,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,a li/ ( ! *anges made c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,m>k-up3 italic bold ,,! ,,day ,,aft] ,,dea? ,illu/ration ,,! ,,day ,,aft] ,,dea? ,,or ,our ,future ,life accord+ to ,sci5ce ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,( ,,l\is ,,figui] ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,t5 ,,a/ronomical ,,plates ,a ,,new ,,edition ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aijd ,=m]ly publi%$ by ,ri*>d ,b5tley ,son4 ,repr9t$ #aijd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fir/4 ,,man ,,is ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,triple ,,alliance ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,life4--,,( ,,:at ,,does ,,dea? ,,consi/8 #f ,,*apt] ,,! ,,second4 ,,:at ,,becomes1 ,,aft] ,,dea?1 ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,life8 #i ,,*apt] ,,! ,,?ird4 ,,:]e ,,does ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+ ,,reside8 #af ,,*apt] ,,! ,,f\r?4 ,,d ,,all ,,m5 ,,pass ,,aft] ,,dea? ,,to ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,sup]human ,,be+s8--,,re-,,inc>nations ,,( ,,p]v]se ,,s\ls4--,,re-,,inc>nation ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,h ,,di$ ,,9 ,,infancy #bd ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fif?4 ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+8 ,,physical ,,%ape1 ,,s5ses1 ,,degree ,,( ,,intellig5ce4--,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+ #cj ,,*apt] ,,! ,,six?4 ,,:at ,,becomes ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+ ,,aft] ,,dea?8--,,dea?s1 ,,resurrections1 ,,& ,,new ,,inc>nations ,,9 ,,! ,,e!real ,,spaces #ee ,,*apt] ,,! ,,sev5?4 ,,physical ,,& ,,geographical ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sun #fa ,,*apt] ,,! ,,eigh?4 ,,! ,,sun4--,,def9itive ,,soj\rn ,,( ,,s\ls ,,arriv$ ,,at ,,! ,,highe/ ,,degree ,,( ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,hi]>*y4--,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,! ,,f9al ,,& ,,common ,,soj\rn ,,( ,,! ,,s\ls ,,:i* ,,come ,,f ,,! ,,e>?4--,,physical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,sun4--,,?is ,,heav5ly ,,body ,,is ,a ,,mass ,,( ,,burn+ ,,gas #hi ,,*apt] ,,! ,,n9?4 ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,are ,,purely ,,spiritual ,,be+s4--,,! ,,sol> ,,rays ,,are ,,emanations ,,f ,,spiritual ,,be+s ,,t ,,live ,,9 ,,! ,,sun4--,,^! ,,be+s ,,?us ,,produce ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,life ,,on ,,e>?4--,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,sol> ,,radiation1 ,,inexplicable ,,by ,,physici/s1 ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,emanations ,,f ,,! ,,s\ls ,,( ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,sun4--,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,fire1 ,,& ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,nations1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n #ajd ,,*apt] ,,! ,,t5?4 ,,:at ,,are ,,our ,,relations ,,) ,,sup]human ,,be+s8 #abb ,,*apt] ,,! ,,elev5?4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,animal8--,,! ,,s\ls ,,( ,,animals4--,,migrations ,,( ,,s\ls ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,bodies ,,( ,,animals #ach ,,*apt] ,,! ,,twelf?4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,plant8--,,! ,,plant ,,c ,,feel4--,,h[ ,,difficult ,,x ,,is ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,plants ,,f ,,animals4--,,g5]al ,,*a9 ,,( ,,liv+ ,,be+s #adi ,,*apt] ,,! ,,?irte5?4 ,,does ,,man ,,exi/ ,,else:]e ,,?an ,,on ,,! ,,e>?8--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,planets4--,,plurality ,,( ,,! ,,inhabit$ ,,worlds #agg ,,*apt] ,,! ,,f\rte5?4 ,,t ,,:i* ,,took ,,place ,,on ,,e>? ,,= ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,organiz$ ,,be+s ,,mu/ ,,h ,,equally ,,tak5 ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,o!r ,,planets4--,,successive ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,liv+ ,,be+s ,,on ,,our ,,globe4--,,! ,,same ,,succession ,,mu/ ,,h ,,tak5 ,,place ,,9 ,,ea* ,,planet4--,,! ,,planet>y ,,man4--,,! ,,planet>y ,,man1 ,,l ,,! ,,t]re/rial ,,man1 ,,is ,,trans=m$1 ,,aft] ,,dea?1 ,,into ,a ,,sup]human ,,be+1 ,,& ,,passes ,,into ,,! ,,e!r #aie ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fifte5?4 ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,human ,,exi/5ces1 ,,& ,,( ,,re-,,inc>nations4--,,)\t ,,! ,,aid ,,( ,,?is ,,doctr9e ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,man ,,^u ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,inexplicable1 ,,likewise ,,! ,,unequal ,,conditions ,,( ,,human ,,life1 ,,& ,,! ,,fate ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,die ,,9 ,,infancy #bjb ,,*apt] ,,! ,,sixte5?4 ,,faculties ,,peculi> ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,*ildr51 ,,aptitudes ,,& ,,vocations ,,among ,,m51 ,,are ,,additional ,,pro(s ,,( ,,re-,,inc>nations4--,,explanation ,,( ,,phr5ology4--,,desc>tes' ,,innate ,,ideas1 ,,& ,,dugald ,,/ew>t',s ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,causality ,,c ,,only ,,be ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,lives4--,,vague ,,remembrances ,,( ,,our ,,=m] ,,exi/5ces #bab ,,*apt] ,,! ,,sev5te5?4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,plurality ,,( ,,exi/5ces #bbf ,,*apt] ,,! ,,eighte5?4 ,,answ]s ,,to ,,"s ,,objections4--,,fir/3 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,:i* ,,s]ves ,,z ,,! ,,basis ,,to ,,?is ,,sy/em1 ,,is ,,n ,,demon/rat$4--,,second3 ,,we ,,h ,,no ,,remembrance ,,( ,,=m] ,,exi/5ces4--,,?ird3 ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,is ,,only ,,! ,,metempsy*osis ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,,f\r?3 ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,is ,,conf\nd$ ,,) ,,d>w9ism #bcb ,,*apt] ,,! ,,n9ete5?4 ,,sequel ,,to ,,objections4--,,difficulty ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,,h[ ,,! ,,rays ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,mat]ial ,,sub/ances1 ,,c ,,be ,,! ,,g]ms ,,( ,,s\ls1 ,,immat]ial ,,sub/ances #bei ,,*apt] ,,! ,,tw5tie?4 ,,practical ,,rules ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,facts ,,& ,,pr9ciples ,,develop$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w4--,,to ,,elevate ,,"o',s ,,s\l ,,by ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,virtues1 ,,& ,,by ,,try+ ,,to ,,acquire ,a ,,k ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,its ,,laws ,,?r\gh ,,sci5ce4--,,to ,,r5d] ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity4--,,we ,,%\ld ,,pres]ve ,,! ,,remembrance ,,( ,,! ,,dead4--,,we ,,%\ld ,,n ,,fe> ,,dea?4--,,dea? ,,is ,,b ,,an ,,ins5sible ,,transition ,,f ,,"o ,,/ate ,,to ,,ano!r2 ,,x ,,is ,,n ,,an ,,end1 ,,b ,a ,,metamorphosis4--,,impressions ,,( ,,! ,,dy+4--,,^? ,,:o ,,die ,,"y ,,are ,,lov$ ,,by ,,! ,,gods #bfi ,,epilogue4 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,we ,,seek ,,god1 ,,& ,,9 ,,our ,,se>* ,,describe ,,! ,,univ]se #bhd ,illu/ration ,,! ,,day ,,aft] ,,dea?4 ,,introduction4 ,,read]1 y mu/ die4 ,y may p]haps die to-morr[4 ,:at w become ( y8 ,:at %all y be1 on ! day aft] y\r dea?8 ,i d n n[ allude to y\r body2 t is ( no m importance ?an ! clo!s :i* x we>s1 or ! %r\d 9 :i* x w be buri$4 ,l ^! g>m5ts1 l t c]eclo?1 y\r body mu/ be decompos$1 & its elem5ts di/ribut$ among ,nature's great res]voirs ( mat]ial1 e>?1 air1 & wat]4 ,b y\r s\l1 :i!r %all x g8 ,t :i* 0 free )9 y1 t :i* ?\ght1 lov$1 & suff]$1 :at %all become ( x8 ,( c\rse y d n believe t y\r s\l w be ext+ui%$ ) y\r life on ! day ( y\r decease1 & t no?+ w rema9 ( t :i* has palpitat$ 9 y\r brea/1 vibrat+ to ! emotions ( joy & sorr[1 to ! t5d] affections1 ! numb]less passions & di/urbances ( y\r life4 ,:]e %all t s5sible1 exi/+ s\l1 :i* mu/ survive ! tomb1 g to8 ,:at w x become1 :at %all y be1 my read]1 ! day aft] y\r dea?8 ,to ! consid]ation ( ?is "q ?is book is devot$4 ,almo/ all ?9k]s h decl>$ t ! problem ( ! future life defies solution4 ,!y h argu$ t ! human m9d is p[]less to =esee s pr(\nd a my/]y1 & t !re=e ! only rational c\rse is to ab/a9 f ! endeav\r4 ,?is is ! reason+ ( ! majority ( mank9d1 p>tly f c>elessness1 or p>tly f conviction4 ,besides1 :5 we v5ture to look at ?is trem5d\s "q closely1 we f9d ourselves imm$iately surr\nd$ ) su* ?ick d>kness t we lack c\rage to pursue ! inve/igation4 ,& ?us we are l$ to turn away f all ?\ght ( ! future life4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 circum/ances :i* =ce u to reflect on ?is d>k & difficult subject4 ,:5 "o f9ds oneself 9 dang] ( dea?1 or :5 "o has lo/ a de>ly belov$ object1 !re is no escape f m$itation ^u ! future life4 ,:5 we h dwelt long & e>ne/ly ^u ! idea1 we may be br\ght to ackn[l$ge t ! problem is n1 z x has s long be5 believ$1 beyond ! rea* ( ! human m9d4 ,dur+ ! great] portion ( 8 life1 ! au?or ( ?is book believ$1 9 common ) ev]ybody else1 t ! problem ( ! future life is out ( our rea*1 & t true wisdom consi/s 9 n tr\bl+ our m9ds ab\t x4 ,b1 "o dreadful day1 a ?und]bolt fell 9 8 pa?4 ,he lo/ ! son 9 :om c5tr$ all ! hope & ambition ( 8 life4 ,!n1 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 grief he reflect$ deeply on ! new life :i* mu/ op5 = ea* ( u1 above ! tomb4 ,aft] long dwell+ on ?is idea 9 solit>y m$itation1 he ask$ ( ! exact sci5ces :at positive in=mation1 on ?is "q1 !y c\ld furni% him )1 & subsequ5tly1 he int]rogat$ ignorant & simple p1 peasants 9 _! villages1 & unlett]$ m5 9 t[ns1 an ev] preci\s s\rce ( aid 9 re-asc5d+ t[>ds ! true pr9ciples ( nature1 = x is n p]v]t$ by ! progress ( education1 or by ! r\t9e ( a commonplace philosophy4 ,?us ! au?or ( ?is book succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ = himself an entire sy/em ( ideas conc]n+ ! new life ( man1 :i* is to foll[ 8 t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,b 8 sy/em is all conta9$ 9 nature4 ,ea* organiz$ be+ is atta*$ to ano!r :i* prec$es1 & ano!r :i* foll[s x1 9 ! *a9 ( ! liv+ creation4 ,! plant & ! animal1 ! animal & ! man1 are l9k$1 sold]$ to "o ano!r2 ! moral & physical ord] meet & m+le4 ,x results f ?is1 t any "o :o believes himself to h discov]$ ! explanation ( any "o fact conc]n+ ?is organization1 is spe$ily l$ to ext5d ?is explanation to all liv+ be+s1 to recon/ruct1 l9k by l9k1 ! great *a9 ( nature4 ,?us x 0 ) ! au?or ( ?is book4 ,aft] hav+ s\ght out ! de/9ation ( man1 :5 dismiss$ f 8 t]re/rial life1 he 0 l$ to apply 8 views to all o!r liv+ be+s1 to animals1 & !n to plants4 ,! p[] ( logic =c$ him to /udy ^? be+s1 impossible to be se5 by our organs ( vision1 by :i* he holds ! planets1 ! suns1 & all ! innum]able />s disp]s$ ov] ! va/ ext5t ( ! heav5s1 to be inhabit$4 ,s t y w f9d 9 ?is book1 n only an attempt at ! solution ( ! problem ( ! future life by sci5ce1 b also ! /atem5t ( a complete !ory ( nature1 ( a true philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,x may be t ,i am deceiv+ myself2 x may be t ,i am tak+ ! dreams ( my imag9ation = s]i\s views2 ,i may lose myself 9 t d>k region ?r\gh :i* ,i am try+ to grope my way2 b at lea/ ,i write ) absolute s9c]ity1 & t is my excuse = writ+ ?is book at all4 ,i hope t o!rs may be induc$ by my example to attempt simil> ef=ts1 to apply ! exact sci5ces to ! /udy ( ! great "q ( ! de/9ies ( man aft] ?is life4 ,a s]ies ( works und]tak5 9 ?is bran* ( le>n+1 w\ld be ! greate/ s]vice :i* c\ld be r5d]$ to natural philosophy1 & also to ! progress ( humanity4 ,aft] ! t]rible mis=tunes ( #ahgj & #ahga1 !re is n a family 9 ,france :i* has n _h to m\rn a k9sman or a fri5d4 ,i f\nd1 n inde$ consolation = my grief1 b tranquillity = my m9d1 9 ! composition ( ?is "w2 & ,i h !re=e hop$ t1 9 read+ its pages1 !y :o suff] & !y :o grieve might f9d "s ( ! same hope & assurance :i* h lift$ up my /rick5 he>t4 ,society is 9 our day ! prey ( a deadly disease1 ( a moral cank]1 :i* ?reat5s x ) de/ruction4 ,?is disease is mat]ialism4 ,mat]ialism1 :i* 0 prea*$ fir/ 9 ,g]many1 9 ! univ]sities1 & 9 books ( philosophy1 & ! natural sci5ces1 aft]w>ds spread rapidly 9 ,france4 ,) brief delay1 x came d[n f ! level ( ! savans to t ( ! educat$ classes1 & !nce x p5etrat$ ! ranks ( ! p2 & ! p h und]tak5 to tea* u ! practical consequ5ces ( mat]ialism4 ,little by little !y h flung (f e bond1 !y h disc>d$ all respect ( p]sons & pr9ciples2 !y no long] value religion or its m9i/]s2 ! social hi]>*y1 _! c\ntry1 or lib]ty4 ,t ?is mu/ lead to "s t]rible result x 0 easy to =esee4 ,aft] a long p]iod ( political an>*y1 a body ( furi\s madm5 c>ri$ dea?1 t]ror1 & fire ?r\gh ! capital ( ,france4 ,x 0 n patriotism :i* fir$ ! illu/ri\s & sacr$ monum5ts ( ,p>is1 x 0 mat]ialism4 ,no?+ c be m evid5t ?an t1 f ! mom5t "o is conv9c$ t ev]y?+ comes to an end 9 ?is _w1 t !re is no?+ to foll[ ?is life1 we h no?+ bett] to d1 "o & all ( u1 ?an to appeal to viol5ce1 to excite di/urbance1 & invoke an>*y ev]y:]e1 9 ord] to f9d1 amid su* propiti\s disord]1 ! means ( satisfy+ our brutal desires1 our unruly ambition1 & our s5sual passions4 ,civilization1 society1 & morals1 are l a /r+ ( beads1 ^: fa/5+ is ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,break ! fa/5+1 & ! beads are scatt]$4 ,mat]ialism is ! sc\rge ( our day1 ! orig9 ( all ! evils ( ,european society4 ,n[1 mat]ialism is fi]cely f\ght 9 ?is book1 :i* might be entitl$1 ,spiritualism ,demon/rat$ by ,sci5ce4 ,because ?is is its aim1 & its motive1 my fri5ds h induc$ me to publi% x4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fir/4 ,,man ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,triple ,,alliance ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,! ,,life4 ,,:at ,,con/itutes ,,dea?4 ,,b>!z1 ,lordat1 & ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,montpelli] h creat$ ! doctr9e ( ! human aggregate1 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 af=ds ! only explanation ( ! true nature ( man4 ,?is doctr9e ( :i* we %all avail ourselves1 z a guide 9 ! e>li] portions ( ?is "w1 may be def9$ z foll[s3-- ,!re exi/s 9 man ?ree elem5ts3-- #a4 ,! body1 or ! mat]ial sub/ance4 #b4 ,! ,life1 or z ,b>!z calls x1 ! ,vital ,=ce4 #c4 ,! ,s\l1 or z ,lordat calls x1 ! ,intimate ,s5se4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! s\l ) ! life1 z ! mat]iali/s & c]ta9 %all[ philosoph]s h done4 ,! s\l & ! life are ess5tially di/9ct4 ,! life is p]i%able1 :ile ! s\l is immortal2 ! life is a tempor>y condition1 de/9$ to decl9e & de/ruction2 :ile ! s\l is imp]vi\s to e ill1 & escapes f dea?4 ,life1 l heat & electricity1 is a =ce eng5d]$ by c]ta9 causes2 aft] hav+ _h its comm5cem5t1 x has its t]m9ation1 :i* is altoge!r f9al4 ,! s\l1 on ! contr>y1 has no end4 ,man may be def9$ z a p]fect$ s\l dwell+ 9 a liv+ body4 ,?is def9ition p]mits u to specify :at x is t con/itutes dea?4 ,dea? is ! sep>ation ( ! s\l & ! body4 ,?is sep>ation is effect$ :5 ! body has ceas$ to be animat$ by ! life4 ,plants & animals _c live except "u c]ta9 conditions3 plants 9 ! air or 9 ! wat]1 animals 9 ! air1 fi% 9 ! wat]2 & if !y are depriv$ ( ^! conditions1 !y p]i% imm$iately4 ,aga91 !re are exi/5ces :i* require special conditions = _! support )9 ! g5]al ones4 ,c]ta9 polypoid-worms c live only 9 c>bonic acid1 or azotic gas2 ! g]ms ( cryptogams produc$ by damp c be develop$ only 9 aque\s infusions ( vegetable matt]s2 ! fi% :i* live 9 ! sea1 die 9 fre%1 or only mod]ately salt1 wat]4 ,e liv+ be+ has !n its special habitat4 ,! s\l does n =m an exception to ?is rule4 ,! place1 ! habitat ( ! s\l is a liv+ body4 ,! s\l disappe>s f ! body :5 ?is body ceases to live1 j z a man =sakes a h\se :5 t h\se has be5 de/roy$ by fire4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ! triple alliance ( ! body1 ! s\l1 & ! life1 z =mulat$ by ! ,s*ool ( ,montpelli]1 & su*1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e1 is ! me*anism ( dea?4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ?is triple alliance ( ! body1 ! s\l1 & ! life1 is n peculi> to man2 x exi/s also 9 all animals4 ,! animal has also a liv+ body1 & s\l2 b ! s\l 9 animals is mu* inf]ior to ! s\l 9 m51 9 ! numb] & ext5t ( its faculties4 ,hav+ few wants1 ! animal has a v small numb] ( faculties1 :i* are all 9 a rudim5t>y condition4 ,x is only 9 ! v consid]able developm5t ( ! faculties ( ! s\l t man diff]s f ! sup]ior animals1 to :i* he be>s a /rong resemblance 9 8 physiological functions1 & 8 anatomical /ructure4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! ,montpelli] ,s*ool does n admit ?is view ( ! condition ( animals4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1#a a full] explanation ( ! di/9ctions :i* divide man f animal w be f\nd4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #a ,*4 ,,xv4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,second4 ,,:at ,,becomes ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,! ,,life1 ,,aft] ,,dea?4 ,,aft] dea?1 ! body1 :e!r ( a man1 or ( an animal1 be+ no long] pres]v$ f de/ruction by vital =ce1 falls "u ! dom9ion ( *emical =ces4 ,if ! body ( a dead animal1 or a human corpse be kept 9 a place :]e ! temp]ature is bel[ #j1 or if x be %ut up 9 a space entirely air-tight1 or if x be impregnat$ ) antiseptic sub/ances1 x w rema9 intact1 z at ! mom5t at :i* life has ab&on$ x4 ,su* is ! process ( embalm+4 ,! effect ( ! v>i\s *emical sub/ances ) :i* a corpse is impregnat$1 is to coagulate ! album5 ( ! tissues1 & ?us to pres]ve ! animal sub/ance f putrefaction4 ,a simil> result w be obta9$ if ! corpse be plac$ betwe5 two lay]s ( ice1 or 9 a c(f9 entirely surr\nd$ ) ice con/antly r5ew$4 ,if kept at a temp]ature ( #j1 ! body w n be subject to decomposition1 because putrid f]m5tation _c take place at s l[ a temp]ature4 ,?is 0 ! process by :i* ! entire c>casses ( ! mammo?s1 or ext9ct elephants1 :i* belong$ to ! quat]nity p]iod1 7 pres]v$4 ,9 #ahjb a p]fectly pres]v$ c>cass ( ?is gigantic pa*yd]m 0 f\nd on ! bank ( ! ,l5a1 a riv] :i* runs into ! ,arctic ,sea1 aft] trav]s+ a portion ( ! ,asiatic cont95t 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! froz5 e>? & ! ice :i* cov]s ! banks ( ! riv] into :i* ! mammo? _h plung$1 _h s effectually pres]v$ x f putrefaction1 t ! fle% ( ! huge creature1 dead = m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 made a fea/ = ! fi%]m5 ( t des]t place4 ,9 nor!rn c\ntries1 if "o w\ld pres]ve ! body ( a man1 x c\ld be effectually done by simply keep+ x con/antly wrapp$ 9 ice4 ,:5 ! body ( a man1 or ( an animal1 is expos$ to ! comb9$ influ5ces ( air1 ( wat]1 & ( a mod]ately high temp]ature1 x und]goes a s]ies ( *emical decompositions1 ^: f9al t]m is its trans=mation into c>bonic acid gas1 & "s comp\nds1 gase\s or solid1 :i* repres5t ! less advanc$ products ( de/ruction4 ,gases ( v>i\s k9ds1 c>bonic acid1 hydrosulphuric1 & ammoniac1 & ! vap\r ( wat]1 spread !mselves ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 or dissolve into ! humidity ( ! soil4 ,at a lat] /age ^! comp\nds1 ?us dissolv$ into ! wat] :i* ba!s ! e>?1 are absorb$ by ! little roots ( ! plants :i* live on x1 & aid 9 _! nutrition & developm5t4 ,z = ! gas1 x beg9s by spread+ ?r\gh ! air2 & !n fall+ to ! e>? aga9 dissolv$ 9 ! ra9wat]1 x also equally supplies ! ne$s ( vegetable life4 ,! ammoniac & c>bonic acid 9 ! wat] :i* p5etrates ! soil1 is absorb$ by ! roots1 introduc$ into ! tubes ( ! plants1 & supplies !m ) n\ri%m5t4 ,?us1 ! matt] :i* =ms ! bodies ( m5 & animals is n de/roy$2 x only *anges its =m1 & "u its new conditions x aids 9 ! composition ( fre% organic sub/ances4 ,9 all ?is ! human body does b obey ! common laws ( nature4 ,t :i* x und]goes1 e organiz$ sub/ance1 vegetable or animal1 expos$ to ! comb9$ influ5ces ( air1 wat]1 & temp]ature1 equally und]goes4 ,a piece ( cotton or wooll5 /uff1 a gra9 ( :eat1 a fruit--!y all f]m5t1 & r$uce !mselves to new products1 exactly z our bodies d4 ,! c]e clo? :i* enfolds a corpse is de/roy$ by precisely ! same process :i* de/roys ! corpse4 ,b1 if ! mat]ial sub/ance :i* =ms man's body does b trans=m itself1 j\rney+ ?r\gh ! globe1 pass+ f animals to plants & f plants to animals2 x is q o!rwise ) life4 ,life is a =ce4 ,l ! o!r =ces1 heat1 light1 & electricity1 x is born1 & x transmits itself2 x has a beg9n+ & an end4 ,l light1 heat1 & electricity--! physical ag5ts :i* make u compreh5d life1 & :i* h c]ta9ly ! same ess5ce & ! same orig9--life has its produc+ causes1 & its causes ( de/ruction4 ,x _c rek9dle itself :5 x has be5 ext+ui%$2 x _c re-comm5ce its c\rse :5 its fatal t]m has arriv$4 ,life _c p]petuate itself2 x is a simple condition ( bodies1 a fugitive & prec>i\s condition1 subject to c\ntless influ5ces1 accid5ts1 & *ances4 ,! life is !re=e greatly inf]ior 9 importance to ! s\l1 :i* is inde/ructible & immortal4 ,! s\l is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 all nature4 ,x has active & positive qualities 9 all respects :]e ! two o!r elem5ts1 ! body & ! life1 h only negative qualities4 ,:il/ ! body dissociates itself & disappe>s1 :ile ! life becomes annihilat$1 ! s\l c nei!r disappe> nor become annihilat$4 ,we h se5 :at becomes ( a man's body aft] 8 dea?1 & also ( 8 life2 let u n[ exam9e into ! condition ( 8 s\l4 ,no philosoph]1 no le>n$ man1 none ( ^? :o "k ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se & ! et]nity ( ! ages1 c admit t our exi/5ce on ! e>? is a def9ite ?+1--t human life has no l9k ) any?+ above or beyond itself4 ,man dies at ?irty1 or tw5ty ye>s old2 he may live only a few mon?s1 or a few m9utes4 ,! av]age l5g? ( life1 accord+ to ,duvil>d's tables1 is tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,at pres5t x is ?irty-?ree4 ,"o f\r? ( mank9d die be=e _! sev5? ye>1 & "o half d n outlive _! sev5te5?4 ,^? :o survive ?is "t enjoy a privilege :i* is d5i$ to ! re/ ( ! human race4#b ,:at is s %ort an int]val1 comp>$ to ! g5]al duration ( "t1 to ! age ( ! e>? & ( ! worlds8 ,x is "o m9ute 9 et]nity4 ,our brief life is n1 _c be any?+ b an accid5t1 a rapid & pass+ ph5om5on1 :i* h>dly c\nts = any?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! physical conditions ( t]re/rial life are dete/able4 ,man is a m>tyr1 expos$ to e sort ( suff]+3 ow+ p>tly to ! defective organization ( 8 body1 incessantly m5ac$ ) dang] f ext]nal causes1 dread+ ! extremes ( heat & cold2 weak & ail+1 com+ into ! _w nak$1 & )\t any natural def5ce aga9/ ! influ5ce ( climate4 ,if1 9 "o portion ( ,europe1 & 9 ,am]ica1 ! progress ( civilization has secur$ com=t = ! ri*1 :at are ! suff]+s ( ! poor 9 ^? v same c\ntries8 ,life is p]petual suff]+ to ! great] numb] ( ! m5 :o inhabit ! insalubri\s regions ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,oceania4 ,& !n1 be=e !re 0 any civilization at all1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ,primitive ,man1 a p]iod s imm5se t x /ret*es back to a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s be=e our epo*1 :at 0 ! fate ( humanity8 ,x 0 a p]petual succession ( suff]+1 dang]1 & pa94 ,! conditions ( human exi/5ce are z evil f ! moral z f ! physical po9t ( view4 ,x is grant$ t "h bel[ happ9ess is impossible4 ,! ,holy ,scriptures1 :5 !y tell u t ! e>? is a valley ( te>s1 d b r5d] an inconte/able tru? 9 a poetic =m4 ,yes1 man has no de/9y "h b suff]+4 ,he suff]s 9 8 affections1 & 9 8 unfulfill$ desires1 9 ! aspirations & impulses ( 8 s\l1 cont9ually ?ru/ back1 baffl$1 beat5 d[n by insurm\ntable ob/acles & resi/ance4 ,happ9ess is a =bidd5 condition4 ,! few agreeable s5sations :i* we exp]i5ce1 n[ & !n1 are expiat$ by ! bitt]e/ grief4 ,we h affections1 t we may lose & m\rn _! de>e/ objects2 we h fa!rs1 mo!rs1 *ildr51 t we may see !m die4 ,x is impossible t a /ate s abnormal c be a def9itive condition4 ,ord]1 h>mony1 equilibrium reign ?r\gh\t ! physical _w1 & x mu/ be t ! same are to be f\nd aga9 9 ! moral _w4 ,if1 on look+ ar\nd u1 we are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t suff]+ is ! common & con/ant rule1 t inju/ice & viol5ce dom9ate1 t =ce triumphs1 t victims tremble & die "u ! iron h& ( cruelty & oppression2 !n x mu/ be t ?is is only a tempor>y ord] ( ?+s4 ,x _c be o!rwise ?an a mom5t ( transition1 an int]m$i>y p]iod :i* ,provid5ce condemns u to pass ?r\gh rapidly1 on our way to a bett] /ate4 ,b1 :at is ?is new condition1 :at is ?is second exi/5ce :i* is to succe$ to our t]re/rial life8 ,9 o!r words1 :at becomes ( ! human s\l aft] dea? has brok5 ! bonds :i* held x to ! body8 ,?is is :at we h to inve/igate4 ,t be+1 sup]ior to man 9 ! scale ( ! liv+ creatures :i* p ! univ]se1 has no "n 9 any language4 ,! angel ackn[l$g$ by ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & hon\r$ by an especial cultus1 is ! only approa* we h to a realization ( ! idea4 ,?us ,jean ,reynaud calls ! sup]ior creature1 :o is1 he believes1 to succe$ to man aft] 8 dea?1 an angel4 ,b we w put aside ! ^w altoge!r1 & call ! p]fect$ creature :o1 9 our belief1 comes aft] man 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( nature1 ! sup]human be+4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #b ,rambosson4 ,! ,laws ( ,life4 ,p>is1 #ahga4 ,p4 #aba4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,?ird4 ,,:]e ,,does ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+ ,,dwell8 ,,we h se5 t ( ! ?ree elem5ts :i* compose ! human aggregate1 "o only1 ! s\l1 resi/s de/ruction4 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! body1 aft] ! ext9ction ( ! life1 ! s\l1 deta*$ f ! mat]ial bonds :i* *a9$ x to ! e>?1 goes away1 to feel1 to love1 to conceive1 to be free1 9 a new body1 end[$ ) m p[]ful faculties ?an ^? allott$ to humanity4 ,x goes away to compose t :i* we call ! sup]human be+4 ,b :]e does ?is new creature dwell8 ,all /ud5ts ( nature "k t life is spread ov] our globe 9 prodigi\s proportions4 ,we _c take a /ep1 our eyes _c glance ar\nd u1 )\t ev]y:]e enc\nt]+ myriads ( liv+ be+s4 ,! e>? is no?+ b a va/ res]voir ( life4 ,exam9e a blade ( grass 9 a field1 & y w f9d x cov]$ ) insects1 or inf]ior animals4 ,b y\r eyes w n suffice = ?is exam9ation2 y mu/ h rec\rse to ! microscope4 ,) ! aid ( ! magnify+ glass1 y w discov] t ?is blade ( grass is ! refuge ( an active population1 :i* are born1 multiply1 & die ) prodigi\s rapidity on _! almo/ imp]ceptible doma94 ,f ?is blade ( grass y may draw inf]5ces & conclusions respect+ ! vegetation ( ! entire globe4 ,! fre% wat]s :i* fl[ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? are also ! receptacle ( a prodigi\s quantity ( organic exi/5ce4 ,)\t m5tion+ ! plants1 & ! animals :i* live 9 ! wat]s ( ! riv]s & /reams1 & are visible to ! nak$ eye1 if y take a drop ( wat] f a pool1 & place x "u ! microscope1 y w see t x is fill$ ) liv+ be+s1 :o1 ?\gh s small t !y escape our unassi/$ vision1 are none ! less active1 & all hold _! appo9t$ place 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,we "k h[ ?ickly peopl$ ) inhabitants is ! great drop2 b1 )\t speak+ ( be+s visible to all1 ! fi%es1 ! cru/acea1 & ! zoophytes1 or ( ! m>9e plants1 creatures1 invisible except "u microscopical exam9ation1 ab\nd to su* an ext5t 9 sea wat]1 t "o s+le drop ( x1 s exam9$1 displays innum]able quantities ( ^! microscopic animals & plants4 ,f ?is drop ( wat] y may draw inf]5ces & conclusions respect+ ! entire mass ( wat]s :i* occupy ! bas9s ( ! seas1 & =m ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( our globe4 ,9 ord] t "s conception may be rea*$ ( ! enorm\s numb]s ( ! liv+ be+s conta9$ 9 ! seas n[1 & =m]ly1 we may fitly recall 9 ?is place a fact well kn[n to geologi/s4 ,x is1 t all build+ /one1 all ! calc>e\s e>? ( :i* *alk hills & banks are =m$1 are entirely compos$ ( ! pulv]iz$ & agglom]at$ rema9s ( ! %ells ( mollusca1 visible or microscopic1 :i*1 9 ! mo/ remote ages ( ! exi/5ce ( ! globe1 peopl$ ! bas9 ( ! seas4 ,! :ole ( ?is =mation is compos$ ( ! accumulation ( %ells4 ,if life has be5 lavi%$ ) su* pr(usion 9 ! wat]s dur+ ! geological p]iods1 x mu/ be equally lavi%$ n[1 9 almo/ simil> ways1 because ! actual conditions ( nature d n diff] f :at !y 7 9 ! primitive ages ( ! globe4 ,! air :i* surr\nds u is1 l ! e>? & ! seas1 a va/ receptacle ( liv+ creatures4 ,we see only a few animals cleav+ ! arial space1 b ! savant1 :o looks beyond ! simple appe>ance ( ?+s1 discov]s myriads ( exi/5ces 9 ! air4 ,! air seems to u v pure1 v transp>5t1 b only because x is n suffici5tly illum9$ by light to enable u to p]ceive ! p>ticles1 or =eign bodies1 :i* are float+ ab\t 9 x4 ,:5 we all[ "o ray ( daylight to p5etrate into a clos$ room1 "o ?read ( sol> light1 we c disc]n a lum9\s /reak flung across ! *amb]1 :ile ! rema9+ portion is /ill 9 d>kness4 ,we all "k t1 ?anks to ! p[]ful light1 & its contra/ ) ! surr\nd+ obscurity1 ! lum9\s /reak is se5 to be fill$ ) light1 sl5d] float+ bodies1 ris+1 desc5d+1 flutt]+ ) ! motion ( ! air4 ,t :i* is p]ceptible 9 ! atmosph]e ( a brightly-light$ room is necess>ily exi/5t 9 ! entire atmosph]e surr\nd+ our globe1 s t ! air is ev]y:]e fill$ ) ^! specks ( du/4 ,( :at are ^! specks ( du/ =m$8 ,almo/ entirely ( liv+ creatures1 ( ! g]ms ( microscopic plants 7cryptogamia71 or ( ! eggs ( inf]ior animals 7zoophytes74 ,s-call$ spontane\s g5]ation1 s l>gely discuss$ ( late 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries1 is m]ely due to ^! organic g]ms :i* fill ! atmosph]e1 & :i*1 fall+ into ! wat]1 or into ! infusions ( plants1 give bir? to =ms ( vegetation1 :i* h be5 imput$ to spontane\s g5]ation2 t is to say1 to a creation )\t a g]m1 a g5]ation )\t a cause1 :i* is an error4 ,e liv+ ?+ has p>5ts1 :i* are always discov]able by sci5ce & att5tion4 ,^? animals & plants :i* are call$ p>asites furni% ano!r example ( ! extraord9>y pr(usion ) :i* life is di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?4 ,animals & plants :i* live on o!r animals or on o!r plants1 & :i* fe$ on ! sub/ance ( _! involunt>y ent]ta9]s1 are call$ p>asites4 ,ea* ( ! mammals has its p>asites1 su* z fleas1 lice1 c41 & man has ! flea1 ! l\se1 & ! bug4 ,s ea* vegetable has its p>asite4 ,! oak gives %elt] & food to li*5s & v>i\s cryptogamia1 & ev5 on its roots we f9d p>ticul> k9ds ( cryptogamia1 su* z ! truffle4 ,?us we see t life plants itself1 grafts itself ^u life4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 ^! p>asites 9 _! turn h _! small] p>asites1 s m9ute z only to be microscopically disc]n$4 ,take a li*5 (f an oak & exam9e x ) a magnify+ glass1 & also exam9e a flea1 or a nit1 & y w behold ! curi\s spectacle ( a p>asite atta*$ to ano!r p>asitical creature1 & liv+ ^u its sub/ance4 ,f ! great vegetable ! alim5t>y sub/ance passes to ! visible p>asite1 & f t to ! invisible4 ,9 ?is little space life is sup]pos$ & conc5trat$4 ,su* a fact proves ) :at prodigi\s abundance life is spread ov] our globe4 ,?us1 !n1 we see t ! surface ( ! globe1 ! fre% wat]s1 & ! salt seas1 &1 f9ally1 ! atmosph]e1 are inhabit$ by imm5se numb]s ( liv+ be+s4 ,life ab\nds on ! e>?1 9 ! wat]s1 & 9 ! air4 ,our globe is l an imm5se vase1 9 :i* life is accumulat$1 press$ d[n1 & runn+ ov]4 ,b1 ! e>?1 ! air1 & ! wat]s are n ! only places at ! comm& ( nature4 ,above ! atmosph]e !re ext5ds ano!r region1 ) :i* a/ronom]s & physici/s are acqua9t$1 & :i* !y call e!r or planet>y e!r4 ,! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our globe1 & is drawn ) x 9 its c\rse ?r\gh space1 z x is drawn ) x 9 its rotation ^u its own axis1 is n v high4 ,x does n ext5d beyond ?irty or =ty leagues1 & x dim9i%es 9 sub/ance 9 proportion to its elevation above ! e>?4 ,at ?ree or f\r leagues 9 height ! air is s r>efi$ t x becomes impossible = m5 or animals to brea! x4 ,9 aro/atic asc5ts x is impossible to g beyond sev5 or eight kilometres1 because at t height ! air loses s mu* d5sity1 is s highly r>efi$1 t x no long] s]ves = purposes ( respiration1 nor c\nt]balances ! effect ( ! int]ior pressure ( ! body on ! ext]ior4 ,aft] t height1 ! d5sity ( ! air decreases m & m1 until !re is absolutely no air4 ,at t po9t beg9s ! fluid :i* a/ronom]s & physici/s call e!r4 ,?is e!r is a true fluid1 a gas1 analog\s to ! air we brea!1 b inf9itely m r>efi$ & light] ?an air4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! planet>y e!r _c be disput$1 s9ce a/ronom]s take acc\nt ( its resi/ance 9 calculat+ ! spe$ ( heav5ly bodies1 j z !y take acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! air 9 calculat+ ! motions ( bodies trav]s+ our atmosph]e4 ,e!r is1 !n1 ! fluid :i* succe$s to atmosph]ic air4 ,x is spread1 n only ar\nd ! e>?1 b ar\nd ! o!r planets4 ,m ?an ?is1 x exi/s ?r\gh\t all space1 x occupies ! int]vals betwe5 ! planets4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 e!r t ! planets1 :i*1 ) _! satellites1 compose our sol> _w1 revolve4 ,! comets1 too1 9 _! imm5se j\rneys ?r\gh space pass ?r\gh e!r4 ,! un$ucat$ m9d is dispos$ to believe t above ! air :i* surr\nds ! t]re/rial globe1 !re is no?+ m1 t all is void4 ,b no void exi/s any:]e 9 nature4 ,space is always occupi$ by some?+1 :e!r x be by e>?1 by wat]1 by atmosph]ic air1 or1 f9ally1 by planet>y e!r4 ,x has j be5 said t life ab\nds ^u ! globe1 sw>ms ^u ! e>?1 clu/]s 9 ! air & 9 ! wat]s4 ,is ! e!real fluid :i* succe$s to our atmosph]e1 & :i* fills space1 equally inhabit$ by liv+ be+s8 ,?is is a "q :i* no savant has ev] yet ask$ himself4 ,9 our op9ion1 x w\ld be v surpris+ t life1 :i* we may say ov]fl[s 9 ! wat]s & 9 ! air1 %\ld be absolutely want+ 9 ! fluid :i* is contigu\s to ! air4 ,ev]y?+1 !n1 indicates t ! e!r is inhabit$4 ,b :o are ! be+s :o dwell 9 ! planet>y e!r8 ,we believe t !y are ^? sup]human be+s1 :om we consid] to be resuscitat$ m51 end[$ ) e k9d ( moral p]fection4 ,! *emical composition ( planet>y e!r is n kn[n4 ,a/ronomical ph5om5a h taught u its exi/5ce1 b n its compon5ts4 ,we believe x may safely be ass]t$ t ! e!r does n conta9 oxyg54 ,9 fact1 oxyg5 is ! fundam5tal elem5t ( atmosph]ic air2 & z1 9 proportion z !y asc5d into t air1 ! respiration ( m5 & animals becomes m & m difficult1 x is1 9 our op9ion1 presumable1 t ?is difficulty is caus$ by ! approa* ( a description ( gas impossible to brea!2 & :i*1 !re=e1 excludes human life f ! sup]ior regions ( ! air4 ,a man1 ris+ 9 a balloon t[>ds ! e!r1 is l a fi% half drawn out ( ! wat]1 half expos$ to ! air4 ,! fi% is brea?less & palpitat+ 9 a place :i* is fatal to him2 ?us x is ) man1 :5 he rises by degrees ?r\gh our ne!r atmosph]e1 & draws ne> to ! e!r4 ,x seems to u t we may1 at once1 conclude1 f ?is1 t !re is no oxyg5 9 planet>y e!r4 ,x seems n unlikely t ! planet>y e!r may be compos$ ( hydrog5 gas1 excessively r>efi$1 t is to say1 ( an extremely light gas1 /ill fur!r r>efi$1 & r5d]$ inf9itely m subtle by ! abs5ce ( all pressure4 ,we are induc$ to conclude t ! e!r 9 :i* ! planets revolve is hydrog51 because1 f obs]vations made ( late ye>s dur+ ! sol> total eclipses1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! sun is surr\nd$ by burn+ hydrog5 gas4 ,9 ! language ( e nation1 ! space :i* lies beyond our atmosph]e is call$ by ! same "n1 t ( heav54 ,x is1 !n1 9 ! univ]sally recogniz$ heav5 t we place our sup]human be+s4 ,9 ?is we are 9 accord ) popul> belief & prejudice1 & we recognize ?is argum5t ) satisfaction4 ,^! prejudices1 ^! pres5tim5ts are frequ5tly ! outcome ( ! wisdom & ! obs]vation ( an inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations ( m54 ,a tradition :i* has a uni=m & univ]sal exi/5ce1 has all ! weight ( sci5tific te/imony4 ,9 accordance ) ?is phrase1 & ! immemorial tradition1 ! mo/ widely-spread mod]n religions1 ,*ri/ianity1 ,buddhism1 & ,mahometanism1 assign heav5 z ! soj\rn ( ! elect ( ,god4 ,?us1 we f9d sci5ce1 tradition1 & religion at "o on ?is po9t2 & t x 0 a sci5tific tru? :i* f\nd utt]ance by ! lips ( ! prie/ :o said to ! m>tyr$ k+ ^u ! scaffold3 ,son ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 asc5d to heav54 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,f\r?4 ,,d ,,all ,,m51 ,,)\t ,,di/9ction1 ,,pass1 ,,aft] ,,dea?1 ,,into ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+8--,,re-,,inc>nation ,,( ,,imp5it5t ,,s\ls4--,,re-,,inc>nation ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,h ,,di$ ,,9 ,,infancy4 ,,dea? is n a t]m9ation1 x is a *ange4 ,we d n die2 we exp]i5ce a metamorphosis4 ,! fall ( ! curta9 ( dea? is n ! cata/rophe1 x is only a deeply mov+ sc5e 9 ! drama ( human de/9y4 ,! agony is n ! prelude to annihilation1 x is only ! obligatory suff]+ :i*1 ?r\gh\t all nature1 accompanies e *ange4 ,e "o kn[s t ! insect _w1 ! cold & motionless *rysalis1 r5ds itself asund] t ! brilliant butt]fly may come =?4 ,if y exam9e ! butt]fly a mom5t aft] x has left its tempor>y tomb1 y w f9d x trembl+ & pant+ ) ! pa9 ( bur/+ ?r\gh ! trammels :i* _h held x4 ,x ne$s to re/1 to calm itself1 & to collect its /r5g? be=e x so>s away into ! air :i* x is de/9$ to trav]se4 ,?is is a symbol ( our dea? agony4 ,9 ord] t we may ca/ aside ! mat]ial cov]+ :i* we leave beh9d u "h bel[1 & rise to ! unkn[n sph]es :i* await u beyond ! tomb1 we mu/ suff]4 ,we suff]1 9 ! body1 f physical pa91 & 9 ! s\l1 f ! angui% ) :i* we contemplate our approa*+ de/9y1 wrapp$1 z x is1 9 ! mo/ appall+ d>kness4 ,b "h a difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,d all m51 )\t di/9ction1 pass into ! condition ( ! sup]human be+8 ,an inf9ite range ( qualities & ( moral p]v]sion is an attribute ( humanity4 ,to x belong good & evil1 ! hone/ man & ! crim9al4 ,let u inhabit :atsoev] spot ( e>? we may1 let ! culture ( our m9ds be :at x may1 :e!r we be savages or civiliz$ m51 le>n$ or ignorant1 :e!r we contemplate contempor>y g5]ations or ^? ( f> di/ant times1 !re exi/s "o univ]sal morality1 "o law ( absolute equity4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 all times1 x has be5 a bad action to kill "o's neighb\r1 to take ano!r's goods1 to ill-treat "o's *ildr51 to be ungrateful to p>5ts1 to live on bad t]ms ) "o's wife1 to conspire aga9/ ! lib]ty ( o!rs1 to lie1 & to commit suicide4 ,f "o end ( ! e>? to ! o!r1 ^! actions h be5 e/eem$ evil4 ,!re exi/s1 !re=e1 9 ! sph]e ( nature1 & 9 ! absolute mean+ ( ! words1 good s\ls & p]v]se s\ls4 ,mu/ we believe t bo? ! good & ! wick$ are call$1 )\t di/9ction1 to und]go ! *ange ( nature :i* elevates u to ! condition ( sup]human be+s8 ,are bo? classes admitt$1 ^u ! same foot+1 to ! felicity ( ! new life1 :i* is res]v$ = u beyond ! tomb8 ,our consci5ce1 t exquisitely accurate s5tim5t :i* dwells )9 u1 & :i* nev] deceives1 tells u t ?is c\ld n be4 ,b h[ is ! sep>ation ( ! good gra9 f ! t>es to be effect$ by natural =ces only8 ,h[ is ! process ( sort+1 9 itself extremely difficult to expla91 :5 "o takes into acc\nt ! complication ( ! natural "q by ! m+l+ ( moral & physical influ5ces1 to be c>ri$ out8 ,we c only /ate our individual s5tim5t1 n 9 ! dogmatic s5se ( impos+ x on any "o1 b simply z a te/imony to be regi/]$4 ,x seems to u t ! human s\l1 9 ord] to rise to ! e!real spaces1 ne$s to h acquir$ t la/ degree ( p]fection :i* sets x free f e besett+ weight2 t x mu/ be subtle1 light1 purifi$1 beautiful1 & t only "u su* conditions c x quit ! e>? & so> t[>ds ! heav5s4 ,to our fancy1 ! human s\l is l a cele/ial aro/at1 :o flies t[>ds ! sublime/ heights ) swift /r5g?1 because x is free f all impurity4 ,b ! s\l ( a p]v]se1 wick$1 vile1 gross1 base1 c[>dly man has n be5 purifi$1 p]fect$1 or light5$4 ,x is weigh$ d[n by evil passions & gross appetites1 :i* he has n s\ght to repress1 b has1 on ! contr>y1 cultivat$4 ,x _c rise to ! cele/ial heights1 x is con/ra9$ to dwell ^u our melan*oly & mis]able e>?4 ,we believe t ! wick$ & imp5it5t man is n call$ to ! imm$iate enjoym5t ( ! bless$ life ( ! e!real regions4 ,8 s\l rema9s "h bel[1 to re-comm5ce life a second "t4 ,let u rem>k1 at once1 t he re-comm5ces ?is life )\t pres]v+ any recollection ( 8 previ\s exi/5ce4 ,x w be object$ to ?is1 t to be born aga9 )\t reta9+ any remembrance ( a pa/ life1 w\ld be to fall into ! no?+ness to :i* we are condemn$ by ! mat]iali/s4 ,9 fact1 x is id5tity :i* con/itutes ! resurrection2 & )\t memory !re is no id5tity4 ,! individual1 !re=e1 z an individual1 w\ld fall into no?+ness if he 7 born aga9 )\t memory4 ,?is rem>k is j4 ,if1 aft] our resurrection to ! /ate ( sup]human be+s1 we 7 to lose1 absolutely & irrep>ably1 all remembrance ( our =m] life1 we %\ld be1 inde$1 ! prey ( no?+ness4 ,b1 let u ha/5 to add1 t ?is loss ( memory is ( b %ort duration4 ,oblivion ( our pa/ life is only a tempor>y condition ( our new exi/5ce1 a sort ( puni%m5t4 ,! remembrance ( 8 fir/ t]re/rial life w return to ea* individual1 :51 by p]fect+ processes meet = ! ne$s ( 8 s\l1 he %all h m]it$ ! atta9m5t ( ! condition ( a sup]human be+4 ,!n he %all recall ! evil actions ( 8 fir/ exi/5ce1 or ( 8 num]\s exi/5ces1 if x has be5 8 lot to h sev]al probations1 & ! ?\ght ( ^? evil de$s w /ill be 8 *a/isem5t1 ev5 9 ! blissful abode to :i* he %all at l5g? h atta9$4 ,to su* p]sons z refuse ass5t to ^! views1 we w\ld rem>k t ! "q ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea? is ! rock ^u :i* all religions & all philosoph]s h split4 ,! explanation ( ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ :i* we (f]1 is at lea/ pref]able to ! hell ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,a return to a second t]re/rial life is a less cruel1 a m reasonable1 & a m j puni%m5t ?an condemnation to et]nal torm5t4 ,9 ! "o case ! p5alty is 9 proportion to ! s94 ,x is equitable & indulg5t1 l ! *a/isem5t ( a fa!r4 ,x is n et]nal puni%m5t = a s9 ( %ort duration1 x is a m]ciful =m ( ju/ice1 :i* places beside ! p5alty ! means ( fre$om f ! s94 ,x does n %ut out all return to good by a condemnation )\t appeal to all et]nity1 x leaves to man ! possibility ( retrac+ ! road to happ9ess f :i* 8 passions h l$ him a/ray1 & ( recov]+1 by des]v+ !m1 ! bless+s :i* he has =feit$4 ,?us1 9 our op9ion1 if ! human s\l1 dur+ its soj\rn "h bel[1 in/ead ( p]fect+1 purify+1 & ennobl+ itself1 has lo/ its /r5g?1 & its primitive qualities1--if1 9 o!r words1 x has be5 misus$ by a p]v]se1 gross1 uncultivat$1 mean1 & wick$ individual1--!n1 9 t case1 x w n quit ! e>?4 ,aft] ! dea? ( t individual1 ! s\l w t5ant a new human body1 los+ all recollection ( its previ\s exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is second inc>nation ! imp]fect & e>?-lad5 s\l1 depriv$ ( all noble faculties & b]eft ( memory1 w h to re-comm5ce its moral education4 ,?is man1 born aga9 z an infant1 w recomm5ce 8 exi/5ce ) ! same uncultivat$ & feeble s\l :i* he possess$ at ! mom5t ( 8 dea?4 ,^! re-inc>nations 9 a human body may be num]\s4 ,!y mu/ repeat !mselves until ! faculties ( ! s\l are suffici5tly develop$1 or until its in/9cts are suffici5tly ameliorat$ & p]fect$ = ! man to be rais$ above ! g5]al level ( our species4 ,!n only ! s\l1 purifi$ & light5$ ( all its imp]fections1 c quit ! e>?1 & aft] ! dea? ( ! fle% so> into space1 & pass into ! new organism :i* succe$s t ( man 9 ! hi]>*y ( nature4 ,we mu/ add1 "h1 t ! fate ( *ildr5 :o die "y1 ei!r :ile at ! brea/ or only a few mon?s old1 be=e ! s\l has und]gone any developm5t1 is analog\s4 ,_! s\ls pass into ! bodies ( o!r *ildr51 & re-comm5ce a novel exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fif?4 ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+8--,,! ,,physical ,,=m1 ,,s5ses1 ,,degree ,,( ,,intellig5ce1 ,,& ,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+4 ,,not)/&+ ! d>+ ( su* an attempt1 let u n[ endeav\r to =m "s idea ( ! radiant creatures :i* float 9 ! my/]i\s & sublime regions ( t empyrean :i* hides !m f our view4 ,let u try to disc]n ! attributes1 =m1 & qualities ( ! sup]human be+4 ,l ! human1 ! sup]human be+ possesses ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! aggregate1 ! body1 ! s\l1 & ! life4 ,9 ord] to ga9 "s idea ( him1 we mu/ exam9e ea* ( ^! ?ree elem5ts sep>ately4 ,! ,body ( ! ,sup]human ,be+4--,we might p]haps conceive a sup]human be+ )\t a body2 we might imag9e t ! s\l1 purely spiritual1 con/itutes ! bless$ dwell] 9 e!real space4 ,b x is n ?us t we d conceive him4 ,absolute immat]iality appe>s to u to apply only to a be+ mu* m elevat$ 9 ! moral hi]>*y ?an ! sup]human "o--a be+ ( :om we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,we believe t ! inhabitant ( ! e!real spaces has a body2 t ! s\l1 leav+ its t]re/rial dwell+1 inc>nates itself 9 a body1 z x did "h bel[4 ,b ?is body mu/ be provid$ ) qualities inf9itely sup]ior to ^? :i* belong to ! human body4 ,fir/1 let u inquire :at ! =m ( ?is body may be4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 :om mod]n arti/s foll[ 9 ?is respect1 give to ! angel ! =m ( a "y & h&some man1 furni%$ ) :ite w+s1 :i* be> him ?r\gh ! air on 8 cele/ial missions4 ,?is image is bo? co>se & poetic4 ,x is poetic because x responds to ! idea :i* we h ( ! radiant creature :o dwells 9 e!real space2 & x is co>se1 because x gives to a be+ f> sup]ior to man ! physical attributes ( man1 :i* is inadmissible4 ,pa9t]s :o1 l ,raphael1 repres5t ! angel by ! head ( a *ild1 ) w+s1 give a f> m pr(\nd expression to ! same ?\ght4 ,by suppress+ ! l>g] portion ( ! body1 & r$uc+ ! s]aphic be+ to ! head1 ! seat ( intellig5ce1 !y indicate t 9 ! angel ( ! ,*ri/ian belief ! spiritual dom9ates1 9 imm5se proportion1 ov] ! mat]ial "p4 ,we %all n be expect$ to del9eate ! =m ( ! dwell]s 9 ! realms ( e!r4 ,we c only say1 t1 z e!r is an excessively subtle & r>efi$ fluid1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! sup]human be+ :o is to float & fly 9 its light masses1 mu/ be wond]fully light1 mu/ be compos$ ( extraord9>y subtle sub/ances4 ,a slight mat]ial tissue1 animat$ by life1 a vapor\s1 diaphan\s drap]y ( liv+ matt]1 su* d we repres5t ! sup]human be+ to our fancy4 ,h[ is ?is body support$8 ,does x ne$ food = its ma9t5ance1 l ! bodies ( m5 & ( animals8 ,we may reply ) confid5ce t food--t tyrann\s obligation ( ! human & ! animal species--is sp>$ to ! inhabitants ( ! planet>y e!r4 ,_! bodies mu/ be support$ & refre%$ by m]e respiration ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,let u consid] ! imm5se space occupi$ 9 ! lives ( animals by _! ne$ ( alim5tation4 ,_m animals1 especially ^? :i* live 9 ! wat]1 h an incessant ne$ ( food4 ,!y mu/ eat always1 )\t int]mission1 or !y die ( inanition4 ,among sup]ior animals1 ! necessity = eat+ & dr9k+ is less imp]i\s1 because ! respiratory function comes to _! aid1 br++ into ! body1 by ! absorption ( oxyg5 & a small proportion ( azote1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( rep>ative elem5t1 z a supplem5t to alim5t>y sub/ances4 ,man pr(its l>gely by ?is advantage4 ,our respiration is a function ( ! highe/ importance1 & x be>s a great %>e 9 ! rep>ation ( all our organs4 ,! oxyg5 :i* our blood borr[s f ! air 9 brea?+1 contributes l>gely to our nutrition4 ,! respiratory function 9 birds is v active1 & ! organs :i* ex]cise x are l>gely develop$1 & 9 _! nutrition also oxyg5 c\nts l>gely1 & takes ! place ( a c]ta9 quantity ( food4 ,x is our belief t ! respiration ( ! e!r 9 :i* he lives1 suffices = ! support ( ! mat]ial body ( ! sup]human be+1 & t ! necessity = eat+ & dr9k+ has no place 9 8 exi/5ce4 ,i d n "k :e!r my read] =ms an exact conception ( ! consequ5ces :i* w\ld result f ! !ory1 t ! sup]human be+s :om we are contemplat+ are exempt$ f all ne$ ( food4 ,^? consequ5ces w be mo/ readily compreh5d$1 if we consid] t x is ! press+ obligation ( procur+ food :i* r5d]s ! lives ( animals s mis]able4 ,=c$ incessantly to seek _! subsi/5ce1 animals are entirely giv5 up to ?is grovell+ occupation2 !nce come _! passions1 _! qu>rels1 & _! suff]+s4 ,x is mu* ! same 9 ! case ( man1 ?\gh 9 a less degree4 ,! necessity = provid+ = ! alim5t ( e day1 ! obligation ( e>n+ 8 daily bread--z ! popul> phrase has x--is ! great cause ( ! lab\rs & ! suff]+s ( ! human species4 ,suppos+ t man c\ld live1 develop himself1 & su/a9 8 life )\t eat+--t ! m]e respiration ( air w\ld supply ! wa/e ( 8 organs--:at a revolution w\ld be effect$ 9 human society4 ,hateful passions1 w>s1 & rivalries w\ld disappe> f ! e>?4 ,! gold5 age1 dream$ ( by ! poets1 w\ld be ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( su* an organic disposition4 ,?is bless+ ( nature1 refus$ to man1 assur$ly belongs to ! sup]human be+4 ,we may conclude also t ! evil passions1 :i* are a sad attribute ( our species1 w\ld be unkn[n 9 ! home ( ^! privileg$ creatures4 ,releas$ f ! toil ( seek+ _! food1 liv+ & repair+ _! functions by ! m]e effect ( respiration--an involunt>y & unconsci\s act 7z ! circulation ( ! blood & absorption are unconsci\s acts 9 m5 & animals7--! inhabitants ( ! e!real spaces mu/ be able to ab&on !mselves exclusively to impressions ( unmix$ happ9ess & s]5ity4 ,! =ces ( our body become rapidly exhau/$2 we _c ex]cise our functions = a c]ta9 "t )\t exp]i5c+ fatigue4 ,9 ord] to transport ourselves f "o place to ano!r1 to c>ry bur!ns1 to g up or d[n any height1 to walk1 we are oblig$ to exp5d ^! =ces1 & lassitude imm$iately ensues4 ,we _c ex]cise ! faculty ( ?\ght = m ?an a c]ta9 "t4 ,at ! end ( a %ort p]iod att5tion fails1 & ?\ght is susp5d$4 ,9 %ort1 our corporeal ma*9e1 beautifully ord]$1 is subject to a ?\s& d]angem5ts1 :i* we call diseases4 ,f ! s5se ( fatigue1 f ! cont9ual m5ace ( illness by organic d]angem5t1 ! dwell]s 9 ! e!r are free4 ,re/ is n = !m1 z = u1 a necessity ensu+ on ex]cise4 ,! body ( ! sup]human be+1 inaccessible to fatigue1 does n ne$ repose4 ,unemb>rass$ by ! me*anism ( a complicat$ ma*9e1 x subsi/s & su/a9s itself by ! unaid$ =ce ( ! life :i* animates x4 ,its sole physiological function1 probably1 is ! inhalation ( e!r1 a function :i*1 x is easy to conceive1 may be ex]cis$ )\t ! aid ( num]\s organs1 if we see a :ole class ( animals--! ,batra*ian--= ^: respiration ! b>e & simple sk9 suffices4 ,if we admit1 t ! only function :i* ! sup]human be+ has to ex]cise is t ( respiration1 ! extreme simplicity ( 8 body w be easily und]/ood4 ,! num]\s & complicat$ organs & app>atus :i* exi/ 9 ! bodies ( m5 & animals1 h = _! object ! ex]cise ( ! functions ( nutrition & reproduction4 ,^! functions be+ suppress$ 9 ! creature :om we are consid]+1 8 body mu/ be proportionably light5$4 ,ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to respiration1 & ! pres]vation & ma9t5ance ( ! faculties ( ! s\l2 all is 9 h>mony ) ^? ends4 ,we admire1 ) good reason1 ! wise me*anism ( ! bodies ( m5 & animals2 b1 if human anatomy reveals prodigies 9 our /ructure1 m>vell\s provision 9 secur+ ! pres]vation ( ! individual & 8 reproduction1 :at inf9itely great] m>vels w\ld1 if we 7 b p]mitt$ to /udy x1 be reveal$ by ! organization ( ! body ( ! sup]human be+1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is calculat$ to secure ! ma9t5ance & ! p]fection ( ! s\l4 ,) :at a/oni%m5t %\ld we le>n ! use & ! purpose ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( t glori\s body1 discov] ! relations ( resemblance or ( orig9 betwe5 ! liv+ economy ( ! human1 & ! liv+ economy ( ! sup]human be+1 & div9e ! relations :i* might exi/ betwe5 ! organs ( ! sup]human be+ & ^? :i* he %\ld assume 9 ano!r life1 /ill sup]ior1 9 :i* he %\ld be ! same be+1 aga9 resuscitat$ 9 new glory & full] p]fection6 ,! special organization ( ! be+ :om we are describ+ w\ld give him ! p[] ( transport+ himself 9 a v %ort space ( "t f "o place to ano!r1 & ( trav]s+ great di/ances ) extraord9>y rapidity4 ,we are b simple human be+s1 & yet by ?\ght we dev\r space1 & travel1 9 a tw9kl+1 f "o end ( ! globe to ano!r2 may we n !re=e believe t ! bodies ( sup]human be+s1 9 :om ! spiritual pr9ciple is dom9ant1 are end[$ ) ! privilege ( pass+ f "o po9t 9 space to ano!r1 ) a rapidity :i* ! spe$ ( electricity enables u to measure8 ,! sup]human be+1 :o does n require to eat or dr9k1 or re/1 :o is always active1 & incessantly s5sible1 has no ne$ ( sleep4 ,sleep is no m necess>y = ! rep>ation ( 8 =ces1 ?an food = _! creation4 ,we "k t man is depriv$ ( "o ?ird ( 8 exi/5ce1 by ! imp]i\s necessity = sleep4 ,a man :o dies at ?irty ye>s ( age1 has 9 reality liv$ = tw5ty only2 he has slept all ! re/ ( ! "t6 ,:at a poor notion ?is conveys ( ! condition ( man6 ,:5ce arises ?is ne$ ( sleep8 ,x arises f ! fact t our =ces1 impair$ by _! ex]cise1 require inaction & motionlessness = _! repair--?is is atta9$ 9 ! k9d ( tempor>y dea? produc$ by ! susp5sion ( ! great] portion ( ! vital action1 9 sleep4 ,dur+ sleep1 man prep>es & /ores up ! =ces :i* he w require to exp5d dur+ ! ensu+ p]iod4 ,he devotes ! night to ?is physical rep>ation1 z mu* 9 ob$i5ce to :at he obs]ves 9 all ! o!r portions ( creation1 z 9 ob$i5ce to ! cu/oms ( civilization4 ,b x is probable t all ! =ces ( ! sup]human be+ are inexhau/ible1 & t !y d n require sleep1 :i* is "o ( ! h>de/ conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,ev]y?+ leads u to believe t p]petual wakefulness is ! p]man5t /ate ( ! sup]human be+1 & t ! ^w sleep w\ld h no mean+ = him4 ,d>kness mu/ be equally unkn[n to all ^? be+s :o float 9 ! e!real spaces4 ,our night & day are produc$ alt]natively by ! rotation ( ! e>? ^u h] axis1 a rotation :i* hides ! sun f h] view dur+ "o half ( h] revolution4 ,?is rotatory motion draws our atmosph]e ) x1 b its influ5ce ext5ds no fur!r1 ! e!r :i* surm\nts our atmosph]e is n subject to x4 ,t fluid mass rema9s motionless1 :ile ! e>? & its atmosph]e turn ^u _! axis4 ,! sup]human be+s1 :o1 accord+ to our ideas1 inhabit ! planet>y e!r1 are n drawn into ?is motion4 ,!y behold ! e>? revolv+ b5ea? !m1 b1 be+ plac$ outside its movem5ts1 !y nev] lose sight ( ! radiant sun-/>4 ,night1 we repeat1 is an accid5tal ph5om5on1 :i* belongs to ! planets only1 because !y h a hemisph]e n[ illum9$1 & !n n illum9$ by ! sun2 b night is unkn[n to ! rema9d] ( ! univ]se4 ,! sup]human be+s1 :o p ! regions f> above ! planets1 nev] lose sight ( ! sun1 & _! happy days pass 9 ! mid/ ( an ocean ( light4 ,let u pass on to ! consid]ation ( ! s5ses :i* ^! sup]human be+s probably possess1 premis+3 #a4 ,t ! sup]human be+ mu/ be end[$ ) ! same s5ses :i* we possess1 b t ^? s5ses are inf9itely m acute & exquisite ?an ours4 #b4 ,t he mu/ possess special s5ses1 unkn[n to u4 ,:at are ! new s5ses enjoy$ by ! sup]human be+8 ,x w\ld be impossible to return a satisfactory reply to ?is "q4 ,we h no k ( any o!r s5ses ?an ^? ) :i* we ourselves are end[$1 & no am\nt ( g5ius c\ld enable any man to div9e ! object ( a s5se d5i$ to him by nature4 ,try to give a man born bl9d an idea ( ! col\r1 r$2 & he w answ]3 ,yes1 ,i und]/&6 ,x is pi]c+1 l ! s\nd ( a trumpet6 ,try to give a man born deaf an idea ( ! s\nd ( ! h>p1 & he w answ]3 ,yes6 ,x is g5tle & t5d]1 l ! gre5 grass ( ! fields6 ,let u r5\nce1 once = all1 any attempt to def9e ! s5ses ) :i* nature end[s ! be+s :o p ! e!real pla9s2 ^! s5ses belong to objects & ideas ! m]e notion ( :i* is =bidd5 to u4 ,!re is a well-kn[n /ory ( a man born bl9d1 ^u :om ! fam\s surgeon ,*ildes5 op]at$4 ,hav+ recov]$ 8 sight1 ! pati5t 0 a long "t le>n+ ! use ( 8 eyes2 he 0 oblig$ to educate ^? organs1 /ep by /ep1 & by sl[ degrees to =m 8 intellig5ce4 ,equally well kn[n is ,condillac's beautiful fiction1 9 :i* he imag9es a man born into ! _w )\t ! s5ses ( sight1 spee*1 & he>+1 & :o is1 !re=e1 de/itute ( ideas4 ,by degrees1 he is end[$ ) ea* ( ^! s5ses1 & ! philosoph] ?us composes1 bit by bit1 a s\l :i* feels1 & a m9d :i* ?9ks4 ,?is philosophical idea has be5 greatly admir$4 ,l ! man-/atue ( ,condillac1 we are only1 :ile "h bel[1 imp]fect /atues1 end[$ ) b a small numb] ( s5ses4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we %all h rea*$ ! sup]ior regions de/9$ to our ennobl$ condition1 we %all be put 9 possession ( new s5ses1 su* z our reason dimly p]ceives1 & our he>ts long =4 ,we _c1 z we h previ\sly said1 div9e :at ! new s5ses :i* %all be grant$ to ! sup]human be+ are to be1 because !y belong to objects & ideas ( :i* we are ignorant1 & to =ms :i* are exclusively prop] to worlds at pres5t hidd5 f our eyes4 ,! k+dom ( ! planet>y e!r has its geography1 its p[]s1 its passions1 & its laws2 & ! new s5ses ( m51 resuscitat$ to t glori\s exi/5ce1 w be ex]cis$ ^u ^? objects4 ,! only ?+ :i* we c safely progno/icate is t all ! s5ses :i* we n[ possess w !n exi/ 9 _! full p]fection--sight1 he>+1 t\*1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,x is all[able to d$uce ?is process ( future p]fection by reason+ f ! extraord9>y developm5t ( c]ta9 s5ses 9 ! case ( animals4 ,! s5se ( smell is develop$ 9 ! hunt+ dog to a degree :i* surpasses our imag9ation4 ,h[ c we und]/& ?is q ord9>y fact1 t ! dog p]ceives ! sc5t :i* has emanat$ f a h>e or a p>tridge :i* has pass$ by ! place at :i* he is smell+ _m h\rs previ\sly1 & is n[ sev]al leagues away6 ,! p]fection ( sight 9 ! eagle & o!r birds ( prey a/oni%es u equally4 ,^! birds1 float+ at an imm5se height1 see _! prey ^u ! e>?1 creatures mu* small] ?an !mselves1 & desc5d ^u !m )\t deviat+ f ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( _! flight4 ,! bat1 accid5tally depriv$ ( sight1 supplies ?is defici5cy s well by ! s5se ( t\*1 by means ( 8 membran\s w+s1 t he guides himself ?r\gh ! air1 & f9ds 8 way to ! int]ior ( human dwell+s1 z un]r+ly z if he _h ! full use ( 8 eyesight4 ,to su* a degree ( exquisite s5sibility has ! s5se ( he>+ atta9$ among native ,indian tribes1 t a man1 lay+ 8 e> aga9/ ! e>?1 w detect ! tread ( an enemy at ! di/ance ( a league4 ,among musicians1 also1 h[ mu/ ! s5se ( he>+ be cultivat$ by a man1 :o1 p>tly by a natural gift1 & p>tly by practice1 comes to be able to detect ! mo/ m9ute diff]5ce 9 ! tone ( "o in/rum5t among fifty diff]5t k9ds1 all play$ at once1 9 an or*e/ra4 ,suppos+ t ! s5ses ( ! sup]human be+ %\ld h acquir$ ! degree ( extraord9>y activity :i* is common to animals1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to man1 we c =m "s e/imate ( ! p[] & ext5t ( su* a s5sorial sy/em4 ,we c also arrive at "s idea ( ! p]fection ( ! s5ses atta9$ by resuscitat$ man1 by consid]+ ! accession ( p[] :i* our own s5ses may receive by ! assi/ance ( sci5ce & art4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 no "o ev] imag9$ t ! eye c\ld p5etrate ! my/]ies ( t _w 9 m9iature well nam$ ! ,inf9itely ,little1 until !n absolutely unkn[n2 no "o _h ev] div9$1 = in/ance1 t 9 "o drop ( wat] might be se5 myriads ( liv+ be+s4 ,^! be+s h exi/$ ?r\gh\t all "t1 b man has be5 able to contemplate !m = only two c5turies4 ,our visual p[] ov] microscopic be+s 0 until !n unkn[n4 ,! lea/ enlight5$1 ! mo/ c>eless /ud5t ( ?is day1 reg>ds ) indiff]5ce ?+s :i* ,ari/otle1 ,hippocrates1 ,pl9y1 ,gali5us1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,rog] ,bacon c\ld n h contemplat$1 or ev5 suspect$ to exi/4 ,! discov]y ( ! telescope1 9 ! days ( ,kepl] & ,galileo1 hurl$ back ! b\nd>ies ( ! human intellect & ?rew op5 to its inve/igation a doma9 hi!rto seal$ f its sight4 ,!re1 :]e ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy _h se5 no?+1 ,galileo1 ,huygh5s1 ,kepl]1 made1 9 a few nights1 by ! aid ( ! telescope1 discov]ies ( hi!rto unsuspect$ cele/ial spl5d\r4 ,! satellites ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 a multitude ( new />s1 ! phases ( ,v5us1 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! discov]y ( new planets only to be se5 by ! telescope1 ! obs]vation ( spots on ! sun1 & ! revolution ( ! nebul into collections ( />s1 7 ! almo/ imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,?us we le>n$ t1 by ! aid ( art1 ! human eye c p5etrate ! mo/ di/ant regions ( heav54 ,let u n[ suppose all ! p[]s ( ! telescope & all ^? ( ! microscope conc5trat$ 9 ! s5se ( vision2 t is to say1 t 9 addition to all objects plac$ at ord9>y di/ances1 x c disc]n all microscopic objects1 & at ! same "t all ! cele/ial bodies invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & y w h an idea ( :at ! s5se ( sight is1 9 ! sup]human be+4 ,!re is no occasion to dwell ^u ! extraord9>y proportions :i* our accumulat$ k w\ld assume1 if our sight c\ld enjoy ^? extraord9>y p[]s ( ext5sion1 if x c\ld p]=m simultane\sly ! functions ( ! telescope & ! microscope4 ,sci5ce w\ld m>* =w>d ) ! tread ( a giant4 ,:at enorm\s progress w\ld be made by *emi/ry if our eyes c\ld p5etrate into ! int]ior ( all bodies1 behold+ _! molecules1 e/imat+ _! relative volume1 _! arrangem5t1 & ! =m & col\r ( _! atoms4 ,a glance w\ld reveal to u secrets ( *emical solutions su* z ! g5ius ( a ,lavoisi] c\ld n p5etrate4 ,physics w\ld conta9 no fur!r my/]ies = u1 = we %\ld "k1 by simply us+ our eyes1 ev]y?+ :i* we are n[ pa9fully /riv+ to div9e by reason1 & by ! aid ( difficult & unc]ta9 exp]im5ts4 ,we %\ld see :y & h[ bodies are w>m$ & acquire electricity4 ,we %\ld h ! explanation ( ! ma!matical laws 9 ob$i5ce to :i* ! physical =ces1 light1 heat1 & magnetism are ex]cis$4 ,our eyes w\ld suffice = ! solution ( ^? physical & me*anical problems be=e :i* ! g5ius ( su* m5 z ,newton1 ,malus1 ,ampre1 & ,gay-,lussac /&s /ill4 ,we d n d\bt t ! sup]human be+ is end[$ ) sight ?us m>vell\sly p]fect4 ,we might c>ry ?is argum5t out 9 detail1 apply+ x to all ! o!r s5ses1 b en\gh has be5 said to illu/rate ! exaltation & p]fect+ ( ^? s5ses :i* man possesses only 9 _! rudim5ts1 9 ! fav\r$ dwell]s 9 a sup]ior sph]e4 ,we w only add1 t ! result ( su* a degree ( p]fection ( ! s5ses is1 t ! sup]human be+ c move ) a rapidity1 ( :i* light & electricity only c give u "s notion1 t is to say1 t ^! p]fect$ s5ses c be us$ at great di/ances1 & ) great promptitude4 ,if ! entire body ( ! sup]human be+ c transport itself ) wond]ful rapidity f "o place to ano!r1 z we h already admitt$1 8 s5ses c also act f1 & at great di/ances4 ,we d n ?9k we c err 9 comp>+ ! actions ( ! dwell]s 9 ! invisible _w :i* we presume to inve/igate1 ) ! ph5om5a ( light & electricity4 ,does sex exi/ 9 ! sup]human be+8 ,assur$ly n4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion def9es its abs5ce 9 ! angel4 ,! angel ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$s has ! features ( ei!r man or woman1 ! mild face ( a y\?1 or ! pa!tic beauty ( a girl4 ,sex is suppress$1 ! individual is &rogyn\s4 ,?us1 too1 x mu/ be 9 ! case ( ! sup]human be+4 ,! reciprocal affection :i* reigns among ! bless$ dwell]s 9 ! e!r does n require div]sity ( sex4 ,! affections und]go a purify+ process1 accord+ z !y are elevat$1 f ^? ( ! animals to ^? ( man4 ,! animals h b little ( ! s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip4 ,love1 ) its mat]ial impulses1 is almo/ all !y "k4 ,! s5tim5ts ( affection possess$ by animals1 ap>t f _! c>nal in/9cts1 r$uce !mselves to ^? ( mat]nity1 :i* are /rong & s9c]e1 b ( %ort duration4 ,_! "y are ! objects ( att5tive c>e & c>esses :ile _! helplessness dem&s su* aid1 b z soon z !y c live on _! own res\rces !y are ab&on$ by ! mo!rs1 :o no long] ev5 recognize !m4 ,!re is no con/ant1 la/+ affection 9 animals1 except ! s5tim5t ( love1 :i* is caus$ by _! sexual necessities4 ,! s5tim5ts ( affection ent]ta9$ by man are num]\s1 & frequ5tly noble & pure4 ,we love our mo!rs & our sons z long z our he>ts beat 9 our brea/s4 ,we love our bro!rs1 our si/]s1 & our relations ) a s5tim5t 9 :i* !re is no?+ c>nal1 & :i* is deeply root$ 9 ! s\l4 ,if love is (t5 insep>ably atta*$ to physical desires1 x c1 nev]!less1 %ake itself free f !m1 & a dis9t]e/$ fri5d%ip frequ5tly survives ! ext9ction ( s5sual feel+4 ,9 ?is respect we are f> sup]ior to ! animals4 ,let u g a /ep fur!r1 ev5 to ! sup]natural be+1 ! next l9k 9 ! *a9 to ourselves1 & we %all f9d ! s5tim5t ( affection entirely deta*$ f ! consid]ation ( sex4 ,9 t sublime & bless$ realm :i* !y inhabit1 sup]human be+s are all ( ! same organic type4 ,!y ne$ n1 9 ord] to love "o ano!r1 to belong to two opposite sexes1 or diff]5t gr\ps ( organization3 _! t5d]ness is ! result ( ! s]5ity ( ! inf9ite purity ( s\ls1 ( ! sympa?y evok$ by common p]fections4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e!real region :i* awaits u is ! sc5e ( ! reunion ( ^? :o h lov$ "o ano!r 9 ?is _w4 ,!re ! fa!r w f9d ! son1 & ! "m w rejo9 ! daught]1 torn f ea* by dea?1 !re husb&s & wives w meet1 & ! sep>ation ( fri5ds come to an end4 ,b1 "u _! new =m1 9 ! p]fect$ body :]e9 _! reg5]at$ s\ls %all dwell1 !re is no m sex1 & love is = all an ideal1 noble1 & exquisitely pure s5tim5t4 ,h[ bl9d & self-int]e/$ is love "h bel[6 ,h[ n>r[ & egoti/ical a s5tim5t is fri5d%ip4 ,x _c enl>ge itself )\t pa9 & difficulty1 to embrace ! totality ( ! human k9d4 ,:y is x s h>d = x to lift itself up to ! sublime ,creator ( ! worlds8 ,:y d we n love ,god z we love our neighb\rs8 ,9 ! upp] _w x w be f> o!rwise4 ,our faculty ( lov+1 limit$ "h by fle%ly bonds1 w be set free !re1 f e s5sual re/ra9t4 ,man1 resuscitat$ to glory1 w love 8 wife z he loves 8 *ildr51 8 fri5ds1 & 8 bre?r54 ,8 affections w nev] m be degrad$ by 8 s5ses4 ,! happ9ess :i* ?is purifi$ s5tim5t1 con/antly receiv$ f ev] liv+ s\rces1 w af=d him1 w suffice to fill & satisfy 8 s\l4 ,8 p[] ( lov+ w be ext5d$ to all nature1 x w be spread abroad ov] ! mo/ elevat$ sph]es2 8 s\l w be exalt$ by ! sublime s5sations ( ?is univ]sal love1 ?is wide sympa?y ) ! :ole creation4 ,true *>ity1 compreh5d+ ! entire univ]se1 w burn 9 all he>ts4 ,! love ( ,god w rule ov] all ^! multipli$ affections1 f ! height ( ,8 inf9ite p[]1 & ! f]v\r ( our s5tim5ts ( love = our k9d w be cr[n$ by our sublime adoration ( ! ,creator ( all4 ,b1 x w be said1 if sup]human be+s are ( no sex1 h[ are !y to be reproduc$1 h[ is ! species to be kept up1 & multipli$8 ,!re w be no ne$ ( reproduction1 ! species ( ! sup]human be+ w n require to be ma9ta9$1 or multipli$4 ,! reproduction1 ! pres]vation ( 8 species is ! bus9ess ( ! inhabitants ( ! inf]ior worlds1 ( ! e>? & ! planets4 ,su* is _! lot1 su* ! task impos$ ^u !m by nature4 ,b reproduction is unkn[n & unnecess>y to ! =tunate be+s :o dwell 9 ! planet>y e!r4 ,f ! e>? & ! o!r planets fre% & ev] fre% phalanxes are despat*$ to !m4 ,! battalions ( ! elect are recruit$ by arrivals f ! l[] worlds4 ,bel[ is ! multiplication ( individuals2 above is ! soj\rn ( bless$ be+s1 :o h no ne$ ( ma9ta9+ _! species1 because ! laws ( _! de/9y diff] f ^? :i* rule ! lot ( t]re/rial man4 ,reproduction is ! task ( inf]ior worlds1 p]man5ce is ! inh]itance ( ! _w above4 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,sup]human ,be+4 ,9 an excell5t volume ( popul> sci5ce1 ! ,univ]se1 by ,dr4 ,p\*et1 director ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,r\51 we f9d a /rik+ def9ition4 ,dr4 ,p\*et in=ms u t a ,g]man naturali/1 ,brems]1 lays d[n1 z a pr9ciple1 t1 9 man1 matt] & _s exi/ 9 almo/ equal p>ts2 t is1 to say1 t man is half _s & half matt]4 ,brems]1 9 advanc+ ?is proposition1 takes 8 /& ^u ! fact t1 9 man1 x is sometimes _s :i* gov]ns & subdues matt]1 & sometimes matt] :i* dictates laws to _s1 ) equal p[] & success on ! side ( ea*4#c ,admitt+1 ) ! ,g]man philosoph]1 t ?is relation is true1 we w\ld say1 t1 :ile 9 man ! proportion ( ! s\l is fifty 9 "o hundr$1 ?is proportion1 9 ! sup]human be+1 is und\bt$ly f eighty to eighty-five 9 "o hundr$4 ,( c\rse we only employ ?is valuation to make our idea compreh5sible1 & give ^! figures only to prove t facts 9 ! intellectual ord] may be submitt$ to weight1 measure1 & comp>ison1 all :i* ! _w supposes to be impossible4 ,! s\l has a prepond]at+ %>e 9 ! sup]human be+4 ,t is :at we ne$ to "k1 & to rememb]4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to analyze ! s\l ( ! sup]human be+1 z we h analyz$ 8 s5ses4 ,if ! s5ses ( ! sup]human be+ are num]\s & exquisitely acute1 ! faculties ( 8 s\l1 :i* are intimately alli$ to ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 & dep5d on _! p]fection1 mu/ also be s+ul>ly active & p[]ful4 ,we "k t 9 m5 ! faculties ( ! s\l are feeble & limit$4 ,we h s %ort a "t to pass ^u ! e>?1 t v p[]ful faculties w\ld be ( no use to u2 !y w\ld n h "t to be develop$1 or efficaci\sly employ$4 ,b ev]y?+ is magnifi$ & elevat$ 9 ! sup]ior _w :i* awaits u2 consequ5tly ! faculties ( ! ?9k+ creature :o inhabits ! realms on high mu/ be num]\s & ( va/ ext5t4 ,we mu/ repeat1 conc]n+ ! faculties ( ! s\l ( ! sup]human be+1 :at we h j said conc]n+ 8 s5ses4 ,! sup]human be+ mu/ be provid$ ) new faculties1 & also ^? faculties :i* he has br\ght ) him f ! e>? mu/ be s+ul>ly p]fect$4 ,to det]m9e ! nature & ! object ( ! new faculties be/[$ ^u ! sup]human be+ w\ld be impossible1 because ^? faculties belong to ! sup]ior _w :i* is unkn[n to u2 !y respond to moral wants ( :i* we h no conception4 ,let u1 !re=e1 r5\nce all idea ( discov]+ ! nature ( ^? new faculties1 & cont5t ourselves ) exam9+ ! degree ( p]fection :i* may be atta9$ by ^? faculties ( ! s\l :i* actually belong to man4 ,att5tion1 ?\ght1 reason1 w1 & judgm5t1 all :i* r5d] u :at we are1 mu/ acquire special =ce & sur5ess 9 ! sup]human be+4 ,la ,bruyre has said t !re is no?+ m r>e 9 ?is _w ?an ! _s ( disc]nm5t2 :i* means t judgm5t & good s5se are excessively r>e4 ,:5 we h liv$ = a :ile among m51 we recognize h[ ?or\ghly well f\nd$ ! say+ is4 ,we may safely ass]t1 )\t be+ ov]-misan?ropical1 t among a hundr$ m5 !re w be n m ?an "o or two possess$ ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ignorance1 prejudices1 & passion cont5d ) judgm5t1 s t1 z ,la ,bruyre says1 good s5se is mu* m r>e ?an pe>ls & diamonds4 ,?is great & preci\s faculty ( judgm5t1 9 :i* ! majority ( human be+s are defici5t1 _c be want+ 9 ! inhabitants ( ! o!r _w2 !re x mu/ be ! univ]sal rule1 "h x is ! exception4 ,! mo/ preci\s ( all faculties1 enabl+ u to =m l>ge & l(ty ideas & comp>isons1 ^: outcome is k1 is memory4 ,b h[ imp]fect1 *angeable1 weak1 &1 "o may say1 sickly1 is our memory6 ,x is absolutely mute respect+ ! :ole p]iod :i* prec$$ our bir?1 & dur+ :i*1 nev]!less1 we exi/$4 ,x is also z sil5t respect+ all t conc]ns ! e>ly portion ( our life4 ,we reta9 no recollection ( ! c>e :i* 0 lavi%$ ^u our *ildhood4 ,a *ild :o loses its "m 9 infancy has nev] kn[n a "m2 = x1 ! "m has nev] exi/$4 ,if ^? :o saw u 9 ! cradle did n rec\nt our actions dur+ t p]iod1 we %\ld be entirely ignorant ( !m4 ,we h to witness ! successive /ages ( infancy1 ! suck+ *ild1 ! long clo!s1 ! /agg]+ /eps1 ! little g-c>t1 9 ord] to realize t we too h be5 l t infant1 h gone ?r\gh ^? /ages ( be+4 ,memory1 :i* is n develop$ at all 9 man until he is a ye> old1 & :i* becomes ext9ct 9 old m51 is subject1 ev5 :5 x is at its highe/ po9t ( activity1 to innum]able weaknesses1 caus$ by illness or ! want ( ex]cise1 s t 9 fact our hold ( ?is faculty is always prec>i\s4 ,we _c d\bt t 9 ! o!r life x w h ! p[]1 ! c]ta9ty1 & scope :i* x lacks "h bel[4 ,at ! same "t1 our memory w be enri*$ by a numb] ( new subjects4 ,! s\l1 behold+ & und]/&+ ! worlds :i* surr\nd x1 w be able to fix ! geography ( all ^? diff]5t places 9 its memory4 ,x w "k ! physical revolutions1 ! populations1 & ! legislation ( ^! ?\s& c\ntries4 ,! sup]human be+ w "k :at exi/s 9 su* planets & _! satellites z come )9 8 rea*1 or z he %all visit4 ,j z1 9 ord] to ga9 in=mation1 we visit ,am]ica or ,au/ralia1 s ! sup]human be+ visits ,m>s or ,v5us1 & furni%es 8 memory ) millions ( facts1 :i* x reta9s & reproduces at w4 ,:at imm5se p[] mu/ memory1 always suppli$ & always ready at call1 be/[ on ! m9d & reason6 ,languages are only ! expression & ! assembl+ ( ideas4 ,condorcet has said t a sci5ce always r$uces itself to a well-con/ruct$ language4 ,! ma!matical sci5ces employ a language :i* is p]fect1 because ! sci5ce ( ma!matics is p]fect4 ,! language spok5 9 ! planet>y spaces mu/ be p]fect1 because x expresses all ! k ( sup]human be+s1 & ?is k is imm5se4 ,! m ! m9d kn[s1 ! bett] x expresses3--! sup]human be+1 :o is highly in=m$1 w h a v expressive language1 :i* w also be univ]sal4 ,! language ( ma!matics is und]/ood by ! peoples ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,algebra c be read by a ,fr5*man or a ,g]man1 z well z by an ,au/ralian or a ,*9ese1 on acc\nt ( ! simplicity & p]fection ( ! conv5tional signs :i* x uses4 ,! language ( ma!matics1 :i* is truly univ]sal1 makes u inf] t ! language spok5 9 ! planet>y space mu/ be also univ]sal1 & common1 )\t di/9ction1 to all ! inhabitants ( ! e!real worlds4 ,ow+ to ! imm5se scope ( _! faculties1 & to ! p]fection ( _! language1 9 itself a c]ta9 means ( increas+ & exalt+ _! k1 sup]human be+s h a p[] ( reason+1 & a cle>ness ( judgm5t1 :i*1 add$ to ! imm5se numb] ( facts /or$ 9 _! memory1 place !m 9 possession ( absolute sci5ce4 ,ardu\s que/ions1 be=e :i* ! m9d ( man humbly confesses its p[]lessness1 or :i* drive him mad if he p]si/s 9 ! ef=t to solve !m1 su* z ! ?\ght ( ! ,inf9ite1 ! idea ( ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ! ,univ]se1 ! ,ess5ce ( ,div9ity1 all ^! problems1 =bidd5 to u1 are easily accessible to ^! mighty ?9k]s4 ,he :o is reg>d$ by mank9d z a g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]1 an ,ari/otle1 a ,keppl]1 a ,newton1 a ,raphael1 a ,%akespe>e1 a ,molire1 a ,moz>t1 a ,lavoisi]1 a ,laplace1 a ,cuvi]1 a ,victor ,hugo1 w\ld be among !m a babbl+ *ild4 ,no sci5ce1 no moral idea is above _! conception4 ,b5ea? _! feet rolls ! e>?1 ) ! spl5did tra9 ( ! planets1 its si/]s2 !y behold ! planets ( our sol> sy/em gravitat+ 9 h>moni\s ord] r\nd ! great c5tral />1 :i* deluges !m ) its light4 ,f ! height ( _! sublime abode !y witness ! inf9itely v>i\s spectacles furni%$ by ! elem5tal /rife ( our poor globe1 & ^? :i* resemble x2 &1 happi] ?an t]re/rial humanity1 !y admire ! works ( ,god1 :ile kn[+ ! secret ( _! me*anism4 ,9 ! moral ord] !y h p5etrat$ ! great ,:]e=e6 ,!y "k :y man exi/s1 & :y !y !mselves exi/4 ,!y "k :5ce !y come1 & :i!r !y are go+2 & we1 alas6 "k nei!r4 ,:]e1 to our eyes1 !re is only confusion1 !y p]ceive h>mony & ord]4 ,! designs ( ,god are di/9ctly app>5t to !m1 & also ! ev5ts ( ! lives ( nations & individuals1 :i* (t5 seem to u cruel1 unju/1 & bad on ! "p ( ,god2 b !y und]/& t ^! ev5ts are j & useful1 & wor?y ( our he>tfelt gratitude4 ,we also ?9k1 t 9 ! e!real spaces "t is an elem5t :i* does n c\nt4 ,we believe ?is1 because "t does n exi/ = ,god1 & all sup]human be+s approa*1 by _! p]fections1 ! entirely spiritual nature1 & consequ5tly approa* ,god4 ,we are confirm$ 9 ?is belief by ! fact1 t v pr(\nd grief resi/s "t1 t !re is no limit 9 duration to ! great bl[s /ruck at ! human s\l1 t ! loss ( a belov$ be+ is felt z ke5ly aft] a long int]val z :5 he 0 tak5 away4 ,?us1 "t1 :i* is ev]y?+ to man1 :i* is n only1 accord+ to ! ,engli% adage1 money1 b is also ! in/rum5t ( our wisdom1 our /udies1 & our atta9m5ts--f> o!rwise preci\s ?an money--"t does n c\nt 9 ! life ( ! sup]human be+4 ,he awaits1 )\t impati5ce & )\t suff]+1 ! arrival ( ! be+s :om he has lov$ & left ^u ! e>? at 8 peaceful abode2 & :5 _! re-union takes place1 he & !y enjoy happ9ess :i* no inquietude conc]n+ ! future c ev] tr\ble4 ,enabl$ to despise1 to put aside ! idea ( "t1 ! sup]human be+ looks on ) unutt]able s]5ity1 tranquillity1 & maje/y1 at ! maje/ic spectacle1 always new & always m>vell\s1 ( ! revolutions ( ! />s1 & ! great movem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,life ( ! ,sup]human ,be+4--,9 completion ( our speculation ^u ! attributes ( ! sup]human be+1 we %all consid] ! life :i* animates him & gives 8 body its active qualities4 ,we h said t1 9 our belief1 ! sup]human be+ proce$s f ! s\l ( a man :i* has domicil$ itself afre%1 9 a new body1 9 ! bosom ( ! _w ( e!r4 ,is ?is body de/9$1 at ! end ( a m or less prolong$ p]iod to p]i%1 to be dissolv$1 to re/ore its elem5ts to matt]1 z !y are re/or$ by ! human body8 ,%all life be )drawn f ! body ( ! sup]human be+1 & %all ! s\l take flight !nce8 ,we believe t x w be s4 ,life ev]y:]e implies dea?1 & is its necess>y t]m4 ,we d n ca/ an*or 9 ! curr5t ( ! wat]s ( life4 ,if ! s\l ( ! sup]human be+ resides 9 a liv+ body1 ?is body mu/ die1 & its mat]ial elem5ts mu/ return to ! common res]voir ( nature4 ,! tor* ( life is ext+ui%$ 9 ! spaces1 z x is ext+ui%$ ^u e>?4 ,we believe ! sup]human be+ to be mortal4 ,aft] an int]val1 ^: duration we %all n attempt to fix1 he dies2 & ! s\l :i* dwelt )9 him escapes1 l a sweet p]fume f a brok5 vase4 ,:at becomes ( ! s\l :i* has torn itself away f ! body1 cold 9 dea?8 ,we %all seek aft] ! answ] to ?is "q 9 our next *apt]4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #c ,we mu/ consid]1 says ,brems]1 t man is n a _s1 b only a _s limit$1 9 diff]5t ways1 by matt]4 ,9 a ^w1 man is n a god1 b1 not)/&+ ! captivity ( 8 _s 9 8 corporality1 x reta9s suffici5t fre$om to enable him to p]ceive t he is gov]n$ by a _s m exalt$ ?an 8 own1 t is to say1 by a ,god4 ,x is to be presum$1 9 ! supposition t !re w be a new creation1 t be+s f> m p]fect ?an ^? produc$ by prec$+ creations w see ! light4 ,9 ! composition ( man1 _s holds to matt] ! proportion ( fifty to fifty1 ) slight occasional diff]5ces1 because x is n[ matt]1 & aga9 _s :i* pr$om9ates4 ,9 a subsequ5t creation1 %\ld t :i* has =m$ man n prove to be ! la/1 !re w app>5tly be organizations 9 :i* _s w act m freely1 & be 9 ! proportion ( sev5ty-five to tw5ty-five4 ,x results f ?is consid]ation t man1 z su*1 0 =m$ at ! mo/ passive epo* ( ! exi/5ce ( our e>?4 ,man is a wret*$ int]m$i>y betwe5 animal & angel1 he aspires to elevat$ k1 & he _c atta9 to x2 ?\gh our mod]n philosoph]s sometimes ?9k s1 x is really impossible4 ,man wi%es to make out ! prim>y cause ( all t exi/s1 b he _c get at x4 ,) less intellectual faculty1 he w\ld n h _h ! presumption ev5 to desire to "k ^! causes2 &1 if he 7 m ri*ly end[$1 !y w\ld h be5 cle> to him4--,l',univ]s1 pp4 #gfj-gfa4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,six?4 ,,:at ,,becomes ,,( ,,! ,,sup]human ,,be+ ,,aft] ,,dea?8--,,dea?s1 ,,resurrections1 ,,& ,,new ,,inc>nations ,,9 ,,! ,,e!real ,,spaces4 ,,9 ! liv+ nature :i* surr\nds u1 !re is a cont9ually asc5d+ scale ( gradual p]fection1 f ! plant to man4 ,tak+ mosses & alg1 :i* repres5t ! rudim5t>y condition ( vegetable organization1 z our po9t ( dep>ture1 we pass on ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( ! p]fect+ processes ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & we rea* ! inf]ior animals1 zoophytes & mollusca4 ,f !nce we asc5d to ! sup]ior animals by ins5sible degrees1 & ?us fully atta9 to man4 ,ea* /ep ( ?is ladd] is almo/ imp]ceptible1 s f9ely arrang$ are ! transitions & ! %ades2 s t !re is a really inf9ite *a9 ( int]m$iate be+s1 at "o end ( :i* are ! alg1 & at ! o!r ourselves4 ,& yet we ?9k x possible t betwe5 u & ,god !re %\ld be no k9d ( int]m$iate be+6 t 9 ?is scale ( cont9ual progress1 !re %\ld be an imm5se void betwe5 man & ! ,creator6 ,we ?9k x possible t all nature1 f ! l[e/ vegetable to mank9d1 %\ld be arrang$ 9 successive & innum]able degrees1 & t betwe5 man & ,god !re %\ld exi/ only a des]t1 an immeasurable hiatus4 ,evid5tly1 ?is is impossible1 & t su* an error %\ld ev] h be5 c\nt5anc$ by religion & philosophy is only to be expla9$ by ignorance ( natural ph5om5a4 ,x is impossible to d\bt t betwe5 man & ,god1 z betwe5 ! plant & ! animal1 ! animal & man1 !re exi/ a great numb] ( int]m$iate creations1 :i* e/abli% ! transition ( humanity into ! div9ity :i* gov]ns x1 9 inf9ite p[] & maje/y4 ,t ^! int]m$iate be+s exi/1 we are c]ta94 ,!y are invisible to u1 b1 if we refus$ to admit ! exi/5ce ( ev]y?+ :i* we _c see1 we %\ld be v easily refut$4 ,let a naturali/ take a drop ( wat] f a pond1 &1 %ew+ x to an ignorant p]son1 tell him1 ?is drop ( wat]1 9 :i* y d n see any?+1 is fill$ ) little animals1 & ) m9iature plants1 :i* live1 are born & die1 l ! animals & plants1 :i* inhabit our f>ms4 ,! ignorant p]son w\ld probably %rug up 8 %\ld]s1 & consid] ! speak] crazy4 ,b if he 7 induc$ to apply 8 eye to ! magnifi] ( a microscope1 9 ord] to exam9e ! cont5ts ( ! drop ( wat]1 he mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! tru? _h be5 told him2 because1 9 ?is drop ( wat]1 9 :i* he c\ld at fir/ see no?+1 8 eye1 :5 assi/$ by sci5ce1 w\ld disc]n :ole worlds4 ,a great numb] ( liv+ be+s c !re=e exi/ :]e we see no?+1 & x is feasible to sci5ce to op5 ! eyes ( ! multitude 9 ?is respect4 ,we desire to assume ! position ( ! naturali/ ( :om we h spok54 ,betwe5 man & ,god1 ! ignorant cr[d & a bl9d philosophy p]ceive no?+2 b1 :5 we replace ! eyes ( ! body by ^? ( ! _s1 t is to say1 :5 we make use ( reason1 analogy1 & education1 ^! my/]i\s be+s come to light4 ,we h already1 9 /udy+ ! sup]human be+1 describ$ "o ( ^? int]m$iate creations betwe5 man & ! div9ity1 & def9$ ! exi/5ce ( "o ( ^? l&m>ks plac$ by nature on ! high-road ( inf9ite space4 ,b ! ladd] does n break (f at its fir/ /ep1 & we are conv9c$ t num]\s liv+ hi]>*ies int]v5e betwe5 ! sup]human be+ & ! radiant ?rone ( ! ,almighty4 ,we h said else:]e1 t1 9 our belief1 sup]human be+s are mortal4 ,:at becomes ( !m aft] _! dea?8 ,let u n[ take up ! ?read ( our d$uctions4 ,we believe t--! sup]human be+ hav+ di$ at ! end ( a t]m ^: duration we h no means ( kn[+--8 s\l1 p]fect$ by ! ex]cise ( ! new faculties :i* x has receiv$1 & ! new s5ses ) :i* x has be5 end[$1 ent]s into a new body1 provid$ ) s5ses /ill m num]\s & m exquisite1 & end[$ ) faculties ( /ill great] p[]1 & ?us comm5ces a fre% exi/5ce4 ,we call ! be+ :o succe$s to man angel1 or sup]human2 we may call 8 succession 9 ! e!real realm1 ar*-angel1 or ar*-human4 ,! actual mom5t ( ! passage f "o life to ano!r1 mu/ be1 z x is 9 ! case ( man1 a "t ( moral & physical pa94 ,! supreme p]iods at :i* a metamorphosis takes place 9 a s5sible be+ are crises full ( angui% & torm5t4 ,we w n endeav\r to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! organization ( ! new be+ ^: exi/5ce we ?us trace1 & :o is sup]ior to ! sup]human be+ 9 ! natural hi]>*y2 because our means ( inve/igation fail u at ?is po9t4 ,we h v5tur$ to =m "s conjecture respect+ ! body1 ! s\l1 & ! life ( ! sup]human be+1 because 9 t case1 h[ev] adv5tur\s our excursion into unkn[n sph]es1 we _h a po9t ( comp>ison & induction 9 ! human species4 ,b all induction respect+ ! ar*-human be+ :o succe$s ! sup]human1 is want+1 = we c\ld only p]ceive ! latt] by means ( conjectures & analogies :i* we mu/ n c>ry f>!r4 ,we w1 !re=e1 ab/a9 f pursu+ ?is k9d ( inve/igation1 p]mitt+ ! read] to ex]cise 8 own imag9ation ^u ! =m ( ! body1 ! numb] & p]fection ( ! s5ses1 & ! ext5t ( ! faculties ( ! happy creature :o succe$s to ! sup]human be+1 & :o dwells1 l him1 9 ! imm5sity ( e!real space4 ,we w only add t we d n ?9k a second1 a ?ird1 or a f\r? inc>nation arre/s ! succession ( ! *a9 ( sublime creations1 :i* float 9 ! inf9itude ( ! heav5s1 & :i* proce$ f a primitive human s\l1 :i* has gr[n 9 p]fection & 9 moral p[]4 ,x surpasses our faculty to def9e1 by ! unassi/$ light ( our reason & our k1 ! numb] ( ^! be+s :o g on succe$+ "o ano!r 9 ev]-increas+ p]fection4 ,we c only say t we believe ! creatures1 :i* compose ?is ladd] ( p]fections 9 succession1 mu/ be v num]\s4 ,at e /age ( 8 promotion 9 ! hi]>*y ( nature ! cele/ial be+ beholds ! gr[? ( ^? w+s :i* symbolize 8 m>vell\s p[] to u4 ,ea* "t 8 organs become m num]\s1 m flexible1 h great] scope4 ,he acquires new & exquisite s5ses4 ,he acquires m & m p[] ( ext5d+ 8 b5efic5t empire1 ( ex]cis+ 8 faculty ( lov+ 8 fell[s & all nature1 &1 above all1 ( compreh5d+ & read+ ! designs ( ,god4 ,deep] & deep] affections engage 8 s\l1 = ! t5d]ness & ! happ9ess eng5d]$ 9 its pure satisfaction1 are grant$ to him to console him = ! suff]+s ( dea?1 to :i* he is always condemn$4 ,x is ?us t ! happ9ess ( ! elect is augm5t$4 ,x is ?us t ! be+s :o inhabit ! b\ndless pla9s ( ! invisible _w employ ea* ( _! lives 9 prep>+ = ! life :i* is to foll[1 9 secur+ by a wise ex]cise ( _! fre$om1 indu/ri\s culture ( _! faculties1 /rict obs]vance ( morality1 & cont9u\s b5efic5ce1 a m noble1 m animat$1 & happi] de/9y 9 ! new spaces :i* await !m1 9 ! developm5t ( _! sublime de/9y4#d ,nev]!less1 z ev]y?+ comes to an end 9 ?is _w1 s mu/ ev]y?+ h an end 9 ! surr\nd+ sph]es4 ,aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! successive /ages & re/$ 9 ! successive /ations ( _! j\rney ?r\gh ! skies1 ! be+s :om we are consid]+ mu/ f9ally rea* a def9$ place4 ,:at is ?is place1 ! ultimate t]m ( _! imm5se cycle across ! spaces8 ,9 our belief1 x is ! sun4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #d ,on ?is subject see ! book ( ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 ,philosophie de l',univ]s1 quot$ by ,m4 ,pezzani 9 8 ,pluralit des exi/5ces de l'me1 pp4 #baf-bah4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,sev5?4 ,,physical ,,& ,,geographical ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,,accord+ to our sy/em ( ?\ght ! sun is ! c5tral place 9 :i* s\ls :i* come f ! e!real spaces are f9ally ga!r$ toge!r4 ,aft] hav+ und]gone ! successive inc>nations :i* we h describ$1 s\ls1 primitively human1 f9i% by rea*+ ! sun1 by dwell+ )9 ! bord]s ( ! />-k+4 ,?is1 !n1 is a fitt+ place = a description ( ! sun f ! physical & a/ronomical po9t ( view4 ,su* a description w at once reveal ! entirely sov]eign "p play$ by t globe :i* has no fell[4 ,! a/oni%+ attributes :i* belong to x1 ! unimag9able p[] :i* x wields1 w suffici5tly expla9 ! place at ! summit ( ! asc5d+ scale ( nature1 :i* we assign to ! sun4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! sun is totally diff]5t f ! o!r />s ( our _w4 ,he resembles no?+1 & no?+ c be comp>$ ) him4 ,nei!r planets1 satellites1 a/]oids1 nor comets c give u any idea ( him4 ,8 imm5se volume1 8 physical con/itution1 8 exceptional prop]ties place him 9 a totally sep>ate rank1 & af=d full ju/ification to ^? :o claim = him a sep>ate & sov]eign place4 ,! enorm\s mass ( ! sun at once proclaims 8 supremacy4 ,! sun is suffici5tly va/ to receive ev]y?+ :i* c\ld come to him f all ! o!r planets4 ,he surpasses 9 volume ! unit$ size ( all ! cele/ial bodies :i* revolve ar\nd him4 ,he is six hundr$ times l>g] ?an ! entire assemblage ( ! planets ) _! satellites1 ( ! a/]oids & ! comets :i* compose :at is call$ ! sol> _w2 t is to say1 ! _w ( :i* we =m a "p4 ,! proportion 9 :i* ! sun exce$s ! e>? 9 volume is1 !n1 necess>ily enorm\s2 s9ce he is l>g] ?an all ! o!r />s put toge!r4 ,he is "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& times l>g] ?an our globe4 ,x is only by draw+ t we c give an exact idea ( ! comp>ative sizes ( ! sun & ! o!r planets4 ,! read] w f9d 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #a7 a figure :i* exactly repres5ts ! comp>ative dim5sions ( ! sun1 & ! l>ge/ planets ( our _w4 ,! e>?1 repres5t$ by a dot1 gives an idea ( :at ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 & ,v5us1 :i* are small] ?an ! e>?1 mu/ be4 ,x takes ?ree ye>s to circumnavigate ! e>?4 ,to circumnavigate ! sol> globe1 "u simil> conditions1 w\ld take ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,if human life be n m prolong$ 9 ! sun ?an on ! e>?1 an exi/5ce w\ld n suffice to enable a travell] to become acqua9t$ ) ! surface ( ! globe he inhabits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,comp>ative ,dim5sions ( ! ,sun & ! ,planets4 ,weight is ?irty times m int5se on ! surface ( ! sun ?an on ! e>?4 ,we "k t a body :i* falls ^u ! e>? trav]ses1 9 ! fir/ second ( its fall1 a space ( f\r metres1 n9e c5timetres4 ,9 ! sun a fall+ body trav]ses #add metres 9 ! fir/ second ( its fall4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t a human body1 if transport$ to ! sun1 w\ld weigh ab\t #bjjj kilogrammes1 ! weight ( an elephant4 ,! body ( a dog or ( a horse w\ld weigh tw5ty-eight times z mu* z ^u our e>?1 s t ^! animals w\ld rema9 fix$ to ! surface4 ,! conditions ( nature mu/ !re=e be entirely diff]5t 9 ! sun f :at !y are 9 ! gr\p ( planets to :i* ! e>? belongs4 ,! sun %$s rays f p]petual fire1 a *>act]i/ic t app]ta9s to him alone among all ! />s ( our _w4 ,( himself he burns1 & %$s abroad light & heat4 ,! o!r />s are nei!r w>m nor lum9\s1 & if ! sun did n exi/1 !y w\ld be plung$ into et]nal d>kness & et]nal cold4 ,?is privilege alone ought to make u compreh5d ! imm5se importance ( ! c5tral />4 ,! light & heat :i* emanate f ! sun are con/ant2 !y are nev] int]rupt$1 & !y nev] lose _! =ce4 ,?us1 a second *>act]i/ic--con/ancy ( illum9ation--sep>ates ! sun f all ! o!r cele/ial bodies ( our _w4 ,! int5sity ( ! real heat ( ! sun has be5 measur$ by ! physici/s4 ,?is result 0 atta9$ 9 an endeav\r to det]m9e by exp]i5ce ! quantity ( heat :i* accumulates 9 a giv5 "t1 ^u a c]ta9 portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 expos$ to ! sun's rays1 & add+ to t elem5t ! quantities ( heat :i* w\ld be absorb$ by ! atmosph]ic air1 ! e!real spaces1 & ! soil4 ,p\illet1 ! ,fr5* physici/1 :o und]took ?is critical inve/igation1 arriv$ at c]ta9 results1 :i* he /ates z foll[s3 ,if ! total quantity ( heat emitt$ by ! sun 0 exclusively employ$ to melt a lay] ( ice appli$ to ! sol> globe1 & cov]+ x completely 9 all its p>ts1 t quantity ( heat w\ld be able to melt1 9 "o m9ute1 a lay] ( elev5 metres1 eighty c5timetres1 & 9 "o day a lay] ( sev5te5 kilometres 9 ?ickness4 ',?is same quantity ( heat1' says ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 'w\ld boil #bijj milli>ds ( cubical kilometres ( wat]1 at ! temp]ature ( ice4' ,! a/ronom] ,h]s*el f\nd1 t1 9 ord] to ext+ui% ! sun1 to prev5t 8 giv+ out caloric1 accord+ to ! sci5tific phrase1 x w\ld be necess>y to da% a /ream ( ic$ wat]1 or a cyl9drical column ( ice1 eighte5 leagues 9 diamet]1 aga9/ its surface1 at a rate ( spe$ ( #gj1jjj leagues p] second4 ,a comp>ison adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall gives u an amaz+ view ( ! int5sity ( ! calorific =ce ( ! sun4 ,imag9e1 says he1 t ! sun is surr\nd$ by a lay] ( peat1 sev5 leagues 9 ?ickness1 ! heat produc$ by its combu/ion w\ld be ! same z t produc$ by ! sun 9 "o ye>4 ,! physici/s h measur$ ! int5sity ( ! sun's light ) exactitude1 z !y _h previ\sly measur$ 8 heat4 ,x is kn[n t ! sol> light is #cjj1jjj times /rong] ?an t ( ! full moon1 & #gfe1jjj1jjj /rong] ?an t ( ,sirius1 ! mo/ brilliant ( ! />s4 ,b\gu] discov]$1 by exp]im5ts made 9 #agbe1 t ! sun1 at a height ( #ca above ! horizon1 gives a light equal to t ( #aa1ffd c&les1 plac$ )9 #dc c5timetres ( ! object to be light$1 & equal to #fb1agg c&les plac$ )9 "o metre4 ,accord+ to ?is result1 if we take acc\nt ( atmosph]ic absorption1 & ( ! law ( ! v>iation ( ! int5sity ( light1 :i* decreases 9 inv]se ratio to ! squ>e ( di/ance1 ! light giv5 by ! sun at its z5i? w\ld be #ge1bjj times great] ?an t ( a s+le c&le1 plac$ )9 "o metre4 ,wolla/on _h arriv$ at a simil> conclusion4 ,by means ( exp]im5ts ( ano!r k9d1 made dur+ ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 #agii1 ,wolla/on f\nd t #ei1hhb c&les1 at "o metre1 give z mu* light z ! sun4 ,suppos+ ! sun to be 9 ! z5i?1 ! light5+ p[] ( t great /> w\ld be equival5t to #fh1jji c&les4 ,!re is b little diff]5ce betwe5 ?is valuation & t ( ,b\gu]1 :o /ates ! result at #ge1bjj c&les4 ,:atev] may be ! int5sity ( ! light ( ! sun1 we n[ possess o!r s\rces ( light :i* approa* to x4 ,su* is ! oxhydric light1 produc$ by burn+ hydrog5 gas by means ( a curr5t ( oxyg5 gas1 or air1 a me?od ( light+ :i* has rec5tly be5 employ$ 9 ,p>is & 9 ,london4 ,?is light is equal 9 p[] to m ?an #bjj c&les4 ,a ?read ( magnesium burn+ 9 ! air1 develops a prodigi\s quantity ( light1 :i* may be tak5 z equival5t to t ( #ejj c&les4 ,! electric light produc$ by a voltaic batt]y ( f #fj to #hj coils1 produces a lum9\s arc equal to ! light ( #hjj or #ajjj c&les4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance ! voltaic arc1 accord+ to ,b\gu] & ,wolla/on1 w\ld give #ge times less light ?an ! sun1 suppos+ ! lum9\s electric po9t to be plac$ at a di/ance ( "o metre4 ,) v p[]ful batt]ies1 x has be5 possible to g fur!r1 & produce a light n mu* inf]ior to t ( ! sun4 ,messieurs ,fizeau & ,f\cault1 by comp>+ ! light ( a voltaic arc1 produc$ by ! action ( ?ree s]ies ( ,buns5's coils1 ( =ty-six c\ples ea*1 ) ! light ( ! sun 9 a cle> sky 9 ,april1 h e/abli%$ t ! light-giv+ p[] ( ! sun is n m ?an twice & a half t ( ! electric light4 ,! prec$+ numb]s repres5t ! light-giv+ p[] ( ! sun ^u our globe1 tak+ into acc\nt atmosph]ic absorption4 ,arago1 on endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! intr9sic light-giv+ p[] ( ! sun1 f\nd t ! int5sity ( ! sol> light is #eb1jjj times great] ?an t ( a c&le plac$ at "o metre4 ,b1 accord+ to m rec5t rese>*es = :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,edmond ,becqu]el1 ! result obta9$ by ,arago is greatly inf]ior to ! tru?1 & ! light ( ! c5tral /> is #ahj1jjj times great] ?an t ( a c&le plac$ at "o metre4 ,all ! planets1 att5d$ by _! satellites1 & all ! comets :i* accid5tally manife/ !mselves to u1 turn r\nd ! sun4 ,! sun rema9s motionless 9 ! mid/ ( ?is impos+ procession ( />s1 :i* circulate ar\nd him1 l s _m c\rti]s pay+ him homage4 ,?us1 ! sun is ! he>t ( our planet>y sy/em2 ev]y?+ is drawn1 ev]y?+ conv]ges t[>ds him4 ,half-in=m$ p]sons w exclaim1 ,:at c be m simple6 ,! sun be+ six hundr$ times ! size ( all ! o!r />s put toge!r1 ! ph5om5on ( ! condition ( all ^? />s ar\nd ! sun is expla9$ by ! law ( attraction1 :i* prescribes t bodies %all attract 9 proportion to _! mass4 ,if ! sun attracts ! />s ( our _w to itself1 x is because 8 mass is great] ?an t ( all ! o!r />s collectively4 ,b su* an answ] w\ld be errone\s1 involv+ ! common error ( tak+ a ^w = a ?+1 an hypo!sis = an explanation1 ( putt+ a t]m ( language 9 ! place ( a logical consid]ation4 ,:5 ,newton conceiv$ ! hypo!sis 7& ! phrase7 ( reciprocal attraction ( matt]1 he 0 c>eful to /ate t he only propos$ to *>act]ise by a "n a ph5om5on :i* 9 itself is entirely inexplicable1 & ( :i* we "k no?+ b ! ext]ior mode ( its manife/ation1 t is to say1 ! ma!matical law4 ,we "k t bodies g t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! ratio ( _! masses1 & 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( _! di/ances2 b :y d !y g t[>ds ea* o!r8 ,?is is :at we d n "k1 & :at we probably nev] %all "k4 ,if1 = ! ^w attraction we 7 to sub/itute ! ^w electrization1 or1 z ,keppl] did1 ! words affection1 sympa?y1 ob$i5ce1 c41 we %\ld h a new hypo!sis1 ) a new "n1 b ! ma!matical law w\ld rema9 ! same1 ! hypo!sis only w\ld be *ang$4 ,! real cause :i* makes small bodies ru% t[>ds l>ge ones1 & ! />s ( less] magnitude revolve r\nd ! />s ( great] magnitude1 is an imp5etrable my/]y to mank9d4 ,:atev] may be ! hypo!sis by :i* we seek to expla9 ! fact1 x is c]ta9 t ! sun holds ! planets ) _! satellites1 ! a/]oids & ! comets1 susp5d$ above ! abysses ( space1 & t !y j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s 9 un9t]mitt+ ob$i5ce to 8 guid+ influ5ce4 ,! sun draws ) him all ! />s :i* foll[ & surr\nd him1 l flatt]]s ( 8 p[]1 l humble slaves ( 8 univ]sal prepond]ance4 ,l ! fa!r ( a family 9 ! mid/ ( 8 prog5y1 ! sun peacefully gov]ns ! num]\s *ildr5 ( sid]eal creation4 ,ob$i5t to ! irresi/ible impulsion :i* emanates f ! c5tral />1 ! e>? & ! o!r planets circulate1 roll1 gravitate1 ar\nd him1 receiv+ light1 heat & electricity f 8 b5efic5t rays1 :i* are ! fir/ ag5ts ( life4 ,! sun m>ks out = ! planets _! pa? ?r\gh ! heav5s1 & di/ributes to !m _! day & night1 _! seasons & _! climate4 ,! sun is1 !n1 ! h& :i* holds ! />s above ! unfa?omable abysses ( inf9ite space1 ! c5tre f :i* !y obta9 heat1 ! tor* :i* gives !m light1 & ! s\rce :5ce !y d]ive ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,f all "t ! imm5se & unique task fulfill$ by ! sun 9 ! economy ( nature has be5 und]/ood4 ,b ?is great tru? has only be5 deeply /udi$ 9 our days4 ,sci5ce has gone f> beyond all ! imag9ation ! poets _h conceiv$ relative to ! prepond]ance ( ! sun 9 our _w4 ,by means ( num]\s exp]im5ts & ab/ruse calculations1 mod]n physici/s h prov$ t ! sun is ! fir/ cause ( almo/ all ! ph5om5a :i* take place on our globe1 & t1 )\t ! sun1 ! e>? & no d\bt all ! o!r planets w\ld be no?+ b imm5se wa/es1 gigantic corpses1 roll+ ab\t1 froz5 & useless1 9 ! des]ts ( inf9ite space4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :o has add$ l>gely to ! discov]ies ( physics & me*anics1 has br\ght out ?is tru? v /rongly1 & ! results to :i* he has be5 l$ may be said to =m ! mo/ brilliant page ( contempor>y physical sci5ce4 ,we %all n[ endeav\r to expla9 h[ x is t ev]y?+ on ! e>?1 & no d\bt on all ! o!r planets also1 is d]iv$ f ! sun1 s entirely1 t we may affirm t vegetables1 animals1 man1 9 %ort1 all liv+ be+s1 are b ! productions1 ! *ildr5 ( ! sun2 t !y are1 s to speak1 wov5 out ( sol> rays4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! sun is ! prim>y cause ( all ^? movem5ts :i* we obs]ve1 9 ! air1 9 ! wat]1 or 9 ! gr\nd "u our feet1 & :i* keep up life1 feel+1 & activity on ! surface ( our globe4 ,let u consid] ! w9ds1 :i* h su* important relations ) all ! physical ph5om5a ( our globe4 ,:5ce proce$ ! w9ds8 ,f ! action ( ! sun4 ,! sun heats ! diff]5t portions ( ! e>? v unequally1 be/[+ mu* m w>m? on ! tropical & equatorial regions ?an on ! o!r latitudes1 :i* he leaves expos$ to cold4 ,on ea* po9t ( ! e>? :i* is /ruck by ! rays ( ! sun1 ! lay]s ( air ne> ! gr\nd are dilat$ & rais$1 & imm$iately replac$ by cold] lay]s f ! temp]ate regions4 ,?us ! p]iodical w9ds are produc$4 ,across ! hemisph]es two great arial curr5ts are p]petually bl[+1 go+ f ! equator to ea* ( ! poles2 "o1 ! upp] curr5t1 t[>ds ! nor?-ea/ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & t[>ds ! s\?-ea/ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 ! o!r1 ! l[] curr5t1 9 a contr>y direction4 ,! movem5t ( ! e>? gives rise to o!r regul> w9ds4 ,! action ( heat & ( evaporation1 add$ to ! unequal di/ribution ( ! cont95ts & ! seas1 produce o!rs1 :i* are irregul>4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! great valleys ( ! ,alps1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,cordill]as1 ! w>m? ( ! air regulates ! afflux ( ! cold air ( ! m\nta9s1 & br+s on tumultu\s w9ds1 &1 9 fact1 hurricanes4 ,! sea breezes arise f ! diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! %ore dur+ ! day & ! night4 ,by day1 ! sun has w>m$ ! %ore & produc$ a consid]able dilatation ( ! air4 ,:5 ! sun quits ! horizon1 ?is hot air is replac$ by cool curr5ts f ! inl&4 ,! same ph5om5on is rev]s$ 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun returns2 ! %ore is w>m$1 ! hot air rises1 & is replac$ by ! cold] air ( ! sea1 :i* !n goes inl&4 ,?us1 ! ev5+ breeze comes f l&w>d1 & ! morn+ breeze f seaw>d4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! great atmosph]ic movem5ts :i* we call ! w9ds1 are due to ! successive appe>ances & disappe>ances ( ! sun1 z are also ! less] movem5ts :i* we call breezes4 ,! position ( ! sun1 con/antly v>y+ accord+ to ! p]iod ( ! ye>1 & ! h\r ( ! day1 expla9s ! inequality & ! cont9u\s exi/5ce ( ! arial curr5t4 ,! g5]al cause ( ! w9ds :i* pres]ve ! homog5eity ( ! air 9 all ! t]re/rial regions1 is ! heat ( ! sun dilat+ ! atmosph]ic air2 its abs5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 causes t gase\s mass to contract4 ,! wat]+ ( ! globe1 t is to say ! ra91 an elem5t indisp5sable to ! ex]cise ( life1 is ano!r consequ5ce ( sol> heat4 ,! wat]s ( ! seas1 ! riv]s1 & ! lakes1 ^? :i* /eep ! soil1 or are exhal$ f vegetable matt]1 are gradually trans=m$ into vap\r by ! action ( ! sun's heat1 & =m cl\ds & invisible vap\r4 ,:5 ! sun has quitt$ ! horizon1 ^! vap\rs gr[ cold 9 ! bosom ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y float$1 & fall d[n ^u ! e>? aga9 9 ! =m ( dew1 ( fog1 & ( ra94 ,:5 ! cool+ ( ! wat]y vap\r 9 ! bosom ( ! atmosph]e is m int5se1 in/ead ( ra9 we h sn[1 t is to say1 a fall ( congeal$ wat]4 ,x is *iefly on ! summit ( m\nta9s t sn[ falls & accumulates1 because ! temp]ature ( elevat$ places is always cold4 ,9 v great altitudes ! sn[1 rema9+ = long p]iods on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 passes into an int]m$iate condition1 betwe5 sn[ & pure ice1 & ends by =m+ ^? great expanses ( congeal$ wat] :i* are call$ glaci]s4 ,dur+ ! hot seasons ! glaci]s melt by degrees2 ! wat] result+ f ?is melt+ process1 fl[s d[n ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s into ! valleys1 & gives rise to spr+s1 riv]s1 & /reams4 ,^! /reams & riv]s run into ! ocean1 f :i* !y are aga9 evaporat$ by ! action ( sol> heat1 & recon/itute cl\ds & invisible vap\r4 ,?us is e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ t incessant circulation ( ! wat]s :i* lie on ! surface ( ! e>?1 _! cont9ual ex*ange ) ! arial masses1 ^: effect is to wat] ! globe1 a ph5om5on necess>y to ! ex]cise ( ! functions ( organiz$ be+s4 ,! regul> curr5ts :i* furr[ ! wat]s ( ! ocean are also ! result ( ! action ( sol> heat4 ,f ! poles to ! equator ! wat]s ( ! sea are unequally heat$1 & ?is abs5ce ( equilibrium 9 ! temp]ature ( ! sea occasions a regul> furr[1 or l9e f ! poles to ! equator1 result+ f ! displacem5t ( ! wat]s1 ! cold waves ru%+ 9 to replace ! hot4 ,! unequal evaporation caus$ by ! unequal di/ribution ( heat at ! equator & ! poles1 concurs to produce a simil> result1 by augm5t+ ! degree ( saltness at ! equator1 )\t augm5t+ x at ! poles1 occasion+ a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 d5sity1 & f9ally displacem5t = want ( equilibrium4 ,! curr5ts ( ! sea are ?us entirely produc$ by ! action ( ! sun4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! w9ds1 ! wat]+ ( ! globe1 & ! curr5ts ( ! sea are ! consequ5ce ( sol> heat4 ,! movem5t ( ! magnet is ano!r physical result ( ! action ( ! sun1 if x be true1 z ,ampre says1 t ! magnetic curr5ts :i* trav]se ! t]re/rial globe are no?+ b !rmo-electric curr5ts eng5d]$ by ! unequal di/ribution ( heat on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,9 addition to be+ ! ag5t ( p[]ful physical =ces1 ! sun is a valuable ag5t ( *emical =ces1--inde$1 ?is is ! greate/ "p :i* he plays 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! light & heat ( ! sun produce ! mo/ important *emical actions on ! e>?'s surface2 ^? on :i* ! ex]cise ( vegetable & animal functions dep5d4 ,if ! sun did n exi/1 life w\ld be bani%$ f ! t]re/rial globe4 ,life is ! *ild ( ! sun1 z ,i %all endeav\r to prove to y4 ,! op]ations ( photography s]ve to make u und]/& h[ x is t ! sun presides ov] *emical action 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,:at is photography8 ,:at does t curi\s ph5om5on :i* fixes a draw+ =m$ by light ^u a %eet ( pap]1 consi/ (8 ,a pap] /eep$ 9 *loride or iodide ( silv] is plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! l5s ( a d>k cam]a1 & ! image =m$ by ! l5s is made to fall ^u pap] spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,! portions ( ! picture n expos$ to light produce no effect ^u ! salt ( silv]1 :i* is incorporat$ ) ! pap]1 b ! portions expos$ to light decompose ! salt ( silv]1 & turn x black1 or d>k violet col\r4 ,on )draw+ ?is pap] f ! app>atus1 :]e ! op]ations h be5 c>ri$ on 9 d>kness1 we h a draw+ :i* reproduces1 9 black1 ! lum9\s image =m$ by ! l5s4 ,by c]ta9 means ?is image1 solely produc$ by ! *emical action ( light1 is r5d]$ fix$ & unalt]able4 ,all ! salts ( silv] ?us expos$ to light und]go an analog\s decomposition4 ,nor are !y ! only salts :i* light modifies4 ,comp\nds ( gold1 plat9um1 & cobalt1 prop]ly prep>$1 may also be alt]$ "u ! influ5ce ( direct or indirect rays1 :5 expos$ to ! sun1 or to 8 diffus$ light4 ,! light ( ! sun possesses ! p[] ( br++ ab\t ! comb9ation ( sev]al o!r bodies4 ,?is is ! case ) hydrog5 & *loric gas4 ,if y mix equal p>ts ( *loric gas & hydrog5 9 a bottle1 & expose ! mixture to ! sun1 an imm$iate comb9ation w take place betwe5 ! two gases1 & *lorohydric acid gas w be =m$4 ,! comb9ation w take place ) s mu* =ce t x w be att5d$ by a consid]able escape ( heat4 ,if y ?r[ ! bottle conta9+ ! mixture up into ! air1 t[>ds a space :]e ! sun is %9+1 ! bottle w break be=e x falls1 ) a viol5t explosion1 at ! mom5t ( its contact ) ! light4 ,we might multiply examples ( ! *emical action produc$ by light only on sub/ances belong+ to ! m9]al k+dom1 b x is suffici5t = our purpose to say t ! *emical action ( light is /ill m p[]ful & m g5]al 9 ! vegetable ?an 9 ! inorganic realm4 ,?is is a ph5om5on ( su* importance t x is impossible to believe x o!rwise ?an a prem$itat$ design ( nature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fruitful discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce is ! recognition ( ! fact1 t ! respiration ( plants dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce & ! direct action ( light1 t is to say1 t ! decomposition ( ! c>bonic acid :i* circulates 9 ! tissue ( vegetables1 & :i* has be5 brea!d up f ! soil by ! roots1 takes place only :5 ! plants are expos$ to ! sun4 ,! lab\rs ( ,prie/ley1 ,*>les ,bonnet1 ,+5h\z & ,s5nebi]1 h taught u t ! decomposition ( c>bolic acid into c>bon1 :i* rema9s fix$ 9 ! tissue ( ! plant1 & into oxyg51 :i* dis5gages itself f x1 c take place only "u ! direct or indirect influ5ce ( ! sun's rays4 ,our read]s may easily conv9ce !mselves ( ?is fact4 ,place a h&ful ( gre5 leaves 9 a glass full ( wat]1 & expose ! glass to ! sun4 ,at ! close ( ! day ! upp] portion ( ! glass w be fill$ ) gas1 :i* is no?+ b pure oxyg51 ! result ( ! brea?+ ( ! leaves4 ,all ! importance1 all ! value ( su* a ph5om5on w be evid5t1 if we reflect t x takes place ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! globe1 & t ! respiration1 :i* means ! life ( all ! vegetable masses :i* cov] ! e>?1 dep5ds solely ^u ! light ( ! sun4 ,x is by means ( ! respiration ( ! plants1 :i* re/ores oxyg5 to ! atmosph]ic air1 t nature makes up = ! )drawal ( oxyg5 by ! respiration ( animals1 by ! cont9ual absorption ( t gas by num]\s m9]al sub/ances1 & by ! frequ5t combu/ions1 natural & artificial1 :i* occur 9 ! _w4 ,! result ( ^! combu/ions w\ld be ! disappe>ance ( ! great] portion ( ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air1 if !re did n exi/ a p]man5t ma*9]y = ! re/itution ( t oxyg54 ,?is p]man5t ma*9]y is ! respiration ( plants1 produc$ by sol> light4 ,s absolute is ! dep5d5ce ( plants = _! respiration on ! action ( ! sun's light1 t if x be int]cept$ by cl\ds1 ! escape ( oxyg5 f !m suff]s a m>k$ dim9ution4 ,if ! light ( ! sun be sudd5ly /opp$1 :i* occurs dur+ a total sol> eclipse1 ! escape ( oxyg5 ceases1 & ! plants transpire c>bonic acid only1 z !y always d dur+ ! night4 ,x is = ?is reason t a plant kept 9 complete d>kness loses its col\r1 & becomes :ite4 ,x does n respire1 x emits c>bonic acid gas )\t reta9+ c>bon1 x becomes etiolat$1 accord+ to ! sci5tific phrase1 :i* means t ! plant no long] lives at ! co/ ( ! ext]nal air1 or ( gas furni%$ by ! soil1 b consumes its own sub/ance4 ,! :it5$ salads :i* we pref] are n gre5 only because !y are gr[n 9 d>kness1 & ! mu%rooms br\ght to table are :ite only because !y are re>$ 9 cell>s4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault1 :o has /udi$ vegetation 9 d>kness1 f9ds t ! leaves ( a vegetable :i* has nev] _h any light at all1 9 its fir/ appe>ance & developm5t1 nev] exhales oxyg51 its respiration furni%es c>bonic acid gas only4 ,! plant1 !re=e1 brea!s j z an animal does4 ,we mu/ obs]ve 9 ?is case t ! sub/ance ( ! se$ only supplies ?is product4 ,! plant borr[s no?+ f )\t1 consumes no?+ b ! elem5ts :i* 7 conta9$ 9 ! se$s1 & dies :5 ^? nutritive elem5ts are exhau/$4 ,! duration ( its exi/5ce dep5ds entirely on ! weight ( ! se$ :5ce x has sprung4 ,if a well-develop$ plant be kept 9 d>kness1 ! same fact may be obs]v$4 ,! plant gives out no?+ b c>bonic acid1 &1 z x borr[s no?+ f )\t1 x p]i%es :5 x has ?us dev\r$ its own sub/ance4 ,m4 ,sa*s says1 9 8 ,physiologie ,vgtale1 t ! movem5ts prop] to ! leaves ( _m vegetables _c take place if ! plant is kept 9 d>kness4 ,plants s kept rema9 always 9 ! condition :i* ,l9nu def9$ z sleep4 ,fl[]s conta9$ 9 natural cov]+s1 :i* 9 a great measure deb> !m f ! light ( ! sun1 d inde$ produce col\rs1 b ^? fl[]s are =m$ inside _! natural cov]+s1 at ! exp5se ( sub/ances conta9$ 9 _! leaves1 :i* c\ld n be produc$ except "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,! same tru? applies to fruits4 ,leaves1 fl[]s1 fruits1 are !n1 z ! ,g]man physiologi/1 ,moles*ott1 has said1 be+s wov5 ( air by light4 ,! same au?or adds3 ,:5 we contemplate ! brilliant col\rs ( ! fl[]s1 & :5 _! delici\s p]fume gives s]5e satisfaction to t poetic faculty :i* exi/s1 ?\gh x may slumb] deeply1 9 ! s\l ( e man x is /ill ! light :i* is ! "m ( col\r & ( p]fume4 ,! influ5ce ( ! sun on vegetation is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,)\t ! sun no plant w\ld gr[ ^u our globe4 ,9 ^? regions :i* are p]man5tly depriv$ ( ! p[]ful & b5efic5t tor* ( nature1 t[>ds ! extreme nor?1 all vegetation is /unt$1 & high] /ill1 x does n exi/4 ,abs5ce ( light1 & cold1 are ! causes ( ! complete disappe>ance ( ! natural adornm5t1 & ! useful tribute1 :i* else:]e vegetation furni%es to ! e>?4 ,9 ! hot regions1 vegetation is vigor\s & ext5sive1 9 proportion to ! abundance ( sun%9e p\r$ ^u !m4 ,!re is no?+ to be comp>$ to ! luxuriant vegetation ( ! tropical c\ntries 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,! vegetation ( ,brazil1 ( equatorial ,africa1 & ! int]-tropical regions ( ,india1 is r5[n$ = its abundance & v>iety4 ,agriculture1 enlight5$ by mod]n *emi/ry1 has br\ght to light ! special importance ( ! sun 9 promot+ ! activity ( vegetation1 & produc+ comb9ations ( sub/ances n to be atta9$ by any action except t ( ! sun4 ,m4 ,georges ,ville1 a pr(essor at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,p>is1 /ates1 z ! result ( num]\s exp]im5ts1 t ! activity imp>t$ to vegetable production by ! sun is truly miracul\s4 ,no *emical fact1 no !ory1 accord+ to ! le>n$ pr(essor1 c expla9 ! my/]y ( sol> influ5ce1 & its prodigi\s p[] ov] ! developm5t & produce ( vegetables4 ,let u rem>k1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 t by a provid5tial circum/ance ! pres5t g5]ations ( mank9d are pr(it+ by ! *emical =ce ( ! sun :i* nature has /or$ 9 h] great vegetable depts = ?\s&s ( c5turies4 ,= in/ance1 :at is coal1 :i* fe$s all our indu/ries1 supplies our /eam ma*9es1 %ips1 eng9es1 & locomotives8 ,x is ! residue ( ^? gigantic =e/s :i* cov]$ ! e>? dur+ ! geological p]iods4 ,! sub/ance ( ! trees ( ! =e/s ( ! anci5t _w 0 at fir/ *ang$ into peat1 :i*1 becom+ m & m compact by ! action ( ages1 0 f9ally press$ into ! h>d & heavy body :i* we call coal4 ,b :at 0 ! cause1 :at 0 ! fir/ ag5t1 :i* produc$ ! trees ( ^? =e/s1 9 ! ant$iluvian times8 ,x 0 ! *emical =ce ( ! sun4 ,?is =ce1 or1 if ! t]m be pref]r$1 ! products ( ! *emical =ce ( ! sun1 h be5 accumulat$ & pres]v$ 9 ! wood1 & !n 9 ! coal :i* t wood has become4 ,we f9d x ?us1 & we use x1 to our pres5t pr(it4 ,?us1 ! gl[+ sun%9e :i* light$ & w>m$ ! anci5t _w1 is n lo/ to u4 ,contempor>y g5]ations inh]it ^? v rays1 & t same *emical =ce4 ,! p[] ( ! sun1 :i* has slumb]$ 9 ! coal = millions ( ye>s1 ar\ses itself = u1 comes =? into ! day1 & trans=ms itself 9 our h&s into a me*anical ag5t4 ,! light & heat ( ! sun1 :i* play s great a "p 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ex]cise influ5ce ( a simil> k9d ov] ! animal k+dom4 ,if we reflect t plants are indisp5sable to ! food ( ! majority ( animals1 t ! creation ( vegetables necess>ily prec$$ t ( t]re/rial animals 7s9ce vegetables con/itute _! food71 & t animals mu/ inevitably disappe> f ! e>? if plants ceas$ to exi/2 we %all be l$ to ackn[l$ge t animals orig9ate z c]ta9ly1 ?\gh indirectly1 f ! =ce ( ! sun z ! plants !mselves4 ,besides1 x c be prov$ t ! action ( ! sun is directly indisp5sable to ! ma9t5ance ( animal life4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 is x n ! fact t sol> light & heat ex]cise an imm5se influ5ce on ! heal? ( animals & ( man8 ,to conv9ce ourselves ( t1 we ne$ only comp>e m5 :o pass ! great] "p ( _! lives 9 ! air & sun%9e1 ) m5 :o live 9 d>k h\ses1 9 ! n>r[ /reets & lanes ( great cities4 ,n only are ^! dwell+s un:olesome because !y are damp1 b !y are fatal to heal? because !y are n enliv5$ by ! pres5ce ( ! sun4 ,light1 altoge!r indisp5sable to ! ex]cise ( respiration 9 plants1 is n indisp5sable 9 ! same degree to ! respiration ( animals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! products ( ! respiration ( man & animals are less abundant by night ?an by day4 ,moles*ott has f\nd t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid gas exhal$ by an animal is augm5t$ by ! int5sity ( ! light ( day1 & is at its m9imum 9 complete d>kness2 :i* am\nts to ?is1 adds t au?or1 t ! light ( ! sun accel]ates molecul> action 9 animals4 ,?us1 ! rays ( ! sun are a prim>y condition ( ! exi/5ce ( animals1 because !y produce ! =mation ( plants1 ! ess5tial basis ( ! alim5tation ( animals & ( man1 & because !y preside ov] ! fulfilm5t ( _m ( _! physiological functions4 ,we f9d views ( precisely ! same ord] z ^? we h endeav\r$ to express1 eloqu5tly put =w>d 9 ,pr(essor ,tyndall's "w on ,heat3 ,& z surely z ! =ce :i* moves a clock's h&s is d]iv$ f ! arm :i* w9ds up ! clock1 s surely is all t]re/rial p[] drawn f ! sun4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt ! eruptions ( volcanoes & ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tides1 e me*anical action on ! e>?'s surface1 e manife/ation ( p[]1 organic & inorganic1 vital & physical1 is produc$ by ! sun4 ,8 w>m? keeps ! sea liquid1 & ! atmosph]e a gas1 & all ! /orms :i* agitate bo? are bl[n by ! me*anical =ce ( ! sun4 ,he lifts ! riv]s & ! glaci]s up ! m\nta9s2 & ?us ! cat>act & ! avalan*e %oot ) an en]gy d]iv$ imm$iately f him4 ,?und] & lightn+ are also 8 transmut$ /r5g?4 ,e fire t burns & e flame t gl[s disp5ses light & heat :i* orig9ally belong$ to ! sun4 ,9 ^! days1 unhappily1 ! news ( battle is famili> to u1 b e %ock & e *ange1 is only an application or misapplication ( ! me*anical =ce ( ! sun4 99 99 99 99 ,! sun comes to u z heat2 he quits u z heat2 & betwe5 8 entrance & dep>ture ! multi=m p[]s ( our globe appe>4 ,!y are all special =ms ( sol> p[]2 ! m\lds into :i* 8 /r5g? is tempor>ily p\r$1 9 pass+ f its s\rce ?r\gh inf9itude4--p4 #dca4 ,! me*anical =ce :i* ! heat ( ! sun repres5ts has be5 calculat$1 & ! numb]s ?us asc]ta9$ are curi\s4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ a heat ag5t c be express$ by figures ( me*anical =ce1 we mu/ h a g5]al idea ( t !ory :i* con/itutes ! mo/ valuable creation ( natural philosophy 9 our day2 we allude to ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 or ! doctr9e ( ! mutual trans=mation ( physical =ces4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t heat *anges1 "u our eyes1 into a me*anical =ce4 ,see h[1 by ! action ( ! /eam eng9e1 wat]y vap\r becomes cold1 & ! disp]s$ heat imm$iately produces a me*anical =ce1 & y w und]/& h[ x is t we ma9ta9 t heat trans=ms itself into =ce4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 x is easily explicable t "o ( ^? elem5ts may be repres5t$ by ! o!rs1 or t at lea/ we may repres5t ! value ( bo? =ce & heat by a common unit4 ,?is common unit is call$ a calorie1 & expresses ! quantity ( heat requisite to raise ! temp]ature ( a kilogram ( wat] "o degree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m kilogrammet] is us$ to express ! quantity ( =ce requisite to raise a kilogram to ! height ( "o y>d 7mtre7 9 a second4 ,physici/s h succe$$ 9 solv+ ! difficult problem1 :i* consi/s ( asc]ta9+ h[ _m kilogrammet]s may be produc$ by a calorie1 trans=m$ into me*anical lab\r4 ,! works ( ,may]1 ,j\le1 ,helmholtz1 ,hirn1 ,regnault1 c41 e/abli% t a calorie is equival5t to #dbe kilogrammet]s1 t is to say t ! quantity ( heat requisite to raise ! temp]ature ( a kilogram ( wat] to #a degree c5tigrade produces a me*anical action repres5t$ by ! elevation ( a weight ( #dbe kilograms #a y>d 7mtre7 9 height 9 ! space ( a s\nd4 #dbe kilograms are call$ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,) ?is in=mation at our s]vice1 we are enabl$ to calculate 9 units ( me*anical =ce ! "w done by sol> heat1 by trans=m+ itself into me*anical =ce4 ,&1 if we calculate ! total heat ( ! sun diffus$ ov] ! e>?1 dur+ a giv5 "t1 we c calculate ! sum ( ! =ces :i* all ?is di/ribut$ heat w\ld develop on ! surface ( ! e>?1 if x 7 all employ$ 9 me*anical lab\r4 ,9 "o ye> e squ>e y>d ( ! surface ( ! e>? receives #b1cah1aeg calories1 t is to say1 m ?an #bc1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ( calories to ea* space ( #b acres1 #a rood1 #ce p]*es4#e ,to und]/& ! int5sity ( ?is =ce1 we mu/ conceive a /eam eng9e1 :i*1 in/ead ( work+ at #bjj or #cjj horse-p[]1 l ! eng9es ( our l>g] /eam]s1 %\ld "w at #d1afc horse-p[]4 ,& ?is1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 ref]s only to ! small space above m5tion$4 ,if we calculate ! entire surface ( ! e>?1 we arrive at ! a/\nd+ total ( #bag1caf1jjj1jjj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,9 ord] to conceive su* a =ce1 we mu/ picture to ourselves #edc1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj /eam eng9es ea* work+ )\t relaxation day & night1 at #djj horse-p[]4 ,t is ! am\nt ( "w :i* ! heat ( ! sun does = our globe alone4 ,! physical & me*anical actions :i* take place on our planet1 vegetation1 ! ph5om5a ( animal life1 indu/rial & agricultural op]ations absorb only a v small quantity ( ?is enorm\s mass ( =ces4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall says on ?is subject1 9 ! book we h already quot$3-- ,look at ! integrat$ en]gy ( our _w--! /or$ p[] ( our coal-fields2 our w9ds & riv]s2 our fleets1 armies1 & guns4 ,:at are !y8 !y are all g5]at$ by a portion ( ! sun's en]gy :i* does n am\nt to #a_/bcjjjjjjjj? ( ! :ole4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! entire fraction ( ! sun's =ce int]cept$ by ! e>?1 & 9 reality we conv]t b a small fraction ( ?is fraction into me*anical en]gy4 ,multiply+ all our p[]s by millions ( millions1 we d n rea* ! sun's exp5diture4--p4 #dcc4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h analyz$ ! diff]5t physical & vital effects produc$ ^u our globe by ! light & heat giv5 out by ! sun4 ,we h consid]$ its action ^u animate & inanimate nature4 ,we h se5 t ! sun is really ! great cause ( physical action on our globe1 & t he is also ! fir/ pr9ciple ( bo? vegetable & animal life4 ,)\t ! sun life w\ld be bani%$ f ! t]re/rial globe2 z we h already said1 life is ! (fspr+ ( ! sun4 ,we "k t 9 spee*1 heat & life are almo/ synonym\s words4 ,9 e language we f9d x said t p]sons are froz5 by dea?1 9 ! icy sleep ( dea?1 t cold is dea?-l1 c4 ,?is image is an exact expression ( ! reality4 ,an animal or a plant1 :5 depriv$ ( life is necess>ily cold4 ,a %iv] is ! precursor ( e malady1 & ! sure =]unn] ( dea?4 ,e dead body is a cold body4 ,x may be said t 9 ! animal =m cold takes ! place ( life1 z 9 inanimate bodies cold succe$s to heat4 ,let u n[ consid] ! foll[+ facts4 ,x is solely by ! prolong$ action ( heat t plants c g]m9ate1 gr[1 & develop !mselves2 9 ord] to come to p]fection1 e plant requires an asc]ta9$ numb] ( degrees ( heat1 & botani/s & agriculturi/s "k q accurately ! total numb] ( degrees ( heat requisite to rip5 _! c]eals1 & make _! fruit-trees be>4 ,a prolong$ & undi/urb$ accumulation ( heat is indisp5sable to produce life 9 ! impregnat$ egg ( a bird1 s t by employ+ caloric 9 a hat*+ ma*9e1 ! process ( hat*+ may be artificially p]fect$4 ,! eggs ( vivip>\s animals are su/a9$ by ! heat ( ! "m's body1 & besides1 z ,h]vey says1 ev]y?+ t has life proce$s f an egg 7omne vivum ex ovo74 ,if we recall to m9d t1 aft] ! developm5t ( ! g]m 9 mammif]\s animals1 ! unv>y+ mat]nal heat is indisp5sable to ! =mation ( ! organs ( ! ftus1 we %all be l$ to inquire :e!r heat does n directly produce life1 :e!r heat does n trans=m itself into vital =ce4 ,mod]n philosoph]s :o h prop\nd$ ! ,me*anical ,!ory ( ,heat1 t is to say ! pr(\nd & admirable doctr9e ( ! mutual conv]sion ( =ces1 ! pr(essors :o h prov$ by ma!matical evid5ce t heat conv]ts itself into me*anical =ce1 & ! conv]se1 might p]haps complete _! brilliant syn!sis by add+ t heat1 :i* conv]ts itself into me*anical =ce1 c also trans=m itself into life1 or into vital =ce1 & t ! spl5did !ory ( ! trans=mation ( =ces does n apply to inanimate bodies only1 b f9ds an a/oni%+ confirmation 9 animate bodies4 ,?us heat & life w\ld be ! manife/ation ( "o & ! same p[]1 & ! cause ( life w\ld be f\nd to dwell1 l ! cause ( me*anical =ce1 9 ! sun4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #e ,repres5t$ by ! ,fr5* ^w hect>e4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,eigh?4 ,,! ,,sun ,,! ,,def9itive ,,abode ,,( ,,s\ls ,,:o ,,h ,,atta9$ ,,! ,,highe/ ,,rank ,,9 ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,hi]>*y4--,,! ,,sun ,,! ,,f9al ,,& ,,common ,,dwell+ ,,( ,,s\ls ,,:o ,,h ,,come ,,f ,,! ,,e>?4--,,! ,,physical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,sun4--,,! ,,sun ,,is ,a ,,mass ,,( ,,burn+ ,,gases4 ,,! fundam5tal importance ( ! sun 9 ! g5]al economy ( our _w be+ f9ally e/abli%$1 our read]s w n be surpris$ to he> t we assign t radiant & sublime abode to ! human s\ls releas$ f ! e>?1 & successively purifi$ & p]fect$ by ! long s]ies ( _! multipli$ inc>nations 9 ! bosom ( ! int]planet>y spaces4 ,"s philosoph]s h p]ceiv$ ?is tru?4 ,! a/ronom] ,bode plac$ ! mo/ elevat$ intellig5ces 9 ! sun4 ,! happy creatures :i* inhabit ?is privileg$ abode1 he says1 h no ne$ ( ! alt]nate succession ( day & night2 a pure & unext+ui%able light illum9es x = ev]4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! light ( ! sun1 !y enjoy p]fect security1 "u ! %elt] ( ! w+s ( ! ,almighty4#f ,"u :at =m may we picture to our fancy ! inhabitants ( ! sun8 ,we _c answ] ?is "q )\t be+ acqua9t$ ) ! geography ( ! sun1 or z a/ronom]s call x1 8 physical con/itution1 :i* diff]s ess5tially f t ( ! planets1 ( _! satellites1 & ( ! comets4 ,he is unique 9 8 position & (fice 9 ! planet>y sy/em1--he mu/ !re=e be specially con/itut$4 ,:at is ?is special con/itution8 ,:at is ! geography ( ! sun8 ,w\ld t x 7 9 our p[] to reply to ?is "q ) precision2 w\ld t we c\ld describe ! configuration ( ! sun4 ,unhappily1 sci5ce has n yet rea*$ t po9t4 ,! problem ( ! sun's true nature is full ( unc]ta9ty4 ,a/ronom]s are divid$ betwe5 two opposite !ories1 & t :i* seems to be ! be/ support$1 is too rec5t to be set =? 9 a dogmatic fa%ion4 ,we c only summ>ize ! actual condition ( our k on ?is "q1 expla9 ! !ory :i* seems con=mable to asc]ta9$ facts1 & apply+ x to ! subject on :i* we are engag$1 endeav\r to d$uce ! physical condition1 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 w\ld belong to ! inhabitants ( ! k+-/>4 ,until ! great epo* ( ! discov]y ( ! telescope1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ! "t ( ,keppl] & ,galileo1 only vague & arbitr>y ideas respect+ ! sun prevail$4 ,! educat$1 z well z ! vulg>1 beheld 9 x m]ely a globe ( fire2 ! mo/ le>n$ decl>$ t !y f\nd 9 x pure fire1 elem5t>y fire1 ! pr9ciple ( light1 & ( fire4 ,b z no means exi/$ ( exam9+ ! surface ( ! sun1 & z 8 real di/ance f ! e>? 0 ei!r unkn[n1 or v imp]fectly und]/ood1 a prud5t res]ve 0 ma9ta9$ on ?is "q4 ,! discov]y ( ! telescope imm$iately plac$ ! a/ronom]s 9 possession ( ! cele/ial realm2 x enabl$ !m to s\nd ! dep?s ( space1 & to /udy ! app>5t configuration ( ! />s1 includ+ ! sun himself4 ,a few h\rs' obs]vation ) ! a/ronomical spy-glass1 & m 0 le>n$ ( ! nature ( ! sun1 ?an 9 ! two ?\s& ye>s ( m or less philosophical rev]ie :i* prec$$ ! discov]y ( ! telescope4 ,) a glass :i* magnifi$ ! app>5t diamet] ( ! sun only tw5ty-sixfold1 ,galileo1 repeat+ ! obs]vations ( ,fabricius1 discov]$ ! spots on ! sun4 ,al?\gh ,galileo did n use ! smok$ glasses :i* h s9ce be5 f\nd s useful1 & al?\gh he limit$ 8 obs]vations to ! horizon1 wat*+ ! great /> at its ris+ & its sett+1 or :5 x 0 veil$ by slight cl\ds1 he /udi$ its spots c>efully1 & describ$ !m fai?fully4 ,we may obs]ve t ?is discov]y a/oni%$ ! philosoph]s ( t p]iod1 :o 7 entirely submissive to ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle4 ,! incorruptibility ( ! sun 0 held 9 ! s*ools z a sacr$ pr9ciple1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 & ^! un=tunate spots p]plex$ ! philosoph]s4 ,! p]ipatetics vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 prov+ to ! ,flor5t9e a/ronom] t ! purity ( ! sun 0 an unassailable pr9ciple1 & t ! spots :i* he _h p]ceiv$ exi/$ only on 8 eyes1 or on ! l5s ( 8 glasses4 ,b ,galileo _h se5 correctly1 & soon e "o c\ld conv9ce himself ( ! reality ( ! ph5om5on he _h proclaim$4 ,n only d spots exi/ ^u ! disc ( ! sun1 b !y furni% ! only means :i* we possess ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! physical & a/ronomical peculi>ities & prop]ties ( ! great />4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! spots l$ to ! discov]y t ! sun revolves l ! o!r planets1 & t he accompli%es ! entire revolution ^u 8 axis 9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-five days4 ,! sun's days are !re=e tw5ty-five times z long z ours4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we mu/ rem>k ^u ! ^w day4 ,to u1 ! day signifies ! p]iodical return ( ! e>? to ! same po9t1 aft] a complete revolution ^u its axis1 ) an alt]nation ( light & d>kness4 ,x is q o!rwise 9 ! case ( ! sun1 :i*1 be+ self-lum9\s 9 all 8 p>ts1 c nev] h any night4 ,we h said t ! exam9ation ( ! sun's spots e/abli%$ 8 rotation ^u 8 axis4 ,9 fact1 if we pati5tly obs]ve ! motion ( a spot1 or ( a gr\p ( spots1 we rem>k t x advances sl[ly f "o edge ( ! sol> disc to ! o!r2 = in/ance1 if ! po9t ( dep>ture be ! ea/]n edge1 ! spot or gr\p w advance ) uni=m spe$ t[>ds ! we/]n edge1 tak+ f\rte5 days to accompli% ! di/ance4 ,if we wait f\rte5 days m1 we %all aga9 p]ceive ! same spot mak+ its appe>ance on ! ea/]n edge ( ! disc1 ! int]val hav+ be5 consum$ 9 pass+ ov] ! opposite &1 ( c\rse1 invisible side ( ! sun4 ,! spot has !re=e tak5 tw5ty-eight days to reappe>1 :i* tw5ty-eight days d n1 h[ev]1 repres5t ! exact duration ( ! revolution ( ! sun himself4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! e>? has n rema9$ motionless dur+ ?is long obs]vation2 %e1 too1 has gone r\nd 9 ! sun1 z ! spots h done4 ,?is sort ( advance1 :i* causes u to see ! same spot = a long] "t ?an we %\ld h se5 x1 if ! e>? rema9$ motionless1 is ( ?ree days' ext5t1 ! d$uction ( :i* f ! tw5ty-eight giv5 days1 all[s tw5ty-five days = ! real duration ( ! sun's rotation ^u 8 axis4 ,9 ! sun seasons are unkn[n z well z days4 ,"t seems to h no exi/5ce = ! be+s :o occupy t radiant dwell+-place4 ,! *anges1 & ! succession ( ?+s = u :i* con/itute "t1 are unkn[n to _! sublime ess5ce4 ,duration has no measure 9 t bless$ _w4 ,! dwell] 9 ! sun mu/ behold ! revolution ( ! planets ar\nd him1 p]=m$ accord+ to ! same laws1 b ) diff]5t rates ( spe$4 ,! phases ( ! planets & _! satellites1 ! phases ( ,m>s & ,v5us1 or ^? ( ! moon1 :i* we p]ceive f ! e>?1 are unkn[n to !m2 !y see only ! hemisph]e ( ^? globes :i* is illum9$ by _! own imm5se c\ntry4 ,!y behold1 9 l>g] dim5sions1 ! globes ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 & 9 less] dim5sions ! ,e>? & ,m>s4 ,! di/ant planets1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus1 mu/ seem v small to !m4 ,neptune !y probably _c see at all4 ,! comets mu/ be = a long "t invisible to ! inhabitants ( ! sun1 :o behold _! flam+ mass ru%+ t[>ds !m 9 ev]-increas+ size4 ,!y also see "s comets s9k+ away into space1 & o!rs fall+ on ! surface ( ! sun himself1 to be lo/ & absorb$ 9 8 sub/ance4 ,?us1 ! spots on ! sun h reveal$ to u an important peculi>ity ( 8 a/ronomical "*1 8 revolution ^u 8 axis4 ,!y h also giv5 u ! only exact ideas :i* we possess ( ! physical con/itution ( ! sun4 ,! accompany+ plate conveys an idea ( :at ! spots on ! sun consi/ (4 ,figures #b & #c repres5t ! g5]al aspect ( ^! appe>ances4 ,9 ! c5tre is a black space p]fectly m>k$4 ,to ?is succe$s a space 9 grey t9t+1 ^: outl9es melt by degrees into ! re/ ( ! lum9\s mass4 ,! fir/ region is call$ ! ,umbra2 ! second1 ! ,p5umbra4 ,^! words mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,! "p indicat$ by ! t]m ,umbra is only d>k relatively to ! illum9$ portion4 ,?is ,umbra is v lum9\s1 its brilliancy is two ?\s& times t ( ! full moon4 ,we are m]ely deal+ ) comp>isons "h4 ,! sol> spots are (t5 ( v consid]able dim5sions4 ,!y h be5 f\nd #cj1jjj leagues 9 bread?1 & c\ld swall[ up ! e>?1 :i* is only "o-t5? ( t magnitude4 ,!y are n p]man5t1 sometimes !y rema9 = mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 b ! great] numb] increase & decrease rapidly1 & disappe> 9 a few weeks4 ,!y are incessantly *ang+ 9 =m & 9 ext5t1 & !y gr[ & dim9i%4 ,x is evid5t t !y are regulat$ by a viol5t int]ior movem5t1 & t !y are ! seat ( tumultu\s motion4 ,some?+ l :irlw9ds are se5 to sweep across ! regions occupi$ by ! spots1 & to c>ry !m away1 l ! waves ( a furi\s sea1 or ! flames ( a conflagration4 ,gigantic bridges ( app>5tly burn+ matt] h be5 obs]v$1 ?r[n f "o edge to ! o!r ( adjac5t spots1 unit+ !m by a %9+ b&1 & !n ?is same b& has /ret*$ itself out & caught hold ( o!r spots4 ,( a sudd5 ! :ole edifice has be5 se5 to be swept away by fre% :irlw9ds4 ,signs ( a prodigi\s commotion1 ( gigantic p]turbation1 are always evid5t4 ,^! hurricanes1 ^! tempe/s ( flame1 are ( a widely diff]5t gr&eur f ! hurricanes & ! tempe/s ( our atmosph]e1 because ! atmosph]e ( ! sun is sev]al ?\s&s ( y>ds 9 height1 & cov]s an ext5t ( surface #a1cjj1jjj times great] ?an ours4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,gr\p ( ,sol> ,spots obs]v$ 9 #ahfd by ,nasmi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,ano!r ,sol> ,spot obs]v$ by ,nasmy?4 ,we h j said t ! sun has an atmosph]e4 ,su* is ! conclusion to :i* ! c>eful exam9ation ( ! great /> has l$4 ,f ! e>lie/ times at :i* ! sun 0 obs]v$1 a !ory ( its con/itution 0 =mulat$1 :i* 0 p]petuat$ d[n to ! pres5t age1 )\t receiv+ au?oritative contradiction4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! a/ronom]s ,h]s*el & ,wilson develop$ ?is !ory1 :i* 0 popul>iz$ 9 our "t by ! writ+s ( ,humboldt & ,arago4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! sun is compos$ ( a d>k nucleus1 & a burn+ atmosph]e1 :i* is ! only s\rce ( ! light prop] to ?is />4 ,arago & ,humboldt call$ ! inc&esc5t atmosph]e ( ! sun1 ! photosph]e4 ,heat & light w\ld n1 !re=e1 come to u f ! nucleus1 b only f ! photosph]e4 ,! spots are expla9$1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 by admitt+ t !y are op5+s accid5tally =m$ 9 ! sun's atmosph]e by gases dis*>g$ f volcanic crat]s1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,?r\gh ^! op5+s ! d>k nucleus ( ! sun is se54 ,! p5umbra ( ! spots are =m$ by ! l[] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e ( ! sun1 :i* is ei!r hot or lum9\s4 ,?is l[] portion ( ! atmosph]e1 reflect+ ! light emitt$ by ! upp] portion or photosph]e1 is slightly w>m1 & only p>tially illum9$4 ,?is !ory ( ! con/itution ( ! sun1 & ( ! sol> spots1 seem$ = a long "t satisfactory4 ,a simil> explanation1 t is to say1 by p>tial eruptions ( gas f volcanic crat]s1 0 assign$ to ! k9d ( black dott$ appe>ance obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! sol> disc1 & :i* is exactly reproduc$ 9 ! two figures "h giv54 ,! brilliant spots scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! sun1 :i* t\*$ "h & !re ) po9ts ( int5se lum9osity1 are call$ facul4 ,^! brilliant po9ts are said to proce$ f local accid5ts1 :i* cause an escape ( light & heat f c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sol> atmosph]e4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! sun w\ld be a solid body1 opaque & d>k l ! planets1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]ic lay]1 :i* w\ld prev5t any heat 9 ! nucleus4 ,outside t lay] w\ld be a second atmosph]e1 ! photosph]e1 :i* only w\ld be lum9\s1 & capable ( emitt+ light & heat4 ,d>k nucleus1 d>k atmosph]e1 lum9\s photosph]e1 su* w\ld be ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sun1 accord+ to ,wilson1 ,william ,h]s*el1 ,humboldt1 & ,arago4 ,to any :o hold ?is !ory1 x is n impossible to believe t ! sun may be inhabit$ by be+s :o diff] b slightly to man1 or :o are end[$ ) an organization simil> to t ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,if ! body ( ! sun be pres]v$ by ! int]position ( a cold1 & b slightly conduct+ atmosph]e f ! rays ( ! photosph]e :i* burns at an imm5se di/ance1 we c believe t creatures organiz$ almo/ l ourselves c\ld live )9 x4 ,! heat ( ! burn+ photosph]e c rea* x ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! l[] atmosph]e ) only ! degree ( heat necess>y to ma9ta9 life4 ,! light ?us filt]$ is brilliant1 b n dazzl+1 & admits ( ! exi/5ce ( be+s ( organization simil> to ^? :o live on ! e>?4 ,to ?is conclusion ,arago came3 ,if ,i 7 ask$1 said ! a/ronom]1 is ! sun inhabit$8 ,i mu/ reply t ,i d n "k4 ,b1 if ,i 7 ask$ :e!r ! sun c be inhabit$ by be+s ( organization simil> to t ( dwell]s ^u our globe1 ,i %\ld n hesitate to reply 9 ! affirmative4 ,at ! pres5t day ,arago w\ld hesitate1 = sci5ce has made a great advance 9 ! "q ( ! physical con/itution ( ! sun4 ,! new me?od inv5t$ by ,,mm4 ,kir*h(f & ,buns51 & kn[n z analysis ( ! lum9\s spectrum1 be+ appli$ to ! sol> rays1 has giv5 rise to an entirely new conception ( ! nature ( ! sun4 ,we h return$ to ! op9ion ( ! physici/s ( ! middle ages1 :o reg>d$ ! sun z a globe ( fire1 a sort ( gigantic tor*4 ,x w\ld be impossible to ent] into ! details ( ! optical exp]im5ts :i* r5d]$ accurate analysis ( ! sol> rays possible1 & enabl$ u to d$uce a new !ory ( ! con/itution ( ! sun f _! prop]ties4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to expla9+ ?is !ory1 z x evolves itself f ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,kir*h(f4 ,accord+ to ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ! sun is n1 z x has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 a cold1 d>k1 & solid body1 surr\nd$ by a burn+ atmosph]e2 x is a globe1 a sph]e1 probably liquid1 :i* burns ?r\gh\t its :ole mass1 & 9 all its p>ts4 ,?is inc&esc5t globe is surr\nd$ by a v heavy atmosph]e1 =m$ ( ! vap\rs :i* proce$ f ! inc&esc5t globe1 & :i* are !mselves kept burn+ 9 consequ5ce ( ! high temp]ature ( all ^? masses ( fire4 ,h[ are ! spots on ! sun to be expla9$ accord+ to ?is !ory8 ,m4 ,kir*h(f admits t1 ow+ to unkn[n causes1 a cool+ process may take place 9 ! vapor\s atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! body ( ! sun4 ,?is cool+ process w\ld =m at c]ta9 po9ts cond5sations ( vap\r analog\s to ! cond5sation ( ! vap\r ( wat]1 :i* on our globe produces cl\ds & ra94 ,^! agglom]ations ( cond5s$ vap\rs w\ld =m a species ( cl\d 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun1 & ^? cl\ds1 :i* w\ld int]cept ! light ( ! sol> disc f u1 w\ld produce ! effect ( a spot on ?is disc4 ,! cl\d1 once =m$1 cools portions ( ! neighb\r+ vap\rs1 &1 by provok+ a p>tial cond5sation1 gives rise to ! p5umbra :i* surr\nd ! umbra4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,m4 ,kir*h(f1 ! sol> spots are cl\ds susp5d$ 9 ! sun's atmosph]e4 ,galileo _h previ\sly prop\nd$ an analog\s hypo!sis4 ,)\t ab&on+ ,m4 ,kir*h(f's !ory we may m5tion ano!r explanation ( ! spots4 ,a ,g]man physici/ consid]s ! spots1 n z cl\ds 9 ! sun's atmosph]e1 b z p>tial solidifications ( ! liquid matt] :i* =ms ! body ( ! sun2 a k9d ( scoria1 analog\s to ^? :i* may be obs]v$ 9 crucibles conta9+ matt]s 9 a /ate ( fusion1 & :i* come f p>ticles ( metal n yet melt$1 or :i* are beg9n+ to solidify4 ,! p5umbra ( ! spots w\ld be ! half-molt51 & consequ5tly1 half-transp>5t pollicule :i* always surr\nds ! edges ( metallic scoria ) a semi-liquid r+4 ,m4 ,faye1 a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 has prop\nd$ a !ory1 :i* some:at modifies t ( ,m4 ,kir*h(f4 ,he ?9ks t ! nucleus ( ! sun is nei!r solid nor liquid1 b entirely gase\s4 ,! sol> spot1 he1 l ,m4 ,kir*h(f1 takes to be an op5+ made accid5tally 9 ! sun's atmosph]e by ! cond5sation ( vap\rs on c]ta9 po9ts ( t atmosph]e4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,faye1 ! spots are due to v]tical curr5ts ( vap\r asc5d+ & desc5d+1 & ! int]ception ( ! light ( ! sun's atmosph]e by ! pr$om9ant int5sity ( ! asc5d+ curr5t4#g ,! new !ory1 ! result ( ! optical exp]im5ts ( ! ,g]man physici/s1 appe>s to expla9 all ! facts :i* h be5 obs]v$1 & x has !re=e be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,"s div]g5ces exi/ on que/ions ( detail1 b a/ronom]s are n[adays almo/ unanim\s 9 reg>d+ ! sun z a great body1 inc&esc5t 9 all its p>ts1 z a globe 9 a /ate ( fusion1 surr\nd$ by a burn+ atmosph]e1 or1 z ,m4 ,faye /ates x1 a simple agglom]ation ( inc&esc5t gases4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #f ,quot$ by ,flamm>ion 9 8 ,pluralit des mondes habits4 #g ,see ,le ,soleil1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,guillem91 pp4 #aid-bjh4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,n9?4 ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,are ,,purely ,,spiritual ,,be+s4--,,! ,,sol> ,,rays ,,are ,,emanations ,,f ,,! ,,spiritual ,,be+s ,,:o ,,live ,,9 ,,! ,,sun4--,,^! ,,be+s ,,?us ,,produce ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,life ,,^u ,,! ,,e>?4--,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,sol> ,,radiation1 ,,inexplicable ,,by ,,physici/s1 ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,! ,,emanation ,,f ,,! ,,s\ls ,,( ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,sun4--,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,fire1 ,,& ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,among ,,diff]5t ,,peoples1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n4 ,,f ! discussion ( physical a/ronomy conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we h conclud$1 ) ,,mm4 ,kir*h(f & ,faye1 t ! sun is a mass ( burn+ gases4 ,b1 our read]s w ask1 if ?is be s--if ! sun is a gase\s inc&esc5t mass1 or a globe ( matt] 9 a /ate ( fusion1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( burn+ gas1 :]e d y place its inhabitants1 & "u :at =m d y picture !m8 ,we h already said1 t at ea* /ep ( _! promotion 9 ! hi]>*y1 ! creatures :o live 9 ! planet>y spaces & h succe$$ to ! sup]human be+1 gr[ 9 p]fection1 _! s5ses are multipli$1 _! intellectual p[] is consid]ably ext5d$4 ,9 proportion z ! creature1 :o 9 ! beg9n+ 0 human1 is rais$ by successive dea?s & resurrections 9 ! scale ( int]-planet>y be+1 ! mat]ial sub/ance1 :i*1 unit$ to its spiritual pr9ciple1 =m$ its radiant individuality1 is dim9i%$4 ,9 fur!r exposition ( our sy/em1 we mu/ /ate our belief t ?is sup]ior be+1 :5 he has be5 suffici5tly p]fect$ & exalt$1 by 8 diff]5t inc>nations1 by ! multipli$ /ages 9 ! imm5sity ( ! heav5s1 f9ally becomes pure _s4 ,:5 he atta9s ! sun1 he is free f all mat]ial sub/ance1 f all c>nal alloy4 ,he is a flame1 a brea?2 all is intellig5ce1 s5tim5t1 ?\ght1 9 him2 no?+ impure is m+l$ ) 8 p]fect ess5ce4 ,he is an absolute s\l1 a s\l )\t a body4 ,! gase\s & burn+ mass ( :i* ! sun is compos$ is1 !re=e1 appropriate to receive ^! qu9tess5tial be+s4 ,a ?rone ( fire is a fitt+ ?rone = s\ls4 ,we might ev5 g fur!r1 & ma9ta9 t n only is ! sun ! asylum & receptacle ( s\ls :i* h f9i%$ ! c\rse ( _! p]egr9ations 9 ?is _w1 b t x is no?+ else ?an a collection ( ^? s\ls :i* h come to x f ! o!r planets1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /ates :i* we h describ$4 ,! sun may be only an aggregation ( s\ls4 ,s9ce ! sun is ! fir/ cause ( life on our globe1 s9ce he is1 z we h prov$1 ! orig9 ( life1 feel+1 & ?\ght1 s9ce he is ! det]m9+ cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ev]y?+ possess+ organization ^u ! e>?1 :y may we n hold t ! rays :i* ! sun p\rs ^u ! e>? & ! o!r planets are no?+ else ?an ! emanations f ^! s\ls8 t !y are emissions f ! pure spirits dwell+ 9 ! c5tral />1 direct$ t[>ds u1 & ! o!r planets1 "u ! visible =m ( rays8 ,if ?is hypo!sis 7 accept$1 :at magnific5t1 :at sublime relations exi/+ betwe5 ! sun & ! globes :i* gravitate ar\nd him1 w\ld be reveal$ to u6 ,a cont9ual ex*ange w\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sun & ! surr\nd+ planets1 an unbrok5 circle1 an inexhau/ible communion1 radiant emanations :i* %\ld g5]ate & ma9ta9 activity & motion1 ?\ght & s5tim5t1 :i* %\ld keep ! flame ( life burn+ ev]y:]e6 ,let u ?9k ( ! emanations f s\ls dwell+ 9 ! sun desc5d+ ^u ! e>? 9 sol> rays4 ,light gives exi/5ce to plants1 & produces vegetable life1 accompani$ by s5sibility4 ,plants1 hav+ receiv$ ?is s5sible g]m f ! sun1 communicate x1 aid$ by heat likewise emanat+ f ! sun1 to animals4 ,let u ?9k ( ! g]ms ( s\ls1 plac$ 9 ! brea/s ( animals1 develop+ !mselves1 becom+ p]fect$ by degrees1 f "o animal to ano!r1 & f9i%+ by becom+ inc>nate 9 a human body4 ,let u ?9k1 !n1 ( ! sup]human be+ succe$+ to man1 spr++ up into ! va/ pla9s ( e!r1 & beg9n+ ! s]ies ( num]\s transmigrations :i*1 f "o /ep to ano!r1 w lead him to ! summit ( ! scale ( spiritual p]fection1 f :i* e mat]ial sub/ance has be5 elim9at$1 & :]e ! s\l1 ?us exalt$ to ! pure/ degree ( its ess5ce1 p5etrates into ! supreme abode ( happ9ess1 & ( intellectual & moral p[]--! sun4 ,su* may be ?is endless circle1 su* ?is unbrok5 *a91 b9d+ toge!r all be+s 9 nature1 & pass+ f ! visible to ! invisible _w4 ,to ^? p]sons :o may declaim ) sev]ity aga9/ ! sy/em :i* we h v5tur$ to put =w>d1 we %all put a "q :i* _c fail to emb>rass !m1 = sci5ce has nev] be5 able to solve x4 ,we %all ask !m h[ ! light ( ! sun1 & ! heat :i* results f x1 are ma9ta9$8 ,x is evid5t t ! enorm\s quantities ( heat & light :i* ! sun s5ds out 9 torr5ts into space1 mu/ come f a s\rce :i* _c be inexhau/ible1 :i* has ne$ ( r5ewal1 o!rwise ! sun w\ld become ext9ct4 ,z !re is no effect )\t a cause1 x is pla9 t ! inconceivable quantity ( =ces :i* ! sun di/ributes by 8 burn+ rays1 mu/ be d]iv$ f "s place4 ,m4 ,guillem91 9 8 "w on ! sun1 passes 9 review ! diff]5t !ories :i* h be5 adopt$1 up to ! pres5t day1 to expla9 sol> radiation4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( a *apt] ( ,m4 ,guillem9's "w on ! ,ma9t5ance ( ,sol> ,radiation4 ,p\illet has calculat$ t if ! sun 7 n suppli$ ) some?+ to make up = ! losses he su/a9s1 he mu/ cool at ! rate ( "o degree 9 a c5tury4 ,b ?is calculation falls %ort ( ! tru?4 ,p\illet suppos$ t ! specific heat ( ! sun is ! greate/ :i* c be conceiv$4 ,! specific heat ( ! sun is1 x is true1 unkn[n1 b in/ead ( plac+ x at ! maximum p[]1 :i* x is n prov$ to be1 we might suppose x1 by an all[able hypo!sis1 to be equal to t ( wat]1 :i* is well kn[n4 ,n[ if we grant to ! sun ! specific heat ( wat]1 we rectify ,p\illet's calculation1 & we arrive at ! conclusion t ! sun1 if n furni%$ ) any res\rces f :i* to repair 8 losses1 w\ld be entirely ext9ct at ! end ( #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 ^: exp]im5ts are m rec5t ?an ^? ( ,p\illet1 & inspire great] confid5ce1 says3 ,if ! sun 7 a block ( coal1 & x 7 suppli$ ) suffici5t oxyg5 to enable x to burn at ! degree ( heat prop] to t />1 x w\ld be entirely consum$ at ! end ( #ejjj ye>s4 ,n[ ! sun has exi/$ = millions ( ye>s1 = ! transition p]iods ( our globe1 9 :i* ! fir/ liv+ be+s 7 manife/$1 are trac$ back to millions ( ye>s4 ,& yet 8 heat has n s5sibly dim9i%$ s9ce ^? di/ant ages4 ,! pro( t x has n dim9i%$1 is t ! climates ( ! globe at ! pres5t "t are ! same z !y 7 9 ! t]ti>y or quat]n>y epo*4 ,9 ! t]ti>y or quat]n>y /rata ! same plants & ! same animals :i* exi/ at pres5t are f\nd4 ,speak+ ( times ne>] to our own1 we may obs]ve t ! productions ( ! soil rema9 un*ang$ dur+ ! #bjjj or #cjjj ye>s1 ^: traditions & hi/orical ar*ives we possess4 ,! sun has lo/ none ( 8 heat dur+ millions ( ye>s4 ,:]e has he gott5 ?is heat f8 ,:]e does he get x f n[8 ,by :at means is t unqu5*$ fire kept up4 ,to ?is "q nei!r a/ronomy nor physics has ev] furni%$ a satisfactory reply4 ,treatises1 :e!r a/ronomical or physical1 give u no?+ b hypo!ses1 :i* we _c accept4 ,at fir/ x 0 said t ! sun1 turn+ on 8 axis 9 tw5ty-five days1 produc$ by ?is movem5t a p]petual friction ( 8 surface aga9/ ! elem5t 9 :i* he moves1 9 o!r words1 aga9/ ! e!r4 ,b if t 7 ! case1 ?is friction ought to eng5d] a simil> heat on ! surface ( ! planets1 ^: rotatory motion1 & especially ! motion ( translation 9 _! orbit1 is mu* m rapid ?an t ( ! sun turn+ on 8 axis4 ,besides1 if we calculate ! elevation ( ! temp]ature :i* w\ld result f ! friction ( ! sun aga9/ ! e!r1 we %all f9d t ! heat w\ld h>dly suffice to ma9ta9 ! radiation ( ! sol> /> dur+ "o c5tury4 ,?is hypo!sis is !re=e unt5able4 ,ano!r !ory1 bett] support$1 has be5 put =w>d by ! physici/s ,may]1 ,watt]/on1 & ,?ompson2 x expla9s ! ma9t5ance ( ! sol> heat by a con/ant fall ( meteors on ! surface ( ! sol> />4 ,a multitude ( corpuscles gravitate r\nd ! sun1 & approa* him ) suffici5t ne>ness to be attract$ by 8 surface1 & fall ^u x4 ,^! are a/]oids1 :i* turn 9 :irl+ sw>ms ar\nd ! sun4 ,a %[] ( corpuscles1 ( meteorolites1 may be always fall+ on 8 surface4 ,_! fall w\ld cause a great developm5t ( caloric1 9 consequ5ce ( ! trans=mation ( _! enorm\s spe$ into heat1 & ?is caloric w\ld suffice1 accord+ to ! au?ors ( ?is !ory1 = ! ma9t5ance ( sol> radiation4 ,let u quote ,pr(essor ,tyndall on ?is po9t3 ,x is easy to calculate bo? ! maximum & ! m9imum velocity imp>t$ by ! sun's attraction to an a/]oid circulat+ r\nd him4 ,! maximum is g5]at$ :5 ! body approa*es f an inf9ite di/ance1 ! entire pull ( ! sun be+ !n ex]t$ ^u x4 ,! m9imum is t velocity :i* w\ld b>ely enable ! body to revolve r\nd ! sun close to its surface4 ,! f9al velocity ( ! =m]1 j be=e /rik+ ! sun1 w\ld be #cij miles a second1 t ( ! latt] #bgf miles a second4 ,! a/]oid1 on /rik+ ! sun ) ! =m] velocity1 w\ld develop m ?an #ijjj times ! heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( an equal a/]oid ( solid coal2 :ile ! %ock1 9 ! latt] case1 w\ld g5]ate heat equal to t ( ! combu/ion ( upw>ds ( #djjj su* a/]oids4 ,x matt]s n !re=e :e!r ! sub/ances fall+ into ! sun be combu/ible or n2 _! be+ combu/ible w\ld n add s5sibly to ! trem5d\s heat produc$ by _! me*anical collision4 ,"h !n we h an ag5cy compet5t to re/ore 8 lo/ en]gy to ! sun1 & to ma9ta9 a temp]ature at 8 surface :i* transc5ds all t]re/rial combu/ion4 ,! v quality ( ! sol> rays--_! incomp>ably p5etrative p[]--enables u to inf] t ! temp]ature ( _! orig9 mu/ be enorm\s2 b 9 ! fall ( a/]oids we f9d ! means ( produc+ su* a temp]ature4--,p4 #dbc4 ,! fall ( ^! a/]oids on ! surface ( ! sun w\ld be foll[$ by an increase 9 ! bulk ( t />1 & !re has be5 no su* increase s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its obs]vation4 ,also1 ! augm5tation ( ! sun's bulk by ^! =eign bodies1 w\ld h produc$ an accel]ant motion 9 ! orbits ( all ! />s1 :i*1 h[ev] slight1 w\ld be di/9ctly p]ceptible2 :]eas1 = ! #bjjj ye>s ( cele/ial obs]vation1 ^: records we possess1 unbrok5 & p]fect regul>ity 9 ! progression ( ! />s ( our sol> _w is regi/]$4 ,!re is ano!r objection to ?is hypo!sis4 ,x is t x presupposes a solid & resi/ant m$ium 9 ! sun4 ,?is m$ium does n exi/1 accord+ to ! new sol> !ory1 :i* consid]s ?is /> to be =m$ ( vap\r & ( gas1 or1 at mo/1 ( a liquid sph]e4 ,ano!r pro( t ?is resi/ant m$ium does n exi/1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t sev]al comets1 among o!rs ^? ( #afhj1 & ( #ahdc1 h pass$ s close to ! sun at _! p]ihelion1 t _! movem5ts mu/ h be5 greatly di/urb$ by ! resi/ance ( a d5se m$ium4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! comets1 71 h[ev]1 q unaffect$ by ?is cause2 !y 7 obs]v$ to reappe> at ! mom5t indicat$ by ! regul> curve ( _! orbit4 ,! abs5ce ( a resi/ant m$ium 9 ! sun has be5 reg>d$ z s grave an objection by "o ( ! au?ors ( ?is !ory1 ,mr4 ,?ompson1 t he has ab&on$ x1 z incompatible ) facts4 ,ano!r hypo!sis has be5 propos$1 = expla9+ ! ma9t5ance ( sol> heat4 ,! sub/ances :i* n[ =m ! sun h n always be5 collect$ toge!r 9 _! pres5t /ate ( aggregation4 ,at fir/1 8 molecules 71 relatively1 extremely di/ant f "o ano!r1 & =m$ a *aotic1 or confus$ mass4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( attraction1 !y drew toge!r by degrees1 & agglom]at$ !mselves into a nucleus1 :i* has become ! c5tre ( attraction ( ! :ole mass4 ,?is simply am\nts to say+ t ! sun began by be+ 9 ! /ate ( nebulosity1 & pass$ at a lat] p]iod into ! condition ( adh]5t & cont9u\s matt]4 ,! molecules ( sol> nebulosity1 says ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 precipitat+ !mselves ^u "o ano!r1 produc$ heat2 z1 :5 a /one is ?r[n ) =ce f ! top ( a precipice1 heat is also ! ultimate =m into :i* ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! /one is conv]t$4 ,?is sy/em ( explanation ( ! prim>y orig9 ( ! planets is 9 g5]al fav\r4 ,hav+ drawn !mselves toge!r to =m a cont9u\s :ole1 ! elem5ts ( ! sun w\ld h *ang$ _! physical condition1 & ! result ( ?is *ange w\ld h be5 an enorm\s escape ( heat1 suffici5t to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! sol> focus4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t cond5sation ( matt] always accompanies an escape ( heat2 & x has be5 calculat$ t a dim9ution ( only a ?\s&? "p f ! actual bulk ( ! sun w\ld suffice to ma9ta9 ! sol> heat = #bj1jjj ye>s4 ,m4 ,helmholtz1 ! au?or ( ?is +5i\s !ory1 has also calculat$ t ! me*anical =ce equival5t to ! mutual gravitation ( ! p>ticles ( ! nebul\s mass w\ld h be5 orig9ally equal to #ded times ! quantity ( me*anical =ce actually disposable 9 our sy/em1 #dec_/ded ( ! =ce com+ f ! conatus to ! gravitation w\ld !re=e h be5 already exp5d$4 ,! au?or adds t ! #a_/ded :i* rema9s ( ?is orig9al heat1 w\ld suffice to raise ! temp]ature ( a mass ( wat] equal to ! comb9$ bir? ( ! sun & ! planets1 to #bh1jjj1jjj ( degrees c5tigrade2 ?is is a quantity ( heat equal to #bejj times t :i* w\ld be eng5d]$ by ! combu/ion ( ! entire sol> sy/em1 suppos+ x to be turn$ into a mass ( coal4 ,^! calculations are1 d\btless1 mo/ int]e/+1 b _! defect is t !y re/ ^u ! conception ( ! sun's nebulosity1 an hypo!sis :i* requires clos] exam9ation be=e x ought to be accept$ z ! basis ( s important a d$uction4 ,besides1 if ! sun 7 w>m$ by a physical cause n 9 action at ! pres5t "t1 8 heat1 h[ev] great x may be e/imat$ to be1 mu/ necess>ily h be5 dim9i%+ z long z ! sun has be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,n[1 we repeat t x does n appe> t ! heat ( ! sun has ev] suff]$ any dim9ution4 ,! !ory ( nebulosity is !re=e no m securely f\nd$ 9 pr9ciple ?an ! o!r hypo!ses :i* h prec$$ x4 ,?us1 we f9d t nei!r a/ronomy nor physical sci5ce (f]s u any satisfactory explanation ( ! con/ant ma9t5ance ( sol> radiation4 ,common s5se tells u t ?is furnace1 con/antly 9 activity1 mu/ be z unceas+ly f$2 b sci5ce is z yet unable to discov] ! nature & s\rce ( its alim5t4 ,!re1 :]e sci5ce places no?+1 we v5ture to place some?+4 ,9 our belief sol> radiation is ma9ta9$ by ! cont9u\s1 unbrok5 succession ( s\ls1 9 ! sun4 ,^! pure & burn+ spirits are p]petually replac+ ! emanations p]petually s5t ?r\gh space by ! sun1 to ! globes :i* surr\nd him4 ,?us we complete t un9t]rupt$ circle ( :i* we h previ\sly spok51 :i* b9ds toge!r all ! creatures ( nature by ! l9ks ( a common *a91 & atta*es ! visible to ! invisible _w4 ,we may v5ture to put =w>d ?is explanation ( ! ma9t5ance ( sol> radiation ) "s confid5ce1 s9ce sci5ce c give u no exact in=mation ^u ! po9t1 & philosophy 9 ?is case only fills up ! void left by a/ronomy & physics4 ,9 %ort1 ! sun1 ! c5tre ( ! planet>y aggregation1 ! con/ant s\rce ( light & heat1 :i* s5ds =? motion1 s5sation1 & life ^u ! e>?1 is1 9 our belief1 ! f9al soj\rn ( purifi$ p]fect$ s\ls1 :i* h atta9$ _! mo/ exquisite subtlety4 ,!y are entirely devoid ( mat]ial alloy1 !y are pure spirits :o dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ! blaz+ atmosph]e & ! burn+ masses :i* compose ! sun4 ,t />1 ^: size f> surpasses ! bulk ( all ! o!rs put toge!r1 is suffici5tly va/ to conta9 !m4 ,f _! ?rone ( fire1 ^! s\ls1 all intellig5ce & activity1 behold ! m>vell\s spectacle ( ! m>* ( all ! planet>y globes :i* compose ! sol> _w1 ?r\gh space4 ,plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ?is va/ _w1 und]/&+ ! secrets ( nature1 & all ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 !y are 9 possession ( p]fect happ9ess1 ( absolute wisdom1 & ( illimitable k4 ,! ,g5oese naturali/1 ,*>les ,bonnet1 0 ! fir/ to br+ =w>d g5]al ideas ^u ! philosophy ( ! univ]se1 9 ! same ord] z ^? :i* we h j develop$4 ,9 8 ,pal+nsie ,philosophique1 publi%$ 9 #agga1 he introduces ! doctr9e ( div]s exi/5ces = ! human s\l1 outside t ( ! e>?4 ,9 a *apt] app5d$ to t "w1 & entitl$1 ,conjectures on ! bless+s to come1 he draws a picture ( ! p]fect happ9ess :i* we %all enjoy 9 t abode1 & dwells1 9 ! foll[+ eloqu5t words1 on ! transc5d5t k :i* we %all possess1 :i* w unfold to our view all ! secrets ( ! physical & moral worlds3-- ,if ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 says ,*>les ,bonnet1 has v>i$ all ,8 works "h bel[1 s t no?+ creat$ is id5tical ) any?+ else1 if h>moni\s progression reigns among all t]re/rial be+s2 & "o common *a9 unites !m2 is x n probable t ?is m>vell\s *a9 is prolong$ ?r\gh\t all ! planet>y worlds2 t x unites !m all1 & t !y are only con/itu5t & inf9itesimal p>ts ( ! same s]ies8 ,at pres5t we c see only a few l9ks ( ?is great *a92 we are n ev5 c]ta9 t we obs]ve !m 9 _! habitual ord]2 we c only foll[ ?is admirable progression v imp]fectly1 & ?r\gh innum]able w9d+s 9 :i* we meet ) frequ5t int]ruptions1 b we always "k t ! brea*es are n 9 ! *a91 b 9 our k4 ,:5 x %all h be5 grant$ to u to contemplate ?is *a91 z ,i h suppos$ ! intellig5ces = :om our _w 0 *iefly made to contemplate x2 :51 l !m1 we %all be able to foll[ its coils 9 o!r worlds1 !n1 & !n only1 we %all und]/& _! reciprocal dep5d5ce1 _! secret relations1 ! exact mean+ ( e l9k1 & we %all rise by a scale ( relative p]fection to ! mo/ transc5d5t & lum9\s tru?s4 ,) :at feel+s %all our s\ls be fill$1 :51 hav+ /udi$ to its dep?s ! economy ( a _w1 we %all fly to ano!r1 & comp>e ! two6 ,h[ p]fect %all our cosmology be !n6 ,h[ wide ! g5]alization & great ! fecundity ( our pr9ciples1 ! succession1 ! mass1 ! exactness ( our k6 ,:at light %all be %$ f s _m diff]5t objects ^u ! o!r bran*es ( our /udies2 ^u physics1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 rational sci5ce1 & especially ^u t div9e /udy ^: object is ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,all ^! tru?s are *a9$ toge!r1 & ! mo/ di/ant are held to ! ne>e/ by hidd5 l9ks1 :i* x is ! end ( und]/&+ to discov]4 ,newton1 no d\bt1 exult$ 9 hav+ discov]$ ! secret relation betwe5 ! fall ( a /one & ! motion ( a planet2 :5 he %all be "o day trans=m$ into a cele/ial intellig5ce1 he w smile at ?is *ild's play1 & 8 pr(\nd geometry w be to him only ! fir/ elem5ts ( ano!r ,inf9ite4 ,man's reason has already p5etrat$ beyond all ! planet>y worlds2 x has rais$ itself up to heav51 :]e ,god dwells2 x contemplates ! augu/ ?rone ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 x beholds all ! sph]es roll+ b5ea? ,8 feet1 & obey+ ! impulse ( ,8 h&1 x he>s ! acclamations ( all ! intellig5ces1 &1 m+l+ its adoration & its praise ) ! maje/ic song ( ! hi]>*ies1 x cries ) ! deepe/ consci\sness ( its own no?+ness3 ',holy1 holy1 holy1 is ,he :o is et]nal1 & ! ,all ,good2 glory be to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & good-w t[>ds man6' ,oh6 ! dep? ( ! ri*es ( ! ,div9e ,goodness1 :i* is n satisfi$ ) manife/+ itself to m5 on ! e>? by c\ntless means1 b w br+ him "o day to ! cele/ial dwell+-places1 & satisfy ! ?ir/ ( 8 s\l ) ! fulness ( delight4 ,!re are _m dwell+s 9 our ,fa!r's home2 _h x n be5 s1 ,he :om ,he s5t to u w\ld h told u1 & ,he is gone ?i!r to prep>e a place = u4 ,he w come back & take u ) ,him2 t :]e ,he is we may be also4 ,:]e ,he is1 n 9 ! out] c\rt1 n 9 ! ve/ibule1 b 9 ! sanctu>y ( univ]sal creation1 9 ! holy ( holies4 ,:]e ,he is1 :o is ! ,k+ ( angels & ( m51 ! ,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant1 ! ,au?or & ,f9i%] ( our ,fai?1 :o has made ! new way = u :i* leads to life1 :o has made u free to ent] into ! ,holy ,place1 :o has br\ght u ne> to ! city ( ! liv+ ,god1 to ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 to ! innum]able multitude ( angels1 to ,god ,himself1 :o is ! ,judge ( all4444 ,9 ?is et]nal dwell+1 9 ! bosom ( light1 ( p]fection & happ9ess1 we %all read ! g5]al & p>ticul> hi/ory ( ,provid5ce4 ,initiat$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( ,8 gov]nm5t1 ,8 laws1 ,8 disp5sations1 we %all admir+ly recognize ! secret reasons ( ! _m g5]al & p>ticul> ev5ts :i* a/oni% u1 conf\nd u1 & ?r[ u into a /ate ( d\bt :i* philosophy does n always dissipate1 b :i* religion nev] fails to allay4 ,we %all ceaselessly m$itate ^u ! great book ( ! de/9ies ( ! worlds4 ,we %all dwell p>ticul>ly on ! pages :i* conc]n ?is little planet2 ! cradle ( our infancy1 & ! fir/ monum5t ( ! pat]nal goodness ( ! ,creator t[>ds man4 ,we %all discov]1 ) a/oni%m5t1 ! num]\s revolutions :i* ?is little globe has und]gone be=e x assum$ its actual =m1 & we %all foll[ ) our gaze ^? :i* x is de/9$ to und]go 9 ! c\rse ( ages2 b our admiration & our gratitude w be *iefly excit$ by ! wond]s ( t great r$emption1 9 :i* !re are s _m ?+s beyond our feeble rea*1 :i* h be5 ! objects ( ! /udi\s rese>* & ! pr(\nd m$itation ( ! prophets1 & :i* ! angels h desir$ to look into4 ,"o l9e on ?is page w conta9 our own hi/ory1 & w develop to our view ! :y & ! h[ ( ^? calamities1 trials1 & privations :i* 9 ?is _w try ! pati5ce ( ! j man1 purify 8 s\l1 & enhance 8 virtues1 :ile !y cru% & de/roy ! weak4 ,:5 we h rea*$ s elevat$ a degree ( k1 ! orig9 ( physical & moral evil w no long] emb>rass u2 we %all confront !m di/9ctly at _! s\rce1 & 9 _! mo/ di/ant effects1 & we %all ackn[l$ge1 f ! evid5ce be=e u1 t all :i* ,god does is well done4 ,9 ?is _w we see effects only2 & we ev5 obs]ve !m 9 a v sup]ficial mann]2 all ! causes are hidd5 f u3 !n we %all see effects 9 _! causes1 consequ5ces 9 _! pr9ciples1 ! hi/ory ( ! individual 9 t ( ! species1 ! hi/ory ( ! species 9 t ( ! globe1 ! hi/ory ( ! globe 9 t ( ! worlds1 c4 ,n[ we see ?+s only confus$ly1 & 9 a glass d>kly2 b !n we %all see face to face1 & %all "k 9 "s sort z we h be5 kn[n2 9 %ort1 because we %all h an inf9itely m complete & di/9ct k ( ! "w1 we %all also acquire an incomp>ably deep] s5se ( ! p]fections ( ! workman4 ,& ?is k1 ! mo/ sublime1 ! mo/ va/1 ! mo/ desirable ( all1 w be incessantly p]fect$ by intimate int]c\rse ) ! et]nal s\rce ( all p]fection6 ,i _c express ?is suffici5tly1 ,i d b /amm] ov] x2 words are want+2 w\ld t ,i c\ld "k ! language ( ! angels4 ,if x 7 possible to a f9ite intellig5ce ev] to exhau/ ! univ]se1 x w\ld /ill f9d ! treasures ( tru? f et]nity to et]nity 9 contemplation ( its au?or2 &1 aft] a ?\s& myriads ( ages consum$ 9 su* m$itation1 x w\ld only h t\*$ ! edges ( t sci5ce ( :i* x may be ev5 ! highe/ intellig5ces possess no m ?an ! rudim5ts4 ,!re is no true reality except 9 ,him :o is1 = all :i* is1 is by ,him1 be=e be+ out ( ,him2 !re is b "o exi/5ce1 because !re is b "o ,be+ ^: ess5ce x is to exi/2 & all :i* be>s ! inappropriate "n ( be+ _h rema9$ %ut up 9 necess>y exi/5ce z ! consequ5ce 9 ! pr9cipal4#h ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 let u rem>k t ! d$uctions ( sci5ce conc]n+ ! sov]eign "p play$ by ! sun 9 ! g5]al economy ( nature1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! religi\s conceptions ( ! mo/ anci5t peoples4 ,! wor%ip ( fire has reign$ f "t immemorial 9 ,asia1 & especially 9 anci5t ,p]sia4 ,f ! ,p]sian %ores sail$ ! fir/ peoples1 ! ,aryas1 or ,aryans1 :o occupi$ & peopl$ ,europe4 ,fire wor%ip 0 ! fir/ religion ( anci5t ,asia4 ,m4 ,burn\f dwells on ?is fact 9 8 ,etudes sur la ,sci5ce des ,religions1 f :i* we quote ! foll[+ passages3 ,! m5 ( t "t 7! ,aryas7 p]ceiv$ t all ! movem5ts ( inanimate ?+s :i* take place on ! e>?'s surface proce$ f heat1 :i* manife/s itself1 ei!r "u ! =m ( fire :i* burns1 or "u ! =m ( ?und]1 or "u ! =m ( w9d2 b ! ?und] is fire hidd5 9 ! cl\d1 & rises ) x into ! air2--fire :i* burns is1 be=e x manife/s itself1 %ut up 9 ! vegetable matt]s :i* supply x ) alim5t2 w9d is produc$ :5 ! air is /irr$ by heat1 :i* r>efies x or cond5ses x on its )drawal4 ,vegetables1 9 _! turn1 d]ive _! combu/ibility f ! sun1 :i* makes !m gr[1 by /or+ up 8 heat 9 !m1 & ! air is w>m$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 ! same rays :i* r$uc$ ! t]re/rial wat]s to invisible vap\rs1 & !n to ?und]-be>+ cl\ds4 ,! cl\ds spread ! ra91 make ! riv]s1 fe$ ! sea :i* ! agitat$ w9ds tr\ble4 ,?us all ?is mobility :i* animates nature ar\nd u is ! "w ( heat1 & heat proce$s f ! sun1 :i* is at ! same "t ! cele/ial travell]1 & ! univ]sal motor4 ,life also seem$ to !m to be closely alli$ to ! idea ( fire4 ,! gr& ph5om5on ( ! accumulation ( sol> heat 9 plants1 a ph5om5on :i* sci5ce has s9ce elucidat$1 0 e>ly p]ceiv$ by ! anci5ts4 ,x is frequ5tly po9t$ out 9 ! ,v$das 9 expressive t]ms4 ,:5 !y light$ ! wood on ! he>? !y knew t !y only '=c$' x to give out ! fire :i* x _h receiv$ f ! sun4 ,:5 _! att5tion 0 direct$ to animals1 ! close bond :i* exi/s betwe5 heat & life1 /ruck !m 9 all its =ce2 heat ma9ta9s life1 !y f\nd no liv+ animals 9 :om 0 life )\t heat2 on ! contr>y1 !y saw t vital en]gy display$ itself 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! animals %>$ 9 heat1 & dim9i%$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,life exi/s & p]petuates itself on ! e>? on ?ree conditions only1 t fire %\ld p5etrate ! body "u its ?ree =ms1 ( :i* "o resides 9 ! sun's rays1 "o 9 ! ignit$ alim5ts1 & ! ?ird 9 respiration1 :i* is air r5ew$ by motion4 ,n[ ^! two latt] proce$1 ea* aft] its own fa%ion1 f ! sun 7srya72 8 cele/ial =ce is ! univ]sal motor1 & ! fa!r ( life3 t :i* he fir/ eng5d]$1 is ! fire "h bel[ 7agni7 born ( 8 rays1 & 8 second et]nal co-op]ator is air put 9 motion1 :i* is also call$ w9d1 or _s 7vyu74#i ,! wor%ip ( ! sun /ill exi/s among all ! negro tribes :i* inhabit ! int]ior ( ,africa2 x may ev5 be said t x is ! only religion ( ! ,african tribes1 & ?is religion has exi/$ among !m 9 all times4 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ! new _w _h no o!r wor%ip ?an t ( ! sun4 ,?is fact is e/abli%$ by ! hi/orical ar*ives ( ! ,indian races :i* we possess2 su* z ! ,aztecs or anci5t inhabitants ( ,mexico1 & ! ,incas or anci5t ,p]uvians4 ,manco ,capac1 :o subjugat$ ,p]u1 & impos$ 8 own laws ^u ! c\ntry1 pass$ = ! son ( ! sun4 ,did n all ^! primitive p1 ^: cu/oms ext5d back to ! orig9 ( humanity1 :5 !y r5d]$ religi\s homage to ! sun1 obey a my/]i\s intuition1 a secret voice ( nature8 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is v rem>kable t ! religi\s conceptions ( ! mo/ anci5t p %\ld be 9 su* complete h>mony ) ! mo/ rec5t & mo/ au?oritative d$uctions ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #h ,pal+nsie ,philosophique1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dbg & foll[+4 #i ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae? ,april1 #ahfh4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,t5?4 ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,relations ,,:i* ,,subsi/ ,,betwe5 ,,u1 ,,& ,,sup]human ,,be+s8 ,,hav+ drawn a picture ( ! transmigrations ( s\ls :i*1 hav+ belong$ to m51 atta91 accord+ to our belief1 to ! sublime dwell+-place ( ! sol> spaces1 we w n[ return to ! sup]human be+1 & endeav\r to f9d out :e!r t be+1 :o imm$iately succe$s to man1 :o is a resuscitat$ man1 inc>nate 9 a new body1 & liv+ 9 ! pla9s ( e!r1 c place himself 9 relation ) ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 not)/&+ ! imm5se space :i* divides !m4 ,we h already endeav\r$ 7*4 iv47 to disc]n ! attributes ( ! sup]human be+4 ,consid]+ ! numb] & ext5t ( ! faculties ) :i* we believe him to be end[$1 we _c hesitate to accord to ?is mighty creature ! p[] ( communicat+ ) our e>?1 & ( ex]t+ a c]ta9 influ5ce !re4 ,b h[ & by :at means c su* a communication be e/abli%$8 ,:at is ! ag5cy ^: exi/5ce we mu/ presuppose1 9 ord] t be+s float+ 9 ! e!real spaces c produce an impression "h bel[8 ,:at transc5d5t sy/em ( electric telegraphy does ! sup]human be+ employ8 ,on ?is po9t we are absolutely ignorant1 b ! fact t communication does exi/ betwe5 ^! be+s & our globe appe>s to u to be c]ta92 a conviction :i* we base ^u ! foll[+ gr\nds4 ,fir/1 let u address ourselves to ! popul> feel+4 ,z we h already said1 we are n afraid ( invok+ vulg> prejudices & op9ions1 because !y are almo/ always ! expression ( "s great moral tru?4 ,obs]vations repeat$ ?\s&s ( times1 traditions transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & :i* h resi/$ ! control ( "t1 )\t be+ ei!r alt]$ or de/roy$1 _c deceive4 ,only1 :5 ! p amid/ :om ?is tradition has be5 =mulat$ & pres]v$1 are un5light5$1 !y translate _! obs]vations into a co>se =m4 ,let u inquire into ! orig9 ( ^? gho/s 9 :i* _m civiliz$ p firmly believe6 ,take away ! absurd :ite %eet1 & ! human =m ) :i* ! simple sup]/ition ( ! peasantry inve/ !m1 & y w f9d 9 gho/s ! idea ( communication betwe5 ! s\ls ( ! dead & ! liv+1 y w f9d ! ?\ght :i* we are endeav\r+ to put be=e y 9 a sci5tific =m4 ,?is popul> notion ab\t gho/s has ext5d$ to p]sons :o appe> to be educat$ & enlight5$1 b :o are1 9 reality1 z ignorant 9 matt]s ( philosophy z ! simple peasants1 & :o are1 9 addition1 addict$ to my/icism1 :i* obscures _! reason4 ,we allude to spirituali/s4 ,! t]m spirituali/s is appli$ to ! p>tisans ( a new sup]/ition :i* sprung up 9 ,am]ica & ,europe 9 #ahee1 z a result ( ! moral malady ( table-turn+4 ,^! good p imag9e t !y c1 by _! w1 & accord+ to _! fancy1 cause ! s\ls ( ! dead1 ( great m51 or ( _! own relatives & fri5ds1 to desc5d to ! e>?4 ,!y evoke ! s\l ( ,socrates or ,confucius1 z easily z t ( a defunct relative1 & !y are s simple z to imag9e t ^! s\ls come at _! call to conv]se ) !m4 ,a p]son :o is call$ a m$ium is ! int]m$i>y betwe5 ! invok] & ! s\l invok$4 ,! m$ium1 "u ! influ5ce ( an unconsci\s & habitual halluc9ation1 writes d[n on pap] all ! answ]s made by ! _s1 or r he writes d[n ev]y?+ t comes into 8 own fooli% head1 imag9+ himself to be fai?fully transmitt+ messages f ! o!r _w4 ,! p :o li/5 to him take ^! ?+s1 :i* are simply ! ?\ghts ( ! ignorant m$ium1 = revelations f beyond ! tomb4 ,9 spiritualism !re exi/s only "o true & rational idea2 x is ! possibility ( man's plac+ himself 9 relation ) ! s\ls ( ! dead2 b ! co>se means resort$ to by ! p>tisans ( ?is my/ic doctr9e1 cause e enlight5$ & educat$ man to repudiate any fell[%ip ) !m4 ,we m]ely m5tion spiritualism 9 ?is place z a vulg> & fooli% phase ( ! popul> belief 9 gho/s4 ,x has high] pret5sions1 b sci5ce & reason alike =bid u to admit !m4 ,! fact ( communication betwe5 sup]human be+s & ! dwell]s ^u ! e>? be+1 x seems to u1 prov$1 we %all n[ consid] h[ ^? sup]human be+s & m5 :o live on ! e>? or on ! o!r planets may be br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r4 ,x appe>s to u t ?is communication is *iefly 9 action dur+ sleep1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( dreams4 ,sleep1 t curi\s & ill-expla9$ /ate1 is ! condition ( our be+ dur+ :i* a portion ( our physiological functions1 ^? :i* e/abli% our connection ) ! ext]nal _w1 are aboli%$1 :ile ! s\l pres]ves a "p ( its activity4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! body be+ seiz$ by a k9d ( dea?1 ! s\l1 on ! contr>y1 cont9ues to act1 to feel1 & to manife/ itself by ! ph5om5a ( dreams4 ,n[1 9 ! sup]human be+1 ! spiritual portion1 ! s\l1 dom9ates imm5sely ov] ! mat]ial portion4 ,! sup]human be+ is1 s to speak1 all intellig5ce4 ,man1 :5 he is 9 ! condition ( sleep & dream+1 approa*es ne>] to ! sup]human be+ ?an :5 he is 9 a wak+ /ate2 !re is1 !n1 m resemblance1 m natural aff9ity betwe5 !m4 ,consequ5tly communications c be m easily e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! two be+s :o are drawn toge!r by analogy ( condition4 ,!re is a say+1 ! result ( repeat$ obs]vation1 :i* is logical & true4 ,x is1 ! night br+s c\nsel4 ,is n ?is z mu* z to say t x is dur+ ! night we receive ! secret communications & ! solit>y advice ( ^? belov$ invisible be+s :o wat* ov] u1 & inspire u ) _! supreme wisdom8 ,x is c]ta9 t :5 we h to make a decision1 to unravel a ?\ght1 x (t5 happ5s t we fall asleep 9 ! mid/ ( p]plexity & unc]ta9ty1 & t ! next day we awake1 hav+ tak5 our decision1 unravell$ our ?\ght1 :i* expla9s ! phrase1 ! night br+s c\nsel4 ,anci5t times1 & ! middle ages1 accord$ an extraord9>y importance to dreams4 ,!y 7 consid]$ to be s5t by ,god1 z ,8 w>n+s1 h5ce ! importance atta*$ to _! int]pretation4 ,dur+ sleep1 says ,t]tullian1 ! hon\rs :i* await m5 are reveal$ to u2 dur+ sleep1 rem$ies are indicat$1 !fts reveal$1 treasures discov]$4#aj ,visions play$ a great "p among ,*ri/ians 9 m$ival times4 ,x 0 dur+ sleep t sa9ts1 inspir$ p]sons1 & devotees receiv$ communications ( an extraord9>y ord]4 ,we are f> f believ+ t x is dur+ sleep & dreams only t we c feel ! pres5ce & ! influ5ce ( sup]human be+s4 ,!re are few p]sons :o h n felt1 :ile wak+1 an unacc\ntable influ5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,we feel a s(t1 g5tle impression1 a sort ( vague1 my/]i\s pu%1 :i* excites a spontane\s resolution1 a sudd5 inspiration1 an unhop$-= sugge/ion4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t all m5 are n recipi5ts ( ^! my/]i\s impressions4 ,! sup]human be+ _c manife/ himself except to ^? :om he loves1 & :o rememb] him2 to ^? :om he wi%es to protect aga9/ ! dang]s & difficulties ( ?is t]re/rial life4 ,a fa!r1 or a "m1 snat*$ away f filial love by dea?1 comes to speak to ! s\l :i* rema9s & m\rns "h bel[4 ,a son1 torn 9 ! dawn ( life f ! t5d]ness ( 8 p>5ts1 comes to console !m = 8 loss1 to enlight5 !m ) 8 advice1 to furni% !m1 by ! inspiration ( 8 l(ty wisdom1 ) ! means ( su/a9+ all ! trials ( ?is l[] life4 ,two fri5ds are unit$1 despite ! b>ri] ( ! tomb4 ,two lov]s1 :om dea? has sund]$1 are aga9 br\ght toge!r4 ,an ador$ wife1 tak5 by dea? f h] husb&1 reveals h]self to 8 he>t4 ,!n all ^? s5tim5ts ( mutual affection :i* subsi/$ betwe5 !m spr+ up aga92 dea?1 :i* has appe>$ to sev] ! ties betwe5 ^! s\ls1 does no m ?an veil !m f ! eyes ( /rang]s4 ,dea? is conqu]$2 ! phantom is laid l[1 & we may cry ) ! prophet 9 ! ,scripture1 ,oh1 ,dea?6 :]e is ?y /+8 ,oh1 ,grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,9 ord] to receive ^! communications1 a man mu/ possess a pure & noble m9d1 & he mu/ h pres]v$ ! cultus ( ^? :om he has lo/4 ,a "m :o has be5 indiff]5t to h] *ild dur+ 8 life1 or has =gott5 him aft] 8 dea?1 _c expect to receive secret manife/ations f him = :om %e has felt b little t5d]ness4 ,! fri5d f ^: he>t ! image ( ! fri5d remov$ by dea? has be5 effac$1 mu/ r5\nce su* priceless manife/ations4 ,! man :o is ab&on$ to l[ & vici\s in/9cts & p]v]se incl9ations1 mu/ n flatt] himself1 h[ev] fai?fully he may h pres]v$ ! memory ( ! dead1 t ^! messages %all come to him4 ,a pure & noble creature only c communicate ) ^! privileg$ be+s4 ,!re exi/s 9 our he>ts a moral =ce :i* no philosophy has be5 able to expla91 :i* no sci5ce has be5 able to analyze1 :i* is call$ consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is a sacr$ light burn+ )9 u1 :i* no?+ c ob/ruct1 obscure1 or ext+ui%1 & :i* has ! p[] ( giv+ u sure & c]ta9 enlight5m5t on e occasion 9 our lives4 ,consci5ce is infallible4 ,not)/&+ ev]y?+1 9 spite ( our real or app>5t int]e/1 at all times1 & 9 all places1 speak+ to ! great & ! small alike1 to ! p[]ful & to ! weak1 x always tea*es to disc]n good f evil1 ! hone/ f ! di%one/ way4 ,9 our belief1 consci5ce is ! impression transmitt$ to u by a belov$ be+1 snat*$ f u by dea?4 ,x is a relative1 a fri5d1 :o has left ! e>?1 & :o deigns to reveal himself to u1 t he may guide u 9 our actions1 trace out ! pa? ( safety = u1 & lab\r = our good4 ,c[>dly1 p]v]se1 base1 & ly+ m5 exi/1 ( :om we say t !y h no consci5ce4 ,!y d n "k h[ to di/+ui% good f evil2 !y are entirely want+ 9 moral s5se4 ,x is because !y h nev] lov$ any "o1 & _! s\ls1 base & vile1 are n wor?y to be visit$ by any ( ^? sup]ior be+s1 :o only manife/ !mselves to m5 :o resemble !m1 or :o h lov$ !m4 ,a man )\t a consci5ce is1 !n1 "o :o is r5d]$ unwor?y1 by ! vici\s ess5ce ( 8 s\l1 ( ! l(ty c\nsels & ! protection ( ^? :o are no m4 ,our read]s w h p]ceiv$ t ?is idea ( a supreme & invisible protector ( man1 :o guides 8 he>t1 & enlight5s 8 reason1 has already be5 =mulat$ by ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* has d]iv$ x f ,holy ,scripture4 ,x is ! ,gu>dian ,angel1 a my/]i\s & poetic type1 a s]aphic creature1 :om ,god has *>g$ to wat* ov] ! ,*ri/ian1 to gu>d him aga9/ sn>es1 & con/antly to direct him to ! ways ( sanctity & virtue4 ,we obs]ve ?is argum5t )\t hav+ s\ght x4 ,9 %ort1 we regi/] our ideas z !y d$uce !mselves logically f ea* o!r1 )\t any bias4 ,& :5 we f9d ourselves l$ into agreem5t ) a dogma ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 we note t concord ) pleasure4 ,we w\ld ask ^? p]sons :o h read ^! pages to "q !mselves1 to summon up _! recollections1 to reflect ^u :at has pass$ ar\nd !m1 & we are conv9c$ t !y w discov] _m facts 9 h>mony ) :at we advance4 ,! moral ph5om5on ( ! impressions made by ! dead on ! m9d ( ! liv+ :o h lov$ !m1 & :o keep up ! cultus ( _! memory1 is "o ( ^? tru?s :i* e "o holds by intuition1 & ^: entire v]ity he ackn[l$ges :5 he f9ds x curtly =mulat$ & put =w>d4 ,we w n give our read]s second-h& in=mation by invok+ facts ( ?is k9d :i* !y may "k2 we c only recall a few :i* came "u our obs]vation1 briefly1 z foll[s3 ,"o ( our fri5ds1 an ,italian ,c\nt1 ,b----1 lo/ 8 "m ne>ly =ty ye>s ago4 ,he has assur$ u t he has be5 9 communication ) h] e day s9ce1 )\t int]mission4 ,he adds t he owes ! wise ord]+ ( 8 life1 8 lab\rs1 8 c>e]1 & ! good =tune :i* has always accompani$ 8 ent]prizes1 to ! con/ant influ5ce & secret c\nsels ( 8 "m4 ,dr4 ,v----1 a pr(ess$ mat]iali/1 "o :o1 accord+ to ! popul> phrase1 believes 9 no?+1 believes1 nev]!less1 9 8 "m4 ,l ,c\nt ,b----1 he lo/ h] e>ly1 & has nev] ceas$ to feel h] pres5ce4 ,he told u t he is m frequ5tly ) 8 dead "m1 ?an he us$ to be :5 %e 0 liv+4 ,?is pr(ess$ apo/le ( m$ical mat]ialism has1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 conv]sations ) an emancipat$ s\l4 ,a celebrat$ j\rnali/1 ,m4 ,r----1 lo/ a son1 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 a *>m+1 g5tle y\?1 a writ]1 & a poet4 ,e day ,m4 ,r---- has an intimate conv]sation ) ?is son4 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r ( solit>y recollection admits him to direct communication ) ! belov$ be+ snat*$ away f 8 love4 ,m4 ,l----1 a b>ri/]1 ma9ta9s con/ant relations ) a si/] :o1 :5 liv+1 possess$1 accord+ to him1 e human p]fection1 & :o nev] fails to guide h] bro!r 9 e difficulty ( 8 life1 great or small4 ,ano!r consid]ation sugge/s itself 9 support ( ! idea :i* occupies u at pres5t4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t arti/s1 writ]s1 & ?9k]s1 aft] ! loss ( "o belov$1 h f\nd _! faculties1 tal5ts1 & inspirations increas$4 ,we might surmise t ! intellectual faculties ( ^? :om !y h lov$ h be5 add$ to _! own4 ,i "k a f9anci] :o is rem>kable = 8 bus9ess capacities4 ,:5 he f9ds himself 9 a difficulty1 he /ops1 )\t tr\bl+ himself to seek = its solution4 ,he waits1 kn[+ t ! miss+ idea w come to him spontane\sly1 &1 sometimes aft] days1 sometimes aft] h\rs1 ! idea comes1 j z he has expect$4 ,?is happy & successful man has exp]i5c$ "o ( ! deepe/ sorr[s ! he>t c "k2 he has lo/ an only son1 ag$ eighte5 ye>s1 & end[$ ) all ! qualities ( maturity1 comb9$ ) ! graces ( y\?4 ,our read]s may draw ! conclusion = !mselves4 ,?is la/ example may in/ruct u conc]n+ a peculi>ity ( ! sup]ior manife/ations :i* we are /udy+4 ,we h j said t sometimes a c]ta9 "t1 "s days = in/ance1 are requir$ = ! production ( ! manife/ations4 ,! cause ( ?is is t ! sup]human be+1 to :om !y are due1 has mu* difficulty 9 putt+ himself 9 relation ) ! inhabitants ( our globe4 ,!re are _m be+s on ! e>? :om he loves1 & :om he w\ld fa9 protect1 & he _c be 9 two diff]5t places at ! same "t4 ,we may ev5 suppose t ! difficulties :i* human be+s feel 9 putt+ !mselves 9 relation ) u1 add$ to ! spectacle ( ! suff]+s & mis=tunes :i* ov]:elm _! fri5ds "h bel[1 are ! causes ( ! only sorr[s :i* tr\ble _! exi/5ce1 s m>vell\sly happy 9 o!r respects4 ,absolute happ9ess exi/s n[h]e 9 ! _w1 & de/9y has ! p[] to let fall "o drop ( gall into ! cup ( happ9ess quaff$ by ! dwell]s 9 e!r1 9 _! cele/ial abode4 ,p]sons :o receive communications f ! dead h rem>k$ t ^! communications sometimes cease q sudd5ly4 ,a celebrat$ actress1 n[ retir$ f ! /age1 _h manife/ communications ) a p]son :om %e _h lo/ by a tragical dea?4 ,^! communications abruptly ceas$4 ,! s\l ( ! dead fri5d :om %e m\rn$ w>n$ h] t _! int]c\rse 0 ab\t to cease4 ,! assign$ reason s]ves to expla9 :y su* relation _c be cont9u\sly ma9ta9$4 ,! sup]human be+ :o 0 9 relations ) ! t]re/rial p]son _h already ris5 9 rank 9 ! cele/ial hi]>*y1 he _h accompli%$ a new metamorphosis1 & he c\ld no long] correspond ) ! e>?4 ,among ! ,fr5* peasantry communication ) ! dead is a g5]al habit4 ,9 ! c\ntry dea? does n involve ! lugubri\s ideas :i* accompany x among ! dwell]s 9 cities4 ,p love & cultivate ! memory ( ^? :om !y h lov$1 !y hold z mo/ happy ^? :om ! fav\r ( ,provid5ce has e>ly remov$ f ! mis=tunes1 ! failures1 ! bitt]ness ( t]re/rial life1 !y call on !m1 !y confide 9 !m1 & ! dead1 grateful = ?is pi\s memory ( !m1 respond to ! simple pray]s ( ^! he>ts4 ,all ! ,ori5tals h t s]5e aspiration t[>ds dea? :i* 9 ,europe exi/s exclusively among c\ntry p4 ,! ,mussulmans love to invoke dea?1 to spread ! idea ( dea? ev]y:]e4 ,e "o kn[s ! melan*oly prov]b ( ! ,arabs1 ,x is bett] to be seat$ ?an /&+2 x is bett] to be ly+ d[n ?an seat$2 x is bett] to be dead ?an liv+4 ,! prec$+ *apt] t]m9at$ ) a quotation f ,*>les ,bonnet1 ! fir/ ( ! naturali/s :o disc]n$ ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces above ! globe4 ,we %all t]m9ate ?is *apt] ) a quotation f ano!r naturali/ philosoph]1 a contempor>y ( ,*>les ,bonnet1 :o def5d$ t doctr9e v clev]ly4 ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 9 8 ,philosophie de l',univ]s1 expresses himself ?us1 on ! subject ( ! communications :i* may be e/abli%$ betwe5 u1 & ! sup]ior be+s1 invisible inhabitants ( o!r worlds1 :om he calls angels1 or g5ii4 ,:y1 said ,dupont1 h we no evid5t k ( ^! be+s1 ! necessity1 conv5i5ce1 & analogy ( :om /rike our reflective faculties :i* only c indicate !m8 ( ^? be+s :o mu/ surpass u 9 p]fections1 9 faculties1 9 p[]1 z mu* z we surpass ! l[] animals & ! plants8--:o mu/ h a hi]>*y z v>i\s1 z f9ely graduat$ z t :i* we admire among ! liv+ & intellig5t be+s ov] :i* we dom9ate1 & :i* are subord9ate to u8--sev]al o!rs ( :om may be our companions on e>?1 z we are ( animals :i*1 de/itute ( sight1 he>+1 & ! s5se ( smell1 ( h&s & ( feet1 d n "k :at we are ev5 :5 we are do+ !m good1 or h>m8--"s ( :om are p]haps travell+ f globe to globe1 or1 m excell5t /ill1 f "o sol> sy/em to ano!r1 m easily ?an we g f ,bre/ to ,madagasc>8 ,x is because we h nei!r su* organs or su* s5ses z w\ld be necess>y to enable our intellig5ce to communicate ) !m4 ,?us d ! worlds embrace ! worlds1 & ?us are classifi$ intellig5t be+s all compos$ ( matt] :i* ,god has m or less ri*ly organiz$ & vivifi$4 ,su* is ! probability1 &1 speak+ to vigor\s m9ds :i* d n %r9k f novel sugge/ions1 ,i w d>e to say t su* is ! tru?4 ,man is capable ( calculat+ t x is frequ5tly = 8 own int]e/ to be useful to o!r species2 &1 :i* is m valuable1 m moral1 & m amiable1 he is capable ( r5d]+ !m s]vices = 8 own satisfaction1 & )\t any o!r motive ?an ! pleasure :i* x af=ds him to d s4 ,t :i* we d = our l[] bre?r51 we1 ^: intellig5ce is circumscrib$1 & ^: goodness is v limit$1 ! g5ii1 ! angels1--p]mit me to employ t]ms 9 g5]al use to designate be+s :om ,i only div9e b d n "k1--^! be+s :o are s mu* m wor?y ?an we1 ought to d1 & d\btless d1 ! same = u1 ) mu* m b5efic5ce1 frequ5cy1 & ext5t on all occasions :i* conc]n !m4 ,we "k p]fectly well t ^! intellig5ces exi/1 & x is ( little importance to u :e!r !y are1 z "s p]sons ?9k1 =m$ ( a sort ( matt]1 compos$ ( mix$ mat]ial1 or n4 ,_! quota ( intellig5ce is v brilliant1 v rem>kable1 & evid5t2 9 /rong contra/ ) ! prop]ties ( inanimate nature1 :i* c be measur$1 weigh$1 calculat$1 & analyz$4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d :at is ! action ( sup]human intellig5ces1 :o c only be kn[n to u by induction1 reason1 & comp>ison betwe5 :at we ourselves are to ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t animals1 :i* are effici5tly s]v$ by u1 b h n ! smalle/ idea ( u1 we mu/ pursue analogy f>!r4 ,^! intellig5ces are above u1 & out ( ! rea* ( our s5ses only because !y are end[$ ) a great] numb] ( s5ses1 & ) a m develop$ & m active life4 ,^! be+s are m wor?y ?an we are1 !y h _m m organs & faculties1 !y mu/ !re=e1 9 employ+ _! disposable faculties accord+ to _! w1 j z we employ ours accord+ to our w1 be able to dispose1 to "w1 to manuvre all inanimate matt]1 & to d all ?is among !mselves1 & also ) respect to intellig5t be+s :o are _! inf]iors1 ) mu* m en]gy1 rapidity1 enlight5m5t1 & wisdom ?an we possess1 we :o nev]!less d x = ! bea/s subord9ate to u4 ,x is1 !n1 9 h>mony ) ! laws & ! ways ( nature t ! sup]ior intellig5ces %\ld h p[] to r5d] u1 :5 x pleases !m1 mo/ important s]vices ( :i* we are q ignorant4 ,^! unkn[n protectors :o obs]ve u1 unp]ceiv$1 h n our imp]fections1 & mu/ prize all t is good & beautiful 9 itself m highly ?an we c4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 hope to please intellig5ces ( a sup]ior grade by actions :i* m5 !mselves w\ld condemn z odi\s4 ,we _c flatt] ourselves ) a hope ( deceiv+ !m1 z we may deceive m51 by ext]ior hypocrisy :i* only r5d]s crime m despicable4 ,!y c behold our mo/ secret actions1 !y c ov]he> our soliloquies1 !y c p5etrate our unspok5 ?\ghts4 ,we "k n 9 h[ _m ways !y c read :at is pass+ 9 our he>ts1 we1 ^: co>s5ess1 pov]ty1 & unskilfulness limit our means ( kn[+ to t\*1 sight1 he>+1 & sometimes analysis & conjecture4 ,a celebrat$ ,roman wi%$ to h a h\se built1 :i* %\ld be op5 to ! sight ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is h\se exi/s1 & we inhabit x4 ,our neighb\rs are ! *iefs & ! magi/rates ( ! great republic1 :o are inve/$ ) "r & p[] to puni% ev5 our int5tions1 :i* are no my/]y to !m4 ,& ^? :o mo/ completely p5etrate !m 9 _! smalle/ v>iations1 9 _! lighte/ inflections1 are ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ wise4 ,let u !n try1 9 s f> z x dep5ds on u1 to keep 9 accord ) ^? 9 comp>ison ) :om we are s small1 &1 above all1 let u und]/& our littl5ess4 ,if x be v important to u to admit to our complete fri5d%ip1 to our entire confid5ce1 to our con/ant society1 none b m5 ( ! fir/ rank ( m9d & "*--if ! sweet competition ( affection1 zeal1 goodness1 & capacity :i* is always go+ on betwe5 !m & u1 contributes to our improvem5t e day1 :at %all we n ga9 by giv+ !m adjuncts1 s to speak1 high] & m p]fect1 :o are n subject1 ei!r to our ignoble int]e/s1 our passions1 or our errors1 & be=e :om we _c b blu%4 ,!y d n v>y1 !y d n ab&on u1 !y nev] g away1 s soon z we are alone we f9d !m4 ,!y accompany u 9 travel1 9 exile1 9 prison1 9 a dungeon2 !y are always float+ above ! peaceful & reflect+ bra94 ,we c "q !m1 & e "t we d s1 we may be sure t !y reply4 ,:y %\ld !y n d s8 ,our abs5t fri5ds r5d] u su* s]vice1 b only ^? ( _! numb] :o inspire u ) great respect4 ,we c ev5 exp]i5ce some?+ ( ! k9d ) reg>d to an imag9>y p]sonage1 if he pres5ts himself to our m9ds z unit+ sev]al good & h]oic qualities4 ,h[ (t51 9 difficult circum/ances & 9 ! mid/ ( ! /rife ( diff]5t passages1 ,i h ask$ myself1--,9 ?is case1 :at w\ld ,*>les ,gr&ison h done8 ,:at w\ld ,quesnay h ?\ght8 ,:at w\ld ,turgot h approv$ (8 ,:at advice w\ld ,lavoisi] h giv5 me8 ,h[ %all ,i ga9 ! approval ( ! angels8 ,:at l9e ( action w be mo/ con=mable to ! ord]1 ! laws & ! b5efic5t views ( ! wise & maje/ic ,k+ ( ! univ]se8 ,= ! homage1 ! aspirations ( a s\l eag] to d good1 & c>eful to avoid debasem5t1 may also be rais$ to ,god1 9 salut>y & pi\s invocation4#aa ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #aj ,lib] de anim1 *4 xlvi #aa ,pezzani3 ,pluralit des ,exi/5ces de l'me1 pp4 #bjf-baj4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,elev5?4 ,,:at ,,is ,,an ,,animal8--,,! ,,s\ls ,,( ,,animals4--,,migrations ,,( ,,s\ls ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,bodies ,,( ,,animals4 ,,hi!rto we h left animals out ( our plan1 al?\gh1 ow+ to _! imm5se numb]1 & _! influ5ce ^u ! places :i* !y inhabit1 !y play a highly important "p 9 ! _w4 ,x is n[ "t to def9e ! place 9 nature :i* our sy/em assigns to !m4 ,h animals s\ls8 ,yes1 9 our belief1 animals h s\ls2 b among animals ( all classes ! s\l is f> f be+ end[$ ) an equal degree ( activity4 ,! activity ( ! s\l is diff]5t 9 ! crocodile & 9 ! dog1 9 ! eagle & 9 ! gras%opp]4 ,9 inf]ior animals1 zoophytes & mollusca1 ! s\l exi/s only 9 ! condition ( a g]m4 ,?is g]m develops itself1 & becomes amplifi$ accord+ to ! elevation ( animals 9 ! s]ies ( organic p]fection4 ,! sponge & ! coral are zoophytes 7animal plants74 ,9 ^! be+s1 ! *>act]i/ics ( animality1 al?\gh !y exi/ v positively1 are obscure & h>dly disc]nible4 ,volunt>y motion1 :i* is ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic =m]ly dem&$ = animals1 is want+ 9 !m2 !y are motionless1 l ! plants4 ,nev]!less1 _! nutrition is ! same z t ( animals1 !re=e !y belong to ! animal _w4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 grant to !m a complete s\l1 b only ! g]m1 ! orig9at+ po9t ( a s\l4 ,among mollusca 7su* z m>9e & l& %ells1 ! oy/]1 ! snail1 c471 ! motions & ! conduct ( life are dictat$ by ! w1 & t suffices1 9 our belief1 to reveal _! possession ( a s\l1 imp]fect & v elem5t>y1 b c]ta9ly exi/5t4 ,among articulat$ animals1 ! insects especially1 w1 s5sibility1 acts :i* d5ote reason1 delib]ation1 & action result+ f delib]ation1 are num]\s1 & recurr5t at e mom5t4 ,!y d5ote intellig5ce already active4 ,! smallness ( ! bodies ( ^! animals is n an argum5t to be us$ aga9/ ! fact ( _! intellig5ce4 ,9 nature no?+ is great1 & no?+ is little2 ! mon/r\s :ale & ! invisible gnat are equal 9 ! pres5ce ( its laws2 bo? "o & ! o!r h receiv$ z _! inh]itance ! degree ( intellig5ce :i* is suitable to its ne$1 & x is n by ! scale ( gr&eur t we mu/ measure ! degrees ( m9d among liv+ creatures4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! prodigies ( intellig5ce p]=m$ by associat$ bees1 & by ! ants1 9 _! camps & hills4 ,! habits ( ^! two species ( insects1 :i* h be5 /udi$ & exp\nd$ only 9 our age1 fill u ) wond]1 almo/ ) awe4 ,b ! bees & ! ants d n con/itute an exception among ! insect class4 ,x is v probable t 9 ! entire class intellig5ce exi/s to ! same degree z 9 bees & ants1 = we d n see :y two species ( hym5opt]\s insects %\ld exclusively possess ?is privilege1 to ! exclusion ( o!r species ( ! same ord]1 & all ! o!r ord]s ( ! insect class4 ,! fact is1 t ! bee has be5 /udi$ pr(\ndly1 because t insect is an object ( agricultural indu/ry1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 x 0 = man's int]e/ to und]/& its cu/oms4 ,?is acc\nts = ! successful surm\nt+ ( ! difficulties att5dant on ! /udy ( bees4 ,we may add1 t ! obs]v] to :om our k ( bees is due1 ,pi]re ,hub]1 ( ,g5eva1 :o publi%$ 8 f9e works at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 bl9d1 & t he 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse = all 8 obs]vations to ! eyes ( an illit]ate s]vant1 ,franois ,burn5s1 :i* is a pro( t ?is k9d ( /udy 0 n inord9ately difficult4 ,! habits ( o!r species ( insects1 /ill unkn[n to u1 mu/1 accord+ to ?is1 conceal m>vels q z great z ^? :i* ! ,hub]s h reveal$ 9 ! case ( bees & ants4 ,let u conclude t insects h s\ls1 s9ce intellig5ce is a faculty ( ! s\l4 ,we may apply ! same reason+ to fi%es1 reptiles1 & birds4 ,9 ^! ?ree classes ( animals intellig5ce progresses t[>ds p]fection1 ! faculty ( reason is manife/1 & ! degree ( intellig5ce seems to m>* at a progressive rate f ! fi% to ! reptile1 & f ! reptile to ! bird4 ,9 mammif]\s animals we obs]ve a degree ( advance 9 intellig5ce ^u ! classes ( animals we h j nam$4 ,b1 ought we to calculate ! degree ( intellig5ce ( ! diff]5t mammif]s accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* naturali/s h class$ ^! animals8 ,ought we to say t ! /r5g? ( intellig5ce increases z we foll[ ! zoological di/ribution ( ,cuvi]1 t is to say1 t x rises f cetacea to c>nivora1 f c>nivora to pa*yd]ms1 & f pa*yd]ms to rum9ants1 c48 ,no1 evid5tly n4 ,x w\ld be absurd to apportion ! intellect ( animals to ! place :i* !y occupy 9 zoological classification4 ,we d n possess any c]ta9 me?od by :i* to =m su* an appreciation 9 detail4 ,we rema9 )9 ! t]ms ( a v acceptable philosophical !sis 9 advanc+ our belief1 9 a g5]al mann]1 t ! intellectual faculties ( animals augm5t f ! mollusk to ! mammif]1 foll[+ almo/ exactly ! progressive scale ( zoological classification1 b to ent] into ! peculi>ities ( ^! ord]s w\ld be to expose ourselves to c]ta9 contradiction4 ,9 zoophytes ! s\l exi/s z a g]m2 ?is g]m develops itself & gr[s 9 mollusca1 & !n 9 articulat$ creatures & fi%es4 ,! s\l acquires c]ta9 faculties1 m or less obscure & dim1 :5 x ent]s ! body ( a reptile1 & ^! faculties are manife/ly augm5t$ 9 ! body ( a bird4 ,! s\l is provid$ ) f> m p]fect$ faculties :5 x rea*es ! body ( a mammif]4 ,su* is ! g5]al outl9e ( our sy/em4 ,let u n[ foll[ ?is sy/em out to ! end4 ,9 ! fir/ pages ( ?is book1 we h advanc$ our !ory t ! s\l ( man1 at ! close ( its t]re/rial exi/5ce1 passes into ! planet>y e!r1 :]e x is lodg$ 9 ! body ( a new be+1 sup]ior to man 9 intellig5ce & morality4 ,if ?is !ory be correct1 if ?is migration ( ! s\l ( man into ! body ( ! sup]human be+ be real1 analogy obliges u to e/abli% ! same relation betwe5 ! animals1 & !n betwe5 ! animals & man4 ,we firmly believe t a transmigration1 a transmission ( s\ls1 or ( ! g]ms ( s\ls1 ?r\gh\t ! entire s]ies ( ! classes ( animals takes place4 ,! g]m ( a consci\s s\l :i* exi/$ 9 ! zoophyte & ! mollusk passes1 on ! dea? ( ^? be+s1 into ! body ( an articulat$ animal4 ,9 ?is fir/ /age ( its j\rney1 ! animate g]m /r5g!ns & ameliorates itself4 ,! nasc5t s\l acquires "s rudim5t>y faculties4 ,:5 ?is rudim5t ( a consci\s s\l passes out ( ! body ( an articulat$ animal into t ( a fi% or a reptile1 x und]goes a new degree ( elaboration1 & its p[] increases4 ,:51 escap+ f ! body ( ! reptile or ! fi%1 x is lodg$ 9 ! =m ( ! bird x receives o!r impressions1 :i* become ! orig9 ( new p]fections4 ,! bird transmits ! spiritual elem5t1 already mu* modifi$ & aggr&iz$1 to ! mammif]1 & !n1 ! s\l1 hav+ aga9 ga9$ p[]1 & ! numb] ( its faculties be+ augm5t$1 passes into ! body ( man4 ,x is probable t 9 ! case ( ! inf]ior animals _m animate g]ms are unit$ to =m ! sup]ior be+4 ,= in/ance1 ! pr9cipal animators ( a c]ta9 numb] ( little zoophytes1 ( ^? be+s :o live 9 ! wat]s by millions1 may1 probably1 on quitt+ ! bodies ( ^? be+s1 be unit$ 9 "o 9 ord] to =m ! s\l ( a s+le individual ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,x w\ld be impossible to specify f :at p>ticul> mammif] ! s\l mu/ escape1 9 ord] to p5etrate a human organism4 ,x w\ld be impossible to decide :e!r1 be=e rea*+ man ! s\l has successively trav]s$ ! bodies ( sev]al mammif]s1 ( m or less complicat$ organism2 if x has pass$ ?r\gh ! body ( a cetacian1 !n ( a c>nivor\s creature1 !n ( a quadrumane1 ! la/ t]m ( ! animal s]ies4 ,a pret5sion to detail w\ld be a /umbl+ block to su* a sy/em z ours4 ,to ma9ta91 = in/ance1 t our s\l is transmitt$ to u by ! quadrumane1 w\ld be incorrect4 ,! intellig5ce ( ! quadrumane is inf]ior to t ( _m animals m highly plac$ ?an he 9 ! zoological scale4 ,apes1 :i* compose only "o family 9 ! v num]\s ord] ( quadrumana1 are animals ( middl+ intellig5ce4 ,!y are malici\s1 cunn+ & gross1 & possess only a few features ( ! human face1 & ev5 ^! belong to b few species4 ,all ! o!r quadrumanes are be/ial 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 9 ! quadrumana t we mu/ look = ! s\l to be transmitt$ to man4 ,b !re are animals end[$ ) intellig5ce :i* is bo? p[]ful & noble1 :o w\ld h a title to be accr$it$ ) su* an hon\r4 ,^? animals w\ld v>y accord+ to ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,asia1 x may be t ! wise1 grave1 & noble elephant is ! deposit>y ( ! spiritual pr9ciple :i* is to pass into man4 ,9 ,africa1 ! lion1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! num]\s rum9ants :i* fill ! =e/s may1 p]haps1 be ! ance/ors ( ! human race4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! horse1 ! wild rang] ( ! pampas1 ! dog1 ! fai?ful fri5d1 ! devot$ companion ( man1 ev]y:]e are1 x may be1 *>g$ ) ! elaboration ( ! spiritual pr9ciple1 :i*1 transmitt$ to ! *ild1 is de/9$ to develop itself1 to increase 9 t *ild1 & become ! human s\l4 ,a writ] 9 our "t has call$ ! dog a c&idate = humanity4 ,he little knew h[ true 8 def9ition is4 ,x w be urg$1 9 objection1 t man _c h receiv$ ! s\l ( an animal1 because he has n ! smalle/ remembrance ( su* a g5ealogy4 ,to ?is we reply t ! faculty ( memory is want+ 9 ! animal1 or is s fugitive t we may consid] x nil4 ,! *ild c !re=e receive f ! animal only a s\l un5d[$ ) memory4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! *ild itself is totally de/itute ( t faculty4 ,at ! mom5t ( 8 bir? he diff]s n at all f ! animal z reg>ds ! faculties ( 8 s\l4 ,x is n until twelve mon?s h elaps$ t ! s\l makes itself evid5t 9 him1 & x is aft]w>ds p]fect$ by education4 ,h[1 !re=e1 %\ld ! *ild rememb] an exi/5ce prior to 8 bir?8 ,h we any memory ( ! "t :i* we pass$ 9 our "m's womb8 ,let u obs]ve "h t ! progressive ord] :i* we h indicat$ = ! migration ( s\l ?r\gh ! bodies ( diff]5t animals1 is precisely t :i* nature foll[$ 9 ! fir/ creation ( ! organiz$ be+s :i* p our globe4 ,x w be se5 9 *4 xiv41 pp4 #aif-bjj1 t plants zoophytes1 mollusca1 & articulat$ animals are ! fir/ liv+ be+s :i* appe>$ on our globe4 ,aft] !m came ! fi%es1 & !n ! reptiles4 ,aft] ! reptiles birds1 & at a lat] p]iod mammif]s appe>$4 ,?us our sy/em responds to ! r\t9e :i* nature has foll[$ 9 ! creation ( plants & animals4 ,su* is ! sy/em :i* we h conceiv$ z explanatory ( ! "p assign$ to animals on our globe4 ,! basis ( ?is sy/em1 z w be se51 is ! intellig5ce accord$ to animals4 ,we entirely repel ! g5]ally held op9ion1 t bea/s d n possess intellig5ce1 & t x is replac$ by an obscure faculty :i* is call$ in/9ct4 ,b ?is !ory gives no reason1 x m]ely puts a ^w 9 ! place ( an explanation4 ,by a simple phrase p imag9e !y resolve "o ( ! great problems ( nature4 ,! timid & conv5tional philosophy ( our "t has hi!rto accommodat$ itself to ?is me?od ( elud+ great difficulties1 b ! mom5t n[ appe>s to h come = a deep] /udy ( ! problems ( nature1 & = no long] rema9+ cont5t ) ! sub/itution ( words = ?+s4 ,!re 0 no hesitation 9 anci5t times ab\t accord+ intellig5ce to animals4 ,ari/otle & ,plato express$ !mselves q cle>ly on ?is po9t3 !y admitt$ no d\bt ( ! reason+ p[]s ( bea/s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ mod]n philosoph]s1 ,leibnitz1 ,locke1 & ,montaigne2 ! mo/ em95t naturali/s1 ,*>les ,bonnet1 ,georges ,l]oy1 ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 ,swamm]dam1 ,raumur1 c41 grant$ intellig5ce to animals4 ,*>les ,bonnet und]/ood ! language ( _m animals1 & ,dupont de ,nem\rs has giv5 u a translation ( ! ,*ansons du ,rossignol & ! ,dictionnaire de la ,langue des ,corbeaux4 ,x is1 !re=e1 difficult to und]/& h[ a contr>y !sis became preval5t 9 ?is age1 h[ ,desc>tes & ,buffon1 ! decl>$ adv]s>ies ( animal intellig5ce1 h succe$$ 9 turn+ ! scale 9 fav\r ( _! ideas4 ,desc>tes reg>d$ animals purely z ma*9es1 z automata provid$ ) me*anical app>atus4 ,x w\ld be difficult to surpass our great philosoph] 9 absurdity :5 he treats ( ^! animal ma*9es4#ab ,equidem bonus dormitat ,desc>tes4 ,! sy/ematic errors ( ,buffon on ! same subject are well kn[n4 ,! p>tizans ( ,desc>tes & ( ,buffon h popul>iz$ ! idea ( in/9ct put 9 ! place ( intellig5ce1 ( ! ^w replac+ ! ?+4 ,b1 9 simple tru?1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 intellig5ce & in/9ct8 ,none4 ,^! two words only repres5t two diff]5t degrees ( ! same faculty4 ,in/9ct is simply a weak] degree ( intellig5ce4 ,if we read ! writ+s ( naturali/s ( ?is c\ntry :o h /udi$ ! "q1 ,fr$]ick ,cuvi] 7bro!r to ,george ,cuvi]71 & ,fl\r5s1#ac :o has b comm5t$ ^u ,fr$]ick ,cuvi]'s book on ! m pr(\nd "w ( a le>n$ contempor>y writ]1 ,m4 ,fe ( ,/rasb\rg1#ad we %all easily f9d t no fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 intellig5ce & in/9ct c be e/abli%$1 & t ! :ole secret ( our philosoph]s & naturali/s consi/s 9 call+ ! intellig5ce ( animals1 :i* is weak] ?an ours1 in/9ct4 ,x is1 !n1 ! pride ( mank9d :i* has attempt$ to place a b>ri]1 :i* 9 reality has no exi/5ce1 betwe5 u & ! animal4 ,! intellig5ce ( ! animal is less develop$ ?an t ( ! man1 because 8 wants are few]1 8 organs are less highly f9i%$1 & because ! sph]e ( 8 activity is m limit$1 b t is all4 ,& sometimes1 ev51 we mu/ n =get t ! animal exce$s ! man 9 intellig5ce4 ,look at ! rude & brutal waggon]1 beside 8 good & docile horse1 :i* he m]cilessly beats & abuses1 :ile 8 fai?ful auxili>y fulfils 8 task ) pati5t exactness1 & say1 is x n ! ma/] :o is ! brute1 & ! animal :o is ! intellig5t be+8 ,9 k9dness--t sweet emanation ( ! s\l--animals (t5 excel m54 ,e "o kn[s ! horrid /ory ( ! man :o c>ri$ 8 dog to a riv] to dr[n him1 b :o fell into ! wat] himself1 & 0 on ! po9t ( dr[n+4 ,! fai?ful companion :om he _h flung 9 to die 0 !re2 he swam to 8 ma/]1 & dragg$ him into safety4 ,!n ! dog's ma/]1 mak+ 8 foot+ sure ?is "t1 seiz$ ! creature :o _h j rescu$ him1 & dr[n$ him4 ,accord+ to our sy/em1 ! human s\l comes f an animal belong+ to ! sup]ior ord]s4 ,aft] hav+ und]gone1 9 ! body ( ?is animal1 a suitable degree ( p]fect+ & elaboration1 x inc>nates itself 9 ! body ( a newly-born *ild ( ! human race4 ,we said1 9 a =m] *apt]1 ,dea? is n a t]m9ation1 b a *ange2 we d n die1 we exp]i5ce a metamorphosis4 ,we mu/ add to ?is1 ,bir? is n a beg9n+1 x is a consequ5ce4 ,to be born is n to beg91 x is to cont9ue a prior exi/5ce4 ,!re is n1 !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 ei!r bir? or dea? = ! human species2 !re is only a cont9u\s succession ( exi/5ces1 ext5d+ f ! visible _w ?r\gh space1 & connect+ ea* ) ^? worlds :i* are hidd5 f our view4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #ab ,?is "q is specially consid]$ 9 ,desc>tes' ,disc\rs sur la ,m?ode4 #ac ,de l',in/9ct et de l',intellig5ce des ,animaux1 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 #ad ,etudes ,philosophiques sur l',in/9ct et l',intellig5ce des ,animaux1 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahec4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,twelf?4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,plant8--,,! ,,plant ,,is ,,s5sible4--,,h[ ,,difficult ,,x ,,is ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,plants ,,f ,,animals4--,,! ,,g5]al ,,*a9 ,,( ,,liv+ ,,be+s4 ,,l9n,,u has said1 ,! plant lives2 ! animal lives & feels2 man lives1 feels1 & ?9ks4 ,?is aphorism repres5t$ ! /ate ( sci5ce 9 ! times ( ,l9nu4 ,b s9ce ! ye> #aggh1 t is to say1 s9ce ! dea? ( ! great botani/1 ,upsal1 natural sci5ce has progress$1 botany & zoology h be5 enri*$ ) innum]able facts & fundam5tal discov]ies1 s t ! ,l9nan =mula no long] repres5ts ! pres5t condition ( ! sci5ces ( organization4 ,we believe t ! foll[+ proposition may be tru?fully sub/itut$3 ,! plant lives & feels2 ! animal & man live1 feel1 & ?9k4 ,to accord s5sibility to plants1 is to transgress ! classic laws ( natural hi/ory1 s t ! consid]ations & facts :i* appe> to u to ju/ify ?is proposition ought to be mo/ c>efully /at$4 #a4 ,! plant feels ! s5sations ( pleasure & pa94 ,cold1 = in/ance1 impresses x pa9fully2 x may be se5 to contract itself1 z if %iv]+1 "u ! influ5ce ( a sudd5 or excessive fall ( ! temp]ature4 ,an abnormal excess ( temp]ature evid5tly causes x to suff]2 :5 ! heat is v great1 leaves may be obs]v$ to hang d[n on ! /ems1 curl up1 & appe> to )]2 :5 ! cool ( ! ev5+ comes1 ! leaves rise up aga91 & ! plant resumes its appe>ance ( placid heal?4 ,dr\ght also occasions manife/ suff]+ to plants4 ,^? :o /udy nature ) lov+ att5tion "k t :51 aft] a long p]iod ( dr\ght1 a plant is wat]$ x exhibits signs ( pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a w\nd$ plant1 "o f :i* a bran* has be5 cut1 appe>s to exp]i5ce pa94 ,a pa?ological liquid exudes f ! w\nd1 l ! blood f a hurt animal2 ! plant is sick1 & w die1 if x d n receive ! necess>y succ\r4 ,?us p]sons :o love plants w n cut fl[]s (f _! /ems1 !y pref] to inhale _! p]fume1 & contemplate _! brilliant col\rs1 on ! /alk1 )\t inflict+ a pa9ful mutilation ^u ! beautiful creatures :i* !y admire4 ,! s5sitive plant1 if t\*$ by ! f+]s1 or ev5 /ruck by a curr5t ( h>% air1 folds up its leaves1 & contracts itself4 ,! botani/1 ,desfonta9es1 saw a s5sitive plant1 :i* he 0 br++ home 9 a c>riage1 contract its leaves :ile ! vehicle 0 9 motion1 & exp& !m :5 x /opp$1 ?us af=d+ a pro( t ! movem5t di/ress$ ! plant4 ,a drop ( acid1 or acrid liquid1 plac$ on a leaf ( a s5sitive plant1 w occasion a simil> con/riction4 ,all vegetables pres5t an analog\s ph5om5on4 ,_! tissues contract :5 br\ght 9 contact ) irritant sub/ances4 ,by rubb+ ! tips ( a lettuce1 ! juice may be made to exude4 ,vegetable s5sibility exi/s by ! same "r z animal s5sibility1 s9ce electricity kills plants z x kills animals1 s9ce n>cotic poisons kill or /upefy plants z !y kill & /upefy animals4 ,"o c n>cotize a plant by wat]+ x ) opium dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ,,mm4 ,gopport & ,macaire h discov]$ t hydrocyanic acid kills plants z rapidly z animals4 #b4 ,plants sleep at night4 ,dur+ ! day !y develop _! vital activity1 & :5 ! night comes1 or :5 !y are 9 d>kness1 _! leaves assume ano!r position1 t ( repose2 !y fold !mselves up4 ,9 ! day-"t1 ! upp] surface ( ! leaf is turn$ to ! sky1 & ! "u surface t[>ds ! e>?2 ?is "u surface1 pi]c$ ) holes1 or /omata1 is ! "p ?r\gh :i* absorption & exhalation take place1 :ile ! upp] surface1 9 :i* !re are no su* op5+s1 is only a sort ( scre5 = ! protection ( ! absorb+ surface4 ,x is !re=e easy to und]/& t ! horizontal attitude ( ! leaves is a position ( vital activity1 & t ! refold+ ( ^? leaves dur+ ! night indicates a /ate ( repose4 ,x is precisely ! same case ) ourselves1 :5 dur+ ! night we indulge our muscles1 kept on ! /ret* dur+ ! day1 ) complete relaxation4 ,! sleep ( plants1 said to h be5 discov]$ by ,l9nu1 & :i* 0 c]ta9ly describ$ = ! fir/ "t 9 "o ( ,upsal's ,?ses de ,botanique1 & ?or\ghly elucidat$ by ,l9nu1 is n a ph5om5on limit$ to c]ta9 families ( plants4 ,!re are v few vegetables :i*1 dur+ ! night1 or 9 d>kness1 d n fold _! leaves1 & :i* d n pres5t a diff]5t appe>ance by day & by night4 ,! ,s5sitive is ! classic plant select$ = its exhibition ( ?is ph5om5on 9 all its int5sity2 b ?is small legum9\s creature only pres5ts u ) an exagg]ation ( a fact :i* exi/s 9 a less] degree among almo/ all vegetables ) light leaves4 ,we may quote ! foll[+ passage f a =m] "w on ! subject ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,! sleep ( plants vaguely resembles t ( animals4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t ! slumb]+ leaf appe>s to wi% to return to ! epo* ( its infancy4 ,x folds itself almo/ z x 0 :5 9 ! bud1 be=e x bur/ out1 z x 0 9 ! le?>gic sleep ( w9t]1 %elt]$ b5ea? its /rong scales1 or wrapp$ up 9 its w>m d[n4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! plant 0 try+ e night to resume ! position :i* x occupi$ 9 its e>ly "t1 j z ! sleep+ animal ga!rs himself toge!r1 & folds 8 limbs z !y 7 fold$ 9 8 "m's womb4#ae ,is x possible to d5y ! possession ( s5sibility to creatures :i* give u alt]nate sign ( repose & ( activity1 & :o h ! p[] ( accommodat+ !mselves to v>i\s ext]nal impressions8 ,fatigue _c possibly be any?+ b ! consequ5ce ( ! exp]i5ce ( an impression4 #c4 ,num]\s physiological functions are fulfill$ by plants z well z by animals2 & :5 we consid] ! numb] & v>iety ( ^! functions1 x is difficult to und]/& h[1 if animals be1 z ! common cons5t ( mank9d decl>es !m1 possess$ ( s5sibility1 plants c be de/itute ( x4 ,an anci5t philosoph] def9$ plants z animals ) roots4 ,we %all see1 on exam9+ ! v>iety ( functions p]=m$ by vegetables1 :e!r ?is philosoph] 0 n a f>-see+1 wise man4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n any function ) :i* ! animal is inve/$ t ! vegetable does n possess 9 a less degree4 ,respiration1 = in/ance1 is equally a prop]ty ( plants & ( animals4 ,among ! latt]1 respiration consi/s 9 ! absorption ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air & ! emission ( c>bonic acid gas & wat]y vap\r2 among plants x consi/s 9 ! emission ( c>bonic acid gas & wat]y vap\r dur+ ! night1 & dur+ ! day1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 ( ! emission ( oxyg5 proce$+ f ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid4 ,! function is evid5tly ( ! same nature 9 bo? ! natural k+doms4 ,exhalation is a function common to vegetables & to animals4 ,by ! /omata ( leaves1 z by ! pores ( ! sk9 ( animals1 wat]y vap\r & v>i\s gases1 accord+ to ! vital ph5om5a :i* take place 9 ! int]ior ( ! tissues1 are con/antly be+ dis5gag$4 ,absorption takes place 9 bo? k+doms4 ,if y p\r wat] on ! l[] surface ( a leaf1 y w see t x w be absorb$ ) great rapidity4 ,spr9kle a b\quet ( fl[]s ) wat]1 & ! fre%ness ( ! )]$ blossoms w revive4 ,absorption is ev5 m active 9 vegetable ?an 9 animal tissues4 ,! circulation ( liquids 9 ! int]ior ( plants is accompli%$ by a complicat$ sy/em ( *annels & vessels ( e ord] & ( e calibre1 absorb5t vessels1 exhalant vessels4 ,no?+ is m v>i$ ?an ! disposition ( ^! *annels 9 ! int]ior ( plants1 & _! multiplicity indicates a circulatory function z complicat$ z t ( animals4 ,x is !n evid5t t vegetables h ! same physiological functions z animals1 b z yet we "k ^? functions v imp]fectly4 ,x is v /range t :ile animal physiology is s f> advanc$ 9 our day1 vegetable physiology is almo/ 9 its infancy4 ,we "k v well h[ ! dige/ion ( food takes place 9 man & animals1 we "k h[ our blood circulates 9 a d\ble sy/em ( vessels1 call$ art]ies & ve9s1 & we "k ! c5tral organ1 ! he>t1 ?r\gh :i* ! two liquids are c>ri$ by ?is d\ble sy/em4 ,we see & we t\* ! organs ( s5sation & motion1 t is to say1 ! n]ves4 ,m ?an ?is1 we di/+ui% ! n]ves :i* produce s5sation f ^? :i* rule motion4 ,we "k t ! c5tre ( n]v\s action 9 man & animals is d\ble2 t its seat is equally 9 ! bra9 & 9 ! sp9al m>r[4 ,briefly1 sci5ce has %$ its brighte/ light on all ! functions belong+ to animal organization1 :ile vegetable physiology rema9s 9 obscurity4 ,not)/&+ ! lab\rs ( naturali/s )9 ! la/ two c5turies1 we _c expla9 ! life ( plants ) c]ta9ty4 ,we _c positively /ate h[ ! sap1 :i* is vegetable blood1 circulates 9 _! *annels4 ,we d n ev5 "k ) precision :e!r a tree gr[s f ! outside to ! inside1 or f ! inside to ! outside4 ,all ! physiological functions 9 ! vegetable k+dom are hidd5 f u by a ?ick veil1 & x is only by lift+ a corn] ( x ) great difficulty t we c cat* a few gleams ( light ?r\gh ! obscurity4 ,nev]!less1 all unexpla9$ ?\gh !y be z yet1 physiological functions d exi/ 9 plants4 ,consid]+ ^! num]\s functions1 x appe>s entirely impossible t plants %\ld n h receiv$ ! gift ( s5sibility4 ,x is difficult to believe1 z ,l9nu w\ld h u believe1 t !y possess life1 & no?+ m4 ,we %all be told t vegetables h no n]ves1 & t 9 ! abs5ce ( e organ ( s5sation1 we _c accord !m ! faculty ( s5sibility4 ,b1 we reply1 t ! imp]fect /ate ( vegetable anatomy & physiology =bids u to come to any conclusion t\*+ ! exi/5ce or ! abs5ce ( n]ves 9 plants4 ,we are conv9c$ t ^! organs exi/1 b t botani/s d n "k h[ to disc]n !m1 or h no means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m & o!r organs4 #d4 ,! mann] ( multiplication & reproduction among plants & animals is s analog\s1 t x seems impossible1 :5 we consid] ?is extraord9>y resemblance 9 ! mo/ important functions1 to refuse s5sibility to plants1 & accord x to animals4 ,let u consid] ! v>i\s modes ( reproduction prop] to vegetables4 ,reproduction1 or r ! fecundation :i* prec$es x1 is execut$ 9 c]ta9 vegetables1 by means ( an app>atus ( ! same typical =m z t ( ! animal k+dom4 ,x is compos$ ( a male organ1 ! /am51 :i* conta9s ! impregnat+ du/1 poll51 & ( a female organ1 ! ov>y1 support$ by a /alk1 ! pi/il4 ,! poll5 impregnates ! ovula conta9$ 9 ! gra9s ( poll5 9 ! ov>y1 z ! se$ ( ! male impregnates ! ovula conta9$ 9 ! egg ( ! animal4 ,9 bo? cases ! fruit ( ! impregnation develops itself aft]w>ds ) ! aid ( w>m? & "t4 ,! vegetable egg gr[s & rip5s1 j z ! animal egg gr[s & rip5s4 ,we may add t ! analogy betwe5 ! modes ( reproduction1 9 ! two k+doms1 animal & vegetable1 does n limit itself to ^! conditions ( lik5ess2 we may obs]ve resemblances 9 ! specialities ( ! function4 ,p>ticul> vitality1 a turgid /ate ( ! tissues1 accompani$ by elevation ( ! local temp]ature1 occur 9 ! case ( c]ta9 plants at ! mom5t ( impregnation1 especially 9 ! species ( ! family ( ,arodes4 ,on plac+ a !rmomet]1 at t "t1 9 ! great floral cov]+ ( ! ,arums1 an excess ( f #a to #b on ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air w be d5ot$1 an extraord9>y fact 9 vegetable life1 = vegetables are always cold] ?an ! ext]nal air4 ,h[ c we believe t ! plant 9 :i* ?is excitem5t takes place has no feel+ ( its own condition8 ,! plant1 l ! animal1 has its seasons ( love1 c x be t x has no consci\sness ( !m8 ,are we to believe t ! plant :i* becomes w>m1 9 :i* life rises at ! mom5t ( impregnation1 has no m s5sation ?an a /one8 ,su* is n our op9ion4 ,we _c und]/& life )\t s5sibility--! "o appe>s to u to be ! indication ( ! o!r4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! plant & ! animal 9 _! functions ( reproduction is n[h]e m evid5t or m curi\s ?an 9 a vegetable production :i* ab\nds 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,rhne1 & has receiv$ ! "n ( ,vallisn]ia spiralis4 ,9 ?is plant ! male & female organs are plac$ on diff]5t bran*es ( ! same plant4 ,! female fl[]s are fix$ to ! gr\nd by long1 twi/$1 spiral /alks4 ,b1 :5 se$+ "t comes1 ! spirals ( ! /ems unroll !mselves1 & ! female fl[]s come up to ! surface ( ! wat] & spread !mselves out4 ,! male fl[]s1 n be+ plac$ l ! female on ela/ic /ems1 _c come up to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:at d !y d8 ,!y bur/ ?r\gh _! cov]+1 & float ar\nd _! females on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,aft] t ! curr5t c>ries away ! deta*$ male fl[]s2 & ! female /em folds itself up aga91 & s9ks to ! bottom ( ! riv]1 !re to rip5 its impregnat$ ovules4 ,! function ( reproduction 9 plants is ri* 9 conclusions 9 support ( our !sis4 ,! plants call$ phan]ogam\s are n reproduc$ only by impregnation by means ( ! visible sexual organs1 ! pi/il & ! /am51 !y are also multipli$ by grafts1 buds1 & cutt+s4 ,cryptogam\s plants1 :i* h no sexual organs1 are multipli$ ei!r by effects :i* deta* !mselves f ! individual plant at a c]ta9 p]iod ( its vegetation z we see 9 ! case ( fungi1 alg1 mu%rooms1 c41 or by fragm5ts ( ! individual itself1 :i*1 be+ ?r[n into ! gr\nd1 g]m9ate & multiply !mselves4 ,animals1 9 _! sev]al classes1 repres5t all ^! modes ( reproduction2 !re is n "o :i* does n exi/ among !m4 ,animals are n reproduc$ by eggs only1 ei!r int]ior or ext]ior1 & by liv+ "y ones1 !y are equally multipli$1 l vegetables1 by (fsets1 by cutt+s1 & by +raftm5t4 ,multiplication by (fsets may be obs]v$ 9 ! fre%-wat] polype4 ,little buds :i* gr[ & l5g!n come out ( ! body ( ?is animal4 ,:ile ! bud is l5g!n+1 he ?r[s (f o!r & small] (fsets1 :i* ?r[ (f /ill small] ones4 ,all ^! are s _m little polypes1 :i* d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! pr9cipal polype4 ,hav+ atta9$ a c]ta9 size1 ^! (fsets sep>ate !mselves f ! primitive individual1 & con/itute s _m new polypes4 ,coral multiplies itself 9 ! same mann]4 ,f ! pr9cipal bran* spr+ second>y bran*es :i* h orig9at$ 9 a bud or %oot1 & ^! bran*es1 ins]t+ !mselves into ! *ief /em1 =m new individuals4 ,?us ! ext]ior aspect ( ! coral resembles a ramifi$ tree r ?an an animal4 ,madrepores1 ano!r k9d ( zoophytes1 resemble trees s closely1 t = c5turies !y 7 suppos$ to be m>9e plants2 !y too1 l coral1 are reproduc$ by (fsets4 ,multiplication by cutt+s is se5 9 ! fre%-wat] polype4 ,take a fre%-wat] polype1 & cut x into z _m fragm5ts z y *oose4 ,ea* ( ^! fragm5ts1 left to itself1 w become a polype4 ,^! new individuals may be 9 _! turn cut into pieces1 :i* w produce z _m new ones4 ,?is is multiplication by cutt+s1 exactly simil> to ! process 9 plants1 s t ! g5]ation ( fre%-wat] polypes does n diff] f t ( "o ( our fruit-trees4 ,x is n only ! entire polype :i*1 ?us cut to fragm5ts1 furni%es a new polype2 ! sk9 ( ?is animal c also produce "o new individual or sev]al4 ,is n ?is a vegetable +raftm5t8 ,a simil> g5]ation by +raftm5t is to be obs]v$ 9 ano!r in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! fre%-wat] polype4 ,take diff]5t portions ( ! same polype1 or ^? ( diff]5t polypes1 & jo9 !m at ! ends1 or lay !m ^u "o ano!r1 & y w comb9e !m s closely t !y reciprocally n\ri% ea* o!r1 & ultimately =m only "o individual4 ,"h is vegetable +raftm5t c>ri$ out 9 an animal4 #e4 ,o!r po9ts ( resemblance exi/ betwe5 plants & animals4 ,if !y are n g5]ally rem>k$1 x is because ! au?ors ( ! classics ( natural hi/ory d n direct ! att5tion ( ! read] to ^! facts4 ,we are ab\t to supplem5t _! sil5ce1 & to br+ ! analogies betwe5 ! two natural k+doms into view4 ,fir/ly1 !re exi/s 9 bo? a common & equally a/oni%+ fecundity4 ,among plants1 z among animals1 "o individual c give bir? to ?\s&s ( individuals l himself4 ,vegetables are ev5 m f]tile ?an ! sup]ior animals4 ,trees produce e ye>1 & sometimes = a c5tury4 ,mammif]\s animals1 birds1 & reptiles produce inf9itely less ?an trees2 _! pregnancy is less frequ5t1 & takes place dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! life ( ! animal only4 ,! elm produces e ye> m ?an #cjj1jjj se$s1 & ?is may cont9ue = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,fi% & insects approa* mo/ ne>ly to trees 9 fecundity4 ,a t5* spawns #aj1jjj eggs ye>ly1 a c>p #bj1jjj4 ,among insects1 a female bee produces f #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj eggs4 ,to ^! animals we may comp>e1 among vegetables1 ! poppy1 ! f]n1 ! mu/>d plant1 :i* produce incalculable quantities ( se$s4 ,we mu/ n =get1 besides1 t vegetables multiply !mselves 9 _m ways1 :]eas ea* animal possesses b "o mode ( reproduction4 ,:at we wi% to e/abli%1 :at is evid5t1 is t among bo? animals & plants fecundity is equal1 & equally prodigi\s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ?is analogy1 we may also quote ! size ( ! species1 :i* is extremely v>iable 9 bo? k+doms1 because bo? produce at ! same "t giant species & dw>f species4 ,among animals1 !re are "s ( mon/r\s size1 su* z ! :ale1 ! ca*alot1 & ! elephant1 su* z ! gigantic reptiles ( ! anci5t _w1 ! i*?yosaurus1 :i* 0 long] ?an ! :ale1 ! megalosaurus & ! iguanadon1 :i* 7 z l>ge z ! elephant4 ,to ^! colossi ( ! animal k+dom1 we may oppose ! colossi ( ! vegetable k+dom2 ! mon/r\s baobab g\rd1 :i* cov]s hundr$s ( squ>e y>ds ) its %ade1 ! elm1 ^: trunk may gr[ to ! size ( a :ale's gir?1 ! ,eucalyptus globulus1 an ,au/ralian tree :i* is be+ acclimatiz$ 9 ,alg]ia & 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ! ,sequioa gigantea1 ! giant ( ,cali=nian =e/s4 ,if ! two k+doms ( nature h _! colossi1 !y h also _! dw>fs1 & _! inf9itely little4 ,!re are cryptogamic vegetables :i* are only to be se5 ) ! microscope1 & !re are animalcul equally invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,if ! animal k+dom c %[1 9 its scale ( size1 ! :ale1 & ! microscopic ac>us1 ! vegetable k+dom possesses a simil> decreas+ scale f ! baobab to ! li*5s4 ,! same places are inhabit$ or resort$ to by plants & animals4 ,bo? live on ! same soil1 z if = mutual aid4 ,! two k+doms comb9e at all po9ts ( ! globe4 ,we might "n a numb] ( places 9 :i* c]ta9 plants & c]ta9 animals ?rive toge!r4 ,! *amois & ! maple tree love ! same m\nta9s1 ! same high places2 ! truffle & ! e>?-worm dwell 9 ! same und]gr\nd region2 ! bir* & ! h>e are f\nd 9 ! same place2 ! wat]-lily gr[s 9 ! same fre% wat] ) ! aquatic worm2 & ! cod & ! alg prosp] 9 ! same subm>9e dep?s4 ,all vegetables & animals h an orig9al c\ntry1 b !y c be acclimatiz$ "u o!r skies by human indu/ry & skill4 ,! *e/nut-tree & ! ,indian cock1 ! pea*-tree & ! turkey1 transport$ to ,europe1 has ea* =gott5 its native l&4 ,among bo? animals & plants !re are amphibi\s creatures4 ,! frog1 & ! o!r batra*ians1 live1 l ! re$s1 on ! e>? & 9 ! wat]4 ,bo? animals & plants c live z p>asites4 ,! animal _w has ! flea1 ! l\se1 ! ac>us2 ! vegetable _w has its li*5s1 & its mu%rooms4 ,?us1 equal fecundity1 simil> v>iety 9 ! scale ( size1 analogy 9 habitation1 :i* implies ideality ( organization1 possibility ( transplantation & ( acclimatization out ( _! orig9al c\ntry1 possibility ( amphibi\s exi/5ce1 p>asitical life1 all g5]al conditions :i* suppose a great analogy ( organization2 we e/abli% all ^! ?+s 9 draw+ ! p>allel betwe5 plants & animals4 ,h[1 !n1 if we grant s5sibility to "o ( ^! k+doms1 c we d5y x to ! o!r8 #f4 ,plants1 l animals1 h _! maladies4 ,we d n n[ allude to maladies caus$ by p>asites1 l ! sickness ( ! v9e1 due to ! odium ,tuck]i1 ! sickness ( ! petals1 caus$ by o!r small mu%rooms1 t ( ! rose-tree1 ! olive-tree1 ( corn1 c41 produc$ by p>asitical cryptogams1 :i* fix !mselves on ! plant1 & *ange ! normal c\rse ( its life2 we speak ( morbid affections1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! pa?ological condition & its consequ5ces exi/ 9 ! plant z 9 ! animal4 ,/oppage1 or febrile & abnormal accel]ation ( ! sap 9 ! vegetable1 answ] to /agnation ( ! blood1 or its accel]ation dur+ fev]1 9 ! animal2 v>i\s excresc5ces ( ! b>k1 analog\s to affections ( ! sk92 ! abortion ( c]ta9 organs1 & ! caprici\s developm5t ( o!rs2 ! secretion ( pa?ological liquids :i* fl[ outside4 ,?is is a brief catalogue ( ! maladies to :i* trees1 %rubs1 & h]bace\s vegetables are subject4 ,a plant :i* passes too quickly & too (t5 f int5se cold to extreme heat1 soon becomes ill1 & necess>ily p]i%es1 l an animal expos$ to ^? dang]\s alt]ations4 ,a %rub left 9 a curr5t ( cold air c\ld no m live ?an an animal if kept 9 a simil> place4 ,9 a ^w1 ! plant exhibits heal? or sickness1 accord+ to its conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,h[ c we admit t ! be+ 9 :i* su* *anges take place1 c be m]ely ! passive subject ( !m1 t x exp]i5ces nei!r pa9 nor pleasure 9 pass+ f heal? to sickness1 or f sickness to heal?8 #g4 ,sicknesses1 or o!r causes1 produce anomalies ( =m1 or irregul>ities ( /ructure 9 plants1 z 9 animals4 ,j z 9 ! animal k+dom mon/rosities exi/1 !re are mon/rosities 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! sci5ce :i* occupies itself ) mon/rosities 9 animals is call$ t]atology4 ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire has made "s mo/ int]e/+ /udies ( ! causes ( ! productions ( mon/]s 9 ! diff]5t classes ( animals2 b x has be5 p]ceiv$ ( late t an analog\s sci5ce mu/ be creat$1 = ! explanation ( mon/rosities prop] to ! vegetable k+dom1 & ,moqu9 ,t&on has publi%$ a book ^u vegetable t]atology4 #h4 ,old age & dea? are common to bo? plants & animals4 ,plants1 aft] hav+ surviv$ ! v>i\s maladies :i* ?reat5 !m1 d n escape a sl[ old age1 & dea? necess>ily foll[s4 ,) "t1 _! vessels become h>d5$1 _! size becomes r$uc$1 !y c no long] give passage to ! sap1 or o!r liquids :i* ought to g ?r\gh !m4 ,liquids are n aspir$ ) ! same regul>ity1 !y no long] transude ?r\gh ! vegetable tissue ) ! same precision2 !y rema9 /agnant 9 ! vessels1 become corrupt !re1 & transf] _! decomposition to ! vessels :i* enclose !m4 ,!nce=? ! vital functions cease to be p]=m$1 & ! plant dies4 ,?+s happ5 9 a l mann] among animals4 ,! ?ick5+ ( ! vessels1 ! decrease ( _! p[] br+ on ! condition ( old age1 9 :i* ! functions are di/urb$ & slack5$2 !n comes dea?1 ! inevitable end ( all1 9 ea* k+dom ( nature4 ,?us1 :5 we comp>e animals & plants1 & especially :5 we consid] ! inf]ior be+s 9 bo? k+doms1 x is impossible to e/abli% a precise l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m4 ,! *>act]i/ics by :i* ! old naturali/s def9$ ! di/9ction betwe5 plants & animals1 are n[ ackn[l$g$ to be )\t mean+1 & ?is di/9ction becomes m & m difficult 9 proportion z we make progress 9 our k ( ^! creatures4 ,volunt>y motion 0 reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal di/9ctive *>act]i/ic betwe5 ! two k+doms ( nature2 b at ! pres5t day ?is *>act]i/ic c no long] be invok$4 ,elem5t>y works on botany n[ tell u ab\t ! fly-cat*+ plant1 :i* cat*es ! insect t crawls ov] its leaves1 exactly z a spid] cat*es flies1 & ab\t ! oscillat+ plant1 ^: leaves are end[$ by volunt>y motion1 m di/9ct ?an t belong+ to _m animals4 ,ap>t f ^! examples1 drawn f classical works1 we w\ld ask :at becomes ( ! argum5t = ! immobility ( plants1 consid]$ z a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! vegetable k+dom1 :5 we see t zoophytes are fix$ to ! e>?1 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 we see c]ta9 "y plants1 or _! g]ms1 su* z ! g]ms ( alg1 mosses1 & f]ns1 possess+ ! faculty ( motion4 ,! spores1 or reproductive organs ( alg1 & ! impregnat+ corpuscles ( ! mosses & f]ns1 possess ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( animality1 t is to say1 !y are provid$ ) locomotive organs1 & !y execute movem5ts :i* appe> to be volunt>y4 ,^? s+ul> creatures are se5 to g & come 9 ! int]ior ( liquids1 to endeav\r to p5etrate into cavities1 to )draw1 return1 & def9itively introduce !mselves ) an app>5t ef=t4 ,! ,g]man botani/s reg>d ^! vegetable g]ms z belong+ to ! animal k+dom4 ,consid]+ t only animals h ! organs ( motion1 & t ! spores ( alg & ! impregnat+ corpuscles ( mosses & f]ns are provid$ ) organs ( motion1 !y d n hesitate to decl>e t 9 ! comm5cem5t ( _! life1 alg1 mosses1 & f]ns are 9 tru? animals1 :i* become plants :5 !y fix !mselves1 & beg9 to g]m9ate4 ,fr5* botani/s h n yet v5tur$ to adopt t view2 !y are cont5t to call ! movable impregnat+ corpuscles ( alg1 mosses1 & f]ns1 an!rozodes1 b !y d n d>e to pron\nce ^u _! animality4 ,m4 ,p\*et says1 9 8 "w ,l',univ]s1 page #ddd3 ,motion manife/s itself spontane\sly ) extraord9>y int5sity 9 ! animalcul ( sev]al plants1 :i* h sp9al organs = ?is purpose1 hairs by means ( :i* !y swim ab\t 9 ! liquid :i* conta9s !m4 ,"s ( ^!1 real animalcule plants1 h ! %ape ( eels1 & move !mselves by means ( two long filam5ts atta*$ to _! heads2 o!rs exactly resemble ! tadpoles ( frogs1 & jump ab\t 9 ! cells ( ! mosses4 ,nev]!less1 x is su* creatures z ^!1 ^: locomotive organs are s pla9ly to be disc]n$1 & :i* we c see1 "u ! microscope1 jump+ ab\t z nimbly z our acrobats1 t c]ta9 botani/s p]si/ 9 consid]+1 on !ory alone1 z motionless & ins5sible4 ,"s philosoph]s c]ta9ly possess eyes1 t !y may n see6 ,!re are ^! g]ms ( plants1 & "y plants :i* move1 & on ! o!r h&1 almo/ all ! adult zoophytes1 sponges1 corals1 madrepores1 sea-/>s1 byssus1 c41 c41 to :i* we may add sev]al mollusca 7all ^? 9 %ells71 are fix$ to ! e>?4 ,9 ^! cases we mu/ take ! plant = ! animal1 & ! animal = ! plant1 if we positively hold by volunt>y motion z an absolute di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants4 ,on ! bord]s ( ! two k+doms1--:5 we consid] zoophytes 9 ! animal1 & cryptogams 9 ! vegetable k+dom1--!re is no long]1 s to speak1 ei!r animal or plant2 ! two seem to be conf\nd$1 & fus$ toge!r4 ,if1 be=e ! discov]y ( ! fre%-wat] polype1 t liv+ creature _h be5 pres5t$ to a naturali/1 he w\ld h felt puzzl$ h[ to class x4 ,see+ x multiply+ itself by buds1 by (f%oots1 by engraftm5t1 he w\ld d\btless h decl>$ t ?is organiz$ be+ 0 a plant4 ,b if he _h be5 made to rem>k t ?is same creature f$ on liv+ prey1 :i* x seiz$ & swall[$1 t x _h long & flexible arms1 ( :i* x =m$ a k9d ( net = ! purpose ( seiz+ ?is prey1 :i* x convey$ into ! int]ior ( a dige/ive tube1 our naturali/ w\ld h made ha/e to place ! polype 9 ! ranks ( ! animals4 ,he w\ld h be5 ask$ to obs]ve t ! polype may be turn$ inside out1 l a glove1 s t 8 int]ior sk9 becomes 8 ext]ior sk91 & t1 ?us turn$ inside out1 he lives1 gr[s1 & multiplies himself1 precisely z he does be=e ?is curi\s rev]sal4 ,our naturali/1 mu* emb>rass$ 9 ! pres5ce ( s unhe>d ( a fact1 w\ld d\btless imm$iately h begun to seek "s int]m$iate k+dom betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable1 to :i* he might relegate ?is p>adoxical be+1 :i* c\ld n1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 be class$ ei!r ) plants1 or ) animals4 ,! fact is1 classifications are products ( human sci5ce1 nature kn[s no?+ ab\t !m4 ,we desc5d1 by ins5sible degrees1 f "o k+dom to ! o!r2 we g f ! man to ! polype1 & f ! polype to ! rose tree1 by inf9ite gradations1 &1 on ! conf9es ( ! two k+doms1 !re is a :ole s]ies ( creatures :i* x is v difficult to range "u any sy/em4 ,= h[ long did naturali/s hesitate be=e !y reg>d$ infusoria1 coral1 sponges1 />-fi%1 gorgons1 sea-anemones1 & madrepores z animals8 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day micrograph]s :o /udy ! microscopic be+s prop] to vegetable & animal infusions1 su* z ! monads1 polypoid worms1 & num]\s o!rs1 f9d ! utmo/ difficulty 9 assign+ ^! creatures to su* or su* a k+dom1 & !y sometimes decide r arbitr>ily ^u plac+ !m among animals or plants4 ,f all ! consid]ations1 all ! facts :i* we h j advanc$1 we conclude t ! s5sibility ( plants is n to be conte/$1 s9ce no "o c ?9k ( d5y+ t privilege to c]ta9 zoophytes :i* c ) difficulty be di/+ui%$ f vegetables4 ,we see an impos+ tree1 a /ately oak ) /urdy bran*es1 gr[+ on ! sea coa/4 ,n f> (f1 on ! s& ( ! %ore1 lies a />-fi% flung !re by ! waves4 ,a few y>ds bel[1 on ! surface ( ! wat]1 floats a sponge1 a bran* ( coral1 a madrepore4 ,:5 ! icy w9d bl[s1 :5 ! hurricane lifts ! angry waves1 :i* is x1 ! animal or ! plant t w manife/ s5sibility to ! tempe/8 ,! sponge1 ! coral1 ! madrepore w rema9 z indiff]5t to ! fury ( ! elem5ts z ! rock 9 :i* !y are incru/$1 or z ! pebble on :i* ! />-fi% /ret*es out its f\r motionless arms4 ,b1 ! maje/ic oak w %udd] at e gu/ ( ! tempe/2 he w b5d 8 bran*es & %ut up 8 leaves to %elt] himself f ! icy bla/ or ! furi\s /orm2 & a m]e glance at 8 attitude w indicate to y t an abnormal p]turbation reigns 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,w\ld y s]i\sly say1 9 t case1 t ! vegetable feels no?+1 & t ! animal is s5sible8 ,w\ld y n1 on ! contr>y1 be incl9$ to decl>e t ! tree is ! s5ti5t be+1 & t ! />-fi%1 ! sponge1 ! madrepore1 are ! creatures :i* are de/itute ( feel+8 ,pause beside /ill wat] & seek = ! polype or fre%-wat] hydra :i* we h j m5tion$4 ,y w f9d x difficult to dis5tangle ?is zoophyte f ! re$s & will[s :i* surr\nd x4 ,y w f9d1 at l5g?1 a k9d ( membran\s tube1 a few c5timetres 9 l5g?4 ,is t ! polype y 7 look+ =8 ,is x n r ! /ubble ( "s re$ or grass plant8 ,?is liv+ twig1 ) no?+ to di/+ui% x 9 appe>ance f a h]bace\s plant1 is con/antly fix$ 9 ! same place1 l an aquatic vegetable4 ,x makes "s fa9t movem5ts1 consi/+ simply ( ! op5+ & %utt+ ( ! orifice ( ! tube1 :i* solely con/itutes its be+4 ,sometimes x l5g!ns1 sometimes x contracts itself1 by /ret*+ out membran\s arms1 z f9e z ?reads1 by means ( :i* x seizes & drags t[>ds x ! wat] insects :i* *ance to pass ne> x4 ,?is is ! "o s+le *>act]i/ic ( its animality4 ,at ?is rate1 an arial plant1 ! fly-cat*]1 w\ld be j z mu* an animal z our polype1 s9ce x cat*es ! insects :i* v5ture to crawl ^u its leaves4 ,at ! bottom ( ! sea !re is a v curi\s zoophyte1 ! act9ium1 or sea-anemone4 ,= a long "t ?is creature 0 conf\nd$ ) ! plants1 & held to be an ocean fl[]4 ,^? :o admire ! beautiful1 bright-col\r$ act9ia1 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,acclimatization1 9 ,p>is1 :o look at !m1 wav+ on _! flexible /em1 %ak+ ! col\r$ app5dages & fr+es :i* adorn _! heads1 f9d x h>d to reg>d ^! *>m+ que5s ( ! wat]s o!rwise ?an z real fl[]s4 ,&1 9 fact1 = ages1 ! sea-anemones 7 held to be m>9e plants4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 coral 0 held to be a m>9e %rub1 & x 0 ev5 believ$ t ! fl[]s ( ! coral _h be5 discov]$4 ,an academician ( ,p>is1 ,c\nt de ,m>sigli1 creat$ a ,european reputation = himself by ?is suppos$ discov]y4 ,peyssonnel1 a ,prov5al naturali/1 f\nd ! utmo/ difficulty 9 oppos+ ?is idea1 & 9 e/abli%+ ! fact t ^! suppos$ fl[]s ( ! coral 7 9 reality "y corals4 ,he _h ! :ole ,academy ( ,sci5ces aga9/ him2 & 8 opposition to ! ideas ( ! ,academy br\ght him into su* disgrace1 t he 0 oblig$ to leave ,france & to g to ! ,antilles1 :]e he di$ 9 obscurity z a doctor ( m$ic9e4 ,& all ?is because he ma9ta9$ t coral is n a plant1 & does n produce fl[]s6 ,! fam\s ,g5evese naturali/1 ,*>les ,bonnet1 anticipat+ ! k ( our day by m ?an a c5tury1 has giv5 a mo/ int]e/+ =m to ! p>allel betwe5 animals & plants1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,contemplation de la ,nature4 ,we _c resi/ ! pleasure ( quot+ ! foll[+ passage1 9 :i* ,*>les ,bonnet %[s 9 a /rik+ mann] :at are ! difficulties 9 ! way ( di/+ui%+ ! plant f ! animal1 & h[ ^? difficulties are dispos$ ( by ^? :o dispute ! s5sibility ( plants3-- ,ev]y?+ is graduat$ 9 nature1 says ,*>les ,bonnet1 &1 9 refus+ to admit t plants are s5ti5t1 we =ce nature to make a jump )\t any assignable reason4 ,we obs]ve t feel+ decreases by degrees f man to ! nettle1 & to ! mussel1 & we p]suade ourselves t x /ops !re1 because we reg>d ^! animals z ! lea/ p]fect4 ,b !re are1 p]haps1 _m degrees betwe5 ! feel+ ( ! mole & ( ! plant4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 /ill m betwe5 ! mo/ & ! lea/ s5sible ( ! plants4 ,! gradations1 :i* we obs]ve1 ought to p]suade u to ?is philosophy2 ! new beauty :i* x adds to ! sy/em ( ! _w1 & ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! multiplication ( s5ti5t creatures ought to contribute to induce u to admit x4 ,i will+ly admit t ?is philosophy is mu* to my ta/e4 ,i love to ?9k t ^? fl[]s :i* adorn our fields & our g>d5s ) a brightness con/antly r5ew$1 ^? fruit trees :i* are s pleasant to our eyes & our palate2 ^? maje/ic trees t compose ! va/ =e/s1 :i* "t seems to h respect$1 are s _m s5ti5t creatures p>tak+ aft] _! fa%ion 9 ! sweetness ( exi/5ce4 ,plants (f] "s facts to our obs]vation :i* seem to indicate t !y possess feel+1 b we are n likely to p]ceive ^? facts1 because ( ! /rong p]suasion t !y are ins5sible1 :i* has prevail$ among u = s long4 ,we ought to agree to consid] ! "q tabula rasa1 & to subject plants to a new1 imp>tial1 & unprejudic$ exam9ation4 ,an inhabitant ( ! moon1 possess$ ( intellectual faculties l ours1 b )\t any preconceiv$ ideas ab\t ! ins5sibility ( plants1 w\ld be ! philosoph] :om we require4 ,let u imag9e su* an obs]v] engag$ 9 /udy+ ! productions ( our e>?1 &1 aft] hav+ giv5 8 att5tion to ! polypes & o!r insects multipli$ by ! process ( graft+1 pass+ on to ! contemplation ( vegetables4 ,he w\ld1 d\btless1 take !m at ! p]iod ( _! bir?4 ,) ?is view1 he w\ld s[ se$ ( v>i\s species1 & he w\ld c>efully wat* _! g]m9ation4 ,let u suppose t "s ( ^? se$s h be5 rev]s$ 9 ! s[+1 ! spr\t+ "p turn$ d[nw>ds1 ! /em upw>ds2 & ! obs]v] has ! skill to di/+ui% "o end ( ! se$ f ! o!r1 & kn[s _! functions4 ,aft] "s days1 he w rem>k t ! se$ has gr[n into ?is rev]s$ position1 t ! /em is turn$ upw>d1 & ! spr\t+ portion d[nw>d4 ,he w feel no surprise2 he w attribute a circum/ance :i* is s hurtful to ! life ( ! plant1 to ! mi/ake he has made 9 s[+ ! se$4 ,b1 cont9u+ to obs]ve1 he w see ! spr\t & ! /em ea* b5d+ itself 9 ! opposite direction1 & try+ to atta9 ! "r position4 ,?is *ange ( direction w /rike him z v rem>kable1 & he w beg9 to suspect t ! organiz$ be+ :i* he is /udy+ is end[$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( disc]nm5t4 ,too prud5t1 h[ev]1 to pron\nce ^u ^! e>ly indications1 he w susp5d 8 judgm5t & pursue 8 inve/igations4 ,! plants ^: g]m9ation our physici/ has be5 obs]v+1 h be5 rais$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a h$ge4 ,?us fav\r$1 & c>efully cultivat$1 !y h made great progress 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! soil :i* surr\nds !m at "s di/ance is ( two opposite qualities4 ,t on ! "r ( ! plants is ri*1 damp1 & spongy2 t on ! left is dry1 h>d1 & gravelly4 ,our obs]v] rem>ks t ! roots1 aft] hav+ begun by ext5d+ equally on bo? sides1 h *ang$ _! direction1 & h spread out t[>ds ! ri* & humid soil2 ov] :i* !y are /ret*+1 & ?us ?reat5+ to deprive ! plants already !re ( _! due %>e ( n\ri%m5t4 ,to prev5t ?is inconv5i5ce1 he digs a dit* betwe5 ! plants :i* he is obs]v+ & ^? !y ?reat5 to />ve1 & n[ he ?9ks he has provid$ aga9/ ev]y?+4 ,b ! plants1 :i* he believes he has gov]n$1 disconc]t all 8 precautions by ext5d+ _! roots d[nw>ds1 "u ! dit*1 & ga9+ ! o!r side4 ,surpris$ at ?is1 he uncov]s "o ( ^! roots1 b )\t expos+ x to heat1 & holds a sponge /eep$ 9 wat] t[>ds x4 ,! root turns itself to ! sponge1 & :5 he *anges its position1 ! root accommodates itself to ea* alt]ation4 ,:ile our philosoph] is m$itat+ pr(\ndly ^u ^! facts1 o!r facts equally rem>kable pres5t !mselves almo/ simultane\sly4 ,he obs]ves t all ^! plants h lean$ away f ! h$ge1 & are b5d+ =w>d z ?\gh to pres5t e portion ( _! bodies to ! b5efic5t smiles ( ! sun4 ,he sees t all ! leaves are s turn$ t _! upp] surface is expos$ to ! sun1 or to ! fre% air1 & t ! l[] surface is direct$ t[>ds ! h$ge1 or ! gr\nd4 ,=m] exp]i5ce w h taught him t ! upp] surface ( leaves s]ves *iefly z a def5ce = ! l[] surface1 & t ! latt] is pr9cipally de/9$ to pump up ! moi/ure ris+ f ! e>?1 & provide = ! evacuation ( :at is sup]flu\s4 ,! direction ( ! leaves :i* he notices appe>s q 9 h>mony ) 8 exp]i5ces4 ,he /udies ?is portion ( ! plant ) increas$ att5tion4 ,he rem>ks t ! leaves ( "s species seem to foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 s t 9 ! morn+ !y turn to ! ea/1 9 ! ev5+ to ! we/4 ,he sees t "s leaves close !mselves aga9/ ! sun1 o!rs aga9/ ! dew4 ,he obs]ves an analog\s movem5t 9 c]ta9 fl[]s4 ,aft]w>ds1 he obs]ves t no matt] :at ! direction ( ! plants relative to ! horizon has be51 ! direction ( ! leaves is always t :i* he has at fir/ notic$1 he be?9ks him ( *ang+ ?is direction1 & ( plac+ ! leaves 9 a position exactly contr>y to _! natural "o4 ,he has already _h rec\rse to simil> means 9 ord] to assure himself ( ! in/9ct ( animals1 & to asc]ta9 its be>+s4 ,) ?is view he b5ds p]p5dicul> plants t[>ds ! horizon1 & keeps !m 9 t position4 ,?us1 ! direction ( ! leaves is absolutely *ang$2 ! upp] surface1 :i* previ\sly turn$ to ! sun or to ! fre% air1 n[ looks t[>ds ! e>? or ! int]ior ( ! plant1 & ! l[] surface1 :i* =m]ly look$ t[>ds ! e>? or ! int]ior ( ! plant1 n[ turns to ! sun1 or ! fre% air4 ,b v soon all ^! leaves beg9 to move1 !y turn on _! /em z on a pivot1 & 9 an h\r !y w h resum$ _! =m] position4 ,our obs]v]1 wi%+ to assure himself :e!r leaves & bran*es :5 deta*$ & plung$ into wat] w pres]ve ! incl9ations :i* !y manife/ :5 ^u ! plant ( :i* !y =m$ a portion1 subjects !m to an exp]im5t ^: results leave him no d\bt ( ! fact4 ,he places wet sponges "u ! leaves1 & he sees ! leaves turn t[>ds ! sponges & endeav\r to adh]e to !m by _! l[] surfaces4 ,he also obs]ves t c]ta9 plants1 :i* he has %ut up 9 8 cab9et & 9 a cell>1 h turn$ t[>ds ! w9d[1 or ! grat+ respectively4 ,f9ally1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,s5sitive ,plant1 its v>i$ movem5ts1 ! promptitude ) :i* x contracts :5 t\*$1 =m ! int]e/+ subject :i* t]m9ates 8 rese>*es4 ,?us pl5tifully suppli$ ) facts :i* all seem to t5d to ! support ( belief 9 ! s5sibility ( plants1 :i* side w our philosoph] take8 ,w he surr5d] to ^! pro(s8 ,w he susp5d 8 judgm5t8 ,i ?9k he w take ! fir/ "p4#af ,*>les ,bonnet believes1 9 %ort1 t ! plant1 z well z ! animal1 is end[$ ) s5sibility4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em :i* we h develop$1 ! animal is possess$ ( a s\l1 :i* is /ill v imp]fect1 & end[$ only ) faculties correspond+ to its ne$s4 ,b1 s9ce ! animal1 9 addition to ! s5sibility enjoy$ by ! plant1 possesses intellig5ce also1 we mu/ conclude f !nce t ! plant has n a s\l1 prop]ly s call$1 b only ! rudim5t1 ! comm5cem5t1 9 o!r words1 ! g]m ( a s\l4 ,we "k t ! sun has ! privilege ( giv+ bir? to organic life ^u our globe1 8 rays h p[] to produce ! =mation ( liv+ tissues1 plants or zoophytes1 :5 !y fall ^u ! e>? or ! wat]s1 & we may draw ?is conclusion f all t has gone be=e1 t ! sun s5ds d[n ^u ! e>? animat$ g]ms "u ! =m ( 8 rays1 :i* emanate f ! spiritualiz$ creatures :o dwell 9 ! k+-/>4 ,?us our sy/em ( nature completes itself2 ?us1 ?anks to sol> radiation1 ! two ends ( ! imm5se *a9 ( organiz$ be+s ^: place & "p 9 ! va/ !atre ( ! worlds we h attempt$ to def9e are unit$4 ,life beg9s 9 ! wat]s1 its fir/ appe>ance is 9 plants & zoophytes2 = ^! two classes ( liv+ creatures obey ! same laws1 & appe> to h ! same orig94 ,! sun1 by s5d+ 8 vivify+ rays ^u ! e>?1 produces ! =mation ( plants & zoophytes1 :i* are ! po9ts ( dep>ture ( organization4 ,! animat$ g]m deposit$ by ! sun 9 plants & zoophytes gr[s1 passes f ! zoophyte to ! mollusc1 or articulat$ animal1 & !n und]goes a fur!r developm5t1 by pass+ f ! mollusc or articulat$ animal to ! fi%4 ,?is g]m ( a s\l ?us becomes a rudim5t>y s\l1 provid$ ) c]ta9 faculties4 ,9 ! zoophyte & ! mollusc x _h only s5sibility2 9 ! fi%1 & !n 9 ! reptile1 & ! bird1 x has att5tion & judgm5t4 ,! faculties are augm5t$ 9 proportion z ! animal m\nts high] 9 ! organic scale4 ,arriv$ at its summit1 ! human be+1 ! s\l is 9 possession ( all its faculties1 & especially ( memory1 :i* dur+ ! animal /ages ( ! asc5t is obscure & unc]ta94 ,to accord s5sibility to plants p]mits u to unite all ! creatures ( ! liv+ creation1 & ?us to complete our g5]al sy/em ( t]re/rial nature4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #ae ,hi/oire des ,plantes1 ,p>is1 p4 #aaa4 #af ,contemplation de la ,nature 7uvres d',hi/oire ,naturelle de ,*>les ,bonnet47 ,neu*tel1 #agha4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,?irte5?4 ,,does ,,man ,,exi/ ,,else:]e ,,?an ,,on ,,! ,,e>?8--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,planets4--,,plurality ,,( ,,inhabit$ ,,worlds4 ,,?r\gh\t ! prec$+ *apt]s we h reason$ z if ! e>? 7 ! :ole univ]se4 ,inde$1 almo/ all m5 believ$ t su* 0 ! case1 f ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( society until ! la/ c5tury4 ,great ma!matical k1 pr(\nd /udy1 & highly p]fect$ optical in/rum5ts are requisite to rectify ! false ideas1 ! errors1 & ! illusions :i* are ! result ( a simple view ( ! e>? & ! sky4 ,great ef=ts ( ! m9d1 & a v difficult /ruggle aga9/ ! te/imony ( our s5ses are necess>y to ! recognition t ! e>? moves1 & t ! sun is motionless4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ! place & ! (fice ( ea* ( ^? s(tly beam+ globes1 9 ! mid/ ( ! uni=mity ( aspect pres5t$ by ! />s :i* %9e dur+ ! night1 pati5t & sev]e obs]vations1 transmitt$ & repeat$ f age are indisp5sable1 &1 9 addition1 an excell5t sci5tific me?od4 ,let u !re=e n be surpris$ t m5 h tak5 s mu* "t to compreh5d ! ord]+ ( ! univ]se1 & t !y _h only ! mo/ *ildi% conception ( !m = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! anci5ts1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,egyptians1 knew no?+ ( ! univ]se1 except ! e>? 7nor did ! ,ori5tals1 ) ! exception ( "s truly le>n$ m51 :o _h div9$ ! g5]al me*anism ( ! univ]se by me?ods unkn[n to u1 b !y conceal$ _! k f ! pr(ane74 ,^! anci5ts c\ld speak ( only a small portion ( ! globe3 ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ! ,nor? ( ,africa4 ,! rema9d] 0 a dead lett] = ! peoples ( antiquity4 ,aft] !m1 & foll[+ _! example1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians r$uc$ ! univ]se to :at !y knew ( x2 !y believ$ !re 0 b "o _w1 because !y saw only "o4 ,! e>? 0 = !m ! univ]se4 ,9 ! />s !y saw only brilliant spots1 l silv] nails 9 ! cele/ial vault1 to enhance ! azure1 & *>m ! eyes ( m5 9 ! quiet ( ! night4 ,! moon 0 ! natural beacon ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! sky !re 0 a %9+ track foll[$ by ! sun1 & ! tor* ( day 0 no l>g] ?an ! beacon ( night4 ,! cele/ial region :i* spread itself above ! sun & ! moon 0 ! ,empyrean ( ! anci5ts1 ! ,p>adise ( ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,mussulmans4 ,x 0 at once ! soj\rn ( cl\ds & ( light1 ! habitation ( ! elect ( ,god1 ( ! sa9ts & ! j4 ,"u ! e>?1 & 9 its int]ior1 7 imm5se abysses1 gulfs1 & cavities1 ! d>k dwell+s ( ! damn$4 ,?is simple cosmogony1 :i* m]ely translates :at our eyes %[ u1 has be5 t believ$ by e p 9 _! infancy4 ,among ! savage tribes ( ! two worlds1 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,africa1 z 9 ! anci5t ,ea/1 among ! ,romans z among ! ,egyptians & ! anci5t ,greeks1 ?is co>se simplicity & absolute ignorance ( ! con/itution ( ! _w prevail$4 ,on ?is pr(\ndly false basis all ! anci5t religions 7 f\nd$4 ,! social cu/oms ( mod]n peoples are bas$ ^u ! same errors4 ,language has consecrat$ !m2 ! e>? is ev]y:]e call$ ! _w1 z ! anci5ts call$ x 7mundus1 72 e "o says ! sun travels1 or goes1 f ea/ to we/1 & t ! />s rise & set4 ,poetry has set its et]nal seal on ?is vici\s sy/em1 & has1 s to speak1 consecrat$ x1 by clo?+ x ) all ! pre/ige ( g5ius & imag9ation4 ,mod]n a/ronomy has caus$ ! false skies ( antiquity to vani% away2 x has disp]s$ ! pret5sions ( ! cele/ial vault1 s[n ) brilliant spots1 & sub/itut$ a simple mass ( col\r$ air4 ,x has reveal$ ! true (fice ( ea* ( ^? />s :i* we see by day or by night4 ,x has fix$1 9 an indisputable mann]1 ! real place ( ! e>? 9 ! univ]se1 &1 to say ! tru?1 t place is s+ul>ly small4 ,we "k n[1 t ! e>?1 f> f be+ h]self ! _w1 is only an imp]ceptible po9t ( ! _w4 ,if we only comp>e x ) ! sun1 we "k t our globe is "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& times small] ?an ! sun4 ,?is takes u f> away f ! idea ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 :o ?\ght !y v5tur$ mu* 9 ass]t+ t ! sun 0 z big z ! ,peloponnesus4 ,9 addition1 ! e>? has be5 dispossess$ ( all privileges4 ,x 0 believ$ =m]ly to be unique & unrivall$1 we n[ "k t !re are an inf9ity ( o!r globes simil> to ! e>?1 s t %e is no m ?an "o individual 9 a gr\p ( o!r individuals :o resemble h]4 ,we "k t ! e>? figures among ! planets1 t %e is only a planet ( our sy/em4 ,:at1 !n1 is a planet8 ! read] w ask4 ,an att5tive gaze direct$ to ! />s ( night w make him und]/& x4 ,let him exam9e1 on any f9e ev5+1 ! /> :i* is po9t$ out to him z ,m>s or ,jupit]1 & to :i* a c]ta9 position is assign$ at a giv5 h\r4 ,!n1 a few h\rs lat]1 let him come & look once m = ,m>s or ,jupit]1 & he w p]ceive t ! position ( ,m>s or ,jupit]1 ) respect to ! o!r />s1 is *ang$4 ,or he may d bett] /ill4 ,let him look at ,m>s or ,jupit] ?r\gh ! telescope ( an obs]vatory1 or ! glass ( "o ( ^? op5-air a/ronom]s :o are to be f\nd 9 ! public ways 9 ,p>is & o!r great cities4 ,?us he may see ,m>s or ,jupit] *ange 8 place "u 8 own eyes4 ,:ile ! o!r />s rema9 motionless1 ,jupit] or ,m>s w pass away f ! field ( ! glass4 ,!re are1 !n1 fix$ />s & movable />s4 ,! movable />s are ! planets 71 f 1 w&]+74 ,! fix$ />s are :at we call />s4 ,x is n difficult to di/+ui% ! planets f ! />s ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! />s emit sp>kl+ light1 :5ce comes _! "n1 f ! ,lat9 /ell>e1 to %9e1 & _! light tw9kles4 ,! planets1 on ! contr>y1 %9e ) a /eady1 mild1 unvacillat+ light4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is1 t ! light %$ by ! />s is _! own4 ,! />s are s _m suns resembl+ ours4 ,!y illum9e worlds l our _w1 s prodigi\sly di/ant t we _c ev5 p]ceive !m4 ,! planets d n %9e ( !mselves2 !y m]ely reflect1 l gigantic mirrors1 ! light ( ! sun :i* illum9es !m1 & r5d]s !m visible to u4 ,?us1 ! planets are />s :i* travel4 ,!y revolve ar\nd ! sun4 ,! e>?1 be+ a planet1 is a travell+ />1 :i* revolves ar\nd ! sun4 ,b ! e>? is n ! only planet ( our sol> sy/em4 ,!re are sev5 o!rs1 :i* d n diff] ess5tially f ! e>?4 ,! names ( ! eight planets :i* compose our sol> sy/em1 are z foll[s1 arrang$ accord+ to _! di/ance f ! sun3 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] !re is a collection ( small bodies1 :i* seem to be fragm5ts ( brok5 planets2 !y are call$ a/]ods4 ,at pres5t1 9 #ahga1 m ?an a hundr$ are kn[n1 & x is n yet fifty ye>s s9ce !y 7 fir/ s\ght = 9 ! sky4 ,^! a/]ods may be collect$ toge!r 9 our fancy1 & =m$ into a sep>ate gr\p1 :i* w\ld be a n9? planet4 ,let u glance at ! planets :i* compose our sol> sy/em4 ,plates #d & #e1 :i* accompany ^! pages1 w suffice to give an idea ( ! relative dim5sions ( ! planets4 ,9 ^! two plates ! planets are arrang$ accord+ to ! ord] ( _! di/ance f ! sun4 ,9 plate #d1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s are repres5t$2 9 plate #e1 ! a/]ods ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,m]cury is ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun1 8 di/ance f ! c5tral orb be+ only f\rte5 millions ( leagues1 :i*1 9 a/ronomy1 is ne> neighb\rhood4 ,?is planet revolves ^u its axis ) ! same rapidity z ! e>?4 ,! day1 9 ,m]cury1 is only ?ree m9utes long] ?an ours 7#bd;h4 #cms474 ,be+ clos] to ! sun ?an ! e>? is1 ,m]cury turns m quickly r\nd ! sun1 s t its ye> is only #hh days1 :]eas ours is #cfe days4 ,we "k t ! sole cause ( ! inequality ( ! seasons1 z well z ( day & night 9 ! planets1 is ! incl9ation ( ! /> on its axis ( rotation4 ,if ! planets1 :ile revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 reta9$ ! v]ticality ( ! axis :i* jo9s ^! nor? & s\? poles1 !re w\ld be p]fect equality 9 ! di/ribution ( ! sol> light & heat ov] ! same latitudes2 along ea* p>allel !re w\ld be a complete regul>ity 9 ! light+ & w>m+ ( ! planet2 ! diff]5ces ( heat & cold w\ld n dep5d on any?+ b _! great] or less di/ance f ! sun4 ,b ?is v]ticality only exi/s = two or ?ree planets ( our sy/em4 ,! o!rs1 & among !m ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s1 are /rongly incl9$ on _! axis ( rotation4 ,!y revolve 9 a b5t position1 z if !y _h receiv$ a great bl[ on ! %\ld]1 :i* _h caus$ !m to deviate f _! primitive & regul> situation4 ,f ?is !re results a v v>iable disposition ( ! duration ( ! light1 & consequ5tly ( ! heat1 :i* ^! incl9$ planets receive f ! horizontal rays ( ! sol> />4 ,?us ! inequality 9 ! l5g? ( ! days & nights1 & ! div]sity ( ! f\r seasons on ! same p>allel1 are acc\nt$ =4#ag ,illu/ration3 ,m]cury4 ,v5us4 ,e>?4 ,m>s4 ,sun4 ,fig4 #d4--;,comp>ative ,size ( ! ,planets ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s4 ,! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! t]re/rial sph]e is #bc :i* is a consid]able deviation1 & occasions great diff]5ces 9 ! duration ( days & ( seasons on diff]5t po9ts ( our globe4 ,! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! planet ,m]cury is enorm\s3 x is #gj4 ,?is planet b5ds ov] itself z if ab\t to fall4 ,h5ce results prodigi\s v>iation ( light & heat on ! same p>allel1 & seasons ^: abrupt *anges mu/ be pa9ful & h>d to be> by ! inhabitants ( ?is planet1 if su* inhabitants exi/4 ,m]cury is five times less ?an ! ,e>?1 z is %[n 9 plate #d4 ,v5us comes aft] ,m]cury1 accord+ to di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,v5us1 :i* is #bg1jjj1jjj ( leagues f ! ,sun1 receives twice z mu* light & heat z our globe4 ,its days are ( ne>ly ! same l5g? z ours 7#bc h\rs1 #ba m9utes71 b its ye>1 necess>ily %ort] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 s9ce x is ne>] to ! ,sun1 la/s only #bbd days4 ,its seasons la/ two mon?s ea*4 ,its globe is ne>ly ( ! same bulk z t ( ! ,e>?4 ,v5us is almo/ always wrapp$ 9 cl\ds1 :i* mu/ fall 9 ra91 =m+ riv]s & seas4 ,^! wat]s refre% ! pla9s1 :i* mu/ be scor*$ by ! heat ( ! burn+ sun4 ,! seasons are /ill %ort] & m unequal 9 ,v5us ?an 9 ,m]cury2 its axis is1 9 fact1 incl9$ at #ge4 ,aft] ,v5us comes ! ,e>?1 :i* is almo/ ( ! same bulk1 b #bh1jjj1jjj ( leagues f ! ,sun4 ,its diamet] is ne>ly #cjjj leagues4 ,x accompli%es its revolution on its axis 9 #bd h\rs 7#bc h\rs1 #ef m9utes1 #d seconds71 & 9 #cfe days1 #e h\rs its revolution ar\nd ! sun4 ,! incl9ation ( ! ,e>?'s axis is #bc1 :i* produces ! diff]5ces ( days & nights1 & ! inequality ( ! seasons1 accord+ to latitude4 ,! ,e>? possesses a privilege d5i$ to ! planets ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ,m>s2 %e has a second>y />1 or satellite1 call$ ! ,moon4 ,plac$ at a di/ance ( only #ij1jjj leagues f ! ,e>?1 ! ,moon accompli%es h] revolution ar\nd x 9 #bg days4 ,x is n ! object ( ?is "w to give any description ( our globe4 ,we w suppose our read]s to be suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) x1 & pass on to ! planet :i* comes next to x 9 ! scale ( di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,?is is ! planet ,m>s4 ,an extraord9>y resemblance exi/s betwe5 ,m>s & ! ,e>?4 ,physical1 geographical1 & climatological conditions1 days & nights1 seasons1 cele/ial p]spectives1 all are alike 9 ^! two planets1 ) ! sole diff]5ce t ! globe ( ,m>s is half z small aga9 z t ( ! ,e>?2 s t1 if a man 7 transport$ to ,m>s1 he might believe himself to be1 n 9 a /range planet1 b 9 a little kn[n corn] ( ! ,e>?1 su* z ,au/ralia or ,polynesia4 ,z we pursue our j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s1 ev] increas+ our di/ance f ! ,sun1 we %all f9d1 aft] ,m>s1 ! gr\p ( ! ,a/]ods4 ,we %all n l+] be=e ?is clu/] ( small />s1 :i* is no d\bt no?+ b a collection ( ! dismemb]$ fragm5ts ( a planet1 :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 ?is p>ticul> po9t ( space1 & 0 da%$ to pieces by "s =midable accid5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,^! little />s1 l ! important planets1 h ea* _! names1 su* z ,ve/a1 ,pallas1 ,circe1 c41 c4 ,maximiliana1 & ,f]onia are plac$ at ! two extremities1 ) respect to di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,^! rema9s ( a brok5 /> cont9ue to circulate ar\nd ! ,sun1 l ! planet :i* !y =m]ly compos$4 ,aft] ! ,a/]ods comes great ,jupit]4 ,jupit] is ! l>ge/ planet>y sph]e 9 our sol> sy/em1 be+ #adjj times great] ?an ! ,e>?4 ,its di/ance f ! ,sun is #bjj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is di/ance1 its ye> is z long z twelve ( our ye>s4 ,not)/&+ its colossal dim5sions1 ,jupit] turns ) su* rapidity ^u its axis1 t x accompli%es an entire revolution 9 twelve h\rs1 s t its day & night are respectively only t5 h\rs long4 ,! %ortness ( ,jupit]'s nights are comp5sat$ by ! exi/5ce ( f\r moons1 or satellites1 :i* revolve ar\nd ?is planet1 & give x p]man5t light4 ,?is illum9ation by reflection1 add$ to v long twilights1 mu/ make ,jupit]'s nights ne>ly equal to ! day 9 brightness4 ,?\gh ,jupit] suff]s "u ! disadvantage ( v %ort days1 x has on ! o!r h& ! inappreciable advantage ( p]fect equality 9 ! l5g? ( its days & nights1 & ( t ( ! f\r seasons ov] all its p>allels4 ,! axis ( ,jupit] is h>dly at all oblique1 & !re=e ,jupit]1 l ! planet ,saturn1 enjoys a sort ( p]petual spr+1 t is to say1 an equable di/ribution ( sol> heat & light along ! same degrees ( latitude4 ,jupit]1 unlike ,m>s & ,v5us1 has no vicissitudes ( seasons1 no sudd5 & pa9ful transitions f cold to heat 9 ! same place4 ,! climates are inv>iable 9 ea* latitude1 & ! seasons are h>dly disc]nible4 ,! globe ( ,saturn is #gcd times l>g] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 & is #cfd1jjj1jjj leagues f ! ,sun4 ,x takes ?irty ye>s to p]=m its revolution ar\nd ! c5tral />1 & its ye> is !re=e ?irty times z long z ours4 ,saturn1 l ,jupit]1 has v %ort days4 ,x revolves on its axis 9 t5 h\rs1 s t its day & night respectively are b five h\rs4 ,b x has eight moons1 or satellites1 :i* accompany x1 & give x light1 ?us1 z 9 ! case ( ,jupit]1 supplem5t+ ! %ortness ( its days4 ,!re is h>dly any obliquity ( ! axis ( ,saturn1 s t its days & nights are always equal4 ,!re is a p]petual equ9ox1 & ! climates are inv>iable1 :ile v>iation ( seasons h>dly exi/s4 ,9 ,saturn1 z 9 ,jupit]1 p]petual spr+ reigns4 ,saturn has "o peculi>ity :i* does n belong to any o!r body 9 our sol> sy/em4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a r+1 ( ! same nature z its own1 & :i* surr\nds x on e side4 ,?is r+ 7see plate #e71 is surr\nd$ by a second1 & ! second by a ?ird1 & ! :ole are call$ ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,?is circul> envelope is exce$+ly ?9--only t5 leagues 9 ?ickness--b v wide2 its wid? is #ab1jjj leagues4 ,x is n motionless1 b x revolves ) ! globe :i* x surr\nds4 ,! /range disposition ( ! r+s ( ,saturn af=ds a pro( ( ! inexhau/ible ri*es ( nature1 & ! v>iety ( =ms :i* ! ,creator has call$ into be+ 9 ! va/ univ]se4 ,x ought to gu>d u aga9/ our con/ant t5d5cy to model all ! worlds :i* we d n "k1 ^u ! type ( ! e>?4 ,h>dly any?+ is kn[n ab\t ! peculi>ities ( ,uranus1 a planet :i* is only eighty-two times l>g] ?an ! e>?1 b :i* is #gcb1jjj1jjj ( miles f ! sun1 & takes eighty-f\r ye>s to accompli% its revolution ar\nd ! c5tral />4 ,plate #e %[s ! relative proportions ( ,uranus & ! e>?4 ,! prodigi\s di/ance ( ,uranus f our globe1 add$ to its small size1 r5d]s x almo/ inaccessible to obs]vation4 ,= ! same reason1 no?+ c be asc]ta9$ respect+ ! physical & geographical conditions ( ,neptune1 ! la/ planet ( our sol> sy/em1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 our "t by ,m4 ,le ,v]ri]1 ?anks to ! simple =ce ( calculation1 !reby af=d+ ! mo/ brilliant pro( ev] giv5 ( ! utility ( ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,neptune is s small & s f> f u1 t x is probable m]e obs]vation ( ! heav5s w\ld nev] h detect$ its exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is case ma!matical analysis 0 m p[]ful ?an ! telescope4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give p>ticul>s analog\s to ^? :i* we h suppli$ conc]n+ ! =ego+ planets1 9 ref]5ce to a /> only #aje times l>g] ?an ! e>?1 :i* revolves at ! di/ance ( "o milli>d #aej millions ( leagues f ! sun1 & ! duration ( ^: ye> is #afd times t ( ! t]re/rial ye>1 s t if ! ages ( ! ,*ri/ian era 7 c\nt$ accord+ to ! ,neptunian *ronology1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 we %\ld be 9 ! #ab? ye> ( t era4 ,all we c say ab\t ,neptune1 !re=e1 is t x =ms ! b\nd>y ( ! doma9 ( our visible _w4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 /ate positively t our sol> _w t]m9ates at ?is limit4 ,no d\bt ! range ( our a/ronomical glasses goes no f>!r1 b assur$ly !y d n sweep ! b\nd>ies ( ! empire ( ! sun4 ,x is kn[n1 9 fact1 t comets return to u aft] hav+ 7z indicat$ by _! geometrical curve71 swept ov] ! dep?s ( space to a di/ance ( ?irty-two milli>ds ( leagues4 ,?us ! di/ance ( "o milli>d #aej millions ( leagues1 :i* is t ( ,neptune f ! sun1 by no means repres5ts ! conf9es ( our sol> _w1 b simply def9es ! limits ( ! range ( our telescopes4 ,illu/ration3 ,a/]oids4 ,jupit]4 ,saturn4 ,uranus4 ,neptune4 ,fig4 #e4--,size ( ! ,planets ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune comp>$ ) ! ,e>?4 ,?is rapid glance at our sol> sy/em 9 its entirety1 proves t ! e>? is n 9 possession ( any privilege4 ,! "p :i* %e plays 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se is equally fulfill$ by o!r />s1 & !re is no?+ to ju/ify ! pre-em95ce assign$ to h] by ! anci5ts4 ,%e is n ! l>ge/1 ! w>me/1 or ! brighte/ ( ! planets4 ,%e simply =ms a portion ( a gr\p ( />s1 & is b "o individual ( t gr\p4 ,^! consid]ations t5d to lead u to a v important d$uction4 ,s9ce ! e>? is 9 no way di/+ui%$ f ! o!r planets ( our sol> sy/em1 !re mu/ exi/ 9 o!r planets ! ?+s :i* are f\nd on our globe2 air1 wat]1 a h>d soil1 riv]s & seas1 m\nta9s & valleys4 ,ev5 vegetation & =e/s ought to be !re1 regions cov]$ ) v]dure & ) %ade4 ,s !re surely ought to exi/ 9 ! o!r planets1 animals1 & ev5 m51 or at lea/ creatures sup]ior to animals1 correspond+ to our human type4 ,b is ?is possible8 is x true8 are ! planets :i*1 l ! e>?1 & toge!r ) x1 turn r\nd ! sun1 con/itut$ physically z ! e>? is8 ,are !y cov]$ ) vegetable gr[?8 are !y t5ant$ by animals & by be+s belong+ to ! human type8 ,?is grave "q has be5 pr(\ndly discuss$ by ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1 9 a "w entitl$ ,pluralit des ,mondes ,habits1 & 9 a lat] publication1 ,les ,mondes ,imag9aires et les ,mondes ,rels4 ,x w\ld be outside ! prov9ce ( ?is book to foll[ ! au?or ?r\gh ! v>i\s sci5tific consid]ations1 f :i* he reasons t ! planets :i* =m a portion ( our sol> sy/em1 are1 l ! e>?1 ! sc5e ( life1 organization1 ?\ght1 & feel+4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury1 ,font5elle & ,huyg5s _h successfully approa*$ ?is successful problem1 :i* ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion has lately treat$ ) especial c>e & developm5t1 invok+ ! lessons ( contemporane\s a/ronomy & physics1 :i* ref] to ! subject4 ,we !re=e ref] ! read]1 :o wi%es to be in/ruct$ ^u ! "q ( ! possibility ( ! planets be+ inhabit$1 to ,m4 ,flamm>ion's works4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #ag ,milton1 9 8 ,p>adise ,lo/1 says t be=e ! fall ( our fir/ p>5ts1 p]petual spr+ reign$ ^u ! ,e>?1 b t z soon z ,adam & ,eve _h eat5 ! =bidd5 fruit1 angels1 ) flam+ swords1 7 s5t f ,heav5 to incl9e ! poles ( ! ,e>? m ?an #bj degrees4 ,x is well = u t ! angels did n cause !m to incl9e f>!r1 or our seasons w\ld h be5 /ill %ort] & m defective4 ,f\ri] pret5ds t x w\ld be possible = humanity to produce an effect suffici5tly great to set ! globe /raight ^u its axis1 & ?us re/ore ! equality ( ! seasons1 & p]petual spr+4 ,?is philosoph] =got to indicate "o ?+ only1 ! me*anical means by :i* man is to produce ?is effect4 ,?is !ory rem9ds u ( ! dr[n+ man :o fanci$ he c\ld save himself by cat*+ hold ( 8 own hair1 :ile he 0 /ruggl+ 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,f\rte5?4 ,,t ,,:i* ,,has ,,tak5 ,,place ,,^u ,,! ,,e>? ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,organiz$ ,,be+s ,,has ,,probably ,,also ,,tak5 ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,o!r ,,planets4--,,! ,,successive ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,liv+ ,,be+s ,,on ,,our ,,globe4--,,?is ,,same ,,succession ,,has ,,probably ,,tak5 ,,place ,,9 ,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,planets4--,,planet>y ,,man4--,,! ,,planet>y1 ,,l ,,! ,,t]re/rial ,,man1 ,,is ,,trans=m$1 ,,aft] ,,dea?1 ,,into ,a ,,sup]human ,,be+1 ,,& ,,passes ,,into ,,! ,,e!r4 ,,we believe1 ) ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1 t organiz$ be+s exi/ 9 all ! planets4 ,b are ^! be+s :o live 9 ! di/ant worlds accompani$1 l t]re/rial man1 by a sup]ior type8 ,?is is ! subject :i* we n[ propose to exam9e4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( obs]vation analogy is our only means ( inve/igation1 &1 guid$ by analogy1 we mu/ admit t ! processes :i* h tak5 place ^u ! e>?1 s9ce ! epo* ( its =mation1 mu/ h simil>ly tak5 place ^u all ! o!r planets1 ! e>?'s cong5]s4 ,we are n[ p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! vegetable & animal creations h appe>$1 & succe$$ ea* o!r ^u our globe s9ce its orig94 ,at fir/ ! e>? 0 simply a collection ( gas1 & burn+ vap\r :i* revolv$ r\nd ! sun4 ,?is mass ( gas & vap\r grew cold by degrees 9 its passage ?r\gh space1 & fir/ becom+ liquid1 aft]w>ds assum$ ! consi/5cy ( pa/e1 & ultimately became solid1 by a gradual process ( refrig]ation4 ,consolidation began on ! surface1 because ! circumf]5ce ( a sph]e is m expos$ ?an ! rema9d] ( ! mass to refrig]at+ influ5ces4 ,!n ! wat] & ! vap\rs :i* /ill fl[$ ^u ! consolidat$ globe became cond5s$1 &1 fall+ 9 burn+ %[]s ^u ! h>d soil1 !y =m$ ! fir/ seas4 ,! pro( t ! e>?'s primitive condition 0 l to a liquid or half pa/e1 is1 t if we take a pla/ic sph]e1 = in/ance a slightly fluid ball ( quicksilv]1 & make x turn rapidly ^u its axis1 we obs]ve t x swells out 9 ! middle1 & becomes flat at ! two poles1 or ! extremities ( ! axis2 ?is is ! effect ( ! c5trifugal =ce eng5d]$ by ! rotatory motion4 ,n[ ! e>? is depress$ at ! poles1 & slightly swell$ out at ! equator4 ,! o!r planets mu/ h be5 =m$ by ! same process z ! e>?4 ,!y 71 no d\bt1 compos$ ( a collection ( gas & vap\rs1 :i* became liquid1 pa/y1 & ev5tually solid1 by a process ( refrig]ation4 ,?is process1 tak+ effect especially ^u _! surface1 !y began to put =? a sk91 or ext]ior & solid cov]+1 :i* 0 ! soil ( ! planet4 ,on ?is resi/+ soil fell ! liquids result+ f ! cond5sation ( ! wat] vap\r1 & ?us ! fir/ seas ( ! planets 7 =m$4 ,we w\ld rem9d ^? :o d\bt ! correctness ( ?is !ory t ! poles ( ! globe ( ,saturn & t ( ,jupit] are mu* m flat ?an ^? ( ! ,e>?2 :i* is expla9$ by ! great] velocity ( ! rotation ( ea* ^u its axis4 ,our days are #bd h\rs long1 :]eas ^? ( ,jupit] & ,saturn are only #aj h\rs4 ,great] rapidity ( rotation produces a correspond+ly increas$ depression at ! extremities ( ! axis4 ,?is geometrical result demon/rates ! ju/ice ( ! assimilation 9 _! respective orig9 :i* we ma9ta9 betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! o!r planets4 ,9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! bas9 ( ! seas ! fir/ liv+ be+s :i* exi/$ ^u our globe appe>$4 ,animal life comm5c$ 9 ! wat]s1 9 ! primitive =ms ( zoophytes & mollusca1 z we "k1 because zoophytes & mollusca1 ) ! addition ( a few articulates1 compos$ ! animal rema9s f\nd 9 ! transition /rata :i* come aft] ! prim>y =mations4 ,! fir/ vegetables are f\nd 9 ! same transition /rata1 !y are mosses1 alg1 & f]ns4 ,:5 ! e>? _h become some:at cool]1 phan]ogam\s vegetables appe>$ ^u ! cont95ts4 ,num]\s vegetable species 7 simultane\sly creat$1 = ! flora ( ! second>y =mations is extremely ri* & v>i$4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ! case ( animals4 ,s ! zoophytes1 mollusca1 & fi% :i* exi/$ 9 ! transition p]iod succe$$ reptiles1 9 ! second>y =mation1 :i* inhabit$ bo? l& & sea4 ,at ?is p]iod appe>$ ^? mon/r\s saurian reptiles1 ^: =midable %apes1 & colossal dim5sions fill u ) surprise & almo/ ) dismay4 ,!n ! gigantic mosasaurus ravag$ ! seas1 ! t]rible i*?yosaurus spread t]ror among ! inhabitants ( ! wat]s1 & ! gigantic iguanodon laid wa/e ! =e/s4 ,! second>y =mation1 :i* is fill$ ) _! rema9s1 %[s u t at t p]iod reptiles held ! fir/ rank 9 creation4 ,at a lat] date1 ! atmosph]e hav+ become pur]1 birds began to trav]se ! air4 ,9 ! t]ti>y deposit we f9d ! rema9s ( sev]al k9ds ( birds1 & ^! rema9s1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ! e>li] =mations1 suffici5tly prove t x 0 9 ! t]ti>y p]iod t birds made _! fir/ appe>ance ^u ! t]re/rial globe4 ,/ill lat]1 at a m advanc$ p]iod ( ! t]ti>y epo*1 mammif]s appe> ^u ! sc5e4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t ^! animal species d n replace ea* o!r1 t ! "o does n exclude ! o!r4 ,sev]al ( ! anci5t animal species cont9ue to exi/ aft] ! appe>ance ( entirely novel k9ds4 ,we might quote z in/ances :ole gr\ps ( animals1 su* z ! l+ul 7mollusca71 ! coral 7zoophyte7 among animals1 & among vegetables1 ! alg1 f]ns1 & lycopodes1 :i* appe>$ on our globe 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! reign ( organization1 & h nev] ceas$ to exi/4 ,x 0 n until ! la/ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 dur+ ! quat]n>y epo*1 t man appe>$1 ! highe/ product ( liv+ creation1 ! ultimate t]m ( organic1 intellectual1 & moral progress1 ! cr[n+ ^u our e>? ( ! visible edifice ( nature4 ,at pres5t1 man lives toge!r ) ! animals :i* began to exi/ dur+ ! quat]n>y epo*1 & a great numb] ( o!r k9ds ( mammif]s :i* 7 creat$ dur+ ! t]ti>y epo*4 ,! v>i\s phases ( ! developm5t ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms on our globe1 ^! p]fect$ organiz$ species ea* succe$+ ! o!r1 & f9ally rea*+ ! sup]ior type :i* we call man1 mu/1 9 our op9ion1 h be5 produc$ 9 ! selfsame ord]1 ^u ! o!r planets ( our sol> _w4 ,m4 ,flamm>ion proves1 9 ! "w :i* we h already quot$1 t ! physical & climatological con/itution ( ! planets is simil> to t ( our globe4 ,!re is !re=e no reason :y ?+s %\ld h tak5 place o!rwise 9 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 or ,v5us1 ?an 9 ! ,e>?1 9 respect to ! successive ord] ( ! creation & appe>ance ( liv+ be+s1 &1 9 our belief a precisely simil> successive appe>ance ( vegetables & animals1 has tak5 place 9 ^! planets4 ,! plants & animals ( ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 c41 7 c]ta9ly n id5tical ) ^? species :i* h _h exi/5ce on ! ,e>?1 & p]haps no resemblance c\ld be trac$ betwe5 !m1 b all1 9 _! successive appe>ance1 obey$ ! pr9ciple ( progress & p]fect+4 ,life1 comm5c+ 9 ! burn+ waves ( ! primitive seas1 subsequ5tly manife/$ itself ^u ! cont95ts4 ,animals ( arial organization h liv$ ^u ^! cont95ts1 _! species h by degrees rea*$ ! p]fection ( _! type1 at l5g?1 & f9ally1 a creature appe>$ 9 ^! planets m complete1 sup]ior 9 organization1 intellig5ce1 & s5sibility to all ! animal creation :i* =m$ ! population ( ea* p>ticul> globe4 ,?is sup]ior be+1 ?is la/ /ep ( ! asc5d+ scale ( liv+ creation prop] to ! planet>y worlds1 ! correspond+ analog\s creature to t]re/rial man1 we %all take leave to call planet>y man4 ,9 all ! planets1 !n1 !re exi/ m51 z on ! e>?1 j z !re exi/ animals :i* are inf]ior to t noble & privileg$ type4 ,accord+ to ! views :i* we h expla9$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w1 t]re/rial man und]goes1 aft] 8 dea?1 a glori\s metamorphosis4 ,leav+ 8 mis]able mat]ial cov]+ "h bel[1 8 s\l spr+s upw>d into space1 & becomes inc>nate 9 a new be+1 ^: type is inf9itely sup]ior1 by reason ( its moral p]fection1 to t ( our poor humanity4 ,he becomes t :i* we h call$ ! sup]human be+4 ,if ?is be true ( ! t]re/rial man1 x mu/ be equally true ( ! planet>y man4 ,s t ! sup]human be+ mu/ proce$1 n only f ! e>?1 b f all ! o!r planets4 ,sup]human be+s come f ! human s\ls :o h liv$ ei!r ^u ! ,e>?1 or ^u ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 ,saturn1 c4 ,& precisely z ! sup]human be+1 :o comes f ! ,e>? passes into ! surr\nd+ e!r1 s ! planet>y man1 leav+ ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 c41 passes into ! e!r1 :i* surr\nds 8 own planet1 becomes inc>nate 9 a sup]human be+1 & lives 9 ! e!real pla9s adjo9+ ! planet :i* he has quitt$4 ,all ^! sup]human be+s float 9 ! cl\ds ( e!r :i*1 9 ! case ( e planet1 succe$ to its atmosph]e4 ,?us1 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* we h bas$ t]re/rial humanity1 are g5]al1 & apply to all planet>y humanity4 ,n f ! ,e>? only d ^? s\ls proce$ :o are inc>nate 9 new creatures 9 ! bosom ( ! e!real spaces1 ^! s\ls proce$ f all ! globes :i*1 toge!r ) ! ,e>?1 =m ! att5dant c\rt ( ! royal ,sun4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fifte5?4 ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,human ,,exi/5ces1 ,,& ,,( ,,re-,,inc>nations4--,,ap>t ,,f ,,?is ,,doctr9e ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,to ,,expla9 ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,man ,,^u ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,! ,,sad ,,& ,,unequal ,,conditions ,,( ,,human ,,life1 ,,& ,,! ,,fate ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,die ,,9 ,,infancy4 ,,! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces1 & ( re-inc>nations1 :i* b9d toge!r1 l s _m l9ks ( ! same *a91 all liv+ creatures1 f ! mo/ m9ute animal1 ev5 to ^? bless$ be+s to :om x is giv5 to behold ,god 9 ,8 glory2 :i* gives bre?r5 9 ! diff]5t planets to t]re/rial humanity2 :i* makes ( ! inhabitants ( our globe a nation ( ! univ]se2 :i* sees b "o family 9 all ! population ( ! worlds--a planet>y family--^: e memb] may raise himself by 8 m]its & 8 /ruggles1 9 ! hi]>*y ( happ9ess1 is support$ by s _m pro(s4 ,s _m1 inde$1 t we are puzzl$ to *oose among all ! me?ods ( demon/ration :i* (f] !mselves 9 aid ( x4 ,to enum]ate !m all w\ld unduly enl>ge ! dim5sions ( ?is "w1 s t we %all cont5t ourselves ) br++ =w>d ! mo/ /rik+4 ,:y are we on ! e>?8 ,we did n ask to be plac$ !re1 we did n express a wi% to be born4 ,if we _h be5 consult$1 we %\ld probably h object$ to com+ into ?is _w at all1 or at lea/ we %\ld h wi%$ to appe> !re at "s o!r epo*4 ,we %\ld probably h ask$ to be p]mitt$ to soj\rn 9 "s o!r planet ?an ! ,e>?4 ,our globe is1 inde$1 a v disagreeable habitation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its incl9ation on its axis1 climate is v unpleasantly di/ribut$4 ,ei!r we mu/ succumb to cold1 if we are n artificially protect$ aga9/ x1 or we mu/ be t]ribly incommod$ ) heat4 ,reg>d$ f ! moral po9t ( view1 ! conditions ( humanity are v sad4 ,evil pr$om9ates 9 ! _w2 vice is held almo/ ev]y:]e 9 hon\r1 & virtue is s ill-treat$1 t to be hone/ is1 9 ?is life1 to be tol]ably c]ta9 ( evil =tune4 ,our affections are causes ( angui% & te>s4 ,if1 = a :ile1 we enjoy ! happ9ess ( pat]nity1 ( love1 ( fri5d%ip1 x is only to see ! objects ( our love torn f u by dea?1 or sep>at$ f u by ! accid5ts ( a mis]able life4 ,! organs giv5 u to be ex]cis$ 9 ?is life are heavy1 co>se1 subject to maladies4 ,we are nail$ to ! e>?1 & our heavy mass c be mov$ only by fatigu+ ex]tion4 ,if !re are m5 ( p[]ful organization1 gift$ ) a good con/itution & robu/ heal?1 h[ _m are !re :o are infirm1 idiots1 deaf & dumb1 bl9d f _! bir?1 ricketty1 & mad6 ,my bro!r is h&some & well made1 & ,i am ugly1 feeble1 ricketty1 & hump-back$2 nev]!less1 we are bo? sons ( ! same "m4 ,"s are born 9 opul5ce1 o!rs 9 ! mo/ hide\s de/itution4 ,:y am ,i n a pr9ce & a great "l1 in/ead ( be+ a poor toil] ( ! rebelli\s & ungrateful e>?8 ,:y 0 ,i born 9 ,europe & 9 ,france1 :]e1 by means ( art & civilization1 life is r5d]$ easy & endurable1 in/ead ( be+ born "u ! burn+ skies ( ! tropics1 :]e1 ) a be/ial sn\t1 a black & oily sk91 & woolly hair1 ,i %\ld h be5 expos$ to ! d\ble torm5ts ( a deadly climate & social b>b>ism8 ,:y is n "o ( ! un=tunate ,african negroes 9 my place1 com=table & well (f8 ,we h done no?+1 he & ,i1 t our respective places on ! e>? %\ld h be5 assign$ to u4 ,i h n m]it$ ! fav\r1 he has n incurr$ ! disgrace4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is unequal division ( frightful evils :i* fall heavily ^u c]ta9 p]sons1 & sp>e o!rs8 ,h[ h !y :o live 9 happy c\ntries des]v$ ?is p>tiality ( fate1 :ile s _m ( _! bre?r5 are suff]+ & weep+ 9 o!r regions ( ! _w8 ,c]ta9 m5 are end[$ ) all ! gifts ( ! intellect2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are devoid ( intellig5ce1 p5etration1 & memory4 ,!y /umble at e /ep 9 ! difficult j\rney ( life4 ,_! n>r[ m9ds1 _! incomplete faculties1 expose !m to e k9d ( failure & mis=tune4 ,!y _c succe$ 9 any?+1 & de/9y seems to select !m = ! *os5 victims ( its mo/ fatal bl[s4 ,!re are be+s ^: :ole life1 f _! bir? to _! dea?1 is a prolong$ cry ( suff]+ & despair4 ,:at crime h !y committ$8 ,:y are !y ^u ! e>?8 ,!y h n ask$ to be born1 & if !y _h be5 free1 !y w\ld h entreat$ t ?is bitt] cup might be remov$ f _! lips4 ,!y are "h bel[ 9 spite ( !mselves1 aga9/ _! w4 ,?is is s true t "s1 9 an excess ( despair1 sev] ! ?read ( _! own life4 ,!y te> !mselves away ) _! own h&s f an exi/5ce :i* t]rible suff]+ has r5d]$ insupportable to !m4 ,god w\ld be unju/ & wick$ to impose s mis]able a life ^u be+s :o h done no?+ to incur x1 & :o h n solicit$ x4 ,b ,god is nei!r unju/ nor wick$2 ! opposite qualities are ! attribute ( ,8 p]fect ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pres5ce ( man on c]ta9 portions ( ! e>?1 & ! unequal di/ribution ( evil ov] our globe1 are n to be expla9$4 ,if any ( my read]s c %[ me a doctr9e1 a philosophy1 a religion by :i* ^! difficulties c be resolv$1 ,i w te> up ?is book1 & confess myself vanqui%$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y admit ! plurality ( human exi/5ces & re-inc>nations1 t is to say ! passage ( ! same s\l into sev]al diff]5t bodies1 ev]y?+ is wond]fully easily expla9$4 ,our pres5ce 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! globe is no long] ! effect ( a caprice ( fate1 or ! result ( *ance2 x is simply a /ation ( ! long j\rney :i* we are tak+ ?r\gh\t ! worlds4 ,previ\s to our bir? 9 ?is _w we h liv$ ei!r 9 ! condition ( sup]ior animals1 or t ( man4 ,our actual exi/5ce is only ! consequ5ce ( ano!r1 :e!r x be t we be> )9 ourselves ! s\l ( a sup]ior animal1 :i* we mu/ purify1 p]fect1 & ennoble1 dur+ our soj\rn on e>?2 or t1 hav+ already fulfill$ an imp]fect & evil exi/5ce1 we are condemn$ to re-comm5ce x "u new obligations4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! c>e] ( ! man re-comm5ces1 because 8 s\l is n yet suffici5tly pure to rise to ! rank ( a sup]human be+4 ,our soj\rn ^u e>? is !n only a k9d ( trial1 impos$ ^u u by nature1 dur+ :i* we mu/ ref9e our s\ls1 free !m f e>?ly bonds1 rid !m ( ! defects :i* weigh !m d[n1 & h9d] !m f ris+1 9 radiance1 t[>ds ! e!real sph]es4 ,e ill-fulfill$ human exi/5ce has to be recomm5c$4 ,?us1 ! s*ool-boy :o has work$ h>d1 :o has /udi$ well1 goes into a high] class at ! end ( ! ye>2 b if he has made no progress 9 8 /udies1 he mu/ g ?r\gh 8 class aga94 ,p]v]se m5 are1 9 our op9ion1 vici\s be+s :o h _h a previ\s life1 & are oblig$ to live x ov] aga94 ,!y mu/ g ?r\gh x aga9 & aga91 until ! day comes :5 _! s\ls %all be fit to take high] rank 9 ! hi]>*y ( creatures1 t is to say1 until !y %all be fit to pass1 aft] _! dea?1 into ! condition ( sup]human be+s4 ,9 proportion z ! cause ( our exi/5ce "h bel[ is obscure & ev5 inexplicable accord+ to ord9>y ideas1 x is simple & lum9\s 9 ! light ( ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces4 ,we mu/ add t ?is doctr9e is con=mable to ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,9 mak+ e>?ly life a trial = man1 ,god is equitable & good1 l an e>?ly fa!r4 ,is x n bett] to subject a s\l to a trial :i* may beg9 ov] aga9 if x h an un=tunate result1 ?an to b9d x to "o condition1 failure 9 :i* mu/ involve ! condemnation ( ! guilty p]son8 ,x is bett] to (f] ! possibility ( rehabilitation by 8 own ef=ts1 by 8 p]sonal /ruggles1 to a fall5 creature1 ?an to utt]ly cru% him1 /a9$ by 8 crimes & imp]fections4 ,! ju/ice & ! goodness ( ,god are manife/ 9 ?is pat]nal arrangem5t1 mu* m ?an 9 ! sev]e jurisdiction :i* w\ld irretrievably condemn a s\l aft] "o s+le trial _h result$ unfav\rably4 ,if human life be a trial1 if x be a p]iod dur+ :i* we are prep>+ = a new & happi] exi/5ce1 !re is no ne$ to look beyond t tru? = an explanation ( :y we are on ! e>?1 :y we are liv+ to-day r ?an to-morr[1 & 9 "o latitude ( our globe r ?an 9 ano!r2 !re is no ne$ to ask :y we are born 9 ! e>?1 & n 9 ,m]cury1 ,saturn1 or ,m>s4 ,:e!r we are liv+ n[1 or are to live lat]1 :e!r we h be5 born 9 ! e>?1 9 ,m]cury1 or 9 ,m>s1 :e!r we inhabit ,europe or ,africa1--all ^! ?+s are utt]ly unimportant to our de/9y4 ,we are und]go+ a p]iod ( prep>ation indisp5sably necess>y to be accompli%$ be=e we pass into ! sup]human condition2 & ! place1 ! mom5t ( our transit1 ! c\ntry 9 :i* we soj\rn1 ! planet :i* is assign$ to u z ! sc5e ( ?is trial1 are )\t any importance 9 ! "p :i* we h to play 9 accordance ) ! int5tions ( nature4 ,we are mak+ an imm5se j\rney ?r\gh ! worlds1 & a %ort soj\rn on ! ,e>? makes a "p ( our va/ it9]>y4 ,:atev] may be ! corn] ( ! univ]se 9 :i* we f9d ourselves we _c escape ! trial impos$ ^u u by ,god1 a trial by /rife & suff]+1 a p]iod ( moral & physical pa9 to :i* we mu/ submit be=e we c be promot$ 9 ! hi]>*y ( creatures4 ,! "t1 ! place1 ! good or evil moral conditions ought !re=e to be indiff]5t to u4 ,:at is ne$ful = u is a brief soj\rn on a planet 9 :i* ?is trial may be accompli%$1 & x may be accompli%$ on ! ,e>?1 or 9 ,m>s1 or 9 ,m]cury1 & on any spot ( ! ,e>?'s surface "o *ooses to ?9k (4 ,if1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is trial1 we meet ) moral evil1 if we see vice triumphant & virtue p]secut$1 if we see ! innoc5t victims ( ! inju/ice1 ! cruelty1 or ! ignorance ( man1 we h no "r to murmur aga9/ ,provid5ce1 we h no "r to utt] mal$ictions aga9/ pa91 to deplore ! sc&al ( successful & triumphant crime1 & ( suff]+ & weep+ virtue4 ,we h no "r to regret our bodily infirmities1 ! diseases :i* lay hold ^u u on ! ,e>?1 & :i* afflict u all our lives1 or to compla9 ( ! weakness ( our m9ds1 ! decay ( our faculties4 ,all ^! conditions1 :i* are inimical to e>?ly happ9ess1 are a portion ( ! s]ies ( trials :i* we h to und]go "h bel[4 ,we ought to bless ^? evils1 & be grateful to ^? suff]+s1 = !y are ! in/rum5ts ( our et]nal r$emption1 & ! m pi]c+ & bitt] !y are ! soon] w come ! h\r ( our deliv]ance1 ! happy mom5t :5 we %all leave ?is impure & fil?y _w :i* our feet h trodd5 = a :ile4 ,besides1 ju/ice w spe$ily be done4 ,) brief delay ! wick$ %all be puni%$ = 8 evil de$s by hav+ to recomm5ce a new exi/5ce "h1 :ile ! good %all be elevat$ to ! upp] _w1 :]e a new1 wide-rang+ life awaits him1 f> m happy & m wise1 9 tru] h>mony ) ! aspirations ( our nature ?an 8 previ\s & mis]able exi/5ce "h4 ,!n we %all be born aga91 radiant & /rong1 ) our memory1 our feel+s1 & our lib]ty complete4 ,?us difficulties vani%1 & problems are solv$3 ?us unc]ta9ty vani%es away1 & my/]ies :i* no doctr9e1 no religion1 no philosophy1 c\ld dissipate1 & :i* almo/ made u d\bt ! ju/ice ( ,god1 are cle>$ up4 ,! doctr9e ( re-inc>nations & prior exi/5ces expla9s ev]y?+1 answ]s ev]y?+4 ,we pass on to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions ( ! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( s\ls1 ! "q ( *ildr5 :o h di$ 9 infancy4 ,:at becomes ( *ildr5 :o die at a few days old1 or at ! age ( eight or t5 mon?s1 or at _! bir?8 ,until aft] all ^! p]iods ! human s\l rema9s q undevelop$2 x is 9 almo/ ! same rudim5t>y /ate z at ! h\r ( its bir?4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! fate ( "y *ildr5 aft] _! dea?8 ,! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces simplifies ?is "q4 ,x admits t :5 an infant dies be=e x has liv$ "o ye> 7! p]iod ( d5tition71 its s\l rema9s ^u ! e>?1 & does n pass1 l t ( a gr[n man1 into ! /ate ( a sup]human be+4 ,! s\l ( an infant a ye> old is /ill 9 a rudim5t>y condition1 almo/ z mu* s z at ! mom5t ( its bir?4 ,! s\l ( a *ild :o dies at t age has to beg9 life ov] aga91 dis5gag+ itself f ! little corpse1 x inc>nates itself 9 ano!r newly-born body1 & aft] ?is fre% inc>nation1 x beg9s a second life4 ,if ! new inc>nation does n la/ m ?an a ye>1 !re is no reason :y ! s\l %\ld n und]go a ?ird inc>nation 9 ! body ( a *ild1 & s on until x %all h accompli%$ ! p]iod ( admission to ! conditions common to all4 ,x is impossible t ! s\l ( a *ild1 :i* is z yet undevelop$1 :i* has add$ no?+ to t :i* x has receiv$1 %\ld be treat$ z p]fect$ s\ls1 purifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( life1 by physical & moral suff]+s1 :o h us$ _! soj\rn ^u e>? z a p]iod ( prep>ation & tra9+4 ,an infant *ild _c !re=e be admitt$ to ! sup]-t]re/rial dwell+s1 he simply recomm5ces an int]rupt$ trial4 ,! mortality ( *ildr5 betwe5 ! day ( _! bir? & ! age ( "o ye> is s consid]able1 t nature mu/ h res]v$ to h]self ! means ( annull+ ?is cause ( dis>rangem5t 9 ! sequ5ce & ord] ( h] op]ations4 ,?is explanation ( ! de/9y ( "y *ildr5 is con=mable to ! economy :i* is obs]v$ 9 ! op]ations ( nature4 ,nature wills t no?+ :i* is creat$ %\ld be lo/4 ,! s\l ( a crim9al is evil1 b x is a s\l1 x exi/s1 & x is et]nal3 x mu/ n be lo/4 ,b x mu/ be correct$ & p]fect$1 :i* is done by means ( ! new exi/5ces to :i* nature consigns t imp]fect s\l1 9 ord] t x may enjoy ! means ( re/oration4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( ! s\l is pres]v$1 & no?+ is lo/ ( t :i* 0 creat$4 ,! s\l ( ! *ild dy+ 9 infancy mu/ n be lo/ ei!r4 ,a second inc>nation 9 ano!r *ild w p]mit x to resume ! c\rse ( its evolution1 accid5tally int]rupt$ by dea?4 ,?us ! s\l w be pres]v$1 & no?+ w be lo/4 ,*emi/ry1 s9ce ,lavoisi]'s "t1 has br\ght to light a great tru?3 x is1 t no?+ ( ! elem5ts ( matt] is lo/2 bodies *ange _! =m1 b ! mat]ial elem5t1 ! simple body1 is imp]i%able1 inde/ructible1 & always to be f\nd intact1 not)/&+ its num]\s trans=mations4 ,if x is true t 9 ! mat]ial _w no?+ is lo/1 x is equally c]ta9 t nei!r is any?+ lo/ 9 ! spiritual _w2 t only trans=mation takes place4 ,?us1 no?+ is lo/1 ei!r ( immat]ial or mat]ial be+s1 & we may lay d[n ?is new pr9ciple ( moral philosophy by ! side ( ! pr9ciple ( *emical philosophy e/abli%$ by ! g5ius ( ,lavoisi]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,sixte5?4 ,,faculties ,,peculi> ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,*ildr51 ,,aptitudes ,,& ,,vocations ,,among ,,m51 ,,are ,,additional ,,pro(s ,,( ,,re-,,inc>nations4--,,explanation ,,( ,,phr5ology4--,,desc>tes' ,,innate ,,ideas1 ,,& ,,dugald ,,/ew>t',s ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,causality ,,c ,,only ,,be ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,lives4--,,vague ,,recollections ,,( ,,our ,,ant]ior ,,exi/5ces4 ,,if !re are no re-inc>nations1 if our actual exi/5ce is1 z mod]n philosophy & ! ord9>y cre$s ma9ta9 x to be1 a solit>y fact1 n to be repeat$1 x foll[s t ! s\l mu/ be =m$ at ! same "t z ! body1 & t at ea* bir? ( a human be+1 a new s\l mu/ be creat$1 to animate ?is body4 ,we w\ld ask1 !n1 :y are n all ^! s\ls ( ! same type8 ,:y1 :5 all human bodies are alike1 is !re s great a div]sity 9 s\ls1 t is to say1 9 ! intellectual & moral faculties :i* con/itute !m8 ,we w\ld ask :y natural t5d5cies are s div]se & s /rongly m>k$1 t !y frequ5tly resi/ all ! ef=ts ( education to re=m1 or repress !m1 or to direct !m into any o!r l9e8 ,:5ce come ^? in/9cts ( vice & virtue :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 *ildr51 ^? in/9cts ( pride or ( bas5ess1 :i* are (t5 se5 9 su* /rik+ contra/ ) ! social position ( _! families8 ,:y d "s *ildr5 delight 9 ! contemplation ( pa91 & take pleasure 9 tortur+ animals1 :ile o!rs are vehem5tly mov$1 turn pale1 & tremble at ! sight or ev5 ! ?\ght ( a liv+ creature's pa98 ,:y1 if ! s\l 9 all m5 be ca/ 9 ! same m\ld1 does n education produce an id5tical effect ^u "y p8 ,two bro!rs foll[ ! same classes at ! same s*ool1 !y h ! same ma/]s1 & ! same examples are be=e _! eyes4 ,nev]!less1 ! "o pr(its to ! utmo/ by ! lessons :i* he receives1 & 9 mann]s1 education1 & conduct1 he is irreproa*able4 ,8 bro!r1 on ! contr>y1 rema9s ignorant & unc\?4 ,if ! same se$ s[n 9 ^! two soils has produc$ su* diff]5t fruit1 mu/ x n be t ! soil :i* has receiv$ ! se$1 i4e41 ! s\l1 is diff]5t 9 ! case ( ea*8 ,natural dispositions1 vocations1 manife/ !mselves f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( life4 ,?is extreme div]sity 9 natural aptitudes w\ld n exi/ if s\ls 7 all creat$ ( ! same type4 ,! bodies ( animals1 ! human body1 ! leaves ( trees1 are fabricat$ aft] ! same type1 because we c obs]ve b few & slight diff]5ces among !m4 ,! skeleton ( "o man is always l ! skeleton ( ano!r man2 ! he>t1 ! /oma*1 ! ribs1 ! inte/9es are =m$ alike 9 e man4 ,x is o!rwise ) s\ls2 !y diff] consid]ably 9 individuals4 ,we he> x said e day t su* an "o's *ild has a ta/e = ari?metic1 a second = music1 a ?ird = draw+4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs evil1 viol5t1 ev5 crim9al in/9cts are rem>k$1 & ^! dispositions break out 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( life4 ,t ^! natural aptitudes are c>ri$ to a v high degree & unusual ext5t1 we h celebrat$ examples record$ 9 hi/ory1 & frequ5tly cit$4 ,we h ,pascal1 at twelve ye>s old1 discov]+ ! great] portion ( plane geometry1 & )\t hav+ be5 taught any?+ :atev] ( ari?metic1 draw+ all ! figures ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid's geometry on ! floor ( 8 room1 exactly e/imat+ ! ma!matical relations ( all ^! figures to ea* o!r2 t is to say1 con/ruct+ descriptive geometry = himself4 ,we h ! %eph]d1 ,mangiamelo1 calculat+ z an ari?metical ma*9e1 at five ye>s old4 ,we h ,moz>t execut+ a sonata ) 8 f\r-ye>s-old f+]s1 & compos+ an op]a at eight4 ,we h ,!resa ,milanollo play+ ! viol9 ) su* art & skill1 at f\r ye>s old1 t ,baillot said %e mu/ h play$ ! viol9 be=e %e 0 born4 ,we h ,rembr&t draw+ l a ma/] ( ! art1 be=e he c\ld read4 ,etc41 etc4 ,e "o rememb]s ^! examples1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y d n con/itute exceptions4 ,!y only repres5t a g5]al fact1 :i* 9 ^! p>ticul> cases 0 s prom95t z to attract public att5tion4 ,!y are valuable z expon5ts to ! public ( a fundam5tal law ( nature1 ! div]sity ( natural faculties & aptitudes1 & ! pr$om9ance ( p>ticul> faculties among c]ta9 *ildr54 ,*ildr5 end[$ ) ^! extraord9>y & precoci\s vocations are call$ little prodigies4 ,?is qualification is sometimes us$ 9 a depreciatory s5se1 = ! little prodigies are accus$ ( fail+ to c>ry out ! promises ( _! *ildhood2 x is obs]v$ t ! brilliant abilities ( _! e>ly ye>s h n be5 gu>antees ( extraord9>y success 9 _! c>e]s z gr[n m54 ,a *ild1 ^: draw+s 7 wond]ful at f\r ye>s old1 has become a wret*$ daub]1 z an e/abli%$ arti/4 ,a musician1 :o en*ant$ 8 audi5ce at eight ye>s old1 has gr[n up a v m$iocre p]=m]4 ,?is rem>k is j1 & ! fact is explicable ?us3 ,if ! little prodigies h n become great m51 x is because !y h n cultivat$ _! faculties2 because !y h all[$ slo? & disuse to ext+ui% _! tal5ts4 ,x does n suffice to possess natural abilities = a sci5ce1 or an art1 "w & /udy mu/ /r5g!n & develop !m4 ,little prodigies are out/ripp$ 9 _! c>e] by h>d work]s1 z is natural4 ,!y h come ^u e>? ) rem>kable faculties :i* !y _h acquir$ dur+ a previ\s life1 b !y h done no?+ to develop ^? faculties1 :i* h rema9$ z !y 7 at ! mom5t ( t]re/rial bir?4 ,! man ( g5ius is ! man :o unceas+ly cultivates & p]fects su* great natural aptitudes & faculties z he has be5 end[$ ) at 8 bir?4 ,! pr$om9ance ( p>ticul> faculties 9 c]ta9 *ildr5 is n to be expla9$ accord+ to ! common philosophy :i* disc]ns ! creation ( a new s\l 9 ! bir? ( e infant4 ,!y are1 on ! contr>y1 easily explicable accord+ to ! doctr9e ( re-inc>nations1 inde$ !y are no m ?an a coroll>y ( t doctr9e4 ,ev]y?+ is compreh5sible if a life1 ant]ior to ! pres5t1 be admitt$4 ,! individual br+s to 8 life "h1 ! intuition :i* is ! result ( ! k he has acquir$ dur+ 8 fir/ exi/5ce4 ,m5 are ( m or less advanc$ intellig5ce & morality1 accord+ to ! life :i* !y h l$ be=e !y come into ?is _w to play ! p>ts :i* we c see4 ,?is is self-evid5t 9 ! case ( a man :o recomm5ces 8 life4 ,?is man _h acquir$ c]ta9 faculties dur+ 8 fir/1 :i* are pr(itable to him 9 8 second exi/5ce4 ,p]haps he does n possess all ! faculties ) :i* 8 fir/ life 0 end[$1 9 _! full & p]fect integrity1 b he has :at ma!maticians call ! resultant ( ^? faculties1 & ?is resultant is a special aptitude1 x is vocation4 ,he is a calculator1 a pa9t]1 or a musician by vocation1 because1 9 8 =m] human c>e] he has _h ! faculty ( calculation1 draw+1 or music4 ,we believe t x is impossible to f9d any o!r explanation ( our natural aptitudes4 ,x w be object$ to ?is1 t x is /range t aptitude & faculties %\ld be ! resultant ( a prior exi/5ce1 ( :i* we h1 nev]!less1 no recollection4 ,we reply to ?is objection t x is q possible to lose all remembrance ( ev5ts :i* h happ5$1 & yet to pres]ve c]ta9 faculties ( ! s\l :i* are indep5d5t ( p>ticul> & concrete facts1 especially :5 ^? faculties are p[]ful4 ,we con/antly see old m5 :o h lo/ all recollection ( ! ev5ts ( _! life1 :o no long] "k any?+ ( ! hi/ory ( _! "t1 nor inde$1 ( _! own hi/ory1 b :o1 nev]!less1 h n lo/ _! faculties1 or aptitudes4 ,l9nu1 9 8 old age1 took pleasure 9 read+ 8 own works1 b =got t he 0 _! au?or1 & frequ5tly exclaim$3 ,h[ int]e/+6 ,h[ beautiful6 ,i wi% ,i _h writt5 t6 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t a *ild1 aft] its re-inc>nation1 may pres]ve ! aptitudes ( its previ\s exi/5ce1 ?\gh x has entirely lo/ ! remembrance ( ! facts :i* took place & :i* x witness$ dur+ t p]iod4 ,^! faculties reappe> & become active 9 ! *ild1 j z ! half-ext+ui%$ flame ( a fire is rek9dl$ by ! brea? ( ! w9d4 ,! brea? :i* fans ! sm\ld]+ flame ( human faculties is t ( a second exi/5ce4 ,! abs5ce ( memory may be urg$ z an objection to re-inc>nations 9 ! body ( a *ild1 b ?is argum5t does n apply to ! inc>nation ( ! s\l ( an animal 9 a human body4 ,! animal1 be+ almo/ )\t ! faculty ( memory1 x is easy to und]/& t its aptitudes only pass into ! condition ( man4 ,! good or evil1 g5tle or fi]ce in/9cts :i* human s\ls manife/ s e>ly1 are expla9$ by ! species ( ! animal ?r\gh :i* ! s\l has be5 transmitt$4 ,a *ild :o has a faculty = music may h receiv$ ! s\l ( a night+ale1 ! sweet song/] ( our woods4 ,a *ild :o is an ar*itect by vocation may h inh]it$ ! s\l ( a beav]1 ! ar*itect ( ! woods & wat]s4 ,9 %ort1 ! v>i\s aptitudes1 ! natural faculties1 ! vocations ( human be+s1 are easily expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,if we reject ?is sy/em1 we mu/ *>ge ,god ) inju/ice1 because we mu/ believe t ,he has grant$ to c]ta9 m5 useful faculties :i* ,he has refus$ to o!rs1 & made an unequal di/ribution ( intellig5ce & morality1 ^! f\ndations ( ! conduct & direction ( life4 ,?is reason+ appe>s to u to be beyond attack1 = x does n re/ ^u an hypo!sis1 b ^u a fact3 namely1 ! inequality ( ! faculties among m51 & ( _! intellig5ce & morality4 ,?is fact1 inexplicable by any !ory ( any receiv$ philosophy1 is only to be expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( re-inc>nations1 & =ms ! basis ( our reason+4 ,discussion = & aga9/ phr5ology has be5 pl5tiful1 & has end$ 9 ! ab&onm5t ( ! inquiry1 because ! ideas ( ord9>y philosophy d n supply a s\nd !ory on ! subject4 ,x has be5 f\nd m conv5i5t to ignore ! lab\rs ( ,gall ?an to endeav\r to expla9 !m4 ,! tru? is1 t ,gall has committ$ "s errors ( detail1 :i* is always ! case ) e f\nd] ( a new doctr9e1 :o _c br+ an unprec$5t$ "w to p]fection by himself alone2 b 8 successors h rectifi$ ! errors ( ! sy/em1 & we are n[ oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t ,gall's !ory is correct4 ,x is inde$ simply compos$ ( obs]vations :i* ev]yone may repeat = himself4 ,:5 ,gall's !ory1 or phr5ology1 is appli$ to animals1 ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r is a/oni%+4 ,9 ! case ( man ! facts are almo/ always confirmatory ( ! !ory4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! skull ( an assass9 does exhibit ! abnormal developm5ts indicat$ by ,gall1 & t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,g]man anatomi/1 ! s5tim5ts ( affection1 love1 cupidity1 disc]nm5t1 c41 may be recognis$ ext]nally by ! bumps 9 ! human skull4 ,x r>ely happ5s t ! phr5ologi/1 on exam9+ ! skull ( a ,troppmann1 or a ,papavo9e1 fails to trace ! hide\s indications ( evil passions & brutality4 ,un=tunately1 _m ( our morali/s f9d !mselves s]i\sly emb>rass$ by philosophy1 because _! views are limit$ by ! commonplace philosophy ( ! day4 ,classic morali/s ask !mselves :e!r a man ) ! bump ( murd] 9 8 skull is responsible = 8 crime1 :e!r he is a free ag5t1 :e!r he is s guilty z he is held to be1 :5 he yields to ! cruel in/9cts ) :i* nature1 9 8 case a wick$ /ep-"m1 has end[$ him4 ,is x j to be pitiless t[>ds a man :o has only obey$ 8 physical con=mation1 almo/ z a madman obeys ! impulses ( 8 diseas$ m9d8 ,x w\ld seem t ! puni%m5t ( assass9ation is an inju/ice1 & m5 ask !mselves :e!r ! crim9al c\rts & ! scaffold ought n to be aboli%$1 & :e!r ! judge :o condemns to dea? an individual1 :o is n responsible = 8 actions1 is n ! real crim9al8 ,! same reason+1 ! same unc]ta9ty apply to virtu\s de$s4 ,is mu* comm5dation due to ! man :o fulfils 8 duties exactly1 to ! consci5ti\s & fai?ful citiz51 ! hone/ & k9dly individual1 if 8 wise & respectable conduct be simply ob$i5ce to ! good impulses communicat$ to him by 8 physical organization8 ,^! results ( phr5ology 71 x is evid5t1 v emb>rass+1 & almo/ immoral4 ,b>b>ity on ! "p ( society :i* puni%es ! guilty2--abs5ce ( m]it 9 ! well-behav$ man6 ^! consequ5ces 7 difficult & pa9ful to admit1 s ! _w got out ( ! difficulty by reject+ phr5ology4 ,x is q unnecess>y to reject phr5ology2 we may reta9 x1 & congratulate ourselves on a fre% conque/ 9 ! sph]e ( ! sci5ces ( obs]vation1 if we hold ! doctr9e ( previ\s exi/5ces4 ,phr5ology is mo/ naturally expla9$1 9 fact1 by t doctr9e4 ,:5 x ent]s on ! occupation ( a human body1 ! s\l l5ds to ! c]ebral matt]1 :i* is ! seat ( ?\ght1 a c]ta9 modification1 a pr$om9ance 9 h>mony ) ! faculties :i* t s\l possesses at ! p]iod ( its bir?1 & :i* x has acquir$ 9 an ant]ior animal or human exi/5ce4 ,! bra9 is m\ld$ by ! s\l into con=mity ) its prop] aptitudes1 its acquir$ faculties2 !n ! bony cov]+ ( ! skull1 :i* m\lds itself ^u ! c]ebral sub/ance )9 its cavity1 reproduces & gives expression to our pr$om9ant faculties4 ,! anci5ts :o said1 ,corpus cordis opus 7! body is ! "w ( ! s\l1 or ! s\l makes its body71 express$ ?is same idea ) en]getic concis5ess4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no ne$ to excuse a murd]]1 !re is no ne$ to d5y 8 free w1 !re is no ne$ to sp>e him ! j *a/isem5t ( 8 crime4 ,x is n because !re are c]ta9 protub]ances on 8 skull t ! murd]] dips 8 h&s 9 ! blood ( 8 victims4 ,^! protub]ances are only ! ext]nal indications ( ! evil & vici\s prop5sities ) :i* he 0 born1 by :i* he might h be5 w>n$ & correct$1 & :i* he might h conqu]$ by ! /r5g? ( 8 w1 by a real & ard5t desire to re/ore 8 de=m$ & vici\s s\l to rectitude4 ,x is always possible1 by adequate ef=t1 to surm\nt ! evil incl9ations ( "o's nature2 e "o ( u c resi/ pride1 idl5ess1 & envy4 ,! man :o has n correct$ ^! bad impulses is guilty1 & no?+ c r5d] a crime committ$ 9 all ! pl5itude ( 8 free w excusable4 ,?us1 nei!r ,god nor society is implicat$ 9 ?is "q1 if we accept ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces4 ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz h demon/rat$ t ! human und]/&+ possesses ideas call$ innate1 t is to say1 ideas :i* we br+ ) u to our bir?4 ,?is fact is c]ta94 ,9 our "t1 ! ,scot* philosoph]1 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 has put ,desc>tes' !ory into a m precise =m1 by prov+ t ! only real innate idea1 t :i* has univ]sal exi/5ce 9 ! human m9d aft] bir?1 is ! idea1 or ! pr9ciple ( causality1 a pr9ciple :i* makes u say & ?9k t !re is no effect )\t cause1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( reason4 ,9 ,france1 ,l>omiguire & ,damiron h popul>iz$ ?is discov]y ( ! ,scot* philosoph]4 ,?us ! classics ( philosophy record ?is proposition z a tru? beyond ! rea* ( d\bt4 ,we unres]v$ly admit ! pr9ciple ( causality z ! innate idea p> excell5ce1 & we take acc\nt ( ! fact4 ,b we ask ! fa%ionable philosophy h[ x c expla9 x8 ,9 our m9ds !re are innate ideas1 z ,desc>tes has said2 & ! pr9ciple ( causality1 :i* inv9cibly obliges u to ref] f ! effect to ! cause1 is ! mo/ evid5t ( ^? ideas :i* seem to make a "p ( ourselves2 b :y h we innate ideas1 :]e d !y come f1 & h[ did !y get into our m9ds8 ,! classical philosophy1 ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 :i* reigns 9 ,france1 at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 & among ! pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 _c tea* u t4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 to use ! fav\rite argum5t ( ,desc>tes1 t we h innate ideas because x is ! w ( ,god1 :o has creat$ ! s\l4 ,b su* a reply is at once commonplace & arbitr>y1 x may be us$ on all occasions--x is s us$ 9 fact--& x is n a logical argum5t4 ,innate ideas & ! pr9ciple ( causality are expla9$ v simply by ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces2 !y are1 inde$1 m]ely d$uctions f t doctr9e4 ,a man's s\l1 hav+ already exi/$1 ei!r 9 ! body ( an animal or t ( ano!r man1 has pres]v$ ! trace ( ! impressions receiv$ dur+ t exi/5ce4 ,x has lo/1 x is true1 ! recollection ( actions p]=m$ dur+ its fir/ inc>nation2 b ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( causality1 be+ indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> facts1 be+ only ! g5]al result ( ! practice ( life1 mu/ rema9 9 ! s\l at its second inc>nation4 ,?us1 ! pr9ciple ( causality1 ( :i* ,fr5* philosophy _c (f] any satisfactory !ory1 is expla9$ 9 ! simple/ possible mann]1 by ! hypo!sis ( re-inc>nations & ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces4 ,we h previ\sly allud$ to memory1 & expla9$ its relation to re-inc>nations1 & ! reasons :y we are born )\t any consci\sness ( a previ\s life4 ,we h said1 t if we come f an animal1 we h no memory1 because ! animal has none1 or has v little4 ,we mu/ n[ add1 t if we come f a human s\l1 reop5+ to ! light ( life1 we are de/itute ( memory1 because x w\ld di/urb ! trial ( our t]re/rial life1 & ev5 r5d] x impossible1 z x is ! int5tion ( nature t we %\ld recomm5ce ! exp]i5ce ( exi/5ce )\t any trace1 pres5t to our m9ds1 ( previ\s actions :i* might limit or emb>rass our free w4 ,we _c pass f ?is portion ( our subject )\t call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! remembrance ( a previ\s exi/5ce is n always absolutely want+ to u4 ,:o is !re1 :o1 9 8 h\rs ( solit>y contemplation1 has n se5 a hidd5 _w come =? be=e 8 eyes f ! f> di/ance ( a my/]i\s pa/8 ,:51 wrapp$ 9 pr(\nd rev]ie1 we let ourselves float on ! /ream ( imag9ation1 into ! ocean ( ! vague1 & ! inf9ite1 d we n see magic pictures :i* are n absolutely unkn[n to our eyes8 d we n he> cele/ial h>monies :i* h already en*ant$ our e>s8 ,^! secret imag9+s1 ^! involunt>y contemplations1 to :i* ea* ( u c te/ify1 are !y n ! real recollections ( an exi/5ce ant]ior to our life "h bel[8 ,might we n also attribute to a vague remembrance1 to an unconsci\s sympa?y1 ! real & pr(\nd pleasure :i* we d]ive f ! m]e sight ( plants1 fl[]s1 & vegetation8 ,! aspect ( a =e/1 ( a beautiful mead[1 ( gre5 hills1 t\*es u1 moves u1 sometimes ev5 to te>s4 ,great masses ( v]dure1 & ! humble field daisy1 alike speak to our he>ts4 ,ea* ( u has a fav\rite plant1 ! fl[] ^: p]fume he loves to inhale1 or ! tree ^: %ade he pref]s4 ,r\sseau 0 mov$ by ! sight ( a yew tree1 & ,alfr$ de ,musset lov$ ! will[s s mu*1 t he express$ a wi%1 pi\sly fulfill$1 t a will[ might ov]-%ad[ 8 grave4 ,?is love ( ! vegetable _w has a my/]i\s root 9 our he>ts4 ,may we n recognize 9 s natural a s5tim5t1 a sort ( vague remembrance ( our orig9al c\ntry1 a secret & involunt>y evocation ( ! sc5e 9 :i* ! g]m ( our s\l 0 fir/ loos$ to ! light ( ! sun1 ! p[]ful promot] ( life8 ,besides ! undecid$ & dim remembrance ( pictures :i* seem to belong to our ant]ior exi/5ces ^u ! globe1 we sometimes feel ke5 aspirations t[>ds a k9d] & calm] de/9y ?an t :i* is allott$ to u "h bel[4 ,no d\bt co>se be+s1 entirely atta*$ to mat]ial appetites & int]e/s1 d n feel ^! secret long+s = an unkn[n & happi] de/9y1 b poetical & t5d] s\ls1 ^? :o suff] f ! wret*$ conditions ( :i* human nature is ! slave & ! m>tyr1 take a vague pleasure 9 su* melan*oly aspirations4 ,9 ! radiant inf9ite !y =esee cele/ial dwell+s1 :]e !y %all "o day reside1 & !y are impati5t to break ! ties :i* b9d !m to e>?4 ,read ! episode 9 ,goe!'s ,mignon1 9 :i* ,mignon1 w&]+ & exil$1 p\rs out h] "y s\l 9 aspirations to heav51 9 sublime long+s = an unkn[n & bless$ future1 :i* %e feels draw+ h] t[>ds itself1 & ask y\rself :e!r ! beautiful v]ses ( ! great poet1 :o 0 also a great naturali/1 d n int]pret a tru? ( nature1 i4e41 ! new life :i* awaits u 9 ! pla9s ( e!r4 ,:y d all m51 among all peoples1 raise _! eyes to heav5 9 solemn mom5ts1 9 ! impulses ( passion1 & ! angui% ( grief or pa98 ,does any "o1 "u su* circum/ances1 contemplate ! e>? on :i* he /&s8 ,our eyes & our he>ts turn t[>ds ! skies4 ,! dy+ raise _! fall5 orbs to heav51 & we look t[>ds ! cele/ial spaces 9 ^? vague rev]ies :i* we h be5 describ+4 ,x is p]mitt$ to u to believe t ?is univ]sal t5d5cy is an intuition ( t :i* awaits u aft] our t]re/rial life1 a natural revelation ( ! doma9 :i* %all be ours "o day1 & :i* ext5ds ov] ! cele/ial empyrean1 to ! bosom ( e!real space4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,sev5te5?4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,lives4 ,,we propose n[ to collect1 )9 a few summ>y propositions1 ! pr9cipal features ( ! sy/em ( nature :i* we h def9$4 #a4 ,! sun is ! prim>y ag5t ( life & organization4 #b4 ,9 ! primitive "t ( our globe1 life began to appe> 9 aquatic & arial plants1 z well z 9 zoophytes4 ,! same ord] reproduces itself at pres5t1 9 ! po9t ( dep>ture1 & 9 ! developm5t ( life & ( s\ls4 ,! sol> rays1 fall+ on ! e>?1 & into ! wat]s1 produce ! =mation ( plants & t ( zoophytes4 ,! rays ( ! sun by deposit+ 9 ! wat]s & on ! e>?1 animat$ g]ms1 emanat+ f ! spiritualiz$ be+s :o inhabit ! sun1 br+ ab\t ! bir? ( plants & zoophytes4 #c4 ,plants & zoophytes are end[$ ) s5sation4 ,!y enclose an animal g]m1 j z a se$ encloses an embryo4 #d4 ,! animal g]m conta9$ 9 ! plant & 9 ! zoophyte1 passes1 at ! dea? ( ea* animal1 into ! body ( ! animal :i* comes next to x 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( organic p]fection4 ,f ! zoophyte ! animat$ g]m passes into ! mollusc1 f !nce into ! articulat$ animal1 ! fi%1 or ! reptile4 ,f ! body ( ! reptile1 x passes into t ( ! bird1 & !n into ! mammif]s4 ,9 ! inf]ior be+s1 = in/ance zoophytes1 sev]al animat$ g]ms may be unit$ to =m ! s\l ( a s+le be+ ( a sup]ior ord]4 #e4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( animals1 ?is rudim5t>y s\l becomes p]fect$ & acquires ! beg9n+s ( faculties4 ,consci5ce1 w1 & judgm5t succe$ to s5sation4 ,:5 ! s\l has atta9$ ! body ( a mammif]1 x has acquir$ a c]ta9 numb] ( faculties4 ,9 addition to feel+1 x has ! basis ( reason1 i4e41 ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,f ! body ( a mammif]\s animal belong+ to ! sup]ior species1 ! s\l passes into ! body ( a newly-born infant4 #f4 ,! *ild is born )\t memory1 l ! sup]ior animal :5ce x has proce$$4 ,at a ye> old x acquires ?is faculty1 & gradually obta9s o!rs2 imag9ation & ?\ght develop !mselves1 reason gr[s /rong1 memory becomes firm & ext5sive4 #g4 ,if ! *ild dies be=e ! age ( twelve mon?s1 8 s\l1 /ill v imp]fect1 & devoid ( active faculties1 passes into ! body ( ano!r newly-born *ild1 & recomm5ces a new exi/5ce4 #h4 ,:5 a man dies1 8 body rema9s ^u ! e>?1 8 s\l rises ?r\gh ! atmosph]e to ! e!r :i* surr\nds all ! planets1 & ent]s into ! body ( ! angel1 or sup]human be+4 #i4 ,if1 dur+ its soj\rn ^u ! e>?1 ! s\l has n und]gone a suffici5t am\nt ( purification & ennobl+1 x recomm5ces a second exi/5ce1 pass+ into ! body ( a newly-born *ild1 & los+ ! remembrance ( its fir/ life4 ,only :5 ! s\l has atta9$ ! suitable degree ( p]fection1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 re-inc>nate once1 or _m times1 is emp[]$ to leave our globe1 to assume a new body 9 ! bosom ( ! e!real pla9s1 & ?us become a sup]human be+1 c x recov] ! recollection ( its pa/ exi/5ces4 #aj4 ,t :i* occurs ^u ! ,e>? also takes place 9 ! o!r planets ( our sol> sy/em4 ,9 ^! planets vegetables1 or be+s analog\s to vegetables are produc$ by ! action ( ! sun4 ,by means ( 8 rays animat$ g]ms are c>ri$ into ^! globes1 & plants & inf]ior animals are produc$4 ,!n ^! animat$ g]ms conta9$ 9 ! plants & inf]ior animals1 pass+ successively ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( animals1 end by produc+ a be+1 sup]ior1 9 intellig5ce & s5sibility1 to all ! o!r liv+ creatures4 ,?is sup]ior be+1 ! analogue ( ! human be+1 we call planet>y man4 #aa4 ,! planet>y man1 :o inhabits ,m]cury1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 c41 be+ dead1 8 mat]ial =m rema9s ^u ! planet>y globe1 & 8 s\l1 provid$ x has acquir$ ! necess>y degree ( purity1 passes into ! surr\nd+ e!r1 is inc>nate 9 a new body1 & produces a sup]human be+4 #ab4 ,phalanxes ( ^! sup]human be+s float 9 ! planet>y e!r4 ,x witnesses ! reunion ( all ! purifi$ s\ls1 :i* h come f our globe & f ! o!r planets4 ,! organic types ( ^! be+s is ! same1 :atev] may be _! planet>y abode4 #ac4 ,! sup]human be+ is provid$ ) special attributes1 he is end[$ ) mighty faculties :i* raise him to a height inf9itely above t]re/rial or planet>y humanity4 ,9 ?is be+1 matt]1 9 comp>ison ) ! spiritual pr9ciple1 is r$uc$ to a mu* small] proportion ?an 9 man4 ,8 body is light & vapor\s4 ,he possesses s5ses :i* are unkn[n to u1 & ! s5ses :i* he possesses 9 common ) u1 are prodigi\sly int5sifi$1 subtilis$1 & p]fect$4 ,he c transport himself1 9 a %ort space ( "t1 to any di/ance1 he c travel1 )\t fatigue1 f "o po9t 9 space to ano!r4 ,8 vision is ( immeasurable ext5t4 ,he has intuitive k ( _m facts ( nature :i* are hidd5 by an imp5etrable veil f feeble human p]ception4 #ad4 ,! sup]human be+ :o comes f ! e>? c place himself 9 communication ) m5 :o are wor?y ( ! privilege4 ,he directs _! conduct1 wat*es ov] _! actions1 enlight5s _! und]/&+1 inspires _! he>ts4 ,:51 9 _! turn1 !y too rea* ! cele/ial dwell+s1 he receives !m on ! ?re%old ( _! new abode1 & initiates !m into ! life ( bless$ness beyond ! tomb4 #ae4 ,! sup]human be+ is mortal4 ,:5 he has t]m9at$ ! normal c\rse ( 8 exi/5ce 9 ! e!real spaces1 he dies1 & 8 spiritual pr9ciple ent]s into a new body1 t ( ! ar*angel1 or ar*-human be+1 9 :om ! proportion ( spiritual pr9ciple pr$om9ates /ill m /rongly1 9 proportion to matt]4 #af4 ,^! re-inc>nations1 9 ! dep?s ( ! e!real spaces1 are reproduc$ m frequ5tly ?an c be def9$1 & give u a s]ies ( creatures ( ev]-increas+ activity & p[] ( ?\ght & action4 ,at ea* promotion 9 ! hi]>*y ( space ^! sublime be+s f9d ! en]gy ( _! moral & intellectual faculties1 _! p[] ( feel+1 & ( lov+1 & _! induction into ! mo/ pr(\nd my/]ies ( ! ,univ]se1 und]go+ augm5tation4 #ag4 ,:5 he has arriv$ at ! highe/ degree ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y1 ! spiritualiz$ be+ is absolutely p]fect2 9 /r5g? & 9 intellig5ce4 ,he is entirely fre$ f all mat]ial alloy1 he has no long] a body1 he is a pure _s4 ,9 ?is condition he passes into ! sun4 #ah4 ,! sun1 ! k+-/>1 is !n ! f9al & common soj\rn ( all ! spiritualiz$ be+s :o h come f ! o!r planets1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! long s]ies ( exi/5ces :i* h roll$ away 9 ! pla9s ( e!r4 #ai4 ,! spiritualiz$ be+s ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! sun1 s5d d[n ^u ! e>? & ^u ! planets emanations f _! ess5ce1 t is to say1 animat$ g]ms4 ,^! animat$ g]ms are c>ri$ by ! sunbeams1 :i* di/ribute organization1 feel+1 & life ov] all ! planets1 at ! same "t t !y preside at all ! great physical & me*anical op]ations :i* take place on ! e>?1 & on ! o!r planets ( our sol> _w4 #bj4 ,! =mation ( ! arial & aquatic plants1 & ! bir? ( inf]ior animals or zoophytes1 are1 z we h said1 ! result ( ! action ( ! sun's rays on our globe4 ,!n comm5ces ! s]ies ( ! transmigrations ( s\ls ?r\gh ! bodies ( v>i\s animals1 :i* results 9 man1 9 ! sup]human be+1 & 9 all ! succession ( cele/ial metempsy*oses1 ^: ultimate t]m is ! spiritualiz$ be+ or ! dwell] 9 ! sun4 ,?us does ! great *a9 ( nature close & complete itself2--t un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( vital activity1 :i* has nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 & :i* l9ks all creat$ be+s into "o family1 ! univ]sal family ( ! worlds4 ,nature is n a /raight l9e1 b a circle1 & we _c say :]e ?is wond]ful circle beg9s or ends4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* repres5t$ ! _w z a s]p5t coil$ ar\nd itself1 0 ! symbol ( a great tru? :i* ! sci5ce ( our "t has once m br\ght to light4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,eighte5?4 ,,replies ,,to ,,"s ,,objections4--,,fir/3 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,?is ,,sy/em1 ,,is ,,n ,,demon/rat$4--,,second3 ,,we ,,h ,,n ,,any ,,recollection ,,( ,,ant]ior ,,exi/5ces4--,,?ird3 ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,is ,,no ,,o!r ,,?an ,,! ,,metempsy*osis ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,,f\r?3 ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,is ,,conf\nd$ ,,) ,,d>w9ism4 ,,hav+ br\ght into relief1 by ! prec$+ summ>y1 ! entire doctr9e ( successive lives & ( re-inc>nations1 we mu/ n[ meet "s objections :i* w h be5 provok$ by ^! propositions1 & reply to !m 9 a way :i* has ! advantage ( /ill m di/9ctly expla9+ our ideas on sev]al po9ts4 ,fir/ objection4 ,x w be said3 ,! exi/5ce ( an immortal s\l 9 man =ms ! basis ( all ?is reason+4 ,n[1 ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( an immortal s\l is n demon/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 &1 besides1 x c\ld n be demon/rat$4 ,! foll[+ is our reply to ?is fir/ objection4 ,we are compos$ ( two elem5ts1 or ( two sub/ances2 "o :i* ?9ks--! s\l1 or ! immat]ial sub/ance2 ! o!r1 :i* does n ?9k--! body1 or ! mat]ial sub/ance4 ,?is tru? is self-evid5t4 ,?\ght is a fact1 c]ta9 9 itself2 & x is ano!r fact1 equally c]ta91 t my arms1 my nails or be>d1 d n ?9k4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 or ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,matt] does n p]i%2 obs]vation & sci5ce prove t mat]ial bodies are nev] annihilat$1 t !y m]ely *ange _! condition1 _! =m1 & _! place2 b are always to be f\nd some:]e intact z to _! sub/ance4 ,our bodies decompose1 & are dissolv$1 b ! matt] ( :i* !y 7 =m$ is nev] de/roy$1 x is disp]s$ 9 ! air1 ! fire1 & ! wat]1 9 :i* x produces new mat]ial comb9ations1 b x is n de/roy$ = all t4 ,n[1 if matt] does n p]i%1 b only becomes trans=m$1 all ! m c]ta9ly mu/ ! s\l be inde/ructible & imp]i%able4 ,l matt]1 x mu/ be trans=m$1 )\t be+ de/roy$4 ,desc>tes has said1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,?is reason+1 s mu* admir$ 9 ! s*ools1 has always appe>$ to u r weak4 ,to give =ce to ! syllogism1 he %\ld h said1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am immortal4 ,my s\l is immortal1 because x exi/s1 & x does exi/ s9ce ,i ?9k4 ,?us ! fact ( ! immortality ( ! spiritual pr9ciple :i* we be> )9 u is self-evid5t1 & we d n ne$ any ( ! demon/rations :i* ab\nd 9 philosophical works1 & h be5 put =? f antiquity until our own "t2 we ne$ no ,treatises on ! ,s\l to e/abli% its exi/5ce4 ,! difficulty does n consi/ 9 prov+ t a spiritual pr9ciple exi/s )9 u1 t is to say1 a pr9ciple :i* resi/s dea?1 because1 9 ord] to conte/ ! exi/5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 x w\ld be necess>y to conte/ ?\ght4 ,! real problem is to f9d out :e!r ?is spiritual & immortal pr9ciple :i* we be> )9 u1 is to live aga91 aft] our dea?1 9 ourselves or 9 o!rs4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! immortal s\l w be born aga9 9 ! same individual1 physically trans=m$1 9 ! same p]son1 9 ! ego1 or :e!r x w pass into ! possession ( a be+ /range to t p]son4 ,we may rem>k "h t on ?is all ! int]e/ ( ! "q = u turns4 ,x w\ld be ( v little importance to u1 9 reality1 :e!r ! s\l 7 immortal or n1 if ! s\l ( ea* ( u1 be+ really inde/ructible & immortal1 %\ld pass to ano!r ?an ourselves1 or if1 reviv+ 9 u1 x did n possess ! memory ( our pa/ exi/5ce4 ,! resurrection ( ! s\l )\t ! memory ( ! pa/ w\ld be a real annihilation1 ?is w\ld be ! no?+ness ( ! mat]iali/s4 ,x mu/ be1 !n1 t ! s\l lives aga9 aft] our dea?1 9 ourselves1 & t ?is s\l1 !n1 has cle> remembrance ( all ! actions :i* took place 9 its previ\s exi/5ces4 ,x behoves u1 9 %ort1 to "k1 n :e!r our s\ls are immortal--t fact is self-evid5t--b :e!r !y w belong to u 9 ! o!r life1 :e!r1 aft] our dea?1 we %all h id5tity1 individuality1 p]sonality4 ,x is to ! /udy ( ?is "q t ! pres5t "w is devot$4 ,we are endeav\r+ to prove t ! s\l ( ! man rema9s always ! same1 9 spite ( its num]\s p]egr9ations1 not)/&+ ! v>iety ( =m ( ! bodies 9 :i* x is successively lodg$1 :5 x passes f ! animal to ! man1 f ! man to ! sup]human be+1 & f ! sup]human be+1 aft] o!r cele/ial transmigrations1 to ! spiritualiz$ be+ :o inhabits ! sun4 ,we are endeav\r+ to e/abli% t ! s\l1 not)/&+ all its j\rneys1 9 ! mid/ ( its inc>nations & v>i\s metamorphoses1 rema9s always id5tical ) itself1 do+ no?+ m 9 ea* metempsy*osis1 9 ea* metamorphosis ( ! ext]ior be+1 ?an p]fect & purify itself1 gr[+ 9 p[] & 9 intellectual grasp4 ,we are endeav\r+ to prove1 t1 not)/&+ ! %ad[s ( dea?1 our individuality is nev] de/roy$1 & t we %all be born aga9 9 ! heav5s1 ) ! same moral p]sonality :i* 0 ours "h bel[2 9 o!r words1 t ! human p]son is imp]i%able4 ,x is = ! read] to say :e!r we h atta9$ our object1 :e!r we h e/abli%$ ! tru? ( ?is doctr9e con=mably ) ! laws ( reason+ & ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,if an absolute demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( an immat]ial pr9ciple 9 u be insi/$ ^u1 we mu/ reply1 t philosophy1 l geometry1 has its axioms1 t is to say1 its self-evid5t tru?s1 :i* ne$ n1 or1 if we *oose to say s1 :i* _c be ma!matically demon/rat$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! s\l is "o ( ^? axioms ( philosophy4 ,diog5es answ]$ a rhetorician :o d5i$ movem5t by walk+ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,by express+ any ?\ght1 by say+ yes1 or no1 we may prove ! exi/5ce ( ! immortal s\l to ! sophi/s :o w\ld attempt to conte/ x4 ,we h j said t geometry has its axioms4 ,let u rememb] t an entire s*ool ( geometricians amus$ !mselves by disput+ ! axioms1 "u ! pretext t x 0 impossible to demon/rate !m4 ,we 7 pres5t1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahff1 at a curi\s sitt+ ( ! ,in/itute1 dur+ :i* ,m4 ,lionville1 a celebrat$ ma!matician1 & pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne1 expla9$ ?is /range polemic ) great skill4 ,9 attempt+ to demon/rate ! propositions ( geometry1 c]ta9 axioms1 i4e41 self-evid5t tru?s1 mu/ be admitt$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,o!rwise1 ! prim>y reason+ w h no basis4 ,b1 among ! num]\s propositions ( ?is k9d :i* pres5t !mselves to ! m9d1 & :i* result f ! admission ( "o ( _! numb]1 :i* is ! mo/ evid5t8 ,t dep5ds on ! nature ( ! m9d ( ea* ( u1 & !re=e x is t !re is n1 & t !re nev] w be1 an argum5t on ?is "q4 ,!re is a s*ool ( geometry :i* pret5ds to demon/rate ev]y?+4 ,!re is ano!r1 ! true & good s*ool1 :i*1 recogniz+ t ! human m9d has limits1 & t ev]y?+ is n accessible by our ?\ghts1 lays d[n1 "u ! "n ( axioms1 c]ta9 tru?s :i* d n require pro(1 or1 :i* is (t5 ! same ?+1 are incapable ( pro(4 ,among ! numb] ( self-evid5t tru?s1 or tru?s difficult ( demon/ration1 we f9d ! "q ( p>allel l9es4 ,:at are two p>allels8 ,two l9es :i* nev] meet ea* o!r4 ,b h[ c we prove ?is prop]ty ( two l9es by reason+8 ,t is n1 exactly speak+1 possible1 s9ce ! notion ( ! inf9ite is n admitt$1 or n und]/ood by ev]ybody1 & _c1 !re=e1 s]ve z ! basis ( an absolutely rigor\s argum5t4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,euclid1 ! f\nd] ( geometry 9 anci5t times1 laid d[n ?is tru? z a simple axiom1 requir+ 7h5ce ! po/ulates ( ,euclid1 f ! ,lat9 v]b po/ul>e1 to dem&71 t ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* he ackn[l$g$ himself unable to prove by logical demon/ration1 %\ld be grant$4 ,a hundr$ geometricians1 s9ce ,euclid1 :o r5\nc$ ! attempt to demon/rate x1 h tri$ to prove ?is !ory ( p>allels1 b n "o has succe$$4 ,x 0 on ! occasion ( a fre% attempt at demon/ration by a ma!matician 9 ! prov9ces1 t ,m4 ,lionville spoke be=e ! ,academy1 to recall ! pr9ciples almo/ unanim\sly pr(ess$ by geometricians on ?is subject4 ,! "q is1 9 reality1 ?or\ghly und]/ood2 x is treat$ on all works on geometry1 & has be5 = a long "t a settl$ matt]4 ,b c]ta9 m9ds are tempt$ by ! subtlety ( c]ta9 subjects1 & ! "q ( ! po/ulatum turns up p]iodically be=e ! le>n$ societies1 z x does 9 ! conv]sations betwe5 ! tea*]s ( ma!matics4 ,m4 ,lionville rem9d$ 8 audi5ce t _m demon/rations ( ?is celebrat$ proposition _h be5 attempt$1 b _h n succe$$1 because !re are limits )9 :i* human reason ceases to be accept$ by all4 ,m4 ,lionville ev5 propos$ t ! "q ( ! po/ulatum %\ld be class$ among ^? ^: exam9ation is int]dict$ by ! ,academy1 su* z ! quadrature ( ! circle1 & ! trisection ( ! angle4 ,on ?is po9t ,m4 ,lionville quot$ an anecdote relative to ,lagrange4 ,t great ma!matician1 believ+ t he _h f\nd an absolute solution ( ! po/ulatum1 w5t to ! ,academy to read 8 demon/ration1 b on reflection1 he *ang$ 8 m9d1 & decid$ t x w\ld be bett] n to publi% x4 ,he put 8 manuscript 9 8 pocket1 & x nev] came out4 ,sev]al geometricians spoke on ?is occasion1 & confirm$ ! views ( ,m4 ,lionville2 & :5 ! demon/ration submitt$ by ! pr(essor 0 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd to be false4 ,we mu/ !re=e recognize & proclaim t1 9 geometry1 ! axioms _c be demon/rat$4 ,_m p endeav\r to d]ive an argum5t f t discussion aga9/ ! c]ta9ty ( geometry4 ,among !m is ,m4 ,b\illaud1 a le>n$ physician & memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 :o decl>$ t he c\ld n get ov] 8 a/oni%m5t at he>+ x said t !re 7 sev]al geometries1 & t ev5 ! bases ( t sci5ce 7 d\btful4 ,reassure y\rself1 great & good physician1 geometry has no?+ to lose & no?+ to hide1 & ! c]ta9ty ( its me?ods is n imp]ill$ 9 ?is "q4 ,t :i* really 0 at /ake 0 ! me?odical1 classical tea*+ ( geometry4 ,t :i* 0 discuss$ 0 ! be/ means ( in/ill+ ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce into ! m9d4 ,b1 z to ! tru?s ( geometry1 z to ! facts !mselves1 !y are secure f all unc]ta9ty1 all ^! disputes ^u ! tru? :i* mu/ be recogniz$ z axioms1 or demon/rat$ z !orems1 are only fancies ( ! rhetoricians1 z va9 z !y are subtle4 ,no trace ( !m rema9s :5 !y are transport$ into ! practice ( facts & ( ma!matical d$uctions4 ,ask ! a/ronom]s :o calculate ! orbit ( ! />s1 :o fix ! mom5t ( an eclipse ) un]r+ precision1 ask ^? :o h calculat$ ! p>allaxes1 :e!r !y tr\ble !mselves by inquir+ h[ x may be demon/rat$ t ! angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,all ! s*ola/ic subtleties are gott5 rid ( 9 ! c\rse ( practical "w4 ,if we may lay aside1 )\t occupy+ ourselves ) !m1 ! ma!maticians :o amuse !mselves by disput+ ! axioms ( geometry1 we may d ! same ) ! few sophi/s :o desire to dispute ! axioms ( philosophy & reason1 & especially ! pr9ciple ( ! exi/5ce ( an immortal s\l 9 man4 ,let u leave !m to _! disputations1 & g on our way4 ,second objection3--,we h no recollection ( hav+ exi/$ prior to our entrance into ?is _w4 ,?is is1 we ackn[l$ge ! greate/ & mo/ s]i\s argum5t aga9/ our sy/em4 ,b we mu/ ha/5 to add1 t if ?is difficulty did n exi/1 if ! remembrance ( a life ant]ior to our pres5t exi/5ce 7 always be=e u1 ! doctr9e ( plurality ( lives w\ld ne$ no re9=cem5t f ! pro(s = :i* we appeal to argum5t1 to ! facts ( obs]vation1 & to logical induction4 ,x w\ld be pla9 be=e our eyes1 x w\ld be self-evid5t4 ,all our m]it1 all our task 9 ?is "w1 is to endeav\r to procure admission ( ! plurality ( exi/5ces1 ?\gh we h no remembrance ( our pa/ lives4 ,we h already treat$ ?is "q incid5tally1 & we w n[ summ>ize all t has be5 advanc$ 9 =m] *apt]s to expla9 ! abs5ce ( recollection ( our pa/ exi/5ces4 ,! s\l 9 its fir/ human inc>nation1 if x proce$s f a sup]ior animal1 c\ld n possess memory1 because 9 animals t faculty has a small range1 & brief duration4 ,if a second or ?ird human inc>nation is 9 "q1 ! difficulty is s]i\s1 because x implies t ! man :o has liv$ & :o is born aga91 has =gott5 8 previ\s life4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is =getfulness is n absolute4 ,we h rem>k$ be=e t 9 ! human s\l c]ta9 results ( impressions receiv$ prior to ! t]re/rial life always l+]4 ,natural aptitudes1 special faculties1 vocations1 are ! traces ( impressions =m]ly receiv$1 ( k already acquir$1 &1 be+ reveal$ f ! cradle1 _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an by a life gone by4 ,we h lo/ ! remembrance ( ! facts1 b !re rema9s ! moral consequ5ce1 ! resultant1 ! philosophy1 s to speak1 & ?us ! innate ideas indicat$ by ,desc>tes1 :i* exi/ 9 ! s\l f its bir?1 & also ! pr9ciple ( causality1 :i* tea*es u t e effect has a cause1 are expla9$4 ,?is pr9ciple c only be d]iv$ f facts1 because an ab/raction c only be bas$ ^u concrete facts1 ^u accompli%$ ev5ts1 & ?is ab/raction1 or ?is metaphysical idea1 :i* we h f our bir?1 implies ant]ior facts1 :i* mu/ belong to a pa/ life4 ,we h already said t :5 ! s\l gives free c\rse to rev]ie1 x beholds my/]i\s & undef9$ spectacles1 :i* seem to belong to worlds :i* are n q unkn[n to u1 b 9 no wise resembl+ ?is e>?4 ,9 ?is vague contemplation !re is some?+ l a confus$ remembrance ( an ant]ior life4 ,! love :i* we be> to fl[]s1 plants1 & all vegetation1 may be z we h already po9t$ out1 a grateful recollection ( our fir/ orig94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! consid]ations be n accept$ z valid1 !re is ano!r1 :i*1 to our m9d1 p]fectly expla9s ! abs5ce ( a remembrance ( our =m] exi/5ces4 ,x is1 we believe1 by a prem$itat$ decree ( nature1 t ! memory ( our pa/ lives is d5i$ to u :ile we are on ! e>?4 ,m4 ,&r ,pezzani1 ! au?or ( an excell5t book call$ ,pluralit des exi/5ces de l'me1 replies to ! argum5t ( oblivion1 ?us3 ,our t]re/rial soj\rn is only a new trial1 z ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 t wond]ful writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o out/ripp$ all mod]n beliefs1 has said4 ,if ?is be s1 c we n p]ceive t ! remembrance ( pa/ lives w\ld emb>rass ^! trials by remov+ ! great] "p ( _! difficulties1 &1 9 proportion1 ( _! m]it1 & de/roy+ _! spontaneity8 ,we live 9 a _w 9 :i* free-w is all p[]ful1 ! inviolable law ( ! advancem5t & ! progressive initiation ( m54 ,if pa/ exi/5ces 7 kn[n1 ! s\l w\ld "k ! mean+ & ! be>+ ( ! trials res]v$ = x "h bel[2 indol5t & idle1 x w\ld h>d5 itself aga9/ ! designs ( ,provid5ce1 & w\ld be ei!r p>alyz$ by its despair ( ov]com+ !m1 or1 if bett] dispos$ & m virile1 x w\ld accept & accompli% !m unfail+ly4 ,b nei!r "o nor ! o!r ( ^! positions is fitt+4 ,our ef=ts mu/ be free1 volunt>y1 %elt]$ f ! influ5ces ( ! pa/2 ! field ( /rife mu/ be seem+ly untrodd51 s t ! a?lete %all %[ & ex]cise 8 virtue4 ,previ\sly ga9$ exp]i5ce1 ! en]gies :i* he has acquir$1 help him 9 ! new /rife1 b 9 a lat5t way ( :i* he is unconsci\s1 = ! imp]fect s\l und]goes ^! re-inc>nations1 9 ord] to develop its previ\sly manife/$ qualities1 & to /rip itself ( ^? vices & defects :i* oppose !mselves to ! law ( its asc5sion4 ,:at w\ld happ5 if all m5 rememb]$ _! previ\s lives8 ,! ord] ( ! e>? w\ld be ov]turn$1 or at lea/1 x w\ld n rema9 9 its pres5t condition4 ,l?1 l free-w1 is a law ( ! _w z x is4#ah ,to ?is x w be object$ t !re is de/ruction ( id5tity :]e memory does n exi/1 & t expiation1 9 ord] to be pr(itable to ! guilty s\l1 mu/ co-exi/ ) ! remembrance ( faults committ$ 9 ! previ\s exi/5ce1 = ! man is n puni%$ :o does n "k t he is puni%$4 ,we may rem>k "h t we d n use ! ^w expiation precisely z !ologians employ x1 b r z a new dwell+ conf]r$ on ! s\l1 9 ord] t x may resume ! int]rupt$ c\rse ( its advance t[>ds p]fection4 ,we believe t ! remembrance ( our previ\s life1 =bidd5 to u dur+ our t]re/rial soj\rn1 w come back :5 we %all h atta9$ ! happy realms ( e!r1 9 :i* we %all pass ?r\gh ! exi/5ces :i* are to succe$ our life on e>?4 ,among ! numb] ( ! p]fections & moral faculties =m+ ! attributes ( ! sup]human be+1 ! memory ( 8 ant]ior lives w be includ$4 ,id5tity w be born aga9 = him4 ,hav+ suff]$ a mom5t>y collapse1 8 individuality w be re/or$ to him1 ) 8 consci5ce & 8 lib]ty4 ,let u he>k5 a:ile to ,jean ,reynaud1 z he tells u 9 8 f9e book1 ,t]re et ,ciel1 ! m>vels ( t memory :i* %all be re/or$ to man aft] 8 be+ %all h und]gone a s]ies ( *anges4 ,! integral re/itution ( our recollections1 says ,jean ,reynaud1 seems to u "o ( ! inh]5t pr9cipal conditions ( our future happ9ess4 ,we _c fully enjoy life1 until we become1 l ,janus1 k+s ( "t1 until we "k h[ to conc5trate 9 u1 n only ! s5tim5t ( ! pres5t1 b t ( ! future & ! pa/4 ,!n1 if p]fect life be "o day giv5 to u1 p]fect memory mu/ also be giv5 to u4 ,& n[1 let u try to ?9k ( ! inf9ite treasures ( a m9d enri*$ by ! recollections ( an innum]able s]ies ( exi/5ces1 entirely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & yet admirably l9k$ toge!r by a cont9ual dep5d5ce4 ,to ?is m>vell\s g>l& ( metempsy*oses1 encircl+ ! univ]se1 let u add1 if ! p]spective seem wor?y ( our ambition1 a cle> p]ception ( ! p>ticul> influ5ce ( our life ^u ! ult]ior *anges ( ea* ( ! worlds :i* we %all h successively inhabit$2 let u aggr&ize our life 9 immortaliz+ x1 & w$ our hi/ory gr&ly ) ! hi/ory ( ! heav5s4 ,let u confid5tly collect toge!r e mat]ial ( happ9ess1 s9ce ?us ! all-p[]ful b\nty ( ! ,creator wills x1 & let u con/ruct ! exi/5ce :i* ! future res]ves = virtu\s s\ls2 let u plunge into ! pa/ by our fai?1 :ile we are wait+ = m light1 ev5 z by our fai? we plunge into ! future4 ,let u bani% ! idea ( disord] f ! e>?1 by op5+ ! gates ( "t beyond our bir?1 z we h bani%$ ! idea ( inju/ice by op5+ o!r gates beyond ! tomb2 let u /ret* duration 9 e direction1 &1 not)/&+ ! obscurity :i* re/s ^u our two horizons1 let u glorify ! ,creator 9 glorify+ ourselves1 :o are ,god's m9i/]s on e>?1 let u rememb]1 ) pi\s pride1 t we are ! y\ng] bre?r5 ( ! angels4 ,"u :at condition does ! s\l rega9 ! remembrance ( its entire pa/8 ,jean ,reynaud specifies two p]iods4 #a4 ,t :i* is fulfill$1 z ! ,druids hold1 9 ! _w ( j\rneys & trials1 ( :i* ! e>? =ms a "p4 #b4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! s\l1 set free f ! mis]ies & vicissitudes ( ! t]re/rial life1 pursues its de/9ies 9 ! ev] wid5+ & progressive circle ( happ9ess2 a p]iod :i* passes outside ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod !re is an eclipse ( ! memory at ea* passage into a new sph]e2 9 ! second p]iod1 :atev] may be ! displacem5ts & transfigurations ( ! p]son1 ! memory is pres]v$ full & entire4 ,?is !ory ( ,reynaud's is admitt$ by ,m4 ,pezzani4 ,) ! exception ( t eclipse ( ! memory at ea* passage into a new sph]e1 :i* seems to u incompreh5sible & useless1 we ?9k1 ) ,jean ,reynaud1 t ! complete remembrance ( our previ\s exi/5ces w return to ! s\l :5 x %all inhabit ! e!real regions1 ! soj\rn ( ! sup]human be+4 ,9 ?is mann] only1 9 our op9ion1 c ! defect ( man's memory1 conc]n+ 8 previ\s exi/5ces1 be expla9$4 ,?us1 ! argum5t f t defect ( memory does n rema9 )\t reply4 ,writ]s :o h prec$$ u1 & h m$itat$ on ?is "q1 _h already f\nd ! solution :i* we (f]4 ,?is objection is n1 !n1 ( a nature to ?r[ d\bt on ! doctr9e ( plurality ( exi/5ces4 ,let u conclude1 ) ,m4 ,pezzani1 t x is by a design ( nature1 t man1 dur+ ?is life1 loses ! remembrance ( :at he =m]ly 04 ,if we reta9$ ! recollection ( our ant]ior exi/5ces1 if we _h be=e our eyes1 z if se5 9 a mirror1 all t we _h done dur+ our =m] lives1 we %\ld be mu* tr\bl$ by ! remembrance1 :i* w\ld h>ass ! great] "p ( our actions1 & deprive u ( our complete free w4 ,:y is an inv9cible dread ( dea? common to all m58 ,dea? is n1 9 reality1 v dreadful1 s9ce x is n a t]m9ation1 b a simple *ange ( condition4 ,if man feels t]ror ( dea? to su* an ext5t1 we may be sure t nature imposes t s5tim5t ^u him1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! pres]vation ( 8 species4 ,?us1 9 our belief1 ! fe> ( dea? & ! abs5ce ( memory ( our =m] lives are ref]able to ! same cause4 ,! fir/ is a salut>y illusion impos$ by ,god ^u ! weakness ( humanity2 ! second is a means ( secur+ to man full lib]ty ( action4 ,ano!r objection w be made to our doctr9e4 ,x w be said3 ,! re-inc>nation ( s\ls is n a new idea2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 an idea z old z humanity itself4 ,x is ! metempsy*osis1 :i* f ! ,indians pass$ to ! ,egyptians1 f ! ,egyptians to ! ,greeks1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds pr(ess$ by ! ,druids4 ,! metempsy*osis is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ anci5t ( philosophical conceptions2 x is ! fir/ !ory imag9$ by m51 9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9 & ! de/9y ( our race4 ,we d n recognize an argum5t aga9/ our sy/em ( nature 9 ?is rem>k1 b r inde$ a confirmation ( x4 ,an idea does n pass d[n f age to age1 & f9d acceptance dur+ five or six c5turies1 by ! pick$ m5 ( successive g5]ations1 unless x re/s ^u "s s]i\s f\ndation4 ,we are n call$ ^u to def5d ourselves because our op9ions h>monize ) ! philosophical ideas :i* date f ! mo/ di/ant "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! peoples4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s1 & ! ori5tal philosoph]s 9 p>ticul>1 :o are ! mo/ anci5t ?9k]s ( all ^: writ+s we possess1 _h n1 l u1 _! m9ds w>p$1 prejudic$1 turn$ aside by r\t9e1 or trammell$ by ! words ( tea*]s4 ,!y 7 plac$ v close to nature1 & !y beheld its realities1 )\t any preconceiv$ ideas1 d]iv$ f education 9 p>ticul> s*ools4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 b applaud ourselves :5 we f9d t ! logical d$uction ( our ideas has l$ u back to ! antique conception ( ,indian wisdom4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 our sy/em ( ! plurality ( lives1 & ! ori5tal dogma ( ! metempsy*osis4 ,! ,indian philosoph]s1 ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,greeks1 :o inh]it$ ! maxims ( ,py?agoras1 admitt$ t ! s\l1 on leav+ a human body1 ent]s into t ( an animal1 to und]go puni%m5t4 ,we entirely reject ?is useless /ep backw>d4 ,our metempsy*osis is upw>d & onw>d1 x nev] /eps d[n1 or back4 ,a brief sket* ( ! dogma ( ! animal metempsy*osis1 su* z x 0 pr(ess$ by ! diff]5t philosophical sects ( antiquity w n be out ( place "h4 ,we %all expla9 9 :at p>ticul>s ! ori5tal dogma diff]s f our sy/em1 & %[1 at ! same "t1 h[ popul> ! metempsy*osis 0 among ! peoples ( antiquity1 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,asia4 ,! mo/ anci5t kn[n book is t ( ! ,vdas1 :i* conta9s ! religi\s pr9ciples ( ! ,indians or ,h9doos4 ,9 ?is code ( ! prim>y religions ( ,asia is f\nd ! g5]al dogma ( ! f9al absorption ( s\ls 9 ,god4 ,b1 be=e x rea*es its f9al fusion ) ! great ,all1 x is necess>y t ! human s\l %\ld h trav]s$ all ! active ord]s ( life4 ,! s\l1 !re=e1 p]=m$ a s]ies ( transmigrations & j\rneys1 9 v>i\s places1 9 diff]5t worlds1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( sev]al diff]5t animals4 ,m5 :o _h n done good works w5t into ! moon or ! sun2 or else !y came back to ! e>?1 & assum$ ! bodies ( c]ta9 animals1 su* z dogs1 butt]flies1 add]s1 c4 ,!re 7 also int]m$i>y places betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 :i!r s\ls :o _h only be5 p>tly faulty1 w5t to pass a p]iod ( expiation4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ 9 ! ,vdas3-- ,if a man has done works :i* lead to ! _w ( ! sun1 8 s\l repairs to ! _w ( ! sun2 if he has done works :i* lead to ! _w ( ! ,creator1 8 s\l goes to ! _w ( ! ,creator4 ,! book ( ! ,vdas says1 v di/9ctly1 t ! animal1 z well z ! man1 has ! "r ( pass+ to o!r worlds1 z a recomp5se = 8 good works4 ,! ori5tal wisdom felt none ( t uncall$-= contempt = animals :i* is *>act]i/ic ( mod]n philosophy & religion4 ,all animals1 accord+ to ! degree ( k & intellig5ce :i* !y h _h 9 ?is _w1 g into o!r worlds4 ,! man ^: object 0 ! recomp5se ( 8 good works1 be+ dead1 goes into ! _w ( ! moon4 ,!re he is at ! s]vice ( ! ov]se]s ( ! half ( ! moon 9 its cresc5t4 ,!y welcome him joyfully1 b he is n tranquil1 he is n happy2 all 8 recomp5se is to h atta9$ = a :ile to ! _w ( ! moon4 ,on ! expiration ( ?is "t1 ! s]vant ( ! ov]se]s ( ! moon desc5ds aga9 into hell2 & is born z a worm1 a butt]fly1 lion1 fi%1 dog1 or "u any o!r =m 7ev5 "u a human =m74#ai ,at ! la/ /ages ( 8 desc5t1 if "o asks1 :o are y8 he replies3 ,i come f ! _w ( ! moon1 ! wages ( ! de$s done dur+ my life m]ely = ! sake ( rew>d4 ,i am aga9 inve/$ ) a body2 ,i h suff]$ 9 ! womb ( my "m1 & 9 leav+ x2 ,i hope f9ally to acquire ! k ( ,him :o is all ?+s1 to ent] into ! "r way ( wor%ip & ( m$itation )\t any consid]ation ( rew>d4 ,9 ! _w ( ! moon1 "o receives ! rew>d ( good works :i* are done )\t r5unciation ( _! fruits1 ( _! m]its2 b ?is rew>d has only a fix$ "t1 aft] :i* "o is born aga9 9 an inf]ior _w1 a wick$ _w1 a _w :i* is ! recomp5se ( evil4 ,by ! r5unciation ( all pleasure1 & ( all rew>d by seek+ ,god only1 ) un%ak5 fai?1 we rea* ! sun :i* has no end1 ! great _w1 :5ce we return no m to a _w :i* is ! recomp5se ( evil4#bj ,! ,egyptians1 hav+ borr[$ ?is doctr9e f ! ,h9doos1 made x ! basis ( _! religi\s wor%ip4 ,h]odotus in=ms u1#ba t1 accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 ! human s\l1 on issu+ f a completely decompos$ body1 ent]s into t ( "s animal4 ,! s\l takes ?ree ?\s& ye>s to pass f ?is body ?r\gh a s]ies ( o!rs1 & at ! conclusion ( ?is int]val1 ! same s\l returns to ! human species1 ent]+ ! =m ( a newly-born infant4 ,! ,egyptians employ$ excessive caution 9 ! pres]vation ( human bodies4 ,!y embalm$ ! corpses ( _! relatives or ( p]sonages ( importance to ! /ate1 & ?us prep>$ ! mummies :i* are to be se5 9 all our museums4 ,! univ]sal practice ( embalm+ 0 n int5d$1 z has be5 suppos$1 to keep ! human body ready to receive ! s\l1 return+ at ! end ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 to seek its primitive abode4 ,x _h ano!r object4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! s\l did n comm5ce its migrations aft] ! dea? ( ! human body1 :ile any portion ( ! corpse rema9$ entire4 ,h5ce ! ef=ts made by ! ,egyptians1 to ret>d ! mom5t ( sep>ation by ! pres]vation ( ! corpse z long z possible4 ,s]vius says3 ,! ,egyptians1 r5[n$ = _! wisdom1 prolong$ ! duration ( corpses1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 atta*$ to t ( ! body1 might be pres]v$1 & might n pass away quickly to o!rs4 ,! ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 burn corpses1 s t ! s\l1 resum+ its lib]ty1 might imm$iately re-ent] nature4 ,! mo/ anci5t & rem>kable ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ,py?agoras1 f\nd out ! doctr9e ( ! metempsy*osis1 9 8 travels 9 ,egypt4 ,he adopt$ x 9 8 s*ool1 & ! :ole ( ! ,greek philosophy held1 ) ,py?agoras1 t ! s\ls ( ! wick$ pass into ! bodies ( animals4 ,h5ce ! ab/95ce f fle% meat1 prescrib$ by ,py?agoras to 8 disciples1 a precept :i* he also d]iv$ f ,egypt1 :]e respect = animals 0 due to ! g5]al p]suasion t ! bodies ( bea/s 7 t5ant$ by human s\ls1 &1 consequ5tly1 t by ill-treat+ animals1 "o ran ! risk ( injur+ "o's own ance/ors4 ,emp$ocles1 ! philosoph]1 adopt$ ! ,py?agorean sy/em4 ,he says1 9 l9es quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria3-- ,i1 too1 h be5 a "y maid51 ,a tree1 a bird1 a mute fi% 9 ! seas4 ,plato1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 accords a l>ge place to ! views ( ,py?agoras1 ev5 amid 8 mo/ sublime conceptions ( ! s\l1 & ( immortality4 ,he held t ! human s\l passes into ! body ( animals1 9 expiation ( its crimes4 ,plato said t on e>? we rememb] :at we h done dur+ our previ\s exi/5ces1 & t to le>n is to rememb] "o's self4 ,c[>ds1 he says1 are *ang$ into wom51 va9 & frivol\s m5 into birds1 ! ignorant into wild bea/s1 l[] 9 k9d & crawl+ ^u ! e>?1 9 proportion z _! idl5ess has be5 m degrad+2 /a9$ & corrupt s\ls animate fi%es & aquatic reptiles4 ,aga91 he says3 ,^? :o h ab&on$ !mselves to intemp]ance & gluttony ent] into ! bodies ( animals ) l prop5sities4 ,!y :o h lov$ inju/ice1 cruelty1 & rap9e assume ! bodies ( wolves1 hawks1 & falcons4 ,! de/9y ( s\ls has relation to ! lives :i* !y h l$4 ,plato held t ! s\l took only "o ?\s& ye>s to complete its j\rney ?r\gh ! bodies ( animals2 b he believ$ t ?is j\rney repeat$ itself t5 times ov]1 :i* gives a total ( #aj1jjj ye>s = ! completion ( ! entire circle ( exi/5ces4 ,betwe5 ea* ( ^! p]iods ! s\l made a brief soj\rn 9 ,hades4 ,dur+ ?is soj\rn x drank ( ! wat]s ( ! riv] ,le!1 9 ord] to lose ! recollection ( its previ\s exi/5ce1 be=e re-comm5c+ its new life4 ,plato exalt$ ! dogma ( ! animal metempsy*osis by 8 gr& views ^u spiritual immortality & ! lib]ty ( man1 ideas :i* ev5 at ! pres5t "t are quot$ ) admiration1 b = ^: recapitulation we h n space4 ,! metempsy*osis holds less rank 9 ! ,platonic doctr9e ?an 9 ! ,py?agorean & ,egyptian sy/ems4 ,all its importance 0 resum$ among ! philosoph]s ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 :o cont9u$1 9 ,egypt1 ! traditions ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 & reviv$ ! days ( ! s*ools ( ,a!ns on ! soil ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,plot9us1 ! comm5tator ( ,plato1 says1 conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls3 ,x is a dogma recogniz$ f ! utmo/ antiquity1 t if ! s\l commits errors1 x is condemn$ to expiate !m by und]go+ puni%m5t 9 ! ,%ades1 & !n x passes into new bodies to beg9 its trials ov] aga94 ,?is passage proves t ! anci5ts held ! soj\rn ( ! s\l 9 hell to be only tempor>y1 & t x 0 always foll[$ by fre% trials1 t]rible & pa9ful 9 proportion to ! errors :i* 7 to be repair$4 ,:51 says ,plot9us1 we h gone a/ray 9 ! multiplicity ( our corporal passions1 we are puni%$1 fir/ by ! /ray+ itself1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 we resume a body1 by f9d+ ourselves 9 worse conditions4 ,! s\l1 on leav+ ! body1 becomes t p[] :i* x has mo/ develop$4 ,let u1 !n1 fly f base ?+s "h bel[1 & raise ourselves to ! intellig5t _w1 s t we may n fall into ! purely s5sational life1 by foll[+ images :i* are m]ely ( ! s5ses1 or into ! vegetative life1 by indulg+ 9 m]e physical pleasure & gluttony2 let u raise ourselves to ! intellig5t _w1 to intellig5ce1 to ,god4 ,^? :o h ex]cis$ human faculties are born aga9 z m54 ,^? :o h us$ _! s5ses only pass into ! bodies ( brutes1 & especially into ! bodies ( wild bea/s1 if !y h be5 accu/om$ to yield to viol5t impulses ( ang]2 s t ! diff]5t bodies :i* !y animate are con=mable to _! v>i\s prop5sities4 ,^? :o h done no?+ b indulge _! appetites pass into ! bodies ( luxuri\s & glutton\s animals4 ,o!rs1 :o1 in/ead ( indulg+ concupisc5ce or ang]1 h degrad$ _! s5ses by slo?1 are r$uc$ to vegetate 9 ! plants1 because 9 _! previ\s exi/5ces !y h ex]cis$ no?+ b vegetative p[]1 & h only work$ to become trees4 ,^? :o h lov$ ! enjoym5t ( music ov] mu*1 b h l$ lives o!rwise pure1 pass into ! bodies ( melodi\s birds4 ,^? :o h gov]n$ tyrannically1 b h no o!r vice1 become eagles4 ,^? :o h spok5 lightly ( cele/ial ?+s are *ang$ into birds :i* fly t[>ds ! high] regions ( ! air4 ,he :o has acquir$ civil virtues becomes a man aga91 b if he does n possess ^! virtues to a suffici5t ext5t1 he is trans=m$ into a sociable creature1 su* z ! bee1 or "s o!r be+ ( t species4 ,e "o kn[s t among our own ance/ors1 & ! ,druids or high-prie/s ( ! ,gauls1 ! metempsy*osis 0 held almo/ 9 ! same s5se z among ! ,egyptians & ! ,greeks4 ,x is1 s to speak1 a national fai? to u1 = x has be5 held 9 hon\r1 its dogmas h fl\ri%$1 9 ! same c\ntries 9 :i* we n[ dwell4 ,we h recall$ ^! facts1 & collect$ ^! passages f anci5t writ]s1 only 9 ord] to def9e ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,egyptians1 z well z ! ,greeks1 &1 9 lat] times1 ! ,gauls1 und]/ood ! metempsy*osis4 ,our sy/em diff]s f ! old ori5tal conception1 :i* 0 embrac$ by ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,druids1 9 our d5ial t ! human s\l c ev] return to ! body ( an animal4 ,we believe t ! human s\l has already pass$ ?r\gh ?is probation1 & t x nev] c be r5ew$4 ,9 nature1 9 fact1 ! animal has a "p inf]ior to t ( man2 x is bel[ our species 9 its degree ( intellig5ce1 & x _c h ei!r m]it or dem]it4 ,its faculties d n inve/ x ) ! entire responsibility ( its actions4 ,x is b an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! plant & man2 x has c]ta9 faculties1 b we _c pret5d t ^? faculties assimilate x to moral man4 ,?us1 we reject ?is doctr9e ( ! return ( ! human s\l to conditions ?r\gh :i* x has already pass$4 ,retrogression has no place 9 our sy/em4 ,! s\l1 9 its progressive m>*1 may pause = an in/ant1 b x nev] turns back4 ,we admit t man is condemn$ to re-comm5ce an ill-fulfill$ exi/5ce1 b ?is new exp]i5ce is made 9 a human body1 9 a new cov]+ ( ! same liv+ type1 & n 9 ! =m ( an inf]ior be+4 ,! ori5tal dogma ( ! metempsy*osis misappreh5d$ ! great law ( progress1 :i* is1 on ! contr>y1 ! f\ndation ( our doctr9e4 ,f\r? objection4 ,x w be said to u3 ,y ma9ta9 t our s\ls h already exi/$ 9 ! bodies ( animals2 d y1 !n1 %>e ! belief ( ^? naturali/s :o d]ive man f ! monkey8 ,no1 c]ta9ly n4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man naturali/s1 :o1 apply+ ,d>w9's !ory ( ! trans=mation ( species to man1 h decl>$ man to be d]iv$ f ! monkey1 rely entirely on anatomical consid]ations4 ,vogt1 ,bru*n]1 ,huxley1 & ,broca comp>e ! skeleton ( ! monkey ) t ( primitive man2 !y /udy ! =m ( ! skull ( ea* respectively1 !y measure ! wid? & ! prom95ce ( ! jaws1 c41 c4 ,f ! results1 !y draw ! conclusion t man is anatomically d]iv$ f a species ( quadrumane4 ,! s\l is n tak5 into any consid]ation by ^! m5 ( sci5ce1 :o argue precisely z if no?+ ( ! ?9k+ k9d exi/$ 9 ! anatomical cavities :i* !y explore & measure4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 by comp>+ ! faculties ( ! human s\l ) ! faculties ( animals t we arrive at our conclusion4 ,! animal =ms signify no?+ to u2 ! _s1 9 its v>i\s manife/ations1 is our *ief object4 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld we seek to d]ive man f ! monkey1 r ?an f any o!r mammif]\s animal1 r ?an f ! wolf1 or ! fox8 ,is !re mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! skeleton ( ! monkey & t ( ! wolf1 ! fox1 or any o!r c>nivor\s bea/8 ,put ?ree or f\r ( ^? skeletons toge!r1 & y w n f9d x easy to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r1 if1 in/ead ( select+ a monkey ( a sup]ior species1 y take an inf]ior quadrumane1 a /riat$ monkey1 a lemur1 or a macao4 ,int]rogate ! physiological functions ( ! monkey4 ,y w f9d !m1 & ! organs :i* s]ve ^? functions1 p]fectly simil> 9 all animals1 & ^? organs id5tical 9 _! /ructure4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld y d]ive man f ! monkey1 r ?an f ! wolf or ! fox8 ,is x because ! monkeys 9 our m5ag]ies h a di/ant resemblance to man1 9 _! occasional v]tical attitude1 & 9 c]ta9 features :i* are c>icatures ( ^? ( ! human face8 ,h[ _m ( ! species among ! imm5se simial family ( ! two hemisph]es pres5t ?is resemblance8 ,h>dly five or six4 ,all ! o!rs h ! be/ial sn\t 9 its fulle/ developm5t1 & are v inf]ior 9 intellig5ce to mo/ ( ! o!r mammif]s4 ,if x be f ! organic po9t ( view t y d]ive man f ! monkey1 because c]ta9 species ( quadrumanes are c>icatures ( m5 9 _! physiognomy1 :y may he n be d]iv$ z reasonably f ! p>rot1 :i* emits articulate s\nds1 ! c>icature ( ! human voice1 or ev5 ! night+ale1 because t melodi\s song/] ( ! woods modulates 8 notes l our s+]s8 ,! consid]ation ( animal =ms is ( v little importance 9 our e/imation1 :5 ! matt] 9 h& is to det]m9e ! place occupi$ by a liv+ be+ 9 ! scale ( creation1 = ^! =ms are simil> 9 type among all ! sup]ior animals1 ! body v>y+ v slightly 9 /ructure 9 all ! great class ( mammif]s2 & also because ! physiological functions are dis*>g$ 9 a simil> mann] by all4 ,! basis on :i* we gr\nd our rese>*es is q diff]5t1 x is ! spiritual basis2 we ask ! faculties ( ! m9d to supply our mat]ials ( comp>ison4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 !re=e1 t we esp\se ! doctr9es ( ,d>w9 & ^? :o agree ) him1 because we hold t ! s\l has a previ\s dwell+ 9 ! bodies ( sev]al animals1 be=e x rea*es ! human body2 because we admit t ! spiritual pr9ciple beg9s 9 ! g]m ( plants1 & t ?is g]m gr[s & develops itself 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! bodies ( a progressive s]ies ( animal species1 to issue at l5g? 9 man1 ! end ( its elaboration & p]fection4 ,! ,d>w9i/s take into consid]ation only ! anatomical /ructure1 & put aside ! s\l4 ,we consid] its faculties only4 ,we are guid$1 n by ! mat]iali/ic idea :i* directs & inspires ^! m5 ( sci5ce1 b on ! contr>y1 on a reason$-out spiritualism4 ,our sy/em ( nature may be criticis$1 or reject$4 ,we (f] x m]ely z a p]sonal view1 & w\ld n impose x on any read]4 ,! m]it ( ?is philosophical & sci5tific conception1 if x has any1 consi/s 9 ! va/ syn!sis by :i* x b9ds toge!r all ! liv+ creatures :i* p ! sol> _w1 f ! m9ute plant 9 :i* ! g]m ( organization fir/ appe>s1 to ! animal2 f ! animal to ! man2 & f ! man to ! s]ies ( sup]human & ar*human be+s :o inhabit ! e!real sph]es2 & f9ally1 f !m to ! radiant dwell]s 9 ! sol> />4 ,9 collect+ toge!r1 on ! "o h&1 all t mod]n *emi/ry has le>n$ ( ! composition ( plants1 & ! physical ph5om5a ( _! respiration1 & on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ :i* is kn[n ( ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( sol> light1 ! idea /ruck u t ! rays ( ! sun =m ! vehicle by ^: means ! animat$ g]ms are plac$ 9 ! plants4 ,:ile m$itat+ ^u :at has be5 writt5 by ! philosoph]s ,*>les ,bonnet1 ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 & ,jean ,reynaud1 ^u ! physical condition ( resuscitat$ human be+s1 & dwell+ ^u ! de/9y ( m5 beyond ! =midable b>ri] ( ! tomb1 9 %ort1 :ile dr9k+ at ! mo/ v>i\s spr+s ( philosophical & sci5tific k1 we h compos$ ?is attempt at a new philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,?is sy/em may be errone\s1 & ano!r1 m logical & m le>n$1 may be sub/itut$ = x4 ,b !re w rema91 we may hope1 ! syn!sis :i* we h e/abli%$ f all ! facts ( ! physical & moral ord] :i* we h collect$ toge!r1 ! l9ks by :i* we atta* all ! be+s ( creation "o to ano!r1 :i* compreh5ds bo? ! moral & organic attributes ( ^! be+s2--a va/ ladd] ( nature1 on ^: /eps we place ev]y?+ t has life2 ! endless circle1 9 :i* we l9k all ! r+s ( ! *a9 ( liv+ be+s4 ,! !oretic explanation ( all ^! facts1 ?us gr\p$1 may n p]haps be accept$1 b we believe t !y are correctly plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 & t any !ory :i* pret5ds to expla9 ! univ]se mu/ be e/abli%$ ^u ! basis ( t gr\p+4 ,if our explanation be conte/$1 we hope t our syn!sis ( facts w rema94 ,besides x is only ?us1 i4e41 by creat+ a sy/em1 t ! sci5ces1 exact z well z moral1 are made to progress4 ,*emi/ry 0 n1 z "s h pret5d$1 creat$ by ,lavoisi]2 x 0 f\nd$ by ,/ahl1 x 0 n ! pneumatic !ory ( ,lavoisi]1 b really ! sy/em ( phlogi/on devis$ by ,/ahl1 :i* in/itut$ *emi/ry 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,/ahl1 x is well kn[n1 _h ! imm5se m]it ( collect+ all ! facts kn[n up to 8 "t1 into a g5]al !oretical explanation ( compos+ a summ>y ( !m1 & ( creat+ ! sy/em ( phlogi/on4 ,?is sy/em 01 und5iably1 incorrect1 b ! facts :i* _h be5 collect$ t[>ds its con/ruction _h be5 p]fectly well select$1 & includ$ e useful elem5t ( in=mation or rese>*4 ,?us1 :5 t5 ye>s lat] ?an ,/ahl1 came ,lavoisi]1 he _h only1 s to speak1 to turn ! sy/em ( 8 pr$ecessor inside out1 z "o turns a coat4 ,= phlogi/on ,lavoisi] sub/itut$ oxyg52 he pres]v$ all ! facts1 & *ang$ only ! explanation4 ,?us *emi/ry 0 f\nd$4 ,a well con/ruct$ syn!sis mu/ necess>ily prec$e e !ory ( nature4 ,desc>tes1 :5 work+ out 8 sy/em ( :irlw9ds1 =mulat$ a conception :i* 0 c]ta9ly v inexact2 b ! facts ^u :i* ?is !ory re/$ 7 s well select$1 !y respond$ s exactly to ! requirem5ts ( sci5ce1 t :5 ,newton came1 ) 8 sy/em ( attraction1 x only rema9$ to apply ! new hypo!sis to ! facts collect$ by ,desc>tes = 8 :irlw9ds1 & !re 0 real a/ronomy1 ! true physics4 ,:5 ,l9nu creat$ 8 sy/em ( botany1 he made an und5iably artificial di/ribution ( ! vegetables1 & ,l9nu himself p]fectly und]/ood ! defects ( 8 sy/em4 ,b1 ow+ to ?is artificial me?od1 he succe$$ 9 gr\p+ all ! plants into a me?odical catalogue4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( classification 0 bad1 ! s]vice r5d]$ to botany by ?is catalogue 0 imm5se4 ,x 0 n1 9 fact1 until aft] ,l9nu' "t t ! imm5se mass ( facts :i* he collect$ c\ld be put 9 ord]1 & ! /udy ( ! vegetable _w made to progress f ^? data4 ,botany dates f ! publication ( ! sy/ema natur ( ! immortal botani/ ( ,upsal4 ,we d n pret5d to put =w>d an irreproa*able !ory ( ! univ]se 9 ?is "w1 b simply to collect toge!r & me?odically gr\p ! facts ^u :i* su* a !ory ought to re/1 facts physical1 metaphysical1 & moral4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,la ,pluralit des exi/5ces de l'me1 ,p>is1 p4 #dej4 #ai ,la ,religion des ,h9d\s selon les ,vdas1 p> ,lanju9ais1 ,p>is1 p4 #bhf4 #bj ,la ,religion des ,h9d\s selon les ,vdas1 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe4 #ba ,hi/oires1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 *4 cxxiii4 7translat$ by ,m4 ,l>*]47 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,n9ete5?4 ,,sequel ,,to ,,objections4--,,x ,,is ,,incompreh5sible ,,h[ ,,! ,,rays ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,be+ ,,mat]ial ,,sub/ances1 ,,c ,,be ,,! ,,g]ms ,,( ,,s\ls1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,immat]ial ,,sub/ances4 ,,our sy/em ( nature may be met ) ! foll[+ f9al objection4 ,x w be said1 h[ c ! rays ( ! sun1 be+ mat]ial bodies1 convey animat$ g]ms :i* are immat]ial sub/ances8 ,^! t]ms exclude ea* o!r4 ,we f9d1 9 ! ,scriptures1 a magnific5t comp>ison1 ( :i* we %all avail ourselves 9 ord] to answ] ?is objection1 or r1 ?is "q4 ,sa9t ,mat!w speaks ( a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 t is to say1 ( a tree g]m1 :i*1 ca/ into ! e>?1 produces a h]bace\s plant1 !n a tree ) maje/ic bran*es1 & he is a/oni%$ to behold ! impos+ "l ( ! =e/s1 :i*1 lad5 ) fl[]s & fruit1 t[]s al(t 9 maje/ic beauty1 & gives %elt] "u its %ad[ to ! we>y birds1 spr++ f a humble little se$4 ,n only1 says ! evangeli/1 is !re no resemblance betwe5 ! tree & its orig9al se$1 b !re does n exi/ 9 ! tree a s+le atom ( ! matt] ( :i* ! se$ 0 prim>ily compos$4 ,to our m9d1 ?is gra9 ( mu/>d-se$ is an image ( ! sun1 :i*1 fall+ ^u ! e>?1 s[s animat$ g]ms 9 its bosom1 :i* produce plants t aft]w>ds give bir? to animals1 & lat] /ill to man1 & ?us to ! entire s]ies ( creatures1 invisible to u1 :i* succe$ him 9 ! doma9 ( ! heav5s4 ,! little cold1 col\rless1 sc5tless se$ is no?+ to look at1 no?+ di/+ui%es x app>5tly f ! neighb\r+ du/4 ,nev]!less1 x conta9s t my/]i\s leav51 t sacr$ be+1 s to speak1 :i* we call a g]m4 ,& :at wond]ful ?+s are to be born f t sacr$ be+6 ,9 ! obscurity ( ! cold1 damp e>? ! g]m trans=ms itself1 x becomes a new body )\t any resemblance to ! se$ :i* conta9$ x4 ,x produces a plantlet1 a subt]ranean1 b p]fectly organiz$ creature1 possess+ a root :i* fa/5s itself into ! soil1 & a /alk :i* takes ! opposite direction4 ,betwe5 ! two portions lies ! se$1 split1 gutt$1 hav+ all[$ ! g]m to escape1 its "p 9 ! matt] end$4 ,! subt]ranean plantlet is a new be+2 x has no long] any?+ 9 common ) ! se$ f :5ce x came4 ,! plantlet is dull & col\rless1 b x brea!s1 x has *annels1 9 :i* liquids & gases are circulat+4 ,9 a little :ile ! plantlet comes up above ! e>?1 x greets ! daylight1 x appe>s to our eyes1 & !n x is a v diff]5t be+ f ! subt]ranean creature4 ,! new-born vegetable is no long] z x 0 :5 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 dull & grey2 x is gre51 x brea!s l o!r vegetables1 produc+ oxyg5 "u ! influ5ce ( life1 :]eas 9 ! bosom ( ! e>? x gave out c>bonic acid4 ,in/ead ( ! dull & sombre subt]ranean plantlet1 y h a gre5 & t5d] %oot1 provid$ ) special organs4 ,:]e is ! gra9 ( mu/>d se$8 ,pres5tly our %oot gr[s1 & becomes a "y plant4 ,x is /ill weak & hidd5 "u ! grass1 b nev]!less ! "y plant has its complete individuality4 ,x resembles nei!r ! %oot nor ! plantlet1 its subt]ranean ance/or4 ,! %oot gr[s1 & becomes a twig1 t is to say1 ! adolesc5t ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ) ! ard\r & ! en]gy ( ! "y among h]bace\s creatures4 ,9 ?is /ate ! plant has already r5ew$ its sub/ance sev]al times1 & no?+ rema9s ( ! organic & m9]al elem5ts :i* exi/$ 9 ! diff]5t be+s t h prec$$ x on ! same little corn] ( ! e>? :i* h witness$ ! *ang+ phases ( its curi\s metamorphoses4 ,wait a :ile1 & y w see ! twig gr[+ long & l>ge4 ,its respiration becomes active1 its leaves spread out1 & vigor\sly exhale ! c>bonic acid gas ( ! air4 ,! exhalation ( wat]y vap\r ov] all ! surface takes place1 & a "y & vigor\s tree is !re1 :i* day by day gr[s m robu/ & m beautiful4 ,dur+ ?is gr[?1 dur+ ?is transition f ! %rub to ! "y tree1 ) a sep>ate & upright /em1 a new be+ has be5 =m$4 ,organs :i* x _h n h come to x1 & h made x a sep>ate individual4 ,x has fl[]s1 x has bran*es1 x has new vessels = ! circulation ( ! sap1 & ! juices :i* 7 n previ\sly elaborat$4 ,! /ructure ( ! surface ( its leaves has be5 *ang$1 s t absorption may be m successfully accompli%$4 ,:]e is ! %oot1 f :i* our vigor\s "y %rub sprung8 ,:at relation1 :at resemblance is !re betwe5 ^! two be+s8 ,we c only disc]n diff]5ces4 ,"o individual has succe$$ to ano!r individual4 ,! vegetable has be5 r5ew$1 n only 9 matt]1 :i* is *ang$1 b 9 ! =m ( its organs4 ,a s]ies ( new =ms h succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ! %rub1 s9ce x 0 a simple %oot1 j peep+ above ! soil4 ,x is /ill ! hi/ory ( *ange1 :5 ! "y tree has become adult1 :51 9 ! progress ( ye>s1 its trunk has gr[n h>d1 & become incru/$ ) lay]s ( accumulat$ b>k1 :5 its bran*es h multipli$1 & fl[]+ & fruitage h modifi$ all its int]nal & ext]nal p>ts4 ,x is !n a gr& c$> tree1 ^: maje/ic & impos+ %ade cov]s a consid]able ext5t ( ! soil2 or a sup]b oak1 ^: robu/ & gn>l$ bran*es spread f> & wide2 or a flexible *e/nut1 :i* fl+s ab\t its poli%$ & %9+ arms4 ,! organs ( ^! luxuriant vegetables1 ! pride ( our =e/s1 h no relation to ^? :i* belong$ to !m 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( _! life4 ,_! fl[]y cr[ns 9 spr+-tide1 ! fruits :i* succe$ to !m1 ! se$s %ut up 9 ! protect+ %elt] ( ^? fruits1 ^! are all peculi>ities ( organization1 belong+ to ^! noble trees1 )\t any analogy 9 nature4 ,:]e is ! gra9 ( mu/>d se$ :i* =m]ly suck$ ! juice ( ! e>? 9 d>kness8 ,ev]y?+ is *ang$2 ! place ( habitation1 :i* is no long] ! e>?1 b ! air2 ! =m1 & ! physiological functions4 ,n only has all ?is *ang$1 b x has *ang$ a great numb] ( times4 ,n only does no?+ rema9 ( ! matt] ( :i* ! tree 0 compos$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its life1 b no?+ has be5 reta9$ ( ! organic =ms :i* 7 prop] to ! infancy ( ! vegetable4 ,nev]!less1 ,o great my/]y ( ,nature1 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! *anges1 not)/&+ ?is cont9ual succession ( be+s1 :i* mutually replace ea* o!r1 !re is some?+ :i* rema9s immovable1 :i* has nev] *ang$1 :i* has pres]v$ a con/ant individuality1--x is ! secret =ce :i* produc$ all ^! *anges1 :i* presid$ ov] all ^! organic mutations4 ,9 our belief1 ?is =ce is ! animat$ g]m :i* ! "y plant has receiv$ f ! se$1 :5ce x has proce$$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ! trans=mations :i* ! vegetable creature has und]gone1 9 spite ( ! num]\s phases ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 & :i* h produc$ a s]ies ( diff]5t be+s succe$+ ea* o!r 9 its mat]ial sub/ance1 ! spiritual pr9ciple1 cause & ag5t ( all ?is long activity1 has rema9$ ! same4 ,?is animat$ g]m :i* n[ exi/s 9 ! adult vegetable is ! same :i* 0 !re dur+ its gr[?1 ! same :i* 0 !re :5 x 0 a %oot1 ! same :i* slept 9 ! se$ :i* 0 ?r[n into ! bosom ( ! cold & humid e>?4 ,9 t maje/ic tree :i*1 com+ =? f an imp]ceptibly m9ute se$1 has _h a :ole g5ealogy ( successive be+s1 replac+ ea* o!r1 diff]+ 9 =m & size1 & has pres]v$1 ?r\gh\t its incessant developm5t1 ! sole & immutable pr9ciple ( its activity1 we behold ! fai?ful image ( ! p]si/5t1 inde/ructible s\l1 9 ! mid/ ( ! be+s or diff]5t bodies :i* x has animat$ 9 succession4 ,issu+ f a g]m1 x has nev] ceas$ to gr[1 to develop1 to become amplifi$1 /ill rema9+ itself4 ,! gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 or ! se$ ( ! tree1 is accord+ to u1 ! plant or inf]ior animal into :i* ! sun has ?r[n ! animat$ g]m4 ,! subt]ranean plantlet corresponds to ! animal ^: mission x is to p]fect ! g]m transmitt$ by ! plant1 & :i* develops & amplifies ?is g]m2 = example1 to ! fi% or ! reptile1 p]fect+ ! spiritual pr9ciple :i* !y h receiv$ f ! zoophyte or ! mollusc4 ,! %oot :i*1 hav+ bur/ out ( ! e>?1 gr[s 9 ! %ade ( ! grass1 & tries its air organs1 corresponds to ! animal some:at m elevat$ 9 ! organic scale1 su* z ! bird1 9 :i* ! animat+ pr9ciple--d]iv$ f ! reptile or ! fi%--increases 9 intellectual p[]4 ,! "y vegetable1 arriv$ at ! condition ( ! twig1 :i* lives a completely arial life1 corresponds to ! mammif]4 ,! tree1 gr[n tall1 & pu%+ out its "y b\ghs1 corresponds to man1 p]fect+ ! s\l :i* he has receiv$ f a mammif]4 ,f9ally1 ! p[]ful & vigor\s =e/ "l1 ov]-topp+ all ! neighb\r+ trees 9 size & maje/y1 ) mighty gir? ( /em1 & noble cre/1 ) wide-spread+ bran*es & spl5did fl[]s1 ?is gr& creature corresponds to ! sup]human be+ :o lives 9 ! bosom ( ! e!real fluid1 & :o is himself de/9$ to be replac$ by a s]ies ( sup]ior creatures1 :o %all climb f /age to /age1 f height to height1 ev5 to ! radiant k+dom ( ! sun1 :]e ^? absolutely spiritual be+s1 ^: ess5ce is entire & p]fect immat]iality are en?ron$4 ,?us1 ! animat+ pr9ciple rema9s immutable & id5tical ) itself1 dur+ all ! trans=mations und]gone by ! be+s :o are successively *>g$ to receive ?is preci\s deposit4 ,f ! vegetable1 9 :i* x _h its fir/ domicile z a g]m1 & ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( liv+ creatures1 f ! plant & ! zoophyte to ! man & ! sup]human be+1 ! same spiritual pr9ciple is pres]v$ 9 its id5tity1 p]fect+ & amplify+ itself )\t cessation4 ,let u complete ! comp>ison4 ,:5 ! =e/ tree has rip5$ its fruits1 ! fruits bur/ op51 ! se$s escape f x1 & fall into ! soil1 or are disp]s$ by ! caprice ( ! w9ds4 ,if ! se$s fall into damp e>?1 !y g]m9ate1 &1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 "y vegetables are produc$1 z we h previ\sly expla9$4 ,multitudes ( simil> vegetables are produc$ by a s+le oak1 a s+le c$>1 a s+le *e/nut tree4 ,j z ! maje/ic adult tree lets fall f its ?\s& bran*es ^u ! soil ! c\ntless se$s :i* are to g]m9ate !re1 s ! spiritualiz$ be+s :o dwell 9 ! sun %$ _! emanations1 _! animat$ g]ms1 ^u all ! planets4 ,^! g]ms1 c>ri$ to ! e>? by ! sunbeams1 & fall+ ^u our globe1 produce ! vegetables :i* aft]w>ds give bir? to ! v>i\s animals1 by ! effect ( ! successive transmigrations ( ! same s\l into ! bodies ( ^! creatures4 ,we c n[ reply to ! objection :i* we h plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]3 ,h[ c ! sol> rays1 be+ mat]ial sub/ances1 convey animat$ g]ms1 :i* are immat]ial sub/ances8 ,:5 ! physici/s pr(ess$ ,newton's !ory ( ! nature ( light1 9 ! !ory ( emission1 x 0 necess>y to reg>d light1 &1 consequ5tly ! sol> rays1 :i* produce x1 z mat]ial bodies4 ,b sci5ce has n[ reject$ ?is !ory1 & replac$ x by ! !ory ( undulation1 f\nd$ by ,malus1 ,fresnel1 ,ampre1 & all ! con/ellation ( great physici/s & ma!maticians ( ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury4 ,facts1 collect$ on e side1 prove t ! sol> rays are n matt] :i* transports itself f ! sun to ! e>?1 b t light1 l heat1 results f a primitive di/urbance produc$ by ! sun ^u ! e!r1 :i* is spread ov] all space4 ,?is di/urbance communicates itself f molecule to molecule1 f ! planet>y e!r d[n to u1 & produces ! ph5om5a ( light & heat4 ,we _c "h develop at great] l5g?1 or expla9 m sci5tifically1 ! !ory ( undulations1 :i* w be f\nd suffici5tly demon/rat$ 9 works on physics4 ,we m]ely desire to prove t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! sol> rays are n mat]ial bodies1 b t !y result f a simple vibration ( ! planet>y e!r4 ,if1 !n1 ! rays ( ! sun are n mat]ial sub/ances1 !re c be no difficulty 9 admitt+ t ^! rays 7immat]ial sub/ance7 are ! be>]s ( ! animat$ g]ms1 :i* are immat]ial sub/ance4 ,if we be driv5 to a clos] def9ition ( ! problem1 if we be ask$ to expla9 ) great] precision h[ ^! immat]ial g]ms j\rney ?r\gh space1 we reply t we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! mania = insi/+ on ev]y?+ be+ expla9$4 ,absolute explanation is =bidd5 to ! limit ( our intellig5ce4 ,we are =c$ to confess our p[]lessness :5ev] we try to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( nature rigor\sly4 ,:at is ! true cause ( ! fall ( bodies1 ( ! gravitation ( ! />s1 ( electricity1 ( heat8 ,:at is ! cause ( ! circulation ( our blood1 ( ! beat+ ( our he>ts8 ,! deepe/ obscurity veils ! prim>y causes ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* we all behold e day2 & ! m e>ne/ly we desire to p5etrate ! secret ess5ce1 ! m ! d>kness deep5s 9 our m9ds4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,newton1 ! physici/s h laid d[n a wise & excell5t pr9ciple4 ,!y h agre$ to /udy ! laws ( physical ph5om5a ) s$ul\s c>e1 to measure ) exactness ! effects ( heat1 weight1 electricity1 or light1 b1 also1 nev] to disquiet !mselves by rese>*es into ! causes ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! m we le>n1 ! fur!r we advance 9 ! k ( ! univ]se & its laws1 ! m we become conv9c$ t man kn[s absolutely no?+ ab\t fir/ causes1 t he ought to e/eem himself happy 9 kn[+ ! laws accord+ to :i* ! effects ( ^! fir/ causes manife/ !mselves2 t is to say1 ! physical & vital actions :i* are visible to u1 b t he ought1 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 own peace ( m9d1 to lay d[n a rule t he w\ld nev] seek to "k ! :]e=e ( ?+s4 ,pl9y1 speak+ ( fir/ causes1 said3 ,lat5t 9 maje/ate mundi1 7,!y are hidd5 9 ! maje/y ( ! _w47 ,! ?\ght is z f9e z ! phrase is eloqu5t4 ,let u1 !n1 leave to nature h] secrets1 &1 if we are l$ to believe t ! sun %$s animat$ g]ms ^u ! e>? & ! planets1 let u n try to p5etrate fur!r into ! ess5ce ( ?is my/]i\s ph5om5on4 ,let u n ask ( ! e>? :y %e turns1 ! /one :y x falls1 ! tree :y x gr[s1 our he>ts :y !y beat--nor ! rays ( ! sun :y !y produce life on e>?1 & immortality 9 ! heav5s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,! ,,tw5tie?4 ,,practical ,,rules ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,facts ,,& ,,pr9ciples ,,develop$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w4--,,! ,,ennobl+ ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,by ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,virtue1 ,,by ,,seek+ ,,to ,,"k1 ,,?r\gh ,,sci5ce1 ,,nature ,,& ,,its ,,laws4--,,! ,,r5d]+ ,,( ,,public ,,wor%ip ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity4--,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,to ,,be ,,reta9$4--,,we ,,ought ,,n ,,to ,,fe> ,,dea?4--,,dea? ,,is ,,only ,,an ,,unfelt ,,transition ,,f ,,"o ,,/ate ,,to ,,ano!r1 ,,x ,,is ,,n ,a ,,t]m9ation1 ,,b ,a ,,metamorphosis4--,,! ,,impressions ,,( ,,! ,,dy+4--,,!y ,,:om ,,! ,,gods ,,love ,,die ,,"y4--,,reunion ,,) ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,gone ,,be=e4 ,,we w conclude our "w by lay+ d[n c]ta9 practical rules :i* result f ! facts & ! pr9ciples t h be5 expla9$ 9 its c\rse4 ,s9ce man c raise himself to ! range ( a sup]human be+ only :5 8 s\l has acquir$ ! necess>y degree ( purification 9 ?is life1 x is evid5tly 8 int]e/ to apply himself to ! culture ( 8 s\l1 to pres]ve x f e /a91 to keep x f fall+4 ,be good1 g5]\s1 & compassionate2 grateful = b5efits1 accessible to ! suff]+1 ! fri5d ( ! oppress$4 ,console ^? :o suff] & :o weep4 ,practise e =m ( *>ity4 ,endeav\r to raise y\r ?\ghts above t]re/rial ?+s4 ,/rive aga9/ ^? mat]ial in/9cts1 :i* are ! /igmata ( human exi/5ce4 ,aspire to ! good & ! beautiful4 ,live 9 ! mo/ elevat$ sph]es1 ^? :i* are ! lea/ b\nd to l[] ?+s4 ,x is only ?us t y c elevate & ennoble y\r s\l1 & r5d] x fit to enjoy ! high] exi/5ce :i* awaits x 9 ! e!real sph]es4 ,=1 if y\r s\l be vici\s & corrupt1 if1 dur+ all y\r t]re/rial life1 y h be5 sunk 9 mat]ial int]e/s1 exclusively giv5 up to purely physical occupations & enjoym5ts1 :i* make y ! fell[ ( ! animals2 if y\r he>t has be5 h>d1 y\r consci5ce dumb1 y\r in/9cts l[ & evil1 y w be condemn$ to recomm5ce a second exi/5ce on ! e>?4 ,once1 or _m times aga9 y w h to be> ! bur!n ( life on ?is dis9h]it$ globe1 :]e physical suff]+ & moral evil h tak5 up _! abode1 :]e happ9ess is unkn[n1 & unhapp9ess is ! univ]sal law4 ,!re is ano!r motive = our c>eful cultivation ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 & = our con/antly purify+ ourselves by ! practice ( good4 ,noble & g5]\s p]sons1 elect s\ls1 are1 z we h said1 ! only ones capable ( communicat+ ) ! dead1 ) ! belov$ be+s :om !y h lo/4 ,if1 !re=e1 we be /a9$ ) moral evil1 we %all n receive any communication1 any succ\r f ! be+s :o h left u1 & :om we lov$4 ,?is is a p[]ful motive = our con/ant /riv+ t[>ds p]fection4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effectual means ( p]fect+ & ennobl+ ! s\l1 ( rais+ x above t]re/rial conditions1 & br++ x ne> ! high] sph]es1 is sci5ce4 ,/udy1 lab\r to le>n ( nature1 to compreh5d ! plans & ! ph5om5a :i* surr\nd y1 to expla9 to y\rselves ! univ]se ( :i* y =m a portion1 & y\r s\l w gr[ 9 /r5g? & wisdom4 ,x is v sad to contemplate ! %ameful ignorance 9 :i* almo/ all humanity is sunk4 ,! population ( our globe numb]s #a1cjj1jjj1jjj1 & ( all ?is multitude h>dly #aj1jjj1jjj c be said to h /udi$ ! sci5ces1 & really cultivat$ _! m9ds4 ,all ! re/ ( mank9d are ab&on$ to an intellectual passiv5ess1 :i* almo/ r$uces !m to ! level ( ! animals4 ,! e>? is b a va/ field ( ignorance4 ,z f> z k is conc]n$1 almo/ all m5 die z !y 7 born1 !y h n add$ a s+le idea1 a s+le bran* ( k to ^? :i* _! p>5ts--!mselves ignorant--h inculcat$ 9 _! y\?4 ,nev]!less1 ?anks to ! lab\rs ( "s few m5 ( uncommon m9d & en]gy1 ! k we possess at ! pres5t "t is imm5se1 we h made great progress 9 ! /udy ( nature & its laws4 ,we und]/& ! me*anism & ! regulation ( ! univ]se1 we h le>n$ to reject ! fallaci\s te/imony ( our s5ses1 we h disc]n$ ! c\rses ( ! diff]5t />s1 :i* look s mu* alike1 :5 !y %9e 9 ! firmam5t by night4 ,we "k t ! sun is motionless 9 ! c5tre ( our _w1 & t a company ( planets1 among :i* ! e>? figures1 revolve ar\nd him1 9 an orbit ^: ma!matical curve has be5 precisely fix$4 ,we "k ! cause ( ! days & nights1 z well z t ( ! seasons2 we c pr$ict almo/ to a second ! return ( ! />s to a c]ta9 po9t ( _! orbit1 _! meet+s1 eclipses1 & occultations4 ,! globe :i* we inhabit has be5 survey$ & explor$ ) c>e :i* has h>dly miss$ a nook ( x4 ,we "k ! causes ( ! w9ds & ( ! ra9s1 we c po9t out ! exact c\rse ( ! sea-curr5ts1 & =etell ! h\r & ! height ( ! tides all ov] ! globe4 ,we "k :y glaci]s exi/ at ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremities ( ! e>?1 & :y o!r glaci]s cr[n ! great m\nta9 heights4 ,! movem5ts ( ! e>?1 :i* =m]ly produc$ *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & :i* at pres5t occasion volcanic eruptions & e>?quakes1 are q compreh5sible to u4 ,! composition ( all ! bodies :i* exi/ on ! surface1 or are hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 has be5 fix$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,we "k :at air conta9s1 & :at wat] is compos$ (4 ,!re is n a m9]al1 n a p>ticle ( e>? to :i* we _c assign its composition4 ,m ?an t1 we c tell :at is ! composition ( ! soil ( ! planets1 & ( _! satellites1 ^? />s :i* roll at incalculable di/ances above our heads1 & :i* we c rea* only ) our eyes4 ,sci5ce has p]=m$ ?is miracle1 ! *emical analysis ( bodies :i* x _c t\*1 & :i* x c only see across millions ( miles 9 space4 ,we h /udi$1 classifi$1 demon/rat$ all ! liv+ be+s1 animals & plants :i* p ! e>?4 ,!re is n an insect hidd5 9 ! grass ( ! fields :i* has n be5 describ$1 :i* has n _h its j place 9 creation assign$ to x2 !re is n a blade ( grass :i* has n be5 reproduc$ by ! p5cil ( ! naturali/4 ,beyond all ?is1 sci5ce has p5etrat$ f> beyond ! rea* ( our vision4 ,x has inv5t$ a m>vell\s in/rum5t :i* has unveil$ an entire _w to our a/oni%$ gaze1 a _w ^: exi/5ce we nev] %\ld h suspect$ )\t its aid4 ,! _w ?us reveal$ to u is t ( inf9itely little ?+s4 ,we "k t myriads ( liv+ creatures1 bo? animals & plants1 exi/ 9 a drop ( wat]2 t ^? creatures1 9 all _! prodigi\s littl5ess1 h a complete exi/5ce1 & are z well organiz$ z ^? ( great size :i* are analog\s to !m1 & t ! physiological functions ( all ^! imp]ceptible be+s are fulfill$ z p]fectly z our own4 ,j z we h p5etrat$ into ! life ( inf9ite littl5ess1 s we h pi]c$ ! dep?s ( cele/ial space1 & scrut9iz$ ) our eyes ! magnifi$ image ( ! />s :i* revolve at an incalculable di/ance above u4 ,! telescope %[s u ! surface ( ! moon1 ! dep?s ( its rav9es1 & ! r\gh s]rat$ edges ( its enorm\s m\nta9s1 furr[$ ) deep circul> crevasses4 ,we c ca/ our eyes ov] ! lun> disc z if x 7 a di/ant l&scape ( our own globe4 ,we c ev51 ?anks to ! magnify+ p[]s ( ! telescope1 =m an idea ( ! aspect ( ! surfaces ( ^? planets :i* are almo/ lo/ 9 ! inf9ite di/ances ( ! heav5s4 ,aft] ?is fa9t & incomplete sket* ( t :i* human sci5ce has be5 able to accompli%1 x might be suppos$ t e inhabitant ( ! e>? is impati5t to make all ?is k 8 own1 t e "o mu/ desire to fill 8 m9d ) its treasures4 ,alas6 ! great majority ( ! human species is ignorant ( ev5 ! elem5ts ( all ?is4 ,take away ! t5 millions ( individuals1 to :om we h already allud$1 & :o1 num]ically1 are h>dly to be c\nt$ 9 consid]+ ! population ( ! globe1 all p imag9e t ! e>? is a flat surface :i* ext5ds to ! limits ( ! horizon1 & is cov]$ ) a blue cupola1 call$ heav54 ,if y ass]t t ! e>? revolves1 !y laugh1 & po9t to ! motionless e>?1 & ! sun :i* rises on ! "r h& & sets on ! left1 a manife/ pro( t ! sun comes & goes4 ,! poets w h x t ! sun rises f 8 b$ 9 ! morn+1 & returns to x 9 ! ev5+4 ,p believe t ! />s :i* %9e by night1 9 ! cele/ial vault1 are simply ornam5ts1 an agreeable spectacle1 made to please our eyes1 & t ! moon is a beacon4 ,nobody inquires into ! causes ( ! ra9 or f9e wea!r1 ( heat or cold1 ( ! w9ds or ! tides4 ,e "o %uts 8 eyes to natural ph5om5a1 s z to avoid ! tr\ble ( expla9+ !m4 ,nature is a %ut book = ! majority ( mank9d1 :o live 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ curi\s & v>i\s ph5om5a1 b :o occupy !mselves 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 & try+ to h>m _! fell[s4 ,x is a sorr[ful spectacle to behold humanity ?us preoccupi$ by its m mat]ial necessities1 & utt]ly )\t int]e/ 9 any m5tal ex]tion1 & "o grieves to ?9k t su* is ! condition ( almo/ all ! inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,h[ f> is he sup]ior to ! great mass ( 8 fell[s1 :o has cultivat$ 8 m9d1 enri*$ x ) v>i\s & useful ideas1 & appropriat$ to himself at lea/ "o bran* ( ! v>i$ tree ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,:at bread? & p[] mu/ be acquir$ by a m9d ?us =tifi$6 ,/rive1 ,o my read]1 to /udy & to le>n4 ,initiate y\rself into ! secrets ( nature1 try to und]/& all t surr\nds y1 ! univ]se & its inf9ite productions1 admire ! p[] ( ,god 9 le>n+ ! wond]s ( ,8 works4 ,!n %all y n approa* ! tomb ) y\r s\l void z on ! day ( y\r bir?4 ,at ! supreme h\r ( dea? y w be wise1 in/ruct$1 &1 f9d+ y\rself ne>] to ! sublime ess5ce ( sup]human be+s1 y w be eag] to foll[ !m into ! e!real sph]es4 ,9 ord] to elevate & p]fect ! s\l1 x is n suffici5t only to apply ourselves to ! practice ( moral virtues & to le>n+2 we mu/ also endeav\r to und]/& ,god1 ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,!re=e1 let m5 ent] into ! temples1 & pro/rate !mselves be=e ,god accord+ to ! =ms & rites ( wor%ip 9 :i* !y h be5 re>$4 ,all religions are good1 & ought to be respect$1 because !y p]mit u to pay ! homage ( gratitude & he>tfelt submission to ! ,au?or ( nature4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion is good1 because x is a religion4 ,! religion ( ,mahomet is good1 because x is a religion4 ,= ! same reason ,buddhism & ,judaism are good1 & ! religion ( ! wild ,indians :o wor%ip ! sun 9 ! dep?s ( _! =e/s4 ,! f\r? practical rule :i* we d]ive f ! pr9ciples & !ories :i* we h laid d[n1 is t ! remembrance & commemoration ( ! dead %\ld be pres]v$4 ,let u n efface f our he>ts ! memory ( ^? :om dea? has snat*$ f u4 ,to =get !m is to cause !m ! mo/ cruel angui%1 & to deprive ourselves ( ! aid & guidance :i* !y c give u "h bel[4 ,! anci5ts s$ul\sly kept up ! memory ( ! dead4 ,!y did n put ! idea ( dea? away f !m ) t]ror1 l ! mod]n peoples2 on ! contr>y1 !y lov$ to invoke x4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans ! cemet]ies 7 places ( meet+1 us$ = fe/ivals & prom5ades4 ,! ,ori5tals ( our days pres]ve ?is anci5t tradition4 ,_! cemet]ies are p]fectly kept g>d5s1 :i!r fe/ive cr[ds resort on fe/al occasions4 ,!y visit ! relatives & fri5ds :o are buri$ 9 ! %rubb]ies & ! fl[]-b$s1 & revel 9 ! pleasures ( life amid ! pretty dwell+-places ( ! dead4 ,9 ,europe we "k no?+ ( ?is :olesome philosophy4 ,b we may rem>k1 t peasants1 unlike dwell]s 9 cities1 :o are n br\ght into famili> daily contact ) nature1 are f> f %unn+ ! idea ( dea?1 or avoid+ ! cemet]ies :]e _! relatives & fri5ds re/4 ,!y recall ! remembrance ( _! dead1 !y speak to !m1 !y "q !m1 !y consult !m1 z ?\gh !y 7 /ill seat$ by ! family fireside4 ,! cu/om ( fun]al repa/s1 :i* dates f ! "t ( primitive man1 is /ill obs]v$ 9 sev]al c\ntries4 ,on return+ f ! cemet]y ! company seat !mselves be=e a well-spread table1 9 ! h\se ( ! deceas$1 & wi% him a happy j\rney to ! l& ( %ad[s4 ,9 our cities1 x is ! p :o hold x a duty to c>ry fl[]s to ! graves ( _! relatives4 ,among ! high] classes ( society p hold !mselves exempt1 9 g5]al1 f ?is pi\s c>e1 & !y are wrong4 ,piety t[>ds ! dead1 & rev]5t commemoration ( !m1 are prescrib$ by ! laws ( nature4 ,f9ally1 we w\ld impress ^u ! read]1 z a consequ5ce & a practical rule result+ f all t has gone be=e1 t he ought n to fe> dea?4 ,let him reg>d ) firm he>t & tranquil eye t mom5t :i* all m5 dread s mu*4 ,we h said t dea? is n a conclusion1 b a *ange1 we d n p]i%1 we are trans=m$4 ,! grub :i* seems to die1 enclos$ )9 a cold %ell1 does n die1 b is born aga91 a brilliant butt]fly1 to flutt] joy\sly 9 ! air4 ,?us x %all be ) u4 ,?\gh our mis]able frames rema9 on e>?1 & re/ore _! elem5ts to ! common res]voir ( univ]sal matt]1 our s\ls %all n p]i%4 ,!y %all be born aga91 brilliant creatures ( ! cele/ial e!r4 ,!y %all leave a _w 9 :i* pa9 & evil are ! con/ant law1 = a bless$ doma9 :]e e condition ( happ9ess %all be realiz$4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we dread dea?8 ,if we d n desire x1 we ought at lea/ to await x ) hope & tranquillity4 ,dea? mu/ unite u to ^? be+s :om we h lov$1 :om we d love1 & :om we %all love = ev]4 ,:at an imm5se s\rce ( consolation dur+ ! rema9d] ( our life6 ,:at a /ore ( c\rage = ! t]rible mom5t ( our own end6 ,! belov$ dead1 :o h nev] ceas$ to be pres5t to our memory1 h done u ! sad1 supreme s]vice ( s(t5+ ! angui% ( dea? to u4 ,! sadness ( our la/ mom5ts w be calm$ by ! ?\ght t !y are await+ our com+1 t !y are ready to receive u on ! ?re%old ( ! o!r life1 t !y are gone be=e to lead u into ! new doma9 ( exi/5ce beyond ! tomb6 ,! fe> ( dea?1 :i* is s preval5t among m5 g5]ally1 loses its int5sity :5 ! la/ h\r has come4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to witness dea? "k t ! la/ agony is r>ely sev]e4 ,he :o dies aft] a long & hon\rable exi/5ce kn[s at t solemn mom5t t he is go+ to a new & bett] _w4 ,he is happy1 & 8 words & looks express happ9ess4 ,! only ?\ght :i* makes him sorr[ful is ! grief :i* 8 loss mu/ occasion to ^? :om he loves & is ab\t to leave4 ,! obs]vations :i* foll[ h be5 made by p]sons accu/om$ to obs]ve ! dy+4 ,b dea?s occasion$ by maladies :i* de/roy consci\sness1 or reason1 or spee*1 mu/ n be includ$ 9 ^! obs]vations4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! ?\ghts :i* occupy ! dy+ we mu/ consid] ^? :o pres]ve ! integrity ( _! intellectual faculties until _! late/ brea?4 ,!y always die calmly4 ,consumptive pati5ts1 ! w\nd$1 ^? :o die f an affection ( ! /oma* or ( ! inte/9al tube1 ( ^? sl[ fev]s :i* consume ! /r5g? )\t impair+ ! intellectual faculties1 ^! g5]ally rema9 9 ! full possession ( _! intellig5ce to ! la/1 & die ) great tranquillity1 ev5 satisfaction4 ,9 almo/ all ^! cases dea? is prec$$ by a gradual decl9e ( /r5g? & s5sation1 s t ! individual has h>dly any consci\sness ( ! *ange he is ab\t to und]go1 & looks =w>d to ! mom5t ( dea? ) p]fect indiff]5ce4 ,!re is a p]iod1 :i* frequ5tly la/s = sev]al h\rs1 dur+ :i*1 life hav+ completely left ! body1 x is already a corpse :i* is "u ! eyes ( ! spectators1 & yet t corpse /ill moves & speaks4 ,b ! s\l :i* survives 9 ! body1 really dead1 is n ! s\l ( ! t]re/rial man1 b ( ! sup]human be+4 ,! dy+ p]son has ! consci\sness1 & p]haps ev5 ! prevision ( ! ineffable happ9ess :i* awaits him 9 t new _w ^u ^: ?re%old he is /&+1 & he expresses 8 happ9ess by 8 words & looks4 ,9 a sigh ( supreme joy he exhales 8 la/ brea?4 ,?is extraord9>y /ate1 9 :i* ! dy+ are p>tly on e>?1 & p>tly 9 ! new _w to :i* !y are de/9$1 expla9s ! t\*+ eloqu5ce1 ! sublime words :i* sometimes come f _! feeble lips4 ,an un$ucat$ poor man w express himself ^u 8 dea?-b$ ) eloqu5ce incompreh5sible to ^? :o are li/5+ to him4 ,x also expla9s ! prophecies1 ju/ifi$ by subsequ5t ev5ts1 :i* h be5 utt]$ by ! dy+4 ,!y h a k ( ?+s ( :i*1 9 _! ord9>y condition z belong+ to ! human species1 !y c\ld n possibly h _h any notion4 ,!re=e1 we ought to treasure up _! la/ words ) pi\s c>e1 & scrupul\sly fulfil ! wi%es :i* !y express4 ,9 ,moldavia1 :5 a peasant has escap$ dea? 9 a sev]e illness1 aft] hav+ be5 on ! br9k ( ! grave1 8 fri5ds press ar\nd 8 b$ to ask him :at he _h se5 9 ! o!r _w1 & :at news he has = !m f _! dead relatives4 ,!n ! poor invalid int]prets 8 visions = !m z well z he c4 ,a mod]n writ]1 :o has left "s small books on spirituali/ philosophy1 ,m4 ,con/ant ,savy1 relates 9 8 ,p5ses et ,mditations1 an extraord9>y dream :i* he _h :5 he 01 app>5tly1 at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,we transcribe ?is curi\s & int]e/+ docum5t f ,m4 ,pezzani's "w3-- ,i felt v ill1 writes ,con/ant ,savy1 ,i _h no /r5g?1 x seem$ to me t my life 0 mak+ ef=ts to resi/ dea?1 b 9 va91 & t x 0 ab\t to escape4 ,my s\l deta*$ itself little by little f ! matt] spread all ov] my frame2 ,i felt x retir+ f all ^? p>ts ) :i* x is s intimately unit$1 &1 z x 71 conc5trat+ itself ^u "o s+le po9t1 ! he>t1 & a ?\s& obscure1 cl\dy ?\ghts ab\t my future life occupi$ me4 ,little by little nature fad$ f be=e me1 tak+ irregul> & /range =ms1 ,i almo/ lo/ ! faculty ( ?9k+1 ,i only reta9$ t ( feel+1 & ?is feel+ 0 all love1 love ( ,god & ( ! be+s :om ,i _h mo/ *]i%$ 9 ,him2 b ,i c\ld n manife/ ?is love2 my s\l1 )drawn to "o s+le po9t 9 my body1 _h almo/ ceas$ to h any relation ) x1 & c\ld no long] comm& x4 ,my s\l exp]i5c$ "s di/ractions /ill1 caus$ by ! pa9 ( ! body1 & ! grief ( ^? :o surr\nd$ me1 b ^! di/ractions 7 slight1 l ! pa9s & ! p]ceptions :i* caus$ !m4 ,my life 0 n[ atta*$ to matt] by "o only ( ! ?\s& l9ks :i* _h =m]ly b\nd x1 & ,i 0 ab\t to expire4 ,sudd5ly1 no d\bt to m>k ! passage f ?is life to ! o!r1 !re came a ?ick d>kness1 to :i* succe$$ a brilliant light4 ,!n1 ,o my ,god6 ,i saw ,?y day1 t daylight ,i _h s mu* desir$6 ,i saw !m1 all assembl$ toge!r1 ^? be+s :om ,i _h s de>ly lov$1 :o _h inspir$ me dur+ my life 9 ?is _w aft] !y _h left me1 & :o _h seem$ to me to dwell 9 my s\l1 or float ab\t me4 ,!y 7 all !re1 full ( joy & happ9ess4 ,!y 7 wait+ = me1 !y welcom$ me ) delight4 ,x seem$ to me t ,i complet$ _! life & t !y complet$ m9e6 ,b :at a diff]5ce 0 !re 9 ! happ9ess ,i n[ felt f ! s5sations ( ! _w ,i left6 ,i _c describe !m6 ,!y 7 p5etrat+ )\t be+ impetu\s2 !y 7 mild1 calm1 full1 unmix$1 & yet !y admitt$ ! hope ( a yet great] happ9ess6 ,i did n see ,!e1 my ,god6 ,:o c see ,!e8 ,b ,i lov$ ,!e m ?an ,i _h lov$ ,!e 9 ?is _w6 ,i compreh5d$ ,!e bett]1 felt ,!e m /rongly1 ! traces ( ,!e :i* are ev]y:]e1 & on ev]y?+1 appe>$ m pla9 & bright to me1 ,i exp]i5c$ su* admiration & a/oni%m5t z ,i _h nev] hi!rto kn[n1 ,i saw m di/9ctly a portion ( ! wond]s ( ,?y creation4 ,! b[els ( ! e>? hid no m secrets f me1 ,i saw _! dep?s1 ,i saw ! insects & o!r creatures :i* dwell 9 !m1 ! m9es kn[n to m51 & undiscov]$ by !m1 ! secret ways & *annels ( ! e>?4 ,i reckon$ its age 9 its bosom z "o c\nts t ( a tree 9 ! he>t ( its trunk2 ,i saw all ! wat]-c\rses :i* fe$ ! seas2 ,i saw ! reflux ( ^! wat]s1 & x 0 l ! motion ( ! blood 9 a man's body2 f ! he>t to ! extremities1 f ! extremities to ! he>t2 ,i saw ! dep?s ( ! volcanoes2 ,i und]/ood ! motions ( ! e>? & its relations ) ! />s1 &1 j z if ! e>? _h be5 turn$ r\nd be=e my eyes t ,i might be made to admire ,?y greatness1 ,o my ,god6 ,i saw all c\ntries ) _! v>i\s inhabitants1 & _! diff]5t cu/oms1 ,i saw e v>iety ( my species1 & a voice said to me3 ',l ?yself1 all ^! m5 are ! image ( ! ,creator2 l ?yself1 !y are ev] j\rney+ t[>ds ,god1 & consci\s ( _! progress6' ,! ?ickness ( ! =e/s1 ! dep? ( ! seas c\ld n hide any?+ f my eyes2 ,i _h p[] to see ev]y?+1 to admire all1 & ,i 0 happy 9 my happ9ess1 9 ! happ9ess ( ! de> objects ( my t5d] love4 ,our joys 7 9 common4 ,we felt ourselves unit$ by our =m] affections :i* _h n[ become mu* m deep1 & by ! love ( ,god3 we drew happ9ess f "o & ! same s\rce2 we 7 b "o1 we ea* & all enjoy$ ?is happ9ess1 :i* 0 f> too great to be express$4 ,i am sil5t n[1 t ,i may feel x m deeply4#bb ,x is easy = u to v]ify to ourselves ! fact t m5 :o are condemn$ by nature to a premature dea?1 are end[$ ) a great s]5ity ( m9d4 ,?is moral condition is1 9 our op9ion1 an indication t !y h ! pres5tim5t or ev5 ! anticipat$ possession ( ! new life :i* awaits !m aft] dea?4 ,:y are consumptive p s g5tle & s5sitive8 ,we believe x is because1 be+ already half out ( ?is _w1 !y are p>tially end[$ ) ! moral attributes ( sup]human be+s4 ,!y are1 z x is well kn[n1 always confid5t 9 _! de/9ies1 !y make projects ( happ9ess1 & = ! future1 :5 _! la/ h\r is /rik+1 !y feel hope & joy :5 ! by-/&]s are ?9k+ ( _! burial4 ,x is cu/om>y to expla9 ?is anomaly by say+ t p]sons 9 consumption d n und]/& ! gravity ( _! illness1 b we believe t !y h1 on ! contr>y1 a confus$ notion ( _! /ate1 t nature reveals to !m ! approa* ( an exi/5ce ( cl\dless happ9ess1 & t x is ?is secret conviction :i* gives !m hope & confid5ce 9 ! future4 ,! future :i* !y =esee is n ( ?is _w1 b ! future ( ! heav5s4 ,?is applies n to consumptive p]sons only4 ,e man de/9$ to die "y seems to be m>k$ ) t inn] /amp ( ! s\l :i* l5ds him n[ a g5tle & *>m+ melan*oly1 anon vivacity or s5sibility :i* 8 p>5ts admire1 & :i* is too (t5 only an indication t he is n to rema9 ) !m4 ,! *>m+ qualities ( _m "y p are (t5 only ! precursors ( _! dea?4 ,:5 !y h s mu* intellect1 *ildr5 h brief lives1 says ,casimir ,delavigne4 ,:om ! gods love1 die "y1 said ! ,greeks4 ,let u1 !n1 n fe> dea?2 b await x1 n z ! end ( our exi/5ce1 b z its trans=mation4 ,let u le>n by ! purity ( our life1 by our virtues1 by ! culture ( our faculties1 by our k1 by ! ex]cise ( ! religion ( our ance/ors1 to prep>e ourselves = ! critical mom5t ( t natural revolution :i* %all u%] u into a bless$ soj\rn 9 ! e!real sph]es on ! day aft] dea?4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #bb ,quot$ by ,m4 ,pezzani1 9 8 ,pluralit des ,exi/5ces de l'me1 pp4 #bfa-bfc4 ,illu/ration ,,epilogue4 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,we ,,seek ,,= ,,god1 ,,& ,,9 ,,our ,,se>*1 ,,describe ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,,! au?or n[ asks 8 read]'s leave to relate a conv]sation :i* took place betwe5 himself1 & a fri5d nam$ ,!ophilus1 to :om he _h confid$ ! manuscript ( ,! ,day ,aft] ,dea?1 9 ord] to obta9 8 op9ion & impressions ( ! "w4 ,he w all[ ! int]locutors to express !mselves 9 ! ord9>y =m ( dialogue4 ,!ophilus1 7:o comes into ! ,au?or's /udy1 & lays ! manuscript ^u ! table74 ,i h read y\r "w1 & ,i w tell y pres5tly my impressions ( ! details1 b ,i mu/ 9 ! fir/ place po9t out ! great defici5cy ( ! book4 ,! ,au?or4 ,:at is want+ 9 x8 ,!ophilus4 ,god4 ,! ,au?or4 ,b---- ,!ophilus4 7,int]rupts him47 ,y are go+ to rem9d me t y frequ5tly m5tion ! sacr$ "n1 t ,provid5ce1 ! ,au?or ( nature1 ! ,creator ( ! worlds1 & s on1 are words y con/antly employ4 ,t is true1 b x is equally true t y re/rict y\rself to ^! vague expressions1 t y say no?+ ab\t ! p]son ( ,god1 t y assign to ,him no place 9 ! _w :i* y range ov] 9 company ) m or less spiritualiz$ s\ls4 ,:y ?is res]ve8 ,s9ce y tell u t entirely spiritualiz$ s\ls inhabit ! sun1 :y d y n tell u :]e y\r sy/em places ,god1 ! sov]eign ma/] ( ^? s\ls6 ,:at is y\r motive = leav+ aside a "q ( su* great importance8 ,! ,au?or4 ,i h sev]al4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h ev]ybody's motive4 ,! idea ( ,god :i* mu/ be =m$ 9 ord] to place ,him 9 h>mony ) ! b\ndless imm5sity ( ?is univ]se :i* is ,8 "w1 s f> surpasses ! limit ( ! human intellect1 x is s ov]:elm+ to our m9d1 t we /op1 p[]less & ev5 fright5$ at our boldness1 :5 we v5ture to ask ourselves1 :at is ,god8 ,!ophilus4 ,nev]!less1 ,i am surpris$ at y\r hesitation4 ,:5 a sy/em ( ! univ]se is to be con/ruct$1 "o does n pause 9 ! task1 & ,i c h>dly believe t :5 y v5ture1 z y d1 to place on ! ladd]-/eps ( y\r !ory all ! elem5ts ( ! sol> _w--! planets & _! satellites1 />s & a/]ods1 plants1 m5 & animals1 creatures visible & invisible1 bodies & s\ls1 matt] & _s--y h n assign$ a place to ! ,creator4 ,h y classifi$ ev]y?+ 9 ?is imm5se edifice ( ! worlds1 except its ,sov]eign ,ar*itect8 ,! ,au?or4 ,no1 my fri5d1 y are n mi/ak52 ,god has ,8 place 9 my sy/em4 ,!ophilus4 ,:y1 !n1 h y n said s6 ,:y h y kept sil5ce on ?is po9t8 ,! ,au?or4 ,my book conta9s s _m d>+ ass]tions1 ,i h already expos$ myself s fully to ! animosity ( bo? ! le>n$ & ! ignorant1 t ,i fe>$ to furni% an additional pretext to _! diatribes4 ,!ophilus4 ,t is n a reason4 ,if y dread discussion & fe> detraction1 :y d y take up y\r p5 at all8 ,y 7 at lib]ty to keep y\r ideas on ! orig9 & ! de/9y ( man to y\rself1 b1 :5 y decid$ on submitt+ !m to ! public1 y became b\nd to expla9 all y\r m9d on ! subject4 ,if y believe 9 y\r sy/em1 y mu/ expla9 x )\t any res]ve4 ,! ,au?or4 ,y\r words are wise1 & ,i ought !re=e to b[ to !m1 & foll[ y\r imp]ative advice4 ,nev]!less ,i _c make up my m9d to d s1 absolutely4 ,i am go+ to propose a middle c\rse to y4 ,9 confid5ce1 & betwe5 ourselves1 ,i w expla9 my ideas ab\t ,god to y1 ,i w tell y 9 :at "p ( ! imm5se univ]se ,i place ?is dazzl+ p]sonality4 ,if ! idea seems to y absurd1 unt5able1 or ev5 too haz>d\s1 y w frankly tell me s1 & ?us duly w>n$1 ,i w keep my !ory to myself2 if n---- ,!ophilus4 7,int]rupt+ him47 ,an excell5t plan4 ,!re c be no objection to t4 ,g on1 ,i am li/5+4 7,at ?is po9t1 ,!ophilus seats himself1 8 elb[ re/+ on a book1 & a cig> 9 8 m\?1 & composes himself to li/51 ) an expression ( grave att5tion1 da%$ ) suspici\s sev]ity1 suitable to ! arbitrator 9 a lit]>y & philosophical matt]47 ,! ,au?or4 ,y want to "k1 my de> ,!ophilus1 :]e ,i place ,god8 ,i place ,him at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 or1 ,i _h bett] say1 at ! c5tral focus1 :i* mu/ exi/ some:]e1 ( all ! />s :i* compose ! univ]se1 & :i*1 c>ri$ along by a common motion1 circulate 9 conc]t ar\nd ?is c5tral focus4 ,!ophilus4 ,=give me1 b ,i d n seize y\r mean+ exactly4 ,! ,au?or4 ,y w und]/& x pres5tly4 ,rememb]1 to />t f1 t ,i place ,god at ! common focus ( ! actual motion ( ! entire univ]se4 ,b1 :]e is ! common focus8 ,9 ord] to "k t1 we mu/ fir/ ( all "k ! univ]se1 & all ! ord] ( its movem5ts4 ,!ophilus4 ,all t is expla9$ 9 ! c\rse ( y\r "w4 ,! ,au?or4 ,no1 my fri5d1 y are mi/ak54 ,9 my "w ,i h spok5 ( ! sol> sy/em only1 & a v incomplete & insuffici5t idea w\ld be ga9$ ( ! univ]se by contemplat+ t sy/em alone4 ,we mu/ n1 z is too (t5 done1 conf\nd ! _w & ! univ]se4 ,! _w is our _w1 t is to say1 ! sol> sy/em1 ( :i* we =m a "p2 ! univ]se is ! agglom]ation ( all ! worlds or sy/ems simil> to our _w1 or sol> sy/em4 ,9 ! manuscript :i* y h j read1 ,i h only be5 able to exp\nd "o little corn]1 "o insignificant fraction ( ! univ]se4 ,!ophilus4 ,y call ! sol> _w a little corn]4 ,! ,au?or4 ,yes4 ,our :ole sol> sy/em1 ! sun1 ) its imm5se foll[+ ( planets & a/]ods1 ) ! satellites ( ^? planets1 ) ! comets :i* f "t to "t come sweep+ on1 to fall into ! burn+ furnace ( ! radiant />1 all t1 comp>$ ) ! univ]se1 is no m ?an an e> ( corn 9 a huge gran>y1 ?an a gra9 ( s& ^u ! %ore1 ?an a drop ( wat] 9 ! ocean4 ,! t]rible va/ness ( ! univ]se is su* t x is absolutely inaccessible to our measurem5t1 & x is = u ! image ( ! inf9ite1 or ! inf9ite itself4 ,n[1 my fri5d1 att5d to me4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ,god1 z to ,8 nature1 is absolutely inconceivable by our m9ds4 ,8 ess5ce escapes u1 & always mu/ escape u4 ,we c only affirm t ,he is inf9ite 9 ,8 moral p]fections1 & 9 ,8 intellectual p[]4 ,b if1 on ! "o h&1 ,god is ,! ,inf9ite 9 ! moral ord]1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]se is ,! ,inf9ite 9 ! physical ord]2 if "o is ,! ,inf9ite 9 _s1 & ! o!r is ,! ,inf9ite 9 ext5t1 ^! two ideas1 al?\gh 9 !mselves inaccessible to human intellig5ce1 are nev]!less ( ! same ord]1 & may be reg>d$ 9 contiguity4 ,x is !n possible1 )\t lay+ "o's self op5 to ! *>ge ( presumption or absurdity1 to place ! ,inf9ite1 :i* is call$ ,god1 9 ! ,inf9ite :i* is call$ ! ,univ]se1 9 o!r words1 to locate ! p]son ( ,god at ! common focus ( ! worlds :i* compose ! ,univ]se4 ,!ophilus4 ,y\r reason+ is j4 ,b y mu/ prove1 or1 if y pref] ! phrase1 y mu/ tea* me t ! univ]se is truly ,! ,inf9ite by its ext5t4 ,i c\ld n admit t ass]tion )\t v conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,! ,au?or4 ,v well4 ,l5d me y\r be/ att5tion1 & excuse me if my demon/ration resembles a lecture on a/ronomy4 ,i h said t our sol> sy/em is only a little corn] ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 y look at ! vault ( ! sky on a bright cle> night1 y see x ?ickly /rewn ) />s1 :i*1 y w at once ackn[l$ge1 x w\ld be impossible to c\nt4 ,b all t y see ) ! nak$ eye is next to no?+4 ,take a good telescope1 & direct x to any "p ( ! sky4 ,!re :]e a mom5t be=e y saw no?+1 y w n[ disc]n legions ( />s1 bright spots w come out ^u ! d>kness ( space1 l diamonds ^u ! velvet l9+ ( a casket1 ea* ( !m a />1 exactly l ^? :i* we see at night 9 ! sky4 ,& n[1 let me ask y1 d y "k :at a /> is8 ,!ophilus4 ,yes1 ,i "k f y\r manuscript1 & ,i _h already kn[n1 t ! />s :i* we see by night1 b :i* ! great] light ( ! sun hides f u 9 ! day-"t1 are self-lum9\s orbs1 ea* ! c5tre ( attraction & ! lamp to ! p>ticul> _w x lights1 & :i* revolves ar\nd x4 ,z a :ole company ( planets1 satellites1 a/]ods1 & comets revolve r\nd our sun1 receiv+ heat1 motion1 & light f t great c5tral orb1 s1 ! />s disp]s$ ?r\gh\t space1 communicate motion & activity to a va/ aggregate ( planets & satellites4 ,^! planets1 :i* revolve r\nd ! />s1 con/itute /ell> worlds1 analog\s to our sol> _w4 ,we _c see ! planets1 :i* accompany ^! />s1 by reason ( _! smallness1 & ! prodigi\s di/ance betwe5 u & !m1 beyond ! rea* ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes2 we only see ! suns :i* gov]n !m1 i4e41 ! />s4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ! fix$ />s1 l our sun1 implies ! exi/5ce ( planets revolv+ ar\nd !m4 ,! ,au?or4 ,p]fectly correct4 ,?us1 our sol> _w is n unique1 x is only "o memb] ( ! family ( /ell> worlds1 :i* resemble our _w 9 ! disposition & ! motions ( ! />s )9 !m4 ,! univ]se is compos$ ( ! agglom]ation ( !m all4 ,y "k all ?is1 b !re is "o fact :i*1 z x is ! result ( rec5t discov]ies1 y may n be aw>e (2 x is1 ! great v>iety ( disposition or ( physical aspect pres5t$ by c]ta9 />s1 9 :i* a k9d ( ov]turn ( t :i* con/itutes nature on our globe has tak5 place4 ,:ile !y rema9 simil> to our _w 9 ! ord] ( _! movem5ts1 c]ta9 />s diff] widely 9 ! =ces :i* gov]n nature 9 !m4 ,!ophilus4 ,pray expla9 y\r mean+4 ,! ,au?or4 ,:ile our sol> sy/em is gov]n$ by a s+le c5tral />1 !re are /ell> sy/ems :i* are gov]n$ by two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r suns4 ,x is evid5t t worlds :i* h two or ?ree c5tres ( light & heat mu/ pres5t physical & me*anical peculi>ities ( :i* we h no idea4 ,!re are also o!r diff]5ces prop] to _m ( ! /ell> worlds4 ,! light ( our sun & ( ! great] numb] ( ! />s is con/ant3 x nev] und]goes ei!r augm5tation or dim9ution4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) _m ( ^? di/ant suns :i* we call />s4 ,we see _! light alt]nately fade & revive2 sometimes !y %9e brightly1 !n become almo/ imp]ceptible1 & anon brilliant aga94 ,"s ( !m become altoge!r ext9ct4 ,! decrease 9 lu/re ( sev]al />s has be5 not$ by diff]5t a/ronom]s4#bc ,/>s :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r times no long] exi/4#bd ,o!rs h sudd5ly appe>$1 %one ) excessive lu/re1 & at ! end ( "s ye>s h be5 se5 no m4 ,^! successive augm5tations & dim9utions ( lum9\s brilliance are n uncommon 9 ! />s ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,flamm>ion1#be /> ( ! ,:ale v>ies v mu* 9 lum9\s int5sity & ! con/ellation itself frequ5tly disappe>s4 ,/> ( ! ,swan passes f ! fif? to ! t5? size "u our eyes1 ! ?irtie? /> ( ! ,hydra1 :i* is ( ! f\r? size1 almo/ always disappe>s at int]vals ( #ejj days4 ,^! v>iations mu/1 z ,m4 ,flamm>ion obs]ves1 produce /range results4 ,to-day1 ! radiant /> is %$d+ floods ( light & fire ^u ! planets :i* x gov]ns1 & ! s\l ( t planet is w>m$ by its burn+ rays4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 )\t ! lea/ cl\d 9 ! sky1 ! %9+ ( ! sun becomes fa9t]1 & !n1 by degrees1 ! obscurity increases1 until at l5g? ! planet is plung$ into ?ick d>kness4 ,:5 ! dim9ution ( ! light ( ! sun is p]iodical1 ?is univ]sal night la/s = a fix$ "t1 at ! end ( :i* ! light returns1 if n1 ! d>kness is disp]s$ aft] v>y+ p]iods4 ,! light gr[s1 little by little1 until at l5g? ! radiant /> reappe>s 9 all its primitive brightness4 ,! f9e days1 ! glori\s light returns1 until ! mom5t :5 ! same fad+ recomm5ces & ! d>kness sets 9 once m4 ,c we picture to ourselves ! /range alt]ations :i* nature und]goes 9 regions :i* are subject$ to torrid heat & glacial cold by turns8 ,i am conv9c$ t ! glacial p]iod :i* geologi/s h def9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe1 dur+ :i* an extraord9>y & sudd5 l[]+ ( ! temp]ature caus$ ! dea? ( multitudes ( liv+ be+s1 & cov]$ ,europe ) glaci]s f ! m\nta9s--0 caus$ by a mom5t>y weak5+ ( ! int5sity ( ! sun's light4 ,:5 x resum$ its ord9>y brightness1 ! sun disp]s$ ! ice :i* _h cov]$ ! e>? ) a dea? mantle4#bf ,i h said t !re are d\ble />s1 t is to say1 worlds illum9at$ by two suns1 & sometimes ev5 by ?ree or f\r4 ,x is a /range fact t 9 almo/ e in/ance "o ( ^! suns is :ite1 l ours1 b ! second is col\r$1 blue1 r$1 or gre54 ,9 ! con/ellation ,p]seus = example1 a d\ble /> c be di/9ctly se5 by ! aid ( a good telescope4 ,! /> is 9 fact accompani$ by a second1 :i* makes "p ( ! same sol> sy/em4 ,n[1 ?is second /> is blue4 ,9 ! con/ellation ,ophio*us !re is a simil> sy/em ( d\ble />s1 "o ( :i* is r$ & ! o!r blue4 ,! same peculi>ity exi/s 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,dragon4 ,9 a d\ble /> ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull1 !re is a r$ sun1 & a blue sun4 ,!re are d\ble sol> sy/ems r$ & blue2 su* are ! con/ellations ,h]cules & ,cassiopia4 ,o!r d\ble sol> sy/ems are yell[ & gre51 & sometimes yell[ & blue4 ,9 all ! worlds :i* are illum9at$ by ^! col\r$ suns1 ! effect ( light mu/ be v /range4 ,no pa9t] c\ld repres5t !m1 & inde$ we1 :o "k only ! :ite light ( our own sun1 _c =m any idea ( !m4 ,!ophilus4 ,^! features ( ! /ell> worlds are v int]e/+1 & ,i am glad to le>n !m4 ,b are we n /ray+ f our subject8 ,! ,au?or4 ,no4 ,aft] hav+ made y und]/& t ! sol> sy/em :i* we inhabit is only a memb] ( an imm5se family ( o!r sol> worlds1 only a small fraction ( ! univ]se1 ,i wi%$ to %[ y by ! div]sity ( ^? worlds1 ! facility ) :i* nature v>ies ! =ces & ! physical conditions prop] to ! /ell> worlds1 & consequ5tly ! liv+ & inanimate types :i* make a portion ( ^! diff]5t /ell> worlds4 ,n[ t y und]/& ! prodigi\s div]sity ( ! sol> worlds :i* compose ! univ]se1 ,i w g on to our pr9cipal object4 ,i h n lo/ sight ( my int5tion ( prov+ to y t ! univ]se has no limits1 t 9 its ext5t x is really ! ,inf9ite4 ,i am n[ approa*+ ?is great "q4 ,by ! consid]ation ( ! />s1 ,i am go+ to br+ out into relief ! immeasurable va/ness ( ! univ]se4 ,let me speak1 fir/1 ( ! appall+ di/ances :i* sep>ate ! />s f ! e>?1 & ! figures w %[ y t on t side we fall into ! ,inf9ite1 & !n ,i w speak ( ! numb]s ( ! />s :i* p space2 & on ?is side also ! abyss ( ! ,inf9ite w yawn be=e u4 ,fir/1 z to ! di/ances :i* sep>ate ! />s f ! e>?1 f :5ce we may logically inf] ! di/ances :i* sep>ate ^! />s f "o ano!r4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun is #ch1jjj1jjj leagues1 & ?is %all be our unit1 our /&>d ( measurem5t1 by :i* to e/imate ! di/ance ( ! />s4 ,i d n "k1 my de> ,!ophilus1 :e!r y h =m$ an exact idea ( ?is ext5t ( #ch1jjj1jjj leagues1 :i* lie betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,9 g5]al1 we c only conceive prodigi\s di/ances su* z a/ronomy deals )1 by repres5t+ !m by ! int]val ( "t :i* c]ta9 movable bodies kn[n to u w\ld consume 9 trav]s+ !m4 ,let u !n h rec\rse to comp>isons ( ?is k9d4 ,a cannon-ball weigh+ #ab kilogrammes1 explod$ by #f kilogrammes ( p[d]1 proce$+ at a uni=m rate ( #ejj metres a second1 w\ld take #aj ye>s to travel f ! e>? to ! sun4 ,suppos+ s\nd to travel at ! same rate z on ! surface ( ! air1 & at a uni=m rate1 x w\ld take #ae ye>s to accompli% ?is j\rney4 ,if a railway 7 laid ?r\gh space betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 a tra9 travell+ at express spe$1 #ab leagues an h\r1 w\ld n arrive at its de/9ation until ! end ( #cch ye>s4 ,?is imag9>y tra91 if dispat*$ f ! e>? 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb1 w\ld arrive at ! sun 9 ! ye> #bbaj4 ,! light f ! sun1 :i* travels #gg1jjj leagues 9 a second1 takes #g m9utes #ac seconds to rea* ! e>?4 ,!ophilus4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun is1 !n1 #ch1jjj1jjj miles--t is our unit ( measurem5t = ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,n[ let u he> ab\t ^! di/ances4 ,! ,au?or4 ,i w deal fir/ ) ^? />s :i* are ne>e/ to u4 ,"o ( ^! is a /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan4 ,?is /> is di/ant f ! e>? #eea1jjj times our unit ( measurem5t1 t is to say1 t we mu/ multiply #eea1jjj times ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun to repres5t ! di/ance ( ! /> :i* we are consid]+1 & yet x is "o ( ! ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,if we wi% to repres5t ?is di/ance by ! "t occupi$ 9 ! transit ( light1 suppos+ ?is light to travel1 l t ( our sun1 #gg1jjj leagues a second1 x w\ld take #i ye>s to travel f ! /> to u4 ,n[1 if y wi% to "k ! di/ance ( o!r />s1 & rememb] t ,i only speak ( ! ne>e/1 look at ?is table1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 an a/ronomical treatise3 ,,di/ance ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,/>s ,,f ,,! ,,e>?4 ,names ( ! ,di/ances f ,"t ( transit ,/>s4 ! ,e>?4 ( light4 ,( ! ,swan #eea1jjj times #i ye>s & a half4 ,( ! ,lyre #a1ccj1gjj #ba ye>s4 ,( ! ,great ,dog #a1cge1jjj #bb ye>s4 ,( ! ,great ,be> #a1eej1hjj #be ye>s4 ,pol> ,/> #c1fgh1jjj #ej ye>s4 ,?us1 ! /> ( ! ,lyre is di/ant f u m ?an #a1ccj1jjj times z f> z ! e>? is f ! sun1 & its light takes #ba ye>s to rea* u4 ,if1 by any cele/ial cata/rophe1 /> ( ! ,lyre 7 to disappe>1 to be annihilat$1 we %\ld /ill see x = #ba ye>s1 z its light takes t "t to rea* u4 ,!ophilus4 ,x is !n possible t our a/ronom]s are n[ obs]v+ />s :i* no long] exi/1 & are only visible to u because ! light :i* !y omitt$ is /ill travell+ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,! ,au?or4 ,j s4 ,b to cont9ue4 ,i h begun ) ! />s :i* are ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,!re are ! />s ( fir/ & second magnitude4 ,y "k1 ,i suppose1 ! signification ( ^? t]ms fir/1 second1 & ?ird magnitude 9 a/ronomy8 ,!ophilus4 ,yes1 ,i "k t ! ^w magnitude is only appli$ to ! lum9\s appe>ance ( ! />1 & n to its real bulk4 ,a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude is "o :i* =ms "p ( ! gr\p ( ! mo/ lum9\s />s2 a /> ( ! second magnitude is "o :i* comes next 9 po9t ( brilliancy4 ,! ,au?or4 ,y mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! ^w magnitude signifies 9 a/ronomy ! opposite ( t :i* x expresses4 ,! m lum9\s a /> appe>s to u1 ! ne>] x is to u2 ! pal] & less visible1 ! f>!r x is away4 ,! brilliance dim9i%es 9 proportion z ! figure increases4 ,?is is an introv]sion ( t]ms1 suffici5tly exceptional to be tak5 note (1 & x ought to be rememb]$1 = fe> ( mi/akes4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ only />s ( ! fir/ & second magnitudes4 ,^? ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six?1 lead u to ! contemplation ( su* imm5se di/ances1 t ! unit :i* we h adopt$1 enorm\s z x is1 is no long] ( use4 ,! in/rum5ts ( cele/ial obs]vation :i* may be appli$ to ! exam9ation & measurem5t ( />s ( ! fir/ & second magnitudes1 d n s]ve = />s ( ! ?ird & foll[+ magnitudes1 &1 because ! small visible diamet] ( ^? />s make !m appe> m]e specks ( light1 measur+ in/rum5ts are equally inapplicable to !m4 ,9 e/imat+ ! di/ances ( ! />s aft] ! ?ird magnitude1 a me?od ( comp>ison1 bas$ on ! amplify+ p[] ( ! telescopes successively us$1 is employ$4 ,i _c ent] into details ( ?is me?od1 :i* we owe to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 b mu/ cont5t myself ) expla9+ its results1 :i* are z foll[s 9 ! case ( />s ( ! six? magnitude4 ,f c]ta9 />s ( t class1 light w\ld take #ajdb ye>s to rea* u3 f o!rs x w\ld take #bgjj4 ,aft] ! six? magnitude1 ! />s c only be disc]n$ by ! aid ( ! telescope1 & _! di/ances become p]fectly /upefy+ 9 imm5sity4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! telescopic />s are s f> f ! e>?1 t _! light c only rea* u 9 #ejjj1 & ev5 #aj1jjj ye>s aft] x leaves ! lum9\s c5tre4 ,f ! />s ( ! la/ category 7f\rte5? magnitude71 light w\ld take #ajj1jjj ye>s to rea* ! e>?1 suppos+ x to travel at ! same rate z ! light ( our sun1 i4e41 #gg1jjj leagues p] second4 ,!ophilus4 ,b1 if we are to accept ! results ( ! lab\rs ( rec5t naturali/s1 man exi/s on ! e>? only )9 #ajj1jjj ye>s1 & "s ( ^? />s may h be5 ext9ct dur+ all t "t1 s t ! human race may h be5 contemplat+ />s no long] 9 be+ = #ajj1jjj ye>s4 ,to :at /range consequ5ces does su* a sci5ce lead u6 ,! ,au?or4 ,yes1 ! lum9\s rays :i* ^! />s s5d u f ! deepe/ dep?s ( space may p]haps be emanations f sol> sy/ems no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,! pres5t %[s u only ! pa/4 ,!re may be />s s pr(\ndly lo/ 9 imm5sity1 t _! light has n yet _h "t to rea* u4 ,!y exi/1 b we _c see !m1 n because ! telescope c\ld n discov] !m1 b because ?\s&s ( c5turies are requir$ = ! j\rney ( _! lum9\s rays to our e>?1 & ^? ?\s&s ( c5turies h n yet elaps$2 s t ?is gr& spectacle is res]v$1 9 t awfully remote future1 = our desc5dants4 ,& n[1 my fri5d1 w y n ackn[l$ge ) me1 t ! univ]se1 consid]$ m]ely by ! di/ances :i* sep>ate u f ! />s1 & ! />s f ea* o!r1 is truly ! ,inf9ite8 ,!ophilus4 ,yes1 x is ! ,inf9ite :i* unfolds itself be=e my eyes4 ,let me brea! a mom5t4 ,! ,au?or4 ,if we contemplate ! numb] ( ! />s1 we %all also h ! p]spective ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,x is easy to reckon ^? ( ! fir/ magnitude1 i4e41 ! ne>e/ to u4 ,!y are #bj4 ,^? ( ! second magnitude are #fe2 ( ! ?ird1 #agj4 ,! numb] ( ! />s increases z _! visibility dim9i%es1 9 a v rapid proportion4 ,! numb] ( />s ( ea* class ( visibility1 9 app>5t magnitude1 is ?ree times great] ?an t ( ! />s ( ! prec$+ class4 ,!re are #ejj />s ( ! f\r?1 #aejj ( ! fif?1 #dejj ( ! six? magnitudes4 ,! />s visible by ! nak$ eye are #fjjj 9 numb]4 ,a practis$ eye c succe$ 9 c\nt+ ! #fjjj />s 9 ! two hemisph]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,a ,corn] ( ! ,con/ellation ( ,gem9i4 ,b ! telescope enables u to pu% ! numb]+ ( ! suns mu* f>!r3 x op5s up to u ! dep?s ( ! heav5s4 ,in/ead ( ! small numb] ( />s :i* our eyes c see1 x %[s u a myriad ( o!rs1 s ?ickly ?rong$ toge!r t !y seem to cov] ! sky ) f9e silv] s&4 ,"h1 = in/ance 7fig4 #f71 is ! aspect :i* "o corn] ( ! con/ellation ( ,gem9i pres5ts to ! nak$ eye4 ,& "h is ! same portion ( ! sky se5 by ! telescope4 ,by ! aid ( ?is wond]ful in/rum5t />s ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? magnitudes h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,! numb] ( />s ( ! twelf? magnitude is #i1eef1jjj1 :i*1 jo9$ to ! numb] ( ! same />s prop] to ! prec$+ categories1 gives a total ( m ?an #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! ?ird magnitude1 a total numb] ( #db1jjj1jjj ( />s is c\nt$4 ,?us1 reckon+ ^? visible to ! nak$ eye1 & by ! telescope1 we h #ef1jjj1jjj ( suns1 & we /op at ?is numb] only because ! telescope does n enable u to see small] />s ?an ^? ( ! f\rte5? magnitude4 ,b1 let ! telescope be br\ght to great] p]fection1 & ! :ole region ( ! sky w be se5 to be cov]$ ) ?is silv] s&1 ) ?is diamond du/1 ( :i* ea* gra9 is a sun4 ,& su* w be ! accumulation ( ^! suns1 9 ! dep?s ( space1 t no?+ w be se5 on ! field ( ! telescope b a lum9\s network1 =m$ by ! agglom]ation ( ! suns1 :i* w appe> to t\* ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,a ,corn] ( ! ,con/ellation ( ,gem9i1 se5 ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,!ophilus4 ,! ,inf9ite is beg9n+ aga94 ,let me %ut my eyes4 ,! ,au?or4 ,wait1 ,i h n said all1 ,i h only begun4 ,i am com+ to ! nebul4 ,"h1 inde$1 y may expect to gr[ giddy4 ,! telescope has disp]s$ all ! !ories on :i* ! diff]5t explanations ( ! nebul 7 built1 & has %[n u t !y are collections ( />s1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! excessive numb]1 & _! clos5ess to ea* o!r1 appe> to =m a :ole1 a s+le vague & cont9u\s brightness4 ,b1 :5 _! dim5sions & di/ances are amplifi$ by ! telescope1 ?is diffus$ light trans=ms itself into a brilliant po9t1 analog\s to t pres5t$ by ! sky1 tape/ri$ ) small />s1 9 ! same telescope4 ,^! nebul are gr\ps ( enorm\s numb]s ( />s1 & ev5 _! ne>ness to ea* o!r is only 9 appe>ance4 ,!y are1 9 reality1 sep>at$ by enorm\s di/ances1 & x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y are all 9 ! same plane2 !y belong1 on ! contr>y1 to v unequal dep?s 9 space1 & x is only an optical effect :i* ga!rs !m toge!r on ! field ( ! telescope 9 ! same app>5t plane4 ,! nebula ( ! ,c5taur is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful4 ,to ! nak$ eye x is b a dimly-light$ po9t 9 ! sky2 b1 look$ at ?r\gh a good telescope1 x takes ! aspect repres5t$ by figure #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! ,nebula ( ! ,c5taur4 ,on exam9ation ( ?is figure1 x w be se5 t a nebula is n ! result ( a collection ( />s simply spread out ^u a level 9 space1 b ( t ( an assemblage ( />s all plac$ at unequal di/ances1 & =m+ almo/ a sph]e4 ,9 fact ! />s are cr[d$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 & are1 on ! contr>y1 m & m di/ant f "o ano!r z ! out] edge is approa*$4 ,if a sph]ical assemblage ( />s 7 obs]v$ f a di/ance1 x w\ld pres5t a simil> aspect4 ,?is leads u to believe t ! nebula ( ! ,c5taur1 l ! great] numb] ( agglom]ations ( ?is k9d1 is sph]ical4 ,is x possible to reckon ! />s :i* =m a nebula8 ,only approximately4 ,arago e/imates ! numb] ( />s :i* =m a nebula no l>g] ?an ! t5? "p ( ! app>5t disc ( ! moon1 at tw5ty ?\s&1 at lea/4 ,?is result may give u an idea ( ! sw>ms ( suns conta9$ 9 ! nebul1 = ^! /ell> masses are v num]\s 9 ! sky4 ,9 ! dep?s ( ! nebul !re are lum9\s po9ts ^: nature is z yet unreveal$ by ! telescope1 :i* _c be resolv$ into />s2 b analogy leads u to believe t !y are o!r & /ill m di/ant nebul1 :i*1 by reason ( _! app>5t littl5ess1 elude ! scope ( our in/rum5ts4 ,b ! "t w come1 :51 ?anks to ! p]fection :i* our telescopes %all h atta9$1 ?is !ory w be confirm$1 & we %all ?us see deep] & f>!r into imm5sity4 ,! />s :i* =m ! nebul are sometimes gr\p$ s z to =m regul> %apes1 sph]es1 or m or less l5g!n$ ellipses4 ,sometimes ! sph]e is holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 & s =ms a r+4 ,no?+ m v>i$1 no?+ m /range c be imag9$ ?an ! =ms ( ^? nebul :i* h hi!rto be5 exam9$1 & :i* already numb] m ?an a million1 ( :i* no two are precisely alike4 ,c]ta9 nebul seem to be d\ble1 or jo9$4 ,o!rs are l5g!n$ out1 l s]p5ts1 z 9 t ( ! ,%ield ( ,sobieski1 repres5t$ 9 figure #i4 ,"l ,rosse 0 ! fir/ to discov] t curi\s disposition ( ! nebul call$ spiral4 ,su* a =m is inexplicable1 b x is c]ta9 t ! suns :i* compose ! nebul are (t5 gr\p$1 n ar\nd a c5tre1 n 9 %apeless heaps1 b 9 regul> curves1 on a sy/em :i* seems to reveal ! exi/5ce ( "s my/]i\s =ce act+ ^u ^? />s1 :i* are di/ribut$ along l9es repres5t+ spirals ( diff]5t diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,! ,%ield ( ,sobieski4 ,9 speak+ ( ! />s1 ,i h said t !re are col\r$ />s or suns4 ,i w add "h t nebul are obs]v$ col\r$ r$1 gre51 & yell[1 :i* is an additional pro( t !y are only agglom]ations ( />s4 ,t imm5se semi-lum9\s b& :i* trav]ses ! cele/ial vault1 gird+ x ) a silv] belt1 is n1 z x 0 long suppos$ to be1 a diffus$ quantity ( lum9\s matt]4 ,! telescopic analysis ( ! ,milky ,way %[s t x consi/s ( a long s]ies ( nebul4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,milky ,way is f #gjj to #hjj times ! di/ance f ,sirius to ! sun1 a di/ance :i* is #a1cgc1jjj times t f ! e>? to ! sun4#bg ,!ophilus4 ,c any idea be =m$ ( ! numb] ( />s compris$ 9 ! ,milky ,way8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! ,milky ,way4 ,! ,au?or4 ,h]s*el1 hav+ exam9$ ! sky ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 apply+ 8 obs]vations to ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,milky ,way1 e/imat$ ! numb] ( suns compris$ 9 t imm5se nebul at #ah millions4 ,i h j told y ! l5g? ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,a ray ( light emitt$ f a /> at "o ( its extremities1 & rea*+ ! o!r1 w\ld take #ae1jjj ye>s to accompli% ! transit4 ,s t1 :5 we are look+ ?r\gh ! telescope at "o ( ! suns ( ?is nebula1 we receive ! impression ( a ray ( light emitt$ f t /> #gjjj or #hjjj ye>s ago1 i4e41 long be=e ! dawn ( ! hi/oric ages4#bh ,! measurem5t ( ! ,milky ,way enables u !re=e to measure ! ext5t ( o!r nebul1 /ill m di/ant f u4 ,!re are1 z ,i h already said1 masses ( diffus$ light 9 ! mid/ ( nebul :i* telescopic analysis has resolv$ into />s1 :i* are probably mu* m di/ant nebul4 ,! real di/ance ( ^! lum9\s masses c be fix$4 ,if x 7 ask$1 to :at di/ance ! ,milky ,way %\ld be remov$ 9 ord] to (f] u ! aspect ( an ord9>y nebula1 ,arago w\ld answ] t accord+ to 8 rese>*es1 ! ,milky ,way ought to be remov$ to a di/ance equal to #ccd times its l5g?4 ,accord+ to ?is ! ,milky ,way w\ld be se5 f ! e>? at an angle ( #aj1 & its light w\ld take #e1jaj1jjj ye>s to travel t di/ance4 ,?us1 light w\ld take m ?an five millions ( ye>s to travel f "o ( ! telescopic nebul to our e>?4 ,su* are ! int]vals :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se1 & :i* our in/rum5ts c appreciate4 ,x seems to me t we are n[ on ! bord]s ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,!ophilus4 ,we are inde$4 ,! ,au?or4 ,:5 we "k t ^? t]rible di/ances1 :i* appal ! imag9ation1 are only ! results ( obs]vations made by our telescopes1 & capable ( any am\nt ( ext5sion2 :5 we reflect t ! innum]able worlds ?us reveal$ to u cont9ue f>!r & f>!r1 t ev] new agglom]ations ( suns1 planet>y e>?s & _! satellites add !mselves to ^? :i* we c measure1 )\t limit & )\t end1 t ! imag9ation _c err 9 foll[+ !m to ! utt]mo/ limits ( its p[]s2 !n1 my de> ,!ophilus1 we compreh5d t ! univ]se is truly inf9ite4 ,& if y consid] t ^! endless ranks ( sol> sy/ems h all _! foll[+ ( planets & satellites1 fill$ ) liv+ be+s1 plants1 animals1 m51 & sup]human creatures1 t flam+ comets trav]se ! orbit ( ea* _w at int]vals & plunge into ! burn+ furnace ( its sun2 t ^! milli>ds ( suns are endlessly v>i\s1 & t all ! complicat$ motions ( ^! diff]5t sy/ems are accompli%$ ) p]fect ord]1 )\t any mutual di/urbance1 y w f9d t ! univ]se is n only ! inf9ite 9 ext5t1 b1 also 9 ord]1 h>mony1 equilibrium ( motion1 & laws6 ,!ophilus4 ,! m9d loses itself 9 su* ?\ghts2 = ! idea ( ! inf9ite is n made = our feeble intellig5ce4 ,let u g no f>!r1 or our reason w fail u4 ,! ,au?or4 ,nev]!less1 ,i mu/ pursue my long argum5t to ! end4 ,i mu/ add t 9 ! mid/ ( ?is b\ndless space1 above ?is imm5se cortge ( />s1 :i* are ! dwell+ places ( liv+ creatures & s5ti5t s\ls1 !re exi/s ! ,supreme ,au?or1 ! ,sov]eign ,orda9]1 f ,:om1 z _! sacr$ s\rce1 all t our eyes behold1 our s\ls feel1 & our intellig5ce admires1 is d]iv$4 ,he1 :om ,i bless ) all ! gratitude ( my he>t--,god6 ,!ophilus4 ,?us1 !n1 y h rea*$ ! true object ( y\r disc\rse4 ,?is j\rney ?r\gh space is und]tak5 to prove t ,god1 be+ inf9ite 9 moral p]fections1 may be plac$ 9 t inf9itude 9 ext5t1 call$ ! univ]se4 ,x only rema9s n[ to say 9 :at precise spot y place ! soj\rn ( ! ,div9ity1 = ,i d n see h[ !re c be a c5tre to ! ,inf9ite1 see+ x has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,! ,au?or4 ,i am ab\t to expla9 myself on ?is po9t4 ,! absolute fixity ( ! sun & ! />s 0 an a/ronomical pr9ciple1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,newton1 appe>$ to be indubitable4 ,b sci5ce nev] /&s /ill4 ,obs]vations made 9 ! pres5t c5tury h prov$ t ! fixity1 ! immobility ( ! sun is only relative4 ,! tru? is t ! sun1 & ) him ! entire sy/em ( planets1 a/]ods1 satellites1 & comets1 :i* he c>ries1 9 8 tra91 *ange _! places1 v slightly no d\bt1 b /ill appreciably4 ,our sun appe>s to advance sl[ly1 ) all ! planet>y family1 t[>ds t "p ( ! sky 9 :i* ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules is situat$1 at ! rate ( #fb1jjj1jjj ( leagues ea* ye>1 or two leagues ea* second1 describ+ an orbit :i* compreh5ds millions ( c5turies4 ,t :i* is ! case ) our sun is equally ! case ) ! o!r suns1 t is to say1 ! />s4 ,?is g5]al motion ( translation mu/ be common to all ! /ell> sy/ems1 & x is indubitable t ! c\ntless millions ( sol> sy/ems susp5d$ 9 inf9ite space1 are mov+ m or less quickly t[>ds an unkn[n po9t 9 ! sky4 ,n[1 !re is no?+ to =bid ! supposition t all ^! circles or ellipses trac$ by myriads ( sol> sy/ems1 h a common c5tre ( attraction1 t[>ds :i* our sy/em & all ! o!rs gravitate4 ,?us1 all ^! cele/ial bodies1 )\t exception1 all ?is ant-hill ( worlds :i* we h enum]at$1 may be turn+ r\nd "o po9t1 "o c5tre ( attraction4 ,:at =bids u to believe t ,god dwells at ?is c5tre ( attraction = all ! worlds :i* fill inf9ite space8 ,!ophilus4 ,n[ ,i und]/& y\r ?\ght1 & ,i am /ruck by its gr&eur4 ,?is ,god1 plac$ at ! ma!matical c5tre ( ! worlds :i* compose ! univ]se1 ?is inf9ite intellig5ce1 ?ron$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! inf9ite univ]se1 & presid+ ov] ! movem5ts ( all ! innum]able phalanxes ( heav5ly bodies :i* our imag9ation c conceive1 responds to ! idea :i* we =m ( ,god1 if we v5ture to face ! awful p]sonality ( ,8 ,omnipot5ce4 ,y h done well to develop ?is !ory 9 y\r "w4 ,x w be 9 h>mony ) ! k9d ( religi\s _s :i* animates x1 & :i* is1 besides1 ! expression ( ! desires1 & ! aspirations ( ! m5 ( our "t4 ,9 ! pres5t day a deep & pr(\nd ne$ ( belief 9 ,provid5ce makes itself felt4 ,m5 want to r5d] homage to ,god1 9 :om !y feel !re is tru?1 peace1 & safety = ! pres5t & 9 ! future4 ,b ! e/abli%$ religions leave _m m9ds 9 cruel unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ,! ,day aft] ,dea? y h endeav\r$ to lay ! f\ndations ( ! religion ( sci5ce & ( nature4 ,^! pr9ciples respond1 z ,i believe1 to ! preval5t wi%es ( mank9d4 ,!y satisfy ! m9d & ! he>t1 s5tim5t & reason2 !y console & /r5g!n2 9 %ort1 !y consecrate ! idea ( ,god1 )\t lay+ aside ei!r ! univ]se or nature4 ,! ,au?or4 ,s be x6 ,,! ,,end4 ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d ,,footnotes3 #bc ,arago4 ,a/ronomie ,populaire1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cgb-cgf4 #bd ,arago4 ,a/ronomie ,populaire1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cgf-chj4 #be ,flamm>ion4 ,pluralit des ,mondes habits1 page #aie4 #bf ,see ! ,au?or's "w3 ,! ,e>? be=e ! ,deluge1 pp4 #djb-ddj4 #bg ,flamm>ion4 ,pluralit des ,mondes ,habits1 page #bjc4 #bh ,flamm>ion4 ,pluralit des ,mondes ,habits1 page #bjc4 ,,macmillan',s ,,libr>y ,,( ,,engli% ,,classics ,,edit$ ,,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,poll>d4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,repr9ts ( ,/&>d ,works 9 ,libr>y ,=m4 ,demy #hvo4 ,clo? elegant4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net p] volume4 ,also 9 ,roxburgh ,b9d+4 ,specially suitable = ,pres5tation4 ,gre5 ,morocco ,backs1 ,clo? ,sides1 & ,gilt ,tops4 ,price #es4 net p] volume4 ,,bacon',s ,,essays3 ,col\rs ( ,good & ,evil2 & ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ #a vol4 ,,%]idan',s ,,plays #a vol4 ,,malory',s ,,morte ,d',,ar?ur #b vols4 ,,/]ne',s ,,tri/ram ,,%&y & ,,s5tim5tal ,,j\rney #b vols4 ,,boswell',s ,,life ,,( ,,johnson #c vols4 ,,c>lyle',s ,,fr5* ,,revolution #b vols4 ,,field+',s ,,tom ,,jones #b vols4 ,,:ite',s ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,selborne #a vol4 ,,travels ,,( ,,sir ,,john ,,m&eville1 ) ,illu/rative ,n>ratives f ,hakluyt #a vol4 ,,lockh>t',s ,,life ,,( ,,scott #e vols4 ,,don ,,quixote1 ,translat$ by ,,%elton #c vols4 ,,walton',s ,,lives & ,,complete ,,angl] #a vol4 ,,de ,,qu9cey',s ,,confessions ,,( ,,an ,,engli% ,,opium-,,eat]2 ,murd] z a ,f9e ,art2 ,! ,engli% ,mail ,coa*1 & o!r ,essays #a vol4 ,,c>lyle',s ,,s>tor ,,res>tus & ,,h]oes ,,& ,,h]o-,,wor%ip #a vol4 ,,select ,,works ,,( ,,oliv] ,,goldsmi? 7,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 ,! ,plays1 & ,poems7 #a vol4 ,,hazlitt',s ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,%akespe>e',s ,,plays & ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,engli% ,,poets #a vol4 ,,milton',s ,,poetical ,,works #b vols4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,john ,,morley4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pap] cov]s1 #as4 ea*4 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,libr>y ,,edition4 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,! ,,new ,,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,gilt tops4 ,flat backs4 #bs4 net ea*4 ,,addison4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,c\r?ope4 ,,bacon4 ,by ,dean ,,*ur*4 ,,b5tley4 ,by ,sir ,,ri*>d ,,jebb4 ,,bunyan4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,fr\de4 ,,burke4 ,by ,,john ,,morley4 ,,burns4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,,%airp4 ,,byron4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,ni*ol4 ,,c>lyle4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,ni*ol4 ,,*auc]4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,w>d4 ,,col]idge4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,traill4 ,,c[p]4 ,by ,,goldw9 ,,smi?4 ,,defoe4 ,by ,w4 ,,m9to4 ,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,masson4 ,,dick5s4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,w>d4 ,,dryd54 ,by ,pr(essor ,,sa9tsbury4 ,,field+4 ,by ,,au/9 ,,dobson4 ,,gibbon4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,morrison4 ,,goldsmi?4 ,by ,w4 ,,black4 ,,gray4 ,by ,,edmund ,,gosse4 ,,haw?orne4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,james4 ,,hume4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,johnson4 ,by ,sir ,,leslie ,,/eph51 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,keats4 ,by ,,sidney ,,colv94 ,,lamb1 ,,*>les4 ,by ,canon ,,a+]4 ,,l&or4 ,by ,,sidney ,,colv94 ,,locke4 ,by ,,?omas ,,f[l]4 ,,macaulay4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,morrison4 ,,milton4 ,by ,,m>k ,,pattison4 ,,pope4 ,by ,sir ,,leslie ,,/eph51 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,scott4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,hutton4 ,,%elley4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,symonds4 ,,%]idan4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,oliphant4 ,,sidney4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,symonds4 ,,s\!y4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,d[d54 ,,sp5s]4 ,by ,dean ,,*ur*4 ,,/]ne4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,traill4 ,,swift4 ,by ,sir ,,leslie ,,/eph51 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,?ack]ay4 ,by ,,an?ony ,,trollope4 ,,wordswor?4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,my]s4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s4 ,,new ,,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,gilt tops4 ,flat backs4 #bs4 net ea*4 ,,george ,,eliot4 ,by ,sir ,,leslie ,,/eph51 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,hazlitt4 ,by ,,augu/9e ,,birrell1 ,k4,c4 ,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,w4 ,,paul4 ,,rusk94 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison4 ,,t5nyson4 ,by ,sir ,,alfr$ ,,lyall4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,by ,,au/9 ,,dobson4 ,,br[n+4 ,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,*e/]ton4 ,,crabbe4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,a+]4 ,,fanny ,,burney4 ,by ,,au/9 ,,dobson4 ,,j]emy ,,taylor4 ,by ,,edmund ,,gosse4 ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,b5son4 ,,hobbes4 ,by ,sir ,,leslie ,,/eph51 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,m>ia ,,edgewor?4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,,emily ,,lawless4 ,,adam ,,smi?4 ,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,hir/4 ,,jane ,,au/54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,canon ,,bee*+4 ,,sydney ,,smi?4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,e4 ,,russell4 ,,&rew ,,m>vell4 ,by ,,augu/9e ,,birrell1 ,k4,c4 ,,mrs4 ,,gaskell4 ,by ,,clem5t ,,%ort]4 ,,?omas ,,moore4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,gwynn4 ,,*>les ,,k+sley4 ,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,*e/]ton4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,by ,,walt] ,,raleigh4 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,action ,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,) ,portraits4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,campbell 7,col974 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,=bes4 ,,clive4 ,by ,sir ,,*>les ,,wilson4 ,,cook 7,capta974 ,by ,sir ,,walt] ,,besant4 ,,dampi]4 ,by ,w4 ,,cl>k ,,russell4 ,,drake4 ,by ,,julian ,,corbett4 ,,dundonald4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,=tescue4 ,,gordon 7,g5]al74 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,butl]4 ,,ha/+s 7,w>r574 ,by ,sir ,a4 ,,lyall4 ,,havelock 7,sir ,h5ry74 ,by ,a4 ,,=bes4 ,,h5ry ,v4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 ,,lawr5ce 7,"l74 ,by ,sir ,,ri*>d ,,temple4 ,,liv+/one4 ,by ,,?omas ,,hughes4 ,,monk4 ,by ,,julian ,,corbett4 ,,montrose4 ,by ,,m[bray ,,morris4 ,,napi] 7,sir ,*>les74 ,by ,colonel ,sir ,w4 ,,butl]4 ,,nelson4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,k4 ,,laughton4 ,,pet]bor\gh4 ,by ,w4 ,,/ebb+4 ,,rodney4 ,by ,,david ,,hannay4 ,,/raf=d4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,traill4 ,,w>wick1 ! ,k+-,mak]4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,oman4 ,,well+ton4 ,by ,,george ,,hoop]4 ,,wolfe4 ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,bradley4 ,twelve ,engli% ,/atesm54 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,%ort ,biographies1 n design$ to be a complete roll ( fam\s ,/atesm51 b to pres5t 9 hi/oric ord] ! lives & "w ( ^? lead+ actors 9 our affairs :o by _! direct influ5ce h left an abid+ m>k on ! policy1 ! in/itutions1 & ! position ( ,great ,brita9 among ,/ates4 ,,william ,,! ,,conqu]or4 ,by ,,edw>d ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 late ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,h5ry ,,ii4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,gre54 ,,edw>d ,i4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,,t\t1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,! ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]4 ,,h5ry ,,vii4 ,by ,,james ,,gairdn]4 ,,c>d9al ,,wolsey4 ,by ,bi%op ,,creighton1 ,d4,d41 late ,dixie ,pr(essor ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,elizabe?4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,beesly1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,,oliv] ,,cromwell4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison4 ,,william ,,iii4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,traill4 ,,walpole4 ,by ,,john ,,morley4 ,,*a?am4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison4 ,,pitt4 ,by ,"l ,,roseb]y4 ,,peel4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,?ursfield1 ,m4,a41 late ,fell[ ( ,jesus ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,v>iable spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4 ,m9or punctuation inconsi/5cies h be5 sil5tly repair$4 ,corrections4 ,! fir/ l9e indicates ! orig9al1 ! second ! correction4 p4 #hd3 we ma9ta9 t heat tran=ms we ma9ta9 t heat trans=ms p4 #aaj3 ,! fall ( ^! a/]iods ,! fall ( ^! a/]oids p4 #aab3 x has be5 calculat$ t a dimunition x has be5 calculat$ t a dim9ution p4 #aba3 au?oritative duductions ( mod]n sci5ce4 au?oritative d$uctions ( mod]n sci5ce4 p4 #abe3 itself by ! phemon5a ( dreams4 itself by ! ph5om5a ( dreams4 p4 #aej3 & ! plant resumes x appe>ance ( placid heal? 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