infantry4          ,,*apt] ,i4    ,,! 
,,importance ,,( ,,c>eful ,,tra9+ ,,9   
,,night ,,op]ations4      ,al?\gh 9     
rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a m>k$ increase 9
 !  practice ( night op]ations1 yet ,i  
d\bt if ! majority ( (fic]s  h realiz$ t
 ! *ang+ conditions ( w> t5d to make    
night  fight+ a mu* m common occurr5ce 9
 ! future ?an x has be5  9 ! pa/4 ,a    
brief /udy ( ! acc\nts ( !              
,russo-,japanese ,w>  %[s t1 z "t w5t   
on1 bo? combatants ev9c$ a gr[+ t5d5cy  
to resort to night attacks1 & to employ 
9 _! execution =ces  ( consid]able      
/r5g?2 x is1 !re=e1 reasonable to assume
  t 9 future w>s simil> circum/ances w  
compel ! adoption  ( simil> me?ods4     
,moreov]1 if we consid] ! results :i*   
are  likely to foll[ f ! facilities = ! 
acquisition & ! rapid  transmission (   
in=mation (f]$ by air%ips & wireless    

telegraphy  respectively1 & f ! increas$
 effici5cy ( fire-arms1 we are  compell$
 to realize t 9 all future w>s op]ations
 c>ri$ out  "u cov] ( d>kness1 n only = 
! purpose ( mass+ troops  9 a fav\rable 
position = fur!r action1 b also = !     
actual  assault ( p>ticul> localities1 w
 become a matt] ( con/ant  occurr5ce4   
,inde$1 z a ,fr5* (fic]1 f ^: book,a ,i 
h  ga!r$ _m h9ts on night tra9+1 po9ts  
out1 night fight+ c  no long] be reg>d$ 
z some?+ abnormal & exceptional1 b z !  
p[] ( fire-arms increases1 s w combats 9
 ! d>k become m  frequ5t & necess>y4    
,a 8,guide p\r le ,*ef d'une petit unit 
d'infant]ie oprant          la nuit1 p> 
,le ,comm&ant ,brevet ,niessel40    ,=  
?is reason x seems to me to be mo/      
important t we %\ld  e/abli% a sy/ematic
 me?od ( tra9+ our m54 ,x is an axiom  t
 9 ord] to ma/] any subject prop]ly !   
/ud5t mu/ fir/ be  in/ruct$ 9 its       
elem5t>y details1 & x is 9 ?is respect t
 at  pres5t our sy/em fails4 ,dur+ !    
annual c\rse ( tra9+ a few  night       

op]ations are c>ri$ out by companies1 by
 battalions1 & by  brigades1 b dur+ !   
re/ ( ! ye> little att5tion is paid to  
night "w1 &1 9 _m units1 at any rate1 no
 attempt is made dur+  ! w9t] to give ! 
soldi] t elem5t>y in/ruction :i* is     
indisp5sable to fit him to take an      
intellig5t "p 9 op]ations 9  ! d>k4     
,x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m ( our m5 up to !
 "t ( _!  enli/m5t h pass$ _! lives     
entirely 9 l>ge t[ns1 & h  r>ely be5    
beyond ! range ( /reet lamps4 ,su* m51  
:5 fir/  tak5 out 9 ! d>k1 are helpless2
 !y />t at e %ad[1  /umble ev5 on level 
gr\nd1 make a t]rible am\nt ( noise1 &  
are  g5]ally 9 su* a /ate ( n]v\s       
excitem5t t !y are h>dly  responsible = 
_! actions4 ,yet ^! same m51 by a %ort  
c\rse  ( c>eful1 individual in/ruction1 
c be tra9$ to "w toge!r  ) confid5ce on 
! d>ke/ night1 & :5 once !y h ga9$      
confid5ce _! fur!r in/ruction is        
comp>atively easy4    ,if 9 daylight !  
moral is to ! physical1 z ?ree is to "o1
 !re  c be no "q t at night ! proportion

 is _m times great]4  ,inde$1 ,i d\bt if
 ! true ratio c be e/imat$ at all4      
,hi/ory  furni%es _m in/ances ( night   
fight+1 9 :i* ! success  a*iev$ has be5 
out ( all proportion to ! numb] ( !     
victors1  b x also tea*es u t1 9 mo/    
cases1 at any rate1 ! defeat  ( ! beat5 
side 0 due to disorganization ?r\gh     
panic4 ,n[ x  is unque/ionable t ! be/  
troops1 if sudd5ly call$ on to face     
conditions to :i* !y are n accu/om$1 are
 liable to panic1  & x is to make sure t
 night fight+ %all n be a /range        
occurr5ce 9 our ,army t ,i advocate     
clos] att5tion to tra9+ 9  x4    ,i am  
aw>e t "s (fic]s ma9ta9 t x is a mi/ake 
to risk !  *ances ( a night attack1     
because1 ev5 if ! attack is successful1 
! want ( light w prev5t x be+ foll[$ up4
 ,?is may be a  s\nd argum5t aga9/ mak+ 
a night attack1 b x is obvi\sly no      
argum5t aga9/ tra9+ m5 = night fight+4  
,:e!r we attack  by night ourselves or  
n1 x is q c]ta9 t our enemies w         
sometimes attack u1 &1 unless we are    

prep>$ to be tak5 at an  enorm\s        
disadvantage1 we mu/ tra9 our m5 to meet
 !m 9 ! d>k4  ,besides1 ev5 ! oppon5ts (
 night-fight+ d n dispute ! value  ( an 
attack deliv]$ ) ! fir/ appe>ance (     
daylight1 &  an attack at dawn          
necessitates an advance dur+ :at are (t5
 !  d>ke/ h\rs ( ! night1 ) !           
possibility ( its int]ruption by  a     
c\nt]-attack at any mom5t4 ,to c>ry out 
su* an op]ation ) any  prospect (       
success1 ev5 9 ! mo/ op5 c\ntry1 x is   
ess5tial  t bo? (fic]s & m5 %\ld h !    
highe/ possible tra9+4    ,9 our ,army1 
) m5 enli/$ = a t]m ( sev5 ye>s ) !     
,col\rs1 we h f> great] opportunities ( 
accu/om+ our troops  to night-fight+ ?an
 mo/ nations h1 &1 if we *oose to d s1  
we c br+ our tra9+ to a high /ate (     
effici5cy4 ,x seems to  me to be folly  
to ignore our situation1 & n to take e  
pa9s to  tra9 our m5 to c>ry out        
op]ations by night1 s9ce1 9 view ( our  
comp>atively weak numb]s1 effici5cy 9   
night-fight+ may be ( !  utmo/ value to 

u 9 any future w>4    ,x is ) ! object (
 induc+ (fic]s to pay clos] att5tion to 
?is bran* ( _! m5's tra9+1 t ,i put =w>d
 a few h9ts on  a progressive me?od (   
in/ruction1 :i* ,i h p]sonally prov$  to
 produce useful results4 ,9 ord] t x may
 be made cle> t  tra9+ = night op]ations
 is a normal & necess>y "p ( !  soldi]'s
 education1 a tra9+ :i* is to be c>ri$  
on cont9u\sly  ?r\gh\t 8 :ole s]vice1 & 
n conf9$ to ! %ort p]iods  ( company &  
battalion tra9+1 ,i advocate !          
comm5cem5t ( !  elem5t>y in/ruction :ile
 ! recruit is /ill at ! dept4           
,,*apt] ,,ii4    ,,elem5t>y             
,,in/ruction4      ,! fir/ ?+ to be done
 is to accu/om ! soldi] to d>kness1 to  
tea* him to ov]come ! n]v\sness :i* is  
natural to him1 & to  tra9 8 p[]s (     
vision & he>+ to suit conditions :i* are
  /range to him4      ,tra9+ ( ,vision4 
,two or ?ree m51 "u an in/ructor1 %\ld  
be tak5 out to gr\nd  ) :i* !y are      
p]fectly famili>4 ,! in/ructor w direct 
!m to notice ! diff]5t appe>ance :i*    

objects pres5t at  night1 :5 view$ 9    
diff]5t degrees ( light & %ade2 !       
comp>ative visibility ( m5 "u diff]5t   
conditions ( dress1  i4e41 9 khaki1 9 a 
tunic1 9 %irt-sleeves1 etc41 :5 view$   
aga9/  diff]5t backgr\nds2 ! ease ) :i* 
bright objects are se51  especially if 9
 movem5t4 ,if !re is ris+ gr\nd 9 !     
vic9ity  ! diff]5ce 9 ! visibility ( m5 
/&+ on ! sky-l9e or on  ! sides ( !     
slope %\ld be not$4 ,exp]im5ts 9 !      
di/ance at  :i* a mat* /ruck 9 ! op5 &  
also "u cov] ( "s object1  or a man     
smok+1 c be se5 %\ld also be made4      
,blank c>tridges  %\ld be fir$1 &       
recruits taught to judge ! direction 9  
:i*  ! rifle 0 po9t+ & its approximate  
di/ance f !m4      ,tra9+ ( ,he>+4      
,to tra9 _! p[]s ( he>+1 m51 plac$ a few
 y>ds ap>t1  %\ld be made to guess :at a
 noise he>d is caus$ by1 & !            
approximate position ( x4 ,! rattle ( a 
mess t91 ! work+ (  ! bolt ( a rifle1 ! 
movem5t ( a patrol1 ! ?r[+ d[n (        
acc\trem5ts1 l[ talk+1 or any noise     

likely to be he>d on outpo/s  may be    
utilis$4 ,special pa9s mu/ be tak5 to   
impress ^u !  m5 ! p5etrat+ p[] ( !     
human voice4 ,! di/ance at :i*  m5      
talk+1 ev5 9 a l[ voice1 c be he>d on a 
/ill night is  a/oni%+1 & z x is a s\nd 
:i* _c be mi/ak5 = any?+  else1 & :i*   
di/urbs birds & animals m ?an any o!r1 x
 is  mo/ important t ! recruit %\ld be  
%[n ! absolute necessity  ( keep+ p]fect
 sil5ce4    ,at ?is /age x is a good    
practice to po/ ! m5 9 pairs at         
int]vals along an alignm5t :i* !        
in/ructors endeav\r to cross  unnotic$4 
,! in/ructors %\ld cross f bo? sides1 s 
z to  compel ! recruits to wat* 9 e     
direction4      ,f9d+ ,be>+s4    ,:5 !  
recruit has become accu/om$ to ! d>k1 & 
entirely  ov]come 8 n]v\sness1 he %\ld  
be taught to f9d 8 be>+s by  ! pole />1 
to *eck ! direction ( 8 advance by means
 ( />s1  l&m>ks1 or ev5 ! w9d1 &        
conv]sely by ! same means to f9d  8 way 
back to ! po9t f :i* he />t$4 ,he %\ld  
also be  taught to recognise ! phases ( 

! moon1 & to judge :e!r x is  ris+ or   
sett+4    ,to te/ a man's ability to    
keep a giv5 direction :5 mov+ at  night1
 ! foll[+ plan is useful4 ,hav+ *os5 a  
spot f :i*  no prom95t l&m>ks are       
visible1 ! in/ructor1 accompani$ by !   
recruit1 w advance t[>ds x f a di/ance (
 n less ?an #bjj  paces4 ,:ile advanc+ !
 recruit mu/ take 8 be>+s4 ,on arriv+   
at ! spot *os5 ! in/ructor w turn !     
recruit rapidly r\nd  two or ?ree times1
 & !n ord] him to cont9ue 8 advance on !
  same l9e z be=e4      ,mov+ 9 ! ,d>k4 
,= ?is ex]cise ?ree or f\r recruits1 ) !
 in/ructor on !  direct+ flank1 w be    
plac$ 9 l9e at ab\t "o pace int]val4    
,"s cle>ly visible m>k1 su* z a lamp1   
%\ld be plac$ z a po9t  = ! direct+ file
 to m>* on4 ,! in/ructor w impress ^u  !
 m5 ! importance ( lift+ ! feet up high 
& putt+ !m  d[n firmly & quietly1 also (
 keep+ 9 t\* ) _! neighb\r  on ! direct+
 flank1 & ( con=m+ to 8 movem5ts )\t    
s\nd or signal4 ,! pace mu/ be v sl[1 & 
frequ5t halts made to  te/ ! quickness (

 ! m5 9 work+ toge!r4 ,z ! in/ruction   
progresses1 ea* man 9 turn w take !     
in/ructor's place on !  direct+ flank1 &
 ! light on :i* !y are m>*+ %\ld be     
obscur$ at int]vals1 9 ord] to te/ _!   
ability to ma9ta9 !  orig9al direction4 
,:5 ! recruits h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! =ego+ 
pr9ciples  !y %\ld be tak5 to m         
difficult gr\nd1 & gradually advanc$  to
 "w toge!r 9 l>g] numb]s4 ,!y mu/ be    
taught to turn into  s+le file = !      
purpose ( pass+ ob/acles1 & to =m up    
rapidly 9 s+le rank aga9 )\t noise or   
confusion4 ,x mu/  always be rememb]$ t 
! r\gh] ! gr\nd1 ! d>k] !  night & !    
long] ! l9e1 ! sl[] mu/ be ! pace & !  m
 frequ5t ! halts4 ,aft] pass+ any       
ob/acle1 su* z a dit*1  holl[ road1     
etc41 :i* does n necessitate turn+ into 
file1 x is  always advisable to halt &  
make sure t ! alignm5t is correct4      
,aft] pass+ an ob/acle m5 in/9ctively   
l9e up p>allel to x2  consequ5tly1 if ! 
ob/acle does n lie exactly at "r angles 
to  ! l9e ( advance1 ! direction is lo/4

 ,i rememb] see+ a brigade  ?r[n into   
complete disord] by ! neglect ( ?is     
precaution1 aft]  successfully advanc+ =
 ab\t #a1jjj y>ds on a v d>k night4 ,9  
?is case "o flank ( ! l9e cross$ a holl[
 road1 ly+ at an  angle to ! direction (
 ! advance1 & =m+ up p>allel to x       
advanc$ across ! front ( ! re/1 &       
altoge!r broke up _!  =mation4          
,g5]al4    ,dur+ ! e>li] ex]cises ! m5  
may be tak5 out )\t arms1  b1 z !       
in/ruction progresses1 !y mu/ be tra9$  
to "w 9  full m>*+ ord]4 ,ea* man mu/ be
 taught to note c>efully ^?  portions ( 
8 equipm5t :i* are likely to cause a    
noise "u  special circum/ances1 su* z   
ly+ d[n1 ris+ up1 cross+ an  ob/acle1   
etc41 & to take precautions accord+ly4  
,bayonets %\ld  always be fix$1 b to    
avoid accid5ts ! scabb>ds %\ld be on    
!m4 ,special att5tion mu/ be paid to    
see+ t ! rifles are  c>ri$ at ! prop]   
angle to prev5t ! bayonets cla%+4    ,f 
! comm5cem5t ( ! tra9+ ! in/ructor w n  
fail to  cont9ually impress ^u ! m5 t x 

is absolutely crim9al to fire  dur+ a   
night attack1 & t ! bayonet is ! only   
weapon !  assailants c use ) advantage  
to !mselves & safety to _!  comrades4   
,except dur+ a brief p]iod 9 ! middle ( 
summ]1 x is g5]ally  possible to c>ry   
out ^! elem5t>y ex]cises be=e #aj p4m41 
&  9 ! %ort w9t] ev5+s !y c take place  
imm$iately aft] !  m5's tea4 ,x is      
always advisable t ! m5 %\ld h _h a meal
  %ortly be=e />t+ to "w 9 ! d>k1 & if !
 wea!r is  cold1 or !y are kept out     
late1 !y %\ld be giv5 s\p or cocoa on   
_! return4          ,,*apt] ,,iii4      
,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,night           
,,op]ations4      ,def9itions4    ,9 !  
,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 night      
op]ations are divid$ into  ?ree         
classes--night m>*es1 night advances1 & 
night attacks--:i*  may be briefly def9$
 z foll[s3--    ,a night m>* is a       
movem5t along roads1 or well def9$      
tracks1 9  normal m>* =mations1 und]tak5
 = ! purpose ( transf]r+  troops "u cov]
 ( d>kness to "s desir$ po9t4    ,a     

night advance is /at$ 9 ! ,field ,s]vice
 ,regulations to be a  =w>d movem5t (   
:i* ! object 8is to ga9 gr\nd f :i*     
fur!r progress w be made 9 daylight1 & n
 to deliv] a  decisive assault dur+     
d>kness40 ,dur+ ! advance ! troops w    
ei!r be deploy$ or at any rate w move 9 
=mations :i* admit  ( rapid deploym5t4  
,night attacks are deliv]$ = ! purpose (
 ga9+ possession (  "s po9t or locality 
:i* is held by ! enemy or ( surpris+ 8an
  ill-tra9$1 ill-discipl9$1 or          
semi-civilis$ enemy40 7,field ,s]vice   
,regulations47    ,a night m>* may be a 
necess>y prelude to ei!r a night advance
 or a  night attack1 b 9 t case ! m>* is
 consid]$ to h end$ on  ! arrival ( !   
=ce at ! position ( assembly4           
,importance ( ,c>eful ,prep>ation4      
,:atev] may be ! nature ( ! op]ation1 ! 
mo/ c>eful  prep>ation is ess5tial4 ,!  
success ( all op]ations 9 ! d>k1  up to 
! mom5t ( collision ) ! enemy at any    
rate1 dep5ds on  ! c>e & ?or\ghness )   
:i* ! prep>atory arrangem5ts h  be5     

made1 & ^! arrangem5ts are j z necess>y 
9 ! case  ( a night m>*1 c>ri$ out at "s
 di/ance f ! enemy1 z 9  t ( a night    
attack4 ,x is impossible to lay too mu* 
/ress on  ! importance ( ?is prep>ation1
 no detail is too trifl+ to be          
consid]$1 e ev5tuality1 :e!r probable or
 improbable1 %\ld  be ?\ght out &       
provid$ =1 & no?+ mu/ be left to *ance4 
,! fir/ & mo/ important /ep 9 !         
prep>ation ( any night  op]ation consi/s
 9 obta9+ accurate in=mation conc]n+ !  
gr\nd to be trav]s$ & ! position ( !    
enemy4 ,?is necessitates  z close a     
reconnaissance z is possible1 & !       
reconnaissance %\ld  be made by night z 
well z by day4 ,gr\nd pres5ts su* a     
diff]5t  appe>ance at night t x is (t5  
difficult to id5tify a spot :i*  has    
only be5 se5 previ\sly 9 daylight1      
moreov]1 small accid5ts (  ! surface :i*
 may n attract att5tion 9 daytime are   
sometimes  suffici5t to ?r[ troops into 
disord]1 if !y come ^u !m  unexpect$ly 9
 ! d>k4    ,! *ief po9ts on :i*         

in=mation is requir$ be+ set =? 9  !    
,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 x is       
unnecess>y to recapitulate !m  "h1 b !  
foll[+ details %\ld be att5d$ to z      
well3--        7#a7 ,! spots select$ bo?
 = ! position ( assembly &              
position ( deploym5t mu/ n only be      
places :i* c be          easily id5tifi$
 at night1 b mu/ also af=d suffici5t    
space = ! troops to =m up4        7#b7  
,bo? ! position ( ob/acles1 & !         
direction 9 :i*          !y lie1 mu/ be 
accurately report$1 & x mu/ be not$ if  
_! direction is con/ant ?r\gh\t4        
7#c7 ,9 report+ on ! enemy's position e 
ef=t mu/ be made          to discov] !  
ext5t to :i* patrols are us$1 & !       
di/ance beyond ! l9e ( ! advanc$ po/s to
 :i* !y          p5etrate4      ,plan ( 
,op]ations4    ,! plan ( op]ations w be 
bas$ on ! in=mation ga9$ dur+  !        
reconnaissance1 & 9 prep>+ x ! foll[+   
maxims %\ld be  borne 9 m9d3--          
#a4 ,x is ! quality & n ! numb] ( !     
troops t c\nts4        #b4 ,! l>g] ! =ce

 ! great] ! difficulty4        #c4 ,e   
deta*m5t increases ! risk ( failure4    
,?\gh ,no4 #c is und\bt$ly true1 yet x w
 (t5 be necess>y to  move 9 m ?an "o    
column4 ,9 t case ea* column mu/ be giv5
 a  sep>ate objective2 ea* objective mu/
 be di/9ct f1 & situat$  "s di/ance away
 f1 any o!r1 & e possible precaution mu/
  be tak5 to prev5t an accid5tal        
collision betwe5 any two columns1  ei!r 
be=e or aft] rea*+ _! objectives4    ,! 
,field ,s]vice ,regulations direct t    
lat]al communication is to  be ma9ta9$  
betwe5 columns1 s t ! assaults may be   
deliv]$  simultane\sly1 & recomm5d ! use
 ( telephones = ! purpose4  ,! ma9t5ance
 ( lat]al communication is v important1 
b ea*  column comm&] %\ld und]/& t if 8 
column is discov]$ he  mu/ press on to !
 assault )\t wait+ = ! o!rs4      ,!    
,fram+ ( ,ord]s = ,night ,op]ations4    
,! rules = fram+ ord]s are cle>ly laid  
d[n 9 ! ,regulations1  b1 z ! ord]s w   
only be communicat$ be=eh& to ^?  (fic]s
 :o are requir$ to make ! prelim9>y     

arrangem5ts1 x is  necess>y t extracts1 
conta9+ ^? portions :i* are to be read  
to ! troops at ! position ( assembly1   
%\ld also be prep>$4  ,^! extracts w    
probably h to be read 9 a v feeble      
light1  & x is1 !re=e1 important t !y   
%\ld be v cle>ly &  legibly typewritt54 
,no?+ is m try+ ?an to h to try to      
grasp ! mean+ ( a blurr$ hektograph copy
 ( ord]s by ! aid (  an indiff]5t lamp1 
:i* probably has to be held "u a coat4  
,9 all op]ations :i* comm5ce ) a night  
m>* ! selection ( a  suitable />t+ po9t 
is important4 ,?is po9t %\ld be s       
situat$  t x is possible = ! :ole =ce to
 be drawn up 9 its ord] (  m>* be=e !   
movem5t beg9s1 & a /aff (fic] mu/ be    
detail$  to asc]ta9 t e unit is pres5t1 
& 9 its prop] place be=e  ! column moves
 (f4 ,?is is an obvi\s precaution2 b1 z 
,i h  se5 x neglect$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 )  
s]i\s results1 ,i ?9k x  well to lay    
/ress on x4      ,protection ,dur+      
,op]ations4    ,! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+
 ! protection ( =ces dur+  op]ations are

 ! same by night z by day1 except t at  
night bo?  ! /r5g? ( ! protect+ bodies &
 _! di/ance f !  troops !y cov] w be mu*
 r$uc$4    ,9 night m>*es small advanc$ 
& re>-gu>ds w be employ$1 b  9 night    
advances & night attacks ^! w be replac$
 by l9es (  sc\ts at a di/ance v>y+ f   
#ej to #ajj y>ds1 accord+ to !  light4  
,to protect ! flanks dur+ a night m>* 9 
close c\ntry !  ,regulations advise !   
use ( flank+ piquets1 po/$ by ! advanc$ 
gu>d1 & )drawn by ! re>-gu>d4 ,i h nev] 
se5 ?is sy/em  tri$ at night1 b ,i d\bt 
its success2 ev5 if ! advanc$ gu>d      
comm&] is able to id5tify quickly !     
po9ts at :i* ! piquets  are to be left1 
!re w be a c]ta9 am\nt ( delay :ile !y  
are  quitt+ ! column1 & ! re>-gu>d w be 
con/antly delay$ by  wait+ = !m to      
)draw4 ,?us ! re>-gu>d w gradually fall 
fur!r & fur!r beh9d1 &1 unless ! column 
is frequ5tly halt$  to all[ ! re>-gu>d  
to close up1 ! re> companies w melt away
  into a long /r+ ( connect+ files4     
,if flank+ piquets are us$1 & x seems to

 be ! safe/ plan1 !y  %\ld be f\nd by a 
special unit1 &1 hav+ tak5 up _!        
positions  be=e ! m>* comm5ces1 %\ld n  
be )drawn till x is ov]4    ,9 op5      
c\ntry at all times1 & 9 close c\ntry 9 
! case ( night  advances & night        
attacks1 ! only mov+ protection :i* c   
safely be giv5 to ! flanks is t af=d$ by
 sc\ts1 :o mu/ keep  q close to !       
column4      ,ma9t5ance ( ,connection4  
,! ma9t5ance ( connection betwe5 ! v>i\s
 portions ( a =ce  :5 engag$ 9 night    
op]ations is a matt] ( supreme          
importance4  ,! facility ) :i* units g  
a/ray :5 connection is lo/ is           
extraord9>y1 & :5 once !y h gone a/ray x
 is (t5 v  difficult to f9d !m4 ,i h    
myself se5 a :ole brigade ( infantry    
disappe> & be lo/ = ne>ly two h\rs 9 an 
area :i* h>dly  exce$$ a squ>e mile4    
,rifle ,fire 9 ,night ,attacks4    ,x _c
 be too /rongly impress$ ^u all ranks t 
to fire dur+  a night attack is n only  
useless1 b to use ! words ( ,g5]al      
,dragomirov1 is absolutely crim9al4 ,!  

,regulations lay d[n t  rifles are n to 
be load$1 b ! magaz9es are to be *>g$  &
 ! cut-(fs clos$1 & ?is ord] mu/ be     
rigidly adh]$ to4  ,p]sonally1 ,i am    
aga9/ hav+ ! magaz9es *>g$2 ! prop]     
weapon = ! infantry soldi] to use at    
night is ! bayonet1 & he  %\ld be taught
 to rely on t alone4      ,caution      
,necess>y 9 ,plann+ ,night ,op]ations1 b
 ,resolution  ,ess5tial 9 _! ,execution4
    ,al?\gh x is necess>y to act )      
caution1 & to weigh well !  *ances (    
success & failure be=e decid+ on an     
(f5sive night  op]ation1 yet1 :5 once ! 
und]tak+ has be5 comm5c$1 x mu/  be     
c>ri$ ?r\gh ) ! utmo/ resolution4 ,x is 
exce$+ly  unlikely t ! enemy w be       
completely surpris$1 b e  second ( delay
 betwe5 ! discov]y ( ! attack+ =ce & !  
deliv]y ( ! assault is ( priceless value
 to ! def5ce2 x mu/1  !re=e1 be impress$
 ^u all ranks t :5 ! enemy op5s fire  ! 
only c\rse op5 to !m is to press on to !
 assault1 & decide  ! issue ) ! bayonet4
      ,,def5ce ,,aga9/ ,,night          

,,attacks4    ,passive ,def5ce ,useless4
    ,unless ! def5d]s are protect$ by an
 imp5etrable ob/acle1 a  passive def5ce 
is suicidal4 ,artill]y & ma*9e guns may 
be laid s  z to sweep a p>ticul> area at
 night1 b no reliance c be plac$  on !  
effect ( rifle fire unless ! rifles h   
be5 me*anically  fix$4    ,i d n ov]look
 ! fact t in/ances are on record ( huge 
losses  inflict$ by rifle fire at night1
 b ,i ma9ta9 t ! effect  obta9$ is m]ely
 a matt] ( *ance1 & any (fic] :o puts 8 
tru/ 9 *ance is likely to h to pay de>ly
 = 8 mi/ake4    ,e infantryman mu/ be   
imbu$ ) ! idea t at night !  bayonet is 
! only weapon :i* he c tru/1 & t ! m    
promptly he uses x ! bett] 8 *ance (    
success w be4 ,9 !  d>k e advantage lies
 ) ! side t takes ! initiative2  numb]s 
are ( little acc\nt1 = a resolute       
bayonet *>ge1 deliv]$  by ev5 a s+le    
piquet may1 if x comes unexpect$ly1     
demoralise &  ?r[ into disord] a /rong  
attack+ column4    ,9 %ort1 :5 ! attack+
 column rea*es ! outpo/s x mu/ be       

receiv$ ) vigor\s local c\nt]-attacks   
deliv]$ ) ! bayonet  by ! ne>e/ bodies (
 ! def5d]s4 ,if a c\nt]-attack comes z a
  surprise1 ! *ances ( success are all 9
 its fav\r1 b any success  ga9$ mu/ n be
 foll[$ up1 ! outpo/s %\ld be )drawn to 
_! orig9al positions1 & patrols s5t out 
to keep t\* ) !  retir+ enemy4 ,x is mo/
 important t all ranks %\ld realise  t  
to wait to receive a *>ge is fatal2 !   
only c\rse op5 is to  advance boldly ) !
 bayonet2 ev5 if ! c\nt]-attack is n    
successful1 ! outpo/s w /ill h fulfill$ 
_! duty & h  ga9$ a few m9utes' "t = !  
supports & res]ves to =m up4            
,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,tra9+ ,a ,,company   
,,= ,,(f5sive ,,action4      ,in/ruction
 9 ,reconnaissance4    ,! in/ruction (  
(fic]s & select$ non-commission$ (fic]s 
&  m5 9 ! art ( reconnaissance = night  
op]ations mu/ be c>efully  c>ri$ out1 & 
! foll[+ me?od has prov$ to be useful4  
,! ,capta9 takes 8 class to ! gr\nd     
*os51 &1 aft] expla9+  ! tactical s*eme1
 & po9t+ out ! k9d ( in=mation :i* is   

requir$1 all[s !m a c]ta9 "t to g ov] ! 
gr\nd & make  _! notes4 ,at fir/ ! class
 %\ld be all[$ to move freely ov]  !    
gr\nd2 b1 z ! in/ruction progresses1    
flags may be put out to  m>k ! position 
( ho/ile po/s & ! class =bidd5 to       
approa*  !m4 ,:5 ! notes are f9i%$ !y   
%\ld always be criticis$ on  ! actual   
gr\nd4    ,:5 ! class ?or\ghly und]/&   
:at to obs]ve & h[ to report  x1 !y %\ld
 be ord]$ to reconnoitre by night gr\nd 
:i* !y  h already report$ on by day4 ,! 
two reports %\ld be comp>$1  & any      
diff]5ces not$1 & !n ! ,capta9 %\ld g   
ov] !  gr\nd ) !m by night1 s z to      
actually *eck on ! spot !  accuracy &   
suffici5cy ( _! obs]vations4    ,to make
 a reconnaissance suitable = ! execution
 ( night op]ations  requires a great    
deal ( practice1 & x is only by         
con/antly te/+  9 ! d>k ! value ( !     
reports s5t 9 t "o le>ns :at are  !     
po9ts :i* x is ess5tial to obs]ve )     
accuracy4      ,night ,m>*es4    ,9     
c>ry+ out night m>*es1 ! company %\ld be

 practis$ z an  advanc$ gu>d to a       
column1 & z a company act+ alone4    ,9 
close c\ntry an advanc$ gu>d w consi/ ( 
sc\ts1 !  po9t1 & ! ma9 gu>d4 ,!        
provision ( a vangu>d at night is       
undesirable--x l5g!ns ! column )\t giv+ 
any practical  advantage4    ,! sc\ts   
%\ld be />t$ two or ?ree m9utes ahead ( 
! po9t1  & %\ld keep 9 ! %ad[ on ! side 
( ! road4 ,!y w  m>* at a quick pace1   
halt+ at cross-roads & suspici\s places 
to li/51 & w move on aga9 :5 !y he> !   
advanc$ gu>d  approa*+4 ,!y mu/ be tra9$
 to use _! e>s z mu*1 if n  m ?an _!    
eyes4 ,if !y discov] ! enemy1 "o ( !m w 
return to w>n ! advanc$ gu>d2 ! o!rs w  
conceal !mselves  & wat*4 ,x mu/ be     
impress$ ^u !m t !y are on no acc\nt  to
 fire unless = ! purpose ( w>n+ !       
column1 & !n only if  !re are no o!r    
means ( do+ s4 ,x is useless to attempt 
to keep  connection betwe5 ! sc\ts & !  
po9t1 z ! di/ance betwe5  !m w con/antly
 v>y4    ,! po9t may consi/ ( "o        
section1 & w m>* on "o or bo?  sides ( !

 road1 cov]+ itself 9 front by a file at
 ab\t #cj paces  di/ance4    ,! ma9 gu>d
 w foll[ ! po9t at a di/ance ( f #ej to 
#ajj  paces1 accord+ to ! light2 x also 
%\ld m>* on ! sides (  ! road4 ,if !re  
is a ma9 body x w foll[ ! ma9 gu>d at   
ab\t d\ble ! di/ance :i* is kept betwe5 
! latt] & !  po9t4 ,communication betwe5
 ! po9t & ! ma9 gu>d1 & betwe5  ! ma9   
gu>d & ! ma9 body1 w be kept by means ( 
connect+  files1 )9 cle> view ( ea* o!r4
    ,a company m>*+ alone on a road %\ld
 move 9 ! same =mation z  :5 =m+ an     
advanc$ gu>d1 b w also cov] its re> ) a 
few  sc\ts4      ,night ,advances &     
,night ,attacks4    ,! =mations adopt$ 9
 night advances & night attacks w v>y  )
 ! gr\nd1 ! nature ( ! op]ation1 & !    
activity ( !  enemy2 x is1 !re=e1       
necess>y to tra9 ! company to move at   
night 9 all possible =mations1 bo? 9    
d\ble & s+le rank4 ,!  m5 %\ld be       
con/antly practis$ 9 =m+ company1       
platoon1 &  sections 9 s+le rank to ei!r
 flank1 :5 mov+ 9 file or s+le  file4 ,9

 a close c\ntry l ,engl& x is con/antly 
necess>y to  move 9 f\rs or file1 & x is
 ess5tial t ! company %\ld be  able to  
=m up ) rapidity & precision4 ,:5 mov+ 9
 l9e 9  d\ble rank x is advisable t a   
di/ance ( ab\t five paces %\ld  be kept 
betwe5 ranks1 o!rwise if a front rank   
man /umbles 8 re>  rank man w fall ov]  
him4    ,:5 a company is act+ alone1 ev5
 9 op5 c\ntry1 x is be/ to  keep x      
fairly well conc5trat$ until ! position 
( deploym5t is  rea*$1 & 9 a close      
c\ntry1 :]e f5ces h to be pass$ at      
int]vals1 x is g5]ally necess>y to move 
9 f\rs or file4    ,! foll[+ =mation has
 prov$ to be h&y1 &1 if ! m5 h  be5 well
 tra9$1 !y w h no difficulty 9 =m+ up   
rapidly  on ! d>ke/ night4 ,two         
platoons1 ea* 9 s+le file1 advance side 
by side1 foll[$ at ab\t #bj paces       
di/ance by ! o!r two platoons  9 ! same 
=mation4 ,9 ! ev5t ( al>m1 ! platoons =m
 up on  ! "r & left respectively1 & !   
company !n /&s 9 column  ( half         
companies 9 s+le rank at ab\t #fj paces 

di/ance4    ,:atev] =mation is us$1 !   
front1 flanks & re> mu/ be cov]$  by    
sc\ts1 ^: di/ance away w v>y ) ! light4 
,protection 9  re> is v important1 yet  
is (t5 neglect$4 ,i h on m ?an  "o      
occasion se5 a night op]ation completely
 disorganis$ by a bold  attack deliv]$  
aga9/ ! re> ( ! column by a p>ty ( !    
enemy1 :o1 9 ! abs5ce ( sc\ts1 _h       
approa*$ unnotic$4    ,! ,field ,s]vice 
,regulations direct t be=e ! position ( 
assembly is quitt$ ! ord]s are to be    
cle>ly expla9$ to all  ranks1 s t       
ev]yone may "k3        #a4 ,! object 9  
view & ! direction ( ! objective4       
#b4 ,! =mation to be adopt$ at !        
position ( deploym5t4        #c4 ,! "p  
he has to play4        #d4 ,8 action 9  
case ! enemy is n surpris$2 also t !    
w>n+s aga9/ fir+1 talk+1 /rik+ mat*es1  
smok+1         etc41 are to be repeat$  
two or ?ree times4    ,9 tra9+ a company
 ! prohibitions "h allud$ to w1 ( c\rse1
  be mo/ rigidly en=c$ at all times4 ,x 
mu/ always be rememb]$  t z m5 are tra9$

 9 peace s w !y act 9 w>1 & !  (fic] :o1
 f c>elessness or good nature1 all[s 8  
m5 to  disreg>d ^! obvi\s precautions   
may inculcate habits ( slackness        
calculat$ to h mo/ s]i\s results on     
s]vice4    ,! situation ( ! position (  
deploym5t w dep5d on ! /r5g?  ( !       
attack+ =ce1 & ! al]tness ( ! enemy2 !  
small] !  =ce ! ne>] to ! enemy's       
position w ?is po9t be fix$4 ,a  company
 c usually get )9 #cjj y>ds ( ! enemy's 
po/s )\t  difficulty4    ,! ,regulations
 advocate t :5 ! position ( deploym5t is
  rea*$ ! =ce %\ld be =m$ 9 ?ree l9es1 b
 ) a company  x is r>ely advisable to h 
m ?an two4 ,! company may be =m$  ) two 
platoons 9 ea* l9e1 or ) ?ree 9 ! front 
l9e & "o  9 ! second1 accord+ to ! ext5t
 ( ! position to be attack$2  ! front   
l9e1 at any rate1 %\ld be 9 s+le rank4  
,:5 decid+  on ! =mation (fic]s %\ld    
rememb] t no m m5 %\ld be  put into !   
front l9e ?an are necess>y = ! object 9 
view1 &  t ! ma9t5ance ( a res]ve to    
meet ev5tualities is ( p>am\nt          

importance4      ,guid+ ,troops ,across 
,c\ntry at ,night4    ,in/ructions      
gov]n+ ! guidance ( troops at night 9   
op5 c\ntry  are to be f\nd 9 ! ,field   
,s]vice ,regulations1 & 9 ! ,manual (   
,map ,read+ & ,field ,sket*+4    ,on a v
 d>k night a modification ( ! sy/em     
describ$ 9 section  #ga ( ! latt] book  
may be employ$ ) advantage4 ,half a doz5
  assi/ants1 ) lum9\s discs1 bo? on _!  
*e/s & backs1  are provid$1 &1 :5 !     
guide has det]m9$ on ! l9e1 ^!          
assi/ants are plac$ on x fac+ t[>ds !   
guide & cov]+  ea* o!r4 ,z ! =ce        
advances ea* assi/ant 9 turn moves to ! 
f> end ( ! l9e & cov]s aga9 on ! o!rs4  
,) well-tra9$  assi/ants a rate (       
advance ( ab\t half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a  
mile  p] h\r may be c\nt$ on4    ,9     
enclos$ c\ntry if ! f5ces run p>allel to
 ! l9e ( advance  !y are a great help to
 ! guide1 o!rwise !y increase 8         
difficulties4 ,f5ces1 z a rule1 mu/ be  
pass$ at gateways or gaps1  & ?is       
necessitates mov+ 9 a zig-zag direction4

 ,on a />light  night ! foll[+ me?od has
 be5 us$ ) success4 ,a /> to m>*  on    
hav+ be5 *os51 ! company is halt$1 & an 
(fic]1 ) a  c\ple ( sc\ts1 ea* provid$ )
 a pocket electric lamp1 are s5t  on to 
f9d ! be/ po9t ( passage 9 ! f5ce2 :5   
?is po9t is  f\nd an electric light is  
%[n1 & ! company m>*es on x4 ,9  brok5  
gr\nd x may sometimes be necess>y to po/
 "o ( ! sc\ts  ) a light z an int]m$iate
 po9t4 ,if ! lamps are c>efully  h&l$   
!re is b little risk ( _! be+ obs]v$ f !
  front4 ,provid$ t a suitable /> is    
visible1 ! direction c be  ma9ta9$ )\t  
difficulty4    ,if !re are no />s1 & !  
f5ces d n run p>allel1 ! only  means (  
guid+ a column is z foll[s3--    ,!     
company is halt$ :ile ! guide moves on  
to ! next f5ce by  ! me?od previ\sly    
describ$ = op5 c\ntry4 ,on rea*+ !  f5ce
 "o assi/ant is po/$ to m>k ! spot1 :ile
 ! guide &  ! o!rs se>* = ! be/ po9t (  
passage4 ,! company is !n  br\ght up to 
! select$ spot1 pass$ ?r\gh ! f5ce1 &   
aga9  halt$4 ,! guide !n returns to !   

po9t at :i* ! assi/ant 0  left1 & f x   
lays out 8 l9e to ! next f5ce4 ,?is is1 
(  c\rse1 a v sl[ me?od1 b x gives      
accurate results4 ,special c>e  mu/ be  
tak5 to see t ! company is protect$ by  
sc\ts dur+ !  :ole op]ation4      ,!    
,assault4    ,if1 aft] ! position (     
deploym5t has be5 rea*$1 ! enemy op5s   
fire1 ! company mu/ cont9ue its advance 
until ne> en\gh to  *>ge2 "u no         
circum/ances mu/ ! fire be repli$ to4   
,:5 ! actual assault takes place !      
second l9e--& ! ?ird  l9e1 if !re is    
"o--w be halt$ to await developm5ts2    
%\ld  _! assi/ance be requir$ !y w act 9
 prolongation ( !  fir/ l9e1 & /rive to 
envelop ! enemy4    ,if a =ce is =m$ 9  
two l9es only ! comm&] mu/ bew>e (      
all[+ ! second l9e to be drawn into !   
fight1 unless x is  absolutely necess>y4
 ,! ret5tion ( "s portion ( ! =ce intact
  & ready = in/ant action is q z        
important at night z 9 !  daytime4 ,!   
comm&] himself mu/ rema9 ) 8 res]ve4    
,%\ld ! assault succe$1 no attempt to   

pursue is to be p]mitt$2  ! res]ve mu/  
be at once dispos$ to meet !            
c\nt]-attack1 &  ! rema9d] re=m$ "u its 
protection4    ,:e!r ! attack]s %\ld *e]
 at ! mom5t ( ! assault or n  is a moot 
"q4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( x are3--      
#a4 ,x enc\rages y\r own m54        #b4 
,x disc\rages ! enemy4        #c4 ,x    
notifies ! assault to neighb\r+ columns4
    ,aga9/ x3--        #a4 ,x gives w>n+
 to ! enemy4        #b4 ,x gives an     
indication ( ! /r5g? ( ! attack+ =ce4   
,p]sonally1 ,i am 9 fav\r ( tra9+ m5 to 
deliv] ! assault  at night 9 sil5ce1 = !
 foll[+ reason3 ,sudd5 outbur/s (  fire 
)\t any due cause occasionally occur 9  
all armies1 :5 !  outpo/s are ne> ^? ( !
 enemy1 & x is q possible t !  enemy's  
supports & res]ves w n move until !y h  
obta9$  in=mation ( :at is happ5+4 ,if1 
h[ev]1 ! assault is deliv]$  ) *e]s !y c
 be 9 no d\bt z to :at has occurr$1 & w1
  !re=e1 act at once4      ,,tra9+ ,,=  
,,def5sive ,,action4    ,outpo/s4    ,! 
fir/ brunt ( a night attack necess>ily  

falls on ! outpo/s1  & unless !y receive
 timely w>n+ !y w und\bt$ly be          
ov]:elm$2 x is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( supreme
 importance t !  tra9+ 9 outpo/ duty    
%\ld be ?or\ghly c>ri$ out4    ,9 our   
,army outpo/ duty 0 = _m ye>s almo/     
entirely neglect$1  & ev5 n[ x is n     
treat$ ) suffici5t s]i\sness4 ,at       
manuvres1 & at field op]ations la/+ m   
?an "o day1 an  armi/ice is (t5 decl>$  
at night1 & x is b r>ely t !  infantry  
are practis$ 9 outpo/ duty "u s]vice    
conditions4 ,x  is true t ?is duty1 if  
/rictly p]=m$ is extremely h>ass+1  b 9 
view ( its importance x is1 ,i ?9k1     
unwise to all[ any  opportunity ( ga9+  
exp]i5ce to pass4    ,9 c>ry+ out !     
tra9+ ( a company 9 outpo/ duty !       
/ricte/  discipl9e %\ld always be       
ma9ta9$1 no irregul>ity1 h[ev]  trifl+1 
%\ld ev] be pass$ ov]1 & all duties     
c>ri$ out )  great c>e & ?or\ghness4    
,) ! weak companies :i* we (t5 h x is   
sometimes difficult  to f9d suffici5t m5
 = ! complete s]vice ( outpo/s1 & :5    

?is is s ! position ( piquets1 & ev5 (  
gr\ps1 may be m>k$  ) flags4 ,! "o      
s]vice :i* %\ld nev] be disp5s$ ) is  t 
( ! reconnoitr+ patrols4 ,x %\ld be     
impress$ ^u all t  ! protection af=d$ by
 gr\ps & piquets1 unless supplem5t$ by a
  regul> sy/em ( reconnoitr+ patrols1 is
 altoge!r inadequate1 &  e comm&] %\ld  
inv>iably satisfy himself t ! proportion
  ( m5 told (f = patrol duty is         
suffici5t to c>ry out ! "w  prop]ly4    
,position ( ,piquets at ,night4         
,unless a piquet is protect$ by         
ob/acles1 its be/ means ( def5ce at     
night lies 9 a resolute c\nt]-attack1 & 
to c>ry out ?is a cle>  space is        
necess>y4 ,! ,regulations lay d[n t !   
fir/ duty (  outpo/s is to /r5g!n _!    
position z mu* z possible1 & 9  op5     
c\ntry ! usual c\rse foll[$ is to entr5*
 ! gr\ps &  piquets4    ,n[ a %elt] tr5*
 af=ds fair protection 9 ! day "t & may 
be  useful at night if ! gr\nd          
imm$iately 9 front ( x is illum9at$  by 
se>*lights1 b 9 ! d>k x loses a great   

deal ( its value1  & x is obvi\sly a v  
bad place to receive a bayonet *>ge 94  
,= ?is reason x is bett] at night to    
)draw ! piquets ab\t #cj  y>ds beh9d !  
tr5*2 ?is latt] w !n =m an ob/acle      
likely  to break ! ranks ( an assault+  
enemy1 & ! def5d]s w h  room = !        
c\nt]-*>ge4      ,read9ess = ,action4   
,x _c be too /rongly insi/$ on t piquets
 mu/ always be ready  = action4 ,! m5   
%\ld sleep ) _! rifles beside !m1 9 !   
positions !y w occupy 9 ! ranks1 & mu/ n
 be all[$ to  cov] _! e>s :5 ly+ d[n4   
,ei!r ! comm&]1 or ! next 9  comm&1     
toge!r ) a proportion ( ! piquet1 mu/   
always rema9  awake1 & :5 ! comm&] lies 
d[n he %\ld d s close to !  s5try ov] ! 
piquet4    ,?is read9ess = action is (t5
 neglect$2 x is1 ( c\rse1  necess>y t   
(fic]s & m5 on outpo/ duty %\ld sleep1 b
  arrangem5ts mu/ be made to ensure t "s
 ( ! piquet are always  al]t4    ,at    
manuvres ,i h (t5 se5 an entire piquet  
peacefully asleep1  tru/+ to !          
protection af=d$ by "o or two gr\ps #bjj

 or #cjj  y>ds away1 & ! s+le s5try ov] 
! piquet4 ,any "o :o has  _h exp]i5ce ( 
! heavy sleep :i* ov]takes tir$ m5 w "k 
! difficulty !re w\ld be 9 quickly r\s+ 
a piquet "u ^!  circum/ances4 ,i rememb]
 on "o occasion witness+ a night attack 
on  a piquet by a company ( ! enemy1 :i*
 *>g$1 ) l\d *e]s1  yet "s m9utes aft] !
 assault _h be5 deliv]$1 two or ?ree    
memb]s ( ! piquet 7 f\nd to be /ill fa/ 
asleep1 ) _!  heads envelop$ 9 _!       
blankets4      ,cov] = ,gr\ps4    ,:5   
gr\ps are po/$ 9 front ( a piquet 9 op5 
c\ntry1 !y  %\ld always h cov] 9 re> to 
protect !m f ! fire ( _!  comrades4     
,gr\ps w rema9 out ) mu* great]         
confid5ce if !y  feel t !y are safe f ! 
fire ( _! own side4      ,m>k+ ( ,r\te  
to & f ,piquets4    ,! r\te f ! support 
to its piquets1 & f ! piquets to  _!    
gr\ps1 %\ld always be cle>ly m>k$2      
scraps ( pap]1 or ev5  gre5 /icks1 ) !  
b>k peel$ (f1 may be us$4      ,s5tries 
,*all5g+4    ,! ,regulations provide t  
s5tries %all *all5ge at night1 b x  is  

desirable to avoid any noise likely to  
disclose _! position4 ,x  is easy to    
arrange a sy/em ( signals by :i*        
patrols1 etc41 c be  recognis$4 ,!      
signal %\ld be made by ! s5try fir/ &   
repli$  to by ! patrol1 b x mu/ be an   
inv>iable rule t aft] !  signal has be5 
made "o man1 & "o only1 ( ! patrol %all 
advance  up to ! s5try to be recognis$4 
,if ! signal is n repli$ to1  ! s5try w 
*all5ge1 b 9 no l\d] tone ?an is        
absolutely  necess>y4      ,s5tries     
,fir+4    ,s5tries mu/ be taught always 
to all[ p]sons to approa* fairly  ne> to
 !m be=e *all5g+1 & nev] to fire1 except
 :5 x  is absolutely necess>y to give an
 al>m1 unless !y c cle>ly  di/+ui% !    
object !y fire at & c be fairly c]ta9 ( 
hitt+ x4 ,e (fic] :o has be5 on s]vice  
kn[s well t at  ! comm5cem5t ( a        
campaign s5tries are cont9ually fir+ at 
no?+1 b z !y ga9 exp]i5ce %ots at night 
become r>e2 x is  really a "q ( tra9+1 &
 ! tra9+ %\ld be giv5 dur+  peace4    ,9
 ! ,fr5* ,army s]v+ 9 ,alg]ia !re is a  

rule t any s5try  :o fires at night mu/ 
produce a corpse1 or1 at any rate1 be   
able to  %[ by blood m>ks t he has hit !
 p]son he fir$ at1 fail+  ?is ! s5try is
 dealt ) = giv+ a false al>m4 ,?is is an
  excell5t rule1 = unnecess>y fir+      
causes a great deal ( fatigue  &        
annoyance to ! troops on outpo/ duty4   
,action ( ,outpo/s 9 a ,night ,attack4  
,if due w>n+ ( ! enemy's advance is     
receiv$ & se>*lights are  n available1 !
 gr\ps %\ld be )drawn1 & ! enemy all[$  
to approa* )\t any indication t !       
def5d]s are aw>e ( 8  movem5t be+ giv54 
,:5 he gets )9 #cj y>ds1 or on d>k      
nights  ev5 less1 he %\ld be receiv$ )  
"o r\nd f e rifle1  foll[$ imm$iately by
 a bayonet *>ge4    ,! r\nd %\ld be fir$
 by ^w ( comm&1 l ! old volley1  & great
 pa9s mu/ be tak5 to impress ^u ! m5 !  
necessity  ( aim+ l[4 ,9 ! d>k ! natural
 t5d5cy is to fire high1 &  ! m5 mu/ be 
tra9$ to ov]come x4 ,fir+ f ! hip has   
be5  sugge/$ z be+ likely to br+ d[n !  
l9e ( fire1 b ,i h  nev] se5 x tri$ at  

night1 & exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 daylight  
h n prov$ x to h any effect 9 t         
direction4    ,if adjo9+ bodies ( !     
outpo/s are able to deliv] an attack    
simultane\sly aga9/ bo? ! front & flanks
 ( ! enemy1 x w  probably be successful1
 z troops are q z s5sitive to flank     
attacks at night z 9 ! day4    ,9       
def5ce1 z 9 attack1 x is imp]ative t a  
portion ( ! =ce  %\ld be held 9 res]ve z
 long z possible4          ,,*apt] ,v4  
,,miscellane\s4      ,tra9+ & ,employm5t
 ( ,sc\ts4    ,! selection & tra9+ (    
,sc\ts = "w 9 ! d>k _c be too  s]i\sly  
und]tak51 s9ce ! success or failure ( a 
night op]ation  dep5ds 9 a great measure
 on _! effici5cy4 ,!y mu/ be m5 (  good 
con/itution1 active1 able to be> great  
fatigue1 & to sleep  at any h\r ( ! day 
or night2 !y mu/ also h acute p[]s (    
vision & he>+1 be able to make a r\gh   
map1 to f9d _! way by  ! compass & !    
/>s1 & be absolutely )\t 8n]ves40 ,!y   
%\ld be ?or\ghly well acqua9t$ ) !      
appe>ance ( ! moon 9  all its phases1 & 

h a k ( ! rate ( its movem5t1 s  t !y c 
at any "t =m an e/imate ( ! "t !        
moonlight  w la/4 ,!y mu/ be capable (  
mov+ across c\ntry 9 l9e )  consid]able 
int]vals betwe5 !m1 & ( consi/5tly      
ma9ta9+  ! direction ( _! l9e ( advance4
 ,ea* sc\t %\ld c>ry a  lum9\s compass &
 a piece ( c>d1 cov]$ ) lum9\s pa9t1 =  
use "u a trac+ ( ! map4 ,if possible1 !y
 %\ld be suppli$  ) rubb] soles to _!   
boots or1 at any rate1 ! heel pads1 :i* 
are to be f\nd 9 mo/ %ops4    ,no sc\t c
 be consid]$ effici5t if he _c pass     
?r\gh any  ord9>y outpo/ l9e at night   
:5ev] he pleases2 if he is really  well 
tra9$1 no?+ %ort ( a cont9u\s *a9 (     
s5tries c keep  him out4    ,?is p[] (  
trav]s+ ! l9es at w af=ds great         
opportunities  n only ( obta9+          
in=mation1 b also ( h>ass+ ! enemy's    
outpo/s4 ,two or ?ree small p>ties (    
well-tra9$ m5 c keep a  :ole section (  
an outpo/ l9e 9 su* a /ate ( n]v\s      
t5sion  t sleep w be impossible1 & !    
result+ fatigue w greatly  dim9i% !     

effici5cy ( ! troops compos+ x dur+ !   
next day4    ,9 night attacks select$ m5
 %\ld be employ$ to surprise &  disable 
! s5try gr\ps on ! l9e ( advance4 ,!y   
%\ld attack  ! gr\ps f ! re>1 & ! be/   
weapon = !m to use is an  ord9>y life   
pres]v]1 well weight$ & cov]$ ) rubb]1  
or a  small lea!r bag fill$ ) s& &      
securely fa/5$ to ! end  ( a %ort /ick4 
,a bl[ on ! side ( ! head f ei!r ( ^!   
makes v little noise1 &1 z ! injury     
caus$ by !m is n  necess>ily fatal1 !y c
 be us$ ) less compunction aga9/ an     
unsuspect+ man ?an m le?al weapons4     
,9 addition to dispos+ ( ! gr\ps1 sc\ts 
%\ld be detail$ to  creep close up to ! 
enemy's piquets & supports1 & to rema9  
!re  ready to ?r[ h& gr5ades among !m :5
 ! attack develops4    ,suitable m5 soon
 become ke5ly int]e/$ 9 _! "w1 = !      
sport+ *ances (f]$ by night op]ations h 
an und\bt$  fasc9ation = adv5tur\s      
spirits4      ,se>*lights 9 ,attack & 9 
,def5ce4    ,ev5 9 op5 gr\nd x is r>ely 
possible to arrange se>*lights s z  to  

illum9ate ! :ole ( ! area cov]$ by _!   
beams s9ce small  irregul>ities 9 !     
surface ( ! gr\nd produce pat*es ( %ad[4
  ,:5 fix$ lights are expos$ ! attack]s 
mu/ endeav\r to utilise  ^! d>k pat*es  
:5 cross+ ! zone ( light2 if travell+   
beams  are us$ !y mu/ lie d[n be=e !    
light rea*es !m & rema9  p]fectly /ill  
till x has pass$4 ,unless _! clo?+ af=ds
 a  m>k$ contra/ to ! col\r ( ! gr\nd x 
is difficult to detect  troops if only  
!y rema9 motionless4    ,%\ld ! enemy's 
artill]y op5 fire on ! area cov]$ by !  
light1 ! attack+ column mu/ cont9ue to  
advance1 & if necess>y  assume m op5    
=mations4 ,! guns w probably h be5 laid 
by  daylight1 & x is n easy to make     
accurate alt]ations 9 ! d>k1            
consequ5tly ! quick] ! attack]s advance 
! less loss !y are  likely to suff]4    
,9 ! def5ce1 if se>*lights are provid$1 
! (fic]s on outpo/  duty mu/ endeav\r to
 asc]ta9 :at portions ( ! gr\nd 9 _!    
front ! beams d n light up1 & take      
special measures to wat*  !m4           

,fl>es1 etc4    ,:5 piquets are protect$
 by ob/acles an arrangem5t ( fl>es =    
light+ ! gr\nd 9 _! imm$iate front is   
(t5 useful4 ,empty  b>rels1 ) bo? ends  
knock$ out1 are /uff$ ) /raw1 rags1 or  
ev5 pap]1 :i* has be5 saturat$ ) p>aff9 
or cov]$ )  t>2 !y %\ld be plac$ ab\t   
#ej y>ds 9 front (1 & a little to  !    
side (1 ! piquet1 & if a bold man is    
available to wait till  ! enemy is close
 up be=e light+ !m1 !y w prove ( great  
assi/ance4    ,i h se5 %ort /icks1 )    
rags dipp$ 9 p>aff91 ti$ r\nd "o  end1  
us$ ) effect2 :5 set on fire !y c be    
?r[n #be or #cj  y>ds1 & are h>d to     
ext+ui%1 b !re is always a risk ( !     
enemy ?r[+ !m back aga94      ,h&       
,gr5ades4    ,^! anci5t weapons1 hav+   
be5 improv$1 are likely to be l>gely    
us$ 9 future1 & w\ld be specially       
suitable to issue to sc\ts4  ,a         
well-tra9$ sc\t w\ld h no difficulty 9  
gett+ close up to  ho/ile piquets1 & !  
sudd5 explosion ( a h& gr5ade c\ld n    
fail to h consid]able moral effect ev5  

if x did little mat]ial  damage4 ,aga9/ 
columns advanc+ to make a night attack  
!y w\ld  also be v useful weapons4    ,!
 confusion :i* is caus$ among troops at 
night manuvres by !  explosion 9 _!     
ranks ( a few ord9>y crack]s is /rong   
evid5ce  ( ! advantage to be ga9$ f !   
use ( h& gr5ades at a  critical mom5t4  
,lum9\s ,discs4    ,lum9\s discs are    
requir$ to m>k ! direct+ flank (        
companies2  !y %\ld be made ( ?9 bo>d1  
coat$ on bo? sides ) lum9\s  pa9t1 &    
m\nt$ on a pole ab\t #e feet long4 ,9   
%ape !y may be  ei!r r\nd or squ>e1 b x 
is useful to h "o ( a special  patt]n to
 m>k ! direct+ guide4 ,!y may be f #ab  
in*es to #ae  in*es 9 diamet]4          
,pocket ,electric ,lamps4    ,! pocket  
lamps us$ by _m (fic]s = read+ maps at  
night answ]  well z po9ts to m>* on4 ,!y
 %\ld be provid$ ) a c>dbo>d  hood      
ext5d+ ab\t ?ree in*es beyond ! bulb1 to
 *eck ! lat]al  spread ( ! rays4        
,connect+ ,ropes4    ,if ropes or tapes 
7entr5*+ tapes d well7 are us$ = keep+  

connection1 !y mu/ be held up by m5     
plac$ at int]vals ( ?ree or  f\r y>ds4  
,unless ?is is done ! rope is sure to   
cat* 9 bu%es or  /ones1 & w probably    
break4      ,pass+ ,f5ces4    ,:5       
possible a gateway w be us$ = ! passage 
( ! troops1 &  if ! gate _c be tak5 (f  
its h+es a man %\ld be detail$ to  hold 
x op5 till ! column has pass$2 if no    
gateway exi/s a gap  mu/ be made4    ,to
 make a gap 9 a h$ge1 *oose a weak      
place1 & cut away ! wood  ) saws or     
knives2 axes & billhooks %\ld n be us$1 
z !  s\nd made by !m c be he>d a long   
way4 ,walls1 if built ( loose  /ones1   
mu/ be c>efully pull$ d[n & ! /ones pil$
 up at !  sides ( ! gap2 if ! /ones are 
laid 9 mort> ! wall mu/ be  climb$4     
,wire f5ces %\ld h a l5g? ( wire betwe5 
two po/s cut  "r out & remov$2 ! cuts   
%\ld be made ab\t two feet f !  po/s1 & 
! ends ( ! wires twi/$ back r\nd ! po/s4
 ,be=e  cutt+ a taut wire see t x is    
firmly grasp$ on bo? sides ( !  po9t :]e
 ! cut is made1 o!rwise ! wire :5 cut w 

spr+  back ) a l\d1 r++ noise4 ,z s\nd  
travels a long way up a wire  f5ce1     
great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid j>r+ !   
wires4      ,entr5*+ by ,night4    ,if  
tr5*es :i* h be5 dug at night are exam9$
 9 daylight1 x  w (t5 be f\nd t ow+ to !
 faulty %ape ( ! p>apet a  good deal (  
gr\nd close 9 front ( ! tr5* is dead4   
,to obviate  ?is x is advisable to place
 :ite objects or electric lamps ab\t #cj
  y>ds 9 front ( ! tr5*es1 9 ord] t !   
m51 :5 f9i%+  (f ! p>apet1 may s %ape x 
t :5 fir+ ov] x ! l9e (  sight w cut !  
gr\nd at t po9t4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$
  t 9 ! d>k m5 in/9ctively fire /raight 
to ! front1 i4e41  at "r angles to !    
p>apet1 consequ5tly if x is desir$ to   
br+  fire to be> 9 an oblique direction 
"s means ( m>k+ ! requir$  direction are
 necess>y4      ,wire ,entanglem5ts4    
,9 mak+ wire entanglem5ts = ! def5ce (  
po/s any attempt at  neatness or        
regul>ity is to be avoid$2 ! /akes %\ld 
be unev5ly  spac$1 & ! wire left r slack
 ) occasional loose loops 9  x4 ,an     

entanglem5t made 9 ?is way is h>d] to   
pass & to cut ?an  "o ( ! regulation    
patt]n4      ,halts at ,night4          
,unless a halt is to la/ at lea/ an h\r1
 its duration %\ld n  exce$ five m9utes1
 o!rwise "s m5 w c]ta9ly fall asleep1  &
 ! op]ation ( wak+ !m causes noise &    
delay4 ,if a m>* is  to la/ all night1 a
 halt = a c\ple ( h\rs1 to all[ ! troops
  to sleep1 is ( great b5efit1 & w      
dim9i% b little ! total  di/ance cov]$4 
,recognition ( ,fri5ds at ,night4    ,9 
repell+ a night attack ! def5d]s are    
always emb>rass$ by !  difficulty (     
di/+ui%+ betwe5 fri5d & foe1 & a        
previ\sly  arrang$ code ( signals is    
ess5tial if collision betwe5 bodies (   
our own troops are to be prev5t$4 ,!    
,russians = ?is purpose  adopt$ !       
practice ( *ant+ _! ,national ,an!m1 &1 
al?\gh  ! tune ( 8,god save ! ,k+0 may  
p]haps be too well kn[n to be  safely   
us$1 x w\ld be easy to select "s simple 
,engli% song :i*  c\ld n be sung by our 
enemies4      ,k ( ! ,moon & ,/>s4      

,an elem5t>y k ( ! names & positions ( !
 pr9cipal  con/ellations & />s is v     
useful 9 night "w1 z )\t su*  k !re w   
(t5 be difficulty 9 po9t+ out ! p>ticul>
  /> *os5 = ! column to m>* on1 & any   
mi/ake may h  s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,!     
,manual ( ,map ,read+ & ,field ,sket*+  
/ates t ! lat]al movem5t ( a /> w n     
exce$ #e 9 #bj  m9utes1 & t x is safe to
 m>* = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r on  ! same 
/>4    ,if nei!r ! tables giv5 9        
,app5dix ,,iii4 ( ! ,field ,s]vice      
,pocket ,book1 nor an ,almanac are      
available1 x w be impossible =  ! ord9>y
 man to calculate accurately ! times ( !
 ris+ &  sett+ ( ! moon1 b a r\gh k (   
its phases enables u to  e/imate        
approximately ! duration ( moonlight4   
,:5 ! new moon  is fir/ se5 x rises 9 ! 
morn+ & sets soon aft] sunset1 b  z its 
h\rs ( ris+ & sett+ become lat] ea* day1
 by ! "t  x rea*es its fir/ qu>t] !     
moonlight la/s f sunset to ab\t         
midnight1 & at full moon all night4 ,:5 
! moon beg9s to wane1  & its h\r ( ris+ 

becomes lat] ?an ! h\r ( sunset1 !re is 
a daily increas+ p]iod ( d>kness betwe5 
sunset & moon-rise4  ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! 
moon is gr[+1 moonlight may be expect$ 9
  ! e>ly h\rs ( ! night1 b aft] ! la/   
qu>t] n till aft]  midnight4    ,! numb]
 ( well educat$ p]sons :o _c di/+ui%    
betwe5  ! moon :5 9 ! fir/ & la/ qu>t]  
is a/oni%+1 b ,i  h f\nd ! old plan (   
tak+ a biscuit to repres5t ! moon1 &    
bit+ pieces out ( x to %[ ! diff]5t     
phases1 a simple means (  expla9+ !     
matt] to recruits4 ,!y soon realise t   
if1 z y  look at ! biscuit or ! moon1 a 
piece is want+ on ! left side1  ! moon  
is gr[+2 if on ! "r side1 x is wan+4    
,con/ant ,practice ! only ,means (      
,acquir+ ,k4    ,! old prov]b1 t an     
ounce ( practice is wor? a ton ( !ory1  
is specially true ( night op]ations2    
nei!r intuition nor books  c ev] replace
 actual exp]i5ce4 ,! accid5ts t may1 &  
d1  happ5 are s num]\s1 & ! consequ5ces 
( trivial mi/akes s  f>-rea*+1 t unless 
!y h be5 se5 !y _c be realis$4  ,! only 

means ( ga9+ k is to con/antly practise 
,night  ,op]ations on all sorts ( gr\nd1
 & 9 all sorts ( wea!r4 ,my own         
exp]i5ce ( night "w1 bo? on s]vice & 9  
peace1 is probably  above ! av]age1 b ,i
 d n believe t ,i h ev] return$ f  any  
night op]ation )\t feel+ t ,i _h acquir$
 "s fre% item  ( k4      ,conclusion4   
,9 conclusion1 ,i wi% aga9 to lay /ress 
on ! fact t al?\gh  9 plann+ any night  
op]ation x is necess>y to proce$ ) !    
greate/ caution1 yet1 :5 once ! und]tak+
 has be5 comm5c$1 x  mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh 
) ! /]ne/ resolution4 ,9 ! d>k !  bolde/
 c\rse is g5]ally ! be/1 & e mom5t (    
hesitation  dim9i%es ! *ances ( success4
 ,to ! junior ranks ( ! ,army  night    
fight+ af=ds *ances ( ga9+ di/9ction :i*
 _c  occur 9 daylight1 b ^! *ances are  
fleet+ ones1 & mu/ be  seiz$ ! mom5t !y 
occur4 ,! secret ( success lies 9 act+  
boldly & 9 act+ promptly1 & "y (fic]s1  
:5 engag$ 9  night op]ations1 w d well  
to adopt ! motto attribut$ to !  great  
lead] ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,danton3-- 

,de l'audace1 encore de l'audace1 t\j\rs
 de l'audace4          ,transcrib]'s    
,note      ,occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t     
hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4