,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 includ+ ,greek acc5ts1 h be5 /&>diz$4 ,non-pr9table *>act]i/ics h be5 giv5 ! foll[+ translit]ation3 ,italiciz$ text3 -- text ,non-italiciz$ ^w4 9 italic phrase3 -- text ,?is book 0 writt5 9 a p]iod :5 _m words _h n become /&>diz$ 9 _! spell+4 ,words may h multiple spell+ v>iations or inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! text4 ,^! h be5 left un*ang$ unless indicat$ ) a ,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,! page numb]s f ! orig9al book are %[n 9 braces = ref]5ce purposes4 ,book numb]+ is f ilxii & !n />ts ,decimal numb]+ f #ca4 #acj are n us$4 ,footnotes are id5tifi$ 9 ! text ) a numb] 9 brackets #b & h be5 accumulat$ 9 a s+le section at ! end ( ! text4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes are us$ :5 mak+ corrections to ! text or to provide additional in=mation = ! mod]n read]4 ,^! notes are n id5tifi$ 9 ! text1 b h be5 accumulat$ 9 a s+le section at ! end ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn by ,s4 ,b\gh ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,flemm+ ,,patmos4 ,,! ,,port ,,( ,,scala ,,t[n ,,( ,,pat9o i ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,explanatory ,,& ,,practical ,,by ,,alb]t ,,b>nes ,,enl>g$ ,,type ,,edition ,,edit$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,frew1 ,d4,d4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,additional ,,notes ,,& ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,engrav+s ,,revelation ,,bak] ,,book ,,h\se ,,gr& ,,rapids #f1 ,,mi*igan #aiea ii ,photo-,li?opr9t ,reproduction ,,edw>ds ,,bro!rs1 ,,inc4 ,li?opr9t]s ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,mi*igan1 ,u4,s4,a4 #aiea iii ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,au?or',s ,,preface vx ,,editor',s ,,preface3 ,,introduction4 ,au?or's qualifications = ,apocalyptic exposition,au?or's plan 9 prep>+ 8 ,comm5t>y1 af=ds assurance ( 8 sobriety z an int]pret]1 & rebukes ! scorn ( ho/ile critics,peculi>ities ( ?is edition1 xixiii ,,ye>-,,day ,,pr9ciple4 ,importance ( ! "q reg>d+,prote/ant !ory ( ,apocalyptic int]pretation /&s or falls ) x,rival s*emes1 nature & orig9 (,advocates on bo? sides,views ( ,dr4 ,davidson & ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 xiiixiv ,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,ye>-,,day ,,!ory4 #a4 ,concurr5t ,te/imony ( ,prote/ant ,int]pret]s,objection ( ,dr4 ,davidson,reply,use :i* ! ,re=m]s made ( ! ,apocalypse,views ( ,walt] ,brute,views ( ,lu!r1 xivxvi #b4 ,symbolical ,"* ( ! ,pr$ictions 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse,laws ( symbolic propriety,dr4 ,maitl&'s fam\s objection1 t a day is no symbol = a ye>,g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ,ye>-day view re/s,gr\nd occupi$ by ,m$e,pr9ciple ( ,bu% & ,fab],true basis,view ( ,birks & ,elliott1 xvixx #c4 ,indications ( ! ,ye>-day ,pr9ciple 9 ,scripture,! case ( ! spies 9 ! book ( ,numb]s,ezekiel's typical siege,objection ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t,pr(essor ,bu%'s reply,objection ( ,bi%op ,horsley,objections f ,isaiah1 *4 xx4 #b1 #c;,daniel's sev5ty weeks,div]se views ( oppon5ts,outl9es ( ,discussion1 xxxxiv #d4 ,exig5cy ( ,passages 9 :i* ,prophetic ,times occur,s>ac5ic woe 9 ,rev4 ix4 #eaj,turki% woe 9 ,rev4 ix4 #ae,! =ty-two mon?s ( ! ,g5tiles 9 *4 xi4 #b,! times ( ! two witnesses 9 *4 xi4 #caa,! times ( ! woman 9 ! wild]ness1 9 *4 xii4 #fad;,=ty-two mon?s ( ! ,bea/1 9 *4 xiii4 #e;,danielic p]iods,objections alleg$1 novelty ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple1 xxivxxviii ,,au?or',s ,,introduction3,,sect4 ,i4 ,! ,writ] ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,! ,"t ( ,writ+ ! ,apocalypse4,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,! ,place :]e ! ,book 0 writt54,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,! ,nature & ,design ( ! ,book4,,sect4 ,v4 ,! ,plan ( ! ,apocalypse1 xxixlv ,,analysis1 lvilxii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,revelation1 #cadfd iv ,,li/ ,,( ,,engrav+s4 ,,page ,,patmos,,! ,,port ,,( ,,scala1 ,,& ,,t[n ,,( ,,pat9o1 ,frontispiece4 ,! ,site ( ,ephesus1 f ! ,!atre1 #fj ,! ,ca/le & ,port ( ,smyrna1 #gj ,ru9s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 ,p]gamos1 #gd ,?yatira,g5]al ,view1 #ha ,s>dis,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,temple1 c41 #hh ,philadelphia,g5]al ,view1 #ib ,petrifi$ ,cascades at ,hi]apolis1 ,colos4 #bhe ,! ,ru9s ( ,laodicea1 #ig ,map ( ,n4 ,italy1 #dto,sc5e ( ! ,?ird ,trumpet & ,?ird ,vial1 #bjc1 #cfa ,engrav+s ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,text4 ,egyptian ,calf-idol1 ,rev4 #aae ,human-head$ ,w+$ ,lion2 f ! ,n9eveh ,sculptures1 ,rev4 #aaf ,eagle-head$ ,w+$ ,lion2 f ! ,n9eveh ,sculptures1 ,rev4 #aag ,m$al ( ! ,emp]or ,n]va we>+ ,cr[n1 ,rev4 #ade ,m$al ( ! ,emp]or ,val5t9ian we>+ ,diadem1 ,rev4 #ade ,symbolic ,bas-reliefs f a ,roman ,triumphal ,ar*1 ,rev4 #adf ,emblem ( a ,roman ,procurator1 ,rev4 #aed ,symbolical ,locu/1 accord+ to ,elliott1 ,rev4 #bah ,/&>d-be>] ( a ,turki% ,pa%a1 ,rev4 #bcg ,roman ,/&>d1 f ,montfauon1 ,rev4 #cje ,m$al ( ,pope ,leo ,,xii41 ,rev4 #chd v ,,preface4 ,:5 ,i began ! prep>ation ( ^! 8,notes0 on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 n[ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i did n design to ext5d ! "w beyond ! ,gospels1 & contemplat$ only simple & brief explanations ( t portion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = ! use ( ,sunday-s*ool tea*]s & ,bible classes4 ,! "w orig9at$ 9 ! belief t ,notes ( t "* 7 greatly ne$$1 & t ! old] comm5t>ies1 hav+ be5 writt5 = a diff]5t purpose1 & be+1 on acc\nt ( _! size & exp5se1 beyond ! rea* ( mo/ tea*]s ( ,sunday-s*ools1 did n meet ! dem& :i* _h gr[n up f ! e/abli%m5t ( su* s*ools4 ,^! ,notes1 contr>y to my orig9al plan & expectation1 h be5 ext5d$ to elev5 volumes1 & embrace ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,hav+1 at ! "t :5 ^! ,notes 7 comm5c$1 z ,i h ev] _h s9ce1 ! *>ge ( a l>ge congregation1 ,i _h no leisure t ,i c\ld prop]ly devote to ^! /udies1 except ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+2 & ,i adopt$ ! resolutiona resolution :i* has s9ce be5 inv>iably adh]$ toto cease writ+ precisely at n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! habit ( writ+ 9 ?is mann]1 once =m$1 0 easily cont9u$2 & hav+ be5 ?us cont9u$1 ,i f9d myself at ! end ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,p]haps ?is p]sonal allusion w\ld n be prop]1 except to %[ t ,i h n int5d$1 9 ^! lit]>y lab\rs1 to infr+e on ! prop] duties ( ! pa/oral (fice1 or to take "t = ^! pursuits on :i* !re 0 a claim = o!r purposes4 ,?is allusion may p]haps also be ( use to my y\ng] bre?r5 9 ! m9i/ry1 by %[+ !m t mu* may be accompli%$ by ! habit ( e>ly ris+1 & by a dilig5t use ( ! e>ly morn+ h\rs4 ,9 my own case1 ^! ,notes on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & also ! ,notes on ! books ( ,isaiah1 ,job1 & ,daniel1 ext5d+ 9 all to sixte5 volumes1 h all be5 writt5 be=e n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & are ! fruit ( ! habit ( ris+ betwe5 f\r & five o'clock4 ,i d n "k t by ?is practice ,i h neglect$ any duty :i* ,i %\ld o!rwise h p]=m$2 & on ! score ( heal?1 &1 ,i may add1 ( pr(it 9 ! contemplation ( a portion ( div9e tru? at ! beg9n+ ( ea* day1 ! habit has be5 ( ine/imable advantage to me4 ,x 0 n my orig9al int5tion to prep>e ,notes on ! book ( ,revelation1 nor did ,i ent]ta9 ! design ( do+ x until ,i came up to x 9 ! regul> c\rse ( my /udies4 ,hav+ writt5 on all ! o!r portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re rema9$ only ?is book to vi complete an entire comm5t>y on ?is "p ( ! ,bible4 ,t ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! book at all is to be trac$ to ! habit :i* ,i _h =m$ ( sp5d+ ! e>ly h\rs ( ! day 9 ! /udy ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,t habit1 cont9u$1 has c>ri$ me =w>d until ,i h rea*$ ! end ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x may be ( "s use to ^? :o p]use ?is volume1 & x is prop] 9 itself1 t ,i %\ld make a brief /atem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h prep>$ ^! ,notes1 & ( ! me?od ( int]pretation on :i* ,i h proce$$2 = ! result :i* has be5 rea*$ has n be5 ! effect ( any preconceiv$ !ory or plan1 & if 9 ! result ,i co9cide 9 any degree ) ! common me?od ( int]pret+ ! volume1 ! fact may be reg>d$ z ! te/imony ( ano!r witnessh[ev] unimportant ! te/imony may be 9 itselfto ! correctness ( t me?od ( int]pretation4 ,up to ! "t ( comm5c+ ! exposition ( ?is book1 ,i _h no !ory 9 my own m9d z to its mean+4 ,i may add1 t ,i _h a prevail+ belief t x c\ld n be expla9$1 & t all attempts to expla9 x mu/ be vision>y & futile4 ,) ! exception ( ! "w ( ! ,rev4 ,george ,croly1#a :i* ,i read m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 & :i* ,i _h nev] desir$ to read aga91 ,i _h p]us$ no comm5t>y on ?is book until t ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t 0 publi%$1 9 #ahde4 ,9 my regul> read+ ( ! ,bible 9 ! family & 9 private1 ,i _h p]us$ ! book (t54 ,i read x1 z ,i suppose mo/ o!rs d1 f a s5se ( duty1 yet admir+ ! beauty ( its imag]y1 ! sublimity ( its descriptions1 & its high poetic "*2 & ?\gh to me :olly un9telligible 9 ! ma91 f9d+ s _m /rik+ deta*$ passages t 7 intelligible & practical 9 _! nature1 z to make x on ! :ole attractive & pr(itable1 b ) no def9itely =m$ idea z to its mean+ z a :ole1 & ) a vague g5]al feel+ t all ! int]pretations :i* _h be5 propos$ 7 wild1 fanciful1 & vision>y4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! utmo/ t ,i contemplat$ :5 ,i began to write on x1 0 to expla91 z well z ,i c\ld1 ! mean+ ( ! language & ! symbols1 )\t attempt+ to apply ! explanation to ! ev5ts ( pa/ hi/ory1 or to inquire :at is to occur h]eaft]4 ,i suppos$ t ,i might v5ture to d ?is )\t enc\nt]+ ! dang] ( add+ ano!r va9 attempt to expla9 a book s full ( my/]ies1 or ( prop\nd+ a !ory ( int]pretation to be set aside1 p]haps1 by ! next p]son t %\ld prep>e a comm5t>y on ! book4 vii ,beg9n+ ) ?is aim1 ,i f\nd myself soon ins5sibly inquir+ :e!r1 9 ! ev5ts :i* succe$$ ! "t :5 ! book 0 writt51 !re 7 n hi/orical facts ( :i* ! emblems employ$ w\ld be natural & prop] symbols1 on ! supposition t x 0 ! div9e int5tion1 9 disclos+ ^! visions1 to ref] to !m2 & :e!r1 !re=e1 !re might n be a natural & prop] application ( ! symbols to ^! ev5ts4 ,9 ?is way ,i exam9$ ! language us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six? seals1 ) no anticipation or plan 9 exam9+ "o z to :at w\ld be disclos$ "u ! next seal1 & 9 ?is way also ,i exam9$ ultimately ! :ole book3 proce$+ /ep by /ep 9 asc]ta9+ ! mean+ ( ea* ^w & symbol z x occurr$1 b ) no !oretic anticipation z to :at 0 to foll[4 ,to my own surprise ,i f\nd1 *iefly 9 ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 a s]ies ( ev5ts record$1 su* z seem$ to me to correspond1 to a great ext5t1 ) ! s]ies ( symbols f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! symbols 7 su* z x might be suppos$ w\ld be us$1 on ! supposition t !y 7 int5d$ to ref] to ^! ev5ts2 & ! language ( ,mr4 ,gibbon 0 (t5 su* z he w\ld h us$1 on ! supposition t he _h design$ to prep>e a comm5t>y on ! symbols employ$ by ,john4 ,x 0 su*1 9 fact1 t if x _h be5 f\nd 9 a ,*ri/ian writ]1 pr(ess$ly writ+ a comm5t>y on ! book ( ,revelation1 x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by infidels z a design$ attempt to =ce hi/ory to utt] a language t %\ld con=m to a pr$et]m9$ !ory 9 exp\nd+ a book full ( symbols4 ,s rem>kable h ^! co9cid5ces appe>$ to me 9 ! c\rse ( ?is exposition1 t x has almo/ seem$ z if he _h design$ to write a comm5t>y on "s portions ( ?is book2 & ,i h f\nd x difficult to d\bt t t di/+ui%$ hi/orian 0 rais$ up by an ov]rul+ ,provid5ce to make a record ( ^? ev5ts :i* w\ld ev] aft]w>ds be reg>d$ z an imp>tial & unprejudic$ /atem5t ( ! evid5ces ( ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 ,! hi/orian ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire _h no belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 b he br\ght to ! p]=mance ( 8 "w le>n+ & tal5t su* z few ,*ri/ian s*ol>s h possess$4 ,he is always pati5t 9 8 inve/igations2 le>n$ & s*ol>-l 9 8 ref]5ces2 compreh5sive 9 8 gr\p+s1 & suffici5tly m9ute 9 8 details2 unbiass$ 9 8 /atem5ts ( facts1 & usually cool & c&id 9 8 e/imates ( ! causes ( ! ev5ts :i* he records2 &1 except+ 8 philosophical speculations1 & 8 sne]s at ev]y?+1 he has probably writt5 ! mo/ c&id & imp>tial hi/ory ( ! times t succe$$ ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity t ! _w possesses2 & ev5 aft] all t has be5 writt5 s9ce 8 "t1 8 "w conta9s ! be/ ecclesia/ical hi/ory t is to be f\nd4 ,:atev] use ( x c be made 9 viii expla9+ & confirm+ ! prophecies1 w be reg>d$ by ! _w z imp>tial & fair2 = x 0 a result :i* he lea/ ( all contemplat$1 t he w\ld ev] be reg>d$ z an exp\nd] ( ! prophecies 9 ! ,bible1 or be ref]r$ to z v9dicat+ _! tru?4 ,x 0 9 ?is mann] t ^! ,notes on ! ,book ( ,revelation assum$ ! =m 9 :i* !y are n[ giv5 to ! _w2 & x surprises me&1 "u ?is view ( ! matt]1 may occasion "s surprise to my read]sto f9d h[ ne>ly ! views co9cide ) ^? tak5 by ! great body ( ,prote/ant int]pret]s4 ,& p]haps ?is fact may be reg>d$ z furni%+ "s evid5ce t1 aft] all ! obscurity att5d+ x1 !re is a natural & obvi\s int]pretation ( :i* ! book is susceptible4 ,:atev] may be ! value or ! correctness ( ! views express$ 9 ?is volume1 ! "w is ! result ( no previ\sly-=m$ !ory4 ,t x w be satisfactory to all1 ,i h no reason to expect2 t x may be useful to "s1 ,i w\ld hope2 t x may be reg>d$ by _m z only add+ ano!r va9 & futile ef=t to expla9 a book :i* defies all attempts to elucidate its mean+1 ,i h too mu* reason1 judg+ f ! lab\rs ( ^? :o h gone be=e me1 to fe>4 ,b z x is1 ,i commit x to ! judgm5t ( a c&id ,*ri/ian public1 & to ! bless+ ( ,him :o alone c make any attempt to expla9 8 ,^w a means ( diffus+ ! k ( tru?4 ,i _c conceal ! fact t ,i dismiss x1 & s5d x =? to ! _w1 z ! la/ volume on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ) deep emotion4 ,aft] m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( /udy on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i am rem9d$ t ,i am no long] a "y man2 & t1 z ,i close ?is "w1 s all my "w on e>? mu/ at no di/ant p]iod be end$4 ,i am s5sible t he incurs no slight responsibility :o publi%es a comm5t>y on ! ,bible2 & ,i especially feel ?is n[ 9 view ( ! facts unexpect$ to me :5 ,i began ^! lab\rst ,i h be5 p]mitt$ 9 our own c\ntry to s5d =? m ?an two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& volumes ( comm5t>y on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t probably a great] numb] has be5 publi%$ abroad4 ,t !re are _m imp]fections 9 ^! ,notes no "o c feel m s5sibly ?an ,i d2 b ! views :i* ,i h express$ are ^? :i* seem to me to be 9 accordance ) ! ,bible1 & ,i s5d ! la/ volume =? ) ! deep conviction t ^! volumes conta9 ! tru? z ,god has reveal$ x1 & z he w bless x to ! ext5sion ( 8 *ur* 9 ! _w4 ,i h no appreh5sion t ! s5tim5ts :i* ,i h express$ w corrupt ! morals1 or de/roy ! peace1 or ru9 ! s\ls ( ^? :o may read ^! volumes2 & ,i tru/ t !y may d some?+ to diffuse abroad a correct k ( t bless$ gospel on :i* ! int]e/s ( ! *ur*1 ! welf>e ( our c\ntry1 & ! happ9ess ( ! _w ix dep5d4 ,9 language :i* ,i sub/antially us$ 9 publi%+ ! revis$ edition ( ! volumes ( ! ,gospels 7,preface to ! ,sev5te5? ,edition1 #ahdj71 ,i c n[ say1 8,i _c be ins5sible to ! fact t1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ^! volumes n[ g =? to ! public1 ,i may cont9ue1 ?\gh dead1 to speak to ! liv+2 & t ! "w may be ex]t+ an influ5ce on immortal m9ds :5 ,i am 9 ! et]nal _w4 ,i ne$ n say t1 :ile ,i am s5sitive to ?is consid]ation1 ,i e>ne/ly desire x4 ,!re are no s5tim5ts 9 ^! volumes :i* ,i wi% to alt]2 none t ,i d n believe to be tru?s t w abide ! inve/igations ( ! great day2 none ( :i* ,i am a%am$4 ,t ,i may be 9 error1 ,i "k2 t a bett] "w ?an ?is might be prep>$ by a m gift$ m9d1 & a pur] he>t1 ,i "k4 ,b ! tru?s "h set =? are1 ,i am p]suad$1 ^? :i* are de/9$ to abide1 & to be ! means ( sav+ millions ( s\ls1 & ultimately ( conv]t+ ?is :ole _w to ,god4 ,t ^! volumes may h a "p 9 ?is great "w is my e>ne/ pray]2 & ) _m ?anks to ! public = _! fav\rs1 & to ,god1 ! great s\rce ( all bless+1 ,i s5d !m =?1 committ+ !m to ,8 c>e1 & leav+ !m to live or die1 to be rememb]$ or =gott51 to be us$ by ! pres5t g5]ation & ! next1 or to be sup]s$$ by o!r works1 z %all be 9 accordance ) 8 w1 & z he %all see to be = 8 glory40 ,,alb]t ,,b>nes4 ,,wa%+ton ,,squ>e1 ,,philadelphia1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! works :i* ,i h _h mo/ con/antly be=e me1 & f :i* ,i h d]iv$ mo/ aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! ,notes1 are ! foll[+4 ,!y are enum]at$ "h1 z "s ( !m are frequ5tly quot$1 to save ! necessity ( a frequ5t ref]5ce to ! ,editions 9 ! ,notes3 ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse4 ,by ,moses ,/u>t1 ,pr(essor ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature 9 ! ,!ological ,sem9>y at ,&ov]1 ,mass4 ,&ov]1 #ahde4 ,hor ,apocalyptic2 or1 a ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 ,critical & ,hi/orical4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,elliott1 ,a4,m41 late ,vic> ( ,tux=d1 & ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,! ,works ( ,na?aniel ,l>dn]1 ,d4,d4 ,9 t5 volumes4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,by ,edw>d ,gibbon1 ,esq4 ,fif? ,am]ican1 f ! la/ ,london edition4 ,complete 9 f\r volumes4 ,new ,york1 ,j4 & ,j4 ,h>p]1 #ahbi4 ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,by ,ar*ibald ,alison1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,new ,york1 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahdc4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,by ,david ,n4 ,"l4 ,h>p]s1 #ahdg4 x ,hyponoia2 or1 ,?\ghts on a ,spiritual ,und]/&+ ( ! ,apocalypse1 a ,book ( ,revelation4 ,new ,york1 ,leavitt1 ,tr[1 & ,co41 #ahdd4 ,! ,family ,expositor4 ,by ,philip ,doddridge1 ,d4,d4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,apocalypsios ,joannis ,apo/oli1 etc4 ,auctore ,campegio ,vitr+a1 ,!ol4 et ,hi/4 ,pr(essore4 ,am/]dam1 #afbi4 ,kurtzgefas/es exegetis*es ,h&bu* zum ,neu5 ,te/am5t4 ,von ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,de ,wette4 ,leipzig1 #ahdg4 ,ros5mll]1 ,s*olia 9 ,novum ,te/am5tum4 ,diss]tations on ! ,op5+ ( ! ,seal$ ,book4 ,montreal1 #ahdh4 ,two ,new ,argum5ts 9 ,v9dication ( ! ,g5u95ess & ,au!nticity ( ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,john ,colly] ,knight4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,! ,sev5? ,vial3 be+ an ,exposition ( ! ,apocalypse1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! p\r+ out ( ! ,sev5? ,vial1 ) special ref]5ce to ! pres5t ,revolution 9 ,europe4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,die ,(f5b>ung des ,heilig5 ,joannes4 ,von ,g4 ,w4 ,h5g/5b]g4 ,b]l91 #ahej4 ,! ,works ( ! ,rev4 ,&rew ,full]4 ,ne:av51 #ahbe4 ,novum ,te/am5tum4 ,editio ,koppiana1 #ahba4 ,diss]tation on ! ,prophecies4 ,by ,?omas ,newton1 ,d4,d4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,george ,croly1 ,a4,m4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbg4 ,! ,signs ( ! ,times1 z d5ot$ by ! fulfilm5t ( ,hi/orical ,pr$ictions1 f ! ,babylonian ,captivity to ! pres5t "t4 ,by ,alex&] ,kei?1 ,d4,d4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdg4 ,*ri/'s ,second ,com+3 w x be ,pre-mill5nial8 ,by ! ,rev4 ,david ,br[n1 ,a4,m41 ,/4 ,james's ,free ,*ur*1 ,glasg[4 ,new ,york1 #ahea4 ,apocalyptical ,key4 ,an extraord9>y ,disc\rse on ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,papacy4 ,by ,rob]t ,flem+1 ,v4,d4,m4 ,new ,york1 ,am]ican ,prote/ant ,society4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,mill5nium4 ,by ,george ,bu%1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york1 #ahcb4 ,a ,key to ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,by ,james ,m',donald1 m9i/] ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 ,jamaica1 ,l4 ,i4 ,second ,edition4 ,new ,london1 #ahdh4 ,das ,alte und ,neue ,morg5l&4 ,ros5mll]4 ,leipzig1 #ahbj4 ,! ,season & ,"t2 or1 an ,exposition ( ! ,prophecies :i* relate to ! two p]iods subsequ5t to ! #abjj ye>s n[ rec5tly expir$1 be+ ! "t ( ! ,sev5? ,trumpet1 c4 ,by ,w4 ,ettrick1 ,a4,m4 ,london1 #ahaf4 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t4 ,von ,johann ,gottfri$ ,ei*horn4 ,leipzig1 #ahaa4 ,= a v full view ( ! hi/ory ( ! int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse1 & ( ! works t h be5 writt5 on x1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,elliott's ,hor ,apocalyptic1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cjgdhg1 & ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dejdge4 ,see1 = a cond5s$ view1 ,editor's ,preface4 xi ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,,ye>-,,day ,,pr9ciple4 ,pr(essor ,bu%1 9 ! ,hi]ophant = ,janu>y1 #ahde1 at ! close ( a review ( ,b>nes on ! ,hebrews1 ?us wrote38,we s9c]ely hope ,mr4 ,b>nes may be enabl$ to accompli% 8 plan to its v ultimatum1 & furni% a comm5t>y ( equal m]it on ! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,apocalypse1 to :i*1 we ?9k1 8 rigid ,calv9ian au/]ity ( reason is n s well adapt$2 & :i*1 we presume to ?9k1 w\ld f>e bett] "u our own reput$ fanciful & allegorical p540#b ,! indefatigable au?or has liv$ to accompli% 8 plan1 & has v5tur$ to include )9 x ! my/]i\s prophecy1 = ! elucidation ( :i* ! review] imag9$ ! sev]e "* ( 8 m9d disqualifi$ him4 ,_m w ?9k ! suppos$ disqualification a =emo/ requisite 9 an ,apocalyptic comm5tator1 inasmu* z ! ,apocalypse has be5 too long int]pret$ on fanciful & allegorical pr9ciples2 & x is n[ 8high "t = pr9ciple to take ! place ( fancy1 = exegetical pro( to ?ru/ out assumption40#c ,! advocates ( :at has be5 call$ ! ,prote/ant ,hi/oric ,s*eme ( ,int]pretation1 h be5 suppos$ peculi>ly liable to delusions ( ?is nature4 ,x is1 !re=e1 gratify+ to f9d t ?is new def5d] ( t s*eme has be5 di/+ui%$ by a 8,calv9ian au/]ity ( reason10 :i* may help to pres]ve bo? him & 8 read]s f be+ 9 l mann] l$ a/ray1 & at ! same "t secure a m respectful tone f critics :o h esp\s$ opposite views4 ,bu%1 :o has himself s ably def5d$ ! ,prote/ant s*eme on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 n[ t he f9ds ,b>nes on ! same gr\nd1 w ?9k t ! _s ( sev]e logic & se>*+ inquiry :i* he has br\ght ) him to ! conte/1 r5d] him all ! m valuable an associate4 ,9 exam9+ ! =m] volumes ( ,mr4 ,b>nes1 we f\nd x 0 no "p ( 8 sy/em ( int]pretation to admit typical & my/ical s5ses :]e ! lit]al "o c\ld at all be adopt$4 ,we _h to compla9 t 8 t5d5cy 0 too /rong 9 ! opposite direction4#d ,! plan :i* ! au?or tells u he adopt$ 9 prep>+ 8 comm5t>y1 is a s+ul> illu/ration ( 8 judgm5t & caution2 & !re=e af=ds ano!r assurance ( 8 sobriety z an int]pret] ( ! symbols ( ,john4 ,up to ! "t ( comm5c+ ! exposition ( ?is book1 he tells u he _h no !ory 9 8 m9d z to its mean+4 ,! utmo/ he contemplat$1 :5 he began1 0 to expla9 ! mean+ ( its language & symbols1 )\t attempt+ to apply t explanation to hi/orical ev5ts4 ,b1 to 8 own surprise1 he f\nd a s]ies ( ev5ts1 record$ *iefly 9 ,gibbon1 su* z seem$ to correspond1 to a great ext5t1 ) ! s]ies ( symbols f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,f>!r exam9ation exhibit$ ?is correspond5ce /ill xii m /rik+ly2 & ! result 01 t 8 views ultimately took ! %ape ( ^? giv5 by ! great body ( ,prote/ant int]pret]s4 ,he !re=e ju/ly claims to be ano!r & indep5d5t witness 9 fav\r ( ! common int]pretation4#e ,^! /atem5ts1 :ile !y _c b increase ! read]'s confid5ce 9 ! guide :o n[ (f]s to lead him ?r\gh ! mazes ( ! ,apocalypse1 ought also to mitigate ! scorn ) :i* "s h affect$ to reg>d all expositions ( ?is s*oolspeak+ ( !m z 8h>iolations0 & 8surmises10 :i* set ! read] 8afloat ^u a b\ndless ocean ( conjecture & fancy1 )\t rudd] or compass40#f ,x is easy to say su* ?+s1 & !y are !re=e too (t5 said by ! foll[]s ( ,ei*horn & ,/u>t2 b accurate inquiry into ! non-,prote/ant s*eme w spe$ily conv9ce anyone t ! h>iolations d by no means all belong to "o side4 ,we v5ture to say1 t no?+ s mu* des]v+ ! "n occurs 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ,prote/ant expositions1 z ! absurd & unf\nd$ guesses ( ! la/-nam$ writ] reg>d+ ! witnesses 9 *ap4 xi41 & ! explanation ( *ap4 xvii4 #h1 by an unf\nd$ hea!n rum\r reg>d+ ! reappe>ance ( ,n]o aft] he _h be5 sla94#g ,) ?is edition ( ! ,notes on ! ,book ( ,revelation we h n f\nd x exp$i5t to pres5t any accompany+ or supplem5t>y notes4 ,! au?or's text has be5 c>efully revis$1 & _m errors :i* _h crept bo? into ! ,am]ican & ,engli% editions h be5 correct$4 ,on c]ta9 po9ts we c\ld h wi%$ a little m fulness4 ,! important "q ( ! date ( ! book2 ! hi/ory ( apocalyptic int]pretation2 & ! pr9ciples ( prophetic int]pretation1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds designations ( "t1 are matt]s ly+ at ! v f\ndation ( j views ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts has1 inde$1 a page or two allott$ to x 9 ! 8,introduction10 & is also incid5tally notic$ 9 ! comm5t>y2 ! second is less or m t\*$ on 9 ! exposition ( difficult passages2 b ! la/ is almo/ entirely ov]look$1 on ! gr\nd t ! au?or int5ds a full discussion ( ! subject 9 8 =?com+ volume on ,daniel4 ,we some:at regret ?is1 because ( ! importance ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple itself1 & because e read] ( ! ,notes on ! ,book ( ,revelation may n possess1 or h imm$iately at h&1 ^? on ,daniel4 ,we h no d\bt t ! au?or's def5ce ( ?is "p ( ! ,prote/ant citadel w prove "o ( ! mo/ able t has yet be5 giv54 ,x w1 beyond a d\bt1 avoid ! errors ( ^? :o h weak5$ ! argum5t by insi/+ on po9ts :i*1 at be/1 are unc]ta92 & place ! !ory on a basis suffici5tly broad to admit ( rational & hopeful ma9ta9+ ( x1 9 spite ( num]\s le>n$ & able assaults4 ,9 ! meantime1 t our edition may n be )\t some?+1 h[ev] brief & imp]fect1 on a po9t :i* on xiii all h&s is all[$ to be fundam5tal1 we purpose to devote ! foll[+ pages to an exam9ation ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple4 ,! importance ( ! "q on :i* we n[ ent] c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,if ! prophetic p]iods ( ,daniel & ,john2 if ! fam\s #abfj days1 ! "t1 times1 & ! divid+ ( "t1 are to be und]/ood lit]ally1 & expla9$ ( ! limit$ t]m ( ?ree & a half ye>s1 dur+ ! days ( ,n]o & ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 or days yet to come1 t[>ds ! consummation & era ( ! second adv5t1#h !n cle>ly ! ideas t h be5 long curr5t among ,prote/ants are unt5able4 ,!re is no figuration ( ,papal ,rome1 9 ! ,apocalypse or 9 ,daniel1 exi/+ ?r\gh long & dre>y ages1 we>+ out ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,!re are no witnesses dur+ t p]iod ( gloom ev] & anon lift+ up _! te/imony aga9/ ! gr& apo/asy4 ,!re is no *e]+ assurance1 d]iv$ f an infallible oracle1 t ! ,papal sy/em is doom$1 t its days are numb]$1 & mu/ n[ be draw+ to a close4 ,all ! argum5ts aga9/ ?is 8my/]y ( iniquity10 d]iv$ f ,daniel & ,john1 mu/ be ab&on$2 & ,prote/ants mu/1 ) %ame1 retire f a field s long & s successfully occupi$ by !m1 :il/ ! ,romani/s triumph 9 _! ov]?r[4 8,if10 says ,bu% 9 8 animadv]sions on ,/u>t1 8y\r hypo!sis be correct1 n only has ne>ly ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w be5 l$ a/ray = ages by a m]e ignis fatuus ( false h]m5eutics1 b ! *ur* is at once cut loose f e *ronological moor+1 & set adrift 9 ! op5 sea1 )\t ! ve/ige ( a beacon1 ligh?\se1 or />1 by :i* to det]m9e h] be>+s or di/ances f ! desir$ mill5nial hav5 to :i* %e 0 t5d+4 ,%e is depriv$ ( ! means ( tak+ a s+le cele/ial obs]vation1 & has no possible data = asc]ta9+1 9 ! remote/ degree1 h[ f> %e is yet float+ f ! ,ar>at ( promise4 ,^u y\r !ory ! ,*ri/ian _w has no di/9ct intimation giv5 x z to ! date ( ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman despotism1 civil or ecclesia/ical1 ( ,mahometanism1 or ( ,paganism2 no clue to ! "t ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews or ( ! introduction ( ! mill5nium4 ,on all ^! po9ts ! *ur* is %ut up to a blank & dre>y unc]ta9ty1 :i*1 ?\gh x may n ext+ui%1 w t5d greatly to dim9i% ! ard\r ( h] pres5t zeal 9 ! conv]sion ( ! _w40#i ,/range1 inde$1 x mu/ be reg>d$1 t :ile ! ,old ,te/am5t *ur* 0 *e]$ by h] *ronological promises or pr$ictions1 m>k+ h] progress z %e float$ d[n ! /ream ( "t1 & indicat+1 at any /age ( x1 h[ f> %e 0 yet di/ant f ! happy times ( deliv]ance t await$ h]1 ev]y?+ ( ?is k9d %\ld be sy/ematically exclud$ f ! sublime pr$ictions ( ! ,new ,disp5sation4 ,/range1 too1 t ! gr& symbols ( ,daniel & ,johnt _! glori\s pr$ictions1 confess$ly all[$ to rea* onw>ds to ! consummation ( all ?+s1 %\ld embrace a brief *apt] 9 ! lives ( su* m5 z ,n]o or ,antio*us1 & give no notice ( t gigantic apo/asy :i* = ages has ca/ its d>k xiv %ad[ ov] ,*ri/5dom1 & no com=t to a sorr[+ *ur* walk+ amid ! gloom4 ,yet if ! ,prote/ant exposition ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse has proce$$ on false pr9ciples1 ! soon] a return is made to ! "r pa? ! bett]1 h[ev] humbl+ may be ! confession ( error1 & griev+ ! loss ( imag9$ advantage 9 our controv]sy ) ,rome4 ,tru? is great1 & mu/ prevail4 ,none ( h] fri5ds w\ld assail ev5 ! wor/ cause ) weapons %e did n approve4 ,on bo? sides ( ?is "q1 ! importance ( :i* has be5 set =? 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 we f9d m5 ( ! v highe/ "* = le>n+ & skill 9 biblical sci5ce4 8,on "o side ,maitl& & ,burgh are ! mo/ able2 on ! o!r ,fab]1 ,elliott1 & ,birks4 ,9 ,am]ica ! indefatigable ,/u>t has tak5 up ! same gr\nd z ! =m]1 & has met ) a =midable antagoni/ 9 ,bu%40 ,to ! fir/ class! lit]al day class1 namelymu/ n[ be add$ ! "n ( ! au?or :o has ?us specifi$ ! *ief combatants,dr4 ,davidson ( ! ,lanca%ire ,indep5d5t ,college4 ,he has tak5 up ! subject 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & discuss$ x ) all ! le>n+ & ability :i* 8 high position among ,engli% critics might h l$ u to anticipate4 8,si ,p]gama dextra def5di poss5t1 etiam hoc def5sa fuiss5t40 ,we ?9k we c disc]n 9 8 able def5ce "s symptoms ( progress 9 ! controv]sy4 ,! l9e :i* ,dr4 ,davidson pursues is ess5tially diff]5t 9 _m respects f t ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t4 ,! ,am]ican pr(essor insi/s on _m po9ts :i* ! ,engli% div9e seems to h ab&on$4#aj ,ev]y?+ l dogmatism 9 ! discussion ( a "q s circum/anc$ is ( c\rse to be c>efully avoid$4 ,!re are difficulties on bo? sides1 ( :i* no satisfactory solution has z yet be5 giv54 ,our aim %all be to asc]ta91 if possible1 on :i* side ! great] am\nt ( tru? lies4 ,:ile av[+ a decid$ lean+ to ! ,ye>-day !ory1 we %all endeav\r to d ju/ice to ! argum5ts ( its oppon5ts1 & %all frankly all[ x :5ev] ! argum5ts ( its support]s seem to u weak or dubi\s4 ,fir/1 !n1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! great mass ( ,prote/ant int]pret]s1 ! ne>ly unanim\s voice ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*1 furni%es a pre/ige 9 fav\r ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple4 ,if x d n supply an argum5t x creates a fav\rable feel+1 :i* is wor?y ( a bett] "n ?an 8prejudice40 ,x is a prepossession1 b a prepossession f\nd$ on p]fectly j gr\nd1 namely1 t :]ev] m5 ( le>n+ & rese>*1 z well z ,*ri/ian p at l>ge1 h long & t5aci\sly held any p>ticul> view1 !re mu/ be some?+ 9 t view t has a bett] f\ndation ?an its assailants are will+ to all[4 ,?is is c]ta9ly v diff]5t f 8call+ up ! names ( illu/ri\s dead1 z ! infallible exp\nd]s ( ! ,bible20 & f 8giv+ our language ! semblance ( xv assum+ t1 to diff] f curr5t op9ions1 is to dis[n ,prote/antism & fav\r ,romanism40 ,t !re is some?+ 9 ?is presumptive argum5t1 :i* we seek to build on ,prote/ant op9ion1 is obvi\s f ! anxiety t is manife/$ to make out t ! pr9ciple or !ory 9 "q has1 9 reality1 no connection ) ! re=m]s & ! ,prote/ant cause4 8,! /atem5t10 x is said1 8t c]ta9 applications ( ! ,apocalypse caus$ or promot$ ! ,re=mation is :olly incorrect4 ,x is absolutely false4 ,a spiritual appreh5sion ( ! simple gospel1 accompani$ ) ! p[] ( ! ,_s1 l$ ^! illu/ri\s m5 to sep>ate f ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,& !n x %\ld be rememb]$1 by ^? :o write l ,bu% ( ! re=m]s & ! #8,prote/ant' int]pretation1 t n "o ( ! re=m]s und]/ood a day 9 prophecy to mean a ye>4 ,to talk ( ! re=m]s1 !re=e1 9 connection ) ?is s-call$ #8,prote/ant' notion1 is worse ?an trifl+4 ,x conveys a false impression40#aa ,two que/ions are involv$ "h3,h[ f> ! re=m]s made use ( ! ,apocalypse 9 _! controv]sy ) ,papi/s8 & :e!r ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple may be reg>d$ z a 8,prote/ant0 notion8 ,! fact is1 9 reg>d to ! fir/ "q1 t ! ,wald5ses & ,wickliffites1 previ\s to ! ,re=mation1 drew _! weapons f ! ,apocalypse2 & if we d n pres5t ref]5ces or quotations to prove x1 x is j because ! matt] seems too pla9 to admit ( any d\bt4 ,"o te/imony %all suffice1 namely1 t ( ,walt] ,brute1 ,a4,d4 #acia4 ,accord+ to ,foxe1 ! m>tyrologi/1 he 0 8a layman1 & le>n$ & br\ght up 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 be+ !re a graduate40 ,he 0 accus$ ( say+1 among sundry o!r ?+s1 t ! ,pope is ,anti*ri/1 & a s$uc] ( ! p4 ,be+ call$ to answ]1 he put 91 fir/1 c]ta9 m brief 8exhibits20 !n ano!r decl>ation1 m ample1 expla9+ & sett+ =? ! gr\nds ( 8 op9ion4 ,8 def5ce 0 gr\nd$ v ma9ly on ! ,apocalyptic prophecy4 ,= he at once bases 8 ju/ification on ! fact1 z demon/rable1 ( ! pope answ]+ alike to ! *ief ( ! false ,*ri/s1 prophesi$ ( by ,*ri/ z to come 9 8 "n2 to ! man ( s91 prophesi$ ( by ,/4 ,paul2 & to bo? ! fir/ bea/ & bea/ ) ! two lamb-l horns1 9 ! ,apocalypse2 ! city ( ,papal ,rome1 also answ]+ simil>ly to ! ,apocalyptic ,babylon4#ab ,inde$1 we may le>n mu* z to h[ f> ! ,apocalypse _h1 ev5 9 ^! times1 come to be us$ aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 f ! fe>s ( ! ,papi/s !mselves1 :i* prompt$ ! fif? c\ncil ( ,lat]an au?oritatively to prohibit all writ+ or prea*+ on ! subject ( ,anti*ri/1 & all speculation reg>d+ ! "t ( ! expect$ evils8,tempus quoque prefixum futurorum malorum vel ,anti*ri/i adv5tum1 aut c]tum diem judicii pr$ic>e vel ass]]e nequaquan presumant40#ac ,z to ! re=m]s1 prop]ly s call$1 !y appe> 9 ! field next1 us+ ! same weapons ) increas+ skill & en]gy1 z ! two great prophecies :5ce !y 7 drawn came to be bett] und]/ood4 ,! pages ( ,miln]1 ,d',aubign1 or o!r hi/orians ( ! p]iod1 ab\nd ) evid5ce2 & ,mr4 ,b>nes has collect$ "p ( x "u *ap4 x4 #f1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,lu!r & 8 ,g]man associates seem to h drawn m ^u ,daniel1 :ile 9 ,switz]l& & ,engl& ! ,apocalypse1 = ! mo/ "p1 0 appeal$ to4 ,we might multiply pro(s1 7 x necess>y1 f ! writ+s ( ,leo ,juda1 xvi ,bull+]1 ,latim]1 ,bale1 ,foxe1 c4 ,x is en\gh to ref] to ! v copi\s extracts giv5 9 ! la/ volume ( ! ,hor ,apocalyptic4#ad ,z to ! o!r "q1 namely1 :e!r ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple c be reg>d$ z a 8,prote/ant0 notion1 opportunity w be f\nd = ! consid]ation ( x :5 we come to consid] ! objection aga9/ t pr9ciple1 drawn f its alleg$ novelty4 ,meantime we %all only rem>k1 t :ile ,lu!r c]ta9ly _h arriv$ at no def9ite conclusions reg>d+ ! ,apocalyptic designations ( "t1 8 m9d nev]!less 0 9 se>* ( "s pr9ciple by :i* he %\ld be enabl$ to ext5d ! times beyond ! lit]al s5se4 ,nor ne$ x 9 any way surprise u1 t def9ite ideas on ?is subject %\ld only h be5 obta9$ :5 ! notion became settl$ & preval5t t ! ,pop$om 0 ! ,apocalyptic ,anti*ri/1 & ! int]pretation ( ! times on a scale suit$ to ! duration ( t sy/em became1 9 consequ5ce1 imp]ative4 #b4 ,! next consid]ation we advance is1 ! symbolical "* ( mo/ ( ! pr$ictions 9 :i* ! disput$ designations ( "t occur4 ,9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse1 ?+s pictur$ to ! eye are ! signs or repres5tations ( a hidd5 s5se int5d$ to be convey$ by !m4 ,n[1 x seems reasonable to conclude1 t 9 ?is symbolic or picture writ+ ! times %\ld be hidd5 "u "s veil1 z well z ! associat$ ev5ts4 ,nay1 "o w\ld imag9e t ^! 7 j ! v ?+s t specially requir$ concealm5t1 9 accordance ) ! design ( ! pr$ictions1 especially su* z relate to ! future deliv]ance & glory ( ! *ur*2 :i* is1 t ! sa9ts %\ld und]/& z mu* z may su/a9 _! hope1 yet 9 a way ( dilig5ce1 wat*fulness1 & pray]4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t symbolical times are n ess5tial to ?is p>tial concealm5t4 ,x may be s1 yet !y are d\btless fitt$ to s]ve ?is purpose2 & !re _c b appe> a manife/ impropriety 9 associat+ symbolical ev5ts ) lit]al or natural times4 ,:y ! veil 9 ! "o case & n 9 ! o!r8 ,is n ?is sy/em ( mix+ ! symbolic & ! lit]al fitt$ to mislead8 &1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,maitl& & o!rs1 has x n1 9 po9t ( fact1 l$ a/ray ! great] "p ( ! ,prote/ant _w8 ,is x wond]ful1 t :5 times are f\nd 8imb$d$ 9 symbols10 a symbolical "* %\ld h be5 atta*$ to !m too4 ,let x be obs]v$ also1 t 9 cases ( :at has be5 call$ m9iature symbolization1 z :]e an empire is repres5t$ by a man or a bea/1 long p]iods1 su* z might v well be attribut$ to an empire1 or to any great political or ecclesia/ical sy/em1 c\ld n1 9 consi/5cy ) symbolical propriety1 h be5 express$ o!rwise ?an we f9d !m4 ,on ! supposition t long p]iods 7 design$ to be express$1 !y mu/ necess>ily h be5 symboliz$ by %ort] ones4 8,no?+ is m obvi\s ?an t ! prophets h frequ5tly1 "u div9e prompt+1 adopt$ ! sy/em ( hi]oglyphic repres5tation1 9 :i* a s+le man repres5ts a community1 or a wild bea/ an ext5d$ empire4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! my/ic exhibition ( ! community or empire is 9 m9iature1 symbolical propriety requires t ! associat$ *ronological p]iods %\ld be exhibit$ 9 m9iature also4 ,! intr9sic fitness ( su* a mode ( pres5tation is self-evid5t4 ,9 pr$icat+ ( a nation a long t]m ( #djj or ev5 #djjj ye>s1 !re is no?+ revolt+ to v]isimilitude or decorum2 b to assign su* a p]iod to ! act+s ( a xvii symbolical man or animal w\ld be a griev\s outrage on all ! proprieties ( ! prophetic /yle4 ,! "* ( ! adjuncts %\ld evid5tly correspond ) ^? ( ! pr9cipal1 or ! :ole picture is at once m>r$ by ! mo/ palpable incongruity40#ae ,x appe>s1 !n1 9 reg>d to dates occurr+ 9 passages :]e ?is pr9ciple ( m9iature symbolization is adopt$1 !re is a /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( ! ,ye>-day !ory1 or "s !ory suitably ext5d+ ! times4 ,dr4 ,maitl& has attempt$ to dislodge 8 antagoni/s f ?is intr5*m5t4 ,8 argum5t is subtle1 & mu/ h be5 deem$ triumphant1 = x is repeat$ & prais$ z a ma/]-/roke by almo/ e subsequ5t writ] on ! same side4 ,all[+ ev5 t symbols ( "t might be expect$ 9 symbolic pr$ictions1 along ) symbols ( ev5ts1 he d5ies t a day c 9 any way be reg>d$ z ! symbol ( a ye>4 ,x is n1 he argues1 a symbol at all4 ,we give ! argum5t 9 8 own words1 premis+ only t ! advocates ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple1 z we %all by & by see1 appeal to ,ezek4 iv4 #di 9 pro( ( x38,:5 y speak ( ! bea/s ,i "k :at y mean1 = y admit t ,daniel saw c]ta9 bea/s2 b :5 y speak ( #8! days1' ,i "k n :at days y ref] to1 = y\r sy/em admits ( no days3 y take1 if ,i may s speak1 ! ^w #8goat' to mean ! ?+ #8goat1' & ! ?+ goat to repres5t ! ?+ #8k+2' b y take ! ^w #8day' n to repres5t ! ?+ #8day1' b at once to repres5t ! ?+ ye>4 ,& ?is is precisely ! po9t :i* di/+ui%es ?is case f t ( ,ezekiel's1 :i* has be5 s (t5 br\ght =w>d z p>allel to x4 ,! :ole matt] lies 9 ?is1 t ! "o is a case ( repres5t+1 ! o!r ( int]pret+4 ,a goat1 n ! ^w goat1 repres5t$ a k+2 a day1 t is ! ^w day1 is int]pret$ to mean a ye>40#af ,! pi? ( ! argum5t seems to lie 9 ?is1 t :ile1 9 ,daniel1 k+doms are repres5t$ by c]ta9 visible symbolsbea/s1 namely!re is no visible symbol ( a ye>4 ,we may int]pret a day ( a ye>1 b we _c say a day symbolizes a ye>4 ,! objector appe>s to h be5 met1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ! alleg$ difficulty ( symboliz+ times 9 a visible way2 b ! case ( ,ph>aoh & 8 (fic]s 0 at once appeal$ to1 9 ^: dreams ?ree ye>s are repres5t$ by ?ree bran*es & ?ree baskets2 & sev5 ye>s by sev5 k9e1 & sev5 e>s ( corn4#ag ,a writ] 9 ! ,inve/igator rejo9$1 t l>ge numb]s1 su* z ! #abfj or #bcjj1 c\ld n easily be repres5t$ 9 ! same way2 a /atem5t :i* seems s v simple & obvi\s1 t we _c b wond] x %\ld h elicit$ su* a bur/ ( indignation z ?is3 8,:at6 %all x be affirm$ t he :o call$ up a vision 9 :i* sev5 k9e symboliz$ sev5 ye>s1 c\ld n employ visible & equally intelligible repres5tations ( #abfj ye>s8 ,?is 7 to limit ! p[] ( ! ,almighty1 by arrogantly assum+1 t ?\gh he pres5t$ a few ye>s by outw>d pictures to ! eye1 ,he c\ld n1 ) equal facility1 & l intelligibl5ess to m51 h pa9t$ a mu* l>g] numb] by ext]nal emblems4 ,we ref] ! writ] 9 ! ,inve/igator to ,rev4 xiv4 #a1 & ask him h[ ! apo/le ,john knew !re 7 exactly #add1jjj4 ,on 8 pr9ciple t l>ge numb] c\ld n h be5 pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,h[ !n did he "k t !re 7 #add1jjj80ah ,does ! critic mean t ,john mu/ h come to ! k ( x by picture repres5tation8 xviii ,is he sure ( ?is8 ,! numb] is ! same1 & ! company is ! same z 9 *ap4 vii4 #d1 & !re we read1 8,& ,i he>d ! numb] ( !m :i* 7 seal$1 & !re 7 seal$ an hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s& ( all ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel40 ,! "q is by no means "o reg>d+ :at ,god c\ld d1 b "o reg>d+ m]ely ! p[]s & capabilities ( symbolic language2 & we d n feel ourselves at all guilty ( any unw>rantable 8d>+10 :5 we av] t l>ge numb]s c\ld n be visibly repres5t$ l small ones4 ,! real solution ( ! difficulty :i* ! objection pres5ts1 seems to u to h be5 giv5 by ,birks1 9 8 ,fir/ ,elem5ts ( ,prophecy4 8,! bea/s 7 conceptions visually sugge/$ to ! eye ( ! prophet1 & no?+ m2 & ! days1 9 l mann]1 7 conceptions sugge/$ by ! words ( ! vision to 8 e>4 ,! only diff]5ce is 9 ! s5se by :i* ! m5tal image is convey$2 = x is pla9 t a day1 :5 us$ z a symbol1 mu/ be m5tion$1 & c\ld n appe> visibly to ! eye40#ai ,b :atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is1 & ( ! prec$+ obs]vations1 we h /ill our appeal to ! matt] ( fact4 ,if x be ! fact1 t 9 ,scripture a day does repres5t a ye>1 we h no conc]n ab\t speculations reg>d+ modes ( repres5t+4 ,! only "q is1 ,:at is ! ,bible mode8 & to t "q we %all v %ortly apply ourselves4 ,mean:ile1 we w\ld rem>k1 ere leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 t al?\gh we affirm t :]ev] we f9d ! pr9ciple ( m9iature symbolization ( ev5ts1 !re we h a /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( ! times1 if su* !re be1 be+ also express$ on a m9iature scale1 yet we d n exalt ?is into a pr9ciple embrac+ ! entire case4 ,we %all endeav\r to asc]ta9 "h1 :at su* g5]al pr9ciple is4 ,x ne$ n be disguis$ t ! gr\nd ( x has be5 %ift$ m ?an once dur+ ! progress ( discussion4 ,m$e himself seems to h occupi$ gr\nd by f> too wide2 & few or none n[ *oose to def5d ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple on ! plat=m *os5 by him :o has be5 errone\sly reg>d$ z its orig9ator4 ,he ma9ta9$ t1 8alike 9 ,daniel1 &1 = aught he knew1 9 all ! o!r prophets1 times ( ?+s prophesi$1 express$ by days1 are to be und]/ood ( ye>s40 ,b prophecies c be quot$ almo/ )\t numb] 9 :i* ! pr$ict$ times mu/ be und]/ood lit]ally2 & aga9/ ?is position1 some:at d\bt+ly & casually assum$ by an illu/ri\s int]pret]1 ! artill]y ( ,/u>t & ,maitl& w\ld be mo/ successful1 if any 7 f\nd s fooli% z to intr5* !mselves )9 x4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 h[ev]1 *ooses to write z if x 7 an ess5tial "p ( ! ,ye>-day !ory4 ,he fights ) a man ( /raw1 & exp5ds 8 logic & 8 ridicule alike 9 va94 ,he asks 9 triumph1 ,if ! #abj ye>s1 pr$ict$ z ! p]iod t %\ld elapse be=e ! flood1 mu/ be ext5d$ into a respite = ! ante-diluvians ( #dc1bjj ye>s8 & if ! pr$ict$ bondage ( ,abraham's po/]ity 9 ,egypt1 = #djj ye>s1 mu/ be ext5d$ into #add1jjj ye>s8 if ! sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty1 & sev5 ( fam9e to ,egypt1 mu/ mean #bebj ye>s ( ea*8 if ,israel's =ty ye>s' wild]ness-w&]+s are to la/ #ad1djj ye>s8#bj ,no1 truly6 & yet ! times 9 ,daniel & ,john may be symbolical xix times not)/&+4 ,by ,bu% & ,fab]1 ! pr9ciple is mu* n>r[$4 ,! gr\nd assum$ is t ( m9iature symbolization4 ,?is cov]s a l>ge "p ( ! field )9 :i* ! ,ye>-day !ory is appli$2 /ill1 x mu/ be all[$1 t bo? 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse1 !re are passages :]e ! times are con/ru$ symbolically1 or accord+ to ! long] reckon+1 )\t be+ associat$ ) symbols ( ev5ts4 ,( ?is k9d is ,daniel's fam\s prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! true pr9ciple or basis ( ! ,ye>-day !ory8 ,we are dispos$ to reply1 z we f9d ,mr4 ,b>nes 9 "o place has done1 t x is ! mann] ( ! symbolical books ( ,daniel & ,john1 to express times on ! scale ( a day = a ye>2 & t 9 reg>d to ^? places1 if su* !re be1 :]e ! times are lit]al1 ! circum/ances ( ! case1 or "s expressions 9 ! text1 prev5t ! possibility ( mi/ake1 & leave ! pr9ciple unt\*$4 ,! circum/ances ( ! case1 = example1 =bid u to expla9 ,dan4 iv4 #cb 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( a day = a ye>4 8,accord+ to ?is1 ,nebu*adnezz> mu/ h be5 mad & eat grass #bebj ye>s40#ba ,! limit$ life ( man r5d]s any su* ext5sion ( times "h positively absurd4 ,s also ) ! o!r case1 s mu* insi/$ on by ! ,day-day !ori/s1 ( ,daniel fa/+ ?ree weeks4#bb 8,surely no "o w cont5d t ,daniel fa/$ tw5ty-"o ye>s40 ,no1 b n to m5tion t ?is is n a prophecy at all1 ! circum/ances ( ! case =bid x2 & besides1 9 ?is place1 we h ! addition ( 7weeks ( days71 8ins]t$ expressly to b> any su* int]pretation z w\ld assign to x1 z its fir/ s5se1 ! mean+ ( ye>s40#bc ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be mo/ unwise#bd to argue f ^! exceptive passages1 :]e !re c be no dang] ( mi/akes1 aga9/ ! application ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple to ! great lead+ prophecies 9 ,daniel & ,john1 reg>d+ ! glori\s epo*s ( ! *ur*1 & ! times especially ( ! consummation4 ,nor c anyone rationally cont5d1 t because ^! prophets h adopt$ ?is /yle ( a day = a ye>1 9 pr$ictions ( ! "* above specifi$pr$ictions :i* =m ! *ief "p ( _! writ+st !y are 9 no s+le in/ance to dep>t f t /ylet !y are nev] to lay aside xx ! symbolic & assume ! natural4 ,birks & ,elliott1 x may be notic$ f9ally1 f9d1 9 ^? passages :]e ! ,ye>-day !ory is applicable1 a purpose ( tempor>y concealm5t2 x be+ 8! express design ( ,god1 t ! *ur* %\ld be kept 9 ! con/ant expectation ( ,*ri/'s adv5t10 & t1 8yet z ! "t ( ! consummation drew ne>1 !re %\ld be evid5ce ( x suffici5tly cle> to ea* fai?ful inquir]40 8,?is10 adds ! latt] writ]1 8sets aside1 f its v nature1 ! objections t h be5 drawn f sundry prophetic p]iods1 kn[n to be lit]ally express$1 9 prophecies :]e no su* tempor>y concealm5t 0 int5d$40#be #c4 ,hav+ se5 t ! symbolical "* ( ! pr$ictions 9 :i* ! disput$ times = ! mo/ "p occur1 af=ds a /rong presumption1 am\nt+ z ne>ly z possible to pro(1 9 fav\r ( "s su* pr9ciple z t involv$ 9 ! ,ye>-day !ory1 we inquire next :e!r !re be any indications ( su* pr9ciple 9 ,scripture8 ,! case ( ! spies 9 ! book ( ,numb]s#bf has be5 appeal$ to by ne>ly all writ]s on ! ,ye>-day side1 & by "s ( !m ) no little confid5ce4 8,!y return$ f se>*+ ! l& aft] =ty days4444 ,aft] ! numb] ( ! days 9 :i* ye se>*$ ! l&1 ev5 =ty days1 ea* day = a ye>1 %all ye be> y\r iniquities1 ev5 =ty ye>s1 & ye %all "k my brea* ( promise40 ,we confess1 h[ev]1 t if ?is passage 7 ! only "o ( its k9d1 we %\ld n be dispos$ to build mu* on x4 ,x has be5 too mu* press$2 & _m w f9d x difficult to see any?+ typical or my/ical 9 x4 ,x _c be prov$ t ! spies 7 types ( ! :ole nation1 or t ! days 7 meant to repres5t ye>s4 ,dr4 ,davidson seems to give ! true acc\nt ( ! passage :5 he says1 8,x is a simple hi/orical prophecy1 9 :i* ,god orda9$ t z ! spies _h w&]$ =ty days1 s ! ,israelites %\ld w&] =ty ye>s 9 ! wild]ness because ( _! s9s40#bg ,tak5 9 connection ) o!r passages1 h[ev]1 x may s]ve to %[ t ! 8,ye>-day scale0 readily occurs 9 ,scripture1 :5 ano!r might z easily h be5 adopt$4 ,! v fact ( ! puni%m5t ( ,israel 9 ?is case be+ on ! precise scale ( a ye> = a day1 seems to indicate some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,ezekiel's typical siege pres5ts a mu* /rong] case4 ,we give ! passage at l5g?4 ,ezekiel hav+ be5 comm&$ to portray ! city ( ,j]usalem on a tile1 & conduct a symbolic siege aga9/ x1 is fur!r enjo9$8,lie ?\ also ^u ?y left side1 & lay ! iniquity ( ! h\se ( ,israel ^u x3 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! days t ?\ %alt lie ^u x ?\ %alt be> _! iniquity4 ,= ,i h laid ^u !e ! ye>s ( _! iniquity1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! days1 ?ree hundr$ & n9ety days3 s %alt ?\ be> ! iniquity ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,& :5 ?\ ha/ accompli%$ !m1 lie aga9 on ?y "r side1 & ?\ %alt be> ! iniquity ( ! h\se ( ,judah =ty days3 ,i h appo9t$ !e ea* day = a ye>40#bh ,ezekiel 0 ord]$ to assume ?is pa9ful position t he might be a sign or symbol ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,jewi% nation2 & ! numb] ( days dur+ :i* he lay pro/rate 0 decl>$ to symbolize ! ye>s ( _! puni%m5t4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a pla9 prec$5t %[+ t 9 symbolical repres5tations days /& = ye>s4 ,! argum5t is equally valid :e!r we suppose ! symbolical xxi actions repres5t$ ?+s pa/ or ?+s future4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! probability is1 t at ! "t ( ! repres5tation a few ye>s ( ! #cij _h yet to run2 & ! design 0 to %[ t ,j]usalem %\ld be de/roy$1 & ! inhabitants l$ away captive into ,babylon4 ,x is n our prov9ce1 h[ev]1 to ent] into any exposition ( ! prophecy4 ,! gr& objection made to ! argum5t f ?is passage is1 t 9 x ! symbolic significancy ( ! days 8is expressly /at$ at ! outset40#bi 8,x is expressly /at$ t ,god _h appo9t$ a day = a ye>1 :]eas 9 ,daniel & ,john no su* in=mation is giv540#cj ,b :at if !re _h n be5 an 8express /atem5t0 ( ! pr9ciple8 ,t omission1 we imag9e1 w\ld h be5 eag]ly laid hold on z an evid5ce t no su* pr9ciple 0 conta9$ 9 x4 ,! 8express /atem5t10 !n1 s f> f be+ an argum5t aga9/ us+ ?is passage z a prec$5t1 is 9 reality a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( s do+4 ,c any?+ be m unreasonable ?an to object to ! passages furni%+ a clue or key = c]ta9 difficulties else:]e1 t !y are pla9 & express8 ,no?+1 we appreh5d1 unless to object next t ! passages = :i* a key is s\ght are n pla9 & express4 ,we _h ?\ght t x belong$ to ! v nature ( key-passages t !y %\ld be pla91 & to ! v nature ( ! passages = :i* ! key 0 ne$$1 t !y %\ld n be pla94 ,! dem& t !re %all be ! express /atem5t 9 ^! latt] :i* belongs to ! =m]1 is j to dem& t !re %all be no my/]y ab\t ! times at all1t !y %all be reveal$ ) p]fect cle>ness1 & t no wisdom & dilig5ce be call$ = 9 evolv+ a pr9ciple & apply+ x to special cases4 ,bu%'s reply to ,/u>t on ?is po9t is1 we ?9k1 triumphant4 8,! obvi\s reply to all ?is 7! want ( express /atem5t 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse7 is1 t ! in/ances n[ adduc$ are to be consid]$ z m]ely giv+ u a clue to a g5]al pr9ciple ( int]pretation4 ,"h are two or ?ree /rik+ examples ( pr$ictions con/ruct$ on ! plan ( m9iature symbolic repres5tation 9 :i* ! involv$ p]iods ( "t are r$uc$ to a scale proportion$ to t ( ! ev5ts !mselves4 ,:at1 !n1 m natural or legitimate1 ?an t1 :5 we meet ) o!r prophecies con/ruct$ on precisely ! same pr9ciple1 we %\ld int]pret _! *ronological p]iods by ! same rule8 ,in/ead ( yield+ to a dem& to adduce au?ority = ?is mode ( int]pretation1 ,i feel at lib]ty to dem& ! au?ority = dep>t+ f x4 ,man5te ratione manet lex is an apo!gm :i* is surely applicable "h if any:]e4 ,y repeat$ly1 9 ! c\rse ( y\r pages1 appeal to ! oracles ( common s5se1 z ! gr& arbit] 9 decid+ ^u ! pr9ciples ( h]m5eutics4 ,i make my appeal to ! same au?ority 9 ! pres5t case4 ,i dem&1 9 ! "n ( common s5se1 a reason :y ! symbolical prophecies ( ,daniel & ,john %\ld n be int]pret$ on ! same pr9ciple ) o!r prophecies ( ! same class4 ,b h[ev] l\d & urg5t my dem& on ?is head1 ,i expect no?+ else ?an t hill & dale w re-e*o x1 ev5 to ! #8crack ( doom1' be=e a satisfactory response f y\r pages falls on my e>4 ,all ! answ] ,i obta9 is ! foll[+3#8,in/ead ( be+ aid$ by an appeal to ,ezekiel iv4 #e1 #f1 we f9d t a pr9ciple is recogniz$ !re :i* makes directly aga9/ ! int]pretation we are call+ 9 "q4 ,! express exception z to ! usual modes ( reckon+ goes directly to %[1 t ! xxii g5]al rule w\ld necessitate a diff]5t int]pretation4' ,i may possibly be ov] sangu9e1 b ,i _c well resi/ ! belief1 t ! read] w p]ceive t t :i* y reg>d z ! exception1 is 9 fact ! rule40#ca ,dr4 ,maitl&'s fam\s objection1 t 9 ,ezekiel ! case is "o ( repres5t+1 :]eas 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse x is "o ( int]pret+1 has already be5 met 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is ,preface4 ,! objection ( ,bi%op ,horsley is n v gravenamely1 t because ! day ( temptation 9 ! wild]ness 0 =ty ye>s1 & "o day is ) ! ,"l z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day1 we might z well conclude t a day is =ty ye>s or a ?\s& ye>s1 z t x repres5ts b "o ye>4 ,s might we1 inde$1 if a numb] ( passages c\ld be produc$ 9 :i* a day has su* significancy1 & ano!r set ( passages c\ld be produc$ to :i* ! fir/ set furni% a key t seems exactly to answ]4 ,9 ! meantime1 we mu/ recognize ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is m]ely figurative language1 & !re=e loose & %ift+1 & ! language ( symbol4 ,b ! case ( ,isaiah#cb has be5 suppos$ to neutralize any argum5t built ^u t ( ,ezekiel3 8,! ,"l spake by ,isaiah1 g & loose ! sackclo? f (f ?y lo9s1 & put (f ?y %oe f ?y foot4 ,& he did s1 walk+ nak$ & b>efoot4 ,& ! ,"l said1 ,l z my s]vant ,isaiah ha? walk$ nak$ & b>efoot ?ree ye>s1 = a sign & wond] ^u ,egypt & ^u ,e?iopia1 s %all ! k+ ( ,assyria lead away ! ,egyptians prison]s40 ,n[1 x is argu$ t "h 8?ree ye>s correspond to ?ree ye>s1 n ?ree days to ?ree ye>s4 ,x is arbitr>y to suppose ) ,l[? t ! orig9al read+ 0 ?ree days1 or to supply ?ree days1 ) ,vitr+a4 ,! text mu/ /& z x is40#cc ,b ! int]pretation ( ,l[? & ,vitr+a is n ! only mode 9 :i* we may escape f ! difficulty1 z ?is le>n$ writ] seems to h9t4 ,we are n %ut up to conjectural em5dations4 ,! 8?ree ye>s0 9 ! ?ird v]se may be connect$ ) :at foll[s1 z well z ) :at goes be=e2 !n ! v]se w run1 8,l z my s]vant ,isaiah ha? walk$ nak$ & b>efoot2 a ?ree ye>s' sign & wond]10 :i* relieves u entirely f ! supposition t ,isaiah walk$ ?ree ye>s b>efoot1 &1 by consequ5ce1 f ! objection t is f\nd$ on x4 ,all t is intimat$ is1 t 9 "s way or o!r 7! passage does n say h[7 ! prophet 0 a ?ree ye>s' signa sign1 t is1 ( a calamity t w\ld la/ dur+ t "t1 or comm5ce f t "t4 ,9 pro( ( ! ju/ice ( ?is arrangem5t1 x may be notic$ t ! ,masoretic int]punction ?r[s ! ?ree ye>s into ! second clause2 t ! ,septuag9t gives bo? solutions1 by repeat+ 2#cd & t 9 a p]iod ( su* al>m1 :5 ,a%dod 0 tak5 & ! ,assyrian press+ on !m1 x is n likely ! symbolical repres5tation w\ld be cont9u$ s long4 ,inde$1 ?is op9ion seems to meet ) little or no c\nt5ance4#ce ,! op9ion t seems g5]ally to prevail is1 t ,isaiah indicat$ ! ?ree ye>s' captivity ei!r by exhibit+ himself 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! text = ?ree days1 :i* w\ld intimate ?ree ye>s1 or by appe>+ 9 ?is mann] once only1 & at ! same "t v]bally decl>+ 8 design 9 s do+4 ,we come next to :at is confess$ly a ma9 pill> ( ! ,ye>-day !ory1 ! prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks 9 ,daniel4#cf 8,sev5ty weeks are det]m9$ xxiii ^u ?y p1 & ^u ?y holy city1 to f9i% ! transgression1 & to make an end ( s9s1 & to make reconciliation = iniquity1 & to br+ 9 ev]la/+ righte\sness1 & to seal up ! vision & prophecy1 & to ano9t ! mo/ holy4 ,"k !re=e & und]/&1 t f ! go+ =? ( ! comm&m5t to re/ore & to build ,j]usalem1 unto ,messiah ! pr9ce1 c40 ,n[1 ! all b univ]sal agreem5t t ?is prophecy 0 fulfill$ 9 a p]iod ( #dij ye>s1 usually reckon$ f ! #g? ( ,artax]xes1 & ext5d+ to ,a4,d4 #cc1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,*ri/ di$1 seems at once to settle ! "q reg>d+ ! mode ( computation4 ,!re are1 inde$1 ^?#cg :o ma9ta9 t ?is pr$iction has yet to be fulfill$1 & !y pr(ess to look = its fulfilm5t 9 sev5ty weeks ( days2 b ! numb] hold+ ?is op9ion is exce$+ly small4 ,! great mass ( writ]s1 ev5 ( ^? :o cont5d = lit]al times1 reject x z q unt5able4 ,?is mode ( cutt+ ! knot1 h[ev]1 indicates ! difficulty t is felt by "s 8,day-dayi/s0 9 reconcil+ ! passage ) _! !ory1 & _! dissatisfaction ) ! m usual me?od ( reconciliation4 ,t me?od adopts a new r5d]+4 ,! words1 x is said1 ought to be translat$ sev5ty sev5s2 & ^! are assum$ to be sev5s ( ye>s1 because 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! *apt] ,daniel _h be5 m$itat+ on ,j]emiah's prophecy reg>d+ ! sev5ty ye>s' captivity4 ,by ?us und]/&+ ! sev5s at once ( ye>s1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( symbolic days or weeks1 ! argum5t = ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple1 x w be se51 is entirely de/roy$4 ,x w\ld be difficult & t$i\s to trace ! c\rse ( discussion fully to :i* ! passage has giv5 rise4 ,a v g5]al outl9e mu/ suffice4 ,x _h be5 ma9ta9$ by "s :o cont5d$ = 8sev5s ( ye>s10 t ! ^w translat$ weeks 7 %abuim7 0 ! regul> mascul9e plural ( 7%eba71 sev51 & ought1 !re=e1 to be translat$ sev5s4#ch ,b 7%abuim71 z 0 alleg$ 9 reply1 8is n ! normal plural ( ! ,hebrew t]m = sev540 ,! normal plural is 7%ibim72 b t is ! t]m = sev5ty1 & _c mean sev5s4#ci ,x seems n[ admitt$ on all h&s1 t bo? 7%abuim7 & ! fem99e =m 7%abpuo?7 are plural =ms ( 7%abua71 :i*1 accord+ to ! etymology ( ! ^w1 signifies a hebdomad or septemiz$ p]iod4#dj ,! only "q t rema9s1 !re=e1 reg>ds ! use ( ! ^w4 ,:at is its use8 ,s t aft] mu* controv]sy1 ! matt] /&s v mu* z ,m$e left x4 8,! "q10 says he1 8lies n 9 ! etymology1 b 9 ! use1 :]e9 7%abua7 always signifies sev5s ( days1 & nev] sev5s ( ye>s4 ,:]esoev] x is absolutely put1 x means ( days2 x is n[h]e ?us us$ ( ye>s40#da ,besides ! places 9 ,daniel1 ! ^w occurs absolutely else:]e1 9 "s "o or o!r ( its =ms1 elev5 times1 & 9 e "o ( ^! cases ) ! s5se ( weeks ( days4#db ,x is true t if we except ! places 9 ,daniel1 !re is no in/ance 9 ,scripture :]e ! mascul9e plural 7%abuim7 is us$ to d5ote weeks4 ,! ^w else:]e us$ = t purpose is uni=mly 7%abpuo?7 9 ! fem99e4 ,b we confess ourselves at a loss to und]/& xxiv :y s mu* %\ld be made ( ?is4 ,! ^w :i* ,daniel uses is confess$ly ! mascul9e plural#dc ( ! same ^w1 :i* 9 ! s+ul> is translat$ 8week10 & 9 ! fem99e plural 8weeks20 & al?\gh !re are in/ances 9 v>i\s languages ( ! mascul9e & fem99e plurals hav+ diff]5t significations1 yet1 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ l pro( t su* is ! case "h1 we mu/ be guid$ by ! use ( ! ^w 9 its o!r =ms ?r\gh\t ! ,scripture1 :5 we come to int]pret ! peculi> =m t occurs 9 ,daniel4 ,:at good reason c be giv5 = dep>t+ f ! analogy ( ! o!r =ms8 ,?is1 x mu/ be confess$1 is entirely on ! side ( ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple2 & ! objection resolves itself into no?+ m ?an ?is1 t x is a peculi> =m ( ! ^w :i* ,daniel uses4 ,z to :at is said ( ! qualify+ ^w 1 yamim 7days71 twice occurr+ 9 *ap4 x4 #b1 #c1dd 9 connection ) 7%abuim71 giv+ ! lit]al s5se ?ree weeks1 days1 or ?ree weeks z to days1 we _c see t x furni%es any grave objection to our argum5t4 ,x seems r to /r5g!n x4 ,= "h we h two places 9 :i* ! ^w 9 "q1 & ! =m ( x 9 "q1 are decl>$ to mean weeks ( days4 ,does n ?is intimate t su* is ! ord9>y & prim>y s5se8 ,are we n z mu* entitl$ to draw ?is conclusion1 z o!r p>ties to conclude t ! qualify+ ^w is add$ because ! usual s5se is sev5s ( ye>s8 ,let u only suppose t ! qualify+ ^w _h be5 ye>s in/ead ( days 7sev5s z to ye>s71 w\ld x n v readily h be5 said 9 t case1 ,"h is a pla9 decl>ation t sev5s ( ye>s are to be und]/ood2 & c]ta9ly ! places :]e no qualify+ ^w occurs mu/ be rul$ by ?is8 ,ges5ius supposes ! addition ( 7days7 is m]ely pleona/ic2 b if any o!r reason mu/ be f\nd = x1 t ( ,bu% seems z satisfactory z any1 :i* reg>ds x z an intimation t ! prim>y s5se is ! only admissible "o 9 ! circum/ances4 #d4 ,we entitle our next head ( evid5ce1 ,exig5cy ( ! passages 9 :i* ! prophetic times occur4 ,! v be/ plan ( arriv+ at ! tru? 9 ! "q1 :e!r ! %ort] or long] reckon+ be ! "r "o1 is to te/ bo? by application to ! disput$ passages4 ,try ! two keys1 & see :i* be/ suits ! lock4 ,"o section ( ! lit]al dayi/s h "h1 h[ev]1 a great advantage ov] _! oppon5ts1 inasmu* z _! plan ( plac+ ! ,apocalyptic fulfilm5ts entirely 9 ! future 7) ! exception1 on ! "p ( "s ( !m1 ( ! epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es71 relieves !m f e emb>rassm5t t might arise f any specific hi/orical application4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to argue ) m5 ( ?is s*ool1 t _! lit]al times d n answ] to _! hi/orical ev5ts1 = hi/orical ev5ts !y h none1 & we _c prove t _! ideal fulfilm5ts may n be realiz$4 ,to discuss fully ?is "p ( our subject1 h[ev]1 w\ld require a volume embrac+ an exposition ( ne>ly all ! m important passages 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse4 ,we int5d only to (f] a few pass+ rem>ks on "o or two ( ^!1 ref]r+ su* z wi% to prosecute ! subject1 to ! 8,notes0 9 ?is volume4 ,let u take fir/ ! ,s>ac5ic woe4#de ,we say n1 9 ! meantime1 t ! int]pretation :i* has giv5 rise to ?is "n is necess>ily ! "r "o4 ,we m]ely wi% to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 x & ano!r int]pretation1 xxv :i* proce$s on ! pr9ciple ( ! %ort] dates4 ,if ! read] w turn to our au?or's exposition1 & att5tively /udy x1 he w1 we ?9k1 be dispos$ to acquiesce 9 ! ju/ice ( 8 clos+ rem>k1 t1 on ! supposition t x 0 ! design ( ,john to symbolize ^! ev5ts 7! ,arabian conque/s71 ! symbol has be5 *os5 :i* ( all o!rs is be/ adapt$ to ! end4 ,moreov]1 x w be se5 t ! ,arabian hi/ory1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! passage1 on ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple1 furni%es a p]iod ( five mon?s1 or #aej ye>s ( int5se /++ oppression1 & imm$iately !reaft] exhibits a gradual decl9e 9 p[]1 along ) a dis9cl9ation to p]secute4 ,n[ :at h we to oppose to ?is view on ! "p ( ^? :o advocate lit]al times8 ,we turn to ,pr(essor ,/u>t4 ,he tells u he c f9d no ev5t 9 hi/ory t1 ) any good degree ( probability1 w correspond to a p]iod ( #aej ye>s4 8,&10 adds he1 8if we c\nt five lit]al mon?s1 we are /ill involv$ 9 ! same difficulty4 ,h5ce ! tropical use ( ! expression five mon?s1 seems to be mo/ probable & facile40 ,8 conclusion is t 8! mean+ mu/ be a %ort p]iod40 ,we _c ?9k t ?is 8tropical use0 is v 8probable20 x is h[ev] abundantly 8facile20 & we "k n h[ to argue ) ^? :o1 :5 ev5ts w n correspond ) _! lit]al times1 imm$iately take refuge 9 tropes4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,/u>t c f9d ev5ts t suit1 8 times are lit]al1 z we %all imm$iately see2 :5 he _c f9d su* ev5ts1 8 times are tropical4 ,b a pr9ciple s 8facile10 h[ev] x may suit 8 conv5i5ce1 is n fitt$ to guide u 9 an inquiry into ! prophetic p]iods4 8,! prop] laws ( int]pretation10 our au?or has ju/ly obs]v$ 9 8 exposition ( ! place1 8dem& t "o or ! o!r ( ^! p]iods %\ld be f\nd1 ei!r t ( five mon?s lit]ally1 or t ( a hundr$ & fifty ye>s40 ,take next ! ,turki% woe4#df ,we ref] ! read] aga9 to ! au?or's exposition1 t he may see h[ 8! h\r1 day1 mon?1 & ye>0 ( ?is pr$ictiont is1 ! #cia ye>s1 & a #ab? or #bd? ( a ye>f9d _! fulfilm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,turki% empire4 ,b on ! supposition t ! times are lit]al1 :at ev5ts c be fix$ on z occupy+ ?is p]iod ( little m ?an a ye>8 or h[1 9 transactions s great1 %\ld a s+le h\r be m5tion$8 ,^! que/ions are evad$ by assign+ a new s5se to ! clause 1 c4 ,x is said to mean only1 8t at ! de/9$ h\r1 & de/9$ day1 & de/9$ mon?1 & de/9$ ye>10 ! calamity %\ld happ52 t is to say1 x %\ld occur simply at ! appo9t$ "t4 ,we v5ture to say t su* a p]iphrasis = an idea s simple has no p>allel else:]e4 ,= ! criticism ( ! passage1 we ref] to ,b>nes & ,elliott1 :o h successfully cont5d$ t ! words completely reject ?is s5se4 ,! latt] appeals also to ! p>allel passage 9 ,dan4 xii4 #g1 :]e 8= a "t1 times1 & half a "t0 is univ]sally und]/ood ( ! aggregate p]iod ( ?ree ye>s & a half4#dg ,! =ty-two mon?s ( ! ,g5tiles is ano!r & rem>kable ,apocalyptic p]iod4#dh ,if we d n1 ) our au?or1 apply ! passage 9 :i* ?is notation ( "t occurs1 to ! trampl+ d[n ( ! *ur* by ! ,papacy dur+ h] long & oppressive reign ( #abfj ye>s1 b seek an explanation f ^? :o d5y ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple1 %all we f9d ev5ts t w bett] answ] on ! pr9ciple ( lit]al times8 ,let u try4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 ?is place1 ab&ons ! idea he sometimes resorts to1 ( suppos+ ! p]iods xxvi 8figurative modes ( express+ a %ort "t40 ,he ?9ks a 8lit]al & def9ite p]iod0 is "h meant2 & he ev5 condesc5ds1 9 spite ( all 8 hatr$ ( hi/orical comm5ts1 on hi/orical ev5ts answ]+ to ?is def9ite p]iod4 8,x is c]ta910 says he1 8t ! invasion ( ! ,romans la/$ j ab\t ! l5g? ( ! p]iod nam$ until ,j]usalem 0 tak540 ,& aga91 9 8 ,excursus on ,designations ( ,"t1 he says t 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #fg1 ,vespasian 0 s5t by ,n]o to subdue ,pale/9e2 & t on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 & de/roy$ by ,titus4 ,?us he makes out ! lit]al p]iod ( =ty-two mon?s or ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 compell$ to admit t ! w> actually began "s "t be=e ,vespasian's mission4 ,b all[+ all ?is to be correct1 !re 01 z ,mr4 ,b>nes rem>ks1 8no precise p]iod ( ?ree ye>s & a half1 9 respect to :i* ! language "h us$ w\ld be applicable to ! lit]al ,j]usalem4 ,judea 0 held 9 subjection1 & trodd5 d[n by ! ,romans = c5turies1 & nev]1 9 fact1 ga9$ its indep5d5ce40 ,x is trodd5 d[n /ill4 ,& yet we are told1 9 a lab\r$ article writt5 on purpose to set aside ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple1 t !re c sc>cely be a d\bt t ! p]iod 9 "q 7! =ty-two mon?s7 is design$ to m>k ! "t dur+ :i* ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e & ( ! ,holy ,city 0 go+ on4 ,9 close connection ) ?is pr$iction1 we h ! times ( ! two witnesses4#di ,!y 7 to 8prophesy a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days1 clo!d 9 sackclo?40 ,aga91 we ?9k ! long] reckon+ meets ! requirem5ts ( ! passage1 & is consi/5t ) ! hi/orical ev5ts (f]$ 9 explanation4 ,dur+ all ! d>k p]iod ( ,papal rule1 !re has be5 a compet5t numb] ( witnesses te/ify+ 9 fav\r ( ! tru?4 ,! read] w f9d ample details 9 ! exposition )94 ,let u turn n[ to ! exposition (f]$ by ! great *ief ( ! ,lit]al-day !ori/s4 ,8 !ory requires him to f9d ! witnesses 9 ,j]usalem imm$iately previ\s to its fall4 ,b :]e ! witnesses 9 ,j]usalem prophesy+ dur+ ?ree & a half lit]al ye>s8 ,hi/ory is q sil5t 9 reg>d to any su* p>ties2 nay m1 ! acc\nts :i* we h ( ! p]iod r5d] x exce$+ly improbable t any su* p>ties c\ld h exi/$ 9 ,j]usalem at t "t4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 w>n$ by _! ,ma/]1 _h fl$ to ,pella1 & !reby escap$ ! calamity 9 :i* _! unbeliev+ c\ntrym5 7 ov]:elm$4 ,yet1 9 ! abs5ce ( hi/ory1 & 9 spite ( hi/ory1 suppositions are made to /& 9 its place4 ,we are told t "s ( ! fai?ful & zeal\s tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld c]ta9ly rema9 9 spite ( _! ,"l's w>n+4 ,^!1 x is suppos$ next1 w\ld be sla9 by ! ,zealots1 :o w\ld1 not)/&+1 be unable to de/roy ,*ri/ianity4 ,! tru? %\ld ev] h a resurrection4 ,we (f] no fur!r rem>k on ?is1 ?an t if pure imag9ations are to be alleg$1 :]e hi/ory fails1 !re c be no difficulty 9 meet+ ! requirem5ts ( any !ory1 inasmu* z inv5tions are mu* m 8facile0 ?an facts4 ,b ! exposure ( ! dead bodies ( ! witnesses is suppos$ to be p]fectly fatal to ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple 9 ?is passage4 8,:at n[10 x is ask$1 8if we %\ld insi/ on int]pret+ ?is 7! ?ree days & a half ( exposure7 z mean+ ?ree & a half ye>s8 ,x w\ld br+ out an absurdity2 = a s+le mon? 9 ! climate ( ,pale/9e w\ld 9 "o way or ano!r de/roy any dead body1 n to speak ( its be+ dev\r$40 ,d\btless ?is is an absurdity2 b x is an absurdity obta9$ xxvii by subject+ a symbolical passage to a v s+ul> process1 9 :i* "o "p ( ! symbol is expla9$1 & !n read along ) ! unexpla9$ "p4 ,b expla9 bo? p>ts ( ! passage1 ! ly+ expos$1 z well z ! days1 & !n we h no incongru\s s5se1 b an intimation1 t = ?ree & a half ye>s ! witnesses %\ld be sil5c$1 & be treat$ ) great indignity1 z if unwor?y ( ,*ri/ian burial4 ,or if ! "q be reg>d+ symbolical propriety1 let ! symbolical repres5tation /& z x isbo? p>ts unexpla9$2 & :at inconsi/5cy is !re 9 suppos+ dead bodies expos$ = ?ree & a half days 9 ! climate ( ,pale/9e8 ,if we *oose to proce$ on a pr9ciple l ?is1 we may make z _m absurdities z !re are passages 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,next 9 ord]1 we h ! times ( ! woman 9 ! wild]ness1#ej ! ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days1 or "t1 times1 & half a "t1 dur+ :i* %e 0 protect$ & n\ri%$ by ,god4 ,once m we ref] to ! au?or's exposition ( ?is passage = a def5ce ( ! ,prote/ant int]pretation1 :i* expla9s x ( ! pres]vation ( ! *ur* 9 a /ate ( comp>ative obscurity dur+ ! long p]iod ( ,papal oppression4 ,b on ! pr9ciple ( lit]al days1 t is1 8if ! p]iod ( ! woman's soj\rn be only ?ree ye>s & six mon?s1 ! prep>ation mu/ be ei!r q disproportionate to ! ev5t1 or ! /eps ( ! prep>ation w be cr[d$ into ! n>r[e/ compass4 ,! spiritual deliv]ance1 ! dejection ( ,satan1 ! r5ew$ p]secution1 ! protection1 ! flood1 its absorption by ! fri5dly e>?1 & ! p]sev]+ rage ( ! dragon1 w all be cru%$ into ! space ( two or ?ree ye>s4 ,surely no?+ b ! mo/ di/9ct revelation c\ld make u receive su* an exposition ( ! true ref]5ce ( s glori\s a prophecy40#ea ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to conceive t a prophecy ( ?is nature %\ld f9d its fulfilm5t 9 any ?ree & a half ye>s ( ! *ur*'s hi/ory2 & our difficulties c]ta9ly are n dim9i%$1 :5 we come to consid] ! special int]pretations t are con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,we are told t ! woman is ! ,jewi% ,!ocratic *ur*4 ,b t *ur* nev] dwelt #abfj days 9 ! wild]ness1 nor c any hi/orical ev5t be alleg$ 9 illu/ration ( su* a view t does n be> its refutation on ! face ( x4 ,! ,*ri/ians :o fl$ to ,pella1 w ! read] believe x1 are1 = ! sake ( a !ory1 made to /& = ! *ur*1 symboliz$ by ! woman2 & _! protection1 dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! ,jewi% w>1 is ! woman's wild]ness soj\rn4 ,! flight is ! flight ( ! woman1 or ,jewi% ,!ocratic *ur*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,b ! ,jewi% *ur*1 to answ] ! necessities ( ! case1 is at once trans=m$ into ! ,*ri/ian2 & f9ally1 a comp>atively small body ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem is elevat$ into ! dignity ( ! *ur*1 to ! exclusion ( ! num]\s societies ( ,*ri/ians exi/+ else:]e4 ,^! are ! assumptions set =? 9 antagonism to ! ,prote/ant view2 set =?1 too1 n z mode/ guesses1 b z c]ta9 v]ities1 to reject :i*1 br+s d[n on u ! *>ge ( ignorance ( hi/ory1 & ( exegetical sci5ce4 ,our limits =bid u to speak ( ! =ty-two mon?s ( ! bea/1#eb or ( ! p]iods 9 ,daniel4 ,( ! bea/1 x is manife/1 t x is a p[] ( no brief duration2 b "o :i*1 exi/+ ?r\gh a long previ\s p]iod1 appe>s aga9 at ! great f9al battle imm$iately previ\s to ! mill5nium1 & is !n de/roy$4 ,great c>e is tak51 9 ! *apt] :i* describes xxviii ! clos+ /ruggle1 to id5tify ! bea/ :i* 0 !n sla9 ) t :i* _h previ\sly appe>$ on ! /age4#ec ,z to ! view :i* expla9s ! bea/ ( ,n]o1 & ! times ( ! ?ree & a half ye>s ( 8 p]secution1 x is c]ta9ly en\gh to obs]ve1 t x requires ! aid ( a hea!n h>iolation to make x out1 & may1 !re=e1 be dismiss$ )\t argum5t4 ,( ! p]iods 9 ,daniel1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! sev5? & twelf? *apt]s1#ed we c only say t ! mode ( au?oritatively ass]t+ t ! ref]5ce is to ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & !n ridicul+ ! idea ( any "o man liv+ ?r\gh #abfj ye>s1#ee is a mode :i* mu/ be ab&on$ by su* z w\ld secure a fav\rable reception = _! views4 ,we believe ! sublime pr$ictions ( ,daniel & ,john are occupi$ ) f> high] subjectssubjects ( inf9itely m conc]n to ! *ur* & ! _w ?an ! hi/ory ( ! two tyrants1 ,antio*us & ,n]o4 ,we _h int5d$ to consid] "s ( ! curr5t objections aga9/ ! ,ye>-day !ory1 p>ticul>ly t f\nd$ on its alleg$ novelty8,! spiritual common s5se ( ! *ur*10 accord+ to ,dr4 ,maitl&1 8be+ set 9 array aga9/ x1 f ! days ( ,daniel to ^? ( ,wickliffe40 ,mr4 ,elliott has ?or\ghly exam9$ ?is position2 & ! conclusion to :i* he comes1 aft] a mo/ pa9/ak+ inquiry1 is8,t f ! "t ( ,cyprian1 ne> ! middle ( ! #c;d c5tury1 ev5 to ! "t ( ,joa*im & ! ,wald5ses1 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 !re 0 kept up1 by a succession ( expositors1 a recognition ( ! precise ,ye>-day pr9ciple40 ,we h c>efully exam9$ ! gr\nds ( ?is op9ion1 & comp>$ !m ) c]ta9 rec5t & able adv]se criticisms1 )\t hav+ _h our conviction %ak5 t1 9 ! ma91 x is correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,ephesus1 ,f ! ,!atre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ca/le ,,& ,,port ,,( ,,smyrna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,john1 ,,p]gamos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?yatira4 ,illu/ration3 ,,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s>dis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petrifi$ ,,cascades ,,at ,,heirapolis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ru9s ,,( ,,laodicea4 xxix ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,revelation ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,i4,! ,writ] ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! "q :o 0 ! au?or ( ?is book4 ,to ent] into an ext5d$ inve/igation ( ?is w\ld greatly exce$ ! limits :i* ,i h1 & w\ld n comport ) my design 9 ^! ,notes4 ,= a full exam9ation ( ! "q ,i mu/ ref] to o!rs1 & w\ld m5tion p>ticul>ly1 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 ,com4 i4 #bhcdbg2 ,l>dn]1 ,works1 vi4 #cahcbg2 ,hug1 ,intro4 to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pp4 #fejfgc1 ,&ov]1 #ahcf2 ,mi*aelis1 ,intro4 to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 iv4 #degedd2 & ! article 8,revelation10 9 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature4 ,i propose to exhibit1 briefly1 ! evid5ce t ! apo/le ,john 0 ! au?or1 accord+ to ! op9ion :i* has be5 commonly ent]ta9$ 9 ! *ur*2 ! pro( ( :i* seems to me to be satisfactory4 ,?is may be consid]$ "u ^! divisions3 ! direct hi/orical evid5ce1 & ! insuffici5cy ( ! reason = d\bt+ x4 ,i4 ,! direct hi/orical evid5ce4 ,! sum ( all t is to be said on ?is po9t is1 t to ! latt] half ( ! ?ird c5tury x 0 n d\bt$ t ! apo/le ,john 0 ! au?or4 ,:y x 0 ev] aft]w>ds d\bt$1 & :at is ! =ce & value ( ! d\bt1 w be consid]$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is ,introduction4 ,!re may be "s conv5i5ce 9 divid+ ! e>ly hi/orical te/imony into ?ree p]iods ( half a c5tury ea*1 ext5d+ f ! dea? ( ,john1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ih1 to ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 #a4 ,f ! dea? ( ,john1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ih to ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,?is p]iod embraces ! la/ ( ^? m5 :o conv]s$1 or :o might h conv]s$1 ) ! apo/les2 t is1 :o 71 = a "p ( _! lives1 ! contempor>ies ( ,john4 ,! te/imony ( ! writ]s :o liv$ !n w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be v important4 ,^? embrac$ 9 ?is p]iod are ,h]mas1 ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 & ,papias4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is p]iod is n inde$ v direct1 b x is su* z x w\ld be on ! supposition t ,john 0 ! au?or1 & !re is no?+ contradictory to t supposition4 ,,h]mas1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4;,9 ! ,%eph]d or ,pa/or1 ascrib$ to ?is writ]1 !re are sev]al allusions :i* are suppos$ to ref] to ?is book1 & :i* resemble x s mu* z to make x probable t ! au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,dr4 ,l>dn] ?us expresses ! result ( 8 exam9ation ( ?is po9t3 8,x is probable t ,h]mas _h read ! book ( ,revelation1 & imitat$ x4 ,he has _m ?+s resembl+ x0 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #figb74 ,!re is no direct te/imony1 h[ev]1 9 ?is writ] t is ( importance4 ,,ignatius4,he 0 bi%op ( ,antio*1 & fl\ri%$ ,a4,d4 #gjajg4 ,9 ! latt] ye> he suff]$ m>tyrdom1 9 ! "t ( ,trajan4 ,little1 h[ev]1 c xxx be d]iv$ f him 9 reg>d to ! ,apocalypse4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,john1 & x is n a little rem>kable t he has n m directly allud$ to him4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a =c$ & hurri$ j\rney to ,rome1 ! sc5e ( 8 m>tyrdom1 he wrote sev]al epi/les to ! ,ephesians1 ,magnesians1 ,trallians1 ,romans1 ,philadelphians1 ,smyrneans1 & to ,polyc>p4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy respect+ ! au!nticity ( ^! epi/les1 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t ^? :i* we n[ possess h be5 greatly corrupt$4 ,!re is no direct m5tion ( ! ,apocalypse 9 ^! epi/les1 & ,mi*aelis makes ?is "o ( ! /rong gr\nds ( 8 disbelief ( its g5u95ess4 ,8 argum5t is1 t ! sil5ce ( ,ignatius %[s1 ei!r t he did n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is book1 or did n recognize x z a "p ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,little1 h[ev]1 c be ev] inf]r$ f ! m]e sil5ce ( an au?or2 = !re may h be5 _m reasons :y1 ?\gh ! book may h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & recogniz$ z ! writ+ ( ,john1 ,ignatius did n ref] to x4 ,! :ole matt] ( ! resid5ce ( ,john at ,ephesus1 ( 8 bani%m5t to ,patmos1 & ( 8 dea?1 is unnotic$ by him4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two or ?ree allusions 9 ! epi/les ( ,ignatius :i* h be5 suppos$ to ref] to ! ,apocalypse1 or to prove t he 0 famili> ) t "w?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! language is s g5]al1 t x furni%es no c]ta9 pro( t he design$ to quote x4 ,!y are ^!3 ,epis4 to ! ,romans8,9 ! pati5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 comp4 ,rev4 i4 #i2 & ,epis4 to ! ,ephesians8,/ones ( ! temple ( ! ,fa!r prep>$ = ! build+ ( ,god10 comp4 ,rev4 xxi4 #bai4 ,to ^! ,mr4 ,john ,colly] ,knight1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 a rec5t publication 7,two ,new ,argum5ts 9 ,v9dication ( ! ,g5u95ess & ,au!nticity ( ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 ,london1 #ahdb71 has add$ a ?ird3 ,epis4 to ! ,philadelphians8,if !y d n speak conc]n+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y are b sepul*ral pill>s1 & ^u !m are writt5 only ! names ( m540 ,comp4 ,rev4 iii4 #ab1 8,him t ov]come? w ,i make a pill> 9 ! temple ( my ,god2 & he %all g no m out3 & ,i w write ^u him ! "n ( my ,god40 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ?is co9cid5ce ( language does n furni% any c]ta9 pro( t ,ignatius _h se5 ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh ?is is su* language z he might h us$ if he _h se5 x4 ,!re 0 no kn[n necessity1 h[ev]1 = 8 ref]r+ to ?is book if he 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 & no?+ c be inf]r$ f 8 sil5ce4 ,,polyc>p4,he 0 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom1 ?\gh at :at "t is n c]ta94 ,! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale names ,a4,d4 #afc2 ,eusebius1 #afg2 ,u%]1 #afi2 & ,pe>son1 #adh4 ,he di$ at ! age ( eighty-six1 & consequ5tly 0 contempor>y ) ,john1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ih4 ,!re is b "o relic ( 8 writ+s extant8 epi/le to ! ,philippians4 ,!re is 9 ,eusebius 7iv4 #ae71 an epi/le f ! *ur* 9 ,smyrna to ! *ur*es 9 ,pontus1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 ,x is admitt$ t 9 nei!r ( ^! is !re any express m5tion1 or any c]ta9 allusion1 to ! book ( ,revelation4 ,b f ?is circum/ance no?+ c be inf]r$ respect+ ! ,apocalypse1 ei!r = or aga9/ x1 s9ce !re may h be5 no occasion = ,polyc>p or 8 fri5ds1 9 ! writ+s n[ extant1 to speak ( ?is book2 & f _! sil5ce no?+ m %\ld be inf]r$ aga9/ ?is book ?an aga9/ ! epi/les ( ,paul1 or ! ,gospel by ,john4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 :at may1 )\t impropriety1 be reg>d$ z an important te/imony ( ,polyc>p 9 reg>d to ?is book4 ,polyc>p 01 z !re is e reason to xxxi suppose1 ! p]sonal fri5d ( ,john1 & ,ir5u 0 ! p]sonal fri5d ( ,polyc>p 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #idif74 ,n[ ,ir5u1 z we %all see1 on all occasions1 & 9 ! mo/ positive mann]1 gives 8 cle> te/imony t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john4 ,x is impossible to suppose t he w\ld d ?is if ,polyc>p _h n believ$ x to be true2 & c]ta9ly he w\ld n h be5 likely to hold ?is op9ion if "o :o 0 8 own fri5d1 & ! fri5d ( ,john1 _h d\bt$ or d5i$ x4 ,?is is n inde$ absolute pro(1 b x furni%es /rong presumptive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t ! book ( ,revelation 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ,polyc>p1 & 8 te/imony to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 may be se5 9 ,l>dn]1 ii4 #idaad4 ,,papias4,papias 0 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 ne> ,colosse1 & fl\ri%$1 accord+ to ,cave1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj2 accord+ to o!rs1 ab\t ! ye> #aae or #aaf4 ,h[ long he liv$ is unc]ta94 ,ir5u ass]ts t he 0 ! intimate fri5d( ,polyc>p1 & ?is is also admitt$ by ,eusebius 7,ecc4 ,hi/4 iii4 #ci74 ,he 0 ! contempor>y ( ,john1 & 0 probably acqua9t$ ) him4 ,eusebius expressly says t he 0 8a he>] ( ,john0 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #aag74 ,( 8 writ+s !re rema9 only a few fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 by ,j]ome1 & 9 ! ,comm5t>y ( ,&rew1 bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 9 ,cappadocia4 ,he 0 a w>m def5d] ( ! ,mill5n>ian doctr9es4 ,9 8 writ+s pres]v$ to u 7see ,l>dn]1 ii4 #abjabe71 !re is no express m5tion ( ! ,apocalypse1 or direct ref]5ce to x2 b ! comm5tator ,&rew ( ,cs>ea reckons him among ! explicit witnesses 9 its fav\r4 ,9 ! ,preface to 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 ,&rew says1 8,9 reg>d n[ to ! inspiration ( ! book1 we ?9k x sup]flu\s to ext5d our disc\rse1 inasmu* z ! bless$ ,gregory1 & ,cyril1 & moreov] ! anci5t writ]s ,papias1 ,ir5u1 ,me?odius1 & ,hippolytus be> te/imony to its cr$ibility40 ,see ! passage 9 ,hug1 ,intro4 p4 #feb2 & ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cje4 ,& 9 ne>ly ! same words does ,are?as1 ! successor ( ,&rew1 be> ! l te/imony4 ,! evid5ce1 !re=e1 9 ?is case is ! same z 9 ! case ( ,polyc>p1 & x _c be suppos$ t ,papias w\ld h be5 ?us ref]r$ to unless x 0 uni=mly und]/ood t he reg>d$ ! book z ! production ( ! apo/le ,john4 ,^! are all ! te/imonies t prop]ly belong to ! fir/ half c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,john1 & ?\gh n absolutely positive & conclusive 9 !mselves1 yet ! foll[+ po9ts may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$37a7 ,! book 0 kn[n2 7b7 s f> z ! te/imony goes1 x is 9 fav\r ( its hav+ be5 compos$ by ,john2 7c7 ! fact t he 0 ! au?or is n call$ 9 "q or d\bt$2 7d7 x 0 g5]ally ascrib$ to him2 7e7 x 0 probably ! f\ndation ( ! ,mill5n>ian views ent]ta9$ by ,papiast is1 x is easi] to acc\nt = 8 hold+ ^! views by suppos+ t ! book 0 kn[n1 & t he f\nd$ !m on ?is book1 ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,see ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cjd4 #b4 ,! second half c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,john1 f ,a4,d4 #aej to ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,?is w include ! names ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! ,n>rator ( ! ,m>tyrs ( ,lyons1 ,ir5u1 ,melito1 ,!ophilus1 ,apollonius1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian4 ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr4,he 0 a ,*ri/ian philosoph]1 born at ,flavia ,neapolis1 anci5tly call$ ,si*em1 a city ( ,sam>ia1 x is suppos$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajc2 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity ab\t ,a4,d4 #acc1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t xxxii ,a4,d4 #afe 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #abeadj74 ,he 0 p>tly contempor>y ) ,polyc>p & ,papias4 ,he travell$ 9 ,egypt1 ,italy1 & ,asia ,m9or1 & resid$ "s "t at ,ephesus4 ,he 0 end[$ ) a bold & inquir+ m9d1 & 0 a man em95t = integrity & virtue4 ,tatian calls him an 8admirable man40 ,me?odius says1 t he 0 a man 8n f> remov$ f ! apo/les 9 "t or 9 virtue40 ,photius says1 t he 0 8well acqua9t$ ) ! ,*ri/ian philosophy1 & especially ) ! hea!n2 ri* 9 ! k ( hi/ory1 & all o!r p>ts ( le>n+0 7,l>dn]74 ,he 01 !re=e1 well qualifi$ to asc]ta9 ! tru? ab\t ! orig9 ( ! book ( ,revelation1 & 8 te/imony mu/ be ( great value4 ,he 0 an advocate ( ! doctr9e ( ,*iliasmor1 ! doctr9e t ,*ri/ w\ld reign a ?\s& ye>s on ! e>?& 9 def5ce ( ?is he uses ! foll[+ language3 8,& a man f among u1 by "n ,john1 "o ( ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/1 9 a ,revelation made to him has prophesi$ t ! believ]s 9 "o ,*ri/ %all live a ?\s& ye>s 9 ,j]usalem2 & aft] t %all be ! g5]al1 &1 9 a ^w1 ! et]nal resurrection & judgm5t ( all m5 toge!r40 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t !re is an allusion "h to ! book ( ,revelation= ! v "n ,revelationis us$2 t ,ju/9 believ$ t x 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john2 & t !re is express ref]5ce to :at is n[ *ap4 xx4 ( t book4 ,! book 01 !re=e1 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9t is1 9 ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,john2 0 believ$ to be ! "w ( ! apo/le ,john2 0 quot$ z su*1 & by "o :o _h liv$ 9 ! v region :]e ,john liv$1 & by a man ^: "* is unimpea*$1 & :o1 9 a po9t l ?is1 c\ld n h be5 mi/ak54 ,! te/imony ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 !re=e1 is v important4 ,x is positive2 x is giv5 :]e !re 0 e opportunity = kn[+ ! tru?1 & :]e !re 0 no motive = a false te/imony2 & x is ! te/imony ( "o ^: "* = tru?fulness is unimpea*$4 ,,! ,,n>rative ,,( ,,! ,,m>tyrs ,,( ,,vi5ne ,,& ,,lyons4,l>dn]1 ii4 #afjafe4 ,9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,anton9us1 ,*ri/ians suff]$ mu* f p]secution4 ,?is p]secution 0 p>ticul>ly viol5t at ,lyons1 & ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t4 ,! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne s5t an acc\nt ( _! suff]+s1 9 an epi/le1 to ! *ur*es ( ,asia & ,phrygia4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,l>dn]1 0 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agg4 ,! epi/le has be5 pres]v$ by ,eusebius4 ,9 ?is epi/le1 among o!r und\bt$ allusions to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! foll[+ occurs4 ,speak+ ( ,vettius ,epiga?us1 !y say8,= he 0 inde$ a g5u9e disciple ( ,*ri/1 foll[+ ! ,lamb :i!rsoev] he goes40 ,comp4 ,rev4 xiv4 #b3 8,^! are !y :i* foll[ ! ,lamb :i!rsoev] he goe?40 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is passage 9 ,revelation 0 ref]r$ to2 & x proves t ! book 0 !n kn[n1 & t ! writ]s 7 accu/om$ to reg>d x z on a level ) ! o!r sacr$ writ+s4 ,,ir5,,u4,! te/imony ( ?is fa!r has already be5 ref]r$ to :5 speak+ ( ,polyc>p4 ,he 0 bi%op ( ,lyons1 9 ,gaul4 ,8 c\ntry is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 b ,l>dn] supposes t he 0 a ,greek1 &1 f 8 e>ly acqua9tance ) ,polyc>p1 t he 0 f ,asia4 ,:5 a y\?1 he 0 a he>] ( ,polyc>p1 & also a disciple ( ,papias4 ,he 0 born ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 & x is commonly suppos$ t he suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 extreme old age4 ,he became bi%op ( ,lyons aft] xxxiii he 0 sev5ty ye>s ( age1 & wrote 8 pr9cipal "w1 ,contra ,hreses1 aft] ?is4 ,8 te/imony is p>ticul>ly valuable1 z he 0 9 e>ly life acqua9t$ ) ,polyc>p1 :o 0 a contempor>y & fri5d ( ! apo/le ,john 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #afeaib74 ,( 8 ref]5ce to ! book ( ,revelation1 ,l>dn] says3 8,! ,apocalypse1 or ,revelation1 is (t5 quot$ by him z ! ,revelation ( ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l40 ,9 "o place he says3 8,x 0 se5 no long "t ago1 b almo/ 9 our age1 at ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian40 ,& aga91 he spoke ( ! exact & anci5t copies ( ! book1 z if x 0 important to asc]ta9 ! true read+1 & z if x 7 !n possible to d ?is4 ,?us ,eusebius 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #afg7 says ( him3 8,9 8 fif? book he ?us disc\rses ( ! ,revelation ( ,john1 & ! computation ( ! "n ( ,anti*ri/3 #8,^! ?+s be+ ?us1 & ?is numb] be+ 9 all ! exact & anci5t copies1 & !y :o saw ,john atte/+ to ! same ?+s1 & reason tea*+ u t ! numb] ( ! "n ( ! bea/1 accord+ to ! acceptation ( ! ,greeks1 is express$ by ! lett]s conta9$ 9 x4'0 ,"h is an und\bt$ ref]5ce to ,revelation xiii4 #ah4 ,?is evid5ce is cle> & positive4 ,its value consi/s 9 ^! ?+s3 7a7 ,t he 0 famili> ) "o :o 0 ! fri5d ( ,john2 7b7 t he mu/ h kn[n 8 views on ! subject2 7c7 t he mu/ h be5 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! common op9ion on ! subject ( ! au?or%ip ( ! book2 7d7 t a spuri\s "w c\ld n h be5 palm$ ^u ! _w z ! production ( ,john2 7e7 t he be>s unequivocal te/imony to ! fact t x 0 writt5 by ,john2 7f7 & t he speaks ( ! 8mo/ exact0 copies be+ !n 9 exi/5ce1 & te/ifi$ to by ^? :o _h se5 ,john himself4 ,,melito4,l>dn]1 ii4 #aegafj4 ,he 0 bi%op ( ,s>dis1 "o ( ! *ur*es to :i* ! book ( ,revelation 0 direct$4 ,he is suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,he 0 a man greatly di/+ui%$ = le>n+ & piety1 & ,j]ome says t ,*ri/ians 7 accu/om$ to "n him a prophet4 ,he 01 moreov]1 rem>kably inquisitive respect+ ! sacr$ books2 &1 at ! reque/ ( ,onesimus1 he made extracts f ! ,scriptures respect+ ! ,messianic prophecies1 & also a complete li/ ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* is /ill extant 9 ,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/4 iv4 #bf4 ,he wrote a ,treatise or ,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,dr4 ,l>dn] says ( ?is1 8,:at x conta9$ we are n in=m$4 ,i w say x 0 a comm5t>y on t book4 ,x is pla9 he ascrib$ t book to ,john1 & v likely to ,john ! apo/le4 ,i ?9k x v probable he e/eem$ x a book ( canonical au?ority40 ,hug says 7p4 #fec71 8,melito himself calls x ! ,apocalypse ( ,john40 ,ev5 ,mi*aelis 7,intro4 to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 iv4 #dff7 reckons ,melito among ! witnesses 9 fav\r ( ! book4 ,! value ( ?is te/imony is ?is3 7a7 ,melito 0 bi%op ( "o ( ! *ur*es to :i* ! ,apocalypse 0 direct$2 7b7 he liv$ ne> ! "t ( ,john2 7c7 he 0 a dilig5t /ud5t on ?is v subject2 7d7 he _h e opportunity ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? on ! subject2 7e7 he reg>d$ x z ! "w ( ! apo/le ,john2 7f7 & he wrote a treatise or comm5t>y on x z an inspir$ book4 ,x is n easy to conceive ( /rong] te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! book4 ,,!ophilus4,l>dn]1 ii4 #bjcbae4 ,he 0 bi%op ( ,antio*1 & fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #afiahj4 ,he wrote a "w aga9/ ! 8h]esy0 ( ,h]mog5es1 ref]r$ to by ,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/4 iv4 #bd4 ,9 t "w he expressly speaks ( ! ,apocalypse z ! production ( ,john2 & ,l>dn] xxxiv says ( 8 te/imony1 8,t ! book ( ,revelation 0 own$ by him is und\bt$ f ,eusebius4 ,eusebius has assur$ u t ,!ophilus1 9 8 book aga9/ ,h]mog5es1 br\ght te/imonies f ! ,apocalypse ( ,john10 pp4 #bad1 #bae4 ,! value ( ?is te/imony is1 t ,!ophilus d\btless express$ ! curr5t op9ion ( 8 "t1 & t he _h ample opportunity = asc]ta9+ ! tru?4 ,!re is also a passage 9 ! writ+s ( ,!ophilus :i* seems to be a direct allusion to ! book ( ,revelation3 8,?is ,eve1 because %e 0 deceiv$ by ! s]p5t! evil demon1 :o is also call$ ,satan1 :o ?us spoke to h] by ! s]p5tdoes n cease to accuse2 ?is demon is also call$ ! dragon40 ,comp4 ,rev4 xii4 #i4 ,,apollonius4,l>dn]1 ii4 #ciacic4 ,he fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aib4 ,eusebius says ( him1 8,he makes use ( te/imonies out ( ! ,revelation ( ,john40 ,! value ( ?is te/imony is1 7a7 t he quotes ! book z ( au?ority2 & 7b7 t he ascribes x to ,john1 evid5tly mean+ ! apo/le ,john4 ,,clem5t ,,( ,,alex&ria4,l>dn]1 ii4 #bbbbei4 ,he fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aibbbj4 ,_m ( 8 writ+s are extant4 ,l>dn] 7p4 #bde7 says ( him1 8,! book ( ,revelation is sev]al times quot$ by him1 & once 9 ?is mann]3 #8,su* an "o1 ?\gh "h on e>? he be n hon\r$ ) ! fir/ seat1 %all sit ^u ! f\r & tw5ty ?rones judg+ ! p1 z ,john says 9 ! ,revelation4'0 ,comp4 ,rev4 iv4 #d2 xi4 #af4 ,l>dn] adds1 8,& t he suppos$ ?is writ] to be ,john ! apo/le appe>s f ano!r place1 :]e he ref]s to ,rev4 xxi4 #ba1 z ! words ( ! apo/le40 ,pr(essor ,/u>t says 7i4 #cag71 8,!re is no good gr\nd = d\bt1 f any?+ :i* is f\nd 9 ! "w1 t he receiv$ & admitt$ ! ,apocalypse z a "w ( ,john ! apo/le40 ,! kn[n "* ( ,clem5t makes ?is te/imony ( great value4 ,,t]tullian4,he 0 ! contempor>y ( ,clem5t1 & 0 ! mo/ anci5t1 & "o ( ! mo/ le>n$1 ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #bfgcjf74 ,he 0 born at ,c>?age ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj4 ,he 0 re>$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 ( philosophy & ! ,roman law1 & possess$ ext5sive in=mation4 8,8 te/imony to ! ,apocalypse is mo/ full & ample4 ,he quotes1 or ref]s to x 9 m ?an sev5ty passages 9 8 writ+s1 appeal+ to x expressly z ! "w ( ! apo/le ,john0 7,elliott1 i4 #bg74 8,! decl>ations ( ,t]tullian are s frequ5t & pla91 t no d\bt c possibly rema9 z to 8 belief0 7,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cah74 8,! ,revelation ( ,john is (t5 quot$4 ,i put toge!r two or ?ree passages1 :i* %[ 8 full p]suasion t x 0 writt5 by ! apo/le & evangeli/ ( t "n0 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #bie74 ,"o ( ! passages ref]r$ to by ,l>dn] is ! foll[+3 8,! apo/le ,john1 9 ! ,apocalypse1 describes a %>p two-edg$ sword com+ out ( ! m\? ( ,god40 ,ano!r is1 8,?\gh ,m>cion rejects 8 revelation1 ! succession ( bi%ops trac$ to ! orig9al w assure u t ,john is ! au?or40 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ,t]tullian reg>d$ ! apo/le ,john z ! au?or ( ! book ( ,revelation2 & 8 confid5t ass]tion may be consid]$ z expressive ( ! prevail+ op9ion ( 8 "t4 ,?us f>1 to ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ! te/imony ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 z f> z we n[ h x1 0 uni=m & unbrok52 & s f> z hi/orical te/imony is conc]n$1 ?is %\ld be p]mitt$ to decide ! xxxv "q4 ,m>cion1 inde$1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,polyc>p1 & :om ,polyc>p call$ 8! fir/-born ( ,satan0 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #ie71 reject$ ! book ( ,revelation 7see ! decl>ation ( ,t]tullian 9 ,l>dn]1 ii4 #bge72 b x is also to be rememb]$ t he reject$ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! acc\nt ( ! g5ealogy & baptism ( ! ,savi\r1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/les to ,timo?y1 ,titus1 ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les 7,l>dn]1 vi4 #adbaea1 #cdgcej2 viii4 #dhieac74 ,besides ! op9ion ( ,m>cion1 ! te/imony 0 uni=m1 ) ! exception ( ! h]etical sect ( ! ,alogi1 if !re 0 any su* sect1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to h aris5 9 ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury1 :o d]iv$ _! "n f _! antipa?y to ! "n ( ,logos1 & :o on ?is acc\nt d5i$ bo? ! ,gospel ( ,john & ! book ( ,revelation4 ,see ,l>dn]1 iv4 #aij1 #aia2 viii4 #fbg1 #fbh4 ,l>dn]1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9s t !re nev] 0 any su* sect 7viii4 #fbh74 #c4 ,! ?ird half c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,john1 ,a4,d4 #bjjbej4 ,among ! names embrac$ 9 ?is p]iod are ^? ( ,hippolytus1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj2 ,nepos1 an ,egyptian bi%op2 ! well-kn[n ,orig51 ! mo/ acute critic ( all ! e>ly fa!rs1 & :o devot$ 8 life to ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures2 ,cyprian1 bi%op ( ,c>?age1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bdf2 & ,me?odius1 bi%op ( ,olympia 9 ,lycia4 ,all ^!1 )\t exception1 h left a cle> & decid$ expression ( _! belief t ! apo/le ,john 0 ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,see t te/imony at l5g? 9 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cbacbf4 ,x is unnecess>y to pursue ! hi/orical evid5ce fur!r4 ,if ! te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! "w is unbrok5 & cle> = an hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 ! te/imony ( ^? :o liv$ subsequ5t to t p]iod w\ld add little to its /r5g?4 ,to ! names already m5tion$1 h[ev]1 !re might be add$ ^? ( ,epiphanius1 ,basil1 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 ,ephrem ! ,syrian1 ,ambrose1 ,j]ome1 ,augu/9e1 ,hil>y ( ,poicti]s1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,*ryso/om1 & _m o!rs4 ,su* is ! ext]nal positive te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t ! book ( ,revelation 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john4 ,to ?is might be add$ c]ta9 int]nal m>ks1 or c]ta9 facts 9 ! life ( ,john :i* accord ) ?is supposition1 & seem to confirm x4 ,!y are su* t if !y did n exi/ !re might be "s room = plausible d\bt1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t1 9 !mselves1 !y d n am\nt to positive pro( ( any consid]able /r5g? t he 0 ! au?or4 ,!re is n room to dwell ^u !m1 & !y c only be briefly ref]r$ to4 ,!y are su* z ^!37#a7 ,t ! au?or calls himself ,john1 evid5tly ) ! design ( repres5t+ himself z ! apo/le ( t "n2 = 7a7 8 suppos$ relation to ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or is su* z ! relation ( ! apo/le ,john 01 & 7b7 ! "n ,john1 unless !re 0 some?+ to qualify x1 w\ld be naturally und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! apo/le ( t "n4 7#b7 ,! fact t ,john liv$ at ,ephesus1 & 0 well kn[n to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or4 7#c7 ,! fact t he liv$ to extreme old ageto ! "t :5 ! book 0 suppos$ to h be5 writt54 ,see ,,ii4 7#d7 ,! fact t !re 0 a p]secution 9 ! "t ( ,domitian1 :5 ?is book is suppos$ to h be5 writt52 & 7#e7 :at might be d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( ?is book ) ! ackn[l$g$ writ+s ( ,john4 ,,ii4 ,to confirm ! argum5t1 x is necess>y to %[ ! insuffici5cy ( ! reasons = d\bt+ t ,john 0 ! au?or4 ,?is po9t may be consid]$ xxxvi "u two heads! alleg$ gr\nds = d\bt+ t x 0 writt5 by ,john by ! anci5ts2 & ! reasons alleg$ by ! mod]ns4 7#a7 ,! anci5ts4 7a7 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t x 0 reject$ by ,caius1 a presbyt] at ,rome4 ,he fl\ri%$1 accord+ to ,cave1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #baj4 ,see ,l>dn]1 ii4 #ciddaj4 ,!re is a s+le passage 9 8 writ+s1 f :i* x has be5 inf]r$ t he design$ to reject ! ,apocalypse4 ,?is is 9 ! foll[+ words8,& ,c]9?us also1 :o by 8 revelations1 z if writt5 by "s great apo/le1 imposes ^u u mon/r\s relations ( ?+s ( 8 own inv5tion1 z %[n him by an angel1 says1 #8t aft] ! resurrection !re %all be a t]re/rial k+dom ( ,*ri/1 & t m5 %all live aga9 9 ,j]usalem1 subject to s5sual desires & pleasures4 ,& be+ an enemy to ! div9e ,scriptures1 & desir\s to s$uce mank9d1 he says !re w be a t]m ( a ?\s& ye>s sp5t 9 nuptial ent]ta9m5ts'0 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #djj1 #dja74 ,! :ole =ce ( ?is dep5ds on ! supposition t ,caius meant to ref] to ,rev4 xx4 #df4 ,b 9 reg>d to ?is ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made37a7 ,caius 0 /rongly oppos$ to ,c]9?us1 & to 8 views2 7b7 he 0 oppos$ to ! prevail+ doctr9e ( ,*iliasm1 or ! doctr9e ( ! mill5nium1 z !n ext5sively heldt ,*ri/ w\ld reign p]sonally on ! e>? ) 8 sa9ts = a ?\s& ye>s2 7c7 x may be possible t ,c]9?us may h =g$ a "w pret5d+ to be ( apo/olic orig91 9 :i* ^! doctr9es 7 affirm$2 7d7 x is possible t ! book ( ,revelation1 z left by ,john1 may h be5 int]polat$ & corrupt$ by ,caius ?us4 ,"s "o ( ^! suppositions is m probable ?an ! supposition t ,caius meant to reject ! book ( ,revelation2 =1 #a4 ,! views ref]r$ to by ,caius1 z held by ,c]9?us1 are n ! views :i* are f\nd 9 ,rev4 xx4 ,he spoke ( a 8t]re/rial k+dom ( ,*ri/20 says t 8m5 w\ld aga9 live 9 ,j]usalem20 t !y 8w\ld be subject to s5sual pleasures20 & t ! 8t]m ( a ?\s& ye>s w\ld be sp5t 9 nuptial ent]ta9m5ts40 ,none ( ^! op9ions are f\nd 9 ! book ( ,revelation z we n[ h x4 #b4 ,! title giv5 by ,caius to ! book,revelations in/ead ( ,revelationz we f9d x 9 ! book itself1 *ap4 i4 #a1 w\ld seem to indicate a diff]5t "w f t ( ,john4 ,eusebius always ref]s to ! ,apocalypse by ! n\n s+ul> 7,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cda71 & ?is is ! g5]al mann] 9 :i* ! "w has be5 designat$4 ,if ,caius _h design$ to ref] to ?is1 x is probable t he w\ld h us$ ! common t]m to designate x4 #c4 ,^! views receive "s confirmation f a passage 9 ,!odoret1 8:o spoke ( ,c]9?us 9 su* a way z seems to imply t he _h =g$ an ,apocalypse = ! promotion ( 8 designs40 ,t passage is1 8,c]9?us =g$ c]ta9 revelations z if he himself _h se5 !m1 & add$ descriptions ( c]ta9 t]rible ?+s1 & decl>es t ! k+dom ( ! ,"l w be e/abli%$ on ! e>?10 c4 ,see ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cdb4 ,on ! :ole1 no?+ ( mat]ial importance c be d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( ,caius 9 pro( t ! ,apocalypse 0 n believ$ to h be5 writt5 by ,john4 7b7 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria d\bt$ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,apocalypse z xxxvii be+ ! production ( ,john1 ?\gh he did n d5y its inspiration4 ,he 0 made bi%op ( ! see ( ,alex&ria ,a4,d4 #bdg or #bdh1 & di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bfd or #bfe4 ,see ,l>dn]1 ii4 #fdcgbb4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,orig51 & enjoy$ a high reputation4 ,! full te/imony ( ,dionysius 9 reg>d to ?is book may be se5 9 ,l>dn]1 ii4 #ficfig4 ,i w copy all t is mat]ial to %[ 8 op9ion4 ,he says1 8,"s :o 7 be=e u h utt]ly reject$ & confut$ ?is book1 criticis+ e *apt]2 %[+ x ?r\gh\t un9telligible & inconsi/5t2 add+1 moreov]1 t ! inspiration is false1 =asmu* z x is n ,john's2 nor is a revelation :i* is hidd5 "u s obscure & ?ick a veil ( ignorance40 ,pr(4 ,/u>t 7i4 #cdf7 translates ?is1 8,x conta9s1 moreov]1 no revelation2 = x is cov]$ ) a /rong & ?ick veil ( ignorance40 8,& ?is n only no apo/le1 b n s mu* z any holy or ecclesia/ical man 0 ! au?or ( ?is writ+1 b t ,c]9?us1 f\nd] ( ! h]esy call$ aft] him ! ,c]9?ian1 ! bett] to recomm5d 8 own =g]y1 prefix$ to x an hon\rable "n4 ,= ?is1 !y say1 0 "o ( 8 p>ticul> notions1 t ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ %\ld be e>?ly2 consi/+ ( ^? ?+s :i* he himself1 a c>nal & s5sual man1 mo/ admir$1 ! pleasures ( ! belly & its concupisc5ce2 t is1 eat+1 & dr9k+1 & m>riage2 & = ! m dec5t procurem5t ( ^!1 fea/+s1 & sacrifices1 & slaught]s ( victims4 ,b1 = my "p1 ,i d>e n reject ! book1 s9ce _m ( ! bre?r5 h x 9 high e/eem2 b all[+ x to be above my und]/&+1 ,i suppose x to conta9 ?r\gh\t "s lat5t & wond]ful mean+2 = ?\gh ,i d n und]/& x1 ,i suspect !re mu/ be "s pr(\nd s5se 9 ! words2 n measur+ & judg+ ^! ?+s by my own reason1 b ascrib+ m to fai?1 ,i e/eem !m too sublime to be compreh5d$ by me40 ,!n1 hav+ quot$ "s passages f ! book1 he adds1 speak+ ( ! au?or1 8,i d n d5y1 !n1 t 8 "n is ,john1 & t ?is is ,john's book2 = ,i believe x to be ! "w ( "s holy & inspir$ p]son4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c easily grant him to be ! apo/le1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 bro!r ( ,james1 ^: is ! ,gospel ascrib$ to ,john1 & ! ,ca?olic ,epi/le2 = ,i conclude f ! mann] ( ea*1 & ! t]m ( expression1 & ! conduct ( ! book1 z we call x1 t he is n ! same p]son2 = ! ,evangeli/ n[h]e puts d[n 8 "n1 nor does he speak ( himself ei!r 9 ! ,gospel or ! ,epi/le4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t he ! au?or is ano!r1 "o ( !m t dwelle? 9 ,asia2 =asmu* z x is said1 t !re are two tombs at ,ephesus1 ea* ( !m call$ ,john's tomb4 ,& f ! s5tim5t1 & words1 & disposition ( !m1 x is likely t he diff]$ f him :o wrote ! ,gospel & ,epi/le40 ,?is is ! sum ( all t ,dionysius says 9 reg>d to ! g5u95ess ( ! book4 ,respect+ ?is ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made3 #a4 ,dionysius1 ?\gh he did n reg>d ! "w z ! "w ( ,john ! apo/le1 yet receiv$ x z an inspir$ book1 ?\gh f> above 8 compreh5sion4 #b4 ,he does n agree ) ^? :o altoge!r reject$ x1 z if x 7 no revelation1 & conta9$ no inspir$ tru?4 #c4 ,he did n ascribe x1 z x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ,caius did1 to ,c]9?us4 #d4 ,all ! objections t he urges to its be+ ! "w ( ! apo/le xxxviii ,john are d]iv$ f ! book itself1 & f ! difficulty ( suppos+ t ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 %\ld h be5 writt5 by ! same au?or4 ,he ref]s to no hi/orical pro( on t po9t2 & does n ev5 intimate t its g5u95ess _h be5 call$ 9 "q by ! e>ly writ]s4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! objections ( ,dionysius %\ld n be all[$ to set aside ! /rong & cle> pro(s ( a hi/orical nature already adduc$ f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,see ! op9ion ( ,dionysius exam9$ m at l5g? 9 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #cddced4 ,comp4 ,hug1 ,intro4 pp4 #fedfef4 7c7 ,x may be add$1 9 reg>d to ! hi/orical te/imony f ! anci5ts1 t ! book is n f\nd 9 _m ( ! e>ly catalogues ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t ?is has be5 made an objection to its au!nticity4 ,?us ,gregory ( ,nazianz51 9 a piece compos$ 9 v]se1 conta9+ a catalogue ( ! canonical ,scriptures1 omits ! book ( ,revelation2 9 ! catalogue ( sacr$ writ+s annex$ to ! canons ( ! c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 ,a4,d4 #cfc1 x is also omitt$2 9 ! s-call$ ,canons ( ! ,apo/les1 a supposititi\s "w ( ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 x is also omitt$2 x is also omitt$ 9 a catalogue ( sacr$ books publi%$ by ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #cfj2 & x is m5tion$ by ,amphilocus1 bi%op ( ,iconium1 ,a4,d4 #chj1 z among ! books t 7 d\btful4 8,"s10 says he1 8admit ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 b mo/ p]sons say x is spuri\s40 ,see ,mi*aelis1 ,intro4 ,new ,te/4 iv4 #dhi2 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #ceg1 seq4 ,9 reg>d to ^! omissions1 & ! d\bts ent]ta9$ by lat] writ]s on ! subject1 x may be rem>k$ 9 g5]al1 7#a7 ,t x is well kn[n t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury & onw>d _m d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ z to ! canonical au?ority ( ! ,apocalypse1 & t1 toge!r ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 & ! ,second & ,?ird ,epi/les ( ,john1 x 0 reckon$ among ! books call$ ,antilegom5a2 t is1 books spok5 aga9/1 or books ^: canonical au?ority 0 n admitt$ by all4 7#b7 ,?is fact %[s1 z has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 ! great vigilance ( ! *ur* 9 ! e>ly ages1 9 settl+ ! canon ( ,scripture1 & 9 det]m9+ :at books 7 to be admitt$1 & :at 7 to be reject$4 7#c7 ,^! d\bts1 ent]ta9$ 9 a lat] age1 _c affect ! cle> hi/orical te/imony ( ! e>ly writ]s1 z we n[ h x2 = ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! ,apocalypse1 s f> z ! hi/orical te/imony is conc]n$1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! te/imony ( ! writ]s :o liv$ ne> ! "t :5 x is alleg$ to h be5 writt54 7#d7 ,! objections alleg$ aga9/ ! ,apocalypse 9 lat] times 7 :olly on int]nal gr\nds1 & 7 ma9ly d]iv$ f ! fact t x 0 suppos$ to c\nt5ance ! doctr9e ( ,*iliasm1 or ! doctr9e ( ! p]sonal reign ( ,*ri/ & ! sa9ts1 = a ?\s& ye>s1 9 ,j]usalem2 & f ! fact t ! foll[]s ( ,c]9?us appeal$ to ?is book 9 support ( _! p]nici\s errors4 ,! book seem$ 7see *ap4 xx47 to c\nt5ance ! views e>ly ent]ta9$ by _m on ! subject ( ! mill5nium1 &1 9 accordance ) a common me?od ( controv]sy1 its canonical au?ority 0 !re=e call$ 9 "q4 ,?us ,hug 7,intro4 p4 #fed7 says1 8,x 0 amid/ ! disputes conc]n+ ! mill5nium t ! fir/ explicit & well-au!nticat$ d5ial ( ! ,apocalypse occurr$40 ,nepos1 bi%op ( ! ,ars9oitic prfecture 9 ,egypt1 _h ma9ta9$ t ! doctr9e ( ! mill5nium c\ld be def5d$ f ! book ( ,revelation by a lit]al exposition4 xxxix ,dionysius oppos$ ?is view1 &1 9 ! viol5ce ( ! dispute on ! subject1 ! au?ority ( ! ,apocalypse itself 0 call$ 9 "q by ,dionysius1 on ! gr\nds ref]r$ to above4 8,he did ?is1 h[ev]10 says ,hug1 8) su* mod]ation1 t he might n (f5d ^? :o _h s readily agre$ to a compromise20 t is1 a compromise by :i*1 z bi%op1 he _h endeav\r$ to reconcile ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,hug has %[n conclusively 7pp4 #fedfef7 t ?is con/itutes no objection to ! g5u95ess ( ! book4 ,x 0 on su* int]nal gr\nds entirely t ! au!nticity ( ! book 0 call$ 9 "q1 & t x 0 ev] plac$ among ! disput$ books4 ,t objection is1 ( c\rse1 ( no importance n[4 7#e7 ,x is well kn[n t1 ma9ly by ! influ5ce ( ,j]ome & ,augu/9e 7see ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #ccd71 all ^! d\bts 7 remov$1 & t ! ,apocalypse aft] _! "t 0 all b univ]sally receiv$1 until ,lu!r1 = reasons d]iv$ f ! book itself1 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 aga9 call$ x 9 "q4 ,su* is a summ>y ( ! hi/orical argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! book ( ,revelation2 & su* is ! nature ( ! evid5ce :i* has satisfi$ ! ,*ri/ian _w at l>ge t x is ! "w ( ! apo/le ,john1 & is1 !re=e1 entitl$ to a place z an inspir$ book 9 ! canon ( ,scripture4 ,9 anci5t times !re 7 no objections to x on hi/orical gr\nds1 & x is unnecess>y to say t !re c be none on ^! gr\nds n[4 7#b7 ,! objections to its g5u95ess & au!nticity 9 mod]n times are :olly d]iv$ f ! cont5ts ( ! book itself4 ,^! objections1 z /at$ by ,de ,wette1 & z express+ ! sub/ance ( all t is urg$ by ,ewald1 ,lcke1 ,cr$n]1 & o!rs1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,t ! ,apocalyptical writ] calls himself ,john1 :i* ! evangeli/ nev] does4 ,x is add$1 also1 by ,ewald1 ,cr$n]1 & ,hitzig1 t 9 *ap4 xviii4 #bj & xxi4 #ad ! writ] expressly excludes himself f ! numb] ( ! apo/les4 #b4 ,t ! language ( ! book is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ! ?ree ,epi/les ( ,john ! apo/le4 ,x is said to be *>act]iz$ by /rong ,hebraisms1 & by rugg$ness2 by neglig5ce ( expression1 & by grammatical inaccuracies2 & t x exhibits ! abs5ce ( pure ,greek words1 & ( ! apo/le's fav\rite expressions4 #c4 ,t ! /yle is unlike t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,gospel & ! ,epi/les4 ,9 ! latt] x is said !re is calm1 deep feel+2 9 ! ,apocalypse a lively creative p[] ( fancy4 #d4 ,t ! doctr9al aspect ( ! book is diff]5t f t ( ! apo/le's ackn[l$g$ writ+s4 ,x is said t we f9d 9 ! latt] no?+ ( ! 8s5su\s expectations ( ! ,messiah & ( 8 k+dom10 :i* are prom95t 9 ! ,apocalypse2 t ! views inculcat$ respect+ spirits1 demons1 & angels are =eign to ,john2 & t !re is a c]ta9 _s ( rev5ge fl[+ ?r\gh\t ! ,apocalypse q inconsi/5t ) ! mild & amiable disposition ( ! belov$ disciple4 ,= a full consid]ation ( ^! po9ts1 & a complete answ] to ^! objections1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,comm5t>y ( ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cgadbb4 ,a m cond5s$ reply is f\nd 9 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 9 an article by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,davidson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,lit]ature & ,ori5tal ,languages 9 ! ,lanca%ire ,indep5d5t ,college1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fadfah4 xl ,! objections d n seem to me to h ! importance :i* has be5 atta*$ to !m by _m p]sons1 b x may be satisfactory to see ! mann] 9 :i* !y are dispos$ ( by ,dr4 ,davidson2 ,i !re=e copy 8 answ] to !m4 8,let u n[ consid] ! int]nal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,john ! ,apo/le1 beg9n+ ) an exam9ation ( ! argum5ts adduc$ on ! o!r side by ,de ,wette4 ,^! d n possess all ! weight t _m assign to !m4 ,we %all foll[ ! ord] 9 :i* !y h be5 already /at$4 8#a4 ,we atta* no importance to ?is circum/ance4 ,:y %\ld n a writ] be at lib]ty to "n himself or n z he pleases8 above all1 :y %\ld n a writ]1 "u ! imm$iate inspiration ( ! ,almighty1 omit ! p>ticul>s :i* he 0 n prompt$ to record8 ,h[ c\ld he refra9 f do+ s8 ,! ,holy ,_s mu/ h _h "s good reason = lead+ ! writ] to set =? 8 "n1 al?\gh curiosity is n gratifi$ by assign+ ! reason4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t prophets usually prefix$ _! names to ! visions & pr$ictions :i* !y 7 prompt$ to record2 & ,john does ! same4 ,b in/ead ( /yl+ himself an apo/le1 :i* c>ries ) x an idea ( dignity & (ficial au?ority1 he mode/ly takes to himself ! appellation ( a s]vant ( ,*ri/1 ! bro!r & companion ( ! fai?ful 9 tribulation4 ,?is corresponds ) ! relation :i* he su/a9$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! receiv+ ( su* visions1 z also ) ! condition ( ! ,r$eem] himself4 ,9 ! ,gospel ,john is m5tion$ z ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 = !n he /ood 9 an intimate relation to ,*ri/1 z ! ,son ( man appe>+ 9 ! =m ( a s]vant2 b 9 ! book be=e u ,*ri/ is ann\nc$ z ! glorifi$ ,r$eem] :o %\ld quickly come to judgm5t1 & ,john is 8 s]vant1 intru/$ ) ! secrets ( 8 h\se4 ,well did x become ! apo/le to =get all ! hon\r ( 8 apo/olic (fice1 & to be abas$ be=e ! ,"l ( glory4 ,! respl5d5t vision ( ! ,savi\r _h su* an effect ^u ! se] t he fell at 8 feet z dead2 & !re=e x 0 q natural = him to be clo!d ) pr(\nd humility1 to designate himself ! s]vant ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! bro!r & companion ( ! fai?ful 9 tribulation4 ,aga91 9 *ap4 xviii4 #bj ! prophets are said to be repres5t$ z already 9 heav5 9 _! glorifi$ condition1 & !re=e ! writ] c\ld n h belong$ to _! numb]4 ,b ?is passage nei!r affirms1 nor necess>ily implies1 t ! sa9ts & apo/les & prophets 7 at t "t 9 heav54 ,nei!r is x /at$ t all ! apo/les _h !n be5 glorifi$4 ,*ap4 xxi4 #ad is alleg$ to be inconsi/5t ) ! mode/y & humility ( ,john4 ,?is is a que/ionable assumption4 ,! (ficial hon\r insep>able f ! p]son ( an apo/le 0 surely compatible ) pr(\nd humility4 ,x 0 s ) ,paul2 & we may safely draw ! same conclusion 9 reg>d to ,john4 ,9 describ+ ! heav5ly ,j]usalem x 0 necess>y to introduce ! twelve apo/les4 ,! writ] c\ld n exclude himself 7see ,lcke1 p4 #chi2 & ,gu]ike's ,beitrge1 p4 #cg1 seq474 8#b4 ,to ent] fully into ?is argum5t w\ld require a l5g!n$ treatise4 ,let u briefly notice ! p>ticul> words1 phrases1 & expressions to :i* ,ewald1 ,lcke1 ,de ,wette1 & ,cr$n] specially allude4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 by ,ewald conc]n+ ! ,hebrai/ic "* ( ! language4 ,! writ]1 x is alleg$1 /rongly imbu$ ) ,hebrew modes ( ?\ght1 frequ5tly ins]ts ,hebrew words1 z 9 *ap4 iii4 #ad2 ix4 #aa2 xii4 #i1 #aj2 xix4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f2 xx4 #b2 xxii4 #bj2 :ile ! influ5ce ( cabbali/ic artificiality is obvi\s xli ?r\gh\t ! entire book1 & p>ticul>ly 9 *ap4 i4 #d1 #e2 iv4 #b2 xiii4 #ah2 xvi4 #ad4 ,! mode ( employ+ ! t5ses is =eign to ! ,greek language1 & m\ld$ aft] ! ,hebrew 7*ap4 i4 #g2 ii4 #e1 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg2 iii4 #i2 iv4 #iaa2 xii4 #bd2 xvi4 #ae1 #ba2 xvii4 #ac1 #ad2 xviii4 #aa1 #ae2 xxii4 #g1 #ab74 ,s also ! use ( ! p>ticiple 7*ap4 i4 #af2 iv4 #a1 #e1 #h2 v4 #f1 #ac2 vi4 #b1 #e2 vii4 #i1 #aj2 ix4 #aa2 x4 #b2 xiv4 #a1 #ad2 xix4 #ab1 #ac2 xxi4 #ad72 & ( ! inf9itive 7*ap4 xii4 #g74 ,! awkw>d disposition ( words is also said to be ,hebrai/ic2 su* z a g5itive app5d$ l ! con/ruct /ate2 ! /r++ toge!r ( sev]al g5itives 7*ap4 xiv4 #h1 #aj1 #ai2 xvi4 #ai2 xviii4 #c1 #ad2 xix4 #ae2 xxi4 #f2 xxii4 #ah1 #ai72 & ! use ( ! ,greek cases1 :i* are frequ5tly *ang$ = prepositions 7*ap4 ii4 #aj2 iii4 #i2 vi4 #a1 #h2 viii4 #g2 ix4 #ai2 xi4 #f1 #i2 xii4 #e2 xiv4 #b1 #g72 incorrectness 9 appositions 7*ap4 i4 #e2 ii4 #bj2 iii4 #ab2 iv4 #bd2 vi4 #a2 vii4 #i2 viii4 #i2 ix4 #ad2 xiii4 #ac2 xiv4 #b1 #ab1 #ad1 #bj1 c472 a con/ruction =m$ ( an put aft] ! relative pron\n 7*ap4 iii4 #h2 vii4 #b1 #i2 xiii4 #ab2 xx4 #h72 frequ5t anomalies 9 reg>d to numb] & g5d] 7*ap4 ii4 #bg2 iii4 #d1 #e2 iv4 #h2 vi4 #i1 #aj2 ix4 #ac1 #ad2 xi4 #ae2 xiv4 #a1 #c2 xvii4 #af2 xix4 #ad2 & viii4 #aa2 xi4 #ah2 xv4 #d2 xvii4 #ab1 #ae2 xviii4 #ad2 xix4 #ba2 xx4 #ab2 xxi4 #d1 #bd2 also *ap4 xvi4 #aj2 xix4 #a1 #h1 #i74 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is alleg$ by ,cr$n]1 t ! use made ( ! ,old ,te/am5t betrays an acqua9tance on ! "p ( ! writ] ) ! ,hebrew text 7comp4 *ap4 vi4 #ac1 #ad1 ) ,isa4 xxxiv4 #d2 *ap4 xviii4 #b1 ) ,isa4 xiii4 #ba1 xxi4 #i1 xxxiv4 #ad1 ,j]4 l4 #ci2 *ap4 xviii4 #d1 #e1 ) ,j]4 li4 #f1 #i1 #de2 *ap4 xviii4 #g1 ) ,isa4 xlvii4 #g1 #h2 *ap4 xviii4 #babc1 ) ,j]4 xxv4 #aj1 li4 #fc1 #fd74 ,9 contra/ ) all ?is1 we are rem9d$ ( ! fact t1 accord+ to ,acts iv4 #ac1 ,john 0 an unle>n$ & ignorant man4 8,! book is defici5t 9 words & turns ( expression purely ,greek1 su* z 1 1 2 comp\nd v]bs1 z 1 1 2 ! d\ble negation2 ! g5itive absolute2 ! attraction ( ! relative pron\n2 ! regul> con/ruction ( ! neut] plural ) ! v]b s+ul> 7except *ap4 viii4 #c2 ix4 #bj2 xiv4 #ac2 xviii4 #bd2 xix4 #ad2 xxi4 #ab72 ) ! g5itive4 ,fav\rite expressions1 su* z occur 9 ! ,gospel & ,epi/les1 are seldom f\nd1 z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7an adv]b ( "t71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 77 2 ! hi/oric pres5t4 ,!re are also fav\rite expressions ( ! writ] ( ! book1 su* z d n occur 9 ,john's au!ntic writ+s3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce4 ,! conjunction 1 s common 9 ! ,gospel1 does n occur 9 ! ,apocalypse2 b only 1 1 & 4 ,! frequ5t jo9+ ( a sub/antive ) 1 z 1 1 1 1 r rem9ds "o ( ,luke ?an ,john2 1 s frequ5t 9 ! ,gospel1 is n f\nd 9 ! ,revelation2 &1 on ! contr>y1 1 :i* occurs sev5 times 9 ! ,apocalypse1 is =eign to ! ,gospel4 8,! foll[+ discrepancies betwe5 ! language ( ! ,gospel & t ( ! ,epi/les h be5 notic$3 is us$ ( ,god bo? 9 ! ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse1 b 9 diff]5t s5ses2 s also 1 & 2 in/ead ( ! ,apocalypse has only 2 in/ead ( only 2 in/ead ( 1 z 9 ! ,gospel1 2 1 s (t5 us$ by ,john1 occurs only once 9 ! ,apocalypse1 & t too 9 relation to place2 is xlii us$ 9 ! plural4 ,words d5ot+ see+ are diff]5tly us$ 9 ! ,gospel & ,apocalypse2 ?us1 = ! pres5t we f9d 9 ! latt] 1 1 2 = ! aori/ ( ! active 1 1 & 2 = ! future 1 & = ! aori/ ( ! passive also 2 has a diff]5t mean+ f t :i* x be>s 9 ! ,gospel2 in/ead ( 1 & 1 we f9d 1 1 4 8,su* is a summ>y /atem5t ( an argum5t drawn out at great l5g? by ,lcke1 ,de ,wette1 ,ewald1 & ,cr$n]4 8,"s h attempt$ to turn aside its =ce by resort+ to ! hypo!sis t ! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew & !n translat$ into ,greek4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is contradict$ by ! mo/ decisive int]nal evid5ce1 & is 9 itself highly improbable4 ,! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ! ,greek language1 z all antiquity atte/s4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to acc\nt = its ,hebrai/ic idioms & solecisms ( language1 its neglig5ces ( diction1 & ungrammatical con/ructions8 ,"o circum/ance to be tak5 into acc\nt is1 t ! nature ( ! ,gospel is widely diff]5t f t ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! latt] is a prophetic booka poetical composition2 :ile ! =m] is a simple record 9 prose1 ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! days ( 8 fle%4 ,x is app>5t1 too1 t ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse imitates ! mann] ( ,ezekiel & ,daniel4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t prophet con=ms to ! diction & symbolic features ( ! =m] se]s4 #8,if ! "q %\ld be urg$ :y ,john *ose ^! models1 ! obvi\s answ] is1 t he con=m$ to ! ta/e ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! num]\s apocryphal works ( an ,apocalyptical nature1 :i* 7 compos$ ne>ly at ! same "t ) ! ,apocalypsesu* z ! book ( ,eno*1 ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 _m ( ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 ! f\r? book ( ,ezra1 ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 & _m o!rs :i* are lo/all te/ify to ! ta/e & feel+s ( ! times :51 or ne> :i*1 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt54 ,if ?is me?od ( writ+ 0 m grateful to ! "t 9 :i* ,john liv$1 x is a good reason = 8 pref]r+ x4'#ef ,9 consequ5ce ( su* imitation1 ! diction has an ,ori5tal "*2 & ! figures are 9 ! highe/ /yle ( imag]y peculi> to ! ,ea/4 ,b x is said t ,john 0 an illit]ate man4 ,illit]ate1 d\btless1 he 0 z comp>$ ) ,paul1 :o 0 br\ght up at ! feet ( ,gamaliel2 yet he may h be5 capable ( read+ ! ,old ,te/am5t books2 & he 0 c]ta9ly inspir$4 ,wrapt 9 ec/asy1 he saw wondr\s visions4 ,he 0 9 ! ,_s4 ,& :5 writ+ ! ?+s he beheld1 8 language 0 to be con=m$ to ! nature ( su* m>vell\s revelations4 ,x 0 to be adapt$ to ! my/]i\s disclosures1 ! vivid pictures1 ! mov+ sc5es1 ! cele/ial be+s & sc5]y ( :i* he ,0 privileg$ to tell4 ,h5ce x 0 to be lift$ up f> above ! level ( simple prose or biographic hi/ory1 s z to correspond ) ! sublime visions ( ! se]4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t he 0 n 9 ! circum/ances ( an ord9>y writ]4 ,he 0 inspir$4 ,h[ (t5 is ?is fact lo/ sight ( by ! ,g]man critics6 ,x is1 !re=e1 ne$less to inquire into 8 education 9 ! ,hebrew language1 or 8 m5tal culture :ile resid+ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 or ! smoo?ness ( ! ,greek language z curr5t 9 ! place :]e he liv$1 be=e & aft] he wrote ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,holy ,_s qualifi$ him beyond & irrespective ( ord9>y means = ! "w ( writ+4 ,h[ev] elevat$ ! !me he und]took1 he 0 assi/$ 9 xliii employ+ diction z elevat$ z ! nature ( ! subject dem&$4 ,we place1 !re=e1 little reliance ^u ! argum5t d]iv$ f ! "t ( life at :i* ! ,apocalypse 0 compos$1 ?\gh ,ol%aus5 & ,gu]ike insi/ ^u x4 ,writt51 z !y ?9k1 tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,gospel or ,epi/les1 ! ,apocalypse exhibits m>ks ( inexp]i5ce 9 writ+1 ( y\?ful fire1 & ( an ard5t temp]am5t4 ,x exhibits ! fir/ essays ( "o express+ 8 ideas 9 a language to :i* he 0 unaccu/om$4 ,?is may be true2 b we lay f> less /ress ^u x ?an ^! au?ors seem incl9$ to d4 ,! /rong ,hebraiz$ diction ( ! book we acc\nt = on ! gr\nd t ! writ] 0 a ,jew2 &1 z su*1 express$ 8 ,jewi% conceptions 9 ,greek2 t he imitat$ ! lat] ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 especially ! mann] ( ,daniel2 & t ! only prophetic writ+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t naturally approa*es ne>] ! ,old ,te/am5t1 if n 9 subject1 at lea/ 9 col\r+ & l+ui/ic features4 8,^! consid]ations may s]ve to ?r[ light ^u ! language ( ! book1 aft] all ! extravagancies ( ass]tion 9 reg>d to anomalies1 solecisms1 & rugg$nesses1 h be5 fairly e/imat$4 ,= x _c be d5i$ t _m ra% & unw>rantable assumptions h be5 made by ,de ,wette & o!rs relative to ! impure ,greek said to be conta9$ 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,w9] has done mu* to *eck su* bold ass]tions1 b ) little success 9 ! case ( ^? :o are resolv$ to abide by a /rong & preval5t curr5t ( op9ion4 ,we v5ture to affirm1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t !re are books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t almo/ z ,hebraiz+ z ! ,apocalypse2 & t ! anomalies *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( ! ,hebrew language may be p>allel$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or 9 classical ,greek4 ,:at %all be said1 = in/ance1 to ! attempt ( ,hitzig to demon/rate f ! language ( ,m>k's ,gospel1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,apocalypse1 t bo? proce$$ f "o au?or1 viz4 ,john ,m>k8 ,?is au?or has conduct$ a l5g!n$ inve/igation ) ! view ( %[+ t all ! peculi>ities ( language f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse are equally pres5t$ 9 ! second ,gospel1 p>ticul>ly t ! ,hebraisms ( ! "o correspond ) ^? ( ! o!r4 ,surely ?is mu/ lead to new inve/igations ( ! ,apocalyptic diction1 & possibly to a r5unciation ( ^? extravagant ass]tions s (t5 made 9 reg>d to ! h>%1 rugg$1 ,hebraiz$ ,greek ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,:o ev] dream$ be=e ( ! num]\s solecisms ( ,m>k's language8 & yet ,hitzig has demon/rat$ its simil>ity to ! ,apocalyptic z plausibly z ,ewald1 ,lcke1 & o!rs h prov$ ! total dissimil>ity betwe5 ! diction ( ! ,apocalypse & t ( ,john's ,gospel4 8,! l5g? allott$ to ?is article w n all[ ! writ] to notice e t]m & phrase suppos$ to be peculi>4 ,?is c only be done ) success by him :o takes a concordance to ! ,greek ,te/am5t 9 8 h&1 ) ! det]m9ation to te/ ea* example2 along ) a good syntax ( classical ,greek1 su* z ,b]nh>dy's4 ,9 ?is way he may see :e!r ! alleg$ ,hebraisms & anomalies h n _! p>allels 9 classical ,greek4 ,"s ( ! allegations already quot$ are manife/ly incorrect1 e4g41 t ) ! g5itive is n f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,on ! contr>y1 x occurs eight times ) ! g5itive4 ,o!r words are adduc$ on ! pr9ciple ( _! n occurr+ s frequ5tly 9 ! book be=e u z 9 ! ,gospel & ,epi/les4 ,b by ?is mode ( reason+ x might be %[n1 t ! o!r ackn[l$g$ writ+s ( ! apo/le ,john1 = in/ance 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le1 are n xliv au!ntic4 ,?us 1 "o ( ! words quot$1 ?\gh frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! ,gospel1 is n 9 any ( ! ?ree ,epi/les2 !re=e1 ^! ,epi/les 7 n writt5 by ,john4 ,x is f\nd once 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,aga91 1 :i* is f\nd sev5 times 9 ! ,gospel1 & once 9 ! ,apocalypse1 z also once 9 ea* ( ! ,second & ,?ird ,epi/les1 is n 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le2 !re=e ! ,fir/ ,epi/le proce$$ f ano!r writ] ?an ! au?or ( ! ,second & ,?ird4 ,! same reason+ may be appli$ to 4 ,aga91 x is alleg$ t ! regul> con/ruction ( neut]s plural ) s+ul> v]bs is n f\nd1 ) ! exception ( six in/ances4 ,to say no?+ ( ! l>ge li/ ( exceptions1 let x be consid]$1 t ! plural v]b is jo9$ ) plural n\ns :]e animate be+s1 especially p]sons1 are designat$4 ,apply n[ ?is pr9ciple1 :i* regul>ly holds good 9 classical ,greek1 to ! ,apocalypse1 & no?+ peculi> w appe> 9 ! latt]4 ,%\ld !re /ill rema9 examples ( neut]s plural designat+ ?+s )\t life1 we %all f9d simil> ones 9 ! ,greek writ]s4 ,ano!r mode 9 :i* ! reason+ f\nd$ ^u ! use ( peculi> t]ms & expressions may be te/$ is ! foll[+4 ,x is admitt$ t !re are words :i* occur 9 ! ,gospel & ,epi/les1 b n 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! adv]b is an example4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 & by virtue ( ! same reason+1 x may be d5i$1 z f> z language is conc]n$1 t #a ,timo?y 0 writt5 by ,paul1 because 1 :i* is f\nd 9 8 o!r epi/les1 does n occur 9 x4 ,9 ?is mann] we might individually take up ea* ^w & e syntactical peculi>ity on :i* ! *>ge ( h>%ness1 or solecism1 or ,hebraiz+ has be5 fa/5$4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate1 t !re are v few real solecisms 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,almo/ all t h be5 adduc$ may be p>allel$ 9 ,greek writ]s1 or 9 ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! words ( ,w9]1 a ma/] 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 are wor?y ( att5tion3 #8,! solecisms t appe> 9 ! ,apocalypse give ! diction ! impress ( great h>%ness1 b !y are capable ( explanation1 p>tly f anacolu?on & ! m+l+ ( two con/ructions1 p>tly 9 ano!r mann]4 ,su* explanation %\ld h be5 always adopt$1 in/ead ( ascrib+ ^! irregul>ities to ! ignorance ( ! au?or1 :o1 9 o!r con/ructions ( a mu* m difficult nature 9 ?is v book1 %[s t he 0 exce$+ly well acqua9t$ ) ! rules ( gramm>4 ,= mo/ ( ^! anomalies1 too1 analog\s examples 9 ! ,greek writ]s may be f\nd1 ) ?is diff]5ce alone1 t !y d hot foll[ "o ano!r s frequ5tly z 9 ! ,apocalypse1' 7,grammatik1 fnfte ,auflage1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd74 ,%\ld ! read] n be satisfi$ ) ?is brief /atem5t ( ,w9]1 he is ref]r$ to 8 ,exeget4 ,/udi51 i4 #aed1 seq41 :]e ! pr(essor ent]s into details ) great ability4 8,! foll[+ l+ui/ic simil>ities betwe5 ,john's ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse des]ve to be cit$3 1 ,apoc4 i4 #ai2 iv4 #a2 vii4 #a1 #i2 ix4 #ab2 xv4 #e2 xviii4 #a2 xix4 #a2 xx4 #c2;,gosp4 iii4 #bb2 v4 #a1 #ad2 vi4 #a2 vii4 #a2 xix4 #ch2 xxi4 #a4 1 ,apoc4 i4 #b1 #i2 vi4 #i2 xi4 #g2 xii4 #aa1 #ag2 xix4 #aj2 xx4 #d2;,gosp4 7 or 7 i4 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #ai1 #cb1 #cd2 ii4 #be2 iii4 #aa1 #bf1 #bh1 #cb1 #cc2 iv4 #c1 #i1 #dd2 v4 #cacd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci2a ,epi/4 i4 #b2 iv4 #ad2 v4 #faa4 1 ,apoc4 ii4 #aj1 #ba2 iii4 #i1 #aa1 #ah2 vi4 #b1 #d1 #aa2 vii4 #a1 c42,gosp4 vi4 #e1 #g1 #ab1 #ae1 #bhcj1 #chdj1 #ej2 xi4 #d1 #aa1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #ca1 #cg1 #db1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg2 xii4 #i1 #aj1 #bj1 #bc1 #ce1 c42#a ,epi/4 ( ,john i4 #c1 #d1 #i2 ii4 #a1 #ai1 #bg1 #bh4 1 ,gosp4 vii4 #bd2 xi4 #dd2;,apoc4 i4 #af4 1 ,apoc4 xix4 #bj2;,gosp4 vii4 #cj1 #cb1 #dd2 viii4 #bj2 x4 #ci2 xi4 #eg2 xxi4 #c1 #aj4 1 1 or "s simil> expression1 ,apoc4 iii4 #h1 #aj2 xii4 #ag2 xiv4 #ab2 xxii4 #g1 #i2;,gosp4 viii4 #ea1 #ee2 xlv xiv4 #ae2 xxiii4 #bd1 c4 1 ,apoc4 ii4 #g1 #aa1 #ag1 #bf2 iii4 #e1 #ab1 #ba2 xv4 #b2 xxi4 #g4 ,?is v]b is q common 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 *ap4 ii4 #ac1 #ad2 iv4 #d2 v4 #d1 #e2;,gosp4 xvi4 #cc4 1 ,apoc4 xxi4 #f2 xxii4 #ag2 comp4 ,gosp4 vii4 #ch4 ,comp>e also ! jo9+ toge!r ( ! pres5t & ! future 9 ,apoc4 ii4 #e1 & ,gosp4 xiv4 #c4 ,! ass]tion ( ! same ?+ positively & negatively1 ,apoc4 ii4 #b1 #f1 #h1 #ac2 iii4 #h1 #ag1 #ba2 ,gosp4 i4 #c1 #f1 #g1 #bj1 #dh2 iii4 #ae1 #ag1 #bj2 iv4 #db2 v4 #ai1 #bd2 viii4 #ce1 #de2 x4 #bh2 xv4 #eg2 #a ,epi/4 ii4 #bg1 c4 ,9 sev]al places 9 ! ,apocalypse ,*ri/ is call$ ! ,lamb2 s also 9 ! ,gospel1 *ap4 i4 #bi1 #cf4 ,*ri/ is call$ 1 ,apoc4 xix4 #ac1 & 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john only has he ! same epi!t4 1 ,apoc4 iii4 #aj2 ,gosp4 xvii4 #ae4 1 ,apoc4 v4 #f1 #i1 #ab2 vi4 #d1 #i2 xiii4 #c1 #h2 xviii4 #bd2 only 9 ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 *ap4 iii4 #ab4 1 ,apoc4 xx4 #f2 ,gosp4 xiii4 #h4 1 ,apoc4 iii4 #d2 ,gosp4 vi4 #ff4 1 ,apoc4 vii4 #ae2 xii4 #ab2 xiii4 #f2 xxi4 #c2 ,gosp4 i4 #ad4 ,! expulsion ( ,satan f heav5 is express$ ?us 9 ! ,apoc4 xii4 #i3 2 9 ! ,gosp4 x is said1 1 *ap4 xii4 #ca4 7,see ,s*olz1 ,die ,apokalypse des heilig4 ,johannes b]setzt1 erklrt1 u4 s4 w4 ,frankfurt am ,ma91 #ahbh1 #hvo2 ,s*ulz1 ,ueb] d5 ,s*rift/ell]1 ,"* und ,w]? des ,johannes1 ,leipzig1 #ahjc1 #hvo2 ,donk] ,curtius1 ,specim5 h]m5eutico!ologicum de ,apocalypsi ab indole1 doctr9a1 et scrib5di g5]e ,johannis ,apo/oli non abhorr5te1 ,trajecti ,batav4 #agii1 #hvo2 ,kol?(f1 ,apocalypsis ,joanni ,apo/olo v9dicata1 ,hafni1 #ahcd1 #hvo2 ,/e91 9 ,w9] & ,engelh>dt's ,kritis*4 ,j\rnal1 v4 i42 & ! ,j5a ,lit]atur-,zeitung = ,april1 #ahcc1 ,no4 #fa47 ,x is true t "s ( ^! expressions are said1 by ,lcke1 ,de ,wette1 & ,cr$n]1 to be us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se 9 ! ,apocalypse2 o!rs n to be *>act]i/ic1 b r accid5tal & casual2 o!rs n orig9al1 b borr[$4 ,su* ass]tions1 h[ev]1 proce$ m f priori assumption ?an f any inh]5t tru? !y possess4 ,9 reg>d to ! *>ge ( cabbalism1 especially 9 ! use ( numb]s1 x is easily dispos$ (4 ,! cabbala ( ! ,jews 0 widely diff]5t f ! in/ances 9 ! ,apocalypse t h be5 quot$4 ,p]haps ,john's use ( ! numb] #fff comes ! ne>e/ to "o k9d ( ! cabbala2 b /ill x is s unlike z to w>rant ! conclusion t ! apo/le did n employ ! cabbali/ic art4 ,8 my/]i\s indications ( c]ta9 facts1 & ! reasons ( _! be+ 9 "s measure involv$ 9 d>kness1 are explicable on o!r ?an ,jewi% gr\nds4 ,!re is no real cause = believ+ t ! apo/le _h rec\rse to ! artificial & trifl+ conceits ( ! ,rabb9s4 ,9 %ort1 ?is argum5t is by no means conclusive4 ,z f> z ! language is conc]n$1 no?+ militates aga9/ ! op9ion t ! ,apocalypse proce$$ f ,john1 :o wrote ! ,gospel4 ,! contr>y evid5ce is n ( su* a nature z to dem& ass5t4 ,:5 rigidly scrut9iz$1 x does n su/a9 ! conclusion s confid5tly built ^u x4 8,b x is also affirm$1 t ! doctr9al views & s5tim5ts inculcat$ 9 ! ,apocalypse are q diff]5t f ^? f\nd 9 ! ,gospel4 ,?is may be freely all[$ )\t any detrim5t to _! id5tity ( au?or%ip4 ,h[ sl[ ! ,g]mans are 9 le>n+ t a diff]5ce 9 ! exhibition ( tru?s sub/antially ! same is f> f be+ a contradiction6 ,a diff]5ce ( subject 9 connection ) a diff]5t plan1 dem&s correspond5t dissimil>ity ( treatm5t4 ,besides1 !re mu/ be a gradual developm5t ( ! ?+s p]ta9+ to ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,s5su\s expectations ( ! ,messiah1 su* z are alleg$ to ab\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse1 may be p]fectly xlvi consi/5t ) ! spirituality ( 8 reign1 ?\gh x appe>s to u t ! repres5tations s designat$ are figurative1 %ad[+ =? spiritual realities by means ( outw>d objects4 8,b :at is to be said ( ! pneumatological1 demonological1 & angelogical doctr9es ( ! book8 ,! object = :i* ,john's ,gospel 0 prim>ily writt5 did n lead ! apo/le to introduce s _m p>ticul>s reg>d+ angels & evil spirits4 ,! int]v5tion ( good & ! malignant influ5ce ( evil spirits are cle>ly impli$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,ze*>iah & ,daniel4 ,x is !re=e q accordant ) ! prophetic ,hebrai/ic "* ( ! ,apocalypse1 to make angelic ag5cy a prom95t feature 9 ! book4 ,& t su* ag5cy is recogniz$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is app>5t to ! mo/ cursory read]4 ,! special object ) :i* ! f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 0 diff]5t f t :i* prompt$ ! composition ( ! ,apocalypse1 & !re=e ! subject-matt] ( bo? is exce$+ly div]se4 ,b /ill !re is no opposition 9 doctr9e4 ,! same doctr9al views lie at ! f\ndation ( all ! repres5tations conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 ! "o1 ! ,r$eem] is depict$ 9 8 humble c>e] on e>?2 9 ! o!r1 9 8 triumphs z a k+or r1 9 ! victori\s progress ( 8 tru? 9 ! _w1 not)/&+ all ! ef=ts ( ,satan & wick$ m5 to suppress x4 ,z to a _s ( rev5ge 9 ! ,apocalyptic writ]1 x is n f\nd4 ,! inspir$ prophet 0 commission$ to pron\nce woes & judgm5ts z soon to befall ! enemies ( ,*ri/1 9 consequ5ce ( _! p]sev]+1 malignant ef=ts4 ,z well might an evil disposition be attribut$ to ! bless$ ,savi\r himself1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 d5unciation ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees4 ,! same ,john :o wrote ! ,apocalypse says1 9 ! ,second ,epi/le1 v]4 #aj1 #8,if !re come any unto y & br+ n ?is doctr9e1 receive him n into y\r h\se1 nei!r bid him ,god spe$4' ,x mu/ ev] /rike ! simple read] ( ! ,apocalypse z a positive gr\nd = attribut+ ! au?or%ip to ,john ! apo/le1 t he /yles himself ,,! s]vant ( ,god by way ( em95ce1 :i* none o!r at t "t w\ld h v5tur$ to d2 & t he employs ! expression1 ,i ,john1 aft] ! mann] ( ,daniel1 z if he 7 ! only prophet & p]son ( ! "n4 ,nor c x be well believ$ t a disciple ( ! apo/le1 or any o!r individual1 %\ld h presum$ to introduce ,john z ! speak]1 ?us deceiv+ ! read]s4 ,! apo/le 0 well kn[n to ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 "t1 & especially to ! ,asiatic *ur*es4 ,he did n !re=e ?9k x necess>y to say ,john ! ,apo/le = ! sake ( di/+ui%+ himself f any o!r4 ,see ,zllig's ,die ,(f5b>ung ,johannis1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahcd1 #hvo1 p4 #acf40 ,,ii4,! ,"t ( ,writ+ ! ,apocalypse4 ,! evid5ce z to ! date ( ! ,apocalypse may be consid]$ z ext]nal or hi/orical1 & int]nal4 #a4 ,ext]nal or hi/orical4 ,on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs is almo/ or q uni=m1 t x 0 9 ! latt] "p ( ! life ( ! apo/le ,john1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian2 t is1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie or #if4 ,! pr9cipal te/imony to ?is fact is t ( ,ir5u4 ,x w be recollect$ t he 0 a disciple ( ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 :o 0 himself ! disciple ( ! apo/le ,john4 ,see ,i4 7b74 ,he _h1 !re=e1 e opportunity ( obta9+ correct in=mation1 & d\btless expresses ! common xlvii s5tim5t ( 8 age on ! subject4 ,8 "* is unexceptionable1 & he _h no inducem5t to be> any false or p]v]t$ te/imony 9 ! case4 ,8 te/imony is pla9 & positive t ! book 0 writt5 ne> ! close ( ! reign ( ,domitian1 & ! te/imony %\ld be reg>d$ z decisive unless x c be set aside4 ,8 language 9 reg>d to ! book ( ,revelation is3 8,x 0 se5 no long "t ago1 b almo/ 9 our age1 at ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian0 7,l>dn]1 ii4 #aha74 ,or1 z ! passage is translat$ by ,pr(4 ,/u>t3 8,! ,apocalypse 0 se5 n long ago1 b almo/ 9 our g5]ation1 ne> ! end ( ,domitian's reign40 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 z to ! mean+ ( ! passage1 or z to ! "t :5 ,ir5u believ$ ! book to h be5 writt54 ,domitian 0 put to dea? ,a4,d4 #if1 & consequ5tly1 accord+ to ,ir5u1 ! ,apocalypse mu/ h be5 writt5 n f> f ?is "t4 ,?is te/imony ( ,ir5u is confirm$ by t ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,relat+ ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,john & ! robb]1 he speaks ( ! ev5t z hav+ occurr$ on 8 return f exile 9 ,patmos 8aft] ! dea? ( ! tyrant10 & repres5ts him z !n an infirm old man4 ,! te/imony 9 ! book itself 7*ap4 i4 #i7 is cle>1 t ,john 0 on ! isl& ( ,patmos :5 ^! visions 7 se54 ,! 8tyrant0 ^: dea? is "h ref]r$ to mu/ necess>ily be ei!r ,n]o or ,domitian1 z ^! 71 up to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! only imp]ial p]secutors ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x _c be suppos$ to be ,n]o1 s9ce at ! "t ( 8 p]secution 7,a4,d4 #fd7 ,john c\ld n be suppos$ to be an 8infirm old man20 be+ probably n mu* above1 if inde$ s mu* z sixty ye>s ( age4 ,see ,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41 b4 iii4 *ap4 #bc4 ,( ?is te/imony ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 :o himself supposes t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 be=e ! dea? ( ,n]o1 says 7i4 #bfd71 8,! tyrant "h meant is probably ,domitian2 at lea/1 al?\gh he is n nam$ by ,clem5t1 x is cle> t ,eusebius s und]/&s ! matt]40 ,victor9us1 bi%op ( ,pettaw & m>tyr 9 ,diocletian's p]secution1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 writt5 t[>ds ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury1 says twice expressly t ! ,apocalypse 0 se5 by ! apo/le ,john 9 ! isle ( ,patmos1 :5 bani%$ ?i!r by ! ,roman emp]or ,domitian4 ,see ! passages quot$ 9 ,elliott1 i4 #ci1 & 9 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #bfd4 ,! te/imony is unequivocal4 ,to ^! te/imonies f ! e>ly fa!rs may be add$ t ( ,j]ome1 :o says t 8,john saw ! ,apocalypse on ! isl& ( ,patmos1 to :i* he 0 s5t by ,domitian10 & 9 ano!r place he says t ?is occurr$ 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7,adv4 ,jov94 lib4 i41 ,l>dn]1 iv4 #ddf1 #ddg74 ,& to ^! pla9 te/imonies may be add$ ^? ( ,sulpicius ,sev]us & ,orosius1 contempor>ies ( ,augu/9e2 ,gregory ,turon5sis 7c5t4 vi471 ,isidorus ,hispal5sis 7c5t4 vii471 ,m>ianus ,scotus1 ,primasius1 & o!rs4 ,see ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #bfd1 #bfe1 & ,elliott1 i4 #ch1 #ci4 ,su* is ! positive te/imony t ! book 0 writt5 ne> ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian & ab\t ,a4,d4 #if4 ,x is true1 t not)/&+ ?is positive te/imony1 !re 7 "s writ]s :o assign$ x to an e>li] date4 ,?us ,epiphanius1 bi%op ( ,salamis 9 ,cyprus1 9 ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 speaks ( ,john z hav+ prophesi$ 9 ! isle ( ,patmos 9 ! days ( ! emp]or ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #daed72 a "t :51 z ,mi*aelis obs]ves1 x does n appe> f hi/ory t !re 0 any imp]ial p]secution ( ,*ri/ians xlviii :atev]1 & :51 moreov]1 ! probability is t1 ( ! sev5 ,apocalyptic *ur*es1 sc>cely "o 0 9 exi/5ce1 & ! apo/le ,john 0 9 no way associat$ ) !m4 ,l>dn] 7iv4 #aij7 seems to suspect t1 9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 ! "n ,claudius 0 a fault ( ! transcrib]4 ,epiphanius1 h[ev]1 receiv$ ! ,apocalypse z ! "w ( ,john & z an inspir$ book 7,l>dn]1 iv4 #aij74 ,o!rs h ascrib$ ! date ( ! book ( ,revelation to ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,?us1 9 ! lat] ,syriac v]sion1 ! title-page decl>es t x 0 writt5 9 ,patmos1 :i!r ,john 0 s5t by ,n]o ,cs>4 ,?is v]sion1 h[ev]1 0 made 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 & c h little au?ority 9 det]m9+ ! "q4 ,x is n kn[n by :om ! v]sion 0 made1 or on :at au?ority ! au?or reli$1 :5 he said t ,john 0 bani%$ to ,patmos 9 ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,s also ,&reas & ,are?as1 comm5tators on ! book ( ,revelation1 "o ( !m 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury & ! o!r 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 make quotations f ! book 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t !y suppos$ t x 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 made no express decl>ation on t po9t1 & _! te/imony at anyrate1 at t late p]iod1 is ( little value4 ,a few o!r lat] writ]s also suppos$ t ! book 0 writt5 at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! reign ( ,domitian4 ,see ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,su* is ! sum ( ! hi/orical te/imony z to ! "t :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt52 & t te/imony1 x seems to me1 is s cle> z to settle ! po9t s f> z ! hi/orical evid5ce is conc]n$1 t ! book 0 writt5 ne> ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian1 t is1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie or #if4 ,my exposition ( ! book proce$s on ! supposition t x 0 writt5 at t "t4 #b4 ,!re is ano!r inquiry1 h[ev]1 z to ! int]nal evid5ce1 = on ?is gr\nd x has be5 ma9ta9$ t x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & 9 ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,see ! argum5t 9 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 i4 #bgjbhb4 ,n[1 9 reg>d to ?is x may be rem>k$ 9 g5]al1 t on ! supposition t x 0 writt5 ne> ! close ( ! life ( ,john1 & 9 ! "t ( ,domitian1 x c be %[n t !re is no int]nal improbability or inconsi/5cy2 t is1 9 o!r words1 all ! kn[n circum/ances 9 reg>d to ,john1 & to ! condition ( ! *ur* at t "t1 w\ld accord ) t supposition4 ,=1 7a7 ,x is kn[n t ,john sp5t _m ( ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life at ,ephesus1 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 *ur*es to :i* ! book 0 address$1 & ! epi/les 9 ! book are su* z !y w\ld be on t supposition4 7b7 ,x is admitt$ t !re 0 a p]secution ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! "t ( ,domitian2 & ( ! p]secution :i* he excit$ aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 ,mo%eim rem>ks t 8he 0 an emp]or little inf]ior to ,n]o 9 bas5ess ( "* & conduct4 ,?is p]secution und\bt$ly 0 sev]e2 b x 0 ( %ort cont9uance1 z ! emp]or 0 soon murd]$0 7,mo%eim1 i4 #fi74 ,x comm5c$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ic or #id4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n h[ f> x ext5d$1 b z ! gr\nd ( ! p]secution 0 a fe> ( ,domitian t he w\ld lose 8 empire f "s p]son among ! relatives ( ,*ri/ :o w\ld attempt a revolution 7,mo%eim1 i4 #fi2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aic71 ere is e probability t x w\ld be direct$ p>ticul>ly to ! ,ea/ & ! c\ntries ne> :]e ! ,savi\r liv$ & di$4 xlix 7c7 ,x is n improbable t ,john w\ld be bani%$ 9 ?is p]secution4 ,he 0 a man ( great influ5ce among ,*ri/ians1 & x is to be presum$ t he w\ld n escape ! notice ( ^? :o 7 actively engag$ 9 c>ry+ on ! p]secution4 ,moreov]1 x is z probable t he w\ld be bani%$ z t he w\ld be put to dea?2 =1 ?\gh we h few facts respect+ ?is p]secution1 & few names are m5tion$1 yet we h "o record$ in/ance 9 :i* bani%m5t on acc\nt ( pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian religion took place4 ,?us ,milman 7,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aic71 speak+ ( two ( ! c\s9-g]mans ( ,domitian1 says1 8,! "o fell an e>ly victim to 8 jeal\s appreh5sions4 ,! o!r1 ,flavius ,clem5s1 is describ$ z a man ( ! mo/ contemptible indol5ce ( "*4 ,8 p[]ful k9sman1 in/ead ( excit+ ! fe>s1 enjoy$ = "s "t ! fav\r ( ,domitian4 ,he receiv$ 9 m>riage ,domitilla1 ! niece ( ! emp]or2 8 *ildr5 7 adopt$ z heirs to 8 ?rone2 ,clem5s himself obta9$ ! consul%ip4 ,on a sudd5 ^! h>mless k9sm5 became dang]\s conspirators2 !y 7 arraign$ on ! unprec$5t$ *>ge ( ,a!ism & ,jewi% mann]s2 ! husb& ,clem5s 0 put to dea?2 ! wife ,domitilla bani%$ to ! des]t isl& ( ei!r ,pontia or ,p&at>ia40 ,no?+ is m probable1 !re=e1 ?an t ,john ! apo/le %\ld be also bani%$ to a des]t isl&& ,patmos 0 admirably adapt$ to su* a purpose4 ,see ,notes on *ap4 i4 #i4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ev]y?+ 9 ! circum/ances to make x probable t ! book 0 writt5 at ! "t 9 :i* x is s uni=mly said by ! e>ly hi/orians to h be54 ,^? ?+s seem to me to make x prop] to acquiesce 9 ! g5]al op9ion s long ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! date ( ! ,apocalypse1 = !re is1 p]haps1 no book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ^: date is bett] det]m9$ on hi/orical gr\nds ?an ?is4 ,^! consid]ations also make x unnecess>y to exam9e ! alleg$ int]nal evid5ce f ! book t x 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 especially z x w be %[n 9 ! ,notes t ! passages usually reli$ on 7*ap4 vi4 #i1 #aj2 vii42 xi4 #c1 #h2 xvii4 #h1 #aa2 & *ap4 i4 #a1 #c2 xxii4 #g1 #bj7 are susceptible ( an easy & satisfactory explanation on ! supposition t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,domitian1 or aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,see also ,editor's ,preface4 ,,iii4,! ,place :]e ! ,book 0 ,writt54 ,! book itself purports 7*ap4 i4 #i7 to h be5 writt5 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos1 :]e ! writ] says he 0 8= ! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/20 t is1 cle>ly1 :]e he _h be5 bani%$ = 8 atta*m5t to ! ,savi\r4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is isl&1 see ,notes on *ap4 i4 #i4 ,! only "q t has ev] be5 rais$ on ?is po9t is1 :e!r ?is 0 a reality1 or a poetical fictiont is1 :e!r ! writ] 9 8 visions m]ely seem$ to h be5 transf]r$ to ! place1 & ?is 0 made ! imag9>y sc5e ( ! vision4 ,! latt] supposition has be5 ent]ta9$ by ,ei*horn 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#ahaj71 & by "s o!r writ]s4 ,9 fav\r1 h[ev]1 ( und]/&+ ?is z a lit]al fact1 ! foll[+ consid]ations may be sugge/$3 #a4 ,! cle> /atem5t ( ! writ] himself 7*ap4 i4 #i7;a /atem5t t %\ld be receiv$ z lit]ally true1 unless !re is some?+ 9 ! "* ( ! composition1 or "s intr9sic improbability 9 ! case1 to set x aside4 l ,if ! composition 7 av[$ly fictiti\s or poetical1 !n x w\ld be und]/ood t su* a /atem5t 0 n to be receiv$ lit]ally4 ,& ?us1 9 a prophetic record1 x might be cle> t x 0 a m]e vision>y repres5tation1 9 :i* ! prophet seem$ to be transport$ to "s place :]e !re w\ld be no dang] ( misund]/&+ x4 ,und\bt$ly1 on ?is pr9ciple1 "s ( ! visions ( ,ezekiel & ,j]emiah are to be reg>d$ z locat$ at "s place remote f t :]e ! prophet 02 & ?us _m ( ! visions 9 ?is book are locat$ 9 heav5 or else:]e4 ,b ^! cases are :olly diff]5t f ! /atem5t 9 *ap4 i4 #i4 ,patmos is n repres5t$ z ! m]e sc5e ( a vision4 ,! /atem5t occurs 9 a pla9 prose n>rative1 & !re is no intr9sic improbability t x is true4 #b4 ,?is accords ) ! repres5tation ( hi/ory1 & ) ! probabilities ( ! case1 t ,john 0 actually bani%$ to ,patmos 9 a "t ( p]secution4 ,see ,,ii4 ,on ?is po9t ! repres5tations ( hi/ory are uni=m1 & !y are su*1 t if a writ] _h design$ to =ge a book 9 ! "n ( ,john1 he w\ld1 9 all probability1 h fix$ on ,patmos z ! sc5e ( ! vision1 f ! fact t he 0 actually bani%$ !re4 #c4 ,if ,patmos 0 m]ely a fictiti\s place1 :y %\ld ,john select x8 ,:at 0 !re 9 t isl& t w\ld h occurr$ to him z a prop] place to be ! sc5e ( su* visions8 ,x 0 little kn[n2 x _h no sacr$ associations2 x _h nev] be5 repres5t$ z a place visit$ by ! ,mo/ ,high1 & x _h no p>ticul> relation to ! sc5es :i* are ref]r$ to4 ,"o born 9 ,judea1 & tra9$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hebrew religion2 "o :o 0 a disciple ( ,*ri/1 & :o _h witness$ ! sc5e ( ! transfiguration or ! asc5sion1 w\ld h be5 mu* m likely to select ,s9ai1 ,c>mel1 ,h]mon1 ,tabor1 or ,olivet1 z ! sc5e :]e ! visions 7 to be laid4 ,^! 7 consecrat$ spots4 ,on ^! ,god _h manife/$ himself 9 a peculi> mann]2 _h conv]s$ ) m51 & _h giv5 glori\s exhibitions ( 8 "* & plans4 ,:y %\ld n "o ( ^! spotsany "o ( !m 9 itself is z well adapt$ to be ! sc5e ( su* visions z ! lonely isle ( ,patmosh be5 select$8 ,:y 0 a ,grecian isl& *os5a place n once nam$ 9 all ! sacr$ writ+s1 & s small & s desolate z to h be5 almo/ entirely1 be=e ?is1 unkn[n ev5 9 ! hea!n _w8 #d4 ,all ! circum/ances h ! aspect ( reality4 ,x 0 a real p]secution to :i* ! writ] ref]s1 & x 0 a real affliction :i* he 0 exp]i5c+1 & ! conc9nity ( ! passage requires u to und]/& ?is z a real transf] to a lonely isl&4 ,if t 7 a m]e vision1 !n we %\ld be requir$ also to und]/& ! /atem5t t he 0 8a companion ( o!rs 9 tribulation0 z a vision also1 & 8 affliction z an acc\nt ( an ideal transf] to t isl&4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! _s ( ! passage 9 *ap4 i4 #i2 & ! :ole1 !re=e1 %\ld be und]/ood z ! /atem5t ( a lit]al fact4 ,^! consid]ations are suffici5t to %[1 t ! common op9ion1 t ! visions 7 se5 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos1 has e probability 9 its fav\r1 & %\ld be receiv$ z correct4 ,:e!r ! record 0 actually made on t isl&1 or 0 made aft]w>ds1 is a po9t on :i* no light c be obs]v$1 & :i* is ( no importance4 ,f su* passages1 h[ev]1 z ^? 9 *ap4 x4 #d2 xiv4 #ac2 xix4 #i2 & xxi4 #e1 x w\ld seem probable li t ! record 0 made z soon z ! visions 7 se51 & t ! book 0 actually writt5 9 ,patmos4 ,,iv4,! ,nature & ,design ( ! ,book4 ,?is mu/ be le>n$ f an exam9ation ( ! book itself1 & ! views ent]ta9$ on ?is po9t w be det]m9$1 9 a great measure1 by ! pr9ciples :i* are adopt$ 9 int]pret+ x4 ,f ! exam9ation :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! book1 & ! me?ods ( int]pretation :i* ,i h adopt$1 x seems to me t ! matt] & design ( ! book may be express$ 9 ! foll[+ specifications3 #a4 ,x 0 compos$ 9 a "t ( p]secution1 & 9 view ( ! p]secutions & ho/ilities1 ext]nal & int]nal1 to :i* ! *ur* 0 !n1 & w\ld be expos$4 ,*ri/ianity 0 !n 9 its infancy4 ,x 0 comp>atively feeble4 ,x enc\nt]$ ! opposition ( ! _w4 ,! arm ( ! civil p[] 0 rais$ to cru% x4 ,x 0 also expos$ to ! attacks ( int]nal foes1 & p]secutions w\ld arise f its own bosom1 & =midable enemies 9 future times w\ld seem to endang] its v exi/5ce4 ,h]esies1 & divisions1 & corruptions ( doctr9e & ( practice1 might be expect$ to exi/ 9 its own bosom2 times ( conflict & d>kness w\ld come2 *anges w\ld occur 9 gov]nm5ts t w\ld deeply affect ! welf>e ( ! *ur*2 & !re might be p]iods :5 x w\ld seem to be d\btful :e!r ! true *ur* w\ld n become :olly ext9ct4 ,! fai? ( ,*ri/ians 01 d\btless1 sorely tri$ 9 ! p]secution :i* exi/$ :5 ! book 0 writt51 & w\ld be 9 l mann] (t5 sorely tri$ 9 ! corruptions & p]secutions ( future ages4 #b4 ,! ,apocalypse is design$ to meet ?is /ate ( feel+ by furni%+ ! assurance t ! gospel w\ld ultimately prevail2 t all its enemies w\ld be subdu$1 & ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah set up ov] all ! _w4 ,x 0 int5d$ to imp>t consolation to ! p ( ,god 9 all ages1 & 9 all =ms ( p]secution & trial1 by ! assurance t ! true religion w\ld be at la/ triumphant1 ?us furni%+ an illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ! decl>ations ( ! ,savi\r respect+ ! *ur*1 t ! 8gates ( hell %\ld n prevail aga9/ x10 ,mat4 xvi4 #ah4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ 9 ! book t5ds to ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel2 & h5ce at ! close 7*ap4 xx471 we h ! assurance ( its f>-spread diffusion ov] ! e>?1 = a p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & 7*ap4 xxi41 xxii47 a graphic view ( ! /ate ( ! r$eem$ :5 !y %all be deliv]$ f s9 & woe1 & :5 all te>s %all be wip$ away f _! eyes4 #c4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is by giv+ a rapid glance at ! great ev5ts ( hi/ory1 be>+ on ! *ur* 9 all com+ times1 till x %\ld be triumphant2 or by sket*+ a bold outl9e ( ! pr9cipal ?+s t w\ld s]ve to endang] ! *ur*1 & ! pr9cipal div9e int]positions 9 behalf ( ! *ur*1 until its triumph %\ld be secur$ ^u ! e>?4 ,?is might h be5 done by direct /atem5t1 or by pla9 & positive ass]tion1 z x 0 by _m ( ! prophets2 b ! end1 9 ?is case1 w\ld be bett] secur$ by a glance at future hi/ory1 9 su* a way1 t :ile ! great fact ( ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel w\ld be kept be=e ! *ur*1 !re might be furni%$ a cle> demon/ration1 9 ! end1 ( ! div9e orig9 & inspiration ( ! book itself4 ,?is latt] object1 inde$1 w\ld h be5 9 fact accompli%$ by a pla9 decl>ation1 b x w\ld be be/ lii accompli%$ by su* details z w\ld %[ t ! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts 0 compreh5d$ by ! ,holy ,_s! real au?or ( ! :ole4 ,a g5]al view ( ^! details may be se51 accord+ to ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h adopt$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! "w1 9 ! ,analysis at ! close ( ! ,introduction1 ,v4 #d4 ,! me?od 9 :i* ?is is ma9ly done 9 ?is book is by pictures or symbols2 =1 above all ! o!r books 9 ! ,bible1 ! ,apocalypse is *>act]iz$ by ?is me?od ( repres5tation1 & x may em95tly be call$ a book ( symbols4 ,x is ?is :i* has made x appe> to be s obscure2 & ?is p>ticul>ly :i* has giv5 occasion = s great a v>iety 9 ! me?ods ( int]pret+ x= !re is no k9d ( repres5tation t furni%es occasion = s mu* fanciful int]pretation z t ( symbolical writ+4 ,! true pr9ciple ( int]pret+ symbolical language has be5 hi!rto little und]/ood1 & consequ5tly e writ] has indulg$ 8 own fancy 9 affix+ su* a mean+ to ! symbol z he *ose4 ,! result has be51 t !re has be5 no g5]ally admitt$ pr9ciple ( int]pretation respect+ ?is book1 & t ! v>iety ( conjectures indulg$1 & ! wild & va9 !ories advanc$1 h produc$ ! impression t ! book is n susceptible ( a pla9 & s5sible exposition4 ,a v common belief is1 t symbolical language mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be obscure & un9telligible1 & t a book1 writt5 9 ! mann] ( ! ,apocalypse1 mu/ always be liable to ! wild vag>ies ( imag9ation :i* h be5 s commonly exhibit$ 9 ! attempts to expla9 ?is book4 ,^! consid]ations make x prop] to (f] a few rem>ks "h ab\t ! nature ( symbolical language1 & on ! "q :e!r a book writt5 9 t language is necess>ily un9telligible1 or incapable ( a plausible int]pretation4 ,a symbol is prop]ly a repres5tation ( any moral ?+ by ! images or prop]ties ( natural ?+s4 ,?us a circle is a symbol ( et]nity1 z hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end2 an eye is a symbol ( wisdom2 a lion1 ( c\rage2 a lamb1 ( meekness & g5tl5ess4 ,?is g5]al idea ( symbols is f\nd 9 types1 enigmas1 p>ables1 fables1 allegories1 emblems1 hi]oglyphics1 c4 ,! symbols mo/ly us$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation are pictures1 & c\ld be pa9t$&1 inde$1 a great "p ( ! book c\ld be repres5t$ 9 a panorama1 & w\ld con/itute a s]ies ( ! mo/ spl5did draw+s t ! _w c conceive4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks may ?r[ "s light on ! reason :y ?is mode ( repres5tation 0 adopt$1 & on ! "q :e!r a book writt5 9 ?is mann] is necess>ily un9telligible4 7a7 ,?is me?od ( repres5tation is n uncommon 9 ! anci5t prophecies4 ,a consid]able portion ( ,daniel & ,ezekiel is writt5 9 ?is way2 & x is (t5 resort$ to by ,isaiah & ! o!r prophets4 ,x 0 a me?od ( repres5tation :i* accord$ well ) ! w>m & gl[+ imag9ation ( ! ,ori5tals1 & ) ! "* ( m9d 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! _w4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be capable ( convey+ ideas ( important ev5ts1 al?\gh x 0 d\btless und]/ood t !re might be "s degree ( obscurity 9 ! repres5tation1 & t /udy & +5uity might be requisite 9 und]/&+ xz is always ! case ) p>ables & enigmas4 ,we h frequ5t in/ances 9 ! ,bible ( a c]ta9 k9d ( trial ( skill 9 exp\nd+ d>k say+s & riddles1 :5 ! s5se 0 int5tionally s convey$ z to dem& acut5ess ( ?\ght 9 ! explanation4 ,! liii utt]ance ( tru?s 9 symbolic language accord$ mu* ) ?is prevail+ b5t ( m9d 9 ! anci5t & ! ori5tal _wz we see 9 ! symbolical repres5tations 9 ,egypt4 ,if ! use ( symbols1 !re=e1 9 ! ,apocalypse be urg$ z an objection to ! book1 ! objection w\ld lie ) equal =ce aga9/ no small "p ( ! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,hebrew prophets1 & aga9/ a me?od ( writ+ :i* 0 actually 9 ext5sive use 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w4 ,to object to x1 mu/ be to object t our own me?ods & views 7 n ! views & me?ods ( all pa/ ages2 t ! improv$ modes ( communication 9 exi/5ce n[ 7 n 9 exi/5ce always4 7b7 ,su* a me?od ( repres5tation may be1 h[ev]1 cle> & intelligible4 ,! purpose ( prophecy does n require t !re %\ld be 9 all cases an explicit /atem5t ( :at w occur1 or a p>ticul> detail ( names1 dates1 & circum/ances= if su* a /atem5t 7 made1 x is pla9 t x w\ld be possible1 on ! "o h&1 = an impo/or s to %ape 8 conduct z to seem to fulfil ! prophecy1 &1 on ! o!r1 = wick$ m51 kn[+ exactly :at 0 pr$ict$1 to prev5t its fulfilm5t4 ,all t is dem&$ 9 su* pr$ictions is1 7#a7 su* a /atem5t z und\bt$ly ref]s to ! future ev5t2 7#b7 su* a /atem5t z1 :5 fairly int]pret$1 describes su* an ev5t2 & 7#c7 su* a /atem5t z t1 :5 ! ev5t occurs1 x %all be cle> t ?is 0 ! ev5t ref]r$ to1 or t ! pr$iction _c prop]ly be ref]r$ to any o!r ev5t2 t is1 s t !y %all comp>e ) ea* o!r z ! two p>ts ( a tally d4 ,n[1 t symbolical language may h ^! *>act]i/ics1 & may be 9 ^! respects suffici5tly cle> & pla91 is evid5t f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ,a picture may be a correct repres5tation ( an ev5t4 ,x 0 ?us among ! ,mexicans1 :o1 by means ( pictures1 7 enabl$ to give a correct repres5tation ( ! l&+ ( ! ,spani>ds1 & to convey to _! mon>* a correct idea ( ! numb] & "* ( ! ,spani% =ces4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,dr4 ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 book v41 xii41 ref]r+ to ! l&+ ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ,mexico1 w illu/rate ?is38,dur+ ?is int]view an int]view betwe5 ,cortes & ! ambassadors ( ,montezuma1 "s pa9t]s 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,mexican *iefs _h be5 dilig5tly employ$ 9 del9eat+1 ^u :ite cotton clo?s1 figures ( ! %ips1 ! horses1 ! artill]y1 ! soldi]s1 & :atev] else attract$ _! eyes z s+ul>4 ,:5 ,cortes obs]v$ ?is1 & 0 in=m$ t ^! pictures 7 to be s5t to ,montezuma1 9 ord] to convey to him a m lively idea ( ! /range & wond]ful objects n[ pres5t$ to _! view ?an any words c\ld communicate1 he resolv$ to r5d] ! repres5tation /ill m animat$ & int]e/+1 by exhibit+ su* a spectacle z might give bo? !m & _! mon>* an awful impression ( ! extraord9>y pr[ess ( 8 foll[]s1 & ! irresi/ible =ce ( _! arms40 #b4 ,a symbol may be z def9ite 9 its signification z ! arbitr>y "* :i* con/itutes a lett] ) u1 or ! arbitr>y "* :i* d5otes a syllable or a ^w ) ! ,*9ese4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t ! lett]s 9 mo/ languages 7 at fir/ pictures or symbols2 b :e!r ?is is true or n1 x is easy to conceive t su* might h be5 ! case1 & t z def9ite ideas might h be5 atta*$ to ! symbols employ$ z to ! arbitr>y m>ks or signs4 ,?us1 x is easy to suppose t a circle1 a lion1 an eagle1 a horse1 a bann]1 an axe1 a lamb1 might h be5 s employ$ liv z always to d5ote ! same ?+1 9 ! same way z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet d1 & ?us1 consequ5tly1 ! numb] ( symbols employ$ might h be5 v num]\s1 ?\gh /ill reta9+ _! def9ite "*4 #c4 ,! tru? ( ^! rem>ks has be5 illu/rat$ by ! rec5t inve/igations ( ! symbolical language or hi]oglyphical signs 9 ,egypt4 ,on ! celebrat$ ,rosetta /one1 an inscription 0 f\nd 9 ?ree comp>tm5ts ( ! /one1 9 ?ree diff]5t languages! fir/ 9 hi]oglyphical or symbolical language1 ! language us$ by ! prie/s2 ! second 9 en*orical or demotic language! language 9 common use among ! ,egyptian p2 & ! ?ird 9 ,greek4 ,x 0 conjectur$ t ! inscription 9 ea* language 0 ! same1 & t consequ5tly !re might be a key = expla9+ ! symbols or ! hi]oglyphics s common 9 ,egypt4 ,act+ on ?is sugge/ion1 ,*ampollion 0 enabl$ to read ! inscription 9 ! ,egyptian language1 & to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! symbols 9 s common use 9 ! anci5t inscriptions1 & ! symbolical language ( ,egypt became z intelligible z o!r anci5t =ms ( recordz x 0 und\bt$ly :5 x 0 at fir/ employ$4 ,ea* ( ! symbols _h a well-kn[n signification1 & 0 adapt$ to convey a def9ite idea4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is /one1 & ( ! symbols ( ,egypt g5]ally1 may be se5 9 ,gliddon's ,anci5t ,egypt1 *ap4 i4 ,! symbols employ$ by ! ,hebrew prophets may h _h1 z us$ by !m1 z def9ite a mean+1 & may be z susceptible ( z cle> an int]pretation n[1 z ! symbols employ$ 9 ,egypt1 or z any o!r language4 ,! only real difficulty 9 int]pret+ !m may h aris5 f ! fact t !y ref]r$ to future ev5ts 7see ,notes on ,rev4 xvi4 #ab72 ! employm5t ( su* me?ods ( writ+ 0 9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! ,ori5tals1 & gave great poetic beauty to _! compositions4 #d4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t peculi> c>e is necess>y 9 ! int]pretation ( writ+s ( ?is "*4 ,!re is mu* room = ! indulg5ce ( ! imag9ation1 & facts h %[n t 9 almo/ no?+ has s mu* indulg5ce be5 giv5 to ! fancy z 9 ! int]pretation ( su* books z ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse4 ,inde$1 ! explanations ( ^! books h be5 s loose & wild1 z1 ) _m1 to br+ ! :ole sci5ce ( int]pretation ( ! prophecies into contempt1 & to produce ! v common impression t a rational & consi/5t exposition ( su* books z ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse is impossible4 ,a bett] mode ( int]pretation1 x is hop$1 h[ev]1 is to prevaila mode 9 :i* !re w be m c>eful att5tion to ! true mean+ ( symbols & to ! prop] laws ( symbolic language4 ,! true me?od may n h be5 rea*$1 & _m errors may occur be=e x %all be rea*$4 ,= _m ages ! mean+ ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics 0 entirely unkn[n4 ,?\s&s ( conjectures _h be5 made z to ! me?od ( read+ ^? symbols2 va/ +5uity _h be5 exhau/$2 ! hope 0 sometimes ent]ta9$ t ! clue _h be5 discov]$1 b x 0 at la/ felt t all ^? propos$ me?ods 7 fanciful1 & ! _w _h settl$ d[n 9 despair z to ! possibility ( deciph]+ _! mean+4 ,! accid5tal discov]y ( ! ,rosetta /one1 & ! pati5t lab\rs ( ,de ,sacy1 ,ak]blad1 ,ty*s51 & especially ( ,*ampollion1 h *ang$ ! views ( ! _w on t subject1 & ! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt h become z intelligible z any o!r language4 ,x is possible t ! same may be true 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! symbols ( ! sacr$ prophets2 & t al?\gh ^? ( ,daniel & ,john may lv h seem$ to be z obscure z ^? ( ,egypt1 & al?\gh ! mo/ wild & extravagant op9ions may h be5 ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to _! mean+1 yet ! "t may come :5 ^? books %all take _! place among ! well-und]/ood portions ( ! ,bible1 & :5 ! correspond5ce ( ! pr$ictions c\*$ "u ^! symbols ) ! ev5ts %all be s cle>1 t !re %all be no l+]+ d\bt on any m9d t !y are a "p ( ! div9e communications to mank9d4 ,:e!r ?is attempt to expla9 "o ( ^? books w contribute any?+ to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! true mean+ ( ! symbolical language employ$ by ! prophets1 mu/ be submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( ! read]4 ,v4,! ,plan ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! book ( ,revelation may be reg>d$ z divid$ into sev5 portions1 embrac+ ! foll[+ g5]al po9ts3,! introduction1 *ap4 i42 ! epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es1 *ap4 ii41 iii42 ! prep>atory vision1 *ap4 iv42 ! relation ( ! *ur* to ! ext]nal _w1 embrac+ ! outw>d or secul> aspect ( ?+s z be>+ on ! *ur*1 *ap4 v4xi4 #aah2 ! int]nal /ate ( ! *ur*1 embrac+ ! rise & de/9y ( ,anti*ri/or1 ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! *ur* until ! ov]?r[ ( t =midable p[] & ! p]man5t & triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 ! la/ tempor>y apo/asy1 & ! g5]al judgm5t1 *ap4 xi4 #ai2 xii4xx42 ! f9al condition ( ! righte\s 9 _! /ate ( triumph & glory1 *ap4 xxi41 xxii4 #ae2 & ! epilogue or conclusion1 *ap4 xxii4 #fba4 ,?is plan1 z pursu$ 9 ?is attempt to expla9 ! book1 may be se5 m 9 detail 9 ! ,,analysis on ! foll[+ pages4 lvi ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,revelation ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,design ,,& ,,argum5t ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,%[+ ,,! ,,design ,,& ,,argum5t ,,( ,,! ,,book ,i4 ,,g5]al ,i4 ,! title & design ( ! book1 *ap4 i4 #ac4 ,,introduction1 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,d$ication to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 *ap4 i4 #dh4 ,,iii4 ,vision ( ! ,r$eem]1 *ap4 i4 #iah4 ,,iv4 ,commission to write to ! sev5 *ur*es1 *ap4 i4 #ai1 #bj4 ,,ii4 ,,epi/les ,,to ,i4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,ephesus1 *ap4 ,,! ,,sev5 ii4 #ag4 ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,asia1 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,smyrna1 *ap4 ,,asia1 ,,*ap4 ii4 #haa4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iii4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,p]gamos1 *ap4 ii4 #abag4 ,,iv4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,?yatira1 *ap4 ii4 #ahbi4 ,v4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,s>dis1 *ap4 iii4 #af4 ,,vi4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,philadelphia1 *ap4 iii4 #gac4 ,,vii4 ,epi/le to ! *ur* at ,laodicea1 *ap4 iii4 #adbb4 ,,iii4 ,,prep>atory ,i4 ,! sc5e laid 9 heav51 *ap4 iv4 #a1 #b4 ,,vision1 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 ,! vision ( ,god1 ( ! eld]s1 & ( ! liv+ creatures1 *4 iv4 #ch4 ,,iii4 ,! wor%ip r5d]$ to ,god1 *ap4 iv4 #iaa4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,i4 ,! ,seal$ book1 conta9+ ! record ( ,,relations ,,( ^! ev5ts1 9 ! h& ( him t sat on ,,! ,,*ur* ! ?rone4 ,! ,lamb ( ,god only c\ld op5 ,,! ,,relation x4 ,! joy 9 heav5 t "o 0 f\nd :o ,,to ,,secul> c\ld op5 ! seals1 *ap4 v4 ,,affairs ,,political ,,ii4 ,! op5+ #a4 ,! op5+ ( ! fir/ seal1 ,,*anges ,,& ( ! seals *ap4 vi4 #a1 #b4 ,,revolutions1 ,! :ite horse4,peace1 ,,z ,,be>+ prosp]ity1 & triumph1 ,,on ,,! fulfill$ 9 ! /ate ( ,,*ur*1 ,,*ap4 ! ,roman empire f ! ,v4,,xi4 #aah4 dea? ( ,domitian1 ,a4,d4 #if1 to ! accession ( ,commodus1 ,a4,d4 #ahj4 #b4 ,! op5+ ( ! second seal1 *ap4 vi4 #c1 #d4 ,! r$ horse4,blood%$1 discord1 civil /rife2 fulfill$ 9 ! /ate ( ! ,roman empire f ! dea? ( ,commodus1 ,a4,d4 #aic1 & onw>d4 #c4 ,! op5+ ( ! ?ird seal1 *ap4 vi4 #e1 #f4 ,! black horse4,calamity1 di/ress1 want1 tr\ble2 fulfill$ 9 ! ,roman empire1 9 ! sc>city ( food t prevail$2 ! excessive taxation2 ! special ord] n to de/roy ! olive-y>ds & v9ey>ds2 ! s\rces ( rev5ue1 9 ! "t ( ,c>acalla1 ,a4,d4 #baa1 & onw>d4 #d4 ,! op5+ ( ! f\r? seal1 *ap4 vi4 #g1 #h4 ,! pale horse4,! reign ( dea?1 9 ! =m ( fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 disease2 fulfill$ 9 ! ,roman empire 9 ! blood%$1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce t prevail$ 9 ! "t ( ,decius1 ,gallus1 milianus1 ,val]ian1 & ,gallianus1 ,a4,d4 #bdcbfh4 #e4 ,! op5+ ( ! fif? seal1 *ap4 vi4 #iaa4 ,! m>tyrs4,fulfill$ 9 ! ,roman empire 9 ! p]secutions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! "t ( ,diocletian1 ,a4,d4 #bhdcjd2 ! la/ ( ! ef=ts 9 ! ,pagan _w to ext+ui% ! ,*ri/ian "n4 #f4 ,! op5+ ( ! six? seal1 *ap4 vi4 #abag4 ,con/]nation & al>m z if ! _w 0 com+ to an end2 fulfill$ 9 ! ,roman empire 9 ! ?reat5+ invasions ( ! ,go?s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,danube1 press$ on by ! ,huns1 & produc+ univ]sal al>m & con/]nation1 ,a4,d4 #cfe1 & onw>ds4 lvii ,int]m$iate vision betwe5 ! op5+ ( ! six? & sev5? seals4 ,a view ( ! p]secution ( ! *ur*1 & ! glory ( ! sa9ts 9 heav51 design$ to su/a9 ! m9d 9 ! mid/ ( s mu* gloom1 & to furni% ! assurance t innum]able multitudes ( m5 w\ld be br\ght to glory1 *ap4 vii4 7a7 ,! imp5d+ /orm ( wra? t seem$ to ?reat5 univ]sal de/ruction is susp5d$ 9 ord] t ! s]vants ( ,god might be seal$1 *ap4 vii4 #ac4 7b7 ,! seal+ process1 indicat+ ! pres]vation ( ! *ur* 9 ^! times ( dang]1 & ! influ5ces t w\ld designate & save ! true p ( ,god 9 all "t to come1 *ap4 vii4 #dh4 7c7 ,a vision ( an imm5se ho/ be=e ! ?rone1 ga!r$ out ( all p & all l&s1 *ap4 vii4 #iab4 7d7 ,a view ( ! m>tyrs :o w\ld be sav$2 a view design$ to give com=t 9 ! trials t w\ld come ^u ! p ( ,god 9 ?is _w1 *ap4 vii4 #ac1 #ad4 7e7 ,a view ( ! happ9ess ( heav51 :]e all suff]+ w cease1 & all te>s be wip$ away1 *ap4 vii4 #aeag4 #g4 ,! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal1 *ap1 viii4xi4 #aah4 ,sev5 trumpets giv5 to sev5 angels to s\nd1 & ! prep>atory arrangem5ts = s\nd+1 *ap4 viii4 #af4 ,two s]ies ( ev5ts ref]r+ to ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire3 ,a4 ,,! ,,we/to ! fall ( ! ,we/]n empiref\r trumpets4 7#a7 ,! fir/ trumpet s\nd$1 *ap4 viii4 #g4 ,! invasion ( ! ,roman empire by ,al>ic1 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 ,a4,d4 #ciedaj4 7#b7 ,! second trumpet s\nd$1 *ap4 viii4 #h1 #i4 ,! invasion ( ! ,roman empire by ,g5s]ic1 k+ ( ! ,v&als1 ,a4,d4 #dbhdfh4 7#c7 ,! ?ird trumpet s\nd$1 *ap4 viii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! invasion ( ! ,roman empire by ,attila1 k+ ( ! ,huns1 ! 8,sc\rge ( ,god10 ,a4,d4 #dccdec4 7#d7 ,! f\r? trumpet s\nd$1 *ap4 viii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,! f9al conque/ ( ,rome & ! ,we/]n empire by ,odoac]1 k+ ( ! ,h]uli1 ,a4,d4 #dgfdij4 ,b4 ,,! ,,ea/to ! fall ( ! ,ea/]n empiretwo trumpets1 *ap4 ix4 7#e7 ,! fif? trumpet s\nd$1 *ap4 ix4 #aab4 ,! ,mahometans1 or ,s>ac5s4 7#f7 ,! six? trumpet s\nd$1 *ap4 ix4 #acai4 ,! ,turki% p[]4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! fall ( ! ,ea/]n empire & ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet1 *ap4 ix4 #bj2 xi4 #ac3 7a7 ,! result ( ^! judgm5ts1 *ap4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,!y produce no *ange 9 ! moral condition ( ! _w2 fulfill$ 9 ! /ate ( ! ,papal _w aft] ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 & be=e ! ,re=mation4 7b7 ,an angel is se5 desc5d+ f heav5 ) emblems ( maje/y1 joy1 & peace1 *ap4 x42 fulfill$ 9 ! ,re=mation3 77 ,! angel ) ! ra9b[ on 8 head1 & 8 face l ! sun1 a prop] symbol ( ! ,re=mation z a "w ( peace1 & accompani$ ) light & k1 *ap4 x4 #a4 lviii 77 ,! little book 9 8 h&1 a symbol ( ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! ,re=mationa book! ,bible1 *ap4 x4 #b4 77 ,8 cry+ ) a l\d voice1 symbolical ( ! ,re=mation z arre/+ ! att5tion ( ! nations1 *ap4 x4 #c4 77 ,! sev5 ?und]s! ana!mas ( ,papal ,rome! ?und] ( ! sev5-hill$ city1 *ap4 x4 #c4 77 ,! purpose ( ,john to record :at ! sev5 ?und]s _h utt]$1 & ! comm& n to write2 ! mi/ake :i* ! ,re=m]s 7 9 dang] ( mak+1 by reg>d+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,papacy z ! tru? ( ,god1 *ap4 x4 #d4 77 ,! solemn oa? ( ! angel t ! "t pr$ict$ w\ld n !n occur1 b w\ld occur 9 ! "t :5 ! sev5? angel %\ld s\nd1 *ap4 x4 #eg2 fulfill$ 9 ! anticipations ( ! ,re=m]s t ! _w 0 ab\t to come to an end1 & ! reign ( ,*ri/ ab\t to comm5ce1 & ! assurance ( ! angel t ?is w\ld n !n occur1 b t a long & important int]val mu/ take place4 77 ,! comm& giv5 to ,john to g & take ! little book f ! h& ( ! angel1 *ap4 x4 #h2 fulfill$ 9 ! deliv]y ( ! ,bible aga9 to ! *ur*4 77 ,! comm& to eat x1 & ! consequ5cessweet 9 ! m\?1 & bitt] to ! belly1 *ap4 x4 #i1 #aj2 ! effect ( ! pure ^w ( ,god on ! s\l indicat$ by ! "o2 ! bitt] consequ5ces1 9 p]secution & opposition1 t w\ld result f ! attempt to make ! tru? kn[n to ! _w1 indicat$ by ! o!r4 77 ,! assurance t he w\ld yet prophesy be=e _m p1 & nations1 & tongues1 & k+s1 *ap4 x4 #aj2 fulfill$ 9 ! re/oration ( prea*+ 9 ! *ur*1 f\nd$ on ! ,bible1 & 9 ! imm$iate & ultimate influ5ce ( ! ,bible 9 mak+ ! gospel kn[n to ! _w4 7c7 ,! measur+ ( ! holy city1 *ap4 xi4 #a1 #b2 ! det]m9+ ( :at con/itut$ ! true *ur* at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 7d7 ,! two witnesses1 *ap4 xi4 #cac4 ,^? :o bore fai?ful te/imony to ! tru? 9 all ! corruptions ( ! *ur*2 _! trials & _! triumph2 fulfill$ 9 ! succession ( true & s9c]e ,*ri/ians :om ,god rais$ up f "t to "t to te/ify to ! tru?4 ,!y w\ld be p]secut$1 & _m ( !m w\ld be put to dea?2 !y w\ld seem to be f9ally sil5c$1 & w\ld be treat$ ) great indignity1 z if _! dead bodies %\ld rema9 unburi$2 !y w\ld1 h[ev]1 come to life aga91 t is1 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation !y w\ld rise & te/ify aga9/ ! corruptions ( ! ,papacy1 & w\ld triumph z if !y asc5d$ visibly & glori\sly to heav54 7#g7 ,! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet4 ,! f9al triumph ( ! *ur*1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ! ov]?r[ ( all its enemies1 *ap4 xi4 #adah4 ,?is ends ! fir/ s]ies ( visions2 & ?is expresses 9 g5]al t]ms :at is drawn out m 9 detail 9 ! next s]ies ( visions1 ,"p ,v41 embrac+ m p>ticul>ly ! rise & progress ( ,anti*ri/4 lix ,v4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,int]nally ,i4 ,g5]al #a4 ,a new vision ( ! temple ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,introduction ( ,god op5$ 9 heav51 *ap4 ,,anti*ri/1 to ?is xi4 #ai4 ,,& ,,! s]ies ( ,,effect visions1 #b4 ,a repres5tation ( ! *ur*1 ,,( ,,t ,*ap4 "u ! image ( a beautiful ,,=midable xi4 #ai2 woman1 *ap4 xii4 #a4 ,,p[] ,,on xii4 ,,! ,,int]nal #c4 ,! p>ticul> ?+ design$ ,,hi/ory ,,( to be repres5t$! *ur* ,,! ,,*ur*1 ab\t to increase & to fill ,,to ,,! ! _w1 *ap4 xii4 #b4 ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,ov]?r[ #d4 ,! deadly ho/ility ( ,satan ,,( ,,t to ! *ur*1 & 8 purpose ,,great ,,p[]1 to de/roy x1 repres5t$ by ,,& ,,! a great r$ dragon wait+ to ,,triumphant de/roy ! man-*ild1 *ap4 ,,e/abli%m5t xii4 #c1 #d4 ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( #e4 ,! ultimate safety ( ! ,,god1 ,,*ap4 *ur*1 repres5t$ by ! ,,xi4 #ai2 *ild caught up to heav51 ,,xii4,,xx4 *ap4 xii4 #e4 #f4 ,! fact t ! *ur* w\ld be a long "t obscure & hidd5repres5t$ by ! woman flee+ into ! wild]ness1 *ap4 xii4 #f4 #g4 ,a sc5ic repres5tation ( ! great conte/ go+ on 9 ! univ]se ab\t ! *ur*repres5t$ by a conflict 9 heav5 betwe5 ,mi*ael1 ! protector ( ! *ur*1 ) 8 angels1 & ,satan1 ! great enemy ( ! *ur*1 ) 8 angels1 *ap4 xii4 #g4 #h4 ,! ultimate discomfiture ( ,satan1 repres5t$ by 8 be+ ov]come & ca/ out ( heav51 *ap4 xii4 #h1 #i4 #i4 ,a song ( victory 9 view ( ?is triumph1 *ap4 xii4 #aj1 #aa4 #aj4 ,! fact t ,satan w\ld be all[$1 = a limit$ "t1 to p]secute ! *ur*1 *ap4 xii4 #ab1 #ac4 #aa4 ,! *ur* 9 ! wild]ness1 *ap4 xii4 #adag4 7a7 ,! *ur* w\ld be driv5 into obscurity1 l a woman flee+ into a des]trepres5t+ ! condition ( ! *ur* :ile ! ,papacy %\ld h ! asc5d5cy1 v]4 #ad4 7b7 ,! *ur* w\ld /ill be pres]v$1 ?\gh 9 obscurityrepres5t$ by ! woman n\ri%$ by "s unse5 p[]1 v]4 #ad4 7c7 ,satan w\ld /ill rage aga9/ ! *ur*repres5t$ by ! dragon p\r+ =? a flood ( wat]s to ov]:elm ! woman1 v]4 #ae4 7d7 ,! *ur* w\ld be protect$1 z if ! e>? %\ld op5 its m\? to swall[ up ! wat]repres5t+ ! int]positions f an unexpect$ qu>t] 9 deliv]+ ! *ur* f its p]ils1 v]4 #af4 7e7 ,! wra? ( ,satan aga9/ ! remnantrepres5t+ ! attempts ( ! ,papacy to cut (f individuals :5 op5 & g5]al p]secution no long] rag$1 v]4 #ag4 ,,ii4 ,! two #a4 ,! fir/ bea/1 repres5t+ bea/s1 ! ,roman civil or secul> repres5t+ p[] t su/a9$ ! ,papacy ! great 9 its c>e] ( p]secution1 p]secut+ *ap4 xiii4 #aaj4 p[] 9 ! *ur*1 #b4 ,! second bea/1 repres5t+ ,*ap4 xiii4 ! ,papal ecclesia/ical p[]1 giv+ life to ! =m]1 & p]petuat+ its influ5ce on ! e>?1 *ap4 xiii4 #aaah4 ,,iii4 ,a #a4 ,a vision ( ! r$eem$ 9 repres5tation heav51 triumphant & design$1 rejoic+1 v]4 #ae4 "u a gospel #b4 ,! ultimate spread ( succession ! ?r\gh all ! _w1 ( symbols1 v]4 #f1 #g4 to *e] & su/a9 #c4 ,! fall ( ,babylon1 ! great ! *ur* ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 v]4 #h4 9 its pres5t & #d4 ,! f9al ov]?r[ ( prospective all ! uphold]s ( trials1 ) t ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 ! assurance v]4 #iab4 ( its f9al triumph1 & #e4 ,! bless$ /ate ( ^? :o ! ultimate %\ld die 9 ! ,"l 9 any de/ruction "t1 :e!r ( p]secution ( all its or peace1 v]4 #ac4 foes1 ,*ap4 xiv4 #f4 ,! consummation ( all lx ?+s! f9al triumph ( ! *ur*1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! wick$1 v]4 #adbj3 7a7 ,! great h>ve/ ( ! _w by ! ,son ( ,god! ga!r+ 9 ( ! righte\s1 v]4 #adaf4 7b7 ,! f9al ov]?r[ & de/ruction ( ! wick$1 v]4 #agbj4 ,,iv4 ,prep>ation #a4 ,a new wond] is se5 9 heav52 = ! f9al sev5 angels appe>1 hav+ ! judgm5t on sev5 la/ plagues1 to fill up ! bea/ & or complete ! wra? ( ,god1 8 image1 v]4 #a4 ,*ap4 xv4 #b4 ,^? :o 9 =m] times _h suff]$ f p]secution by ! p[] repres5t$ by ! bea/1 b :o1 9 ! mid/ ( trial & temptation1 _h ma9ta9$ _! fai? /eadfa/1 n[ appe> to celebrate ) a song ( victory ! prospective d[nfall ( ! great foe1 v]4 #bd4 #c4 ,arrangem5ts made = execut+ ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! temple is op5 9 heav52 sev5 angels come out hav+ ! sev5 la/ plagues2 "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures gives comm& to !m to g & execute ! div9e purpose1 pres5t+ sev5 gold5 b[ls full ( ! wra? ( ,god2 ! temple is =?) fill$ ) smoke1 prev5t+ all access to ! m]cy-seat1 & indicat+ t ! div9e purpose 0 inexorable1 v]4 #eh4 ,v4 ,! #a4 ,! fir/ vial1 v]4 #a1 #b4 ,! execution ( fir/ bl[ /ruck on ! ,papacy ! purpose1 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,*ap4 xvi4 #b4 ,! second vial1 v]4 #c4 ,! sc5es ( blood & c>nage 9 t ,revolution4 #c4 ,! ?ird vial1 v]4 #dg4 ,! calamities br\ght by ! ,fr5* invasions ^u ! c\ntries :]e ! mo/ bloody p]secutions _h be5 wag$! nor? ( ,italy4 #d4 ,! f\r? vial1 v]4 #h1 #i4 ,! ov]turn+ ( ! gov]nm5ts t su/a9$ ! ,papal p[]1 9 ! w>s consequ5t on ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #e4 ,! fif? vial1 v]4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! direct assault on ! ,papal p[]2 ! capture ( ! pope himself1 & ! tempor>y entire subjugation ( ,rome by ! ,fr5* arms4 #f4 ,! six? vial1 v]4 #abaf4 ,! decl9e ( ! ,turki% p[]2 ! rapid ext5sion ( ! gospel 9 ! ,ea/2 ! rally+ ( ! /r5g? ( ,paganism1 ,mahometanism1 & ,romanismrepres5t$ by ! ?ree frogs t came out ( ! m\? ( ! dragon1 ! bea/1 & ! false prophet3 ! prep>ation ( ^? p[]s z if = "s great conflict1 & ! decisive /ruggle betwe5 ! *ur* & its foes1 z if ! issue 7 /ak$ on a s+le battle9 ,armag$don4 #g4 ,! sev5? vial1 v]4 #agba4 ,! complete & f9al ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal p[]1 z if 9 a trem5d\s /orm ( hail1 lightn+1 & ?und]1 accompani$ ) an e>?quake4 ,,vi4 ,a #a4 ,introduction to ! ,episode2 p>ticul> ! vision ( ! woman sitt+ description on _m wat]s1 v]4 #ac4 ( ! judgm5t #b4 ,a p>ticul> description ( ! on ?is ,anti*ri/ian p[] ref]r$ to1 =midable "u ! image ( an ab&on$ ,anti*ri/ian & gaily-attir$ woman1 p[]1 "u v]4 #cf4 a new image ( a h>lot #c4 ,a p>ticul> explanation 7,*ap4 xvii47 ( :at is design$ to be 9 ! =m repres5t$ by ! image ( ( an ! sc>let-col\r$ woman1 explanatory v]4 #gah3 ,episode4 7a7 ,! angel promises to expla9 x1 v]4 #g4 7b7 ,a symbolical repres5tation ( ! design ( ! vision1 v]4 #had4 7c7 ,a m lit]al /atem5t ( :at is meant1 v]4 #aeah4 ,! :ole design$ to *>act]ize ,papal ,rome1 & to describe ! mann] ( its rise & ! means ( its ultimate de/ruction4 lxi ,,vii4 ,a #a4 ,a vision ( an angel com+ description f heav51 v]4 #ac4 ( ! effect ( #b4 ,a w>n+ voice call+ on t judgm5t ! p ( ,god to come out 9 p\r+ ( ! my/ical ,babylon1 & out ! n to p>take ( h] s9 & sev5? vial h] doom1 v]4 #dh4 on t =midable #c4 ,lam5tation ov] h] fate3 ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 "u 7a7 ,by k+s1 t _h ! image ( liv$ delicately ) h]1 a ri* & v]4 #i1 #aj4 luxuri\s city2 a 7b7 ,by m]*ants t _h be5 fur!r enri*$ by h]1 v]4 #aaag4 explanatory ,episode1 7c7 ,by m>9]s t _h ,*4 xviii4 traffick$ ) h]1 v]4 #agai4 #d4 ,rejoic+ ov] h] fate1 v]4 #bj4 #e4 ,! f9al de/ruction ( ! my/ical ,babylon! ,papal p[]repres5t$ by a mill/one ca/ by an angel into ! sea1 v]4 #babd4 ,,viii4 ,a fur!r #a4 ,a hymn ( ! heav5ly ho/s episodical 9 view ( ! de/ruction ( repres5tatation ! my/ical ,babylon1 ( ! v]4 #ag3 effects t w\ld result 7a7 ,a voice ( _m p 9 f ! fall heav51 %\t+ ,hallelujah1 ( ! p[]s v]4 #a1 #b4 t oppos$ ! reign ( 7b7 ,! s\nd e*o$ & ! ,son ( repeat$ z ! smoke ( h] ,god & ! torm5t asc5ds1 v]4 #c4 introduction ( ! 7c7 ,! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 ,mill5nium1 & ! f\r liv+ creatures ) an unite 9 ! song1 v]4 #d4 acc\nt ( ! f9al 7d7 ,a voice he>d comm&+ de/ruction !m to praise ,god1 v]4 #e4 ( ^! p[]s1 7e7 ,! mighty %\t ( ,*ap4 xix4 ,hallelujah e*o$ & repeat$ f unnumb]$ ho/s1 v]4 #f1 #g4 #b4 ,! m>riage ( ! ,lamb z ! reason ( ?is increas$ joy1 v]4 #h1 #i4 #c4 ,john1 ov]come ) ?is sc5e1 & fill$ ) raptur\s joy 9 view ( ! f9al triumphs ( ! *ur*1 pro/rates himself be=e ! angel to wor%ip him1 v]4 #aj4 #d4 ,! f9al conque/ ov] ! bea/ & ! false prophet1 v]4 #aaba3 7a7 ,a description ( ! conqu]or! ,son ( ,godz he goes =? to victory1 att5d$ by ! armies ( heav51 v]4 #aaaf4 7b7 ,an angel is se5 /&+ 9 ! sun1 call+ on all ! f[ls ( heav5 to come to ! great fea/ prep>$ = !m 9 ! de/ruction ( ! enemies ( ,god1 v]4 #ag1 #ah4 7c7 ,! f9al w>1 v]4 #aiba4 ,! bea/ & ! k+s ( ! e>? & _! armies ga!r toge!r = ! battle2 ! bea/ & ! false prophet tak51 & ca/ into ! lake t burns ) fire & brim/one2 ! rema9d] ( ! enemies ( ! *ur* sla94 ,! la/ enemy ( ! *ur* on e>? is de/roy$1 & ! way is prep>$ = its univ]sal triumph4 ,,ix4 ,! #a4 ,! b9d+ ( ,satan1 v]4 #ac4 ,mill5nial p]iod & #b4 ,! ,mill5nium1 v]4 #df4 ! f9al ,?rones are plac$ z if judgm5t1 !re 7 to be a judgm5t2 ,*4 xx4 ! _s ( ! m>tyrs & sa9ts is reviv$ aga9 z if !y 7 rais$ f ! dead1 & liv$ aga9 on ! e>?2 ,satan is conf9$1 & ! *ur* enjoys a /ate ( repose & prosp]ity1 = ! p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s4 #c4 ,! release ( ,satan = a little "t4 v]4 #g1 #h4 ,aft] ! ?\s& ye>s are expir$1 he is p]mitt$ to g =? aga9 among ! nations1 & to awak5 a new =m ( ho/ility to ,*ri/ & ! *ur*4 #d4 ,! f9al ov]?r[1 subjugation1 & puni%m5t ( ,satan & ^? oppos+ ho/s1 & ! f9al triumph1 !re=e1 ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #i1 #aj4 #e4 ,! f9al judgm5t on all mank9d1 v]4 #aaae4 ,all ! dead are rais$2 ! sea gives up its dead2 ,dea? & ,hades give up _! dead1 & a solemn & j judgm5t is pron\nc$ on all mank9d1 & ! wick$ are consign$ to ! lake ( fire4 lxii ,,vi4 ,,! ,,f9al ,i4 ,a vision ( ! new heav5s & new e>?1 z ! ,,condition f9al abode ( ! righte\s1 *ap4 xxi4 #a4 ,,( ,,! ,,righte\s,,! ,,ii4 ,t bless$ future abode repres5t$ "u ! ,,/ate ,,( image ( a beautiful city desc5d+ f heav51 ,,future *ap4 xxi4 #bd4 ,,bless$ness1 ,,*ap4 ,,xxi42 ,,iii4 ,a p>ticul> description ( ! city1 z ,,xxii4 #ae4 ! f9al abode ( ! righte\s2 its g5]al appe>ance1 its walls1 its gates1 its f\ndations1 its size1 its light1 its inmates1 c41 *ap4 xxi4 #ibg2 xxii4 #ae ,,vii4 ,,! ,i4 ,a solemn decl>ation t ! ?+s reveal$ 9 ,,epilogue1 ,,or ?is book are true1 v]4 #f1 #g4 ,,conclusion1 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,! effect ( ^? revelations on ,john1 ,,xxii4 #fbj4 v]4 #h1 #i4 ,,iii4 ,a comm& n to seal up :at _h be5 reveal$1 v]4 #aj4 ,,iv4 ,! un*angeable condition ( ! righte\s & ! wick$ 9 ! future /ate1 v]4 #ad1 #ae4 ,v4 ,! bless$ness ( ^? :o h a "r to ent] into ! ,holy ,city1 v]4 #ae4 ,,vi4 ,jesus decl>es himself to be ! au?or ( all ^! revelations1 v]4 #af4 ,,vii4 ,! free invitations ( ! gospel to all m51 v]4 #ag4 ,,viii4 ,a solemn injunction n to *ange any?+ t _h be5 writt5 9 ?is book1 v]4 #ah1 #ai4 ,,ix4 ,! assurance ( ! ,savi\r t he w\ld come quickly1 & ! joy\s ass5t ( ,john to ?is1 & pray] t x might occur1 v]4 #bj4 ,x4 ,! b5$iction1 v]4 #ba4 #ca ,,! ,,revelation ,,( ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,div9e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] conta9s a g5]al introduction to ! :ole book1 & comprises ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,i4 ,! ann\ncem5t t ! object ( ! book is to record a revelation :i* ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ _h made ( important ev5ts :i* 7 %ortly to occur1 & :i* 7 signifi$ by an angel to ! au?or1 ,john1 v]4 #ac4 ,a bless+ is pron\nc$ on him :o %\ld read & und]/& ! book1 & special att5tion is direct$ to x because ! "t 0 at h& :5 ! pr$ict$ ev5ts w\ld occur4 ,,ii4 ,salutation to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 v]4 #dh4 ,to ^? *ur*es1 x w\ld seem f ?is1 ! book 0 orig9ally d$icat$ or address$1 & two ( ! *apt]s 7ii4 & iii47 ref] exclusively to !m4 ,among !m evid5tly ! au?or _h resid$ 7v]4 #i71 & ! :ole book 0 d\btless s5t to !m1 & committ$ to _! keep+4 ,9 ?is salutation1 ! au?or wi%es = !m grace1 m]cy1 & peace f 8him :i* is1 & :i* 01 & :i* is to come0! orig9al f\nta9 ( all light & tru?ref]r+ to ! ,fa!r2 8f ! sev5 ,spirits :i* are be=e ! ?rone0ref]r+ to ! ,holy ,_s 7see ,note on v]4 #d71 by :om all grace is communicat$ to m52 & f ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 by :om ! revelation is imp>t$4 ,z x is 8 revelation1 z x is design$ peculi>ly to glorify him1 & z x pr$icts ! f9al triumph ( 8 religion1 ! au?or app5ds to ?is ref]5ce to him a special ascription ( praise1 v]4 #eh4 ,he ref]s to ! great "w :i* he _h done = 8 p 9 r$eem+ !m1 & mak+ !m k+s & prie/s to ,god2 he assures ^? to :om he wrote t he w\ld come 9 glory to ! _w aga91 & t all eyes w\ld see him2 & he repres5ts ! ,r$eem] himself z apply+ to 8 own p]son a title8,alpha & ,omega10 8! beg9n+ & ! end+0:i* indicates 8 exalt$ nature1 & 8 supreme au?ority4 ,,iii4 ,! commission ( ! writ]1 or 8 au?ority = ?us address+ ! *ur*es ( ,asia1 v]4 #ibj4 ,8 au?ority to d ?is is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! ,"l ,jesus _h appe>$ to him p]sonally 9 8 exile1 & _h direct$ him to reveal :at he saw 9 vision1 & to s5d x to ^? *ur*es4 ,! /atem5t ( ?is commission is made z impressive z x well c\ld be4 7a7 ,! writ] 0 an exilebani%$ to a lonely isl& on acc\nt ( ! common fai?1 v]4 #i4 7b7 ,on ! day ( ,*ri/ian re/! day set ap>t to ! memory ( ! ,savi\r1 & :i* he sacr$ly obs]v$ 9 8 solitude z holy "t:5 9 ! _s ( calm contemplation on ! tru?s appropriate to ?is day1 he sudd5ly he>d ! voice ( 8 ,r$eem]1 l a trumpet1 comm&+ him to record :at he saw1 & to s5d x to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 v]4 #aj1 #aa4 7c7 ,!n foll[s 7v]4 #abah7 a magnific5t description ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,savi\r1 z he appe>$ 9 8 glory4 ,he is se5 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 clo!d 9 a long :ite robe1 gird$ ) a girdle ( gold1 8 hair :ite1 8 eyes l a flame ( fire1 8 feet l brass1 & 8 voice l ! ro>+ ( mighty wat]s4 ,9 8 h& are sev5 />s1 & f 8 m\? goes a %>p sword1 & 8 c\nt5ance is l ! sun 9 ! full spl5d\r ( its %9+4 ,john falls at 8 feet z if he 7 dead2 & ! ,savi\r lays 8 "r h& ^u him1 & animates him ) ! assurance t ?\gh he _h himself be5 dead he is n[ alive1 & w\ld = ev] live1 & t he has ! keys ( hell & dea?4 7d7 ,!n foll[s ! commission itself1 v]4 #ai1 #bj4 ,he 0 to make a record ( ! ?+s :i* he saw4 ,he 0 especially to unfold ! mean+ ( ! sev5 />s :i* he saw 9 ! "r h& ( ! ,savi\r1 & ( ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 z ref]r+ to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or2 & 0 !n to describe #cb ! s]ies ( visions :i* p]ta9$ to ! future hi/ory & de/9y ( ! *ur* at l>ge4 ,9 ! sc5e repres5t$ 9 ?is *apt]1 !re is "s imag]y :i* w\ld be sugge/$ by ! arrangem5ts 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & x has be5 suppos$ 7,elliott1 i4 #gb1 #gc7 t ! vision 0 laid !re1 & t ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z walk+ among ! sev5 lamps 8habit$ z ! anci5t high-prie/40 ,b ! vision is n su* an "o z w\ld h be5 pres5t$ 9 ! holy place 9 ! temple4 ,9 t place !re 0 b "o lamp-/&1 ) sev5 sconces2 "h1 !re 7 sev5 sep>ate lamp-/&s2 !re 7 !re no 8/>s10 & ! ve/m5ts ( ! ,jewi% high-prie/ 7 n ^? 9 :i* ! ,savi\r is repres5t$ z appe>+4 ,he _h no mitre1 no ephod1 no brea/plate1 & no c5s]4 ,! object 0 n to repres5t ,*ri/ z a prie/1 or z sup]s$+ ! ,jewi% high-prie/1 b to repres5t him ) co/ume appropriate to ! ,son ( ,godz hav+ be5 rais$ f ! dead1 & receiv$ to ! glory ( heav54 ,8 ve/m5ts are nei!r ^? ( a prophet1 a k+1 nor a prie/2 n ) su* g>m5ts z ! anci5t prophets wore1 nor ) cr[n & sceptre su* z mon>*s be>1 nor yet ) ! usual habilim5ts ( a prie/4 ,he appe>s z ! ,son ( ,god1 irrespective ( ! (fices t he be>s1 & comes z ! glorifi$ ,head ( ! ,*ur* to decl>e 8 w 9 reg>d to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 & to disclose ! future = ! guidance & com=t ( 8 *ur* at l>ge4 ,! sc5e appe>s to be laid at ,patmos1 & ! apo/le 9 ! vision ( ! ,savi\r does n appe> to h reg>d$ himself z transf]r$ to any o!r place4 ,! view :i* is to be kept be=e ! m9d 9 ! description ( 8! ?+s t are0 7*4 ii41 iii471 is t ( sev5 burn+ lamps1 & ! ,son ( ,god /&+ among !m4 ,?us1 amid/ ^! lamps1 repres5t+ ! *ur*es1 he dictates to ! apo/le :at he %all write to ! *ur*es2 ?us1 ) sev5 />s 9 8 h&1 repres5t+ ! angels ( ! *ur*es1 he dictates :at %all be said to !m4 ,is x unnatural to suppose t ! position ( ^? lamps might h be5 arrang$ 9 ! vision 9 a mann] resembl+ ! geographical position ( ! *ur*es !mselves8 ,if s1 ! sc5e w\ld be m significant1 & m sublime4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ,god gave unto him1 to %[ unto 8 s]vants ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass2 & he s5t & signifi$ x by 8 angel unto 8 s]vant ,john3 #a4 ,! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is is evid5tly a title or caption ( ! :ole book1 & is design$ to comprise ! sub/ance ( ! :ole2 = all t ! book conta9s w\ld be embrac$ 9 ! g5]al decl>ation t x is a revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ^w r5d]$ ,revelation1 :5ce we h d]iv$ our ^w ,apocalypsemeans prop]ly an uncov]+2 t is1 nak$ness2 f 1 to uncov]4 ,x w\ld apply to any?+ :i* _h be5 cov]$ up s z to be hidd5 f ! view1 z by a veil1 a d>kness1 9 an ark or *e/1 & !n made manife/ by remov+ ! cov]+4 ,x comes !n to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( disclos+ or reveal+1 by remov+ ! veil ( d>kness or ignorance4 8,!re is no?+ cov]$ t %all n be reveal$40 ,x may be appli$ to ! disclos+ or manife/+ ( any?+ :i* 0 be=e obscure or unkn[n4 ,?is may be done7a7 ,by in/ruction 9 reg>d to t :i* 0 be=e obscure2 t is1 by /atem5ts ( :at 0 unkn[n be=e ! /atem5ts 7 made2 z 9 ,lu4 ii4 #cb1 :]e x is said t ,*ri/ w\ld be 8a light to light5 ! ,g5tiles0 2 or :5 x is appli$ to ! div9e my/]ies1 purposes1 or doctr9es1 be=e obscure or unkn[n1 b made cle> by light reveal$ 9 ! gospel1 ,ro4 xvi4 #be2 #a ,co4 ii4 #aj2 xiv4 #f2 ,ep4 iii4 #e4 7b7 ,by ! ev5t itself2 z ! manife/ation ( ! wra? ( ,god at ! day ( judgm5t w disclose ! true nature ( 8 wra?4 8,aft] ?y h>dness & imp5it5t he>t treasure/ up unto ?yself wra? aga9/ ! day ( wra? & revelation ( ! righte\s judgm5t ( ,god10 ,ro4 ii4 #e4 8,= ! e>ne/ expectation ( ! creature waite? = ! manife/ation 7,gr4 revelation7 ( ! sons ( ,god10 ,ro4 viii4 #ai2 t is1 till x %all be manife/ by ! ev5t :at !y :o are ! *ildr5 ( ,god are to be4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w is frequ5tly appli$ to ! second adv5t or appe>+ ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 z disclos+ him 9 8 #cc glory1 or %[+ :at he truly is2 8,:5 ! ,"l ,jesus %all be reveal$10 #b ,?4 i4 #g 9 ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 8,wait+ = ! com+ 7! revelation 7 ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/10 #a ,co4 i4 #g2 8,at ! appe>+ 7,gr4 revelation7 ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 #a ,pe4 i4 #g2 8,:5 8 glory %all be reveal$10 #a ,pe4 iv4 #ac4 7c7 ,x is us$ 9 ! s5se ( mak+ kn[n :at is to come1 :e!r by words1 signs1 or symbols1 z if a veil 7 lift$ f t :i* is hidd5 f human vision1 or :i* is cov]$ by ! d>kness ( ! unkn[n future4 ,?is is call$ a revelation1 because ! k ( ! ev5t is 9 fact made kn[n to ! _w by ,him :o alone c see x1 & 9 su* a mann] z he pleases to employ2 ?\gh _m ( ! t]ms or ! symbols may be1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 obscure1 & ?\gh _! full mean+ may be disclos$ only by ! ev5t4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se1 evid5tly1 t ! ^w is us$ "h2 & 9 ?is s5se t x is m commonly employ$ :5 we speak ( a revelation4 ,?us ! ^w 7gl7 is us$ 9 ,am4 iii4 #g1 8,surely ! ,"l ,god w d no?+1 b he reveale? 8 secret unto 8 s]vants40 ,s ,job xxxiii4 #af1 8,!n he op5e? 7m>g4 reveale? or uncov]e?2 ,heb4 7 ! e>s ( m520 t is1 9 a dream1 he discloses to _! e>s 8 tru? be=e conceal$ or unkn[n4 ,comp4 ,da4 ii4 #bb1 #bh1 #bi2 x4 #a2 ,de4 xxix4 #bi4 ,^! ideas ent] into ! ^w z us$ 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,! idea is t ( a disclosure ( an extraord9>y "*1 beyond ! m]e ability ( man1 by a special communication f heav54 ,?is is manife/1 n only f ! usual mean+ ( ?is ^w1 b by ! ^w prophecy1 9 v]4 #c1 & by all ! arrangem5ts by :i* ^! ?+s 7 made kn[n4 ,! ideas :i* w\ld be naturally convey$ by ! use ( ?is ^w 9 ?is connection are two3 7#a71 t !re 0 some?+ :i* 0 be=e hidd51 obscure1 or unkn[n2 &1 7#b71 t ?is 0 s disclos$ by ^! communications z to be se5 or kn[n4 ,! ?+s hidd5 or unkn[n 7 ^? :i* p]ta9$ to ! future2 ! me?od ( disclos+ !m 0 ma9ly by symbols4 ,9 ! ,greek1 9 ?is passage1 ! article is want+a ,revelation1 n 1 ! ,revelation4 ,?is is omitt$ because x is ! title ( a book1 & because ! use ( ! article might imply t ?is 0 ! only revelation1 exclud+ o!r books claim+ to be a revelation2 or x might imply "s previ\s m5tion ( ! book1 or k ( x 9 ! read]4 ,! simple mean+ is1 t ?is 0 8a ,revelation20 x 0 only a "p ( ! revelation :i* ,god has giv5 to mank9d4 ,! phrase1 8! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 might1 s f> z ! con/ruction ( ! language is conc]n$1 ref] ei!r to ,*ri/ z ! subject or object4 ,x might ei!r mean t ,*ri/ is ! object reveal$ 9 ?is book1 & t its great purpose is to make him kn[n1 & s ! phrase is und]/ood 9 ! comm5t>y call$ ,hyponoia 7,new ,york1 #ahdd72 or x may mean t ?is is a revelation :i* ,*ri/ makes to mank9d1 t is1 x is 8 9 ! s5se t he communicates x to ! _w4 ,t ?is latt] is ! mean+ "h is cle>1 7#a71 because x is expressly said 9 ?is v]se t x 0 a revelation :i* ,god gave to him2 7#b71 because x is said t x p]ta9s to ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass2 &1 7#c71 because1 9 fact1 ! revelation is a disclosure ( ev5ts :i* 7 to happ51 & n ( ! p]son or "w ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:i* ,god gave unto him4 ,:i* ,god imp>t$ or communicat$ to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! repres5tations ev]y:]e made 9 ! ,scriptures1 t ,god is ! orig9al f\nta9 ( tru? & k1 & t1 :atev] 0 ! orig9al dignity ( ! ,son ( ,god1 !re 0 a m$iatorial dep5d5ce on ! ,fa!r4 ,see ,jn4 v4 #ai1 #bj1 8,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,! ,son c d no?+ ( himself1 b :at he see? ! ,fa!r d3 = :atsoev] he doe?1 ^! also doe? ! ,son likewise4 ,= ! ,fa!r love? ! ,son1 & %[e? him 7 7 all ?+s t himself doe?40 8,my doctr9e is n m9e1 b 8 t s5t me10 ,jn4 vii4 #af4 8,z my ,fa!r ha? taught me 7 71 ,i speak ^! ?+s10 ,jn4 viii4 #bh4 8,= ,i h n spok5 ( myself2 b ! ,fa!r :i* s5t me1 he gave me a comm&m5t1 :at ,i %\ld say1 & :at ,i %\ld speak10 ,jn4 xii4 #di4 ,see also ,jn4 xiv4 #aj2 xvii4 #g1 #h2 ,mat4 xi4 #bg2 ,m>4 xiii4 #cb4 ,! same m$iatorial dep5d5ce ! apo/le tea*es u /ill subsi/s 9 heav5 9 8 glorifi$ /ate1 & w cont9ue until he has subdu$ all ?+s 7#a ,co4 xv4 #bdbh72 & h5ce1 ev5 9 t /ate1 he is repres5t$ #cd z receiv+ ! ,revelation f ! ,fa!r to communicate x to m54 ,to %[ unto 8 s]vants4 ,t is1 to 8 p1 to ,*ri/ians1 (t5 repres5t$ z ! s]vants ( ,god or ( ,*ri/1 #a ,pe4 ii4 #af2 ,re4 ii4 #bj2 vii4 #c2 xix4 #b2 xxii4 #c4 ,x is true t ! ^w is sometimes appli$1 by way ( em95ce1 to ! prophets 7#a ,*4 vi4 #di2 ,da4 vi4 #bj71 & to ! apo/les 7,ro4 i4 #a2 ,ga4 i4 #aj2 ,phi4 i4 #a2 ,tit4 i4 #a2 ,ja4 i4 #a72 b x is also appli$ to ! mass ( ,*ri/ians1 & !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be s und]/ood "h4 ,! book 0 s5t to ! *ur*es ( ,asia1 & 0 cle>ly design$ = g5]al use2 & ! cont5ts ( ! book 7 evid5tly int5d$ = ! *ur*es ( ! ,r$eem] 9 all ages & l&s4 ,comp4 v]4 #c4 ,! ^w r5d]$ to %[ 77 commonly d5otes to po9t out1 to cause to see1 to pres5t to ! sight1 & is a ^w em95tly appropriate "h1 z :at 0 to be reveal$ 01 9 g5]al1 to be pres5t$ to ! sight by s5sible tok5s or symbols4 ,?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass4 ,n all ! ?+s t w occur1 b su* z x 0 deem$ ( importance = 8 p to be made acqua9t$ )4 ,nor is x c]ta9ly impli$ t all ! ?+s t are communicat$ w\ld %ortly come to pass1 or w\ld soon occur4 ,"s ( !m might p]haps lie 9 ! di/ant future1 & /ill x might be true t !re 7 ^? :i* 7 reveal$ 9 connection ) !m1 :i* soon w\ld occur4 ,! ^w r5d]$ 8?+s0 77 is a pron\n1 & might be r5d]$ :at2 8he %[$ to 8 s]vants :at ?+s 7 ab\t to occur10 n imply+ t he %[$ all ! ?+s t w\ld happ51 b su* z he judg$ to be ne$ful t 8 p %\ld "k4 ,! ^w w\ld naturally embrace ^? ?+s :i*1 9 ! circum/ances1 7 mo/ desirable to be kn[n4 ,! phrase r5d]$ 8mu/ come to pass0 7 71 w\ld imply m ?an m]e futurity4 ,! ^w us$ 77 means x ne$s1 !re is ne$ (1 & implies t !re is "s k9d ( necessity t ! ev5t %\ld occur4 ,t necessity may ei!r arise f ! felt want ( any?+1 z :]e x is abs5t or want+1 ,x54 ,cyr4 iv4 #aj2 ib4 vii4 #e1 #i2 or f ! nature ( ! case1 or f a s5se ( duty1 z ,mat4 xvi4 #ba1 8,jesus began to %[ to 8 disciples t he mu/ g 7 7 to ,j]usalem0 7comp4 ,mat4 xxvi4 #ce2 ,m>4 xiv4 #ca2 ,lu4 ii4 #di72 or ! necessity may exi/1 because a ?+ is "r & j1 mean+ t x ought to be done1 z ,lu4 xiii4 #ad1 8,!re are six days 9 :i* m5 ought to "w0 7 74 8,& ought n ?is woman 7 71 :om ,satan ha? b\nd1 c41 be loos$ f ?is bond10 ,lu4 xiii4 #af 7comp4 ,m>4 xiii4 #ad2 ,jn4 iv4 #bj2 ,ac4 v4 #aa1 #bi2 #b ,ti4 ii4 #f2 ,mat4 xviii4 #cc2 xxv4 #bg72 or ! necessity may be t x is con=mable to ! div9e arrangem5t1 or is made necess>y by div9e appo9tm5t1 z 9 ,jn4 iii4 #ad1 8,z ,moses lift$ up ! s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness1 ev5 s mu/ 77 ! ,son ( man be lift$ up40 8,= z yet !y knew n ! ,scriptures1 t he mu/ 77 rise aga9 f ! dead10 ,jn4 xx4 #i2 comp4 ,ac4 iv4 #ab2 xiv4 #bb1 et al4 ,9 ! passage be=e u1 x is impli$ t !re 0 "s necessity t ! ?+s ref]r$ to %\ld occur4 ,!y 7 n ! result ( *ance1 !y 7 n =tuit\s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 /at$ :at 0 ! gr\nd ( ! necessity2 :e!r because !re 0 a want ( some?+ to complete a great arrangem5t1 or because x 0 "r & prop] 9 exi/+ circum/ances1 or because su* 0 ! div9e appo9tm5t4 ,!y 7 ev5ts :i*1 on "s acc\nt1 mu/ c]ta9ly occur1 & :i*1 !re=e1 x 0 important %\ld be made kn[n4 ,! real gr\nd ( ! necessity1 probably1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! design ( ,god 9 r$emption4 ,he int5d$ to c>ry out 8 great plans 9 ref]5ce to 8 *ur*1 & ! ?+s reveal$ "h mu/ necess>ily occur 9 ! completion ( t design4 ,! phrase r5d]$ %ortly 7 7 is "o ^: mean+ has be5 mu* controv]t$1 & on :i* mu* has be5 made to dep5d 9 ! int]pretation ( ! :ole book4 ,! "q has be5 :e!r ! phrase necess>ily implies t ! ev5ts ref]r$ to 7 soon to occur1 or :e!r x may h su* an ext5t ( mean+ z to admit ! supposition t ! ev5ts ref]r$ to1 ?\gh beg9n+ soon1 w\ld embrace 9 _! developm5t f> di/ant ye>s1 & w\ld rea* ! end ( all ?+s4 ,^? :o ma9ta91 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 t ! book 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & t ! portion 9 *4 iv4xi4 has special ref]5ce to ,j]usalem & ,judea1 & ! portion 9 *4 xii4xix4 to p]secut+ & hea!n ,rome1 ma9ta9 ! =m] op9ion2 #ce ^? :o suppose t *4 iv4xi4 ref]s to ! irruption ( ,nor!rn b>b>ians 9 ! ,roman empire1 & *4 xii41 seq41 to ! rise & ! p]secutions ( ! ,papal p[]1 embrace ! latt] op9ion4 ,all t is prop] 9 ?is place is1 )\t ref]5ce to any !ory ( int]pretation1 to inquire into ! prop] mean+ ( ! language1 or to asc]ta9 :at idea x w\ld naturally convey4 7a7 ,! phrase prop]ly & lit]ally means1 ) quickness1 swiftness1 spe$2 t is1 spe$ily1 quickly1 %ortly 7,rob4 ,lex42 ,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,x is ! same 9 mean+ z 4 ,comp4 #a ,co4 iv4 #ai1 8,b ,i w come to y %ortly1 if ! ,"l w40 8,g out quickly into ! /reets10 ,lu4 xiv4 #ba4 8,sit d[n quickly1 & write fifty10 ,lu4 xvi4 #f4 8,%e rose up ha/ily 77 & w5t out10 ,jn4 xi4 #ca4 8,t ye are s soon remov$ 77 f him t call$ y10 ,ga4 i4 #f4 8,lay h&s sudd5ly on no man10 #a ,ti4 v4 #bb4 ,see also ,phi4 ii4 #ai1 #bd2 #b ,?4 ii4 #b2 #b ,ti4 iv4 #i4 ,! phrase us$ "h 7 7 occurs 9 ,lu4 xviii4 #h1 8,he w av5ge !m spe$ily0 7lit4 ) spe$74 8,arise up quickly10 ,ac4 xii4 #g4 8,get !e quickly out ( ,j]usalem10 ,ac4 xxii4 #ah4 8,w\ld dep>t %ortly10 ,ac4 xxv4 #d4 8,bruise ,satan "u y\r feet %ortly10 ,ro4 xvi4 #bj2 & ,re4 i4 #a2 xxii4 #f4 ,! ess5tial idea is1 t ! ?+ :i* is spok5 ( 0 soon to occur1 or x 0 n a remote & di/ant ev5t4 ,!re is ! notion ( rapidity1 ( ha/e1 ( sudd5ness4 ,x is su* a phrase z is us$ :5 ! ?+ is on ! po9t ( happ5+1 & c\ld n be appli$ to an ev5t :i* 0 9 ! remote future1 consid]$ z an indep5d5t ev5t /&+ by itself4 ,! same idea is express$1 9 reg>d to ! same ?+1 9 v]4 #c1 8,! "t is at h&0 2 t is1 x is ne>1 x is soon to occur4 ,yet 7b7 x is n necess>y to suppose t ! mean+ is t all t !re is 9 ! book 0 soon to happ54 ,x may mean t ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* 7 to foll[ on 9 _! prop] ord] 0 soon to comm5ce1 ?\gh x might be t ! sequel w\ld be remote4 ,! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts 0 soon to beg91 & ! o!rs w\ld foll[ on 9 _! tra91 ?\gh a portion ( !m1 9 ! regul> ord]1 might be 9 a remote futurity4 ,if we suppose t !re 0 su* an ord]1 t a s]ies ( transactions 0 ab\t to comm5ce1 involv+ a long tra9 ( mom5t\s developm5ts1 & t ! beg9n+ ( ?is 0 to occur soon1 ! language us$ by ,john w\ld be t :i* w\ld be naturally employ$ to express x4 ,?us1 9 case ( a revolution 9 a gov]nm5t1 :5 a reign+ pr9ce %\ld be driv5 f 8 k+dom1 to be succe$$ by a new dyna/y1 :i* w\ld long occupy ! ?rone1 & involv+1 z ! consequ5ce ( ! revolution1 important ev5ts ext5d+ f> into ! future1 we w\ld naturally say t ^! ?+s 7 %ortly to occur1 or t ! "t 0 ne>4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( a succession ( ev5ts or p]iods z ne>1 h[ev] va/ or int]m9able ! s]ies may be1 :5 ! comm5cem5t is at h&4 ,?us1 we say t ! great ev5ts ( ! et]nal _w are ne>2 t is1 ! beg9n+ ( !m is soon to occur4 ,s ,*ri/ians n[ speak (t5 ( ! mill5nium z ne>1 or z ab\t to occur1 ?\gh x is ! belief ( _m t x w be protract$ = _m ages4 7c7 ,t ?is is ! true idea "h is cle>1 :atev] g5]al view ( int]pretation 9 reg>d to ! book is adopt$4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 :o cont5ds t ! great] portion ( ! book ref]s to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ! p]secutions ( hea!n ,rome1 admits t 8! clos+ "p ( ! ,revelation relates beyond all d\bt to a di/ant p]iod1 & "s ( x to a future et]nity0 7ii4 p4 #e72 &1 if ?is be s1 !n !re is no impropriety 9 suppos+ t a "p ( ! s]ies ( pr$ictions prec$+ ?is may lie also 9 a some:at remote futurity4 ,! true idea seems to be t ! writ] contemplat$ a s]ies ( ev5ts t 7 to occur1 & t ?is s]ies 0 ab\t to comm5ce4 ,h[ f> into ! future x 0 to ext5d1 is to be le>n$ by ! prop] int]pretation ( all ! p>ts ( ! s]ies4 ,& he s5t4 ,gr41 8,s5d+ by 8 angel1 signifi$ x to 8 s]vant ,john40 ,! idea is n precisely t he s5t 8 angel to communicate ! message1 b t he s5t by him1 or employ$ him z an ag5t 9 do+ x4 ,! ?+ s5t 0 r ! message ?an ! angel4 ,& signifi$ x4 ,he indicat$ x by signs & symbols4 ,! ^w occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ,jn4 xii4 #cc2 xviii4 #cb2 xxi4 #ai2 ,ac4 xi4 #bh2 xxv4 #bg1 & 9 ! passage be=e u1 9 all :i* places x is r5d]$ signify1 signify+1 or signifi$4 ,x prop]ly ref]s to "s sign1 signal1 or tok5 by :i* any?+ is made kn[n #cf 7comp4 ,mat4 xxvi4 #bh2 ,ro4 iv4 #aa2 ,ge4 ix4 #ab1 #ac2 xvii4 #aa2 ,lu4 ii4 #ab2 #b ,co4 xii4 #ab2 #a ,co4 xiv4 #bb71 & is a ^w mo/ happily *os5 to d5ote ! mann] 9 :i* ! ev5ts ref]r$ to 7 to be communicat$ to ,john1 = ne>ly ! :ole book is made up ( signs & symbols4 ,if x be ask$ :at 0 signifi$ to ,john1 x may be repli$ t ei!r ! ^w 8x0 may be und]/ood1 z 9 our translation1 to ref] to ! ,apocalypse or ,revelation1 or :at he saw 7 71 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes2 or x may be absolute1 )\t any object foll[+1 z ,pr(essor ,rob9son 7,lex4 supposes4 ,! g5]al s5se is1 t1 s5d+ by 8 angel1 he made to ,john a communication by expressive signs or symbols4 ,by 8 angel4 ,t is1 an angel 0 employ$ to cause ^! sc5ic repres5tations to pass be=e ! m9d ( ! apo/le4 ,! communication 0 n made directly to him1 b 0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a heav5ly mess5g] employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,?us1 9 ,re4 xxii4 #f1 x is said1 8,& ! ,"l ,god ( ! holy prophets s5t 8 angel to %[ unto 8 s]vants ! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly be done40 ,comp4 v]4 #h1 #i ( t *apt]4 ,!re is frequ5t allusion 9 ! ,scriptures to ! fact t angels h be5 employ$ z ag5ts 9 mak+ kn[n ! div9e w1 or 9 ! revelations :i* h be5 made to m54 ,?us1 9 ,ac4 vii4 #ec1 x is said1 8,:o h receiv$ ! law by ! disposition ( angels40 8,= if ! ^w spok5 by angels 0 /$fa/10 c41 ,he4 ii4 #b2 8,& x 0 orda9$ by angels 9 ! h& ( a m$iator10 ,ga4 iii4 #ai4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ac4 vii4 #ch1 #ec4 ,!re is almo/ no fur!r ref]5ce to ! ag5cy ( ! angel employ$ = ?is s]vice 9 ! book1 & !re is no di/9ct specification ( :at he did1 or ( 8 great ag5cy 9 ! case4 ,john is ev]y:]e repres5t$ z see+ ! symbols himself1 & x w\ld seem t ! ag5cy ( ! angel 01 ei!r to cause ^? symbols to pass be=e ! apo/le1 or to convey _! mean+ to 8 m9d4 ,h[ f> ,john himself und]/ood ! mean+ ( ^! symbols1 we h n ! means ( kn[+ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! mo/ probable supposition is1 t ! angel 0 employ$ to cause ^! visions or symbols to pass be=e 8 m9d1 r ?an to int]pret !m4 ,if an int]pretation _h be5 giv51 x is inconceivable t x %\ld n h be5 record$1 & !re is no m probability t _! mean+ %\ld h be5 disclos$ to ,john himself1 = 8 private use1 ?an t x %\ld h be5 disclos$ & record$ = ! use ( o!rs4 ,x w\ld seem probable1 !re=e1 t ,john _h only t view ( ! mean+ ( :at he saw :i* anyone else might obta9 f ! record ( ! visions4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #ajab4 ,unto 8 s]vant ,john4 ,no?+ c\ld be le>n$ f ?is expression z to :at ,john 0 ! au?or ( ! book1 :e!r ! apo/le ( t "n or "s o!r4 ,comp4 ,intro4 #a4 ,x _c be inf]r$ f ! use ( ! ^w s]vant1 r ?an apo/le1 t ! apo/le ,john 0 n ! au?or1 = x 0 n uncommon = ! apo/les to designate !mselves m]ely by ! words s]vants1 or s]vants ( ,god4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ro4 i4 #a4 #b ,:o b>e record ( ! ^w ( ,god1 & ( ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ( all ?+s t he saw4 #b4 ,:o b>e record ( ! ^w ( ,god4 ,:o bore witness to1 or te/ifi$ ( 77 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,he reg>d$ himself m]ely z a witness ( :at he _h se51 & claim$ only to make a fair & fai?ful record ( x4 8,?is is ! disciple :i* te/ifie? 7 7 ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s10 ,jn4 xxi4 #bd4 8,& he t saw x b>e record01 ,jn4 xix4 #ce4 ,comp>e also ! foll[+ places1 :]e ! apo/le uses ! same ^w ( himself3 #a ,jn4 i4 #b2 iv4 #ad4 ,! expression "h1 8! ^w ( ,god10 is "o ! mean+ ( :i* has be5 mu* controv]t$1 & is important 9 its be>+ on ! "q :o 0 ! au?or ( ! book ( ,revelation4 ,! ma9 inquiry is1 :e!r ! writ] ref]s to ! 8te/imony0 :i* he be>s 9 ?is book respect+ ! 8^w ( ,god20 or :e!r he ref]s to "s te/imony on t subject 9 "s o!r book ) :i* ^? to :om he wrote 7 s famili> t !y w\ld at once recognize him z ! au?or2 or :e!r he ref]s to ! fact t he _h borne 8 te/imony to ! great tru?s ( religion1 & especially respect+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 z a prea*] :o 0 well kn[n1 & :o w\ld be *>act]iz$ by ?is expression4 ,! phrase 8! ^w ( ,god0 occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7comp4 ,jn4 x4 #ce2 #cg ,ac4 iv4 #ca2 vi4 #b1 #g2 xi4 #a2 xii4 #bd72 & may ei!r mean ! ^w or doctr9e respect+ ,godt :i* tea*es :at ,god isor t :i* he speaks or tea*es4 ,x is m commonly us$ 9 ! latt] s5se 7comp4 ! passages ref]r$ to above71 & especially ref]s to :at ,god speaks or comm&s 9 ! gospel4 ,! fair mean+ ( ?is expression w\ld be1 t ,john _h borne fai?ful witness to1 or te/imony (1 ! tru? :i* ,god _h spok5 to man 9 ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,s f> z ! language "h us$ is conc]n$1 ?is might apply ei!r to a writt5 or an oral te/imony2 ei!r to a treatise l t ( 8 gospel1 to 8 prea*+1 or to ! record :i* he 0 !n mak+4 ,vitr+a & o!rs suppose t ! ref]5ce "h is to ! gospel :i* he _h publi%$1 & :i* n[ be>s 8 "n2 ,lcke & o!rs1 to ! revelation made to him 9 ,patmos1 ! record ( :i* he n[ makes 9 ?is book2 ,pr(essor ,/u>t & o!rs1 to ! fact t he 0 a tea*] or prea*] ( ! gospel1 & t 7comp4 v]4 #i7 ! allusion is to ! te/imony :i* he _h borne to ! gospel1 & = :i* he 0 an exile 9 ,patmos4 ,is x n possible t ^! conflict+ op9ions may be to "s ext5t h>moniz$1 by suppos+ t 9 ! use ( ! aori/ t5se! writ] meant to ref] to a *>act]i/ic ( himself1 to wit1 t he 0 a fai?ful witness ( ! ^w ( ,god & ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :5ev] & h[ev] made kn[n to him8 ,) an eye1 p]haps1 to ! record :i* he 0 ab\t to make 9 ?is book1 & int5d+ to include t1 may he n also ref] to :at _h be5 & 0 8 well-kn[n "* z a witness ( :at ,god communicat$ to him8 ,he _h always borne ?is te/imony4 ,he always reg>d$ himself z su* a witness4 ,he _h be5 an eyewitness ( :at _h occurr$ 9 ! life & at ! dea? ( ! ,savi\r 7see ,notes on #b ,pe4 i4 #ag1 #ah71 & _h1 9 all 8 writ+s & public adm9i/rations1 borne witness to :at he _h se5 & he>d2 = t 7v]4 #i7 he _h be5 bani%$ to ,patmos3 & he 0 n[ ab\t to c>ry out ! same *>act]i/ic ( himself by be>+ witness to :at he saw 9 ^! new revelations4 ,?is w\ld be mu* 9 ! mann] ( ,john1 :o (t5 ref]s to ?is *>act]i/ic ( himself 7comp4 ,jn4 xix4 #ce2 xxi4 #bd2 #a ,jn4 i4 #b71 z well z h>monize ! diff]5t op9ions4 ,! mean+1 !n1 ( ! expression1 8:o b>e record ( ! ^w ( ,god10 z ,i und]/& x1 is1 t x 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ! writ] to be> simple b fai?ful te/imony to ! tru? :i* ,god communicat$ to m5 9 ! gospel4 ,if ?is be ! correct int]pretation1 x may be rem>k$1 7a7 t ?is is su* language z ,john ! apo/le w\ld be likely to use1 & yet 7b7 t x is n su* language z an au?or w\ld be likely to adopt if !re 0 an attempt to =ge a book 9 8 "n4 ,! artifice w\ld be too ref9$ to occur probably to anyone1 = al?\gh p]fectly natural = ,john1 x w\ld n be s natural = a =g] ( a book to select ?is circum/ance & weave x ?us uno/5tati\sly into 8 n>rative4 ,& ( ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t is1 9 accordance ) ! int]pretation above1 ( ! te/imony :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ bore = ! tru?2 n ( a te/imony respect+ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! idea is1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 himself a witness to ! tru?1 & t ! writ] ( ?is book 0 a witness m]ely ( ! te/imony :i* ,*ri/ _h borne4 ,:e!r ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 borne 9 8 prea*+ :5 9 ! fle%1 or :e!r made kn[n to ! writ] by him at any subsequ5t p]iod1 x 0 8 (fice to make a fai?ful record ( t te/imony4 ,z he _h always be=e done t1 s he 0 ab\t to d x n[ 9 ! new revelation made to him 9 ,patmos1 :i* he reg>d$ z a new te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! tru?1 v]4 #a4 ,x is rem>kable t1 9 confirmation ( ?is view1 ,john s (t5 describes ! ,"l ,jesus z a witness1 or repres5ts him z hav+ come to be> 8 fai?ful te/imony to ! tru?4 ,?us 9 v]4 #e3 8,& f ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is ! fai?ful & true witness40 8,i am "o t be> witness ( myself10 ,jn4 viii4 #ah4 8,to ?is end 0 ,i born1 & = ?is cause came ,i into ! _w1 t ,i %\ld be> witness to ! tru?10 ,jn4 xviii4 #cg4 8,^! ?+s sai? ! ,am51 ! fai?ful & true witness0 1 4441 ,re4 iii4 #ad4 ,( ?is te/imony :i* ! ,"l ,jesus came to br+ to man respect+ et]nal realities1 ! writ] ( ?is book says t he reg>d$ himself z a witness4 ,to ! (fice ( be>+ su* te/imony he _h be5 d$icat$2 t te/imony he 0 n[ to be>1 z he _h always done4 ,& ( all ?+s t he saw4 4 ,?is #ch is ! common read+ 9 ! ,greek1 & accord+ to ?is read+ x w\ld prop]ly mean1 8& :atsoev] he saw20 t is1 x w\ld imply t he bore witness to 8! ^w ( ,god10 & to 8! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 & to 8:atev] he saw0mean+ t ! ?+s :i* he saw1 & to :i* he ref]s1 7 ?+s additional to ^? to :i* he _h ref]r$ by 8! ^w ( ,god10 & ! 8te/imony ( ,*ri/40 ,f ?is x has be5 suppos$ t 9 ! =m] "p ( ! v]se he ref]s to "s te/imony :i* he _h =m]ly borne1 z 9 8 gospel or 9 8 prea*+1 & t "h he ref]s to :at he 8saw0 9 ! visions ( ! ,revelation z some?+ additional to ! =m]4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ^w r5d]$ &is want+ 9 a l>ge numb] ( manuscripts 7see ,wet/e971 & t x is n[ omitt$ 9 ! be/ editions ( ! ,greek ,te/am5tz by ,griesba*1 ,tittmann & ,hahn4 ,! evid5ce is cle> t x %\ld be omitt$2 & if s omitt$1 ! ref]5ce is to :atev] he _h at any "t borne 8 te/imony to1 & n p>ticul>ly to :at pass$ be=e him 9 ! visions ( ?is book4 ,x is a g5]al affirmation t he _h always borne a fai?ful te/imony to :atev] he _h se5 respect+ ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,*ri/4 ,! correct r5d]+ ( ! :ole passage !n w\ld be1 8,& s5d+ by 8 angel1 he signifies x to 8 s]vant ,john1 :o b>e record (0 i4e4 ^: "* & (fice x 0 to be> 8 te/imony to 8! ^w ( ,god0 ! message :i* ,god has s5t to me1 8& ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/0 ! te/imony :i* ,*ri/ bore to ! tru?1 8:atsoev] he saw40 ,he conceal$ no?+2 he held no?+ back2 he made x kn[n precisely z x 0 se5 by him4 ,?us int]pret$1 ! passage ref]s to :at 0 a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ! writ]1 & is design$ to embrace all t 0 made kn[n to him1 & to affirm t he 0 a fai?ful witness to x4 ,!re 7 d\btless special reasons :y ,john 0 employ$ z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ?is communication 0 to be made to ! *ur* & ! _w4 ,among ^! reasons may h be5 ! foll[+3 7a7 ,t he 0 ! 8belov$ disciple40 7b7 ,t he 0 ! only surviv+ apo/le4 7c7 ,t 8 "* 0 su* t 8 /atem5ts w\ld be readily receiv$4 ,comp4 ,jn4 xix4 #ce2 xxi4 #bd2 #c ,jn4 #ab4 7d7 ,x may be t 8 m9d 0 bett] fitt$ to be ! m$ium ( ^! communications ?an t ( any o!r ( ! apo/lesev5 if !y _h be5 !n alive4 ,!re is almo/ no "o ^: m5tal *>act]i/ics are less correctly und]/ood ?an ^? ( ! apo/le ,john4 ,among ! mo/ g5tle & amiable ( m52 ) a he>t s fitt$ = love z to be kn[n z 8! belov$ disciple0he yet _h m5tal *>act]i/ics :i* made x prop] t he %\ld be call$ 8a son ( ?und]0 7,m>4 iii4 #ag72 a m9d fitt$ to pres]ve & record ! pr(\nd ?\ghts 9 8 gospel2 a m9d ( high poetic ord]1 fitt$ = ! magnific5t conceptions 9 ?is book4 #c ,bless$#eg is he t reade?1 & !y t he> ! words ( ?is prophecy1 & keep ^? ?+s :i* are writt5 !re93 #eh;= ! "t is at h&4 #c4 ,bless$ is he t reade?4 ,t is1 x is to be reg>d$ z a privilege att5d$ ) _m bless+s1 to be p]mitt$ to m>k ! disclosures to be made 9 ?is book2 ! important revelations respect+ future times4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t ?is ref]s to a public read+1 & t ! phrase 8^? :o he> ! words ( ?is prophecy10 ref]s to ^? :o li/5$ to ! public read]1 & t bo? ! read] & he>] %\ld reg>d !mselves z highly fav\r$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m 9 accordance ) ! usual mean+ ( ! ^w r5d]$ 8read10 to suppose t x ref]s to ! act ( "o's read+ = himself2 to le>n by read+4 ,s ,rob9son 7,lex47 und]/&s x4 ,! ,greek ^w1 inde$1 w\ld be> ! o!r int]pretation 7see ,lu4 iv4 #af2 ,ac4 xiii4 #bg2 xv4 #ba2 #b ,co4 iii4 #ae72 b z ?is book 0 s5t abroad to be read by ,*ri/ians1 & n m]ely to be 9 ! h&s ( ! m9i/]s ( religion to be read by !m to o!rs1 x is m natural to int]pret ! ^w 9 ! usual s5se4 ,& he> ! words ( ?is prophecy4 ,z !y %all be decl>$ or repeat$ by o!rs2 or p]haps ! ^w he> is us$ 9 a s5se t is n uncommon1 t ( giv+ att5tion to2 tak+ he$ to4 ,! g5]al s5se is1 t !y 7 to be reg>d$ z highly fav\r$ :o became #ci acqua9t$ 9 any way ) :at is "h communicat$4 ,! writ] does n say t !y 7 bless$ :o und]/ood x1 or t !y :o read or he>d x w\ld fully und]/& x2 b x is cle>ly impli$1 t !re w\ld be s f> an und]/&+ ( its mean+ z to make x a felicit\s condition to h be5 made acqua9t$ ) x4 ,an au?or c\ld n be suppos$ to say t "o %\ld reg>d 8 condition z a fav\r$ "o :o m]ely he>d words t he c\ld n und]/&1 or :o _h plac$ be=e him magnific5t symbols t _h to him no mean+4 ,! ^w prophecy is us$ "h 9 its m /rict s5se z d5ot+ ! disclosure ( future ev5tsa l>ge portion ( ! book be+ ( ?is nature4 ,x is "h synonym\s ) ,revelation 9 v]4 #a4 ,& keep ^? ?+s :i* are writt5 !re94 ,keep 9 m9d ^? ?+s :i* relate to ! future2 & obey ^? ?+s :i* are requir$ z tru? & duty4 ,! bless+ :i* results f hav+ 9 possession ! reveal$ tru? ( ,god is n m]ely 9 read+ x1 or 9 he>+ x3 x results f ! fact t ! tru? is prop]ly reg>d$1 & ex]ts a suitable influ5ce ov] our lives4 ,comp4 ,ps4 xix4 #aa3 8,& 9 keep+ ( !m !re is great rew>d40 ,= ! "t is at h&4 ,see v]4 #a4 ,! ^w "h us$has ! same signification sub/antially z ! ^w 8%ortly0 9 v]4 #a4 ,x w\ld apply to any ev5t ^: beg9n+ 0 soon to occur1 ?\gh ! end might be remote1 = ! s]ies ( ev5ts might /ret* f> into ! future4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 t ! writ] meant to press ^u !m ! importance ( att5d+ to ^! ?+s1 f ! fact t ei!r entirely or 9 "p ^! ?+s 7 soon to happ54 ,x may be inf]r$ f ?is v]se1 t x is possible s to und]/& ?is book1 z t x may convey useful in/ruction4 ,?is is ! only book 9 ! ,bible ( :i* a special bless+ is pron\nc$ on him :o reads x2 b assur$ly a bless+ w\ld n be pron\nc$ on ! p]usal ( a book :i* is entirely un9telligible4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !re may be _m obscurities 9 ?is book1 x is also to be assum$ t x may be s f> und]/ood z to be useful to ,*ri/ians1 9 support+ _! fai?1 & giv+ !m elevat$ views ( ! f9al triumph ( religion1 & ( ! glory ( ! _w to come4 ,any?+ is a bless+ :i* enables u ) well-f\nd$ hope & joy to look =w>d to ! heav5ly _w4 #d ,,john to ! #eisev5 *ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia3 ,grace be unto y1 & peace1 #fj;f him :i* is1 & :i* 01 & :i* is to come2 & f ! #fasev5 ,spirits :i* are be=e 8 ?rone2 #d4 ,john to ! sev5 *ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia4 ,! ^w ,asia is us$ 9 q diff]5t s5ses by diff]5t writ]s4 ,x is us$ 7#a7 z ref]r+ to ! :ole ea/]n cont95t n[ kn[n by t "n2 7#b7 ei!r ,asia or ,asia ,m9or2 7#c7 t "p ( ,asia :i* ,attalus ,,iii41 k+ ( ,p]gamos1 gave to ! ,romans1 viz4 ,mysia1 ,phrygia1 ,lycaonia1 ,lydia1 ,c>ia1 ,pisidia1 & ! s\!rn coa/t is1 all 9 ! we/]n1 s\?-we/]n1 & s\!rn p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or2 & 7#d71 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 usually ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( :i* ,ephesus 0 ! capital4 ,see ,notes1 ,ac4 ii4 #i4 ,! ^w ,asia is n f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 b x occurs (t5 9 ! books ( ,maccabees1 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is n us$ 9 ! l>ge s5se 9 :i* x is n[1 z appli$ to ! :ole cont95t1 b 9 its l>ge/ signification x w\ld include only ,asia ,m9or4 ,x is also us$1 especially by ,luke1 z d5ot+ ! c\ntry t 0 call$ ,ionia1 or t :i* embrac$ ! prov9ces ( ,c>ia & ,lydia4 ,( ?is region ,ephesus 0 ! pr9cipal city1 & x 0 9 ?is region t ! 8sev5 *ur*es0 7 situat$4 ,:e!r !re 7 m ?an sev5 *ur*es 9 ?is region is n intimat$ by ! writ] ( ?is book1 & on t po9t we h no c]ta9 k4 ,x is evid5t t ^! sev5 7 ! pr9cipal *ur*es1 ev5 if !re 7 m1 & t !re 0 "s reason :y !y %\ld be p>ticul>ly address$4 ,!re is m5tion ( "s o!r *ur*es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^!4 ,colosse 0 ne> to ,laodicea2 & f ,col4 iv4 #ac1 x w\ld seem n improbable t !re 0 a *ur* also at ,hi]apolis4 ,b !re may h be5 no?+ 9 _! circum/ances t dem&$ p>ticul> in/ruction or admonition1 & !y may h be5 on t acc\nt omitt$4 ,!re is also "s reason to suppose #dj t1 ?\gh !re _h be5 o!r *ur*es 9 t vic9ity besides ! sev5 m5tion$ by ,john1 !y _h become ext9ct at ! "t :5 he wrote ! book ( ,revelation4 ,x appe>s f ,tacitus 7,annal4 xiv4 #bg2 comp4 also ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 v4 #bi71 t 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 ,a4,d4 #fa1 ! city ( ,laodicea 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 9 :i* e>?quake1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 ! adjac5t cities ( ,colosse & ,hi]apolis 7 involv$4 ,laodicea 01 inde$1 imm$iately rebuilt1 b !re is no evid5ce ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! *ur* !re be=e ! "t :5 ,john wrote ?is book4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion we h ( a *ur* !re1 aft] ! "o ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t by ,paul 7,col4 ii4 #a2 iv4 #ac1 #ae1 #af71 is 9 ! "t ( ,trajan1 :5 ,papias 0 bi%op !re1 sometime betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ih & #aag4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 to be n improbable t at ! "t :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt51 !re 7 9 fact b sev5 *ur*es 9 ! vic9ity4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t 7i4 #bai7 supposes t 8sev51 & only s _m1 may h be5 nam$1 because ! sev5fold divisions & gr\ps ( v>i\s objects con/itute a conspicu\s feature 9 ! ,apocalypse ?r\gh\t40 ,b ?is reason seems too artificial2 & x c h>dly be suppos$ t x w\ld influ5ce ! m9d ( ,john1 9 ! specification by "n ( ! *ur*es to :i* ! book 0 s5t4 ,if no names _h be5 m5tion$1 & if ! /atem5t _h occurr$ 9 gl[+ poetic description1 x is n inconceivable t ! numb] sev5 might h be5 select$ = "s su* purpose4 ,grace be unto y & peace4 ,! usual =m ( salutation 9 address+ a *ur*4 ,see ,notes on ,rom4 i4 #g4 ,f him :i* is1 & :i* 01 & :i* is to come4 ,f him :o is ev]la/+embrac+ all duration1 pa/1 pres5t1 & to come4 ,no expression c\ld m /rik+ly d5ote et]nity ?an ?is4 ,he n[ exi/s2 he has exi/$ 9 ! pa/2 he w exi/ 9 ! future4 ,!re is an evid5t allusion "h to ! "n ,,jehovah1 ! "n by :i* ! true ,god is appropriately designat$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,t "n 1 f 1 to be1 to exi/1 seems to h be5 adopt$ because x d5otes exi/5ce1 or be+1 & z d5ot+ simply "o :o exi/s2 & has ref]5ce m]ely to ! fact ( exi/5ce4 ,! ^w has no v>iation ( =m1 & has no ref]5ce to "t1 & w\ld embrace all "t3 t is1 x is z true at "o "t z ano!r t he exi/s4 ,su* a ^w w\ld n be inappropriately p>aphras$ by ! phrase 8:o is1 & :o 01 & :o is to come10 or :o is to be2 & !re c be no d\bt t ,john ref]r$ to him "h z be+ himself ! et]nal & uncreat$ exi/5ce1 & z ! great & orig9al f\nta9 ( all be+4 ,!y :o desire to f9d a full discussion 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! "n ,,jehovah1 may consult an article by ,pr(4 ,?oluck1 9 ! ,biblical ,repository1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #hiajh4 ,x is rem>kable t !re are "s passages 9 hea!n inscriptions & writ+s :i* be> a v /rong resemblance to ! language "h us$ by ,john respect+ ,god4 ,?us ,plut>* 7,de ,is4 et ,osir41 p4 #ced71 speak+ ( a temple ( ,isis1 at ,sais1 9 ,egypt1 says1 8,x bore ?is inscription#8,i am all t 01 & is1 & %all be1 & my vail no mortal c remove4'0 1 1 4 ,s ,orpheus 79 ,auctor4 ,lib4 de ,mundo71 8,jupit] is ! head1 ,jupit] is ! middle1 & all ?+s are made by ,jupit]40 ,s 9 ,pausanias 7,phocic4 #ab71 8,jupit] 02 ,jupit] is2 ,jupit] %all be40 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! phrase be=e u is to ,god z su*1 or to ,god consid]$ z ! ,fa!r4 ,& f ! sev5 ,spirits :i* are be=e 8 ?rone4 ,aft] all t has be5 writt5 on ?is v difficult expression1 x is /ill impossible to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty its mean+4 ,! pr9cipal op9ions :i* h be5 held 9 reg>d to x are ! foll[+3,i4 ,t x ref]s to ,god1 z su*4 ,?is op9ion is held by ,ei*horn1 & is fav\r$ by ,ewald4 ,no argum5ts d]iv$ f any p>allel passages are urg$ = ?is op9ion1 nor c any su* be f\nd1 :]e ,god is himself spok5 ( "u ! repres5tation ( a sev5fold ,_s4 ,b ! objections to ?is view are s obvi\s z to be insup]able4 7#a7 ,if x ref]s to ,god z su*1 !n x w\ld be m]e tautology1 = ! writ] _h j ref]r$ to him 9 ! phrase 8f him :o 010 c4 7#b7 ,x is difficult to p]ceive 9 :at s5se 8sev5 spirits0 c\ld be ascrib$ to ,god1 or h[ he c\ld be describ$ z a be+ ( 8,sev5 ,spirits40 ,at lea/1 if he c\ld be spok5 ( z su*1 !re w\ld be no objection to apply+ ! phrase to ! ,holy #da ,_s4 7#c7 ,h[ c\ld x be said ( ,god himself t he 0 8be=e ! ?rone80 ,he is ev]y:]e repres5t$ z sitt+ on ! ?rone1 n z be=e x4 ,x is easy to conceive ( angels z /&+ be=e ! ?rone2 & ( ! ,holy ,_s x is m easy to conceive z be+ repres5t$ ?us z ready to g =? & convey a heav5ly influ5ce f t ?rone1 b x is impossible to conceive 9 :at s5se ?is c\ld be appli$ to ,god z su*4 ,,ii4 ,! op9ion held by ,grotius1 & by ,john ,h5ry ,he9ri*s1 t x ref]s to 8! multi=m provid5ce ( ,god10 or to ,god consid]$ z op]at+ 9 sev5 or _m diff]5t ways4 ,9 support ( ?is ,grotius appeals to *4 v4 #ab2 vii4 #ab4 ,b ?is op9ion is s f>-fet*$1 & x is s de/itute ( support1 z to h f\nd1 x is believ$1 no o!r advocates1 & to ne$ no fur!r notice4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ,john meant to p]sonify ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 & !n to unite !m ) ,god himself1 & ) ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & to repres5t !m z real subsi/5ces f :i* important bless+s desc5d to m54 ,x is cle> t z by ! phrase1 8:o is1 & :o 01 & :o is to come10 & by 8,jesus ,*ri/1 ! fai?ful & true witness10 he ref]s to real subsi/5ces1 s he mu/ "h4 ,besides1 if ! attributes ( ,god1 or ! modes ( div9e op]ation1 are d5ot$1 :y is ! numb] sev5 *os58 ,& :y are !y repres5t$ z /&+ be=e ! ?rone8 ,,iii4 ,a ?ird op9ion is1 t ! ref]5ce is to sev5 att5d+ & m9i/]+ pres5ce-angelsangels repres5t$ z /&+ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 or 9 8 pres5ce4 ,?is op9ion 0 adopt$ among ! anci5ts by ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria2 ,&reas ( ,ces>ea1 & o!rs2 among ! mod]ns by ,beza1 ,drusius1 ,hammond1 ,wet/e91 ,ros5mll]1 ,cl>ke1 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 & o!rs4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 has be5 held 9 some:at diff]5t =ms2 "s ma9ta9+ t ! sev5 angels are ref]r$ to because x 0 a receiv$ op9ion among ! ,hebrews t !re 7 sev5 angels /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 z sev5 pr9ces /ood 9 ! ,p]sian c\rt be=e ! k+2 o!rs1 t ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es are p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to1 repres5t$ n[ z /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god2 o!rs1 t sev5 angels1 repres5t$ z ! pr9cipal angels employ$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 are ref]r$ to2 & o!rs1 t sev5 ar*angels are p>ticul>ly designat$4 ,comp>e ,poole1 ,synop4 9 loco4 ,! argum5ts :i* are reli$ on by ^? :o suppose t sev5 angels are "h ref]r$ to are briefly ^!3 7#a7 ,! nature ( ! expression "h us$4 ,! expression1 x is said1 is su* z w\ld naturally d5ote be+s :o 7 be=e 8 ?ronebe+s :o 7 diff]5t f him :o 0 on ! ?rone& be+s m ?an "o 9 numb]4 ,t x c\ld n ref] to "o on ! ?rone1 b mu/ mean ^? di/9ct & sep>ate f "o on ! ?rone1 is argu$ f ! use ( ! phrases 8be=e ! ?rone10 & 8be=e ,god10 9 ,re4 iv4 #e2 vii4 #i1 #ae2 viii4 #b2 xi4 #d1 #af2 xii4 #aj2 xiv4 #c2 xx4 #ab2 9 all :i* places ! repres5tation d5otes ^? :o 7 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & /&+ be=e him4 7#b7 ,x is argu$ f o!r passages 9 ! book ( ,revelation :i*1 x is said 7,pr(essor ,/u>t71 g directly to confirm ?is op9ion4 ,?us 9 ,re4 viii4 #b3 8,& ,i saw ! sev5 angels :i* /ood be=e ,god40 ,s ,re4 iv4 #e3 ! sev5 lamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone1 are said to be 8! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god40 ,9 ^! passages1 x is alleg$ t ! article 8!0 designates ! well-kn[n angels2 or ^? :i* _h be5 be=e specifi$1 & t ?is is ! fir/ m5tion ( any su* angels aft] ! designation 9 ! passage be=e u4 7#c7 ,x is said t ?is is 9 accordance ) :at 0 usual among ! ,hebrews1 :o 7 accu/om$ to speak ( sev5 pres5ce-angels1 or angels /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah4 ,?us 9 ! book ( ,tobit 7xii4 #ae71 ,raphael is introduc$ z us+ ?is language3 8,i am ,raphael1 "o ( ! sev5 holy angels1 :i* pres5t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 & :i* g 9 & out be=e ! glory ( ! ,holy ,"o40 ,! apocryphal book ( ,eno* 7*ap4 xx47 gives ! names ( ! sev5 angels :o wat*2 t is1 ( ! wat*]s 7comp4 ,notes on ,da4 iv4 #ac1 #ag7 :o /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god wait+ = ! div9e comm&s1 or :o wat* ov] ! affairs ( m54 ,s 9 ! ,z5dave/a ( ,zoroa/]1 sev5 am%asp5ds1 or ar*angels1 are m5tion$4 ,see ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco4 ,to ^! views1 h[ev]1 !re are objections ( great weight1 if !y are n 9 fact q insup]able4 ,!y are su* z ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,t ! same rank %\ld be giv5 to !m #db z to ,god1 z ! s\rce ( bless+s4 ,accord+ to ! view :i* repres5ts ?is expression z ref]r+ to angels1 !y are plac$ on ! same level1 s f> z ! matt] be=e u is conc]n$1 ) 8him :o 01 & is1 & is to come10 & ) ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/a doctr9e :i* does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,scriptures1 & :i* we _c suppose ! writ] design$ to tea*4 7#b7 ,t bless+s %\ld be invok$ f angelsz if !y c\ld imp>t 8grace & peace40 ,x is evid5t t1 :oev] is ref]r$ to "h by ! phrase 8! sev5 ,spirits10 he is plac$ on ! same level ) ! o!rs m5tion$ z ! s\rce ( 8grace & peace40 ,b x _c be suppos$ t an inspir$ writ] w\ld invoke t grace & peace f any b a div9e be+4 7#c7 ,t z two p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity are "h m5tion$1 x is to be presum$ t ! ?ird w\ld n be omitt$2 or to put ?is argum5t 9 a /rong] =m1 x _c be suppos$ t an inspir$ writ] w\ld m5tion two ( ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ?is connection1 & !n n only n m5tion ! ?ird1 b ref] to angelsto creaturesz be/[+ t :i* w\ld be appropriately s\ght f ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! incongruity w\ld be n m]ely 9 omitt+ all ref]5ce to ! ,_s:i* might inde$ occur1 z x (t5 does 9 ! ,scripturesb 9 putt+ 9 ! place :i* t ,_s w\ld naturally occupy an allusion to angels z conf]r+ bless+s4 7#d7 ,if ?is ref] to angels1 x is impossible to avoid ! inf]5ce t angel-wor%ip1 or invocation ( angels1 is prop]4 ,to all int5ts & purposes1 ?is is an act ( wor%ip2 = x is an act ( solemn invocation4 ,x is an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! 8sev5 ,spirits10 z ! s\rce ( 8grace & peace40 ,x w\ld be impossible to resi/ ?is impression on ! popul> m9d2 x w\ld n be possible to meet x if urg$ z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! propriety ( angel-invocation1 or angel-wor%ip4 ,& yet1 if !re is any?+ cle> 9 ! ,scriptures1 x is t ,god alone is to be wor%ipp$4 ,= ^! reasons1 x seems to me t ?is int]pretation _c be well f\nd$4 ,,iv4 ,!re rema9s a f\r? op9ion1 t x ref]s to ! ,holy ,_s1 & 9 fav\r ( t op9ion x may be urg$1 7#a7 ,t x is mo/ natural to suppose t ! ,holy ,_s w\ld be invok$ on su* an occasion1 9 connection ) him 8:o 01 & is1 & is to come10 & ) 8,jesus ,*ri/40 ,if two ( ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity 7 address$ on su* an occasion1 x w\ld be prop]ly suppos$ t ! ,holy ,_s w\ld n be omitt$1 z "o ( ! p]sons f :om ! bless+ 0 to desc5d4 ,comp4 #b ,co4 xiii4 #ad3 8,! grace ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! love ( ,god1 & ! communion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 be ) y all40 7#b7 ,x w\ld be unnatural & improp]1 9 su* an invocation1 to unite angels ) ,god z imp>t+ bless+s1 or z p>ticipat+ ) ,god & ) ,*ri/ 9 communicat+ bless+s to man4 ,an invocation to ,god to s5d 8 angels1 or to imp>t grace & fav\r ?r\gh angelic help1 w\ld be 9 entire accordance ) ! usage 9 ,scripture1 b x is n 9 accordance ) su* usage to invoke su* bless+s f angels4 7#c7 ,x _c be d5i$ t an invocation ( grace f 8him :o is1 & 01 & is to come10 is ( ! nature ( wor%ip4 ,! address to him is z ,god1 & ! attitude ( ! m9d 9 su* an address is t ( "o :o is engag$ 9 an act ( devotion4 ,! effect ( unit+ any o!r be+ ) him 9 su* a case1 w\ld be to lead to ! wor%ip ( "o ?us associat$ ) him4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,"l ,jesus1 8! fai?ful & true witness10 x is f su* expressions z ^! t we are l$ to ! belief t he is div9e1 & t x is prop] to wor%ip him z su*4 ,! same effect mu/ be produc$ 9 ref]5ce to :at is "h call$ 8! sev5 ,spirits be=e ! ?rone40 ,we _c well resi/ ! impression t someone ) div9e attributes is int5d$2 or1 if x ref] to angels1 we _c easily %[ t x is n prop] to r5d] div9e wor%ip to !m4 ,if !y 7 ?us invok$ by an apo/le1 c x be improp] to wor%ip !m n[8 7#d7 ,! ^w us$ "h is n angels1 b spirits2 & ?\gh x is true t angels are spirits1 & t ! ^w _s is appli$ to !m 7,he4 i4 #g71 yet x is also true t t is n a ^w :i* w\ld be und]/ood to ref] to !m )\t designat+ t angels 7 meant4 ,if angels _h be5 int5d$ "h1 t ^w w\ld naturally h be5 us$1 z is ! case else:]e 9 ?is book4 7#e7 ,9 ,re4 iv4 #e1 :]e !re is a ref]5ce to 8! sev5 lamps be=e ! ?rone10 x is said ( !m t !y 8are10 t is1 !y repres5t 8! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god40 ,?is passage may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to #dc ! same ?+ z t be=e u1 b x _c be well und]/ood ( angels2 =1 7a7 if x did1 x w\ld h be5 natural to use t language = ! reason above m5tion$2 7b7 ! angels are n[h]e call$ 8! spirits ( ,god10 nor w\ld su* language be prop]4 ,! phrase1 8,_s ( ,god0 naturally implies div9ity1 & c\ld n be appli$ to a creature4 ,= ^! reasons x seems to me t ! int]pretation :i* applies ! phrase to ! ,holy ,_s is to be pref]r$2 & ?\gh t int]pretation is n free f difficulties1 yet !re are few] difficulties 9 t ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!rs propos$4 ,?\gh x may n be possible :olly to remove ! difficulties involv$ 9 t int]pretation1 yet p]haps some?+ may be done to dim9i% _! =ce4 7#a7 ,fir/1 z to ! reason :y ! numb] sev5 %\ld be appli$ to ! ,holy ,_s4 7a7 ,!re w\ld be z mu* propriety c]ta9ly 9 apply+ x to ! ,holy ,_s z to ,god z su*4 ,& yet ,grotius1 ,ei*horn1 ,ewald1 & o!rs saw no difficulty 9 su* an application consid]$ z repres5t+ a sev5fold mode ( op]ation ( ,god1 or a manifold div9e ag5cy4 7b7 ,! ^w sev5 (t5 d5otes a full or complete numb]1 & may be us$ to d5ote t :i* is full1 complete1 or manifold2 & might ?us be us$ 9 ref]5ce to an all-p]fect ,_s1 or to a _s :i* 0 manifold 9 its op]ations4 7c7 ,! numb] sev5 is evid5tly a fav\rite numb] 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 & x might be us$ by ! au?or 9 places1 & 9 a s5se1 su* z x w\ld n be likely to be us$ by ano!r writ]4 ,?us !re are sev5 epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es2 !re are sev5 seals1 sev5 trumpets1 sev5 vials ( ! wra? ( ,god1 sev5 la/ plagues2 !re are sev5 lamps1 & sev5 ,spirits ( ,god2 ! ,lamb has sev5 horns & sev5 eyes4 ,9 *4 i4 #af1 sev5 />s are m5tion$2 9 *4 v4 #ab1 sev5 attributes ( ,god2 *4 xii4 #c1 ! dragon has sev5 heads2 *4 xiii4 #a1 ! bea/ has sev5 heads4 7d7 ,! numb] sev51 !re=e1 may h be5 giv5 to ! ,holy ,_s ) ref]5ce to ! div]sity or ! fulness ( 8 op]ations on ! s\ls ( m51 & to 8 manifold ag5cy on ! affairs ( ! _w1 z fur!r develop$ 9 ?is book4 7#b7 ,z to 8 be+ repres5t$ z 8be=e ! ?rone10 ?is may be int5d$ to designate ! fact t ! ,div9e ,_s 01 z x 71 prep>$ to g =?1 or to be s5t =?1 9 accordance ) a common repres5tation 9 ! ,scriptures1 to accompli% important purposes on human affairs4 ,! po/ure does n necess>ily imply inf]iority ( nature1 any m ?an ! language does respect+ ! ,son ( ,god1 :5 he is repres5t$ z be+ s5t into ! _w to execute an important commission f ! ,fa!r4 #e ,& f ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is ! #fb;fai?ful witness1 & ! #fc;fir/-begott5 ( ! dead1 & ! pr9ce ( ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,unto #fd;him t lov$ u1 & #fewa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood1 #e4 ,& f ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is ! fai?ful witness4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,he is fai?ful 9 ! s5se t he is "o on ^: te/imony !re may be entire reliance1 or :o is entirely wor?y to be believ$4 ,f him 8grace & peace0 are appropriately s\ght1 z "o :o be>s su* a te/imony1 & z ! fir/-begott5 f ! dead1 & z reign+ ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,?us grace & peace are invok$ f ! inf9ite ,god 9 all 8 relations & op]ations3z ! ,fa!r1 ! ,s\rce ( all exi/5ce2 z ! ,sacr$ ,_s1 go+ =? 9 manifold op]ations ^u ! he>ts ( m52 & z ! ,son ( ,god1 ! "o appo9t$ to be> fai?ful te/imony to ! tru? respect+ ,god & future ev5ts4 ,& ! fir/-begott5 ( ! dead4 ,! same ,greek expressionoccurs 9 ,col4 i4 #ah4 ,see x expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on t passage4 ,comp4 ,notes1 #a ,co4 xv4 #bj4 ,& ! pr9ce ( ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,:o has ov] all ! k+s ( ! e>? ! pre-em95ce :i* k+s h ov] _! subjects4 ,he is ! ,rul] ( rul]s2 ,k+ ( k+s4 ,9 *4 xvii4 #ad1 xix4 #af1 ! same ?\ght is express$ by say+ t he is ! 8,k+ ( k+s40 ,no language c\ld m sublimely d5ote 8 exalt$ "*1 or 8 supremacy4 ,k+s & pr9ces sway a sceptre ov] ! millions ( ! e>?1 & ! exaltation ( ! ,savi\r is "h express$ by suppos+ t all ^? k+s & pr9ces con/itute a community ov] :i* he is ! head4 ,! exaltation ( ! ,r$eem] is else:]e express$ 9 diff]5t language1 b ! idea is "o t ev]y:]e prevails 9 reg>d to him 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,comp4 ,mat4 #dd xxviii4 #ah2 xi4 #bg2 ,jn4 xvii4 #b2 ,ep4 i4 #bjbb2 ,phi4 ii4 #iaa2 ,col4 i4 #aeah4 ,! ^w pr9ce means prop]ly1 rul]1 lead]1 ! fir/ 9 rank4 ,we (t5 apply ! ^w pr9ce to an heir to a ?rone :o is n inve/$ ) absolute sov]eignty4 ,! ^w "h1 h[ev]1 d5otes t he actually ex]cises dom9ion ov] ! rul]s ( ! e>?4 ,z ?is is an au?ority :i* is claim$ by ,god 7comp4 ,is4 x4 #e1 seq42 xlv4 #a1 seq42 ,ps4 xlvii4 #b2 xcix4 #a2 ciii4 #ai2 ,da4 iv4 #cd71 & :i* c only app]ta9 to ,god1 x is cle> t 9 ascrib+ ?is to ! ,"l ,jesus x is impli$ t he is possess$ ( div9e attributes4 ,z mu* ( ! revelations ( ?is book p]ta9$ to ! ass]tion ( p[] ov] ! pr9ces & rul]s ( ?is _w1 !re 0 a propriety t1 9 ! comm5cem5t1 x %\ld be ass]t$ t he :o 0 to ex]t t p[] 0 inve/$ ) ! pr]ogative ( a rul] ( ! nations1 & t he _h ?is "r ( control4 ,unto him t lov$ u4 ,?is ref]s und\bt$ly to ! ,"l ,jesus1 ^: love = m5 0 s /rong t no?+ m 0 necess>y to *>act]ize him ?an to speak ( him z ! "o 8:o lov$ u40 ,x is manife/ t ! division 9 ! v]ses %\ld h be5 made "h1 = ?is comm5ces a new subject1 n hav+ any special connection ) t :i* prec$es4 ,9 v]4 #d1 & ! fir/ "p ( ?is v]se1 ! writ] _h invok$ grace f ! ,fa!r1 ! ,_s1 & ! ,savi\r4 ,9 ! latt] clause ( ! v]se !re comm5ces an ascription ( praise to ! ,r$eem]2 an ascription to him p>ticul>ly1 because ! :ole book is reg>d$ z a revelation f him 7v]4 #a72 because he 0 ! "o :o especially appe>$ to ,john 9 ! visions ( ,patmos2 & because he 0 to be ! great ag5t 9 c>ry+ into execution ! purposes reveal$ 9 ?is book4 ,& wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood4 ,he has remov$ ! pollution ( s9 f our s\ls by 8 blood2 t is1 8 blood has be5 appli$ to cleanse u f s94 ,blood c be repres5t$ z hav+ a cleans+ p[] only z x makes an expiation = s91 = consid]$ lit]ally its effect w\ld be ! rev]se4 ,! language is su* z w\ld be us$ only on ! supposition t he _h made an atonem5t1 & t x 0 by ! atonem5t t we are cleans$2 = 9 :at s5se c\ld x be said ( a m>tyr t he 8_h wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 blood80 ,h[ c\ld ?is language be us$ ( ,paul or ,polyc>p2 ( ,ridley or ,cranm]8 ,! doctr9e t ! blood ( ,*ri/ cleanses u f s91 or purifies u1 is "o t is common 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,comp4 #a ,jn4 i4 #g2 ,he4 ix4 #ad4 ,! specific idea ( wa%+1 h[ev]repres5t+ t blood z wa%+ s9 awayis "o :i* does n else:]e occur4 ,x is evid5tly us$ 9 ! s5se ( cleans+ or purify+1 z we d ?is by wa%+1 & z ! blood ( ,*ri/ accompli%es 9 respect to our s\ls1 :at wa%+ ) wat] does 9 respect to ! body4 #f ,& ha? made u #ffk+s & prie/s unto ,god & 8 ,fa!r2 #fgto him be glory & dom9ion = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 #f4 ,& ha? made u k+s & prie/s unto ,god4 ,9 #a ,pe4 ii4 #i ! same idea is express$ by say+ ( ,*ri/ians t !y are 8a royal prie/hood40 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,! quotation 9 bo? places is f ,ex4 xix4 #f3 8,& ye %all be unto me a k+dom ( prie/s40 ,?is idea is express$ "h by say+ t ,*ri/ _h made u 9 fact k+s & prie/s2 t is1 ,*ri/ians are exalt$ to ! dignity & are inve/$ ) ! (fice1 impli$ 9 ^! words4 ,! ^w k+s1 z appli$ to !m1 ref]s to ! exalt$ rank & dignity :i* !y w h2 to ! fact t !y1 9 common ) _! ,savi\r1 w reign triumphant ov] all enemies2 & t1 hav+ ga9$ a victory ov] s9 & dea? & hell1 !y may be repres5t$ z reign+ toge!r4 ,! ^w prie/s ref]s to ! fact t !y are engag$ 9 ! holy s]vice ( ,god1 or t !y (f] to him acceptable wor%ip4 ,see ,notes on #a ,pe4 ii4 #e4 ,& 8 ,fa!r4 ,ev5 8 ,fa!r2 t is1 ! ,savi\r has r$eem$ !m1 & elevat$ !m to ?is exalt$ rank1 9 ord] t !y may ?us be engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( 8 ,fa!r4 ,to him be glory4 ,to ! ,r$eem]2 = s ! con/ruction 7v]4 #e7 dem&s4 ,! ^w #de 8glory0 "h means praise1 or hon\r1 imply+ a wi% t all hon\r %\ld be %[n him4 ,& dom9ion4 ,?is ^w means lit]ally /r5g?2 b x "h means ! /r5g?1 p[]1 or au?ority :i* is ex]cis$ ov] o!rs1 & ! expression is equival5t to a wi% t he may reign4 #g ,behold1 he #fh;come? ) cl\ds2 & e eye %all see him1 & #fi!y also :i* pi]c$ him3 & all k9dr$s ( ! e>? #gj%all wail because ( him4 #ga;,ev5 s1 ,am54 #g4 ,behold he come? ) cl\ds4 ,t is1 ! ,"l ,jesus1 :5 he returns1 w come accompani$ ) cl\ds4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! uni=m repres5tation respect+ ! return ( ! ,savi\r4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxiv4 #cj4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xxvi4 #fd2 ,m>4 xiii4 #bf2 xiv4 #fb2 ,ac4 i4 #i1 #aa4 ,cl\ds are appropriate symbols ( maje/y1 & ,god is (t5 repres5t$ z appe>+ 9 t mann]4 ,see ,ex4 xix4 #ah2 ,ps4 xviii4 #aa1 seq42 ,is4 xix4 #a4 ,s1 among ! hea!n1 x 0 common to repres5t _! div9ities z appe>+ clo!d ) a cl\d3 8t&em v5ias1 precamur1 ,nube c&5tes hum]os amictus ,augur ,apollo40 ,! design ( introduc+ ?is repres5tation ( ! ,savi\r1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* he w\ld appe>1 seems to be to impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! maje/y & glory ( t be+ f :om ,john receiv$ 8 revelations4 ,8 rank1 8 "*1 8 glory 7 su* z to dem& respect2 all %\ld rev]5ce him1 & all %\ld feel t 8 communications ab\t ! future 7 important to !m1 = !y mu/ soon appe> be=e him4 ,& e eye %all see him4 ,he w be made visible 9 8 glory to all t dwell ^u ! e>?2 to all ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,ev]yone1 !re=e1 has an int]e/ 9 :at he says2 ev]yone has ?is 9 c]ta9 prospect1 t he %all see ! ,son ( ,god com+ z a ,judge4 ,& !y also :i* pi]c$ him4 ,:5 he di$2 t is1 !y :o pi]c$ 8 h&s1 8 feet1 & 8 side4 ,!re is probably an allusion "h to ,zec4 xii4 #aj3 8,!y %all look ^u me :om !y h pi]c$1 & !y %all m\rn40 ,! language "h is s g5]al t x may ref] to any act ( look+ ^u ! pi]c$ ,savi\r1 & might be appli$ to ^? :o w\ld see him on ! cross & to _! compuncti\s visit+s !n2 or to _! subsequ5t reflections1 z !y might look by fai? on him :om !y _h crucifi$2 or to ! feel+ ( any s9n]s :o %\ld reflect t _! s9s _h be5 ! cause ( ! dea? ( ! ,"l ,jesus2 or x might be appli$1 z x is "h1 m specifically to ! feel+s :i* 8 murd]]s w h :5 !y %all see him com+ 9 8 glory4 ,all s9n]s :o h pi]c$ 8 he>t by _! crimes w !n behold him & w m\rn ov] _! treatm5t ( him2 !y1 9 a special mann]1 :o imbru$ _! h&s 9 8 blood w !n rememb] _! crime & be ov]:elm$ ) al>m4 ,! design ( :at is "h said seems to be1 to %[ t ! com+ ( ! ,savi\r w be an ev5t ( great int]e/ to all mank9d4 ,none c be indiff]5t to x1 = all w see him4 ,8 fri5ds w hail 8 adv5t 7comp4 *4 xxii4 #bj71 b all :o 7 engag$ 9 putt+ him to dea?1 & all :o 9 any mann] h pi]c$ 8 he>t by s9 & +ratitude1 unless !y %all h rep5t$1 w h occasion ( bitt] lam5tation :5 he %all come4 ,!re are none :o h a m fe>ful doom to anticipate ?an ! murd]]s ( ! ,son ( ,god1 includ+ ^? :o actually put him to dea?1 & ^? :o w\ld h engag$ 9 su* an act _h !y be5 pres5t1 & ^? :o1 by _! conduct1 h done all !y c\ld to pi]ce & w\nd him by _! +ratitude4 ,& all k9dr$s ( ! e>?4 ,gr41 8,all ! tribes( ! e>?40 ,?is language is ! same :i* ! ,savi\r uses 9 ,mat4 xxiv4 #cj4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,! ^w tribes is t :i* is commonly appli$ to ! twelve tribes ( ,israel1 & ?us us$1 x w\ld describe ! inhabitants ( ! ,holy ,l&2 b x may be us$ to d5ote nations & p 9 g5]al1 z desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 & ! connection requires t x %\ld be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se "h1 s9ce x is said t 8e eye %all see him20 t is1 all t dwell on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,%all wail because ( him4 ,on acc\nt ( him2 on acc\nt ( _! treatm5t ( him4 ,! ^w r5d]$ wailmeans prop]ly to beat1 to cut2 !n #df to beat or cut "o's self 9 ! brea/ z an expression ( sorr[2 & !n to lam5t1 to cry al\d 9 int5se grief4 ,! com+ ( ! ,savi\r w be an occasion ( ?is1 7a7 because x w be an ev5t :i* w call ! s9s ( m5 to remembrance1 & 7b7 because !y w be ov]:elm$ ) ! appreh5sion ( ! wra? to come4 ,no?+ w\ld fill ! e>? ) great] con/]nation ?an ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! cl\ds ( heav52 no?+ c\ld produce s deep & univ]sal al>m4 ,?is fact1 :i* no "o c d\bt1 is pro( t m5 feel t !y are guilty1 s9ce1 if !y 7 innoc5t1 !y w\ld h no?+ to dread by 8 appe>+4 ,x is also a pro( t !y believe 9 ! doctr9e ( future puni%m5t1 s9ce1 if !y d n1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld be al>m$ at 8 com+4 ,surely m5 w\ld n dread 8 appe>+ if !y really believ$ t all w be sav$4 ,:o dreads ! com+ ( a b5efactor to be/[ fav\rs on him8 ,:o dreads ! appe>+ ( a jail] to deliv] him f prison2 ( a physician to raise him up f a b$ ( pa92 ( a deliv]] to knock (f ! fett]s ( slav]y8 ,& h[ c x be t m5 %\ld be al>m$ at ! com+ ( ! ,savi\r1 unless _! consci5ces tell !m t !y h mu* to fe> 9 ! future8 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,r$eem] 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 w\ld de/roy all ! hopes ( ^? :o believe 9 ! doctr9e ( univ]sal salvationz ! approa* ( dea? n[ (t5 does4 ,m5 believe t !re is mu* to be dread$ 9 ! future _w1 or !y w\ld n fe> ! com+ ( ,him :o %all w9d up ! affairs ( ! human race4 ,ev5 s1 ,am51 4 8,a d\ble expression ( s be x1 assur$ly1 c]ta9ly1 "o 9 ,greek & ! o!r 9 ,hebrew0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,comp4 ,ro4 viii4 #af1 8,abba1 ,fa!r01 4 ,! idea :i* ,john seems to int5d to convey is1 t ! com+ ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 & ! consequ5ces :i* he says w foll[1 are ev5ts :i* are altoge!r c]ta94 ,?is is n ! expression ( a wi% t x may be s1 z our common translation w\ld seem to imply1 b a /rong affirmation t x w be s4 ,9 "s passages1 h[ev]1 ! ^w 77 expresses ass5t to :at is said1 imply+ approbation ( x z true1 or z desirable4 8,ev5 s1 ,fa!r3 = s x seem$ good 9 ?y sight10 ,mat4 xi4 #bf2 ,lu4 x4 #ba4 ,s 9 ,re4 xvi4 #g1 8,ev5 s 771 ,"l ,god ,almighty40 ,s 9 ,re4 xxii4 #bj1 8,ev5 s 771 come1 ,"l ,jesus40 ,! ^w ,am5 "h seems to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 & to make x ! affirmation ( a c]ta9ty1 r ?an ! expression ( a wi%4 #h ,i #gb;am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end+1 sai? ! ,"l1 :i* is1 & :i* 01 & :i* is to come1 #gc! ,almighty4 #h4 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega4 ,^! are ! fir/ & ! la/ lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 & d5ote prop]ly ! fir/ & ! la/4 ,s 9 ,re4 xxii4 #ac1 :]e ! two expressions are unit$1 8,i am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 ! fir/ & ! la/40 ,s 9 *4 i4 #ag1 ! speak] says ( himself1 8,i am ! fir/ & ! la/40 ,among ! ,jewi% ,rabb9s x 0 common to use ! fir/ & ! la/ lett]s ( ! ,hebrew alphabet to d5ote ! :ole ( any?+1 f beg9n+ to end4 ,?us x is said1 8,adam transgress$ ! :ole law1 f to 0f ,aleph to ,tv4 8,abraham kept ! :ole law1 f to 40 ,! language "h is t :i* w\ld prop]ly d5ote et]nity 9 ! be+ to :om x is appli$1 & c\ld be us$ 9 ref]5ce to no "o b ! true ,god4 ,x means t he is ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all ?+s2 t he 0 at ! comm5cem5t1 & w be at ! close2 & x is ?us equival5t to say+ t he has always exi/$1 & t he w always exi/4 ,comp4 ,is4 xli4 #d1 8,i ! ,"l1 ! fir/1 & ) ! la/20xliv4 #f1 8,i am ! fir/1 & ,i am ! la/2 & beside me !re is no ,god20xlviii4 #ab1 8,i am he2 ,i am ! fir/1 ,i also am ! la/40 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! language "h w\ld be naturally und]/ood z imply+ div9ity1 & x c\ld be prop]ly appli$ to no "o b ! true ,god4 ,! obvi\s int]pretation "h w\ld be to apply ?is to ! ,"l ,jesus2 = 7a7 x is he :o is spok5 ( 9 ! v]ses prec$+1 & 7b7 !re c be no d\bt t ! same language is appli$ to him 9 v]4 #aa4 ,z !re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce ( read+ 9 ?is place 9 ! ,greek text1 & z x _c be absolutely c]ta9 t ! writ] meant to ref] to ! ,"l ,jesus specifically #dg "h1 ?is _c be adduc$ ) propriety z a pro(-text to demon/rate 8 div9ity4 ,_m ,,mss41 in/ead ( 8,"l10 1 read 8,god10 2 & ?is read+ is adopt$ by ,griesba*1 ,tittman1 & ,hahn1 & is n[ reg>d$ z ! correct read+4 ,!re is no real incongruity 9 suppos+1 also1 t ! writ] "h meant to ref] to ,god z su*1 s9ce ! introduction ( a ref]5ce to him w\ld n be inappropriate to 8 manife/ design4 ,besides1 a portion ( ! language "h us$1 8:i* is1 & 01 & is to come10 is t :i* w\ld m naturally sugge/ a ref]5ce to ,god z su*1 ?an to ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,see v]4 #d4 ,! object = :i* ?is passage ref]r+ to ! 8fir/ & ! la/to him :o 01 & is1 & is to come10 is introduc$ "h evid5tly is1 to %[ t z he 0 clo!d ) omnipot5ce1 & w\ld cont9ue to exi/ ?r\gh all ages to come z he _h exi/$ 9 all ages pa/1 !re c\ld be no d\bt ab\t 8 ability to execute all :i* x is said he w\ld execute4 ,sai? ! ,"l4 ,or1 sai? ,god1 accord+ to :at is n[ reg>d$ z ! correct read+4 ,:i* is1 & :i* 01 c4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,! ,almighty4 ,an appellation (t5 appli$ to ,god1 mean+ t he has all p[]1 & us$ "h to d5ote t he is able to accompli% :at is disclos$ 9 ?is book4 #i ,i ,john1 :o also am y\r bro!r1 & companion 9 tribulation1 & 9 ! k+dom & pati5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 0 9 ! isle t is call$ ,patmos1 = ! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #i4 ,i ,john1 :o also am y\r bro!r4 ,y\r ,*ri/ian bro!r2 :o am a fell[-,*ri/ian ) y4 ,! ref]5ce "h is d\btless to ! memb]s ( ! sev5 *ur*es 9 ,asia1 to :om ! epi/les 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s 7 address$1 & to :om ! :ole book seems to h be5 s5t4 ,9 ! previ\s v]se1 ! writ] _h clos$ ! salutation1 & he "h comm5ces a description ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! vision appe>$ to him4 ,he 0 9 a lonely isl&1 to :i* he _h be5 bani%$ on acc\nt ( 8 atta*m5t to religion2 he 0 9 a /ate ( high spiritual enjoym5t on ! day devot$ to ! sacr$ remembrance ( ! ,r$eem]2 he sudd5ly he>d a voice beh9d him1 & turn+ saw ! ,son ( man himself1 9 glori\s =m1 9 ! mid/ ( sev5 gold5 lamps1 & fell at 8 feet z dead4 ,& companion 9 tribulation4 ,y\r p>tn] 9 affliction4 ,t is1 he & !y 7 suff]+ sub/antially ! same k9d ( trials on acc\nt ( _! religion4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t "s =m ( p]secution 0 !n rag+1 9 :i* !y 7 also suff]]s1 ?\gh 9 _! case x did n lead to bani%m5t4 ,! lead]1 ! apo/le1 ! ag$ & influ5tial prea*]1 0 bani%$2 b !re 7 _m o!r =ms ( trial :i* !y might be call$ to endure :o rema9$ at home4 ,:at !y 7 we h n ! means ( kn[+ ) c]ta9ty4 ,& 9 ! k+dom & pati5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! mean+ ( ?is passage is1 t he1 & ^? :om he address$1 7 n only companions 9 affliction1 b 7 fell[-p>tn]s 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,r$eem]2 t is1 !y %>$ ! hon\r & ! privileges p]ta9+ to t k+dom2 & t !y 7 fell[-p>tn]s 9 ! pati5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t is1 9 endur+ ) pati5ce :atev] might foll[ f _! be+ 8 fri5ds & foll[]s4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t alike 9 privileges & suff]+s !y 7 unit$4 ,!y %>$ alike 9 ! results ( _! atta*m5t to ! ,savi\r4 ,0 9 ! isle t is call$ ,patmos4 ,patmos is "o ( ! clu/] ( isl&s 9 ! gean ,sea anci5tly call$ ! ,sporades4 ,x lies betwe5 ! isl& ( ,ic>ia & ! promontory ( ,miletus4 ,x is m]ely m5tion$ by ! anci5t geograph]s 7,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 iv4 #bc2 ,/rabo1 x4 #dhh74 ,x is n[ call$ ,pat9o or ,patmoso4 ,x is "s six or eight miles 9 l5g?1 & n m ?an a mile 9 bread?1 be+ ab\t fifte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x has nei!r trees nor riv]s1 nor has x any l& = cultivation1 except "s little nooks among ! l$ges ( rocks4 ,on approa*+ ! isl&1 ! coa/ is high1 & consi/s ( a succession ( capes1 :i* =m s _m ports1 "s ( :i* are excell5t4 ,! only "o 9 use1 h[ev]1 is a deep bay1 %elt]$ by high m\nta9s on e side b "o1 :]e x is protect$ by a project+ cape4 ,! t[n atta*$ to ?is port is situat$ ^u a high rocky m\nta91 ris+ imm$iately f ! sea1 & ?is1 ) ! ,scala bel[ ^u ! %ore1 consi/+ ( "s %ips & h\ses1 =ms ! only inhabit$ site ( ! isl&4 ,?\gh ,patmos is defici5t 9 trees1 x ab\nds 9 fl[]y plants #dh & %rubs4 ,walnuts & o!r fruit trees are rais$ 9 ! or*>ds1 & ! w9e ( ,patmos is ! /ronge/ & ! be/ flav\r$ 9 ! ,greek isl&s4 ,maize & b>ley are cultivat$1 b n 9 a quantity suffici5t = ! use ( ! inhabitants & = a supply ( _! own vessels1 & o!rs :i* (t5 put into _! good h>b\r = provisions4 ,! inhabitants n[ d n exce$ f\r or five ?\s&2 _m ( :om are emigrants f ! neighb\r+ cont95t4 ,ab\t half-way up ! m\nta9 !re is %[n a natural grotto 9 a rock1 :]e ,john is said to h se5 8 visions & to h writt5 ?is book4 ,ne> ?is is a small *ur*1 connect$ ) :i* is a s*ool or college1 :]e ! ,greek language is taught2 & on ! top ( ! hill1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 is a mona/]y1 :i*1 f its situation1 has a v maje/ic appe>ance 7,kitto's ,cyclopdia ( ,bib4 ,lit474 ,! annex$ engrav+ is suppos$ to give a good repres5tation ( ! appe>ance ( ! isl&4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ,john 0 bani%$ to ?is isl& by ,domitian1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #id4 ,no place c\ld h be5 select$ = bani%m5t :i* w\ld accord bett] ) su* a design ?an ?is4 ,lonely1 desolate1 b>r51 un9habit$1 seldom visit$1 x _h all ! requisites :i* c\ld be desir$ = a place ( puni%m5t2 & bani%m5t to t place w\ld accompli% all t a p]secutor c\ld wi% 9 sil5c+ an apo/le1 )\t putt+ him to dea?4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+1 9 anci5t times1 to bani% m5 f _! c\ntry2 ei!r s5d+ !m =? at l>ge1 or specify+ "s p>ticul> place to :i* !y 7 to g4 ,! :ole n>rative leads u to suppose t ?is place 0 designat$ z t to :i* ,john 0 to be s5t4 ,bani%m5t to an isl& 0 a common mode ( puni%m5t2 & !re 0 a di/9ction made by ?is act 9 fav\r ( ^? :o 7 ?us bani%$4 ,! m base1 l[1 & vile ( crim9als 7 commonly condemn$ to "w 9 ! m9es2 ! m dec5t & respectable 7 bani%$ to "s lonely isl&4 ,see ! au?orities quot$ 9 ,wet/e91 9 loco4 ,= ! ^w ( ,god4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ^w ( ,god2 t is1 = hold+ & prea*+ ! gospel4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,x _c mean t he 0 s5t !re ) a view to 8 prea*+ ! ^w ( ,god2 = x is inconceivable t he %\ld h be5 s5t f ,ephesus to prea* 9 su* a little1 lonely1 desolate place1 :]e inde$ !re is no evid5ce t !re 7 any inhabitants2 nor c x mean t he 0 s5t !re by ! ,_s ( ,god to receive & record ?is revelation1 = x is cle> t ! revelation c\ld h be5 made else:]e1 & su* a place af=d$ no peculi> advantages = ?is4 ,! fair int]pretation is1 9 accordance ) all ! te/imony ( antiquity1 t he 0 s5t !re 9 a "t ( p]secution1 z a puni%m5t = prea*+ ! gospel4 ,& = ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,he did n g !re to be> te/imony to ,jesus ,*ri/ on t isl&1 ei!r by prea*+ or record+ ! visions 9 ?is book1 b he w5t because he _h prea*$ ! doctr9es :i* te/ifi$ ( ,*ri/4 #aj ,i 0 #gd;9 ! ,_s on ! #ge,"l's day1 & he>d beh9d me a great voice1 z ( a trumpet1 #aj4 ,i 0 9 ! ,_s4 ,?is _c ref] to 8 own _s1 = su* an expression w\ld be un9telligible4 ,! language !n mu/ ref] to "s unusual /ate1 or to "s influ5ce t _h be5 br\ght to be> ^u him f )\t1 t 0 appropriate to su* a day4 ,! ^w ,_s may ref] ei!r to ! ,holy ,_s1 or to "s /ate ( m9d su* z ! ,holy ,_s producesa _s ( elevat$ devotion1 a /ate ( high & uncommon religi\s enjoym5t4 ,x is cle> t ,john does n mean "h to say t he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 su* a s5se z t he 0 inspir$1 = ! comm& to make a record1 z well z ! visions1 came subsequ5tly to ! "t ref]r$ to4 ,! fair mean+ ( ! passage is1 t he 0 at t "t fav\r$1 9 a l>ge measure1 ) ! influ5ces ( ! ,holy ,_s! _s ( true devotion2 t he _h a high /ate ( religi\s enjoym5t1 & 0 9 a condition n inappropriate to ! rem>kable communications :i* 7 made to him on t day4 ,! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* he 0 at ! "t "h ref]r$ to1 is n su* z ! prophets are (t5 repres5t$ to h be5 9 :5 "u ! prophetic inspiration 7comp4 ,eze4 i4 #a2 viii4 #c2 xl4 #b2 ,je4 xxiv4 #a71 & :i* 0 (t5 accompani$ #di ) an entire pro/ration ( bodily /r5g? 7comp4 ,nu4 xxiv4 #d2 #a ,sa4 xix4 #bd2 ,eze4 i4 #bh2 ,da4 x4 #haj2 ,re4 i4 #ag71 b su* z any ,*ri/ian may exp]i5ce :5 9 a high /ate ( religi\s enjoym5t4 ,he 0 n yet "u ! prophetic ec/asy 7comp4 ,ac4 x4 #aj2 xi4 #e2 xxii4 #ag71 b 01 ?\gh 9 a lonely & b>r5 isl&1 & f> away f ! privileges ( ! sanctu>y1 p]mitt$ to enjoy1 9 a high degree1 ! consolations ( religionan illu/ration ( ! great tru? t ,god c meet 8 p any:]e2 t1 :5 9 solitude & 9 circum/ances ( outw>d affliction1 :5 p]secut$ & ca/ out1 :5 depriv$ ( ! public means ( grace & ! society ( religi\s fri5ds1 ,he c meet !m ) ! abundant consolations ( ,8 grace1 & p\r joy & peace into _! s\ls4 ,?is /ate 0 n inappropriate to ! revelations :i* 7 ab\t to be made to ,john1 b ?is itself 0 n t /ate4 ,x 0 a /ate :i* seems to h result$ f ! fact1 t on t des]t isl& he devot$ ! day to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 &1 by hon\r+ ! day d$icat$ to ! memory ( ! ris5 ,savi\r1 f\nd1 :at all w f9d1 t x 0 att5d$ ) ri* spiritual influ5ces on 8 s\l4 ,on ! ,"l's day4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ ,"l's 771 occurs only 9 ?is place & 9 #a ,co4 xi4 #bj1 :]e x is appli$ to ! ,"l's supp]4 ,x prop]ly means p]ta9+ to ! ,"l2 &1 s f> z ?is ^w is conc]n$1 x might mean a day p]ta9+ to ! ,"l1 9 any s5se1 or = any reason2 ei!r because he claim$ x z 8 own1 & _h set x ap>t = 8 own s]vice1 or because x 0 design$ to commemorate "s important ev5t p]ta9+ to him1 or because x 0 obs]v$ 9 hon\r ( him4 ,x is cle>1 7#a7 ,t ?is ref]s to "s day :i* 0 di/+ui%$ f all o!r days ( ! week1 & :i* w\ld be suffici5tly designat$ by ! use ( ?is t]m4 7#b7 ,t x 0 a day :i* 0 = "s reason reg>d$ z peculi>ly a day ( ! ,"l1 or peculi>ly devot$ to him4 7#c7 ,x w\ld fur!r appe> t ?is 0 a day p>ticul>ly devot$ to ! ,"l ,jesus2 =1 7a7 t is ! natural mean+ ( ! ^w ,"l z us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7comp4 ,notes on ,ac4 i4 #bd72 & 7b7 if ! ,jewi% ,sabba? 7 int5d$ to be designat$1 ! ^w ,sabba? w\ld h be5 us$4 ,! t]m 0 us$ g5]ally by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to d5ote ! fir/ day ( ! week4 ,x occurs twice 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,ignatius to ! ,magnesians 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #aja71 :o calls ! ,"l's day 8! que5 & pr9ce ( all days40 ,*ryso/om 7on ,ps4 cxix47 says1 8,x 0 call$ ! ,"l's day because ! ,"l rose f ! dead on t day40 ,lat] fa!rs make a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! ,sabba? & ! ,"l's day2 mean+ by ! =m] ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 or ! sev5? day ( ! week1 & by ! latt] ! fir/ day ( ! week1 kept holy by ,*ri/ians4 ,s ,!odoret 7,fab4 ,ha]et4 ii4 #a71 speak+ ( ! ,ebionites1 says1 8,!y keep ! ,sabba? accord+ to ! ,jewi% law1 & sanctify ! ,"l's day 9 l mann] z we d0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,! /rong probability is1 t ! "n 0 giv5 to ?is day 9 hon\r ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 & because he rose on t day f ! dead4 ,no "o c d\bt t x 0 an appellation giv5 to ! fir/ day ( ! week2 & ! passage1 !re=e1 proves 7#a7 t t day 0 ?us e>ly di/+ui%$ 9 "s peculi> mann]1 s t ! m]e m5tion ( x w\ld be suffici5t to id5tify x 9 ! m9ds ( ^? to :om ! apo/le wrote2 7#b7 t x 0 9 "s s5se reg>d$ z devot$ to ! ,"l ,jesus1 or 0 design$ 9 "s way to commemorate :at he _h done2 & 7#c7 t if ?is book 7 writt5 by ! apo/le ,john1 ! obs]vance ( t day has ! apo/olic sanction4 ,he _h manife/ly1 9 accordance ) a prevail+ cu/om1 set ap>t ?is day 9 hon\r ( ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,?\gh alone1 he 0 engag$ on t day 9 acts ( devotion4 ,?\gh f> away f ! sanctu>y1 he enjoy$ :at all ,*ri/ians hope to enjoy on su* a day ( re/1 & :at n a few d 9 fact enjoy 9 its obs]vance4 ,we may rem>k1 9 view ( ?is /atem5t1 7a7 t :5 away f ! sanctu>y1 & depriv$ ( its privileges1 we %\ld nev]!less n fail to obs]ve ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba?4 ,if on a b$ ( sickness1 if 9 a l& ( /rang]s1 if on ! deep1 if 9 a =eign clime1 if on a lonely isl&1 z ,john 01 :]e we h none ( ! advantages ( public wor%ip1 we %\ld yet hon\r ! ,sabba?4 ,we %\ld wor%ip ,god alone1 if we h none to unite ) u2 we %\ld %[ to ^? ar\nd u1 if we are ) /rang]s1 by our dress & our conv]sation1 by a s]i\s & dev\t mann]1 by ab/95ce f lab\r1 #ej & by a re/+ f travel1 t we dev\tly reg>d ?is day z set ap>t = ,god4 7b7 ,we may expect1 9 su* circum/ances1 & ) su* a dev\t obs]vance ( ! day1 t ,god w meet ) u & bless u4 ,x 0 on a lonely isl&1 f> away f ! sanctu>y & f ! society ( ,*ri/ian fri5ds1 t ! ,savi\r met 8! belov$ disciple10 & we may tru/ x w be s ) u4 ,= on su* a des]t isl&1 9 a lonely =e/1 on ! deep1 or amid /rang]s 9 a =eign l&1 he c z easily meet u z 9 ! sanctu>y :]e we h be5 accu/om$ to wor%ip1 & :5 surr\nd$ by all ! privileges ( a ,*ri/ian l&4 ,no man1 at home or abroad1 among fri5ds or /rang]s1 enjoy+ ! privileges ( ! sanctu>y1 or depriv$ ( ^? privileges1 ev] kept ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba? 9 a dev\t mann] )\t pr(it to 8 own s\l2 &1 :5 depriv$ ( ! privileges ( public wor%ip1 ! visitations ( ! ,savi\r to ! s\l may be m ?an a comp5sation = all our privations4 ,:o w\ld n be will+ to be bani%$ to a lonely isl& l ,patmos1 if he might enjoy su* a glori\s vision ( ! ,r$eem] z ,john 0 fav\r$ ) !re8 ,& he>d beh9d me a great voice4 ,a l\d voice4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse sudd51 & took him by surprise4 ,z ( a trumpet4 ,l\d z a trumpet4 ,?is is evid5tly ! only po9t 9 ! comp>ison4 ,x does n mean t ! tones ( ! voice resembl$ a trumpet1 b only t x 0 cle>1 l\d1 & di/9ct l a trumpet4 ,a trumpet is a well-kn[n w9d-in/rum5t1 di/+ui%$ = ! cle>ness ( its s\nds1 & 0 us$ = call+ assemblies toge!r1 = m>%all+ ho/s = battle1 c4 ,! ,hebrew ^w employ$ commonly to d5ote a trumpet 7%oph>7 means bright & cle>1 & is suppos$ to h be5 giv5 to ! in/rum5t on acc\nt ( its cle> & %rill s\nd1 z we n[ give ! "n 8cl>ion0 to a c]ta9 w9d-in/rum5t4 ,! ,hebrew trumpet is (t5 ref]r$ to z employ$1 on acc\nt ( its cle>ness1 to summon p toge!r1 ,ex4 xix4 #ac2 ,nu4 x4 #aj2 ,ju4 vii4 #ah1 c42 #a ,sa4 xiii4 #c2 #b ,sa4 xv4 #aj4 #aa ,say+1 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! fir/ & ! la/3 &1 ,:at ?\ see/1 write 9 a book1 & s5d x unto ! sev5 *ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia2 unto #gf;,ephesus1 & unto #gg,smyrna1 & unto #gh,p]gamos1 & unto #gi,?yatira1 & unto #hj,s>dis1 & unto #ha,philadelphia1 & unto #hb,laodicea4 #aa4 ,say+4 ,t is1 lit]ally1 8! trumpet say+40 ,x 01 h[ev]1 manife/ly ! voice t address$ ^! words to ,john1 ?\gh !y seem$ to come ?r\gh a trumpet1 & h5ce ! trumpet is repres5t$ z utt]+ !m4 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega4 ,v]4 #h4 ,! fir/ & ! la/4 ,an explanation ( ! t]ms ,alpha & ,omega4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,&1 ,:at ?\ see/4 ,! voice1 9 addition to ! decl>ation1 8,i am ,alpha & ,omega10 gave ?is direction t he %\ld record :at he saw4 ,! phrase1 8:at ?\ see/10 ref]s to :at w\ld pass be=e him 9 vision1 :at he !re saw1 & :at he w\ld see 9 ! extraord9>y manife/ations :i* 7 to be made to him4 ,write 9 a book4 ,make a fair record ( x all2 evid5tly mean+ t he %\ld describe ?+s z !y occurr$1 & imply+ t ! vision w\ld be held s long be=e ! eye ( 8 m9d t he w\ld be able to transf] x to ! 8book40 ,! fair & obvi\s int]pretation ( ?is is1 t he 0 to make ! record 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos1 & !n s5d x to ! *ur*es4 ,?\gh ,patmos 0 a lonely & b>r5 place1 & ?\gh probably !re 7 few or no inhabitants !re1 yet !re is no improbability 9 suppos+ t ,john c\ld h f\nd writ+ mat]ials !re1 nor ev5 t he may h be5 p]mitt$ to take su* mat]ials ) him4 ,he seems to h be5 bani%$ = prea*+1 n = writ+2 & !re is no evid5ce t ! mat]ials = writ+ w\ld be )held f him4 ,john ,bunyan1 9 ,b$=d jail1 f\nd mat]ials = writ+ ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 & !re is no evid5ce t ! apo/le ,john 0 d5i$ ! means ( record+ 8 ?\ghts :5 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos4 ,! ^w book "h 771 w\ld m prop]ly mean a roll or scroll1 t be+ ! =m 9 :i* books 7 anci5tly made4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 iv4 #ag4 ,& s5d x unto ! sev5 *ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia4 #ea ,! *ur*es :i* are imm$iately designat$1 n imply+ t !re 7 no o!r *ur*es 9 ,asia1 b t !re 7 p>ticul> reasons = s5d+ x to ^!4 ,he 0 to s5d all t he %\ld 8see20 to wit1 all t is record$ 9 ?is volume or book ( 8,revelation40 ,"p ( ?is 7*4 ii41 iii47 w\ld app]ta9 p>ticul>ly to !m2 ! rema9d] 7*4 iv4xxii47 w\ld app]ta9 to !m no m ?an to o!rs1 b /ill !y w\ld h ! common int]e/ 9 x :i* all ! *ur* w\ld h1 &1 9 _! circum/ances ( trial1 !re might be important reasons :y !y %\ld see ! assurance t ! *ur* w\ld ultimately triumph ov] all its enemies4 ,!y 7 to d]ive f x !mselves ! consolation :i* x 0 fitt$ to imp>t 9 "t ( trial1 & to transmit x to future times1 = ! welf>e ( ! *ur* at l>ge4 ,unto ,ephesus4 ,p]haps m5tion$ fir/ z be+ ! capital ( t portion ( ,asia ,m9or2 ! mo/ important city ( ! sev52 ! place :]e ,john _h prea*$1 & :5ce he _h be5 bani%$4 ,= a p>ticul> description ( ^! sev5 *ur*es1 see ! ,notes on ! epi/les address$ to !m 9 *4 ii41 iii4 #ab ,& ,i turn$ to see ! voice t spake ) me4 ,& be+ turn$1 ,i saw #hcsev5 gold5 c&le/icks2 #ab4 ,& ,i turn$ to see ! voice t spake ) me4 ,he naturally turn$ r\nd to see :o x 0 t spake to him 9 ?is solit>y & desolate place1 :]e he ?\ght himself to be alone4 ,to see ! voice "h means to see ! p]son :o spake4 ,& be+ turn$1 ,i saw sev5 gold5 c&le/icks4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ ?+s t met 8 eye4 ,?is mu/ h be5 9 vision1 ( c\rse1 & ! mean+ is1 t !re seem$ to be !re sev5 su* lamps or c&elabras4 ,! ^w r5d]$ c&le/icks 77 means prop]ly a light-/&1 lamp-/&some?+ to be> up a light4 ,x w\ld be appli$ to any?+ t 0 us$ = ?is purpose2 & no?+ is intimat$1 9 ! use ( ! ^w1 9 reg>d to ! =m or dim5sions ( ! light-be>]s4 ,lamps 7 m commonly us$ at t "t ?an c&les1 & x is r to be suppos$ t ^! 7 design$ to be lamp-be>]s1 or lamp-su/a9]s1 ?an c&le/icks4 ,!y 7 sev5 9 numb]2 n "o bran*+ into sev51 b sev5 /&+ ap>t1 & s f> f ea* o!r t he :o appe>$ to ,john c\ld /& among !m4 ,! lamp-be>]s evid5tly su/a9$ ea* a light1 & ^! gave a peculi> brilliancy to ! sc5e4 ,x is n improbable t1 z !y 7 design$ to repres5t ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 !y 7 arrang$ 9 an ord] resembl+ ^! *ur*es4 ,! sc5e is n laid 9 ! temple1 z _m suppose1 = !re is no?+ t resembles ! arrangem5ts 9 ! temple except ! m]e fact ( ! lights4 ,! sc5e z yet is 9 ,patmos1 & !re is no evid5ce t ,john did n reg>d himself z !re1 or t he fanci$ = a mom5t t he 0 translat$ to ! temple 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! design ( ?is repres5tation1 = x is expressly decl>$ 7v]4 #bj7 t ! sev5 lamp-be>]s 7 int5d$ to repres5t ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,light is (t5 us$ 9 ! ,scriptures z an emblem ( true religion2 ,*ri/ians are repres5t$ z 8! light ( ! _w0 7,mat4 v4 #ad2 comp4 ,phi4 ii4 #ae2 ,jn4 viii4 #ab71 & a ,*ri/ian *ur* may be repres5t$ z a light /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( surr\nd+ d>kness4 #ac ,& 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 c&le/icks #hd"o l unto ! ,son ( man1 clo!d ) a g>m5t d[n to ! foot1 & girt ab\t ! paps ) a gold5 girdle4 #ac4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 c&le/icks4 ,/&+ among !m1 s z to be encircl$ ) !m4 ,?is %[s t ! repres5tation c\ld n h be5 l t ( ! vision ( ,ze*>iah 7,zec4 iv4 #b71 :]e ! prophet sees 8a c&le/ick all ( gold1 ) a b[l ^u ! top ( x1 & 8 sev5 lamps !reon40 ,9 ! vision z x appe>$ to ,john1 !re 0 n "o lamp-be>]1 ) sev5 lamps or bran*es1 b !re 7 sev5 lamp-be>]s1 s arrang$ t "o 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ,son ( man c\ld /& 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,"o l unto ! ,son ( man4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ himself1 else:]e s (t5 call$ 8! ,son ( man40 ,t x 0 ! ,savi\r himself is app>5t f v]4 #ah4 ,! expression r5d]$ 8l unto ! ,son ( man10 %\ld h be5 8l unto #eb a son ( man20 t is1 l a man1 a human be+1 or 9 a human =m4 ,! reasons = s int]pret+ x are1 7a7 t ! ,greek is )\t ! article1 & 7b7 t1 z x is r5d]$ 9 our v]sion1 x seems to make ! writ] say t he 0 l himself1 s9ce ! expression 8! ,son ( man0 is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t b ano!r "n = ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,! phrase is (t5 appli$ to him 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & always1 except 9 ?ree in/ances 7,ac4 vii4 #ef2 ,re4 i4 #ac2 xiv4 #ad71 by ! ,savi\r himself1 evid5tly to d5ote 8 w>m int]e/ 9 man1 or 8 relation%ip to man2 to signify t he 0 a man1 & wi%$ to designate himself em95tly z su*4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 viii4 #bj4 ,9 ! use ( ?is phrase 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re is probably an allusion to ,da4 vii4 #ac4 ,! idea w\ld seem to be1 t he :om he saw resembl$ 8! ,son ( man0! ,"l ,jesus1 z he _h se5 him 9 ! days ( 8 fle%?\gh x w\ld appe> t he did n "k t x 0 he until he 0 in=m$ ( x1 v]4 #ah4 ,inde$1 ! co/ume 9 :i* he appe>$ 0 s unlike t 9 :i* ,john _h be5 accu/om$ to see ! ,"l ,jesus 9 ! days ( 8 fle%1 t x _c be well suppos$ t he w\ld at once recognize him z ! same4 ,clo!d ) a g>m5t d[n to ! foot4 ,a robe rea*+ d[n to ! feet1 or to ! ankles1 yet s z to leave ! feet !mselves visible4 ,! allusion "h1 d\btless1 is to a long1 loose1 fl[+ robe1 su* z 0 worn by k+s4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 vi4 #a4 ,& girt ab\t ! paps4 ,ab\t ! brea/4 ,x 0 common1 & is /ill1 9 ! ,ea/1 to we> a girdle to conf9e ! robe1 z well z to =m a beautiful ornam5t4 ,?is 0 commonly worn ab\t ! middle ( ! p]son1 or 8! lo9s10 b x w\ld seem also t x 0 sometimes worn ar\nd ! brea/4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #chda4 ,) a gold5 girdle4 ,ei!r :olly made ( gold1 or1 m probably1 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) gold4 ,?is w\ld naturally sugge/ ! idea ( "o ( rank1 probably "o ( pr9cely rank4 ,! raim5t "h assum$ 0 n t ( a prie/1 b t ( a k+4 ,x 0 v f> f be+ t 9 :i* ! ,r$eem] appe>$ :5 he dwelt ^u ! e>?1 & 0 r design$ to d5ote 8 royal /ate z he is exalt$ 9 heav54 ,he is n inde$ repres5t$ ) a cr[n & sceptre "h1 & p]haps ! lead+ idea is t ( "o ( exalt$ rank1 ( unusual dignity1 ( "o fitt$ to inspire awe & respect4 ,9 o!r circum/ances1 9 ?is book1 ?is same ,r$eem] is repres5t$ z we>+ a cr[n1 & go+ =? to conque/4 ,see *4 xix4 #abaf4 ,"h ! repres5tation seems to h be5 design$ to impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! greatness & glory ( ! p]sonage :o ?us sudd5ly made 8 appe>ance4 #ad ,8 head & 8 hairs 7 :ite l wool1 z :ite z sn[2 & #he;8 eyes 7 z a flame ( fire2 #ad4 ,8 head & 8 hairs 7 :ite l wool1 z :ite z sn[4 ,exce$+ly or p]fectly :ite! fir/ sugge/ion to ! m9d ( ! apo/le be+ t ( wool1 & !n ! ?\ght occurr+ ( its extreme :it5ess resembl+ sn[! pure/ :ite ( :i* ! m9d conceives4 ,! comp>ison ) wool & sn[ to d5ote any?+ peculi>ly :ite is n uncommon4 ,see ,is4 i4 #ah4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t ?is means1 n t 8 hairs 7 lit]ally :ite1 z if ) age1 :i* he says w\ld be incongru\s to "o j ris5 f ! dead1 clo!d ) immortal y\? & vig\r1 b t x means radiant1 bright1 respl5d5tsimil> to :at occurr$ on ! transfiguration ( ! ,savi\r1 ,mat4 xvii4 #b4 ,b to ?is x may be repli$1 7a7 ,t ?is w\ld n accord well ) t ) :i* 8 hair is comp>$sn[ & wool1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]4 7b7 ,! usual mean+ ( ! ^w is m obvi\s "h1 & n at all inappropriate4 ,! repres5tation 0 fitt$ to signify maje/y & au?ority2 & ?is w\ld be be/ accompli%$ by ! image ( "o :o 0 v5]able 9 ye>s4 ,?us1 9 ! vision t appe>$ to ,daniel 7*4 vii4 #i71 x is said ( him :o is !re call$ ! 8,anci5t ( ,days10 t 88 g>m5t 0 :ite z sn[1 & ! hair ( 8 head l ! pure wool40 ,x is n improbable t ,john _h t repres5tation 9 8 eye1 & t !re=e he w\ld be impress$ ) ! conviction t ?is 0 a manife/ation ( a div9e p]son4 ,we are n necess>ily to suppose t ?is is ! =m 9 :i* ! ,savi\r always appe>s n[ 9 heav51 any m ?an we are to suppose t ,god appe>s always 9 ! =m 9 :i* he 0 manife/$ #ec to ,isaiah 7*4 vi4 #a71 to ,daniel 7*4 vii4 #i71 or to ,moses & ,a>on1 ,nadab & ,abihu 9 ! m\nt1 ,ex4 xxiv4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! repres5tation is1 t ?is =m 0 assum$ = ! purpose ( impress+ ! m9d ( ! apo/le ) a s5se ( 8 maje/y & glory4 ,& 8 eyes 7 z a flame ( fire4 ,bright1 %>p1 p5etrat+2 z if ev]y?+ 0 light be=e !m1 or !y w\ld p5etrate into ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,su* a repres5tation is n uncommon4 ,we speak ( a lightn+ glance1 a fi]y look1 c4 ,9 ,da4 x4 #f1 x is said ( ! man :o appe>$ to ! prophet on ! banks ( ! riv] ,hiddekel1 t 8 eyes 7 8z lamps ( fire40 ,num]\s in/ances ( ?is comp>ison f ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics may be se5 9 ,wet/e91 9 loco4 #ae ,& #hf;8 feet l unto f9e brass1 z if !y burn$ 9 a furnace2 & #hg;8 voice z ! s\nd ( _m wat]s4 #ae4 ,& 8 feet l unto f9e brass4 ,comp4 ,da4 x4 #f1 8,& 8 arms & 8 feet l 9 col\r to poli%$ brass40 ,see also ,eze4 i4 #g1 8& !y0 ! feet ( ! liv+ creatures 8sp>kl$ l ! col\r ( burni%$ brass40 ,! ^w "h us$occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only "h & 9 *4 ii4 #ah4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,! ^w prop]ly means :ite brass 7probably comp\nd$ ( 1 brass1 & 1 :it5ess1 f ! ,hebrew 1 :ite74 ,o!rs reg>d x z f 1 brass1 & 1 cle>4 ,! metal ref]r$ to 0 und\bt$ly a species ( brass di/+ui%$ = its cle>ness or :it5ess4 ,brass is a comp\nd metal1 compos$ ( copp] & z9c4 ,! col\r v>ies mu* accord+ to ! diff]5t proportions ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts4 ,! ,vulgate "h r5d]s ! ^w auri*alcum1 a mixture ( gold & ( brassp]haps ! same z ! ! electrum ( ! anci5ts1 compos$ ( gold & ( silv]1 usually 9 ! proportion ( f\r p>ts gold & "o "p silv]1 & di/+ui%$ = its brilliancy4 ,see ,rob9son1 ,lex41 & ,wet/e91 9 loco4 ,! k9d ( metal "h ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to be "s comp\nd ( brass( a :iti% & brilliant col\r4 ,! exact proportion ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ! metal "h ref]r$ to _c n[ be det]m9$4 ,z if !y burn$ 9 a furnace4 ,t is1 8 feet 7 s bright t !y seem$ to be l a beautiful metal gl[+ int5sely 9 ! mid/ ( a furnace4 ,anyone :o has look$ ^u ! dazzl+ & almo/ insupportable brilliancy ( metal 9 a furnace1 c =m an idea ( ! image "h pres5t$4 ,& 8 voice z ! s\nd ( _m wat]s4 ,z ! ro> ( ! ocean1 or ( a cat>act4 ,no?+ c\ld be a m sublime description ( maje/y & au?ority ?an to comp>e ! voice ( a speak] ) ! ro> ( ! ocean4 ,?is comp>ison (t5 occurs 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,see ,eze4 xliii4 #b1 8,& behold ! glory ( ! ,god ( ,israel came f ! ea/3 & 8 voice 0 l ! s\nd ( _m wat]s3 & ! e>? %9$ ) 8 glory40 ,s ,re4 xiv4 #b2 xix4 #f4 ,comp4 ,eze4 i4 #bd2 ,da4 x4 #f4 #af ,& he _h 9 8 "r h& sev5 />s2 & out ( 8 m\? w5t #hh;a %>p two-edg$ sword3 & 8 c\nt5ance 0 z #hi! sun %9e? 9 8 /r5g?4 #af4 ,& he _h 9 8 "r h& sev5 />s4 ,emblematic ( ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,h[ he held !m is n said4 ,x may be t !y seem$ to re/ on 8 op5 palm2 or x may be t he seem$ to hold !m z if !y 7 arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & ) "s sort ( atta*m5t1 s t !y c\ld be grasp$4 ,x is n improbable t1 z 9 ! case ( ! sev5 lamp-be>]s 7,notes1 v]4 #ac71 !y 7 s arrang$ z to repres5t ! relative position ( ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,& out ( 8 m\? w5t a %>p two-edg$ sword4 ,on ! =m ( ! anci5t two-edg$ sword1 see ,notes on ,ep4 vi4 #ag4 ,! two edges 7 design$ to cut bo? ways2 & su* a sword is a /rik+ emblem ( ! p5etrat+ p[] ( tru?1 or ( words t proce$ f ! m\?2 & ?is is design$ und\bt$ly to be ! repres5tation "ht !re 0 "s symbol :i* %[$ t 8 words1 or 8 tru?1 _h ! p[] ( cutt+ deep1 or p5etrat+ ! s\l4 ,s 9 ,is4 xlix4 #b1 x is said ( ! same p]sonage1 8,& he ha? made my m\? l a %>p sword40 #ed ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,s 9 ,he4 iv4 #ab1 8,! ^w ( ,god is quick & p[]ful1 %>p] ?an any two-edg$ sword10 c4 ,s x is said ( ,p]icles by ,ari/ophanes3 8,8 p[]ful spee* ,pi]c$ ! he>]'s s\l1 & left beh9d ,deep 9 8 bosom its ke5 po9t infixt40 ,a simil> figure (t5 occurs 9 ,arabic poetry4 8,z arr[s 8 words ent] into ! he>t40 ,see ,ges5ius1 ,comm4 zu1 ,is4 xlix4 #b4 ,! only difficulty "h is 9 reg>d to ! app>5tly incongru\s repres5tation ( a sword seem+ to proce$ f ! m\?2 b x is n p]haps necess>y to suppose t ,john means to say t he saw su* an image4 ,he he>d him speak2 he felt ! p5etrat+ p[] ( 8 words2 & !y 7 z if a %>p sword proce$$ f 8 m\?4 ,!y p5etrat$ deep into ! s\l1 & z he look$ on him x seem$ z if a sword came f 8 m\?4 ,p]haps x is n necess>y to suppose t !re 0 ev5 any visible repres5tation ( ?isei!r ( a sword or ( ! brea? proce$+ f 8 m\? appe>+ to take ?is =m1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes4 ,x may be :olly a figurative repres5tation1 z ,he9ri*s & ,ewald suppose4 ,?\gh !re 7 visible & impressive symbols ( 8 maje/y & glory pres5t$ to ! eyes1 x is n necess>y to suppose t !re 7 visible symbols ( 8 words4 ,& 8 c\nt5ance4 ,8 face4 ,!re _h be5 be=e p>ticul> descriptions ( "s p>ts ( 8 facez ( 8 eyesb ?is is a repres5tation ( 8 :ole aspect2 ( ! g5]al spl5d\r & brightness ( 8 c\nt5ance4 ,0 z ! sun %9e? 9 8 /r5g?4 ,9 8 full spl5d\r :5 unobscur$ by cl\ds2 :]e 8 rays are 9 no way int]cept$4 ,comp4 ,ju4 v4 #ca3 8,b let !m t love him ! ,"l be z ! sun :5 he goe? =? 9 8 might20 #b ,sa4 xxiii4 #d1 8,& he %all be z ! light ( ! morn+1 :5 ! sun arise?1 ev5 a morn+ )\t cl\ds20 ,ps4 xix4 #e1 8,:i* ! sun is z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]1 & rejoice? z a /rong man to run a race40 ,!re c\ld be no m /rik+ description ( ! maje/y & glory ( ! c\nt5ance ?an to comp>e x ) ! ov]-p[]+ spl5d\r ( ! sun4,?is closes ! description ( ! p]sonage t appe>$ to ,john4 ,! design 0 evid5tly to impress him ) a s5se ( 8 maje/y & glory1 & to prep>e ! way = ! au?oritative nature ( ! communications :i* he 0 to make4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is appe>ance mu/ h be5 assum$4 ,! repres5tation is n t ( ! ,r$eem] z he rose f ! deada middle-ag$ man2 nor is x cle> t x 0 ! same z on ! m\nt ( transfiguration:]e1 = any?+ t appe>s1 he reta9$ 8 usual aspect & =m ?\gh tempor>ily inve/$ ) extraord9>y brilliancy2 nor is x ! =m 9 :i* we may suppose he asc5d$ to heav5= !re is no evid5ce t he 0 ?us trans=m$ :5 he asc5d$2 nor is x t ( a prie/= all ! peculi> habilim5ts ( a ,jewi% prie/ are want+ 9 ?is description4 ,! appe>ance assum$ is1 evid5tly1 9 accordance ) v>i\s repres5tations ( ,god z he appe>$ to ,ezekiel1 to ,isaiah1 & to ,danielt :i* 0 a suitable manife/ation ( a div9e be+( "o clo!d 9 ! maje/y & p[] ( ,god4 ,we are n to inf] f ?is1 t ?is is 9 fact ! appe>ance ( ! ,r$eem] n[ 9 heav51 or t ?is is ! =m 9 :i* he w appe> :5 he comes to judge ! _w4 ,( 8 appe>ance 9 heav5 we h no k2 ( ! aspect :i* he w assume :5 he comes to judge m5 we h no c]ta9 in=mation4 ,we are necess>ily q z ignorant ( ?is z we are ( :at w be our own =m & appe>ance aft] ! resurrection f ! dead4 #ag ,& :5 ,i saw him1 ,i fell at 8 feet z dead4 ,& he laid 8 "r h& ^u me1 say+ unto me1 ,fe> n2 ,i am ! fir/ & ! la/3 #ag4 ,& :5 ,i saw him1 ,i fell at 8 feet z dead4 ,z if ,i 7 dead2 depriv$ ( s5se & consci\sness4 ,he 0 ov]:elm$ ) ! sudd5ness ( ! vision2 he saw t ?is 0 a div9e be+2 b he did n z yet "k t x 0 ! ,savi\r4 ,x is n probable t 9 ?is vision he w\ld imm$iately recognize any ( ! famili> features ( ! ,"l ,jesus z he _h be5 accu/om$ to see him "s sixty ye>s be=e2 & if he did1 ! effect w\ld h be5 q z ov]-p[]+ z is "h describ$4 ,b ! subsequ5t revelations ( ?is div9e #ee p]sonage w\ld r seem to imply t ,john did n at once recognize him z ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,! effect "h describ$ is "o t (t5 occurr$ to ^? :o _h a vision ( ,god4 ,see ,da4 viii4 #ah1 8,n[ z he 0 speak+ ) me1 ,i 0 9 a deep sleep on my face t[>d ! gr\nd2 b he t\*$ me1 & set me upright20 v]4 #bg1 8,& ,i ,daniel fa9t$1 & 0 sick c]ta9 days2 aft]w>ds ,i rose up1 & did ! k+'s bus9ess40 ,comp4 ,ex4 xxxiii4 #bj2 ,is4 vi4 #e2 ,eze4 i4 #bh2 xliii4 #c2 ,da4 x4 #gi1 #ag4 ,& he laid 8 "r h& ^u me4 ,= ! purpose ( rais+ him up4 ,comp4 ,da4 viii4 #ah1 8,he t\*$ me & set me upright40 ,we usually /ret* out ! "r h& to raise up "o :o has fall54 ,say+ unto me1 ,fe> n4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xiv4 #bg1 8,x is ,i2 be n afraid40 ,! fact t x 0 ! ,savi\r1 ?\gh he appe>$ 9 ?is =m ( ov]p[]+ maje/y1 0 a reason :y ,john %\ld n be afraid4 ,:y t 0 a reason1 he imm$iately addst he 0 ! fir/ & ! la/2 t ?\gh he _h be5 dead he 0 n[ alive1 & w\ld cont9ue ev] to live1 & t he _h ! keys ( hell & ( dea?4 ,x is evid5t t ,john 0 ov]p[]$ ) t awful emotion :i* ! human m9d mu/ feel at ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,?us m5 feel :5 ,god seems to come ne> !m by ! impressive symbols ( 8 maje/yz 9 ! ?und]1 ! e>?quake1 & ! tempe/4 ,comp4 ,hab4 iii4 #af2 ,lu4 ix4 #cd4 ,yet1 amid/ ! mo/ awful manife/ations ( div9e p[]1 ! simple assurance t our ,r$eem] is ne> u is en\gh to allay our fe>s1 & diffuse calmness ?r\gh ! s\l4 ,i am ! fir/ & ! la/4 ,notes1 v]4 #h4 ,?is is /at$ to be "o ( ! reasons :y he %\ld n fe>t he 0 et]nal3 8,i always liveh liv$ ?r\gh all ! pa/1 & w live ?r\gh all :i* is to come& !re=e ,i c accompli% all my promises1 & execute all my purposes40 #ah ,i am #ij;he t live?1 & 0 dead2 &1 behold1 ,i am alive = ev]more1 ,am52 & h #ia! keys ( hell & ( dea?4 #ah4 ,i am he t live?1 & 0 dead4 ,i 0 inde$ once dead1 b n[ ,i live1 & %all cont9ue to live = ev]4 ,?is w\ld at once id5tify him :o ?us appe>$ z ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 = to no "o else c\ld ?is apply4 ,he _h be5 put to dea?2 b he _h ris5 f ! grave4 ,?is also is giv5 z a reason :y ,john %\ld n fe>2 & no?+ w\ld allay 8 fe>s m ?an ?is4 ,he n[ saw t he 0 9 ! pres5ce ( t ,savi\r :om m ?an half a c5tury be=e he _h s t5d]ly lov$ :5 9 ! fle%1 & :om1 ?\gh n[ long abs5t1 he _h fai?fully s]v$1 & = ^: cause he 0 n[ 9 ?is lonely isl&4 ,8 fai? 9 8 resurrection _h n be5 a delusion2 he saw ! v ,r$eem] be=e him :o _h once be5 laid 9 ! tomb4 ,behold1 ,i am alive = ev]more4 ,i am to live = ev]4 ,dea? is no m to cut me d[n1 & ,i am nev] aga9 to slumb] 9 ! grave4 ,z he 0 always to live1 he c\ld accompli% all 8 promises1 & fulfil all 8 purposes4 ,! ,savi\r is nev] to die aga94 ,he c1 !re=e1 always su/a9 u 9 our tr\bles2 he c be ) u 9 our dea?4 ,:oev] ( our fri5ds die1 he w n die2 :5 we die1 he w /ill be on ! ?rone4 ,am54 ,a ^w "h ( /rong affirmationz if he _h said1 x is truly1 or c]ta9ly s4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,?is expression is "o t ! ,savi\r (t5 us$ :5 he wi%$ to give emphasis1 or to express any?+ /rongly4 ,comp4 ,jn4 iii4 #c2 v4 #be4 ,& h ! keys ( hell & ( dea?4 ,! ^w r5d]$ hell1 hadesref]s prop]ly to ! und]world2 ! abode ( dep>t$ spirits2 ! region ( ! dead4 ,?is 0 repres5t$ z dull & gloomy2 z inclos$ ) walls2 z ent]$ ?r\gh gates :i* 7 fa/5$ ) bolts & b>s4 ,= a description ( ! views :i* prevail$ among ! anci5ts on ! subject1 see ,notes on ,lu4 xvi4 #bc1 & ,job x4 #ba1 #bb4 ,to hold ! key ( ?is1 0 to hold ! p[] ov] ! invisible _w4 ,x 0 ! m appropriate t ! ,savi\r %\ld repres5t himself z hav+ ?is au?ority1 z he _h himself be5 rais$ f ! dead by 8 own p[] 7comp4 ,jn4 x4 #ah71 ?us %[+ t ! dom9ion ov] ?is d>k _w 0 intru/$ to him4 ,& ( dea?4 ,a p]sonification4 ,dea? reigns 9 t _w4 ,b to 8 wide-ext5d$ realms ! ,savi\r holds ! key1 & c h access to 8 empire :5 he pleases1 releas+ all :om he *ooses1 & conf9+ !re /ill #ef su* z he %all please4 ,x is probably 9 "p f su* h9ts z ^! t ,milton drew 8 sublime description ( ! gates ( hell 9 ! ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,z ,*ri/ always lives2 z he always reta9s ?is p[] ov] ! regions ( ! dead1 & ! :ole _w ( spirits1 x may be fur!r rem>k$ t we h no?+ to dread if we put our tru/ 9 him4 ,we ne$ n fe> to ent] a _w :i* he has ent]$1 & f :i* he has em]g$1 a*iev+ a glori\s triumph2 we ne$ n fe> :at ! dread k+ t reigns !re c d to u1 = 8 p[] ext5ds n beyond ! p]mission ( ! ,savi\r1 & 9 8 own "t t ,savi\r w call u =? to life1 to die no m4 #ai ,write ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ se51 & ! ?+s :i* are1 & ! ?+s :i* %all be h]eaft]2 #ai4 ,write ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ se54 ,an acc\nt ( ! vision :i* ?\ ha/ _h1 v]4 #ajah4 ,& ! ?+s :i* are4 ,give an acc\nt ( ^? ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ se5 z design$ to repres5t ! condition ( ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,he _h se5 n only ! ,savi\r1 b he _h se5 sev5 lamp-/&s1 & sev5 />s 9 ! h& ( ! ,savi\r1 & he is n[ comm&$ to record ! mean+ ( ^! symbols z ref]r+ to ?+s !n actually exi/+ 9 ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,?is int]pretation is dem&$ by v]4 #bj4 ,& ! ?+s :i* %all be h]eaft]4 ,! ,greek phrase r5d]$ h]eaft] means 8aft] ^! ?+s20 t is1 he 0 to make a correct repres5tation ( ! ?+s :i* !n 71 & !n to record :at w\ld occur 8aft] ^! ?+s30 to wit1 ( ! images1 symbols1 & tru?s1 :i* w\ld be disclos$ to him aft] :at he _h already se54 ,! expression ref]s to future times4 ,he does n say = h[ long a "t2 b ! revelations :i* 7 to be made ref]r$ to ev5ts :i* 7 to occur beyond ^? :i* 7 !n tak+ place4 ,no?+ c be argu$ f ! use ( ?is language 9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( "t embrac$ 9 ! revelation:e!r x ext5d$ only = a few ye>s or :e!r x embrac$ all com+ "t4 ,! m natural int]pretation1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to be1 t x w\ld /ret* f> into future ye>s1 & t x 0 design$ to give at lea/ an outl9e ( :at w\ld be ! "* ( ! future 9 g5]al4 #bj ,! my/]y ( #ib! sev5 />s :i* ?\ sawe/ 9 my "r h&1 & ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks4 ,! sev5 />s are ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es3 & #ic! sev5 c&le/icks :i* ?\ sawe/1 are ! sev5 *ur*es4 #bj4 ,! my/]y ( ! sev5 />s4 ,on ! ^w my/]y1 see ,notes on ,ep4 i4 #i4 ,! ^w means1 prop]ly1 t :i* is hidd51 obscure1 unkn[nuntil x is disclos$ by "o hav+ ! ability to d x1 or by ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,:5 disclos$1 x may be z cle>1 & z capable ( compreh5sion1 z any o!r tru?4 ,! mean+ "h1 z appli$ to ! sev5 />s1 is1 t !y 7 symbols1 & t _! mean+ z symbols1 )\t a suitable explanation1 w\ld rema9 hidd5 or unkn[n4 ,!y 7 design$ to repres5t important tru?s1 & ,john 0 direct$ to write d[n :at !y 7 int5d$ 9 ! circum/ances to signify1 & to s5d ! explanation to ! *ur*es4 ,x is evid5tly impli$ t ! mean+ ( ^! symbols w\ld be beyond ! ord9>y p[]s ( ! human m9d to arrive at ) c]ta9ty1 & h5ce ,john 0 direct$ to expla9 ! symbol4 ,! g5]al & obvi\s tru?s :i* !y w\ld s]ve to convey w\ld be t ! m9i/]s ( ! *ur*es1 & ! *ur*es !mselves1 7 design$ to be lights 9 ! _w1 & %\ld burn cle>ly & /eadily4 ,mu* important tru? w\ld be c\*$ "u ^! symbols1 inde$1 if no?+ _h be5 add$ 9 reg>d to _! signification z employ$ "h by ! ,savi\r2 b !re 7 p>ticul> tru?s ( great importance 9 ref]5ce to ea* ( ^! 8/>s0 & 8lamp-be>]s10 :i* ,john 0 m fully to expla94 ,:i* ?\ sawe/ 9 my "r h&4 ,gr41 8^u my "r h&0 3 giv+ "s support to ! op9ion t ! />s1 z !y 7 se51 appe>$ to be plac$ on 8 h&t is1 on ! palm ( 8 h& z he /ret*$ x out4 ,! expression 9 v]4 #af is1 t !y 7 89 77 8 "r h&20 b ! language "h us$ is n decisive z to ! position ( ! />s4 ,!y may h be5 held 9 "s way by ! h&1 or #eg repres5t$ z scatt]$ on ! op5 h&4 ,! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks4 ,! tru? :i* ^! emblematic repres5tations are design$ to convey4 ,! sev5 />s are4 ,t is1 !y repres5t1 or !y d5ote9 accordance ) a common usage 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxvi4 #bf4 ,! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,gr41 8,angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es30 ! article be+ want+4 ,?is does n ref] to !m z a collective or associat$ body1 = ! addresses are made to !m z individualsan epi/le be+ direct$ to 8! angel0 ( ea* p>ticul> *ur*1 *4 ii4 #a1 #ab1 c4 ,! evid5t mean+1 h[ev]1 is1 t :at 0 record$ %\ld be direct$ to !m1 n z p]ta9+ to !m exclusively z individuals1 b z presid+ ov] or repres5t+ ! *ur*es1 = :at is record$ p]ta9s to ! *ur*es1 & 0 evid5tly design$ to be laid be=e !m4 ,x 0 = ! *ur*es1 b 0 committ$ to ! 8angel0 z repres5t+ ! *ur*1 & to be communicat$ to ! *ur* "u 8 c>e4 ,!re has be5 mu* div]sity ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! ^w angels "h4 ,by ! advocates ( ,episcopacy1 x has be5 argu$ t ! use ( ?is t]m proves t !re 0 a presid+ bi%op ov] a circle or gr\p ( *ur*es 9 ,ephesus1 9 ,smyrna1 c41 s9ce x is said t x _c be suppos$ t !re 0 b a s+le *ur* 9 a city s l>ge z ,ephesus1 or 9 ! o!r cities m5tion$4 ,a full exam9ation ( ?is argum5t may be se5 9 my "w on ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* pp4 #aiaaii1 ,london ed44 ,! ^w angel prop]ly means a mess5g]1 & is ?us appli$ to cele/ial be+s z mess5g]s s5t =? f ,god to convey or to d 8 w4 ,?is be+ ! common mean+ ( ! ^w1 x may be employ$ to d5ote anyone :o is a mess5g]1 & h5ce1 ) propriety1 anyone :o is employ$ to communicate ! w ( ano!r2 to transact 8 bus9ess1 or1 m remotely1 to act 9 8 placeto be a repres5tative4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w z us$ 9 ?is place1 & 9 ref]5ce to ^! *ur*es1 x may be rem>k$1 7#a7 ,t x _c mean lit]ally an angel1 z ref]r+ to a heav5ly be+1 = no "o c suppose t su* a be+ presid$ ov] ^! *ur*es4 7#b7 ,x _c be %[n to mean1 z ,"l 79 loco7 supposes1 mess5g]s t ! *ur*es _h s5t to ,john1 & t ^! lett]s 7 giv5 to !m to be return$ by !m to ! *ur*es2 =1 7a7 !re is no evid5ce t any su* mess5g] _h be5 s5t to ,john2 7b7 !re is no probability t :ile he 0 a bani%$ exile 9 ,patmos su* a ?+ w\ld be p]mitt$2 7c7 ! message 0 n s5t by !m1 x 0 s5t to !m8,unto ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,ephesus write10 c4 7#c7 ,x _c be prov$ t ! ref]5ce is to a prelatical bi%op presid+ ov] a gr\p or circle ( *ur*es1 call$ a diocese2 =1 7a7 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ^w angel1 z us$ 9 ?is connection1 :i* w\ld be peculi>ly applicable to su* a p]sonagex be+ z applicable to a pa/or ( a s+le *ur*1 z to a bi%op ( _m *ur*es4 7b7 ,!re is no evid5ce t !re 7 any su* gr\ps ( *ur*es !n z con/itute an episcopal diocese4 7c7 ,! use ( ! ^w 8*ur*0 9 ! s+ul>1 z appli$ to ,ephesus1 ,smyrna1 c41 r implies t !re 0 b a s+le *ur* 9 ea* ( ^? cities4 ,comp4 *4 ii4 #a1 #h1 #ab1 #ah2 see also simil> language 9 reg>d to ! *ur* 9 ,cor9?1 #a ,co4 i4 #b2 9 ,antio*1 ,ac4 xiii4 #a2 at ,laodicea1 ,col4 iv4 #af2 & at ,ephesus1 ,ac4 xx4 #bh4 7d7 ,!re is no evid5ce1 z ,episcopalians mu/ suppose1 t a successor to ,john _h be5 appo9t$ at ,ephesus1 if1 z !y suppose1 he 0 8bi%op0 ( ,ephesus2 & !re is no probability t !y w\ld s soon aft] 8 bani%m5t %[ him su* a want ( respect z to reg>d ! see z vacant1 & appo9t a successor4 7e7 ,!re is no improbability 9 suppos+ t !re 0 a s+le *ur* 9 ea* ( ^! citiesz at ,antio*1 ,cor9?1 ,rome4 7f7 ,if ,john 0 a prelatical 8bi%op10 x is probable t he 0 8bi%op0 ( ! :ole gr\p ( *ur*es embrac+ ! sev53 yet "h1 if ! ^w 8angel0 means 8bi%op10 we h no less ?an sev5 su* bi%ops imm$iately appo9t$ to succe$ him4 ,& 7g7 ! supposition t ?is ref]s to prelatical bi%ops is s =c$ & unnatural t _m ,episcopalians are compell$ to ab&on x4 ,?us ,/ill+fleet?an :om an abl] man1 or "o ^: praise is high] 9 ,episcopal *ur*es1 z an advocate ( prelacy1 is n to be f\ndsays ( ^! angels3 8,if _m ?+s 9 ! epi/les be direct$ to ! angels1 b yet s z to conc]n ! :ole body1 !n1 ( necessity1 ! angel mu/ be tak5 z a repres5tative ( ! :ole body2 & !n #eh :y may n ! angel be tak5 by way ( repres5tation ( ! body itself1 ei!r ( ! :ole *ur*1 or1 :i* is f> m probable1 ( ! concessors1 or ord] ( presbyt]s 9 ?is *ur*80 7#d7 ,if ! ^w does n mean lit]ally an angel2 if x does n ref] to mess5g]s s5t to ,john 9 ,patmos by ! *ur*es2 & if x does n ref] to a prelatical bi%op1 !n x foll[s t x mu/ ref] to "s "o :o presid$ ov] ! *ur* z its pa/or1 & ?r\gh :om a message might be prop]ly s5t to ! *ur*4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! pa/or or 8angel0 w\ld be reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( ! *ur*2 t is1 z delegat$ by ! *ur* to manage its affairs1 & z ! au?oriz$ p]son to :om communications %\ld be made 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to xz pa/ors are n[4 ,a few consid]ations w fur!r confirm ?is int]pretation1 & ?r[ additional light on ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 7a7 ,! ^w angel is employ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to d5ote a prophet2 t is1 a m9i/] ( religion z s5t by ,god to communicate 8 w4 ,?us 9 ,haggai 7i4 #ac7 x is said1 8,!n spake ,haggai1 ! ,"l's mess5g] ,heb4 angel1 ,sept4 1 9 ! ,"l's message unto ! p10 c4 7b7 ,x is appli$ to a prie/1 z "o s5t by ,god to execute ! functions ( t (fice1 or to act 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,mal4 ii4 #g1 8,= ! prie/'s lips %\ld keep k1 = he is ! mess5g] ( ! ,"l ( ho/s0 t is1 8angel ( ! ,"l ( ho/s40 7c7 ,! "n prophet is (t5 giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! m9i/]s ( religion1 z be+ appo9t$ by ,god to proclaim or communicate 8 w to 8 p1 & z occupy+ a place resembl+1 9 "s respects1 t ( ! prophets 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7d7 ,!re 0 no reason :y ! ^w might n be ?us employ$ to designate a pa/or ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 z well z to designate a prophet or a prie/ "u ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation4 7e7 ,! supposition t a pa/or ( a *ur* is int5d$ w meet all ! circum/ances ( ! case3 =1 7#a7 x is an appropriate appellation2 7#b7 !re is no reason to suppose t !re 0 m ?an "o *ur* 9 ea* ( ! cities ref]r$ to2 7#c7 x is a t]m :i* w\ld designate ! respect 9 :i* ! (fice 0 held2 7#d7 x w\ld impress ^u ^? to :om x 0 appli$ a solemn s5se ( _! responsibility4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld be m appropriately appli$ to a pa/or ( a s+le *ur* ?an to a prelatical bi%op2 to ! t5d]1 intimate1 & ende>+ relation su/a9$ by a pa/or to 8 p1 to ! bl5d+ ( sympa?y1 int]e/1 & affection1 :]e he is ) !m cont9ually1 meets !m frequ5tly 9 ! sanctu>y1 adm9i/]s to !m ! bread ( life1 goes into _! abodes :5 !y are afflict$1 & att5ds _! k9dr$ to ! grave1 ?an to ! union subsi/+ betwe5 ! p ( an ext5d$ diocese & a prelate! =mal1 unfrequ5t1 &1 9 _m in/ances1 /ately & pomp\s visitations ( a diocesan bi%opto ! unsympa?iz+ relation betwe5 him & a p scatt]$ 9 _m *ur*es1 :o are visit$ at di/ant int]vals by "o claim+ a 8sup]iority 9 m9i/]ial rights & p[]s10 & :o mu/ be a /rang] to ! t5 ?\s& ties ( ende>m5t :i* b9d ! he>ts ( a pa/or & p toge!r4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 to :i* we h come is1 t ! 8angel ( ! *ur*0 0 ! pa/or1 or ! presid+ presbyt] 9 ! *ur*2 ! m9i/] :o _h ! pa/oral *>ge ( x1 & :o 0 !re=e a prop] repres5tative ( x4 ,he 0 a man :o1 9 "s respects1 p]=m$ ! functions :i* ! angels ( ,god d2 t is1 :o 0 appo9t$ to execute 8 w1 to communicate 8 message1 & to convey important intimations ( 8 purposes to 8 p4 ,to no "o c\ld ! communications 9 ?is book1 int5d$ = ! *ur*es1 be m prop]ly intru/$ ?an to su* an "o2 = to no "o n[ w\ld a communication be m prop]ly intru/$ ?an to a pa/or4 ,su* is ! sublime vision "u :i* ?is book op5s2 su* ! solemn commission :i* ! p5man ( ! book receiv$4 ,no m appropriate introduction to :at is conta9$ 9 ! book c\ld be imag9$2 no m appropriate circum/ances = mak+ su* a sublime revelation c\ld h exi/$4 ,to ! mo/ belov$ ( ! apo/les1 n[ ! only surviv+ "o ( ! numb]2 to him :o _h be5 a fai?ful lab\r] = a p]iod n f> f sixty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 :o _h be5 ! bosom fri5d ( ! ,savi\r :5 9 ! fle%1 :o _h se5 him 9 ! m\nt ( transfiguration1 :o _h se5 him die1 & :o _h se5 him asc5d into heav52 to him #ei :o _h liv$ :ile ! *ur* 0 f\nd$1 & :ile x _h spread into all l&s2 & to him :o 0 n[ suff]+ p]secution on acc\nt ( ! ,savi\r & 8 cause1 x 0 appropriate t su* communications %\ld be made4 ,9 a lonely isl&2 f> away f ! abodes ( m52 surr\nd$ by ! ocean1 & amid b>r5 rocks2 on ! day consecrat$ to ! purposes ( sacr$ repose & ! holy duties ( religion! day obs]v$ 9 commemoration ( ! resurrection ( 8 ,"l1 x 0 mo/ fit t ! ,r$eem] %\ld appe> to ! 8belov$ disciple0 9 ! la/ ,revelation :i* he 0 ev] to make to mank9d4 ,no m appropriate "t or circum/ance c\ld be conceiv$ = disclos+1 by a s]ies ( sublime visions1 :at w\ld occur 9 future times2 = sket*+ out ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* or ! consummation ( all ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] comprises f\r ( ! sev5 epi/les address$ to ! sev5 *ur*es2 ^? address$ to ,ephesus1 ,smyrna1 ,p]gamos1 & ,?yatira4 ,a p>ticul> view ( ! cont5ts ( ! epi/les w be m appropriate z !y come sep>ately to be consid]$1 ?an 9 ?is place4 ,!re are "s g5]al rem>ks 9 reg>d to _! /ructure1 h[ev]1 :i* may be prop]ly made "h4 7#a7 ,!y all beg9 ) a ref]5ce to "s ( ! attributes ( ! ,savi\r1 9 g5]al "s attribute t _h be5 not$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]2 & :ile !y are all adapt$ to make a deep impression on ! m9d1 p]haps ea* "o 0 select$ 9 su* a way z to h a special propriety 9 ref]5ce to ea* p>ticul> *ur*4 ,?us 9 ! address to ! *ur* at ,ephesus 7*4 ii4 #a71 ! allusion is to ! fact t he :o speaks to !m 8holds ! sev5 />s 9 8 "r h&1 & walks 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks20 9 ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,smyrna 7*4 ii4 #h71 x is he :o 8is ! fir/ & ! la/1 :o 0 dead & is alive20 9 ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,p]gamos 7*4 ii4 #ab71 x is he 8:i* ha? ! %>p sword ) ! two edges20 9 ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,?yatira 7*4 ii4 #ah71 x is 8! ,son ( ,god1 :o ha? 8 eyes l unto a flame ( fire1 & 8 feet l f9e brass20 9 ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,s>dis 7*4 iii4 #a71 x is he :o 8ha? ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god1 & ! sev5 />s20 9 ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,philadelphia 7*4 iii4 #g71 x is 8he t is holy1 he t is true1 he t ha? ! key ( ,david1 he t op5e? & no man %utte?1 & %utte? & no man op5e?20 9 ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,laodicea 7*4 iii4 #ad71 x is he :o is ! 8,am51 ! fai?ful & true witness1 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god40 7#b7 ,^! introductions are foll[$ ) ! =mula1 8,i "k ?y works40 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 !n1 ( ea* *ur* are ref]r$ to1 ) a s5tim5t ( approbation or disapprobation express$ 9 reg>d to _! conduct4 ,( two ( ! *ur*es1 t at ,smyrna 7ii4 #i71 & t at ,philadelphia 7iii4 #aj71 he expresses 8 entire approbation2 to ! *ur*es ( ,s>dis 7iii4 #c71 & ,laodicea 7iii4 #aeah71 he adm9i/]s a decid$ rebuke2 to ! *ur*es ( ,ephesus 7ii4 #cf71 ,p]gamos 7ii4 #acaf71 & ,?yatira 7iii4 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #be71 he int]m+les praise & rebuke1 = he saw mu* to comm5d1 b1 at ! same "t1 n a little t 0 repreh5sible4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! approbation prec$es ! blame2 %[+ t he 0 m dispos$ to f9d t :i* 0 good ?an t :i* 0 evil4 7#c7 ,aft] ! /atem5t ( _! *>act]i/ics1 !re foll[s 9 ea* case c\nsel1 advice1 admonition1 or promises1 su* z _! circum/ances dem&$enc\ragem5t 9 trial1 & injunctions to put away _! s9s4 ,! admonitions are address$ to ! *ur*es z if ,*ri/ 7 at h&1 & w\ld ere long come & sit 9 judgm5t on !m & _! de$s4 7#d7 ,!re is a solemn admonition to he> :at ! ,_s has to say to ! *ur*es4 ,?is is 9 ea* case express$ 9 ! same mann]1 8,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es0 7*4 ii4 #g1 #aa1 #ag1 #bi2 iii4 #f1 #ac1 #bb74 ,^! admonitions 7 design$ to call ! att5tion ( ! *ur*es to ^! ?+s1 &1 at ! same "t1 !y seem$ design$ to %[ t !y 7 n int5d$ = !m alone4 ,!y are address$ to anyone :o 8has an e>10 & !re=e _h "s pr9ciples ( g5]al application to o!rs1 & to :i* all %\ld att5d :o 7 dispos$ to le>n ! w ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,:at 0 address$ to "o *ur*1 at any "t1 w\ld be equally applicable to all #fj *ur*es 9 ! same circum/ances2 :at 0 adapt$ to rebuke1 elevate1 or com=t ,*ri/ians 9 any "o age or l&1 w\ld be adapt$ to be useful to ,*ri/ians ( all ages & l&s4 7#e7 ,!re !n is1 ei!r foll[+ or prec$+ t call on all ! *ur*es to he>1 "s promise or assurance design$ to enc\rage ! *ur*1 & urge x =w>d 9 ! dis*>ge ( duty1 or 9 endur+ trial4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ea* "o ( ! epi/les1 ?\gh n always 9 ! same relative position4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,ephesus4 ,! cont5ts ( ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,ephesus! fir/ address$are ^!3 7#a7 ,! attribute ( ! ,savi\r ref]r$ to is1 t he 8holds ! />s 9 8 "r h&1 & walks 9 ! mid/ ( ! gold5 c&le/icks10 *4 ii4 #a4 7#b7 ,he comm5ds !m = _! pati5ce1 & = _! opposition to ^? :o are evil1 & = _! zeal & fidelity 9 c>efully exam9+ into ! "* ( "s :o claim$ to be apo/les1 b :o 71 9 fact1 impo/ors2 = _! p]sev]ance 9 be>+ up "u trial1 & n fa9t+ 9 8 cause1 & = _! opposition to ! ,nicolaitanes1 :om1 he says1 he hates1 v]4 #b1 #c1 #f4 7#c7 ,he reproves !m = hav+ left _! fir/ love to him1 v]4 #d4 7#d7 ,he admoni%es !m to rememb] :5ce !y _h fall51 to rep5t1 & to d _! fir/ works1 v]4 #e4 7#e7 ,he ?reat5s !m t1 if !y d n rep5t1 he w come & remove ! c&le/ick out ( its place1 v]4 #e2 & 7#f7 he assures !m1 & all o!rs1 t :osoev] ov]comes1 he w 8give him to eat ( ! tree ( life1 :i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! p>adise ( ,god10 v]4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,unto ! angel ( ! *ur* ( ,ephesus write2 ,^! ?+s sai? #id;he t holde? ! sev5 />s 9 8 "r h&1 :o walke? 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks2 #a4 ,unto ! angel4 ,! m9i/]2 ! presid+ presbyt]2 ! bi%op9 ! primitive s5se ( ! ^w bi%opd5ot+ "o :o _h ! spiritual *>ge ( a congregation4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,( ! *ur*4 ,n ( ! *ur*es ( ,ephesus1 b ( ! "o *ur* ( t city4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ^w is us$ 9 a collective s5se to d5ote a gr\p ( *ur*es1 l a diocese2 nor is !re any evid5ce t !re 0 su* a gr\p ( *ur*es 9 ,ephesus1 or t !re 0 m ?an "o *ur* 9 t city4 ,x is probable t all :o 7 ,*ri/ians !re 7 reg>d$ z memb]s ( "o *ur*?\gh = conv5i5ce !y may h met = wor%ip 9 diff]5t places4 ,?us !re 0 "o *ur* 9 ,cor9? 7#a ,co4 i4 #a72 "o *ur* 9 ,!ssalonica 7#a ,?4 i4 #a71 c4 ,( ,ephesus4 ,on ! situation ( ,ephesus1 see ,notes on ,ac4 xviii4 #ai1 & ! ,intro4 to ! ,notes on ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 #a1 & ! engrav+ !re4 ,x 0 ! capital ( ,ionia2 0 "o ( ! twelve ,ionian cities ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ,my?ic times1 & 0 said to h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,amazons4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! riv] ,cay/]1 n f> f ! ,ic>ian ,sea1 betwe5 ,smyrna & ,miletus4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ consid]able cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 & :ile1 ab\t ! epo* :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$1 o!r cities decl9$1 ,ephesus rose m & m4 ,x ow$ its prosp]ity1 9 "p1 to ! fav\r ( its gov]nors2 = ,lysima*us nam$ ! city ,ars9e1 9 hon\r ( 8 second wife1 & ,attalus ,philadelphus furni%$ x ) spl5did :>ves & docks4 ,"u ! ,romans x 0 ! capital n only ( ,ionia1 b ( ! entire prov9ce ( ,asia1 & bore ! hon\rable title ( ! fir/ & greate/ metropolis ( ,asia4 ,john is suppos$ to h resid$ 9 ?is city1 & to h prea*$ ! gospel !re = _m ye>s2 & on ?is acc\nt1 p]haps1 x 01 z well z on acc\nt ( ! relative importance ( ! city1 t ! fir/ epi/le ( ! sev5 0 address$ to t *ur*4 ,on ! pres5t condition ( ! ru9s ( ,ephesus1 see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,we h no means :atev] ( asc]ta9+ ! size ( ! *ur* :5 ,john wrote ! book ( ,revelation4 ,f ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ,paul1 z is suppos$ 7see ,intro4 to ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 #b71 lab\r$ !re = ab\t ?ree ye>s2 t !re 0 a body ( 8eld]s0 :o presid$ ov] ! *ur* !re 7,ac4 xx4 #ag72 & t ! apo/le ,john seems to h sp5t a consid]able "p ( 8 life !re 9 prea*+ ! gospel1 x may be presum$ t !re 0 a l>ge & fl\ri%+ *ur* 9 t city4 ,! epi/le be=e u %[s also t x 0 *>act]iz$ #fa by di/+ui%$ piety4 ,^! ?+s sai? he t holde? ! sev5 />s 9 8 "r h&4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #af4 ,! object "h seems to be to turn ! att5tion ( ! *ur* 9 ,ephesus to "s attribute ( ! ,savi\r :i* des]v$ _! special reg>d1 or :i* con/itut$ a special reason = att5d+ to :at he said4 ,to d ?is1 ! att5tion is direct$1 9 ?is case1 to ! fact t he held ! sev5 />semblematic ( ! m9i/]s ( ! *ur*es9 8 h&1 & t he walk$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! lamp-be>]srepres5t+ ! *ur*es !mselves2 intimat+ t !y 7 dep5d5t on him1 t he _h p[] to cont9ue or remove ! m9i/ry1 & t x 0 by 8 pres5ce only t ^? lamp-be>]s w\ld cont9ue to give light4 ,! absolute control ov] ! m9i/ry1 & ! fact t he walk$ amid/ ! *ur*es1 & t 8 pres5ce 0 necess>y to _! p]petuity & _! welf>e1 seem to be ! pr9cipal ideas impli$ 9 ?is repres5tation4 ,^! tru?s he w\ld impress on _! m9ds1 9 ord] t !y might feel h[ easy x w\ld be = him to puni% any disob$i5ce1 & 9 ord] t !y might d :at 0 necess>y to secure 8 cont9ual pres5ce among !m4 ,^! views seem to be sanction$ by ! "* ( ! puni%m5t ?reat5$ 7v]4 #e71 8t he w\ld remove ! c&le/ick repres5t+ _! *ur* out ( its place40 ,see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,:o walke? 9 ! mid/1 c4 ,9 *4 i4 #ac he is repres5t$ simply z be+ se5 amid/ ! gold5 c&le/icks4 ,see ,notes on t place4 ,"h !re is ! additional idea ( 8 8walk+0 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 imply+ p]haps con/ant & vigilant sup]vision4 ,he w5t f "o to ano!r1 z "o :o inspects & surveys :at is "u 8 c>e2 p]haps also ) ! idea t he w5t among !m z a fri5d to bless !m4 #b ,i#ie "k ?y works1 & ?y lab\r1 & ?y pati5ce1 & h[ ?\ can/ n be> !m :i* are evil2 & #if?\ ha/ tri$ !m :i* say !y are apo/les1 #ig;& are n1 & ha/ f\nd !m li>s3 #b4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,! common =mula ) :i* all ! epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es are introduc$4 ,x is design$ to impress ^u !m deeply ! conviction t he 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) all t !y did1 good & bad1 & t !re=e he 0 abundantly qualifi$ to disp5se rew>ds or adm9i/] puni%m5ts accord+ to tru? & ju/ice4 ,x may be obs]v$ t1 z _m ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to 9 ^! epi/les 7 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! he>t! feel+s1 ! /ate ( ! m9dx is impli$ t he :o speaks "h has an intimate acqua9tance ) ! he>t ( man1 a pr]ogative :i* is always attribut$ to ! ,savi\r4 ,see ,jn4 ii4 #be4 ,b no "o c d ?is :o is n div9e2 & ?is decl>ation1 !re=e1 furni%es a /rong pro( ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,see ,ps4 vii4 #i2 ,je4 xi4 #bj2 xvii4 #aj2 #a ,sa4 xvi4 #g2 #a ,ki4 viii4 #ci4 ,& ?y lab\r4 ,! ^w "h us$ 77 means prop]ly a beat+1 h5ce wail+1 grief1 ) beat+ ! brea/2 & !n x means excessive lab\r or toil adapt$ to produce grief or sadness1 & is commonly employ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,x is us$ 9 ! s5se ( tr\ble 9 ,mat4 xxvi4 #aj1 8,:y tr\ble ye lit]ally1 :y give ye tr\ble to ! woman80 7comp4 also ,m>4 xiv4 #f2 ,lu4 xi4 #g2 xviii4 #e2 ,ga4 vi4 #ag72 & 9 ! s5se ( lab\r1 or we>isome toil1 9 ,jn4 iv4 #ch2 #a ,co4 iii4 #h2 xv4 #eh2 #b ,co4 vi4 #e2 x4 #ae2 xi4 #bc1 #bg1 et al4 ,! connection "h w\ld admit ( ei!r s5se4 ,x is commonly und]/ood1 z 9 our translation1 9 ! s5se ( lab\r1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t ! o!r signification1 t ( tr\ble1 w\ld n be inappropriate4 ,if x means lab\r1 x ref]s to _! fai?ful s]vice 9 8 cause1 & especially 9 oppos+ error4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w tr\ble w\ld bett] suit ! connection4 ,& ?y pati5ce4 ,"u ^! trials2 to wit1 9 relation to ! ef=ts :i* _h be5 made by ! advocates ( error to corrupt !m1 & to turn !m away f ! tru?4 ,!y _h pati5tly borne ! opposition made to ! tru?1 !y _h manife/$ a _s ( firm endurance amid/ _m arts ( ^? oppos$ to !m to draw !m (f f simple fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,& h[ ?\ can/ n be> !m :i* are evil4 ,can/ n endure or tol]ate !m4 ,comp4 ,notes on #b ,jn4 #aj1 #aa4 ,t is1 !y _h no sympa?y ) _! doctr9es or _! practices1 !y 7 utt]ly oppos$ to !m4 ,!y _h l5t !m no c\nt5ance1 b _h 9 e way %[n t !y #fb _h no fell[%ip ) !m4 ,! evil p]sons "h ref]r$ to 71 d\btless1 ^? m5tion$ 9 ?is v]se z claim+ t 8!y 7 apo/les10 & ^? m5tion$ 9 v]4 #f z ! ,nicolaitanes4 ,& ?\ ha/ tri$ !m :i* say !y are apo/les4 ,?\ ha/ ?or\ghly exam9$ _! claims4 ,x is n said 9 :at way !y _h done ?is1 b x 0 probably by consid]+ att5tively & c&idly ! evid5ce on :i* !y reli$1 :atev] t may h be54 ,nor is x c]ta9ly kn[n :o ^! p]sons 71 or on :at gr\nds !y advanc$ _! pret5sions to ! apo/olic (fice4 ,x _c be suppos$ t !y claim$ to h be5 ( ! numb] ( apo/les select$ by ! ,savi\r1 = t w\ld h be5 too absurd2 & ! only solution w\ld seem to be t !y claim$ ei!r 7#a7 t !y _h be5 call$ to t (fice aft] ! ,savi\r asc5d$1 z ,paul 02 or 7#b7 t !y claim$ ! hon\r due to ?is "n or (fice1 9 virtue ( "s election to x2 or 7#c7 t !y claim$ to be ! successors ( ! apo/les1 & to possess & transmit _! au?ority4 ,if ! fir/ ( ^!1 x w\ld seem t ! only gr\nd ( claim w\ld be t !y _h be5 call$ 9 "s miracul\s way to ! rank ( apo/les1 &1 ( c\rse1 an exam9ation ( _! claims w\ld be an exam9ation ( ! alleg$ miracul\s call1 & ( ! evid5ce on :i* !y w\ld rely t !y _h su* a call4 ,if ! second1 !n ! claim mu/ h be5 f\nd$ on "s su* plea z t ! apo/olic (fice 0 design$ to be elective1 z 9 ! case ( ,mat?ias 7,ac4 i4 #bcbf71 & t !y ma9ta9$ t ?is arrangem5t 0 to be cont9u$ 9 ! *ur*2 & !n an exam9ation ( _! claims w\ld involve an inve/igation ( ! "q1 :e!r x 0 contemplat$ t ! apo/olic (fice 0 design$ to be p]petuat$ 9 t mann]1 or :e!r ! election ( ,mat?ias 0 only a tempor>y arrangem5t1 design$ to answ] a p>ticul> purpose4 ,if ! ?ird1 !n ! claim mu/ h be5 f\nd$ on ! plea t ! apo/olic (fice 0 design$ to be p]petuat$ by a regul> succession1 & t !y1 by ord9ation1 7 9 a l9e ( t succession2 & !n ! exam9ation & refutation ( ! claim mu/ h consi/$ 9 %[+1 f ! nature ( ! (fice1 & ! necess>y qualifications = ! (fice ( apo/le1 t x 0 design$ to be tempor>y1 & t !re c\ld be prop]ly no successors ( ! apo/les1 z su*4 ,on ei!r ( ^! suppositions1 su* a l9e ( argum5t w\ld be fatal to all claims to any succession 9 ! apo/olic (fice n[4 ,if ea* ( ^! po9ts %\ld fail1 ( c\rse _! claims to ! rank ( apo/les w\ld cease2 j z all claims to ! dignity & rank ( ! apo/les mu/ fail n[4 ,! passage becomes ?us a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! claims ( any p]sons to be 8apo/les10 or to be ! 8successors0 ( ! apo/les1 9 ! peculi>ity ( _! (fice4 ,& are n4 ,!re 7 nev] any apo/les ( ,jesus ,*ri/ b ! orig9al twelve :om he *ose1 ,mat?ias1 :o 0 *os5 9 ! place ( ,judas 7,ac4 i4 #bf71 & ,paul1 :o 0 specially call$ to ! (fice by ! ,savi\r aft] 8 resurrection4 ,on ?is po9t1 see my "w on ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* pp4 #dieg1 ,london ed44 ,& ha/ f\nd !m li>s4 ,ha/ discov]$ _! pret5sions to be unf\nd$ & false4 ,9 #b ,co4 xi4 #ac1 8false apo/les0 are m5tion$2 &1 9 an (fice ( s mu* hon\r z ?is1 x is probable t !re w\ld be n a few claimants to x 9 ! _w4 ,to set up a claim to :at !y knew !y 7 n entitl$ to w\ld be a falsehood1 & z ?is seems to h be5 ! "* ( ^! m51 ! ,savi\r1 9 ! passage be=e u1 does n hesitate to designate !m by an appropriate t]m1 & to call !m li>s4 ,! po9t "h comm5d$ 9 ! ,ephesian *ur* is1 t !y _h s\ght to h a pure m9i/ry1 a m9i/ry ^: claims 7 well f\nd$4 ,!y _h felt ! importance ( ?is1 _h c>efully exam9$ ! claims ( pret5d]s1 & _h refus$ to recognize ^? :o c\ld n %[1 9 a prop] mann]1 t !y _h be5 designat$ to _! "w by ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,! same zeal1 9 ! same cause1 w\ld be comm5d$ by ! ,savi\r n[4 #c ,& ha/ borne1 & ha/ pati5ce1 & = my "n's sake ha/ lab\r$1 & #ih;ha/ n fa9t$4 #c4 ,& ha/ borne4 ,ha/ borne up "u trials2 or ha/ borne ) ! evils ) :i* y h be5 assail$4 ,t is1 y h n giv5 way to murmur+ or compla9ts 9 trial1 y h n ab&on$ ! pr9ciples ( tru? & yield$ to ! preval5ce ( error4 ,& ha/ pati5ce4 ,t is1 #fc 9 ?is connection1 ha/ %[n t ?\ can/ be> up "u ^! ?+s ) pati5ce4 ,?is is a repetition ( :at is said 9 v]4 #b1 b 9 a some:at diff]5t connection4 ,!re x r ref]s to ! tr\ble :i* !y _h exp]i5c$ on acc\nt ( ! pret5sions ( false apo/les1 & ! pati5t1 p]sev]+1 & endur+ _s :i* !y _h %[n 9 t =m ( trial2 "h ! expression is m g5]al1 d5ot+ a pati5t _s 9 reg>d to all =ms ( trial4 ,& = my "n's sake ha/ lab\r$4 ,on acc\nt ( me1 & 9 my cause4 ,t is1 ! lab\r "h ref]r$ to1 :atev] x 01 0 to advance ! cause ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,9 ! ^w r5d]$ 8ha/ lab\r$0 77 !re is a ref]5ce to ! ^w us$ 9 ! previ\s v]se8?y lab\r0 7 72 & ! design is to %[ t ! 8lab\r10 or tr\ble !re ref]r$ to1 0 on acc\nt ( him4 ,& ha/ n fa9t$4 ,ha/ n become exhau/$1 or we>i$ out1 s z to give ov]4 ,! ^w "h us$ 77 occurs 9 only ?ree places 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 8,le/ ye be we>i$1 & fa9t10 ,he4 xii4 #c2 8,! pray] ( fai? %all save ! sick10 ,ja4 v4 #ae2 & 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,x means prop]ly to become we>y & fa9t f toil1 c42 & ! idea "h is1 t !y _h n become s we>i$ out z to give ov] f exhau/ion4 ,! s5se ( ! :ole passage is ?us r5d]$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t38,?\ can/ n be> ) false tea*]s1 b ?\ can/ be> ) tr\bles & p]plexities on acc\nt ( me2 ?\ ha/ und]gone we>isome toil1 b ?\ art n we>i$ out !reby40 ,! /ate ( m9d1 consid]$ z ! /ate ( m9d appropriate to a ,*ri/ian1 "h repres5t$1 is1 t we %\ld n tol]ate error & s91 b t we %\ld be> up "u ! trials :i* !y may incid5tally occasion u2 t we %\ld h su* a repugnance to evil t we _c endure x1 z evil1 b t we %\ld h su* love to ! ,savi\r & 8 cause z to be will+ to be> any?+1 ev5 9 relation to t1 or spr++ f t1 t we may be call$ to suff] 9 t cause2 t :ile we may be we>y 9 8 "w1 = our bodily /r5g? may become exhau/$ 7comp4 ,mat4 xxvi4 #da71 we %\ld n be we>y ( x2 & t ?\gh we may h _m p]plexities1 & may meet ) mu* opposition1 yet we %\ld n relax our zeal1 b %\ld p]sev]e ) an ard\r t nev] fa9ts1 until our ,savi\r calls u to our rew>d4 #d ,nev]!less ,i h some:at aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ left ?y fir/ love4 #d4 ,nev]!less ,i h some:at aga9/ !e4 ,not)/&+ ?is g5]al comm5dation1 !re are ?+s :i* ,i _c approve4 ,because ?\ ha/ left ?y fir/ love4 ,?\ ha/ remitt$ 77 or let d[n ?y e>ly love2 t is1 x is less gl[+ & ard5t ?an x 0 at fir/4 ,! love "h ref]r$ to is evid5tly love to ! ,savi\r2 & ! idea is1 t1 z a *ur*1 !y _h less ( ?is ?an =m]ly *>act]iz$ !m4 ,9 ?is respect !y 7 9 a /ate ( decl5sion2 &1 ?\gh !y /ill ma9ta9$ ! doctr9es ( 8 religion1 & oppos$ ! advocates ( error1 !y %[$ less ard\r ( affection t[>ds him directly ?an !y _h =m]ly done4 ,9 reg>d to ?is we may rem>k1 7#a7 ,t :at is "h /at$ ( ! *ur* at ,ephesus is n uncommon1 7a7 ,individual ,*ri/ians (t5 lose mu* ( _! fir/ love4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t !re is (t5 an appe>ance ( ?is :i* does n exi/ 9 reality4 ,n a little ( ! ard\r ( "y conv]ts is (t5 no?+ m ?an ! excitem5t ( animal feel+1 :i* w soon die away ( c\rse1 ?\gh _! real love may n be dim9i%$1 or may be con/antly gr[+ /rong]4 ,:5 a son returns home aft] a long abs5ce1 & meets 8 p>5ts & bro!rs & si/]s1 !re is a gl[1 a w>m? ( feel+1 a joy\sness ( emotion1 :i* _c be expect$ to cont9ue always1 & :i* he may nev] be able to recall aga91 ?\gh he may be ev] gr[+ 9 real atta*m5t to 8 fri5ds & to 8 home4 7b7 ,*ur*es remit ! ard\r ( _! fir/ love4 ,!y are (t5 =m$ "u ! reviv+ influ5ces ( ! ,holy ,_s :5 _m are conv]t$1 & are w>m-he>t$ & zeal\s "y conv]ts4 ,or !y are =m$ f o!r *ur*es t h become cold & dead1 f :i* ! new organization1 embody+ ! life ( ! *ur*1 0 con/ra9$ to sep>ate4 ,or !y are =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( "s /rong & mighty tru? t has tak5 possession ( ! m9d1 & t gives a peculi> "* to ! *ur* #fd at fir/4 ,or !y are =m$ ) a di/9ct ref]5ce to promot+ "s "o great object 9 ! cause ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,s ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 =m$4 ,s ! *ur* 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,engl& came out f ! ,roman communion "u ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,s ! ,ne/orians 9 =m] ages1 & ! ,moravians 9 mod]n times1 7 *>act]iz$ by w>m zeal 9 ! cause ( missions4 ,s ! ,puritans came out f ! e/abli%$ *ur* ( ,engl& at "o "t1 & ! ,me?odi/s at ano!r1 w>m$ ) a holi] love to ! cause ( evangelical religion ?an exi/$ 9 ! body f :i* !y sep>at$4 ,s _m a *ur* is =m$ n[ amid/ ! excit+ sc5es ( a revival ( religion1 & 9 ! e>ly days ( its hi/ory puts to %ame ! old] & ! slumb]+ *ur*es ar\nd !m4 ,b x ne$ sc>cely be said t ?is e>ly zeal may die away1 & t ! *ur*1 once s full ( life & love1 may become z cold z ^? t w5t be=e x1 or z ^? f :i* x sep>at$1 & t !re may be a necessity = ! =mation ( new organizations t %all be fir$ ) ard\r & zeal4 ,"o has only to look at ,g]many1 at ,switz]l&1 at v>i\s portions ( ! re=m$ *ur*es else:]e2 at ! ,ne/orians1 ^: zeal = missions long s9ce dep>t$2 or ev5 at ! ,moravians1 among :om x has s mu* decl9$2 at v>i\s portions ( ! ,puritan *ur*es1 & at _m an individual *ur* =m$ "u ! w>m & excit+ feel+s ( a revival ( religion1 to see t :at occurr$ at ,ephesus may occur else:]e4 7#b7 ,! same ?+ t occurr$ !re may be expect$ to foll[ 9 all simil> cases4 ,! ,savi\r gov]ns ! *ur* always on ess5tially ! same pr9ciples2 & x is no uncommon ?+ t1 :5 a *ur* has lo/ ! ard\r ( its fir/ love1 x is suff]$ m & m to decl9e1 until 8! c&le/ick is remov$0until ei!r ! *ur* becomes :olly ext9ct1 or until vital piety is :olly gone1 & all t rema9s is ! religion ( =ms4 #e ,rememb] !re=e f :5ce ?\ art fall52 & rep5t1 & #ii;d ! fir/ works2 or else ,i w come unto !e quickly1 & w #ajjremove ?y c&le/ick out ( 8 place1 except ?\ rep5t4 #e4 ,rememb] !re=e f :5ce ?\ art fall54 ,! em95ce :i* y once occupi$4 ,call to remembrance ! /ate 9 :i* y once 74 ,! duty "h enjo9$ is1 :5 religion has decl9$ 9 our he>ts1 or 9 ! *ur*1 to call to di/9ct recollection ! =m] /ate! ard\r1 ! zeal1 ! w>m? ( love :i* once *>act]iz$ u4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t su* a recall+ ( ! =m] /ate w be likely to produce a happy influ5ce on ! he>t4 ,no?+ is bett] adapt$ to affect a backslid+ ,*ri/ian1 or a backslid+ *ur*1 ?an to call to di/9ct recollection ! =m] condition! happi] days ( piety4 ,! joy !n exp]i5c$1 ! good done1 ! hon\r reflect$ on ! cause ( religion1 ! peace ( m9d ( t p]iod1 w contra/ /rongly ) ! pres5t1 & no?+ w be bett] fitt$ to recall an err+ *ur*1 or an err+ individual1 f _! w&]+s ?an su* a rem9isc5ce ( ! pa/4 ,! advantages ( ?us 8rememb]+0 _! =m] condition w\ld be _m2 = "s ( ! mo/ valuable impressions :i* are made on ! m9d1 & "s ( ! mo/ important lessons le>n$1 are f ! recollections ( a =m] /ate4 ,among ^? advantages1 9 ?is case1 w\ld be su* z ! foll[+37a7 ,x w\ld %[ h[ mu* !y might h enjoy$ if !y _h cont9u$ z !y began1 h[ mu* m real happ9ess !y w\ld h _h ?an !y actually h enjoy$4 7b7 ,h[ mu* good !y might h done1 if !y _h only p]sev]$ 9 ! zeal ) :i* !y comm5c$ ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,h[ mu* m good might mo/ ,*ri/ians d ?an !y actually accompli%1 if !y w\ld b>ely1 ev5 )\t increas+ x1 cont9ue ) ! degree ( zeal ) :i* !y beg9 _! c\rse4 7c7 ,h[ mu* great] atta9m5ts !y might h made 9 ! div9e life1 & 9 ! k ( religion1 ?an !y h made2 t is1 h[ mu* m elevat$ & enl>g$ might h be5 _! views ( religion1 & _! k ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,& 7d7 su* a recollection ( _! pa/ /ate z1 contra/$ ) :at !y n[ are1 w\ld ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce 9 produc+ true rep5tance2 = !re is no?+ bett] adapt$ to d ?is ?an a j view ( :at we might h be51 z comp>$ ) :at we n[ are4 ,if a man has become cold t[>ds 8 wife1 no?+ is bett] fitt$ to reclaim him #fe ?an to recall to 8 recollection ! "t :5 he l$ h] to ! alt>1 ! solemn v[ !n made1 & ! rapture ( 8 he>t :5 he press$ h] to 8 bosom & call$ h] 8 own4 ,& rep5t4 ,! ^w "h us$ means to *ange "o's m9d & purposes1 &1 along ) t1 ! conduct or demean\r4 ,! duty ( rep5tance "h urg$ w\ld ext5d to all ! po9ts 9 :i* !y _h err$4 ,& d ! fir/ works4 ,! works :i* 7 done :5 ! *ur* 0 fir/ e/abli%$4 ,t is1 manife/ ! zeal & love :i* 7 =m]ly ev9c$ 9 oppos+ error1 & 9 do+ good4 ,?is is ! true c\nsel to be giv5 to ^? :o h backslidd51 & h 8left _! fir/ love10 n[4 ,(t5 su* p]sons1 s5sible t !y h err$1 & t !y h n ! enjoym5t 9 religion :i* !y once _h1 pr(ess to be will+ & desir\s to return1 b !y "k n h[ to d xh[ to revive _! ard\r1 h[ to rek9dle 9 _! bosom ! flame ( ext+ui%$ love4 ,!y suppose x mu/ be by sil5t m$itation1 or by "s sup]natural influ5ce1 & !y wait = "s visitation f above to call !m back1 & to re/ore to !m _! =m] joy4 ,! c\nsel ( ! ,savi\r to all su*1 h[ev]1 is to d _! fir/ works4 ,x is to engage at once 9 do+ :at !y did 9 ! fir/ & be/ days ( _! piety1 ! days ( _! 8esp\sals0 7,je4 ii4 #b7 to ,god4 ,let !m read ! ,bible z !y did !n2 let !m pray z !y did !n2 let !m g =? 9 ! duties ( active b5evol5ce z !y did !n2 let !m engage 9 tea*+ a ,sabba?-s*ool z !y did !n2 let !m relieve ! di/ress$1 in/ruct ! ignorant1 raise up ! fall51 z !y did !n2 let !m op5 _! he>t1 _! purse1 & _! h&1 to bless a dy+ _w4 ,z x 0 9 ?is way t !y manife/$ _! love !n1 s ?is w\ld be bett] fitt$ ?an all o!r ?+s to rek9dle ! flame ( love :5 x is almo/ ext+ui%$4 ,! weapon t is us$ keeps bright2 t :i* has become ru/y w become bright aga9 if x is us$4 ,or else ,i w come unto !e quickly4 ,on ! ^w r5d]$ quickly 771 see ,notes on *4 i4 #a4 ,! mean+ is1 t he w\ld come z a ,judge1 at no di/ant p]iod1 to inflict puni%m5t 9 ! mann] specifi$by remov+ ! c&le/ick out ( its place4 ,he does n say 9 :at way x w\ld be done2 :e!r by "s sudd5 judgm5t1 by a direct act ( p[]1 or by a gradual process t w\ld c]ta9ly lead to t result4 ,& w remove ?y c&le/ick out ( 8 place1 except ?\ rep5t4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w c&le/ick see ,notes on *4 i4 #ab4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! *ur* gave light 9 ,ephesus2 & t :at he w\ld d 9 reg>d to t place w\ld be l remov+ a lamp1 & leav+ a place 9 d>kness4 ,! expression is equival5t to say+ t ! *ur* !re w\ld cease to exi/4 ,! prop] idea ( ! passage is1 t ! *ur* w\ld be :olly ext9ct2 & x is obs]vable t ?is is a judgm5t m di/9ctly disclos$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is *ur* ?an to any o!r ( ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,!re is n ! lea/ evid5ce t ! *ur* at ,ephesus did rep5t1 & ! ?reat5+ has be5 mo/ signally fulfill$4 ,long s9ce ! *ur* has become utt]ly ext9ct1 & = ages !re 0 n a s+le pr(ess+ ,*ri/ian !re4 ,e memorial ( !re hav+ be5 a *ur* !re has dep>t$1 & !re are n[h]e1 n ev5 9 ,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 or ,tyre1 m affect+ demon/rations ( ! fulfilm5t ( anci5t prophecy ?an 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! ru9s ( ,ephesus4 ,a rem>k ( ,mr4 ,gibbon 7,decl9e & ,fall1 iv4 #bfj7 w %[ ) :at exactness ! pr$iction 9 reg>d to ?is *ur* has be5 accompli%$4 ,he is speak+ ( ! conque/s ( ! ,turks4 8,9 ! loss ( ,ephesus ! ,*ri/ians deplor$ ! fall ( ! fir/ angel1 ! ext9ction ( ! fir/ c&le/ick ( ! ,revelations2 ! desolation is complete2 & ! temple ( ,diana1 or ! ,*ur* ( ,m>y w equally elude ! se>* ( ! curi\s travell]40 ,?us ! city1 ) ! spl5did temple ( ,diana1 & ! *ur* t exi/$ !re 9 ! "t ( ,john1 has disappe>$1 & no?+ rema9s b unsightly ru9s4 ,^! ru9s lie ab\t t5 days' j\rney f ,smyrna1 & consi/ ( %att]$ walls1 & rema9s ( columns & temples4 ,! soil on :i* a l>ge "p ( ! city is suppos$ to h /ood1 naturally ri*1 is cov]$ ) a rank1 burnt-up vegetation1 & is ev]y:]e des]t$ & solit>y1 ?\gh bord]$ by picturesque m\nta9s4 ,a few cornfields are scatt]$ along ! site ( ! anci5t city4 ,t[>ds ! sea ext5ds ! anci5t port1 a pe/il5tial m>%4 ,along ! slope ( ! m\nta91 & ov] ! pla91 are scatt]$ fragm5ts ( masonry & deta*$ ru9s1 b no?+ #ff c n[ be fix$ on z ! great temple ( ,diana4 ,!re are ru9s ( a !atre2 !re is a circus1 or /adium1 ne>ly entire2 !re are fragm5ts ( temples & palaces scatt]$ ar\nd2 b !re is no?+ t m>ks ! site ( a *ur* 9 ! "t ( ,john2 !re is no?+ to indicate ev5 t su* a *ur* !n exi/$ !re4 ,ab\t a mile & a half f ! pr9cipal ru9s ( ,ephesus !re is inde$ n[ a small village call$ ,asalook1 a ,turki% ^w1 :i* is associat$ ) ! same idea z ,ephesus1 mean+1 ,! ,city ( ! ,moon4 ,a *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,john1 is suppos$ to h /ood ne>1 if n on ! site ( ! pres5t mosque4 ,dr4 ,*&l] 7p4 #aej1 #dto7 gives u a /rik+ description ( ,ephesus z he f\nd x 9 #agfd38;,its population consi/$ ( a few ,greek peasants1 liv+ 9 extreme wret*$ness1 dep5d5ce1 & ins5sibility1 ! repres5tatives ( an illu/ri\s p1 & inhabit+ ! wreck ( _! greatness4 ,"s reside 9 ! sub/ructure ( ! glori\s edifices :i* !y rais$2 "s b5ea? ! vaults ( ! /adium1 & ! cr[d$ sc5es ( ^! div]sions2 & "s 9 ! abrupt precipice1 9 ! sepul*res :i* receiv$ _! a%es4 ,its /reets are obscur$ & ov]gr[n4 ,a h]d ( goats 0 driv5 to x = %elt] f ! sun at noon1 & a noisy flight ( cr[s f ! qu>ries seem$ to insult its sil5ce4 ,we he>d ! p>tridge call 9 ! area ( ! !atre & ( ! /adium4444 ,its fate is t ( ! entire c\ntry2 a g>d5 has become a des]t4 ,busy c5tres ( civilization1 spots :]e ! ref9em5ts & delights ( ! age 7 collect$1 are n[ a prey to sil5ce1 de/ruction1 & dea?4 ,consecrat$ fir/ ( all to ! purposes ( idolatry1 ,ephesus next _h ,*ri/ian temples almo/ rivall+ ! ,pagan 9 spl5d\r1 :]e9 ! image ( ! great ,diana lay pro/rate be=e ! cross2 aft] ! lapse ( "s c5turies ,jesus gives way to ,mahomet1 & ! cresc5t glitt]$ on ! dome ( ! rec5tly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,a few m scores ( ye>s1 & ,ephesus has nei!r temple1 cross1 cresc5t1 nor city1 b is desolation1 a dry l&1 & a wild]ness40 ,see ! article 8,ephesus0 9 ,kitto's ,cyclop$ia1 & ! au?orities !re ref]r$ to4 ,:at is affirm$ "h ( ,ephesus has (t5 be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 t :5 a *ur* has decl9$ 9 piety & love1 & has be5 call$ by fai?ful m9i/]s to rep5t1 & has n done x1 x has be5 ab&on$ m & m1 until ! la/ appe>ance ( tru? & piety has dep>t$1 & x has be5 giv5 up to error & to ru94 ,& ! same pr9ciple is z applicable to individuals1 = !y h z mu* reason to dread ! fr[ns ( ! ,savi\r z *ur*es h4 ,if !y :o h 8left _! fir/ love0 w n rep5t at ! call ( ! ,savi\r1 !y h e reason to appreh5d "s fe>ful judgm5t1 "s awful visitation ( 8 ,provid5ce t %all ov]:elm !m 9 sorr[1 z a pro( ( 8 displeasure4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld f9ally be sav$1 _! days may be )\t com=t1 & p]haps _! la/ mom5ts )\t a ray ( consci\s hope4 ,! accompany+ engrav+1 repres5t+ ! pres5t situation ( ,ephesus1 w br+ be=e ! eye a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy1 t ! c&le/ick ( ,ephesus w\ld be remov$ f its place4 ,see also ! engrav+s prefix$ to ! ,notes on ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 #f ,b ?is ?\ ha/1 t ?\ hate/ ! de$s ( ! #aja,nicolaitanes1 :i* ,i also hate4 #f4 ,b ?is ?\ ha/4 ,?is ?\ ha/ t ,i approve (1 or t ,i c comm5d4 ,t ?\ hate/ ! de$s ( ! ,nicolaitanes4 ,gr41 works 7 74 ,! ^w ,nicolaitanes occurs only 9 ?is place1 & 9 ! #ae? v]se ( ?is *apt]4 ,f ! ref]5ce 9 ! latt] place x is cle> t ! doctr9es :i* !y held prevail$ at ,p]gamos z well z at ,ephesus2 b f nei!r place c any?+ n[ be inf]r$ 9 reg>d to ! nature ( _! doctr9es or _! practices1 unless x be suppos$ t !y held ! same doctr9e t 0 taught by ,balaam4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ae4 ,f ! two passages1 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 x w\ld seem t !y 7 alike corrupt 9 doctr9e & 9 practice1 = 9 ! passage be=e u _! de$s are m5tion$1 & 9 v]4 #ae _! doctr9e4 ,v>i\s conjectures1 h[ev]1 h be5 =m$ respect+ ?is class ( p1 & ! reasons :y ! "n 0 giv5 to !m4 ,i4 ,9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! "n1 !re h be5 ?ree op9ions4 7#a7 ,t m5tion$ by ,ir5u1 & by "s ( ! o!r fa!rs1 t ! "n 0 d]iv$ f ,nicolas1 "o #fg ( ! deacons orda9$ at ,antio*1 ,ac4 vi4 #e4 ,( ^? :o h held ?is op9ion1 "s h suppos$ t x 0 giv5 to !m because he became apo/ate & 0 ! f\nd] ( ! sect1 & o!rs because !y assum$ 8 "n1 9 ord] to give ! great] cr$it to _! doctr9e4 ,b nei!r ( ^! suppositions re/s on any c]ta9 evid5ce1 & bo? are de/itute ( probability4 ,!re is no pro( :atev] t ,nicolas ! deacon ev] apo/atiz$ f ! fai?1 & became ! f\nd] ( a sect2 & if a "n _h be5 assum$1 9 ord] to give cr$it to a sect & ext5d its influ5ce1 x is mu* m probable t ! "n ( an apo/le w\ld h be5 *os51 or ( "s o!r prom95t man1 ?an ! "n ( an obscure deacon ( ,antio*4 7#b7 ,vitr+a1 & mo/ comm5tators s9ce 8 "t1 h suppos$ t ! "n ,nicolaitanes 0 int5d$ to be symbolical1 & 0 n design$ to designate any sect ( p1 b to d5ote ^? :o resembl$ ,balaam1 & t ?is ^w is us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ^w ,jezebel 9 *4 ii4 #bj1 :i* is suppos$ to be symbolical !re4 ,vitr+a supposes t ! ^w is d]iv$ f 1 victory1 & 1 p1 & t ?us x corresponds ) ! "n ,balaam1 z mean+ ei!r 1 "l ( ! p1 or 1 he de/roy$ ! p2 & t1 z ! same effect 0 produc$ by _! doctr9es z by ^? ( ,balaam1 t ! p 7 l$ to commit =nication & to jo9 9 idolatr\s wor%ip1 !y might be call$ ,balaamites or ,nicolaitanes1 t is1 corrupt]s ( ! p4 ,b to ?is x may be repli$1 7a7 t x is f>-fet*$1 & is adopt$ only to remove a difficulty2 7b7 t !re is e reason to suppose t ! ^w "h us$ ref]s to a class ( p :o bore t "n1 & :o 7 well kn[n 9 ! two *ur*es specifi$2 7c7 t 9 *4 ii4 #ae !y are expressly di/+ui%$ f ^? :o held ! doctr9e ( ,balaam1 v]4 #ad1 8,s ha/ ?\ also 77 ^? t hold ! doctr9e ( ! ,nicolaitanes40 7#c7 ,x has be5 suppos$ t "s p]son n[ unkn[n1 probably ( ! "n ,nicolas1 or ,nicolaus1 0 _! lead]1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! sect4 ,?is is by f> ! mo/ probable op9ion1 & to ?is !re c be no objection4 ,x is 9 accordance ) :at usually occurs 9 reg>d to sects1 or?odox or h]etical1 t !y d]ive _! orig9 f "s p]son ^: "n !y cont9ue to be>2 & z !re is no evid5ce t ?is sect prevail$ ext5sively1 or 0 inde$ kn[n beyond ! limits ( ^! *ur*es1 & z x soon disappe>$1 x is easily acc\nt$ = t ! "* & hi/ory ( ! f\nd] 7 s soon =gott54 ,,ii4 ,9 reg>d to ! op9ions :i* !y held1 !re is z little c]ta9ty4 ,ir5u 7,adv4 ,hres4 i4 #bf7 says t _! *>act]i/ic t5ets 7 ! lawfulness ( promiscu\s int]c\rse ) wom51 & ( eat+ ?+s (f]$ to idols4 ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl4 iii4 #bi7 /ates sub/antially ! same ?+1 & ref]s to a tradition respect+ ,nicolaus1 t he _h a beautiful wife1 & 0 jeal\s ( h]1 & be+ reproa*$ ) ?is1 r5\nc$ all int]c\rse ) h]1 & made use ( an expression :i* 0 misund]/ood1 z imply+ t illicit pleasure 0 prop]4 ,t]tullian speaks ( ! ,nicolaitanes z a bran* ( ! ,gno/ic family1 & z1 9 8 "t1 ext9ct4 ,mo%eim 7,de ,rebus ,*ri/ian ,ante4 ,con4 #fi7 says t 8! que/ions ab\t ! ,nicolaitanes h difficulties :i* _c be solv$40 ,ne&] 7,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 z translat$ by ,torrey1 i4 pp4 #deb1 #dec7 numb]s !m ) ,ant9omians2 ?\gh he expresses "s d\bt :e!r ! actual exi/5ce ( su* a sect c be prov$1 & r incl9es to an op9ion notic$ above1 t ! "n is symbolical1 & t x is us$ 9 a my/ical s5se1 accord+ to ! usual /yle ( ! book ( ,revelation1 to d5ote corrupt]s or s$uc]s ( ! p1 l ,balaam4 ,he supposes t ! passage relates simply to a class ( p]sons :o 7 9 ! practice ( s$uc+ ,*ri/ians to p>ticipate 9 ! sacrificial fea/s ( ! hea!ns1 & 9 ! excesses :i* att5d$ !mj z ! ,jews 7 l$ a/ray ( old by ! ,moabites1 ,nu4 xxv4 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! "n1 h[ev]1 ,ne&] does n pr(ess to be able to det]m9e1 b sugge/s t x 0 ! cu/om ( su* sects to atta* !mselves to "s celebrat$ "n ( antiquity1 9 ! *oice ( :i* !y 7 (t5 det]m9$ by circum/ances q accid5tal4 ,he supposes also t ! sect may h possess$ a life ( ,nicolas ( ,antio*1 drawn up by !mselves or o!rs f fabul\s acc\nts & traditions1 9 :i* :at _h be5 imput$ to ,nicolas 0 embodi$4 ,ev]y?+1 #fh h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ?is sect1 & ! reason ( ! "n giv5 to x1 & ! op9ions :i* !y held1 is involv$ 9 great obscurity1 & !re is no hope ( ?r[+ light on ! subject4 ,x is g5]ally agre$1 among ! writ]s ( antiquity :o h m5tion$ !m1 t !y 7 di/+ui%$ = hold+ op9ions :i* c\nt5anc$ gross social indulg5ces4 ,?is is all t is really necess>y to be kn[n 9 reg>d to ! passage be=e u1 = ?is w expla9 ! /rong language ( av]sion & condemnation us$ by ! ,savi\r respect+ ! sect 9 ! epi/les to ! *ur*es ( ,ephesus & ,p]gamos4 ,:i* ,i also hate4 ,if ! view above tak5 ( ! op9ions & practices ( ?is p is correct1 ! reasons :y he hat$ !m are obvi\s4 ,no?+ c be m oppos$ to ! p]sonal "* ( ! ,savi\r1 or to 8 religion1 ?an su* doctr9es & de$s4 #g ,he#ajb t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es2 ,to him t ov]come? w ,i give to eat ( ! #ajctree ( life1 :i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! p>adise ( ,god4 #g4 ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he>1 c4 ,?is expression occurs at ! close ( ea* ( ! epi/les address$ to ! sev5 *ur*es1 & is sub/antially a mode ( address (t5 employ$ by ! ,savi\r 9 8 p]sonal m9i/ry1 & q *>act]i/ic ( him4 ,see ,mat4 xi4 #ae2 ,m>4 iv4 #bc2 vii4 #af4 ,x is a =m ( expression design$ to arre/ ! att5tion1 & to d5ote t :at 0 said 0 ( special importance4 ,:at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es4 ,evid5tly :at ! ,holy ,_s says= he is reg>d$ 9 ! ,scriptures z ! ,s\rce ( inspiration1 & z appo9t$ to disclose tru? to man4 ,! 8,_s0 may be reg>d$ ei!r z speak+ ?r\gh ! ,savi\r 7comp4 ,jn4 iii4 #cd71 or z imp>t$ to ,john1 ?r\gh :om he address$ ! *ur*es4 ,9 ei!r case x is ! same ,_s ( inspiration1 & 9 ei!r case !re w\ld be a claim t 8 voice %\ld be he>d4 ,! language "h us$ is ( a g5]al "*8,he t ha? an e>20 t is1 :at 0 spok5 0 wor?y ( ! att5tion n only ( ! memb]s ( ^! *ur*es1 b ( all o!rs4 ,! tru?s 7 ( s g5]al a "* z to des]ve ! att5tion ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,to him t ov]come?4 ,gr41 8,to him t ga9s ! victory1 or is a conqu]or0 4 ,?is may ref] to any victory ( a moral "*1 & ! expression us$ w\ld be applicable to "o :o %\ld triumph 9 any ( ^! respects37a7 ov] 8 own easily-besett+ s9s2 7b7 ov] ! _w & its temptations2 7c7 ov] preval5t error2 7d7 ov] ! ills & trials ( life1 s z1 9 all ^! respects1 to %[ t 8 ,*ri/ian pr9ciples are firm & un%ak54 ,life1 & ! ,*ri/ian life especially1 may be reg>d$ z a w>f>e4 ,?\s&s fall 9 ! conflict ) evil2 b !y :o ma9ta9 a /eady w>f>e1 & :o a*ieve a victory1 %all be receiv$ z conqu]ors 9 ! end4 ,w ,i give to eat ( ! tree ( life4 ,z ! rew>d ( 8 victory4 ,! mean+ is1 t he w\ld admit him to heav51 repres5t$ z p>adise1 & p]mit him to enjoy its pleasuresrepres5t$ by be+ p]mitt$ to p>take ( its fruits4 ,! phrase 8! tree ( life0 ref]s und\bt$ly to ! language us$ respect+ ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ,ge4 ii4 #i2 iii4 #bb:]e ! 8tree ( life0 is spok5 ( z t :i* 0 adapt$ to make ! life ( man p]petual4 ,( ! nature ( t tree no?+ is kn[n1 ?\gh x w\ld seem probable t1 l ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 x 0 a m]e emblem ( lifeor a tree t 0 set be=e man 9 connection ) ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 & t 8 de/9y turn$ on ! "q :e!r he p>took ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,t ,god %\ld make ! "q ( life or dea? dep5d on t1 is no m absurd or improbable ?an t he %\ld make x dep5d on :at man does n[x be+ a matt] ( fact t life & dea?1 happ9ess & mis]y1 joy & sorr[1 are (t5 made to dep5d on ?+s q z arbitr>y app>5tly1 & q z unimportant z an act ( ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce 9 p>tak+ ( ! fruit ( a designat$ tree4 ,does x n appe> probable t 9 ,ed5 !re 7 two trees designat$ to be ( an emblematic "*1 ( life & dea?1 & t z man p>took ( ! "o or ! o!r he w\ld live or die8 ,( all ! o!rs he might freely p>take )\t _! affect+ 8 condition2 ( "o ( ^!! tree ( lifehe might h p>tak5 be=e ! fall1 & liv$ = ev]4 ,"o 0 =bidd5 on pa9 ( dea?4 ,:5 ! #fi law =bidd+ t 0 violat$1 x 0 /ill possible t he might p>take ( ! o!r2 b1 s9ce ! s5t5ce ( dea? _h be5 pass$ ^u him1 t w\ld n n[ be prop]1 & he 0 driv5 f ! g>d51 & ! way 0 gu>d$ by ! flam+ sword ( ! *]ubim4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! passage be=e u is to ! cele/ial p>adiseto heav5spok5 ( "u ! beautiful image ( a g>d52 mean+ t ! condition ( man1 9 reg>d to life1 w /ill be ! same z if he _h p>tak5 ( ! tree ( life 9 ,ed54 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xxii4 #b4 ,:i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! p>adise ( ,god4 ,heav51 repres5t$ z p>adise4 ,to be p]mitt$ to eat ( t tree1 t is1 ( ! fruit ( t tree1 is b ano!r expression imply+ ! promise ( et]nal life1 & ( be+ happy = ev]4 ,! ^w p>adise is ( ,ori5tal d]ivation1 & is f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! ,ea/]n languages4 ,9 ! ,sanskrit ! ^w p>ad%a & p>adi%a is us$ to d5ote a l& elevat$ & cultivat$2 9 ! ,arm5ian ! ^w p>des d5otes a g>d5 ar\nd ! h\se plant$ ) grass1 h]bs1 trees = use & ornam5t2 & 9 ! ,hebrew =m 1 & ,greek 1 x is appli$ to ! pleasure g>d5s & p>ks1 ) wild animals1 ar\nd ! c\ntry resid5ces ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s & pr9ces1 ,ne4 ii4 #h4 ,comp4 ,ec4 ii4 #e2 ,ca4 iv4 #ac2 ,x54 ,cyro4 i4 #c1 #ad 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,"h x is us$ to d5ote heav5a _w comp>$ 9 beauty ) a ri*ly cultivat$ p>k or g>d54 ,comp4 #b ,co4 xii4 #d4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,savi\r is1 t he w\ld receive him t ov]came to a _w ( happ9ess2 t he w\ld p]mit him to ta/e ( ! fruit t gr[s !re1 imp>t+ immortal life1 & to re/ 9 an abode fitt$ up 9 a mann] t w\ld contribute 9 e way to enjoym5t4 ,man1 :5 he fell1 0 n p]mitt$ to rea* =? 8 h& & pluck ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( life 9 ! fir/ ,ed51 z he might h done if he _h n fall52 b he is n[ p]mitt$ to rea* =? 8 h& & p>take ( ! tree ( life 9 ! p>adise above4 ,he is ?us re/or$ to :at he might h be5 if he _h n transgress$ by eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil2 & 9 ! ,p>adise ,rega9$1 ! bless+s ( ! ,p>adise ,lo/ w be m ?an recov]$= man may n[ live = ev] 9 a f> high] & m bless$ /ate ?an 8 w\ld h be5 9 ,ed54 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,smyrna4 ,! cont5ts ( ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,smyrna are ^!3 7#a7 ,a /atem5t1 z 9 ! address to ! *ur* at ,ephesus1 ( "s ( ! attributes ( ! ,savi\r1 v]4 #h4 ,! attributes "h ref]r$ to are1 t he 0 8! fir/ & ! la/10 t 8he _h be5 dead1 b 0 alive0attributes fitt$ to impress ! m9d deeply ) rev]5ce = him :o address$ !m1 & to com=t !m 9 ! trials :i* !y endur$4 7#b7 ,a /atem5t 7v]4 #i71 z 9 ! =m] epi/le1 t he well knew _! works & all t p]ta9$ to !m_! tribulation1 _! pov]ty1 & ! opposition :i* !y met ) f wick$ m54 7#c7 ,an exhortation n to be afraid ( any ( ^? ?+s t 7 to come ^u !m1 =1 al?\gh !y 7 to be p]secut$1 & "s ( !m 7 to be imprison$1 yet1 if !y 7 fai?ful1 !y %\ld h a cr[n ( life1 v]4 #aj4 7#d7 ,a comm& to he> :at ! ,_s said to ! *ur*es1 z conta9+ matt] ( int]e/ to all p]sons1 ) an assurance t any :o w\ld 8ov]come0 9 ^! trials w\ld n be hurt by ! second dea?1 v]4 #aa4 ,! language address$ to ! *ur* ( ,smyrna is ?r\gh\t t ( commis]ation & com=t4 ,!re is no intimation t ! ,savi\r disapprov$ ( :at !y _h done2 !re is no ?reat t he w\ld remove ! c&le/ick out ( its place4 ,smyrna 0 a celebrat$ comm]cial t[n ( ,ionia 7,ptolem4 v4 #b71 situat$ ne> ! bottom ( t gulf ( ! gean ,sea :i* receiv$ its "n f x 7,mela1 i4 #ag1 #c71 at ! m\? ( ! small riv] ,meles1 #cbj /adia1 or ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ,ephesus 7,/rabo1 xv4 p4 #fcb74 ,x 0 a v anci5t city2 b hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! ,lydians1 x lay wa/e f\r hundr$ ye>s to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 or1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 to t ( ,antigonus4 ,x 0 rebuilt at ! di/ance ( tw5ty /adia f ! anci5t city1 & 9 ! "t ( ! fir/ ,roman emp]or x 0 "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ cities ( ,asia4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 ,a4,d4 #agg1 b ! emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius caus$ x to be rebuilt ) m ?an its =m] spl5d\r4 ,x aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 suff]$ greatly f e>?quakes & conflagrations1 & has #gj decl9$ f ^! causes1 ?\gh1 f its comm]cial advantages1 x has always be5 a city ( importance z ! c5tral emporium ( ! ,levant9e trade1 & its relative rank among ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or is probably great] ?an x =m]ly bore4 ,! engrav+ 9 ?is vol4 w give a repres5tation ( ,smyrna4 ,! ,turks n[ call x ,izmir4 ,x is bett] built ?an ,con/ant9ople1 & its population is comput$ at ab\t #acj1jjj1 ( :i* ! ,franks compose a great] proportion ?an 9 any o!r t[n 9 ,turkey1 & !y are g5]ally 9 good circum/ances4 ,next to ! ,turks1 ! ,greeks =m ! mo/ num]\s portion ( ! inhabitants1 & !y h a bi%op & two *ur*es4 ,! unusually l>ge portion ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! city r5d]s x peculi>ly unclean 9 ! eyes ( /rict ,moslems1 & !y call x ,gia\r ,izmir1 or ! ,infidel ,smyrna4 ,!re are 9 x ab\t #bj1 #jjj ,greeks1 #hjjj ,arm5ians1 #ajjj ,europeans1 & #ijjj ,jews4 ,x is n[ ! seat ( important mission>y op]ations 9 ! ,ea/1 & mu* has be5 done !re to spread ! gospel 9 mod]n times4 ,its hi/ory dur+ ! long tract ( "t s9ce ,john wrote is n inde$ m9utely kn[n1 b !re is no reason to suppose t ! light ( ,*ri/ianity !re has ev] be5 :olly ext9ct4 ,polyc>p suff]$ m>tyrdom !re1 & ! place :]e he is suppos$ to h di$ is /ill %[n4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,smyrna hold 8 memory 9 great v5]ation1 & g annually on a visit to 8 suppos$ tomb1 :i* is at a %ort di/ance f ! place ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,see ! article 8,smyrna0 9 ,kitto's ,cyclop$ia1 & ! au?orities ref]r$ to !re4 #h ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,smyrna write2 ,^! ?+s sai? #ajd! fir/ & ! la/1 :i* 0 dead1 & is alive2 #h4 ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,smyrna write4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w angel1 see ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,^! ?+s sai? ! fir/ & ! la/4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #h1 #ag4 ,:i* 0 dead1 & is alive4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ah4 ,! idea is1 t he is a liv+ ,savi\r2 & !re 0 a propriety 9 ref]r+ to t fact "h f ! nature ( ! promise :i* he 0 ab\t to make to ! *ur* at ,smyrna3 8,he t ov]come? %all n be hurt ( ! second dea?10 v]4 #aa4 ,z he _h himself triumph$ ov] dea? 9 all its =ms1 & 0 n[ alive = ev]1 x 0 appropriate t he %\ld promise to 8 true fri5ds ! same protection f ! second dea?4 ,he :o 0 :olly beyond ! rea* ( dea? c\ld give ! assurance t !y :o put _! tru/ 9 him %\ld come (f victori\s4 #i ,i "k ?y works1 & tribulation1 & pov]ty1 7b #aje?\ art ri*17 & ,i "k ! blasphemy ( #ajf!m :i* say !y are ,jews1 & are n1 b are ! #ajgsynagogue ( ,satan4 #i4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,! uni=m me?od ( introduc+ ^! epi/les1 imply+ a mo/ intimate acqua9tance ) all t p]ta9$ to ! *ur*4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,& tribulation4 ,?is ^w is ( a g5]al signification1 & probably includes all t !y suff]$ 9 any =m1 :e!r f p]secution1 pov]ty1 or ! blasphemy ( oppos]s4 ,& pov]ty4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is *ur*1 at t "t1 0 em95tly poor1 = ?is is n specifi$ 9 reg>d to any "o ( ! o!rs4 ,no reason is sugge/$ :y !y 7 p>ticul>ly poor4 ,x 0 n1 inde$1 an uncommon *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,*ri/ians 7comp4 #a ,cor4 i4 #bfbh71 b !re might h be5 "s special reasons :y t *ur* 0 em95tly s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! only *ur* ( ! sev5 :i* has surviv$1 & p]haps 9 ! end its pov]ty 0 no disadvantage4 ,b ?\ art ri*4 ,n 9 ?is _w's goods1 b 9 a m important respect9 ! grace & fav\r ( ,god4 ,^! ?+s are n unfrequ5tly unit$4 ,pov]ty is no h9drance to ! fav\r ( ,god1 & !re are "s ?+s 9 x fav\rable to ! promotion ( a "r _s t[>ds ,god :i* are n f\nd :]e !re is abundant weal?4 ,! ,savi\r 0 em95tly poor1 & n a few ( 8 mo/ devot$ & useful foll[]s h _h z little ( ?is _w's goods z he _h4 ,! poor %\ld always be *e]ful & happy1 if !y c he> _! ,savi\r say+ unto !m1 8,i "k ?y pov]tyb ?\ art ri*40 ,h[ev] ke5 ! feel+ aris+ f ! reflection 8,i am a poor man10 ! edge ( ! sorr[ is tak5 (f if ! m9d c be turn$ to a bright] image8b ?\ art ri*40 #ga ,& ,i "k ! blasphemy4 ,! reproa*es2 ! h>% & bitt] revil+s4 ,on ! ^w blasphemy1 see ,notes on ,mat4 ix4 #c2 xxvi4 #fe4 ,! ^w "h does n seem to ref] to blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 b to bitt] reproa*es aga9/ !mselves4 ,! reason ( ^! reproa*es is n /at$1 b x 0 d\btless on acc\nt ( _! religion4 ,( !m :i* say !y are ,jews4 ,:o pr(ess to be ,jews4 ,! idea seems to be t ?\gh !y 7 ( ,jewi% extraction1 & pr(ess$ to be ,jews1 !y 7 n true ,jews2 !y indulg$ 9 a bitt]ness ( reproa*1 & a sev]ity ( language1 :i* %[$ t !y _h n ! _s ( ! ,jewi% religion2 !y _h no?+ :i* became ^? :o 7 "u ! guidance ( ! _s ( _! own ,scriptures4 ,t w\ld h inculcat$ & fo/]$ a mild] temp]2 & ! mean+ "h is1 t al?\gh !y 7 ( ,jewi% orig91 !y 7 n wor?y ( ! "n4 ,t _s ( bitt] opposition 0 inde$ (t5 manife/$ 9 _! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians1 z x _h be5 ( ! ,savi\r1 b /ill x 0 =eign to ! true nature ( _! religion4 ,!re 7 ,jews 9 all p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! apo/les (t5 enc\nt]$ !m 9 _! j\rney+s1 b x w\ld seem t !re 0 some?+ :i* _h p>ticul>ly embitt]$ ^? ( ,smyrna aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at ?is 0 is n[ unkn[n4 ,x may ?r[ "s light on ! passage1 h[ev]1 to rem>k t at a some:at lat] p]iod9 ! "t ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p! ,jews ( ,smyrna 7 among ! mo/ bitt] ( ! enemies ( ,*ri/ians1 & among ! mo/ viol5t 9 dem&+ ! dea? ( ,polyc>p4 ,eusebius 7,eccl4 ,hi/4 iv4 #ae7 says1 t :5 ,polyc>p 0 appreh5d$1 & br\ght be=e ! proconsul at ,smyrna1 ! ,jews 7 ! mo/ furi\s ( all 9 dem&+ 8 condemnation4 ,:5 ! mob1 aft] 8 condemnation to dea?1 set ab\t ga!r+ fuel to burn him1 8! ,jews10 says he1 8be+ especially zeal\s1 z 0 _! cu/om 1 ran to procure fuel40 ,& :51 z ! burn+ fail$1 ! m>tyr 0 transfix$ ) weapons1 ! ,jews urg$ & bes\ght ! magi/rate t 8 body might n be giv5 up to ,*ri/ians4 ,possibly at ! "t :5 ?is epi/le 0 direct$ to be s5t to ,smyrna1 !re 7 ,jews !re :o manife/$ ! same _s :i* ^? ( _! c\ntrym5 did aft]w>ds1 :o urg$ on ! dea? ( ,polyc>p4 ,b are ! synagogue ( ,satan4 ,des]ve r to be call$ ! synagogue ( ,satan4 ,! synagogue 0 a ,jewi% place ( wor%ip 7comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #bc71 b ! ^w orig9ally d5ot$ ! assembly or congregation4 ,! mean+ "h is pla91 t ?\gh !y wor%ipp$ 9 a synagogue1 & pr(ess$ to be ! wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 yet !y 7 n wor?y ( ! "n1 & des]v$ r to be reg>d$ z 9 ! s]vice ( ,satan4 ,satan is ! ^w t is prop]ly appli$ to ! great evil _s1 else:]e call$ ! devil4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 xxii4 #c1 & ,job i4 #aj ,fe> none ( ^? ?+s :i* ?\ %alt suff]3 behold1 ! devil %all ca/ "s ( y into prison1 t ye may be tri$2 & ye %all h tribulation t5 days3 be ?\ #ajh;fai?ful unto dea?1 & ,i w give !e a #aji;cr[n ( life4 #aj4 ,fe> none ( ^? ?+s :i* ?\ %alt suff]4 ,he did n promise !m exemption f suff]+4 ,he saw t !y 7 ab\t to suff]1 & he specifies ! mann] 9 :i* _! affliction w\ld occur4 ,b he entreats & comm&s !m n to be afraid4 ,!y 7 to look to ! 8cr[n ( life10 & to be com=t$ ) ! assurance t if !y 7 fai?ful unto dea?1 t w\ld be !irs4 ,we ne$ n dread suff]+ if we c he> ! voice ( ! ,r$eem] enc\rag+ u1 & if he assures u t 9 a little :ile we %all h ! cr[n ( life4 ,behold1 ! devil %all ca/ "s ( y into prison4 ,or1 %all cause "s ( y to be ca/ into prison4 ,he _h j said t _! p]secutors 7 ( ! 8synagogue ( ,satan40 ,he "h repres5ts ,satan1 or ! devilano!r "n ( ! same be+z ab\t to ?r[ !m into prison4 ,?is w\ld be done und\bt$ly by ! h&s ( m51 b /ill ,satan 0 ! prime mov]1 or ! in/igator 9 do+ x4 ,x 0 common to ca/ ^? :o 7 p]secut$ into prison4 ,see ,ac4 xii4 #c1 #d2 xvi4 #bc4 ,x is n said on :at pret5ce1 or by :at au?ority1 ?is w\ld be done2 b1 z ,john _h be5 bani%$ to ,patmos f ,ephesus1 x is probable #gb t ?is p]secution 0 rag+ 9 ! adjac5t places1 & !re is no improbability 9 suppos+ t _m might be ?r[n into prison4 ,t ye may be tri$4 ,t ! reality ( y\r fai? may be subject$ to a te/ to %[ :e!r x is g5u9e4 ,! design 9 ! case is t ( ! ,savi\r1 ?\gh ,satan is all[$ to d x4 ,x 0 common 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! *ur* to suff] religion to be subject$ to trial amid/ p]secutions1 9 ord] to %[ t x 0 ( heav5ly orig91 & to demon/rate its value 9 view ( ! _w4 ,?is is1 inde$1 "o ( ! designs ( trial at all times1 b ?is seem$ em95tly desirable :5 a new sy/em ( religion 0 ab\t to be giv5 to mank9d4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #f1 #g4 ,& ye %all h tribulation t5 days4 ,a %ort "t2 a brief p]iod2 a few days4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 t ?is might h be5 lit]ally t5 days1 b x is mu* m 9 accordance ) ! g5]al "* ( ?is book1 9 reg>d to numb]s1 to suppose t ! ^w t5 "h is us$ to d5ote a few4 ,comp4 ,ge4 xxiv4 #ee2 #a ,sa4 xxv4 #ch2 ,da4 i4 #ab1 #ad4 ,we are :olly ignorant h[ long ! trial actually la/$2 b ! assurance 0 t x w\ld n be long1 & !y 7 to all[ ?is ?\ght to *e] & su/a9 !m 9 _! sorr[s4 ,:y %\ld n ! same ?\ght enc\rage u n[8 ,affliction 9 ?is life1 h[ev] sev]e1 c be b brief2 & 9 ! hope t x w soon end1 :y %\ld we n be> x )\t murmur+ or rep9+8 ,be ?\ fai?ful unto dea?4 ,imply+1 p]haps1 t ?\gh1 9 reg>d to ! *ur*1 ! affliction w\ld be brief1 yet t x might be fatal to "s ( !m1 & !y :o 7 ?us ab\t to die %\ld rema9 fai?ful to _! ,savi\r until ! h\r ( dea?4 ,9 relation to all1 :e!r !y 7 to suff] a viol5t dea? or n1 ! same injunction & ! same promise 0 applicable4 ,x is true ( ev]yone :o is a ,*ri/ian1 9 :atev] mann] he is to die1 t if he is fai?ful unto dea?1 a cr[n ( life awaits him4 ,comp4 ,notes on #b ,ti4 iv4 #h4 ,& ,i w give !e a cr[n ( life4 ,see ,notes on ,ja4 i4 #ab4 ,comp4 #a ,pe4 v4 #d2 #a ,co4 ix4 #bdbg4 ,! promise "h is some:at diff]5t f t :i* 0 made to ! fai?ful 9 ,ephesus 7v]4 #g71 b ! same ?+ sub/antially is promis$ !mhapp9ess h]eaft]1 or an admission into heav54 ,9 ! =m] case x is ! peaceful image ( ^? admitt$ into ! sc5es ( p>adise2 "h x is ! triumph ( ! cr[n$ m>tyr4 #aa ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es2 ,he t ov]come? %all n be hurt ( ! #aajsecond dea?4 #aa4 ,he t ha? an e>1 c4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,he t ov]come?4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,! p>ticul> promise "h is made to him t %\ld 8ov]come20 t is1 t w\ld ga9 ! victory 9 ! p]secutions :i* 7 to come ^u !m4 ,! ref]5ce is to him :o w\ld %[ ! su/a9+ p[] ( religion 9 times ( p]secution2 :o w\ld n yield 8 pr9ciples :5 oppos$ & p]secut$2 :o w\ld be triumphant :5 s _m ef=ts 7 made to induce him to apo/atize & ab&on ! cause4 ,%all n be hurt ( ! second dea?4 ,by a second dea?4 ,t is1 he w h no?+ to fe> 9 ! future _w4 ,! puni%m5t ( hell is (t5 call$ dea?1 n 9 ! s5se t ! s\l w cease to exi/1 b 7a7 because dea? is ! mo/ fe>ful ?+ ( :i* we h any k1 & 7b7 because !re is a /rik+ simil>ity1 9 _m respects1 betwe5 dea? & future puni%m5t4 ,dea? cuts (f f life& s ! second dea? cuts (f f et]nal life2 dea? puts an end to all our hopes "h1 & ! second dea? to all our hopes = ev]2 dea? is att5d$ ) t]rors & al>ms! fa9t & feeble emblem ( ! t]rors & al>ms 9 ! _w ( woe4 ,! phrase1 8! second dea?10 is ?ree times us$ else:]e by ,john 9 ?is book 7*4 xx4 #f1 #ad2 xxi4 #h71 b does n occur else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! words dea? & to die1 h[ev]1 are n unfrequ5tly us$ to d5ote ! future puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ,! promise "h made w\ld be all t 0 necess>y to su/a9 !m 9 _! trials4 ,no?+ m is requisite to make ! burd5s ( life tol]able ?an an assurance t1 :5 we rea* ! end ( our e>?ly j\rney1 we h arriv$ at ! close ( suff]+1 & t beyond ! grave !re is no p[] t c h>m u4 ,religion1 inde$1 does n promise to its fri5ds exemption f dea? 9 "o =m4 ,to none ( ! race has su* a promise ev] be5 made1 & to b two has ! #gc fav\r be5 grant$ to pass to heav5 )\t ta/+ dea?4 ,x c\ld h be5 grant$ to all ! r$eem$1 b !re 7 good reasons :y x %\ld n be2 t is1 :y x w\ld be bett] t ev5 !y :o are to dwell 9 heav5 %\ld return to ! du/1 & sleep 9 ! tomb1 ?an t !y %\ld be remov$ by p]petual miracle1 translat+ !m to heav54 ,religion1 !re=e1 does n come to u ) any promise t we %all n die4 ,b x comes ) ! assurance t we %all be su/a9$ 9 ! dy+ h\r2 t ! ,r$eem] w accompany u ?r\gh ! d>k valley2 t dea? to u w be a calm & quiet slumb]1 9 ! hope ( awak5+ 9 ! morn+ ( ! resurrection2 t we %all be rais$ up aga9 ) bodies incorruptible & undecay+2 & t beyond ! grave we %all nev] fe> dea? 9 any =m4 ,:at m is ne$ful to enable u to be> ) pati5ce ! trials ( ?is life1 & to look ^u dea? :5 x does come1 dis>m$ z x is ( its /+ 7#a ,co4 xv4 #eeeg71 ) calmness & peace8 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,p]gamos4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is epi/le 7v]4 #abag7 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a ref]5ce1 z is usual 9 ^! epi/les1 to "s attribute ( ,him :o address$ !m1 fitt$ to inspire respect1 & adapt$ to a /ate ( ?+s exi/+ 9 ! *ur*1 v]4 #ab4 ,t to :i* ! ,savi\r "h directs _! att5tion is1 t he has 8! %>p sword ) two edges0imply+ 7v]4 #af7 t he _h ! p[] ( puni%+4 7#b7 ,a /atem5t1 9 ! usual =m1 t he 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( ! *ur*2 t he saw all _! difficulties2 all t !re 0 to comm5d1 & all t !re 0 to reprove1 v]4 #ac4 7#c7 ,a comm5dation to ! *ur* = its fidelity1 especially 9 a "t ( sev]e p]secution1 :5 "o ( h] fai?ful fri5ds 0 sla91 v]4 #ac4 7#d7 ,a repro( ( ! *ur* = tol]at+ "s :o held false & p]nici\s doctr9esdoctr9es su* z 7 taught by ,balaam1 & ! doctr9es ( ! ,nicolaitanes1 v]4 #ad1 #ae4 7#e7 ,a solemn ?reat t1 unless !y rep5t$1 he w\ld come aga9/ !m1 & inflict summ>y puni%m5t on !m1 v]4 #af4 7#f7 ,! usual call ^u all to he> :at ! ,_s says to ! *ur*es1 & a promise to ^? :o %\ld ov]come1 v]4 #ag4 ,p]gamos 0 a city 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,mysia1 ! capital ( a k+dom ( t "n1 & aft]w>ds ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,asia ,propria4 ,x 0 on ! bank ( ! riv] ,caicus1 :i* is =m$ by ! union ( two bran*es meet+ ?irty or =ty miles above its m\?1 & wat]+ a valley n exce$$ 9 beauty & f]tility by any 9 ! _w4 ,! city ( ,p]gamos /ood ab\t tw5ty miles f ! sea4 ,x 0 on ! nor!rn bank ( ! riv]1 at ! base & on ! declivity ( two high & /eep m\nta9s4 ,ab\t two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,p]gamos became ! resid5ce ( ! celebrat$ k+s ( ! family ( ,attalus1 & a seat ( lit]ature & ! arts4 ,k+ ,eum5es1 ! second ( ! "n1 greatly beautifi$ ! t[n1 & s increas$ ! numb] ( volumes 9 ! libr>y t !y am\nt$ to #bjj1jjj4 ,?is libr>y rema9$ at ,p]gamos aft] ! k+dom ( ! ,attali _h lo/ its indep5d5ce1 until ,antony remov$ x to ,egypt1 & pres5t$ x to ,que5 ,cleopatra 7,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 iii4 #b74 ,x is an old tradition1 t1 z ! papyrus plant _h n begun to be export$ f ,egypt 7,kitto71 or z ,ptolemy refus$ to sell x to ,eum5es 7,pr(essor ,/u>t71 %eep & goat sk9s1 prep>$ = ! purpose1 7 us$ = manuscripts2 & z ! art ( prep>+ !m 0 br\ght to p]fection at ,p]gamos1 !y1 f t circum/ance1 obta9$ ! "n ( p]gam5a 77 or p>*m5t4 ,! la/ k+ ( ,p]gamos bequea!d 8 treasures to ! ,romans1 :o took possession ( ! k+dom also1 & creat$ x into a prov9ce by ! "n ( ,asia ,propria4 ,"u ! ,romans1 x reta9$ t au?ority ov] ! cities ( ,asia :i* x _h acquir$ "u ! successors ( ,attalus4 ,! pres5t "n ( ! place is ,b]gamos1 & x is ( consid]able importance1 conta9+ a population ( ab\t #ad1jjj1 ( :om ab\t #cjjj are ,greeks1 #cjj ,arm5ians1 & ! re/ ,turks4 ,macf>lane describes ! approa* to ! t[n z v beautiful3 8,! approa* to ?is anci5t & decay$ city 0 z impressive z well might be4 ,aft] cross+ ! ,caicus1 ,i saw1 look+ ov] ?ree va/ tumuli1 or sepul*ral b>r[s1 simil> to ^? on ! pla9s ( ,troy1 ! ,turki% city ( ,p]gamos1 ) its tall m9>ets1 & its tall] cypresses1 situat$ on ! l[] declivities & at ! foot ( ! ,acropolis1 ^: bold gray br[ 0 cr[n$ by ! rugg$ #gd walls ( a b>b>\s ca/le1 ! usurp] ( ! site ( a magnific5t ,greek temple4 ,! t[n consi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( small & mean wood5 h\ses1 among :i* appe> ! rema9s ( e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,none ( ^! *ur*es h any scriptural or apocalyptic int]e/ connect$ ) !m1 hav+ be5 erect$ sev]al c5turies aft] ! m9i/ry ( ! apo/les1 & :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 n an humble & despis$ cre$1 b ! adopt$ religion ( a va/ empire4 ,! ,pagan temples h f>$ worse ?an ^! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,! fanes ( ,jupit] & ,diana1 ( sculapius & ,v5us1 are pro/rate 9 ! du/2 & :]e !y h n be5 c>ri$ away by ! ,turks1 to be cut up into tomb/ones or to p\nd into mort>1 ! ,cor9?ian & ,ionic columns1 ! spl5did capitals1 ! cornices & ! p$im5ts1 all 9 ! highe/ ornam5t1 are ?r[n into unsightly heaps0 7,visit to ! ,sev5 ,apocalyptic ,*ur*es1 #ahcb4 ,comp4 ,mission>y ,h]ald = #ahci1 pp4 #bbhbcj74 ,! engrav+ repres5ts ! ru9s ( "o ( ! anci5t *ur*es 9 ,p]gamos4 #ab ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,p]gamos write2 ,^! ?+s sai? he :i* ha? ! #aaa%>p sword ) two edges2 #ab4 ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,p]gamos4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,^! ?+s sai? he :i* ha? ! %>p sword1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #af4 ,comp4 ,he4 iv4 #ab2 ,ec4 xii4 #aa2 ,is4 xlix4 #b4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t sugge/s t :5 ! ,savi\r1 z repres5t$ 9 ! vision1 8utt]$ words1 z !y proce$$ f 8 m\?1 ! halitus :i* accompani$ !m assum$1 9 ! view ( ,john1 ! =m ( an igne\s two-edg$ sword40 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t ! words :i* proce$$ f 8 m\? did n assume any?+ l a =m or sub/ance1 b ,john means to repres5t !m z if !y 7 a %>p sword4 ,8 words cut & p5etrate deep1 & x 0 easy to picture him z hav+ a sword proce$+ f 8 m\?2 t is1 8 words 7 z pi]c+ z a %>p sword4 ,z he 0 ab\t to reprove ! *ur* at ,p]gamos1 !re 0 a propriety 9 ref]r+ to ?is p[] ( ! ,savi\r4 ,repro( cuts deep2 & ?is is ! idea repres5t$ "h4 #ac ,i#aab "k ?y works1 & :]e ?\ dwelle/1 ev5 :]e ,satan's seat is3 & ?\ holde/ fa/ my "n1 & #aac;ha/ n d5i$ my fai?1 ev5 9 ^? days :]e9 ,antipas 0 my fai?ful m>tyr1 :o 0 sla9 among y1 :]e ,satan dwelle?4 #ac4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,! uni=m mode ( address+ ! sev5 *ur*es 9 ^! epi/les4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #b4 ,& :]e ?\ dwelle/4 ,t is1 ,i "k all ! temptations to :i* y are expos$2 all ! allurem5ts to s9 by :i* y are surr\nd$2 all ! apologies :i* might be made = :at has occurr$ aris+ f ^? circum/ances2 & all t c\ld be said 9 comm5dation ( y = hav+ be5 z fai?ful z y h be54 ,! s5se ( ! passage is1 t x does mu* to enable u to judge ( "* to "k :]e m5 live4 ,x is mu* m easy to be virtu\s & pi\s 9 "s circum/ances ?an 9 o!rs2 & 9 ord] to det]m9e h[ mu* cr$it is due to a man = 8 virtues1 x is necess>y to und]/& h[ mu* he has be5 call$ to resi/1 h[ _m temptations he has enc\nt]$1 :at easily-besett+ s9s he may h1 or :at allurem5ts may h be5 pres5t$ to 8 m9d to draw him f ! pa? ( virtue & religion4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ord] to judge correctly ( ^? :o h embrac$ error1 or h be5 l$ into s91 x is necess>y to und]/& :at !re may h be5 9 _! circum/ances t gave to error :at 0 plausible1 & to s9 :at 0 attractive2 :at !re 0 9 _! situation 9 life t expos$ !m to ^! influ5ces1 & :at argum5ts may h be5 employ$ by ! le>n$1 ! tal5t$1 & ! plausible advocates ( error1 to lead !m a/ray4 ,we (t5 judge h>%ly :]e ! ,savi\r w\ld be f> less sev]e 9 8 judgm5ts2 we (t5 comm5d mu* :]e 9 fact !re has be5 little to comm5d4 ,x is possible to conceive t 9 ! /ruggl+s aga9/ evil ( ^? :o h ultimately fall51 !re may be m to comm5d ?an 9 cases :]e ! pa? ( virtue has be5 pursu$ z ! m]e result ( circum/ances1 & :]e !re nev] has be5 a conflict ) temptation4 ,! adjudications ( ! great day w d mu* to rev]se #ge ! judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,ev5 :]e ,satan's seat is4 ,a place ( peculi> wick$ness1 z if ,satan dwelt !re4 ,satan is1 z x 71 en?ron$ !re4 ,! influ5ce ( ,satan 9 produc+ p]secution is t :i* is p>ticul>ly allud$ to1 z is app>5t f ! ref]5ce :i* is imm$iately made to ! case ( ,antipas1 ! 8fai?ful m>tyr40 ,& ?\ holde/ fa/ my "n4 ,!y _h pr(ess$ ! "n ( ,*ri/2 t is1 !y _h pr(ess$ to be 8 foll[]s1 & !y _h /eadfa/ly adh]$ to him & 8 cause 9 all ! opposition made to him4 ,! "n ,*ri/ian1 giv5 9 hon\r ( ,*ri/1 & indicat+ t !y 7 8 disciples1 !y _h n be5 a%am$ ( or d5i$4 ,x 0 ?is "n t subject$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to reproa*4 ,see #a ,pe4 iv4 #ad4 ,& ha/ n d5i$ my fai?4 ,t is1 ha/ n d5i$ my religion4 ,! great ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion is fai?1 & ?is1 s9ce x is s important1 is (t5 put = ! :ole ( religion4 ,ev5 9 ^? days :]e9 ,antipas 0 my fai?ful m>tyr4 ,( ,antipas we "k no?+ m ?an is "h /at$4 8,9 ! ,acta ,sanctorum 7ii4 pp4 #c1 #d7 is a m>tyrology ( ,antipas f a ,greek ,,ms42 b x is full ( fable & fiction1 :i* a lat] age _h add$ to ! orig9al /ory0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,:o 0 sla9 among y4 ,x w\ld seem f ?is1 t1 ?\gh ! p]secution _h rag$ !re1 b "o p]son _h be5 put to dea?4 ,x w\ld appe> also t ! p]secution 0 ( a local "*1 s9ce ,p]gamos is describ$ z 8,satan's seat2 0 & ! dea? ( ,antipas is m5tion$ 9 imm$iate connection ) t fact4 ,all ! circum/ances ref]r$ to w\ld lead u to suppose t ?is 0 a popul> outbreak1 & n a p]secution c>ri$ on "u ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t1 & t ,antipas 0 put to dea? 9 a popul> excitem5t4 ,s ,/eph5 7,ac4 vii47 0 put to dea?1 & s ,paul at ,ly/ra 0 /on$ until x 0 suppos$ he 0 dead1 ,ac4 xiv4 #ai4 ,:]e ,satan dwelle?4 ,! repetition ( ?is ideav mu* 9 ! mann] ( ,john%[$ h[ int5sely ! m9d 0 fix$ on ! ?\ght1 & h[ mu* alive ! feel+s 7 to ! malice ( ,satan z exhibit$ at ,p]gamos4 #ad ,b ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ !re !m t hold ! doctr9e ( ,balaam1 #aad:o taught ,balac to ca/ a /umbl+-block be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 to #aae;eat ?+s sacrific$ unto idols1 & to #aaf;commit =nication4 #ad4 ,b ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e4 ,z aga9/ ! *ur* at ,ephesus1 *4 ii4 #d4 ,! *>ge aga9/ ?is *ur*1 h[ev]1 is some:at diff]5t f t aga9/ ! *ur* at ,ephesus4 ,! *>ge !re 01 t !y _h 8left _! fir/ love20 b x is spok5 9 comm5dation ( !m t !y 8hat$ ! de$s ( ! ,nicolaitanes10 *4 ii4 #f4 ,"h ! *>ge is1 t !y tol]at$ t sect among !m1 & t !y _h among !m also ^? :o held ! doctr9e ( ,balaam4 ,_! g5]al c\rse _h be5 su* t ! ,savi\r c\ld approve x2 he did n approve1 h[ev]1 ( _! tol]at+ ^? :o held to p]nici\s practical errorerror t t5d$ to sap ! v f\ndation ( morals4 ,because ?\ ha/ !re !m t hold ! doctr9e ( ,balaam4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t !y pr(ess$ly held to ! same op9ion z ,balaam1 or op5ly taught ! same doctr9es4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y taught sub/antially ! same doctr9e :i* ,balaam did1 & des]v$ to be class$ ) him4 ,:at t doctr9e 0 is /at$ 9 ! subsequ5t "p ( ! v]se4 ,:o taught ,balac to ca/ a /umbl+-block be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,! ^w /umbl+-block prop]ly means any?+ ov] :i* "o falls or /umbles1 & !n any?+ ov] :i* anyone may fall into s91 or :i* becomes ! occasion ( "o's fall+ into s94 ,! mean+ "h is1 t x 0 ?r\gh ! in/ructions ( ,balaam t ,balak le>n$ ! way by :i* ! ,israelites might be l$ into s91 & might ?us br+ ^u !mselves ! ,div9e mal$iction4 ,! ma9 circum/ances 9 ! case 7 ^!3 7#a7 ,balak1 k+ ( ,moab1 :5 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel approa*$ 8 bord]s1 felt t he c\ld n cont5d successfully aga9/ s great a ho/1 = 8 p 7 dispirit$ & di%e>t5$ at _! numb]s1 ,nu4 xxii4 #c1 #d4 7#b7 ,9 ^! circum/ances he resolv$ to s5d = "o :o _h a #gf di/+ui%$ reputation z a prophet1 t he might 8curse0 t p1 or might utt] a mal$iction ov] !m1 9 ord]1 at ! same "t1 to ensure _! de/ruction1 & to inspirit 8 own p 9 mak+ w> on !m3 9 accordance ) a preval5t op9ion ( anci5t times1 t prophets _h ! p[] ( blight+ any?+ by _! curse4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job iii4 #h4 ,= ?is purpose he s5t mess5g]s to ,balaam to invite him to come & p]=m ?is s]vice1 ,nu4 xxii4 #e1 #f4 7#c7 ,balaam pr(ess$ to be a prophet ( ! ,"l1 & x 0 obvi\sly prop] t he %\ld inquire ( ! ,"l :e!r he %\ld comply ) ?is reque/4 ,he did s1 & 0 positively =bidd5 to g1 ,nu4 xxii4 #ab4 7#d7 ,:5 ! answ] ( ,balaam 0 report$ to ,balak1 he suppos$ t he might be prevail$ to come by ! (f] ( rew>ds1 & he s5t m di/+ui%$ mess5g]s ) an (f] ( ample hon\r if he w\ld come1 ,nu4 xxii4 #aeag4 7#e7 ,balaam 0 evid5tly /rongly incl9$ to g1 b1 9 accordance ) 8 "* z a prophet1 he said t if ,balak w\ld give him 8 h\se full ( silv] & gold he c\ld d no m1 & say no m1 ?an ! ,"l p]mitt$1 & he propos$ aga9 to consult ! ,"l1 to see if he c\ld obta9 p]mission to g ) ! mess5g]s ( ,balak4 ,he obta9$ p]mission1 b ) ! express injunction t he 0 only to utt] :at ,god %\ld say2 & :5 he came to ,balak1 not)/&+ 8 own manife/ desire to comply ) ! wi% ( ,balak1 & not)/&+ all ! (f]s :i* ,balak made to him to induce him to d ! contr>y1 he only cont9u$ to bless ! ,hebrew p1 until1 9 disgu/ & indignation1 ,balak s5t him away aga9 to 8 own l&1 ,nu4 xxii41 xxiii41 xxiv4 #aj1 seq4 7#f7 ,balaam return$ to 8 own h\se1 b evid5tly ) a desire /ill to gratify ,balak4 ,be+ =bidd5 to curse ! p ( ,israel2 hav+ be5 ov]rul$ 9 all 8 purposes to d x2 hav+ be51 contr>y to 8 own desires1 con/ra9$ to bless !m :5 he 0 himself m ?an will+ to curse !m2 & hav+ /ill a desire to comply ) ! wi%es ( ! ,k+ ( ,moab1 he ca/ ab\t = "s way 9 :i* ! object might yet be accompli%$t is1 9 :i* ! curse ( ,god might 9 fact re/ ^u ! ,hebrew p1 & !y might become expos$ to ! div9e displeasure4 ,to d ?is1 no way occurr$ s plausible1 & t _h su* probability ( success1 z to lead !m into idolatry1 & into ! s9ful & corrupt practices connect$ ) idolatry4 ,x 01 !re=e1 resolv$ to make use ( ! *>ms ( ! females ( ,moab1 t ?r\gh _! influ5ce ! ,hebrews might be drawn into lic5ti\sness4 ,?is 0 done4 ,! abom9ations ( idolatry spread ?r\gh ! camp ( ,israel2 lic5ti\sness ev]y:]e prevail$1 & ,god s5t a plague ^u !m to puni% !m1 ,nu4 xxv4 #a1 seq4 ,t also ?is 0 plann$ & in/igat$ by ,balaam is app>5t f ,nu4 xxxi4 #af3 8,behold ^! wom5 caus$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ?r\gh ! c\nsel ( ,balaam1 to commit trespass aga9/ ! ,"l1 9 ! matt] ( ,peor1 & !re 0 a plague among ! congregation ( ! ,"l40 ,! attitude ( ,balaam's m9d 9 ! matt] 0 ?is3 ,i4 ,he _h a /rong desire to d t :i* he knew 0 wrong1 & :i* 0 =bidd5 expressly by ,god4 ,,ii4 ,he 0 re/ra9$ by int]nal *ecks & remon/rances1 & prev5t$ f do+ :at he wi%$ to d4 ,,iii4 ,he ca/ ab\t = "s way 9 :i* he might d x1 not)/&+ ^! int]nal *ecks & remon/rances1 & f9ally accompli%$ ! same ?+ 9 fact1 ?\gh 9 =m diff]5t f t :i* he _h fir/ prep>$4 ,?is is n an unfair description ( :at (t5 occurs 9 ! plans & purposes ( a wick$ man4 ,! mean+ 9 ! passage be=e u is1 t 9 ! *ur* at ,p]gamos !re 7 ^? :o taught1 sub/antially1 ! same ?+ t ,balaam did2 t is1 ! t5d5cy ( ^: tea*+ 0 to lead m5 into idolatry1 & ! ord9>y accompanim5t ( idolatrylic5ti\sness4 ,to eat ?+s sacrific$ unto idols4 ,balaam taught ! ,hebrews to d ?isp]haps 9 "s way secur+ _! att5dance on ! riot\s & glutton\s fea/s ( idolatry celebrat$ among ! p among :om !y soj\rn$4 ,su* fea/s 7 commonly held 9 idol temples1 & !y usually l$ to sc5es ( dissipation & corruption4 ,by plausibly tea*+ t !re c\ld be no h>m 9 eat+ :at _h be5 (f]$ 9 sacrifices9ce an idol 0 no?+1 & ! fle% ( animals (f]$ 9 sacrifice 0 ! same z if slaught]$ = "s o!r purpose1 x w\ld seem t ^! tea*]s at ,p]gamos _h induc$ pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians #gg to att5d on ^? fea/s?us l5d+ _! c\nt5ance to idolatry1 & expos+ !mselves to all ! corruption & lic5ti\sness t commonly att5d$ su* celebrations4 ,see ! banefulness ( ?us eat+ ! meat (f]$ 9 sacrifice to idols consid]$ 9 ! ,notes on #a ,co4 viii4 ,& to commit =nication4 ,balaam taught ?is2 & t 0 ! t5d5cy ( ! doctr9es inculcat$ at ,p]gamos4 ,on :at pret5ce ?is 0 done is n said2 b x is cle> t ! *ur* _h reg>d$ ?is 9 a l5i5t mann]4 ,s accu/om$ _h ! hea!n _w be5 to ?is vice1 t _m :o _h be5 conv]t$ f idolatry might be dispos$ to look on x ) less sev]ity ?an we d n[1 & !re 0 a necessity ( incessant wat*fulness le/ ! memb]s ( ! *ur* %\ld fall into x4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ac4 xv4 #bj4 #ae ,s ha/ ?\ also !m t hold ! doctr9e ( ! ,nicolaitanes1 :i* ?+ ,i hate4 #ae4 ,s ha/ ?\ also !m1 c4 ,t is1 !re are ^? among y :o hold ^? doctr9es4 ,! mean+ "h may be1 ei!r t1 9 addition to ^? :o held ! doctr9e ( ,balaam1 !y _h also ano!r class :o held ! doctr9e ( ! ,nicolaitanes2 or t ! ,nicolaitanes held ! same doctr9e1 & taught ! same ?+ z ,balaam4 ,if b "o class is ref]r$ to1 & x is meant t ! ,nicolaitanes held ! doctr9es ( ,balaam1 !n we "k :at con/itut$ _! tea*+2 if two classes ( false tea*]s are ref]r$ to1 !n we h no means ( kn[+ :at 0 ! peculi>ity ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,nicolaitanes4 ,! m natural & obvi\s con/ruction1 x seems to me1 is to suppose t ! speak] means to say t ! ,nicolaitanes taught ! same ?+s :i* ,balaam didto wit1 t !y l$ ! p into corrupt & lic5ti\s practices4 ,?is int]pretation seems to be dem&$ by ! prop] use ( ! ^w 8s0mean+1 9 ?is mann]1 on ?is wise1 ?us2 & usually ref]r+ to :at prec$es4 ,if ?is be ! correct int]pretation1 !n we h1 9 fact1 a description ( :at ! ,nicolaitanes held1 agree+ ) all ! acc\nts giv5 ( !m by ! anci5t fa!rs4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #f4 ,if ?is is s1 also1 !n x is cle> t ! same k9d ( doctr9es 0 held at ,smyrna1 at ,p]gamos1 & at ,?yatira 7v]4 #bj71 ?\gh m5tion$ 9 some:at diff]5t =ms4 ,x is n q c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! correct int]pretation1 or t ! writ] does n mean to say t1 9 addition to ^? :o held ! doctr9e ( ,balaam1 !y _h also ano!r class ( errori/s :o held ! doctr9e ( ! ,nicolaitanes4 ,:i* ?+ ,i hate4 ,s ! common ,greek text 4 ,b ! be/-support$ read+1 & ! "o adopt$ by ,griesba*1 ,tittmann1 & ,hahn1 is 9 l mann]2 t is1 8z ,balak reta9$ a false prophet :o misl$ ! ,hebrews1 s ?\ reta9e/ ^? :o tea* ?+s l to ^? :i* ,balaam taught40 #af ,rep5t2 or else ,i w come unto !e quickly1 & #aagw fight aga9/ !m ) ! sword ( my m\?4 #af4 ,rep5t4 ,see v]4 #e4 ,or else ,i w come unto !e quickly4 ,on ! ^w quickly1 see ,notes on *4 i4 #a4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t he w\ld come aga9/ !m 9 judgm5t1 or to puni% !m4 ,& w fight aga9/ !m4 ,aga9/ ! ,nicolaitanes4 ,he w\ld come aga9/ ! *ur* = tol]at+ !m1 b 8 opposition w\ld be pr9cipally direct$ aga9/ ! ,nicolaitanes !mselves4 ,! *ur* w\ld excite 8 displeasure by reta9+ !m 9 its bosom1 b x 0 9 its p[] to save !m f de/ruction4 ,if ! *ur* w\ld rep5t1 or if x w\ld sep>ate itself f ! evil1 !n ! ,savi\r w\ld n come aga9/ !m4 ,if ?is 7 n done1 !y w\ld feel ! v5geance ( 8 sword1 & be subject$ to puni%m5t4 ,! *ur* always suff]s :5 x has (f5d]s 9 its bosom2 x has ! p[] ( sav+ !m if x w rep5t ( its own unfai?fulness1 & w /rive = _! conv]sion4 ,) ! sword ( my m\?4 ,notes on *4 i4 #af2 ii4 #ab4 ,t is1 he w\ld give ! ord]1 & !y w\ld be cut z if by a sword4 ,precisely 9 :at way x w\ld be done he does n say2 b x might be by p]secution1 or by heavy judgm5ts4 ,to see ! =ce ( ?is1 we are to rememb] ! p[] :i* ,*ri/ has to puni% ! wick$ by a ^w ( 8 m\?4 ,by a ^w 9 ! la/ day he w turn all ! wick$ into hell4 #ag ,he#aah t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es2 ,to him t ov]come? w ,i give to eat ( ! #aai;hidd5 manna1 & w give him a :ite /one1 & 9 ! /one a #abjnew "n writt51#aba:i* no man kn[e? sav+ he t receive? x4 #ag4 ,he t ha? an e>1 c4 ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,to him t ov]come?4 #gh ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,w ,i give to eat ( ! hidd5 manna4 ,! true spiritual food2 ! food t n\ri%es ! s\l4 ,! idea is1 t ! s\ls ( ^? :o 8ov]came10 or :o ga9$ ! victory 9 _! conflict ) s91 & 9 ! p]secutions & trials ( ! _w1 w\ld be p]mitt$ to p>take ( t spiritual food :i* is laid up = ! p ( ,god1 & by :i* !y w be n\ri%$ = ev]4 ,! ,hebrews 7 support$ by manna 9 ! des]t 7,ex4 xvi4 #afce72 a pot ( t manna 0 laid up 9 ! mo/ holy place1 to be pres]v$ z a memorial 7,ex4 xvi4 #cbcd72 x is call$ 8angels' food0 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #be71 & 8corn ( heav50 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #bd72 & x w\ld seem to h be5 emblematical ( t spiritual food by :i* ! p ( ,god are to be f$ f heav51 9 _! j\rney ?r\gh ?is _w4 ,by ! ^w 8hidd510 !re w\ld seem to be an allusion to t :i* 0 laid up 9 ! pot be=e ! ark ( ! te/imony1 & ! bless+ :i* is promis$ "h is t !y w\ld be n\ri%$ z if !y 7 su/a9$ by t manna ?us laid up be=e ! ark3 by food f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! language ?us expla9$ w\ld mean t !y :o ov]come w be n\ri%$ ?r\gh ?is life z if by t 8hidd5 manna20 t is1 t !y w be suppli$ all along ?r\gh ! 8wild]ness ( ?is _w0 by t food f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god :i* _! s\ls require4 ,z ! p>allel places 9 ! epi/les to ! *ur*es1 h[ev]1 ref] r to ! heav5ly _w1 & to ! rew>ds :i* !y :o are victors %all h !re1 x seems probable t ?is has imm$iate ref]5ce to t _w also1 & t ! mean+ is1 t1 z ! mo/ holy place 0 a type ( heav51 !y w be admitt$ into ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god1 & n\ri%$ = ev] by ! food ( heav5t :i* ! angels h2 t :i* ! s\l w ne$ to su/a9 x !re4 ,ev5 9 ?is _w _! s\ls may be n\ri%$ ) ?is 8hidd5 manna20 9 heav5 x w be _! con/ant food = ev]4 ,& w give him a :ite /one4 ,!re has be5 a great v>iety ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ?is expression1 & almo/ no two expositors agree4 ,illu/rations ( its mean+ h be5 s\ght f ,grecian1 ,hebrew1 & ,roman cu/oms1 b none ( ^! h remov$ all difficulty f ! expression4 ,! g5]al s5se ( ! language seems pla91 ev5 ?\gh ! allusion on :i* x is f\nd$ is obscure1 or ev5 unkn[n4 ,x is1 t ! ,savi\r w\ld give him :o ov]came a tok5 ( 8 fav\r :i* w\ld h "s ^w or "n inscrib$ on x1 & :i* w\ld be ( use to him alone1 or intelligible to him only3 t is1 "s secret tok5 :i* w\ld make him sure ( ! fav\r ( 8 ,r$eem]1 & :i* w\ld be unkn[n to o!r m54 ,! idea "h w\ld f9d a correspond5ce 9 ! evid5ces ( 8 fav\r grant$ to ! s\l ( ! ,*ri/ian himself2 9 ! pl$ge ( heav5 ?us made to him1 & :i* he w\ld und]/&1 b :i* no "o else w\ld und]/&4 ,! ?+s1 !n1 :i* we are to look = 9 ! explanation ( ! emblem are twot :i* w\ld ?us be a tok5 ( 8 fav\r1 & t :i* w\ld expla9 ! fact t x w\ld be intelligible to no "o else4 ,! "q is1 :e!r !re is any kn[n ?+ p]ta9+ to anci5t cu/oms :i* w\ld convey ^! ideas4 ,! ^w r5d]$ /onemeans1 prop]ly1 a small /one1 z worn smoo? by wat]a gravel-/one1 a pebble2 !n any poli%$ /one1 ! /one ( a gem1 or r+ 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,su* a /one 0 us$ among ! ,greeks = v>i\s purposes1 & ! ^w came to h a signification correspond+ to ^! uses4 ,! foll[+ uses are enum]at$ by ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ,lex43! /ones or c\nt]s = reckon+2 dice1 lots1 us$ 9 a k9d ( magic2 a vote1 spok5 ( ! black & :ite /ones or pebbles anci5tly us$ 9 vot+t is1 ! :ite = approval1 & ! black = condemn+4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( ! ^w "h1 "s h suppos$ t ! ref]5ce is to a cu/om ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 :o1 9 ! games #gi & spectacles :i* !y gave to ! p 9 imitation ( ! ,greeks1 are said to h ?r[n among ! populace dice or tok5s inscrib$ ) ! words1 8,frum5tum1 ve/es10 c42 t is1 8,corn1 clo?+10 c42 & :osoev] obta9$ "o ( ^! receiv$ f ! emp]or :atev] 0 m>k$ ^u x4 ,o!rs suppose t allusion is made to ! mode ( ca/+ lots1 9 :i* sometimes dice or tok5s 7 us$ ) names inscrib$ on !m1 & ! lot fell to him ^: "n fir/ came out4 ,! 8:ite /one0 0 a symbol ( good =tune & prosp]ity2 & x is a rem>kable circum/ance t1 among ! ,greeks1 p]sons ( di/+ui%$ virtue 7 said to receive a 1 /one1 f ! gods1 i4e41 z an approv+ te/imonial ( _! virtue4 ,see ,rob9son's ,lex41 & ! au?orities !re ref]r$ to2 ,wet/e91 ,n4 ,t41 9 loco1 & ,/u>t1 9 loco4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t ! allusion is to ! fact t ,*ri/ians are said to be k+s & prie/s to ,god1 & t z ! ,jewi% high-prie/ _h a mitre or turban1 on ! front ( :i* 0 a plate ( gold inscrib$ 8,hol9ess to ! ,"l10 s !y :o 7 k+s & prie/s "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation w\ld h t by :i* !y w\ld be kn[n1 b t1 in/ead ( a plate ( gold1 !y w\ld h a pellucid /one1 on :i* ! "n ( ! ,savi\r w\ld be engrav$ z a tok5 ( 8 fav\r4 ,x is possible1 9 reg>d to ! explanation ( ?is phrase1 t !re has be5 too mu* ef=t to f9d all ! circum/ances allud$ to 9 "s anci5t cu/om4 ,"s well-und]/ood fact or cu/om may h sugge/$ ! g5]al ?\ght1 & !n ! fill+ up may h be5 applicable to ?is case alone4 ,x is q cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t none ( ! cu/oms to :i* x has be5 suppos$ !re is ref]5ce correspond fully ) :at is /at$ "h1 & t ?\gh !re may h be5 a g5]al allusion ( t k9d1 yet some?+ ( ! p>ticul>ity 9 ! circum/ances may be reg>d$ z peculi> to ?is alone4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view1 p]haps ! foll[+ po9ts w embody all t ne$ be said3 7#a7 ,a :ite /one 0 reg>d$ z a tok5 ( fav\r1 prosp]ity1 or success ev]y:]e:e!r consid]$ z a vote1 or z giv5 to a victor1 c4 ,z su*1 x w\ld d5ote t ! ,*ri/ian to :om x is said to be giv5 w\ld meet ) ! fav\r ( ! ,r$eem]1 & w\ld h a tok5 ( 8 approval4 7#b7 ,! "n writt5 on ?is /one w\ld be design$ also z a tok5 or pl$ge ( 8 fav\rz a "n engrav$ on a signet or seal w\ld be a pl$ge to him :o receiv$ x ( fri5d%ip4 ,x w\ld be n m]ely a :ite /oneemblematic ( fav\r & approvalb x w\ld be s m>k$ z to indicate its orig91 ) ! "n ( ! giv] on x4 ,?is w\ld appropriately d5ote1 :5 expla9$1 t ! victor ,*ri/ian w\ld receive a tok5 ( ! ,r$eem]'s fav\r1 z if 8 "n 7 engrav5 on a /one1 & giv5 to him z a pl$ge ( 8 fri5d%ip2 t is1 t he w\ld be z c]ta9 ( 8 fav\r z if he _h su* a /one4 ,9 o!r words1 ! victor w\ld be assur$ f ! ,r$eem]1 :o di/ributes rew>ds1 t 8 welf>e w\ld be secure4 7#c7 ,?is w\ld be to him z if he %\ld receive a /one s m>k$ t its lett]s 7 invisible to all o!rs1 b app>5t to him :o receiv$ x4 ,x is n ne$ful to suppose t 9 ! ,olympic games1 or 9 ! prizes di/ribut$ by ,roman emp]ors1 or 9 any o!r cu/om1 su* a case _h actually occurr$1 b x is conceivable t a "n might be s engrav$) *>act]s s small1 or 9 lett]s s unkn[n to all o!rs1 or ) m>ks s un9telligible to o!rst no o!r "o into ^: h&s x might fall w\ld und]/& x4 ,! mean+ !n probably is1 t to ! true ,*ri/ian! victor ov] s9!re is giv5 "s pl$ge ( ! div9e fav\r :i* has to him all ! effect ( assurance1 & :i* o!rs d n p]ceive or und]/&4 ,?is consi/s ( fav\rs %[n directly to ! s\l! evid5ce ( p>don$ s92 joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/2 peace ) ,god2 cle> views ( ! ,savi\r2 ! possession ( a _s :i* is prop]ly t ( ,*ri/1 & :i* is ! gift ( ,god to ! s\l4 ,! true ,*ri/ian und]/&s ?is2 ! _w p]ceives x n4 ,! ,*ri/ian receives x z a pl$ge ( ! div9e fav\r1 & z an evid5ce t he w be sav$2 to ! _w1 t on :i* he relies seems to be en?usiasm1 fanaticism1 or delusion4 ,! ,*ri/ian be>s x ab\t ) him z he w\ld a preci\s /one giv5 to him by 8 ,r$eem]1 & on :i* ! "n ( 8 ,r$eem] is engrav$1 z a pl$ge t he is accept$ ( ,god1 & t ! rew>ds ( heav5 %all be 82 ! _w does n und]/& x1 or #hj atta*es no value to x4 ,& 9 ! /one a new "n writt54 ,a "n indicat+ a new relation1 new hopes & triumphs4 ,probably ! "n "h ref]r$ to is ! "n ( ! ,r$eem]1 or ! "n ,*ri/ian1 or "s su* appellation4 ,x w\ld be "s "n :i* he w\ld und]/& & appreciate1 & :i* w\ld be a pl$ge ( acceptance4 ,:i* no man kn[e?1 c4 ,t is1 no "o w\ld und]/& its import1 z no "o b ! ,*ri/ian e/imates ! value ( t on :i* he relies z ! pl$ge ( 8 ,r$eem]'s love4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,?yatira4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is epi/le 7v]4 #ahbi7 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a ref]5ce1 z is usual 9 ^! epi/les1 to "s attribute ( ! ,savi\r :i* dem&$ _! p>ticul> att5tion1 or :i* 0 especially appropriate to ! nature ( ! message :i* he 0 ab\t to s5d to !m1 v]4 #ah4 ,! attributes :i* he fixes on "h are1 t 8 eyes are l a flame ( firez if !y w\ld pi]ce & p5etrate to ! recesses ( ! he>t2 & t 8 feet are l f9e brassp]haps indicative ( maje/y z he mov$ among ! *ur*es4 7#b7 ,a /atem5t1 9 ! usual =m1 t he 0 entirely acqua9t$ ) ! *ur*1 & t !re=e ! judgm5t :i* he 0 ab\t to pron\nce 0 f\nd$ on a ?or\gh k ( :at ! *ur* 02 & a g5]al comm5dation ( !m = _! *>ity1 s]vice1 fai?1 & pati5ce1 v]4 #ai4 7#c7 ,a sev] repro( ( ! *ur*1 not)/&+1 = _! tol]at+ a tea*] ( dang]\s doctr9e1 :om he calls ,jezebel1 ) ! assurance t %e & h] *ildr5 %\ld n g unpuni%$1 v]4 #bjbc4 7#d7 ,an assurance to all ! re/ 9 ,?yatira t no o!r calamity or burd5 w\ld come ^u ! *ur* ?an :at 0 inevitable 9 deliv]+ x f ! dang]\s influ5ce ( ^! doctr9es1 & a solemn *>ge to !m to hold fa/ all ! tru? :i* !y _h until he %\ld come1 v]4 #bd1 #be4 7#e7 ,a promise1 z usual1 to ^? :o %\ld ov]come1 or :o %\ld be victori\s1 v]4 #bfbi4 ,!y w\ld h p[] ov] ! nations2 !y w\ld be associat$ ) ! ,r$eem] 9 rul+ !m2 !y w\ld h ! morn+ />4 7#f7 ,a call1 z usual1 on all :o _h e>s to he>1 to att5d to :at ! ,_s said to ! *ur*es4 ,?yatira 0 a city ( ,asia ,m9or1 on ! nor!rn bord] ( ,lydia1 & commonly reckon$ z belong+ to ,lydia4 ,x 0 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 miles f ,s>dis2 ab\t a day's j\rney f ,p]gamos1 & ab\t ! same di/ance f ! sea-coa/4 ,its mod]n "n is ,ak-hiss>1 or ! :ite ca/le4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 x 0 kn[n 9 e>li] times by ! "n ( ,pelopia 7,hi/4 ,nat4 v4 #bi74 ,/rabo 7xiii4 p4 #ibh7 says t x 0 a ,mac$onian colony4 ,! ,roman road f ,p]gamos to ,s>dis pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,x 0 not$ = ! art ( dye+ 7,ac4 xvi4 #ad71 & ,luke's acc\nt 9 ! ,acts has be5 confirm$ by ! discov]y ( an inscription 9 hon\r ( ,antonius ,claudius ,alph5us1 :i* concludes ) ! words ! dy]s4 ,! ,rev4 ,pl9y ,fisk1 ! ,am]ican mission>y1 :o visit$ ! city1 ?us describes x3 8,?yatira is situat$ ne> a small riv]1 a bran* ( ! ,caicus1 9 ! c5tre ( an ext5sive pla94 ,at ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles x is almo/ completely surr\nd$ by m\nta9s4 ,! h\ses are l[2 _m ( !m ( mud or e>?4 ,except+ ! motsellim's palace1 !re is sc>cely a dec5t h\se 9 ! place4 ,! /reets are n>r[ & dirty1 & ev]y?+ indicates pov]ty & degradation4 ,we _h a lett] ( introduction to ,economo1 ! bi%op's procurator1 & a pr9cipal man among ! ,greeks ( ?is t[n4444 ,he says ! ,turks h de/roy$ all remnants ( ! anci5t *ur*2 & ev5 ! place :]e x /ood is n[ unkn[n4 ,at pres5t !re are 9 ! t[n "o ?\s& h\ses1 = :i* taxes are paid to ! gov]nm5t0 7,memoir ( ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,fisk2 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 #ahbh74 ,! foll[+ description1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,s*neid]1 mission>y ( ! ,am]ican ,bo>d1 w give a correct view ( ,?yatira1 z x exi/$ 9 #ahdh3 8,f ,magnesia we proce$$ to ,?yatira1 ! site ( "o ( ! ,apocalyptic *ur*es1 n[ call$ ,ak-hiss>4 ,! population consi/s ( ab\t sev5 hundr$ ,mussulman h\ses1 two hundr$ & fifty ,greek1 & fifty ,arm5ian4 ,! t[n is locat$ 9 a pla9 ( consid]able size1 & is h>dly visible on be+ approa*$1 by reason ( ! pr(usion ( foliage4 ,! pla9 itself is b\nd$ on all sides by m\nta9s1 & #ha cotton & a k9d ( r$di% root madd]1 us$ = dye+ r$1 are rais$ abundantly4 ,i obs]v$ t ?is root is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 all t region1 & =ms an important article ( export to ,engl&1 :]e x is us$ = dye+ purposes4 ,9 ,ac4 xvi4 #ad we read ( ,lydia1 a sell] ( purple1 ( ! city ( ,?yatira4 ,may n ?is root be ! v article ) :i* h] purple 0 col\r$1 :i* %e 0 sell+ at ,philippi1 :5 ! ,"l op5$ h] he>t to att5d to ! ?+s spok5 by ,paul8 ,x seems to me probable4 ,b1 if x 0 s1 ?is art ( col\r+ appe>s to h be5 lo/1 = ,i c\ld n f9d t x is n[ at all practis$ 9 t place or t region4 8,! ,*ri/ian travell] & mission>y naturally looks = some?+ int]e/+ 9 a place :]e once exi/$ a true *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,b1 alas6 h[ sadly is he disappo9t$6 ,! place pres5ts an appe>ance 9 no?+ diff]5t f o!r ,turki% t[ns4 ,ev]y?+ we>s a ,mussulman aspect4 ,! h\ses1 /reets1 dress1 occupation1 & language ( ! inhabitants all indicate a pr$om9at+ ,turki% influ5ce4 ,*ri/ianity exi/s !re 9 "n1 b x is ! b>e "n4 ,its _s has long s9ce fl$4 ,! ,greeks1 especially1 seem to be peculi>ly sup]/iti\s4 ,i visit$ _! *ur*1 & f\nd x full ( pictures & o!r m>ks ( deg5]ate ,*ri/ianity4 ,a long /r+ ( ^! images1 ext5d+ f "o side ( ! *ur* to ! o!r1 0 susp5d$ s l[ z to p]mit ! wor%ipp] to approa* & kiss !m2 & s frequ5tly _h ?is adoration be5 be/[$ on !m1 t all appe>$ soil$ f ! frequ5t contact ( ! lips4 ,ov] ! entrance ( ! *ur* ,i obs]v$ a repres5tation ( a grave old man1 ) a silv]y be>d1 surr\nd$ by angels4 ,suspect+ ! object design$ to be %ad[$ =?1 ,i inquir$ ( a lad /&+ by :at t figure meant4 ,he in/antly repli$1 #8,x is ,god4' ,i obs]v$ two simil> repres5tations ( ! ,deity 9 ! int]ior ( ! *ur*4 ,! *ur*y>d is us$ z a bury+-place2 b only ^? ^: fri5ds are able to pay = ! privilege ( entomb+ _! dead c enjoy x4 ,c&les are light$ at ! heads ( ! graves 9 ! night1 & inc5se is (t5 burn$4 ,:5 ! process ( decay has proce$$ s f> z to leave no?+ b ! bones1 ^! are tak5 up & ?r[n into a seal$ vault1 ov] :i* a *apel is fitt$ up1 9 :i* mass is said ov] ^! relics ( ! dead = ! b5efit ( _! s\ls6 ,a feel+ ( abhorr5ce came ov] me z ,i /ood 9 ! place :]e su* abom9ations are committ$4 8,! ,arm5ians are f> less sup]/iti\s4 ,comp>atively only a few pictures are to be se5 9 _! *ur*1 & ?ree or f\r individuals are m or less enlight5$1 & 9 an inquir+ /ate ( m9d4 ,we _h a long int]view ) "o ( !m1 ! tea*]1 & left "s books ) him4 ,i am n )\t hopes t a little gospel leav5 has be5 deposit$ "h1 ! effects ( :i* w appe> at "s future day0 7,miss4 ,h]ald1 ,feb4 #ahdh74 ,! engrav+ 9 ?is volume w give a repres5tation ( ?is city z x n[ exi/s4 #ah ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,?yatira write2 ,^! ?+s sai? ! ,son ( ,god1 :o ha? #abb;8 eyes l unto a flame ( fire1 & 8 feet are l f9e brass2 #ah4 ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur*4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,^! ?+s sai? ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t1 9 ^! epi/les1 t ! "n ( ! speak] is ref]r$ to4 ,9 ea* o!r in/ance !re is m]ely "s attribute ( ! ,savi\r m5tion$4 ,p]haps ! sev]ity ( ! rebuke contemplat$ "h made x prop] t !re %\ld be a m impressive ref]5ce to ! au?ority ( ! speak]2 & h5ce he is introduc$ z ! 8,son ( ,god40 ,x is n a ref]5ce to him z ! 8,son ( man0! common appellation :i* he gave to himself :5 on e>?= t might h sugge/$ 8 humanity only1 & w\ld n h convey$ ! same impression 9 reg>d to 8 au?ority2 b x is to himself z su/a9+ ! rank1 & hav+ ! au?ority1 ( ! ,son ( ,god"o :o1 !re=e1 has a "r to speak1 & a "r to dem& t :at he says %all be he>d4 ,:o ha? 8 eyes l unto a flame ( fire4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #ad4 ,be=e ! glance ( 8 eye all is light1 & no?+ c be conceal$ f 8 view4 ,no?+ w\ld be bett] fitt$ to inspire awe !n1 z no?+ %\ld be n[1 ?an su* a ref]5ce to ! ,son ( ,god z be+ able to p5etrate ! secret recesses #hb ( ! he>t4 ,& 8 feet are l f9e brass4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ae4 ,p]haps indicative ( maje/y & glory z he walk$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ur*es4 #ai ,i#abc "k ?y works1 & *>ity1 & s]vice1 & fai?1 & ?y pati5ce1 & ?y works2 & ! la/ to be m ?an ! fir/4 #ai4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #b4 ,he knew all !y _h done1 good & bad4 ,& *>ity4 ,love2 love to ,god1 & love to man4 ,!re is no reason = re/rict+ ?is ^w "h to ! comp>atively n>r[ s5se :i* x n[ be>s4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,co4 xiii4 #a4 ,& s]vice4 ,gr41 m9i/ry4 ,! ^w w\ld seem to include all ! s]vice :i* ! *ur* _h r5d]$ 9 ! cause ( religion2 all :i* 0 ! prop] fruit ( love1 or :i* w\ld be a c>ry+ out ( ! pr9ciples ( love to ,god & man4 ,& fai?4 ,or1 fidelity 9 ! cause ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,! ^w "h w\ld include n only tru/ 9 ,*ri/ = salvation1 b t :i* is ! prop] result ( su* tru/fidelity 9 8 s]vice4 ,& ?y pati5ce4 ,pati5t endurance ( ! sorr[s ( life( all t ,god br\ght ^u !m 9 any way1 to te/ ! reality ( _! religion4 ,& ?y works4 ,?y works z ! fruit ( ! virtues j m5tion$4 ,! ^w is repeat$ "h1 f ! fir/ "p ( ! v]se1 p]haps to specify m p>ticul>ly t _! works _h be5 rec5tly m num]\s & praisewor?y ev5 ?an !y _h =m]ly be54 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! v]se1 z 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ea* ( ! epi/les1 ! ^w is us$1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 to d5ote all t !y _h done2 mean+ t he _h s ?or\gh an acqua9tance ) !m 9 all respects t he c\ld judge ( _! "*4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! v]se ! ^w seems to be us$ 9 a m specific s5se1 z ref]r+ to good works1 & ) a view to say t !y _h latt]ly ab\nd$ 9 ^! m ?an !y _h =m]ly4 ,& ! la/ to be m ?an ! fir/4 ,^? :i* _h be5 rec5tly p]=m$ 7 m num]\s1 & m comm5dable1 ?an ^? :i* _h be5 r5d]$ =m]ly4 ,t is1 !y 7 mak+ progress2 !y _h be5 act+ m & m 9 accordance ) ! nature & claims ( ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession4 ,?is is a mo/ hon\rable comm5dation1 & "o :i* e ,*ri/ian1 & e *ur*1 %\ld seek4 ,religion 9 ! s\l1 & 9 a community1 is design$ to be progressive2 & :ile we %\ld seek to live 9 su* a mann] always t we may h ! comm5dation ( ! ,savi\r1 we %\ld reg>d x z a ?+ to be greatly desir$ t we may be approv$ z mak+ advances 9 k & hol9ess2 t z we gr[ 9 ye>s we may gr[ alike 9 ! disposition to d good1 & 9 ! ability to d x2 t z we ga9 9 exp]i5ce1 we may also ga9 9 a read9ess to apply ! results ( our exp]i5ce 9 promot+ ! cause ( religion4 ,he w\ld des]ve little comm5dation 9 religion :o %\ld be m]ely /ation>y2 he alone prop]ly develops ! nature ( true piety1 & %[s t x has set up its reign 9 ! s\l1 :o is con/antly mak+ advances4 #bj ,not)/&+1 ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e1 because ?\ suff]e/ t woman #abd;,jezebel1 :i* calle? h]self a prophetess1 to tea* & to s$uce my s]vants to commit =nication1 & to #abe;eat ?+s sacrific$ unto idols4 #bj4 ,not)/&+1 ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,because ?\ suff]e/ t woman ,jezebel4 ,?\ do/ tol]ate1 or c\nt5ance h]4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #ad4 ,:o ! individual "h ref]r$ to by ! "n ,jezebel 01 is n kn[n4 ,x is by no means probable t ?is 0 h] real "n1 b seems to h be5 giv5 to h] z expressive ( h] "* & influ5ce4 ,jezebel 0 ! wife ( ,ahab2 a woman ( va/ influ5ce ov] h] husb&an influ5ce :i* 0 uni=mly ex]t$ = evil4 ,%e 0 a daught] ( ,e?baal1 k+ ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 & liv$ ab\t #iah ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,%e 0 an idolat]1 & induc$ h] weak husb& n only to connive at h] introduc+ ! wor%ip ( h] native idols1 b to become an idolat] himself1 & to use all ! means 9 8 p[] to e/abli% ! wor%ip ( idols in/ead ( ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,%e 0 highly gift$1 p]suasive1 & artful2 0 resolute 9 ! accompli%m5t ( #hc h] purposes2 ambiti\s ( ext5d+ & p]petuat+ h] p[]1 & unscrupul\s 9 ! means :i* %e employ$ to execute h] designs4 ,see #a ,ki4 xvi4 #ca1 seq4 ,! k9d ( "*1 !re=e1 :i* w\ld be designat$ by ! t]m z us$ "h1 w\ld be t ( a woman :o 0 artful & p]suasive 9 h] mann]2 :o 0 capable ( ex]t+ a wide influ5ce ov] o!rs2 :o _h tal5ts ( a high ord]2 :o 0 a ?or\gh advocate ( error2 :o 0 unscrupul\s 9 ! means :i* %e employ$ = accompli%+ h] ends2 & ! t5d5cy ( ^: influ5ce 0 to lead ! p into ! abom9able practices ( idolatry4 ,! op9ions :i* %e held1 & ! practices into :i* %e l$ o!rs1 appe> to h be5 ! same :i* are ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #f & v]4 #ad1 #ae ( ?is *apt]4 ,! diff]5ce 01 t ! tea*] 9 ?is case 0 a womana circum/ance :i* by no means less5$ ! enormity ( ! (f5ce2 =1 besides ! fact t x 0 contr>y to ! :ole g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity t a woman %\ld be a public tea*]1 !re 0 a special incongruity t %e %\ld be an advocate ( su* abom9able op9ions & practices4 ,e s5tim5t ( our nature makes u feel t x is "r to expect t if a woman tea*es at all 9 a public mann]1 %e %\ld inculcate only t :i* is true & holy%e %\ld be an advocate ( a pure life4 ,we are %ock$2 we feel t !re is a violation ( e pr9ciple ( our nature1 & an insult done to our common humanity1 if x is o!rwise4 ,we h 9 a mann] become accu/om$ to ! fact t man %\ld be a tea*] ( pollution & error1 s t we d n %r9k f x ) horror2 we nev] c be reconcil$ to ! fact t a woman %\ld4 ,:i* calle? h]self a prophetess4 ,_m p]sons set up ! claim to be prophets 9 ! times :5 ! gospel 0 fir/ prea*$1 & x is n improbable t _m females w\ld lay claim to su* a "*1 aft] ! example ( ,miriam1 ,deborah1 ,huldah1 c4 ,to tea* & to s$uce my s]vants to commit =nication4 ,comp4 v]4 #ad4 ,:e!r %e h]self practis$ :at %e taught is n expressly affirm$1 b seems to be impli$ 9 v]4 #bb4 ,x is n (t5 t p]sons tea* ^! doctr9es )\t practis+ :at !y tea*2 & ! fact t !y desire & design to live 9 ?is mann] w commonly acc\nt = ! fact t !y inculcate su* views4 ,& to eat ?+s sacrific$ unto idols4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ad4 ,! cu/om ( att5d+ on ! fe/ivals ( idols l$ commonly to lic5ti\sness1 & !y :o 7 gross & s5sual 9 _! lives 7 fit subjects to be p]suad$ to att5d on idol fea/s= n[h]e else w\ld !y f9d m unlimit$ tol]ation = ! indulg5ce ( _! passions4 #ba ,& ,i gave h] #abfspace to rep5t ( h] =nication2 & #abg%e rep5t$ n4 #ba4 ,& ,i gave h] space to rep5t ( h] =nication4 ,probably aft] "s direct & solemn w>n+ ( ! evil ( h] c\rse4 ,! error & s9 _h be5 ( long /&+1 b he n[ resolv$ to be> ) x no long]4 ,x is true ( almo/ e great s9n]1 t suffici5t "t is giv5 = rep5tance1 & t v5geance is delay$ aft] crime is committ$4 ,b x _c always be def]r$1 = ! p]iod mu/ arrive :5 no reason %all exi/ = long] delay1 & :5 puni%m5t mu/ come ^u ! (f5d]4 ,& %e rep5t$ n4 ,z %e did n d x2 z %e %[$ no disposition to ab&on h] c\rse2 z all plea ( hav+ _h no "t to rep5t w\ld n[ be tak5 away1 x 0 prop] t he %\ld rise 9 8 ang] & cut h] d[n4 #bb ,behold1 #abh;,i w ca/ h] into a b$1 & !m t commit adult]y ) h] into great tribulation1 except !y rep5t ( _! de$s4 #bb4 ,behold1 ,i w ca/ h] into a b$4 ,n into a b$ ( ease1 b a b$ ( pa94 ,!re is evid5tly a purpose to contra/ ?is ) h] =m] condition4 ,! h>lot's b$ & a sick-b$ are ?us br\ght toge!r1 z !y are (t51 9 fact1 9 ! disp5sations ( ,provid5ce & ! righte\s judgm5ts ( ,god4 ,"o _c be indulg$ )\t lead+ on1 soon] or lat]1 to ! horrid suff]+s ( ! o!r3 & h[ soon no "o kn[s4 ,& !m t commit adult]y ) h]4 ,^? :o are s$uc$ by h] doctr9es into ?is s92 ei!r !y :o commit x ) h] lit]ally1 or :o are l$ into ! same k9d ( life4 ,into great tribulation4 ,great suff]+2 disease ( body or tortures ( ! s\l4 ,h[ (t5h[ #hd almo/ uni=mly is ?is ! case ) ^? :o ?us live6 ,soon] or lat]1 sorr[ always comes ^u ! lic5ti\s2 & ,god has ev9c$ by "s ( 8 sev]e/ judgm5ts1 9 =ms ( frightful disease1 8 displeasure at ! violation ( ! laws ( purity4 ,!re is no s9 t produces a m )]+ & desolat+ effect ^u ! s\l ?an t :i* is "h ref]r$ to2 none :i* is m c]ta9 to be foll[$ ) sorr[4 ,except !y rep5t ( _! de$s4 ,x is only by rep5tance t we c avoid ! consequ5ces ( s94 ,! ^w rep5t "h evid5tly includes bo? sorr[ = ! pa/1 & ab&onm5t ( ! evil c\rse ( life4 #bc ,& ,i w #abikill h] *ildr5 ) dea?2 & #acj;all ! *ur*es %all "k t #aca;,i am he :i* se>*e? ! re9s & he>ts2 & #acb;,i w give unto e "o ( y accord+ to y\r works4 #bc4 ,& ,i w kill h] *ildr5 ) dea?4 ,a /rong ,hebrai/ic mode ( expression1 mean+ t he w\ld c]ta9ly de/roy !m4 ,x has be5 made a "q :e!r ! ^w *ildr5 "h is to be tak5 lit]ally or figuratively4 ,! ^w itself w\ld admit ( ei!r int]pretation2 & !re is no?+ 9 ! connection by :i* its mean+ "h c be det]m9$4 ,if x is to be tak5 lit]ally1 x is 9 accordance ) :at is (t5 ?reat5$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 t *ildr5 %all be visit$ ) calamity = ! s9s ( p>5ts1 & ) :at (t5 occurs 9 fact1 t !y d ?us suff]4 ,= x is no uncommon ?+ t :ole families are made desolate on acc\nt ( ! s9 & folly ( ! p>5t4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 v4 #ai4 ,if x is to be tak5 figuratively1 !n x ref]s to ^? :o _h imbib$ h] doctr9es1 & :o1 ( c\rse1 w\ld suff] 9 ! puni%m5t :i* w\ld foll[ f ! propagation ( su* doctr9es4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! ^w dea? "h w\ld seem to be to "s heavy judgm5t1 by plague1 fam9e1 or sword1 by :i* !y w\ld be cut (f4 ,& all ! *ur*es %all "k1 c4 ,t is1 ! design ( ?is judgm5t w be s app>5t t x w conv9ce all t ,i "k :at is 9 ! he>ts ( m51 ev5 ! secret acts ( wick$ness t are conceal$ f human view4 ,i am he :i* se>*e? ! re9s & he>ts4 ,?is is cle>ly a claim to omnisci5ce2 & z x is ! ,"l ,jesus :o speaks 9 all ^! epi/les1 x is a full pro( t he claims ?is = himself4 ,!re is no?+ :i* m cle>ly app]ta9s to ,god ?an ! p[] ( se>*+ ! he>t1 & no?+ t is m con/antly claim$ by him z 8 peculi> pr]ogative1 #a ,*4 xxviii4 #i2 ,ps4 vii4 #i2 xi4 #d2 xliv4 #ba2 cxxxix4 #b2 ,pr4 xv4 #c2 ,je4 xi4 #bj2 xvii4 #aj2 xx4 #ab2 xxxii4 #ai2 ,he4 iv4 #ac4 ,! ^w re9smeans1 lit]ally1 ! kidney1 & is commonly us$ 9 ! plural to d5ote ! kidneys1 or ! lo9s4 ,9 ! ,scriptures x is us$ to d5ote ! inmo/ m9d1 ! secrets ( ! s\l2 probably because ! p>ts ref]r$ to by ! ^w are z hidd5 z any o!r "p ( ! frame1 & w\ld seem to be ! repository ( ! m secret affections ( ! m9d4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t x is taught 9 ! ,scriptures t ! re9s are ! real seat ( any ( ! affections or passions2 b !re is no m impropriety 9 us+ ! t]m 9 a popul> signification ?an !re is 9 us+ ! ^w he>t1 :i* all cont9ue to use1 to d5ote ! seat ( love4 ,& ,i w give unto e "o ( y accord+ to y\r works4 ,to e "o ( y2 n only to ^? :o h embrac$ ^! op9ions1 b to all ! *ur*4 ,?is is ! uni=m rule laid d[n 9 ! ,bible by :i* ,god w judge m54 #bd ,b unto y ,i say1 & unto ! re/ 9 ,?yatira1 z _m z h n ?is doctr9e1 & :i* h n kn[n ! #acc;dep?s ( ,satan1 z !y speak2 ,i w put ^u y none o!r burd54 #bd4 ,b unto y ,i say1 & unto ! re/ 9 ,?yatira4 ,! ^w8&0is omitt$ 9 _m ,,mss4 & v]sions1 & 9 ! critical editions ( ,griesba*1 ,tittmann1 & ,hahn1 & ! connection dem&s t x %\ld be omitt$4 ,z x /&s 9 ! receiv$ text1 x w\ld seem t :at he "h says 0 address$ to ^? :o _h receiv$ t doctr9e1 & to all o!rs z well z to !m2 :]eas ! decl>ation "h made p]ta9s manife/ly to ^? :o _h n receiv$ ! doctr9e4 ,) t p>ticle omitt$ ! passage w read1 z #he r5d]$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 8,b ,i say unto y1 ! rema9d] 9 ,?yatira1 s _m z hold n ?is doctr9e10 c4 ,t is1 he addresses n[ all ! memb]s ( ! *ur* :o 7 n involv$ 9 ! *>ges already made4 ,he does n say h[ l>ge a portion ( ! *ur* _h escap$ ! contam9at+ influ5ce ( ^? op9ions1 b to t portion1 :e!r great or small1 he addresses only words ( exhortation & com=t4 ,z _m z h n ?is doctr9e4 ,to all :o h n embrac$ x1 or be5 contam9at$ ) x4 ,x may be presum$ t !re 0 a consid]able portion ( ! *ur* :i* _h n4 ,& :i* h n kn[n ! dep?s ( ,satan4 ,! deep art & designs ( ,satan4 ,deep ?+s are ^? :i* are hidd5 f viewz ( ?+s :i* are f> und]gr\nd2 & h5ce ! ^w is us$ to d5ote my/]ies1 or pr(\nd designs & purposes4 ,! allusion "h is n to any trials or suff]+s t ,satan might br+ ^u anyone1 or to any temptations ( :i* he might be ! au?or1 b to 8 pr(\nd art 9 inculcat+ error & lead+ m5 a/ray4 ,!re are doctr9es ( error1 & argum5ts = s91 to orig9ate :i* seems to lie beyond ! p[] ( m51 & :i* w\ld appe> almo/ to h exhau/$ ! tal5t ( ,satan himself4 ,!y ev9ce su* a pr(\nd k ( man2 ( ! div9e gov]nm5t2 ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts on e>?2 & ( :at our race ne$s2 & !y are def5d$ ) s mu* eloqu5ce1 skill1 le>n+1 & subtlety ( argum5tation1 t !y appe> to lie beyond ! compass ( ! human p[]s4 ,z !y speak4 ,?is _c mean t ! def5d]s ( ^! errors !mselves call$ _! doctr9es 8! dep?s ( ,satan10 = no tea*]s w\ld *oose s to designate _! op9ions2 b x mu/ mean1 ei!r t !y :o 7 oppos$ to ^? errors *>act]iz$ !m z 8! dep?s ( ,satan10 or t !y :o oppos$ !m said t !y _h n kn[n 8! dep?s ( ,satan40 ,pr(essor ,/u>t und]/&s x 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,a some:at m natural int]pretation1 x seems to me1 h[ev]1 is to ref] x to :at ! oppos]s ( ^! h]etics said ( ^! errors4 ,!y call$ !m 8! dep?s ( ,satan10 & !y pr(ess$ n to h kn[n any?+ ( !m4 ,! mean+1 p]haps1 w\ld be express$ by ! famili> words1 8z !y say10 or 8z !y call !m10 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,z _m z h n kn[n ! dep?s ( ,satan1 z !y say10 or1 8to use _! own language40 ,doddridge p>aphrases x1 8z !y prov]bially speak40 ,tyndale incloses x 9 a p>5!sis4 ,i w put ^u y none o!r burd54 ,t is1 no o!r ?an t :i* y n[ exp]i5ce f hav+ ^! p]sons ) y1 & t :i* mu/ att5d ! ef=t to purify ! *ur*4 ,he _h n approv$ _! conduct = suff]+ ^! p]sons to rema9 9 ! *ur*1 & he ?reat5s to puni% all ^? :o _h become contam9at$ ) ^! p]nici\s doctr9es4 ,he evid5tly design$ to say t !re 0 "s tok5 ( 8 displeasure prop] 9 ! case1 b he 0 n dispos$ to br+ ^u !m any o!r expression ( 8 displeasure ?an t :i* grew naturally & necess>ily out ( ! fact t !y _h be5 tol]at$ among !m1 & ^? tr\bles & toils :i* mu/ att5d ! ef=t to deliv] ! *ur* f ^! errors4 ,"u any circum/ances ! *ur* mu/ suff]4 ,x w\ld suff] 9 reputation4 ,x w\ld suff] 9 respect to its int]nal tranquillity4 ,p]haps1 also1 !re 7 ^? :o 7 implicat$ 9 ^! errors1 & :o w\ld be implicat$ 9 ! puni%m5t1 :o _h fri5ds & k9dr$ 9 ! *ur*2 & ! judgm5ts :i* 7 to come ^u ! advocates ( ^! errors mu/1 !re=e1 come 9 a measure ^u ! *ur*4 ,a k9d ,savi\r says1 t he w\ld br+ ^u !m no o!r & no weighti] burd51 ?an mu/ arise f 8 purpose to inflict appropriate v5geance on ! guilty !mselves4 ,! tr\ble :i* w\ld gr[ out ( t w\ld be a suffici5t expression ( 8 displeasure4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 (t5 n[ all t is necess>y z a puni%m5t on a *ur* = h>b\r+ ! advocates ( error & ( s94 ,! *ur* has tr\ble en\gh ultimately 9 gett+ rid ( !m2 & ! injury :i* su* p]sons d to its piety1 peace1 & reputation1 & ! disord]s ( :i* !y are ! cause1 con/itute a suffici5t puni%m5t = hav+ tol]at$ !m 9 its bosom4 ,(t5 ! mo/ sev]e puni%m5t t ,god c br+ ^u m5 is to 8lay ^u !m no o!r burd50 ?an to leave !m to ! inevitable consequ5ces ( _! own folly1 or to ! tr\ble & vexation incid5t to ! ef=t to free !mselves #hf f :at !y _h = a long "t tol]at$ or practis$4 #be ,b #acdt :i* ye h already hold fa/ till ,i come4 #be4 ,b t :i* ye h1 c4 ,all t !re is ( tru? & purity rema9+ among y1 reta9 fai?fully4 ,comp4 *4 iii4 #aa4 ,till ,i come4 ,to receive y to myself1 ,jn4 xiv4 #c4 #bf ,& #ace;he t ov]come?1 & keepe?#acf my works unto ! end1 to him w ,i give p[] ov] ! nations3 #bf4 ,& he t ov]come?4 ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,& keepe? my works unto ! end4 ,! works t ,i comm& & t ,i require1 to ! end ( 8 life4 ,comp4 ,jn4 xiii4 #a4 ,to him w ,i give p[] ov] ! nations4 ,! evid5t mean+ ( :at is said "h1 & 9 ! next v]se1 is1 t 9 accordance ) ! uni=m promise made to ! r$eem$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !y w\ld p>take ( ! f9al triumph & glory ( ! ,savi\r1 & be associat$ ) him4 ,x is n said t !y w\ld h exclusive p[] ov] ! nations1 or t !y w\ld hold (fices ( tru/ "u him dur+ a p]sonal reign on ! e>?2 b ! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld be associat$ ) him 9 8 future glory4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ro4 viii4 #ag2 #a ,co4 vi4 #b1 #c4 #bg ,&#acg he %all rule !m ) a rod ( iron2 z ! vessels ( a pott] %all !y be #ach;brok5 to %iv]s3 ev5 z ,i receiv$ ( my ,fa!r4 #bg4 ,& he %all rule !m ) a rod ( iron4 ,!re is an allusion "h to ,ps4 ii4 #i3 8,?\ %alt break !m ) a rod ( iron2 ?\ %alt da% !m 9 pieces l a pott]'s vessel40 ,!re is a slight *ange 9 ! passage1 8he %all rule10 in/ead ( 8?\ %alt break10 9 ord] to adapt ! language to ! purpose ( ! speak] "h4 ,! allusion 9 ! ,psalm is to ! ,messiah z reign+ triumphant ov] ! nations1 or subdu+ !m "u him2 & ! idea "h1 z 9 ! previ\s v]se1 is1 t 8 r$eem$ p w be associat$ ) him 9 ?is dom9ion4 ,to rule ) a sceptre ( iron1 is n to rule ) a h>% & tyrannical sway1 b ) p[] t is firm & inv9cible4 ,x d5otes a gov]nm5t ( /r5g?1 or "o t _c be successfully oppos$2 "o 9 :i* ! subjects are effectually subdu$4 ,z ! vessels ( a pott] %all !y be brok5 to %iv]s4 ,! image "h is t ( ! vessel ( a pott]a fragile vessel ( clay/ruck ) a rod ( iron & brok5 into fragm5ts4 ,t is1 z appli$ to ! nations1 !re w\ld be no p[] to oppose 8 rule2 ! enemies ( 8 gov]nm5t w\ld be de/roy$4 ,in/ead ( rema9+ firm & compact$ toge!r1 !y w\ld be brok5 l ! clay vessel ( a pott] :5 /ruck ) a rod ( iron4 ,! speak] does n intimate :5 ?is w\ld be2 b all t is said "h w\ld be applicable to t "t :5 ! ,son ( ,god w come to judge ! _w1 & :5 8 sa9ts w be associat$ ) him 9 8 triumphs4 ,z1 9 respect to all ! o!rs ( ! sev5 epi/les to ! *ur*es1 ! rew>ds promis$ ref] to heav51 & to ! happy /ate ( t bless$ _w1 x w\ld seem also t ?is %\ld h a simil> ref]5ce1 = !re is no reason :y 8to him t ov]came0 9 ,?yatira a temporal rew>d & triumph %\ld be promis$ m ?an 9 ! cases ( ! o!rs4 ,if s1 !n ?is passage %\ld n be adduc$ z hav+ any ref]5ce to an imag9>y p]sonal reign ( ! ,savi\r & ( ! sa9ts on ! e>?4 ,ev5 z ,i receiv$ ( my ,fa!r4 ,z he has appo9t$ me1 ,ps4 ii4 #fi4 #bh ,& ,i w give him #aci! morn+ />4 #bh4 ,& ,i w give him ! morn+ />4 ,! 8morn+ />0 is t bright planet,v5us:i* at "s seasons ( ! ye> appe>s s beautifully 9 ! ea/1 lead+ on ! morn+! h>b+] ( ! day4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 nature1 & is susceptible ( a great v>iety ( uses = illu/ration4 ,x appe>s z ! d>kness passes away2 x is an indication t ! morn+ comes2 x is int]m+l$ ) ! fir/ rays ( ! light ( ! sun2 x seems to be a h]ald to ann\nce ! com+ ( t glori\s lum9>y2 x is a pl$ge ( ! fai?fulness ( ,god4 ,9 :i* ( ^! s5ses1 if any1 x is ref]r$ to "h1 is n /at$2 nor is x said :at is impli$ by its be+ giv5 to him t #hg ov]comes4 ,x w\ld seem to be us$ "h to d5ote a bright & brilliant ornam5t2 some?+ ) :i* he :o 8ov]came0 w\ld be adorn$1 resembl+ ! bright /> ( ! morn+4 ,x is obs]vable t x is n said t he w\ld make him l ! morn+ />1 z 9 ,da4 xii4 #c2 nor t he w\ld be comp>$ ) ! morn+ />1 l ! k+ ( ,babylon1 ,is4 xiv4 #ab2 nor t he w\ld resemble a /> :i* ,balaam says he saw 9 ! di/ant future1 ,nu4 xxiv4 #ag4 ,! idea seems to be1 t ! ,savi\r w\ld give him some?+ t w\ld resemble t morn+ planet 9 beauty & spl5d\rp]haps mean+ t x w\ld be plac$ z a gem 9 8 diadem1 & w\ld sp>kle on 8 br[be>+ "s su* relation to him :o is call$ 8! ,sun ( ,righte\sness10 z ! morn+ /> does to ! glori\s sun on 8 ris+4 ,if s1 ! mean+ w\ld be t he w\ld receive a beautiful ornam5t1 be>+ a ne> relation to ! ,r$eem] himself z a bright suna pl$ge t ! d>kness 0 pa/b "o ^: beams w\ld melt away into ! sup]ior light ( ! ,r$eem] himself1 z ! beams ( ! morn+ /> are lo/ 9 ! sup]ior glory ( ! sun4 #bi ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es4 #bi4 ,he t ha? an e>1 c4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,s>dis4 ,! cont5ts ( ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,s>dis 7v]4 #af7 are3 7#a7 ,! usual salutation to ! angel ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #a4 7#b7 ,! usual ref]5ce to ! attributes ( ! ,savi\r^? ref]r$ to "h be+ t he _h ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god1 & ! sev5 />s1 v]4 #a4 7#c7 ,! assurance t he knew _! works1 v]4 #a4 7#d7 ,! /atem5t ( ! peculi>ity ( ! *ur*1 or :at he saw 9 xt x _h a "n to live & 0 dead1 v]4 #a4 7#e7 ,a solemn direction to ! memb]s ( ! *ur*1 aris+ f _! "* & circum/ances1 to be wat*ful1 & to /r5g!n ! ?+s :i* rema9$1 b :i* 7 ready to die2 to rememb] :at !y _h receiv$1 & to hold fa/ t :i* _h be5 communicat$ to !m1 & to rep5t ( all _! s9s1 v]4 #b1 #c4 7#f7 ,a ?reat t if !y did n d ?is1 he w\ld come sudd5ly ^u !m1 at an h\r :i* !y c\ld n anticipate1 v]4 #c4 7#g7 ,a comm5dation ( ! *ur* z f> z x c\ld be done1 = !re 7 /ill a few among !m :o _h n defil$ _! g>m5ts1 & a promise t !y %\ld walk be=e him 9 :ite1 v]4 #d4 7#h7 ,a promise1 z usual1 to him t %\ld be victori\s4 ,! promise "h is1 t he %\ld walk be=e him 9 :ite2 t 8 "n %\ld n be blott$ out ( ! book ( life2 t he %\ld be ackn[l$g$ be=e ! ,fa!r1 & be=e ! angels1 v]4 #e4 7#i7 ,! usual call on all p]sons to he> :at ! ,_s said to ! *ur*es4 ,s>dis 0 ! capital ( ! anci5t k+dom ( ,lydia1 "o ( ! prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or1 & 0 situat$ at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,tmolus1 9 a f9e pla9 wat]$ by ! riv] ,pactolus1 fam\s = its gold5 s&s4 ,x 0 ! capital :]e ! celebrat$ ,crsus1 prov]bial = 8 weal?1 reign$4 ,x 0 tak5 by ,cyrus 7,b4,c4 #edh71 :5 ,crsus 0 k+1 & 0 at t "t "o ( ! mo/ spl5did & opul5t cities ( ! ,ea/4 ,x subsequ5tly pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 & "u !m sank rapidly 9 weal? & importance4 ,9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius x 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 b 0 rebuilt by ord] ( ! emp]or4 ,! inhabitants ( ,s>dis bore an ill repute among ! anci5ts = _! voluptu\s modes ( life4 ,p]haps !re may be an allusion to ?is fact 9 ! words :i* are us$ 9 ! address to ! *ur* !re3 8,?\ ha/ a few names ev5 9 ,s>dis :i* h n defil$ _! g>m5ts40 ,successive e>?quakes1 & ! ravages ( ! ,s>ac5s & ! ,turks1 h r$uc$ ?is once-celebrat$ city to a heap ( ru9s1 ?\gh exhibit+ /ill _m rema9s ( =m] spl5d\r4 ,! "n ( ! village :i* n[ occupies ! place ( ?is anci5t capital is ,s>t4 ,x is a mis]able village1 compris+ only a few wret*$ cottages1 occupi$ by ,turks & ,greeks4 ,!re are ru9s ( ! !atre1 ! /adium1 & ( "s anci5t *ur*es4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ru9s are two pill>s suppos$ to h belong$ to ! temple ( ,cybele2 & if s1 !y are among ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! _w1 ! temple ( ,cybele hav+ be5 built only ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] t ( ,solomon4 ,! ,acropolis s]ves well to def9e ! site ( ! city4 ,sev]al travell]s h rec5tly visit$ ! rema9s ( ,s>dis1 & its appe>ance w be indicat$ by a few extracts f _! writ+s4 ,arundell1 9 8 ,discov]ies 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #hh says3 8,if ,i 7 ask$ :at impresses ! m9d mo/ /rongly 9 behold+ ,s>dis1 ,i %\ld say its indescribable solitude1 l ! d>kness ( ,egyptd>kness t c\ld be felt4 ,s ! deep solitude ( ! spot1 once ! #8lady ( k+doms1' produces a correspond+ feel+ ( desolate ab&onm5t 9 ! m9d1 :i* c nev] be =gott540 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h>tley1 9 reg>d to ^! ru9s1 rem>ks3 8,! ru9s are1 ) "o exception1 m entirely gone to decay ?an ^? ( mo/ ( ! anci5t cities :i* we h visit$4 ,no ,*ri/ians reside on ! spot3 two ,greeks only "w 9 a mill "h1 & a few wret*$ ,turki% huts are scatt]$ among ! ru9s4 ,we saw ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,john & ! ,virg91 ! !atre1 & ! build+ /yl$ ! ,palace ( ,crsus2 b ! mo/ /rik+ object at ,s>dis is ! temple ( ,cybele4 ,i 0 fill$ ) wond] & awe at behold+ ! two /up5d\s columns ( ?is edifice1 :i* are /ill rema9+3 !y are sil5t b impressive witnesses ( ! p[] & spl5d\r ( antiquity40 ,! impression produc$ on ! m9d is vividly describ$ 9 ! foll[+ language ( a rec5t travell]1 :o lodg$ !re = a night3 8,e object 0 z di/9ct z 9 a nor!rn twilight2 ! sn[y summit ( ! m\nta9 ,tmolus1 ! long sweep ( ! valley1 & ! fla%+ curr5t ( ! riv] ,pactolus4 ,i /roll$ along t[>ds ! banks ( ! ,pactolus1 & seat$ myself by ! side ( ! half-exhau/$ /ream4 8,!re are few individuals :o _c trace on ! map ( _! memory "s mom5ts ( ov]p[]+ emotion1 & "s sc5e1 :i*1 once dwelt ^u1 has become its own pa9t]1 & left beh9d x a memorial t "t c\ld n efface4 ,i c readily sympa?ize ) ! feel+s ( him :o wept at ! base ( ! pyramids2 nor 7 my own less p[]ful1 on t night :5 ,i sat b5ea? ! sky ( ,asia to gaze ^u ! ru9s ( ,s>dis1 f ! banks ( ! gold5-s&$ ,pactolus4 ,beside me 7 ! cliffs ( ! ,acropolis1 :i*1 c5turies be=e1 ! h>dy ,m$ian scal$1 :ile lead+ on ! conqu]+ ,p]sians1 ^: t5ts _h cov]$ ! v spot on :i* ,i 0 recl9+4 ,be=e me 7 ! ve/iges ( :at _h be5 ! palace ( ! gorge\s ,crsus2 )9 its walls 7 once congregat$ ! wise/ ( mank9d1 ,?ales1 ,cleobulus1 & ,solon4 ,x 0 "h t ! wret*$ fa!r m\rn$ alone ! mangl$ corse ( 8 belov$ ,atys2 x 0 "h t ! same humiliat$ mon>* wept at ! feet ( ! ,p]sian boy :o wrung f him 8 k+dom4 ,f> 9 ! di/ance 7 ! gigantic tumuli ( ! ,lydian mon>*s1 ,c&aules1 ,halyattys1 & ,gyges2 & ar\nd !m 7 spread ^? v pla9s once trodd5 by ! c\ntless ho/s ( ,x]xes1 :5 hurry+ on to f9d a sepul*re at ,m>a?on4 8,!re 7 m v>i$ & m vivid remembrances associat$ ) ! sight ( ,s>dis ?an c\ld possibly be atta*$ to any o!r spot ( e>?2 b all 7 m+l$ ) a feel+ ( disgu/ at ! littl5ess ( human glory4 ,allall _h pass$ away6 ,!re 7 be=e me ! fanes ( a dead religion1 ! tombs ( =gott5 mon>*s1 & ! palm-tree t wav$ 9 ! banquet-hall ( k+s2 :ile ! feel+ ( desolation 0 d\bly height5$ by ! calm sweet sky above me1 :i*1 9 its unfad+ brightness1 %one z purely n[ z :5 x beam$ ^u ! gold5 dreams ( ,crsus0 7,em]son's ,lett]s f ! gean1 p4 #aac1 seq474 ,! pres5t appe>ance ( ! ru9s is %[n by ! engrav+ 9 ?is volume4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,s>dis write2 ,^! ?+s sai? he t ha? ! #adjsev5 ,spirits ( ,god1 & ! sev5 />s2 #ada;,i "k ?y works1 t ?\ ha/ #adb;a "n t ?\ live/1 & art dead4 #a4 ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,s>dis4 ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,^! ?+s sai? he t ha? ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #d4 ,if ! phrase1 8! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god10 z !re suppos$1 ref]s to ! ,holy ,_s1 !re is great propriety 9 say+ ( ! ,savi\r1 t he has t ,_s1 inasmu* z ! ,holy ,_s is repres5t$ z s5t =? by him into ! _w1 ,jn4 xv4 #bf1 #bg2 xvi4 #g1 #ac1 #ad4 ,x 0 "o ( ! highe/ *>act]i/ics t c\ld be giv5 ( ! ,savi\r to say1 t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 8 to s5d =? into ! _w1 & t t great ,ag5t1 on ^: graci\s influ5ces all 7 dep5d5t = ! possession ( true religion1 c\ld #hi be giv5 or )held by him at 8 pleasure4 ,& ! sev5 />s4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #af4 ,^! repres5t$ ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es 7,notes on *4 i4 #bj72 & ! idea :i* ! ,savi\r w\ld seem to int5d to convey "h is1 t he _h entire control ov] ! m9i/]s ( ! *ur*es1 & c\ld keep or remove !m at pleasure4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #b4 ,t ?\ ha/ a "n t ?\ live/4 ,?\ do/ pr(ess atta*m5t to me & my cause4 ,! ^w life is a ^w t is commonly employ$1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to d5ote religion1 9 contradi/9ction f ! natural /ate ( man1 :i* is describ$ z dea? 9 s94 ,by ! pr(ession ( religion !y express$ ! purpose to live unto ,god1 & = ano!r _w2 !y pr(ess$ to h true1 spiritual life4 ,& art dead4 ,t is1 spiritually4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t _! pr(ession 0 m]ely 9 "n2 & yet ?is mu/ be und]/ood comp>atively1 = !re 7 "s ev5 9 ,s>dis :o truly liv$ unto ,god1 v]4 #d4 ,! mean+ is1 t 9 g5]al1 ! pr(ession ( religion among !m 0 a m]e "n4 ,! ,savi\r does n1 z 9 ! case ( ! *ur*es ( ,ephesus & ,?yatira1 specify any prevail+ =m ( error or false doctr9e2 b x w\ld seem t "h x 0 a simple want ( religion4 #b ,be wat*ful & #adc/r5g!n ! ?+s :i* rema91 t are ready to die3 = ,i h n f\nd ?y works #addp]fect be=e ,god4 #b4 ,be wat*ful4 ,be wakeful2 be att5tive & e>ne/9 contradi/9ction f ! dr[sy condition ( ! *ur*4 ,/r5g!n ! ?+s :i* rema94 ,! true piety t /ill lives & l+]s among y4 ,:atev] !re 0 ( religion among !m1 x 0 ( importance to /r5g!n x1 t ! love ( ! ,savi\r might n become :olly ext9ct4 ,an important duty 9 a l[ & langui%+ /ate ( religion is1 to 8/r5g!n ! ?+s t /ill survive40 ,x is to cultivate all ! graces :i* d exi/2 to n\ri% all ! love ( tru? :i* may l+] 9 ! *ur*2 & to confirm1 by w>m exhortation1 & by a ref]5ce to ! graci\s promises ( ,god's ^w1 ! few :o may be endeav\r+ to d _! duty1 & :o1 amid/ _m disc\ragem5ts1 are aim+ to be fai?ful to ! ,savi\r4 ,9 ! l[e/ /ate ( religion 9 a *ur* !re may be a few1 p]haps q obscure & ( humble rank1 :o are m\rn+ ov] ! desolations ( ,zion1 & :o are sigh+ = bett] times4 ,all su* x is ! duty ( ! m9i/]s ( religion to com=t & enc\rage2 = x is 9 _! he>ts t piety may be kept alive 9 ! *ur*x is ?r\gh !m t x may be hop$ religion may yet be reviv$4 ,9 ! app>5t hopelessness ( do+ mu* good to o!rs1 good may always be done to ! cause itself by pres]v+ & /r5g!n+ :at !re may be ( life among ^? few1 amid/ ! g5]al desolation & dea?4 ,x is mu* to pres]ve life 9 gra9 s[n 9 a field ?r\gh ! long & dre>y w9t]1 :5 all seems to be dead= x w bur/ =?1 ) new life & beauty1 9 ! spr+4 ,:5 ! body is pro/rate ) disease1 & life j l+]s1 & dea? seems to be com+ on1 x is mu* to pres]ve ! little /r5g? t rema9s2 mu* to keep ! heal?ful p>ts f be+ invad$1 t !re may be /r5g? yet to recov]4 ,t are ready to die4 ,t seem j ready to become ext9ct4 ,s1 sometimes1 9 a plant1 !re seems to be b ! lea/ conceivable life rema9+1 & x appe>s t x mu/ die4 ,s1 :5 we are sick1 !re seems to be b ! feeble/ glimm]+ ( life1 & x is app>5tly j ready to g out4 ,s1 :5 a fire dies away1 !re seems b a sp>k rema9+1 & x is j ready to become ext9ct4 ,& ?us1 9 religion 9 ! s\lreligion 9 a *ur*religion 9 a communityx (t5 seems z if x 7 j ab\t to g out = ev]4 ,= ,i h n f\nd ?y works p]fect be=e ,god4 ,i h n f\nd !m complete or full4 ,!y come %ort ( t :i* is requir$4 ,( :at *ur*1 ( :at individual ,*ri/ian1 is n ?is true8 ,:om might n ! ,savi\r approa* ) ! same language8 ,x 0 true1 h[ev]1 9 a m>k$ & em95t s5se1 ( ! *ur* at ,s>dis4 #c ,rememb]#ade !re=e h[ ?\ ha/ receiv$ & he>d2 & hold fa/1 & #adfrep5t4 ,if !re=e ?\ %alt n wat*1 ,i w come on !e #adg;z a ?ief1 & ?\ %alt n "k :at h\r ,i w come ^u !e4 #c4 ,rememb] !re=e h[ ?\ ha/ receiv$4 ,?is may ref] ei!r to "s peculi>ity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! gospel 0 convey$ to !mz1 by ! lab\rs ( ! apo/les1 & by #ij ! rem>kable effusions ( ! ,holy ,_s2 or to ! ard\r & love ) :i* !y embrac$ x2 or to ! greatness ( ! fav\rs & privileges conf]r$ on !m2 or to _! own und]/&+ ( :at ! gospel requir$1 :5 !y 7 conv]t$4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e 9 :i* s5se ! language is us$2 b ! g5]al idea is pla91 t !re 0 some?+ m>k$ & unusual 9 ! way 9 :i* !y _h be5 l$ to embrace ! gospel1 & t x 0 highly prop] 9 ^! circum/ances to look back to ! days :5 !y gave !mselves to ,*ri/4 ,x is always well = ,*ri/ians to call to remembrance ! 8day ( _! esp\sals10 & _! views & feel+s :5 !y gave _! he>ts to ! ,savi\r1 & to comp>e ^? views ) _! pres5t condition1 especially if _! conv]sion 0 m>k$ by any?+ unusual4 ,& he>d4 ,h[ ?\ did/ he> ! gospel 9 =m] times2 t is1 ) :at e>ne/ness & att5tion ?\ did/ embrace x4 ,?is w\ld r seem to imply t ! ref]5ce 9 ! :ole passage is to ! fact t !y embrac$ ! gospel ) great ard\r & zeal4 ,& hold fa/4 7#a7 ,hold fa/ ! tru?s :i* ?\ did/ !n receive2 7#b7 hold fa/ :at rema9s ( true religion among y4 ,& rep5t4 ,rep5t 9 reg>d to all t 9 :i* y h dep>t$ f y\r views & feel+s :5 y embrac$ ! gospel4 ,if !re=e ?\ %alt n wat*4 ,! speak] evid5tly suppos$ t x 0 possible t !y w\ld n reg>d ! w>n+2 t !y w\ld presume t !y w\ld be safe if !y refus$ to give he$ to x1 or t by m]e inatt5tion & indiff]5ce !y might suff] ! w>n+ to pass by unhe$$4 ,simil> results h be5 s common 9 ! _w z to make su* a supposition n improbable1 & to make prop]1 9 o!r cases z well z t1 ! solemn ?reat5+ t he w\ld come sudd5ly ^u !m4 ,i w come on !e z a ?ief4 ,9 a sudd5 & unexpect$ mann]4 ,see ,notes on #a ,?4 v4 #b4 ,& ye %all n "k :at h\r ,i w come ^u !e4 ,y %all n "k be=eh&2 y %all h no w>n+ ( my imm$iate approa*4 ,?is is (t5 ! way 9 :i* ,god comes to m5 9 8 heavy judgm5ts4 ,long be=eh&1 he admoni%es u1 inde$1 ( :at mu/ be ! consequ5ces ( a c\rse ( s91 & w>ns u to turn f x2 b :5 s9n]s refuse to att5d to 8 w>n+1 & /ill walk 9 ! way ( evil1 he comes sudd5ly1 & cuts !m d[n4 ,e man :o is w>n$ ( ! evil ( 8 c\rse1 & :o refuses or neglects to rep5t1 has reason to believe t ,god w come sudd5ly 9 8 wra?1 & call him to 8 b>1 ,pr4 xxix4 #a4 ,no su* man c presume on impunity2 no "o :o is w>n$ ( 8 guilt & dang] c feel t he is = "o mom5t safe4 ,no "o c h any basis ( calculation t he w be sp>$2 no "o c flatt] himself ) any probable anticipation t he w h "t to rep5t :5 ,god comes to take him away4 ,b5evol5ce has done its appropriate "w 9 w>n+ himh[ c ! ,great ,judge ( all be to blame1 if he comes !n1 & sudd5ly cuts ! s9n] (f8 #d ,?\ ha/ a few names ev5 9 ,s>dis :i* h n defil$ _! g>m5ts2 & !y %all walk ) me #adh;9 :ite3 = !y are wor?y4 #d4 ,?\ ha/ a few names ev5 9 ,s>dis4 ,see ! analysis ( ! *apt]4 ,! ^w names "h is equival5t to p]sons2 & ! idea is1 t ev5 9 a place s deprav$1 & :]e religion _h s mu* decl9$1 !re 7 a few p]sons :o _h kept !mselves free f ! g5]al contam9ation4 ,9 mo/ cases1 :5 error & s9 prevail1 !re may be f\nd a few :o are wor?y ( ! div9e comm5dation2 a few :o %[ t true religion may exi/ ev5 :5 ! mass are evil4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ro4 xi4 #d4 ,:i* h n defil$ _! g>m5ts4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,jude #bc4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y _h n defil$ !mselves by com+ 9 contact ) ! pr(ane & ! pollut$2 or1 9 o!r words1 !y _h kept !mselves free f ! prevail+ corruption4 ,!y 7 l p]sons clo!d 9 :ite walk+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! defil$1 yet keep+ _! raim5t f be+ soil$4 ,& !y %all walk ) me 9 :ite4 ,:ite is ! emblem ( innoc5ce1 & is h5ce #ia appropriately repres5t$ z ! col\r ( ! raim5t ( ! heav5ly inhabitants4 ,! p]sons "h ref]r$ to _h kept _! g>m5ts uncontam9at$ on ! e>?1 & z an appropriate rew>d x is said t !y w\ld appe> 9 :ite raim5t 9 heav54 ,comp4 *4 vii4 #i2 xix4 #h4 ,= !y are wor?y4 ,!y h %[n !mselves wor?y to be reg>d$ z foll[]s ( ! ,lamb2 or1 !y h a "* t is fitt$ = heav54 ,! decl>ation is n t !y h any claim to heav5 on ! gr\nd ( _! own m]it1 or t x w be 9 virtue ( _! own works t !y w be receiv$ !re2 b t !re is a fitness or propriety t !y %\ld ?us appe> 9 heav54 ,we are all p]sonally unwor?y to be admitt$ to heav51 b we may ev9ce su* a "* z to %[ t1 accord+ to ! arrangem5ts ( grace1 x is fit & prop] t we %\ld be receiv$ !re4 ,we h ! "* to :i* ,god has promis$ et]nal life4 #e ,he t ov]come?1 ! same %all be clo!d 9 :ite raim5t2 & ,i w n blot out 8 "n out ( ! #adi;book ( life1 b ,i w #aej;confess 8 "n be=e my ,fa!r1 & be=e 8 angels4 #e4 ,he t ov]come?4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,! same %all be clo!d 9 :ite raim5t4 ,:osoev] he may be t %all ov]come s9 & ! temptations ( ?is _w1 %all be admitt$ to ?is glori\s rew>d4 ,! promise is made n only to ^? 9 ,s>dis :o %\ld be victori\s1 b to all 9 e age & e l&4 ,! hope t is ?us held out be=e u1 is t ( appe>+ ) ! ,r$eem] 9 8 k+dom1 clad 9 robes expressive ( hol9ess & joy4 ,& ,i w n blot out 8 "n out ( ! book ( life4 ,! book :i* conta9s ! names ( ^? :o are to live ) him = ev]4 ,! names ( 8 p are ?us repres5t$ z enroll$ 9 a book :i* he keepsa regi/] ( ^? :o are to live = ev]4 ,! phrase 8book ( life0 frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,bible1 repres5t+ ?is idea4 ,see ,notes on ,phi4 iv4 #c4 ,comp4 ,re4 xv4 #c2 xx4 #ab1 #ae2 xxi4 #bg2 xxii4 #ai4 ,! expression 8,i w n blot out0 means1 t ! names w\ld be f\nd !re on ! great day ( f9al acc\nt1 & w\ld be f\nd !re = ev]4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t z no "o c h access to t book b he :o keeps x1 !re is ! mo/ positive assurance t x w nev] be done1 & ! salvation ( ! r$eem$ w be1 !re=e1 secure4 ,& let x be rememb]$ t ! p]iod is com+ :5 x w be felt to be a high] hon\r to h ! "n enroll$ 9 t book ?an 9 ! books ( h]aldry9 ! mo/ spl5did catalogue ( pr9ces1 poets1 w>riors1 nobles1 or /atesm5 t ! _w has produc$4 ,b ,i w confess 8 "n1 c4 ,i w ackn[l$ge him to be my foll[]4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 x4 #cb4 #f ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es4 #f4 ,he t ha? an e>1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,philadelphia4 ,?is epi/le 7v]4 #gac7 comprises ! foll[+ subjects3 7#a7 ,! usual address to ! angel ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #g4 7#b7 ,! ref]5ce to "s attribute or *>act]i/ic ( ! speak]1 v]4 #g4 ,he "h addresses ! *ur* z "o :o is holy & true2 z he :o has ! key ( ,david1 & :o c %ut & no "o c op51 & op5 & no "o c %ut4 ,! repres5tation is t ( "o :o occupies a royal palace1 & :o c admit or exclude anyone :om he pleases4 ,! ref]5ce to su* a palace is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! epi/le4 7#c7 ,! usual decl>ation t he kn[s _! works1 & t he has f\nd t !y _h /r5g?1 ?\gh b a little1 & _h kept 8 ^w1 v]4 #h4 7#d7 ,a decl>ation t he w\ld con/ra9 "s :o pr(ess$ t !y 7 ,jews1 b :o 7 ( ! synagogue ( ,satan1 to come & humble !mselves be=e !m1 v]4 #i4 7#e7 ,! p>ticul> promise to t *ur*4 ,he w\ld keep !m 9 ! h\r ( temptation t 0 com+ to try all t dwelt ^u ! e>?1 v]4 #aj4 7#f7 ,! comm& address$ to !m z to ! o!r *ur*es4 ,he solemnly enjo9s x on !m to see t no "o %\ld take _! cr[n1 or deprive !m ( ! rew>d :i* he w\ld give to 8 fai?ful foll[]s1 #ib v]4 #aa4 7#g7 ,a g5]al promise1 9 view ( ! circum/ances 9 ,philadelphia1 to all :o %\ld ov]come1 v]4 #ab4 ,!y w\ld be made a pill> 9 ! temple ( ,god1 & g no m out4 ,!y w\ld h writt5 on !mselves ! "n ( 8 ,god1 & ! "n ( ! holy city%[+ t !y 7 inhabitants ( ! heav5ly _w4 7#h7 ,! usual call on all to att5d to :at 0 said to ! *ur*es1 v]4 #ac4 ,philadelphia /ood ab\t tw5ty-five miles s\?-ea/ f ,s>dis1 9 ! pla9 ( ,h]mus1 & ab\t midway betwe5 ! riv] ( t "n & ! t]m9ation ( ,m\nt ,tmolus4 ,x 0 ! second city 9 ,lydia1 & 0 built by ,k+ ,attalus ,philadelphus1 f :om x receiv$ its "n4 ,9 ! ye> #acc ,b4,c4 ! place pass$1 ) ! c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity1 "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,romans4 ,! site is report$ by ,/rabo to be liable to e>?quakes1 b x cont9u$ to be a place ( importance d[n to ! ,byzant9e age2 &1 ( all ! t[ns 9 ,asia ,m9or1 x )/ood ! ,turks ! longe/4 ,x 0 tak5 by ,bajazat1 ,a4,d4 #acib4 8,x /ill exi/s z a ,turki% t[n1 "u ! "n ( ,allah ,%ehr1 #8,city ( ,god1' i4e4 ! #8,high ,t[n4' ,x cov]s a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd1 runn+ up ! slopes ( f\r hills1 or r ( "o hill ) f\r flat summits4 ,! c\ntry1 z view$ f ^! hills1 is extremely magnific5tg>d5s & v9ey>ds ly+ at ! back & sides ( ! t[n1 & be=e x "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & ext5sive pla9s ( ,asia4 ,! mission>ies ,fisk & ,p>sons 7 in=m$ by ! ,greek bi%op t ! t[n conta9$ #cjjj h\ses1 ( :i* he assign$ #bej to ! ,greeks1 & ! re/ to ! ,turks4 ,on ! same au?ority x is /at$ t !re are five *ur*es 9 ! t[n1 besides tw5ty o!rs :i* 7 too old or too small = use4 ,six m9>ets1 indicat+ z _m mosques1 are se5 9 ! t[n1 & "o ( ^! mosques is believ$ by ! native ,*ri/ians to h be5 ! *ur* 9 :i* assembl$ ! primitive ,*ri/ians address$ 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,!re are few ru9s2 b 9 "o "p are f\r pill>s1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 columns ( a *ur*4 ,"o solit>y pill> has be5 (t5 notic$1 z rem9d+ behold]s ( ! rem>kable words 9 ! ,apocalypse#8,him t ov]come? ,i w make a pill> 9 ! temple ( my ,god'0 7,kitto's ,encyclo4 ,see also ! ,mission>y ,h]ald = #ahba1 p4 #bec2 #ahci1 pp4 #bajbab74 ,! t[n is ! seat ( a ,greek ar*bi%op1 ) ab\t tw5ty inf]ior cl]gy4 ,! /reets are n>r[1 & are describ$ z rem>kably fil?y4 ,! engrav+ 9 ?is volume w give a repres5tation ( ! t[n z x n[ appe>s4 #g ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,philadelphia write2 ,^! ?+s sai? #aea;he t is holy1 #aeb;he t is true1 #aec;he t ha? ! key ( ,david1 he t op5e?1 & no man %utte?2 & #aed%utte?1 & no man op5e?2 #g4 ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,philadelphia4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,^! ?+s sai? he t is holy4 ,?is ref]s und\bt$ly to ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,! appellation holy1 or ! holy "o1 is "o t befits him1 & is n unfrequ5tly giv5 to him 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,lu4 i4 #ce2 ,ac4 ii4 #bg2 iii4 #ad4 ,x is n only an appellation appropriate to ! ,savi\r1 b well adapt$ to be employ$ :5 he is address+ ! *ur*es4 ,our impression ( :at is said to u w (t5 dep5d mu* on our idea ( ! "* ( him :o addresses u1 & solemnity & ?\ghtfulness always become u :5 we are address$ by a holy ,r$eem]4 ,he t is true4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! ,savi\r well fitt$ to be ref]r$ to :5 he addresses m54 ,x is a *>act]i/ic (t5 ascrib$ to him 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,jn4 i4 #i1 #ad1 #ag2 viii4 #dj1 #de2 xiv4 #f2 xviii4 #cg2 #a ,jn4 v4 #bj71 & "o :i* is em95tly adapt$ to impress ! m9d ) solemn ?\ght 9 view ( ! fact t he is to pron\nce on our "*1 & to det]m9e our de/9y4 ,he t ha? ! key ( ,david4 ,?is expression is manife/ly tak5 f ,is4 xxii4 #bb1 8,& ! key ( ! h\se ( ,david w ,i lay ^u 8 %\ld]40 ,see ! passage expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on t place4 ,z us$ by ,isaiah1 ! phrase is appli$ to ,eliakim2 & x is n to be inf]r$1 because ! language "h is appli$ to ! ,"l ,jesus1 t orig9ally x _h any su* ref]5ce4 8,! application ( ! same t]ms10 says ,pr(essor ,alex&] on ,is4 xxii4 #bb1 8to ,pet] 7,mat4 xvi4 #ai71 & to ,*ri/ himself 7,re4 iii4 #g71 does n #ic prove t !y "h ref] to ei!r1 or t ,eliakim 0 a type ( ,*ri/1 b m]ely t ! same words admit ( diff]5t applications40 ,! language is t :i* prop]ly d5otes au?ority or controlz :5 "o has ! key ( a h\se1 & has unlimit$ access to x2 & ! mean+ "h is1 t z ,david is repres5t$ z ! k+ ( ,israel resid+ 9 a palace1 s he :o _h ! key to t palace _h regal au?ority4 ,he t op5e?1 & no man %utte?1 c4 ,he has free & unre/ra9$ access to ! h\se2 ! p[] ( admitt+ anyone1 or ( exclud+ anyone4 ,appli$ "h to ! ,savi\r1 z k+ 9 ,zion1 ?is means t 9 8 k+dom he has ! absolute control 9 reg>d to ! admission or exclusion ( anyone4 ,he c prescribe ! t]ms2 he c invite :om he *ooses2 he c exclude ^? :om he judges %\ld n be admitt$4 ,a ref]5ce to ?is absolute control 0 e way prop] :5 he 0 address+ a *ur*1 & is e way prop] = u to reflect on :5 we ?9k ( ! subject ( our p]sonal salvation4 #h ,i "k ?y works3 behold1 ,i h set be=e !e an #aeeop5 door1 & no man c %ut x3 = ?\ ha/ a little /r5g?1 & ha/ kept my ^w1 & ha/ n d5i$ my "n4 #h4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #b4 ,behold1 ,i h set be=e !e an op5 door4 ,ref]r+ to 8 au?ority z /at$ 9 v]4 #g4 ,! 8op5 door0 "h evid5tly ref]s to ! enjoym5t ( "s privilege or hon\r2 &1 s f> z ! language is conc]n$1 x may ref] to any "o ( ! foll[+ ?+s3 ei!r1 7#a7 ! ability to d goodrepres5t$ z ! 8op5+ ( ! door40 ,comp4 ,ac4 xiv4 #bg2 #a ,co4 xvi4 #i2 #b ,co4 ii4 #ab2 ,col4 iv4 #c4 7#b7 ,! privilege ( access to ! heav5ly palace2 t is1 t !y _h an abundant opportunity ( secur+ _! salvation1 ! door be+ nev] clos$ aga9/ !m by day or by night4 ,comp4 ,re4 xxi4 #be4 ,or 7#c7 x may mean t !y _h be=e !m an op5 way ( egress f dang] & p]secution4 ,?is latt] ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes to be ! true mean+2 & argues ?is because x is imm$iately specifi$ t ^? ,jewi% p]secutors w\ld be made to humble !mselves1 & t ! *ur* w\ld b lightly exp]i5ce ! tr\bles :i* 7 com+ ^u ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,b ! m natural int]pretation ( ! phrase 8an op5 door0 is t x ref]s to access to a ?+ r ?an egress f a ?+2 t we may come to t :i* we desire to approa*1 r ?an escape f t :i* we dread4 ,!re is no objection1 x seems to me1 to ! supposition t ! language may be us$ "h 9 ! l>ge/ s5sez d5ot+ t1 9 reg>d to ! *ur* at ,philadelphia1 !re 0 no re/ra9t4 ,he _h giv5 !m ! mo/ unlimit$ privileges4 ,! temple ( salvation 0 ?r[n op5 to !m2 ! cele/ial city 0 accessible2 ! :ole _w 0 be=e !m z a field ( usefulness1 & any:]e1 & ev]y:]e1 !y might d good1 & at all times !y might h access to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,& no man c %ut x4 ,no "o has ! p[] ( prev5t+ ?is1 = he :o has control ov] all ?+s conc$es ^! privileges to y4 ,= ?\ ha/ a little /r5g?4 ,?is w\ld imply t !y _h n great vig\r1 b /ill t1 not)/&+ !re 7 s _m ob/acles to _! do+ good1 & s _m temptations to evil1 !re /ill rema9$ ) !m "s degree ( en]gy4 ,!y 7 n :olly dead2 & z long z t 0 ! case1 ! door 0 /ill op5 = !m to d good4 ,! words 8little /r5g?0 may ref] ei!r to ! smallness ( ! numb]mean+ t !y 7 few2 or x may ref] to ! spiritual life & en]gy ( ! *ur*mean+ t1 ?\gh feeble1 _! vital en]gy 0 n :olly gone4 ,! m natural int]pretation seems to be to ref] x to ! latt]2 & ! s5se is1 t al?\gh !y _h n ! highe/ degree ( en]gy1 or _h n all t ! ,savi\r desir$ !y %\ld h1 !y 7 n :olly dead4 ,! ,savi\r saw among !m ! evid5ces ( spiritual life2 & 9 view ( t he says he _h set be=e !m an op5 door1 & !re 0 abundant opportunity to employ all ! en]gy & zeal :i* !y _h4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! same ?+ is true n[2 t :]ev] !re is any vitality 9 a *ur*1 ! ,savi\r w furni% ample opportunity t x maybe employ$ 9 8 s]vice4 ,& ha/ n d5i$ my "n4 ,:5 ,*ri/ians 7 br\ght be=e hea!n magi/rates 9 times ( p]secution1 !y 7 requir$ to r5\nce #id ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & to dis[n him 9 a public mann]4 ,x is possible t1 amid/ ! p]secutions t rag$ 9 ! e>ly times1 ! memb]s ( ! *ur* at ,philadelphia _h be5 summon$ to su* a trial1 & !y _h /ood ! trial firmly4 ,x w\ld seem f ! foll[+ v]se1 t ! ef=ts :i* _h be5 made to induce !m to r5\nce ! "n ( ,*ri/ _h be5 made by ^? :o pr(ess$ to be ,jews1 ?\gh !y ev9c$ ! _s ( ,satan4 ,if s1 !n ! attempt 0 probably to conv9ce !m t ,jesus 0 n ! ,*ri/4 ,?is attempt w\ld be made 9 all places :]e !re 7 ,jews4 #i ,behold1 ,i w make !m ( ! synagogue ( ,satan1 :i* #aefsay !y are ,jews1 & are n1 b d lie2 behold1 ,i w make !m to #aeg;come & wor%ip be=e ?y feet1 & to "k t ,i h lov$ !e4 #i4 ,behold1 ,i w make4 ,greek1 8,i give02 t is1 ,i w arrange matt]s s t ?is %all occur4 ,! ^w implies t he _h p[] to d ?is1 & consequ5tly proves t he has p[] ov] ! he>t ( man1 & c secure su* a result z he *ooses4 ,!m ( ! synagogue ( ,satan1 :i* say !y are ,jews4 ,:o pr(ess to be ,jews1 b are really ( ! synagogue ( ,satan4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #i4 ,! mean+ is1 t1 ?\gh !y 7 ( ,jewi% extraction1 & boa/$ mu* ( be+ ,jews1 yet !y 7 really "u ! influ5ce ( ,satan1 & _! assemblages des]v$ to be call$ 8 8synagogue40 ,& are n1 b d lie4 ,x is a false pr(ession altoge!r4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,jn4 i4 #f4 ,behold1 ,i w make !m to come & wor%ip be=e ?y feet4 ,! ^w r5d]$ wor%ip "h1 means1 prop]ly1 to fall pro/rate2 & !n to d homage1 or to wor%ip 9 ! prop] s5se1 z ?is 0 commonly done by fall+ pro/rate4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 ii4 #b4 ,s f> z ! ^w is conc]n$1 x may ref] ei!r to spiritual homage1 t is1 ! wor%ip ( ,god2 or x may mean respect z %[n to sup]iors4 ,if x is us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( div9e wor%ip prop]ly s call$1 x means t !y w\ld be con/ra9$ to come & wor%ip 8be=e !m10 or 9 _! v pres5ce2 if x is us$ 9 ! m g5]al signification1 x means t !y w\ld be con/ra9$ to %[ !m hon\r & respect4 ,! latt] is ! probable mean+2 t is1 t !y w\ld be con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge t !y 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 or t ,god reg>d$ !m ) 8 fav\r4 ,x does n mean necess>ily t !y w\ld !mselves be conv]t$ to ,*ri/1 b t1 z !y _h be5 accu/om$ to revile & oppose ^? :o 7 true ,*ri/ians1 !y w\ld be con/ra9$ to come & r5d] !m ! respect due to ^? :o 7 s9c]ely endeav\r+ to s]ve _! ,mak]4 ,! tru? taught "h is1 t x is 9 ! p[] ( ! ,"l ,jesus s to turn ! he>ts ( all ! enemies ( religion t !y %all be br\ght to %[ respect to x2 s to incl9e ! m9ds ( all p t !y %all hon\r ! *ur*1 or be at lea/ outw>dly its fri5ds4 ,su* homage ! _w %all yet be con/ra9$ to pay to x4 ,& to "k t ,i h lov$ !e4 ,?is expla9s :at he _h j said1 & %[s t he means t ! enemies ( 8 *ur* w yet be con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge t x enjoys ! smiles ( ,god1 & t in/ead ( be+ p]secut$ & revil$1 x %\ld be respect$ & lov$4 #aj ,because ?\ ha/ kept ! ^w ( my pati5ce1 #aeh;,i also w keep !e f ! h\r ( tempta tion1 :i* %all come ^u all ! _w1 to try !m t dwell ^u ! e>?4 #aj4 ,because ?\ ha/ kept ! ^w ( my pati5ce4 ,my ^w comm&+ or enjo9+ pati5ce2 t is1 ?\ ha/ manife/$ ! pati5ce :i* ,i require4 ,!y _h %[n ?is 9 ! trials :i* !y _h exp]i5c$2 he promises n[1 t 9 return he w keep !m 9 ! future trials t %all come ^u ! _w4 ,"o ( ! highe/ rew>ds ( pati5ce 9 "o trial is ! grace t ,god gives u to be> ano!r4 ,! fact t we h be5 pati5t & submissive may be reg>d$ z pro( t he w give u grace t we may be pati5t & submissive 9 ! trials t are to come4 ,god does n leave ^? :o h %[n t !y w n leave him4 ,i also w keep !e4 ,t is1 ,i w s keep y t y %all n s9k "u ! trials :i* w prove a sev]e temptation to _m4 ,?is does n mean t !y w\ld be actually kept f calamity ( all k9ds1 b t !y w\ld be kept f ! temptation ( apo/asy 9 calamity4 ,he #ie w\ld give !m grace to be> up "u trials ) a ,*ri/ian _s1 & 9 su* a mann] t _! salvation %\ld n be endang]$4 ,f ! h\r ( temptation4 ,! season2 ! "t2 ! p]iod ( temptation4 ,y %all be s kept t t :i* w prove to be a "t ( temptation to s _m1 %all n endang] y\r salvation4 ,?\gh o!rs fall1 y %all n2 ?\gh y may be afflict$ ) o!rs1 yet y %all h grace to su/a9 y4 ,:i* %all come ^u all ! _w4 ,! phrase "h us$8all ! _w0may ei!r d5ote ! :ole _w2 or ! :ole ,roman empire2 or a l>ge di/rict ( c\ntry2 or ! l& ( ,juda4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 ii4 #a4 ,"h1 p]haps1 all t is impli$ is1 t ! trial w\ld be v ext5sive or g5]als mu* s z to embrace ! _w1 z ! ^w 0 und]/ood by ^? to :om ! epi/le 0 address$4 ,x ne$ n be suppos$ t ! :ole _w lit]ally 0 includ$ 9 x1 or ev5 all ! ,roman empire1 b :at 0 ! _w to !m! region :i* !y w\ld embrace 9 t t]m4 ,if !re 7 "s f>-spread+ calamity 9 ! c\ntry :]e !y resid$1 x w\ld probably be all t w\ld be fairly embrac$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,x is n kn[n to :at trial ! speak] ref]s4 ,x may h be5 "s =m ( p]secution1 or x may h be5 "s calamity by disease1 e>?quake1 or fam9e t 0 to occur4 ,tacitus 7see ,wet/e91 9 loco7 m5tions an e>?quake t sank twelve cities 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 "o night1 by :i*1 among o!rs1 ,philadelphia 0 deeply affect$2 & x is possible t !re may h be5 ref]5ce "h to t ov]:elm+ calamity4 ,b no?+ c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ?is4 ,to try !m t dwell ^u ! e>?4 ,to te/ _! "*4 ,x w\ld r seem f ?is t ! affliction 0 "s =m ( p]secution z adapt$ to te/ ! fidelity ( ^? :o 7 affect$ by x4 ,! p]secutions 9 ! ,roman empire w\ld furni% abundant occasions = su* a trial4 #aa ,behold1 #aei;,i come #afjquickly3 hold t fa/ :i* ?\ ha/1 t no man take ?y cr[n4 #aa4 ,behold1 ,i come quickly4 ,t is1 9 ! trials ref]r$ to4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #a1 #aa1 #af4 ,hold t fa/ :i* ?\ ha/4 ,t is1 :atev] ( tru? & piety y n[ possess4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,t no man take ?y cr[n4 ,! cr[n ( life appo9t$ = all :o are true believ]s4 ,see ,notes on #b ,ti4 iv4 #h4 ,! tru? :i* is taught "h is1 t by neglig5ce or unfai?fulness 9 duty we may be depriv$ ( ! glory :i* we might h obta9$ if we _h be5 fai?ful to our ,god & ,savi\r4 ,we ne$ to be on our con/ant gu>d1 t1 9 a _w ( temptation1 :]e ! enemies ( tru? ab\nd1 we may n be robb$ ( ! cr[n t we might h worn = ev]4 ,comp4 ,notes on #b ,jn4 #h4 #ab ,him t ov]come? w ,i make a pill> 9 ! temple ( my ,god2 & he %all g no m out3 & ,i w write ^u him ! "n ( my ,god1 & ! "n ( ! city ( my ,god1 :i* is #afa,new ,j]usalem1 :i* come? d[n out ( heav5 f my ,god3 & ,i w write ^u him my new "n4 #ab4 ,him t ov]come?4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,w ,i make a pill> 9 ! temple ( my ,god4 ,see ! introductory rem>ks to ?is epi/le4 ,! promis$ rew>d ( fai?fulness "h is1 t he :o 0 victori\s w\ld be hon\r$ z if he 7 a pill> or column 9 ! temple ( ,god4 ,su* a pill> or column 0 p>tly = ornam5t1 & p>tly = support2 & ! idea "h is1 t 9 t temple he w\ld contribute to its beauty & ! ju/ness ( its proportions1 & w\ld at ! same "t be hon\r$ z if he 7 a pill> :i* 0 necess>y = ! support ( ! temple4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to repres5t ! *ur* z a temple1 & ,*ri/ians z p>ts ( x4 ,see #a ,co4 iii4 #af1 #ag2 vi4 #ai2 #b ,co4 vi4 #af2 #a ,pe4 ii4 #e4 ,& he %all g no m out4 ,he %all be p]man5t z a "p ( t spiritual temple4 ,! idea ( 8go+ out0 does n prop]ly belong to a pill>2 b ! speak] "h has 9 8 m9d ! man1 ?\gh repres5t$ z a column4 ,! description ( "s p>ts w\ld be applicable m directly to a pill>2 9 o!rs m prop]ly to a man4 ,comp4 ,jn4 vi4 #cg2 x4 #bh1 #bi2 #a ,jn4 ii4 #ai1 = an illu/ration ( ! s5tim5t "h4 ,! ma9 tru? "h is1 t if we rea* #if heav51 our happ9ess w be secure = ev]4 ,we %all h ! mo/ absolute c]ta9ty t ! welf>e ( ! s\l w no m be p]ill$2 t we %all nev] be 9 dang] ( fall+ into temptation2 t no artful foe %all ev] h p[] to ali5ate our affections f ,god2 t we %all nev] die4 ,?\gh we may *ange our place1 & may roam f _w to _w till we %all h survey$ all ! wond]s ( creation1 yet we %all nev] 8g out ( ! temple ( ,god40 ,comp4 ,notes on ,jn4 xiv4 #b4 ,:5 we rea* ! heav5ly _w our conflicts w be ov]1 our d\bts at an end4 ,z soon z we cross ! ?re%old we %all be greet$ ) ! assurance1 8he %all g no m out = ev]40 ,t is to be our et]nal abode1 & :atev] ( joy1 or felicity1 or glory1 t bright _w c furni%1 is to be ours4 ,happy mom5t :51 em]g+ f a _w ( dang] & ( d\bt1 ! s\l %all settle d[n into ! calmness & peace ( t /ate :]e !re is ! assurance ( ,god himself t t _w ( bliss is to be its et]nal abode6 ,& ,i w write ^u him ! "n ( my ,god4 ,consid]$ z a pill> or column 9 ! temple4 ,! "n ( ,god w\ld be conspicu\sly record$ on x to %[ t he belong$ to ,god4 ,! allusion is to a public edifice1 on ! columns ( :i* ! names ( di/+ui%$ & hon\r$ p]sons 7 record$2 t is1 :]e !re is a public te/imonial ( ! respect 9 :i* "o ^: "n 0 ?us record$ 0 held4 ,! hon\r ?us conf]r$ on him 8:o %\ld ov]come0 w\ld be z great z if ! "n ( t ,god :om he s]v$1 & ^: fav\r & fri5d%ip he enjoy$1 7 inscrib$ on him 9 "s conspicu\s mann]4 ,! mean+ is1 t he w\ld be kn[n & recogniz$ z belong+ to ,god2 ! ,god ( ! ,r$eem] himselfindicat$ by ! phrase1 8! "n ( my ,god40 ,& ! "n ( ! city ( my ,god4 ,t is1 indicat+ t he belongs to t city1 or t ! ,new ,j]usalem is ! city ( 8 habitation4 ,! idea w\ld seem to be1 t 9 ?is _w1 & 9 all worlds :]ev] he goes & :]ev] he abides1 he w be recogniz$ z belong+ to t holy city2 z enjoy+ ! rights & immunities ( su* a citiz54 ,:i* is ,new ,j]usalem4 ,j]usalem 0 ! place :]e ! temple 0 re>$1 & :]e ! wor%ip ( ,god 0 celebrat$4 ,x ?us came to be synonym\s ) ! *ur*! dwell+-place ( ,god on e>?4 ,:i* come? d[n out ( heav5 f my ,god4 ,see ?is expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xxi4 #b1 seq4 ,( c\rse ?is mu/ be a figurative repres5tation1 b ! idea is pla94 ,x is1 7#a7 t ! *ur* is1 9 accordance ) settl$ ,scripture language1 repres5t$ z a city! abode ( ,god on e>?4 7#b7 ,t is1 in/ead ( be+ built "h1 or hav+ an e>?ly orig91 x has its orig9 9 heav54 ,x is z if x _h be5 con/ruct$ !re1 & !n s5t d[n to e>? ready =m$4 ,! type1 ! =m1 ! :ole /ructure is heav5ly4 ,x is a dep>ture f all prop] laws ( int]pretation to expla9 ?is lit]ally1 z if a city %\ld be actually let d[n f heav52 & equally s to inf] f ?is passage1 & ! o!rs ( simil> import 9 ?is book1 t a city w be lit]ally re>$ = ! resid5ce ( ! sa9ts4 ,if ! passage proves any?+ on ei!r ( ^! po9ts1 x is1 t a great & spl5did city1 su* z t describ$ 9 *4 xxi41 w lit]ally come d[n f heav54 ,b :o c believe t8 ,su* an int]pretation1 h[ev]1 is by no means necess>y4 ,! comp>ison ( ! *ur* ) a beautiful city1 & ! fact t x has its orig9 9 heav51 is all t is fairly impli$ 9 ! passage4 ,& ,i w write ^u him my new "n4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #ag4 ,! rew>d1 !re=e1 promis$ "h is1 t he :o1 by p]sev]+ fidelity1 %[$ t he 0 a real fri5d ( ! ,savi\r1 w\ld be hon\r$ ) a p]man5t abode 9 ! holy city ( 8 habitation4 ,9 ! *ur* r$eem$ & triumphant he w\ld h a p]petual dwell+2 & :]ev] he %\ld be1 !re w\ld be giv5 him sure pl$ges t he belong$ to him1 & 0 recogniz$ z a citiz5 ( ! heav5ly _w4 ,to no high] hon\r c\ld any man aspire2 & yet t is an hon\r to :i* ! mo/ humble & l[ly may atta9 by fai? 9 ! ,son ( ,god4 #ac ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,laodicea4 ,! cont5ts ( ! epi/le to ! *ur* at ,laodicea 7v]4 #adbb7 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! usual salutation to ! angel ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #ad4 7#b7 ,! ref]5ce to ! attributes ( ! speak]! "o "h ref]r$ to be+ t he 0 ! 8,am510 8! fai?ful #ig & true witness10 & 8! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god10 v]4 #ad4 7#c7 ,! claim t he knew all _! works1 v]4 #ae4 7#d7 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! *ur*3 x 0 8lukew>m0nei!r 8cold nor hot10 v]4 #ae4 7#e7 ,! puni%m5t ?reat5$1 t he w\ld 8spue !m out ( 8 m\?10 v]4 #af4 7#f7 ,a solemn repro( ( _! self-confid5ce1 ( _! ignorance ( !mselves1 & ( _! pride1 :5 !y 7 9 fact poor1 & bl9d1 & nak$2 & a solemn c\nsel to !m to apply to him = ^? ?+s :i* w\ld make !m truly ri*:i* w\ld cov] up ! %ame ( _! nak$ness1 & :i* w\ld give !m cle> spiritual vision1 v]4 #ag1 #ah4 7#g7 ,a comm& to rep5t1 9 view ( ! fact t he rebukes & *a/5s ^? :om he loves4 7#h7 ,an assurance t an opportunity is /ill (f]$ = rep5tance1 repres5t$ by 8 /&+ at ! door & pray+ = admittance1 v]4 #bj4 7#i7 ,a promise to him t %\ld be victori\s9 ?is case1 t he %\ld sit d[n ) him on 8 ?rone1 v]4 #ba2 & 7#aj7 ! usual call on ^? :o _h e>s to he>1 to att5d to :at ! ,_s said to ! *ur*es4 ,laodicea 0 situat$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,phrygia1 ne> ! junction ( ! small riv]s ,asopus & ,c>pus1 on a pla9 wa%$ at its edges by ea*4 ,x 0 ab\t =ty miles f ,ephesus1 & n f> f ,colosse & ,hi]apolis4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/rabo x 0 a l>ge city2 b ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes1 to :i* ?is di/rict has be5 always liable1 demoli%$1 long s9ce1 a l>ge "p ( ! city1 & de/roy$ _m ( ! inhabitants1 & ! place 0 ab&on$1 & n[ lies 9 ru9s4 ,x is n[ a des]t$ place1 call$ by ! ,turks ,eski-hiss>1 or ,old ,ca/le4 ,f its ru9s1 :i* are num]\s1 consi/+ ( ! rema9s ( temples1 !atres1 c41 x seems to h be5 situat$ on six or sev5 hills1 tak+ up a l>ge space ( gr\nd4 ,! :ole ris+ gr\nd on :i* ! city /ood is "o va/ tumulus ( ru9s1 ab&on$ entirely to ! owl & ! fox4 ,col4 ,leake says1 8,!re are few anci5t sites m likely ?an ,laodicea to pres]ve _m curi\s rema9s ( antiquity b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil2 its opul5ce1 & ! e>?quakes to :i* x 0 subject1 r5d]+ x probable t valuable works ( art 7 !re buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! public & private edifices40 ,! neighb\r+ village conta9s "s fifty or sixty p1 among :om1 on a visit ( a rec5t travell] !re1 !re 7 b two nom9al ,*ri/ians4 8,! "n ( ,*ri/ianity10 says ,em]son 7p4 #aja71 8is =gott51 & ! only s\nds t di/urb ! sil5ce ( its des]tion are ! tones ( ! ,muezz91 ^: voice f ! di/ant village 7,eski-hiss>7 proclaims ! asc5d5cy ( ,mahomet4 ,laodicea is ev5 m solit>y ?an ,ephesus2 = ! latt] has ! prospect ( ! roll+ sea or ( a :it5+ sail to enliv5 its decay2 :ile ! =m] sits 9 wid[$ lonel9ess1 its walls are grass-gr[n1 its temples desolate1 its v "n has p]i%$40 ,a ?und]/orm ga!r$ on ! m\nta9s at a di/ance :ile ?is travell] 0 exam9+ ! ru9s ( ,laodicea4 ,he return$ to ,eski-hiss>1 & wait$ until ! fury ( ! /orm _h abat$1 b set (f on 8 j\rney aga9 be=e x _h entirely ceas$ to bl[ & to ra94 8,we pref]r$10 says he1 8ha/5+ on1 to a f>!r delay 9 t melan*oly spot1 :]e ev]y?+ :isp]$ desolation1 & :]e ! v w9d t swept impetu\sly ?r\gh ! valley s\nd$ l ! fi5di% laugh ( "t exult+ ov] ! de/ruction ( man & 8 pr\de/ monum5ts40 ,see ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dd1 #de2 ,kitto's ,encyclo42 ,smi?'s ,j\rney to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 #afga2 ,leake1 ,arundell1 ,h>tley1 ,mac,farlane1 ,pococke1 c4 ,! engrav+ 9 ?is vol4 w furni% a repres5tation ( ! ru9s ( ,laodicea4 #ad ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* #afb( ! ,laodiceans write2 ,^! ?+s sai? ! #afc;,am51 ! fai?ful & true witness1 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god2 #ad4 ,& unto ! angel ( ! *ur* ( ! ,laodiceans write4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #bj4 ,^! ?+s sai? ! ,am54 ,ref]r+1 z is ! case 9 e epi/le1 to "s attribute ( ! speak] adapt$ to impress _! m9ds1 or to give peculi> =ce to :at he 0 ab\t to say to t p>ticul> *ur*4 ,laodicea 0 *>act]iz$ by lukew>mness1 & ! ref]5ce to ! fact t he :o 0 ab\t to address !m 0 ! #ih 8,am50t is1 0 *>act]iz$ by ! simple e>ne/ness & s9c]ity d5ot$ by t ^w0 em95tly fitt$ to make an impression on ! m9ds ( su* a p4 ,! ^w ,am5 means true1 c]ta91 fai?ful2 &1 z us$ "h1 x means t he to :om x is appli$ is em95tly true & fai?ful4 ,:at he affirms is true2 :at he promises or ?reat5s is c]ta94 ,himself *>act]iz$ by s9c]ity & tru? 7,notes on #b ,co4 i4 #bj71 he c look ) approbation only on ! same ?+ 9 o!rs3 & h5ce he looks ) displeasure on ! lukew>mness :i*1 f its v nature1 always approximates ins9c]ity4 ,?is 0 an attribute1 !re=e1 e way appropriate to be ref]r$ to 9 address+ a lukew>m *ur*4 ,! fai?ful & true witness4 ,?is is pres5t+ ! idea impli$ 9 ! ^w ,am5 9 a m complete =m1 b sub/antially ! same ?+ is ref]r$ to4 ,he is a witness = ,god & 8 tru?1 & he c approve ( no?+ :i* ! ,god ( tru? w\ld n approve4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #e4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god4 ,?is expression is a v important "o 9 reg>d to ! rank & dignity ( ! ,savi\r1 &1 l all simil> expressions respect+ him1 its mean+ has be5 mu* controv]t$4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,col4 i4 #ae4 ,! phrase "h us$ is susceptible1 prop]ly1 ( only "o ( ! foll[+ significations1 viz43 ei!r 7a7 t he 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation 9 ! s5se t he caus$ ! univ]se to beg9 to exi/t is1 t he 0 ! au?or ( all ?+s2 or 7b7 t he 0 ! fir/ creat$ be+2 or 7c7 t he holds ! primacy ov] all1 & is at ! head ( ! univ]se4 ,x is n necess>y to exam9e any o!r propos$ int]pretations1 = ! only o!r s5ses suppos$ to be convey$ by ! words1 t he is ! beg9n+ ( ! creation 9 ! s5se t he rose f ! dead z ! fir/-fruits ( !m t sleep1 or t he is ! head ( ! spiritual creation ( ,god1 are s =eign to ! natural mean+ ( ! words z to ne$ no special refutation4 ,z to ! ?ree significations sugge/$ above1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! fir/ "ot he is ! au?or ( ! creation1 & 9 t s5se ! beg9n+?\gh express+ a scriptural doctr9e 7,jn4 i4 #c2 ,ep4 iii4 #i2 ,col4 i4 #af71 is n 9 accordance ) ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w "h us$4 ,! ^w prop]ly ref]s to ! comm5cem5t ( a ?+1 n its au?or%ip1 & d5otes prop]ly primacy 9 "t1 & primacy 9 rank1 b n primacy 9 ! s5se ( caus+ any?+ to exi/4 ,! two ideas :i* run ?r\gh ! ^w z x is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are ^? j sugge/$4 ,= ! =m]primacy 9 reg>d to "tt is prop]ly ! comm5cem5t ( a ?+1 see ! foll[+ passages :]e ! ^w occurs3 ,mat4 xix4 #d1 #h2 xxiv4 #h1 #ba2 ,m>4 i4 #a2 x4 #f2 xiii4 #h1 #ai2 ,lu4 i4 #b2 ,jn4 i4 #a1 #b2 ii4 #aa2 vi4 #fd2 viii4 #be1 #dd2 xv4 #bg2 xvi4 #d2 ,ac4 xi4 #ae2 #a ,jn4 i4 #a2 ii4 #g1 #ac1 #ad1 #bd2 iii4 #h1 #aa2 #b ,jn4 #e1 #f4 ,= ! latt] signification1 primacy ( rank or au?ority1 see ! foll[+ places3 ,lu4 xii4 #aa2 xx4 #bj2 ,ro4 viii4 #ch2 #a ,co4 xv4 #bd2 ,ep4 i4 #ba2 iii4 #aj2 vi4 #ab2 ,col4 i4 #af1 #ah2 ii4 #aj1 #ae2 ,tit4 iii4 #a4 ,! ^w is n1 !re=e1 f\nd 9 ! s5se ( au?or%ip1 z d5ot+ t "o is ! beg9n+ ( any?+ 9 ! s5se t he caus$ x to h an exi/5ce4 ,z to ! second ( ! significations sugge/$1 t x means t he 0 ! fir/ creat$ be+1 x may be obs]v$ 7a7 t ?is is n a necess>y signification ( ! phrase1 s9ce no "o c %[ t ?is is ! only prop] mean+ :i* c\ld be giv5 to ! words1 & !re=e ! phrase _c be adduc$ to prove t he is himself a creat$ be+4 ,if x 7 demon/rat$ f o!r s\rces t ,*ri/ 01 9 fact1 a creat$ be+1 & ! fir/ t ,god _h made1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is language w\ld appropriately express t fact4 ,b x _c be made out f ! m]e use ( ! language "h2 & z ! language is susceptible ( o!r int]pretations1 x _c be employ$ to prove t ,*ri/ is a creat$ be+4 7b7 ,su* an int]pretation w\ld be at v>iance ) all ^? passages :i* speak ( him z uncreat$ & et]nal2 :i* ascribe ,div9e attributes to him2 :i* speak ( him z himself ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,comp4 ,jn4 i4 #ac2 ,col4 i4 #af2 ,he4 i4 #b1 #f1 #h1 #ajab4 ,! ?ird signification1 !re=e1 rema9s1 t he is 8! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god10 9 ! s5se t he is ! head or pr9ce ( ! creation2 t is1 t he presides ov] x s f> z ! purposes ( r$emption are to be accompli%$1 & s f> z is necess>y = ^? purposes4 ,?is is 7#a7 9 accordance ) ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 ,lu4 xii4 #aa2 xx4 #bj1 et al4 ut supra2 & 7#b7 9 accordance ) ! uni=m #ii /atem5ts respect+ ! ,r$eem]1 t 8all p[] is giv5 unto him 9 heav5 & 9 e>?0 7,mat4 xxviii4 #ah72 t ,god has 8giv5 him p[] ov] all fle%0 7,jn4 xvii4 #b72 t all ?+s are 8put "u 8 feet0 7,he4 ii4 #h2 #a ,co4 xv4 #bg72 t he is exalt$ ov] all ?+s1 ,ep4 i4 #bjbb4 ,hav+ ?is rank1 x 0 prop] t he %\ld speak ) au?ority to ! *ur* at ,laodicea4 #ae ,i "k ?y works1 t ?\ art nei!r cold nor hot3 #afd;,i w\ld ?\ w]t cold or hot4 #ae4 ,i "k ?y works4 ,notes on *4 ii4 #b4 ,t ?\ art nei!r cold nor hot4 ,! ^w cold "h w\ld seem to d5ote ! /ate :]e !re 0 no pret5sion to religion2 :]e ev]y?+ 0 utt]ly lifeless & dead4 ,! language is obvi\sly figurative1 b x is su* z is (t5 employ$1 :5 we speak ( "o z be+ cold t[>ds ano!r1 z hav+ a cold or icy he>t1 c4 ,! ^w hot w\ld d5ote1 ( c\rse1 ! oppositew>m & zeal\s 9 _! love & s]vice4 ,! v words t we are con/ra9$ to use :5 speak+ on ?is subjectsu* words z ard5t 7i4e4 hot or burn+72 f]vid 7i4e4 v hot1 burn+1 boil+7%[ h[ necess>y x is to use su* words1 & h[ common x is4 ,! /ate indicat$ "h1 !re=e1 w\ld be t 9 :i* !re 0 a pr(ession ( religion1 b no w>m-he>t$ piety2 9 :i* !re 0 n1 on ! "o h&1 op5 & hone/ opposition to him1 &1 on ! o!r1 su* w>m-he>t$ & hone/ love z he _h a "r to look = among 8 pr(ess$ fri5ds2 9 :i* !re 0 a pr(ession ( t religion :i* ought to w>m ! he>t ) love1 & fill ! s\l ) zeal 9 ! cause ( ! ,r$eem]2 b :]e ! only result1 9 fact1 0 deadness & indiff]5ce to him & 8 cause4 ,among ^? :o made no pr(ession he _h reason to expect no?+ b coldness2 among ^? :o made a pr(ession he _h a "r to expect ! gl[ ( a w>m affection2 b he f\nd no?+ b indiff]5ce4 ,i w\ld ?\ w]t cold or hot4 ,t is1 ,i w\ld pref] ei!r ( ^? /ates to t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,any?+ bett] ?an ?is condition1 :]e love is pr(ess$1 b :]e x does n exi/2 :]e v[s h be5 assum$ :i* are n fulfill$4 ,:y he w\ld pref] t !y %\ld be 8hot0 is cle> en\gh2 b :y w\ld he pref] a /ate ( utt] coldnessa /ate :]e !re 0 no pr(ession ( real love8 ,to ?is "q ! foll[+ answ]s may be giv53 7#a7 ,su* a /ate ( op5 & pr(ess$ coldness or indiff]5ce is m hone/4 ,!re is no disguise2 no concealm5t2 no pret5ce4 ,we "k :]e "o 9 ?is /ate 8may be f\nd20 we "k ) :om we are deal+2 we "k :at to expect4 ,sad z ! /ate is1 x is at lea/ hone/2 & we are s made t we all pref] su* a "* to "o :]e pr(essions are made :i* are nev] to be realiz$to a /ate ( ins9c]ity & hypocrisy4 7#b7 ,su* a /ate is m hon\rable4 ,x is a m elevat$ condition ( m9d1 & m>ks a high] "*4 ,( a man :o is false to 8 engagem5ts1 :o makes pr(essions & promises nev] to be realiz$1 we c make no?+4 ,!re is ess5tial meanness 9 su* a "*1 & !re is no?+ 9 x :i* we c respect4 ,b 9 ! "* ( ! man :o is op5ly & av[$ly oppos$ to any?+2 :o takes 8 /&1 & is e>ne/ & zeal\s 9 8 c\rse1 ?\gh x be wrong1 !re are traits :i* may be1 "u a bett] direction1 elem5ts ( true greatness & magnanimity4 ,9 ! "* ( ,saul ( ,t>sus !re 7 always ! elem5ts ( true greatness2 9 t ( ,judas ,isc>iot !re 7 nev]4 ,! "o 0 capable ( becom+ "o ( ! noble/ m5 t has ev] liv$ on ! e>?2 ! o!r1 ev5 "u ! p]sonal tea*+ ( ! ,r$eem] = ye>s1 0 no?+ b a traitora man ( ess5tial meanness4 7#c7 ,!re is m hope ( conv]sion & salvation 9 su* a case4 ,!re c\ld always h be5 a gr\nd ( hope t ,saul w\ld be conv]t$ & sav$1 ev5 :5 8brea?+ out ?reat5+ & slaught]20 ( ,judas1 :5 numb]$ among ! pr(ess$ disciples ( ! ,savi\r1 !re 0 no hope4 ,! mo/ hopeless ( all p]sons1 9 reg>d to salvation1 are ^? :o are memb]s ( ! *ur* )\t any true religion2 :o h made a pr(ession )\t any evid5ce ( p]sonal piety2 :o are cont5t ) a "n to live4 ,?is is s1 because 7a7 ! ess5tial "* ( #ajj anyone :o w all[ himself to d ?is is em95tly unfav\rable to true religion4 ,!re is a lack ( t ?or\gh hone/y & s9c]ity :i* is s necess>y = true conv]sion to ,god4 ,he :o is cont5t to pr(ess to be :at he really is n1 is n a man on :om ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity are likely to make an impression4 7b7 ,su* a man nev] applies ! tru? to himself4 ,tru? t is address$ to imp5it5t s9n]s he does n apply to himself1 ( c\rse2 = he does n rank himself 9 t class ( p]sons4 ,tru? address$ to hypocrites he w n apply to himself2 = no "o1 h[ev] ins9c]e & holl[ he may be1 *ooses to act on ! presumption t he is himself a hypocrite1 or s z to leave o!rs to suppose t he reg>ds himself z su*4 ,! means ( grace adapt$ to save a s9n]1 z su*1 he w n use2 = he is 9 ! *ur*1 & *ooses to reg>d himself z safe4 ,ef=ts made to reclaim him he w resi/2 = he w reg>d x z pro( ( a m$dlesome _s1 & an un*>itable judg+ 9 o!rs1 if !y consid] him to be any?+ diff]5t f :at he pr(esses to be4 ,:at "r h !y to g back ( 8 pr(ession1 & assume t he is ins9c]e8 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re are probably few] p]sons by f> conv]t$ ( ^? :o come into ! *ur* )\t any religion1 ?an ( any o!r class ( p]sons ( simil> numb]2 & ! mo/ hopeless ( all conditions1 9 respect to conv]sion & salvation1 is :5 "o ent]s ! *ur* deceiv$4 7c7 ,x may be presum$ t1 = ^! reasons1 ,god himself w make less direct ef=t to conv]t & save su* p]sons4 ,z !re are few] appeals t c be br\ght to be> on !m2 z !re is less 9 _! "* t is noble1 & t c be dep5d$ on 9 promot+ ! salvation ( a s\l2 & z !re is special guilt 9 hypocrisy1 x may be presum$ t ,god w m frequ5tly leave su* p]sons to _! *os5 c\rse1 ?an he w ^? :o make no pr(essions ( religion4 ,comp4 ,ps4 cix4 #ag1 #ah2 ,je4 vii4 #af2 xi4 #ad2 xiv4 #aa2 ,is4 i4 #ae2 ,ho4 iv4 #ag4 #af ,s !n because ?\ art lukew>m1 & nei!r cold nor hot1 ,i w spue !e out ( my m\?4 #af4 ,s !n because ?\ art lukew>m,i w spue !e out ( my m\?4 ,ref]r+1 p]haps1 to ! well-kn[n fact t tepid wat] t5ds to produce sickness at ! /oma*1 & an incl9ation to vomit4 ,! image is int5sely /rong1 & d5otes deep disgu/ & loa?+ at ! indiff]5ce :i* prevail$ 9 ! *ur* at ,laodicea4 ,! idea is1 t !y w\ld be utt]ly reject$ & ca/ (f z a *ur*a ?reat5+ ( :i* !re has be5 an abundant fulfilm5t 9 subsequ5t times4 ,x may be rem>k$1 also1 t :at 0 ?reat5$ to t *ur* may be expect$ to occur to all *ur*es1 if !y are 9 ! same condition2 & t all pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians1 & ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 t are lukew>m1 h special reason to dread ! indignation ( ! ,savi\r4 #ag ,because ?\ saye/1 #afe;,i am ri*1 & increas$ ) goods1 & h ne$ ( no?+2 & kn[e/ n t ?\ art wret*$1 & mis]able1 & poor1 & bl9d1 & nak$3 #ag4 ,because ?\ saye/1 ,i am ri*4 ,s f> z ! language "h is conc]n$1 ?is may ref] ei!r to ri*es lit]ally1 or to spiritual ri*es2 t is1 to a boa/ ( hav+ religion en\gh4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t x ref]s to ! =m]1 & s d ,wet/e91 ,vitr+a1 & o!rs4 ,doddridge1 ,ros5mll]1 & o!rs1 und]/& x 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,!re is no d\bt t !re 0 mu* weal? 9 ,laodicea1 & t1 z a p1 !y prid$ !mselves on _! ri*es4 ,see ! au?orities 9 ,wet/e9 on ,col4 ii4 #a1 & ,vitr+a1 p4 #afj4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e :i* is ! true s5se2 b may x n h be5 t !re 0 an allusion to bo?1 & t1 9 e respect1 !y boa/$ t !y _h en\gh8 ,may x n h be5 s mu* ! *>act]i/ic ( t p to boa/ ( _! weal?1 t !y c>ri$ ! _s into ev]y?+1 & manife/$ x ev5 9 reg>d to religion8 ,is x n true t !y :o h mu* ( ?is _w's goods1 :5 !y make a pr(ession ( religion1 are v apt to suppose t !y are well (f 9 ev]y?+1 & to feel self-complac5t & happy8 ,& is n ! possession ( mu* weal? by an individual ,*ri/ian1 or a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 likely to produce j ! lukew>mness :i* x is said exi/$ 9 ! *ur* at ,laodicea8 ,if we ?us und]/& x1 #aja !re w be an accordance ) ! well-kn[n fact t ,laodicea 0 di/+ui%$ = its ri*es1 &1 at ! same "t1 ) ano!r fact1 s common z to be almo/ univ]sal1 t ! possession ( great weal? t5ds to make a pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian self-complac5t & satisfi$ 9 e respect2 to make him feel t1 al?\gh he may n h mu* religion1 yet he is on ! :ole well (f2 & to produce1 9 religion1 a /ate ( j su* lukew>mness z ! ,savi\r "h says 0 loa?some & odi\s4 ,& increas$ ) goods4 8,i am enri*$40 ,?is is only a m emphatic & int5sive way ( say+ ! same ?+4 ,x has no ref]5ce to ! k9d ( ri*es ref]r$ to1 b m]ely d5otes ! confid5t mann] 9 :i* !y affirm$ t !y 7 ri*4 ,& h ne$ ( no?+4 ,/ill an emphatic & int5sive way ( say+ t !y 7 ri*4 ,9 all respects _! wants 7 satisfi$2 !y _h en\gh ( ev]y?+4 ,!y felt1 !re=e1 no /imulus to ef=t2 !y sat d[n 9 cont5tm5t1 self-complac5cy1 & indiff]5ce4 ,x is almo/ unavoidable t ^? :o are ri* 9 ?is _w's goods %\ld feel t !y h ne$ ( no?+4 ,!re is no m common illusion among m5 ?an ! feel+ t if "o has weal? he has ev]y?+2 t !re is no want ( 8 nature :i* _c be satisfi$ ) t2 & t he may n[ sit d[n 9 cont5tm5t & ease4 ,h5ce ! almo/ univ]sal desire to be ri*2 h5ce ! common feel+ among ^? :o are ri* t !re is no occasion = solicitude or c>e = any?+ else4 ,comp4 ,lu4 xii4 #ai4 ,& kn[e/ n4 ,!re is no j impression 9 reg>d to ! real pov]ty & wret*$ness ( y\r condition4 ,t ?\ art wret*$4 ,! ^w wret*$ we n[ use to d5ote ! actual consci\sness ( be+ mis]able1 z applicable to "o :o is sunk into deep di/ress or affliction4 ,! ^w "h1 h[ev]1 ref]s r to ! condition itself ?an to ! consci\sness ( t condition1 = x is said t !y did n "k x4 ,_! /ate 01 9 fact1 a mis]able /ate1 & 0 fitt$ to produce actual di/ress if !y _h _h any j s5se ( x1 ?\gh !y ?\ght t x 0 o!rwise4 ,& mis]able4 ,?is ^w has1 ) u n[1 a simil> signification2 b ! t]m "h us$r means a pitiable /ate ?an "o actually felt to be s4 ,! mean+ is1 t _! condition 0 "o t 0 fitt$ to excite pity or compassion2 n t !y 7 actually mis]able4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,co4 xv4 #ai4 ,& poor4 ,not)/&+ all _! boa/ ( hav+ en\gh4 ,!y really _h n t :i* 0 necess>y to meet ! actual wants ( _! nature1 &1 !re=e1 !y 7 poor4 ,_! worldly prop]ty c\ld n meet ! wants ( _! s\ls2 &1 ) all _! pret5sions to piety1 !y _h n religion en\gh to meet ! necessities ( _! nature :5 calamities %\ld come1 or :5 dea? %\ld approa*2 & !y 71 !re=e1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 poor4 ,& bl9d4 ,t is1 9 a spiritual respect4 ,!y did n see ! reality ( _! condition2 !y _h no j views ( !mselves1 ( ! "* ( ,god1 ( ! way ( salvation4 ,?is seems to be said 9 connection ) ! boa/ :i* !y made 9 _! own m9dst !y _h ev]y?+2 t !y want$ no?+4 ,"o ( ! great bless+s ( life is cle>ness ( vision1 & _! boa/ t !y _h ev]y?+ mu/ h includ$ t2 b ! speak] "h says t !y lack$ t indisp5sable ?+ to complet5ess ( "* & to full enjoym5t4 ,) all _! boa/+1 !y 7 actually bl9d1& h[ c\ld "o :o 0 9 t /ate say t he 8_h ne$ ( no?+80 ,& nak$4 ,( c\rse1 spiritually4 ,salvation is (t5 repres5t$ z a g>m5t 7,mat4 xxii4 #aa1 #ab2 ,re4 vi4 #aa2 vii4 #i1 #ac1 #ad72 & ! decl>ation "h is equival5t to say+ t !y _h no religion4 ,!y _h no?+ to cov] ! nak$ness ( ! s\l1 & 9 respect to ! real wants ( _! nature !y 7 l "o :o _h no clo?+ 9 ref]5ce to cold1 & heat1 & /orms1 & to ! %ame ( nak$ness4 ,h[ c\ld su* an "o be reg>d$ z ri*8 ,we may le>n f ?is in/ructive v]se1 7#a7 ,t m5 may ?9k !mselves to be ri*1 & yet1 9 fact1 be mis]ably poor4 ,!y may h ! weal? ( ?is _w 9 abundance1 & yet h no?+ t really w meet _! wants 9 disappo9tm5t1 b]eavem5t1 sickness1 dea?2 ! wants ( _! nev]-dy+ s\l2 _! wants 9 et]nity4 ,:at _h ! 8ri* fool10 z he is commonly t]m$1 9 ! p>able1 :5 he came to die8 ,lu4 xii4 #af1 #ajb seq4 ,:at _h 8,dives10 z he is commonly t]m$1 to meet ! wants ( 8 nature :5 he w5t d[n to hell8 ,lu4 xvi4 #ai1 seq4 7#b7 ,m5 may h mu* prop]ty1 & ?9k t !y h all !y want1 & yet be wret*$4 ,9 ! s5se t _! condition is a wret*$ condition1 ?is is always true2 & 9 ! s5se t !y are consci\sly wret*$1 ?is may be1 & (t5 is1 true also4 7#c7 ,m5 may h great prop]ty1 & yet be mis]able4 ,?is is true 9 ! s5se t _! condition is a pitiable "o1 & 9 ! s5se t !y are actually unhappy4 ,!re is no m pitiable condition ?an t :]e "o has great prop]ty1 & is self-complac5t & pr\d1 & :o has nev]!less no ,god1 no ,savi\r1 no hope ( heav51 & :o p]haps t v day may 8lift up 8 eyes 9 hell1 be+ 9 torm5ts20 & x ne$ n be add$ t !re is no great] actual mis]y 9 ?is _w ?an t :i* sometimes f9ds its way into ! palaces ( ! ri*4 ,he greatly errs :o ?9ks t mis]y is conf9$ to ! cottages ( ! poor4 7#d7 ,m5 may be ri*1 & ?9k !y h all t !y want1 & yet be bl9d to _! condition4 ,!y really h no di/9ct vision ( any?+4 ,!y h no j views ( ,god1 ( !mselves1 ( _! duty1 ( ?is _w1 or ( ! next4 ,9 mo/ important respects !y are 9 a worse condition ?an ! inmates ( an asylum = ! bl9d1 = !y may h cle> views ( ,god & ( heav54 ,m5tal d>kness is a great] calamity ?an ! loss ( natural vision2 & !re is _m an "o :o is surr\nd$ by all t afflu5ce c give1 :o nev] yet _h "o correct view ( 8 own "*1 ( 8 ,god1 or ( ! reality ( 8 condition1 & ^: condition might h be5 f> bett] if he _h actually be5 born bl9d4 7#e7 ,!re may be gorge\s robes ( adorn+1 & yet real nak$ness4 ,) all ! decorations t weal? c imp>t1 !re may be a nak$ness ( ! s\l z real z t ( ! body w\ld be if1 )\t a rag to cov] x1 x 7 expos$ to cold1 & /orm1 & %ame4 ,! s\l de/itute ( ! robes ( salvation1 is 9 a worse condition ?an ! body )\t raim5t2 = h[ c x be> ! /orms ( wra? t %all beat ^u x = ev]1 & ! %ame ( its exposure 9 ! la/ dread day8 #ah ,i c\nsel !e to #aff;buy ( me gold tri$ 9 ! fire1 t ?\ maye/ be ri*2 & :ite raim5t1 t ?\ maye/ be clo!d1 & t #afg! %ame ( ?y nak$ness d n appe>2 & ano9t ?9e eyes ) eye-salve1 t ?\ maye/ see4 #ah4 ,i c\nsel !e to buy ( me gold tri$ 9 ! fire4 ,pure gold2 su* z has be5 subject$ to ! action ( heat to purify x f dross4 ,see ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #g4 ,gold "h is emblematic ( religionz be+ ! mo/ preci\s ( ! metals1 & ! mo/ valu$ by m54 ,!y pr(ess$ to be ri*1 b 7 n2 & he c\nsels !m to obta9 f him t :i* w\ld make !m truly ri*4 ,t ?\ maye/ be ri*4 ,9 ! true & prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,) true religion2 ) ! fav\r & fri5d%ip ( ! ,r$eem]1 !y w\ld h all t !y really ne$$1 & w\ld nev] be 9 want4 ,& :ite raim5t4 ,! emblem ( purity & salvation4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,?is is said 9 ref]5ce to ! fact 7v]4 #ag7 t !y 7 !n nak$4 ,t ?\ maye/ be clo!d4 ,) ! g>m5ts ( salvation4 ,?is ref]s1 also1 to true religion1 mean+ t t :i* ! ,r$eem] furni%es w answ] ! same purpose 9 respect to ! s\l :i* clo?+ does 9 ref]5ce to ! body4 ,( c\rse x _c be und]/ood lit]ally1 nor %\ld ! language be press$ too closely1 z if !re 0 too /rict a resemblance4 ,& t ! %ame ( ?y nak$ness d n appe>4 ,we clo! ! body z well = dec5cy z = protection aga9/ cold1 & /orm1 & heat4 ,! s\l is to be clo!d t ! 8%ame0 ( its s9fulness may n be exhibit$1 & t x may n be (f5sive & repellant 9 ! sight4 ,& ano9t ?9e eyes ) eye- salve4 ,9 allusion to ! fact t !y 7 bl9d1 v]4 #ag4 ,! ^w eye-salveoccurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is a dim9utive f collyraa co>se bread or cake1 & means prop]ly a small cake or cracknel4 ,x is appli$ to eye-salve z resembl+ su* a cake1 & ref]s to a m$icam5t prep>$ = sore or weak eyes4 ,x 0 comp\nd$ ( v>i\s sub/ances suppos$ to h a heal+ #ajc quality4 ,see ,wet/e91 9 loco4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to a spiritual heal+mean+ t1 9 respect to _! spiritual vision1 :at he w\ld furni% w\ld produce ! same effect z ! collyrium or eye-salve w\ld 9 diseas$ eyes4 ,! idea is1 t ! grace ( ! gospel enables m5 :o 7 be=e bl9d to see cle>ly ! "* ( ,god1 ! beauty ( ! way ( salvation1 ! lovel9ess ( ! p]son & "w ( ,*ri/1 c4 ,see ,notes on ,ep4 i4 #ah4 #ai ,z#afh _m z ,i love1 ,i rebuke & *a/53 be zeal\s !re=e1 & rep5t4 #ai4 ,z _m z ,i love1 ,i rebuke & *a/54 ,( c\rse1 only on ! supposition t !y des]ve x4 ,! mean+ is1 t x is a pro( ( love on 8 "p1 if 8 pr(ess$ fri5ds g a/ray1 to recall !m by admonitions & by trials4 ,s a fa!r calls back 8 *ildr5 :o are disob$i5t2 & !re is no high] pro( ( 8 love ?an :51 ) great pa9 to himself1 he adm9i/]s su* *a/isem5t z %all save 8 *ild4 ,see ! s5tim5t "h express$ fully expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on ,he4 xii4 #f1 seq4 ,! language is tak5 f ,pr4 iii4 #ab4 ,be zeal\s1 !re=e1 & rep5t4 ,be e>ne/1 /r5u\s1 ard5t 9 y\r purpose to ex]cise true rep5tance1 & to turn f ! error ( y\r ways4 ,lose no "t2 sp>e no lab\r1 t y may obta9 su* a /ate ( m9d t x %all n be necess>y to br+ ^u y ! sev]e discipl9e :i* always comes on ^? :o cont9ue lukew>m 9 religion4 ,! tru? taught "h is1 t :5 ! pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/ h become lukew>m 9 8 s]vice1 !y %\ld lose no "t 9 return+ to him1 & seek+ 8 fav\r aga94 ,z sure z he has any true love = !m1 if ?is is n done he w br+ ^u !m "s heavy calamity1 alike to rebuke !m = _! errors1 & to recov] !m to himself4 #bj ,behold1 ,i /& at ! door1 & #afiknock3 #agj;if any man he> my voice1 & op5 ! door1 ,i w come 9 to him1 & w sup ) him1 & he ) me4 #bj4 ,behold1 ,i /& at ! door1 & knock4 ,intimat+ t1 ?\gh !y _h err$1 ! way ( rep5tance & hope 0 n clos$ aga9/ !m4 ,he 0 /ill will+ to be graci\s1 ?\gh _! conduct _h be5 su* z to be loa?some1 v]4 #af4 ,to see ! real =ce ( ?is language1 we mu/ rememb] h[ disgu/+ & (f5sive _! conduct _h be5 to him4 ,& yet he 0 will+1 not)/&+ ?is1 to receive !m to 8 fav\r2 nay m1 he /ood & pl$ ) !m t he might be receiv$ ) ! hospitality t w\ld be %[n to a fri5d or /rang]4 ,! language "h is s pla9 t x sc>cely ne$s explanation4 ,x is tak5 f an act :5 we approa* a dwell+1 &1 by a well-und]/ood signknock+ann\nce our pres5ce1 & ask = admission4 ,! act ( knock+ implies two ?+s3 7a7 t we desire admittance2 & 7b7 t we recognize ! "r ( him :o dwells 9 ! h\se to op5 ! door to u or n1 z he %all please4 ,we w\ld n obtrude ^u him2 we w\ld n =ce 8 door2 & if1 aft] we are sure t we are he>d1 we are n admitt$1 we turn quietly away4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s are impli$ "h by ! language us$ by ! ,savi\r :5 he approa*es man z repres5t$ "u ! image ( knock+ at ! door3 t he desires to be admitt$ to our fri5d%ip2 & t he recognizes our fre$om 9 ! matt]4 ,he does n obtrude himself ^u u1 nor does he employ =ce to f9d admission to ! he>t4 ,if admitt$1 he comes & dwells ) u2 if reject$1 he turns quietly awayp]haps to return & knock aga91 p]haps nev] to come back4 ,! language "h us$1 also1 may be und]/ood z applicable to all p]sons1 & to all ! me?ods by :i* ! ,savi\r seeks to come into ! he>t ( a s9n]4 ,x w\ld prop]ly ref] to any?+ :i* w\ld ann\nce 8 pres5ce38 ^w2 8 ,_s2 ! solemn ev5ts ( 8 provid5ce2 ! invitations ( 8 gospel4 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r me?ods he comes to man2 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! invitations ought to be e/imat$ w\ld be se5 by suppos+ t he came to u p]sonally & solicit$ our fri5d%ip1 & propos$ to be our ,r$eem]4 ,x may be add$ "h1 t ?is expression proves t ! attempt at reconciliation beg9s ) ! ,savi\r4 ,x is n t ! s9n] goes out to meet him1 or to seek = him2 x is t ! ,savi\r pres5ts himself at ! door ( ! he>t1 z if he 7 desir\s #ajd to enjoy ! fri5d%ip ( man4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! uni=m language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t 8,god s lov$ ! _w z to give 8 only-begott5 ,son20 t 8,*ri/ came to seek & to save ! lo/20 t ! ,savi\r says1 8,come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad510 c4 ,salvation1 9 ! ,scriptures1 is nev] repres5t$ z orig9at$ by man4 ,if any man he> my voice4 ,p]haps ref]r+ to a cu/om !n prevail+1 t he :o knock$ spake1 9 ord] to let x be kn[n :o x 04 ,?is might be dem&$ 9 ! night 7,lu4 xi4 #e71 or :5 !re 0 appreh5sion ( dang]1 & x may h be5 ! cu/om :5 ,john wrote4 ,! language "h1 9 accordance ) ! uni=m usage 9 ! ,scriptures 7comp4 ,is4 lv4 #a2 ,jn4 vii4 #cg2 ,re4 xxii4 #ag71 is univ]sal1 & proves t ! invitations ( ! gospel are made1 & are to be made1 n to a "p only1 b fully & freely to all m52 =1 al?\gh ?is orig9ally _h ref]5ce to ! memb]s ( ! *ur* 9 ,laodicea1 yet ! language *os5 seems to h be5 ( design s univ]sal 7 7 z to be applicable to e human be+2 & anyone1 ( any age & 9 any l&1 w\ld be au?oriz$ to apply ?is to himself1 &1 "u ! protection ( ?is invitation1 to come to ! ,savi\r1 & to plead ?is promise z "o t fairly includ$ himself4 ,x may be obs]v$ f>!r1 t ?is also recognizes ! fre$om ( man4 ,x is submitt$ to him :e!r he w he> ! voice ( ! ,r$eem] or n2 & :e!r he w op5 ! door & admit him or n4 ,he speaks l\d en\gh1 & di/9ctly en\gh1 to be he>d1 b he does n =ce ! door if x is n volunt>ily op5$4 ,& op5 ! door4 ,z "o w\ld :5 a /rang] or fri5d /ood & knock$4 ,! mean+ "h is simply1 if anyone w admit me2 t is1 receive me z a fri5d4 ,! act ( receiv+ him is z volunt>y on our "p z x is :5 we rise & op5 ! door to "o :o knocks4 ,x may be add$1 7#a7 t ?is is an easy ?+4 ,no?+ is m easy ?an to op5 ! door :5 "o knocks2 & s ev]y:]e 9 ! ,scriptures x is repres5t$ z an easy ?+1 if ! he>t is will+1 to secure ! salvation ( ! s\l4 7#b7 ,?is is a reasonable ?+4 ,we invite him :o knocks at ! door to come 94 ,we always assume1 unless !re is reason to suspect ! contr>y1 t he applies = peaceful & fri5dly purposes4 ,we deem x ! height ( rud5ess to let "o /& & knock long2 or to let him g away ) no fri5dly invitation to ent] our dwell+4 ,yet h[ diff]5t does ! s9n] treat ! ,savi\r6 ,h[ long does he suff] him to knock at ! door ( 8 he>t1 ) no invitation to ent]no act ( common civility su* z t ) :i* he w\ld greet ev5 a /rang]6 ,& ) h[ mu* coolness & indiff]5ce does he see him turn awayp]haps to come back no m1 & ) no desire t he ev] %\ld return6 ,i w come 9 to him1 & w sup ) him1 & he ) me4 ,?is is an image d5ot+ intimacy & fri5d%ip4 ,supp]1 ) ! anci5ts1 0 ! pr9cipal social meal2 & ! idea "h is1 t betwe5 ! ,savi\r & ^? :o w\ld receive him !re w\ld be ! intimacy :i* subsi/s betwe5 ^? :o sit d[n to a fri5dly meal toge!r4 ,9 all c\ntries & times1 to eat toge!r1 to break bread toge!r1 has be5 ! symbol ( fri5d%ip1 & ?is ! ,savi\r promises "h4 ,! tru?s1 !n1 :i* are taught 9 ?is v]se1 are1 7#a7 t ! invitation ( ! gospel is made to all8if any man he> my voice20 7#b7 t ! movem5t t[>ds reconciliation & fri5d%ip is orig9at$ by ! ,savi\r8behold1 ,i /& at ! door & knock20 7#c7 t !re is a recognition ( our own free ag5cy 9 religion8if any man w he> my voice1 & op5 ! door20 7#d7 ! ease ( ! t]ms ( salvation1 repres5t$ by 8he>+ 8 voice10 & 8op5+ ! door20 & 7#e7 ! bless$ness ( ?us admitt+ him1 aris+ f 8 fri5d%ip8,i w sup ) him1 & he ) me40 ,:at fri5d c man h :o w\ld conf] s _m b5efits on him z ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,:o is !re t he %\ld s gladly welcome to 8 bosom8 #ba ,to him t #agaov]come? w ,i grant to #agbsit ) me 9 my ?rone1 ev5 z #agc;,i also ov]came1 & am set d[n ) my ,fa!r 9 8 ?rone4 #ba4 ,to him t ov]come?4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,w ,i grant to sit ) me 9 my ?rone4 ,t is1 #aje !y w %>e 8 hon\rs & 8 triumphs4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #bf1 #bg2 comp4 ,notes on ,ro4 viii4 #ag4 ,ev5 z ,i also ov]came4 ,z ,i ga9$ a victory ov] ! _w1 & ov] ! p[] ( ! tempt]4 ,z ! rew>d ( ?is1 he is exalt$ to ! ?rone ( ! univ]se 7,phi4 ii4 #faa71 & 9 ^! hon\rs1 a*iev$ by _! great & glori\s ,head1 all ! r$eem$ w %>e4 ,& am set d[n ) my ,fa!r 9 8 ?rone4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,phi4 ii4 #faa4 ,t is1 he has dom9ion ov] ! univ]se4 ,all ?+s are put "u 8 feet1 & 9 ! /ricte/ unison & ) p]fect h>mony he is unit$ ) ! ,fa!r 9 adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( all worlds4 ,! dom9ion ( ! ,fa!r is t ( ! ,sont ( ! ,son is t ( ! ,fa!r2 = !y are "o4 ,see ,notes on ,jn4 v4 #ai2 comp4 ,notes on ,ep4 i4 #bjbb2 #a ,co4 xv4 #bdbh4 #bb ,he#agd t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? unto ! *ur*es4 #bb4 ,he t ha? an e>1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,?is closes ! epi/ol>y "p ( ?is book1 & ! 8visions0 prop]ly comm5ce ) ! next *apt]4 ,two rem>ks may be made 9 ! conclusion ( ?is exposition4 7#a7 ,! fir/ relates to ! tru?fulness ( ! pr$ictions 9 ^! epi/les4 ,z an illu/ration ( t tru?fulness1 & ( ! pres5t correspond5ce ( ! condition ( ^? *ur*es ) :at ! ,savi\r said to ,john !y w\ld be1 ! foll[+ /rik+ passage may be introduc$ f ,mr4 ,gibbon4 ,x occurs 9 8 description ( ! conque/s ( ! ,turks 7,decl9e & ,fall1 iv4 #bfj1 #bfa74 8,two ,turki% *iefta9s1 ,s>ukhan & ,aid9 left _! names to _! conque/s1 & _! conque/s to _! po/]ity4 ,! captivity or ru9 ( ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia 0 consummat$2 & ! b>b>\s lords ( ,ionia & ,lydia /ill trample on ! monum5ts ( classic & ,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,9 ! loss ( ,ephesus1 ! ,*ri/ians deplor$ ! fall ( ! fir/ angel1 ! ext9ction ( ! fir/ c&le/ick ( ! ,revelations3 ! desolation is complete2 & ! temple ( ,diana1 or ! *ur* ( ,m>y1 w equally elude ! se>* ( ! curi\s travell]4 ,! circus & ?ree /ately !atres ( ,laodicea are n[ peopl$ ) wolves & foxes2 ,s>dis is r$uc$ to a mis]able village2 ! ,god ( ,mahomet1 )\t a rival or a son1 is invok$ 9 ! mosques ( ,?yatira & ,p]gamos2 & ! popul\sness ( ,smyrna is support$ by ! =eign trade ( ,franks & ,arm5ians4 ,philadelphia alone has be5 sav$ by prophecy or c\rage4 ,at a di/ance f ! sea1 =gott5 by ! emp]ors1 encompass$ on all sides by ! ,turks1 h] valiant citiz5s def5d$ _! religion & fre$om above f\rscore ye>s1 & at l5g? capitulat$ ) ! pr\de/ ( ! ,ottomans4 ,among ! ,greek colonies & *ur*es ( ,asia1 ,philadelphia is /ill erect1 a column 9 a sc5e ( ru9s2 a pleas+ example t ! pa?s ( hon\r & safety may sometimes be ! same40 7#b7 ,! second rem>k relates to ! applicability ( ^! important tru?s to u4 ,!re is p]haps no "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t m se>*+ ?an ^! brief epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es2 & ?\gh ^? to :om !y 7 address$ h long s9ce pass$ away1 & ! *ur*es h long s9ce become ext9ct2 ?\gh d>kness1 error1 & desolation h come ov] ! places :]e ^! *ur*es once /ood1 yet ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ^! epi/les /ill live1 & !y are full ( admonition to ,*ri/ians 9 all ages & all l&s4 ,x is a consid]ation ( z mu* importance to u z x 0 to ^! *ur*es1 t ! ,savi\r n[ kn[s our works2 t he sees 9 ! *ur*1 & 9 any individual1 all t !re is to comm5d & all t !re is to reprove2 t he has p[] to rew>d or puni% n[ z he _h !n2 t ! same rules 9 apportion+ rew>ds & puni%m5ts w /ill be act$ on2 t he :o ov]comes ! temptations ( ! _w w f9d an appropriate rew>d2 t ^? :o live 9 s9 mu/ meet ) ! prop] recomp5se1 & t ^? :o are lukew>m 9 8 s]vice w be spurn$ ) unutt]able loa?+4 ,8 rebukes are awful2 b 8 promises are full ( t5d]ness & k9dness4 ,:ile !y :o h embrac$ error1 & !y :o are liv+ 9 s91 h occasion to tremble be=e him1 !y :o are endeav\r+ to p]=m _! duty may f9d 9 ^! epi/les en\gh to *e] _! he>ts1 & to animate !m ) ! hope ( f9al victory1 & ( ! mo/ ample & glori\s rew>d4 #ajf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] prop]ly comm5ces ! s]ies ( visions respect+ future ev5ts1 & introduces ^? rem>kable symbolical descriptions :i* 7 design$ to *e] ! he>ts ( ^? to :om ! book 0 fir/ s5t1 9 _! trials1 & ! he>ts ( all believ]s 9 all ages1 ) ! assurance ( ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel4 ,see ! ,introduction4 ,9 reg>d to ! nature ( ^! visions1 or ! /ate ( m9d ( ! writ]1 !re h be5 diff]5t op9ions4 ,"s h suppos$ t all t is describ$ 0 made only to pass be=e ! m9d1 ) no visible repres5tation2 o!rs1 t !re 7 visible repres5tations s made to him t he c\ld copy !m2 o!rs1 t all t is said or se5 0 only ! production ( ! au?or's imag9ation4 ,! latt] is ! view pr9cipally ent]ta9$ by ,g]man writ]s on ! book4 ,all t w\ld seem to be app>5t on ! face ( ! book& t is all t we c judge byis1 t ! foll[+ ?+s occurr$3 7#a7 ,! writ] 0 9 a dev\t frame ( m9da /ate ( holy contemplation:5 ! sc5es 7 repres5t$ to him1 *4 i4 #aj4 7#b7 ,! repres5tations 7 sup]natural2 t is1 !y 7 some?+ :i* 0 disclos$ to him1 9 t /ate ( m9d1 beyond any natural rea* ( 8 faculties4 7#c7 ,^! ?+s 7 s made to pass be=e him t !y _h ! aspect ( reality1 & he c\ld copy & describe !m z real4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t !re 0 any repres5tation to ! bodily eye2 b !y _h1 to 8 m9d1 su* a reality t he c\ld describe !m z pictures or symbols& 8 (fice 0 limit$ to t4 ,he does n attempt to expla9 !m1 nor does he intimate t he und]/ood !m2 b 8 (fice p]ta9s to an accurate recorda fair transcript( :at pass$ be=e 8 m9d4 ,= any?+ t appe>s1 he may h be5 z ignorant ( _! signification z any ( 8 read]s1 & may h subsequ5tly /udi$ !m ) ! same k9d ( att5tion :i* we n[ give to !m 7comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #aa1 #ab71 & may h1 p]haps1 rema9$ ignorant ( _! signification to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,x is no m necess>y to suppose t he und]/ood all t 0 impli$ 9 ^! symbols1 ?an x is t "o :o c describe a beautiful l&scape und]/&s all ! laws ( ! plants & fl[]s 9 ! l&scape2 or1 t "o :o copies all ! designs & devices ( armorial be>+s 9 h]aldry1 %\ld und]/& all t is meant by ! symbols t are us$2 or1 t "o :o %\ld copy ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,p]sepolis1 or ! hi]oglyphics ( ,!bes1 %\ld und]/& ! mean+ ( ! symbols4 ,all t is dem&$ or expect$1 9 su* a case1 is1 t ! copy %\ld be accurately made2 &1 :5 made1 ?is copy may be z mu* an object ( /udy to him :o made x z to anyone else4 7#d7 ,yet !re 0 a s5se 9 :i* ^! symbols 7 real2 t is1 !y 7 a real & prop] del9eation ( future ev5ts4 ,!y 7 n ! m]e work+s ( ! imag9ation4 ,he :o saw !m 9 vision ?\gh !re may h be5 no repres5tation to ! eye1 _h be=e him :at 0 a real & appropriate repres5tation ( com+ ev5ts4 ,if n1 ! visions are z wor?less z dreams are4 ,! visions op5 7*4 iv47 ) a ,!ophany1 or a repres5tation ( ,god4 ,john is p]mitt$ to look into heav51 & to h a view ( ! ?rone ( ,god1 & ( ! wor%ip celebrat$ !re4 ,a door 77 or op5+ is made into heav51 s t he1 z x 71 looks ?r\gh ! concave above1 & sees :at is beyond4 ,he sees ! ?rone ( ,god1 & him :o sits on ! ?rone1 & ! wor%ipp]s !re2 he sees ! lightn+s play ar\nd ! ?rone1 & he>s ! ?und]'s ro>2 he sees ! ra9b[ t encompasses ! ?rone1 & he>s ! songs ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is vision1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! s]ies ( symbols :i* he 0 ab\t to describe1 & ! reason :y ?is 0 v\*saf$ to him1 ! foll[+ rem>ks may be sugge/$3 7#a7 ,!re is1 9 "s respects1 a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ?is & ! visions ( ,isaiah 7*4 vi47 & ,ezekiel 7*4 i474 ,z ^? prophets1 :5 ab\t to ent] on _! (fice1 7 solemnly inaugurat$ by be+ p]mitt$ to h a vision ( ! ,almighty1 s ,john 0 inaugurat$ to ! (fice ( mak+ kn[n future ?+s! la/ prophet ( ! _wby a simil> vision4 ,we %all see1 inde$1 t ! repres5tation made to ,john 0 n precisely ! same z t :i* 0 made to ,isaiah or t :i* 0 #ajg made to ,ezekiel2 b ! mo/ /rik+ symbols are reta9$1 & t ( ,john is z mu* adapt$ to impress ! m9d z ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,ea* ( !m describes ! ?rone1 & ! att5d+ circum/ances ( sublimity & maje/y2 ea* ( !m speaks ( "o on ! ?rone1 b nei!r ( !m has attempt$ any description ( ! ,almighty4 ,!re is no del9eation ( an image1 or a figure repres5t+ ,god1 b ev]y?+ respect+ him is veil$ 9 su* obscurity z to fill ! m9d ) awe4 7#b7 ,! repres5tation is su* z to produce deep solemnity on ! m9d ( ! writ] & ! read]4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 bett] adapt$ to prep>e ! m9d ( ,john = ! important communications :i* he 0 ab\t to make ?an to be p]mitt$ to look1 z x 71 directly into heav51 & to see ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,& no?+ is bett] fitt$ to impress ! m9d ( ! read] ?an ! view :i* is furni%$1 9 ! op5+ vision1 ( ! maje/y & glory ( ,god4 ,br\ght1 z x 71 into 8 v pres5ce2 p]mitt$ to look ^u 8 burn+ ?rone2 see+ ! rev]5t & pr(\nd wor%ip ( ! inhabitants ( heav51 we feel our m9ds aw$1 & our s\ls subdu$1 z we he> ! ,god ( heav5 speak1 & z we see seal aft] seal op5$1 & he> trumpet aft] trumpet utt] its voice4 7#c7 ,! =m ( ! manife/ation! op5+ visionis em95tly fitt$ to %[ u t ! communications 9 ?is book proce$ f heav54 ,look+ into heav51 & see+ ! vision ( ! ,almighty1 we are prep>$ to feel t :at foll[s has a high] ?an any human orig92 t x has come direct f ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,& 7#d7 !re 0 a propriety t ! visions %\ld op5 ) a manife/ation ( ! ?rone ( ,god 9 heav51 or ) a vision ( heav51 because t1 also1 is ! t]m9ation ( ! :ole2 x is t to :i* all ! visions 9 ! book t5d4 ,x beg9s 9 heav51 z se5 by ! exile 9 ,patmos2 x t]m9ates 9 heav51 :5 all enemies ( ! *ur* are subdu$1 & ! r$eem$ reign triumphant 9 glory4 ,! sub/ance ( ! introductory vision 9 ?is *apt] c be /at$ 9 few words3 7a7 ,a door is op5$1 & ,john is p]mitt$ to look into heav51 & to see :at is pass+ !re1 v]4 #a1 #b4 7b7 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes him is a ?rone1 ) "o sitt+ on ! ?rone1 v]4 #b4 7c7 ,! appe>ance ( him :o sits ^u ! ?rone is describ$1 v]4 #c4 ,he is 8l a jasp] & a s>d9e /one40 ,!re is no attempt to portray 8 =m2 !re is no description f :i* an image c\ld be =m$ t c\ld become an object ( idolatr\s wor%ip= :o w\ld und]take to *isel any?+ s indef9ite z t :i* is m]ely 8l a jasp] or a s>d9e /one80 ,& yet ! description is di/9ct en\gh to fill ! m9d ) emotions ( awe & sublimity1 & to leave ! impression t he :o sat on ! ?rone 0 a pure & holy ,god4 7d7 ,r\nd ab\t ! ?rone !re 0 a bright ra9b[3 a symbol ( peace1 v]4 #c4 7e7 ,ar\nd ! ?rone are ga!r$ ! eld]s ( ! *ur*1 hav+ on _! heads cr[ns ( gold3 symbols ( ! ultimate triumph ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #d4 7f7 ,?und] & lightn+1 z at ,s9ai1 ann\nce ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & sev5 burn+ lamps be=e ! ?rone repres5t ! ,_s ( ,god1 9 8 div]sifi$ op]ations1 z go+ =? ?r\gh ! _w to enlight51 sanctify1 & save1 v]4 #e4 7g7 ,be=e ! ?rone !re is a pellucid pavem5t1 z ( cry/al1 spread out l a sea3 emblem ( calmness1 maje/y1 peace1 & wide dom9ion1 v]4 #f4 7h7 ,! ?rone is support$ by f\r liv+ creatures1 full ( eyes3 emblems ( ! all-see+ p[] ( him t sits ^u ! ?rone1 & ( 8 ev]-wat*ful provid5ce1 v]4 #f4 7i7 ,to ea* "o ( ^! liv+ creatures !re is a peculi> symbolic face3 respectively emblematic ( ! au?ority1 ! p[]1 ! wisdom ( ,god1 & ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! purposes ( ,provid5ce are execut$1 v]4 #g4 ,all are furni%$ ) w+s3 emblematic ( _! read9ess to d ! w ( ,god 7v]4 #h71 b ea* "o individually ) a peculi> =m4 7j7 ,all ^! creatures pay ceaseless homage to ,god1 ^: ?rone !y are repres5t$ z support+3 emblematic ( ! fact t all ! op]ations ( ! div9e gov]nm5t d1 9 fact1 promote 8 glory1 &1 z x 71 r5d] him praise1 v]4 #h1 #i4 7k7 ,to ?is ! eld]s1 ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 respond3 repres5t+ ! fact t ! *ur* acquiesces 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( ,provid5ce1 & 9 ! execution ( all ! div9e purposes1 & f9ds 9 !m all gr\nd = adoration & ?anksgiv+1 v]4 #aj1 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,aft] ?is ,i look$1 &1 behold1 a door 0 op5$ 9 heav52 & ! fir/ #agevoice :i* ,i he>d 0 z x 7 ( a trumpet talk+ ) me2 :i* said1 #agf;,come up hi!r1 & ,i w %[ !e ?+s :i* mu/ be h]eaft]4 #a4 ,aft] ?is4 ,gr41 8,aft] ^! ?+s20 t is1 aft] :at he _h se51 #ajh & aft] :at he _h be5 direct$ to record 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,h[ long aft] ^! ?+s ?is occurr$1 he does n say:e!r on ! same day1 or at "s subsequ5t "t2 & conjecture w\ld be useless4 ,! sc5e1 h[ev]1 is *ang$4 ,in/ead ( see+ ! ,savi\r /&+ be=e him 7*4 i471 ! sc5e is transf]r$ to heav51 & he is p]mitt$ to look 9 ^u ! ?rone ( ,god1 & ^u ! wor%ipp]s !re4 ,i look$4 ,gr41 ,i saw4 ,our ^w look w\ld r indicate purpose or int5tion1 z if he _h design$ly direct$ 8 att5tion to heav51 to see :at c\ld be discov]$ !re4 ,! mean+1 h[ev]1 is simply t he saw a new vision1 )\t intimat+ :e!r !re 0 any design on 8 "p1 & )\t say+ h[ 8 ?\ghts came to be direct$ to heav54 ,a door 0 op5$4 ,t is1 !re 0 app>5tly an op5+ 9 ! sky l a door1 s t he c\ld look into heav54 ,9 heav54 ,or1 r1 9 ! expanse above9 ! visible heav5s z !y appe> to spread out ov] ! e>?4 ,s ,eze4 i4 #a1 8,! heav5s 7 op5$1 & ,i saw visions ( ,god40 ,! ,hebrews spoke ( ! sky above z a solid expanse2 or z a curta9 /ret*$ out2 or z an ext5d$ ar* above ! e>?describ+ x z x appe>s to ! eye4 ,9 t expanse1 or ar*1 ! />s are set z gems 7comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xxxiv4 #d72 ?r\gh ap]tures or w9d[s 9 t expanse ! ra9 comes d[n1 ,ge4 vii4 #aa2 & t is op5$ :5 a heav5ly mess5g] comes d[n to ! e>?1 ,mat4 iii4 #af4 ,comp4 ,lu4 iii4 #ba2 ,ac4 vii4 #ef2 x4 #aa4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is is figurative1 b x is su* language z all m5 naturally use4 ,! simple mean+ "h is1 t ,john _h a vision ( :at is 9 heav5 z if !re _h be5 su* an op5+ made ?r\gh ! sky1 & he _h be5 p]mitt$ to look into ! _w above4 ,& ! fir/ voice :i* ,i he>d4 ,t is1 ! fir/ s\nd :i* he he>d 0 a comm& to come up & see ! glories ( t _w4 ,he aft]w>ds he>d o!r s\nds! s\nds ( praise2 b ! fir/ notes t fell on 8 e> 7 a direction to come up !re & receive a revelation respect+ future ?+s4 ,?is does n seem to me to mean1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ,"l1 & o!rs suppose1 t he n[ recogniz$ ! voice :i* _h fir/1 or =m]ly spok5 to him 7*4 i4 #aj71 b t ?is 0 ! fir/ 9 contradi/9ction f o!r voices :i* he aft]w>ds he>d4 ,x resembl$ ! =m] 8voice0 9 ?is1 t x 0 8l ! s\nd ( a trumpet10 b besides t !re does n seem to h be5 any?+ t w\ld sugge/ to him t x came f ! same s\rce4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible t ! ,greek w\ld admit ( t int]pretation1 b x is n ! mo/ obvi\s or probable4 ,0 z x 7 ( a trumpet4 ,x resembl$ ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 *4 i4 #aj4 ,talk+ ) me4 ,z ( a trumpet t seem$ to speak directly to me4 ,:i* said4 ,t is1 ! voice said4 ,come up hi!r4 ,to ! place :5ce ! voice seem$ to proce$heav54 ,& ,i w %[ !e ?+s :i* mu/ be h]eaft]4 ,gr41 8aft] ^! ?+s40 ,! ref]5ce is to future ev5ts2 & ! mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be disclos$ to him ev5ts t 7 to occur at "s future p]iod4 ,!re is no intimation "h :5 !y w\ld occur1 or :at w\ld be embrac$ 9 ! p]iod ref]r$ to4 ,all t ! words w\ld prop]ly convey w\ld be1 t !re w\ld be a disclosure ( ?+s t 7 to occur 9 "s future "t4 #b ,& imm$iately ,i 0 #agg;9 ! ,_s3 &1 behold1 a #agh?rone 0 set 9 heav51 & #agi"o sat on ! ?rone4 #b4 ,& imm$iately ,i 0 9 ! ,_s4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #aj4 ,he does n affirm t he 0 caught up into heav51 nor does he say :at impression 0 on 8 own m9d1 if any1 z to ! place :]e he 02 b he 0 at once absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( ! visions be=e him4 ,he 0 d\btless /ill 9 ,patmos1 & ^! ?+s 7 made to pass be=e 8 m9d z a reality2 t is1 !y appe>$ z real to him z if he saw !m1 & !y 7 9 fact a real symbolical repres5tation #aji ( ?+s occurr+ 9 heav54 ,&1 behold1 a ?rone 0 set 9 heav54 ,t is1 a ?rone 0 plac$ !re4 ,! fir/ ?+ t arre/$ 8 att5tion 0 a ?rone4 ,?is 0 89 heav50an expression :i* proves t ! sc5e ( ! vision 0 n ! temple 9 ,j]usalem1 z "s h suppos$4 ,!re is no allusion to ! temple1 & no imag]y drawn f ! temple4 ,isaiah _h 8 vision 7,is4 vi47 9 ! holy ( holies ( ! temple2 ,ezekiel 7*4 i4 #a71 by ! riv] ,*eb>2 b ,john look$ directly into heav51 & saw ! ?rone ( ,god1 & ! encircl+ wor%ipp]s !re4 ,& "o sat on ! ?rone4 ,x is rem>kable t ,john gives no description ( him :o sat on ! ?rone1 nor does he indicate :o he 0 by "n4 ,nei!r d ,isaiah or ,ezekiel attempt to describe ! appe>ance ( ! ,deity1 nor are !re any intimations ( t appe>ance giv5 f :i* a picture or an image c\ld be =m$4 ,s mu* d _! repres5tations accord ) :at is dem&$ by correct ta/e2 & s s$ul\sly h !y gu>d$ aga9/ any enc\ragem5t ( idolatry4 #c ,& he t sat 0 to look ^u l a jasp] & a s>d9e /one3 & !re 0 a ra9b[ r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 9 sight l unto an em]ald4 #c4 ,& he t sat 0 to look ^u4 ,0 9 appe>ance2 or1 z ,i look$ ^u him1 ?is seem$ to be 8 appe>ance4 ,he does n describe 8 =m1 b 8 spl5d\r4 ,l a jasp]4 ,! jasp]1 prop]ly1 is 8an opaque1 impure v>iety ( qu>tz1 ( r$1 yell[1 & also ( "s dull col\rs1 break+ ) a smoo? surface4 ,x admits ( a high poli%1 & is us$ = vases1 seals1 snuff-boxes1 c4 ,:5 ! col\rs are 9 /ripes or b&s1 x is call$ /rip$ jasp]0 7,dana1 9 ,web/]'s ,diction>y74 ,! col\r "h is n designat$1 :e!r r$ or yell[4 ,z ! r$ 01 h[ev]1 ! common col\r worn by pr9ces1 x is probable t t 0 ! col\r t appe>$1 & t ,john means to say t he appe>$ l a pr9ce 9 8 royal robes4 ,comp4 ,is4 vi4 #a4 ,& a s>d9e /one4 ,?is d5otes a preci\s /one ( a blood-r$1 or sometimes ( a fle%-col\r1 m commonly kn[n by ! "n ( c>nelian 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,?us x corresponds ) ! jasp]1 & ?is is only an additional circum/ance to convey ! exact idea 9 ! m9d ( ,john1 t ! appe>ance ( him :o sat on ! ?rone 0 t ( a pr9ce 9 8 sc>let robes4 ,?is is all ! description :i* he gives ( 8 appe>ance2 & ?is is 7a7 entirely appropriate1 z x sugge/s ! idea ( a pr9ce or a mon>*2 & 7b7 x is well adapt$ to impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! maje/y ( ,him :o _c be describ$1 & ( :om no image %\ld be attempt$4 ,comp4 ,de4 iv4 #ab3 8,ye he>d ! voice ( ! words1 b saw no similitude40 ,& !re 0 a ra9b[ r\nd ab\t ! ?rone4 ,?is is a beautiful image1 & 0 probably design$ to be emblematical z well z beautiful4 ,! previ\s repres5tation is t ( maje/y & spl5d\r2 ?is is adapt$ to temp] ! maje/y ( ! repres5tation4 ,! ra9b[ has always1 f its own nature1 & f its associations1 be5 an emblem ( peace4 ,x appe>s on ! cl\d z ! /orm passes away4 ,x contra/s beautifully ) ! tempe/ t has j be5 rag+4 ,x is se5 z ! rays ( ! sun aga9 appe> clo?+ all ?+s ) beauty! m beautiful f ! fact t ! /orm has come1 & t ! ra9 has fall54 ,if ! ra9 has be5 g5tle1 nature smiles s]5ely1 & ! leaves & fl[]s refre%$ appe> clo!d ) new beauty3 if ! /orm has rag$ viol5tly1 ! appe>ance ( ! ra9b[ is a pl$ge t ! w> ( ! elem5ts has ceas$1 & t ,god smiles aga9 ^u ! e>?4 ,x rem9ds u1 too1 ( ! 8cov5ant0 :5 ,god did 8set 8 b[ 9 ! cl\d10 & solemnly promis$ t ! e>? %\ld no m be de/roy$ by a flood1 ,ge4 ix4 #iaf4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ra9b[1 !re=e1 ar\nd ! ?rone1 0 a beautiful emblem ( ! m]cy ( ,god1 & ( ! peace t 0 to p]vade ! _w z ! result ( ! ev5ts t 7 to be disclos$ to ! vision ( ,john4 ,true1 !re 7 lightn+s & ?und]+s & voices1 b !re ! b[ abode calmly above !m all1 assur+ him t !re 0 to be m]cy & peace4 ,9 sight l unto an em]ald4 ,! em]ald is gre51 & ?is col\r s pr$om9at$ 9 ! b[ t x seem$ to be made ( ?is species ( preci\s /one4 ,! modifi$ & mild col\r ( gre5 appe>s to ev]yone to pr$om9ate 9 ! ra9b[4 ,ezekiel 7i4 #bh7 has introduc$ ! image ( ! ra9b[1 also1 9 8 description ( ! vision t appe>$ to #aaj him1 ?\gh n z calmly encircl+ ! ?rone1 b z descriptive ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! sc5e4 8,z is ! appe>ance ( ! b[ t is on ! cl\d 9 ! day ( ra91 s 0 ! appe>ance ( ! brightness r\nd ab\t40 ,milton1 also1 has introduc$ x1 b x is also z a "p ( ! col\r+ ( ! ?rone3 8,ov] _! heads a cry/al firmam5t1 ,:]eon a sapphire ?rone1 inlaid ) pure ,amb]1 & col\rs ( ! %[]y ar*40 ,p>4 ,lo/1 b4 vii4 #d ,& r\nd ab\t ! ?rone 7 #ahj;f\r & tw5ty seats3 & ^u ! seats ,i saw f\r & tw5ty eld]s sitt+1 #aha;clo!d 9 :ite raim5t2 & !y _h on _! heads #ahb;cr[ns ( gold4 #d4 ,& r\nd ab\t ! ?rone 7 f\r & tw5ty seats4 ,or r ?rones! same ^w be+ us$ z t :i* is r5d]$ ?rone4 ,! ^w1 inde$1 prop]ly d5otes a seat1 b x came to be employ$ to d5ote p>ticul>ly ! seat on :i* a mon>* sat1 & is prop]ly translat$ ?us 9 v]4 #b1 #c4 ,s x is r5d]$ 9 ,mat4 v4 #cd2 xix4 #bh2 xxiii4 #bb2 xxv4 #ca2 ,lu4 i4 #cb2 & uni=mly else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7fifty-?ree places 9 all71 except 9 ,lu4 i4 #eb2 ,re4 ii4 #ac2 iv4 #d2 xi4 #af2 xvi4 #aj1 :]e x is r5d]$ seat & seats4 ,x %\ld h be5 r5d]$ ?rones "h1 & is s translat$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t4 ,cov]dale & ,tyndale r5d] ! ^w seat 9 ea* place 9 v]4 #be4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ! design ( ! writ] to repres5t ^? :o sat on ^? seats z1 9 "s s5se1 k+s= !y h on _! heads cr[ns ( gold& t idea %\ld h be5 reta9$ 9 ! translation ( ?is ^w4 ,& ^u ! seats ,i saw f\r & tw5ty eld]s sitt+4 ,v v>i\s op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$ 9 respect to ^? :o ?us appe>$ sitt+ ar\nd ! ?rone1 & to ! "q :y ! numb] tw5ty-f\r is m5tion$4 ,in/ead ( exam9+ ^? op9ions at l5g?1 x w be bett] to pres5t1 9 a summ>y mann]1 :at seems to be probable 9 reg>d to ! int5d$ ref]5ce4 ,! foll[+ po9ts1 !n1 w\ld appe> to embrace all t c be kn[n on ?is subject4 7#a7 ,^! eld]s h a regal "*1 or are ( a k+ly ord]4 ,?is is app>5t1 7a7 because !y are repres5t$ z sitt+ on 8?rones10 & 7b7 because !y h on _! heads 8cr[ns ( gold40 7#b7 ,!y are emblematic4 ,!y are design$ to symbolize or repres5t "s class ( p]sons4 ,?is is cle>1 7a7 because x _c be suppos$ t s small a numb] w\ld compose ! :ole ( ^? :o are 9 fact ar\nd ! ?rone ( ,god1 & 7b7 because !re are o!r symbols !re design$ to repres5t some?+ p]ta9+ to ! homage r5d]$ to ,god1 z ! f\r liv+ creatures & ! angels1 & ?is supposition is necess>y 9 ord] to complete ! symmetry & h>mony ( ! repres5tation4 7#c7 ,!y are human be+s1 & are design$ to h "s relation to ! race ( man1 & someh[ to connect ! human race ) ! wor%ip ( heav54 ,! f\r liv+ creatures h ano!r design2 ! angels 7*4 v47 h ano!r2 b ^! are manife/ly ( our racep]sons f ?is _w be=e ! ?rone4 7#d7 ,!y are design$ 9 "s way to be symbolic ( ! *ur* z r$eem$4 ,?us !y say 7*4 v4 #i71 8,?\ ha/ r$eem$ u to ,god by ?y blood40 7#e7 ,!y are design$ to repres5t ! :ole *ur* 9 e l& & e age ( ! _w4 ,?us !y say 7*4 v4 #i71 8,?\ ha/ r$eem$ u to ,god by ?y blood1 out ( e k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation40 ,?is %[s1 fur!r1 t ! :ole repres5tation is emblematic2 = o!rwise 9 s small a numb]tw5ty-f\r!re c\ld n be a repres5tation out ( e nation4 7#f7 ,!y repres5t ! *ur* triumphant! *ur* victori\s4 ,?us !y h cr[ns on _! heads2 !y h h>ps 9 _! h&s 7*4 v4 #h72 !y say t !y are 8k+s & prie/s10 & t !y w 8reign on ! e>?10 *4 v4 #aj4 7#g7 ,! design1 !re=e1 is to repres5t ! *ur* triumphantr$eem$sav$z r5d]+ praise & hon\r to ,god2 z unit+ ) ! ho/s ( heav5 9 ador+ him = 8 p]fections & = ! wond]s ( 8 grace4 ,z repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 !y are admitt$ ne> to him2 !y encircle 8 ?rone2 !y appe> victori\s ov] e foe2 & !y come1 9 unison ) ! liv+ creatures1 & ! angels1 & ! :ole univ]se 7*4 v4 #ac71 to ascribe p[] & dom9ion to ,god4 7#h7 ,z to ! reason :y ! #aaa numb] 8tw5ty-f\r0 is m5tion$1 p]haps no?+ c]ta9 c be det]m9$4 ,ezekiel1 9 8 vision 7,eze4 viii4 #af2 xi4 #a71 saw tw5ty-five m5 betwe5 ! por* & ! alt>1 ) _! backs t[>d ! temple1 & _! faces t[>d ! e>?suppos$ to be repres5tations ( ! tw5ty-f\r 8c\rses0 into :i* ! body ( prie/s 0 divid$ 7#a ,*4 xxiv4 #cai71 ) ! high-prie/ among !m1 mak+ up ! numb] tw5ty-five4 ,x is possible t ,john 9 ?is vision may h design$ to ref] to ! *ur* consid]$ z a prie/hood 7comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 ii4 #i71 & to h allud$ to ! fact t ! prie/hood "u ! ,jewi% economy 0 divid$ into tw5ty-f\r c\rses1 ea* ) a presid+ (fic]1 & :o 0 a repres5tative ( t portion ( ! prie/hood ov] :i* he presid$4 ,if s1 !n ! ideas :i* ent] into ! repres5tation are ^!3 7a7 ,t ! :ole *ur* may be repres5t$ z a prie/hood1 or a community ( prie/san idea :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7b7 ,t ! *ur*1 z su* a community ( prie/s1 is employ$ 9 ! praise & wor%ip ( ,godan idea1 also1 :i* f9ds abundant c\nt5ance 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7c7 ,t1 9 a s]ies ( visions hav+ a design$ ref]5ce to ! *ur*1 x 0 natural to introduce "s symbol or emblem repres5t+ ! *ur*1 & repres5t+ ! fact t ?is is its (fice & employm5t4 ,& 7d7 t ?is w\ld be well express$ by an allusion d]iv$ f ! anci5t disp5sation! division ( ! prie/hood into classes1 ov] ea* "o ( :i* !re presid$ an individual :o might be consid]$ z ! repres5tative ( 8 class4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 inde$1 t 9 "o respect !y are repres5t$ z 8k+s10 b /ill ?is does n =bid ! supposition t !re might h be5 int]m+l$ also ano!r idea1 t !y 7 also 8prie/s40 ,?us ! two ideas are bl5d$ by ^! same eld]s 9 *4 v4 #aj3 8,& ha? made u unto our ,god k+s & prie/s40 ,?us und]/ood1 ! vision is design$ to d5ote ! fact t ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 ultimately to be triumphant1 are prop]ly engag$ 9 ascrib+ praise to ,god4 ,! ^w eld]s "h seems to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( ag$ & v5]able m51 r ?an z d5ot+ (fice4 ,!y 7 su* z by _! age 7 qualifi$ to preside ov] ! diff]5t divisions ( ! prie/hood4 ,clo!d 9 :ite raim5t4 ,emblem ( purity1 & appropriate1 !re=e1 to ! repres5tatives ( ! sanctifi$ *ur*4 ,comp4 *4 iii4 #d2 vi4 #aa2 vii4 #i4 ,& !y _h on _! heads cr[ns ( gold4 ,emblematic ( ! fact t !y su/a9$ a k+ly (fice4 ,!re 0 bl5d$ 9 ! repres5tation ! idea t !y 7 bo? 8k+s & prie/s40 ,?us ! idea is express$ by ,pet] 7#a ,pe4 ii4 #i71 8a royal prie/hood0 4 #e ,& out ( ! ?rone proce$$ #ahclightn+s & ?und]+s & voices3 & !re 7 sev5 #ahdlamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone1 :i* are ! #ahesev5 ,spirits ( ,god4 #e4 ,& out ( ! ?rone proce$$ lightn+s & ?und]+s & voices4 ,expressive ( ! maje/y & glory ( ,him t sat ^u x4 ,we are at once rem9d$ by ?is repres5tation ( ! sublime sc5e t occurr$ at ,s9ai 7,ex4 xix4 #af71 :]e 8!re 7 ?und]s & lightn+s1 & a ?ick cl\d ^u ! m\nt1 & ! voice ( ! trumpet exce$+ l\d40 ,comp4 ,eze4 i4 #ac1 #bd4 ,s ,milton3 8,=? ru%$ ) :irlw9d s\nd ,! *>iot ( ,pat]nal ,deity1 ,fla%+ ?ick flames40 8,& f ab\t him fi]ce effusion roll$ ,( smoke1 & lightn+ flame1 & sp>kles dire40 ,p>4 ,lo/1 b4 vi4 ,! ^w 8voices0 "h connect$ ) 8?und]s0 p]haps means 8voices ev5 ?und]s0ref]r+ to ! s\nd made by ! ?und]4 ,! mean+ is1 t ^! 7 e*o+ & re-e*o+ s\nds1 z x 7 a multitude ( voices t seem$ to speak on e side4 ,& !re 7 sev5 lamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone4 ,sev5 burn+ lamps t con/antly %one !re1 illum9at+ ! :ole sc5e4 ,^! /eadily burn+ lamps w\ld add mu* to ! beauty ( ! vision4 ,:i* are ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god4 ,:i* repres5t1 or are emblematic (1 ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 8! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god10 see ,notes on *ap4 i4 #d4 ,if ^! lamps are design$ to be symbols ( ! ,holy ,_s1 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$ 9 *ap4 i4 #d1 x may #aab be p]haps 9 ! foll[+ respects3 7#a7 ,!y may repres5t ! manifold influ5ces ( t ,_s 9 ! _wz imp>t+ light2 giv+ consolation2 creat+ ! he>t anew2 sanctify+ ! s\l1 c4 7#b7 ,!y may d5ote t all ! op]ations ( t ,_s are ( ! nature ( light1 dissipat+ d>kness1 & vivify+ & animat+ all ?+s4 7#c7 ,p]haps _! be+ plac$ "h be=e ! ?rone1 9 ! mid/ ( ?und] & lightn+1 may be design$ to repres5t ! idea tamid/ all ! sc5es ( magnific5ce & gr&eur2 all ! /orms1 agitations1 & tempe/s on ! e>?2 all ! political *anges2 all ! convulsions ( empire "u ! provid5ce ( ,god2 & all ! commotions 9 ! s\l ( man1 produc$ by ! ?und]s ( ! law! ,_s ( ,god beams calmly & s]5ely1 %$d+ a /eady influ5ce ov] all1 l lamps burn+ 9 ! v mid/ ( lightn+s1 & ?und]+s1 & voices4 ,9 all ! sc5es ( maje/y & commotion t occur on ! e>?1 ! ,_s ( ,god is pres5t1 %$d+ a con/ant light1 & undi/urb$ 9 8 influ5ce by all ! agitations t are abroad4 #f ,& be=e ! ?rone !re 0 a #ahfsea ( glass l unto cry/al3 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone1 & r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 7 #ahg;f\r bea/s1 full ( eyes be=e & beh9d4 #f4 ,& be=e ! ?rone !re 0 a sea ( glass4 ,an expanse spread out l a sea compos$ ( glass3 t is1 t 0 pellucid & transp>5t l glass4 ,x is n uncommon to comp>e ! sea ) glass4 ,see num]\s examples 9 ,wet/e91 9 loco4 ,! po9t ( ! comp>ison "h seems to be its transp>5t appe>ance4 ,x 0 p]fectly cle>app>5tly /ret*+ out 9 a wide expanse1 z if x 7 a sea4 ,l unto cry/al4 ,! ^w cry/al means prop]ly any?+ congeal$ & pellucid1 z ice2 !n any?+ resembl+ t1 p>ticul>ly a c]ta9 species ( /one di/+ui%$ = its cle>nessz ! transp>5t cry/als ( qu>tz2 limpid & col\rless qu>tz2 rock or m\nta9 qu>tz4 ,! ^w cry/al n[1 9 m9]alogy1 means an inorganic body :i*1 by ! op]ation ( aff9ity1 has assum$ ! =m ( a regul> solid1 by a c]ta9 numb] ( plane & smoo? faces4 ,x is "h us$ manife/ly 9 its popul> s5se to d5ote any?+ t is p]fectly cle> l ice4 ,! comp>ison1 9 ! repres5tation ( ! expanse spread ar\nd ! ?rone1 turns on ^! po9ts3 7#a7 ,x appe>$ l a sea/ret*+ af>4 7#b7 ,x resembl$1 9 its g5]al appe>ance1 glass2 & ?is idea is /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( ano!r image ( ! same "*t x 0 l an expanse ( cry/al1 p]fectly cle> & pellucid4 ,?is w\ld seem to be design$ to repres5t ! floor or pavem5t on :i* ! ?rone /ood4 ,if ?is is int5d$ to be emblematical1 x may d5ote 7a7 t ! empire ( ,god is va/z if x 7 spread out l ! sea2 or 7b7 x may be emblematic ( ! calmness1 ! placidity ( ! div9e adm9i/rationl an undi/urb$ & unruffl$ ocean ( glass4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we %\ld n press su* circum/ances too f> to f9d a symbolical mean+4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone4 4 ,n occupy+ ! ?rone1 b s z to appe> to be int]m+l$ ) ! ?rone1 or 89 ! mid/0 ( x1 9 ! s5se t x 0 b5ea? ! c5tre ( x4 ,! mean+ w\ld seem to be1 t ! f\r liv+ creatures ref]r$ to occupi$ su* a position collectively t !y at ! same "t appe>$ to be "u ! ?rone1 s t x re/$ on !m1 & ar\nd x1 s t !y c\ld be se5 f any qu>t]4 ,?is w\ld occur if _! bodies 7 "u ! ?rone1 & if !y /ood s t !y fac$ outw>d4 ,to "o approa*+ ! ?rone !y w\ld seem to be ar\nd x1 ?\gh _! bodies 7 "u1 or 89 ! mid/0 ( x z a support4 ,! =m ( _! bodies is n specifi$1 b x is n improbable t ?\gh _! heads 7 diff]5t1 _! bodies1 t 7 "u ! ?rone1 & t su/a9$ x1 7 ( ! same =m4 ,& r\nd ab\t ! ?rone4 ,9 ! s5se above expla9$t1 z !y /ood1 !y w\ld be se5 on e side ( ! ?rone4 ,7 f\r bea/s4 ,?is is a v unhappy translation1 z ! ^w bea/s by no means conveys a correct idea ( ! orig9al ^w4 ,! ,greek ^wmeans prop]ly a liv+ ?+2 & x is ?us inde$ appli$ to animals1 or to ! liv+ creation1 b ! notion ( _! be+ liv+ ?+s1 or liv+ creatures1 %\ld be reta9$ 9 ! translation4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s x1 8liv+ creatures40 ,isaiah 7vi471 9 8 vision ( ,jehovah1 #aac saw two s]aphim2 ,ezekiel1 :om ,john m ne>ly resembles 9 8 description1 saw f\r 8liv+ creatures0 7*4 i4 #e7t is1 liv+1 animat$1 mov+ be+s4 ,! words 8liv+ be+s0 w\ld bett] convey ! idea ?an any o!r :i* c\ld be employ$4 ,!y are evid5tly1 l ^? :i* ,ezekiel saw1 symbolical be+s2 b ! nature & purpose ( ! symbol is n p]fectly app>5t4 ,! 8f\r & tw5ty eld]s0 are evid5tly human be+s1 & are repres5tatives1 z above expla9$1 ( ! *ur*4 ,9 *4 v4 #aa1 angels are !mselves introduc$ z tak+ an important "p 9 ! wor%ip ( heav53 & ^! liv+ be+s1 !re=e1 _c be design$ to repres5t ei!r angels or m54 ,9 ,ezekiel !y are ei!r design$ z poetic repres5tations ( ! maje/y ( ,god1 or ( 8 provid5tial gov]nm5t1 %[+ :at su/a9s 8 ?rone2 symbols d5ot+ intellig5ce1 vigilance1 ! rapidity & directness ) :i* ! div9e comm&s are execut$1 & ! en]gy & firmness ) :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ,god is adm9i/]$4 ,! nature ( ! case1 & ! simil>ity to ! repres5tation 9 ,ezekiel1 w\ld lead u to suppose t ! same idea is to be f\nd sub/antially 9 ,john2 & !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 su* an int]pretation 7 x n t ^! 8liv+ creatures0 are app>5tly repres5t$ 9 *4 v4 #h1 #i1 z unit+ ) ! r$eem$ f ! e>? 9 su* a mann] z to imply t !y 7 !mselves r$eem$4 ,b p]haps ! language 9 *4 v4 #i1 8,& !y sung a new song10 c41 ?\gh app>5tly connect$ ) ! 8f\r bea/s0 9 v]4 #h1 is n design$ to be s connect$4 ,john may int5d !re m]ely to adv]t to ! fact t a new song 0 sung1 )\t mean+ to say t ! 8f\r liv+ be+s0 unit$ 9 t song4 ,=1 if he design$ m]ely to say t ! 8f\r liv+ be+s0 & ! 8f\r & tw5ty eld]s0 fell d[n to wor%ip1 & !n t a song 0 he>d1 ?\gh 9 fact sung only by ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 he might h employ$ ! language :i* he actually has done4 ,if ?is int]pretation be admitt$1 !n ! mo/ natural explanation to be giv5 ( ! 8f\r liv+ be+s0 is to suppose t !y are symbolical be+s design$ to furni% "s repres5tation ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,godto illu/rate1 z x 71 t on :i* ! div9e gov]nm5t re/s1 or :i* con/itutes its supportto wit1 p[]1 intellig5ce1 vigilance1 en]gy4 ,?is is app>5t1 7a7 because x 0 n unusual = ! ?rones ( mon>*s to be support$ by c>v$ animals ( v>i\s =ms1 :i* 7 design$ und\bt$ly to be someh[ emblematic ( gov]nm5tei!r ( its /ability1 vigilance1 boldness1 or firmness4 ,?us ,solomon _h twelve lions c>v$ on ea* side ( 8 ?roneno improp] emblems ( gov]nm5t#a ,ki4 x4 #aj1 #bj4 7b7 ,^! liv+ be+s are describ$ z ! supports ( ! ?rone ( ,god1 or z t on :i* x re/s1 & w\ld be1 !re=e1 no improp] symbols ( ! great pr9ciples or tru?s :i* give support or /ability to ! div9e adm9i/ration4 7c7 ,!y are1 9 !mselves1 well adapt$ to be repres5tatives ( ! great pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 or ( ! div9e provid5tial deal+s1 z we %all see 9 ! m p>ticul> explanation ( ! symbol1 7d7 ,p]haps x might be add$1 t1 s und]/ood1 !re w\ld be complet5ess 9 ! vision4 ,! 8eld]s0 appe> !re z repres5tatives ( ! *ur* r$eem$2 ! angels 9 _! own prop] p]sons r5d] praise to ,god4 ,to ?is x 0 n improp] to add1 & ! complet5ess ( ! repres5tation seems to make x necess>y to add1 t all ! do+s ( ! ,almighty unite 9 8 praise2 8 v>i\s acts 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se h>monize ) r$eem$ & unfall5 intellig5ces 9 proclaim+ 8 glory4 ,! vision ( ! 8liv+ be+s10 !re=e1 is n1 z ,i suppose1 a repres5tation ( ! attributes ( ,god z su*1 b an emblematic repres5tation ( ! div9e gov]nm5t( ! ?rone ( ,deity re/+ ^u1 or su/a9$ by1 ^? ?+s ( :i* ^! liv+ be+s are emblemsintellig5ce1 firmness1 en]gy1 c4 ,?is supposition seems to comb9e m probabilities ?an any o!r :i* has be5 propos$2 =1 accord+ to ?is supposition1 all ! acts1 & ways1 & creatures ( ,god unite 9 8 praise4 ,x is prop] to add1 h[ev]1 t expositors are by no means agre$ z to ! design ( ?is repres5tation4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t ! attributes ( ,god are ref]r$ to2 ,mr4 ,elliott 7i4 #ic71 t ! 8tw5ty-f\r eld]s & ! f\r liv+ creatures symbolize ! *ur*1 or ! collective body ( ! sa9ts ( ,god2 & t z !re are two gr& #aad divisions ( ! *ur*1 ! l>g] "o t ( ! dep>t$ 9 ,p>adise1 & ! o!r t militant on e>?1 ! =m] is depict$ by ! tw5ty-f\r eld]s1 & ! latt] by ! liv+ creatures20 ,mr4 ,"l 7pp4 #ec1 #ed71 t ! liv+ creatures & ! eld]s are bo? ( "o race2 ! =m] p]haps d5ot+ ^? l ,eno* & ,elijah1 :o 7 translat$1 & ^? :o 7 rais$ by ! ,savi\r aft] 8 resurrection1 or ^? :o h be5 rais$ to special em95ce! latt] ! mass ( ! r$eem$2 ,mr4 ,m$e1 t ! liv+ creatures are symbols ( ! *ur* wor%ipp+ on e>?2 ,mr4 ,daubuz1 t !y are symbols ( ! m9i/]s ( ! *ur* on e>?2 ,vitr+a1 t !y are symbols ( em95t m9i/]s & tea*]s 9 e age2 ,dr4 ,hammond reg>ds him :o sits on ! ?rone z ! metropolitan bi%op ( ,judea1 ! repres5tative ( ,god1 ! eld]s z diocesan bi%ops ( ,judea1 & ! liv+ creatures z f\r apo/les1 symbols ( ! sa9ts :o are to att5d ! ,almighty z assessors 9 judgm5t6 ,see ,"l on ! ,apocalypse1 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 ,full ( eyes4 ,d5ot+ omnisci5ce4 ,! anci5ts fabl$ ,argus z hav+ "o hundr$ eyes1 or z hav+ ! p[] ( see+ 9 any direction4 ,! emblem "h w\ld d5ote an ev]-wat*ful & obs]v+ ,provid5ce2 &1 9 accordance ) ! explanation propos$ above1 x means t1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 ev]y?+ is di/9ctly contemplat$2 no?+ escapes obs]vation2 no?+ c be conceal$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! div9e gov]nm5t c\ld n be adm9i/]$ unless ?is 7 s2 & x is ! p]fection ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,god t all ?+s are se5 j z !y are4 ,9 ! vision se5 by ,ezekiel 7*4 i4 #ah71 ! 8r+s0 ( ! :eels on :i* ! liv+ creatures mov$ are repres5t$ z 8full ( eyes r\nd ab\t !m10 emblematic ( ! same ?+4 ,s ,milton 8,z ) />s _! bodies all1 ,& w+s 7 set ) eyes2 ) eyes ! :eels ,( b]yl1 & c>e5+ fires betwe540 ,be=e4 ,9 front4 ,z "o look$ on _! faces1 f :atev] qu>t] ! ?rone 0 approa*$1 he c\ld see a multitude ( eyes look+ ^u him4 ,& beh9d4 ,on ! p>ts ( _! bodies :i* 7 "u ! ?rone4 ,! mean+ is1 t !re is univ]sal vigilance 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,:atev] is ! =m ( ! div9e adm9i/ration2 :atev] "p is contemplat$2 h[ev] x is manife/$:e!r z activity1 en]gy1 p[]1 or intellig5cex is bas$ on ! fact t all ?+s are se5 f e direction4 ,!re is no?+ t is ! result ( bl9d fate or ( *ance4 #g ,& ! fir/ bea/ 0 l a lion1 & ! second bea/ l a calf1 & ! ?ird bea/ _h a face z a man1 & ! f\r? bea/ 0 l a fly+ eagle4 #g4 ,& ! fir/ bea/ 0 l a lion4 ,a g5]al description has be5 giv51 applicable to all1 d5ot+ t 9 :atev] =m ! div9e gov]nm5t is adm9i/]$1 ^! ?+s w be f\nd2 a p>ticul> description n[ foll[s1 contemplat+ t gov]nm5t "u p>ticul> aspects1 z symboliz$ by ! liv+ be+s on :i* ! ?rone re/s4 ,! fir/ is t ( a lion4 ,! lion is ! mon>* ( ! woods1 ! k+ ( bea/s1 & he becomes ?us ! emblem ( dom9ion1 ( au?ority1 ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al4 ,comp4 ,ge4 xlix4 #i2 ,am4 iii4 #h2 ,joel iii4 #af2 ,da4 vii4 #d4 ,z emblematic ( ! div9e adm9i/ration1 ?is w\ld signify t ,he :o sits on ! ?rone is ! rul] ov] all1 & t 8 dom9ion is absolute & entire4 ,x has be5 made a "q :e!r ! :ole body _h ! =m ( a lion1 or :e!r x _h ! appe>ance ( a lion only z to its face or front "p4 ,x w\ld seem probable t ! latt] only is int5d$1 = x is expressly said ( ! 8?ird bea/0 t x _h 8! face ( a man10 imply+ t x did n resemble a man 9 o!r respects1 & x is probable t1 z ^! liv+ creatures 7 ! supports ( ! ?rone1 !y _h ! same =m 9 all o!r p>ticul>s except ! front "p4 ,! writ] has n in=m$ u :at 0 ! appe>ance ( ^! liv+ creatures 9 o!r respects1 b x is mo/ natural to suppose t x 0 9 ! =m ( an ox1 z be+ adapt$ to su/a9 a burd54 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! ?+ suppos$ to be symbolical "h 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god8 absolute ruleactually exi/s1 or t x is important t ?is %\ld be fairly exhibit$ to m54 ,& ! second bea/ l a calf4 ,or1 m prop]ly1 a "y bullock1 #aae = s ! ^wmeans4 ,! t]m is giv5 by ,h]odotus 7ii4 #da2 iii4 #bh7 to ! ,egyptian god ,apis1 t is1 a "y bullock4 ,su* an emblem1 /&+ "u a ?rone z "o ( its supports1 w\ld symbolize firmness1 endurance1 /r5g? 7comp4 ,pr4 xiv4 #d72 &1 z us$ to repres5t qualities p]ta9+ to him :o sat on ! ?rone1 w\ld d5ote /ability1 firmness1 p]sev]ance3 qualities t are f\nd abundantly 9 ! div9e adm9i/ration4 ,!re 0 cle>ly1 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! anci5ts1 "s natural fitness or propriety 9 su* an emblem4 ,a "y bullock 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt z a god4 ,j]oboam set up two idols 9 ! =m ( a calf1 ! "o 9 ,dan & ! o!r 9 ,be!l1 #a ,ki4 xii4 #bh1 #bi4 ,a simil> object ( wor%ip 0 f\nd 9 ! ,indian1 ,greek1 & ,sc&9avian my?ologies1 & ! image appe>s to h be5 adopt$ e>ly & ext5sively to repres5t ! div9ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,calf-idol4 ,! above figure is a repres5tation ( a calf-idol1 copi$ f ! collection made by ! arti/s ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute at ,cairo4 ,x is recumb5t1 ) human eyes1 ! sk9 fle%-col\r$1 & ! :ole aft]-p>ts cov]$ ) a :ite & sky-blue drap]y3 ! horns n on ! head1 b above x1 & conta9+ )9 !m ! symbolical globe surm\nt$ by two fea!rs4 ,! mean+ ( ! emblems on ! back is n kn[n4 ,x is copi$ "h m]ely to %[ t1 = "s cause1 ! calf 0 reg>d$ z an emblem ( ! ,div9ity4 ,x may illu/rate ?is1 also1 to rem>k t among ! sculptures f\nd by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 7 n a few w+$ bulls1 "s ( !m ( l>ge /ructure1 & probably all ( !m emblematic4 ,"o ( ^! 0 remov$ ) great difficulty1 to be deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,mr4 ,lay>d's ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fdge4 ,su* emblems 7 common 9 ! ,ea/2 &1 be+ ?us common1 !y w\ld be readily und]/ood 9 ! "t ( ,john4 ,& ! ?ird bea/ _h a face z a man4 ,!re is no intimation z to :at 0 ! =m ( ! rema9+ portion ( ?is liv+ creature2 b z ! bea/s 7 89 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone10 t is1 "u x z a support1 x may be presum$ t !y _h su* a =m z 0 adapt$ to t purposez suppos$ above1 p]haps ! =m ( an ox4 ,to ?is liv+ creature !re 0 atta*$ ! head ( a man1 & t w\ld be :at w\ld be p>ticul>ly visible to "o look+ on ! ?rone4 ,! aspect ( a man "h w\ld d5ote intellig5ce= x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es man f ! creation b5ea? him2 & if ! explanation ( ! symbol above giv5 be correct1 !n ! mean+ ( ?is emblem is1 t ! op]ations ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,god are conduct$ ) intellig5ce & wisdom4 ,t is1 ! div9e adm9i/ration is n ! result ( bl9d fate or *ance2 x is f\nd$ on a cle> k ( ?+s1 on :at is be/ to be done1 on :at w mo/ conduce to ! common good4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is !re c be no d\bt2 & !re 0 a propriety t1 9 a vision design$ to give to man a view ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,almighty1 ?is %\ld be appropriately symboliz$4 ,x may illu/rate ?is to obs]ve1 t 9 anci5t sculptures x 0 common to unite ! head ( a man ) ! figure ( an animal1 z comb9+ symbols4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable figures discov]$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 7 w+$1 human-head$ lions4 ,^! lions are ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d38,!y 7 ab\t twelve feet 9 height1 & ! same numb] 9 l5g?4 ,! body & limbs 7 admirably portray$2 ! muscles & bones1 al?\gh /rongly develop$1 to display ! /r5g? ( ! animal1 %[$1 at ! same "t1 a correct k ( its anatomy & =m4 ,exp&$ w+s sprung f ! %\ld] & spread ov] ! back2 a knott$ girdle1 end+ 9 tassels1 encircl$ ! lo9s4 ,^! sculptures1 =m+ an entrance1 7 p>tly 9 full1 & p>tly 9 relief4 ,! head & =ep>t1 fac+ ! *amb]s1 7 9 full2 b only "o #aaf side ( ! re/ ( ! slab 0 sculptur$1 ! back be+ plac$ aga9/ ! wall ( sun-dri$ bricks0 7,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge74 ,! foll[+ engrav+ w give an idea ( "o ( ^! human-head$ animals1 & w s]ve to illu/rate ! passage be=e ualike 9 ref]5ce to ! head1 indicat+ intellig5ce1 & ! w+s1 d5ot+ rapidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,human-head$ ,w+$ ,lion4 ,on ! use ( ^! figures1 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 ,mr4 ,lay>d makes ! foll[+ s5sible rem>ksrem>ks admirably illu/rat+ ! view :i* ,i take ( ! symbols be=e u38,i us$ to contemplate = h\rs ^! my/]i\s emblems1 & muse ov] _! int5t & hi/ory4 ,:at m noble =ms c\ld h u%]$ ! p into ! temple ( _! gods8 ,:at m subblime images c\ld h be5 borr[$ f nature by m5 :o s\ght1 unaid$ by ! light ( reveal$ religion1 to embody _! conceptions ( ! wisdom1 p[]1 & ubiquity ( a ,supreme ,be+8 ,!y c\ld f9d no bett] type ( intellect & k ?an ! head ( a man2 ( /r5g?1 ?an ! body ( ! lion2 ( rapidity ( motion1 ?an ! w+s ( a bird4 ,^! w+$1 human-head$ lions 7 n idle creations1 ! (fspr+ ( m]e fancy2 _! mean+ 0 writt5 ^u !m4 ,!y _h aw$ & in/ruct$ races :i* fl\ri%$ #cjjj ye>s ago4 ,?r\gh ! portals :i* !y gu>d$1 k+s1 prie/s1 & w>riors _h borne sacrifices to _! alt>s1 long be=e ! wisdom ( ! ,ea/ _h p5etrat$ into ,greece1 & _h furni%$ its my?ology ) symbols long recogniz$ by ! ,assyrian vot>ies0 7,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge1 #gf74 ,& ! f\r? bea/ 0 l a fly+ eagle4 ,all birds1 inde$1 fly2 b ! epi!t fly+ is "h employ$ to add int5sity to ! description4 ,! eagle is di/+ui%$1 among ! fea!r$ race1 = ! rapidity1 ! p[]1 & ! elevation ( its flight4 ,no o!r bird is suppos$ to fly s high2 none asc5ds ) s mu* p[]2 none is s maje/ic & gr& 9 8 asc5t t[>ds ! sun4 ,t :i* w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ?is w\ld be ! rapidity ) :i* ! comm&s ( ,god are execut$2 or ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 t ! purposes ( ,god are c>ri$ into prompt execution4 ,!re is1 z x 71 a vigor\s1 p[]ful1 & rapid flight t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ! designs ( ,godz ! eagle asc5ds unmole/$ t[>ds ! sun4 ,or1 x may be t ?is symbolizes protect+ c>e1 or is an emblem ( t protection :i* ,god1 by 8 provid5ce1 ext5ds ov] ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 him4 ,?us 9 ,ex4 xix4 #d1 8,ye h se5 h[ ,i b>e y on eagles' w+s40 8,hide me "u ! %ad[ ( ?y w+s10 ,ps4 xvii4 #h4 8,9 ! %ad[ ( ?y w+s w ,i rejoice10 ,ps4 lxiii4 #g4 8,z an eagle /irre? up h] ne/1 flutt]e? ov] h] "y1 spreade? abroad h] w+s1 take? !m1 be>e? !m on h] w+s3 s ! ,"l alone did lead him10 ,de4 xxxii4 #aa1 #ab1 c4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! o!r liv+ be+s1 s x is to be rem>k$ ( ! f\r? liv+ creature also1 t ! =m ( ! body is unkn[n4 ,!re is no impropriety 9 suppos+ t x is only its front aspect t ,john "h speaks (1 = t 0 suffici5t = ! symbol4 ,! rema9+ portion 89 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone0 may h correspond$ ) t ( ! o!r liv+ be+s1 z be+ adapt$ to a support4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is x may be rem>k$1 t symbols ( ?is description 7 common 9 ! ,ori5tal _w4 ,figures 9 ! human =m1 or 9 ! =m ( animals1 ) ! head ( an eagle or a vulture1 are f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 & 7 und\bt$ly design$ to be symbolic4 8,on ! e>lie/ ,assyrian monum5ts10 says ,mr4 ,lay>d 7,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdh1 #cdi71 8"o ( ! mo/ prom95t sacr$ types is ! eagle-head$1 or ! vulture-head$1 human figure4 ,n only is x f\nd 9 colossal proportions on ! walls1 or gu>d+ ! portals ( ! *amb]s1 b x is also con/antly repres5t$ 9 ! gr\ps on ! embroid]$ #aag robes4 ,:5 ?us introduc$1 x is g5]ally se5 cont5d+ ) o!r my?ic animalssu* z ! human-head$ lion or bull2 & 9 ^! conte/s x is always ! conqu]or4 ,x may h5ce be inf]r$ t x 0 a type ( ! ,supreme ,deity1 or ( "o ( 8 pr9cipal attributes4 ,a fragm5t ( ! ,zoroa/rian oracles1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 decl>es t #8,god is he t has ! head ( a hawk4 ,he is ! fir/1 inde/ructible1 et]nal1 unbegott51 indivisible1 dissimil>2 ! disp5s] ( all good2 incorruptible2 ! be/ ( ! good1 ! wise/ ( ! wise2 he is ! fa!r ( equity & ju/ice1 self-taught1 physical & p]fect1 & wise1 & ! only inv5tor ( ! sacr$ philosophy4' ,sometimes ! head ( ?is bird is add$ to ! body ( a lion4 ,"u ?is =m ( ! ,egyptian hi]aco-sph9x x is ! conqu]or 9 combats ) o!r symbolical figures1 & is frequ5tly repres5t$ z /rik+ d[n a gazelle or wild goat4 ,x also cle>ly resembles ! gryphon ( ! ,greek my?ology1 av[$ly an ,ea/]n symbol1 & connect$ ) ,apollo1 or ) ! sun1 ( :i* ! ,assyrian =m 0 probably an emblem40 ,! foll[+ figure f\nd 9 ,nimr\d1 or anci5t ,n9eveh1 may furni% an illu/ration ( "o ( ! usual =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,eagle-head$ ,w+$ ,lion4 ,if ^! views ( ! mean+ ( ^! symbols are correct1 !n ! idea :i* w\ld be convey$ to ! m9d ( ,john1 & ! idea1 !re=e1 :i* %\ld be convey$ to our m9ds1 is1 t ! gov]nm5t ( ,god is en]getic1 firm1 intellig5t1 & t 9 ! execution ( its purposes x is rapid l ! unob/ruct$ flight ( an eagle1 or protective l ! c>e ( ! eagle = its "y4 ,:51 9 ! subsequ5t p>ts ( ! vision1 ^! liv+ creatures are repres5t$ z (f]+ praise & adoration to ,him t sits on ! ?rone 7v]4 #h2 *4 v4 #h1 #ad71 ! mean+ w\ld be1 9 accordance ) ?is repres5tation1 t all ! acts ( div9e gov]nm5t d1 z if !y 7 p]sonifi$1 unite 9 ! praise :i* ! r$eem$ & ! angels ascribe to ,god4 ,all liv+ ?+s1 & all acts ( ! ,almighty1 conspire to proclaim 8 glory4 ,! *ur*1 by h] repres5tatives1 ! 8f\r & tw5ty eld]s10 hon\rs ,god2 ! angels1 )\t numb]1 unite 9 ! praise2 all creatures 9 heav51 9 e>?1 "u ! e>?1 & 9 ! sea 7*4 v4 #ac71 jo9 9 ! song2 & all ! acts & ways ( ,god decl>e also 8 maje/y & glory3 = ar\nd 8 ?rone1 & b5ea? 8 ?rone1 are expressive symbols ( ! firmness1 en]gy1 intellig5ce1 & p[] ) :i* 8 gov]nm5t is adm9i/]$4 #h ,& ! f\r bea/s _h ea* ( !m #ahhsix w+s ab\t him2 & !y 7 full ( eyes )93 & !y #ahire/ n day & night1 say+1 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,"l ,god ,almighty1 :i* 01 & is1 & is to come4 #h4 ,& ! f\r bea/s _h ea* ( !m six w+s ab\t him4 ,an emblem common to !m all1 d5ot+ t1 9 ref]5ce to ea* & all ! ?+s "h symboliz$1 !re 0 "o common *>act]i/ict 9 heav5 !re is ! utmo/ promptness 9 execut+ ! div9e comm&s4 ,comp4 ,is4 vi4 #b2 ,ps4 xviii4 #aj2 civ4 #c2 ,je4 xlviii4 #dj4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! w+s 7 arrang$1 & conjecture 9 reg>d to t is va94 ,! s]aphim1 z se5 by ,isaiah1 _h ea* "o six w+s1 ) two ( :i* ! face 0 cov]$1 to d5ote pr(\nd rev]5ce2 ) two ! feet1 or l[] p>tsemblematic ( mode/y2 & ) two !y flewemblematic ( _! cel]ity 9 execut+ ! comm&s ( ,god1 ,is4 vi4 #b4 ,p]haps )\t impropriety we may suppose t1 9 reg>d to ^! liv+ be+s se5 by ,john1 two ( ! w+s ( ea* 7 employ$1 z 9 ,isaiah1 to cov] ! facetok5 ( pr(\nd rev]5ce2 & t ! rema9d] 7 employ$ 9 flightd5ot+ ! rapidity ) :i* ! div9e comm&s are execut$4 ,m]cury1 ! mess5g] ( ,jupit] among ! hea!n1 0 repres5t$ ) w+s1 & no?+ is #aah m common 9 ! pa9t+s & bas-reliefs ( antiquity ?an su* repres5tations4 ,& !y 7 full ( eyes )94 ,pr(essor ,/u>t m correctly r5d]s ?is1 8ar\nd & )9 are full ( eyes20 connect+ ! ^w 8ar\nd0 8ab\t01 n ) ! w+s1 z 9 our v]sion1 b ) ! eyes4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! portions ( ! bea/s t 7 visible f ! outside ( ! ?rone1 & ! portions "u or )9 ! ?rone1 7 cov]$ ) eyes4 ,! obvi\s design ( ?is is to m>k ! univ]sal vigilance ( div9e provid5ce4 ,& !y re/ n4 ,m>g41 h no re/4 ,t is1 !y are con/antly employ$2 !re is no int]mission4 ,! mean+1 z above expla9$1 is1 t ! works & ways ( ,god are con/antly br++ praise to him4 ,day & night4 ,cont9ually4 ,!y :o are employ$ day & night fill up ! :ole "t= ?is is all4 ,say+1 ,holy1 holy1 holy4 ,= ! mean+ ( ?is1 see ,notes on ,is4 vi4 #c4 ,"l ,god ,almighty4 ,isaiah 7vi4 #c7 expresses x1 8,jehovah ( ho/s40 ,! ref]5ce is to ! true ,god1 & ! epi!t ,almighty is "o t is (t5 giv5 him4 ,x is peculi>ly appropriate "h1 z !re 7 to be1 z ! sequel %[s1 rem>kable exhibitions ( p[] 9 execut+ ! purposes describ$ 9 ?is book4 ,:i* 01 & is1 & is to come4 ,:o is et]nalexi/+ 9 all pa/ "t2 exi/+ n[2 & to cont9ue to exi/ = ev]4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #d4 #i ,& :5 ^? bea/s give glory & hon\r & ?anks to him t sat on ! ?rone1 #aij:o live? = ev] & ev]1 #i4 ,& :5 ^? bea/s give glory1 c4 ,z (t5 z ^? liv+ be+s ascribe glory to ,god4 ,!y did ?is cont9ually 7v]4 #h72 &1 if ! above explanation be correct1 !n ! idea is t ! ways & acts ( ,god 9 8 provid5tial gov]nm5t are cont9ually ( su* a nature z to hon\r him4 #aj ,! f\r & tw5ty eld]s fall d[n be=e him t sat on ! ?rone1 & wor%ip him t live? = ev] & ev]1 & ca/ _! #aia;cr[ns be=e ! ?rone1 say+1 #aj4 ,! f\r & tw5ty eld]s fall d[n be=e him1 c4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! r$eem$ *ur* 9 heav5 7,notes1 v]4 #d7 also unite 9 ! praise4 ,! mean+1 if ! explanation ( ! symbol be correct1 is1 t ! *ur* univ]sal unites 9 praise to ,god = all t *>act]izes 8 adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! connection 9 :i* ?is /&s "h1 ! s5se w\ld be1 t z (t5 z !re is any new manife/ation ( ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 ! *ur* ascribes new praise to ,god4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is explanation ( ! mean+ ( ! symbols1 ( ! fact "h /at$ !re c be no d\bt4 ,! *ur* ( ,god always rejoices :5 !re is any new manife/ation ( ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e adm9i/ration4 ,z all ^! acts1 9 reality1 br+ glory & hon\r to ,god1 ! *ur*1 z (t5 z !re is any new manife/ation ( ! div9e "* & purposes1 r5d]s praise anew4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t ! view "h tak5 is "o t is e way appropriate to ! g5]al "* ( ?is book4 ,! great design 0 to disclose :at ,god 0 to d 9 future times1 9 ! v>i\s revolutions t 7 to take place on ! e>?1 until 8 gov]nm5t %\ld be firmly e/abli%$1 & ! pr9ciples ( 8 adm9i/ration %\ld ev]y:]e prevail2 & !re 0 a propriety1 !re=e1 9 describ+ ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur* z tak+ "p 9 ?is univ]sal praise1 & z ca/+ e cr[n at ! feet ( ,him :o sits ^u ! ?rone4 ,& ca/ _! cr[ns be=e ! ?rone4 ,!y are describ$ z 8cr[n$0 7v]4 #d71 t is1 z triumphant1 & z k+s 7comp4 *4 v4 #aj71 & !y are "h repres5t$ z ca/+ _! cr[ns at 8 feet1 9 tok5 t !y owe _! triumph to ,him4 ,to 8 provid5tial deal+s1 to 8 wise & m]ciful gov]nm5t1 !y owe x t !y are cr[n$ at all2 & !re is1 !re=e1 a propriety t !y %\ld ackn[l$ge ?is 9 a prop] mann] by plac+ _! cr[ns at 8 feet4 #aa ,?\ art #aibwor?y1 ,o ,"l1 to receive glory & hon\r & p[]2 #aic;= ?\ ha/ creat$ all ?+s1 & = ?y pleasure !y are & 7 creat$4 #aa4 ,?\ art wor?y1 ,o ,"l4 ,9 ?y "*1 p]fections1 & gov]nm5t1 !re is t :i* makes x #aai prop] t univ]sal praise %\ld be r5d]$4 ,! feel+ ( all true wor%ipp]s is1 t ,god is wor?y ( ! praise t is ascrib$ to him4 ,no man wor%ips him aright :o does n feel t !re is t 9 8 nature & 8 do+s :i* makes x prop] t he %\ld receive univ]sal adoration4 ,to receive glory4 ,to h praise or glory ascrib$ to !e4 ,& hon\r4 ,to be hon\r$2 t is1 to be approa*$ & ador$ z wor?y ( hon\r4 ,& p[]4 ,to h p[] ascrib$ to !e1 or to be reg>d$ z hav+ inf9ite p[]4 ,man c conf] no p[] on ,god1 b he may ackn[l$ge t :i* he has1 & adore him = its ex]tion 9 8 behalf & 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,= ?\ ha/ creat$ all ?+s4 ,?us lay+ ! f\ndation = praise4 ,no "o c contemplate ?is va/ & wond]ful univ]se )\t see+ t ,he :o has made x is wor?y to 8receive glory1 & hon\r1 & p[]40 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job xxxviii4 #g4 ,& = ?y pleasure !y are4 ,!y exi/ by ?y w 4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y owe _! exi/5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & !re=e _! creation lays ! f\ndation = praise4 ,he 8spake1 & x 0 done2 he comm&$1 & x /ood fa/40 ,he said1 8,let !re be light2 & !re 0 light40 ,!re is no o!r reason :y ! univ]se exi/s at all ?an t su* 0 ! w ( ,god2 !re is no?+ else t is to be adduc$ z expla9+ ! fact t any?+ has n[ a be+4 ,! putt+ =? ( t w expla9s all2 &1 consequ5tly1 :atev] wisdom1 p[]1 goodness1 is manife/$ 9 ! univ]se1 is to be trac$ to ,god1 & is ! expression ( :at 0 9 him f et]nity4 ,x is prop]1 !n1 to 8look up ?r\gh nature to nature's ,god10 & :]ev] we see greatness or goodness 9 ! works ( creation1 to reg>d !m z ! fa9t expression ( :at exi/s ess5tially 9 ! ,creator4 ,& 7 creat$4 ,br++ m di/9ctly into notice ! fact t !y owe _! exi/5ce to 8 w4 ,!y are n et]nal2 !y are n self-exi/5t2 !y 7 =m$ f no?+4 ,?is concludes ! magnific5t introduction to ! pr9cipal visions 9 ?is book4 ,x is beautifully appropriate to ! solemn disclosures :i* are to be made 9 ! foll[+ portions ( ! book1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ,isaiah & ,ezekiel1 0 em95tly adapt$ to impress ! m9d ( ! holy se] ) awe4 ,heav5 is op5$ to 8 view2 ! ?rone ( ,god is se52 !re is a vision ( ,him :o sits ^u t ?rone2 ?und]s & voices are he>d ar\nd ! ?rone2 ! lightn+s play2 & a ra9b[1 symbol ( peace1 encircles all2 ! repres5tatives ( ! r$eem$ *ur*1 occupy+ subord9ate ?rones1 & 9 robes ( victory1 & ) cr[ns on _! heads1 are !re2 a va/ smoo? expanse l ! sea is spread out be=e ! ?rone2 & ! emblems ( ! wisdom1 ! p[]1 ! vigilance1 ! en]gy1 ! /r5g? ( ! div9e adm9i/ration are !re1 repres5t$ z 9 ! act ( br++ hon\r to ,god1 & proclaim+ 8 praise4 ,! m9d ( ,john 0 d\btless prep>$ by ^! augu/ visions = ! disclosures :i* foll[2 & ! m9d ( ! read] %\ld 9 l mann] be deeply & solemnly impress$ :5 he contemplates !m1 z if he look$ into heav51 & saw ! impressive gr&eur ( ! wor%ip !re4 ,let u fancy ourselves1 !re=e1 ) ! holy se] look+ into heav51 & li/5 ) rev]5ce to :at ! great ,god discloses respect+ ! v>i\s *anges t are to occur until e foe ( ! *ur* %all be subdu$1 & ! e>? %all ackn[l$ge 8 sway1 & ! :ole sc5e %all close 9 ! triumphs & joys ( heav54 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] introduces ! disclosure ( future ev5ts4 ,x is done 9 a mann] em95tly fitt$ to impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! importance ( ! revelations ab\t to be made4 ,! prop] /ate ( m9d = appreciat+ ?is *apt] is t :5 we look on ! future1 & are s5sible t important ev5ts are ab\t to occur2 :5 we feel t t future is :olly imp5etrable to u2 & :5 ! ef=ts ( ! highe/ creat$ m9ds fail to lift ! my/]i\s veil :i* hides ^? ev5ts f our view2 x is 9 accordance ) our nature t ! m9d %\ld be impress$ ) solemn awe "u su* circum/ances2 x is n a violation ( ! laws ( our nature t "o :o _h an e>ne/ desire to p5etrate t future1 & :o saw ! volume be=e him :i* conta9$ ! my/]i\s revelation1 & :o yet felt t !re 0 no "o 9 heav5 or e>? :o c\ld break ! seals1 & disclose :at 0 to come1 %\ld weep4 ,comp4 #abj v]4 #d4 ,! design ( ! :ole *apt] is evid5tly to hon\r ! ,lamb ( ,god1 by %[+ t ! p[] 0 intru/$ to him :i* 0 confid$ to no "o else 9 heav5 or e>?1 ( disclos+ :at is to come4 ,no?+ else w\ld bett] illu/rate ?is ?an ! fact t he alone c\ld break ! my/]i\s seals :i* b>r$ out ! k ( ! future f all creat$ eyes2 & no?+ w\ld be bett] adapt$ to impress ?is on ! m9d ?an ! repres5tation 9 ?is *apt]! exhibition ( a my/]i\s book 9 ! h& ( ,god2 ! proclamation ( ! angel1 call+ on any :o c\ld d x to op5 ! book2 ! fact t no "o 9 heav5 or e>? c\ld d x2 ! te>s %$ by ,john :5 x 0 f\nd t no "o c\ld d x2 ! assurance ( "o ( ! eld]s t ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah _h p[] to d x2 & ! pr(\nd adoration ( all 9 heav51 & 9 e>?1 & "u ! e>? 9 view ( ! p[] intru/$ to him ( break+ ^! my/]i\s seals4 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 ! *apt] are ^!3 7#a7 ,hav+ 9 *4 iv4 describ$ ,god z sitt+ on a ?rone1 ,john "h 7v]4 #a7 repres5ts himself z see+ 9 8 "r h& a my/]i\s volume2 writt5 all ov] on ! inside & ! outside1 yet seal$ ) sev5 seals2 a volume manife/ly ref]r+ to ! future1 & conta9+ important disclosures respect+ com+ ev5ts4 7#b7 ,a mighty angel is introduc$ mak+ a proclamation1 & ask+ :o is wor?y to op5 t book1 & to break ^? seals2 evid5tly imply+ t none unless ( exalt$ rank c\ld d x1 v]4 #b4 7#c7 ,!re is a pause3 no "o 9 heav51 or 9 e>?1 or "u ! e>?1 approa*es to d x1 or claims ! "r to d x1 v]4 #c4 7#d7 ,john1 giv+ way to ! expressions ( natural emotionindicative ( ! long+ & int5se desire 9 ! human s\l to be made acqua9t$ ) ! secrets ( ! futurep\rs =? a flood ( te>s because no "o is f\nd :o is wor?y to op5 ! seals ( ?is my/]i\s book1 or to read :at 0 record$ !re1 v]4 #d4 7#e7 ,9 8 /ate ( susp5se & ( grief1 "o ( ! eld]s! repres5tatives ( t *ur* = ^: b5efit ^! revelations ( ! future 7 to be made 7,note on *4 iv4 #d7;approa*es him & says t !re is "o :o is able to op5 ! book2 "o :o has ! p[] to loose its seals1 v]4 #e4 ,?is is ! ,messiah! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ! ,root ( ,davidcom+ n[ to make ! disclosure = :i* ! :ole book 0 giv51 *4 i4 #a4 7#f7 ,imm$iately ! att5tion ( ,john is attract$ by ! ,messiah1 appe>+ z a ,lamb 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone2 ) horns1 ! symbols ( /r5g?2 & eyes1 ! symbols ( all-p]vad+ intellig5ce4 ,he approa*es & takes ! book f ! h& ( ,him t sits on ! ?rone2 symbolical ( ! fact t x is ! prov9ce ( ! ,messiah to make kn[n to ! *ur* & ! _w ! ev5ts :i* are to occur1 v]4 #f1 #g4 ,he appe>s "h 9 a diff]5t =m f t 9 :i* he manife/$ himself 9 *4 i41 = ! purpose is diff]5t4 ,!re he appe>s clo!d 9 maje/y1 to impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( 8 ess5tial glory4 ,"h he appe>s 9 a =m t recalls ! memory ( 8 sacrifice2 to d5ote1 p]haps1 t x is 9 virtue ( 8 atonem5t t ! future is to be disclos$2 & t !re=e !re is a special propriety t he %\ld appe> & d :at no o!r "o 9 heav5 or e>? c\ld d4 7#g7 ,! approa* ( ! ,messiah to unfold ! my/]ies 9 ! book1 ! fact t he _h 8prevail$0 to accompli% :at !re 0 s /rong a desire %\ld be accompli%$1 furni%es an occasion = exalt$ ?anksgiv+ & praise1 v]4 #haj4 7#h7 ,?is ascription ( praise 9 heav5 is in/antly respond$ to1 & e*o$ back1 f all p>ts ( ! univ]seall jo9+ 9 ackn[l$g+ ! ,lamb z wor?y ( ! exalt$ (fice to :i* he 0 rais$1 v]4 #aaac4 ,! angels ar\nd ! ?roneam\nt+ to ?\s&s ( myriadsunite ) ! liv+ creatures & ! eld]s2 & to ^! are jo9$ ! voices ( e creature 9 heav51 on ! e>?1 "u ! e>?1 & 9 ! sea1 ascrib+ to ,him t sits ^u ! ?rone & ! ,lamb univ]sal praise4 7#i7 ,to ?is l\d ascription ( praise f f>-di/ant worlds ! liv+ creatures respond a he>ty ,am51 & ! eld]s fall d[n & wor%ip him t lives = ev] & ev]1 v]4 #ad4 ,! univ]se is held 9 wond]+ expectation ( ! disclosures :i* are to be made1 & f all p>ts ( ! univ]se !re is an ackn[l$gm5t t ! ,lamb ( ,god alone has ! "r to break ! my/]i\s seals4 ,! importance ( ! developm5ts ju/ifies ! magnific5ce ( #aba ?is repres5tation2 & x w\ld n be possible to imag9e a m sublime introduction to ^! great ev5ts4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,& ,i saw 9 ! "r h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone a #aid;book writt5 )9 & on ! back side1 #aieseal$ ) sev5 seals4 #a4 ,& ,i saw 9 ! "r h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone4 ,( ,god1 *4 iv4 #c1 #d4 ,8 =m is n describ$ !re1 nor is !re any intimation ( x "h except ! m5tion ( 8 8"r h&40 ,! book or roll seems to h be5 s held 9 8 h& t ,john c\ld see its %ape1 & see di/9ctly h[ x 0 writt5 & seal$4 ,a book4 ,?is ^w is prop]ly a dim9utive ( ! ^w commonly r5d]$ book 771 & w\ld /rictly mean a small book1 or a book ( dim9utive sizea tablet1 or a lett] 7,liddell & ,scott1 ,lex474 ,x is us$1 h[ev]1 to d5ote a book ( any sizea roll1 scroll1 or volume2 & is ?us us$ 7a7 to d5ote ! ,p5tateu*1 or ! ,mosaic law1 ,he4 ix4 #ai2 x4 #g2 7b7 ! book ( life1 ,re4 xvii4 #h2 xx4 #ab2 xxi4 #bg2 7c7 epi/les :i* 7 also roll$ up1 ,re4 i4 #aa2 7d7 docum5ts1 z a bill ( divorce1 ,mat4 xix4 #g2 ,m>4 x4 #d4 ,:5 x is ! express design to speak ( a small book1 ano!r ^w is us$ 771 ,re4 x4 #b1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,! book or roll ref]r$ to "h 0 t :i* conta9$ ! revelation 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 to ! end ( ! description ( ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal= ! communication t 0 to be made 0 all includ$ 9 ! sev5 seals2 & to conceive ( ! size ( ! book1 !re=e1 we are only to reflect on ! am\nt ( p>*m5t t w\ld naturally be writt5 ov] by ! communications "h made4 ,! =m ( ! book 0 und\bt$ly t ( a scroll or roll2 = t 0 ! usual =m ( books among ! anci5ts1 & su* a volume c\ld be m easily seal$ ) a numb] ( seals1 9 ! mann] "h describ$1 ?an a volume 9 ! =m 9 :i* books are made n[4 ,on ! anci5t =m ( books1 see ,notes on ,lu4 iv4 #ag4 ,! engrav+ 9 ,job1 *4 xix41 w furni% an additional illu/ration ( _! =m4 ,writt5 )9 & on ! back side4 ,gr41 8)9 & beh9d40 ,x 0 cu/om>y to write only on "o side ( ! pap] or vellum1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce 9 read+ ! volume z x 0 unroll$4 ,if1 z sometimes 0 ! case1 ! book 0 9 ! same =m z books are n[( leaves b\nd toge!r!n x 0 usual to write on bo? sides ( ! leaf1 z bo? sides ( a page are pr9t$ n[4 ,b 9 ! o!r =m x 0 a v uncommon ?+ to write on bo? sides ( ! p>*m5t1 & 0 nev] done unless !re 0 a sc>city ( writ+ mat]ial2 or unless !re 0 an am\nt ( matt] beyond :at 0 anticipat$2 or unless some?+ _h be5 omitt$4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ,john saw bo? sides ( ! p>*m5t z x 0 held 9 ! h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone4 ,t x 0 writt5 on ! back side he w\ld naturally see1 &1 z ! book 0 seal$1 he w\ld inf] t x 0 writt5 9 ! usual mann] on ! inside4 ,seal$ ) sev5 seals4 ,on ! anci5t mann] ( seal+1 see ,notes on ,mat4 xxvii4 #ff2 comp4 ,notes on ,job xxxviii4 #ad4 ,! fact t !re 7 sev5 sealsan unusual numb] 9 fa/5+ a volumew\ld naturally attract ! att5tion ( ,john1 ?\gh x might n occur to him at once t !re 0 any?+ significant 9 ! numb]4 ,x is n /at$ 9 :at mann] ! seals 7 atta*$ to ! volume1 b x is cle> t !y 7 s atta*$ t ea* seal clos$ "o "p ( ! volume1 & t :5 "o 0 brok5 & ! portion :i* t 0 design$ to fa/5 0 unroll$1 a second w\ld be come to1 :i* x w\ld be necess>y to break 9 ord] to read ! next portion4 ,! out] seal w\ld inde$ b9d ! :ole2 b :5 t 0 brok5 x w\ld n give access to ! :ole volume unless ea* successive seal 7 brok54 ,may x n h be5 int5d$ by ?is arrangem5t to sugge/ ! idea t ! :ole future is unkn[n to u1 & t ! disclosure ( any "o portion1 ?\gh necess>y if ! :ole w\ld be kn[n1 does n disclose all1 b leaves seal aft] seal /ill unbrok51 & t !y are all to be brok5 "o aft] ano!r if we w\ld "k all8 ,h[ ^! 7 arrang$1 ,john does n say4 ,all t is necess>y to be suppos$ is1 t ! sev5 seals 7 put successively ^u ! m>g9 ( ! volume z x 0 roll$ up1 s t ea* op5+ w\ld ext5d only z f> z ! next seal1 :5 ! unroll+ w\ld be arre/$4 ,anyone1 by roll+ up a %eet ( pap]1 c\ld #abb s fa/5 x ) p9s1 or ) a succession ( seals1 z to repres5t ?is ) suffici5t accuracy4 #b ,& ,i saw a /rong angel proclaim+ ) a l\d voice1 ,:o is wor?y to op5 ! book1 & to loose ! seals !re(8 #b4 ,& ,i saw a /rong angel4 ,an angel end[$ ) great /r5g?1 z if su* /r5g? 0 necess>y to enable him to give utt]ance to ! l\d voice ( ! inquiry4 8,hom] repres5ts 8 h]alds z p[]ful1 robu/ m51 9 ord] consi/5tly to attribute to !m deep-ton$ & p[]ful voices0 7,pr(4 ,/u>t74 ,! inquiry to be made 0 "o ( va/ importance2 x 0 to be made ( all 9 heav51 all on ! e>?1 & all "u ! e>?1 & h5ce an angel is introduc$ s mighty t 8 voice c\ld be he>d 9 all ^? di/ant worlds4 ,proclaim+ ) a l\d voice4 ,t is1 z a h]ald or cri]4 ,he is r introduc$ "h z appo9t$ to ?is (fice ?an z self-mov$4 ,! design und\bt$ly is to impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( ! importance ( ! disclosures ab\t to be made1 & at ! same "t ) a s5se ( ! impossibility ( p5etrat+ ! future by any creat$ p[]4 ,t "o ( ! highe/ angels %\ld make su* a proclamation w\ld suffici5tly %[ its importance2 t su* an "o1 by ! m]e act ( mak+ su* a proclamation1 %\ld practically confess 8 own inability1 & consequ5tly ! inability ( all ( simil> rank1 to make ! disclosures1 w\ld %[ t ! revelations ( ! future 7 beyond m]e creat$ p[]4 ,:o is wor?y to op5 ! book1 c4 ,t is1 :o is 8wor?y0 9 ! s5se ( hav+ a rank s exalt$1 & attributes s compreh5sive1 z to au?orize & enable him to d x4 ,9 o!r words1 :o has ! requisite end[m5ts ( all k9ds to enable him to d x8 ,x w\ld require moral qualities ( an exalt$ "* to ju/ify him 9 approa*+ ! seat ( ! holy ,god1 to take ! book f 8 h&s2 x w\ld require an ability beyond t ( any creat$ be+ to p5etrate ! future1 & disclose ! mean+ ( ! symbols :i* 7 employ$4 ,! fact t ! book 0 held 9 ! h& ( him t 0 on ! ?rone1 & seal$ 9 ?is mann]1 0 9 itself a suffici5t pro( t x 0 n 8 purpose to make ! disclosure directly1 & ! natural inquiry arose :e!r !re 0 anyone 9 ! wide univ]se :o1 by rank1 or "*1 or (fice1 w\ld be emp[]$ to op5 ! my/]i\s volume4 #c ,& no man 9 heav51 nor 9 e>?1 nei!r "u ! e>?1 0 able to op5 ! book1 nei!r to look !reon4 #c4 ,& no man 9 heav54 ,no "o4 ,!re is no limitation 9 ! orig9al to man4 ,! idea is1 t !re 0 no "o 9 heav5evid5tly allud+ to ! creat$ be+s !re:o c\ld op5 ! volume4 ,is x n taught "h t angels _c p5etrate ! future1 & disclose :at is to come8 ,are n _! faculties limit$ 9 ?is respect l ^? ( man8 ,nor 9 e>?4 ,among all classes ( m5sages1 div9es1 prophets1 philosoph]s:o among ^? h ev] be5 able to p5etrate ! future1 & disclose :at is to come8 ,nei!r "u ! e>?4 ,^! divisions compose1 9 common language1 ! univ]se3 :at is 9 heav5 above2 :at is on ! e>?2 & :atev] !re is "u ! e>?! abodes ( ! dead4 ,may !re n be an allusion "h to ! suppos$ sci5ce ( necromancy1 & an ass]tion t ev5 ! dead _c p5etrate ! future1 & disclose :at is to come8 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 viii4 #ai4 ,9 all ^! great realms no "o advanc$ :o 0 qualifi$ to und]take ! (fice ( mak+ a disclosure ( :at ! my/]i\s scroll might conta94 ,0 able to op5 ! book4 ,_h abilityto d x4 ,x 0 a task beyond _! p[]4 ,ev5 if anyone _h be5 f\nd :o _h a rank & a moral "* :i* might h seem$ to ju/ify ! ef=t1 !re 0 no "o :o _h ! p[] ( read+ :at 0 record$ respect+ com+ ev5ts4 ,nei!r to look !reon4 ,t is1 s to op5 ! seals z to h a view ( :at 0 writt5 !re94 ,t x 0 n beyond _! p[] m]ely to see ! book is app>5t f ! fact t ,john himself saw x 9 ! h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone2 & x is evid5t also 7v]4 #e7 t 9 t s5se ! eld]s saw x4 ,b no "o c\ld prevail to inspect ! cont5ts1 or s h access to ! int]ior ( ! volume z to be able to see :at 0 writt5 !re4 ,x c\ld be se51 inde$ 7v]4 #a71 t x 0 writt5 on #abc bo? sides ( ! p>*m5t1 b :at ! writ+ 0 no "o c\ld "k4 #d ,& ,i wept mu*1 because no man 0 f\nd wor?y to op5 & to read ! book1 nei!r to look !reon4 #d4 ,& ,i wept mu*1 because no man 0 f\nd wor?y1 c4 ,gr41 z 9 v]4 #c1 no "o4 ,x w\ld seem z if !re 0 a pause to see if !re 7 any response to ! proclamation ( ! angel4 ,!re be+ none1 ,john gave way to 8 deep emotions 9 a flood ( te>s4 ,! te>s ( ! apo/le "h may be reg>d$ z an illu/ration ( two ?+s :i* are occurr+ con/antly 9 ! m9ds ( m53 7#a7 ,! /rong desire to p5etrate ! future2 to lift ! my/]i\s veil :i* %r\ds t :i* is to come2 to f9d "s way to pi]ce ! d>k wall :i* seems to /& up be=e u1 & :i* %uts f our view t :i* is to be h]eaft]4 ,!re h be5 no m e>ne/ ef=ts made by m5 ?an ^? :i* h be5 made to read ! seal$ volume :i* conta9s ! record ( :at is yet to come4 ,by dreams1 & om5s1 & auguries1 & a/rology1 & ! flight ( birds1 & necromancy1 m5 h s\ght anxi\sly to asc]ta9 :at is to be h]eaft]4 ,comp>e1 = an expression ( t int5se desire1 ,fo/]'s ,life & ,correspond5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa1 & vol4 ii4 pp4 #bcg1 #bch4 7#b7 ,! weep+ ( ! apo/le may be reg>d$ z an in/ance ( ! deep grief :i* m5 (t5 exp]i5ce :5 all ef=ts to p5etrate ! future fail1 & !y feel t aft] all !y are left completely 9 ! d>k4 ,(t5 is ! s\l ov]p[]$ ) grief1 & (t5 are ! eyes fill$ ) sadness at ! reflection t !re is an absolute limit to ! human p[]s2 t all t man c arrive at by 8 own ef=ts is unc]ta9 conjecture1 & t !re is no way possible by :i* he c make nature speak out & disclose :at is to come4 ,n[h]e does man f9d himself m fett]$ & limit$ 9 8 p[]s ?an "h2 n[h]e does he feel t !re is su* an int5se disproportion betwe5 8 desires & 8 atta9m5ts4 ,9 no?+ d we feel t we are m absolutely 9 ne$ ( div9e help ?an 9 our attempts to unveil ! future2 & 7 x n = revelation man might weep 9 despair4 #e ,& "o ( ! eld]s sai? unto me1 ,weep n3 behold1 ! #aif,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ! #aig,root ( ,david1 ha? prevail$ to op5 ! book1 & to loose ! sev5 seals !re(4 #e4 ,& "o ( ! eld]s sai? unto me4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d4 ,no p>ticul> reason is assign$ :y ?is message 0 deliv]$ by "o ( ! eld]s r ?an by an angel4 ,if ! eld]s 71 h[ev] 7see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d71 ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 !re 0 a propriety t !y %\ld address ,john 9 8 tr\ble4 ,?\gh !y 7 9 heav51 !y 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 all t p]ta9$ to ! welf>e ( ! *ur*1 & !y _h be5 p]mitt$ to und]/& :at z yet 0 unkn[n to him1 t ! p[] ( op5+ ! my/]i\s volume :i* conta9$ ! revelation ( ! future 0 intru/$ p>ticul>ly to ! ,messiah4 ,hav+ ?is k1 !y 7 prep>$ to com=t him ) ! hope t :at 0 s my/]i\s w\ld be made kn[n4 ,weep n4 ,t is1 !re is no occasion = te>s4 ,! object :i* y s mu* desire c be obta9$4 ,!re is "o :o c break ^? seals1 & :o c unroll t volume & read :at is record$ !re4 ,behold ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,?is und\bt$ly ref]s to ! ,"l ,jesus2 & ! po9ts ne$ful to be expla9$ are1 :y he is call$ a ,lion1 & :y he is spok5 ( z ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 7a7 ,z to ! fir/3 ,?is appellation is n else:]e giv5 to ! ,messiah1 b x is n difficult to see its propriety z us$ 9 ?is place4 ,! lion is ! k+ ( bea/s1 ! mon>* ( ! =e/1 & ?us becomes an emblem ( "o ( k+ly au?ority & ( p[] 7see ,notes on *4 iv4 #g71 & z su* ! appellation is us$ 9 ?is place4 ,x is because ,*ri/ has p[] to op5 ! sealsz if he rul$ ov] ! univ]se1 & all ev5ts 7 "u 8 control1 z ! lion rules 9 ! =e/t ! "n is "h giv5 to him4 7b7 ,z to ! o!r po9t3 ,he is call$ ! 8,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah10 d\btless1 ) ref]5ce to ! prophecy 9 ,ge4 xlix4 #i8;,judah is a lion's :elp3 f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ art gone up3 he /oop$ d[n1 he c\*$ z a lion1 & z an old lion20 & f ! fact t ! ,messiah 0 ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,comp4 ,ge4 xlix4 #aj4 ,?is use ( ! t]m w\ld connect #abd him 9 ! appreh5sion ( ,john ) ! prophecy1 & w\ld sugge/ to him ! idea ( 8 be+ a rul]1 or hav+ dom9ion4 ,z su*1 !re=e1 x w\ld be appropriate t ! p[] ( break+ ^! seals %\ld be committ$ to him4 ,! ,root ( ,david4 ,n ! ,root ( ,david 9 ! s5se t ,david sprung f him z a tree does f a root1 b 9 ! s5se t he himself 0 a 8root-%oot0 or spr\t f ,david1 & _h sprung f him z a %oot or spr\t spr+s up f a decay$ & fall5 tree4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xi4 #a4 ,?is expression w\ld connect him directly ) ,david1 ! great & glori\s mon>* ( ,israel1 & z hav+ a "r to occupy 8 ?rone4 ,z "o ?us rul+ ov] ! p ( ,god1 !re 0 a propriety t to him %\ld be intru/$ ! task ( op5+ ^! seals4 ,ha? prevail$4 ,t is1 he has acquir$ ?is p[] z ! result ( a conflict or /ruggle4 ,! ^w us$ "href]s to su* a conflict or /ruggle1 prop]ly mean+ to come (f victor1 to ov]come1 to conqu]1 to subdue2 & ! idea "h is1 t 8 p[] to d ?is1 or ! reason :y he does ?is1 is ! result ( a conflict 9 :i* he 0 a victor4 ,z ! s]ies ( ev5ts to be disclos$1 result+ 9 ! f9al triumph ( religion1 0 ! effect ( 8 conflicts ) ! p[]s ( evil1 !re 0 a special propriety t ! disclosure %\ld be made by him4 ,! tru?s taught 9 ?is v]se are1 7#a7 t ! p[] ( mak+ disclosures1 9 reg>d to ! future1 is intru/$ to ! ,messiah2 & 7#b7 t ?is1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 is ! result ( a conflict or /ruggle on 8 "p4 #f ,& ,i beheld1 &1 lo1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone & ( ! f\r bea/s1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! eld]s1 /ood a #aih,lamb1 z x _h be5 sla91 hav+ sev5 horns & sev5#aii;eyes1 :i* are ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god s5t =? into all ! e>?4 #f4 ,& ,i beheld1 &1 lo1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone4 ,we are n to suppose t he 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?rone itself1 b he 0 a conspicu\s object :5 ! ?rone & ! eld]s & ! liv+ be+s 7 se54 ,he 0 s plac$ z to seem to be 9 ! mid/ ( ! gr\p made up ( ! ?rone1 ! liv+ be+s1 & ! eld]s4 ,& ( ! f\r bea/s4 ,see ,notes1 *4 iv4 #f4 ,/ood a ,lamb4 ,an appellation (t5 giv5 to ! ,messiah1 = two reasons3 7#a7 because ! lamb 0 an emblem ( innoc5ce2 & 7#b7 because a lamb 0 (f]$ commonly 9 sacrifice4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,jn4 i4 #bi4 ,z x _h be5 sla94 ,t is1 9 "s way hav+ ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 sla92 hav+ "s m>ks or indications ab\t x t x _h be5 sla94 ,:at ^? 7 ! writ] does n specify4 ,if x 7 cov]$ ) blood1 or !re 7 m>ks ( mortal w\nds1 x w\ld be all t ! repres5tation dem&s4 ,! great "w :i* ! ,r$eem] p]=m$t ( mak+ an atonem5t = s90 ?us repres5t$ to ,john 9 su* a way t he at once recogniz$ him1 & saw ! reason :y ! (fice ( break+ ! seals 0 intru/$ to him4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ?is repres5tation is m]ely symbolic1 & we are n to suppose t ! ,r$eem] really assum$ ?is =m1 or t he appe>s 9 ?is =m 9 heav54 ,we %\ld no m suppose t ! ,r$eem] appe>s lit]ally z a lamb 9 heav5 ) num]\s eyes & horns1 ?an t !re is a lit]al ?rone & a sea ( glass !re2 t !re are 8seats0 !re1 & 8eld]s10 & 8cr[ns ( gold40 ,hav+ sev5 horns4 ,emblems ( au?ority & p[]= ! horn is a symbol ( p[] & dom9ion4 ,comp4 ,de4 xxxiii4 #ag2 #a ,ki4 xxii4 #aa2 ,je4 xlviii4 #be2 ,zec4 i4 #ah2 ,da4 vii4 #bd4 ,! propriety ( ?is symbol is laid 9 ! fact t ! /r5g? ( an animal is 9 ! horn1 & t x is by ?is t he obta9s a victory ov] o!r animals4 ,! numb] sev5 "h seems to be design$1 z 9 o!r places1 to d5ote complet5ess4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #d4 ,! mean+ is1 t he _h s l>ge a numb] z to d5ote complete dom9ion4 ,& sev5 eyes4 ,symbols ( intellig5ce4 ,! numb] sev5 "h also d5otes complet5ess2 & ! idea is1 t he is able to survey all ?+s4 ,john does n say any?+ z to ! relative arrangem5t ( ! horns & eyes on ! 8,lamb10 & x is va9 to attempt to conjecture h[ x 04 ,! :ole repres5tation is symbolical1 & we may und]/& ! mean+ ( ! symbol )\t be+ able to =m an exact conception ( ! figure z x appe>$ to him1 ,:i* are ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god s5t =? into all ! e>?4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #d4 ,t is1 :i* repres5t ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god2 or ! manifold op]ations ( ! "o ,div9e ,_s4 ,z ! eye is #abe ! symbol ( intellig5ceoutw>d objects be+ made visible to u by ts x may well repres5t an all-p]vad+ _s t surveys & sees all ?+s4 ,! eye1 9 ?is view1 among ! ,egyptians 0 an emblem ( ! ,deity4 ,by ! 8sev5 ,spirits0 "h ! same ?+ is d\btless int5d$ z 9 *4 i4 #d2 & if1 z !re suppos$1 ! ref]5ce is to ! ,holy ,_s consid]$ ) respect to 8 manifold op]ations1 ! mean+ "h is1 t ! op]ations ( t ,_s are to be reg>d$ z connect$ ) ! "w ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,?us1 all ! op]ations ( ! ,_s are connect$ )1 & are a "p (1 ! "w ( r$emption4 ,! expression 8s5t =? into all ! e>?10 ref]s to ! fact t t ,_s prevades all ?+s4 ,! ,_s ( ,god is (t5 repres5t$ z s5t or p\r$ out2 & ! mean+ "h is1 t 8 op]ations are z if he 0 s5t out to survey all ?+s & to op]ate ev]y:]e4 ,comp4 #a ,co4 xii4 #faa4 #g ,& he came & took ! book out ( ! "r h& ( him t sat ^u ! ?rone4 #g4 ,& he came & took ! book out ( ! "r h&1 c4 ,z if x p]ta9$ to him by virtue ( rank or (fice4 ,!re is a difficulty "h1 aris+ f ! incongruity ( :at is said ( a lamb1 :i* x is n easy to solve4 ,! difficulty is 9 conceiv+ h[ a lamb c\ld take ! book f ! h& ( ,him :o held x4 ,to meet ?is sev]al solutions h be5 propos$4 7#a7 ,vitr+a supposes t ! ,messiah appe>$ z a lamb only 9 "s su* s5se z ! f\r liv+ be+s 7*4 iv4 #g7 resembl$ a lion1 a calf1 & an eagle2 t is1 t !y bore ?is resemblance only 9 respect to ! head1 :ile ! body 0 t ( a man4 ,he ?us supposes1 t ?\gh 9 respect to ! upp] "p ! ,savi\r resembl$ a lamb1 yet t to ! front "p ( ! body h&s 7 atta*$ by :i* he c\ld take ! book4 ,b !re are great difficulties 9 ?is supposition4 ,besides t no?+ ( ?is k9d is intimat$ by ,john1 x is contr>y to e appe>ance ( probability t ! ,r$eem] w\ld be repres5t$ z a mon/]4 ,9 8 be+ repres5t$ z a lamb !re is no?+ t /rikes ! m9d z inappropriate or unpleasant1 = he is (t5 spok5 ( 9 ?is mann]1 & ! image is "o t is agreeable to ! m9d4 ,b all ?is beauty & fitness ( repres5tation is de/roy$1 if we ?9k ( him z hav+ human h&s proce$+ f 8 brea/ or sides1 or z bl5d+ ! =m ( a man & an animal toge!r4 ,! repres5tation ( hav+ an unusual numb] ( horns & eyes does n /rike u z be+ incongru\s 9 ! same s5se2 = ?\gh ! numb] is increas$1 !y are su* z p]ta9 prop]ly to ! animal to :i* !y are atta*$4 7#b7 ,ano!r supposition is t sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 t ! =m 0 *ang$1 & a human =m resum$ :5 ! ,savi\r advanc$ to take ! book & op5 x4 ,?is w\ld relieve ! :ole difficulty1 & ! only objection to x is1 t ,john has n giv5 any express notice ( su* a *ange 9 ! =m2 & ! only "q c be :e!r x is "r to suppose x 9 ord] to meet ! difficulty 9 ! case4 ,9 support ( ?is x is said t all is symbol2 t ! ,savi\r is repres5t$ 9 ! book 9 v>i\s =ms2 t z 8 appe>+ z a lamb 0 design$ to repres5t 9 a /rik+ mann] ! fact t he 0 sla91 & t all t he did 0 bas$ on ! atonem5t1 s !re w\ld be no impropriety 9 suppos+ t :5 an action 0 attribut$ to him he assum$ ! =m 9 :i* t act w\ld be naturally or is usually done4 ,& z 9 tak+ a book f ! h& ( ano!r x is :olly incongru\s to ?9k ( its be+ done by a lamb1 is x n mo/ natural to suppose t ! usual =m 9 :i* ! ,savi\r is repres5t$ z appe>+ w\ld be resum$1 & t he w\ld appe> aga9 z a man8,b is x absolutely c]ta9 t he appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a lamb at all8 ,may n all t is meant be1 t ,john saw him ne> ! ?rone1 & among ! eld]s1 & 0 /ruck at once ) 8 appe>ance ( meekness & innoc5ce1 & ) ! m>ks ( 8 hav+ be5 sla9 z a sacrifice1 & spoke ( him 9 /rong figurative language z a lamb8 ,& :]e 8 8sev5 horns0 & 8sev5 eyes0 are spok5 (1 is x necess>y to suppose t !re 0 any real assumption ( su* horns & eyes8 #abf ,may n all t is meant be t ,john 0 /ruck ) t 9 ! appe>ance ( ! ,r$eem] ( :i* ^! w\ld be ! appropriate symbols1 & describ$ him z if ^! _h be5 visible8 ,:5 ,john ! ,bapti/ saw ! ,"l ,jesus on ! banks ( ! ,jordan1 & said1 8,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w0 7,jn4 i4 #bi71 is x necess>y to suppose t he actually appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a lamb8 ,d n all at once und]/& him z ref]r+ to traits 9 8 "*1 & to ! "w :i* he 0 to accompli%1 :i* made x prop] to speak ( him z a lamb8 ,& :y1 !re=e1 may we n suppose t ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse design$ to use language 9 ! same way1 & t he did n int5d to pres5t s incongru\s a description z t ( a lamb approa*+ a ?rone & tak+ a book f ! h& ( ,him t sat on x1 & a lamb1 too1 ) _m horns & eyes8 ,if ?is supposition is correct1 !n all t is meant 9 ?is passage w\ld be express$ 9 "s su* language z ! foll[+3 8,& ,i look$1 & lo !re 0 "o 9 ! mid/ ( ! space occupi$ by ! ?rone1 by ! liv+ creatures1 & by ! eld]s1 :o1 9 aspect1 & 9 ! emblems t repres5t$ 8 "w on ! e>?1 0 spotless1 meek1 & innoc5t z a lamb2 "o ) m>ks on 8 p]son :i* br\ght to remembrance ! fact t he _h be5 sla9 = ! s9s ( ! _w1 & yet "o :o _h mo/ /rik+ symbols ( p[] & intellig5ce1 & :o 0 !re=e wor?y to approa* & take ! book f ! h& ( ,him t sat on ! ?rone40 ,x may d some?+ to confirm ?is view to recollect t :5 we use ! t]m 8,lamb ( ,god0 n[1 z is (t5 done 9 prea*+ & 9 pray]1 x nev] sugge/s to ! m9d ! idea ( a lamb4 ,we ?9k ( ! ,r$eem] z resembl+ a lamb 9 8 moral attributes & 9 8 sacrifice1 b nev] z to =m4 ,?is supposition relieves ! passage ( all t is incongru\s & unpleasant1 & may be all t ,john meant4 #h ,& :5 he _h tak5 ! book1 ! #bjj;f\r bea/s & f\r & tw5ty eld]s fell d[n be=e ! ,lamb1 hav+ e "o ( !m #bja;h>ps1 & gold5 vials full ( #bjbod\rs1 :i* are ! #bjcpray]s ( sa9ts4 #h4 ,& :5 he _h tak5 ! book1 ! f\r bea/s1 c4 ,! acts ( adoration "h describ$ z r5d]$ by ! f\r liv+ creatures & ! eld]s are1 accord+ to ! explanation giv5 9 *4 iv4 #dg1 emblematic ( ! hon\r done to ! ,r$eem] by ! *ur*1 & by ! c\rse ( provid5tial ev5ts 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,fell d[n be=e ! ,lamb4 ,! usual po/ure ( pr(\nd wor%ip4 ,usually 9 su* wor%ip !re 0 entire pro/ration on ! e>?4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 ii4 #b2 #a ,co4 xiv4 #be4 ,hav+ e "o ( !m h>ps4 ,t is1 z ! con/ruction1 & ! propriety ( ! case w\ld seem to dem&1 ! eld]s _h ea* ( !m h>ps4 ,! :ole pro/rat$ !mselves ) pr(\nd rev]5ce2 ! eld]s _h h>ps & c5s]s1 & broke out into a song ( praise = r$emption4 ,?is con/ruction is dem&$1 because 7a7 ! ,greek ^wm prop]ly agrees ) ! ^w eld]s& n ) ! ^w bea/s2 7b7 !re is an incongruity 9 ! repres5tation t ! liv+ creatures1 9 ! =m ( a lion1 a calf1 an eagle1 %\ld h h>ps & c5s]s2 & 7c7 ! song ( praise t is sung 7v]4 #i7 is "o t prop]ly applies to ! eld]s z ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 & n to ! liv+ creatures8,?\ ha/ r$eem$ u to ,god by ?y blood40 ,! h>p 0 a well-kn[n in/rum5t us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,josephus describes x z hav+ t5 /r+s1 & z /ruck ) a key 7,ant4 vii4 #ab1 #c74 ,see ,notes on ,is4 v4 #ab4 ,& gold5 vials4 ,! ^w vial ) u1 d5ot+ a small sl5d] bottle ) a n>r[ neck1 evid5tly does n express ! idea "h4 ,! article "h ref]r$ to 0 us$ = (f]+ inc5se1 & mu/ h be5 a vessel ) a l>ge op5 m\?4 ,! ^w b[l or goblet w\ld bett] express ! idea1 & x is s expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,rob9son1 ,lex41 & by ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco4 ,! ,greek ^woccurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ,revelation 7v4 #h2 xv4 #g2 xvi4 #ad1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ag2 xvii4 #a2 xxi4 #i71 & is uni=mly r5d]$ vial & vials1 ?\gh ! idea is always t ( a b[l or goblet4 ,full ( od\rs4 ,or r1 z 9 ! m>g91 full ( inc5se4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 i4 #i4 ,:i* are ! pray]s ( sa9ts4 #abg ,:i* repres5t or d5ote ! pray]s ( sa9ts4 ,comp4 ,ps4 cxli4 #b1 8,let my pray] be set =? be=e !e z inc5se40 ,! mean+ is1 t inc5se 0 a prop] emblem ( pray]4 ,?is seems to h be5 9 two respects3 7a7 z be+ acceptable to ,godz inc5se produc$ an agreeable fragrance2 & 7b7 9 its be+ waft$ t[>ds heav5asc5d+ t[>ds ! et]nal ?rone4 ,9 *4 viii4 #c1 an angel is repres5t$ z hav+ a gold5 c5s]3 8,& !re 0 giv5 unto him mu* inc5se1 t he %\ld (f] x ) ! pray]s ( all sa9ts ^u ! gold5 alt> :i* 0 be=e ! ?rone40 ,! repres5tation !re und\bt$ly is1 t ! angel is employ$ 9 pres5t+ ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts :i* 7 (f]$ on e>? be=e ! ?rone4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,x is mo/ natural to int]pret ! passage be=e u 9 ! same way4 ,! allusion is cle>ly to ! temple s]vice1 & to ! fact t inc5se 0 (f]$ by ! prie/ 9 ! temple itself at ! "t t pray] 0 (f]$ by ! p 9 ! c\rts ( ! temple4 ,see ,lu4 i4 #i1 #aj4 ,! idea "h is1 !re=e1 t ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur* 9 heav5! eld]sspok5 ( z 8prie/s0 7v]4 #aj71 are describ$ z (ficiat+ 9 ! temple above 9 behalf ( ! *ur* /ill bel[1 & z (f]+ inc5se :ile ! *ur* is engag$ 9 pray]4 ,x is n said t !y (f] ! pray]s !mselves1 b t !y (f] inc5se z repres5t+ ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,if ?is be ! correct int]pretation1 z x seems to be ! obvi\s "o1 !n ! passage lays no f\ndation = ! op9ion express$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 z d]iv$ f ?is passage 79 loco71 t pray] is (f]$ by ! r$eem$ 9 heav54 ,:atev] may be ! tru? on t po9ton :i* ! ,bible seems to be sil5tx w f9d no support f ! passage be=e u4 ,adoration1 praise1 ?anksgiv+1 are repres5t$ z ! employm5t ( ! sa9ts 9 heav53 ! only repres5tation respect+ pray] z p]ta9+ to t _w is1 t !re are emblems !re :i* symbolize its asc5t be=e ! ?rone1 & :i* %[ t x is acceptable to ,god4 ,x is an int]e/+ & beautiful repres5tation t !re are 9 heav5 appropriate symbols ( asc5d+ pray]1 & t :ile 9 ! out] c\rts "h bel[ we (f] pray]1 inc5se1 emblematic ( x1 asc5ds 9 ! holy ( holies above4 ,! impression :i* ?is %\ld leave on our m9ds ought to be1 t our pray]s are waft$ be=e ! ?rone1 & are acceptable to ,god4 #i ,& !y sung a #bjdnew song1 say+1 ,?\ art wor?y to take ! book1 & to op5 ! seals !re(3 = ?\ wa/ sla91 & ha/ r$eem$ u to ,god #bje;by ?y blood1 out ( #bjf;e k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation2 #i4 ,& !y sung a new song4 ,comp4 *4 xiv4 #c4 ,new 9 ! s5se t x is a song consequ5t on r$emption1 & di/+ui%$ !re=e f ! songs sung 9 heav5 be=e ! "w ( r$emption 0 consummat$4 ,we may suppose t songs ( adoration h always be5 sung 9 heav52 we "k t ! praises ( ,god 7 celebrat$ by ! angelic *oirs :5 ! f\ndations ( ! e>? 7 laid 7,job xxxviii4 #g72 b ! song ( r$emption 0 a diff]5t song1 & is "o t w\ld nev] h be5 sung !re if man _h n fall51 & if ! ,r$eem] _h n di$4 ,?is song /rikes notes :i* ! o!r songs d n /rike1 & ref]s to glories ( ! div9e "* :i*1 b = ! "w ( r$emption1 w\ld n h be5 br\ght into view4 ,9 ?is s5se ! song 0 new2 x w cont9ue to be new 9 ! s5se t x w be sung afre% z r$eem$ millions cont9ue to asc5d to heav54 ,comp4 ,ps4 xl4 #c2 xcvi4 #a2 cxliv4 #i2 ,is4 xlii4 #aj4 ,?\ art wor?y to take ! book1 c4 ,?is 0 ! occasion or gr\nd ( ! 8new song10 t by 8 com+ & dea? he _h acquir$ a "r to approa* :]e no o!r "o c\ld approa*1 & to d :at no o!r "o c\ld d4 ,= ?\ wa/ sla94 ,! language "h is su* z w\ld be appropriate to a lamb sla9 z a sacrifice4 ,! idea is1 t ! fact t he 0 ?us sla9 con/itut$ ! gr\nd ( 8 wor?9ess to op5 ! book4 ,x c\ld n be meant t !re 0 9 him no o!r gr\nd ( wor?9ess1 b t ?is 0 t :i* 0 mo/ conspicu\s4 ,x is j ! outbur/ ( ! grateful feel+ result+ f r$emption1 t he :o has di$ to save ! s\l is wor?y #abh ( all hon\r1 & is fitt$ to accompli% :at no o!r be+ 9 ! univ]se c d4 ,h[ev] ?is may appe> to ! inhabitants ( o!r worlds1 or h[ev] x may appe> to ! dwell]s on ! e>? :o h no int]e/ 9 ! "w ( r$emption1 yet all :o are r$eem$ w agree 9 ! s5tim5t t ,he :o has ransom$ !m ) 8 blood has p]=m$ a "w to d :i* e o!r be+ 0 incompet5t1 & t n[ all hon\r 9 heav5 & on e>? may appropriately be conf]r$ on him4 ,& ha/ r$eem$ u4 ,! ^w "h us$means prop]ly to pur*ase1 to buy2 & is ?us employ$ to d5ote r$emption1 because r$emption 0 accompli%$ by ! paym5t ( a price4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 see ,notes on #b ,pe4 ii4 #a4 ,to ,god4 ,t is1 s t we become 81 & are to be h5ce=w>d reg>d$ z su*2 or s t he might possess u z 8 own4 ,see ,notes on #b ,co4 v4 #ae4 ,?is is ! true nature ( r$emption1 t by ! price paid we are rescu$ f ! s]vitude ( ,satan1 & are h5ce=? to reg>d ourselves z belong+ unto ,god4 ,by ?y blood4 ,see ,notes on ,ac4 xx4 #bh4 ,?is is su* language z !y use :o believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t1 & is su* z w\ld be us$ by !m alone4 ,x w\ld n be employ$ by ^? :o believe t ,*ri/ 0 a m]e m>tyr1 or t he liv$ & di$ m]ely z a tea*] ( morality4 ,if he 0 truly an aton+ sacrifice1 ! language is full ( mean+2 if n1 x has no significance1 & c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,out ( e k9dr$4 ,lit]ally1 8( e tribe04 ,! ^w tribe means prop]ly a comp>atively small division or class ( p associat$ toge!r 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,x ref]s to a family1 or race1 hav+ a common ance/or1 & usually associat$ or b&$ toge!rz "o ( ! tribes ( ,israel2 a tribe ( ,indians2 a tribe ( plants2 a tribe ( animals1 c4 ,?is is su* language z a ,jew w\ld use1 d5ot+ "o ( ! small] divisions t made up a nation ( p2 & ! mean+ w\ld seem to be1 t x w be f\nd ultimately to be true t ! r$eem$ w h be5 tak5 f all su* m9or divisions ( ! human familyn only f ! diff]5t nations1 b f ! small] divisions ( ^? nations4 ,?is c only be true f ! fact t ! k ( ! true religion w yet be diffus$ among all ^? small] portions ( ! human race2 t is1 t its diffusion w be univ]sal4 ,& tongue4 ,p speak+ all languages4 ,! ^w "h us$ w\ld seem to d5ote a division ( ! human family l>g] ?an a tribe1 b small] ?an a nation4 ,x 0 =m]ly a fact t a nation might be made up ( ^? :o spoke _m diff]5t languagesz1 = example1 ! ,assyrian1 ! ,babylonian1 or ! ,roman nations4 ,comp4 ,da4 iii4 #bi2 iv4 #a4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t no matt] :at language ! compon5t p>ts ( ! nations speak1 ! gospel w be convey$ to !m1 & 9 _! own tongue !y w le>n ! wond]ful works ( ,god4 ,comp4 ,ac4 ii4 #haa4 ,& p4 ,! ^w "h us$prop]ly d5otes a p consid]$ z a mass1 made up ( small] divisionsz an association ( small] bodiesor z a multitude ( su* bodies unit$ toge!r4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ano!r ^w commonly appli$ to a p= t is appli$ to a community ( free citiz5s1 consid]$ z on a level1 or )\t ref]5ce to any m9or divisions or di/9ctions4 ,! words "h us$ w\ld apply to an army1 consid]$ z made up ( regim5ts1 battalions1 or tribes2 to a mass-meet+1 made up ( societies ( diff]5t trades or pr(essions2 to a nation1 made up ( diff]5t associat$ communities1 c4 ,x d5otes a l>g] body ( p ?an ! previ\s words2 & ! idea is1 t no matt] ( :at p or nation1 consid]$ z made up ( su* sep>ate portions1 "o may be1 he w n be exclud$ f ! bless+s ( r$emption4 ,! s5se w\ld be well express$1 by say+1 = in/ance1 t !re w be f\nd !re ^? ( ! ,gaelic race1 ! ,celtic1 ! ,anglo-,saxon1 ! ,mongolian1 ! ,african1 c4 ,& nation4 4 ,a ^w ( /ill l>g] signification2 ! p 9 a /ill wid] s5se2 a p or nation consid]$ z di/9ct f all o!rs4 ,! ^w w\ld embrace all :o come "u "o sov]eignty or rule2 z1 = example1 ! ,briti% nation1 h[ev] _m m9or tribes !re may be2 h[ev] _m diff]5t languages may be spok52 & h[ev] _m sep>ate p !re may bez ! ,anglo-,saxon1 ! ,scotti%1 ! ,iri%1 ! p ( ,h9doo/an1 ( ,labrador1 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 c4 ,! words "h us$ by ,john w\ld toge!r d5ote nations ( e k9d1 great & #abi small2 & ! s5se is1 t ! bless+s ( r$emption w be ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! e>?4 #aj ,& ha/ made u unto our ,god #bjgk+s & prie/s3 & we %all #bjhreign on ! e>?4 #aj4 ,& ha/ made u unto our ,god k+s & prie/s4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #f4 ,& we %all reign on ! e>?4 ,! r$eem$1 ( :om we are ! repres5tatives4 ,! idea cle>ly is1 9 accordance ) :at is s frequ5tly said 9 ! ,scriptures1 t ! dom9ion on ! e>? w be giv5 to ! sa9ts2 t is1 t !re w be su* a preval5ce ( true religion1 & ! r$eem$ w be s mu* 9 ! asc5d5cy1 t ! affairs ( ! nations w be 9 _! h&s4 ,righte\s m5 w hold ! (fices2 w fill places ( tru/ & responsibility2 w h a controll+ voice 9 all t p]ta9s to human affairs4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bg1 & ,re4 xx4 #af4 ,to su* a preval5ce ( religion all ?+s are t5d+2 & to ?is1 9 all ! disord] & s9 :i* n[ exi/1 are we p]mitt$ to look =w>d4 ,x is n said t ?is w be a reign "u ! ,savi\r 9 a lit]al k+dom on ! e>?2 nor is x said t ! sa9ts w desc5d f heav51 & occupy ?rones ( p[] "u ,*ri/ z a visible k+4 ,! simple affirmation is1 t !y w reign on ! e>?2 & z ?is seems to be spok5 9 ! "n ( ! r$eem$1 all t is necess>y to be und]/ood is1 t !re w be su* a preval5ce ( true religion on ! e>? t x w become a va/ k+dom ( hol9ess1 & t1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! m9ority1 ! sa9ts w ev]y:]e h ! asc5d5cy4 #aa ,& ,i beheld1 & ,i he>d ! voice ( _m angels r\nd ab\t ! ?rone & ! bea/s & ! eld]s3 & ! #bjinumb] ( !m 0 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&1 & ?\s&s ( ?\s&s2 #aa4 ,& ,i beheld4 ,& ,i look$ aga94 ,& ,i he>d ! voice ( _m angels4 ,! inhabitants ( heav5 unit+ ) ! repres5tatives ( ! r$eem$ *ur* 9 ascrib+ hon\r to ! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,! design is to %[ t !re is univ]sal sympa?y & h>mony 9 heav51 & t all worlds w unite 9 ascrib+ hon\r to ! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,r\nd ab\t ! ?rone & ! bea/s & ! eld]s4 ,9 a circle or area beyond t :i* 0 occupi$ by ! ?rone1 ! liv+ creatures1 & ! eld]s4 ,!y occupi$ ! c5tre1 z x appe>$ to ,john1 & ?is innum]able company ( angels surr\nd$ !m4 ,! angels are repres5t$ "h1 z !y are ev]y:]e 9 ! ,scriptures1 z tak+ a deep int]e/ 9 all t p]ta9s to ! r$emption ( m51 & x is n surpris+ t !y are "h describ$ z unit+ ) ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur* 9 r5d]+ hon\r to ! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #ab4 ,& ! numb] ( !m 0 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&4 ,"o hundr$ millionsa g5]al t]m to d5ote ei!r a c\ntless numb]1 or an exce$+ly great numb]4 ,we are n to suppose t x is to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,& ?\s&s ( ?\s&s4 ,imply+ t ! numb] be=e specifi$ 0 n l>ge en\gh to compreh5d all4 ,besides ! 8t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&10 !re 0 a va/ unc\nt$ ho/ :i* "o c\ld n attempt to enum]ate4 ,! language "h w\ld seem to be tak5 f ,da4 vii4 #aj3 8,?\s& ?\s&s m9i/]$ unto him1 & t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& /ood be=e him40 ,comp4 ,ps4 lxviii4 #ag3 8,! *>iots ( ,god are tw5ty ?\s&1 ev5 ?\s&s ( angels4 0 ,see also ,de4 xxxiii4 #b2 #a ,ki4 xxii4 #ai4 #ab ,say+ ) a l\d voice1 #baj,wor?y is ! ,lamb t 0 sla9 to receive p[]1 & ri*es1 & wisdom1 & /r5g?1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & bless+4 #ab4 ,say+ ) a l\d voice1 ,wor?y is ! ,lamb t 0 sla94 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b1 #i4 ,! idea "h is1 t ! fact t he 0 sla91 or 0 made a sacrifice = s91 0 ! gr\nd or reason = :at is "h ascrib$ to him4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,to receive p[]4 ,p[] or au?ority to rule ov] all ?+s4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 xxviii4 #ah4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t he 0 wor?y t ^! ?+s %\ld be ascrib$ to him1 or to be address$ & ackn[l$g$ z possess+ !m4 ,a "p ( ^! ?+s 7 8 9 virtue ( 8 v naturez wisdom1 glory1 ri*es2 a "p 7 conf]r$ on him z ! result ( 8 "wz ! m$iatorial dom9ion ov] ! univ]se1 ! hon\r result+ f 8 "w1 c4 ,9 view ( all t he 01 & ( all t he has done1 he is "h spok5 #acj ( z 8wor?y0 ( all ^! ?+s4 ,& ri*es4 ,abundance4 ,t is1 he is wor?y t :atev] contributes to hon\r1 & glory1 & happ9ess1 %\ld be conf]r$ on him 9 abundance4 ,himself ! orig9al proprietor ( all ?+s1 x is fit t he %\ld be recogniz$ z su*2 & hav+ p]=m$ ! "w :i* he has1 x is prop] t :atev] may be made to contribute to 8 hon\r %\ld be reg>d$ z 84 ,& wisdom4 ,t he %\ld be e/eem$ z em95tly wise2 t is1 t z ! result ( ! "w :i* he has accompli%$1 he %\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ ability to *oose ! be/ ends & ! be/ means to accompli% !m4 ,! feel+ "h ref]r$ to is t :i* arises f ! contemplation ( ! "w ( salvation by ! ,r$eem]1 z a "w em95tly *>act]iz$ by wisdomwisdom manife/$ 9 meet+ ! evils ( ! fall2 9 hon\r+ ! law2 9 %[+ t m]cy is consi/5t ) ju/ice2 & 9 adapt+ ! :ole plan to ! "* & wants ( man4 ,if wisdom 0 any:]e dem&$1 x 0 9 reconcil+ a lo/ _w to ,god2 if x has be5 any:]e display$1 x has be5 9 ! arrangem5ts = t "w1 & 9 its execution by ! ,r$eem]4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 i4 #bd2 comp4 ,mat4 xiii4 #ed2 ,lu4 ii4 #dj1 #eb2 #a ,co4 i4 #bj1 #ba1 #cj2 ,ep4 i4 #h2 iii4 #aj4 ,& /r5g?4 ,ability to accompli% 8 purposes4 ,t is1 x is meet t he %\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ su* ability4 ,?is /r5g? or p[] 0 manife/$ 9 ov]com+ ! great enemy ( man2 9 8 control ( w9ds1 & /orms1 & diseases1 & devils2 9 triumph+ ov] dea?2 9 sav+ 8 p4 ,& hon\r4 ,he %\ld be e/eem$ & treat$ ) hon\r = :at he has done4 ,& glory4 ,?is ^w ref]s to a high] ascription ( praise ?an ! ^w hon\r4 ,p]haps t might ref] to ! hon\r :i* we feel 9 our he>ts2 ?is to ! expression ( t by ! language ( praise4 ,& bless+4 ,ev]y?+ :i* w\ld express ! desire t he might be happy1 hon\r$1 & ador$4 ,to bless "o is to desire t he may h happ9ess & prosp]ity2 t he may be successful1 respect$1 & hon\r$4 ,to bless ,god1 or to ascribe bless+ to him1 is t /ate :]e ! he>t is full ( love & gratitude1 & :]e x desires t he may be ev]y:]e hon\r$1 lov$1 & obey$ z he %\ld be4 ,! words "h express ! wi% t ! univ]se w\ld ascribe to ! ,r$eem] all hon\r1 & t he might be ev]y:]e lov$ & ador$4 #ac ,& #baa;e creature :i* is 9 heav51 & on ! e>?1 & "u ! e>?1 & su* z are 9 ! sea1 & all t are 9 !m1 he>d ,i say+1 #bab;,bless+1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & p[]1 be unto him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb = ev] & ev]4 #ac4 ,& e creature :i* is 9 heav54 ,! mean+ ( ?is v]se is1 t all creat$ ?+s seem$ to unite 9 r5d]+ hon\r to ,him :o sat on ! ?rone1 & to ! ,lamb4 ,9 ! previ\s v]se a c]ta9 numb]a va/ ho/( angels are designat$ z r5d]+ praise z !y /ood r\nd ! area occupi$ by ! ?rone1 ! eld]s1 & ! liv+ creatures2 "h x is add$ t all :o 7 9 heav5 unit$ 9 ?is ascription ( praise4 ,& on ! e>?4 ,all ! univ]se 0 he>d by ,john ascrib+ praise to ,god4 ,a voice 0 he>d f ! heav5s1 f all p>ts ( ! e>?1 f "u ! e>?1 & f ! dep?s ( ! sea1 z if ! entire univ]se jo9$ 9 ! adoration4 ,x is n necess>y to press ! language lit]ally1 & /ill less is x necess>y to und]/& by x1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t does1 t ! angels :o presid$ ov] ! e>?1 ov] ! "u-_w1 & ov] ! sea1 are int5d$4 ,x is evid5tly popul> language2 & ! s5se is1 t ,john he>d a univ]sal ascription ( praise4 ,all worlds seem$ to jo9 9 x2 all ! dwell]s on ! e>?1 & "u ! e>?1 & 9 ! sea1 p>took ( ! _s ( heav5 9 r5d]+ hon\r to ! ,r$eem]4 ,"u ! e>?4 ,suppos$ to be inhabit$ by ! %ades ( ! dead4 ,see ,notes on ,job x4 #ba1 #bb2 ,is4 xiv4 #i4 ,& su* z are 9 ! sea4 ,all t dwell 9 ! ocean4 ,9 ,ps4 cxlviii4 #gaj1 8dragons1 & all deeps2 bea/s1 & all cattle2 creep+ ?+s1 & fly+ f[l10 are call$ on to praise ! #aca ,"l2 & !re is no m incongruity or impropriety 9 "o description ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,psalm1 ! univ]se is call$ on to r5d] praise2 9 ! passage be=e u x is describ$ z actually do+ x4 ,! hills1 ! /reams1 ! floods2 ! f[ls ( ! air1 ! dwell]s 9 ! deep1 & ! bea/s t roam ov] ! e>?2 ! song/]s 9 ! grove1 & ! insects t play 9 ! sunbeam1 9 fact1 decl>e ! glory ( _! ,creator2 & x requires no v /rong ef=t ( ! fancy to imag9e ! univ]se z s5d+ up a con/ant voice ( ?anksgiv+4 ,bless+1 & hon\r1 c4 ,!re is a slight *ange "h f v]4 #ab1 b x is ! same ?+ sub/antially4 ,x is an ascription ( all glory to ,god & to ! ,lamb4 #ad ,& ! #bac;f\r bea/s said1 ,am54 ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s fell d[n & wor%ipp$ him t live? = ev] & ev]4 #ad4 ,& ! f\r bea/s said1 ,am54 ,! voice ( univ]sal praise came to !m f abroad1 & !y accord$ ) x1 & ascrib$ hon\r to ,god4 ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s fell d[n1 c4 ,! liv+ creatures & ! eld]s began ! "w ( praise 7v]4 #h71 & x 0 prop] t x %\ld conclude ) !m2 t is1 !y give ! la/ & f9al response 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,! :ole univ]se1 !re=e1 is sublimely repres5t$ z 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd adoration1 wait+ = ! developm5ts to foll[ on ! op5+ ( ! my/]i\s volume4 ,all feel an int]e/ 9 x2 all feel t ! secret is ) ,god2 all feel t !re is b ,"o :o c op5 ?is volume2 & all ga!r ar\nd1 9 ! mo/ rev]5tial po/ure1 await+ ! disclosure ( ! great my/]y4 ,! tru?s taught 9 ?is *apt] are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! k ( ! future is ) ,god1 v]4 #a4 ,x is z 9 a book held 9 8 h&1 fully writt5 ov]1 yet seal$ ) sev5 seals4 7#b7 ,x is impossible = man or angel to p5etrate ! future1 v]4 #b1 #c4 ,x seems to be a law ( creat$ be+1 t ! ability to p5etrate ! future is plac$ beyond ! rea* ( any ( ! faculties by :i* a creature is end[$4 ,( ! pa/ we h a record1 & we c rememb] x2 b no creat$ be+ seems to h be5 =m$ ) a p[] 9 ref]5ce to ! future correspond+ ) t 9 ref]5ce to ! pa/) no faculty ( =esight correspond+ to memory4 7#c7 ,x is natural t ! m9d %\ld be deeply affect$ by ! fact t we _c p5etrate ! future1 v]4 #d4 ,john wept 9 view ( ?is2 & h[ (t5 is ! m9d borne d[n ) heav9ess 9 view ( t fact6 ,:at ?+s !re are1 !re mu/ be1 9 t future ( int]e/ to u6 ,:at *anges !re may be = u to exp]i5ce2 :at trials to pass ?r\gh2 :at happ9ess to enjoy2 :at sc5es ( glory to witness6 ,:at progress may we make 9 k2 :at new fri5d%ips may we =m2 :at new displays ( ! div9e p]fections may we witness6 ,all our great int]e/s are 9 ! future9 t :i* is to u n[ unkn[n4 ,!re is to be all ! happ9ess :i* we are to enjoy1 all ! pa9 t we are to suff]2 all t we hope1 all t we fe>4 ,all ! fri5ds t we are to h are to be !re2 all ! sorr[s t we are to exp]i5ce are to be !re4 ,yet an imp5etrable veil is set up to hide all t f our view4 ,we _c remove x2 we _c p5etrate x4 ,!re x /&s to mock all our ef=ts1 & 9 all our attempts to look into ! future we soon come to ! b>ri]1 & are repell$ & driv5 back4 ,:o has n felt 8 he>t sad t he _c look into t :i* is to come8 7#d7 ,! p[] ( lay+ op5 ! future to mortals has be5 intru/$ to ! ,r$eem]1 v]4 #eg4 ,x is a "p ( ! "w :i* 0 committ$ to him to make kn[n to m5 z mu* z x 0 prop] to be kn[n4 ,h5ce he is at once a prophet1 & is ! inspir] ( ! prophets4 ,h5ce he came to tea* m5 :at is to be 9 ! future p]ta9+ to !m1 & h5ce he has caus$ to be record$ by ! sacr$ writ]s all t is to be kn[n ( :at is to come until x is sl[ly unfold$ z ev5ts develop !mselves4 ,! ,savi\r alone takes ! my/]i\s book & op5s ! seals2 he only unrolls ! volume & discloses to man :at is to come4 7#e7 ,! fact t he does ?is is ! f\ndation ( joy & gratitude = ! *ur*1 v]4 #haj4 ,x is impossible t ! *ur* %\ld contemplate :at ! ,savi\r has reveal$ ( ! future )\t gratitude & joy2 & h[ (t51 9 times ( p]secution & tr\ble1 has ! *ur* joyfully turn$ to ! developm5ts made by ! #acb ,savi\r ( :at is to be :5 ! gospel %all spread ov] ! _w1 & :5 tru? & righte\sness %all be triumphant4 7#f7 ,?is fact is ( int]e/ to ! angelic be+s1 & = !m also x lays ! f\ndation ( praise1 v]4 #aa1 #ab4 ,?is may arise f ^! causes3 7a7 f ! int]e/ :i* !y take 9 ! *ur*1 & ! happ9ess :i* !y h f any?+ t increases its numb]s or augm5ts its joy2 7b7 f ! fact t 9 ! disclosures ( ! future made by ! ,r$eem]1 !re may be mu* t is new & ( int]e/ to !m 7comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #ab72 & 7c7 f ! fact t !y _c b rejoice 9 ! revelations :i* are made ( ! f9al triumphs ( tru? 9 ! univ]se4 7#g7 ,! univ]se at l>ge has an int]e/ 9 ^! disclosures1 & ! fact t !y are to be made by ! ,r$eem] lays ! f\ndation = univ]sal joy1 v]4 #ac1 #ad4 ,^! ev5ts p]ta9 to all worlds1 & x is prop] t all ! inhabitants ( ! univ]se %\ld jo9 9 ! expressions ( adoration & ?anksgiv+4 ,! univ]se is "o2 & :at affects "o portion ( x really p]ta9s to e "p ( x4 ,angels & m5 h "o & ! same ,god & ,fa!r1 & may unite 9 ! same expressions ( praise4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] conta9s an acc\nt ( ! op5+ ( six ( ! sev5 seals4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said to anyone :o is at all famili> ) ! num]\sn to say numb]lessexpositions ( ! ,apocalypse1 t x is at ?is po9t t int]pret]s beg9 to diff]1 & t "h comm5ces ! div]g5ce t[>ds ^? v>i\s1 discordant1 & _m ( !m wild & fanta/ic !ories1 :i* h be5 propos$ 9 ! exposition ( ?is wond]ful book4 ,up to ?is po9t1 ?\gh !re may be unimportant div]sities 9 ! exposition ( words & phrases1 !re is no mat]ial diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! g5]al mean+ ( ! writ]4 ,9 ! epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es1 & 9 ! introductory sc5es to ! ma9 visions1 !re c be no d\bt1 9 ! ma91 z to :at ! writ] _h 9 view1 & :at he meant to describe4 ,he address$ *ur*es !n exi/+ 7*4 i4iii471 & set be=e !m _! s9s & _! duties2 & he describ$ sc5es pass+ be=e 8 eyes z !n pres5t 7*4 iv4 v471 :i* 7 m]ely design$ to impress 8 own m9d ) ! importance ( :at 0 to be disclos$1 & to br+ ! great actors on ! /age1 & 9 ref]5ce to :i* !re c\ld be little gr\nd = div]sity 9 ! int]pretation4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! sc5e op5s into ! future1 compreh5d+ all ! unkn[n p]iod until !re %all be a f9al triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 & all its foes %all be pro/rate4 ,! actors are ! ,son ( ,god1 angels1 m51 ,satan1 /orms1 tempe/s1 e>?quakes1 ! pe/il5ce & fire2 ! sc5e is heav51 e>?1 hell4 ,!re is no c]ta9 designation ( places2 !re is no m5tion ( namesz !re is 9 ,isaiah 7xlv4 #a7 ( ,cyrus1 or z !re is 9 ,daniel 7viii4 #ba2 x4 #bj2 xi4 #b7 ( ! 8k+ ( ,grecia20 !re is no designation ( "t t is necess>ily unambigu\s2 & !re are no *>act]i/ics ( ! symbols us$ t make x antec$5tly c]ta9 t !y c\ld be appli$ only to "o class ( ev5ts4 ,9 ! b\ndless future t 0 to succe$ ! times ( ,john1 !re w\ld be1 ( necessity1 _m ev5ts to :i* ^! symbols might be appli$1 & ! result has %[n t x has requir$ b a mod]ate %>e ( pi\s +5uity to apply !m1 by diff]5t expositors1 to ev5ts diff]+ widely f ea* o!r 9 _! "*1 & 9 ! times :5 !y w\ld occur4 ,x w\ld be too long to glance ev5 at ! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 propos$ & ma9ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! int]pretation ( ! subsequ5t portions ( ! ,apocalypse1 & :olly impossible to attempt to exam9e ^? !ories4 ,"t1 9 its developm5ts1 has already explod$ _m ( !m2 & "t1 9 its future developm5ts1 w d\btless explode _m m1 & ea* "o mu/ /& or fall z1 9 ! disclosures ( ! future1 x %all be f\nd to be true or false4 ,x w\ld be folly to add ano!r to ^? num]\s !ories1 ev5 if ,i _h any su* !ory 7see ! ,preface71 & p]haps equal folly to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty on any "o ( ^? :i* h be5 advanc$4 ,yet ?is seems to be an appropriate place to /ate1 9 few words1 :at pr9ciples x is design$ to pursue 9 ! int]pretation ( ! rema9d] ( ! book4 7#a7 ,x may be assum$ t l>ge portions ( ! book relate to ! future2 t is1 to t :i* 0 future :5 ,john wrote4 ,9 ?is all expositors are agre$1 & ?is is manife/ inde$ on ! v face ( ! repres5tation4 ,x w\ld be impossible to attempt an int]pretation #acc on any o!r supposition1 & some:]e 9 t va/ future ! ev5ts are to be f\nd to :i* ! symbols "h us$ _h ref]5ce4 ,?is is assum$1 inde$1 on ! supposition t ! book is inspir$a fact :i* is assum$ all along 9 ?is exposition1 & :i* %\ld be all[$ to control our int]pretation4 ,b assum+ t ! book relates to ! future1 ?\gh t supposition w d some?+ to det]m9e ! true me?od ( int]pretation1 yet x leaves _m que/ions /ill unsolv$4 ,:e!r x ref]s to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 on ! supposition t ! "w 0 writt5 be=e t ev5t1 or to ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* subsequ5t to t2 :e!r x is design$ to describe ev5ts m9utely1 or only 9 ! mo/ g5]al mann]2 :e!r x is int5d$ to furni% a syllabus ( civil & ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 or only a v g5]al outl9e ( future ev5ts2 :e!r ! times are s designat$ t we c fix !m ) entire c]ta9ty2 or :e!r x 0 int5d$ to furni% any c]ta9 indication ( ! p]iods ( ! _w :5 ^! ?+s %\ld occur2all ^! are /ill op5 que/ions1 & x ne$ n be said t on ^! ! op9ions ( expositors h be5 greatly divid$4 7#b7 ,x may be assum$ t !re is mean+ 9 ^! symbols1 & t !y 7 n us$ )\t an int5tion to convey "s important ideas to ! m9d ( ,john & to ! m9ds ( 8 read]sto ! *ur* !n1 & to ! *ur* 9 future times4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #c4 ,! book is inde$ surpass+ly sublime4 ,x ab\nds ) ! highe/ flights ( poetic language4 ,x is ,ori5tal 9 its "*1 & exhibits ev]y:]e ! pro(s ( a mo/ gl[+ imag9ation 9 ! writ]4 ,b x is also to be borne 9 m9d t x is an inspir$ book1 & ?is fact is to det]m9e ! "* ( ! exposition4 ,if inspir$1 x is to be assum$ t !re is a mean+ 9 ^! symbols2 an idea 9 ea* "o ( !m1 & 9 all comb9$1 ( importance to ! *ur* & ! _w4 ,:e!r we c asc]ta9 ! mean+ is ano!r "q2 b x is nev] to be d\bt$ by an expositor ( ! ,bible t !re is a mean+ 9 ! words & images employ$1 & t to f9d out t mean+ is wor?y ( e>ne/ /udy & pray]4 7#c7 ,pr$ictions respect+ ! future are (t5 necess>ily obscure to man4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 inde$1 t ,god c\ld h =etold future ev5ts 9 ! mo/ cle> & unambigu\s language4 ,he :o kn[s all t is to come z intimately z he does all ! pa/1 c\ld h caus$ a record to h be5 made1 disclos+ names1 & dates1 & places1 s t ! mo/ m9ute /atem5ts ( :at is to occur might h be5 9 ! possession ( man z cle>ly z ! records ( ! pa/ n[ are4 ,b !re 7 obvi\s reasons :y ?is %\ld n occur1 & 9 ! prophecies x is r>e t !re is any su* specification4 ,to h done ?is might h be5 to defeat ! v end 9 view2 = x w\ld h giv5 to man1 a free ag5t1 ! p[] ( emb>rass+ or fru/rat+ ! div9e plans4 ,b if ?is c\rse is n adopt$1 !n prophecy mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be obscure4 ,! k ( any "o p>ticul> fact 9 ! future is s connect$ ) _m o!r facts1 & (t5 implies s mu* k ( o!r ?+s1 t )\t t o!r k x c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,suppose t x _h be5 pr$ict$1 9 ! "t ( ,john1 t at "s future p]iod "s contrivance %\ld be f\nd out by :i* :at 0 do+ 9 "o "p ( ! _w c\ld be in/antane\sly kn[n 9 ano!r remote "p ( ! _w1 & spread abroad by ?\s&s ( copies 9 an h\r1 to be read by a nation4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t !re _h be5 "s symbol or emblem repres5t+ :at actually occurs n[1 :5 9 a morn+ newspap] we read :at occurr$ la/ ev5+ at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,dubuque1 ,gal5a1 ,*icago1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*>le/on1 ,new ,orleans2 x is cle> t at a "t :5 ! magnetic telegraph & ! pr9t+-press 7 unkn[n1 any symbol or language describ+ x t c\ld be employ$ mu/ be obscure1 & ! impression mu/ h be5 t ?is c\ld be accompli%$ only by miracle& x w\ld n be difficult = "o :o 0 dispos$ to scepticism to make out an argum5t to prove t ?is c\ld n occur4 ,x w\ld be impossible to expla9 any symbol t c\ld be employ$ to repres5t ?is until ^! wond]ful descriptions %\ld become reality1 & 9 ! meantime ! book 9 :i* ! symbols 7 f\nd might be reg>d$ z made up ( m]e riddles & enigmas2 b :5 ^! inv5tions %\ld be actually f\nd out1 h[ev] mu* ridicule or contempt _h be5 p\r$ on ! book be=e1 x #acd might be p]fectly evid5t t ! symbol 0 ! mo/ appropriate t c\ld be us$1 & no "o c\ld d\bt t x 0 a div9e communication ( :at 0 to be 9 ! future4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d may h occurr$ 9 ! symbols us$ by ! writ] ( ! book be=e u4 7#d7 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t a prophecy w be und]/ood 9 all its details until ! pr$iction is accompli%$4 ,9 ! case j ref]r$ to1 ?\gh ! fact ( ! rapid spread ( intellig5ce might be cle>1 yet no?+ w\ld convey any idea ( ! mode1 or ( ! actual mean+ ( ! symbols us$1 unless ! inv5tions 7 !mselves anticipat$ by a direct revelation4 ,! trial ( fai? 9 ! case w\ld be ! belief t ! fact w\ld occur1 b w\ld n relate to ! mode 9 :i* x 0 to be accompli%$1 or ! language employ$ to describe x4 ,!re might be great obscurity 9 reg>d to ! symbols & language1 & yet ! k ( ! fact be p]fectly pla94 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! fact %\ld occur z pr$ict$1 all w\ld be cle>4 ,s x is 9 respect to prophecy4 ,_m record$ pr$ictions t are n[ cle> z noon-day1 7 once z ambigu\s & unc]ta9 9 respect to _! mean+ z 9 ! suppos$ case ( ! press & ! telegraph4 ,"t has made !m pla92 = ! ev5t to :i* !y ref]r$ has s entirely correspond$ ) ! symbol z to leave no d\bt 9 reg>d to ! mean+4 ,?us _m ( ! prophecies relat+ to ! ,messiah 7 obscure at ! "t :5 !y 7 utt]$2 7 app>5tly s contradictory t !y c\ld n be reconcil$2 7 s unlike any?+ t !n exi/$1 t ! fulfilm5t seem$ to be impossible2 & 7 s enigmatical 9 ! symbols employ$1 t x seem$ 9 va9 to attempt to disclose _! mean+4 ,! adv5t ( ! long-promis$ ,messiah1 h[ev]1 remov$ ! obscurity2 & n[ !y are read ) no unc]ta9ty z to _! mean+1 & ) no d\bt t ^? pr$ictions1 once s obscure1 _h a div9e orig94 ,! view j sugge/$ may lead u to "s j conceptions ( :at is necess>y to be done 9 attempt+ to expla9 ! prophecies4 ,suppose1 !n1 fir/1 t !re _h be51 say 9 ! d>k ages1 "s pr$ictions t claim$ to be ( div9e orig91 ( ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+ & ( ! magnetic telegraph4 ,! prop] bus9ess ( an int]pret]1 if he reg>d$ ?is z a div9e communication1 w\ld h consi/$ 9 f\r ?+s3 7a7 to expla91 z well z he c\ld1 ! fair mean+ ( ! symbols employ$1 & ! language us$2 7b7 to admit ! fact ref]r$ to1 & impli$ 9 ! fair int]pretation ( ! language employ$1 ( ! rapid spread ( intellig5ce 9 t future p]iod1 ?\gh he c\ld n expla9 h[ x 0 to be done2 7c7 9 ! meantime x w\ld be a p]fectly legitimate object = him to inquire :e!r !re 7 any ev5ts occurr+ 9 ! _w1 or :e!r !re _h be5 any1 to :i* ^! symbols 7 applicable1 or :i* w\ld meet all ! circum/ances involv$ 9 !m2 7d7 if !re 71 !n 8 duty w\ld be end$2 if !re 7 n1 !n ! symbols1 ) su* explanation z c\ld be furni%$ ( _! mean+1 %\ld be h&$ on to future times1 to be appli$ :5 ! pr$ict$ ev5ts %\ld actually occur4 ,suppose1 !n1 secondly1 ! case ( ! pr$ictions respect+ ! ,messiah1 scatt]$ along ?r\gh _m books1 & giv5 9 v>i\s =ms1 & by v>i\s symbols4 ,! prop] bus9ess ( an int]pret] w\ld h be51 z 9 ! o!r case1 7a7 to expla9 ! fair mean+ ( ! language us$1 & to br+ toge!r all ! circum/ances 9 "o connect$ :ole1 t a di/9ct conception ( ! pr$ict$ ,messiah might be be=e ! m9d2 7b7 to admit ! facts ref]r$ to1 & ?us pr$ict$1 h[ev] incompreh5sible & app>5tly contradictory !y might appe> to be2 7c7 to inquire :e!r anyone _h appe>$ :o comb9$ )9 himself all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! description2 & 7d7 if no "o _h ?us appe>$1 to s5d on ! prophecies1 ) su* explanations ( words & symbols z c\ld be asc]ta9$ to be correct1 to future times1 to h _! full mean+ develop$ :5 ! object ( all ! pr$ictions %\ld be accompli%$1 & ! ,messiah %\ld appe>4 ,!n ! mean+ ( all w\ld be pla92 & !n ! argum5t f prophecy w\ld be complete4 ,?is is obvi\sly n[ ! prop] /ate ( ! m9d 9 reg>d to ! pr$ictions 9 ! ,bible1 & ^! are ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld be appli$ 9 exam9+ ! book ( ,revelation4 7#e7 ,x may be assum$ t new light w be ?r[n ^u ! prophecies by "t1 & by ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,x _c be suppos$ t #ace ! inve/igations ( ! mean+ ( ! prophetic symbols w all be 9 va94 ,difficulties1 x is reasonable to hope1 may be cle>$ up2 errors may be detect$ 9 reg>d to ! application ( ! prophecies to p>ticul> ev5ts2 & ju/] views on ! prophecies1 z on all o!r subjects1 w prevail z ! _w gr[s old]4 ,we become wis] by see+ ! errors ( ^? :o h gone be=e u1 & an exam9ation ( ! causes :i* l$ !m a/ray may enable u to avoid su* errors 9 ! future4 ,especially may x be suppos$ t light w be ?r[n on ! prophecies z !y %all be 9 "p or :olly fulfill$4 ,! prophecies respect+ ! de/ruction ( ,babylon1 ( ,petra1 ( ,tyre1 ( ,j]usalem1 are n[ fully und]/ood2 ! prophecies respect+ ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 & 8 "* & "w1 once s obscure1 are n[ p]fectly cle>4 ,s1 we h reason to suppose1 x w be ) all prophecy 9 ! progress ( ev5ts1 & soon] or lat] ! _w w settle d[n into "s uni=m belief 9 reg>d to ! design & mean+ ( ^! portions ( ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,:e!r ! "t has yet come = ?is1 or :e!r num]\s o!r failures are to be add$ to ! melan*oly catalogue ( pa/ failures on ?is subject1 is ano!r "q2 b ultimately all ! n[ unfulfill$ prophecies w be z cle> z to _! mean+ z are ^? :i* h be5 already fulfill$4 7#f7 ,! plan1 !re=e1 :i* ,i propose 9 ! exam9ation ( ! rema9+ portion ( ! ,apocalypse is ! foll[+3 7a7 ,to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! symbols2 t is1 to %[1 z cle>ly z possible1 :at ^? symbols prop]ly express1 indep5d5tly ( any attempt to apply !m4 ,?is op5s1 ( itself1 an int]e/+ field ( inve/igation1 & "o :]e ess5tial s]vice may be done1 ev5 if no?+ fur!r is int5d$4 ,)\t any ref]5ce to ! application ( ^? symbols1 ?is1 ( itself1 is an important "w ( criticism1 &1 if successfully done1 w\ld be r5d]+ a valuable s]vice to ! read]s ( ! sacr$ volume4 7b7 ,to /ate1 z briefly z possible1 :at o!rs :o h writt5 on ?is book1 & :o h br\ght em95t le>n+ & tal5t to be> on its int]pretation1 h suppos$ to be ! true int]pretation ( ! symbols employ$ by ,john1 & 9 reg>d to ! times 9 :i* ! ev5ts ref]r$ to w\ld occur4 ,x is 9 ?is way only t we c be made acqua9t$ ) ! real progress made 9 int]pret+ ?is book1 & x w be useful at lea/ to "k h[ ! subject has /ruck o!r m9ds1 & h[ & :y !y h fail$ to p]ceive ! tru?4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to /ate1 z ,i g along1 "s ( ! !ories :i* h be5 held z to ! mean+ ( ! ,apocalypse1 & z to ! ev5ts :i* h be5 suppos$ by o!rs to be ref]r$ to4 ,my limits require1 h[ev]1 t ?is %\ld be briefly done1 & =bid my attempt+ to exam9e ^? op9ions at l5g?4 7c7 ,to /ate1 9 z brief & cle> a mann] z possible1 ! view :i* ,i h be5 l$ to ent]ta9 z to ! prop] application ( ! symbols employ$ 9 ! book1 ) su* hi/orical ref]5ces z %all seem to me to confirm ! int]pretation propos$4 7d7 ,:]e ,i _c =m an op9ion z to ! mean+1 to confess my ignorance4 ,he does no s]vice 9 a pr(ess$ int]pretation ( ! ,bible :o passes ov] a difficulty )\t attempt+ to remove x1 or :o1 to save 8 own reputation1 conceals ! fact t !re is a real difficulty2 & he does z little s]vice :o is unwill+ to confess 8 ignorance on _m po9ts1 or :o attempts an explanation :]e he has no cle> & settl$ views4 ,z 8 op9ion c be ( no value to anyone else unless x is bas$ on reasons 9 8 own m9d t w be> exam9ation1 s x c usually be ( little value unless ^? reasons are /at$4 ,x is z important = 8 read]s to h ^? reasons be=e _! own m9ds z x is = him2 & unless he has x 9 8 p[] to /ate reasons = :at he advances1 8 op9ions c be wor? no?+ to ! _w4 ,he :o lays d[n ?is rule ( int]pretation may expect to h ample opportunity1 9 int]pret+ su* a book z ! ,apocalypse1 to confess 8 ignorance2 b he :o int]prets a book :i* he believes to be inspir$1 may console himself ) ! ?\ght t :at is n[ obscure w be cle> h]eaft]1 & t he p]=ms ! be/ s]vice :i* he c if he endeav\rs to expla9 ! book up to ! "t 9 :i* he lives4 ,!re w be developm5ts h]eaft] :i* w make t cle> :i* is n[ obscure2 developm5ts :i* w make ?is book1 9 all pa/ ages app>5tly s enigmatical1 z cle> z any o!r portion ( ! inspir$ volume1 z x is n[1 ev5 ) #acf imp]fect view :i* we may h ( its mean+1 beyond all "q "o ( ! mo/ sublime books t has ev] be5 writt54 ,?is *apt] describes ! op5+ ( ! fir/ six seals4 7#a7 ,! fir/ discloses a :ite horse1 ) a rid] arm$ ) a b[4 ,a cr[n is giv5 to him1 symbolical ( triumph & prosp]ity1 & he goes =? to conqu]1 v]4 #a1 #b4 7#b7 ,! second discloses a r$-col\r$ horse1 ) a rid]4 ,! emblem is t ( blood( sangu9>y w>4 ,p[] is giv5 him to take peace f ! e>?1 & a sword is giv5 himemblem ( w>1 b n ( c]ta9 victory4 ,triumph & prosp]ity are d5ot$ by ! =m] symbol2 w>1 discord1 blood%$1 by ?is1 v]4 #c1 #d4 7#c7 ,! ?ird discloses a black horse1 ) a rid]4 ,he has a pair ( balances 9 8 h&1 z if !re 7 sc>city 9 ! e>?1 & he ann\nces ! price ( gra9 9 ! times ( ?is calamity1 & a comm& is giv5 n to hurt ! oil & ! w9e1 v]4 #e1 #f4 ,! emblem is t ( sc>cityz if !re 7 oppression1 or z a consequ5ce ( w> or discord1 :ile at ! same "t !re is c>e be/[$ to pres]ve c]ta9 portions ( ! produce ( ! e>? f injury4 7#d7 ,! f\r? discloses a pale horse1 ) a rid]4 ,! "n ( ?is rid] is ,dea?1 & ,hell 7or ,hades7 foll[s himz if ! ho/s ( ! dead came aga9 on ! e>?4 ,p[] is giv5 to ! rid] ov] ! f\r? "p ( ! e>?1 to kill ) sword1 ) hung]1 ) dea?1 & ) wild bea/s4 ,?is emblem w\ld seem to d5ote w>1 wide-wa/+ pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 & desolationz if wild bea/s 7 suff]$ to roam ov] l&s t _h be5 inhabit$2 some?+ ( :i* pal5ess w\ld be an emblem4 ,"h ends ! array ( horses2 & x is evid5tly int5d$ by ^! f\r symbols to ref] to a s]ies ( ev5ts t h a g5]al resemblancesome?+ t c\ld be made to /& by !mselves1 & t c\ld be gr\p$ toge!r4 7#e7 ,! fif? seal op5s a new sc5e4 ,! horse & ! rid] no long] appe>4 ,x is n a sc5e ( w>1 & ( ! consequ5ces ( w>1 b a sc5e ( p]secution4 ,! s\ls ( ^? :o 7 sla9 = ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony :i* !y held are se5 "u ! alt>1 pray+ to ,god t he w\ld av5ge _! blood4 ,:ite robes are giv5 !mtok5s ( ! div9e fav\r1 & emblems ( _! ultimate triumph2 & !y are comm&$ to 8re/ = a little season1 till _! fell[-s]vants & _! bre?r5 t %\ld be kill$ z !y 7 %\ld be fulfill$20 t is1 t !y %\ld be pati5t until ! numb] ( ! m>tyrs 0 fill$ up4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 7a7 ! assurance ( ! div9e fav\r t[>ds !m2 7b7 v5geance1 or ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o _h p]secut$ !m1 w\ld n be imm$iate2 b 7c7 !re 0 ! impli$ assurance t j puni%m5t w\ld be inflict$ on _! p]secutors1 & t ! cause = :i* !y _h suff]$ w\ld ultimately triumph1 v]4 #iaa4 7#f7 ,! op5+ ( ! six? seal1 v]4 #abag4 ,!re 0 an e>?quake1 & ! sun became d>k1 & ! moon 0 turn$ to blood1 & ! />s fell1 & all k+s & p 7 fill$ ) con/]nation4 ,?is symbol prop]ly d5otes ! "t ( public commotion1 ( revolution1 ( calamity2 & x 0 evid5tly to be fulfill$ by "s great *anges on ! e>?1 or by ! ov]turn+ ( ! seats ( p[]1 & by su* sudd5 revolutions z w\ld fill ! nations ) al>m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,& ,i saw :5 #bad! ,lamb op5$ "o ( ! seals2 & ,i he>d1 z x 7 ! noise ( ?und]1 "o ( ! f\r bea/s say+1 ,come & see4 #a4 ,& ,i saw4 ,or1 ,i look$4 ,he fix$ 8 eye att5tively on :at 0 pass+1 z promis+ important disclosures4 ,no "o _h be5 f\nd 9 ! univ]se :o c\ld op5 ! seals b ! ,lamb ( ,god 7*4 v4 #bd72 & x 0 natural = ,john1 !re=e1 to look ^u ! transaction ) pr(\nd int]e/4 ,:5 ! ,lamb op5$ "o ( ! seals4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #a1 #e4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ or out]mo/ ( ! seals1 & its be+ brok5 w\ld p]mit a c]ta9 portion ( ! volume to be unroll$ & read4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #a4 ,! repres5tation 9 ?is place is1 !re=e1 t ( a volume ) a small portion unroll$1 & writt5 on bo? sides ( ! p>*m5t4 ,& ,i he>d1 z x 7 ! noise ( ?und]4 ,"o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures speak+ z ) a voice ( ?und]1 or ) a l\d voice4 ,"o ( ! f\r bea/s4 ,notes on *4 iv4 #f1 #g4 #acg ,! p>ticul> "o is n m5tion$1 ?\gh :at is said 9 ! subsequ5t v]ses leaves no d\bt t x 0 ! fir/ 9 ord] z se5 by ,john! "o l a lion1 *4 iv4 #g4 ,9 ! op5+ ( ! ?ree foll[+ seals1 x is expressly said t x 0 ! second1 ! ?ird1 & ! f\r? ( ! liv+ creatures t drew ne>1 & h5ce ! conclusion is c]ta9 t ! "o "h ref]r$ to 0 ! fir/4 ,if ! f\r liv+ creatures be und]/ood to be emblematic ( ! div9e provid5tial adm9i/ration1 !n !re 0 a propriety t !y %\ld be repres5t$ z summon+ ,john to witness :at 0 to be disclos$4 ,^! ev5ts p]ta9$ to ! developm5ts ( ! div9e purposes1 & ^! emblematic be+s w\ld !re=e be int]e/$ 9 :at 0 occurr+4 ,come & see4 ,address$ evid5tly to ,john4 ,he 0 reque/$ to approa* & see ) 8 own eyes :at 0 disclos$ 9 ! portion ( ! volume n[ unroll$4 ,he _h wept mu* 7*4 v4 #d7 t no "o 0 f\nd :o 0 wor?y to op5 t book1 b he 0 n[ call$ on to approa* & see = himself4 ,"s h suppos$ 7,"l1 9 loco7 t ! address "h 0 n to ,john1 b to ! horse & 8 rid]1 & t ! comm& to !m 0 n to 8come & see10 b to come =?1 & appe> on ! /age1 & t ! act ( ! ,r$eem] 9 break+ ! seal1 & unroll+ ! scroll1 0 no?+ m ?an an emblem signify+ t x 0 by 8 act t ! div9e purposes 7 to be unfold$4 ,b1 9 ord] to ?is int]pretation1 x w\ld be necess>y to omit f ! receiv$ text ! words 8& see40 ,?is is done1 inde$1 by ,hahn & ,tittmann1 & ?is read+ is foll[$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ?\gh he says t ! receiv$ text has 8probability0 9 its fav\r1 & is foll[$ by "s ( ! critical editions4 ,! mo/ natural int]pretation1 h[ev]1 is t ! words 7 address$ to ,john4 ,john saw ! ,lamb op5 ! seal2 he he>d ! l\d voice2 he look$ & beheld a :ite horset is1 evid5tly1 he look$ on ! unfold+ volume1 & saw ! repres5tation ( a horse & 8 rid]4 ,t ! voice 0 address$ to ,john is ! common int]pretation1 is ! mo/ natural1 & is liable to no real objection4 #b ,& ,i saw1 & behold #bae;a :ite horse3 & he t sat on him _h a b[2 & a cr[n 0 giv5 unto him3 & he w5t =? #baf;conqu]+1 & to conqu]4 #b4 ,& ,i saw1 & behold4 ,a "q has aris5 z to ! mode ( repres5tation "h3 :e!r :at ,john saw 9 ^! visions 0 a s]ies ( pictures1 drawn on successive portions ( ! volume z "o seal 0 brok5 aft] ano!r2 or :e!r ! description ( ! horses & ( ! ev5ts 0 writt5 on ! volume1 s t ,john read x himself1 or he>d x read by ano!r2 or :e!r ! op5+ ( ! seal 0 m]ely ! occasion ( a sc5ic repres5tation1 9 :i* a succession ( horses 0 introduc$1 ) a writt5 /atem5t ( ! ev5ts :i* are ref]r$ to4 ,no?+ is inde$ said by :i* ?is c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty2 b ! mo/ probable supposition w\ld seem to be t !re 0 "s pictorial repres5tation 9 =m & appe>ance1 su* z he describes 9 ! op5+ ( ! six seals4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is x may be obs]v$1 7#a7 t1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( v]4 #a1 x 0 some?+ 9 or on ! volumes9ce he 0 invit$ to draw ne>]1 9 ord] t he might contemplate x4 7#b7 ,ea* "o ( ! ?+s "u ! fir/ five seals1 :]e ,john uses ! ^w 8saw10 is capable ( be+ repres5t$ by a picture or pa9t+4 7#c7 ,! language us$ is n su* z w\ld h be5 employ$ if he _h m]ely read ! description1 or _h he>d x read4 7#d7 ,! supposition t ! pictorial repres5tation 0 n 9 ! volume1 b t ! op5+ ( ! seal 0 ! occasion m]ely ( caus+ a sc5ic repres5tation to pass be=e 8 m9d1 is unnatural & =c$4 ,:at w\ld be ! use ( a seal$ volume 9 t case8 ,:at ! use ( ! writ+ )9 & )\t8 ,on ?is supposition ! repres5tation w\ld be t1 z ! successive seals 7 brok51 no?+ 0 disclos$ 9 ! volume b a succession ( blank portions1 & t ! my/]y or ! difficulty 0 n 9 any?+ 9 ! volume1 b 9 ! want ( ability to summon =? ^! successive sc5ic repres5tations4 ,! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation is1 und\bt$ly1 t :at ,john proce$s to describe 0 9 "s way repres5t$ 9 ! volume2 & #ach ! idea ( a succession ( pictures or draw+s bett] accords ) ! :ole repres5tation1 ?an ! idea t x 0 a m]e writt5 description4 ,9 fact1 ^! successive sc5es c\ld be well repres5t$ n[ 9 a pictorial =m on a scroll4 ,& behold a :ite horse4 ,9 ord] to any def9ite und]/&+ ( :at 0 d5ot$ by ^! symbols1 x is prop] to =m 9 our m9ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 a cle> conception ( :at ! symbol prop]ly repres5ts1 or an idea ( :at x w\ld naturally convey4 ,x may be assum$ t ! symbol 0 significant1 & t !re 0 "s reason :y t 0 us$ r ?an ano!r2 :y1 = in/ance1 a horse 0 employ$ r ?an an eagle or a lion2 :y a :ite horse 0 employ$ 9 "o case1 & a r$ "o1 a black "o1 a pale "o 9 ! o!rs2 :y 9 ?is case a b[ 0 9 ! h& ( ! rid]1 & a cr[n 0 plac$ on 8 head4 ,ea* "o ( ^! p>ticul>s ent]s into ! con/itution ( ! symbol2 & we mu/ f9d some?+ 9 ! ev5t :i* fairly corresponds ) ea*= ! symbol is made up ( all ^! ?+s gr\p$ toge!r4 ,x may be f>!r obs]v$1 t :]e ! g5]al symbol is ! samez 9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ f\r sealsx may be assum$ t ! same object or class ( objects is ref]r$ to2 & ! p>ticul> ?+s d5ot$1 or ! div]sity 9 ! g5]al application1 is to be f\nd 9 ! v>iety 9 ! repres5tation! col\r1 c41 ( ! horse1 & ! arms1 app>el1 c41 ( ! rid]4 ,! specifications "u ! fir/ seal are f\r3 7#a7 ! g5]al symbol ( ! horsecommon to ! fir/ f\r seals2 7#b7 ! col\r ( ! horse2 7#c7 ! fact t he t sat on him _h a b[2 & 7#d7 t a cr[n 0 giv5 him by "s "o1 z indicative ( victory4 ,! "q n[ is1 :at ^! symbols w\ld naturally d5ote4 7#a7 ,! horse4 ,! mean+ ( ?is symbol mu/ be drawn f ! natural use to :i* ! symbol is appli$1 or ! *>act]i/ics :i* x is kn[n to h2 & x may be add$1 t !re might h be5 some?+ = :i* t 0 be/ kn[n 9 ! "t ( ! writ] :o uses x1 :i* w\ld n be s prom95t at ano!r p]iod ( ! _w1 or 9 ano!r c\ntry1 & t x is necess>y to h t be=e ! m9d 9 ord] to obta9 a correct und]/&+ ( ! symbol4 ,! use ( ! horse1 = in/ance1 may h v>i$ at diff]5t times to "s degree2 at "o "t ! prevail+ use ( ! horse may h be5 = battle2 at ano!r = rapid m>*esz ( cavalry2 at ano!r = draught2 at ano!r = races2 at ano!r = convey+ messages by ! e/abli%m5t ( po/s or ! appo9tm5t ( c\ri]s4 ,to an anci5t ,roman ! horse might sugge/ prom95tly "o idea2 to a mod]n ,arab ano!r2 to a team/] 9 ,holl& ano!r4 ,! ?+s :i* w\ld be mo/ naturally sugge/$ by ! horse z a symbol1 z di/+ui%$1 = in/ance1 f an eagle1 a lion1 a s]p5t1 c41 w\ld be ! foll[+3 7a7 ,w>1 z ?is 0 probably "o ( ! fir/ uses to :i* ! horse 0 appli$4 ,s1 9 ! magnific5t description ( ! horse 9 ,job xxxix4 #aibe1 no notice is tak5 ( any ( 8 qualities b ^? :i* p]ta9 to w>4 ,see1 = a full illu/ration ( ?is passage1 & ( ! frequ5t ref]5ce 9 ! classic writ]s to ! horse z connect$ ) w>1 ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 lib4 ii4 c4 viii41 p>ticul>ly p4 #adi4 ,comp4 ,virg4 ,geor4 iii4 #hc1 #hd3 8,si qua sonum procul arma d$re1 ,/>e loco nescit1 micat auribus1 et tremit artus40 ,ovid1 ,metam4 iii43 8,ut fremit ac] equus1 cam bellicus1 a]e canoro ,signa d$it tubic51 pugnque assumit amorem40 ,silius1 lib4 xiii43 8,is trepido alituum t9nitu1 et />e neganti1 ,imp]itans viol5t] equo40 ,s ,solomon says 7,pr4 xxi4 #ca71 8,! horse is prep>$ aga9/ ! day ( battle40 ,s 9 ,zec4 x4 #c1 ! prophet says1 ,god _h made ! h\se ( ,judah 8z 8 goodly horse 9 ! battle20 t is1 he _h made !m l ! victori\s w>-horse4 7b7 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 & ( ! conque/s a*iev$ by ! horse 9 w>1 he became ! symbol ( conque/( a p t c\ld n be ov]come4 ,comp4 ! above ref]5ce 9 ,zec4 ,?us 9 ,c>?age ! horse 0 an image ( victori\s w>1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ox1 :i* 0 an emblem ( ! arts ( peaceful agriculture4 ,?is 0 bas$ on a tradition respect+ ! f\ndation ( ! city1 ref]r$ to by ,virgil1 n4 i4 #ddbdde3 8,quo primum jactati undis et turb9e ,po5i ,effodre loco signum1 quod regia ,juno ,mon/rrat1 caput acris equi3 sic nam =e bello ,egregiam1 et facilem victu p] ,secula g5tem40 #aci ,9 ref]5ce to ?is circum/ance ,ju/9 7lib4 xviii4 #e7 rem>ks1 t 89 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! city ! head ( an ox 0 f\nd1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z an emblem ( a fruitful l&1 b ( ! necessity ( lab\r & ( dep5d5ce2 on :i* acc\nt ! city 0 transf]r$ to ano!r place4 ,!n ! head ( a horse 0 f\nd1 & ?is 0 reg>d$ z a happy om5 t ! city w\ld be w>like & prosp]\s40 ,comp4 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik1 vol4 ii4 p4 #def4 7c7 ,! horse 0 an emblem ( fleetness1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! rapidity ( conque/4 ,comp4 ,joel ii4 #d3 8,! appe>ance ( !m is z ! appe>ance ( horses2 & z horsem51 s %all !y run40 ,je4 iv4 #ac3 8,behold1 he %all come up z cl\ds1 & 8 *>iots %all be z ! :irlw9d2 8 horses are swift] ?an eagles40 ,comp>e ,job xxxix4 #ah4 7d7 ,! horse is an emblem ( /r5g?1 & consequ5tly ( safety4 ,ps4 cxlvii4 #aj3 8,he delighte? n 9 ! /r5g? ( ! horse40 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 ! horse w\ld prop]ly symbolize w>1 conque/1 or ! rapidity ) :i* a message is convey$4 ,! p>ticul> "* or complexion ( ! ev5tz peaceful or w>like1 prosp]\s or adv]seis d5ot$ by ! col\r ( ! horse1 & by ! "* ( ! rid]4 7#b7 ,! col\r ( ! horse3 a :ite horse4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is design$ to be significant1 because x is di/+ui%$ f ! r$1 ! black1 & ! pale horse1 ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ v]ses4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be obs]v$ t :ite is ! emblem ( innoc5ce1 purity1 prosp]ityz ! opposite is ( sickness1 s91 calamity4 ,if ! significance ( ! emblem turn$ alone on ! col\r1 we %\ld look to some?+ *e]ful1 prosp]\s1 happy z ! ?+ t 0 symboliz$4 ,b ! significance 9 ! case is to be f\nd n only 9 ! col\r:iteb 9 ! horse t 0 :ite2 & ! inquiry is1 :at w\ld a horse ( t col\r prop]ly d5ote2 t is1 on :at occasions1 & ) ref]5ce to :at ends1 0 su* a horse us$8 ,n[1 ! g5]al notion atta*$ to ! m5tion ( a :ite horse1 accord+ to anci5t usage1 w\ld be t ( /ate & triumph1 d]iv$ f ! fact t :ite horses 7 rode by conqu]ors on ! days ( _! triumph2 t !y 7 us$ 9 ! m>riage cavalcade2 t !y 7 employ$ on coronation occasions1 c4 ,9 ! triumphs grant$ by ! ,romans to _! victori\s g5]als1 aft] a procession compos$ ( musicians1 captur$ pr9ces1 spoils ( battle1 c41 came ! conqu]or himself1 seat$ on a high *>iot drawn by f\r :ite horses1 rob$ 9 purple1 & we>+ a wrea? ( laurel 7,es*5burg1 ,man4 ( ,class4 ,lit]ature1 p4 #bhc4 ,comp4 ,ovid de ,arte ,am&i1 lib4 v4 #bad74 ,! "n ( leucippos0 giv5 to ,pros]p9e1 because %e 0 borne f ,hades to ,olympus 9 a *>iot drawn by :ite horses 7,scol4 ,p9d4 ,ol4 vi4 #afa4 ,see ,creuz]'s ,symbol4 iv4 #bec74 ,:ite horses are suppos$1 also1 to excel o!rs 9 fleetness4 ,s ,horace1 ,sat4 lib4 i4 vii4 #h3 8,sis5nas1 ,b>rosque ut equis prcurr]et albis40 ,s ,plaut4 ,as94 ii4 #b1 #ab4 ,s ,hom]1 ,il4 ,k4 #dcg3 1 4 8,:it] ?an ! sn[1 & swift] ?an ! w9ds40 ,& 9 ! neid1 :]e ,turnus 0 ab\t to cont5d ) neas1 he dem&$ horses3 8,qui c&ore nives anteir5t cursibus auras40 8,:i* w\ld surpass ! sn[ 9 :it5ess1 & ! w9d 9 fleetness0 7n4 xii4 #hd74 ,s ! poets ev]y:]e describe ! *>iot ( ! sun z drawn by :ite horses 7,bo*>t1 ut supra74 ,s conqu]ors & pr9ces are ev]y:]e repres5t$ z borne on :ite horses4 ,?us ,prop]tius1 lib4 iv4 eleg4 i43 8,quatuor huic albos ,romulus egit equos40 ,s ,claudian1 lib4 ii41 de ,laudibus ,/ili*onis3 8,deposito mitis clypeo1 c&5tibus urbem ,+r$itur trabeatus equis40 ,& ?us ,ovid 7lib4 i4 de ,arte7 addresses ,augu/us1 augur+ t he w\ld return a victor3 8,ergo erit illa dies1 qu tu1 ,pul*]rime r]um1 ,quatuor 9 niveis aureus ibis equis40 ,! pref]5ce ( :ite to d5ote triumph or victory 0 e>ly ref]r$ to among ! ,hebrews4 ,?us1 ,ju4 v4 #aj1 9 ! ,song ( ,deborah3 8,speak1 ye t ride on :ite asses1 ,ye t sit 9 judgm5t1 ,& walk by ! way40 ,! expression1 !n1 9 ! passage be=e u1 w\ld prop]ly ref] to "s k9d ( triumph2 to "s joy\s occasion2 #adj to some?+ :]e !re 0 success or victory2 &1 s f> z ?is expression is conc]n$1 w\ld ref] to any k9d ( triumph1 :e!r ( ! gospel or ( victory 9 w>4 7#c7 ,! b[3 & he t sat on him _h a b[4 ,! b[ w\ld be a natural emblem ( w>z x 0 us$ 9 w>2 or ( hunt+z x 0 us$ = t purpose4 ,x 0 a common in/rum5t ( attack or def5ce1 & seems to h be5 e>ly inv5t$1 = x is f\nd 9 all rude nations4 ,comp4 ,ge4 xxvii4 #c2 xlviii4 #bb2 xlix4 #bd2 ,jos4 xxiv4 #ab2 #a ,sa4 xviii4 #d2 ,ps4 xxxvii4 #ae2 ,is4 vii4 #bd4 ,! b[ w\ld be naturally emblematic ( ! foll[+ ?+s3 7a7 ,w>4 ,see ! passages above4 7b7 ,hunt+4 ,?us x 0 "o ( ! emblems ( ,apollo z ! god ( hunt+4 7c7 ,! effect ( tru?z t :i* secur$ conque/1 or ov]came opposition 9 ! he>t4 ,s f> z ?is emblem is conc]n$1 x might d5ote a w>rior1 a hunt]1 a prea*]1 a rul]anyone :o ex]t$ p[] ov] o!rs1 or :o a*iev$ any k9d ( conque/ ov] !m4 7#d7 ,! cr[n3 & a cr[n 0 giv5 unto him4 ,! ^w "h us$means a circlet1 *aplet1 or cr[nusually su* z 0 giv5 to a victor1 #a ,co4 ix4 #be4 ,x w\ld prop]ly be emblematic ( victory or conque/z x 0 giv5 to victors 9 w>1 or to ! victors at ! ,grecian games1 & z x is giv5 to ! sa9ts 9 heav5 reg>d$ z victors1 ,re4 iv4 #d1 #aj2 #b ,ti4 iv4 #h4 ,! cr[n or *aplet "h 0 8giv50 to ! rid] z significant t he w\ld be victori\s1 n t he _h be52 & ! prop] ref]5ce ( ! emblem 0 to "s conque/ yet to be made1 n to any :i* _h be5 made4 ,x is n said by :om ?is 0 giv5 to ! rid]2 ! mat]ial fact be+ only t su* a diadem 0 conf]r$ on him4 7#e7 ,! go+ =? to conque/3 & he w5t =?1 conqu]+ & to conqu]4 ,he w5t =? z a conqu]or1 & t he might conqu]4 ,t is1 he w5t =? ) ! _s1 life1 en]gy1 det]m9$ purpose ( "o :o 0 confid5t t he w\ld conqu]1 & :o _h ! port & be>+ ( a conqu]or4 ,john saw 9 him two ?+s3 "o1 t he _h ! aspect or port ( a conqu]ort is1 ( "o :o _h be5 accu/om$ to conque/1 & :o 0 confid5t t he c\ld conqu]2 ! o!r 01 t ?is 0 cle>ly ! design = :i* he w5t =?1 & ?is w\ld be ! result ( 8 go+ =?4 ,hav+ ?us inquir$ into ! natural mean+ ( ! emblems us$1 p]haps ! prop] "w ( an expositor is done1 & ! subject might be left "h4 ,b ! m9d naturally asks :at 0 ?is design$ to signify1 & to :at ev5ts are ^! ?+s to be appli$8 ,on ?is po9t x is sc>cely necess>y to say1 t ! op9ions ( expositors h be5 almo/ z num]\s z ! expositors !mselves1 & t x w\ld be a hopeless task1 & z useless z hopeless1 to attempt to enum]ate all ! op9ions ent]ta9$4 ,!y :o are desir\s ( exam9+ ^? op9ions mu/ be ref]r$ to ! v>i\s books on ! ,apocalypse :]e !y may be f\nd4 ,p]haps all ! op9ions ent]ta9$1 ?\gh pres5t$ by _! au?ors "u a great v>iety ( =ms1 might be ref]r$ to ?ree3 7#a7 ,t ! :ole passage 9 *4 vi4xi4 ref]s to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! wa/+ ( ,juda1 pr9cipally by ! ,romans& p>ticul>ly ! humiliation & pro/ration ( ! ,jewi% p]secut+ enemies ( ! *ur*3 on ! supposition t ! book 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 & ( ^? g5]ally :o hold t ! book 0 writt5 at t "t4 7#b7 ,! op9ion ( ^? :o suppose t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,domitian1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie or #if1 & t ! symbols ref] to ! ,roman affairs subsequ5t to t "t4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,m$e1 ,elliott1 & o!rs4 7#c7 ,! op9ions ( ^? :o suppose t ! diff]5t horses & horsem5 ref] to ! ,savi\r1 to m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 & to ! v>i\s results ( ! m9i/ry4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,david ,c4 ,"l & o!rs4 ,my purpose does n require me to exam9e ^! op9ions 9 detail4 ,ju/ice c\ld n be done to !m 9 ! limit$ compass :i* ,i h2 & x is bett] to in/itute a direct inquiry :e!r any ev5ts are kn[n :i* c be reg>d$ z correspond+ ) ! symbols "h employ$4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 !n1 ! foll[+ ?+s may be ref]r$ to3 7a7 ,x w be assum$ "h1 z else:]e 9 ^! ,notes1 t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,domitian1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie or #if4 ,= ! reasons = ?is op9ion1 see ,intro4 #b4 ,comp4 an article by ,dr4 ,geo4 ,duffield 9 ! ,biblical ,repository1 ,july1 #ahdg1 pp4 #chedaa4 ,x w also be assum$ t ! book is inspir$1 & #ada t x is n to be reg>d$ & treat$ z a "w ( m]e human orig94 ,^! suppositions w preclude ! necessity ( any ref]5ce 9 ! op5+ ( ! seals to ! "t ( ,n]o1 or to ! ev5ts p]ta9+ to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,jewi% p]secut+ enemies ( ! *ur*= ! op9ion t ^? ev5ts are ref]r$ to c be held only on "o ( two suppositions3 ei!r t ! "w 0 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 & be=e ! ,jewi% w>s1 z held by ,pr(essor ,/u>t & o!rs2 or t x 0 p5n$ aft] ! ev5ts ref]r$ to _h occurr$1 & is su* a description ( ! pa/ z c\ld h be5 made by "o :o 0 un9spir$4 7b7 ,x is to be presum$ t ! ev5ts ref]r$ to1 9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ seal1 w\ld occur soon aft] ! "t :5 ! vision appe>$ to ,john 9 ,patmos4 ,?is is cle>1 n only because t w\ld be ! mo/ natural supposition1 b because x is fairly impli$ 9 *4 i4 #a3 8,! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ,god gave unto him to %[ unto 8 s]vants ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass40 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,:atev] may be said ( "s ( ^? ev5ts^? ly+ mo/ remotely 9 ! s]iesx w\ld n accord ) ! fair int]pretation ( ! language to suppose t ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies w\ld be f> di/ant1 & we !re=e naturally look = t beg9n+ 9 ! age succe$+ ! "t ( ! apo/le1 or ! reign ( ,domitian4 7c7 ,! inquiry !n occurs :e!r !re 7 any su* ev5ts 9 t age z w\ld prop]ly be symboliz$ by ! circum/ances be=e u! horse2 ! col\r ( ! horse2 ! b[ 9 ! h& ( ! rid]2 ! cr[n giv5 him2 ! /ate & be>+ ( ! conqu]or4 7d7 ,be=e proce$+ to notice :at seems to me to be ! int]pretation :i* be/ accords ) all ! circum/ances ( ! symbol1 x may be prop] to ref] to ! only o!r "o :i* has any plausibility1 & :i* is adopt$ by ,grotius1 by ! au?or ( ,hyponoia1 by ,dr4 ,kei? 7,signs ( ! ,times1 i4 #aha1 seq471 by ,mr4 ,"l1 & o!rs1 t ?is ref]s to ,*ri/ & 8 *ur*to ,*ri/ & 8 m9i/]s 9 spread+ ! gospel4 ,! objections to ?is class ( int]pretations seem to me to be insup]able3 7#a7 ,! :ole description1 s f> z x is a repres5tation ( triumph1 is a repres5tation ( ! triumph ( w>1 n ( ! gospel ( peace4 ,all ! symbols 9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ f\r seals are w>like2 all ! consequ5ces 9 ! op5+ ( ea* ( ! seals :]e ! horseman appe>s1 are su* z are usually connect$ ) w>4 ,x is ! m>* ( empire1 ! movem5t ( milit>y p[]4 7#b7 ,a horseman ?us arm$ is n ! usual repres5tation ( ,*ri/1 mu* less ( 8 m9i/]s or ( 8 *ur*4 ,once inde$ 7*4 xix4 #adaf7 ,*ri/ himself is ?us repres5t$2 b ! ord9>y repres5tation ( ! ,savi\r 9 ?is book is ei!r t ( a manmaje/ic & glori\s1 hold+ ! />s 9 8 "r h&or ( a lamb4 ,besides1 if x 7 ! design ( ! emblem to ref] to ,*ri/1 x mu/ be a repres5tation ( him p]sonally & lit]ally go+ =? 9 ?is mann]2 = x w\ld be incongru\s to suppose t ?is relates to him1 & !n to give x a metaphorical application1 ref]r+ x n to himself1 b to 8 tru?1 8 gospel1 8 m9i/]s4 7#c7 ,if !re is little probability t ?is ref]s to ,*ri/1 !re is /ill less t x ref]s to m9i/]s ( ! gospelz held by ,"l & o!rs= su* a symbol is employ$ n[h]e else to repres5t an ord] ( m9i/]s1 nor d ! circum/ances f9d a fulfilm5t 9 !m4 ,! m9i/] ( ! gospel is a h]ald ( peace1 & is employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,he _c well be repres5t$ by a w>rior1 nor is he 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,9 itself consid]$1 !re is no?+ m unlike or incongru\s ?an a w>rior go+ =? to conque/ ) ho/ile arms1 & a m9i/] ( ,*ri/4 7#d7 ,besides1 ?is repres5tation ( a horse & 8 rid]1 :5 appli$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 on ?is pr9ciple becomes mo/ =c$ & unnatural4 ,if ! w>rior on ! :ite horse d5otes ! m9i/ry1 !n ! w>rior on ! r$ horse1 ! black horse1 ! pale horse1 mu/ d5ote ! m9i/ry also1 & no?+ is m fanciful & arbitr>y ?an to attempt to apply ^! to tea*]s ( v>i\s k9ds ( errorerror d5ot$ by ! r$1 black1 & pale col\rz mu/ be done on t supposition4 ,x seems pla91 !re=e1 to me1 t ! repres5tation 0 n design$ to symbolize ! m9i/ry1 or ! /ate ( ! *ur* consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its ext5sion1 or ! v>i\s =ms ( belief :i* prevail$4 ,b if s1 x only rema9s to inquire :e!r a /ate ( ?+s exi/$ 9 ! ,roman _w ( :i* ^! w\ld be appropriate #adb symbols4 ,we h1 !n1 ! foll[+ facts1 :i* are ( su* a nature z w\ld prop]ly be symboliz$ by ! horse ( ! fir/ seal2 t is1 !y are su* facts t if "o 7 to und]take to devise an appropriate symbol ( !m s9ce !y occurr$1 !y w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! image "h employ$4 7#a7 ,x 0 9 g5]al a p]iod ( prosp]ity1 ( triumph1 ( conque/well repres5t$ by ! horseman on ! :ite horse go+ =? to conque/4 ,i ref] n[ to ! p]iod imm$iately succe$+ ! "t ( ,john's bani%m5t1 embrac+ "s n9ety ye>s1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! successive reigns ( ,n]va1 ,trajan1 ,adrian1 & ! two ,anton9es1 f ! dea? ( ,domitian1 ,a4,d4 #if1 to ! accession ( ,commodus1 & ! peace made by him ) ! ,g]mans1 ,a4,d4 #ahj4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is p]iod1 & ( ! p]t95cy ( ! symbol1 ,i w fir/ copy f an hi/orical *>t drawn up ) no ref]5ce to ! symbol "h1 & 9 ! m9d ( ^: au?or ! application to ?is symbol nev] occurr$4 ,! *>t1 di/+ui%$ = accuracy1 is t ( ,a4 ,s4 ,lyman1 publi%$ ,a4,d4 #ahde4 ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt ( ?is p]iod1 beg9n+ at ! dea? ( ,domitian38,domitian1 a cruel tyrant1 ! la/ ( ! twelve ,cs>s40 7,8 dea?1 !re=e1 0 an important epo*47 8,a4,d4 #if3 ,n]va1 not$ = 8 virtues1 b enfeebl$ by age40 8,a4,d4 #ih3 ,trajan1 a great g5]al1 & popul> emp]or2 "u him ! empire atta9s its greate/ ext5t40 8,a4,d4 #aag3 ,adrian1 an able sov]eign2 sp5ds ?irte5 ye>s travell+ ?r\gh ! empire1 re=m+ abuses & rebuild+ cities40 8,a4,d4 #ach3 ,anton9us ,pius1 celebrat$ = 8 wisdom1 virtue1 & humanity40 8,a4,d4 #afa3 ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us1 ! ,/oic ,philosoph]1 not$ = 8 virtues40 ,!n beg9s a new eraa s]ies ( wick$ pr9ces & ( great calamities4 ,! next entry 9 ! s]ies is1 8,a4,d4 #ahj3 ,commodus1 pr(ligate & cruel40 ,!n foll[s a succession ( pr9ces ( ! same g5]al description4 ,_! "* w be appropriately consid]$ "u ! succe$+ seals4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! p]iod n[ suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ! op5+ ( ! fir/ seal1 & ! g5]al applicability ( ! description "h to t p]iod1 we h ! fulle/ te/imony 9 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 9 8 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire2 a writ] :o1 sceptic z he 01 seems to h be5 rais$ up by ,div9e ,provid5ce to se>* deeply into hi/oric records1 & to furni% an inexhau/ible supply ( mat]ials 9 confirmation ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies1 & ( ! tru? ( revelation4 ,= 7#a7 he 0 em95tly end[$ by tal5t1 & le>n+1 & pati5ce1 & g5]al c&\r1 & accuracy1 to prep>e a hi/ory ( t p]iod ( ! _w1 & to place 8 "n 9 ! v fir/ rank ( hi/orians4 7#b7 ,8 hi/ory comm5ces at ab\t ! p]iod suppos$ 9 ?is int]pretation to be ref]r$ to by ^! symbols1 & ext5ds ov] a v consid]able portion ( ! "t embrac$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation4 7#c7 ,x _c be alleg$ t he 0 biass$ 9 8 /atem5ts ( facts by a desire to fav\r revelation2 nor c x be *>g$ on him t he p]v]t$ facts ) a view to ov]?r[ ! au?ority ( ! volume ( inspir$ tru?4 ,he 01 inde$1 ?or\ghly sceptical z to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & he lo/ no opportunity to express 8 feel+s t[>ds x by a sne]= x seems to h be5 an un=tunate *>act]i/ic ( 8 m9d to sne] at ev]y?+b !re is no evid5ce t he ev] design$ly p]v]t$ a fact 9 hi/ory to press x into ! s]vice ( infidelity1 or t he design$ly falsifi$ a /atem5t = ! purpose ( mak+ x be> aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x _c be suspect$ t he _h any design1 by ! /atem5ts :i* he makes1 to confirm ! tru? ( ,scripture prophecies4 ,infidels1 at lea/1 are b\nd to admit 8 te/imony z imp>tial4 7#d7 ,n a few ( ! mo/ cle> & decisive pro(s ( ! fulfilm5t ( prophecies are to be f\nd 9 8 hi/ory4 ,!y are frequ5tly su* /atem5ts z w\ld be expect$ to occur 9 ! writ+s ( a p>tial fri5d ( ,*ri/ianity :o 0 endeav\r+ to make ! records ( hi/ory speak out 9 fav\r ( 8 religion2 & if !y _h be5 f\nd 9 su* a writ]1 !y w\ld be suspect$ ( hav+ be5 %ap$ ) a view to ! confirmation ( ! prophecies1 & x may be add$ also ) an int5tion to def5d "s fav\rite int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,9 reg>d to ! passage be=e u! op5+ ( ! fir/ seal & ! g5]al explanation ( ! mean+ ( t seal1 above giv51 !re is a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 t repres5tation & ! /ate ( ! ,roman empire z giv5 by ,mr4 ,gibbon at ! p]iod #adc "u consid]ationf ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian to ! accession ( ,commodus4 ,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce ,mr4 ,gibbon beg9s 8 hi/ory at ab\t ! p]iod suppos$ to be ref]r$ to by ! op5+ ( ! seal! p]iod foll[+ ! dea? ( ,domitian1 ,a4,d4 #if4 ,?us 9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( 8 "w he says3 8,9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! empire ( ,rome compreh5d$ ! faire/ "p ( ! e>?1 & ! mo/ civiliz$ portion ( mank9d4 ,dur+ a happy p]iod ( m ?an f\rscore ye>s ! public adm9i/ration 0 conduct$ by ! virtue & abilities ( ,n]va1 ,trajan1 ,adrian1 & ! two ,anton9es4 ,x is ! design ( ?is & ! two succe$+ *apt]s to describe ! prosp]\s condition ( _! empire2 & aft]w>ds1 f ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,anton9us1 to d$uce ! mo/ important circum/ances ( its decl9e & fall2 a revolution :i* w ev] be rememb]$1 & is /ill felt by ! nations ( ! e>?10 vol4 i4 #a4 ,be=e ,mr4 ,gibbon proce$s to give ! hi/ory ( ! fall ( ! empire1 he pauses to describe ! happy condition ( ! ,roman _w dur+ ! p]iod n[ ref]r$ to= ?is is sub/antially 8 object 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( 8 hi/ory4 ,! titles ( ^! *apt]s w %[ _! object4 ,!y are respectively ! foll[+3,*4 i41 8,! ,ext5t & ,milit>y ,=ce ( ! ,empire1 9 ! ,age ( ! ,anton9es20 *4 ii41 8,( ! ,union & ,int]nal ,prosp]ity ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! ,age ( ! ,anton9es20 *4 iii41 8,( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! ,age ( ! ,anton9es40 ,9 ! language ( ano!r1 ?is is 8! bright gr\nd ( 8 hi/oric picture1 f :i* aft]w>ds m effectively to ?r[ out 9 deep col\r+ ! successive traits ( ! empire's corruption & decl9e0 7,elliott74 ,! introductory rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 inde$1 pr(ess$ly ref] to 8! age ( ! ,anton9es0 7,a4,d4 #achahj72 b t he design$ to describe1 "u ?is g5]al title1 ! actual condition ( ! ,roman _w dur+ ! p]iod :i* ,i suppose to be embrac$ "u ! fir/ seal1 z a "t ( prosp]ity1 triumph1 & happ9essf ,domitian to ,commodusis app>5t 7a7 f a rem>kable /atem5t :i* !re w be occasion aga9 to quote1 9 :i* he expressly designates ?is p]iod 9 ^! words3 8,if a man 7 call$ to fix ! p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w dur+ :i* ! condition ( ! human race 0 mo/ happy & prosp]\s1 he w\ld1 )\t hesitation1 "n t :i* elaps$ f ! dea? ( ,domitian to ! accession ( ,commodus10 i4 #dg4 ,! same ?+ is app>5t also f a rem>k ( ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 ! g5]al summ>y :i* he makes ( ! ,roman affairs1 %[+ t ?is p]iod con/itut$1 9 8 view1 prop]ly an era 9 ! condition ( ! _w4 ,?us he says 7i4 #d73 8,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! ,roman fronti]s1 & su* ! maxims ( imp]ial policy1 f ! dea? ( ,augu/us to ! accession ( ,trajan40 ,?is 0 ,a4,d4 #ih4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! ev5ts 9 ! ,roman empire 7 su* z accord ) ! repres5tation 9 ! fir/ seal4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! fir/ c5tury t c\ld accord ) ?is2 & if ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse at ! "t suppos$ 7,a4,d4 #ie or #if71 ( c\rse x does n ref] to t4 ,respect+ t c5tury ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks3 8,! only accession :i* ! ,roman empire receiv$1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 ! prov9ce ( ,brita94 ,9 ?is s+le in/ance ! successors ( ,cs> & ,augu/us 7 p]suad$ to foll[ ! example ( ! =m] r ?an ! precept ( ! latt]4 ,aft] a w> ( ab\t =ty ye>s1 und]tak5 by ! mo/ /upid1 ma9ta9$ by ! mo/ dissolute1 & t]m9at$ by ! mo/ timid ( all ! emp]ors1 ! f> great] "p ( ! isl& submitt$ to ! ,roman yoke10 i4 #b1 #c4 ,( c\rse ! repres5tation 9 ! fir/ seal c\ld n be appli$ to su* a p]iod z ?is4 ,9 ! second c5tury1 h[ev]1 & especially 9 ! e>ly "p ( x! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod suppos$ to be embrac$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ seala diff]5t policy began to prevail1 & ?\gh ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 z a :ole1 0 comp>atively peaceful1 yet x began ) a c>e] ( conque/s1 & its g5]al /ate might be *>act]iz$ z triumph & prosp]ity4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon speaks ( ,trajan on 8 accession aft] ! dea? ( ,n]va3 8,t virtu\s & active pr9ce _h receiv$ ! education ( a soldi]1 & possess$ ! tal5ts ( a g5]al4 ,! peaceful sy/em ( 8 pr$ecessors 0 int]rupt$ by sc5es ( w> & conque/2 & ! legions1 aft] a long int]val1 beheld a milit>y emp]or at _! head4 ,! fir/ exploits ( ,trajan 7 aga9/ ! #add ,dacians1 ! mo/ w>like ( m51 :o dwelt beyond ! ,danube1 & :o1 dur+ ! reign ( ,domitian1 _h insult$ ! maje/y ( ,rome4 ,?is memorable w>1 ) a v %ort susp5sion ( ho/ilities1 la/$ live ye>s2 & z ! emp]or c\ld ex]t1 )\t control1 ! :ole =ce ( ! /ate1 x 0 t]m9at$ by an absolute submission ( ! b>b>ians4 ,! new prov9ce ( ,dacia1 :i* =m$ a second exception to ! precept ( ,augu/us1 0 ab\t ?irte5 hundr$ miles 9 circumf]5ce10 i4 #d4 ,speak+ ( ,trajan 7p4 #d71 he says f>!r3 8,! praises ( ,alex&]1 transmitt$ by a succession ( poets & hi/orians1 _h k9dl$ a dang]\s emulation 9 ! m9d ( ,trajan4 ,l him1 ! ,roman emp]or und]took an exp$ition aga9/ ! nations ( ! ,ea/2 b he lam5t$ ) a sigh t 8 advanc$ age sc>cely left him any hopes ( equall+ ! r5[n ( ! son ( ,philip4 ,yet ! success ( ,trajan1 h[ev] transi5t1 0 rapid & speci\s4 ,! deg5]ate ,p>?ians1 brok5 by inte/9e discord1 fl$ be=e 8 arms4 ,he desc5d$ ! riv] ,tigris1 9 triumph1 f ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia to ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,he enjoy$ ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/1 z he 0 ! la/1 ( ! ,roman g5]als :o ev] navigat$ t remote sea4 ,8 fleets ravag$ ! coa/s ( ,arabia2 & ,trajan va9ly flatt]$ himself t he 0 approa*+ t[>ds ! conf9es ( ,india4 ,e day ! a/oni%$ s5ate receiv$ ! intellig5ce ( new names & new nations t ackn[l$g$ 8 sway4 ,!y 7 in=m$ t ! k+s ( ,bosphorus1 ,col*is1 ,ib]ia1 ,albania1 ,osrho5e1 & ev5 ! ,p>?ian mon>* himself1 _h accept$ _! diadems f ! h& ( ! emp]or2 t ! indep5d5t tribes ( ! ,m$ian & ,c>du*ian hills _h implor$ 8 protection2 & t ! ri* c\ntries ( ,arm5ia1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,assyria 7 r$uc$ into ! /ate ( prov9ces40 ,( su* a reign :at m appropriate symbol c\ld !re be ?an ! horse & ! rid] ( ! fir/ seal8 ,if ,mr4 ,gibbon _h be5 writ+ a design$ comm5t>y on ?is1 :at m appropriate language c\ld he h us$ 9 illu/ration ( x8 ,! reign ( ,hadrian1 ! successor ( ,trajan 7,a4,d4 #aagach71 0 comp>atively a reign ( peace?\gh "o ( 8 fir/ acts 0 to lead an exp$ition into ,brita93 b ?\gh comp>atively a "t ( peace1 x 0 a reign ( prosp]ity & triumph4 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 9 ! foll[+ language1 gives a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( t reign38,! life ( ,hadrian 0 almo/ a p]petual j\rney2 & z he possess$ ! v>i\s tal5ts ( ! soldi]1 ! /atesman1 & ! s*ol>1 he gratifi$ 8 curiosity 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty4 ,c>eless ( ! diff]5ce ( seasons & ( climates1 he m>*$ on foot1 & b>ehead$1 ov] ! sn[s ( ,cal$onia & ! sultry pla9s ( ,upp] ,egypt2 nor 0 !re a prov9ce ( ! empire :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign1 0 n hon\r$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! mon>*10 p4 #e4 ,on p4 #f ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks ( ?is p]iod3 8,! ,roman "n 0 rev]$ among/ ! remote nations ( ! e>?4 ,! fi]ce/ b>b>ians frequ5tly submitt$ _! diff]5ces to ! arbitration ( ! emp]or2 & we are in=m$ by a contempor>y hi/orian t he _h se5 ambassadors :o 7 refus$ ! hon\r :i* !y came to solicit1 ( be+ admitt$ into ! rank ( subjects40 ,& aga91 speak+ ( ! reign ( ,hadrian1 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks 7i4 #de73 8,"u 8 reign1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 ! empire fl\ri%$ 9 peace & prosp]ity4 ,he enc\rag$ ! arts1 re=m$ ! laws1 ass]t$ milit>y discipl9e1 & visit$ all ! prov9ces 9 p]son40 ,hadrian 0 succe$$ by ! ,anton9es1 ,anton9us ,pius & ,m>cus ,aurelius 7! =m] f ,a4,d4 #ach to #afa2 ! latt] f ,a4,d4 #afa to ! accession ( ,commodus1 ,a4,d4 #ahj74 ,! g5]al "* ( _! reigns is well kn[n4 ,x is ?us /at$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon3 8,! two ,anton9es gov]n$ ! _w =ty-two ye>s ) ! same inv>iable _s ( wisdom & virtue4 ,_! unit$ reigns are possibly ! only p]iod ( hi/ory 9 :i* ! happ9ess ( a great p 0 ! sole object ( gov]nm5t10 i4 #df4 ,& aft] describ+ ! /ate ( ! empire 9 respect to its milit>y & naval "*1 its roads1 & ar*itecture1 & con/itution1 & laws1 ,mr4 ,gibbon sums up ! :ole description ( ?is p]iod 9 ! foll[+ rem>kable words 7vol4 i4 p4 #dg738;,if a man 7 call$ to fix ! p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w dur+ :i* ! condition ( ! human race 0 mo/ happy & prosp]\s1 he w\ld1 )\t hesitation1 "n t :i* elaps$ f ! dea? ( ,domitian to ! accession ( ,commodus4 ,! va/ ext5t ( ! ,roman empire 0 gov]n$ by absolute #ade p[]1 "u ! guidance ( virtue & wisdom4 ,! armies 7 re/ra9$ by ! firm b g5tle h&s ( f\r successive emp]ors1 ^: *>act]s & au?ority comm&$ involunt>y respect4 ,! =ms ( ! civil adm9i/ration 7 c>efully pres]v$ by ,n]va1 ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 & ! ,anton9es1 :o delight$ 9 ! image ( lib]ty1 & 7 pleas$ ) consid]+ !mselves z ! acc\ntable m9i/]s ( ! laws4 ,su* pr9ces des]v$ ! hon\r ( re/or+ ! republic1 _h ! ,romans ( _! days be5 capable ( enjoy+ a rational fre$om40 ,if x be suppos$ n[ t ,john design$ to repres5t ?is p]iod ( ! _w1 c\ld he h *os5 a m expressive & significant emblem ( x ?an occurs 9 ! horseman ( ! fir/ seal8 ,if ,mr4 ,gibbon _h int5d$ to prep>e a comm5t>y on x1 c\ld he h %ap$ ! facts ( hi/ory s z bett] to furni% an illu/ration8 7#b7 ,! p>ticul> ?+s repres5t$ 9 ! symbol4 7a7 ,! b[a symbol ( w>4 ,mr4 ,elliott has endeav\r$ to %[ t ! b[ at t p]iod 0 peculi>ly ! badge ( ! ,cretians1 & t ,n]va1 :o succe$$ ,domitian1 0 a ,cretian by bir?4 ,! argum5t is too long to be abridg$ "h1 b1 if well f\nd$1 ! fulfilm5t is rem>kable2 = al?\gh ! sword or ! javel9 0 usually ! badge ( ! ,roman emp]or1 if ?is 7 s !re w\ld be a peculi> propriety 9 mak+ ! b[ ! badge dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,see ,elliott1 vol4 i4 pp4 #accadj4 ,b :atev] may be said ( ?is1 ! b[ 0 s g5]ally ! badge ( a w>rior1 t !re w\ld be no impropriety 9 us+ x z a symbol ( ,roman victory4 7b7 ,! cr[n01 up to ! "t ( ,aurelian1 ,a4,d4 #bgj 7see ,spanheim1 p4 #fj71 ! di/+ui%+ badge ( ! ,roman emp]or2 aft] t1 ! diadem1 set ) pe>ls & o!r jewels1 0 adopt$ & worn4 ,! cr[n1 compos$ usually ( laurel1 0 prop]ly ! badge ( ! emp]or consid]$ z a milit>y lead] or comm&]4 ,see ,elliott1 i4 #acj4 ,at ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation ! prop] badge ( ! ,roman emp]or w\ld be ! cr[n2 aft] ! "t ( ,aurelian1 x w\ld h be5 ! diadem4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 two engrav+s h be5 introduc$1 ! fir/ repres5t+ ! emp]or ,n]va ) ! cr[n1 or 1 ! second ! emp]or ,val5t9ian1 ) ! diadem4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$al ( ! ,emp]or ,n]va we>+ ,cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$al ( ! ,emp]or ,val5t9ian we>+ ,diadem4 7c7 ,! fact t ! cr[n 0 giv5 to ! rid]4 ,x 0 common among ! ,romans to repres5t an emp]or 9 ?is mann]2 ei!r on m$als1 bas-reliefs1 or triumphal ar*es4 ,! emp]or appe>s go+ =? on horseback1 & ) ,victory repres5t$ z ei!r cr[n+ him1 or z prec$+ him ) a cr[n 9 h] h& to pres5t to him4 ,! engrav+ on p4 #adf1 copi$ f "o ( ! bas-reliefs on a triumphal ar* erect$ to ,claudius ,drusus on occasion ( 8 victories ov] ! ,g]mans1 w furni% a good illu/ration ( ?is1 &1 inde$1 is s simil> to ! symbol describ$ by ,john1 t ! "o seems almo/ a copy ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,symbolic ,bas-reliefs f a ,roman ,triumphal ,ar*4 ,except t ! b[ is want+1 no?+ c\ld h a clos] resemblance2 & ! fact t su* symbols 7 employ$1 & 7 well und]/ood by ! ,romans1 may be admitt$ to be a confirmation ( ! view above tak5 ( ! mean+ ( ! fir/ seal4 ,inde$1 s _m ?+s comb9e to confirm ?is1 t x seems impossible #adf to be mi/ak5 9 reg>d to x3 = if x %\ld be suppos$ t ,john liv$ aft] ?is "t1 & t he meant to furni% a /rik+ emblem ( ?is p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory1 he c\ld n h employ$ a m significant & appropriate symbol ?an he has done4 #c ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! second seal1 ,i he>d ! second bea/ say1 ,come & see4 #c4 ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! second seal4 ,s z to disclose ano!r portion ( ! volume4 ,notes1 *4 v4 #a4 ,i he>d ! second bea/ say4 ,! second bea/ 0 l a calf or an ox4 ,notes1 *4 iv4 #g4 ,x _c be suppos$ t !re is any special significancy 9 ! fact t ! second bea/ address$ ! se] on ! op5+ ( ! second seal1 or t1 s f> z ! symbol 0 conc]n$1 !re 0 any reason :y ?is liv+ creature %\ld approa* on ! op5+ ( ?is seal r ?an on ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,all t seems to be design$ is1 t z ! liv+ creatures are int5d$ to be emblems ( ! provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ,god1 x 0 prop] to repres5t t gov]nm5t z conc]n$ 9 ! op5+ ( ea* ( ^! f\r seals1 indicat+ important ev5ts among ! nations4 ,come & see4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 #d ,& !re w5t out ano!r horse t 0 r$3 & p[] 0 giv5 to him t sat !reon to take peace f ! e>?1 & t !y %\ld kill "o ano!r3 & !re 0 giv5 unto him a great sword4 #d4 ,& !re w5t out ano!r horse4 ,9 ?is symbol !re 71 z 9 ! o!rs1 sev]al p>ticul>s :i* x is prop] to expla9 9 ord] t we may be able to und]/& its application4 ,! p>ticul> ?+s 9 ! symbol are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! horse4 ,see ?is expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #b4 7b7 ,! col\r ( ! horse3 ano!r horse t 0 r$4 ,?is symbol _c be mi/ak54 ,z ! :ite horse d5ot$ prosp]ity1 triumph1 & happ9ess1 s ?is w\ld d5ote c>nage1 discord1 blood%$4 ,?is is cle>1 n only f ! nature ( ! emblem1 b f ! explanation imm$iately add$3 8,& p[] 0 giv5 to him t sat !reon to take peace f ! e>?1 & t !y %\ld kill "o ano!r40 ,on ! col\r1 comp>e ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 ,p4 i4 lib4 ii4 c4 vii4 p4 #ajd4 ,see also ,zec4 i4 #h4 ,!re is no possibility ( mi/ak+ ?is1 t a "t ( slaught] is d5ot$ by ?is emblem4 7c7 ,! p[] giv5 to him t sat on ! horse3 & p[] 0 giv5 to him t sat !reon to take peace f ! e>?1 & t !y %\ld kill "o ano!r4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! condition imm$iately prec$+ ?is 0 a condition ( tranquillity1 & t ?is 0 n[ di/urb$ by "s cause produc+ discord & blood%$4 ,?is idea is confirm$ by ! orig9al words 8! peace20 t is1 ! previ\sly exi/+ peace4 ,:5 peace 9 g5]al is ref]r$ to1 ! ^w is us$ )\t ! article3 ,mat4 x4 #cd1 8,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace ^u ! e>?40 ,comp4 ,lu4 i4 #gi2 ii4 #ad2 xix4 #ch2 ,m>4 v4 #cd2 ,jn4 xiv4 #bg2 xvi4 #cc2 ,ac4 vii4 #bf2 ix4 #ca1 et al4 9 ! ,greek4 ,9 ^! cases ! ^w peace is )\t ! article4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod ref]r$ to by ?is are3 7a7 t peace & tranquillity exi/$ be=e2 7b7 t su* peace & tranquillity 7 n[ tak5 away1 & 7 succe$$ by confusion & blood%$2 & 7c7 t ! p>ticul> =m ( t confusion 0 civil discord1 produc+ mutual slaught]3 8t !y %\ld kill "o ano!r40 7d7 ,! pres5tation ( a sword3 & !re 0 giv5 unto him a great sword4 ,z an emblem ( :at he 0 to d1 or ( ! p]iod t 0 ref]r$ to by ! op5+ ( ! #adg seal4 ,! sword is an emblem ( w>1 ( slaught]1 ( au?ority 7,ro4 xiii4 #d71 & is "h us$ z signify+ t t p]iod w\ld be *>act]iz$ by c>nage4 ,comp4 ,is4 xxxiv4 #e2 ,re4 xix4 #ag1 #ah2 ,le4 xxvi4 #be2 ,ge4 xxvii4 #dj2 ,mat4 x4 #cd2 xxvi4 #eb4 ,x is n said by :om ! sword 0 pres5t$1 b ! fact is m]ely ref]r$ to1 t ! rid] 0 pres5t$ ) a sword z a symbol ( :at w\ld occur4 ,9 inquir+ n[ into ! p]iod ref]r$ to by ?is symbol1 we naturally look to t :i* imm$iately succe$$ ! "o :i* 0 repres5t$ by ! op5+ ( ! fir/ seal2 t is1 ! p]iod :i* foll[$ ! accession ( ,commodus1 ,a4,d4 #ahj4 ,we %all f9d1 9 ! ev5ts :i* succe$$ 8 accession to ! empire1 a /ate ( ?+s :i* rem>kably accords ) ! acc\nt giv5 by ,john 9 ?is emblems mu* s1 t if x 7 suppos$ t ! book 0 writt5 aft] ^! ev5ts _h occurr$1 & t ,john _h design$ to repres5t !m by ?is symbol1 he c\ld n h select$ a m appropriate emblem4 ,! only au?ority :i* x is necess>y to ref] to "h is ,mr4 ,gibbon2 :o1 z be=e rem>k$1 seems to h be5 rais$ up by a special ,provid5ce to make a record ( ^? ev5ts :i* 7 ref]r$ to by "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable prophecies 9 ! ,bible4 ,z he _h ! highe/ qualifications = an hi/orian1 8 /atem5ts may be reli$ on z accurate2 & z he _h no belief 9 ! inspiration ( ! prophetic records1 8 te/imony w n be *>g$ ) p>tiality 9 _! fav\r4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 !re=e1 w furni% a full illu/ration ( ! op5+ ( ! second seal3 7a7 ,! previ\s /ate ( peace4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! expression1 8& p[] 0 giv5 to him to take peace f ! e>?40 ,( ?is we h _h a full confirmation 9 ! peaceful reign ( ,hadrian & ! ,anton9es4 ,see ! ,notes on ! exposition ( ! fir/ seal4 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speak+ ( ! accession ( ,commodus to ! imp]ial ?rone1 says t he 8_h no?+ to wi%1 & ev]y?+ to enjoy4 ,! belov$ son ( ,m>cus ,commodus succe$$ 8 fa!r amid/ ! acclamations ( ! s5ate & armies2 & :5 he asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ! happy y\? saw ar\nd him nei!r competitor to remove1 nor enemies to puni%4 ,9 ?is calm elevat$ /ation1 x 0 surely natural t he %\ld pref] ! love ( mank9d to _! dete/ation2 ! mild glories ( 8 five pr$ecessors to ! ignom9i\s fate ( ,n]o & ,domitian10 i4 #ea4 ,s aga91 on ! same page1 he says ( ,commodus1 8,8 graceful p]son1 popul> address1 & imag9$ virtues attract$ ! public fav\r2 ! hon\rable peace :i* he _h rec5tly grant$ to ! b>b>ians diffus$ an univ]sal joy40 ,no "o c d\bt t ! accession ( ,commodus 0 prec$$ by a rem>kable preval5ce ( peace & prosp]ity4 7b7 ,civil w> & blood%$3 to take peace f ! e>?1 & t !y %\ld kill "o ano!r4 ,( ! applicability ( ?is to ! "t suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ?is seal1 we h ! fulle/ confirmation 9 ! s]ies ( civil w>s comm5c+ ) ! assass9ation ( ! emp]or ,commodus1 ,a4,d4 #aic1 & cont9u$1 ) sc>cely any int]vals ( int]mission1 = eighty or n9ety ye>s4 ,s ,sismondi1 on ! fall ( ! ,roman empire 7i4 #cf71 says1 8,) ,commodus' dea? comm5c$ ! ?ird & mo/ calamit\s p]iod4 ,x la/$ n9ety-two ye>s1 f #aic to #bhd4 ,dur+ t "t1 ?irty-two emp]ors1 & tw5ty-sev5 pret5d]s to ! empire1 alt]nately hurri$ ea* o!r f ! ?rone1 by incessant civil w>f>e4 ,n9ety-two ye>s ( almo/ incessant civil w>f>e taught ! _w on :at a frail f\ndation ! virtue ( ! ,anton9es _h re>$ ! felicity ( ! empire40 ,! full hi/ory ( ?is p]iod may be se5 9 ,gibbon1 i4 pp4 #ejaig4 ,( c\rse x is impossible 9 ^! ,notes to pres5t any?+ l a complete acc\nt ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ^? times4 ,yet ! briefe/ summ>y may well %[ ! g5]al condition ( ! ,roman empire !n1 & ! propriety ( repres5t+ x by ! symbol ( a r$ horse1 z a p]iod :5 peace w\ld be tak5 f ! e>?1 & :5 m5 w\ld kill "o ano!r4 ,commodus himself is repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 ! foll[+ words38,commodus 0 n1 z he has be5 repres5t$1 a tig]1 born ) an insatiate ?ir/ ( human blood1 & capable1 f 8 infancy1 ( ! mo/ inhuman actions4 ,nature _h =m$ him ( a weak1 r ?an a wick$ disposition4 ,8 simplicity & timidity r5d]$ him ! slave ( 8 att5dants1 :o gradually corrupt$ 8 m9d4 ,8 cruelty1 :i* at fir/ obey$ ! dictates ( o!rs1 deg5]at$ into habit1 & at l5g? became ! rul+ passion ( 8 s\l10 i4 #ea4 ,dur+ ! fir/ #adh ?ree ye>s ( 8 reign 88 h&s 7 yet un/a9$ ) blood0 7,ibid471 b he soon deg5]at$ into a mo/ sev]e & bloody tyrant1 & 8:5 ,commodus _h once ta/$ human blood1 he 0 incapable ( pity or remorse10 i4 #eb4 8,! tyrant's rage10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon 7i4 #eb71 8aft] hav+ %$ ! noble/ blood ( ! s5ate1 at l5g? recoil$ on ! pr9cipal in/rum5t ( 8 cruelty4 ,:ile ,commodus 0 imm]s$ 9 blood & luxury he devolv$ ! detail ( public bus9ess on ,p]5nis1 a s]vile & ambiti\s m9i/]1 :o _h obta9$ 8 po/ by ! murd] ( 8 pr$ecessor10 c4 8,e s5tim5t ( virtue & humanity 0 ext9ct 9 ! m9d ( ,commodus10 i4 #ee4 ,aft] detail+ ! hi/ory ( 8 crimes1 8 follies1 & 8 cruelties1 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks ( him3 8,8 cruelty prov$ at la/ fatal to himself4 ,he _h %$ ) impunity ! be/ blood ( ,rome3 he p]i%$ z soon z he 0 dread$ by 8 own dome/ics4 ,m>cia1 8 fav\rite concub9e1 ,eclectus1 8 *amb]la91 & ,ltus1 8 pretorian prefect1 al>m$ by ! fate ( _! companions & pr$ecessors1 resolv$ to prev5t ! de/ruction :i* e h\r hung ov] _! heads1 ei!r f ! mad caprice ( ! tyrant1 or ! sudd5 indignation ( ! p4 ,m>cia seiz$ ! occasion ( pres5t+ a draught ( w9e to h] lov]1 aft] he _h fatigu$ himself ) hunt+ "s wild bea/s4 ,commodus retir$ to sleep2 b :ile he 0 lab\r+ ) ! effects ( poison & drunk5ness1 a robu/ y\?1 by pr(ession a wre/l]1 ent]$ 8 *amb]1 & /rangl$ him )\t resi/ance10 i4 #eg4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! assass9ation ( ,commodus 0 ! elevation ( ,p]t9ax to ! ?rone1 & 8 murd] eighty-six days aft] 7,decl9e & ,fall1 i4 #fj74 ,!n foll[$ ! public sett+-up ( ! empire to sale by ! pretorian gu>ds1 & its pur*ase by a weal?y ,roman s5ator1 ,didius ,julianus1 or ,julian1 :o1 8on ! ?rone ( ! _w1 f\nd himself )\t a fri5d & )\t an adh]5t10 i4 #fc4 8,! /reets & public places 9 ,rome res\nd$ ) clam\rs & imprecations40 8,! public discont5t 0 soon diffus$ f ! c5tre to ! fronti]s ( ! empire10 i4 #fc4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is univ]sal indignation ,septimius ,sev]us1 :o !n comm&$ ! army 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,danube1 resolv$ to av5ge ! dea? ( ,p]t9ax1 & to seize ^u ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,he m>*$ to ,rome1 ov]came ! feeble ,julian1 & plac$ himself on ! ?rone4 ,julian1 aft] hav+ reign$ sixty-six days1 0 behead$ 9 a private ap>tm5t ( ! ba?s ( ! palace1 i4 #fg4 8,9 less ?an f\r ye>s ,sev]us subdu$ ! ri*es ( ! ,ea/1 & ! val\r ( ! ,we/4 ,he vanqui%$ two competitors ( reputation & ability1 & defeat$ num]\s armies provid$ ) weapons & discipl9e equal to 8 own10 i4 #fh4 ,mr4 ,gibbon !n ent]s into a detail ( 8! two civil w>s aga9/ ,nig] & ,alb9us0rival competitors = ! empire 7i4 #fhgj71 bo? ( :om 7 vanqui%$1 & bo? ( :om 7 put to dea? 89 _! flight f ! field ( battle40 ,yet he says1 8,al?\gh ! w\nds ( civil w> 7 app>5tly heal$1 its mortal poison /ill lurk$ 9 ! vitals ( ! con/itution10 i4 #ga4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,sev]us1 !n foll[s an acc\nt ( ! cont5tions betwe5 8 sons1 ,geta & ,c>acalla1 & ( ! dea? ( ! =m] by ! in/igation ( ! latt] 7i4 #gg72 !n ( ! remorse ( ,c>acalla1 9 :i* x is said t 88 disord]$ fancy (t5 beheld ! angry =ms ( 8 fa!r & 8 bro!r ris+ into life to ?reat5 & upbraid him0 7i4 #gg72 !n ( ! cruelties :i* ,c>acalla inflict$ on ! fri5ds ( ,geta1 9 :i* 8x 0 comput$ t1 "u ! vague appellation ( ! fri5ds ( ,geta1 above tw5ty ?\s& p]sons ( bo? sexes suff]$ dea?0 7i4 #gh72 !n ( ! dep>ture ( ,c>acalla f ! capital1 & 8 cruelties 9 o!r p>ts ( ! empire1 conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks 7i4 #gh1 #gi71 t 8,c>acalla 0 ! common enemy ( mank9d4 ,e prov9ce 0 by turns ! sc5e ( 8 rap9e & cruelty4 ,9 ! mid/ ( peace & repose1 ^u ! slighte/ provocation1 he issu$ 8 comm&s at ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt = a g5]al massacre4 ,f a secure po/ 9 ! temple ( ,s]apis he view$ & direct$ ! slaught] ( _m ?\s& citiz5s1 z well z /rang]s1 )\t di/+ui%+ ei!r ! numb] or ! crime ( ! suff]]s10 c4 ,!n foll[s ! acc\nt ( ! assass9ation ( ,c>acalla 7i4 #hj72 !n1 & 9 consequ5ce ( t1 ( ! civil w> :i* cru%$ ,macr9us1 & rais$ ,elagabalus to ! ?rone 7i4 #hc72 !n ( ! life & follies ( t wret*$ voluptu>y1 & ( 8 massacre by ! pretorian gu>ds #adi 7i4 #hf72 !n1 aft] an int]val ( ?irte5 ye>s1 ( ! murd] ( 8 successor1 ! second ,sev]us1 on ! ,rh9e2 !n ( ! civil w>s excit$ aga9/ 8 murd]] & successor1 ,maxim91 9 :i* ! two emp]ors ( a day! ,gordians1 fa!r & sonp]i%$ 9 ,africa1 & ,maxim9 himself1 & 8 son1 9 ! siege ( ,aquileia2 !n ( ! murd] at ,rome ( ! two jo9t emp]ors1 ,maximus & ,balb9us2 & quickly aft] t an acc\nt ( ! murd] ( _! successor 9 ! empire1 ! ?ird & y\nge/ ,gordian1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,aboras2 !n ( ! slaught] ( ! next emp]or ,philip1 toge!r ) 8 son & associate 9 ! empire1 9 ! battle ne> ,v]ona3& ?is /ate ( ?+s may be said to h cont9u$ until ! accession ( ,diocletian to ! empire1 ,a4,d4 #bhd4 ,see ,decl9e & ,fall1 i4 #aajaig4 ,does any portion ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w pres5t a simil> p]iod ( connect$ hi/ory t w\ld be s /rik+ a fulfilm5t ( ! symbols us$ "h ( 8peace be+ tak5 f ! e>?10 & 8m5 kill+ "o ano!r80 ,9 reg>d to ?is :ole p]iod x is suffici5t1 aft] read+ ,mr4 ,gibbon's acc\nt1 to ask two que/ions3 7#a7 ,if x 7 suppos$ t ,john liv$ aft] ?is p]iod1 & design$ to repres5t ?is by an expressive symbol1 c\ld he h f\nd "o t w\ld h *>act]iz$ x bett] ?an ?is does8 7#b7 ,& if x %\ld be suppos$ t ,mr4 ,gibbon design$ to write a comm5t>y on ?is 8seal10 & to %[ ! exact fulfilm5t ( ! symbol1 c\ld he h select$ a bett] portion ( hi/ory to d x1 or c\ld he h bett] describ$ facts t w\ld be a complete fulfilm5t8 ,x is only necess>y to obs]ve fur!r1 7c7 t ?is is a m>k$ & def9ite p]iod4 ,x has su* a beg9n+1 & su* a cont9uance & end+1 z to %[ t ?is symbol 0 applicable to ?is z a p]iod ( ! _w4 ,= x 0 n only prec$$ by a /ate ( peace1 z is suppos$ 9 ! symbol1 b no "o c d5y t ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! empire1 f ,commodus onw>d ?r\gh _m ye>s1 0 su* z to be appropriately designat$ by ! symbol "h us$4 #e ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! ?ird seal1 ,i he>d ! ?ird bea/ say1 ,come & see4 ,& ,i beheld1 & lo1 a black horse2 & he t sat on him _h a pair ( balances 9 8 h&4 #f ,& ,i he>d a voice 9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r bea/s say1 #bag;,a measure ( :eat = a p5ny1 & ?ree measures ( b>ley = a p5ny2 & see ?\ #bah;hurt n ! oil & ! w9e4 #e1 #f4 ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! ?ird seal44 ,unfold+ ano!r portion ( ! volume4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #a4 ,i he>d ! ?ird bea/ say1 ,come & see4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #g4 ,x is n app>5t :y ! ?ird bea/ is repres5t$ z tak+ a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! op5+ ( ?is seal 7comp4 ,notes on v]4 #c71 nor is x necess>y to %[ :y x 0 s4 ,! g5]al design seems to h be51 to repres5t ea* "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures z int]e/$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! seals1 b ! ord] 9 :i* !y did ?is does n seem to be a matt] ( importance4 ,& ,i beheld1 & lo1 a black horse4 ,! specifications ( ! symbol "h are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,z be=e1 ! horse4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 7b7 ,! col\r ( ! horse3 lo1 a black horse4 ,?is w\ld prop]ly d5ote di/ress & calamity= black has be5 reg>d$ always z su* a symbol4 ,s ,virgil speaks ( fe> z black3 8atrumque timorem0 7n4 ix4 #fai74 ,s aga91 ,georg4 iv4 #dfh3 8,caligantem nigra =mid9e lucum40 ,s1 z appli$ to ! dy+ ,acca1 n4 xi4 #hbe3 8,t5ebris nigrescunt omnia circum40 ,black1 9 ! ,scriptures1 is ! image ( fe>1 ( fam9e1 ( dea?4 ,la4 v4 #aj3 8,our sk9 0 black l an ov51 because ( ! t]rible fam9e40 ,je4 xiv4 #b3 8,because ( ! dr\ght ,judah m\rne?1 & ! gates !re( langui%2 !y are 9 deep m\rn+ lit]ally1 black = ! l&40 ,joel ii4 #f3 8,all faces %all ga!r blackness40 ,na4 ii4 #aj3 8,! knees smite toge!r1 & !re is great pa9 9 all lo9s1 & ! faces ( !m all ga!r blackness40 ,comp4 ,re4 vi4 #ab2 ,eze4 xxxii4 #g4 ,see also ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 ,p4 i4 lib4 ii4 c4 vii4 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,f ! col\r ( ! horse "h introduc$ we %\ld naturally look = "s dire calamity1 ?\gh ! nature ( ! calamity w\ld n be designat$ by ! m]e use ( ! ^w black4 ,:at ! calamity 0 to be mu/ be det]m9$ by :at foll[s 9 ! symbol4 ,fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 oppression1 heavy taxation1 tyranny1 invasionany ( ^! might be d5ot$ by ! col\r ( ! horse4 7c7 ,! balances3 & he t sat on him _h a pair ( balances 9 8 h&4 ,! orig9al ^w "h r5d]$ a pair #aej ( balances1 is 4 ,?is ^w prop]ly means a yoke1 s]v+ to c\ple any?+ toge!r1 z a yoke = cattle4 ,h5ce x is us$ to d5ote ! beam ( a balance1 or ( a pair ( scales& is evid5tly s us$ "h4 ,! idea is1 t some?+ 0 to be weigh$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ei!r its quantity or its value4 ,scales or balances are ! emblems ( ju/ice or equity 7comp4 ,job xxxi4 #f2 ,ps4 lxii4 #i2 ,pr4 xi4 #a2 xvi4 #aa72 & :5 jo9$ ) symbols t d5ote ! sale ( corn & fruit by weight1 become ! symbol ( sc>city4 ,?us 8bread by weight0 7,le4 xxvi4 #bf7 d5otes sc>city4 ,s 9 ,eze4 iv4 #af1 8,& !y %all eat bread by weight40 ,! use ( balances "h z a symbol w\ld signify t some?+ 0 to be accurately & c>efully weigh$ out4 ,! connection leads u to suppose t ?is w\ld app]ta9 to ! necess>ies ( life1 & t x w\ld occur ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( sc>city1 or because !re w\ld be an accurate or sev]e exaction1 z 9 collect+ a rev5ue on ^! articles4 ,! balance 0 commonly ! symbol ( equity & ju/ice2 b x 0 also1 sometimes1 ! symbol ( exaction & oppression1 z 9 ,ho4 xii4 #g3 8,! balance ( deceit is 9 8 h&s2 he love? to oppress40 ,if ! balances /ood alone1 & !re 7 no proclamation z to :at 0 to occur1 we %\ld look1 "u ?is seal1 to a "t ( ! exact adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 z scales or balances are n[ us$ z emblems ( ! rigid application ( ! laws & ( ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice 9 c\rts1 or 9 public affairs4 ,if ?is repres5tation /ood alone1 or if ! black horse & ! scales con/itut$ ! :ole ( ! symbol1 we %\ld look = "s sev]e adm9i/ration1 or p]haps "s heavy calamity "u a rigor\s adm9i/ration ( laws4 ,! ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! 8:eat & b>ley10 & to ! price = :i* !y 7 to be weigh$ out1 s]ves /ill fur!r to limit & def9e ! mean+ ( ! symbol z hav+ ref]5ce to ! necess>ies ( lifeto ! productions ( ! l&to ! actual capital ( ! c\ntry4 ,:e!r ?is ref]s to sc>city1 or to taxation1 or bo?1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! o!r p>ts ( ! symbol4 7d7 ,! proclamation3 ,& ,i he>d a voice 9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r bea/s say4 ,t is1 f ! ?rone1 *4 iv4 #f4 ,! voice 0 n t ( "o ( ! f\r bea/s1 b x seem$ to come f among !m4 ,z ! rid] w5t =?1 ?is 0 ! proclamation t 0 made 9 reg>d to him2 or ?is is t :i* is symboliz$ 9 8 go+ =?1 to wit1 t !re w\ld be su* a /ate ( ?+s t a measure ( :eat w\ld be sold = a p5ny1 c4 ,! proclamation consi/s ess5tially ( two ?+st :i* ref]s to ! price or value ( :eat & b>ley1 & t :i* requires t c>e %all be tak5 n to injure ! oil & ! w9e4 ,ea* ( ^! dem&s explanation4 ,a measure ( :eat = a p5ny4 ,see ! m>g94 ,! ^w r5d]$ measure1 *nixd5otes an ,attic measure = gra9 & ?+s dry1 equal to ! =ty-eigh? "p ( ! ,attic m$imnus1 or ! eigh? "p ( ! ,roman modius1 & consequ5tly 0 ne>ly equival5t to "o qu>t ,engli% 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,! ^w r5d]$ p5ny1 ,lat4 d5>ius0 ( ! same value z ! ,greek 1 dra*m1 & 0 equival5t to ab\t f\rte5 c5ts or sev5p5ce4 ,?is 0 ! usual price ( a day's lab\r1 ,mat4 xx4 #b1 #i4 ,! *nix1 or measure ( gra9 "h ref]r$ to1 0 ! ord9>y daily all[ance = "o man ,odyss41 xix4 #bg1 #bh74 ,see ,/u>t1 9 loco4 ,! common price ( ! ,attic m$imnus ( :eat 0 five or six d5>ii2 b "h1 z t conta9$ =ty-eight *nixes or qu>ts1 ! price w\ld be augm5t$ to =ty-eight d5>iior x w\ld be ab\t eight times z de> z ord9>y2 t is1 !re w\ld be a sc>city or fam9e4 ,! price ( a bu%el ( :eat at ?is rate w\ld be ab\t f\r doll>s & a half or #ah %ill+sa price :i* w\ld indicate great sc>city1 & :i* w\ld give rise to mu* di/ress4 ,& ?ree measures ( b>ley = a p5ny4 ,x w\ld seem f ?is t b>ley usually bore ab\t "o-?ird ! price ( :eat4 ,x 0 a less valuable gra91 & p]haps 0 produc$ 9 great] abundance4 ,?is is n f> f ! proportion :i* ! price ( ?is gra9 usually #aea be>s to t ( :eat1 & "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! :eat1 ! ?+ :i* w\ld be indicat$ w\ld be sc>city4 ,?is proclamation ( 8a measure ( :eat = a p5ny0 0 he>d ei!r z address$ to ! horseman1 z a rule ( action = him1 or z address$ by ! horseman z he w5t =?4 ,if ! =m] is ! mean+1 x w\ld be an appropriate address to "o :o 0 go+ =? to collect tribute) ref]5ce to ! exact mann] 9 :i* ?is tribute 0 to be collect$1 imply+ "s sort ( sev]ity ( exaction2 or to "o :o %\ld di/ribute :eat & b>ley out ( ! public gran>ies at an advanc$ price1 indicat+ sc>city4 ,?us x w\ld mean t a sev]e & heavy taxrepres5t$ by ! scales & ! sc>cityor a tax s sev]e z to make gra9 de>1 0 ref]r$ to4 ,if ! latt] is ! mean+1 !n ! idea is t !re w\ld be a sc>city1 & t gra9 w\ld be dealt out by ! gov]nm5t at a high & oppressive price4 ,! latt] idea w\ld be z consonant ) ! symbol ( ! scales & ! price m5tion$ z ! o!r1 if x 7 n = ! additional injunction n to 8hurt ! oil & ! w9e0:i* _c be well appli$ to ! idea ( deal+ out gra9 at a high price4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be connect$1 by a fair int]pretation ( t passage1 ) su* a sev]ity ( taxation t !re w\ld be a propriety 9 su* a comm&=1 z we %all see1 "u ! explanation ( t phrase1 su* a law 0 actually promulgat$ z result+ f sev]ity ( taxation4 ,! idea1 !n1 9 ! passage be=e u1 w\ld seem to be1 7a7 t !re w\ld be a rigid adm9i/ration ( ! law 9 reg>d to ! matt] "u consid]ationt p]ta9+ to ! productions ( ! e>?repres5t$ by ! balances2 & 7b7 t t w\ld be connect$ ) g5]al sc>city1 or su* an ex]cise ( ?is p[] z to det]m9e ! price ( gra91 s t ! price w\ld be "s ?ree times great] ?an ord9>y4 ,& see ?\ hurt n ! oil & ! w9e4 ,!re has be5 a great v>iety ( int]pretations propos$ ( ?is passage1 & x is by no means easy to det]m9e ! true s5se4 ,! fir/ inquiry 9 reg>d to x is1 to :om is x address$8 ,p]haps ! mo/ common impression on read+ x w\ld be1 t x is address$ to ! horseman ) ! balances1 comm&+ him n to injure ! olivey>ds & ! v9ey>ds4 ,b ?is is n probably ! correct view4 ,x does n appe> t ! horseman goes =? to de/roy any?+1 or t ! effect ( 8 go+ =? is directly to injure any?+4 ,?is1 !re=e1 %\ld n be und]/ood z address$ to ! horseman1 b %\ld be reg>d$ z a g5]al comm& to any & all n to injure ! olivey>ds & v9ey>ds2 t is1 an ord] t no?+ %\ld be done ess5tially to injure !m4 ,if ?us reg>d$ z address$ to o!rs1 a fair & congru\s mean+ w\ld be furni%$ by ei!r ( ! foll[+ int]pretations3 ei!r 7a7 consid]$ z address$ to ^? :o 7 dispos$ to be prodigal 9 _! mann] ( liv+1 or c>eless z to ! de/ruction ( ! crop ( ! oil & w9e1 z !y w\ld n[ be ne$$2 or 7b7 z address$ to ^? :o rais$ su* productions1 on ! supposition t !y w\ld be tax$ heavily1 or t l>ge quantities ( ^! productions w\ld be extort$ = rev5ue1 t !y %\ld n mutilate _! fruit-trees 9 ord] to evade ! taxes impos$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! ?+s specifi$ "hoil & w9ex may be rem>k$1 t !y 7 h>dly consid]$ z articles ( luxury 9 anci5t times4 ,!y 7 almo/ z necess>y articles z :eat & b>ley4 ,!y con/itut$ a consid]able "p ( ! food & dr9k ( ! p1 z well z furni%$ a l>ge portion ( ! rev5ue1 & x w\ld seem to be ) ref]5ce to t fact t ! comm& "h is giv5 t !y %\ld n be injur$2 t is1 t no?+ %\ld be done to dim9i% ! quantity ( oil & w9e1 or to impair ! productive p[] ( olivey>ds & v9ey>ds4 ,! /ate ( ?+s ?us describ$ by ?is seal1 z ?us int]pret$1 w\ld be1 7a7 a rigid adm9i/ration ( ! laws ( ! empire1 p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to taxation1 produc+ a sc>city among ! necess>y articles ( liv+2 7b7 a /rong t5d5cy1 f ! sev]ity ( ! taxation1 to mutilate su* k9ds ( prop]ty1 ) a view ei!r ( conceal+ ! real am\nt ( prop]ty1 or ( dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( taxes2 & 7c7 a solemn comm& f "s au?oritative qu>t] n to d ?is4 ,a comm& f ! rul+ p[] n to d ?is w\ld meet all t w\ld be fairly dem&$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! passage2 & :at is necess>y 9 its application1 is to f9d su* a /ate ( ?+s z w\ld #aeb correspond ) ^! pr$ictions2 t is1 su* z a writ] w\ld h describ$ by su* symbols on ! supposition t !y 7 ref]r$ to4 ,n[ x s happ5s t !re 7 important ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,roman empire1 & connect$ ) its decl9e & fall1 ( suffici5t importance to be notic$ 9 a s]ies ( calamit\s ev5ts1 :i* correspond$ ) ! symbol "h1 z above expla9$4 ,!y 7 su* z ^!3 7a7 ,! g5]al sev]ity ( taxation1 or ! oppressive burd5s laid on ! p by ! emp]ors4 ,9 ! acc\nt :i* ,mr4 ,gibbon gives ( ! op]ation ( ! ,indictions1 & ,sup]9dictions1 ?\gh ! specific laws on ?is subject p]ta9$ to a subsequ5t p]iod1 ! g5]al nature ( ! taxation ( ! empire & its oppressive "* may be se5 7,decl9e & ,fall1 i4 #cegcei74 ,a g5]al e/imate ( ! am\nt ( rev5ue to be exact$ 0 made out1 & ! collect+ ( ?is 0 committ$ to ! pretorian prefects1 & to a great numb] ( subord9ate (fic]s4 8,! l&s 7 measur$ by surveyors :o 7 s5t into ! prov9ces2 _! nature1 :e!r arable1 or pa/ure1 or woods1 0 di/9ctly report$2 & an e/imate made ( _! common value1 f ! av]age produce ( five ye>s4 ,! numb] ( slaves & ( cattle con/itut$ an ess5tial "p ( ! report2 an oa? 0 adm9i/]$ to ! proprietors1 :i* b\nd !m to disclose ! true /ate ( _! affairs2 & _! attempts to prev>icate or elude ! int5tion ( ! legislature 7 sev]ely wat*$1 & puni%$ z a capital crime1 :i* includ$ ! d\ble guilt ( treason & ( sacrilege4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t nature ( l&s1 _! real produce 9 ! v>i\s articles ( w9e or oil1 corn or b>ley1 wood or iron1 0 transport$ by ! lab\r or at ! exp5se ( ! prov9cials to ! imp]ial magaz9es1 f :5ce !y 7 occasionally di/ribut$ = ! use ( ! c\rt or ( ! army1 & ( ! two capitals1 ,rome & ,con/ant9ople10 i4 p4 #ceh4 ,comp4 ,lactant4 de ,mort4 ,p]secut41 c4 #bc4 7b7 ,! p>ticul> ord]1 "u ?is oppressive sy/em ( taxation1 respect+ ! pres]vation ( v9ey>ds & olivey>ds1 may be ref]r$ to1 also1 z correspond+ to ! comm& s5t =? "u ?is rid]1 n to 8hurt ! oil & ! w9e40 ,t ord] 0 9 ! foll[+ words38,if any "o %all sacrilegi\sly cut a v9e1 or /9t ! fruit ( prolific b\ghs1 & craftily feign pov]ty 9 ord] to avoid a fair assessm5t1 he %all1 imm$iately on detection1 suff] dea?1 & 8 prop]ty be confiscat$0 7,cod4 ,!od4 l4 xiii4 lib4 xi4 seq42 ,gibbon1 i4 #ceh1 note74 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks3 8,al?\gh ?is law is n )\t its /udi$ obscurity1 x is1 h[ev]1 cle> en\gh to prove ! m9ut5ess ( ! inquisition1 & ! disproportion ( ! p5alty40 7c7 ,"u ?is g5]al subject ( ! sev]ity ( taxationz a fact f>-spread+ & oppressive1 & z s important z to ha/5 ! d[nfall ( ! empire1 may be notic$ a di/9ct edict ( ,c>acalla z occurr+ m directly 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! rid] ) ! balances may be suppos$ to h gone =?4 ,?is is /at$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon 7i4 #ia7 z "o ( ! important causes :i* contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( ! empire4 8,! p]sonal *>act]s ( ! emp]ors1 _! victories1 laws1 & =tunes10 says he1 8c int]e/ u no f>!r ?an !y are connect$ ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! decl9e & fall ( ! mon>*y4 ,our con/ant att5tion to t object w n suff] u to ov]look a mo/ important edict ( ,anton9us ,c>acalla1 :i* communicat$ to all ! free inhabitants ( ! empire ! "n & privileges ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,8 unb\nd$ lib]ality1 h[ev]1 fl[$ n f ! s5tim5ts ( a g5]\s m9d2 x 0 ! sordid result ( av>ice10 c4 ,he !n proce$s at l5g? to /ate ! nature & op]ations ( t law1 by :i* a heavy tax1 "u ! pret5ce ( lib]ality1 0 9 fact impos$ on all ! citiz5s ( ! empirea fact :i*1 9 its ultimate results1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall reg>ds z s closely connect$ ) ! t]m9ation ( ! empire4 ,see ,gibbon1 i4 pp4 #iaie4 ,aft] notic+ ! laws ( ,augu/us1 ,n]o1 & ! ,anton9es1 & ! real privileges conf]r$ by !m on ^? :o became entitl$ to ! rank ( ,roman citiz5sprivileges :i* 7 a comp5sation 9 ! hon\r1 dignity1 & (fices ( t rank = ! measure ( taxation :i* x involv$he proce$s to notice ! fact t ! title ( 8,roman citiz50 0 conf]r$ by ,c>acalla on all ! free citiz5s ( ! empire1 involv+ ! subjection to all ! heavy taxes usually impos$ on ^? :o su/a9$ ! rank express$ by ! title1 b ) no?+ ( ! comp5sation connect$ #aec ) ! title :5 x 0 conf9$ to ! inhabitants ( ,italy4 8,b ! fav\r10 says he1 8:i* impli$ a di/9ction1 0 lo/ 9 ! prodigality ( ,c>acalla1 & ! reluctant prov9cials 7 compell$ to assume ! va9 title1 & ! real obligations1 ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,nor 0 ! rapaci\s son ( ,sev]us ,c>acalla cont5t$ ) su* a measure ( taxation z _h appe>$ suffici5t to 8 mod]ate pr$ecessors4 ,in/ead ( a tw5tie?1 he exact$ a t5? ( all legacies & inh]itances2 & dur+ 8 reign he cru%$ alike e "p ( ! empire "u ! weight ( 8 iron sceptre10 i4 #ie4 ,s aga9 7,ibid471 speak+ ( ! taxes :i* _h be5 light5$ some:at by ,alex&]1 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks3 8,x is impossible to conjecture ! motive t engag$ him to sp>e s trifl+ a remnant ( ! evil2 b ! noxi\s we$1 :i* _h n be5 totally eradicat$1 aga9 sprung up ) ! mo/ luxuriant gr[?1 & 9 ! succe$+ age d>k5$ ! ,roman _w ) its deadly %ade4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory we %all be too (t5 summon$ to expla9 ! l&-tax1 ! capitation1 & ! heavy contributions ( corn1 w9e1 oil1 & meat1 :i* 7 exact$ f ! prov9ces = ! use ( ! c\rt1 ! army1 & ! capital40 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is :ole matt] ( taxation z be+ "o ( ! ?+s :i* contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( ! empire1 & :i* spread woe ?r\gh ! fall+ empirea woe wor?y to be illu/rat$ by "o ( ! sealsa confirmation may be d]iv$ f ! reign ( ,gal]ius1 :o1 z ,cs>1 act$ "u ! au?ority ( ,diocletian2 :o excit$ ,diocletian to ! "w ( p]secution 7,decl9e & ,fall1 i4 #cag1 #cah72 & :o1 on ! abdication ( ,diocletian1 assum$ ! title ( ,augu/us 7,decl9e & ,fall1 i4 #bbb74 ,( 8 adm9i/ration 9 g5]al ,mr4 ,gibbon 7i4 #bbf7 rem>ks3 8,ab\t t "t ! av>ice ( ,gal]ius1 or p]haps ! exig5cies ( ! /ate1 _h induc$ him to make a v /rict & rigor\s inquisition into ! prop]ty ( 8 subjects = ! purpose ( a g5]al taxation1 bo? on _! l&s & on _! p]sons4 ,a v m9ute survey appe>s to h be5 tak5 ( _! real e/ates2 & :]ev] !re 0 ! slighte/ suspicion ( concealm5t1 torture 0 v freely employ$ to obta9 a s9c]e decl>ation ( _! p]sonal weal?40 ,( ! nature ( ?is exaction "u ,gal]ius2 ( ! cruelty ) :i* ! measure 0 prosecut$p>ticul>ly 9 its be>+ on ,*ri/ians1 t[>ds :om ,gal]ius *]i%$ a mortal enmity 7,decl9e & ,fall1 i4 #cag72 & ( ! ext5t & sev]ity ( ! suff]+ among ,*ri/ians & o!rs1 caus$ by x! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,lactantius 7,de ,mort4 ,p]secut41 c4 #bc7 w furni% a pa9ful b mo/ appropriate illu/ration38,sw>ms ( exactors s5t into ! prov9ces & cities fill$ !m ) agitation & t]ror1 z ?\gh a conqu]+ enemy 7 lead+ !m into captivity4 ,! fields 7 sep>ately measur$1 ! trees & v9es1 ! flocks & h]ds numb]$1 & an exam9ation made ( ! m54 ,9 ! cities ! cultivat$ & rude 7 unit$ z ( ! same rank4 ,! /reets 7 cr[d$ ) gr\ps ( families1 & e "o requir$ to appe> ) 8 *ildr5 & slaves4 ,tortures & la%es res\nd$ on e side4 ,sons 7 gibbet$ 9 ! pres5ce ( _! p>5ts1 & ! mo/ confid5tial s]vants h>ass$ t !y might make disclosures aga9/ _! ma/]s1 & wives t !y might te/ify unfav\rably ( _! husb&s4 ,if !re 7 a total de/itution ( prop]ty1 !y 7 /ill tortur$ to make ackn[l$gm5ts aga9/ !mselves1 &1 :5 ov]come by pa91 inscrib$ = :at !y did n possess4 ,nei!r age nor ill-heal? 0 admitt$ z an excuse = n appe>+4 ,! sick & weak 7 borne to ! place ( inscription1 a reckon+ made ( ! age ( ea*1 & ye>s add$ to ! "y & d$uct$ f ! old1 9 ord] to subject !m to a high] taxation ?an ! law impos$4 ,! :ole sc5e 0 fill$ ) wail+ & sadness4 ,9 ! meantime individuals di$1 & ! h]ds & ! flocks dim9i%$1 yet tribute 0 none ! less requir$ to be paid = ! dead1 s t x 0 no long] all[$ ei!r to live or die )\t a tax4 ,m5dicants alone escap$1 :]e no?+ c\ld be wr5*$1 & :om mis=tune & mis]y _h made incapable ( f>!r oppression4 ,^! ! impi\s wret* affect+ to pity1 t !y might n suff] want1 ord]$ to be assembl$1 borne (f 9 vessels1 & plung$ into ! sea40 ,see ,"l on ! ,apoc41 pp4 #abh1 #abi4 ,^! facts 9 reg>d to ! sev]ity ( taxation1 & ! rigid nature ( ! law en=c+ x2 to ! s\rces ( ! rv5ue exact$ 9 ! prov9ces1 & to ! c>e t none #aed ( ^? s\rces %\ld be dim9i%$2 & to ! actual & und\bt$ be>+ ( all ?is on ! decl9e & fall ( ! empire1 are s /rik+ly applicable to ! symbol "h employ$1 t if x be suppos$ t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to !m1 no m natural or expressive symbol c\ld h be5 us$2 if x 7 suppos$ t ! hi/orian meant to make a record ( ! fulfilm5t1 he c\ld n well h made a se>* :i* w\ld m /rik+ly accord ) ! symbol4 ,7 we n[ to repres5t ^! ?+s by a symbol1 we c\ld sc>cely f9d "o t w\ld be m expressive ?an t ( a rid] on a black horse ) a pair ( scales1 s5t =? "u a proclamation :i* indicat$ t !re w\ld be a mo/ rigid & exact adm9i/ration ( sev]e & oppressive laws1 & ) a special comm&1 address$ to ! p1 n = ! purposes ( concealm5t1 or f opposition to ! gov]nm5t1 to injure ! s\rces ( rev5ue4 ,x may s]ve fur!r to illu/rate ?is1 to copy "o ( ! usual emblems ( a ,roman procurator or que/or4 ,x is tak5 f ,spanheim1 ,de ,usu ,num4 ,diss41 vi4 #ede4 ,see ,elliott1 i4 #afi4 ,x has a balance z a symbol ( exactness or ju/ice1 & an e> ( gra9 z a symbol employ$ ) ref]5ce to procur+ or exact+ gra9 f ! prov9ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,emblem ( a ,roman ,procurator4 #g ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! f\r? seal1 ,i he>d ! voice ( ! f\r? bea/ say1 ,come & see4 #g4 ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! f\r? seal4 ,see ,notes1 *4 v4 #a4 ,i he>d ! voice ( ! f\r? bea/ say4 ,! fly+ eagle4 ,notes1 *4 iv4 #g4 ,z 9 ! o!r cases1 !re does n appe> to h be5 any p>ticul> reason :y ! f\r? ( ! liv+ creatures %\ld h made ?is proclamation r ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,x 0 poetic & appropriate to repres5t ea* "o 9 8 turn z mak+ proclamation4 ,come & see4 ,see ,notes1 v]4 #a4 #h ,& ,i look$1 & behold a pale horse2 & 8 "n t sat on him 0 ,dea?1 & ,hell foll[$ ) him4 ,& p[] 0 giv5 #baiunto !m ov] ! f\r? "p ( ! e>?1 to kill #bbj) sword1 & ) hung]1 & ) dea?1 & ) ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 #h4 ,& ,i look$1 & behold a pale horse 4 ,on ! horse1 z an emblem1 see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is emblem consi/s 9 ! col\r ( ! horse1 ! rid]1 & ! p[] t 0 giv5 unto him4 ,9 ^! !re is entire h>mony1 & !re c be comp>atively little difficulty 9 ! explanation & application4 ,! col\r ( ! horse 0 pale4 ,?is ^w prop]ly means pale-gre51 yell[i%-gre51 l ! col\r ( ! fir/ %oots ( grass & h]bage2 !n gre51 v]dant1 l "y h]bage1 ,m>4 vi4 #ci2 ,re4 viii4 #g2 ix4 #d2 & !n pale yell[i% 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,! col\r "h w\ld be an appropriate "o to d5ote ! reign ( dea?z "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ effects ( dea? is pal5ess&1 ( c\rse1 ( dea? produc$ by any cause1 fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 or ! sword4 ,f ?is portion ( ! symbol1 if x /ood ) no?+ to limit & def9e x1 we %\ld naturally look = "s condition ( ?+s 9 :i* dea? w\ld prevail 9 a rem>kable mann]1 or 9 :i* multitudes ( human be+s w\ld be swept away4 ,& yet1 p]haps1 f ! v nature ( ?is "p ( ! symbol1 we %\ld look = ! preval5ce ( dea? 9 "s su* peaceful mann] z by fam9e or disease4 ,! r$ col\r w\ld m naturally d5ote ! ravages ( dea? 9 w>2 ! black1 ! ravages ( dea? by sudd5 calamity2 ! pale w\ld m obvi\sly sugge/ fam9e or wa/+ disease4 ,& 8 "n t sat on him 0 ,dea?4 ,no description is giv5 ( 8 aspect2 nor does he appe> ) any emblemz sword1 or spe>1 #aee or b[4 ,!re is evid5t scope = ! fancy to picture to itself ! =m ( ! de/roy]2 & !re is j t k9d ( obscurity ab\t x :i* contributes to sublimity4 ,accord+ly1 !re has be5 ample room = ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation 9 ! attempts to pa9t 8,dea? on ! pale horse10 & ! op5+ ( ?is seal has furni%$ occasion = "s ( ! greate/ triumphs ( ! p5cil4 ,! simple idea 9 ?is portion ( ! symbol is1 t dea? w\ld reign or prevail "u ! op5+ ( ?is seal:e!r by sword1 by fam9e1 or by pe/il5ce1 is to be det]m9$ by o!r descriptions 9 ! symbol4 ,& ,hell foll[$ ) him4 ,att5d$ him z he w5t =?4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w "h r5d]$ hell1 hadessee ,notes on ,lu4 xvi4 #bc1 comp4 ,notes on ,job x4 #ba1 #bb2 ,is4 xiv4 #i4 ,x is "h us$ to d5ote ! abode ( ! dead1 consid]$ z a place :]e !y dwell1 & n 9 ! m re/rict$ s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is n[ commonly us$ z a place ( puni%m5t4 ,! idea is1 t ! dead w\ld be s num]\s at ! go+ =? ( ?is horseman1 t x w\ld seem z if ! pale nations ( ! dead _h come aga9 ^u ! e>?4 ,a va/ ret9ue ( ! dead w\ld accompany him2 t is1 x w\ld be a "t :5 dea? w\ld prevail on ! e>?1 or :5 multitudes w\ld die4 ,& p[] 0 giv5 unto !m4 ,m>g41 to him4 ,! common ,greek text is to !m4 ,!re are _m ,,mss41 h[ev]1 :i* read to him4 ,s ,pr(essor ,/u>t reads x4 ,! au?ority1 h[ev]1 is 9 fav\r ( !m z ! read+2 & accord+ to ?is1 dea? & 8 tra9 are reg>d$ z gr\p$ toge!r1 & ! p[] is consid]$ z giv5 to !m collectively4 ,! s5se is n mat]ially v>i$4 ,ov] ! f\r? "p ( ! e>?4 ,t is1 ( ! ,roman _w4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to und]/& ?is z ext5d+ ov] precisely a f\r? "p ( ! _w4 ,comp4 ,re4 viii4 #gaj1 #ab2 ix4 #ae1 et al4 ,und\bt$ly we are to look 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is to "s f>-spread calamity2 to "s sev]e visitations :i* w\ld sweep (f great multitudes ( m54 ,! nature ( t visitation is designat$ 9 ! foll[+ specifications4 ,to kill ) sword4 ,9 w> & discord& we are1 !re=e1 to look to a p]iod ( w>4 ,& ) hung]4 ,) fam9e"o ( ! accompanim5ts ( w>:]e armies ravage a nation1 trampl+ d[n ! crops ( gra92 consum+ ! provisions laid up2 employ+ 9 w>1 or cutt+ (f1 ! m5 :o w\ld be occupi$ 9 cultivat+ ! gr\nd2 mak+ x necess>y t !y %\ld take ! field at a "t :5 ! gra9 %\ld be s[n or ! h>ve/ collect$2 & %utt+ up ! p 9 besieg$ cities to p]i% by hung]4 ,fam9e has be5 n an unfrequ5t accompanim5t ( w>2 & we are to look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 its ext5sive preval5ce4 ,& ) dea?4 ,ea* ( ! o!r =ms8) ! sword & ) hung]0imply t dea? w\ld reign2 = x is said t 8p[] 0 giv5 to kill ) sword & ) hung]40 ,?is ^w1 !n1 mu/ ref] to dea? 9 "s o!r =mto dea? t seem$ to reign )\t any su* visible cause z ! 8sword0 & 8hung]40 ,?is w\ld well d5ote ! pe/il5cen an unfrequ5t accompanim5t ( w>4 ,= no?+ is bett] fitt$ to produce ?is ?an ! unburi$ bodies ( ! sla92 ! fil? ( a camp2 ! want ( food2 & ! cr[d+ toge!r ( multitudes 9 a besieg$ city2 &1 accord+ly1 ! pe/il5ce1 especially 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries1 has be5 (t5 closely connect$ ) w>4 ,t ! pe/il5ce is ref]r$ to "h is r5d]$ m c]ta9 by ! fact t ! ,hebrew ^w 1 pe/il5ce1 :i* occurs ab\t fifty times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is r5d]$ 1 dea?1 m ?an ?irty times 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,& ) ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,) wild bea/s4 ,?is1 too1 w\ld be "o ( ! consequ5ces ( w>1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce4 ,l&s w\ld be depopulat$1 & wild bea/s w\ld be multipli$4 ,no?+ m is necess>y to make !m =midable ?an a preval5ce ( ^! ?+s2 & no?+1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society1 or 9 c\ntries ravag$ by w>1 fam9e1 & ! pe/il5ce1 is m =midable4 ,hom]1 at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 ,iliad1 pres5ts u ) a repres5tation simil> to ?is4 ,comp4 ,eze4 xiv4 #ba3 8,i s5d my f\r sore judgm5ts ^u ,j]usalem1 ! sword1 & ! fam9e1 & ! noisome bea/1 & ! pe/il5ce10 ,sept41 z "h1 4 ,see also #b ,ki4 xvii4 #bf4 ,9 reg>d to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is !re c be little difficulty1 if ! pr9ciples adopt$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! fir/ ?ree seals are correct4 ,we #aef may turn to ,gibbon1 &1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 we %all f9d t he has be5 an unconsci\s witness ( ! fidelity ( ! repres5tation 9 ?is seal4 ,two g5]al rem>ks may be made be=e !re is an attempt to illu/rate ! p>ticul> ?+s 9 ! symbol4 7a7 ,! fir/ relates to ! place 9 ! ord] ( "t1 or 9 hi/ory1 :i* ?is seal occupies4 ,if ! ?ree =m] seals h be5 locat$ ) any degree ( accuracy1 we %\ld expect t ?is w\ld foll[1 n v remotely1 ! sev]e laws p]ta9+ to taxation1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon1 contribut$ s ess5tially to ! d[nfall ( ! empire4 ,& if x be admitt$ to be probable t ! fif? seal ref]s to a "t ( p]secution1 x w\ld be mo/ natural to fix ?is p]iod betwe5 ^? times & ! times ( ,diocletian1 :5 ! p]secution ceas$4 ,i may be p]mitt$ to say1 t ,i 0 l$ to fix on ?is p]iod )\t hav+ any def9ite view be=eh& ( :at occurr$ 9 x1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d 9 ,mr4 ,gibbon :at seems to be s accurate a correspond5ce ) ! symbol4 7b7 ,! second rem>k is1 t ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?is p]iod1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon1 agree rem>kably ) :at we %\ld expect ( ! p]iod f ! symbol4 ,?us speak+ ( ?is :ole p]iod 7,a4,d4 #bdhbfh71 embrac+ ! reigns ( ,decius1 ,gallus1 milianus1 ,val]ian1 & ,galli5us1 he says1 8,f ! great secul> games celebrat$ by ,philip to ! dea? ( ! emp]or ,galli5us1 !re elaps$ tw5ty ye>s ( %ame & mis=tune4 ,dur+ ?is calamit\s p]iod e in/ant ( "t 0 m>k$1 e prov9ce ( ! ,roman _w 0 afflict$ by b>b>\s invad]s & milit>y tyrants1 & ! ru9$ empire seem$ to approa* ! la/ & fatal mom5t ( its dissolution10 i4 #ace4 ,9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> ?+s ref]r$ to 9 ! symbol1 ! foll[+ specifications may furni% a suffici5t confirmation & illu/ration3 7a7 ,! kill+ ) ! sword4 ,a fulfilm5t ( ?is1 s f> z ! words are conc]n$1 might be f\nd inde$ 9 _m portions ( ,roman hi/ory1 b no "o c d\bt t x 0 em95tly true ( ?is p]iod4 ,x 0 ! p]iod ( ! fir/ ,go?ic invasion ( ! ,roman empire2 ! p]iod :5 ^? va/ hordes1 hav+ gradually come d[n f ! regions ( ,sc&9avia1 & hav+ mov$ along ! ,danube t[>ds ! ,ukra9e & ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,bory/h5es1 invad$ ! ,roman t]ritories f ! ,ea/1 pass$ ov] ,greece1 & made _! appe>ance almo/1 z ,mr4 ,gibbon says1 )9 sight ( ,rome4 ,( ?is invasion ,mr4 ,gibbon says1 8,?is is ! fir/ consid]able occasion ! fact t ! emp]or ,decius 0 summon$ to ! banks ( ! ,danube1 ,a4,d4 #bej1 by ! invasion ( ! ,go?s 9 :i* hi/ory m5tions t great p1 :o aft]w>ds broke ! ,roman p[]1 sack$ ! ,capitol1 & reign$ 9 ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,s memorable 0 ! "p :i* !y act$ 9 ! subv]sion ( ! ,we/]n empire1 t ! "n ( ,,go?s is frequ5tly1 b improp]ly1 us$ z a g5]al appellation ( rude & w>like b>b>ism10 i4 p4 #acf4 ,z "o ( ! illu/rations t ! 8sword0 w\ld be us$ by 8,dea?0 9 ?is p]iod1 we may ref] to ! siege & capture ( ,philippolis4 8,a hundr$ ?\s& p]sons are report$ to h be5 massacr$ 9 ! sack ( t great city0 7,dec4 & ,fall1 i4 #adj74 8,! :ole p]iod10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speak+ ( ! reigns ( ,val]ian & ,galli5us1 80 "o un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( confusion & calamity4 ,! ,roman empire 01 at ! same "t1 & on e side1 attack$ by ! bl9d fury ( =eign invad]s1 & ! wild ambition ( dome/ic usurp]s10 i4 #add4 8,su* 7 ! b>b>ians10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 ! close ( 8 description ( ! ,go?s at ?is p]iod1 & ( ! tyrants t reign$1 8& su* ! tyrants1 :o1 "u ! reigns ( ,val]ian & ,galli5us1 dismemb]$ ! prov9ces1 & r$uc$ ! empire to ! l[e/ pit* ( disgrace & ru91 f :5ce x seem$ impossible t x %\ld ev] em]ge10 i4 #aeh4 7b7 ,fam9e3 8,%all kill ) hung]40 ,?is w\ld naturally be ! consequ5ce ( long-cont9u$ w>s1 & ( su* invasions z ^? ( ! ,go?s4 ,mr4 ,gibbon says ( ?is p]iod3 8,our habits ( ?9k+ s fondly connect ! ord] ( ! univ]se ) ! fate ( man1 t ?is gloomy p]iod ( hi/ory has be5 decorat$ ) inundations1 e>?quakes1 uncommon meteors1 pret]natural d>kness1 & a cr[d ( prodigies1 fictiti\s or exagg]at$4 ,b a long & g5]al fam9e 0 a calamity ( a m s]i\s k9d4 ,x 0 ! inevitable consequ5ce ( rap9e & oppression1 :i* extirpat$ ! produce ( ! pres5t1 & ! hope ( future h>ve/s10 i4 p4 #aei4 ,prodigies1 & pret]natural #aeg d>kness1 & e>?quakes1 7 n se5 9 ! vision ( ! op5+ ( ! sealb w> & fam9e 72 & ! facts /at$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon are su* z w\ld be n[ appropriately symboliz$ by ,dea? on ! pale horse4 7c7 ,pe/il5ce3 8,& %all kill ) dea?40 ,( ! pe/il5ce :i* rag$ 9 ?is p]iod ,mr4 ,gibbon makes ! foll[+ rem>kable /atem5t1 9 imm$iate connection ) :at he says ( ! fam9e38,fam9e is almo/ always foll[$ by epidemical diseases1 ! effect ( scanty & un:olesome food4 ,o!r causes mu/1 h[ev]1 h contribut$ to ! furi\s plague1 :i*1 f ! ye> #bej to ! ye> #bfe1 rag$ )\t int]ruption 9 e prov9ce1 e city1 & almo/ e family ( ! ,roman empire4 ,dur+ "s "t five ?\s& p]sons di$ daily at ,rome2 & _m t[ns t _h escap$ ! h&s ( ! b>b>ians 7 entirely depopulat$10 i4 #aei4 7d7 ,wild bea/s3 8,& %all kill ) ! bea/s ( ! e>?40 ,z already rem>k$1 ^! are =midable enemies 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society1 & :5 a c\ntry becomes1 f any cause1 depopulat$4 ,!y are n m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon z contribut+ to ! decl9e & fall ( ! empire1 or z connect$ ) ! calamities t came ^u ! _w at t p]iod4 ,b no "o c d\bt t 9 su* circum/ances !y w\ld be likely to ab\nd1 especially if ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,gibbon be correct 7i4 #aei71 :5 speak+ ( ^! times1 & mak+ an e/imate ( ! proportion ( ! inhabitants ( ,alex&ria t _h p]i%$:i* he says 0 m ?an "o-halfhe adds1 8,c\ld we v5ture to ext5d ! analogy to ! o!r prov9ces1 we might suspect t w>1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e _h consum$ 9 a few ye>s ! moiety ( ! human species40 ,yet1 ?\gh n adv]t$ to by ,mr4 ,gibbon1 !re is a record p]ta9+ to ?is v p]iod1 :i* %[s t ?is 0 "o ( ! calamities ) :i* ! _w 0 !n afflict$4 ,x occurs 9 ,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 lib4 i4 p4 #e4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,galli5us 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #cjj7 he speaks ( wild bea/s 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t !y 7 reg>d$ z a sore calamity4 ,! public p]il & suff]+ on ?is acc\nt 7 s great1 t 9 common ) o!r evils ?is 0 *>g$ on ,*ri/ians z "o ( ! judgm5ts ( heav5 :i* !y br\ght ^u ! _w4 ,9 def5d+ ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! g5]al *>ge t ^! judgm5ts 7 s5t f heav5 on _! acc\nt1 he adv]ts to ! preval5ce ( wild bea/s1 & %[s t !y c\ld n h be5 s5t z a judgm5t on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ! fact t !y _h prevail$ also 9 ! times ( hea!nism1 long be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ into ! empire4 8,qu&o cum f]is bella1 et proelia cum leonibus ge/a sunt8 ,non ante nos8 ,qu&o p]nicies populis v55atis ab anguibus data e/8 ,non ante nos80 8,:5 7 w>s wag$ ) wild bea/s1 & conte/s ) lions8 ,0 x n be=e our times8 ,:5 did a plague come ^u m5 poison$ by s]p5ts8 ,0 x n be=e our times80 ,9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( ! de/ruction :i* ^! causes w\ld br+ ^u ! _w1 !re is a rem>kable confirmation 9 ,gibbon4 ,to say1 z is said 9 ! acc\nt ( ! seal1 t 8a f\r? "p ( ! e>?0 w\ld be subject$ to ! reign ( dea? by ! sword1 by fam9e1 by pe/il5ce1 & by wild bea/s1 may seem to _m to be an improbable /atem5ta /atem5t = ! fulfilm5t ( :i* we %\ld look 9 va9 to any hi/orical records4 ,yet ,mr4 ,gibbon1 )\t expressly m5tion+ ! plague ( wild bea/s1 b ref]r+ to ! ?ree o!rs8w>1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e0goes into a calculation1 9 a passage already ref]r$ to1 by :i* he %[s t x is probable t f ^! causes half ! human race 0 de/roy$4 ,! foll[+ is 8 e/imate38,we h ! k ( a v curi\s circum/ance1 ( "s use p]haps 9 ! melan*oly calculation ( human calamities4 ,an exact regi/] 0 kept at ,alex&ria ( all ! citiz5s entitl$ to receive ! di/ribution ( corn4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! anci5t numb] ( ^? compris$ betwe5 ! ages ( =ty & sev5ty _h be5 equal to ! :ole sum ( claimants1 f f\rte5 to f\rscore ye>s ( age1 :o rema9$ alive aft] ! reign ( ,galli5us4 ,apply+ ?is au!ntic fact to ! mo/ correct tables ( mortality1 x evid5tly proves t above half ! p ( ,alex&ria _h p]i%$2 & c\ld we v5ture to ext5d ! analogy to ! o!r prov9ces1 we might suspect t w>1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e _h consum$ 9 a few ye>s ! moiety ( ! human species1 0 i4 #aei4 ,! hi/orian says t x might be 8suspect$ 0 f ^! data t "o-half ( ! #aeh human race _h be5 cut (f 9 a few ye>s1 f ^! causes2 9 ! ,apocalyptic vision x is said t p[] 0 giv5 ov] "o 8f\r?0 ( ! e>?4 ,we may rem>k1 7a7 t ! description 9 ! symbol is z likely to be correct z ! 8suspicion0 ( ! hi/orian2 & 7b7 t 8 /atem5t t 9 ?is p]iod 8a moiety ( ! race10 or "o-half ( ! race1 p]i%$1 takes away all improbability f ! pr$iction1 & gives a mo/ graphic confirmation ( ! symbol ( ,dea? on ! pale horse4 ,if su* a desolation 9 fact occurr$1 !re is no improbability 9 ! supposition t x might h be5 prefigur$ by ! op5+ ( a prophetic seal4 ,su* a wide-spread desolation w\ld be likely to be ref]r$ to 9 a s]ies ( symbols t 7 design$ to repres5t ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman p[]1 & ! great *anges 9 human affairs t w\ld affect ! welf>e ( ! *ur*4 #i ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! fif? seal1 ,i saw "u ! #bba;alt> ! #bbbs\ls ( !m t 7 sla9 = #bbc! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony :i* !y held3 #aj ,& !y cri$ ) a l\d voice1 say+1 #bbd;,h[ long1 ,o ,"l1 holy & true1 do/ ?\ n judge & #bbe;av5ge our blood on !m t dwell on ! e>?8 #aa ,& #bbf:ite robes 7 giv5 unto e "o ( !m2 & x 0 said unto !m1 t !y %\ld #bbgre/ yet = a little season1 until#bbh _! fell[-s]vants also & _! bre?r51 t %\ld be kill$ z !y 71 %\ld be fulfill$4 #iaa4 ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! fif? seal4 ,notes1 *4 v4 #a2 vi4 #a4 ,i saw "u ! alt>4 ,! f\r liv+ creatures are no long] he>d z 9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ f\r seals4 ,no reason is giv5 = ! *ange 9 ! mann] ( ! repres5tation2 & none c be assign$1 unless x be1 t hav+ repres5t$ ea* "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures 9 _! turn z call+ att5tion to ! rem>kable ev5ts ab\t to occur1 !re seem$ to be no necessity or propriety 9 introduc+ !m aga94 ,9 itself consid]$1 x _c be suppos$ t !y w\ld be any less int]e/$ 9 ! ev5ts ab\t to be disclos$ ?an !y 7 9 ^? :i* prec$$4 ,?is seal p]ta9s to m>tyrsz ! =m] successively did to a "t ( prosp]ity & triumph2 to discord & blood%$2 to oppressive taxation2 to w>1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce4 ,9 ! s]ies ( woes1 x 0 natural & prop] t !re %\ld be a vision ( m>tyrs1 if x 0 int5d$ t ! successive seals %\ld ref] to com+ & important p]iods ( ! _w2 & accord+ly we h "h a /rik+ repres5tation ( ! m>tyrs cry+ to ,god to int]pose 9 _! behalf & to av5ge _! blood4 ,! po9ts :i* require elucidation are3 7a7 _! position"u ! alt>2 7b7 _! invocationor _! pray] t !y might be av5g$2 7c7 ! clo?+ ( !m ) robes2 & 7d7 ! comm& to wait pati5tly a little "t4 7#a7 ,! position ( ! m>tyrs"u ! alt>4 ,!re 7 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem two alt>s! alt> ( burnt sacrifices1 & ! alt> ( inc5se4 ,! alt> "h ref]r$ to 0 probably ! =m]4 ,?is /ood 9 front ( ! temple1 & x 0 on ?is t ! daily sacrifice 0 made4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #bc1 #bd4 ,we are to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! temple & ! alt> 7 bo? de/roy$ be=e ! "t :5 ?is book 0 writt51 & ?is %\ld1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ m]ely z a vision4 ,john saw ^! s\ls z if !y 7 collect$ "u ! alt>! place :]e ! sacrifice = s9 0 made(f]+ _! supplications4 ,:y !y are repres5t$ z be+ !re is n s app>5t2 b probably two sugge/ions w expla9 ?is3 7a7 ,! alt> 0 ! place :]e s9 0 expiat$1 & x 0 natural to repres5t ^! r$eem$ m>tyrs z seek+ refuge !re2 & 7b7 x 0 usual to (f] pray]s & supplications at ! alt>1 9 connection ) ! sacrifice made = s91 & on ! gr\nd ( t sacrifice4 ,! idea is1 t !y :o 7 suff]+ p]secution w\ld naturally seek a refuge 9 ! place :]e expiation 0 made = s91 & :]e pray] 0 appropriately (f]$4 ,! language "h is su* z a ,hebrew w\ld naturally use2 ! idea is appropriate to anyone :o believes 9 ! atonem5t1 & :o supposes t t is ! appropriate refuge = ^? :o are 9 tr\ble4 ,b :ile ! language "h is su* z a ,hebrew w\ld use1 & :ile ! ref]5ce 9 ! language is to ! alt> ( burnt sacrifice1 ! sc5e %\ld be reg>d$ z und\bt$ly laid 9 heav5! temple :]e ,god resides4 ,! :ole repres5tation is t ( flee+ to ! atonem5t1 & plead+ ) #aei ,god 9 connection ) ! sacrifice = s94 ,! s\ls ( !m t 7 sla94 ,t _h be5 put to dea? by p]secution4 ,?is is "o ( ! incid5tal pro(s 9 ! ,bible t ! s\l does n cease to exi/ at dea?1 & also t x does n cease to be consci\s1 or does n sleep till ! resurrection4 ,^! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs are repres5t$ z /ill 9 exi/5ce2 z rememb]+ :at _h occurr$ on ! e>?2 z int]e/$ 9 :at 0 n[ tak+ place2 z engag$ 9 pray]2 & z manife/+ e>ne/ desires = ! div9e int]position to av5ge ! wrongs :i* !y _h suff]$4 ,= ! ^w ( ,god4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ^w or tru? ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #i4 ,& = ! te/imony :i* !y held4 ,on acc\nt ( _! te/imony to ! tru?1 or be+ fai?ful witnesses ( ! tru? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #i4 7#b7 ,! invocation ( ! m>tyrs1 v]4 #aj3 ,& !y cri$ ) a l\d voice4 ,t is1 !y plead$ t _! blood might be av5g$4 ,say+1 ,h[ long1 ,o ,"l1 holy & true4 ,!y did n d\bt t ,god w\ld av5ge !m1 b !y inquir$ h[ long ! v5geance w\ld be delay$4 ,x seem$ to !m t ,god 0 sl[ to int]pose1 & to *eck ! p]secut+ p[]4 ,!y appeal !re=e to him z a ,god ( hol9ess & tru?2 t is1 z "o :o c\ld n look ) approval on s91 & 9 ^: sight ! wrongs inflict$ by ! p]secut+ p[] mu/ be inf9itely (f5sive2 z "o :o 0 true to 8 promises1 & fai?ful to 8 p4 ,on ! gr\nd ( 8 own hatr$ ( wrong1 & ( 8 plight$ fai?fulness to 8 *ur*1 !y plead$ t he w\ld int]pose4 ,do/ ?\ n judge & av5ge our blood4 ,t is1 do/ ?\ =be> to judge & av5ge u2 or do/ ?\ delay to puni% ^? :o h p]secut$ & sla9 u4 ,!y d n speak z if !y _h any d\bt t x w\ld be done1 nor z if !y 7 actuat$ by a _s ( rev5ge2 b z if x w\ld be prop] t !re %\ld be an expression ( ! div9e s5se ( ! wrongs t _h be5 done !m4 ,x is n "r to desire v5geance or rev5ge2 x is to desire t ju/ice %\ld be done1 & t ! gov]nm5t ( ,god %\ld be v9dicat$4 ,! ^w 8judge0 "h may ei!r mean 8judge u10 9 ! s5se ( 8v9dicate u10 or x may ref] to _! p]secutors1 mean+ 8judge !m40 ,! m probable s5se is ! latt]3 8,h[ long do/ ?\ =be> to execute judgm5t on our acc\nt on ^? t dwell on ! e>?80 ,! ^w av5gemeans to d ju/ice2 to execute puni%m5t4 ,on !m t dwell on ! e>?4 ,^? :o are /ill on ! e>?4 ,?is %[s t ! sc5e "h is laid 9 heav51 & t ! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs are repres5t$ z !re4 ,we are n to suppose t ?is lit]ally occurr$1 & t ,john actually saw ! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs b5ea? ! alt>s= ! :ole repres5tation is symbolical2 nor are we to suppose t ! injur$ & ! wrong$ 9 heav5 actually pray = v5geance on ^? :o wrong$ !m1 or t ! r$eem$ 9 heav5 w cont9ue to pray ) ref]5ce to ?+s on ! e>?2 b x may be fairly inf]r$ f ?is t !re w be z real a remembrance ( ! wrongs ( ! p]secut$1 ! injur$1 & ! oppress$1 z if su* pray] 7 (f]$ !re2 & t ! oppressor has z mu* to dread f ! div9e v5geance z if ^? :om he has injur$ %\ld cry 9 heav5 to ! ,god :o he>s pray]1 & :o takes v5geance4 ,! wrongs done to ! *ildr5 ( ,god2 to ! orphan1 ! wid[1 ! d[n-trodd52 to ! slave & ! outca/1 w be z c]ta9ly rememb]$ 9 heav5 z if !y :o are wrong$ %\ld plead = v5geance !re1 = e act ( inju/ice & oppression goes to heav5 & pleads = v5geance4 ,e p]secutor %\ld dread ! dea? ( ! p]secut$ z if he w5t to heav5 to plead aga9/ him2 e cruel ma/] %\ld dread ! dea? ( 8 slave t is cru%$ by wrongs2 e s$uc] %\ld dread ! dea? & ! cries ( 8 victim2 e "o :o does wrong 9 any way %\ld rememb] t ! suff]+s ( ! injur$ cry to heav5 ) a m>tyr's plead+s1 say+1 8,h[ long1 ,o ,"l1 holy & true1 do/ ?\ n judge & av5ge our blood80 7#c7 ,! robes t 7 giv5 to ! m>tyrs3 ,& :ite #afj robes 7 giv5 unto e "o ( !m4 ,emblems ( purity or innoc5ce4 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #e4 ,"h ! robes w\ld be an emblem ( _! innoc5ce z m>tyrs2 ( ! div9e approval ( _! te/imony & lives1 & a pl$ge ( _! future bless$ness4 7#d7 ,! comm& to wait3 ,& x 0 said unto !m1 t !y %\ld re/ yet = a little season4 ,t is1 t !y mu/ wait = a little season be=e !y c\ld be av5g$ z !y desir$1 v]4 #aj4 ,!y _h plead$ t _! cause might be at once v9dicat$1 & _h ask$ h[ long x w\ld be be=e x %\ld be done4 ,! reply is1 t ! desir$ v9dication w\ld n at once occur1 b t !y mu/ wait until o!r ev5ts 7 accompli%$4 ,no?+ def9ite is det]m9$ by ! phrase 8a little season10 or a %ort "t4 ,x is simply an intimation t ?is w\ld n imm$iately occur1 or 0 n soon to take place4 ,:e!r x ref]s to an exi/+ p]secution1 & to ! fact t !y 7 to wait = ! div9e int]position until t 0 ov]1 & ^? :o 7 !n suff]+ p]secution %\ld be put to dea? & jo9 !m2 or :e!r to a s]ies ( p]secutions /ret*+ along 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 9 su* a s5se t ! promis$ v5geance w\ld take place only :5 all ^? p]secutions 7 pass$1 & ! numb] ( ! m>tyrs complet$1 _c be det]m9$ f ! mean+ ( _! words4 ,ei!r ( ^! suppositions w\ld accord well ) :at ! language naturally expresses4 ,until _! fell[-s]vants also4 ,^? :o 7 !n suff]+ p]secution1 or ^? :o %\ld aft]w>ds suff] p]secution1 gr\p+ all toge!r4 ,& _! bre?r54 ,_! bre?r5 z ,*ri/ians1 & _! bre?r5 9 trial3 ^? !n liv+1 or ^? :o w\ld live aft]w>ds & pass ?r\gh simil> sc5es4 ,%\ld be fulfill$4 ,t is1 till ^! p]secutions 7 pass$ ?r\gh1 & ! numb] ( ! m>tyrs 0 complete4 ,! /ate ( ?+s repres5t$ "h w\ld seem to be1 t !re 0 !n a p]secution rag+ on ! e>?4 ,_m _h be5 put to dea?1 & _! s\ls _h fl$ to heav51 :]e !y plead$ t _! cause might be v9dicat$1 & t _! oppressors & p]secutors might be puni%$4 ,to ?is ! answ] 01 t !y 7 n[ safe & happyt ,god approv$ _! c\rse1 & t 9 tok5 ( 8 approbation !y %\ld be clo!d 9 :ite raim5t2 b t ! invok$ v9dication c\ld n at once occur4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o w\ld yet be call$ to suff] z !y _h done1 & !y mu/ wait until all t numb] 0 complet$4 ,!n1 x is impli$1 ,god w\ld int]pose1 & v9dicate 8 "n4 ,! sc5e1 !re=e1 is laid 9 a "t ( p]secution1 :5 _m _h already di$1 & :5 !re 7 _m m t 7 expos$ to dea?2 & a suffici5t fulfilm5t ( ! passage1 s f> z ! words are conc]n$1 w\ld be f\nd 9 any p]secution1 :]e _m might be repres5t$ z hav+ already gone to heav51 & :]e !re 0 a c]ta9ty t _m m w\ld foll[4 ,we naturally1 h[ev]1 look = ! fulfilm5t ( x 9 "s p]iod succe$+ ^? designat$ by ! prec$+ symbols4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 9 f9d+ ev5ts t w\ld correspond ) all t is repres5t$ by ! symbol2 b x is natural to look = x 9 a p]iod succe$+ t repres5t$1 "u ! f\r? seal1 by ,dea? on ! pale horse4 ,if ! previ\s seals h be5 correctly int]pret$ we %all n be mu* 9 dang] ( err+ 9 suppos+ t ?is ref]s to ! p]secution "u ,diocletian2 & p]haps we may f9d 9 "o :o nev] int5d$ to write a ^w t c\ld be con/ru$ z furni%+ a pro( ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :at %\ld be reg>d$ z a complete v]ification ( all t is repres5t$ "h4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s may ju/ify ?is application3 7a7 ,! place ( t p]secution 9 hi/ory1 or ! "t :5 x occurr$4 ,z already rem>k$1 if ! previ\s seals h be5 rightly expla9$1 & ! f\r? seal d5otes ! w>s1 ! fam9e1 & ! pe/il5ce1 "u ! invasion ( ! ,go?s1 & 9 ! "t ( ,val]ian & ,galli5us1 !n ! la/ great p]secution ( ! *ur* "u ,diocletian w\ld well accord ) ! p]iod 9 hi/ory ref]r$ to4 ,val]ian di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bfj1 be+ flay$ alive by ,sapor1 k+ ( ,p]sia2 ,galli5us di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bfh1 be+ kill$ at ,milan4 ,diocletian asc5d$ ! ?rone ,a4,d4 #bhd1 & resign$ ! purple ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod1 & *iefly at ! in/igation ( ,gal]ius1 t ! t5? p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians occurr$! la/ "u ! ,roman p[]2 = 9 ,a4,d4 #cjf ,con/ant9e asc5d$ ! ?rone1 & ultimately became #afa ! protector ( ! *ur*4 7b7 ,! magnitude ( ?is p]secution "u ,diocletian is z consonant to ! repres5tation "h z its place 9 hi/ory4 ,s important 0 x1 t1 9 a g5]al *apt] on ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ,mr4 ,gibbon has se5 fit1 9 8 rem>ks on ! nature1 causes1 ext5t1 & "* ( ! p]secutions1 to give a prom95ce to ?is :i* he has n assign$ to any o!rs1 & to atta* an importance to x :i* he has n to any o!r4 ,see vol4 i4 pp4 #cagcbb4 ,! design ( ?is p]secution1 z ,mr4 ,gibbon expresses x 7i4 #cah71 0 8to set b\nds to ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity20 or1 z he else:]e expresses x 7on ! same page71 8! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,diocletian1 himself naturally av]se f p]secution1 0 excit$ to ?is by ,gal]ius1 :o urg$ ^u ! emp]or e argum5t by :i* he c\ld p]suade him to engage 9 x4 ,mr4 ,gibbon says 9 reg>d to ?is1 8,gal]ius at l5g? extort$ f him ,diocletian ! p]mission ( summon+ a c\ncil1 compos$ ( a few p]sons1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ! civil & milit>y dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate4 ,x may be presum$ t !y insi/$ on e topic :i* might int]e/ ! pride1 ! piety1 ! fe>s ( _! sov]eign 9 ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity10 i4 #cah4 ,! purpose evid5tly 9 ! p]secution1 01 to make a la/ & desp]ate ef=t1 ?r\gh ! :ole ,roman empire1 = ! de/ruction ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 = ,mr4 ,gibbon 7i4 #cbj7 says t 8! edict aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 0 design$ = a g5]al law ( ! :ole empire40 ,o!r ef=ts _h fail$4 ,! religion /ill spread1 not)/&+ ! rage & fury ( n9e previ\s p]secutions4 ,x 0 resolv$ to make "o m ef=t4 ,?is 0 design$ by ! p]secutors to be ! la/1 9 ! hope t !n ! ,*ri/ian "n w\ld cease to be3 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god x 0 ! la/= !n ev5 ^! oppos+ p[]s became conv9c$ t ! religion c\ld n be de/roy$ 9 ?is mann]& z ?is p]secution 0 to e/abli% ?is fact1 x 0 an ev5t ( suffici5t magnitude to be symboliz$ by ! op5+ ( "o ( ! seals4 7c7 ,! sev]ity ( ?is p]secution accord$ ) ! description "h1 & 0 su* z to des]ve a place 9 ! s]ies ( important ev5ts :i* 7 to occur 9 ! _w4 ,we h se5 above1 f ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 t x 0 design$ = ! 8:ole empire10 & x 9 fact rag$ ) fury ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,aft] detail+ "s ( ! ev5ts ( local p]secutions "u ,diocletian1 ,mr4 ,gibbon says1 8,! res5tm5t or ! fe>s ( ,diocletian at l5g? transport$ him beyond ! b\nds ( mod]ation1 :i* he _h hi!rto pres]v$1 & he decl>$1 9 a s]ies ( edicts1 8 int5tion ( aboli%+ ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! edicts ! gov]nors ( ! prov9ces 7 direct$ to appreh5d all p]sons ( ! ecclesia/ical ord]2 & ! prisons de/9$ = ! vile/ crim9als 7 soon fill$ ) a multitude ( bi%ops1 presbyt]s1 deacons1 & exorci/s4 ,by a second edict ! magi/rates 7 comm&$ to employ e me?od ( sev]ity :i* might reclaim !m f _! odi\s sup]/ition1 & oblige !m to return to ! e/abli%$ wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,?is rigor\s ord] 0 ext5d$1 by a subsequ5t edict1 to ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 expos$ to a viol5t & g5]al p]secution4 ,in/ead ( ^? salut>y re/ra9ts :i* _h requir$ ! direct & solemn te/imony ( an accus]1 x became ! duty z well z ! int]e/ ( ! imp]ial (fic]s to discov]1 to pursue1 & to torm5t ! mo/ obnoxi\s among ! fai?ful4 ,heavy p5alties 7 d5\nc$ aga9/ all :o %\ld presume to save a proscrib$ sect>y f ! j indignation ( ! gods1 & ( ! emp]ors10 i4 #cbb4 ,! fir/ decree aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 at ! in/igation ( ,gal]ius1 w %[ ! g5]al nature ( ?is fi]y trial ( ! *ur*4 ,t decree 0 to ! foll[+ effect3 8,all assembl+ ( ! ,*ri/ians = ! purposes ( religi\s wor%ip 0 =bidd52 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 to be demoli%$ to _! f\ndations2 all manuscripts ( ! ,bible %\ld be burn$2 ^? :o held places ( hon\r or rank mu/ ei!r r5\nce _! fai? or be degrad$2 9 judicial proce$+s ! torture might be us$ aga9/ all ,*ri/ians1 ( :atev] rank2 ^? belong+ to ! l[] walks ( private life 7 to be dive/$ ( _! rights z citiz5s & z freem52 ,*ri/ian slaves 7 to be incapable ( receiv+ _! fre$om1 s long z !y rema9$ ,*ri/ians0 7,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ur*1 ,torrey's ,trans4 i4 #adh74 ,?is p]secution 0 ! la/ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians by ! ,roman emp]ors2 ! #afb la/ t 0 wag$ by t mighty ,pagan p[]4 ,diocletian soon resign$ ! purple1 & aft] ! p]secution _h cont9u$ to rage1 ) m or less sev]ity1 "u 8 successors1 = t5 ye>s1 ! peace ( ! *ur* 0 e/abli%$4 8,diocletian10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon 7i4 #cbb71 8_h no soon] publi%$ 8 edicts aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ?an1 z if he _h be5 committ+ to o!r h&s 8 "w ( p]secution1 he dive/$ himself ( ! imp]ial purple4 ,! "* & situation ( 8 colleagues & successors sometimes urg$ !m to en=ce1 & sometimes to susp5d1 ! execution ( ^! rigor\s laws2 nor c we acquire a j & di/9ct idea ( ?is important p]iod ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 unless we sep>ately consid] ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire1 dur+ ! space ( t5 ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! fir/ edicts ( ,diocletian & ! f9al peace ( ! *ur*40 ,= ?is detail consult ,gibbon1 i4 #cbbcbi1 & ! au?orities !re ref]r$ to2 & ,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ur*1 i4 #adgaef4 ,respect+ ! details ( ! p]secution1 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks 7i4 #cbf71 8,x w\ld h be5 an easy task1 f ! hi/ory ( ,eusebius1 f ! declamations ( ,lactantius1 & f ! mo/ anci5t acts1 to collect a long s]ies ( horrid & disgu/ful pictures1 & to fill _m pages ) racks & sc\rges1 ) iron-hooks1 & r$-hot b$s1 & ) ! v>iety ( tortures :i* fire & /eel1 savage bea/s1 & m savage execution]s1 c\ld inflict on ! human body40 ,x is true t ,mr4 ,gibbon pr(esses to d\bt ! tru? ( ^! records1 & attempts to %[ t ! acc\nt ( ! numb] ( ! m>tyrs has be5 greatly exagg]at$2 yet no "o1 9 read+ 8 own acc\nt ( ?is p]secution1 c d\bt t x 0 ! result ( a det]m9$ ef=t to blot out ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & t ! :ole ( ! imp]ial p[] 0 ex]t$ to accompli% ?is end4 ,at l5g? ! la/ ( ! imp]ial p]secutions ceas$1 & ! great tru? 0 demon/rat$ t ,*ri/ianity c\ld n be ext+ui%$ by p[]1 & t 8! gates ( hell c\ld n prevail aga9/ x40 8,9 ! ye> #caa10 says ,ne&] 7i4 #aef71 8! rem>kable edict appe>$ :i* put an end to ! la/ sangu9>y conflict ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* & ! ,roman empire40 ,?is decree 0 issu$ by ! au?or & in/igator ( ! p]secution1 ,gal]ius1 :o1 8s(t5$ by a sev]e & pa9ful disease1 ! consequ5ce ( 8 excesses1 _h be5 l$ to ?9k t ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians might1 aft] all1 be a p[]ful be+1 ^: ang] puni%$ him1 & ^: fav\r he mu/ endeav\r to conciliate40 ,?is man susp5d$ ! p]secution1 & gave ! ,*ri/ians p]mission 8once m to hold _! assemblies1 provid$ !y did no?+ contr>y to ! good ord] ( ! ,roman /ate40 8,ita ut ne quid contra discipl9am agant0 7,ne&]1 ibid474 #ab ,& ,i beheld :5 he _h op5$ ! six? seal1 &1 lo1 !re 0 a great #bbi;e>?quake2 & ! sun#bcj became black z sackclo? ( hair1 & ! moon became z blood2 #ac ,& ! #bca/>s ( heav5 fell unto ! e>?1 ev5 z a fig-tree ca/e? h] #bcbuntimely figs1 :5 %e is %ak5 ( a mighty w9d4 #ad ,& ! #bcc;heav5 dep>t$ z a scroll :5 x is roll$ toge!r2 & #bcd;e m\nta9 & isl& 7 mov$ out ( _! places4 #ae ,& ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & ! great m51 & ! ri* m51 & ! *ief capta9s1 & ! mighty m51 & e bondman1 & e freeman1 #bce;hid !mselves 9 ! d5s & 9 ! rocks ( ! m\nta9s2 #af ,& #bcfsaid to ! m\nta9s & rocks1 ,fall on u1 & hide u f ! face ( him t sitte? on ! ?rone1 & f ! wra? ( ! ,lamb3 #ag ,= ! #bcg;great day ( 8 wra? is come2 & #bch:o %all be able to /&8 #abag4 ,& ,i beheld :5 he _h op5$ ! six? seal4 ,see ,notes1 *4 v4 #a2 vi4 #a4 ,&1 lo1 !re 0 a great e>?quake4 ,be=e endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 to :at ! six? seal 0 design$ to ref]1 x is prop]1 z 9 ! previ\s cases1 to furni% a p>ticul> explanation ( ! mean+ ( ! symbols4 ,all ! symbols repres5t$ 9 ! op5+ ( ?is seal d5ote con/]nation1 commotion1 *anges2 b /ill !y are all significant1 & we are to suppose t some?+ w\ld occur correspond+ ) ea* "o ( !m4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ! ?+s "h describ$ 7 repres5t$ on ! "p ( ! roll or volume t 0 n[ unfold$ 9 any o!r way ?an t !y 7 pictures1 or t ! :ole 0 a species ( panoramic repres5tation made to pass be=e ! eyes4 ,?us und]/ood1 x w\ld n be difficult to repres5t ea* "o ( ^! ?+s 9 a pa9t+3 z ! heav+ gr\nd! agitat$ =e/s! trembl+ hills! fall+ cities & h\ses! sun black5$1 & ! moon turn$ to blood4 7a7 ,! e>?quake1 v]4 #ab3 ,!re 0 a great e>?quake4 ,! ^w "h us$ d5otes a %ak+ or agitation ( ! e>?4 ,! effect1 :5 viol5t1 is to produce important *angesop5+ *asms 9 ! e>?2 ?r[+ d[n h\ses & temples2 s9k+ hills1 & elevat+ pla9s2 caus+ ponds & lakes to dry up1 or =m+ !m :]e none exi/$2 elevat+ ! ocean f its b$1 r5d+ rocks1 c4 ,z all t occurs 9 ! op5+ ( ! o!r seals is symbolical1 x is to be presum$ t ?is is also1 & t = ! fulfilm5t #afc ( ?is we are n to look = a lit]al e>?quake1 b = su* agitations & *anges 9 ! _w z w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ?is4 ,! e>?quake1 z a symbol1 w\ld m]ely d5ote great agitations or ov]turn+s on ! e>?4 ,! p>ticul> "* ( ^? *anges mu/ be det]m9$ by o!r circum/ances 9 ! symbol t w\ld limit & expla9 x4 ,!re are1 x is said1 b ?ree lit]al e>?quakes ref]r$ to 9 ! ,scripture3 t m5tion$ 9 #a ,ki4 xix4 #aa2 t 9 ,uzziah's "t1 ,am4 i4 #a2 ,zec4 xiv4 #e2 & t :i* took place at ! ,savi\r's dea?4 ,all ! re/ are emblematical or symbolicalref]r+ mo/ly to civil commotions & *anges4 ,!n 9 ,hag4 ii4 #f1 #g3 8,yet once1 x is a little :ile1 & ,i w %ake ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! dry l&1 & ,i w %ake all nations1 & ! desire ( all nations %all come2 & ,i w fill ?is h\se ) glory1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s40 ,t is1 !re w\ld be great agitations 9 ! _w be=e he came4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 xii4 #bfbh4 ,s also great *anges & commotions are ref]r$ to 9 ,is4 xxiv4 #ai1 #bj3 8,! e>? is utt]ly brok5 d[n1 ! e>? is clean dissolv$1 ! e>? is mov$ exce$+ly4 ,! e>? %all reel to & fro l a drunk>d1 & %all be remov$ l a cottage40 ,an e>?quake1 if !re 7 no o!r circum/ances limit+ & expla9+ ! symbol1 w\ld m]ely d5ote great agitation & commotionz if /ates & empires 7 tumbl+ to ru94 ,z ?is is "h a m]e symbol1 x is n necess>y to look = a lit]al fulfilm5t1 or to expect to f9d 9 hi/ory actual e>?quakes to :i* ?is _h ref]5ce1 any m ?an :5 x is said t 8! heav5s dep>t$ z a scroll0 we are to expect t !y w be lit]ally roll$ up2 b if1 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 e>?quakes prec$$ rem>kable political convulsions & revolutions1 x w\ld be prop] to repres5t su* ev5ts 9 ?is way4 7b7 ,! d>k5+ ( ! sun3 ,& ! sun became black z sackclo? ( hair4 ,sackclo? 0 a co>se black clo?1 commonly1 ?\gh n always1 made ( hair4 ,x 0 us$ = sacks1 = /ra9]s1 & = m\rn+ g>m5ts2 & z ?us worn x 0 n an improp] emblem ( sadness & di/ress4 ,! idea "h is1 t ! sun put on a d>k1 d+y1 doleful appe>ance1 z if x 7 9 m\rn+4 ,! g5]al image1 !n1 9 ?is emblem1 is t ( calamityz if ! v sun %\ld put on ! robes ( m\rn+4 ,we are by no means to suppose t ?is 0 lit]ally to occur1 b t "s great calamity w\ld happ51 ( :i* ?is w\ld be an appropriate emblem4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xiii4 #aj2 ,mat4 xxiv4 #bi4 ,comp4 ,is4 xxiv4 #bc2 xxxiv4 #d2 l4 #c2 lx4 #ai1 #bj2 ,eze4 xxxii4 #g1 #h2 ,joel ii4 #aj2 iii4 #ae1 #af2 ,am4 viii4 #i4 ,:at is ! p>ticul> nature ( ! calamity is to be le>n$ f o!r p>ts ( ! symbol4 7c7 ,! discoloration ( ! moon3 ,& ! moon became z blood4 ,r$ l bloodei!r f ! smoke & vap\r t usually prec$es an e>?quake1 or z a m]e emblem4 ,?is also w\ld betok5 calamity1 & p]haps ! symbol may be s f> limit$ & modifi$ by ?is z to d5ote w>1 = t w\ld be mo/ naturally sugge/$ by ! col\rr$4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #d ( ?is *apt]4 ,b any great calamity w\ld be appropriately repres5t$ by ?isz ! *ange ( ! moon to su* a col\r w\ld be a natural emblem ( di/ress4 7d7 ,! fall+ ( ! />s1 v]4 #ac3 ,& ! />s ( heav5 fell unto ! e>?4 ,?is language is d]iv$ f ! poetic idea t ! sky seems to be a solid concave1 9 :i* ! />s are set1 & t :5 any convulsion takes place1 t concave w be %ak51 & ! />s w be loos5$ & fall f _! places4 ,see ?is language expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on ,is4 xxxiv4 #d4 ,sometimes ! expanse above u is spok5 ( z a curta9 t is spread out1 & t may be roll$ up2 sometimes z a solid cry/all9e expanse 9 :i* ! />s are fix$4 ,accord+ to ei!r repres5tation ! />s are describ$ z fall+ to ! e>?4 ,if ! expanse is roll$ up1 ! />s1 hav+ no?+ to support !m1 fall2 if viol5t tempe/s or concussions %ake ! heav5s1 ! />s1 loos5$ f _! fixtures1 fall to ! e>?4 ,/>s1 9 ! ,scriptures1 are symbols ( pr9ces & rul]s 7see ,da4 viii4 #aj2 ,re4 viii4 #aj1 #aa2 ix4 #a72 & ! natural mean+ ( ?is symbol is1 t !re w\ld be commotions :i* w\ld #afd unsettle pr9ces1 & br+ !m d[n f _! ?ronesl />s fall+ f ! sky4 ,ev5 z a fig-tree ca/e? h] untimely figs4 ,m>g41 gre52 ,gr41 4 ,?is ^w prop]ly d5otes w9t]-figs1 or su* z gr[ "u ! leaves1 & d n rip5 at ! prop] season1 b hang ^u ! trees dur+ ! w9t] 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,?is fruit seldom matures1 & easily falls (f 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> 7,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,a viol5t w9d %ak+ a plantation ( fig-trees w\ld ( c\rse ca/ _m su* figs to ! gr\nd4 ,! po9t ( ! comp>ison is1 ! ease ) :i* ! />s w\ld seem to be %ak5 f _! places1 & h5ce ! ease ) :i*1 9 ^! commotions1 pr9ces w\ld be de?ron$4 7e7 ,! dep>t+ ( ! heav5s1 v]4 #ad3 ,& ! heav5 dep>t$ z a scroll4 ,t is1 z a book or volumeroll$ up4 ,! heav5s are "h describ$ z spread out1 & _! pass+ away is repres5t$ by ! idea t !y might be roll$ up1 & ?us disappe>4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xxxiv4 #d4 ,?is1 too1 is a symbol1 & we are n to suppose t x w lit]ally occur4 ,inde$ x nev] c lit]ally occur2 & we are n1 !re=e1 to look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 any physical fact t w\ld correspond ) :at is "h said4 ,! pla9 mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be *anges z if su* an ev5t w\ld happ52 t is1 t revolutions w\ld occur 9 ! high places ( ! e>?1 & among ^? 9 p[]1 z if ! />s %\ld fall1 & ! v heav5s 7 swept away4 ,?is is ! natural mean+ ( ! symbol1 & ?is accords ) ! usage ( ! language else:]e4 7f7 ,! removal ( m\nta9s & isl&s1 v]4 #ad3 ,& e m\nta9 & isl& 7 mov$ out ( _! places4 ,?is w\ld d5ote convulsions 9 ! political or moral _w1 z great z w\ld occur 9 ! physical _w if ! v m\nta9s 7 remov$ & ! isl&s %\ld *ange _! places4 ,we are n to suppose t ?is w\ld lit]ally occur2 b we %\ld be au?oriz$ f ?is to expect t1 9 reg>d to ^? ?+s :i* seem$ to be p]man5t & fix$ on an immovable basis1 l m\nta9s & isl&s1 !re w\ld be viol5t & important *anges4 ,if ?rones & dyna/ies long e/abli%$ 7 ov]?r[n2 if in/itutions t seem$ to be fix$ & p]man5t 7 aboli%$2 if a new ord] ( ?+s %\ld rise 9 ! political _w1 ! mean+ ( ! symbol1 s f> z ! language is conc]n$1 w\ld be fulfill$4 7g7 ,! univ]sal con/]nation1 v]4 #aeag3 ,& ! k+s ( ! e>?1 c4 ,! design ( ^! v]ses 7#aeag71 9 ! v>i$ language us$1 is evid5tly to d5ote univ]sal con/]nation & al>mz if ! e>? %\ld be convuls$1 & ! />s %\ld fall1 & ! heav5s %\ld pass away4 ,?is con/]nation w\ld ext5d to all classes ( m51 & fill ! _w ) al>m1 z if ! end ( all ?+s 7 com+4 ,! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,rul]sall :o occupi$ ?rones4 ,! great m54 ,high (fic]s ( /ate4 ,& ! ri* m54 ,_! weal? w\ld n secure !m f de/ruction1 & !y w\ld be al>m$ l o!rs4 ,& ! *ief capta9s4 ,! comm&]s ( armies1 :o tremble l o!r m5 :5 ,god appe>s 9 judgm5t4 ,& ! mighty m54 ,m5 ( great pr[ess 9 battle1 b :o feel n[ t !y h no p[] to )/& ,god4 ,& e bondman4 ,s]vant4 ,?is ^w does n necess>ily d5ote a slave 7comp4 ,notes on ,ep4 vi4 #e2 #a ,ti4 vi4 #a2 ,phile4 #af71 b "h ! connection seems to dem& x1 = x /&s 9 contra/ ) freeman4 ,!re 71 9 fact1 slaves 9 ! ,roman empire1 & !re is no objection 9 suppos+ t !y are "h ref]r$ to4 ,!re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be fill$ ) con/]nation z well z o!rs2 & z ?is does n ref] to ! end ( ! _w1 or ! day ( judgm5t1 ! ^w "h det]m9es no?+ z to ! "q :e!r slav]y is to cont9ue on ! e>?4 ,& e freeman4 ,:e!r ! ma/] ( slaves or n4 ,! idea is1 #afe t all classes ( m51 high & l[1 w\ld be fill$ ) al>m4 ,hid !mselves 9 ! d5s4 ,among ! caves or cav]ns 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 ii4 #ai4 ,^! places 7 resort$ to = safety 9 times ( dang]4 ,comp4 #a ,sa4 xiii4 #f2 xxiv42 ,ju4 vi4 #b2 ,je4 xli4 #i2 ,jos4 ,ant4 book xiv4 *4 xv42 ,jewi% ,w>s1 book i4 *4 xvi4 ,& 9 ! rocks ( ! m\nta9s4 ,among ! crags or ! fa/nesses ( ! m\nta9salso natural places ( refuge 9 times ( ho/ile invasion or dang]4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 ii4 #ba4 ,& said to ! m\nta9s & rocks1 ,fall on u1 c41 v]4 #af4 ,?is language is f\nd sub/antially 9 ,ho4 x4 #h3 8,& !y %all say to ! m\nta9s1 ,cov] u2 & to ! hills1 ,fall on u40 ,x is also us$ by ! ,savi\r z d5ot+ ! con/]nation :i* w\ld occur at 8 com+3 8,!n %all !y beg9 to say to ! m\nta9s1 ,fall on u2 & to ! hills1 ,cov] u10 ,lu4 xxiii4 #cj4 ,x is language d5ot+ con/]nation1 & an awful fe> ( imp5d+ wra?4 ,! /ate ( m9d is t :]e !re is an appreh5sion t ,god himself is com+ =? ) ! direct in/rum5ts ( 8 v5geance1 & :]e !re is a desire r to be cru%$ by fall+ rocks & hills ?an by ! v5geance ( 8 uplift$ arm4 ,f ! face ( him t sitte? on ! ?rone4 ,! face ( ,god= he seems to be com+ =? ) ! displays ( 8 v5geance4 ,x is n said t ,god w\ld actually come =? 9 a visible =m1 b _! con/]nation w\ld be z great z if he 7 to d ?is2 ! /ate ( m9d indicat$ by ?is 0 an appreh5sion t x w\ld be s4 ,& f ! wra? ( ! ,lamb4 ,! ,lamb ( ,god2 ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,!re seems to be an incongruity betwe5 ! words wra? & ,lamb2 b ! ^w ,lamb "h is s f> a prop] "n z to be us$ only to designate ! ,r$eem]4 ,he comes =? to execute wra?1 n z a ,lamb1 b z ! ,son ( ,god1 :o bore t "n4 ,x w\ld seem f ?is t !y :o ?us dread$ ! imp5d+ t]rors 7 aw>e ( _! s\rce1 or _h k en\gh to und]/& by :om !y 7 to be inflict$4 ,!y w\ld see t ^! 7 div9e judgm5ts1 & w\ld appreh5d t ! end ( ! _w drew ne>4 ,= ! great day ( 8 wra? is come1 v]4 #ag4 ,! ?reat5+ judgm5ts w\ld be s sev]e & awful t !y w\ld suppose t ! end ( ! _w 0 com+4 ,& :o %all be able to /&8 ,to /& be=e him1 or to )/& 8 judgm5ts4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t !re has be51 9 ?is case1 z 9 ref]5ce to e o!r "p ( ! book ( ,revelation1 a great div]sity ( op9ion respect+ ! ev5ts symboliz$ by ?is seal4 ,grotius appli$ x to ! w>s betwe5 ! ,jews & ,romans "u ,n]o & ,vespasian2 ,dr4 ,hammond suppos$ t ! defeat ( ! ,jewi% lead]s 9 ^? w>s 0 p>ticul>ly symboliz$2 ,mr4 ,brightman ref]r$ ^! symbols to ! p]secution "u ,diocletian2 ,mr4 ,m$e1 ,dr4 ,cressn]1 ,dr4 ,m1 ,mr4 ,:i/on1 ,mr4 ,juri51 ,mr4 ,daubuz1 ,mr4 ,l[man1 ,bi%op ,newton1 ,mr4 ,elliott1 & o!rs1 ref] x to ! defeat ( ! ,pagan p[]s1 & ! f9al suppression ( ^? p[]s z oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity2 ,vitr+a reg>d$ x z =e%ad[+ ! ov]?r[ ( ! anti*ri/ian p[]s ( ! we/]n ,roman empire2 ,cocceius expla9s x ( ! w>s ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick aga9/ ! ,g]man pr9ces 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 ,dean ,woodh\se1 ( ! day ( v5geance at ! end ( ! _w2 ,mr4 ,cunn+hame1 ( ! same p]iod z ! sev5? trumpet1 comm5c+ ) ! ,fr5* revolution1 & to be consummat$ by ! visible adv5t ( ! ,son ( ,god2 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 & ,mr4 ,"l1 ( a s]ies ( ev5ts1 "p ( :i* are fulfill$1 ?ree ( !m correspond+ ) ! fir/ ?ree vials! fir/ expressive ( ! revolution ( ,france1 ! second ( a despotism ext5d+ ?r\gh sev]al ye>s1 & ! ?ird ( ! ov]?r[ ( t viol5t dyna/y1 at ! fall ( #aff ,bonap>te1 9 #ahae4 ,x is n my purpose to exam9e ^! views2 b1 amid/ ?is great v>iety ( op9ion1 x seems to me t ! obvi\s & natural application ( ! op5+ ( ! seal has n be5 adv]t$ to4 ,i %all sugge/ x because x is ! mo/ natural & obvi\s1 & seems to be dem&$ by ! explanations giv5 ( ! previ\s seals4 ,x is1 9 "o ^w1 ! imp5d+ judgm5ts f ! invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes ( ,go?s & ,v&als1 ?reat5+ ! break+ up ( ! ,roman empire! ga!r+ ( ! /orm1 & ! hov]+ ( ^? b>b>ians on ! bord]s ( ! empire2 ! approa*es :i* !y made f "t to "t t[>ds ! capital1 ?\gh re/ra9$ z yet f tak+ x2 ! tempe/ ( wra? t 01 z x 71 susp5d$ yet on ! fronti]s1 until ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! next *apt] %\ld occur1 !n bur/+ =? 9 wra? 9 successive bla/s1 z d5ot$ by ! fir/ f\r trumpets ( ! sev5? seal 7*4 viii471 :5 ! empire 0 entirely ov]?r[n by ! ,go?s & ,v&als4 ,! precise po9t ( "t :i* ,i suppose ?is seal occupies is t succe$+ ! la/ p]secution4 ,x embraces ! prep>atory arrangem5ts ( ^! hordes ( invad]s_! ga!r+ on ! fronti]s ( ! empire_! ?reat5$ approa*es t[>d ! capital& ! =mation ( su* va/ armies z w\ld produce univ]sal con/]nation4 ,a brief notice ( ^! prep>atory sc5es1 z adapt$ to produce ! al>m ref]r$ to 9 ! op5+ ( ! six? seal1 is all t w be necess>y "h2 ! m complete detail mu/ be res]v$ = ! explanation ( ! f\r trumpets ( ! sev5? seal1 :5 ! "w ( de/ruction 0 consummat$4 ,^! prep>ations & ?reat5$ invasions 7 ev5ts suffici5tly important 9 _! relation to ! *ur*1 to :at prec$$1 & to ! future hi/ory ( ! _w1 to be symboliz$ "h2 & !y are ev5ts 9 :i* all ! p>ticul>s ( ! symbol may f9d a fulfilm5t4 ,anyone has only to look on a *>t ( hi/ory to see h[ appropriately ?is application ( ! symbol foll[s1 if ! previ\s explanations h be5 correct4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ?is1 9 ord] to %[ ! probability t ^! ev5ts are ref]r$ to by ! symbols ( ! six? seal1 ,i w\ld submit ! foll[+ rem>ks3 7#a7 ,! "t is t :i* w\ld be naturally sugge/$ by ?is seal 9 its relation to ! o!rs4 ,if ! fif? ref]r$ to ! p]secutions "u ,diocletian! la/ great p]secution ( ! ,pagan p[]s 9 attempt+ to ext+ui% ! ,*ri/ian "n!n we %\ld naturally look = ! fulfilm5t ( ! op5+ ( ! next 9 "s ev5t1 or s]ies ( ev5ts1 :i* w\ld succe$ t at no v di/ant int]val1 & t p]ta9$ to ! empire or p[] t _h be5 ! prom95t subject ( ! pr$ictions 9 ! previ\s seals4 ,x w\ld also be natural to look = "s ev5ts t might be reg>d$ z convey+ an expression ( ! div9e feel+ 9 reg>d to t p[]1 or t w\ld pres5t x 9 su* an aspect t x w\ld be se5 t its p[] to p]secute 0 at an end4 ,?is natural expectation w\ld be answ]$ ei!r by "s symbol t w\ld ref] to ! complete triumph ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 or by su* a s]ies ( judgm5ts z w\ld break ! p]secut+ p[] itself 9 pieces4 ,n[ ! ?reat5$ irruption ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians foll[$ ! s]ies ( ev5ts already describ$ ) suffici5t ne>ness to make x prop] to reg>d t s]ies ( ev5ts z ref]r$ to4 7#b7 ,! ev5ts 7 ( suffici5t importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! empire to des]ve ?is notice 9 ! =e%ad[+ ( :at w\ld occur4 ,!y 7 connect$ ) ! break+ up ( t mighty p[]1 & ! complete *ange ( ! aspect ( ! _w1 9 a political & religi\s po9t ( view4 ,a new ord] ( ?+s arose 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,a new religion became e/abli%$4 ,new k+doms f ! fragm5ts ( ! once-mighty ,roman empire 7 f\nd$1 & ! affairs ( ! _w 7 put on a new foot+4 ,^! mighty nor!rn hordes n only spread con/]nation & al>m1 z if ! _w 7 com+ to an end1 b !y laid ! f\ndations ( k+doms :i* cont9ue to ?is day4 ,9 fact1 few m important ev5ts h occurr$ 9 hi/ory4 7#c7 ,?is s]ies ( ev5ts 0 introduc$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! six? seal4 ,i h already said t x is n necess>y to suppose1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! symbol1 t !re w\ld be a lit]al e>?quake2 b no?+ 9 ! symbol =bids u to suppose t !re might be1 & if !re 7 we c\ld n b consid] x z rem>kable4 ,n[ x s happ5s t ! s]ies ( ev5ts p]ta9+ #afg to ! ,go?ic invasions is introduc$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 ! foll[+ language3 8,a4,d4 #cfe4 ,9 ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,val5t9ian & ,val5s1 on ! morn+ ( ! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ,july1 ! greate/ "p ( ! ,roman _w 0 %ak5 by a viol5t & de/ructive e>?quake4 ,! impression 0 communicat$ to ! wat]s2 ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 left dry by ! sudd5 retreat ( ! sea2 great quantities ( fi% 7 caught ) ! h&2 l>ge vessels 7 /r&$ on ! mud2 & a curi\s spectator amus$ 8 eye1 or r 8 fancy1 by contemplat+ ! v>i\s appe>ances ( valleys & m\nta9s :i* _h nev] be=e1 s9ce ! =mation ( ! globe1 be5 expos$ to ! sun4 ,b ! tide soon return$1 ) ! weight ( an imm5se & irresi/ible deluge1 :i* 0 sev]ely felt on ! coa/s ( ,sicily1 ( ,dalmatia1 ( ,greece1 & ( ,egypt2 l>ge boats 7 transport$1 & lodg$ on ! ro(s ( h\ses1 or at ! di/ance ( two miles f ! %ore2 ! p1 ) _! habitations1 7 swept away by ! wat]s2 & ! city ( ,alex&ria annually commemorat$ ! day on :i* fifty ?\s& p]sons _h lo/ _! lives 9 ! inundation4 ,?is calamity1 ! report ( :i* 0 magnifi$ f "o prov9ce to ano!r1 a/oni%$ & t]rifi$ ! subjects ( ,rome2 & _! affright$ imag9ation enl>g$ ! real ext5t ( ! mom5t>y evil4 ,!y recollect$ ! prec$+ e>?quakes :i* _h subv]t$ ! cities ( ,pale/9e & ,bi?ynia2 !y consid]$ ^! al>m+ /rokes z ! prelude only ( /ill m dreadful calamities1 & _! fe>ful vanity 0 dispos$ to conf\nd ! symptoms ( a decl9+ empire & a s9k+ _w10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aae1 #aaf4 ,mr4 ,gibbon !n proce$s to detail ! evils ( w>1 z greatly surpass+ ! calamities produc$ by any natural causes1 & adds 7p4 #aaf71 8,9 ! disa/r\s p]iod ( ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 :i* may be ju/ly dat$ f ! reign ( ,val5s1 ! happ9ess & security ( ea* individual 0 p]sonally attack$2 & ! arts & lab\rs ( ages 7 rudely defac$ by ! b>b>ians ( ,scy?ia & ,g]many40 ,he !n proce$s ) an exce$+ly int]e/+ description ( ! orig91 ! habits1 & ! movem5ts ( ! ,t>t> nations1 p>ticul>ly ! ,huns1 z !y mov$ to ! ,we/1 & precipitat$ ! ,go?ic nations on ! prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 until ,rome itself 0 ?rice besieg$1 0 tak51 & 0 sack$ 7ii4 #aafbff74 ,! e>?quake ref]r$ to occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cfe4 ,! movem5ts ( ! ,huns f _! t]ritories 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*9a _h comm5c$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #cge !y ov]came ! ,go?s ly+ along ! ,danube4 ,! ,go?s1 press$ & ov]come by ^! savage invad]s1 ask$ p]mission ( ! ,romans to cross ! ,danube1 to f9d protection 9 ! ,roman empire1 & to cultivate ! wa/e l&s ( ,?race 7,gibbon1 ii4 #abi1 #acj74 ,9 ! ye> #cgf !y 7 transport$ ov] ! ,danube1 by ! p]mission ( ! ,roman emp]or ,val5s2 an ev5t :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon1 9 its ultimate result1 0 ! cause ( ! d[nfall ( ! empire2 = !y le>n$ _! own /r5g?2 !y 7 attract$ by ! ri*es ( ! capital & ! hope ( rew>d1 until !y f9ally drew ! ,we/]n emp]or to ,rav5na1 sack$ ,rome1 & took possession ( ,italy4 7#d7 ,a slight ref]5ce to ! s]ies ( ev5ts 9 ^! p]iods ( con/]nation & conque/ may %[ m closely ! nature ( ! al>ms :i* w\ld be caus$ by ! prospect ( ^! dreadful invasions1 & may prep>e u = a bett] und]/&+ ( ! successive calamities :i* occurr$ "u ^! invad]s1 :5 ! empire fell1 z describ$ by ! f\r fir/ trumpets ( ! sev5? seal4 ,i %all copy f ! tables ( cont5ts ( ,mr4 ,gibbon's hi/ory1 "u ! tw5ty-six?1 ?irtie?1 & ?irty-fir/ *apt]s3 8,a4,d4 #cfe4 ,e>?quakes4 #cgf4 ,! ,huns & ,go?s4 #ajj4 ,! emigration ( ! ,huns4 #cge4 ,_! victories ov] ! ,go?s4 #cgf4 ,! ,go?s implore ! protection ( ,val5s4 0 ,!y are transport$ ov] ! ,danube into ! ,roman empire4 0 ,!y p5etrate into ,?race4 #cgg4 ,union ( ! ,go?s ) ,huns1 ,alani1 c4 #cgh4 ,battle ( ,hadrianople4 0 ,! defeat ( ! ,romans4 #chccie4 ,! settlem5t ( ! ,go?s 9 ,?race & ,asia4 #cie4 ,revolt ( ! ,go?s4 #cif4 ,al>ic m>*es into ,greece4 #cih4 ,is proclaim$ k+ ( ! ,visigo?s4 #djjdjc4 ,he invades ,italy4 #djf4 ,radagaisus invades ,italy4 0 ,besieges ,flor5ce4 0 ,?reat5s ,rome4 0 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,g]mans invade ,gaul4 #djg4 ,desolation ( ,gaul4 #djh4 ,al>ic m>*es to ,rome4 0 ,fir/ siege ( ,rome by ! ,go?s4 #afh #djh4 ,fam9e1 plague1 sup]/ition4 #dji4 ,al>ic accepts a ransom & raises ! siege4 0 ,fruitless negotiations = peace4 0 ,second siege ( ,rome by ! ,go?s4 #daj4 ,?ird siege & sack ( ,rome by ! ,go?s4 0 ,respect ( ! ,go?s = ! ,*ri/ian religion4 0 ,pillage & fire ( ,rome4 0 ,captives & fugitives4 #daadaf4 ,fall ( ! usurp]s ,jov9us1 ,seba/ian1 & ,attalus4 #dji4 ,invasion ( ,spa9 by ! ,suevi1 ,v&als1 ,alani1 c4 #daedah4 ,! ,go?s conqu] & re/ore ,spa940 7#e7 ,?is w\ld co9cide1 9 ! effects produc$ on ! empire1 ) ! con/]nation & al>m describ$ 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,! symbols are su* z w\ld be employ$ on ! supposition t ^! are ! ev5ts ref]r$ to2 !y are su* z ! ev5ts are fitt$ to sugge/4 ,! mighty prep>ations 9 ! ,ea/ & ,nor?! report ( :i* c\ld n b spread ?r\gh ! empirew\ld be appropriately symboliz$ by ! e>?quake1 ! d>k5$ sun1 ! moon becom+ l blood1 ! />s fall+1 ! dep>t+ heav5s1 & ! k+s & great m5 ( ! e>? flee+ 9 al>m to f9d a place ( safety1 z if ! end ( ! _w 7 draw+ ne>4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 s well adapt$ to produce ! con/]nation describ$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! six? seal1 z ! dread$ approa* ( va/ ho/s ( b>b>ians f ! regions ( ! ,nor?4 ,?is al>m w\ld be increas$ by ! fact t _! numb]s 7 unkn[n2 t _! orig9 0 hidd52 & t ! advanc+ multitudes w\ld sweep ev]y?+ be=e !m4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 also1 rum\r w\ld increase _! numb]s & augm5t _! f]ocity4 ,! sudd5 %ock ( an e>?quake1 ! fall+ />s1 ! dep>t+ heav5s1 ! removal ( m\nta9s & isl&s1 & ! con/]nation ( k+s & all classes ( p1 w\ld be ! appropriate emblems to repres5t ^! imp5d+ calamities4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is1 & z %[+ ! effect produc$ by ! approa* ( ! ,go?s1 & ! dread ( ! ,go?ic arms1 9 caus+ univ]sal con/]nation1 ! foll[+ extracts may be adduc$ f ,mr4 ,gibbon1 :5 describ+ ! ?reat5$ invasion ( ,al>ic1 k+ ( ! ,visigo?s4 ,he quotes f ,claudian4 8#8,fame1' says ! poet1 #8encircl+ ) t]ror h] gloomy w+s1 proclaim$ ! m>* ( ! b>b>ian army1 & fill$ ,italy ) con/]nation4'0 ,mr4 ,gibbon adds1 8! appreh5sions ( ea* individual 7 increas$ 9 j proportion to ! measure ( 8 =tune2 & ! mo/ timid1 :o _h already emb>k$ _! valuable effects1 m$itat$ _! escape to ! isl& ( ,sicily1 or to ! ,african coa/4 ,! public di/ress 0 aggravat$ by ! fe>s & reproa*es ( sup]/ition4 ,e h\r produc$ "s horrid tale ( /range & port5t\s accid5ts2 ! ,pagans deplor$ ! neglect ( om5s & ! int]ruption ( sacrifices2 b ! ,*ri/ians /ill d]iv$ "s com=t f ! p[]ful int]cession ( ! sa9ts & m>tyrs10 ii4 #bah1 #bai4 ,see fur!r illu/rations 9 ! ,notes on *4 viii4 #gac4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,! /ate ( ?+s repres5t$ 9 ?is *apt] is1 t :]e !re _h be5 awful con/]nation & al>m1 z if ! end ( ! _w 7 com+1 & :]e ! signs ( ! approa*+ consummation ( all ?+s are1 z x 71 held back until !re %\ld be an opportunity ( seal+ ! numb] t 0 to be sav$4 ,?is is symboliz$ by f\r angels /&+ 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 & hold+ ! w9ds & ! /orms t !y %\ld n bl[ on ! e>? until ! s]vants ( ,god %\ld be seal$ 9 _! =eheads4 ,! idea is t ( sudd5 de/ruction ab\t to bur/ on ! _w1 :i*1 if unre/ra9$1 w\ld app>5tly br+ on ! consummation ( all ?+s1 b :i* is held back until ! purposes ( ,god 9 reg>d to 8 p %all be accompli%$t is1 until ^? :o are ! true s]vants ( ,god %all be designat$ by "s appropriate m>k4 ,?is furni%es an opportunity ( disclos+ a glori\s vision ( ^? :o w be sav$1 alike among ! ,jews & ! ,g5tiles4 ,! fact1 z se5 9 ! symbol1 is1 t ! end ( ! _w does n come at ! op5+ ( ! six? seal1 z x seem$ z if x w\ld1 & z x 0 anticipat$ 9 ! "t ( ! con/]nation4 ,! numb] ( ! *os5 0 n complete1 & ! imp5d+ wra? 0 !re=e susp5d$4 ,god int]poses 9 fav\r ( 8 p1 & discloses 9 vision a va/ numb] f all l&s :o w yet be sav$1 & ! w9ds & /orms are held back z if by angels4 ,! po9ts1 !n1 t are app>5t 9 ?is *apt]1 )\t any ref]5ce #afi n[ to ! "q ( ! application1 are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! imp5d+ ru9 t seem$ ab\t to spread ov] ! e>?1 app>5tly br++ on ! consummation ( all ?+s1 re/ra9$ or susp5d$1 v]4 #a4 ,?is imp5d+ ru9 is symboliz$ by ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 t seem$ ab\t to sweep ov] ! _w2 ! int]position ( ,god is repres5t$ by ! f\r angels :o h p[] ov] ^? w9ds to hold !m back1 z if x dep5d$ on _! w to let !m loose & to spread ru9 ov] ! e>? or n4 7#b7 ,a susp5sion ( ^! desolat+ influ5ces & ag5ts until ano!r important purpose c\ld be accompli%$t is1 until ! s]vants ( ,god c\ld be seal$ 9 _! =eheads1 v]4 #b1 #c4 ,ano!r angel1 act+ indep5d5tly ( ! f\r fir/ se51 & hav+ p[] to comm&1 appe>s 9 ! ea/1 hav+ ! seal ( ! liv+ ,god2 & he directs ! f\r angels hav+ ! f\r w9ds n to let !m loose ^u ! e>? until ! s]vants ( ,god %\ld be seal$ 9 _! =eheads4 ,?is obvi\sly d5otes "s susp5sion ( ! imp5d+ wra?1 & = a specific purpose1 t some?+ might be done by :i* ! true s]vants ( ,god w\ld be s m>k$ z to be publicly kn[nz if !y _h a m>k or br& to t effect impr9t$ on _! =eheads4 ,:atev] w\ld s]ve to designate !m1 to det]m9e :o !y 71 to asc]ta9 _! numb]1 w\ld be a fulfilm5t ( ?is act ( ! seal+ angel4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x w\ld be done is n designat$2 ! ess5tial ?+ is1 t !re w\ld be a susp5sion ( imp5d+ judgm5ts1 9 ord] t x might be done4 ,:e!r ?is 0 to occupy a long] or a %ort] p]iod is n det]m9$ by ! symbol2 nor is x det]m9$ :5 ! w9ds ?us held back w\ld be suff]$ to bl[4 7#c7 ,! numb] ( ! seal$1 v]4 #dh4 ,! se] does n repres5t himself z actually behold+ ! process ( seal+1 b he says t he he>d ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 seal$4 ,t numb] 0 an hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s&1 & !y 7 select$ f ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel,levi be+ reckon$1 :o 0 n usually numb]$ ) ! tribes1 & ! tribe ( ,dan be+ omitt$4 ,! numb] f ea* tribe1 l>ge or small1 0 ! same2 ! entire portion select$ be+ b a v small "p ( ! :ole4 ,! g5]al idea "h1 :atev] may be ! p>ticul> application1 is1 t !re w\ld be a selection1 & t ! :ole numb] ( ! tribe w\ld n be embrac$2 t ! selection w\ld be made f ea* tribe1 & t all w\ld h ! same m>k1 & be sav$ by ! same means4 ,x w\ld n be 9 accordance ) ! nature ( symbolic repres5tation to suppose t ! sav$ w\ld be ! precise numb] "h ref]r$ to2 b "s great tru? is design$ to be repres5t$ by ?is fact4 ,we %\ld look1 9 ! fulfilm5t1 to "s process by :i* ! true s]vants ( ,god w\ld be designat$2 we %\ld expect t a portion ( !m w\ld be f\nd 9 ea* "o ( ! classes "h d5ot$ by a tribe2 we %\ld suppose t ! true s]vants ( ,god ?us ref]r$ to w\ld be z safe 9 ! times ( p]il z if !y 7 designat$ by a visible m>k4 7#d7 ,aft] ?is1 ano!r vision pres5ts itself to ! se]4 ,x is t ( a c\ntless multitude be=e ! ?rone1 r$eem$ out ( all nations1 ) palms 9 _! h&s1 v]4 #iag4 ,! sc5e is transf]r$ to heav51 & !re is a vision ( all ! r$eem$n only ( ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s&1 b ( all :o w\ld be rescu$ & sav$ f a lo/ _w4 ,! design is d\btless to *e] ! he>ts ( ! true fri5ds ( ,god 9 times ( gloom & despond5cy1 by a view ( ! great numb]s t w be sav$1 & ! glori\s triumph t awaits ! r$eem$ 9 heav54 ,?is portion ( ! vision embraces ! foll[+ p>ticul>s37a7 ,a va/ multitude1 :i* no man c numb]1 is se5 be=e ! ?rone 9 heav54 ,!y are clad 9 :ite robesemblems ( purity2 !y h palms 9 _! h&semblems ( victory1 v]4 #i4 7b7 ,!y are engag$ 9 ascrib+ praise to ,god1 v]4 #aj4 7c7 ,! angels1 ! eld]s1 & ! f\r liv+ creatures1 fall d[n be=e ! ?rone1 & unite ) ! r$eem$ 9 ascriptions ( praise1 v]4 #aa1 #ab4 7d7 ,a p>ticul> inquiry is made ( ! se]evid5tly to call 8 att5tion to xrespect+ ^? :o appe> !re 9 :ite robes1 v]4 #ac4 7e7 ,to ?is inquiry x is answ]$1 t !y 7 ^? :o _h come up out ( great tribulation1 & :o _h wa%$ _! robes1 & _h made !m pure 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb1 v]4 #ad4 7f7 ,!n foll[s a description ( _! condition & employm5t 9 heav51 v]4 #aeag4 ,!y are #agj con/antly be=e ! ?rone2 !y s]ve ,god cont9ually2 !y nei!r hung] nor ?ir/2 !y are n subject$ to ! burn+ heat ( ! sun2 !y are provid$ = by ! ,lamb 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone2 & all te>s are =ev] wip$ away f _! eyes4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$1 ,i ?9k1 z an episode1 hav+ no imm$iate connection ) :at prec$es or ) :at foll[s4 ,x seems to be ?r[n 9 "h:ile ! imp5d+ judgm5ts ( ! six? seal are susp5d$1 & be=e ! sev5? is op5$to furni% a relief 9 ! contemplation ( s _m sc5es ( woe1 & to *e] ! s\l ) inspir+ hopes f ! view ( ! great numb] t w\ld ultimately be sav$4 ,:ile ^! judgm5ts1 !re=e1 are susp5d$1 ! m9d is direct$ on to ! _w ( triumph1 z a view fitt$ to su/a9 & com=t ^? :o w\ld be p>tak]s 9 ! sc5es ( woe4 ,at ! same "t x is "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ & beautiful ( all ! repres5tations ( heav5 ev] p5n$1 & is em95tly adapt$ to com=t ^?1 9 all ages1 :o are 9 a vale ( te>s4 ,9 ! exposition x w be prop] 7v]4 #ah7 to inquire into ! fair mean+ ( ! language employ$ 9 ! symbols2 & !n to inquire :e!r !re are any kn[n facts to :i* ! description is applicable4 ,! fir/ inquiry may & %\ld be pursu$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r2 & x may be add$1 t ! explanation (f]$ on ?is may be correct1 ev5 if ! o!r %\ld be errone\s4 ,! same rem>k1 also1 is applicable to ! rema9d] ( ! *apt] 7v]4 #iag71 & inde$ is ( g5]al applicability 9 ! exposition ( ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,& aft] ^! ?+s ,i saw f\r angels /&+ on ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 hold+ ! #bci;f\r w9ds ( ! e>?1 t ! w9d %\ld n bl[ on ! e>?1 nor on ! sea1 nor on any tree4 #a4 ,& aft] ^! ?+s4 ,aft] ! vision ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to 9 ! op5+ ( ! six? seal4 ,! natural int]pretation w\ld be1 t :at is "h said ( ! angels & ! w9ds occurr$ aft] ^? ?+s :i* are describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,! exact *ronology may n be always obs]v$ 9 ^! symbolical repres5tations1 b d\btless !re is a g5]al ord] :i* is obs]v$4 ,i saw f\r angels4 ,he does n describe _! =ms1 b m]ely m5tions _! ag5cy4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a symbolical repres5tation4 ,we are n to suppose t x w\ld be lit]ally fulfill$1 or t1 at ! "t ref]r$ to by ! vision1 f\r cele/ial be+s w\ld be /ation$ 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w = ! purpose ( *eck+ & re/ra9+ ! w9ds t bl[ f ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! mean+ is1 t ev5ts w\ld occur :i* w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by f\r angels /&+ 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & hav+ p[] ov] ! w9ds4 ,/&+ on ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,?is language is1 ( c\rse1 accommodat$ to ! prevail+ mode ( speak+ ( ! e>? among ! ,hebrews4 ,x 0 a common me?od among !m to describe x z a va/ pla91 hav+ f\r corn]s1 ^? corn]s be+ ! prom95t po9tsnor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/4 ,s we speak n[ ( ! f\r w9ds1 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 c4 ,! ,hebrews spoke ( ! e>?1 z we d ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun & ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 accord+ to appe>ances1 & )\t aim+ at philosophical exactness4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job xxvi4 #g4 ,) ?is view !y spoke ( ! e>? z an ext5d$ pla91 & z hav+ b\nd>ies or corn]s1 z a pla9 or field naturally has4 ,p]haps1 also1 !y us$ ?is language ) "s allusion to an edifice1 z hav+ f\r corn]s2 = !y speak also ( ! e>? z hav+ f\ndations4 ,! language :i* ! ,hebrews us$ 0 9 accordance ) ! prevail+ ideas & language ( ! anci5ts on ! subject4 ,hold+ ! f\r w9ds ( ! e>?4 ,! w9ds bl[ 9 fact f e qu>t]1 b x is conv5i5t to speak ( !m z com+ f ! f\r pr9cipal po9ts ( ! compass1 & ?is me?od is adopt$ probably 9 e language4 ,s among ! ,greeks & ,lat9s1 ! w9ds 7 arrang$ "u f\r classes,zephyrus1 ,boreas1 ,notus1 & ,eurusconsid]$ z "u ! control ( a k+1 olus4 ,see ,es*5burg1 ,man4 ,class4 ,lit4 #gh1 comp4 #ajh4 ,! angels "h are repres5t$ z 8hold+0 ! w9ds4 ,t is1 !y held !m back :5 ab\t to sweep ov] #aga ! e>?1 & to produce f>-spread desolation4 ,?is is an allusion to a popul> belief among ! ,hebrews1 t ! ag5cy ( ! angels 0 employ$ ev]y:]e4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ! angels _h rais$ ! tempe/ "h1 b only t !y n[ re/ra9$ & controll$ x4 ,! ess5tial idea is1 t !y _h p[] ov] ^? w9ds1 & t !y 7 n[ ex]cis+ t p[] by keep+ !m back :5 !y 7 ab\t to spread desolation ov] ! e>?4 ,t ! w9d %\ld n bl[ on ! e>?4 ,t !re %\ld be a calm1 z if ! w9ds 7 held back4 ,nor on ! sea4 ,n[h]enei!r on sea nor l&4 ,! sea & ! l& con/itute ! surface ( ! globe1 & ! language "h1 !re=e1 d5otes t !re w\ld be a univ]sal calm4 ,nor on any tree4 ,to injure x4 ,! language "h us$ is su* z w\ld d5ote a /ate ( pr(\nd quiet2 z :5 we say t x is s /ill t n a leaf ( ! trees moves4 ,9 reg>d to ! lit]al mean+ ( ! symbol "h employ$ !re c be no great difficulty2 z to its application !re may be m4 ,! w9ds are ! prop] symbols ( w>s & commotions4 ,comp4 ,da4 vii4 #b4 ,9 ,je4 xlix4 #cf1 #cg ! symbol is bo? us$ & expla9$3 8,& ^u ,elam w ,i br+ ! f\r w9ds f ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav51 & w scatt] !m t[>d all ^? w9ds2 & !re %all be no nation :i!r ! outca/s ( ,elam %all n come4 ,= ,i w cause ,elam to be dismay$ be=e _! enemies1 & be=e !m t seek _! life40 ,s 9 ,je4 li4 #a1 #b1 a de/roy+ w9d is an emblem ( de/ructive w>3 8,i w raise up aga9/ ,babylon a de/roy+ w9d1 & w s5d unto ,babylon fann]s1 t %all fan h]1 & %all empty h] l&40 ,comp4 ,horace1 ,odes1 b4 i4 #ad4 ,! ess5tial ideas1 !re=e1 9 ?is portion ( ! symbol1 _c be mi/ak54 ,!y are two3 7#a7 t at ! p]iod ( "t "h ref]r$ toaft] ! op5+ ( ! six? seal & be=e ! op5+ ( ! sev5?!re w\ld be a /ate ( ?+s :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ris+ tempe/s & /orms1 :i* if unre/ra9$ w\ld spread desolation af>2 & 7#b7 t ?is imp5d+ ru9 0 held back z if by angels hav+ control ( ^? w9ds2 t is1 ^? tempe/s 7 n suff]$ to g =? to spread desolation ov] ! _w4 ,a susp5d$ tempe/2 calamity held 9 *eck2 armies hov]+ on ! bord]s ( a k+dom1 b n all[$ to proce$ = a "t2 hordes ( invad]s deta9$1 or /ay$ 9 _! m>*1 z if by "s re/ra9+ p[] n _! own1 & f causes n )9 !mselvesany ( ^! ?+s w\ld be an obvi\s fulfill+ ( ! mean+ ( ! symbol4 #b ,& ,i saw ano!r angel asc5d+ f ! ea/1 hav+ ! #bdjseal ( ! liv+ ,god2 & he cri$ ) a l\d voice to ! f\r angels1 to :om x 0 giv5 to hurt ! e>? & ! sea1 #b4 ,& ,i saw ano!r angel4 ,evid5tly hav+ no connection ) ! f\r1 & employ$ = ano!r purpose4 ,?is angel1 also1 mu/ h be5 symbolic2 & all t is impli$ is1 t some?+ w\ld be done z if an angel _h done x4 ,asc5d+ f ! ea/4 ,he appe>$ 9 ! ea/1 & seem$ to rise l ! sun4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e :at is ! special significancy1 if any1 ( ! ea/ "h1 or :y ?is qu>t] ( ! heav5s is designat$ r ?an ! nor?1 ! s\?1 or ! we/4 ,x may be t z light beg9s 9 ! ea/1 ?is w\ld be prop]ly symbolic ( some?+ t c\ld be comp>$ ) ! light ( ! morn+2 or t "s influ5ce 9 8seal+0 ! s]vants ( ,god w\ld 9 fact g out f ! ea/2 or p]haps no special significance is to be atta*$ to ! qu>t] f :i* ! angel is se5 to come4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t e m9ute ?+ 9 a symbol is to receive a complete fulfilm5t1 or t !re w be "s p>ticul> ?+ to correspond ) x4 ,p]haps all t is meant "h is1 t z ! sun comes =? ) spl5d\r f ! ea/1 s ! angel came ) magnific5ce to p]=m a taskt ( seal+ ! s]vants ( ,god*e]ful & joy\s l t :i* ! sun p]=ms4 ,x is c]ta9 t f no o!r qu>t] ( ! heav5s w\ld x be s appropriate to repres5t an angel z com+ =? to p]=m a purpose ( light1 & m]cy1 & salvation4 ,x does n seem to me1 !re=e1 t we are to look1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 = any special influ5ce sett+ 9 f ! ea/ z t :i* is symboliz$ "h4 ,hav+ ! seal ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,be>+ x 9 8 h&s4 ,9 reg>d to ?is seal ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made37a7 #agb ,! phrase 8seal ( ! liv+ ,god0 d\btless means t :i* ,god _h appo9t$1 or :i* he w\ld use2 t is1 if ,god himself came =? 9 ?is mann]1 he w\ld use ?is seal = ^! purposes4 ,m5 (t5 h a seal ( _! own1 ) "s "n1 symbol1 or device1 :i* designates x z !irs1 & :i* no o!r "o has a "r to use4 ,a seal is sometimes us$ by ! p]son himself2 sometimes intru/$ to a high (fic] ( /ate2 sometimes to ! secret>y ( a corporation2 & sometimes1 z a m>k ( special fav\r1 to a fri5d4 ,9 ?is case x 0 intru/$ to an angel1 :o 0 au?oriz$ to use x1 & ^: use ( x w\ld be sanction$1 ( c\rse1 :]ev] he appli$ x1 by ! liv+ ,god1 z if he _h employ$ x himself4 7b7 ,z to ! =m ( ! seal1 we h no in=mation4 ,x w\ld be mo/ natural to suppose t ! "n 8( ! liv+ ,god0 w\ld be engrav5 on x1 s t t "n w\ld appe> on anyone to :om x might be affix$4 ,comp4 ,notes on #b ,ti4 ii4 #ai4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 ! ,ea/ to br& ! "n ( ! ma/] on ! =ehead ( a slave 7,grotius1 9 loco72 & su* an idea w\ld meet all t is impli$ 9 ! language "h1 ?\gh !re is no c]ta9 evid5ce t !re is an allusion to t cu/om4 ,9 subsequ5t times1 9 ! *ur*1 x 0 common = ,*ri/ians to impress ! sign ( ! cross on _! =eheads 7,t]tullian de ,corona2 ,cyrill4 lib4 vi4 ,see ,grotius74 ,z no?+ is said "h1 h[ev]1 ab\t any m>k or device on ! seal1 conjecture is useless z to :at x 04 7c7 ,z to :at 0 to be designat$ by ! seal1 ! ma9 idea is cle>1 t x 0 to place "s su* m>k ^u 8 fri5ds t !y w\ld be kn[n to be 81 & t !y w\ld be safe 9 ! imp5d+ calamities4 ,!re is p]haps allusion "h to ,eze4 ix4 #df1 :]e ! foll[+ direction to ! prophet occurs38,g ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! city1 ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem1 & set a m>k ^u ! =eheads ( ! m5 t sigh1 & t cry1 = all ! abom9ations t be done 9 ! mid/ !re(4 ,& to ! o!rs he said 9 m9e he>+1 ,g ye aft] him ?r\gh ! city1 & smite2 let n y\r eye sp>e1 nei!r h ye pity3 slay utt]ly old & "y1 bo? maids & little *ildr51 & wom52 b come n ne> any man ^u :om is ! m>k40 ,! ess5tial ideas 9 ! seal+1 9 ! passage be=e u1 w\ld !re=e seem to be1 7#a7 t !re w\ld be "s m>k1 sign1 or tok51 by :i* !y :o 7 ! p ( ,god w\ld be kn[n2 t is1 !re w\ld be some?+ :i* w\ld answ]1 9 ?is respect1 ! same purpose z if a seal _h be5 impress$ ^u _! =eheads4 ,:e!r ?is 0 an outw>d badge1 or a religi\s rite1 or ! doctr9es :i* !y w\ld hold & by :i* !y w\ld be kn[n1 or some?+ 9 _! _s & mann] :i* w\ld *>act]ize 8 true disciples1 may be a fair subject ( inquiry4 ,x is n specifically designat$ by ! use ( ! ^w4 7#b7 ,x w\ld be some?+ t w\ld be conspicu\s or prom95t1 z if x 7 impress$ on ! =ehead4 ,x w\ld n be m]ely "s int]nal seal+1 or "s designation by :i* !y w\ld be kn[n to !mselves & to ,god1 b x w\ld be some?+ app>5t1 z if engrav$ on ! =ehead4 ,:at ?is w\ld be1 :e!r a pr(ession1 or a =m ( religion1 or ! hold+ ( "s doctr9e1 or ! manife/ation ( a p>ticul> _s1 is n "h designat$4 7#c7 ,?is w\ld be some?+ appo9t$ by ,god himself4 ,x w\ld n be ( human orig91 b w\ld be z if an angel s5t f heav5 %\ld impress x on ! =ehead4 ,if x ref]s to ! doctr9es :i* !y w\ld hold1 !y c\ld n be doctr9es ( human orig92 if to ! _s :i* !y w\ld manife/1 x w\ld be a _s ( heav5ly orig92 if to "s outw>d protection1 x w\ld be manife/ t x 0 f ,god4 7#d7 ,?is w\ld be a pl$ge ( safety4 ,! design ( seal+ ! p]sons ref]r$ to seems to h be5 to secure _! safety 9 ! imp5d+ calamities4 ,?us ! w9ds 7 held back until ^? :o 7 to be seal$ c\ld be designat$1 & !n !y 7 to be all[$ to sweep ov] ! e>?4 ,^! ?+s1 !re=e1 we are to look = 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! symbol4 ,& he cri$ ) a l\d voice4 ,z if he _h au?ority to comm&1 & z if ! f\r w9ds 7 ab\t to be let =? ^u ! _w4 ,to :om x 0 giv5 to hurt ! e>? & ! sea4 ,:o _h p[] committ$ #agc to !m to d ?is by means ( ! f\r w9ds4 #c ,say+1 #bda;,hurt n ! e>?1 nei!r ! sea1 nor ! trees1 till we h #bdbseal$ ! s]vants ( our ,god #bdc;9 _! =eheads4 #c4 ,say+1 ,hurt n ! e>?1 nei!r ! sea1 c4 ,let ! w9ds be re/ra9$ until :at is "h designat$ %all be done4 ,^! de/roy+ angels 7 comm&$ to susp5d ! "w ( de/ruction until ! s]vants ( ,god c\ld be r5d]$ secure4 ,! division "h1 z 9 v]4 #a1 ( ! 8e>?1 ! sea1 & ! trees10 seems to include ev]y?+wat]1 l&1 & ! productions ( ! e>?4 ,no?+ 0 to be injur$ until ! angel %\ld designate ! true s]vants ( ,god4 ,till we h seal$ ! s]vants ( our ,god4 ,! use ( ! plural 8we0 seems to d5ote t he did n expect to d x alone4 ,:o 7 to be associat$ ) him1 :e!r angels or m51 he does n intimate2 b ! "w 0 evid5tly su* t x dem&$ ! ag5cy ( m ?an "o4 ,9 _! =eheads4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b2 comp4 ,eze4 ix4 #d1 #e4 ,a m>k ?us plac$ on ! =ehead w\ld be conspicu\s1 & w\ld be some?+ :i* c\ld at once be recogniz$ if de/ruction %\ld spread ov] ! _w4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 two ?+s3 7a7 9 some?+ :i* w\ld be conspicu\s or prom95ts t x c\ld be se52 & 7b7 9 ! m>k be+ ( su* a nature or "* t x w\ld be a prop] designation ( ! fact t !y 7 ! true s]vants ( ,god4 #d ,& ,i he>d ! numb] ( !m :i* 7 seal$3 & !re 7 seal$ #bdd;an hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s& ( all ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 #d4 ,& ,i he>d ! numb] ( !m :i* 7 seal$4 ,he does n say :]e he he>d t1 or by :om x 0 communicat$ to him1 or :5 x 0 done4 ,! mat]ial po9t is1 t he he>d x2 he did n see x done4 ,ei!r by ! angel1 or by "s direct communication f ,god1 he 0 told ( ! numb] t w\ld be seal$1 & ( ! di/ribution ( ! :ole numb] into twelve equal p>ts1 repres5t$ by ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,& !re 7 seal$ an hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s& ( all ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,9 reg>d to ?is numb]1 ! fir/ & ! ma9 "q is1 :e!r x is meant t ?is 0 to be ! lit]al numb]1 or :e!r x 0 symbolical2 &1 if ! latt]1 ( :at x is a symbol4 ,i4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! inquiries1 !re does n appe> to be any good reason = d\bt4 ,! fair int]pretation seems to require t x %\ld be und]/ood z symbolical1 or z design$ n to be lit]ally tak52 = 7a7 ! :ole sc5e is symbolical! w9ds1 ! angels1 ! seal+4 7b7 ,x _c be suppos$ t ?is numb] w include all :o w be seal$ & sav$4 ,9 :atev] way ?is is int]pret$1 & :atev] we may suppose x to ref] to1 we _c b suppose t m ?an ?is numb] w be sav$4 7c7 ,! numb] is too exact & artificial to suppose t x is lit]al4 ,x is inconceivable t exactly ! same numb]precisely twelve ?\s&%\ld be select$ f ea* tribe ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 7d7 ,if lit]al1 x is necess>y to suppose t ?is ref]s to ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,b on e supposition ?is is absurd4 ,t5 ( _! tribes _h be5 long be=e c>ri$ away1 & ! di/9ction ( ! tribes 0 lo/1 no m to be recov]$1 & ! ,hebrew p nev] h be51 s9ce ! "t ( ,john1 9 circum/ances to :i* ! description "h c\ld be applicable4 ,^! consid]ations make x cle> t ! description "h is symbolical4 ,b1 ,,ii4 ,( :at is x symbolical8 ,is x ( a l>ge numb]1 or ( a small numb]8 ,is x ( ^? :o w\ld be sav$ f among ! ,jews1 or ( all :o w\ld be sav$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*repres5t$ z ! 8tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel80 ,to ^! inquiries we may answ]1 7#a7 t ! repres5tation seems to be r t ( a comp>atively small numb] ?an a l>ge "o1 = ^! reasons3 7a7 ,! numb] ( itself is n l>ge4 7b7 ,! numb] is n l>ge z comp>$ ) ^? :o mu/ h con/itut$ ! tribes "h ref]r$ to! numb] twelve ?\s&1 = example1 z comp>$ ) ! :ole numb] ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ( ! tribe ( ,reub51 c4 7c7 ,x w\ld seem f ! language t !re w\ld be "s selection f a mu* great] numb]4 ,?us1 n all 9 ! tribes 7 seal$1 b ^? :o 7 seal$ 7 8( all ! tribes0 2 t is1 out ( ^! tribes4 ,s 9 ! specification 9 ea* tribe 1 1 c4 ,"s out ( ! tribe1 to wit1 twelve ?\s&1 7 seal$4 ,x is n said ( ! #agd twelve ?\s& ( ! tribes ( ,judah1 ,reub51 c41 t !y con/itut$ ! tribe1 b t !y 7 seal$ out ( ! tribe1 z a "p ( x pres]v$ & sav$4 8,:5 ! preposition 1 or out (1 /&s aft] any su* v]b z seal$1 betwe5 a def9ite num]al & a n\n ( multitude 9 ! g5itive1 s\nd criticism requires1 d\btless1 t ! num]al %\ld be ?us con/ru$ z signify+1 n ! :ole1 b a "p tak5 out0 7,elliott1 i4 #bcg74 ,comp4 ,ex4 xxxii4 #bh2 ,nu4 i4 #ba2 #a ,sa4 iv4 #aj4 ,! phrase1 !n1 w\ld prop]ly d5ote ^? tak5 out ( "s o!r & great] numb]z a portion ( a tribe1 & n ! :ole tribe4 ,if ! ref]5ce "h is to ! *ur*1 x w\ld seem to d5ote t a portion only ( t *ur* w\ld be seal$4 7d7 ,= ! same reason ! idea w\ld seem to be1 t comp>atively a small portion is ref]r$ toz twelve ?\s& w\ld be comp>atively a small "p ( "o ( ! tribes ( ,israel2 & if ?is ref]s to ! *ur*1 we %\ld expect to f9d its fulfilm5t 9 a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! l>ge/ proportion w\ld n be seal$2 t is1 9 a corrupt /ate ( ! *ur* 9 :i* !re w\ld be _m pr(essors ( religion1 b comp>atively few :o _h real piety4 7#b7 ,to ! o!r inquiry:e!r ?is ref]s to ^? :o w\ld be seal$ & sav$ among ! ,jews1 or to ^? 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*we may answ]1 7a7 t !re are /rong reasons = suppos+ ! latt] to be ! correct op9ion4 ,long be=e ! "t ( ,john all ^! di/9ctions ( tribe 7 aboli%$4 ,! t5 tribes _h be5 c>ri$ away & scatt]$ 9 di/ant l&s1 nev] m to be re/or$2 & x _c be suppos$ t !re 0 any su* lit]al selection f ! twelve tribes z is "h spok5 (1 or any su* designation ( twelve ?\s& f ea*4 ,!re 0 no occasionei!r :5 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$1 or at any o!r "ton :i* !re 7 su* transactions z are "h ref]r$ to occurr+ 9 ref]5ce to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 7b7 ,! language is su* z a ,*ri/ian1 :o _h be5 by bir? & education a ,hebrew1 w\ld naturally use if he wi%$ to designate ! *ur*4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ja4 i4 #a4 ,accu/om$ to speak ( ! p ( ,god z 8! twelve tribes ( ,israel10 no?+ 0 m natural ?an to transf] ?is language to ! *ur* ( ! ,r$eem]1 & to speak ( x 9 t figurative mann]4 ,accord+ly1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 ! language is univ]sally und]/ood to h ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 :o supposes t ! ref]5ce is to ! siege & de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans1 int]prets x ( ! pres]vation ( ,*ri/ians1 & _! flight to ,pella1 beyond ,jordan4 ,?us int]pret$1 moreov]1 x accords ) ! entire symbolical "* ( ! repres5tation4 7c7 ,! ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> tribes may be a design$ allusion to ! ,*ri/ian *ur* z x w\ld be divid$ into d5om9ations1 or kn[n by diff]5t names2 & ! fact t a c]ta9 portion w\ld be seal$ f e tribe w\ld n be an unfit repres5tation ( ! fact t a portion ( all ! v>i\s *ur*es or d5om9ations w\ld be seal$ & sav$4 ,t is1 salvation w\ld be conf9$ to no "o *ur* or d5om9ation1 b among !m all !re w\ld be f\nd true s]vants ( ,god4 ,x w\ld be improp] to suppose t ! division into tribes among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 0 design$ to be a type ( ! sects & d5om9ations 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & yet ! fact ( su* a division may n improp]ly be employ$ z an illu/ration ( t2 = ! :ole *ur* is made up n ( any "o d5om9ation alone1 b ( all :o hold ! tru? comb9$1 z ! p ( ,god 9 anci5t times consi/$ n solely ( any "o tribe1 h[ev] l>ge & p[]ful1 b ( all comb9$4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! symbol w\ld po9t to a "t :5 !re w\ld be v>i\s d5om9ations 9 ! *ur*1 & yet ) ! idea t true fri5ds ( ,god w\ld be f\nd among !m all4 7d7 ,p]haps no?+ c be argu$ f ! fact t exactly twelve ?\s& 7 select$ f ea* ( ! tribes4 ,9 language s figurative & symbolical z ?is1 x c\ld n be ma9ta9$ t ?is proves t ! same def9ite numb] w\ld be tak5 f ea* d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians4 ,p]haps all t c be fairly inf]r$ is1 t !re w\ld be no p>tiality or pref]5ce = "o m ?an ano!r2 t !re w\ld be no fav\ritism on acc\nt ( ! tribe or d5om9ation to :i* any "o belong$2 b t ! seal w\ld be impress$ on all1 ( any d5om9ation1 :o _h ! true _s ( religion4 ,no "o w\ld receive ! tok5 ( ! div9e fav\r because he 0 ( ! tribe #age ( ,judah or ,reub52 no "o because he belong$ to any p>ticul> d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians4 ,l>ge numb]s f e bran* ( ! *ur* w\ld be seal$2 none w\ld be seal$ because he belong$ to "o =m ( ext]nal organization r ?an to ano!r2 none w\ld be exclud$ because he belong$ to any "o tribe1 if he _h ! _s & held ! s5tim5ts :i* made x prop] to recognize him z a s]vant ( ,god4 ,^! views seem to me to express ! true s5se ( ?is passage4 ,no "o c s]i\sly ma9ta9 t ! writ] meant to ref] lit]ally to ! ,jewi% p2 & if he ref]r$ to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 x seems to be to "s selection t w\ld be made out ( ! :ole *ur*1 9 :i* !re w\ld be no fav\ritism or p>tiality1 & to ! fact t1 9 reg>d to !m1 !re w\ld be "s some?+ :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( ab\nd+ corruption or imp5d+ dang]1 w\ld designate !m z ! *os5 p ( ,god1 & w\ld furni% evid5ce t !y w\ld be safe4 #e ,( ! tribe ( ,juda 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,reub5 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,gad 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 #f ,( ! tribe ( ,as] 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,nep?alim 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,manasses 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 #g ,( ! tribe ( ,simeon 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,levi 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,issa*> 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 #h ,( ! tribe ( ,zabulon 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,joseph 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,( ! tribe ( ,b5jam9 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 #eh4 ,( ! tribe ( ,juda 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 ,t is1 a selection 0 made1 or a numb] seal$1 z if x _h be5 made f "o ( ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel! tribe ( ,judah4 ,if ! rem>ks above made are correct1 ?is ref]s to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & means1 9 connection ) :at foll[s1 t ea* portion ( ! *ur* w\ld furni% a def9ite "p ( ! :ole numb] seal$ & sav$4 ,we are n requir$ to und]/& ?is ( ! exact numb] ( twelve ?\s&1 b t ! designation w\ld be made f all p>ts & bran*es ( ! *ur* z if a selection ( ! true s]vants ( ,god 7 made f ! :ole numb] ( ! tribes ( ,israel4,!re seems to be no p>ticul> reason :y ! tribe ( ,judah 0 m5tion$ fir/4 ,judah 0 n ! olde/ ( ! sons ( ,jacob1 & !re 0 no settl$ ord] 9 :i* ! tribes 7 usually m5tion$4 ,! ord] ( _! bir?1 z m5tion$ 9 ,ge4 xxix4 xxx41 is z foll[s3 ,reub51 ,simeon1 ,levi1 ,judah1 ,dan1 ,naphtali1 ,gad1 ,a%]1 ,issa*>1 ,zebulun1 ,joseph1 ,b5jam94 ,9 ! bless+ ( ,jacob1 ,ge4 xlix41 ?is ord] is *ang$1 & is z foll[s3,reub51 ,simeon1 ,levi1 ,judah1 ,zebulun1 ,issa*>1 ,dan1 ,gad1 ,a%]1 ,naphtali1 ,joseph1 ,b5jam94 ,9 ! bless+ ( ,moses1 ,de4 xxxiii41 a diff]5t ord] /ill is obs]v$3 ,reub51 ,judah1 ,levi1 ,b5jam91 ,joseph1 ,zebulun1 ,issa*>1 ,gad1 ,dan1 ,naphtali1 ,a%]2 & 9 ?is la/1 moreov]1 ,simeon is omitt$4 ,s1 aga91 9 ,eze4 xlviii41 !re are two enum]ations ( ! twelve tribes1 diff]+ f ea* o!r1 & bo? diff]+ f ! arrangem5ts above ref]r$ to3 viz41 9 v]4 #cacd1 :]e ,levi is reckon$ z "o1 & ,joseph z only "o2 & 9 v]4 #abg1 ref]r+ to ! division ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ,levi1 :o _h no h]itage 9 l&1 is omitt$1 & ,ephraim & ,manasseh are c\nt$ z two tribes 7,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ii4 #agb1 #agc74 ,f facts l ^! x is cle> t !re 0 no c]ta9 & settl$ ord] 9 :i* ! tribes 7 m5tion$ by ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,! same ?+ seems to h occurr$ 9 ! enum]ation ( ! tribes1 :i* w\ld occur1 = example1 9 ! enum]ation ( ! sev]al ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,!re is inde$ an ord] :i* is usually obs]v$1 beg9n+ ) ,ma9e1 c41 b almo/ no two writ]s w\ld obs]ve ?r\gh\t ! same ord]2 nor %\ld we deem x /range if ! ord] %\ld be mat]ially v>i$ by ev5 ! same writ] 9 enum]at+ !m at diff]5t times4 ,?us1 at "o "t x might be conv5i5t to enum]ate !m accord+ to _! geographical position2 at ano!r1 9 ! ord] ( _! settlem5t2 at ano!r1 9 ! ord] ( _! admission into ! ,union2 at ano!r1 9 ! ord] ( _! size & importance2 #agf at ano!r1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$ 9 ref]5ce to political p>ties1 c4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d may h occurr$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! tribes 7 m5tion$ among ! ,jews4 ,p]haps ?is may h occurr$ also ( design1 9 ord] t no "o tribe might claim ! prec$5ce or ! pre-em95ce by be+ always plac$ at ! head ( ! li/4 ,if1 z is suppos$ above1 ! allusion 9 ?is enum]ation ( ! tribes 0 to ! v>i\s portions ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 !n p]haps ! idea int5d$ to be convey$ is1 t no "o division ( t *ur* is to h any pref]5ce on acc\nt ( its locality1 or its occupy+ any p>ticul> c\ntry1 or because x has m weal?1 le>n+1 or numb]s ?an o!rs2 b t all are to be reg>d$1 :]e !re is ! true _s ( religion1 z on a level4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree peculi>ities 9 ?is enum]ation ( ! tribes :i* dem& a m p>ticul> explanation4 ,! numb] inde$ is twelve1 b t numb] is made up 9 a peculi> mann]4 7#a7 ,joseph is m5tion$1 & also ,manasseh4 ,! matt] ( fact 01 t ,joseph _h two sons1 ,ephraim & ,manasseh 7,ge4 xlviii4 #a71 & t ^! two sons gave "n to two ( ! tribes1 ! tribes ( ,ephraim & ,manasseh4 ,!re 01 prop]ly speak+1 no tribe ( ! "n ( ,joseph4 ,9 ,nu4 xiii4 ! "n ,levi is omitt$1 z x usually is1 because t tribe _h no inh]itance 9 ! division ( ! l&2 & 9 ord] t ! numb] twelve might be complete1 ,ephraim & ,joseph are m5tion$ z two tribes1 v]4 #h1 #aa4 ,9 v]4 #aa ! writ] /ates expressly t by ! tribe ,joseph he meant ,manasseh8,( ! tribe ( ,joseph1 namely1 ( ! tribe ( ,manasseh10 c4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t1 z ,manasseh 0 ! olde/ 7,ge4 xlviii4 #ad71 ! "n ,joseph 0 sometimes giv5 to t tribe4 ,z ,ephraim1 h[ev]1 became ! l>ge/ tribe1 & z ,jacob 9 bless+ ! two sons ( ,joseph 7,ge4 xlviii4 #ad7 laid 8 "r h& on ,ephraim1 & pron\nc$ a special bless+ on him 7v]4 #ai1 #bj71 x w\ld seem n improbable t1 :5 n p>ticul>ly designat$1 ! "n ,joseph 0 giv5 to t tribe1 z x is evid5tly 9 ?is place4 ,possibly ! "n ,joseph may h be5 a g5]al "n :i* 0 occasionally appli$ to ei!r ( ^! tribes4 ,9 ! long acc\nt ( ! orig9al division ( ,canaan 9 ,jos4 xiii4xix41 ,levi is omitt$1 because he _h no h]itage1 & ,ephraim & ,manasseh are m5tion$ z two tribes4 ,! "n ,joseph 9 ! passage be=e u 7v]4 #h7 is d\btless design$1 z rem>k$ above1 to ref] to ,ephraim4 7#b7 ,9 ?is li/ 7v]4 #g7 ! "n ( ,levi is ins]t$ among ! tribes4 ,z already rem>k$1 ?is "n is n commonly ins]t$ among ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 because t tribe1 be+ devot$ to ! sac]dotal (fice1 _h no inh]itance 9 ! division ( ! c\ntry1 b 0 scatt]$ among ! o!r tribes4 ,see ,jos4 xiv4 #c1 #d2 xviii4 #g4 ,x may h be5 ins]t$ "h1 if ?is ref]s to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 to d5ote t ! m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 z well z o!r memb]s ( ! *ur*1 w\ld %>e 9 ! protection impli$ by ! seal+2 t is1 to d5ote t no class 9 ! *ur* w\ld be exclud$ f ! bless+s ( salvation4 7#c7 ,! "n ( "o ( ! tribes,danis omitt$2 s t by ?is omission1 & ! ins]tion ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 ! orig9al numb] ( twelve is pres]v$4 ,!re h be5 num]\s conjectures z to ! reason :y ! tribe ( ,dan is omitt$ "h1 b none ( ! solutions propos$ are )\t difficulty4 ,all t c be kn[n1 or reg>d$ z probable1 on ! subject1 seems to be ?is37a7 ,z ! tribe ( ,levi 0 usually omitt$ 9 an enum]ation ( ! tribes1 because t tribe _h no "p 9 ! inh]itance ( ! ,hebrew p 9 ! division ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 s !re appe> to h be5 in/ances 9 :i* ! names ( "s ( ! o!r tribes 7 omitt$1 ! reason = :i* is n giv54 ,?us1 9 ,de4 xxxiii41 9 ! bless+ pron\nc$ by ,moses on ! tribes j be=e 8 dea?1 ! "n ,simeon is omitt$4 ,9 #a ,*4 iv4viii4 ! names ( ,zebulun & ,dan are bo? omitt$4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! "n ( a tribe might be sometimes omitt$ )\t any p>ticul> reason be+ specifi$4 7b7 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! "n ,dan 0 omitt$ because t tribe 0 e>ly devot$ to idolatry1 & cont9u$ idolatr\s to ! "t ( ! captivity4 ,( t fact !re c be no d\bt1 = x is expressly affirm$ 9 ,ju4 xviii4 #cj2 & t fact seems to be a suffici5t reason = ! omission ( ! "n4 ,z be+ ?us idolatr\s1 x 0 9 a measure sep>at$ #agg f ! p ( ,god1 & des]v$ n to be reckon$ among !m2 & 9 enum]at+ ^? :o 7 ! s]vants ( ,god1 !re seem$ to be a propriety t a tribe devot$ to idolatry %\ld n be reckon$ among ! numb]4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! omission1 )\t resort+ to ! supposition ( ,grotius1 t ! tribe ( ,dan 0 ext9ct at ! "t :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5a fact :i* also exi/$ 9 reg>d to all ! t5 tribes2 or to ! supposition ( ,&reas & o!rs1 t ,dan is omitt$ because ,anti*ri/ 0 to spr+ f t tribea supposition :i* is alike )\t pro( & )\t probability4 ,! fact t ,dan 0 omitt$ _c be suppos$ to h any special significancy 9 ! case be=e u4 ,su* an omission is :at1 z we h se51 might h occurr$ at any "t 9 ! enum]ation ( ! tribes4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! application ( ?is portion ( ! book 7v]4 #ah71 or ( :at is design$ to be "h repres5t$1 !re has be51 z might be expect$1 a great v>iety ( op9ions4 ,f ! exposition ( ! words & phrases :i* has be5 giv51 x is manife/ t we are to look = a s]ies ( ev5ts l ! foll[+37#a7 ,"s imp5d+ dang]1 or some?+ t ?reat5$ to sweep ev]y?+ awayl w9ds t 7 ready to bl[ on ! e>?4 7#b7 ,t tempe/ re/ra9$ or held back1 z if ! w9ds 7 held 9 *eck by an angel1 & 7 n suff]$ to sweep ov] ! _w4 7#c7 ,"s new influ5ce or p[]1 repres5t$ by an angel com+ f ! ea/! great s\rce ( lightt %\ld designate ! true *ur* ( ,god! s]vants ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 7#d7 ,"s m>k or note by :i* ! true p ( ,god c\ld be designat$1 or by :i* !y c\ld be kn[nz if "s "n 7 impress$ on _! =eheads4 7#e7 ,a selection or election ( ! numb] f a mu* great] numb] :o 7 ! pr(ess$1 b 7 n ! true s]vants ( ,god4 7#f7 ,a def9ite1 ?\gh comp>atively a small numb] ?us designat$ out ( ! :ole mass4 7#g7 ,?is numb] tak5 f all ! divisions ( ! pr(ess$ p ( ,god1 9 su* numb]s & 9 su* a mann]1 t x w\ld be app>5t t !re w\ld be no p>tiality or fav\ritism2 t is1 t :]ev] ! true s]vants ( ,god 7 f\nd1 !y w\ld be seal$ & sav$4 ,^! are ?+s :i* lie on ! face ( ! passage1 if ! int]pretation above giv5 is correct1 & 9 its application x is necess>y to f9d "s facts t w prop]ly correspond ) ^! ?+s4 ,if ! int]pretation ( ! six? seal propos$ above is correct1 !n we are to look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 ev5ts t soon succe$$ ^? :i* are !re ref]r$ to1 or at lea/ :i* _h _! comm5cem5t at ab\t t "t2 & ! inquiry n[ is1 :e!r !re 7 any ev5ts t w\ld accord prop]ly ) ! int]pretation "h propos$3 t is1 any imp5d+ & spread+ dang]2 any re/ra9+ ( t dang]2 any process ( designat+ ! s]vants ( ,god s z to pres]ve !m2 any?+ l a designation or selection ( !m f among ! masses ( ! pr(ess$ p ( ,god8 ,n[1 9 respect to ?is1 ! foll[+ facts accord s well ) :at is dem&$ 9 ! int]pretation t x may be reg>d$ z morally c]ta9 t !y 7 ! ?+s :i* 7 ?us made to pass 9 vision be=e ! m9d ( ,john4 ,!y h at lea/ ?is degree ( probability1 t if x 7 admitt$ t he int5d$ to describe !m1 ! symbols :i* are actually employ$ are ^? :i* x w\ld h be5 prop] to select to repres5t !m4 ,i4 ,! imp5d+ dang]1 l w9ds re/ra9$1 t ?reat5$ to sweep ev]y?+ away1 & to ha/5 on ! end ( ! _w4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 !re may h be5 two classes ( imp5d+ dang]t f ! invasion ( ! nor!rn hordes1 ref]r$ to 9 ! six? seal 7*4 vi471 & t f ! influx ( error1 t ?reat5$ ! ru9 ( ! *ur*4 7a7 ,z to ! =m]1 ! language us$ by ,john w accurately express ! /ate ( ?+s z x exi/$ at ! p]iod suppos$ at ! "t ( ! six? seal! s]ies ( ev5ts introduc$1 n[ susp5d$1 l ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal4 ,! idea is t ( nations press+ on to conque/2 heav+ l tempe/s on ! bord]s ( ! empire2 ov]turn+ ev]y?+ 9 _! way2 spread+ desolation by fire & sword1 z if ! _w 7 ab\t to come to an end4 ,! language us$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 describ+ ! times "h ref]r$ to is s applicable1 t x w\ld seem almo/ z if he _h ! symbols us$ by ,john 9 8 eye4 ,speak+ ( ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 he says1 8,! ?reat5+ #agh tempe/ ( b>b>ians1 :i* s soon subv]t$ ! f\ndations ( ,roman greatness1 0 /ill repell$1 or susp5d$ on ! fronti]s0 7i4 #cfb74 ,?is language accurately expresses ! condition ( ! ,roman _w at ! p]iod succe$+ ! op5+ ( ! six? seal2 ! p]iod ( susp5d$ judgm5ts1 9 ord] t ! s]vants ( ,god might be seal$4 ,see ! ,notes on *4 vi4 #abag4 ,! nations :i* ultimately spread desolation ?r\gh ! empire hov]$ ar\nd its bord]s1 mak+ occasional incursions into its t]ritory2 ev5 c>ry+ _! arms1 z we h se5 9 "s in/ances1 z f> z ,rome itself1 b /ill re/ra9$ f accompli%+ ! f9al purpose ( ov]?r[+ ! city & ! empire4 ,! *ur* & ! /ate alike 7 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 & ! imp5d+ wra? seem$ only to be held back z if to give "t to accompli% "s o!r purpose4 7b7 ,at ! same "t !re 0 ano!r class ( evils :i* ?reat5$ to sweep l a tempe/ ov] ! *ur*! evils ( error 9 doctr9e t sprang up on ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity by ,con/ant9e4 ,t fact 0 foll[$ ) a great increase ( pr(essors ( religion1 :o1 = v>i\s purposes1 cr[d$ into a *ur* patroniz$ by ! /atea condition ( ?+s :i* t5d$ to d m to de/roy ! *ur* ?an all t _h be5 done by p]secution _h accompli%$4 ,?is effect 0 natural2 & ! *ur* became fill$ ) ^? :o _h yield$ !mselves to ! ,*ri/ian fai? f motives ( policy1 & :o1 hav+ no true spiritual piety1 7 ready to embrace ! mo/ lax views ( religion1 & to yield !mselves to any =m ( error4 ,( ?is p]iod1 & ( ! effect ( ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e 9 ?is respect1 ,mr4 ,gibbon makes ! foll[+ rem>ks1 /rik+ly illu/rative ( ! view n[ tak5 ( ! mean+ ( ?is passage38,! hopes ( weal? & hon\rs1 ! example ( an emp]or1 8 exhortations1 8 irresi/ible smiles1 diffus$ conviction among ! v5al & obsequi\s cr[ds :i* usually fill ! ap>tm5ts ( a palace4 ,! cities :i* signaliz$ a =w>d zeal1 by ! volunt>y de/ruction ( _! temples1 7 di/+ui%$ by municipal privileges1 & rew>d$ ) popul> donatives2 & ! new capital ( ! ,ea/ glori$ 9 ! s+ul> advantage1 t ,con/ant9ople 0 nev] pr(an$ by ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,z ! l[] ranks ( society are gov]n$ by imitation1 ! conv]sion ( ^? :o possess$ any em95ce ( bir?1 ( p[]1 or ( ri*es1 0 soon foll[$ by dep5d5t multitudes4 ,! salvation ( ! common p 0 pur*as$ at an easy rate1 if x be true t1 9 "o ye>1 twelve ?\s& m5 7 baptiz$ at ,rome1 besides a proportionable numb] ( wom5 & *ildr51 & t a :ite g>m5t1 ) tw5ty pieces ( gold1 _h be5 promis$ by ! emp]or to e conv]t0 7i4 #dbe74 ,at a "t1 !re=e1 :5 x might h be5 suppos$ t1 "u ! patronage ( a ,*ri/ian emp]or1 ! tru? w\ld h spread ar\nd ! _w1 ! *ur* 0 expos$ to "o ( its greate/ dang]st aris+ f ! fact t x _h become unit$ ) ! /ate4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 also1 !re sprang up _m ( ^? =ms ( error :i* h spread f>!/ ov] ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & :i* !n ?reat5$ to become ! univ]sal =m ( belief 9 ! *ur*4 ,( ?is class ( doctr9e 7 ! views ( ,arius1 & ! views ( ,pelagius=ms ( op9ion :i*1 !re 7 /rong reasons to fe>1 might become ! prevail+ belief ( ! *ur*1 & ess5tially *ange its "*4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 also1 ! *ur* 0 pass+ into ! /ate 9 :i* ! ,papacy w\ld ariset d>k & gloomy p]iod 9 :i* error w\ld spread ov] ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & ! true s]vants ( ,god w\ld retire = a long p]iod into obscurity4 8,we are n[ b a little way (f f ! comm5cem5t ( t not$ p]iodobscurely h9t$ at by ,daniel1 pla9ly ann\nc$ by ,john! twelve hundr$ & sixty prophetic days or ye>s1 = :i* prep>ations ( a v unusual k9d1 b requisite1 d\btless1 are made4 ,?is p]iod 0 to =m ! gloomie/1 )\t exception1 9 ! annals ( ! _w! p]iod ( ,satan's highe/ success1 & ( ! *ur*'s greate/ depression2 & le/ %e %\ld become dur+ x utt]ly ext9ct1 h] memb]s1 nev] s few z !n1 7 all specially seal$4 ,! long night passes on1 d>k5+ z x advances2 b ! seal$ company are n visible2 !y disappe> f ! ,apocalyptic /age1 j z !y !n disappe>$ f ! obs]vation ( ! _w2 = !y fl$ away to escape ! fire & ! dungeons ( _! p]secutors1 to hide 9 ! ho>y caves ( ! e>?1 or to inhabit ! #agi untrodd5 regions ( ! wild]ness1 or to dwell b5ea? ! %ad[ ( ! ,alps1 or to enjoy fell[%ip ) ,god1 emancipat$ & unkn[n1 9 ! deep seclusion & gloom ( "s conv5t0 7,! ,sev5? ,vial1 ,london1 #ahdh1 pp4 #bg1 #bh74 ,^! facts seem to me to %[1 ) a consid]able degree ( probability1 :at 0 designat$ by ! susp5se :i* occurr$ aft] ! op5+ ( ! six? seal:5 ! affairs ( ! _w seem$ to be ha/5+ on to ! great cata/rophe4 ,at t p]iod ! prophetic eye sees ! t5d5cy ( ?+s sudd5ly arre/$2 ! w9ds held back1 ! *ur* pres]v$1 & a s]ies ( ev5ts introduc$1 int5d$ to designate & to save f ! great mass ( ^? :o pr(ess$ly con/itut$ ! 8tribes ( ,israel10 a def9ite numb] :o %\ld be 9 fact ! true *ur* ( ,god4 ,,ii4 ,! facts1 !n1 to :i* !re is ref]5ce 9 *eck+ ! t5d5cy ( ?+s1 & seal+ ! s]vants ( ,god1 may h be5 ! foll[+37a7 ,! pres]vation ( ! *ur* f ext9ction dur+ ^? calamit\s p]iods :5 ru9 seem$ ab\t to sweep ov] ! ,roman _w4 ,n only z a matt] ( fact 0 !re a susp5sion ( ^? imp5d+ judgm5ts t seem$ to ?reat5 ! v ext9ction ( ! empire by ! invasion ( ! nor!rn hordes 7see ,notes on *4 vi471 b !re 7 special acts 9 fav\r ( ! *ur*1 by :i* ^! fi]ce b>b>ians appe>$ n only to be re/ra9$ f de/roy+ ! *ur*1 b to be influ5c$ by t5d]ness & sympa?y = x1 z if !y 7 rais$ up to pres]ve x :5 ,rome _h done all x c\ld to de/roy x4 ,x w\ld seem z if ,god re/ra9$ ! rage ( ^! hordes = ! sake ( pres]v+ 8 *ur*2 z if he _h t\*$ _! he>ts t !y might give to ,*ri/ians an opportunity to escape 9 ! imp5d+ /orm4 ,we may ref] "h p>ticul>ly to ! conduct ( ,al>ic1 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 9 ! attack on ,rome already ref]r$ to2 &1 z usual1 we may quote f ,mr4 ,gibbon1 :o w n be suspect$ ( a design to contribute any?+ to ! illu/ration ( ! ,apocalypse4 8,at ! h\r ( midnight10 says he 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfj1 #bfa71 8! ,sal>ian ,gate 0 sil5tly op5$1 & ! inhabitants 7 awak5$ by ! trem5d\s s\nd ( ! ,go?ic trumpet4 ,elev5 hundr$ & sixty-?ree ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 ! imp]ial city1 :i* _h subdu$ & civiliz$ s consid]able a "p ( mank9d1 0 deliv]$ to ! lic5ti\s fury ( ! tribes ( ,g]many & ,scy?ia4 ,! proclamation ( ,al>ic1 :5 he =c$ 8 entrance into ! vanqui%$ city1 discov]$1 h[ev]1 "s reg>d = ! laws ( humanity & religion4 ,he enc\rag$ 8 troops boldly to seize ! rew>ds ( val\r1 & to enri* !mselves ) ! spoils ( a weal?y & effem9ate p2 b he exhort$ !m at ! same "t to sp>e ! lives ( ! unresi/+ citiz5s1 & to respect ! *ur*es ( ! apo/les ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul z holy & inviolable sanctu>ies4 ,:ile ! b>b>ians roam$ ?r\gh ! city 9 que/ ( prey1 ! humble dwell+ ( an ag$ virg91 :o _h devot$ h] life to ! s]vice ( ! alt>1 0 =c$ op5 by "o ( ! p[]ful ,go?s4 ,he imm$iately dem&$1 ?\gh 9 civil language1 all ! gold & silv] 9 h] possession2 & 0 a/oni%$ at ! read9ess ) :i* %e conduct$ him to a spl5did ho>d ( massy plate1 ( ! ri*e/ mat]ials & ! mo/ curi\s workman%ip4 ,! b>b>ian view$ ) wond] & delight ?is valuable acquisition1 till he 0 int]rupt$ by a s]i\s admonition1 address$ to him 9 ! foll[+ words3 #8,^!1' said %e1 #8are ! consecrat$ vessels belong+ to ,/4 ,pet]2 if y presume to t\* !m1 ! sacrilegi\s de$ w rema9 on y\r consci5ce3 = my "p1 ,i d>e n keep :at ,i am unable to def5d4' ,! ,go?ic capta91 /ruck ) rev]5tial awe1 despat*$ a mess5g] to in=m ! k+ ( ! treasure :i* he _h discov]$2 & receiv$ a p]emptory ord] f ,al>ic1 t all ! consecrat$ plate & ornam5ts %\ld be transport$1 )\t damage or delay1 to ! *ur* ( ! apo/le4 ,f ! extremity1 p]haps1 ( ! ,quir9al hill1 to ! di/ant qu>t] ( ! ,vatican1 a num]\s deta*m5t ( ! ,go?s1 m>*+ 9 ord] ( battle ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets1 protect$1 ) glitt]+ arms1 ! long tra9 ( _! dev\t companions1 :o bore al(t on _! heads ! sacr$ vessels ( gold & silv]2 & ! m>tial %\ts ( ! b>b>ians 7 m+l$ ) ! s\nd ( religi\s psalmody4 ,f all ! adjac5t h\ses a cr[d ( ,*ri/ians ha/5$ to jo9 ?is edify+ procession2 & a multitude ( fugitives1 )\t di/9ction ( age or rank1 or ev5 ( sect1 _h #ahj ! good =tune to escape to ! secure & hospitable sanctu>y ( ! ,vatican40 ,9 a note ,mr4 ,gibbon adds3 8,accord+ to ,isidore1 ,al>ic himself 0 he>d to say1 t he wag$ w> ) ! ,romans1 & n ) ! apo/les40 ,he adds also 7p4 #bfa71 8,! le>n$ "w conc]n+ ! ,city ( ,god 0 pr(ess$ly compos$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e to ju/ify ! ways ( ,provid5ce 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman greatness4 ,he celebrates ) peculi> satisfaction ?is memorable triumph ( ,*ri/2 & insults 8 adv]s>ies by *all5g+ !m to produce "s simil> example ( a t[n tak5 by /orm1 9 :i* ! fabul\s gods ( antiquity _h be5 able to protect ei!r !mselves or _! delud$ vot>ies40 ,we may ref] "h1 also1 to t "w ( ,augu/9e z illu/rat+ ! passage be=e u4 ,9 book i4 *4 #b1 he def5ds ?is position1 t 8!re nev] 0 w> 9 :i* ! conqu]ors w\ld sp>e !m :om !y conqu]$ = ! gods !y wor%ipp$0ref]r+ p>ticul>ly to ! sack+ ( ,troy2 9 *4 #c he appeals to ! example ( ,troy2 9 *4 #d he appeals to ! sanctu>y ( ,juno1 9 ,troy2 9 *4 #e he %[s t ! ,romans nev] sp>$ ! temples ( ^? cities :i* !y de/roy$2 & 9 *4 #f he ma9ta9s t ! fact t m]cy 0 %[n by ! b>b>ians 9 ! sack+ ( ,rome1 0 8?r\gh ! p[] ( ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is he says1 8,!re=e1 all ! spoil1 murd]1 viol5ce1 & affliction1 t 9 ?is fre% calamity came ^u ,rome1 7 no?+ b ! ord9>y effects foll[+ ! cu/om ( w>4 ,b t :i* 0 s unaccu/om$1 t ! savage nature ( ! b>b>ians %\ld put on a new %ape1 & appe> s m]ciful t x w\ld make *oice ( great & spaci\s *ur*es to fill ) su* z x meant to %[ pity on1 f :i* none %\ld be hal$ to slaught] or slav]y1 9 :i* none %\ld be hurt1 to :i* _m by _! c\rte\s foes %\ld be conduct$1 & out ( :i* none %\ld be l$ into bondage2 ?is is due to ! "n ( ,*ri/1 ?is is due to ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession2 he t see? n is bl9d2 he t see? & praise? x n is un?ankful2 he t h9d]s him t praise? x is mad0 7,city ( ,god1 p4 #aa2 ,london1 #afbj74 ,su* a pres]vation ( ,*ri/ians2 su* a susp5sion ( judgm5ts1 :5 all ?+s seem$ to be on ! v]ge ( ru91 w\ld n be inappropriately repres5t$ by w9ds t ?reat5$ to sweep ov] ! _w2 by ! /ay+ ( ^? w9ds by "s rem>kable p[]1 z by an angel2 & by ! special int]position :i* sp>$ ! *ur* 9 ! tumults & t]rors ( a siege1 & ( ! sack+ ( a city4 7b7 ,!re may h be5 a ref]5ce to ano!r class ( ,div9e int]positions at ab\t ! same "t1 to designate ! true s]vants ( ,god4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$1 t f ! "t :5 ,con/ant9e took ! *ur* "u 8 patronage1 & x became connect$ ) ! /ate1 !re 0 a l>ge accession ( nom9al pr(essors 9 ! *ur*1 produc+ a great corruption 9 reg>d to spiritual religion1 & an ext5d$ preval5ce ( error4 ,n[ ! delay "h ref]r$ to1 betwe5 ! op5+ ( ! six? & sev5? seals1 may h ref]r$ to ! fact1 t dur+ ?is p]iod ! true doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be v9dicat$ & e/abli%$ 9 su* a way t ! s]vants ( ,god w\ld be 8seal$0 & designat$ 9 contradi/9ction f ! great mass ( ! pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 & f ! num]\s advocates ( error4 ,f t mass a c]ta9 & def9ite numb] 0 to be seal$imply+1 z we h se51 t !re w\ld be a selection1 or t !re w\ld be some?+ :i* w\ld discrim9ate !m f ! multitudes z ! true s]vants ( ,god4 ,?is is repres5t$ by an angel com+ f ! ea/3 ! angel repres5t+ ! new heav5ly influ5ce com+ ^u ! *ur*2 & ! com+ f ! ea/z ! ea/ is ! qu>t] :]e ! sun risesd5ot+ t x came f ! s\rce & f\nta9 ( lightt is1 ,god4 ,! 8seal+0 w\ld d5ote any?+ 9 ?is new influ5ce or manife/ation :i* w\ld m>k ! true *ildr5 ( ,god1 & w\ld be appropriately employ$ to designate any doctr9es :i* w\ld keep up true religion 9 ! _w2 :i* w\ld pres]ve correct views ab\t ,god1 ! way ( salvation1 & ! nature ( true religion1 & :i* w\ld ?us det]m9e :]e ! *ur* ( ,god really 04 ,if !re %\ld he a t5d5cy 9 ! *ur* to deg5]ate into =mality2 if ! rules ( discipl9e %\ld be relax$2 if error %\ld prevail z to :at con/itutes spiritual religion2 & if !re %\ld be a new influ5ce at t "t :i* w\ld di/+ui% ^? :o 7 ! *ildr5 #aha ( ,god f ^? :o 7 n1 ?is w\ld be appropriately repres5t$ by ! angel f ! ea/1 & by ! seal+ ( ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,n[ x requires b a slight k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman empire1 & ( ! *ur* at ! p]iod suppos$ "h to be ref]r$ to1 to p]ceive t all ?is occurr$4 ,!re 0 a l>ge influx ( pr(ess$ conv]ts4 ,!re 0 a va/ increase ( worldl9ess4 ,!re 0 a wide diffusion ( error4 ,religion 0 fa/ becom+ m]e =malism4 ,! true *ur* 0 app>5tly fa/ v]g+ to ru94 ,at ?is p]iod ,god rais$ up di/+ui%$ m5z if !y _h be5 angels asc5d+ f ! ea/:o came z ) ! 8seal ( ! liv+ ,god0! doctr9es ( grace1 & j views ( spiritual religionto designate :o 71 & :o 7 n1 ! 8true s]vants ( ,god0 among ! multitudes :o pr(ess$ to be 8 foll[]s4 ,su* 7 ! doctr9es ( ,a?anasius & ,augu/9e^? great doctr9es on :i* ! v exi/5ce ( ! true *ur* has 9 all ages dep5d$4 ,! doctr9es ?us illu/rat$ & def5d$ 7 fitt$ to make a broad l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! true *ur* & ! _w1 & ?is w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! symbol employ$ "h= x is by ^! doctr9es t ! true p ( ,god are seal$ & confirm$4 ,on ?is subject comp4 ,elliott1 i4 #bgibib4 ,! g5]al s5se "h int5d$ to be express$ is1 t !re 0 at ! p]iod ref]r$ to1 aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 a decid$ t5d5cy to a worldly1 =mal1 lax k9d ( religion 9 ! *ur*2 a v preval5t d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity & ( ! doctr9es ( grace2 a lax mode ( admitt+ memb]s to ! *ur*1 ) little or no evid5ce ( true conv]sion2 a disposition to attribute sav+ grace to ! ord9ances ( religion1 & especially to baptism2 a disposition to rely on ! outw>d c]emonies ( religion1 ) little acqua9tance ) its spiritual p[]2 & a g5]al break+ d[n ( ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! *ur* & ! _w1 z !re is usually 9 a "t ( outw>d prosp]ity1 & especially :5 ! *ur* is connect$ ) ! /ate4 ,at ?is "t !re arose ano!r set ( influ5ces well repres5t$ by ! angel com+ f ! ea/1 & seal+ ! true s]vants ( ,god1 9 illu/ration & confirmation ( ! true doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianitydoctr9es on :i* ! spirituality ( ! *ur* has always dep5d$3 ! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! atonem5t1 ! depravity ( man1 reg5]ation by ! ag5cy ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ju/ification by fai?1 ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 & k9dr$ doctr9es4 ,su* doctr9es h 9 all ages s]v$ to det]m9e :]e ! true *ur* is1 & to designate & 8seal0 ! s]vants ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 7c7 ,?is process ( 8seal+0 may be reg>d$ z cont9u$ dur+ ! long night ( ,papal d>kness t 0 com+ ^u ! *ur*1 :5 error w\ld ab\nd1 & ! religion ( =ms w\ld be triumphant4 ,ev5 !n1 9 places obscure & unkn[n1 ! "w ( seal+ ! true s]vants ( ,god might be go+ =w>d= ev5 9 ^? times ( gloomy night !re 7 ^?1 ?\gh comp>atively few 9 numb]1 :o lov$ ! tru?1 & :o 7 ! real s]vants ( ,god4 ,! numb] ( ! elect 0 fill+ up1 = ev5 9 ! d>ke/ times !re 7 ^? :o lov$ ! cause ( spiritual religion1 & :o bore ^u !m ! impress ( ! 8seal ( ! liv+ ,god40 ,su* appe>s to h be5 ! int5t ( ?is seal+ vision3 a /ay+ ( ! desolation t1 9 v>i\s =ms1 0 sweep+ ov] ! _w1 9 ord] t ! true *ur* might be safe1 & t a l>ge numb]1 f all p>ts ( ! *ur*1 might be seal$ & designat$ z ! true s]vants ( ,god4 ,! w9ds t bl[$ f all qu>t]s 7 /ay$ z if by mighty angels4 ,a new influ5ce1 f ! great s\rce ( light1 came 9 to designate ^? :o 7 ! true s]vants ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 z if an angel _h come f ! ris+ sun ) ! seal ( ! liv+ ,god1 to impress x on _! =eheads4 ,a selection 0 made out ( a *ur* fill+ up ) =mali/s1 & 9 :i* ! true doctr9es ( spiritual religion 7 fa/ fad+ away1 ( ^? :o c\ld be designat$ z ! true s]vants ( ,god4 ,by _! cre$1 & _! lives1 & _! _s1 & _! pr(ession1 !y c\ld be designat$ z ! true s]vants ( ,god1 z if a visible m>k 7 impress$ on _! =eheads4 ,?is selection 0 conf9$ to no place1 no class1 no tribe1 no d5om9ation4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! :ole ( ,israel1 9 su* numb]s t x c\ld be se5 t none ( ! tribes 7 exclud$ f ! hon\r1 b t1 :]ev] ! true _s ( religion 01 ,god 0 ackn[l$g+ ^! tribesor *ur*esz 81 & !re he 0 ga!r+ a p #ahb to himself4 ,?is w\ld be long cont9u$1 until new sc5es w\ld op51 & ! eye w\ld re/ on o!r developm5ts 9 ! s]ies ( symbols1 reveal+ ! glori\s ho/ ( ! r$eem$ em]g+ f d>kness1 & 9 c\ntless numb]s triumph+ be=e ! ?rone4 #i ,aft] ?is ,i beheld1 &1 lo1 a great multitude1 :i* no man c\ld numb]1 #bde( all nations1 & k9dr$s1 & p1 & tongues1 /ood be=e ! ?rone1 & be=e ! ,lamb1 #bdf;clo!d ) :ite robes1 & #bdgpalms 9 _! h&s2 #i4 ,aft] ?is4 ,gr41 8,aft] ^! ?+s0 3 t is1 aft] ,i saw ^! ?+s ?us repres5t$ ,i _h ano!r vision4 ,?is w\ld und\bt$ly imply1 n only t he saw ^! ?+s aft] he _h se5 ! seal+ ( ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s&1 b t !y w\ld occur subsequ5tly to t4 ,b he does n /ate :e!r !y w\ld imm$iately occur1 or :e!r o!r ?+s might n int]v5e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! vision seems to be transf]r$ f e>? to heav5= ! multitudes :i* he saw appe>$ 8be=e ! ?rone0 7v]4 #i72 t is1 be=e ! ?rone ( ,god 9 heav54 ,! design seems to be to c>ry ! m9d =w>d q beyond ! /orms & tempe/s ( e>?! sc5es ( woe & sorr[! days ( error1 d>kness1 decl5sion1 & p]secutionto t p]iod :5 ! *ur* %\ld be triumphant 9 heav54 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( leav+ ! impression t ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& w\ld be all t w\ld be sav$1 ! eye is direct$ to an innum]able ho/1 ga!r$ f all ages1 all climes1 & all p1 triumphant 9 glory4 ,! multitude t ,john ?us saw 0 n1 !re=e1 ,i appreh5d1 ! same z ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s&1 b a f> great] numb]! :ole assembl$ ho/ ( ! r$eem$ 9 heav51 ga!r$ !re z victors1 ) palm-bran*es1 ! symbols ( triumph1 9 _! h&s4 ,! object ( ! vision is to *e] ^? :o are despond+ 9 times ( religi\s decl5sion & 9 seasons ( p]secution1 & :5 ! numb] ( true ,*ri/ians seems to be small1 ) ! assurance t an imm5se ho/ %all be r$eem$ f our _w1 & be ga!r$ triumphant be=e ! ?rone4 ,i beheld4 ,t is1 he saw !m be=e ! ?rone4 ,! vision is transf]r$ f e>? to heav52 f ! contemplation ( ! sc5e :5 desolation seem$ to imp5d ov] ! _w1 & :5 comp>atively few 9 numb] 7 8seal$0 z ! s]vants ( ,god1 to ! "t :5 ! r$eem$ w\ld be triumphant1 & :5 a ho/ :i* no man c numb] w\ld /& be=e ,god4 ,&1 lo4 ,indicat+ surprise4 ,a va/ ho/ bur/ ^u ! view4 ,in/ead ( ! comp>atively few :o 7 seal$1 an innum]able company 7 pres5t$ to 8 vision1 & surprise 0 ! natural effect4 ,a great multitude4 ,in/ead ( ! comp>atively small numb] on :i* ! att5tion _h be5 fix$4 ,:i* no man c\ld numb]4 ,! numb] 0 s great t no "o c\ld c\nt !m1 & ,john1 !re=e1 did n attempt to d x4 ,?is is su* a /atem5t z "o w\ld make :o %\ld h a view ( all ! r$eem$ 9 heav54 ,x w\ld appe> to be a numb] beyond all p[] ( computation4 ,?is repres5tation is 9 /rong contra/ ) a v common op9ion t only a few w be sav$4 ,! repres5tation 9 ! ,bible is1 t imm5se ho/s ( ! human race w be sav$2 & ?\gh va/ numb]s w be lo/1 & ?\gh at any p>ticul> p]iod ( ! _w hi!rto x may seem t few h be5 9 ! pa? to life1 yet we h e reason to believe t1 tak+ ! race at l>ge1 & e/imat+ x z a :ole1 a va/ majority ( ! :ole w be br\ght to heav54 ,= ! true religion is yet to spread all ov] ! _w1 & p]haps = _m1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 piety is to be z preval5t z s9 has be52 & 9 t long & happy "t ( ! _w's hi/ory we may hope t ! numb]s ( ! sav$ may surpass all :o h be5 lo/ 9 pa/ p]iods1 beyond any p[] ( computation4 ,see ,notes on *4 xx4 #cf4 ,( all nations4 ,n only ( ,jews2 n only ( ! nations :i*1 9 ! "t ( ! seal+ vision1 _h embrac$ ! gospel1 b ( all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,?is implies two ?+s3 7a7 t ! gospel w\ld be prea*$ among all nations2 & 7b7 t ev5 :5 x 0 ?us prea*$ to !m !y w\ld keep up _! national *>act]i/ics4 ,!re c be no hope ( bl5d+ all ! nations ( ! e>? "u "o visible sov]eignty4 ,!y may all be subject$ to ! spiritual reign ( ! ,r$eem]1 b /ill !re is no reason to suppose t !y w n h _! di/9ct organizations & laws4 ,& k9dr$s4 ,?is ^w prop]ly ref]s to ^? :o are #ahc desc5d$ f a common ance/ry1 & h5ce d5otes a race1 l9eage1 k9dr$4 ,x 0 appli$ to ! tribes ( ,israel1 z d]iv$ f ! same ance/or1 & = ! same reason might be appli$ to a clan1 & !nce to any division 9 a nation1 or to a nation itselfprop]ly reta9+ ! notion t x 0 desc5d$ f a common ance/or4 ,"h x w\ld seem to ref] to a small] class ?an a nation! diff]5t clans ( :i* a nation might be compos$4 ,& p4 ,?is ^w ref]s prop]ly to a p or community z a mass1 )\t ref]5ce to its orig9 or any ( its divisions4 ,! =m] ^w w\ld be us$ by "o :o %\ld look ^u a nation z made up ( portions ( di/9ct languages1 clans1 or families2 ?is ^w w\ld be us$ by "o :o %\ld look on su* an assembl$ p z a m]e mass ( human be+s1 ) no ref]5ce to _! diff]5ce ( clan%ip1 orig91 or language4 ,& tongues4 ,languages4 ,?is ^w w\ld ref] also to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 consid]$ ) respect to ! fact t !y speak diff]5t languages4 ,! use ( p>ticul> languages does n designate ! precise b\nd>ies ( nations= (t5 _m p speak+ diff]5t languages are unit$ z "o nation1 & (t5 ^? :o speak ! same language con/itute di/9ct nations4 ,! view1 !re=e1 ) :i* "o w\ld look ^u ! dwell]s on ! e>?1 9 ! use ( ! ^w tongues or languages1 w\ld be1 n z divid$ into nations2 n ) ref]5ce to _! l9eage or clan%ip2 & n z a m]e mass )\t ref]5ce to any di/9ction1 b z divid$ by spee*4 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole is1 t p]sons f all p>ts ( ! e>?1 z contemplat$ 9 ^! po9ts ( view1 w\ld be among ! r$eem$4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 iii4 #d2 iv4 #a4 ,/ood be=e ! ?rone4 ,! ?rone ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #b4 ,! ?rone is !re repres5t$ z set up 9 heav51 & ! vision "h is a vision ( :at w occur 9 heav54 ,x is design$ to c>ry ! ?\ghts beyond all ! sc5es ( conflict1 /rife1 & p]secution on e>?1 to ! "t :5 ! *ur* %all be triumphant 9 glory:5 all /orms %all h pass$ by2 :5 all p]secutions %all h ceas$2 :5 all revolutions %all h occurr$2 :5 all ! electn only ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& ( ! seal$1 b ( all nations & times%all h be5 ga!r$ 94 ,!re 0 a beautiful propriety 9 ?is vision4 ,john saw ! tempe/s /ay$1 z by ! might ( angels4 ,he saw a new influ5ce & p[] t w\ld seal ! true s]vants ( ,god4 ,b ^? tempe/s 7 /ay$ only = a "t1 & !re 7 m awful visions 9 res]ve ?an any :i* _h be5 exhibit$visions ( woe & sorr[1 ( p]secution & ( dea?4 ,x 0 appropriate1 !re=e1 j at ?is mom5t ( calm susp5se( delay$ judgm5tsto suff] ! m9d to re/ on ! triumphant close ( ! :ole 9 heav51 :5 a c\ntless ho/ w\ld be ga!r$ !re ) palms 9 _! h&s1 unit+ ) angels 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! m9d1 by ! contemplation ( ?is beautiful vision1 w\ld be refre%$ & /r5g!n$ = ! disclosure ( ! awful sc5es :i* 7 to occur on ! s\nd+ ( ! trumpets "u ! sev5? seal4 ,! simple idea is1 t1 amid/ ! /orms & tempe/s ( lifesc5es ( exi/+ or imp5d+ tr\ble & wra?x is well to let ! eye re/ on ! sc5e ( ! f9al triumph1 :5 innum]able ho/s ( ! r$eem$ %all /& be=e ,god1 & :5 sorr[ %all be kn[n no m4 ,& be=e ! ,lamb4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone9 heav54 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,clo!d ) :ite robes4 ,! emblems ( innoc5ce or righte\sness1 uni=mly repres5t$ z ! raim5t ( ! inhabitants ( heav54 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #d2 vi4 #aa4 ,& palms 9 _! h&s4 ,emblems ( victory4 ,bran*es ( ! palm-tree 7 c>ri$ by ! victors 9 ! a?letic conte/s ( ,greece & ,rome1 & 9 triumphal processions4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxi4 #h4 ,! palm-tree/raight1 elevat$1 maje/ic0 an appropriate emblem ( triumph4 ,! portion ( x :i* 0 borne 9 victory 0 ! long leaf :i* %oots out f ! top ( ! tree4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 iii4 #bf4 ,see ,es*5b]g1 ,manual ( ,class4 ,lit4 p4 #bdc1 & ,le4 xxiii4 #dj3 8,& ye %all take y on ! fir/ day ! b\ghs ( goodly trees1 bran*es ( palm-trees10 c4 ,s 9 ! ,savi\r's triumphal entry into ,j]usalem 7,jn4 xii4 #ab1 #ac78,on ! next day mu* p took bran*es ( #ahd palm-trees1 & w5t =? to meet him1 & cri$1 ,hosanna40 #aj ,& #bdh;cri$ ) a l\d voice1 say+1 #bdi,salvation to our ,god :i* sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb4 #aj4 ,& cri$ ) a l\d voice4 ,comp4 ,zec4 iv4 #g4 ,?is is expressive ( ! greatness ( _! joy2 ! ard\r & e>ne/ness ( _! praise4 ,salvation to our ,god4 ,! ^w r5d]$ salvationmeans prop]ly safety1 deliv]ance1 pres]vation2 !n welf>e or prosp]ity2 !n victory2 !n1 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se1 deliv]ance f puni%m5t & admission to et]nal life4 ,"h ! idea seems to be t _! deliv]ance f s91 dang]1 p]secution1 & dea?1 0 to be ascrib$ solely to ,god4 ,x _c be meant1 z ! words w\ld seem to imply1 t !y desir$ t ,god might h salvation2 b ! s5se is1 t _! salvation 0 to be attribut$ entirely to him4 ,?is w und\bt$ly be ! song ( ! releas$ = ev]1 & all :o rea* ! heav5ly _w w feel t !y owe _! deliv]ance f et]nal dea?1 & _! admission to glory1 :olly to him4 ,pr(essor ,rob9son 7,lex47 r5d]s ! ^w "h victory4 ,! fair mean+ is1 t :atev] is includ$ 9 ! ^w salvation w be due to ,god alone! deliv]ance f s91 dang]1 & dea?2 ! triumph ov] e foe2 ! resurrection f ! grave2 ! rescue f et]nal burn+s2 ! admission to a holy heav5victory 9 all t t ^w implies w be due to ,god4 ,:i* sitte? ^u ! ?rone4 ,notes on *4 iv4 #b4 ,& unto ! ,lamb4 ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & ,he :o is ! ,lamb ( ,god1 alike claim ! hon\r ( salvation4 ,x is obs]vable "h t ! r$eem$ ascribe _! salvation to ! ,lamb z well z to ,him :o is on ! ?rone4 ,c\ld !y d ?is if he :o is ref]r$ to z ! 8,lamb0 7 a m]e man8 ,c\ld !y if he 7 an angel8 ,c\ld !y if he 7 n equal ) ! ,fa!r8 ,d ^? :o are 9 heav5 wor%ip a creature8 ,w !y unite a creat$ be+ ) ! ,ano9t$ ,"o 9 acts ( solemn adoration & praise8 #aa ,& all ! angels /ood r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 & ab\t ! eld]s & ! f\r bea/s1 & fell be=e ! ?rone on _! faces1 & wor%ipp$ ,god1 #aa4 ,& all ! angels /ood r\nd ab\t ! ?rone4 ,notes on *4 v4 #aa4 ,& ab\t ! eld]s4 ,notes on *4 iv4 #d4 ,& ! f\r bea/s4 ,notes on *4 iv4 #f4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! angels /ood 9 ! out] circle1 or outside ( ! eld]s & ! f\r liv+ creatures4 ,! r$eem$1 x is manife/1 occupi$ ! inn] circle1 & 7 ne> ! ?rone1 ?\gh _! precise location is n m5tion$4 ,! angels sympa?ize ) ! *ur* r$eem$ & triumphant1 z !y did ) ! *ur* 9 its conflicts & trials1 & !y n[ appropriately unite ) t *ur* 9 ador+ & prais+ ,god4 ,!y see 9 t r$emption new displays ( ! "* ( ,god1 & !y rejoice t t *ur* is rescu$ f its tr\bles1 & is n[ br\ght triumphant to heav54 ,& fell be=e ! ?rone on _! faces4 ,! usual position ( pr(\nd adoration1 *4 iv4 #aj2 v4 #h4 ,& wor%ipp$ ,god4 ,notes on *4 v4 #aa1 #ab4 #ab ,say+1 #bej;,am53 ,bless+1 & glory1 & wisdom1 & ?anksgiv+1 & hon\r1 & p[]1 & might1 be unto our ,god = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 #ab4 ,say+1 ,am54 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #g4 ,! ^w ,am5 "h is a ^w /rongly affirm+ ! tru? ( :at is said1 or express+ he>ty ass5t to x4 ,x may be utt]$1 z express+ ?is1 ei!r 9 ! beg9n+ or end ( a s5t5ce4 ,?us wills are commonly comm5c$1 8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,am540 ,bless+1 & glory1 c4 ,sub/antially ! same ascription ( praise occurs 9 *4 v4 #ab4 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t ! highe/ k9d ( praise is to be ascrib$ to ,god2 ev]y?+ excell5t 9 "* is to be attribut$ to him2 e bless+ :i* is receiv$ is to be trac$ to him4 ,! ord] ( ! words inde$ is *ang$1 b ! s5se is sub/antially ! same4 ,9 ! =m] case 7*4 v4 #ab7 ! ascription ( praise is to ! ,lamb! ,son ( ,god2 "h x is to ,god4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! wor%ip is describ$ z r5d]$ 9 heav52 & ! use ( ! language %[s t ,god & ! ,lamb are reg>d$ 9 heav5 z entitl$ to equal praise4 ,! only words f\nd "h :i* d n occur 9 #ahe *4 v4 #ab are ?anksgiv+ & mightwords :i* require no p>ticul> explanation4 #ac ,& "o ( ! eld]s answ]$1 say+ unto me1 ,:at are ^! :i* are array$ 9 :ite robes8 & :5ce came !y8 #ac4 ,& "o ( ! eld]s4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d4 ,t is1 z !re und]/ood1 "o ( ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur* be=e ! ?rone4 ,answ]$4 ,! ^w answ]1 ) u1 means to reply to some?+ :i* has be5 said4 ,9 ! ,bible1 h[ev]1 ! ^w is n unfrequ5tly us$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( a spee*1 :]e no?+ has be5 saidz if x 7 a reply to some?+ t might be said on ! subject2 or to some?+ t is pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d ( ano!r2 or to some?+ 9 ! case "u consid]ation :i* sugge/s an inquiry4 ,comp4 ,is4 lxv4 #bd2 ,da4 ii4 #bf2 ,ac4 v4 #h4 ,?us x is us$ "h4 ,john 0 look+ on ! ho/1 & reflect+ on ! /ate ( ?+s2 & to ! tra9 ( ?\ght pass+ ?r\gh 8 m9d ! angel answ]$ by an inquiry z to a "p ( t ho/4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s x acco/$ me4 ,:at are ^! :i* are array$ 9 :ite robes8 ,:o are ^!8 ,! object evid5tly is to br+ ! case ( ^! p]sons m p>ticul>ly into view4 ,! va/ ho/ ) bran*es ( palm _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ,john1 b x 0 ! object ( ! speak] to turn 8 ?\ghts to a p>ticul> "p ( ! ho/! m>tyrs :o /ood among !m4 ,he w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to h turn$ to a p>ticul> portion ( ! imm5se multitude ( ! r$eem$1 & by an emphasis on ! ^w ^!8,:o are ^!0to h fix$ ! eye ^u !m4 ,all ^? :o are be=e ! ?rone are repres5t$ z clo!d 9 :ite robes 7v]4 #i71 b ! eye might be direct$ to a p>ticul> "p ( !m z gr\p$ toge!r1 & z hav+ some?+ peculi> 9 _! position or appe>ance4 ,!re 0 a propriety 9 ?us direct+ ! m9d ( ,john to ! m>tyrs z triumph+ 9 heav5 9 a "t :5 ! *ur*es 7 suff]+ p]secution1 & 9 view ( ! vision :i* he _h _h ( times ( d>kness & calamity com+ ^u ! _w at ! op5+ ( ! six? seal4 ,beyond all ! sc5es ( sorr[ & grief1 he 0 p]mitt$ to see ! m>tyrs triumph+ 9 heav54 ,array$ 9 :ite robes4 ,notes on v]4 #i4 ,& :5ce came !y8 ,! object is to fix ! att5tion m di/9ctly on :at is said ( !m1 t !y came up out ( great tribulation4 #ad ,& ,i said unto him1 ,sir1 ?\ kn[e/4 ,& he said to me4 ,^! are !y :i* #bea;came out ( great tribulation1 & h #bebwa%$ _! robes1 & made !m :ite #bec;9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 #ad4 ,& ,i said unto him1 ,sir1 ?\ kn[e/4 ,! ^w sir 9 ?is place1 "lis a =m ( respectful address1 su* z w\ld be us$ :5 speak+ to a sup]ior1 ,ge4 xliii4 #bj2 ,mat4 xiii4 #bg2 xxi4 #cj2 xxvii4 #fc2 ,jn4 iv4 #aa1 #ae1 #ai1 #di2 v4 #g2 xii4 #ba2 xx4 #ae4 ,! simple mean+ ( ! phrase 8?\ kn[e/0 is1 t he :o _h ask$ ! "q mu/ be bett] in=m$ ?an he to :om he _h propos$ x4 ,x is1 on ! "p ( ,john1 a mode/ confession t he did n "k1 or c\ld n be presum$ to "k1 & at ! same "t ! respectful utt]ance ( an op9ion t he :o address$ ?is "q to him mu/ be 9 possession ( ?is k4 ,& he said unto me4 ,n (f5d$ ) ! reply1 & ready1 z he _h evid5tly int5d$ to d1 to give him ! in=mation :i* he ne$$4 ,^! are !y :i* came out ( great tribulation4 ,! ^w r5d]$ tribulationis a ^w ( g5]al "*1 mean+ affliction1 ?\gh p]haps !re is "h an allusion to p]secution4 ,! s5se1 h[ev]1 w\ld be bett] express$ by ! phrase great trials4 ,! object seems to h be5 to set be=e ! m9d ( ! apo/le a view ( ^? :o _h suff]$ mu*1 & :o by _! suff]+s _h be5 sanctifi$ & prep>$ = heav51 9 ord] to enc\rage ^? :o might be yet call$ to suff]4 ,& h wa%$ _! robes4 ,to wit1 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,& made !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,!re is "s incongruity 9 say+ t !y _h made !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb2 & ! mean+ !re=e mu/ be1 t !y _h cleans$ or purifi$ !m 9 t blood4 ,"u ! anci5t ritual1 v>i\s ?+s ab\t ! sanctu>y 7 cleans$ f c]emonial defilem5t by ! spr9kl+ ( blood on !m! #ahf blood ( sacrifice4 ,9 accordance ) t usage1 ! blood ( ! ,lamb( ! ,"l ,jesusis said to cleanse & purify4 ,john sees a great company ) :ite robes4 ,! means by :i* x is said !y became :ite or pure is ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,x is n said t !y 7 made :ite z ! result ( _! suff]+s or _! afflictions1 b by ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,! c\rse ( ?\ght "h is su* t x w\ld be natural to suppose t1 if at any "t ! great de$s or ! suff]+s ( ! sa9ts c\ld contribute to ! fact t !y w we> :ite robes 9 heav51 ?is is an occasion on :i* !re might be su* a ref]5ce4 ,b !re is no allusion to t4 ,x is n by _! own suff]+s & trials1 _! p]secutions & sorr[s1 t !y are made holy1 b by ! blood ( ! ,lamb t _h be5 %$ = s9n]s4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! blood ( ! ,lamb is "o ( ! incid5tal pro(s t occur s frequ5tly 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! reality ( ! atonem5t4 ,x c\ld be only 9 allusion to t1 & ) an impli$ belief 9 t1 t ! blood ( ! ,lamb c\ld be ref]r$ to z cleans+ ! robes ( ! sa9ts 9 heav54 ,if he %$ 8 blood m]ely z o!r m5 h done2 if he di$ only z a m>tyr1 :at propriety w\ld !re h be5 9 ref]r+ to 8 blood m ?an to ! blood ( any o!r m>tyr8 ,& :at influ5ce c\ld ! blood ( any m>tyr h 9 cleans+ ! robes ( ! sa9ts 9 heav58 ,! fact is1 t if t 7 all1 su* language w\ld be unmean+4 ,x is nev] us$ except 9 connection ) ! blood ( ,*ri/2 & ! language ( ! ,bible ev]y:]e is su* z w\ld be employ$ on ! supposition t he %$ 8 blood to make expiation = s91 & on no o!r supposition4 ,on ! g5]al mean+ ( ! language us$ "h1 & ! s5tim5t express$1 see ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #ad & #a ,jn4 i4 #g4 #ae ,!re=e are !y be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 & s]ve him day & night 9 8 temple3 & he t sitte? on ! ?rone #bed%all dwell among !m4 #ae4 ,!re=e are !y be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,! reason :y !y are !re is to be trac$ to ! fact t ! ,lamb %$ 8 blood to make expiation = s94 ,no o!r reason c be giv5 :y any "o ( ! human race is 9 heav52 & t is reason en\gh :y any ( t race are !re4 ,& s]ve him day & night 9 8 temple4 ,t is1 cont9ually or con/antly4 ,day & night con/itute ! :ole ( "t1 & ?is expression1 !re=e1 d5otes con/ant & un9t]rupt$ s]vice4 ,on e>?1 toil is susp5d$ by ! return ( night1 & ! s]vice ( ,god is int]mitt$ by ! necessity ( re/2 9 heav51 z !re w be no we>9ess1 !re w be no ne$ ( int]mission1 & ! s]vice ( ,god1 v>i$ d\btless to meet ! /ate ( ! m9d1 w be cont9u$ = ev]4 ,! phrase1 8to s]ve him 9 8 temple10 ref]s und\bt$ly to heav51 reg>d$ z ! temple or holy dwell+-place ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #f4 ,& he t sitte? on ! ?rone4 ,god4 ,notes1 *4 iv4 #b4 ,%all dwell among !m4 ,?is ^w prop]ly means1 to t5t1 to pit* a t5t2 &1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to dwell z 9 t5ts4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ,god w\ld dwell among !m z 9 a t5t1 or w\ld h 8 abode ) !m4 ,p]haps ! allusion is to ! tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness4 ,t 0 reg>d$ z ! peculi> dwell+-place ( ,god1 & t always occupi$ a c5tral place among ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,s 9 heav5 !re w be ! consci\sness always t ,god dwells !re among 8 p1 & t ! r$eem$ are ga!r$ ar\nd him 9 8 own h\se4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 x seems to me1 ) less beauty & propriety1 8w spread 8 t5t ov] !m10 z mean+ t he w\ld receive !m into intimate connection & union ) him1 & (f] !m 8 protection4 ,comp4 *4 xxi4 #c4 #af ,!y %all #bee;hung] no m1 nei!r ?ir/ any m2 nei!r %all ! sun light on !m1 #befnor any heat4 #af4 ,!y %all hung] no m4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! r$eem$ :o w be !re1 71 :5 on e>?1 subject$ to ! evils ( fam9e2 _m :o p]i%$ ) hung]4 ,9 heav5 !y w be subject$ to t evil no m1 = !re w be no want t w n be suppli$4 ,! bodies :i* ! r$eem$ w hspiritual bodies 7#a ,co4 xv4 #dd7w d\btless be su* z w be n\ri%$ 9 "s o!r way ?an by food1 if !y require any n\ri%m5t2 & :atev] t n\ri%m5t may be1 x w be fully suppli$4 ,! passage "h is tak5 f ,is4 xlix4 #aj3 #ahg 8,!y %all n hung] nor ?ir/2 nei!r %all ! heat nor sun smite !m40 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,nei!r ?ir/ any m4 ,z multitudes ( ! r$eem$ h be5 subject$ to ! evils ( hung]1 s h multitudes also be5 subject$ to ! pa9s ( ?ir/4 ,9 prison2 9 pa?less des]ts2 9 times ( dr\ght1 :5 wells & f\nta9s 7 dri$ up1 !y h suff]$ f ?is causea cause produc+ z int5se suff]+ p]haps z any t man endures4 ,comp4 ,ex4 xvii4 #c2 ,ps4 lxiii4 #a2 ,la4 iv4 #d2 #b ,co4 xi4 #bg4 ,x is easy to conceive ( p]sons suff]+ s int5sely f ?ir/ t ! highe/ vision ( felicity w\ld be su* a promise z t 9 ! words be=e u8nei!r ?ir/ any m40 ,nei!r %all ! sun light on !m4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 p]haps1 to say t ! ^w light "h does n mean to enlight51 to give light to1 to %9e on4 ,! ,greek is fall on& ! ref]5ce1 probably1 is to ! int5se & burn+ heat ( ! sun1 commonly call$ a sun/roke4 ,excessive heat ( ! sun1 caus+ great pa9 or sudd5 dea?1 is n a v uncommon ?+ among u1 & mu/ h be5 m common 9 ! w>m climates & burn+ s&s ( ! c\ntries 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pale/9e4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t 9 heav5 !y w\ld be free f ?is calamity4 ,nor any heat4 ,9 ,is4 xlix4 #aj1 f :i* place ?is is quot$1 ! expression is 1 %>ab1 prop]ly d5ot+ heat or burn+1 & p>ticul>ly ! mirage1 ! excessive heat ( a s&y des]t produc+ a vap\r :i* has a /rik+ resemblance to wat]1 & :i* (t5 misleads ! unw>y travell] by its deceptive appe>ance4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xxxv4 #g4 ,! expression "h is equival5t to int5se heat2 & ! mean+ is1 t 9 heav5 ! r$eem$ w n be subject$ to any su* suff]+ z ! travell] (t5 exp]i5ces 9 ! burn+ s&s ( ! des]t4 ,! language w\ld convey a mo/ grateful idea to ^? :o _h be5 subject$ to ^! suff]+s1 & is "o =m ( say+ t1 9 heav51 ! r$eem$ w be deliv]$ f ! ills :i* !y suff] 9 ?is life4 ,p]haps ! :ole image "h is t ( travell]s :o h be5 on a long j\rney1 expos$ to hung] & ?ir/1 w&]+ 9 ! burn+ s&s ( ! des]t1 & expos$ to ! fi]y rays ( ! sun1 at l5g? rea*+ _! quiet & peaceful home1 :]e !y w\ld f9d safety & abundance4 ,! believ]'s j\rney f e>? to heav5 is su* a pilgrimage4 #ag ,= ! ,lamb1 :i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone1 %all #beg;fe$ !m1 & %all lead !m unto liv+ f\nta9s ( wat]s3 & ,god %all #behwipe away all te>s f _! eyes4 #ag4 ,= ! ,lamb1 :i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone4 ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,he is /ill ! great ag5t 9 promot+ ! happ9ess ( ! r$eem$ 9 heav54 ,%all fe$ !m4 ,r1 %all ex]cise ov] !m ! (fice ( a %eph]d4 ,?is includes mu* m ?an m]e fe$+4 ,x embraces all ! c>e :i* a %eph]d takes ( 8 flockwat*+ !m1 provid+ = !m1 gu>d+ !m f dang]4 ,comp4 ,ps4 xxiii4 #a1 #b1 #e2 xxxvi4 #h4 ,see ?is fully illu/rat$ 9 ! ,notes on ,is4 xl4 #aa4 ,& %all lead !m unto liv+ f\nta9s ( wat]s4 ,liv+ f\nta9s ref] to runn+ /reams1 z contra/$ ) /&+ wat] & /agnant pools4 ,see ,notes on ,jn4 iv4 #aj4 ,! allusion is und\bt$ly to ! happ9ess ( heav51 repres5t$ z fre% & ev]fl[+1 l /reams 9 ! des]t4 ,no image ( happ9ess1 p]haps1 is m vivid1 or w\ld be m /rik+ to an ,ori5tal1 ?an t ( su* f\nta9s fl[+ 9 s&y & burn+ wa/es4 ,! ^w liv+ "h mu/ ref] to ! fact t t happ9ess w be p]5nial4 ,^! f\nta9s w always bubble2 ^! /reams w nev] dry up4 ,! ?ir/ = salvation w always be gratifi$2 ! s\l w always be made happy4 ,& ,god %all wipe away all te>s f _! eyes4 ,?is is a new image ( happ9ess tak5 f ano!r place 9 ,isaiah 7*4 xxv4 #h71 8,! ,"l ,god w wipe away te>s f (f all faces40 ,! expression is "o ( exquisite t5d]ness & beauty4 ,! poet ,burns said t he c\ld nev] read ?is )\t be+ affect$ to weep+4 ,( all ! negative descriptions ( heav51 !re is no "o p]haps t w\ld be bett] adapt$ to produce consolation ?an ?is4 ,?is is a _w ( weep+a #ahh vale ( te>s4 ,philosoph]s h s\ght a brief def9ition ( man1 & h s\ght 9 va94 ,w\ld !re be any bett] description ( him1 z repres5t+ ! reality ( 8 condition "h1 ?an to say t he is "o :o weeps8 ,:o is !re ( ! human family t has n %$ a te>8 ,:o t has n wept ov] ! grave ( a fri5d2 ov] 8 own losses & c>es2 ov] 8 disappo9tm5ts2 ov] ! treatm5t he has receiv$ f o!rs2 ov] 8 s9s2 ov] ! follies1 vices1 & woes ( 8 fell[-m58 ,& :at a *ange w\ld x make 9 our _w if x c\ld be said t h5ce=w>d n ano!r te> w\ld be %$2 n a head w\ld ev] be b[$ aga9 9 grief6 ,yet ?is is to be ! condition ( heav54 ,9 t _w !re is to be no pa91 no disappo9tm5t1 no b]eavem5t4 ,no fri5d is to lie 9 dreadful agony on a sick-b$2 no grave is to be op5$ to receive a p>5t1 a wife1 a *ild2 no gloomy prospect ( dea? is to draw te>s ( sorr[ f ! eyes4 ,to t bless$ _w1 :5 our eyes run d[n ) te>s1 are we p]mitt$ to look =w>d2 & ! prospect ( su* a _w %\ld contribute to wipe away our te>s "h= all our sorr[s w soon be ov]4 ,z already rem>k$1 !re 0 a beautiful propriety1 at a "t :5 su* calamities imp5d$ ov] ! *ur* & ! _w:5 !re 0 su* a c]ta9ty ( p]secution & sorr[9 p]mitt+ ! m9d to re/ on ! contemplation ( ^! happy sc5es 9 heav51 :]e all ! r$eem$1 9 :ite robes1 & ) palms ( victory 9 _! h&s1 w\ld be ga!r$ be=e ! ?rone4 ,to u also n[1 amid/ ! trials ( ! pres5t life:5 fri5ds leave u2 :5 sickness comes2 :5 our hopes are bla/$2 :5 calumnies & reproa*es come ^u u2 :51 /&+ on ! v]ge ( ! grave1 & look+ d[n into ! cold tomb1 ! eyes p\r =? floods ( te>sx is a bless$ privilege to be p]mitt$ to look =w>d to t bright] sc5e 9 heav51 :]e n a pang %all ev] be felt1 & n a te> %all ev] be %$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,"o seal ( ! my/]i\s roll 7*4 v4 #a7 rema9s to be brok5six hav+ already disclos$ ! cont5ts ( ! volume relat+ to ! future4 ,x 0 natural t ! op5+ ( ! sev5?1 & ! la/1 %\ld be att5d$ ) circum/ances ( peculi> solemnity1 z be+ all t rema9$ 9 ?is volume to be unfold$1 & z ! ev5ts ?us f> _h be5 evid5tly prep>atory to "s great cata/rophe4 ,x w\ld h be5 natural to expect t1 l ! six =m]1 ?is seal w\ld h be5 op5$ at once1 & w\ld h disclos$ all t 0 to happ5 at "o view4 ,b1 in/ead ( t1 ! op5+ ( ?is seal is foll[$ by a s]ies ( ev5ts1 sev5 also 9 numb]1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r1 repres5t$ by new symbols! bl[+ ( z _m successive trumpets4 ,^! circum/ances ret>d ! c\rse ( ! action1 & fix ! m9d on a new ord] ( ev5tsev5ts :i* c\ld be appropriately gr\p$ toge!r1 & :i*1 = "s reason1 might be ?us m appropriately repres5t$ ?an !y c\ld be 9 s _m successive seals4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is arrangem5t w be m readily se5 on an exam9ation ( ! p>ticul> ev5ts ref]r$ to 9 ! successive trumpet-bla/s4 ,! po9ts 9 ! *apt] are ! foll[+37#a7 ,! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal1 v]4 #a4 ,?is is att5d$1 n ) an imm$iate exhibition ( ! ev5ts :i* are to occur1 z 9 ! case ( ! =m] seals1 b ) a solemn sil5ce 9 heav5 = ! space ( half an h\r4 ,! reason ( ?is sil5ce1 app>5tly1 is f\nd 9 ! solemn nature ( ! ev5ts :i* are anticipat$4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! six? seal 7*4 vi4 #ab1 seq47 ! gr& cata/rophe ( ! _w's hi/ory seem$ ab\t to occur4 ,?is _h be5 susp5d$ = a "t1 z if by ! p[] ( angels hold+ ! w9ds & ! /orm 7*4 vii471 & n[ x 0 natural to expect t !re w\ld be a s]ies ( ov]:elm+ calamities4 ,9 view ( ^! appreh5d$ t]rors1 ! inhabitants ( heav5 are repres5t$ z /&+ 9 awful sil5ce1 z if anticipat+ & appreh5d+ :at 0 to occur4 ,?is circum/ance adds mu* to ! int]e/ ( ! sc5e1 & is a =cible illu/ration ( ! position :i* ! m9d naturally assumes 9 ! anticipation ( dread$ ev5ts4 ,sil5cesolemn & awful sil5ceis ! natural /ate ( ! m9d "u su* circum/ances4 ,9 accordance ) ?is expectation ( :at 0 to come1 a s]ies ( new repres5tations is introduc$1 adapt$ to prep>e ! m9d = ! fe>ful disclosures :i* are yet to be made4 7#b7 ,sev5 angels appe>1 on ! op5+ ( #ahi ! seal1 to :om are giv5 sev5 trumpets1 z if !y 7 appo9t$ to p]=m an important "p 9 introduc+ ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* 0 to foll[1 v]4 #b4 7#c7 ,z a /ill f>!r prep>ation1 ano!r angel is introduc$1 /&+ at ! alt> ) a gold5 c5s]1 v]4 #ce4 ,he is repres5t$ z engag$ 9 a solemn act ( wor%ip1 (f]+ inc5se & ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts be=e ! ?rone4 ,?is unusual repres5tation seems to be design$ to d5ote t "s extraord9>y ev5ts 7 to occur1 mak+ x prop] t inc5se %\ld asc5d1 & pray] be (f]$ to deprecate ! wra? ( ,god4 ,aft] ! (f]+ ( ! inc5se1 & ! pray]s1 ! angel takes ! c5s] & ca/s x to ! e>?2 & ! effect is1 t !re are voices1 & ?und]+s1 & lightn+s1 & an e>?quake4 ,all ^! w\ld seem to be symbolical ( ! fe>ful ev5ts :i* are to foll[4 ,! sil5ce2 ! inc5se-(f]+2 ! pray]s2 ! fe>ful agitations produc$ by ! ca/+ ( ! c5s] ^u ! e>?1 z if ! pray] 0 n he>d1 & z if ! (f]+ ( ! inc5se did n avail to turn away ! imp5d+ wra?1all are appropriate symbols to introduce ! s]ies ( fe>ful calamities :i* 7 com+ ^u ! _w on ! s\nd+ ( ! trumpets4 7#d7 ,! fir/ angel s\nds1 v]4 #g4 ,hail & fire foll[1 m+l$ ) blood4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! trees & ( ! gre5 grasst is1 ( ! vegetable _wis consum$4 7#e7 ,! second angel s\nds1 v]4 #h1 #i4 ,a great burn+ m\nta9 is ca/ into ! sea1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! sea becomes blood1 & a ?ird "p ( all t is 9 ! seafi%es & %ipsis de/roy$4 7#f7 ,! ?ird angel s\nds1 v]4 #aj1 #aa4 ,a great />1 burn+ l a lamp1 falls f heav5 ^u a ?ird "p ( ! riv]s1 & ^u ! f\nta9s ( wat]s1 & ! wat]s become bitt]1 & multitudes ( p die f dr9k+ ! wat]s4 7#g7 ,! f\r? angel s\nds1 v]4 #ab4 ,! calamity falls on ! s\rces ( light! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s& ! ?ird "p ( ! light is ext+ui%$1 & = ! ?ird "p ( ! day !re is no light1 & = ! ?ird "p ( ! night also !re is no light4 7#h7 ,at ?is /age ( ?+s1 aft] ! s\nd+ ( ! f\r trumpets1 !re is a pause1 & an angel flies ?r\gh ! mid/ ( heav51 ?rice cry+ woe1 by reason ( ! rema9+ trumpets :i* are to s\nd1 v]4 #ac4 ,"h w\ld seem to be "s natural int]val1 or some?+ :i* w\ld sep>ate ! ev5ts :i* _h occurr$ f ^? :i* 7 to foll[4 ,^! f\r1 f "s cause1 are gr\p$ toge!r1 & are di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are to foll[z if ! latt] app]ta9$ to a new class ( ev5ts1 ?\gh "u ! same g5]al gr\p introduc$ by ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal4 ,a few g5]al rem>ks are naturally sugge/$ by ! analysis ( ! *apt]1 :i* may aid u 9 its exposition & application4 7a7 ,^! ev5ts1 9 _! ord]1 und\bt$ly succe$ ^? :i* are ref]r$ to "u ! op5+ ( ! fir/ six seals4 ,!y are a cont9uation ( ! s]ies :i* is to occur 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! ev5ts "h symboliz$ are sub/antially ! same z ^? already ref]r$ to "u ! fir/ six seals1 or t1 at ! op5+ ( ! six? seal1 !re is a cata/rophe2 &1 "o s]ies be+ !re conclud$1 ! writ]1 by a new set ( symbols1 goes back to ! same po9t ( "t1 & passes ov] ! same p]iod by a new & p>allel set ( symbols4 ,b ?is is manife/ly contr>y to ! :ole design4 ,at ! fir/ 7*4 v4 #a7 a volume 0 exhibit$1 seal$ ) sev5 seals1 ! unroll+ ( :i* w\ld manife/ly develop successive ev5ts1 & ! :ole ( :i* w\ld embrace all ! ev5ts :i* 7 to be disclos$4 ,:5 all ^! sev5 seals 7 brok51 & ! cont5ts ( t volume 7 disclos$1 !re might inde$ be ano!r set ( symbols go+ ov] ! same gr\nd ) ano!r design1 or giv+ a repres5tation ( future ev5ts 9 "s o!r po9t ( view2 b cle>ly ! s]ies %\ld n be brok5 until ! :ole sev5 seals are op5$1 nor %\ld x be suppos$ t !re is1 9 ! op5+ ( ! same volume1 an arre/+ ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 9 ord] to g back aga9 to ! same beg9n+4 ,! repres5tation 9 ?is s]ies ( symbols is l draw+ out a telescope4 ,a telescope might be divid$ into sev5 p>ts1 z well z into ! usual numb]1 & ! draw+ out ( ! sev5? "p1 = example1 might be reg>d$ z a repres5tation ( ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal4 ,b ! sev5? "p1 in/ead ( be+ "o unbrok5 piece l ! o!r six1 might be s con/ruct$ z to be subdivid$ #aij into sev5 m9or p>ts1 ea* repres5t+ a small] portion ( ! sev5? "p4 ,9 su* a case1 ! draw+ out ( ! sev5? division w\ld succe$ t ( ! o!rs1 & w\ld be design$ to repres5t a subsequ5t ord] ( ev5ts4 7b7 ,!re 0 "s reason1 manife/ly1 :y ^! sev5 la/ ev5ts1 or ! s]ies repres5t$ by ! sev5 trumpets1 %\ld be gr\p$ toge!r1 z com+ "u ! same g5]al classification4 ,!y 7 suffici5tly di/9ct to make x prop] to repres5t !m by diff]5t symbols1 & yet !y _h s mu* ( ! same g5]al "* z to make x prop] to gr\p !m toge!r4 ,if ?is _h n be5 s1 x w\ld h be5 prop] to repres5t !m by a succession ( seals ext5d+ to ?irte5 9 numb]1 in/ead ( repres5t+ six seals 9 succession1 & !n1 "u ! sev5?1 a new s]ies ext5d+ also to ! numb] sev54 ,9 ! fulfilm5t1 x w be prop] to look = "s ev5ts :i* h "s su* natural connection & be>+ t1 = "s reason1 !y c be class$ toge!r1 & yet s di/9ct t1 "u ! same g5]al symbol ( ! seal1 !y c be repres5t$ "u ! p>ticul> symbol ( ! trumpets4 7c7 ,= "s reason !re 0 a fur!r di/9ction betwe5 ! ev5ts repres5t$ by ! fir/ f\r trumpets & ^? :i* 7 to foll[4 ,!re 0 "s reason :y !y %\ld be m p>ticul>ly gr\p$ toge!r1 & plac$ 9 close connection1 & :y !re %\ld be an int]val 7*4 viii4 #ac7 be=e ! o!r trumpet %\ld s\nd4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is we %\ld naturally look = su* an ord] ( ev5ts z w\ld be designat$ by f\r successive symbols1 & !n = su* a *ange1 9 "s respects1 z to make an int]val prop]1 & a proclamation ( woe1 be=e ! s\nd+s ( ! o!r ?ree1 *4 viii4 #ac4 ,!n x w\ld be natural to look = su* ev5ts z c\ld prop]ly be gr\p$ "u ! ?ree rema9+ symbols! ?ree succe$+ trumpets4 7d7 ,x is natural1 z already intimat$1 to suppose t ! entire gr\p w\ld ext5d1 9 "s g5]al mann] at lea/1 to ! consummation ( all ?+s2 or t !re w\ld be1 "u ! la/ "o1 a ref]5ce to ! consummation ( all ?+s! end ( ! _w4 ,! reason = ?is has already be5 giv51 t ! apo/le saw a volume 7*4 v4 #a71 :i* conta9$ a seal$ acc\nt ( ! future1 & x is natural to suppose t !re w\ld be a ref]5ce to ! great lead+ ev5ts :i* 7 to occur 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* & ( ! _w4 ,?is natural anticipation is confirm$ by ! ev5ts disclos$ "u ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet 7*4 xi4 #ae1 seq473 8,& ! sev5? angel s\nd$2 & !re 7 great voices 9 heav51 say+1 ,! k+doms ( ?is _w are become ! k+doms ( our ,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/1 & he %all reign = ev] & ev]4 ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 :i* sat be=e ,god on _! seats1 fell ^u _! faces1 & wor%ipp$ ,god1 say+1 ,we give !e ?anks1 ,o ,"l ,god ,almighty1 :i* art1 & wa/1 & art to come2 because ?\ ha/ tak5 ?y great p[]1 & ha/ reign$10 c4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is w\ld lead u on to ! f9al triumph ( ,*ri/ianityto ! introduction ( ! mill5nium ( gloryto ! p]iod :5 ! ,son ( ,god %\ld reign on ! e>?4 ,aft] t 7*4 xi4 #ai1 seq47 a new s]ies ( visions comm5ces1 disclos+1 ?r\gh ! same p]iods ( hi/ory1 a new view ( ! *ur* to ! "t also ( its f9al triumph3! *ur* int]nally2 ! rise ( ,anti*ri/1 & ! effect ( ! rise ( ?is =midable p[]4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! ,book1 "p fif?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,& :5 he _h op5$ ! #beisev5? seal1 !re 0 sil5ce 9 heav5 ab\t ! space ( half an h\r4 #a4 ,& :5 he _h op5$ ! sev5? seal4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #a4 ,!re 0 sil5ce 9 heav54 ,! :ole sc5e ( ! vision is laid 9 heav5 7*4 iv471 & ,john repres5ts ?+s z !y seem to be pass+ !re4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t on ! op5+ ( ?is seal1 in/ead ( voices1 ?und]+s1 tempe/s1 z p]haps 0 expect$ f ! "* ( ! six? seal 7*4 vi4 #ab1 seq471 & :i* seem$ only to h be5 susp5d$ = a "t 7*4 vii471 !re 0 an awful /illness1 z if all heav5 0 rev]5tly wait+ = ! developm5t4 ,( c\rse ?is is a symbolical repres5tation1 & is design$ n to repres5t a pause 9 ! ev5ts !mselves1 b only ! impressive & fe>ful nature ( ! ev5ts :i* are n[ to be disclos$4 ,ab\t ! space ( half an h\r4 ,he did n pr(ess to #aia designate ! "t exactly4 ,x 0 a brief p]iodyet a p]iod :i* 9 su* circum/ances w\ld appe> to be longab\t half an h\r4 ,! ^w "h us$does n occur else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is correctly r5d]$ half an h\r2 & z ! day 0 divid$ into twelve p>ts f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! sun1 ! "t designat$ w\ld n v>y mu* f half an h\r ) u4 ,( c\rse1 !re=e1 ?is d5otes a brief p]iod4 ,9 a /ate1 h[ev]1 ( anxi\s susp5se1 ! mom5ts w\ld seem to move sl[ly2 & to see ! exact =ce ( ?is1 we are to reflect on ! sc5es repres5t$! successive op5+ ( seals disclos+ mo/ important ev5tsincreas+ 9 int]e/ z ea* new "o 0 op5$2 ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* seem$ to be lead+ to ! consummation ( all ?+s1 arre/$ aft] ! op5+ ( ! six? seal2 & n[ ! la/ 9 ! s]ies to be op5$1 disclos+ :at ! affairs ( ! _w w\ld be at ! consummation ( all ?+s4 ,john looks on ?is2 & 9 ?is /ate ( susp5se ! half h\r may h seem$ an age4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 to suppose t ! sil5ce 9 heav5 is produc$ by ! "* ( ! ev5ts :i* are n[ to foll[= !y are z yet unkn[n4 ,x is caus$ by :at1 f ! nature ( ! previ\s disclosures1 0 naturally appreh5d$1 & by ! fact t ?is is ! la/ ( ! s]ies! f9i%+ ( ! my/]i\s volume4 ,?is seems to me to be ! obvi\s int]pretation ( ?is passage1 ?\gh !re has be5 "h1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! book ( ,revelation1 a great v>iety ( op9ion z to ! mean+4 ,^? :o suppose t ! :ole book consi/s ( a triple s]ies ( visions design$ to prefigure future ev5ts1 p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & ea* lead+ to ! consummation ( all ?+s! s]ies embrac+ ! seals1 ! trumpets1 & ! vials1 ea* sev5 9 numb]reg>d ?is z ! prop] end+ ( ! fir/ ( ?is s]ies1 & suppose t we h on ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal ! beg9n+ ( a new symbolical repres5tation1 go+ ov] ! same gr\nd1 "u ! repres5tations ( ! trumpets1 9 a new aspect or po9t ( view4 ,ei*horn & ,ros5mll] suppose t ! sil5ce introduc$ by ! apo/le is m]ely = effect1 & t1 !re=e1 x is )\t any special signification4 ,grotius applies ! :ole repres5tation to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & supposes t ! sil5ce 9 heav5 ref]s to ! re/ra9+ ( ! w9ds ref]r$ to 9 *4 vii4 #a! wra? 9 respect to ! city1 :i* 0 n[ susp5d$ = a %ort "t4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t also ref]s x to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & supposes t ! sev5 trumpets ref] to sev5 gradations 9 ! s]ies ( judgm5ts t 7 com+ ^u ! p]secutors ( ! *ur*4 ,mr4 ,daubuz reg>ds ! sil5ce "h ref]r$ to z a symbol ( ! lib]ty grant$ to ! *ur* 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e2 ,vitr+a int]prets x ( ! peace ( ! mill5nium :i* is to succe$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! bea/ & ! false prophet2 ,dean ,woodh\se & ,mr4 ,cunn+hame reg>d x z ! t]m9ation ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* ! =m] seals d5ote1 & ! comm5cem5t ( a new tra9 ( revelations2 ,mr4 ,elliott1 z ! susp5sion ( ! w9ds dur+ ! seal+ ( ! s]vants ( ,god2 ,mr4 ,"l1 z ! p]iod ( repose :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! close ( ! p]secution by ,diocletian & ,gal]ius1 9 #caa1 & ! comm5cem5t1 ne> ! close ( t ye>1 ( ! civil w>s by :i* ,con/ant9e ! ,great 0 elevat$ to ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,x w be se5 at once h[ arbitr>y & unsatisfactory mo/ ( ^? int]pretations are1 & h[ f> f h>mony expositors h be5 z to ! mean+ ( ?is symbol4 ,! mo/ simple & obvi\s int]pretation is likely to be ! true "o2 & t is1 z above sugge/$1 t x ref]s to sil5ce 9 heav5 z expressive ( ! fe>ful anticipation felt on op5+ ! la/ seal t 0 to close ! s]ies1 & to w9d up ! affairs ( ! *ur* & ! _w4 ,no?+ w\ld be m natural ?an su* a /ate ( solemn awe on su* an occasion2 no?+ w\ld introduce ! op5+ ( ! seal 9 a m impressive mann]2 no?+ w\ld m naturally express ! anxiety ( ! *ur*1 ! probable feel+s ( ! pi\s on ! op5+ ( ^! successive seals1 ?an ! repres5tation t inc5se1 accompani$ ) _! pray]s1 0 cont9ually (f]$ 9 heav54 #aib #b ,& ,i saw ! sev5 angels :i* #bfj/ood be=e ,god2 & to !m 7 giv5 sev5 #bfatrumpets4 #b4 ,& ,i saw ! sev5 angels :i* /ood be=e ,god4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t by ^! angels are meant ! 8pres5ce-angels0 :i* he und]/&s to be ref]r$ to1 9 *4 i4 #d1 by ! 8sev5 spirits :i* are be=e ! ?rone40 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! int]pretation ( t passage above propos$1 t x ref]s to ! ,holy ,_s1 ) ref]5ce to 8 multipli$ ag5cy & op]ations1 be correct1 !n we mu/ seek = ano!r application ( ! phrase "h4 ,! only difficulty 9 apply+ x arises f ! use ( ! article8! sev5 angels0z if !y 7 angels already ref]r$ to2 & z !re has be5 no previ\s m5tion ( 8sev5 angels10 unless x be 9 ! phrase 8! sev5 spirits :i* are be=e ! ?rone10 9 *4 i4 #d1 x is argu$ t ?is mu/ h be5 su* a ref]5ce4 ,b ?is int]pretation is n absolutely necess>y4 ,john might use ?is language ei!r because ! angels _h be5 spok5 ( be=e2 or because x w\ld be suffici5tly und]/ood1 f ! common use ( language1 :o w\ld be ref]r$ toz we n[ might speak ( 8! sev5 memb]s ( ! cab9et ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 or 8! ?irty-"o gov]nors ( ! /ates ( ! ,union10 ?\gh !y _h n be5 p>ticul>ly m5tion$2 or he might speak ( !m z j !n disclos$ to 8 view1 & because 8 mean+ w\ld be suffici5tly def9ite by ! circum/ances :i* 7 to foll[_! ag5cy 9 bl[+ ! trumpets4 ,x w\ld be entirely 9 accordance ) ! usage ( ! article = "o to say t he saw an army1 & ! comm&]-9-*ief1 & ! f\r /aff-(fic]s1 & ! five b&s ( music1 & ! six companies ( sapp]s & m9]s1 c4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y1 !re=e1 to suppose t ^! angels _h be5 be=e ref]r$ to4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ! use ( ! phrase 8:i* /ood be=e ,god10 ! idea t !y are to be reg>d$ z p]man5tly /&+ !re1 or t t is _! prop] placez if !y 7 angels :o 7 p>ticul>ly designat$ to ?is high s]vice4 ,comp4 ,lu4 i4 #ai3 8,i am ,gabriel1 t /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god40 ,if ?is idea is involv$ 9 ! phrase1 !n !re is a suffici5t reason :y ! article is us$1 ?\gh !y _h n be=e be5 m5tion$4 ,& to !m 7 giv5 sev5 trumpets4 ,"o to ea*4 ,by :om ! trumpets 7 giv5 is n said4 ,x may be suppos$ to h be5 done by ,him :o sat on ! ?rone4 ,trumpets 7 us$ !n1 z n[1 = v>i\s purposes2 to summon an assembly2 to mu/] ! ho/s ( battle2 to inspirit & animate troops 9 conflict4 ,"h !y are giv5 to ann\nce a s]ies ( important ev5ts produc+ great *anges 9 ! _wz if ,god summon$ & l$ on 8 ho/s to accompli% 8 designs4 #c ,& ano!r angel came & /ood at ! alt>1 hav+ a gold5 c5s]2 & !re 0 giv5 unto him mu* inc5se1 t he %\ld #bfb(f] x ) ! #bfcpray]s ( all sa9ts ^u ! #bfd;gold5 alt> :i* 0 be=e ! ?rone4 #c4 ,& ano!r angel came4 ,:o ?is angel 0 is n m5tion$1 nor h we any means ( det]m9+4 ,( c\rse a great v>iety ( op9ion has be5 ent]ta9$ on ! subject 7see ,poole's ,synopsis7"s ref]r+ x to angels 9 g5]al2 o!rs to ! m9i/ry ( ! *ur*2 o!rs to ,con/ant9e2 o!rs to ,mi*ael2 & _m o!rs to ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,all t we "k is1 t x 0 an angel :o ?us appe>$1 & !re is no?+ inconsi/5t 9 ! supposition t anyone ( ! angels 9 heav5 may h be5 appo9t$ to p]=m :at is "h repres5t$4 ,! design seems to be1 to repres5t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts z asc5d+ 9 ! anticipation ( ! approa*+ s]ies ( wond]s 9 ! _w& !re w\ld be a beautiful propriety 9 repres5t+ !m z (f]$ by an angel1 feel+ a deep int]e/ 9 ! *ur*1 & m9i/]+ 9 behalf ( ! sa9ts4 ,& /ood at ! alt>4 ,9 heav5repres5t$ z a temple1 ) an alt>1 & ) ! usual array ( ?+s employ$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! alt> 0 ! appropriate place = him to /& :5 ab\t to (f] ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts= t is ! place :]e ! wor%ipp] /ood "u ! anci5t disp5sation4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #bc1 #bd2 ,lu4 i4 #aa4 ,9 ! latt] place an angel is repres5t$ z appe>+ to ,za*>ias 8on ! "r side ( ! alt> ( inc5se40 ,hav+ a gold5 c5s]4 ,! fire-pan1 made = ! purpose ( c>ry+ fire1 on :i* to burn inc5se 9 "t ( wor%ip4 ,see x describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #d4 ,!re #aic seems reason to suppose t ! inc5se t 0 (f]$ 9 ! anci5t wor%ip 0 design$ to be emblematic ( ! pray]s ( sa9ts1 = x 0 ! cu/om = wor%ipp]s to be engag$ 9 pray] at ! "t ! inc5se 0 (f]$ by ! prie/4 ,see ,lu4 i4 #aj4 ,& !re 0 giv5 unto him mu* inc5se4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 i4 #i4 ,a l>ge quantity 0 "h giv5 to him1 because ! occasion 0 "o on :i* _m pray]s might be expect$ to be (f]$4 ,t he %\ld (f] x ) ! pray]s4 ,m>g41 8add x to40 ,gr41 8t he %\ld give x )04 ,! idea is pla91 t1 :5 ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts asc5d$1 he w\ld also burn ! inc5se1 t x might g up at ! same mom5t1 & be emblematic ( !m4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 v4 #h4 ,( all sa9ts4 ,( all :o are holy2 ( all :o are ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,! idea seems to be1 t1 at ?is "t1 all ! sa9ts w\ld unite 9 call+ on ,god1 & 9 deprecat+ 8 wra?4 ,z ! ev5ts :i* 7 ab\t to occur 7 a matt] ( common int]e/ to ! p ( ,god1 x 0 to be suppos$ t !y w\ld unite 9 common supplication4 ,^u ! gold5 alt>4 ,! alt> ( inc5se4 ,?is 9 ! tab]nacle & 9 ! temple 0 ov]laid ) gold4 ,:i* 0 be=e ! ?rone4 ,?is is repres5t$ z a temple-s]vice1 & ! alt> ( inc5se is1 ) propriety1 plac$ be=e 8 seat or ?rone1 z x 0 9 ! tab]nacle & temple4 ,9 ! temple1 ,god is repres5t$ z occupy+ ! m]cy-seat 9 ! holy ( holies1 & ! alt> ( inc5se is 9 ! holy place be=e t4 ,see ! description ( ! temple 9 ! ,notes on ,mat4 xxi4 #ab4 #d ,& ! smoke ( ! #bfe;inc5se1 :i* came ) ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 asc5d$ up be=e ,god out ( ! angel's h&4 #d4 ,& ! smoke ( ! inc5se1 c4 ,! smoke caus$ by ! burn+ inc5se4 ,john1 z he saw ?is1 naturally int]pret$ x ( ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole symbol1 ?us expla9$1 is t1 at ! "t ref]r$ to1 ! anxiety ( ! *ur* 9 reg>d to ! ev5ts :i* 7 ab\t to occur w\ld naturally lead to mu* pray]4 ,x is n necess>y to attempt to v]ify ?is by any di/9ct hi/orical facts1 = no "o c d\bt t1 9 a "t ( su* imp5d+ calamities1 ! *ur* w\ld be e>ne/ly engag$ 9 devotion4 ,su* has always be5 ! case 9 times ( dang]2 & x may always be assum$ to be true1 t :5 dang] ?reat5s1 :e!r x be to ! *ur* at l>ge or to an individual ,*ri/ian1 !re w be a resort to ! ?rone ( grace4 #e ,& ! angel took ! c5s]1 & fill$ x ) fire ( ! alt>1 & ca/ x #bff;into ! e>?3 & !re 7 #bfgvoices1 & ?und]+s1 & lightn+s1 & an #bfh;e>?quake4 #e4 ,& ! angel took ! c5s]4 ,v]4 #c4 ,?is is a new symbol1 design$ to furni% a new repres5tation ( future ev5ts4 ,by ! =m] x _h be5 %[n t !re w\ld be mu* pray] (f]$2 by ?is x is design$ to %[ t1 not)/&+ ! pray] t w\ld be (f]$1 great & fe>ful calamities w\ld come ^u ! e>?4 ,?is is symboliz$ by ca/+ ! c5s] ^u ! e>?1 z if ! pray]s 7 n he>d any long]1 or z if pray] 7 n[ 9 va94 ,& fill$ x ) fire ( ! alt>4 ,an image simil> to ?is occurs 9 ,eze4 x4 #b1 :]e ! man clo!d 9 l95 is comm&$ to g betwe5 ! :eels "u ! *]ub1 & fill 8 h&s ) coals ( fire f betwe5 ! *]ubims1 & to scatt] !m ov] ! city z a symbol ( its de/ruction4 ,"h ! coals are tak51 evid5tly1 f ! alt> ( sacrifice4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 vi4 #a4 ,on ^! coals no inc5se 0 plac$1 b !y 7 ?r[n at once to ! e>?4 ,! new emblem1 !re=e1 is ! tak+ ( coals1 & scatt]+ !m abroad z a symbol ( ! de/ruction t 0 ab\t to ensue4 ,& ca/ x into ! e>?4 ,m>g41 ^u4 ,! m>g9 expresses und\bt$ly ! mean+4 ,! symbol1 !re=e1 prop]ly d5ot$ t fe>ful calamities 7 ab\t to come ^u ! e>?4 ,ev5 ! pray]s ( sa9ts did n prevail to turn !m away1 & n[ ! symbol ( ! scatt]$ coals indicat$ t t]rible judgm5ts 7 ab\t to come ^u ! _w4 ,& !re 7 voices4 ,s\nds1 noises4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #e4 ,! ord] is n ! same "h z !re1 b lightn+s1 ?und]+s1 & voices are m5tion$ 9 bo?4 #aid ,& an e>?quake4 ,*4 vi4 #ab4 ,?is is a symbol ( commotion4 ,x is n necess>y to look = a lit]al fulfilm5t ( x1 any m ?an x is = lit]al 8voices10 8lightn+s10 or 8?und]+s40 #f ,& ! sev5 angels :i* _h ! sev5 trumpets prep>$ !mselves to s\nd4 #f4 ,& ! sev5 angels :i* _h ! sev5 trumpets prep>$ !mselves to s\nd4 ,v]4 #g4 ,evid5tly 9 succession1 p]haps by arrang+ !mselves 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 to s\nd4 ,! way is n[ prep>$ = ! s\nd+ ( ! trumpets1 & = ! fe>ful commotions & *anges :i* w\ld be indicat$ by t4 ,! la/ seal is op5$2 heav5 /&s 9 susp5se to "k :at is to be disclos$2 ! sa9ts1 fill$ ) solicitude1 h (f]$ _! pray]s2 ! c5s] ( coals has be5 ca/ to ! e>?1 z if ^! judgm5ts c\ld be no long] /ay$ by pray]2 & ! angels prep>e to s\nd ! trumpets indicative ( :at is to occur4 #g ,! fir/ angel s\nd$1 & #bfi!re foll[$ hail & fire m+l$ ) blood1 & !y 7 ca/ ^u ! e>?3 & ! ?ird "p ( #bgjtrees 0 burnt up1 & all gre5 grass 0 burnt up4 #g4 ,! fir/ angel s\nd$4 ,! fir/ 9 ord]1 & indicat+ ! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts t 7 to foll[4 ,& !re foll[$ hail4 ,hail is usually a symbol ( ! div9e v5geance1 z x has (t5 be5 employ$ to accompli% ! div9e purposes ( puni%m5t4 ,?us 9 ,ex4 ix4 #bc1 8,& ! ,"l s5t ?und] & hail1 & ! fire ran along ! gr\nd2 & ! ,"l ra9$ hail ^u ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,s 9 ,ps4 cv4 #cb1 ref]r+ to ! plagues ^u ,egypt1 x is said1 8,he gave !m hail = ra91 & flam+ fire 9 _! l&40 ,s aga91 ,ps4 lxxviii4 #dh1 8,he gave up _! cattle also to ! hail1 & _! flocks to hot ?und]bolts40 ,z e>ly z ! "t ( ,job hail 0 und]/ood to be an emblem ( ! div9e displeasure1 & an in/rum5t 9 inflict+ puni%m5t3 8,ha/ ?\ ent]$ into ! treasures ( ! sn[1 ,or ha/ ?\ se5 ! treasure ( ! hail8 ,:i* ,i h res]v$ aga9/ ! "t ( tr\ble1 ,aga9/ ! day ( battle & w>80 ,job xxxviii4 #bb1 #bc4 ,s also1 ! same image is us$ 9 ,ps4 xviii4 #ac2 8,! ,"l also ?und]$ 9 ! heav51 ,& ! ,mo/ ,high gave =? 8 voice1 ,hail/ones & coals ( fire40 ,comp4 ,hag41 *4 ii4 #ag4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian army1 x is said1 w\ld be accompli%$ 9 ! same way1 ,is4 xxx4 #cj4 ,comp4 ,eze4 xiii4 #aa2 xxxviii4 #bb4 ,& fire4 ,lightn+4 ,?is also is an in/rum5t & an emblem ( de/ruction4 ,m+l$ ) blood4 ,by blood 8we mu/ naturally und]/&10 says ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 89 ?is case1 a %[] ( col\r$ ra92 t is1 ra9 ( a rubid9\s aspect1 an occurr5ce :i* is kn[n sometimes to take place1 & :i*1 l fall+ />s2 eclipses1 c41 0 view$ ) t]ror by ! anci5ts1 because x 0 suppos$ to be indicative ( blood t 0 to be %$40 ,! appe>ance1 d\btless1 0 t ( a r$ %[]1 app>5tly ( hail1 or sn[= ra9 is n m5tion$4 ,x is n a ra9-/orm1 x is a hail-/orm t is ! image "h2 & ! image is t ( a driv+ hail-/orm1 :]e ! lightn+s fla%$1 & :]e !re 0 ! int]m+l+ ( a r$di% sub/ance t resembl$ blood1 & t 0 an und\bt$ symbol ( blood t 0 to be %$4 ,i d n "k t !re is r$ ra91 or r$ hail1 b r$ sn[ is n v uncommon2 & ! image "h w\ld be complete if we suppose t !re 0 an int]m+l+ ( r$ sn[ 9 ! driv+ tempe/4 ,?is species ( sn[ 0 f\nd by ,capta9 ,ross at ,baff9's ,bay on ! #ag? ( ,augu/1 #ahai4 ,! m\nta9s t 7 dy$ ) ! sn[ 7 ab\t eight miles long1 & six hundr$ feet high4 ,! r$ col\r rea*$ to ! gr\nd 9 _m places t5 or twelve feet deep1 & cont9u$ = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,al?\gh r$ sn[ _h n until ?is attract$ mu* notice1 yet x _h be5 long be=e obs]v$ 9 ,alp9e c\ntries4 ,saussure discov]$ x on ,m\nt ,/4 ,b]n>d 9 #aggh4 ,ramond f\nd x on ! ,pyr5ees2 & ,summ]field discov]$ x 9 ,norway4 8,9 #ahah r$ sn[ fell on ! ,italian ,alps & ,ap5n9es4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahjh1 ! :ole c\ntry ab\t ,cadore1 ,belluno1 & ,feltri 0 cov]$ ) a r$-col\r$ sn[ to ! dep? ( six & a half feet2 b a :ite sn[ _h fall5 bo? be=e & aft] x1 ! r$ =m$ a /ratum 9 ! middle ( ! :ite4 ,at ! same "t a simil> fall took place 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,valtel9e1 ,brescia1 ,c>9?ia1 & ,tyrol0 7,ed94 ,encyclo4 art4 8,sn[074 ,^! facts %[ t #aie :at is ref]r$ to "h 9 ! symbol might possibly occur4 ,su* a symbol w\ld be prop]ly expressive ( blood & c>nage4 ,& !y 7 ca/ ^u ! e>?4 ,! hail1 ! fire1 & ! bloodd5ot+ t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 0 to be on ! e>?4 ,& ! ?ird "p ( trees 0 burnt up4 ,by ! fire t came d[n ) ! hail & ! blood4 ,& all gre5 grass 0 burnt up4 ,:]ev] ?is light$ on ! e>?4 ,! mean+ w\ld seem to be1 t :]ev] ?is tempe/ beat ! effect 0 to de/roy a ?ird "pt is1 a l>ge portion ( ! trees1 & to consume all ! grass4 ,a portion ( ! trees/rong & mightyw\ld /& aga9/ x2 b t :i* 0 s t5d] z grass is1 w\ld be consum$4 ,! s5se does n seem to be t ! tempe/ w\ld be conf9$ to a ?ird "p ( ! _w1 & de/roy all ! trees & ! grass !re2 b t x w\ld be a sweep+ & g5]al tempe/1 & t :]ev] x spread x w\ld pro/rate a ?ird "p ( ! trees & consume all ! grass4 ,?us und]/ood1 x w\ld seem to mean1 t 9 ref]5ce to ^? ?+s 9 ! _w :i* 7 firm & e/abli%$ l trees1 x w\ld n sweep !m :olly away1 ?\gh x w\ld make great desolation2 b 9 ref]5ce to ^? :i* 7 delicate & feeblel grassx w\ld sweep !m :olly away4,?is w\ld n be an inapt description ( ! ord9>y effects ( invasion 9 "t ( w>4 ,a few ( ^? ?+s :i* seem mo/ firm & e/abli%$ 9 societyl trees 9 a =e/wea!r out ! /orm2 :ile ! g5tle virtues1 ! dome/ic enjoym5ts1 ! arts ( peace1 l t5d] grass1 are :olly de/roy$4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is we are und\bt$ly to expect to f9d 9 ! t]rors ( invasion2 ! evils ( w>2 ! effusion ( blood2 ! m>* ( armies4 ,s f> z ! language is conc]n$1 ! symbol w\ld apply to any ho/ile invasion2 b 9 pursu+ ! exposition on ! pr9ciples on :i* we h ?us f> conduct$ x1 we are to look = ! fulfilm5t 9 "o or m ( ^? invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes t prec$$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire & t contribut$ to x4,9 ! 8,analysis0 ( ! *apt]1 "s reasons 7 giv5 :y ^! f\r trumpet signals 7 plac$ toge!r1 z p]ta9+ to a s]ies ( ev5ts ( ! same g5]al "*1 & z di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* 7 to foll[4 ,! natural place :i* !y occupy1 or ! ev5ts :i* we %\ld suppose1 f ! views tak5 above ( ! fir/ six seals1 w\ld be repres5t$1 w\ld be ! successive invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes :i* ultimately accompli%$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman empire4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! 8trumpets10 & x w\ld be a matt] ( inquiry :e!r !re 7 f\r ev5ts ( suffici5t di/9ctness t w\ld m>k ^! invasions1 or t w\ld con/itute p]iods or epo*s 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman p[]4 ,at ?is po9t 9 writ+1 ,i look$ on a *>t ( hi/ory1 compos$ ) no ref]5ce to ?is prophecy1 & f\nd a s+ul> & unexpect$ prom95ce giv5 to f\r su* ev5ts ext5d+ f ! fir/ invasion ( ! ,go?s & ,v&als at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 to ! fall ( ! ,we/]n empire1 ,a4,d4 #dgf4 ,! fir/ 0 ! invasion ( ,al>ic1 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 ,a4,d4 #daj2 ! second 0 ! invasion ( ,attila1 k+ ( ! ,huns1 8sc\rge ( ,god10 ,a4,d4 #ddg2 a ?ird 0 ! sack ( ,rome by ,g5s]ic1 k+ ( ! ,v&als1 ,a4,d4 #dee2 & ! f\r?1 result+ 9 ! f9al conque/ ( ,rome1 0 t ( ,odoac]1 k+ ( ! ,h]uli1 :o assum$ ! title ( ,k+ ( ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #dgf4 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 on a clos] exam9ation1 t al?\gh two ( ^!,attila & ,g5s]ic71 dur+ a "p ( _! c>e]1 contempor>y1 yet ! mo/ prom95t place is due to ,g5s]ic 9 ! ev5ts t att5d$ ! d[nfall ( ! empire1 & t ! second trumpet probably relat$ to him2 ! ?ird to ,attila4 ,^! 71 beyond d\bt1 f\r great p]iods or ev5ts att5d+ ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 :i* syn*ronize ) ! p]iod be=e u4 ,if1 !re=e1 we reg>d ! op5+ ( ! six? seal z d5ot+ ! ?reat5+ aspect ( ^! invad+ p[]s! ga!r+ ( ! d>k cl\d t hov]$ ov] ! bord]s ( ! empire1 & ! con/]nation produc$ by t approa*+ /orm2 & if we reg>d ! transactions 9 ! sev5? *apt]! hold+ ( ! w9ds 9 *eck1 & ! seal+ ( ! *os5 ( ,godz d5ot+ ! susp5sion ( ! imp5d+ #aif judgm5ts 9 ord] t a "w might be done to save ! *ur*1 & z ref]r+ to ! div9e int]position 9 behalf ( ! *ur*2 !n ! appropriate place ( ^! f\r trumpets1 "u ! sev5? seal1 w be :5 t delay$ & re/ra9$ /orm bur/ 9 successive bla/s ^u diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire! successive invasions :i* 7 s prom95t 9 ! ov]?r[ ( t va/ p[]4 ,hi/ory m>ks f\r ( ^! ev5tsf\r heavy bl[sf\r sweep+s ( ! tempe/ & ! /orm"u ,al>ic1 ,g5s]ic1 ,attila1 & ,odoac]1 ^: movem5ts c\ld n be bett] symboliz$ ?an by ^! successive bla/s ( ! trumpet4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! invasion ( ,al>ic2 & ! inquiry n[ is1 :e!r 8 invasion is su* z w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ! fir/ trumpet4 ,9 illu/rat+ ?is1 x w be prop] to notice "s ( ! movem5ts ( ,al>ic1 & ! al>m consequ5t on 8 invasion ( ! empire2 & !n to inquire h[ f> ?is corresponds ) ! images employ$ 9 ! description ( ! fir/ trumpet4 ,= ^! illu/rations ,i %all be indebt$ ma9ly to ,mr4 ,gibbon4 ,al>ic1 ! ,go?1 0 at fir/ employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! emp]or ,!odosius1 9 8 attempt to oppose ! usurp] ,arboga/es1 aft] ! murd] ( ,val5t9ian1 emp]or ( ! ,we/4 ,!odosius1 9 ord] to oppose ! usurp]1 employ$1 among o!rs1 num]\s b>b>ians,ib]ians1 ,arabs1 & ,go?s4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,al>ic1 :o1 to use ! language ( ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 #agi71 8acquir$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,!odosius ! k ( ! art ( w>1 :i* he aft]w>ds s fatally ex]t$ = ! de/ruction ( ,rome10 ,a4,d4 #cibcid4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,!odosius 7,a4,d4 #cie7 ! ,go?s revolt$ f ! ,roman p[]1 & ,al>ic1 :o _h be5 disappo9t$ 9 8 expectations ( be+ rais$ to ! comm& ( ! ,roman armies1 became _! lead] 7,decl9e & ,fall1 ii4 #bac74 8,t r5[n$ lead] 0 desc5d$ f ! noble race ( ! ,balti2 :i* yield$ only to ! royal dignity ( ! ,amali2 he _h solicit$ ! comm& ( ! ,roman armies2 & ! imp]ial c\rt provok$ him to demon/rate ! folly ( _! refusal1 & ! importance ( _! loss4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a divid$ c\rt & a discont5t$ p ! emp]or ,arcadius 0 t]rifi$ by ! aspect ( ! ,go?ic arms10 c4 ,al>ic !n invad$ & conqu]$ ,greece1 lay+ x wa/e 9 8 progress1 until he rea*$ ,a!ns1 ii4 #bad1 #bae4 8,! f]tile fields ( ,phocis & ,botia 7 in/antly cov]$ by a deluge ( b>b>ians1 :o massacr$ ! males ( age to be> arms1 & drove away ! beautiful females1 ) ! spoil & cattle ( ! flam+ villages40 ,al>ic !n conclud$ a treaty ) ,!odosius1 ! emp]or ( ! ,ea/ 7ii4 #baf72 0 made ma/]-g5]al ( ,ea/]n ,illyricum1 & creat$ a magi/rate 7ii4 #bag72 soon unit$ "u 8 comm& ! b>b>\s nations t _h made ! invasion1 & 0 solemnly decl>$ to be ! k+ ( ! ,visigo?s1 ii4 #bag4 8,arm$ ) ?is d\ble p[]1 seat$ on ! v]ge ( two empires1 he alt]nately sold 8 deceitful promises to ! c\rts ( ,arcadius & ,honorius1 till he decl>$ & execut$ 8 purpose ( invad+ ! dom9ions ( ! ,we/4 ,! prov9ces ( ,europe :i* belong$ to ! ,ea/]n empire 7 already exhau/$2 ^? ( ,asia 7 inaccessible2 & ! /r5g? ( ,con/ant9ople _h resi/$ 8 attack4 ,b he 0 tempt$ by ! beauty1 ! weal?1 & ! fame ( ,italy1 :i* he _h twice visit$2 & he secretly aspir$ to plant ! ,go?ic /&>d on ! walls ( ,rome2 & to enri* 8 army ) ! accumulat$ spoils ( ?ree hundr$ triumphs10 ii4 #bag1 #bah4 ,9 describ+ 8 m>* to ! ,danube1 & 8 progress t[>ds ,italy1 hav+ increas$ 8 army ) a l>ge numb] ( b>b>ians1 ,mr4 ,gibbon uses ! rem>kable language expressive ( ! g5]al con/]nation1 already quot$ 9 ! description ( ! six? seal4 ,al>ic approa*$ rapidly t[>ds ! imp]ial city1 resolv$ to 8conqu] or die be=e ! gates ( ,rome40 ,b he 0 *eck$ by ,/ili*o1 & compell$ to make peace1 & retir$ 7,decl9e & ,fall1 ii4 #bbb71 & ! ?reat5+ /orm 0 = a "t susp5d$4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #a1 seq4 ,s great 0 ! con/]nation1 h[ev]1 t ! ,roman c\rt1 :i* !n _h its seat at ,milan1 ?\ght x necess>y to remove to a saf] place1 & became fix$ at ,rav5na1 ii4 #bbd4 ,?is calm1 secur$ by ! retreat ( ,al>ic1 01 h[ev]1 ( %ort cont9uance4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #djh he aga9 invad$ ,italy 9 a m successful mann]1 attack$ ! capital1 & m ?an once pillag$ ,rome4 ,! foll[+ facts1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,gibbon1 w illu/rate ! progress #aig ( ! ev5ts1 & ! effects ( ?is bla/ ( ! 8fir/ trumpet0 9 ! s]ies t ann\nc$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,we/]n empire3 7a7 ,! effect1 on ! de/9y ( ! empire1 ( remov+ ! ,roman c\rt to ,rav5na f ! dread ( ! ,go?s4 ,z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #cjc ! c\rt ( ! emp]or ( ! ,we/ 01 = ! mo/ "p1 e/abli%$ at ,milan4 ,= "s "t be=e1 ! 8sov]eignty ( ! capital 0 gradually annihilat$ by ! ext5t ( conque/10 & ! emp]ors 7 requir$ to be long abs5t f ,rome on ! fronti]s1 until 9 ! "t ( ,diocletian & ,maximian ! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 fix$ at ,milan1 8^: situation at ! foot ( ! ,alps appe>$ f> m conv5i5t ?an t ( ,rome = ! important purpose ( wat*+ ! motions ( ! b>b>ians ( ,g]many0 7,gibbon1 i4 #bac74 8,! life ( ,diocletian & ,maximian 0 a life ( action1 & a consid]able portion ( x 0 sp5t 9 camps1 or 9 _! long & frequ5t m>*es2 b :5ev] ! public bus9ess all[$ !m any relaxation1 !y seem to h retir$ ) pleasure to _! fav\rite resid5ces ( ,nicom$ia & ,milan4 ,till ,diocletian1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( 8 reign1 celebrat$ 8 ,roman triumph1 x is extremely d\btful :e!r he ev] visit$ ! anci5t capital ( ! empire0 7,gibbon1 i4 #bad74 ,f ?is place ! c\rt 0 driv5 away1 by ! dread ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 to ,rav5na1 a saf] place1 :i* !nce=w>d became ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ,italy 0 ravag$ by ! nor!rn hordes1 & :ile ,rome 0 besieg$ & pillag$4 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 "u date ( ,a4,d4 #djd1 says1 8,! rec5t dang] to :i* ! p]son ( ! emp]or _h be5 expos$ 9 ! def5celess palace ( ,milan f ,al>ic & ! ,go?s urg$ him to seek a retreat 9 "s inaccessible =tress 9 ,italy1 :]e he might securely rema91 :ile ! op5 c\ntry 0 cov]$ by a deluge ( b>b>ians0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bbd74 ,he !n proce$s to describe ! situation ( ,rav5na1 & ! removal ( ! c\rt ?i!r1 & !n adds 7p4 #bbe71 8,! fe>s ( ,honorius 7 n )\t f\ndation1 nor 7 8 precautions )\t effect4 ,:ile ,italy rejoic$ 9 h] deliv]ance f ! ,go?s1 a furi\s tempe/ 0 excit$ among ! nations ( ,g]many1 :o yield$ to ! irresi/ible impulse t appe>s to h be5 gradually communicat$ f ! ea/]n extremity ( ! cont95t ( ,asia40 ,t mighty movem5t ( ! ,huns is !n describ$1 z ! /orm 0 prep>+ to bur/ ^u ! ,roman empire1 ii4 #bbe4 ,! agitation & ! removal ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t 7 ev5ts n inappropriate to be describ$ by symbols relat+ to ! fall ( t mighty p[]4 7b7 ,! p>ticul>s ( t invasion1 ! con/]nation1 ! siege ( ,rome1 & ! capture & pillage ( ! imp]ial city1 w\ld confirm ! propriety ( ?is application to ! symbol ( ! fir/ trumpet4 ,x w\ld be too long to copy ! acc\nt= x ext5ds ?r\gh _m pages ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,empire2 b a few select$ s5t5ces may %[ ! g5]al "* ( ! ev5ts1 & ! propriety ( ! symbols1 on ! supposition t !y ref]r$ to ^! ?+s4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 #bbf1 #bbg7 says1 8,! correspond5ce ( nations 01 9 t age1 s imp]fect & prec>i\s1 t ! revolutions ( ! ,nor? might escape ! k ( ! c\rt ( ,rav5na1 till ! d>k cl\d :i* 0 collect$ along ! coa/ ( ! ,baltic bur/ 9 ?und] ^u ! banks ( ! ,upp] ,danube4 ,! k+ ( ! conf$]ate ,g]mans pass$1 )\t resi/ance1 ! ,alps1 ! ,po1 & ! ,ap5n9es2 leav+ on ! "o h& ! inaccessible palace ( ,honorius securely buri$ among ! m>%es ( ,rav5na2 & on ! o!r ! camp ( ,/ili*o1 :o _h fix$ 8 head-qu>t]s at ,tic9um1 or ,pavia1 b :o seems to h avoid$ a decisive battle till he _h assembl$ 8 di/ant =ces4 ,_m cities ( ,italy 7 pillag$ or de/roy$4 ,! s5ate & p trembl$ at _! approa* )9 a hundr$ & eighty miles ( ,rome2 & anxi\sly comp>$ ! dang] :i* !y _h escap$ ) ! new p]ils to :i* !y 7 expos$10 c4 ,rome 0 besieg$ = ! fir/ "t by ! ,go?s ,a4,d4 #djh4 ,( ?is siege ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 #bebbed7 has giv5 a graphic description4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he says1 8,t un=tunate city gradually exp]i5c$ ! di/ress ( sc>city1 & at l5g? ! horrid calamities ( fam9e40 8,a d>k suspicion 0 ent]ta9$1 t "s desp]ate wret*es f$ on ! bodies ( _! fell[-creatures :om !y _h secretly murd]$2 & ev5 mo!rssu* 7 ! horrid conflicts ( ! #aih two mo/ p[]ful in/9cts implant$ by nature 9 ! human brea/ev5 mo!rs are said to h ta/$ ! fle% ( _! slaught]$ infants4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ! inhabitants ( ,rome expir$ 9 _! h\ses1 or 9 ! /reets1 = want ( su/5ance2 & z ! public sepul*res )\t ! walls 7 9 ! p[] ( ! enemy1 ! /5* :i* arose f s _m putrid & unburi$ c>casses infect$ ! air2 & ! mis]ies ( fam9e 7 succe$$ & aggravat$ by a pe/il5tial disease40 ,! fir/ siege 0 rais$ by ! paym5t ( an enorm\s ransom 7,gibbon1 ii4 #bed74 ,! second siege ( ,rome by ! ,go?s occurr$ ,a4,d4 #dji4 ,?is siege 0 c>ri$ on by prev5t+ ! supply ( provisions1 ,al>ic hav+ seiz$ ^u ,o/ia1 ! ,roman port1 :]e ! provisions = ! capital 7 deposit$4 ,! ,romans f9ally cons5t$ to receive a new emp]or at ! h& ( ,al>ic1 & ,attalus 0 appo9t$ 9 ! place ( ! feeble ,honorius1 :o 0 !n at ,rav5na1 & :o _h ab&on$ ! capital4 ,attalus1 an ineffici5t pr9ce1 0 soon publicly /ripp$ ( ! robes ( (fice1 & ,al>ic1 enrag$ at ! conduct ( ! c\rt at ,rav5na t[>ds him1 turn$ 8 wra? a ?ird "t on ,rome1 & laid siege to ! city4 ,?is occurr$ ,a4,d4 #daj4 8,! k+ ( ! ,go?s1 :o no long] dissembl$ 8 appetite = plund] & rev5ge1 appe>$ 9 arms "u ! walls ( ! capital2 & ! trembl+ s5ate1 )\t any hope ( relief1 prep>$1 by a desp]ate ef=t1 to delay ! ru9 ( _! c\ntry4 ,b !y 7 unable to gu>d aga9/ ! conspiracy ( _! slaves & dome/ics1 :o1 ei!r f bir? or int]e/1 7 atta*$ to ! cause ( ! enemy4 ,at ! h\r ( midnight ! ,sal>ian ,gate 0 sil5tly op5$1 & ! inhabitants 7 awak5$ by ! trem5d\s s\nd ( ! ,go?ic trumpet4 ,elev5 hundr$ & sixty-?ree ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 ! imp]ial city1 :i* _h subdu$ & civiliz$ s consid]able a "p ( mank9d1 0 deliv]$ to ! lic5ti\s fury ( ! tribes ( ,g]many & ,scy?ia0 7,gibbon1 ii4 #bfj74 7c7 ,x is1 p]haps1 only necess>y to add t ! invasion ( ,al>ic 0 9 fact b "o ( ! great ev5ts t l$ to ! fall ( ! empire1 & t1 9 ann\nc+ t fall1 :]e a succession ( ev5ts 0 to occur1 x w\ld prop]ly be repres5t$ by ! bla/ ( "o ( ! trumpets4 ,! expressions employ$ 9 ! symbol are1 inde$1 su* z might be appli$ to any invasion ( ho/ile armies1 b !y are su* z w\ld be us$ if ! design 7 admitt$ to be to describe ! invasion ( ! ,go?ic conqu]or4 ,= 7#a7 t invasion1 z we h se51 w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! /orm ( hail & lightn+ t 0 se5 9 vision2 7#b7 by ! r$ col\r m+l$ 9 t /ormindicative ( blood2 7#c7 by ! fact t x consum$ ! trees & ! grass4 ,?is1 z we saw 9 ! exposition1 w\ld prop]ly d5ote ! desolation produc$ by w>applicable1 inde$1 to all w>1 b z applicable to ! invasion ( ,al>ic z any w> t has occurr$1 & x is su* an emblem z w\ld be us$ if x 7 admitt$ t x 0 ! design to repres5t 8 invasion4 ,! sweep+ /orm1 pro/rat+ ! trees ( ! =e/1 is an apt emblem ( ! evils ( w>1 &1 z 0 rem>k$ 9 ! exposition1 no m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! consequ5ces ( a ho/ile invasion c\ld be employ$ ?an ! de/ruction ( ! 8gre5 grass40 ,:at is "h repres5t$ 9 ! symbol _c1 p]haps1 be bett] express$ ?an 9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 :5 describ+ ! invasion ( ! ,roman empire "u ,al>ic4 ,speak+ ( t invasion1 he says8,:ile ! peace ( ,g]many 0 secur$ by ! atta*m5t ( ! ,franks & ! neutrality ( ! ,alemanni1 ! subjects ( ,rome1 unconsci\s ( _! approa*+ calamities1 enjoy$ ! /ate ( quiet & prosp]ity :i* _h seldom bless$ ! fronti]s ( ,gaul4 ,_! flocks & h]ds 7 p]mitt$ to graze 9 ! pa/ures ( ! b>b>ians2 _! huntsm5 p5etrat$1 )\t fe> or dang]1 into ! d>ke/ recesses ( ! ,h]cynian wood4 ,! banks ( ! ,rh9e 7 cr[n$1 l ^? ( ! ,tib]1 ) elegant h\ses & well-cultivat$ f>ms2 & if a poet desc5d$ ! riv]1 he might express 8 d\bt on :i* side 0 situat$ ! t]ritory ( ! ,romans4 ,?is sc5e ( peace & pl5ty 0 sudd5ly *ang$ into a des]t2 & ! prospect ( ! smok+ ru9s c\ld alone di/+ui% ! solitude ( nature f ! desolation ( man4 ,! fl\ri%+ city ( ,m5tz 0 surpris$ & de/roy$2 & _m ?\s& ,*ri/ians 7 inhumanly massacr$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,worms p]i%$ aft] a long & ob/9ate siege2 ,/rasburg1 ,spires1 ,rheims1 #aii ,t\rnay1 ,arras1 ,ami5s1 exp]i5c$ ! cruel oppression ( ! ,g]man yoke2 & ! consum+ flames ( w> spread f ! banks ( ! ,rh9e ov] ! greate/ "p ( ! sev5te5 prov9ces ( ,gaul4 ,t ri* & ext5sive c\ntry1 z f> z ! ocean1 ! ,alps1 & ! ,pyr5ees1 0 deliv]$ to ! b>b>ians1 :o drove be=e !m1 9 a promiscu\s cr[d1 ! bi%op1 ! s5ator1 & ! virg91 lad5 ) ! spoils ( _! h\ses & alt>s10 ii4 #bcj4 ,9 ref]5ce1 also1 to ! invasion ( ,al>ic1 & ! p>ticul> nature ( ! desolation depict$ "u ! fir/ trumpet1 a rem>kable passage :i* ,mr4 ,gibbon has quot$ f ,claudian1 z describ+ ! effects ( ! invasion ( ,al>ic1 may be "h introduc$4 8,! old man10 says he1 speak+ ( ,claudian1 8:o _h pass$ 8 simple & innoc5t life 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]ona1 0 a /rang] to ! qu>rels bo? ( k+s & ( bi%ops2 8 pleasures1 8 desires1 8 k1 7 conf9$ )9 ! little circle ( 8 pat]nal f>m2 & a /aff support$ 8 ag$ /eps on ! same gr\nd :]e he _h sport$ 9 infancy4 ,yet ev5 ?is humble & ru/ic felicity 7:i* ,claudian describes ) s mu* tru? & feel+7 0 /ill expos$ to ! undi/+ui%+ rage ( w>4 ,8 trees1 8 old contempor>y#bga trees1 mu/ blaze 9 ! conflagration ( ! :ole c\ntry2 a deta*m5t ( ,go?ic cavalry mu/ sweep away 8 cottage & 8 family2 & ! p[] ( ,al>ic c\ld de/roy ?is happ9ess :i* he 0 n able ei!r to ta/e or to be/[4 #8,fame1' says ! poet1 #8encircl+ ) t]ror or gloomy w+s1 proclaim$ ! m>* ( ! b>b>ian army1 & fill$ ,italy ) con/]nation1'0 ii4 #bah4 ,& 7#d7 z to ! ext5t ( ! calamity1 !re is also a /rik+ propriety 9 ! language ( ! symbol z applicable to ! invasion ( ,al>ic4 ,i d n suppose1 inde$1 t x is necess>y1 9 ord] to f9d a prop] fulfilm5t ( ! symbol1 to be able to %[ t exactly "o-?ird "p ( ! empire 0 made desolate 9 ?is way2 b x is a suffici5t fulfilm5t if desolation spread ov] a consid]able portion ( ! ,roman _wz if a ?ird "p _h be5 de/roy$4 ,no "o :o reads ! acc\nt ( ! invasion ( ,al>ic c d\bt t x w\ld be an apt description ( ! ravages ( 8 arms to say t a ?ird "p 0 laid wa/e4 ,t ! desolations produc$ by ,al>ic 7 su* z w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ?is symbol may be fully se5 by consult+ ! :ole acc\nt ( t invasion 9 ,gibbon1 ii4 #bacbff4 #h ,& ! second angel s\nd$1 & z x 7 a great #bgbm\nta9 burn+ ) fire 0 #bgc;ca/ into ! sea3 & ! ?ird "p ( ! sea #bgd;became blood2 #h4 ,& ! second angel s\nd$4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #bg4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$ above1 ref]s to ! second ( ! f\r great ev5ts :i* contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire4 ,x w be prop] 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! =m]1 to inquire into ! lit]al mean+ ( ! symbol1 & !n :e!r !re 0 any ev5t t correspond$ ) x4 ,& z x 7 a great m\nta94 ,a m\nta9 is a natural symbol ( /r5g?1 & h5ce becomes a symbol ( a /rong & p[]ful k+dom2 = m\nta9s are n only places ( /r5g? 9 !mselves1 b !y anci5tly answ]$ ! purposes ( =tifi$ places1 & 7 ! seats ( p[]4 ,h5ce !y are prop]ly symbols ( /rong nations4 8,! /one t smote ! image became a great m\nta91 & fill$ ! :ole e>?10 ,da4 ii4 #ce4 ,comp4 ,zec4 iv4 #g2 ,je4 li4 #be4 ,we naturally1 !n1 apply ?is "p ( ! symbol to "s /rong & mighty nationn a nation1 necess>ily1 t issu$ f a m\nta9\s region1 b a nation t 9 /r5g? resembl$ a m\nta94 ,burn+ ) fire4 ,a m\nta9 9 a blaze2 t is1 ) all its woods on fire1 or1 m probably1 a volcanic m\nta94 ,!re w\ld p]haps be no m sublime image ?an su* a m\nta9 lift$ sudd5ly f its base & ?r[n into ! sea4 ,"o ( ! sublime/ p>ts ( ! ,p>adise ,lo/ is t :]e ! poet repres5ts ! angels 9 ! great battle 9 heav5 z lift+ ! m\nta9ste>+ !m f _! base& hurl+ !m on ! foe3 8,f _! f\ndations heav+ to & fro1 ,!y pluck$ ! seat$ hills1 ) all _! load1 ,rocks1 wat]s1 woods1 & by ! %aggy tops ,uplift+1 bore !m 9 _! h&s10 c4 ,book vi4 #bjj ,! poet1 h[ev]1 has n1 z ,john has1 repres5t$ a volcano borne along & ca/ into ! sea4 ,! symbol employ$ "h w\ld d5ote "s fi]y1 impetu\s1 de/ructive p[]4 ,if us$ to d5ote a nation1 x w\ld be a nation t 01 z x 71 burn+ ) ! desire ( conque/impetu\s1 & fi]ce1 & fi]y 9 its assaults& consum+ all 9 its way4 ,ca/ into ! sea4 ,! image is v sublime2 ! sc5e1 %\ld su* an ev5t occur1 w\ld be awfully gr&4 ,z to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 or ! ?+ t 0 int5d$ to be repres5t$ by x1 !re _c be any mat]ial d\bt4 ,x is n to be und]/ood lit]ally1 ( c\rse2 & ! natural application is to "s nation1 or army1 t has a resemblance 9 "s respects to su* a blaz+ m\nta91 & ! effect ( ^: m>* w\ld be l ca/+ su* a m\nta9 into ! ocean4 ,we naturally look = agitation & commotion1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to ! sea1 or to "s m>itime coa/s4 ,x is und\bt$ly requir$ 9 ! application ( ?is1 t we %\ld f9d its fulfilm5t 9 "s c\ntry ly+ beyond ! sea1 or 9 "s sea-coa/ or m>itime c\ntry1 or 9 ref]5ce to comm]ce4 ,& ! ?ird "p ( ! sea became blood4 ,resembl$ blood2 became z r$ z blood4 ,! figure "h is1 t z su* a blaz+ m\nta9 ca/ into ! sea w\ld1 by its reflection on ! wat]s1 seem to t+e !m ) r$1 s !re w\ld be some?+ correspond+ ) ?is 9 :at 0 ref]r$ to by ! symbol4 ,x w\ld be fulfill$ if !re 0 a fi]ce m>itime w>f>e1 & if 9 "s desp]ate naval engagem5t ! sea %\ld be t+$ ) blood4 #i ,& ! ?ird "p ( ! creatures :i* 7 9 ! sea1 & _h life1 di$2 & ! ?ird "p ( ! %ips 7 de/roy$4 #i4 ,& ! ?ird "p ( ! creatures :i* 7 9 ! sea1 & _h life1 di$4 ,! effect 0 z if "o-?ird ( all ! fi% 9 ! sea 7 cut (f4 ,( c\rse ?is is n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,x is design$ to describe an effect1 p]ta9+ to ! m>itime portion ( ! _w1 z if a ?ird portion ( all t 0 9 ! sea %\ld p]i%4 ,! natural int]pretation w\ld be to apply x to "s invasion or calamity p]ta9+ to ! seato ! isl&s1 to ! m>itime regions1 or to comm]ce4 ,if ! :ole description p]ta9s to ! ,roman empire1 !n ?is might be suppos$ to h p>ticul> ref]5ce to some?+ t w\ld h a be>+ on ! m>itime p>ts ( t empire4 ,& ! ?ird "p ( ! %ips 7 de/roy$4 ,?is also p]ta9s to ! same g5]al calamity1 affect+ ! comm]ce ( ! empire4 ,! de/ruction ( ! 8%ips0 0 produc$1 9 "s way1 by ca/+ ! m\nta9 into ! seaei!r by _! be+ consum$ by ! contact ) ! burn+ mass1 or by be+ sunk by ! agitation ( ! wat]s4 ,! ess5tial idea is1 t ! calamity w\ld be ( su* a nature z w\ld produce ! de/ruction ( vessels at seaei!r naval armam5ts1 or %ips ( comm]ce4 ,9 look+ n[ = ! application or fulfilm5t ( ?is1 x is necess>y 7a7 to f9d "s ev5t or ev5ts :i* w\ld h a p>ticul> be>+ on ! m>itime or comm]cial "p ( ! _w2 & 7b7 "s su* ev5t or ev5ts t1 on ! supposition t !y 7 ! ?+s ref]r$ to1 w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ! image "h employ$4 7#a7 ,if ! fir/ trumpet _h ref]5ce to ! invasion ( ,al>ic & ! ,go?s1 !n 9 ?is we naturally look = ! next succe$+ act ( invasion :i* %ook ! ,roman empire1 & contribut$ to its fall4 7#b7 ,! next invasion 0 t "u ,g5s]ic1 at ! head ( ! ,v&als 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cjf1 seq474 ,?is occurr$ ,a4,d4 #dbhdfh4 7#c7 ,! symbol ( a blaz+ or burn+ m\nta91 torn f its f\ndation1 & precipitat$ into ! ocean1 w\ld well repres5t ?is mighty nation mov$ f its anci5t seat1 & borne along t[>ds ! m>itime p>ts ( ! empire1 & its desolations !rez w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ rem>ks4 7#d7 ,! acts ( ! ,v&als1 "u ,g5s]ic1 correspond$ ) ! ideas express$ by ! symbol4 ,9 illu/rat+ ?is ,i %all be indebt$1 z h]et(ore1 pr9cipally to ,mr4 ,gibbon4 7a7 ,8 g5]al acc\nt ( ! ,v&als is ?is3 !y are suppos$ 7i4 #ach7 to h be5 orig9ally ! same p ) ! ,go?s1 ! ,go?s & ,v&als con/itut+ "o great nation liv+ on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,!y pass$ 9 connection ) !m ov] ! ,baltic2 emigrat$ to ,prussia & ! ,ukra9e2 invad$ ! ,roman prov9ces2 receiv$ tribute f ! ,romans2 subdu$ ! c\ntries ab\t ! ,bosphorus2 plund]$ ! cities ( ,bi?ynia2 ravag$ ,greece & #bja ,illyrium1 & 7 at la/ settl$ 9 ,?race "u ! emp]or ,!odosius 7,gibbon1 i4 #acfaff2 ii4 #aajaej71 ,!y 7 !n driv5 =w>d by ! ,huns1 & hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ,france & ,spa9 into ,africa1 conqu]$ ! ,c>?ag9ian t]ritory1 e/abli%$ an indep5d5t gov]nm5t1 & !nce ?r\gh a long p]iod h>ass$ ! neighb\r+ isl&s1 & ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean by _! pr$atory incursions1 de/roy+ ! %ips & ! comm]ce ( ! ,romans1 & 7 di/+ui%$ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! empire by _! ravages on ! isl&s & ! sea4 ,?us !y 7 mov$ along f place to place until ! sc5e ( _! desolations became m di/9ctly ! m>itime p>ts ( ! empire2 & ! effect ( _! deva/ations might be well comp>$ ) a burn+ m\nta9 mov$ f its anci5t base1 & !n ?r[n into ! sea4 7b7 ,?is w be app>5t f ! /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 reg>d to _! ravages "u _! lead] ,g5s]ic4 8,seville & ,c>?ag5a became ! rew>d1 or r ! prey ( ! f]oci\s conqu]ors0 aft] !y _h defeat$ ! ,roman ,ca/9us1 8& ! vessels :i* !y f\nd 9 ! h>b\r ( ,c>?ag5a might easily transport !m to ! isles ( ,majorca & ,m9orca1 :]e ! ,spani% fugitives1 z 9 a secure recess1 _h va9ly conceal$ _! families & =tunes4 ,! exp]i5ce ( navigation1 & p]haps ! prospect ( ,africa1 enc\rag$ ! ,v&als to accept ! invitation :i* !y receiv$ f ,c\nt ,boniface0 to aid him 9 8 appreh5d$ difficulties ) ,rome1 & to ent] into an alliance ) him by settl+ p]man5tly 9 ,africa 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cje1 #cjf73 8& ! dea? ( ,gond]ic0 ! ,v&al k+ 8s]v$ only to =w>d & animate ! bold ent]prise4 ,9 ! room ( a pr9ce1 n conspicu\s = any sup]ior p[]s ( ! m9d or body1 !y acquir$ 8 ba/>d bro!r1 ! t]rible ,g5s]ica "n :i*1 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman empire1 has des]v$ an equal rank ) ! names ( ,al>ic & ,attila4 0 8,! ambition ( ,g5s]ic 0 almo/ )\t b\nds1 & )\t scruples2 & ! w>rior c\ld dext]\sly employ ! d>k eng9es ( policy to solicit ! allies :o might be useful to 8 success1 or to scatt] among 8 enemies ! se$s ( enmity & cont5tion4 ,almo/ 9 ! mom5t ( 8 dep>ture he 0 in=m$ t ,h]manric1 k+ ( ! ,suevi1 _h presum$ to ravage ! ,spani% t]ritories1 :i* he 0 resolv$ to ab&on4 ,impati5t ( ! insult1 ,g5s]ic pursu$ ! ha/y retreat ( ! ,suevi z f> z ,m]ida2 precipitat$ ! k+ & 8 army into ! riv] ,anas1 & calmly return$ to ! sea-%ore to emb>k 8 troops4 ,! vessels :i* transport$ ! ,v&als ov] ! mod]n ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 a *annel only twelve miles 9 bread?1 7 furni%$ by ! ,spani>ds1 :o anxi\sly wi%$ = _! dep>ture2 & by ! ,african g5]al :o _h implor$ _! =midable assi/ance0 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cjf74 ,g5s]ic1 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 purposes1 soon took possession ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 defeat+ ! armies ( ,boniface1 & 8,c>?age1 ,cirta1 & ,hippo ,regius 7 ! only cities t appe>$ to rise above ! g5]al inundation0 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cjh74 8,on a sudd510 says ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 #cji71 8! sev5 fruitful prov9ces1 f ,tangi] to ,tripoli1 7 ov]:elm$ by ! invasion ( ! ,v&als2 ^: de/ructive rage has p]haps be5 exagg]at$ by popul> animosity1 religi\s zeal1 & extravagant declamation4 ,w> 9 its faire/ =m implies a p]petual violation ( humanity & ju/ice2 & ! ho/ilities ( b>b>ians are inflam$ by ! fi]ce & lawless _s :i* p]petually di/urbs _! peaceful & dome/ic society4 ,! ,v&als1 :]e !y f\nd resi/ance1 seldom gave qu>t]2 & ! dea?s ( _! valiant c\ntrym5 7 expiat$ by ! ru9 ( ! cities "u ^: walls !y _h fall510 c4 ,! result ( ! invasion 0 ! conque/ ( all nor!rn ,africa2 ! r$uction ( ,hippo & ,c>?age1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a gov]nm5t "u ,g5s]ic 9 ,africa t wag$ a long w> ) ,rome 7,gibbon1 ii4 #caj1 #caa74 ,! symbol be=e u has p>ticul> ref]5ce to m>itime or naval op]ations & desolations1 & ! foll[+ extracts f ,mr4 ,gibbon w %[ ) :at propriety1 if ?is symbol 0 design$ to ref] to him1 ^! images 7 employ$4 8,! discov]y & conque/ ( ! black nations 9 ,africa t might dwell b5ea? ! torrid zone c\ld n tempt ! rational ambition ( ,g5s]ic2 b he ca/ 8 eyes t[>ds ! sea2 he resolv$ to create a naval p[]1 & 8 bold resolution 0 execut$ ) /eady & active #bjb p]sev]ance4 ,! woods ( ,m\nt ,atlas af=d$ an inexhau/ible supply ( timb]2 8 new subjects 7 skill$ 9 ! arts ( navigation & %ip- build+2 he animat$ 8 d>+ ,v&als to embrace a mode ( w>f>e :i* w\ld r5d] e m>itime c\ntry accessible to _! arms2 ! ,moors & ,africans 7 allur$ by ! hope ( plund]2 & aft] an int]val ( six c5turies ! fleets t issu$ f ! port ( ,c>?age aga9 claim$ ! empire ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! success ( ! ,v&als1 ! conque/ ( ,sicily1 ! sack ( ,pal]mo1 & ! frequ5t desc5ts on ! coa/s ( ,lucania1 awak5$ & al>m$ ! "m ( ,val5t9ian & ! si/] ( ,!odosius4 ,alliances 7 =m$2 & armam5ts1 exp5sive & ineffectual1 7 prep>$ = ! de/ruction ( ! common enemy1 :o res]v$ 8 c\rage to enc\nt] ^? dang]s :i* 8 policy c\ld n prev5t or elude4 ,! revolutions ( ! palace1 :i* left ! ,we/]n empire )\t a def5d] & )\t a lawful pr9ce1 dispell$ ! appreh5sion & /imulat$ ! av>ice ( ,g5s]ic4 ,he imm$iately equipp$ a num]\s fleet ( ,v&als & ,moors1 & ca/ an*or at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]10 c4 7,gibbon1 ii4 #ceb74 8,on ! ?ird day aft] ! tumult ,a4,d4 #dee1 on ! dea? ( ,maximus ,g5s]ic boldly advanc$ f ! port ( ,o/ia to ! gates ( ! def5celess city4 ,in/ead ( a sally ( ! ,roman y\?1 !re issu$ f ! gates an un>m$ & v5]able procession ( ! bi%op at ! head ( ! cl]gy4 ,b ,rome & its inhabitants 7 deliv]$ to ! lic5ti\sness ( ! ,v&als & ! ,moors1 ^: bl9d passions rev5g$ ! injuries ( ,c>?age4 ,! pillage la/$ f\rte5 days & nights2 & all t yet rema9$ ( public or private weal?1 ( sacr$ or pr(ane treasure1 0 dilig5tly transport$ to ! vessels ( ,g5s]ic10 c4 ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is pillage 9 ,gibbon1 ii4 #ceecff4 ,! emp]or ,majorian 7,a4,d4 #deg7 endeav\r$ to 8re/ore ! happ9ess ( ! ,romans10 b 8he enc\nt]$ ! arms ( ,g5s]ic1 f 8 "* & situation _! mo/ =midable enemy4 ,a fleet ( ,v&als & ,moors l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,liris1 or ,g>igliano2 b ! imp]ial troops surpris$ & attack$ ! disord]ly b>b>ians1 :o 7 encumb]$ ) ! spoils ( ,campania2 !y 7 *as$ ) slaught] to _! %ips2 & _! lead]1 ! k+'s bro!r-9-law1 0 f\nd 9 ! numb] ( ! sla94 ,su* vigilance might ann\nce ! "* ( ! new reign2 b ! /ricte/ vigilance1 & ! mo/ num]\s =ces1 7 insuffici5t to protect ! long-ext5d$ coa/ ( ,italy f ! depr$ations ( a naval w>0 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cfc74 8,! emp]or _h =ese5 t x 0 impossible1 )\t a m>itime p[]1 to a*ieve ! conque/ ( ,africa4 ,9 ! fir/ ,punic w> ! republic _h ex]t$ su* incr$ible dilig5ce1 t )9 sixty days aft] ! fir/ /roke ( ! axe _h be5 giv5 9 ! =e/ a fleet ( "o hundr$ & sixty galleys pr\dly rode at an*or 9 ! sea4 ,"u circum/ances mu* less fav\rable ,majorian equall$ ! _s & p]sev]ance ( ! anci5t ,romans4 ,! woods ( ! ,ap5n9es 7 fell$1 ! ars5als & manufactures ( ,rav5na & ,mis5ium 7 re/or$1 ,italy & ,gaul vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 lib]al contributions to ! public s]vice2 & ! imp]ial navy ( ?ree hundr$ l>ge galleys1 ) an adequate proportion ( transports & small] vessels1 0 collect$ 9 ! secure & capaci\s h>b\r ( ,c>?ag5a 9 ,spa90 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cfc1 #cfd74 ,! fate ( ?is l>ge navy is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon38,g5s]ic 0 sav$ f imp5d+ & inevitable ru9 by ! trea*]y ( "s p[]ful subjects2 envi\s or appreh5sive ( _! ma/]'s success4 ,guid$ by _! secret intellig5ce1 he surpris$ ! ungu>d$ fleet 9 ! bay ( ,c>?ag5a2 _m ( ! %ips 7 sunk1 or tak51 or burnt2 & ! prep>ations ( ?ree ye>s 7 de/roy$ 9 a s+le day10 ii4 #cfd4 ,! f>!r naval op]ations & m>itime depr$ations ( ! ,v&als "u ,g5s]ic are ?us /at$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon38,! k+dom ( ,italy1 a "n to :i* ! ,we/]n empire 0 gradually r$uc$1 0 afflict$1 "u ! reign ( ,ricim]1 by ! incessant depr$ations ( ,v&al pirates4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ea* ye> !y equipp$ a =midable navy 9 ! port ( ,c>?age2 & ,g5s]ic himself1 ?\gh 9 v advanc$ age1 /ill comm&$ 9 p]son ! mo/ important exp$itions4 ,8 designs 7 conceal$ ) imp5etrable secrecy till ! mom5t t he hoi/$ sail4 ,:5 he 0 ask$ by ! pilot :at c\rse he %\ld /e]#8,leave ! det]m9ation to ! w9ds1' repli$ ! b>b>ian1 ) pi\s #bjc arrogance2 #8!y w transport u to ! guilty coa/ ^: inhabitants h provok$ ! div9e ju/ice2' b if ,g5s]ic himself deign$ to issue m precise ord]s1 he judg$ ! mo/ weal?y to be ! mo/ crim9al4 ,! ,v&als repeat$ly visit$ ! coa/s ( ,spa91 ,liguria1 ,tuscany1 ,campania1 ,lucania1 ,bruttium1 ,apulia1 ,calabria1 ,v5etia1 ,dalmatia1 ,epirus1 ,greece1 & ,sicily2 !y 7 tempt$ to subdue ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia1 s advantage\sly plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & _! arms spread desolation1 or t]ror1 f ! ,columns ( ,h]cules to ! m\? ( ! ,nile4 ,z !y 7 m ambiti\s ( spoil ?an ( glory1 !y seldom attack$ any =tifi$ cities1 or engag$ any regul> troops 9 ! op5 field4 ,b ! cel]ity ( _! motions enabl$ !m1 almo/ at ! same "t1 to ?reat5 & to attack ! mo/ di/ant objects :i* attract$ _! desires2 & z !y always emb>k$ a suffici5t numb] ( horses1 !y _h no soon] l&$ ?an !y swept ! dismay$ c\ntry ) a body ( light cavalry10 ii4 #cff4 ,h[ f> ?is description agrees ) ! symbol 9 ! passage be=e u8a great m\nta9 burn+ ) fire ca/ into ! sea20 8! ?ird "p ( ! %ips 7 de/roy$0mu/ be left to ! read] to judge4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ev]1 ) at lea/ "s %[ ( reason1 :e!r1 if x be admitt$ t x 0 ! design ( ! au?or ( ! book ( ,revelation to ref] to ! movem5ts ( ! ,v&als "u ,g5s]ic z "o ( ! important & imm$iate causes ( ! ru9 ( ! ,roman empire1 he c\ld h f\nd a m expressive symbol ?an ?is8 ,inde$1 is !re n[ any symbol t w\ld be m /rik+ & appropriate8 ,if "o %\ld n[ und]take to repres5t ?is z "o ( ! causes ( ! d[nfall ( ! empire by a symbol1 c\ld he easily f9d "o t w\ld be m expressive8 ,x is a matt] t is 9 itself p]haps ( no importance1 b x may s]ve to %[ t ! int]pretation respect+ ! second trumpet 0 n =c$1 to rem>k t ,i _h gone ?r\gh ) ! int]pretation ( ! language ( ! symbol be=e ,i look$ into ,mr4 ,gibbon ) any ref]5ce to ! application4 #aj ,& ! ?ird angel s\nd$1 & !re #bge;fell a great /> f heav51 burn+ z x 7 a lamp1 & x fell ^u ! ?ird "p ( ! riv]s1 & ^u ! f\nta9s ( wat]s3 #aj4 ,& ! ?ird angel s\nd$4 ,indicat+1 accord+ to ! int]pretation above propos$1 "s important ev5t 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire4 ,& !re fell a great /> f heav54 ,a /> is a natural emblem ( a pr9ce1 ( a rul]1 ( "o di/+ui%$ by rank or by tal5t4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ii4 #bh4 ,see ,nu4 xxiv4 #ag1 & ! ,notes on ,is4 xiv4 #ab4 ,a /> fall+ f heav5 w\ld be a natural symbol ( "o :o _h left a high] /ation1 or ( "o ^: "* & c\rse w\ld be l a meteor %oot+ ?r\gh ! sky4 ,burn+ z x 7 a lamp4 ,or1 z a tor*4 ,! language "h is su* z w\ld describe a meteor blaz+ ?r\gh ! air2 & ! ref]5ce 9 ! symbol is to some?+ t w\ld h a resemblance to su* a meteor4 ,x is n a lurid meteor 7livid1 pale1 gha/ly7 t is "h ref]r$ to1 b a bright1 int5se1 blaz+ />emblem ( fi]y en]gy2 ( rapidity ( movem5t & execution2 ( spl5d\r ( appe>ancesu* z a *iefta9 ( high end[m5ts1 ( impetu\sness ( "*1 & ( ri*ness ( app>el1 w\ld be4 ,9 all languages1 probably1 a /> has be5 an emblem ( a pr9ce ^: virtues h %one brightly1 & :o has ex]t$ a b5eficial influ5ce on mank9d4 ,9 all languages also1 probably1 a meteor flam+ ?r\gh ! sky has be5 an emblem ( "s spl5did g5ius caus+ or ?reat5+ desolation & ru92 ( a w>rior :o has mov$ along 9 a brilliant b de/ructive pa? ov] ! _w2 & :o has be5 reg>d$ z s5t to execute ! v5geance ( heav54 ,?is usage occurs because a meteor is s bright2 because x appe>s s sudd5ly2 because its c\rse _c be det]m9$ by any kn[n laws2 & because1 9 ! appreh5sions ( m51 x is ei!r s5t z a pro( ( ! div9e displeasure1 or is adapt$ to excite con/]nation & al>m4 ,9 ! application ( ?is "p ( ! symbol1 !re=e1 we naturally look = "s pr9ce or w>rior ( brilliant tal5ts1 :o appe>s sudd5ly & sweeps rapidly ov] ! _w2 :o excites con/]nation & al>m2 ^: pa? is m>k$ by desolation1 & :o is reg>d$ z s5t f heav5 to execute ! div9e purposes:o comes n to bless ! _w by brilliant tal5ts #bjd well direct$1 b to execute v5geance on mank9d4 ,& x fell ^u ! ?ird "p ( ! riv]s1 & ^u ! f\nta9s ( wat]s4 ,on ! phrase1 8! ?ird "p10 see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! 8riv]s0 & to ! 8f\nta9s ( wat]s0 seems1 9 "p1 to be = ! purpose ( say+ t ev]y?+ w\ld be affect$ by ?is s]ies ( judgm5ts4 ,9 ! previ\s visions ! trees & ! gre5 grass1 ! sea & ! %ips1 _h be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! riv]s & ! f\nta9s ( wat]s are n less important ?an ! trees1 ! grass1 & ! comm]ce ( ! _w1 & h5ce ?is judgm5t is m5tion$ z p>ticul>ly be>+ on !m4 ,at ! same "t1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r trumpets1 !re is a propriety 9 suppos+ t !re w\ld be some?+ 9 ! ev5t ref]r$ to by ! symbol :i* w\ld make x m appropriate to use ?is symbol 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to look = "s desolations t w\ld p>ticul>ly affect ! portions ( ! _w :]e riv]s ab\nd1 or :]e !y take _! rise2 or1 if x be und]/ood z hav+ a m metaphorical s5se1 to reg>d x z affect+ ^? ?+s :i* resemble riv]s & f\nta9s! s\rces ( influ5ce2 ! morals1 ! religion ( a p1 ! in/itutions ( a c\ntry1 :i* are (t5 s appropriately comp>$ ) runn+ f\nta9s or fl[+ /reams4 #aa ,& ! "n ( ! /> is call$ #bgf,wormwood3 & ! ?ird "p ( ! #bggwat]s became wormwood2 & _m m5 di$ ( ! wat]s1 because !y 7 made bitt]4 #aa4 ,& ! "n ( ! /> is call$ ,wormwood4 ,is appropriately s call$4 ,! writ] does n say t x w\ld be actually s call$1 b t ?is "n w\ld be prop]ly descriptive ( its qualities4 ,su* expressions are common 9 allegorical writ+s4 ,! ,greek ^wd5otes wormwood1 a well-kn[n bitt] h]b4 ,t ^w becomes ! prop] emblem ( bitt]ness4 ,comp4 ,je4 ix4 #ae2 xxiii4 #ae2 ,la4 iii4 #ae1 #ai4 ,& ! ?ird "p ( ! wat]s became wormwood4 ,became bitt] z wormwood4 ,?is is d\btless an emblem ( ! calamity :i* w\ld occur if ! wat]s %\ld be ?us made bitt]4 ,( c\rse !y w\ld become useless = ! purposes to :i* !y are mo/ly appli$1 & ! de/ruction ( life w\ld be inevitable4 ,to conceive ( ! ext5t ( su* a calamity we h only to imag9e a l>ge portion ( ! wells1 & riv]s1 & f\nta9s ( a c\ntry made bitt] z wormwood4 ,comp4 ,ex4 xv4 #bc1 #bd4 ,& _m m5 di$ ( ! wat]s1 because !y 7 made bitt]4 ,?is effect w\ld naturally foll[ if any consid]able portion ( ! f\nta9s & /reams ( a l& 7 *ang$ by an infusion ( wormwood4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is is int5d$ to be lit]ally true2 = z1 by ! use ( a symbol1 x is n to be suppos$ t lit]ally a "p ( ! wat]s w\ld be turn$ into wormwood by ! baleful influ5ce ( a fall+ meteor1 s x is n necess>y to suppose t !re is int5d$ to be repres5t$ a lit]al de/ruction ( human life by ! use ( wat]s4 ,great de/ruction & deva/ation are und\bt$ly int5d$ to be d5ot$ by ?isde/ruction t w\ld be well repres5t$ 9 a l& by ! natural effects if a consid]able "p ( ! wat]s 71 by _! bitt]ness1 made unfit to dr9k4 ,9 ! int]pretation & application1 !re=e1 ( ?is passage1 we may adopt ! foll[+ pr9ciples & rules37a7 ,x may be assum$1 9 ?is exposition1 t ! previ\s symbols1 "u ! fir/ & second trumpet-bla/s1 ref]r$ respectively to ,al>ic & 8 ,go?s1 & to ,g5s]ic & 8 ,v&als4 7b7 ,t ! next great & decisive ev5t 9 ! d[nfall ( ! empire is ! "o t is "h ref]r$ to4 7c7 ,t !re w\ld be "s *iefta9 or w>rior :o might be comp>$ ) a blaz+ meteor2 ^: c\rse w\ld be s+ul>ly brilliant2 :o w\ld appe> sudd5ly l a blaz+ />1 & !n disappe> l a /> ^: light 0 qu5*$ 9 ! wat]s4 7d7 ,t ! desolat+ c\rse ( t meteor w\ld be ma9ly on ^? portions ( ! _w t ab\nd$ ) spr+s ( wat] & runn+ /reams4 7e7 ,t an effect w\ld be produc$ z if ^? /reams & f\nta9s 7 made bitt]2 t is1 t _m p]sons w\ld p]i%1 & t wide desolations w\ld be caus$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ^? riv]s & /reams1 z if a bitt] & baleful /> %\ld fall into ! wat]s1 & dea? %\ld spread ov] ! l&s adjac5t to !m1 & wat]$ by !m4 #bje ,:e!r any ev5ts occurr$ ( :i* ?is w\ld be ! prop] emblem is n[ ! "q4 ,among expositors !re has be5 a consid]able degree ( unanimity 9 suppos+ t ,attila1 ! k+ ( ! ,huns1 is ref]r$ to2 & if ! prec$+ expositions are correct1 !re c be no d\bt on ! subject4 ,aft] ,al>ic & ,g5s]ic1 ,attila occupies ! next place z an important ag5t 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman empire1 & ! only "q is1 :e!r he w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ?is baleful />4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks may be made to %[ ! propriety ( ! symbol37#a7 ,z already rem>k$1 ! place :i* he occupies 9 hi/ory1 z imm$iately succe$+ ,al>ic & ,g5s]ic 9 ! d[nfall ( ! empire4 ,?is w appe> 9 any *ronological table1 or 9 ! table ( cont5ts ( any ( ! hi/ories ( ^? times4 ,a full detail ( ! c>e] ( ,attila may be f\nd 9 ,gibbon1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cadcea4 ,8 c>e] ext5d$ f ,a4,d4 #dcc to ,a4,d4 #dec4 ,x is true t he 0 contempor>y ) ,g5s]ic1 k+ ( ! ,v&als1 & t a portion ( ! op]ations ( ,g5s]ic 9 ,africa 7 subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ,attila 7,a4,d4 #dee;,a4,d4 #dfg72 b x is also true t ,g5s]ic prec$$ ,attila 9 ! c>e] ( conque/1 & 0 prop]ly ! fir/ 9 ord]1 be+ press$ =w>d 9 ! ,roman w>f>e by ! ,huns1 ,a4,d4 #dbh4 ,see ,gibbon1 ii4 #cjf1 seq4 7#b7 ,9 ! mann] ( 8 appe>ance he /rongly resembl$ a brilliant meteor fla%+ 9 ! sky4 ,he came f ! ea/1 ga!r+ 8 ,huns1 & p\r$ !m d[n1 z we %all see1 ) ! rapidity ( a fla%+ meteor1 sudd5ly on ! empire4 ,he reg>d$ himself also z devot$ to ,m>s1 ! god ( w>1 & 0 accu/om$ to array himself 9 a peculi>ly brilliant mann]1 s t 8 appe>ance1 9 ! language ( 8 flatt]]s1 0 su* z to dazzle ! eyes ( behold]s4 ,"o ( 8 foll[]s p]ceiv$ t a heif] t 0 graz+ _h w\nd$ h] foot1 & curi\sly foll[$ ! track ( blood1 till he f\nd 9 ! long grass ! po9t ( an anci5t sword1 :i* he dug out ( ! gr\nd & pres5t$ to ,attila4 8,t magnanim\s1 or r t artful pr9ce10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8accept$ ) pi\s gratitude ?is cele/ial fav\r2 &1 z ! rightful possessor ( ! sword ( ,m>s1 ass]t$ 8 div9e & indefeasible claim to ! dom9ion ( ! e>?4 ,! fav\rite ( ,m>s soon acquir$ a sacr$ "*1 :i* r5d]$ 8 conque/s m easy & m p]man5t2 & ! b>b>ian pr9ces confess$1 9 ! language ( devotion or flatt]y1 t !y c\ld n presume to gaze1 ) a /eady eye1 on ! div9e maje/y ( ! k+ ( ! ,huns10 ii4 #cag4 ,h[ appropriate w\ld x be to repres5t su* a pr9ce by ! symbol ( a bright & blaz+ />or a meteor fla%+ ?r\gh ! sky6 7#c7 ,!re may be propriety1 z applicable to him1 9 ! expression8a great /> f heav5 fall+ ^u ! e>?40 ,attila 0 reg>d$ z an in/rum5t 9 ! div9e h& 9 inflict+ puni%m5t4 ,! common appellation by :i* he has be5 kn[n is 8! sc\rge ( ,god40 ,?is title is suppos$ by ! mod]n ,hung>ians to h be5 fir/ giv5 to ,attila by a h]mit ( ,gaul1 b x 0 8ins]t$ by ,attila among ! titles ( 8 royal dignity0 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cba1 foot-note74 ,to no "o c\ld ! title be m applicable ?an to him4 7#d7 ,8 c>e] z a conqu]or1 & ! effect ( 8 conque/s on ! d[nfall ( ! empire1 7 su* z to be prop]ly symboliz$ 9 ?is mann]4 7a7 ,! g5]al effect ( ! invasion 0 wor?y ( an important place 9 describ+ ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* result$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! empire4 ,?is is ?us /at$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon3 8,! we/]n _w 0 oppress$ by ! ,go?s & ,v&als1 :o fl$ be=e ! ,huns2 b ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,huns !mselves 7 n adequate to _! p[] & prosp]ity4 ,_! victori\s hordes _h spread f ! ,volga to ! ,danube1 b ! public =ce 0 exhau/$ by ! discord ( indep5d5t *iefta9s2 _! val\r 0 idly consum$ 9 obscure & pr$atory excursions2 & !y (t5 degrad$ _! national dignity by condesc5d+1 = ! hopes ( spoil1 to enli/ "u ! bann]s ( _! fugitive enemies4 ,9 ! reign ( ,attila ! ,huns aga9 became ! t]ror ( ! _w2 & ,i %all n[ describe ! "* & actions ( t =midable b>b>ian :o alt]nately invad$ & insult$ ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 & urg$ ! rapid d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cad1 #cae4 7b7 ,! p>ts ( ! e>? affect$ by ! invasion ( ! ,huns 7 ^? :i* w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ! ?+s specifi$ at ! bl[+ ( ?is trumpet4 ,x is said p>ticul>ly t ! effect w\ld be on 8! riv]s10 #bjf & on 8! f\nta9s ( wat]s40 ,if ?is has a lit]al application1 or if1 z 0 suppos$ 9 ! case ( ! second trumpet1 ! language us$ 0 su* z _h ref]5ce to ! portion ( ! empire t w\ld be p>ticul>ly affect$ by ! ho/ile invasion1 !n we may suppose t ?is ref]s to ^? portions ( ! empire t ab\nd$ 9 riv]s & /reams1 & m p>ticul>ly ^? 9 :i* ! riv]s & /reams _h _! orig9= ! effect 0 p]man5tly 9 ! 8f\nta9s ( wat]s40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pr9cipal op]ations ( ,attila 7 9 ! regions ( ! ,alps1 & on ! portions ( ! empire :5ce ! riv]s fl[ d[n into ,italy4 ,! invasion ( ,attila is describ$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 ?is g5]al language3 8,! :ole bread? ( ,europe1 z x ext5ds above five hundr$ miles f ! ,eux9e to ! ,adriatic1 0 at once invad$1 & occupi$1 & desolat$1 by ! myriads ( b>b>ians :om ,attila l$ into ! field1 0 ii4 #cai1 #cbj4 ,aft] describ+ ! progress & ! effects ( ?is invasion 7pp4 #cbjcca7 he proce$s m p>ticul>ly to detail ! ev5ts 9 ! invasion ( ,gaul & ,italy1 pp4 #ccacdg4 ,aft] ! t]rible battle ( ,*lons1 9 :i*1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 "o hundr$ & sixty-two ?\s&1 &1 accord+ to o!r acc\nts1 ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 7 sla91 & 9 :i* ,attila 0 defeat$1 he recov]$ 8 vig\r1 collect$ 8 =ces1 & made a desc5t on ,italy4 ,"u pret5ce ( claim+ ,honoria1 ! daught] ( ! ,empress ( ,rome1 z 8 bride1 8! indignant lov] took ! field1 pass$ ! ,alps1 invad$ ,italy1 & besieg$ ,aquileia ) an innum]able ho/ ( b>b>ians40 ,aft] endeav\r+ 9 va9 = ?ree mon?s to subdue ! city1 & :5 ab\t to ab&on ! siege1 ,attila took advantage ( ! appe>ance ( a /ork z a fav\rable om5 to ar\se 8 m5 to a r5ew$ ef=t1 8a l>ge brea* 0 made 9 ! "p ( ! wall :]e ! /ork _h tak5 h] flight2 ! ,huns m\nt$ to ! assault ) irresi/ible fury2 & ! succe$+ g5]ation c\ld sc>cely discov] ! ru9s ( ,aquileia4 ,aft] ?is dreadful *a/isem5t ,attila pursu$ 8 m>*2 & z he pass$1 ! cities ( ,alt9um1 ,concordia1 & ,padua 7 r$uc$ into heaps ( /ones & a%es4 ,! inl& t[ns1 ,vic5za1 ,v]ona1 & ,b]gamo1 7 expos$ to ! rapaci\s cruelty ( ! ,huns2 ,milan & ,pavia submitt$ )\t resi/ance to ! loss ( _! weal?1 & applaud$ ! unusual clem5cy :i* pres]v$ f ! flames ! public z well z ! private build+s1 & sp>$ ! lives ( ! captive multitude4 ,! popul> traditions ( ,comum1 ,tur91 or ,mod5a1 may be ju/ly suspect$1 yet !y concur ) m au!ntic evid5ce to prove t ,attila spread 8 ravages ov] ! ri* pla9s ( mod]n ,lomb>dy1 :i* are divid$ by ! ,po1 & b\nd$ by ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es10 ii4 pp4 #cdc1 #cdd4 8,x is a say+ wor?y ( ! f]oci\s pride ( ,attila1 t ! grass nev] grew on ! spot :]e 8 horse _h trod0 7ibid4 p4 #cde74 ,anyone has only to look on a map1 & to trace ! progress ( ^? desolations & ! *ief seats ( 8 milit>y op]ations to see ) :at propriety ?is symbol w\ld be employ$4 ,9 ^! regions ! great riv]s t wat] ,europe h _! orig91 & are swell$ by numb]less /reams t fl[ d[n f ! ,alps2 & ab\t ! f\nta9s :5ce ^! /reams fl[ 7 ! pr9cipal milit>y op]ations ( ! invad]4 7c7 ,) equal propriety is he repres5t$ 9 ! symbol z affect+ 8a ?ird0 "p ( ^! riv]s & f\nta9s4 ,at lea/ a ?ird "p ( ! empire 0 invad$ & desolat$ by him 9 8 savage m>*1 & ! effects ( 8 invasion 7 z disa/r\s on ! empire z if a bitt] /> _h fall5 into a ?ird "p ( ^? riv]s & f\nta9s1 & _h conv]t$ !m into wormwood4 7d7 ,!re is "o o!r po9t :i* %[s ! propriety ( ?is symbol4 ,x is1 t ! meteor1 or />1 seem$ to be absorb$ 9 ! wat]s4 ,x fell into ! wat]s2 embitt]$ !m2 & 0 se5 no m4 ,su* w\ld be ! case ) a meteor t %\ld ?us fall ^u ! e>?fla%+ along ! sky1 & !n disappe>+ = ev]4 ,n[1 x 0 rem>kable 9 reg>d to ! ,huns1 t _! p[] 0 conc5trat$ "u ,attila2 t he alone appe>$ z ! lead] ( ?is =midable ho/2 & t :5 he di$ all ! conc5trat$ p[] ( ! ,huns 0 dissipat$1 or became absorb$ & lo/4 8,! revolution10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 #cdh71 8:i* subv]t$ ! empire ( ! ,huns1 e/abli%$ ! fame ( ,attila1 ^: g5ius alone _h su/a9$ ! huge & disjo9t$ fabric4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! bolde/ *iefta9s aspir$ to ! rank ( k+s2 ! mo/ p[]ful k+s refus$ to ackn[l$ge a sup]ior2 & #bjg ! num]\s sons1 :om s _m v>i\s mo!rs bore to ! deceas$ mon>*1 divid$ & disput$1 l a private inh]itance1 ! sov]eign comm& ( ! nations ( ,g]many & ,scy?ia40 ,soon1 h[ev]1 9 ! conflicts :i* succe$$1 ! empire pass$ away1 & ! empire ( ! ,huns ceas$4 ,! p t compos$ x 7 absorb$ 9 ! surr\nd+ nations1 & ,mr4 ,gibbon makes ?is rem>k1 aft] giv+ a summ>y acc\nt ( ^! conflicts1 :i* cont9u$ b = a few ye>s3 8,! ,ig\rs ( ! nor?1 issu+ f ! cold ,sib]ian regions1 :i* produc$ ! mo/ valuable furs1 spread !mselves ov] ! des]t1 z f> z ! ,bory/h5es & ! ,caspian gates1 & f9ally ext+ui%$ ! empire ( ! ,huns40 ,^! facts may1 p]haps1 %[ ) :at propriety ,attila w\ld be comp>$ ) a bright b beautiful meteor2 & t1 if ! design 0 to symbolize him z act+ an important "p 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire1 !re is a fitness 9 ! symbol "h employ$4 #ab ,& ! f\r? angel s\nd$1 & ! ?ird "p ( #bgh! sun 0 smitt51 & ! ?ird "p ( ! moon1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! />s2 s z ! ?ird "p ( !m 0 d>k5$1 & ! day %one n = a ?ird "p ( x1 & ! night likewise4 #ab4 ,& ! f\r? angel s\nd$4 ,notes1 v]4 #f1 #g4 ,& ! ?ird "p ( ! sea 0 smitt54 ,on ! phrase ! ?ird "p1 see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,! d>k5+ ( ! heav5ly lum9>ies is ev]y:]e an emblem ( any great calamityz if ! light ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s %\ld be put out4 ,see ,notes on *4 vi4 #ab1 #ac4 ,!re is no c]ta9 evid5ce t ?is ref]s to rul]s1 z _m h suppos$1 or to any?+ t w\ld p>ticul>ly affect ! gov]nm5t z su*4 ,! mean+ is1 t calamity w\ld come z if d>kness %\ld spread ov] ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1 leav+ ! _w 9 gloom4 ,:at is ! precise nature ( ! calamity is n indicat$ by ! language1 b any?+ t w\ld diffuse gloom & disa/] w\ld accord ) ! fair mean+ ( ! symbol4 ,!re are a few circum/ances1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ?is symbol :i* may aid u 9 det]m9+ its application4 7#a7 ,x w\ld foll[ 9 ! s]ies ( calamities t 7 to occur4 7#b7 ,x w\ld be sep>at$ 9 "s important s5se( "t1 place1 or degreef ^? :i* 7 to foll[1 = !re is a pause "h 7v]4 #ac71 & ! angel proclaims t m t]rible woes are to succe$ ?is s]ies4 7#c7 ,l ! prec$+1 x is to affect 8"o ?ird "p0 ( ! _w2 t is1 x is to be a calamity z if a ?ird "p ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s 7 sudd5ly smitt5 & d>k5$4 7#d7 ,x is n to be total4 ,x is n z if ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s 7 entirely blott$ out1 = !re 0 /ill "s rema9+ light2 t is1 !re 0 a cont9uance ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+sz if ^! heav5ly bodies %\ld /ill give an obscure & p>tial light4 7#e7 ,p]haps x is also int5d$ by ! symbol t !re w\ld be light aga94 ,! _w 0 n to g into a /ate ( total & p]man5t night4 ,= a ?ird "p ( ! day1 & a ?ird "p ( ! night1 ?is d>kness reign$2 b does n ?is imply t !re w\ld be light aga9t ! obscurity w\ld pass away1 & t ! sun1 & moon1 & />s w\ld %9e aga98 ,t is1 is x n impli$ t !re w\ld /ill be prosp]ity 9 "s future p]iod8 ,n[1 9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is1 if ! explanation ( ! prec$+ symbols is correct1 !re c be little difficulty4 ,if ! previ\s symbols ref]r$ to ,al>ic1 to ,g5s]ic1 & to ,attila1 !re c be no difficulty 9 apply+ ?is to ,odoac]1 & to 8 reigna reign 9 :i*1 9 fact1 ! ,roman dom9ion 9 ! ,we/ came to an end1 & pass$ into ! h&s ( ?is b>b>ian4 ,anyone has only to op5 ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 to see t ?is is ! next ev5t t %\ld be symboliz$ if ! design 7 to repres5t ! d[nfall ( ! empire4 ,^! f\r great b>b>ian lead]s succe$ ea* o!r 9 ord]1 & "u ! la/1 ,odoac]1 ! b>b>ian dom9ion 0 e/abli%$2 = x is "h t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,roman p[]1 z su*1 end$4 ,! ,we/]n empire t]m9at$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 p4 #chj71 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dgf or #dgi4 ,odoac] 0 8,k+ ( ,italy0 f ,a4,d4 #dgf to ,a4,d4 #dij 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cgi74 ,! ,ea/]n empire /ill l+]$1 b calamity1 l blott+ out ! sun1 & moon1 & />s1 _h come ov] t #bjh "p ( ! _w :i* = s _m c5turies _h con/itut$ ! seat ( p[] & dom9ion4,odoac] 0 ! son ( ,edecon1 a b>b>ian1 :o 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,attila1 & :o left two sons,onulf & ,odoac]4 ,! =m] direct$ 8 /eps to ,con/ant9ople2 ,odoac] 8l$ a w&]+ life among ! b>b>ians ( ,noricum1 ) a m9d & =tune suit$ to ! mo/ desp]ate adv5tures2 & :5 he _h fix$ 8 *oice1 he pi\sly visit$ ! cell ( ,sev]9us1 ! popul> sa9t ( ! c\ntry1 to solicit 8 approbation & bless+4 ,! l[ness ( ! door w\ld n admit ! l(ty /ature ( ,odoac]2 he 0 oblig$ to /oop2 b 9 t humble attitude ! sa9t c\ld disc]n ! symptoms ( 8 future greatness2 & address+ him 9 a prophetic tone1 #8,pursue1' said he1 #8y\r design2 proce$ to ,italy2 y w soon ca/ away ?is co>se g>m5t ( sk9s2 & y\r weal? w be adequate to ! lib]ality ( y\r m9d4' ,! b>b>ian1 ^: d>+ _s accept$ & ratifi$ ?is pr$iction1 0 admitt$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,we/]n empire1 & soon obta9$ an hon\rable rank 9 ! gu>ds4 ,8 mann]s 7 gradually poli%$1 8 milit>y skill improv$2 & ! conf$]ates ( ,italy w\ld n h elect$ him = _! g5]al unless ! exploits ( ,odoac] _h e/abli%$ a high op9ion ( 8 c\rage & capacity4 ,_! milit>y acclamations salut$ him ) ! title ( k+2 b he ab/a9$ dur+ 8 :ole reign f ! use ( ! purple & ! diadem1 le/ he %\ld (f5d ^? pr9ces ^: subjects1 by _! accid5tal mixture1 _h =m$ ! victori\s army :i* "t & policy might ins5sibly unite into a great nation0 7,gibbon1 ii4 #cgi1 #chj74 ,9 ano!r place ,mr4 ,gibbon says3 8,odoac] 0 ! fir/ b>b>ian :o reign$ 9 ,italy1 ov] a p :o _h once ass]t$ _! sup]iority above ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! disgrace ( ! ,romans /ill excites our respectful compassion1 & we fondly sympa?ize ) ! imag9>y grief & indignation ( _! deg5]ate po/]ity4 ,b ! calamities ( ,italy _h gradually subdu$ ! pr\d consci\sness ( fre$om & glory4 ,9 ! age ( ,roman virtue ! prov9ces 7 subject to ! arms1 & ! citiz5s to ! laws1 ( ! republic2 till ^? laws 7 subv]t$ by civil discord1 & bo? ! city & ! prov9ces became ! s]vile prop]ty ( a tyrant4 ,! =ms ( ! con/itution :i* alleviat$ or disguis$ _! abject slav]y 7 aboli%$ by "t & viol5ce2 ! ,italians alt]nately lam5t$ ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( ! sov]eigns :om !y dete/$ or despis$2 & ! succession ( five c5turies inflict$ ! v>i\s evils ( milit>y lic5se1 caprici\s despotism1 & elaborate oppression4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! b>b>ians _h em]g$ f obscurity & contempt1 & ! w>riors ( ,g]many & ,scy?ia 7 introduc$ into ! prov9ces1 z ! s]vants1 ! allies1 & at l5g? ! ma/]s ( ! ,romans1 :om !y insult$ or protect$10 ii4 #cha1 #chb4 ,( ! effect ( ! reign ( ,odoac] ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks3 8,9 ! division & decl9e ( ! empire ! tribut>y h>ve/s ( ,egypt & ,africa 7 )drawn2 ! numb]s ( ! inhabitants cont9ually decreas$ ) ! means ( subsi/5ce2 & ! c\ntry 0 exhau/$ by ! irretrievable losses ( w>1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce4 ,/4 ,ambrose has deplor$ ! ru9 ( a popul\s di/rict1 :i* _h be5 once adorn$ ) ! fl\ri%+ cities ( ,bologna1 ,mod5a1 ,rhegium1 & ,plac5tia4 ,pope ,gelasius 0 a subject ( ,odoac]2 & he affirms1 ) /rong exagg]ation1 t 9 milia1 ,tuscany1 & ! adjac5t prov9ces ! human species 0 almo/ extirpat$4 ,"o-?ird ( ^? ample e/ates1 to :i* ! ru9 ( ,italy is orig9ally imput$1 0 extort$ = ! use ( ! conqu]ors10 ii4 #chc4 ,yet ! light 0 n :olly ext9ct4 ,x 0 8a ?ird "p0 ( x :i* 0 put out2 & x 0 /ill true t "s ( ! =ms ( ! anci5t con/itution 7 obs]v$t ! light /ill l+]$ be=e x :olly pass$ away4 ,9 ! language ( ano!r1 8,! au?ority ( ! ,roman "n _h n yet entirely ceas$4 ,! s5ate ( ,rome cont9u$ to assemble z usual4 ,! consuls 7 appo9t$ ye>ly1 "o by ! ,ea/]n emp]or1 "o by ,italy & ,rome4 ,odoac] himself gov]n$ ,italy "u a titlet ( ,patricianconf]r$ on him by ! ,ea/]n emp]or4 ,!re 0 /ill a c]ta91 ?\gh (t5 fa9t1 recognition ( ! supreme imp]ial au?ority4 ,! moon & ! />s might seem /ill to %9e 9 ! ,we/1 ) a dim reflect$ light4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* rapidly foll[$ 9 ! next half-c5tury1 ^! too 7 ext+ui%$4 ,aft] above a c5tury & a half ( calamities unexampl$ #bji almo/1 z ,dr4 ,rob]tson mo/ truly repres5ts x1#bgi 9 ! hi/ory ( nations1 ! /atem5t ( ,j]omea /atem5t c\*$ "u ! v ,apocalyptic figure ( ! text1 b prematurely pron\nc$ on ! fir/ tak+ ( ,rome by ,al>icmight be consid]$ at l5g? accompli%$3 #8,cl>issimum t]r>um lum5 ext9ctum e/'#8,! _w's glori\s sun has be5 ext+ui%$2' or1 z ! mod]n poet ,byron 7,*ilde ,h>old1 canto iv47 has express$ x1 /ill "u ! ,apocalyptic imag]y3 #8,%e saw h] glories /> by /> expire1' till n ev5 "o /> rema9$ to glimm] 9 ! vacant & d>k night0 7,elliott1 i4 #cfj1 #cfa74 ,i h ?us endeav\r$ to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! f\r fir/ trumpets "u ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal1 embrac+ ! successive sev]e bl[s /ruck on ! empire by ,al>ic1 ,g5s]ic1 ,attila1 & ,odoac]1 until ! empire fell1 to rise no m4 ,i _c bett] conclude ?is "p ( ! exposition ?an 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 9 8 reflections on ! fall ( ! empire4 8,i h n[ accompli%$10 says he1 8! labori\s n>rative ( ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,roman empire1 f ! =tunate age ( ,trajan & ! ,anton9es to its total ext9ction 9 ! ,we/1 ab\t five c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,at t unhappy p]iod ! ,saxons fi]cely /ruggl$ ) ! natives = ! possession ( ,brita92 ,gaul & ,spa9 7 divid$ betwe5 ! p[]ful mon>*ies ( ! ,franks & ! ,visigo?s1 & ! dep5d5t k+doms ( ! ,suevi & ! ,burgundians2 ,africa 0 expos$ to ! cruel p]secution ( ! ,v&als1 & ! savage insults ( ! ,moors2 ,rome & ,italy1 z f> z ! banks ( ! ,danube1 7 afflict$ by an army ( b>b>ian m]c5>ies1 ^: lawless tyranny 0 succe$$ by ! reign ( ,!odoric ! ,o/rogo?4 ,all ! subjects ( ! empire1 :o1 by ! use ( ! ,lat9 language1 m p>ticul>ly des]v$ ! "n & privileges ( ,romans1 7 oppress$ by ! disgrace & calamities ( =eign conque/2 & ! victori\s nations ( ,g]many e/abli%$ a new sy/em ( mann]s & gov]nm5t 9 ! we/]n c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! maje/y ( ,rome 0 fa9tly repres5t$ by ! pr9ces ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! feeble & imag9>y successors ( ,augu/us0 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #ddj1 #dda74 8,! spl5did days ( ,augu/us & ,trajan 7 eclips$ by a cl\d ( ignorance a f9e illu/ration ( ! language #8! ?ird "p ( ! sun 0 smitt51 & ! day %one n1 & ! night likewise'2 & ! b>b>ians subv]t$ ! laws & palaces ( ,rome0 7ibid4 p4 #ddf74 ,?us end$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,go?ic p]iod1 &1 z ,i suppose1 ! imm$iate symbolic repres5tation ( ! affairs ( ! ,we/]n empire4 ,an int]val n[ occurs 7v]4 #ac7 9 ! s\nd+ ( ! trumpets1 & ! sc5e is transf]r$1 9 ! ?ree rema9+ trumpets1 to ! ,ea/]n p>ts ( ! empire4 ,aft] t ! att5tion is direct$ aga9 to ! ,we/1 to contemplate ,rome "u a new =m1 & ex]t+ a new influ5ce 9 ! nations1 "u ! ,papacy1 b de/9$ ultimately to pass away 9 its spiritual p[]1 z its temporal p[] _h yield$ to ! elem5ts ( int]nal decay 9 its bosom1 & to ! invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes4 #ac ,& ,i beheld1 & he>d an #bhj;angel fly+ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( heav51 say+ ) a l\d voice1 ,woe1 woe1 woe1 to ! inhabit]s ( ! e>?1 by reason ( ! o!r voices ( ! trumpet ( ! ?ree angels1 :i* are yet to s\nd6 #ac4 ,& ,i beheld4 ,my att5tion 0 attract$ by a new vision4 ,& ,i he>d an angel fly+1 c4 ,i he>d ! voice ( an angel mak+ ?is proclamation4 ,woe1 woe1 woe4 ,t is1 !re w be great woe4 ,! repetition ( ! ^w is int5sive1 & ! idea is1 t ! s\nd+ ( ! ?ree rema9+ trumpets w\ld indicate great & fe>ful calamities4 ,^! ?ree are gr\p$ toge!r z if !y p]ta9$ to a simil> s]ies ( ev5ts1 z ! fir/ f\r _h be54 ,! two classes are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ?is int]val & by ?is proclamationimply+ t ! fir/ s]ies _h be5 complet$1 & t !re w\ld be "s int]val1 ei!r ( space or "t1 be=e ! o!r s]ies w\ld come ^u ! _w4 ,all t is fairly impli$ "h w\ld be fulfill$ by ! supposition t ! =m] ref]r$ to ! #baj ,we/1 & t ! latt] p]ta9$ to ! ,ea/1 & 7 to foll[ :5 ^? %\ld h be5 complet$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,! ?ree rema9+ trumpets 7*4 ix4xi47 are usually call$ ! woe-trumpets1 9 ref]5ce to ! proclamation ( woes1 *4 viii4 #ac 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,! ?ree ext5d1 z ,i suppose1 to ! end ( "t1 or1 z x is suppos$ by ! writ] himself 7*4 xi4 #ae71 to ! p]iod :5 8! k+doms ( ?is _w %all h become ! k+doms ( ,*ri/10 embrac+ a succ9ct view ( ! mo/ mat]ial ev5ts t 7 to occur1 p>ticul>ly 9 a secul> po9t ( view4 ,see ! ,analysis prefix$ to ! book4 ,9 *4 xi4 #ai1 z ,i und]/& x1 a new view is comm5c$1 ref]r+ to ! *ur* int]nally2 ! rise ( ,anti*ri/1 & ! effect ( ! rise ( t =midable p[] on ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 to ! "t ( its ov]?r[1 & ! triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 syn*ronizes 9 its beg9n+ & its close ) ! portion already pass$ ov]1 b ) a diff]5t view4 ,see ! ,analysis prefix$ to *4 xi4 #ai1 seq4 ,?is *apt] conta9s prop]ly ?ree p>ts4 ,fir/1 a description ( ! fir/ ( ^? trumpets1 or ! fif? 9 ! ord] ( ! :ole1 v]4 #aab4 ,?is woe is repres5t$ "u ! figure ( calamities br\ght ^u ! e>? by an imm5se army ( locu/s4 ,a /> is se5 to fall f heav5repres5t+ "s mighty *iefta91 & to him is giv5 ! key ( ! bottomless pit4 ,he op5s ! pit1 & !n comes =? an innum]able sw>m ( locu/s t d>k5 ! heav5s1 & !y g =? ^u ! e>?4 ,!y h a comm& giv5 !m to d a c]ta9 "w4 ,!y are n to hurt ! e>?1 or any gre5 ?+1 b !y are s5t aga9/ ^? m5 :i* h n ! seal ( ,god on _! =eheads4 ,_! ma9 bus9ess1 h[ev]1 0 n to kill !m1 b to torm5t !m = a limit$ "t= five mon?s4 ,a description ( ! appe>ance ( ! locu/s !n foll[s4 ,?\gh !y are call$ locu/s1 because 9 _! g5]al appe>ance1 & 9 ! ravages !y commit1 !y resemble !m1 yet1 9 ! ma91 !y are imag9>y be+s1 & comb9e 9 !mselves qualities :i* are nev] f\nd unit$ 9 reality4 ,!y _h a /rong resemblance to horses prep>$ = battle2 !y wore on _! heads cr[ns ( gold2 !y _h ! faces ( m5 b ! hair ( wom5 & ! tee? ( lions4 ,!y _h brea/plates ( iron1 & tails l scorpions1 ) /+s 9 _! tails4 ,!y _h a mighty k+ at _! head1 ) a "n significant ( ! de/ruction :i* he w\ld br+ ^u ! _w4 ,^! my/]i\s be+s _h _! orig9 9 ! bottomless pit1 & !y are summon$ =? to spread desolation ^u ! e>?4 ,second1 a description ( ! second ( ^! trumpets1 ! six? 9 ord]1 v]4 #acai4 ,:5 ?is is s\nd$1 a voice is he>d f ! f\r horns ( ! alt> :i* is be=e ,god4 ,! angel is comm&$ to loose ! f\r angels :i* are b\nd 9 ! great riv] ,euphrates4 ,^! angels are loos$angels :i* _h be5 prep>$ = a def9ite p]ioda day1 & a mon?1 & a ye>1 to slay ! ?ird "p ( m54 ,! numb] ( ! army t w\ld appe>compos$ ( cavalryis /at$ to am\nt to two hundr$ ?\s&1 & ! peculi>ities ( ^! horsem5 are !n /at$4 ,!y are rem>kable = hav+ brea/plates ( fire1 & jac9?1 & brim/one2 ! heads ( ! horses resemble lions2 & !y brea! =? fire & brim/one4 ,a ?ird "p ( m5 fall be=e !m1 by ! fire1 & ! smoke1 & ! brim/one4 ,_! p[] is 9 _! m\? & 9 _! tails1 = _! tails are l s]p5ts4 ,?ird1 a /atem5t ( ! effect ( ! judgm5ts br\ght ^u ! _w "u ^! trumpets1 v]4 #bj1 #ba4 ,! effect1 s f> z ! reasonable result c\ld h be5 anticipat$1 is lo/4 ,! nations are n turn$ f idolatry4 ,wick$ness /ill ab\nds1 & !re is no disposition to rep5t ( ! abom9ations :i* _h be5 s long practis$ on ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,& ! fif? angel s\nd$1 & ,i saw a #bha/> fall f heav5 unto ! e>?3 & to him 0 giv5 ! key ( ! #bhb;bottomless pit4 #a4 ,& ! fif? angel s\nd$4 ,see ,notes on *4 viii4 #f1 #g4 ,& ,i saw a /> fall f heav5 unto ! e>?4 ,?is d5otes1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,notes on *4 viii4 #aj1 a lead]1 a milit>y #baa *iefta91 a w>rior4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 z 9 ! =m] case1 we look = ! appe>ance ( "s mighty pr9ce & w>rior1 to :om is giv5 p[]1 z x 71 to op5 ! bottomless pit1 & to summon =? its legions4 ,t "s su* ag5t is d5ot$ by ! /> is f>!r app>5t f ! fact t x is imm$iately add$1 t 8to him ! /> 0 giv5 ! key ( ! bottomless pit40 ,x c\ld n be meant t a key w\ld be giv5 to a lit]al />1 & we naturally suppose1 !re=e1 t "s intellig5t be+ ( exalt$ rank1 & ( baleful influ5ce1 is "h ref]r$ to4 ,angels1 good & bad1 are (t5 call$ />s2 b ! ref]5ce "h1 z 9 *4 viii4 #aj1 seems to me n to be to angels1 b to "s mighty lead] ( armies1 :o 0 to collect 8 ho/s1 & to g ?r\gh ! _w 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,& to him 0 giv5 ! key ( ! bottomless pit4 ,( ! "u-_w1 consid]$ p>ticul>ly ( ! abode ( ! wick$4 ,?is is repres5t$ (t5 z a d>k prison-h\se1 inclos$ ) walls1 & accessible by gates or doors4 ,^! gates or doors are fa/5$1 s t none ( ! inmates c come out1 & ! key is 9 ! h& ( ! keep] or gu>dian4 ,9 *4 i4 #ah x is said t ! keys ( t _w are 9 ! h& ( ! ,savi\r 7comp4 ,notes on t passage72 "h x is said t = a "t1 & = a tempor>y purpose1 !y are committ$ to ano!r4 ,! ^w pitd5otes prop]ly a well1 or a pit = wat] dug 9 ! e>?2 & !n any pit1 cave1 abyss4 ,! ref]5ce "h is d\btless to ! ne!r _w1 consid]$ z ! abode ( ! wick$ dead1 ! prison-h\se ( ! guilty4 ,! ^w bottomless1 :5ce our ^w abyssmeans prop]ly )\t any bottom 7f 1 pr41 & 1 dep?1 bottom74 ,x w\ld be appli$ prop]ly to ! ocean1 or to any deep & d>k dell1 or to any obscure place ^: dep? 0 unkn[n4 ,"h x ref]s to ,hades! region ( ! dead! abode ( wick$ spiritsz a deep1 d>k place1 ^: bottom 0 unkn[n4 ,hav+ ! key to ?is1 is to h ! p[] to conf9e ^? :o are !re1 or to p]mit !m to g at l>ge4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ?is ma/]-_s w\ld h p[] to evoke ! dead f ^! d>k regions2 & x w\ld be fulfill$ if "s mighty g5ius1 t c\ld be comp>$ ) a fall5 />1 or a lurid meteor1 %\ld summon =? foll[]s :i* w\ld appe> l ! dwell]s 9 ! ne!r _w call$ =? to spread desolation ov] ! e>?4 #b ,& he op5$ ! bottomless pit2 & !re arose a smoke out ( ! pit1 z ! smoke ( a great furnace2 & ! sun & ! air 7 #bhc;d>k5$ by reason ( ! smoke ( ! pit4 #b4 ,& he op5$ ! bottomless pit4 ,x is repres5t$ be=e z :olly conf9$1 s t n ev5 ! smoke or vap\r c\ld escape4 ,& !re arose a smoke out ( ! pit4 ,comp4 *4 xiv4 #aa4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! pit1 z a place ( puni%m5t1 or z ! abode ( ! wick$1 0 fill$ ) burn+ sulphur1 & consequ5tly t x emitt$ smoke & vap\r z soon z op5$4 ,! common image ( ! place ( puni%m5t1 9 ! ,scriptures1 is t ( a 8lake t burns ) fire & brim/one40 ,comp4 *4 xiv4 #aj2 xix4 #bj2 xx4 #aj2 xxi4 #h4 ,see also ,ps4 xi4 #f2 ,is4 xxx4 #cc2 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #bb4 ,x is n improbable t ?is image 0 tak5 f ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ,ge4 xix4 #bd4 ,su* burn+ sulphur w\ld produce1 ( c\rse1 a d5se smoke or vap\r2 & ! idea "h is1 t ! pit _h be5 clos$1 & t z soon z ! door 0 op5$ a d5se column escap$ t d>k5$ ! heav5s4 ,! purpose ( ?is is1 probably1 to indicate ! orig9 ( ! plague t 0 ab\t to come ^u ! _w4 ,x w\ld be ( su* a "* t x w\ld appe> z if x _h be5 emitt$ f hell2 z if ! inmates ( t d>k _w _h broke loose ^u ! e>?4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 vi4 #h4 ,z ! smoke ( a great furnace4 ,s 9 ,ge4 xix4 #bh1 :5ce probably ?is image is tak53 8,& he look$ t[>ds ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & all ! l& ( ! pla91 & beheld1 & lo1 ! smoke ( ! c\ntry w5t up z ! smoke ( a furnace40 ,& ! sun & ! air 7 d>k5$1 c4 ,z w be ! case :5 a smoke asc5ds f a furnace4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t an effect w\ld be produc$ z if a d5se & d>k vap\r %\ld asc5d f ! "u-_w4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 to und]/& ?is lit]ally4 #c ,& !re came out ( ! smoke #bhdlocu/s ^u ! e>?3 & unto !m 0 giv5 p[]1 z ! #bhescorpions ( ! e>? h p[]4 #c4 ,& !re came out ( ! smoke locu/s ^u ! e>?4 ,t is1 !y escap$ f ! pit ) ! smoke4 #bab ,at fir/ !y 7 m+l$ ) ! smoke1 s t !y 7 n di/9ctly se51 b :5 ! smoke cle>$ away !y appe>$ 9 great numb]s4 ,! idea seems to be1 t ! bottomless pit 0 fill$ ) vap\r & ) ^? creatures1 & t z soon z ! gate 0 op5$ ! :ole cont5ts exp&$ & bur/ =? ^u ! e>?4 ,! sun 0 imm$iately d>k5$1 & ! air 0 full1 b ! smoke soon cle>$ away1 s t ! locu/s became di/9ctly visible4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! locu/s is describ$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! *apt]1 v]4 #g1 seq4 ,! locu/ is a voraci\s insect belong+ to ! gras%opp] or grylli g5us1 & is a great sc\rge 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries4 ,a full description ( ! locu/ may be se5 9 ,rob9son's ,calmet1 & 9 ,kitto's ,encyclo4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #beh1 seq4 ,!re are t5 ,hebrew words to d5ote ! locu/1 & !re are num]\s ref]5ces to ! de/ructive habits ( ! insect 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,9 fact1 f _! numb]s & _! de/ructive habits1 !re 0 sc>cely any o!r plague t 0 s mu* dread$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,consid]$ z a symbol1 or emblem1 ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made 9 explanation37#a7 ,! symbol is ,ori5tal1 & w\ld mo/ naturally ref] to some?+ t 0 to occur 9 ! ,ea/4 ,z locu/s h appe>$ *iefly 9 ! ,ea/1 & z !y are 9 a great measure an ,ori5tal plague1 ! m5tion ( ?is symbol w\ld mo/ naturally turn ! ?\ghts to t portion ( ! e>?4 ,! symbols ( ! fir/ f\r trumpets _h no especial locality1 & w\ld sugge/ no p>ticul> "p ( ! _w2 b on ! m5tion ( ?is1 ! m9d w\ld be naturally turn$ to ! ,ea/1 & we %\ld expect to f9d t ! sc5e ( ?is woe w\ld be locat$ 9 ! regions :]e ! ravages ( locu/s mo/ ab\nd$4 ,comp>e1 on ?is po9t1 ,elliott1 ,hor ,apoc4 i4 #ciddjf4 ,he has made x probable t ! prophets1 :5 !y us$ symbolical language to d5ote any ev5ts1 commonly1 at lea/1 employ$ ^? :i* _h a local or geographical ref]5ce2 ?us1 9 ! symbols d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom1 :5 ,judah is to be symboliz$1 ! olive1 ! v9e1 & ! fig-tree are select$2 :5 ,egypt is ref]r$ to1 ! re$ is *os52 :5 ,babylon1 ! will[4 ,& s1 9 ! animal k+dom1 ! lion is ! symbol ( ,judah2 ! wild ass1 ( ! ,arabs2 ! crocodile1 ( ,egypt1 c4 ,:e!r ?is !ory c\ld be :olly c>ri$ out or n1 no "o c d\bt t ! symbol ( locu/s w\ld mo/ naturally sugge/ ! ,ori5tal _w1 & t ! natural int]pretation ( ! passage w\ld lead u to expect its fulfilm5t !re4 7#b7 ,locu/s 7 rem>kable = _! numb]ss great (t5 z to appe> l cl\ds1 & to d>k5 ! sky4 ,9 ?is respect !y w\ld naturally be symbolical ( num]\s armies or ho/s ( m54 ,?is natural symbol ( num]\s armies is (t5 employ$ by ! prophets4 ,?us1 9 ,je4 xlvi4 #bc3 8,cut d[n h] =e/s i4e4 h] p1 or cities1 sai? ,jehovah1 ,t x may n be f\nd on se>*+2 ,al?\gh !y surpass ! locu/s 9 multitude1 ,& !y are )\t numb]40 ,s 9 ,na4 iii4 #ae3 8,!re %all ! fire dev\r !e2 ,! sword %all cut !e (f2 x %all dev\r !e z ! locu/1 ,increase ?yself z ! num]\s locu/s40 ,s also 9 ,na4 iii4 #ag3 8,?y cr[n$ pr9ces are z ! num]\s locu/s1 ,& ?y capta9s z ! gras%opp]s2 ,:i* encamp 9 ! f5ces 9 ! cold day1 ,b :5 ! sun arise? !y dep>t1 ,& _! place is n kn[n :]e !y 740 ,see also ,de4 xxviii4 #ch1 #db2 ,ps4 lxxviii4 #df2 ,am4 vii4 #a4 ,comp4 ,ju4 vi4 #cf2 vii4 #ab2 & ,joel1 *4 i4 ii4 7#c7 ,locu/s are an emblem ( desolation or de/ruction4 ,no symbol ( desolation c\ld be m appropriate or /rik+ ?an ?is1 = "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( locu/s is1 t !y dev\r e gre5 ?+ & leave a l& p]fectly wa/e4 ,!y d ?is ev5 :5 :at !y de/roy is n necess>y = _! own su/5ance4 8,locu/s seem to dev\r n s mu* f a rav5\s appetite z f a rage = de/roy+4 ,de/ruction1 !re=e1 & n food1 is ! *ief impulse ( _! deva/ations1 & 9 ?is consi/s _! utility2 !y are1 9 fact1 omnivor\s4 ,! mo/ poison\s plants are indiff]5t to !m2 !y w prey ev5 ^u ! cr[foot1 ^: cau/icity burns ev5 ! hides ( bea/s4 ,!y simply consume ev]y?+1 #bac )\t pr$ilectionvegetable matt]1 l95s1 wooll5s1 silk1 lea!r1 c42 & ,pl9y does n exagg]ate :5 he says1 =es quoque tectorum#8ev5 ! doors ( h\ses'= !y h be5 kn[n to consume ! v v>ni% ( furniture4 ,!y r$uce ev]y?+ indiscrim9ately to %r$s1 :i* become manure0 7,kitto's ,encyclo4 ii4 #bfc74 ,locu/s become1 !re=e1 a mo/ /rik+ symbol ( an all-dev\r+ army1 & z su* are (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture4 ,s also 9 ,josephus1 de ,bello ,jud4 book v4 *4 vii438,z aft] locu/s we see ! woods /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 s1 9 ! re> ( ,simon's army1 no?+ b deva/ation rema9$40 ,! natural application ( ?is symbol1 !n1 is to a num]\s & de/ructive army1 or to a great multitude ( p committ+ ravages1 & sweep+ (f ev]y?+ 9 _! m>*4 ,& unto !m 0 giv5 p[]4 ,?is 0 some?+ t 0 imp>t$ to !m beyond _! ord9>y nature4 ,! locu/ 9 itself is n /rong1 & is n a symbol ( /r5g?4 ,?\gh de/ructive 9 ! extreme1 yet nei!r z individuals1 nor z comb9$1 are !y di/+ui%$ = /r5g?4 ,h5ce x is m5tion$ z a rem>kable circum/ance t !y _h su* p[] conf]r$ on !m4 ,z ! scorpions ( ! e>? h p[]4 ,! phrase 8! e>?0 seems to h be5 introduc$ "h because ^! creatures are said to h come up f 8! bottomless pit10 & x 0 natural to comp>e !m ) "s well-kn[n objects f\nd on ! e>?4 ,! scorpion is an animal ) eight feet1 eight eyes1 & a long1 jo9t$ tail1 end+ 9 a po9t$ weapon or /+4 ,x is ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ malignant ( all ! insect tribes4 ,x some:at resembles ! lob/] 9 its g5]al appe>ance1 b is mu* m hide\s4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 x4 #ai4 ,^? f\nd 9 ,europe seldom exce$ f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 b 9 tropical climates1 :]e !y ab\nd1 !y are (t5 f\nd twelve in*es long4 ,!re are few animals m =midable1 & none m irascible1 ?an ! scorpion4 ,goldsmi? /ates t ,maup]tuis put ab\t a hundr$ ( !m toge!r 9 ! same glass1 & t z soon z !y came into contact !y began to ex]t all _! rage 9 mutual de/ruction1 s t 9 a few days !re rema9$ b f\rte51 :i* _h kill$ & dev\r$ all ! re/4 ,! /+ ( ! scorpion1 ,dr4 ,%aw /ates1 is n always fatal2 ! malignity ( _! v5om be+ 9 proportion to _! size & complexion4 ,! torm5t ( a scorpion1 :5 he /rikes a man1 is ?us describ$ by ,dioscorides1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #g1 z cit$ by ,mr4 ,taylor38,:5 ! scorpion has /ung1 ! place becomes inflam$ & h>d5$2 x r$d5s by t5sion1 & is pa9ful by int]vals1 be+ n[ *illy1 n[ burn+4 ,! pa9 soon rises high1 & rages1 sometimes m1 sometimes less4 ,a sweat+ succe$s1 att5d$ by a %iv]+ & trembl+2 ! extremities ( ! body become cold1 ! gro9 swells1 ! hair /&s on end1 ! memb]s become pale1 & ! sk9 feels ?r\gh\t ! s5sation ( a p]petual prick+1 z if by ne$les0 7,fragm5ts to ,calmet's ,dic4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cgf1 #cgg74 8,! tail ( ! scorpion is long1 & =m$ aft] ! mann] ( a /r+ ( beads1 ! la/ l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & long]2 at ! end ( :i* are1 sometimes1 two /+s :i* are holl[1 & fill$ ) a cold poison1 :i* x ejects into ! "p :i* x /+s0 7,calmet's ,dic474 ,! /+ ( ! scorpion1 !re=e1 becomes ! emblem ( t :i* causes acute & dang]\s suff]+4 ,on ?is comp>ison ) scorpions see ! rem>k ( ,niebuhr1 quot$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #g4 #d ,& x 0 #bhf;comm&$ !m t !y %\ld n hurt ! grass ( ! e>?1 nei!r any gre5 ?+1 nei!r any tree2 b only ^? m5 :i* h n ! #bhgseal ( ,god 9 _! =eheads4 #d4 ,& x 0 comm&$ !m4 ,! writ] does n say by :om ?is comm& 0 giv51 b x is cle>ly by "s "o :o _h ! direction ( !m4 ,z !y 7 evok$ f ! 8bottomless pit0 by "o :o _h ! key to t d>k abode1 & z !y are repres5t$ 9 v]4 #aa z "u ! comm& ( "o :o is !re call$ ,abaddon1 or ,apollyon! ,de/roy]x w\ld seem mo/ probable t ! comm& ref]r$ to is "o t is giv5 by him2 t is1 t ?is expresses "o ( ! pr9ciples on :i* he w\ld act 9 8 deva/ations4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is d5otes :at w\ld be "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! de/roy]s4 ,_! purpose #bad w\ld be to vex & tr\ble m52 n to spread desolation ov] v9ey>ds1 olive-y>ds1 & fields ( gra94 ,t !y %\ld n hurt ! grass ( ! e>?1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 viii4 #g4 ,! mean+ "h is pla94 ,!re w\ld be "s s5se 9 :i* ^! invad]s w\ld be *>act]iz$ 9 a mann] t 0 n common among invad]s1 to wit1 t !y w\ld %[ p>ticul> c>e n to c>ry _! deva/ations into ! vegetable _w4 ,_! w>f>e w\ld be ) m51 & n ) or*>ds & gre5 fields4 ,b only ^? m5 :i* h n ! seal ( ,god 9 _! =eheads4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #b1 #c4 ,!y comm5c$ w> aga9/ t "p ( ! human race only4 ,! language "h prop]ly d5otes ^? :o 7 n ! fri5ds ( ,god4 ,x may "h ref]1 h[ev]1 ei!r to ^? :o 9 reality 7 n su*1 or to ^? :o 7 reg>d$ by him :o gave ?is comm& z n be+ su*4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! commission w\ld h respect to real infidels 9 ! sight ( ,godt is1 to ^? :o reject$ ! true religion2 9 ! latt] x w\ld express ! s5tim5t ( ! lead] ( ?is ho/1 z ref]r+ to ^? :o 9 8 appreh5sion 7 infidels or enemies ( ,god4 ,! true int]pretation mu/ dep5d on ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& ! phrase 8x 0 comm&$20 :e!r z ref]r+ to ,god1 or to ! lead] ( ! ho/ himself4 ,! language1 !re=e1 is ambigu\s1 & ! mean+ mu/ be det]m9$ by ! o!r p>ts ( ! passage4 ,ei!r me?od ( und]/&+ ! passage w\ld be 9 accordance ) its fair int]pretation4 #e ,& to !m x 0 giv5 t !y %\ld n kill !m1 b t !y %\ld be torm5t$ five mon?s3 & _! torm5t 0 z ! torm5t ( a scorpion1 :5 he /rike? a man4 #e4 ,& to !m x 0 giv54 ,!re is "h ! same indef9it5ess z 9 ! =m] v]se1 ! imp]sonal v]b be+ "h also us$4 ,! writ] does n say by :om ?is p[] 0 giv51 :e!r by ,god1 or by ! lead] ( ! ho/4 ,x may be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ natural int]pretation is to suppose t x 0 giv5 !m by ,god1 & t ?is 0 ! execution ( 8 purpose 9 ?is case4 ,/ill x is rem>kable t ?is is n directly affirm$1 & t ! language is s g5]al z to admit ( ! o!r application4 ,! fact t !y did n kill !m1 b torm5t$ !mif su* a fact %\ld be f\nd to exi/w\ld be 9 e s5se a fulfilm5t ( :at is "h said4 ,t !y %\ld n kill !m4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! symbol4 ,! locu/s d n !mselves de/roy any liv+ creature2 & ! /+ ( ! scorpion1 ?\gh exce$+ly pa9ful1 is n usually fatal4 ,! prop] fulfilm5t ( ?is w\ld be f\nd 9 t :i* w\ld n be g5]ally fatal1 b :i* w\ld diffuse mis]y & wret*$ness4 7,comp4 v]4 #f47 ,p]haps all t w\ld be necess>ily meant by ?is w\ld be1 n t individual m5 w\ld n be kill$1 b t !y w\ld be s5t to inflict plagues & torm5ts r ?an to take life1 & t ! *>act]i/ic effects ( _! appe>+ w\ld be di/ress & suff]+ r ?an dea?4 ,!re may be includ$ 9 ! fair int]pretation ( ! words1 g5]al di/ress & sorr[2 acts ( oppression1 cruelty1 & viol5ce2 su* a condition ( public suff]+ t m5 w\ld reg>d dea? z a relief if !y c\ld f9d x4 ,b t !y %\ld be torm5t$4 ,t is1 t !y %\ld be subject$ to ills & tr\bles :i* might be prop]ly comp>$ ) ! /+ ( a scorpion4 ,five mon?s4 ,s f> z ! words "h are conc]n$ ?is might be tak5 lit]ally1 d5ot+ five mon?s or "o hundr$ & fifty days2 or z a prophetic reckon+1 :]e a day /&s = a ye>4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 ix4 #bd1 seq4 ,! latt] is und\bt$ly ! correct int]pretation "h1 = x is ! "* ( ! book ?us to reckon "t4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ae4 ,see also ,editor's ,preface1 pp4 xi4xv4 ,if ?is be ! true me?od ( reckon+ "h1 !n x w be necess>y to f9d "s ev5ts :i* w embrace ab\t ! p]iod ( "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ?is di/ress & sorr[ w\ld cont9ue4 ,! prop] laws ( int]pretation dem& t "o or ! o!r ( ^! p]iods %\ld be f\ndei!r t ( five mon?s lit]ally1 or t ( a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,x may be true1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t sugge/s 79 loco71 t 8! usual "t ( locu/s is f ,may to ,septemb] inclusivefive mon?s40 ,x may be true1 also1 t ?is symbol 0 *os5 p>tly because t 0 ! fact1 & !y w\ld1 f t fact1 be well adapt$ to symbolize #bae a p]iod t c\ld be spok5 ( z 8five mon?s20 b /ill ! mean+ mu/ be m ?an simply x 0 8a %ort p]iod10 z he supposes4 ,! phrase a few mon?s might designate su* a p]iod2 b if t _h be5 ! writ]'s int5tion1 he w\ld n h select$ ! def9ite numb] five4 ,& _! torm5t 0 z ! torm5t ( a scorpion1 c4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,t is1 x w\ld be pa9ful1 sev]e1 dang]\s4 #f ,& 9 ^? days %all #bhhm5 seek dea?1 & %all n f9d x2 & %all desire to die1 & dea? %all flee f !m4 #f4 ,& 9 ^? days %all m5 seek dea?1 c4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,x is v easy to conceive ( su* a /ate ( ?+s z is "h describ$1 &1 inde$1 ?is has n be5 v uncommon 9 ! _w4 ,x is a /ate :]e ! di/ress is s great t m5 w\ld consid] dea? a relief1 & :]e !y anxi\sly look to ! "t :5 !y may be releas$ f _! suff]+s by dea?4 ,9 ! case be=e u x is n intimat$ t !y w\ld lay viol5t h&s on !mselves1 or t !y w\ld take any positive measures to end _! suff]+s2 & ?is1 p]haps1 may be a circum/ance ( "s importance to %[ t ! p]sons ref]r$ to 7 s]vants ( ,god4 ,:5 x is said t 8!y w\ld seek dea?10 x c only be meant t !y w\ld look out = xor desire xz ! end ( _! sorr[s4 ,?is is descriptive1 z we %all see1 ( a p>ticul> p]iod ( ! _w2 b ! language is beautifully applicable to :at occurs 9 all ages & 9 all l&s4 ,!re is always a great numb] ( suff]]s :o are look+ =w>d to dea? z a relief4 ,9 cells & dungeons2 on b$s ( pa9 & langui%+2 9 sc5es ( pov]ty & want2 9 blight$ hopes & disappo9t$ affections1 h[ _m are !re :o w\ld be glad to die1 & :o h no hope ( an end ( suff]+ b 9 ! grave6 ,a few1 by ! pi/ol1 by ! halt]1 by poison1 or by dr[n+1 seek ?us to end _! woes4 ,a l>ge "p look =w>d to dea? z a release1 :51 if ! reality 7 kn[n1 dea? w\ld furni% no su* relief1 = !re are deep] & long] woes beyond ! grave ?an !re are ?is side ( x4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job iii4 #bjbb4 ,b to a portion dea? w be a relief4 ,x w be an end ( suff]+s4 ,!y w f9d peace 9 ! grave1 & are assur$ !y %all suff] no m4 ,su* be> _! trials ) pati5ce1 = ! end ( all sorr[ to !m is ne>1 & dea? w come to release _! spirits f ! suff]+ clay1 & to be> !m 9 triumph to a _w :]e a pang %all nev] be felt1 & a te> nev] %$4 #g ,& ! #bhi%apes ( ! locu/s 7 l unto horses prep>$ unto battle2 & on _! heads 7 z x 7 #bij;cr[ns l gold1 & _! #bia;faces 7 z ! faces ( m54 #g4 ,& ! %apes ( ! locu/s 7 l unto horses prep>$ = battle4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! locu/ & ! horse1 dissimil> z !y are 9 mo/ respects1 has be5 (t5 rem>k$4 ,dr4 ,rob9son 7,bib4 ,rese>*1 i4 #ei7 says3 8,we f\nd to-day ^u ! %rubs an insect1 ei!r a species ( black locu/1 or mu* resembl+ !m1 :i* our ,b$\9 call$ ,f>ras el ,jundy1 #8soldi]s' horses4' ,!y said ^! insects 7 common on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ( a gre5 col\r1 & 7 f\nd on dead trees1 b did !m no injury40 ,! editor ( ! ,pictorial ,bible makes ! foll[+ rem>ks38,! fir/ "t we saw locu/s br[s+ ) _! w+s clos$1 ! idea ( comp>+ !m to horses arose spontane\sly to our m9dsz we _h n previ\sly met ) su* a comp>ison1 & did n at t "t adv]t to ! pres5t text ,joel ii4 #d4 ,! resemblance 9 ! head fir/ /ruck our att5tion2 & ?is notion hav+ once aris51 o!r analogies 7 f\nd or imag9$ 9 its g5]al appe>ance & action 9 fe$+4 ,we h s9ce f\nd ! obs]vation v common4 ,! ,italians1 inde$1 f ?is resemblance1 call$ ! locu/ cavaletta1 or little horse4 ,sir ,w4 ,ouseley reports3 #8,zak>ia ,cazv9e divides ! locu/s into two classes1 l horsem5 & footm5m\nt$ & p$e/rian4' ,niebuhr says t he he>d f a ,b$\91 ne> ,bussorah1 a p>ticul> comp>ison ( ! locu/ to o!r animals2 b z ?is passage ( ,scripture did n occur to him at ! "t he ?\ght x a m]e fancy ( ! ,arab's1 till he he>d x repeat$ at ,bagdad4 ,he comp>$ ! head ( ! locu/ to t ( ! horse2 ! feet to ^? ( ! camel2 #baf ! belly ) t ( a s]p5t2 ! tail ) t ( a scorpion2 & ! feel]s 7if ,niebuhr rememb]$ rightly7 to ! hair ( a virg90 7,pict4 ,bib4 on ,joel ii4 #d74 ,! resemblance to horses w\ld naturally sugge/ ! idea ( cavalry1 z be+ ref]r$ to by ! symbol4 ,& on _! heads 7 z x 7 cr[ns l gold4 ,! writ] does n say ei!r t ^! 7 lit]ally cr[ns1 or t !y 7 actually made ( gold4 ,!y 7 8z x 70 77 cr[ns1 & !y 7 l 77 gold4 ,t is1 z se5 by him1 !y _h a resemblance to cr[ns or diadems1 & !y also resembl$ gold 9 _! col\r & brilliancy4 ,! ^w cr[nmeans prop]ly a circlet1 *aplet1 encircl+ ! head 7a7 z an emblem ( royal dignity1 & z worn by k+s2 7b7 z conf]r$ on victors 9 ! public gamesa *aplet1 a wrea?2 7c7 z an ornam5t1 hon\r1 or glory1 ,phi4 iv4 #a4 ,no p>ticul> %ape is designat$ by ! ^w /ephanos& p]haps ! ^w cr[n does n q express ! mean+4 ,! ^w diadem w\ld come ne>] to x4 ,! true notion 9 ! ^w is t ( some?+ t is pass$ ar\nd ! head1 & t encircles x1 & z su* x w\ld well describe ! appe>ance ( a turban z se5 at a di/ance4 ,on ! supposition t ! symbolic be+s "h ref]r$ to _h turbans on _! heads1 & on ! supposition t some?+ 0 ref]r$ to :i* 0 n mu* worn 9 ! "t ( ,john1 &1 !re=e1 t _h no "n1 ! ^w /ephanos1 or diadem1 w\ld be likely to be us$ 9 describ+ x4 ,?is1 too1 w\ld accord ) ! use ( ! phrase 8z x 704 ,! writ] saw su* head-ornam5ts z he 0 accu/om$ to see4 ,!y 7 n exactly cr[ns or diadems1 b !y _h a resemblance to !m1 & he !re=e uses ?is language3 8& on _! heads 7 z x 7 cr[ns40 ,suppose t ^! 7 turbans1 & t !y 7 n 9 common use 9 ! "t ( ,john1 & t !y _h1 !re=e1 no "n1 w\ld n ?is be ! exact language :i* he w\ld use 9 describ+ !m8 ,! same rem>ks may be made respect+ ! o!r expression4 ,l gold4 ,!y 7 n pure gold1 b !y _h a resemblance to x4 ,w\ld n a yell[ turban correspond ) all t is said 9 ?is description8 ,& _! faces 7 z ! faces ( m54 ,!y _h a human c\nt5ance4 ,?is w\ld indicate t1 aft] all1 !y 7 human be+s t ! symbol describ$1 ?\gh !y _h come up f ! bottomless pit4 ,horsem51 9 /range app>el1 ) a /range head-dress1 w\ld be all t w\ld be prop]ly d5ot$ by ?is4 #h ,& !y _h hair z ! hair ( wom51 & _! #bibtee? 7 z ! tee? ( lions4 #h4 ,& !y _h hair z ! hair ( wom54 ,long hair2 n su* z m5 commonly we>1 b su* z wom5 we>4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 xi4 #ad4 ,?is /ruck ,john z a peculi>ity1 t1 ?\gh w>riors1 !y %\ld h ! appe>ance ( effem9acy indicat$ by all[+ _! hair to gr[ long4 ,x is cle> f ?is1 t ,john reg>d$ _! appe>ance z unusual & rem>kable4 ,?\gh manife/ly design$ to repres5t an army1 yet x 0 n ! usual appe>ance ( m5 :o w5t =? to battle4 ,among ! ,greeks ( anci5t times1 inde$1 long hair 0 n uncommon 7see ! ,notes above ref]r$ to on #a ,co4 xi4 #ad71 b ?is 0 by no means ! usual cu/om among ! anci5ts2 & ! fact t ^! w>riors _h long hair l wom5 0 a circum/ance t w\ld di/+ui% !m p>ticul>ly f o!rs4 ,on ?is comp>ison ( ! appe>ance ( ! locu/s ) ! hair ( wom5 see ! rem>ks ( ,niebuhr1 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,& _! tee? 7 z ! tee? ( lions4 ,/rong2 fitt$ to dev\r4 ,! tee? ( ! locu/ are by no means prom95t1 ?\gh !y are /rong1 = !y readily cut d[n & eat up all vegetable sub/ances t come 9 _! way4 ,b x is evid5t t ,john means to say t !re 0 mu* t 0 unusual & rem>kable 9 ! tee? ( ^! locu/s4 ,!y w\ld be rav5\s & fi]ce1 & w\ld spread t]ror & desolation l ! lions ( ! des]t4 #i ,& !y _h brea/plates1 z x 7 brea/plates ( iron2 & ! s\nd ( _! w+s 0 z ! #bics\nd ( *>iots ( _m horses runn+ to battle4 #i4 ,& !y _h brea/plates1 z x 7 brea/plates ( iron4 ,h>d1 horny1 imp5etrable1 z if !y 7 made ( #bag iron4 ,! locu/ has a firm & h>d cuticle on ! =ep>t ( ! brea/1 :i* s]ves = a %ield or def5ce :ile x moves 9 ! ?orny & furzy vegetation4 ,on ^? :i* ,john saw ?is 0 peculi>ly h>d & horny1 & w\ld ?us be well adapt$ to be an emblem ( ! brea/plates ( iron commonly worn by anci5t w>riors4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! w>riors ref]r$ to w\ld be well clad ) def5sive arm\r4 ,& ! s\nd ( _! w+s 0 z ! s\nd ( *>iots ( _m horses runn+ to battle4 ,! noise made by locu/s is (t5 spok5 ( by travell]s1 & ! comp>ison ( t noise ) t ( *>iots ru%+ to battle1 is n only appropriate1 b also indicates cle>ly :at 0 symboliz$4 ,x 0 an army t 0 symboliz$1 & ev]y?+ ab\t !m s]v$ to repres5t ho/s ( m5 well arm$1 ru%+ to conflict4 ,! same ?+ "h ref]r$ to is notic$ by ,joel1 *4 ii4 #d1 #e1 #g3 8,! appe>ance ( !m is z ! appe>ance ( horses2 ,& z horsem5 s %all !y run4 ,l ! noise ( *>iots on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 %all !y leap2 ,l ! noise ( a flame ( fire t dev\re? ! /ubble2 ,z a /rong p set 9 battle array4 ,!y %all run l mighty m52 ,!y %all climb ! wall l m5 ( w>2 ,& !y %all m>* e "o 8 ways1 & %all n break _! ranks10 c4 ,x is rem>kable t ,volney1 :o _h no int5tion ( illu/rat+ ! tru? ( ,scripture1 has giv5 a description ( locu/s1 z if he meant to confirm ! tru? ( :at is "h said4 8,syria10 says he1 8z well z ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & almo/ all ! s\? ( ,asia1 is subject to ano!r calamity no less dreadful ?an e>?quakes2 ,i mean ^? cl\ds ( locu/s s (t5 m5tion$ by travell]s4 ,! quantity ( ^! insects is incr$ible to all :o h n !mselves witness$ _! a/\nd+ numb]s2 ! :ole e>? is cov]$ ) !m = ! space ( sev]al leagues4 ,! noise !y make 9 br[s+ on ! trees & h]bage may be he>d to a great di/ance1 & resembles t ( an army =ag+ 9 secret0 7,travels 9 ,egypt & ,syria1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd74 #aj ,& !y _h tails l unto scorpions1 & !re 7 /+s 9 _! tails3 & #bid_! p[] 0 to hurt m5 five mon?s4 #aj4 ,& !y _h tails l unto scorpions4 ,! fancy ( an ,arab n[ (t5 disc]ns a resemblance betwe5 ! tail ( ! locu/ & ! scorpion4 ,see ! rem>k ( ,niebuhr1 quot$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,& !re 7 /+s 9 _! tails4 ,l ! /+s ( scorpions4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,?is made ! locu/s :i* appe>$ to ,john ! m rem>kable1 = ?\gh ! fancy may imag9e a resemblance betwe5 ! tail ( a locu/ & a scorpion1 yet ! locu/s h prop]ly no /+4 ,! only ?+ :i* !y h resembl+ a /+ is a h>d bony sub/ance l a ne$le1 ) :i* ! female punctures ! b>k & wood ( trees 9 ord] to deposit h] eggs4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 no adaptation1 l a /+1 = convey+ poison into a w\nd4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 appe>$ to be arm$ ) /+s prop]ly s call$4 ,& _! p[] 0 to hurt m54 ,n prim>ily to kill m51 b to inflict on !m v>i\s k9ds ( tortures4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,! ^w "h us$1 r5d]$ to hurtis diff]5t f ! ^w 9 v]4 #e1 r5d]$ %\ld be torm5t$4 ,?is ^w prop]ly means to d wrong1 to d unju/ly1 to injure1 to hurt2 & ! two words w\ld seem to convey ! idea t !y w\ld produce di/ress by do+ wrong to o!rs1 or by deal+ unju/ly ) !m4 ,x does n appe> t ! wrong w\ld be by inflict+ bodily torm5ts1 b w\ld be *>act]iz$ by t inju/ice t[>ds o!rs :i* produces di/ress & angui%4 ,five mon?s4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #e2 also ,editor's ,preface1 page xxiv4 #aa ,& !y _h a #biek+ ov] !m1 :i* is ! angel ( ! bottomless pit1 ^: "n 9 ! ,hebrew tongue is ,abaddon1 b 9 ! ,greek tongue ha? 8 "n #bif;,apollyon4 #aa4 ,& !y _h a k+ ov] !m4 ,a rul] :o m>%all$ _! ho/s4 ,locu/s (t51 & inde$ g5]ally1 move 9 b&s1 ?\gh !y d n appe> to be "u ! direction ( any "o z a p>ticul> rul] or guide4 ,9 ?is case x /ruck ,john z a rem>kable peculi>ity t !y _h a k+a k+ :o1 x w\ld seem1 _h ! absolute control1 & to :om 0 to #bah be trac$ all ! de/ruction :i* w\ld ensue f _! em]g+ f ! bottomless pit4 ,:i* is ! angel ( ! bottomless pit4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,! ^w angel "h w\ld seem to ref] to ! *ief ( ! evil angels1 :o presid$ ov] ! d>k & gloomy regions f :5ce ! locu/s seem$ to em]ge4 ,?is may ei!r mean t ?is evil angel seem$ to comm& !m p]sonally1 or t 8 _s 0 infus$ into ! lead] ( ^! ho/s4 ,^: "n 9 ! ,hebrew tongue is ,abaddon4 ,! "n ,abaddon means lit]ally de/ruction1 & is ! same z ,apollyon4 ,b 9 ! ,greek tongue ha? 8 "n ,apollyon4 ,f to de/roy4 ,! ^w prop]ly d5otes a de/roy]1 & ! "n is giv5 to ?is k+ ( ! ho/s1 repres5t$ by ! locu/s1 because ?is w\ld be 8 pr9cipal *>act]i/ic4 ,aft] ?is m9ute explanation ( ! lit]al mean+ ( ! symbol1 x may be useful1 be=e attempt+ to apply x1 & to asc]ta9 ! ev5ts design$ to be repres5t$1 to h a di/9ct impression ( ! pr9cipal image! locu/4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is1 9 _m respects1 a creature ( ! imag9ation1 & t we are n to expect ! exact repres5tation to be f\nd 9 any =ms ( actual exi/5ce 9 ! animal creation4 ,! foll[+ engrav+1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,elliott 7vol4 i4 p4 #daj71 w give a suffici5tly accurate repres5tation ( ?is symbolical figure z x appe>$ to ,john4 ,illu/ration3 ,symbolical ,locu/1 accord+ to ,elliott4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r any ev5ts occurr$ 9 hi/ory1 subsequ5t to & succe$+ ^? suppos$ to be ref]r$ to 9 ! f\r? trumpet1 to :i* ?is symbol w\ld be applicable4 ,reasons h already be5 sugge/$ = suppos+ t !re 0 a transf] ( ! seat ( ! op]ations to ano!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ f\r trumpets ref]r$ to a cont9ual s]ies ( ev5ts ( ! same g5]al "*1 & hav+ a prop] close4 ,^! h be5 expla9$ z ref]r+ to ! successive %ocks :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,we/]n empire4 ,at ! close ( t s]ies !re is a pause 9 ! repres5tation 7*4 viii4 #ac71 & a solemn proclamation t o!r sc5es 7 to op5 di/+ui%$ = woe4 ,^! 7 to be symboliz$ 9 ! s\nd+ ( ! rema9+ ?ree trumpets1 embrac+ ! :ole p]iod till ! consummation ( all ?+sor sket*+ great & mom5t\s ev5ts 9 ! future1 until ! volume seal$ ) ! sev5 seals 7*4 v4 #a7 %\ld h be5 :olly unroll$ & its cont5ts disclos$4 ,! :ole sc5e n[ is *ang$4 ,rome has fall54 ,x has pass$ into ! h&s ( /rang]s4 ,! p[] t _h spread itself ov] ! _w has1 9 t =m1 come to an end1 & is to exi/ no m?\gh1 z we %all see 7*4 xi4 seq471 ano!r p[]1 q z =midable1 exi/+ !re1 is to be describ$ by a new set ( symbols4 ,b "h 7*4 ix47 a new p[] appe>s4 ,! sc5]y is all ,ori5tal1 & cle>ly has ref]5ce to ev5ts t 7 to spr+ up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,) surpris+ unanimity1 comm5tators h agre$ 9 reg>d+ ?is z ref]r+ to ! empire ( ! ,s>ac5s1 or to ! rise & progress ( ! religion & ! empire set up by ,mahomet4 ,! inquiry n[ is1 :e!r ! circum/ances introduc$ into ! symbol f9d a prop] fulfilm5t 9 ! rise ( ! ,s>ac5ic p[]1 & 9 ! conque/s ( ! ,prophet ( ,mecca4 7#a7 ,! c\ntry :]e ! sc5e is laid4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! sc5e is ,ori5tal= ! m5tion ( locu/s naturally sugge/s ! ,ea/t be+ ! "p ( ! _w :]e !y ab\nd1 & !y be+ 9 fact peculi>ly an ,ori5tal plague4 ,x may n[ be add$1 t 9 a m /rict & prop] s5se ,arabia may be int5d$2 t is1 if x be admitt$ t ! design 0 to symbolize ev5ts p]ta9+ to ,arabia1 or ! ga!r+ ( ! ho/s ( ,arabia = conque/1 ! symbol ( locu/s w\ld h be5 employ$ = ! locu/1 ! gr\ndwork ( ! symbol is peculi>ly ,arabic4 ,x 0 ! ea/ w9d :i* br\ght ! locu/s on ,egypt 7,ex4 x4 #ac71 & !y mu/ !re=e h come f "s portion ( ,arabia= ,arabia is ! l& t lies ov] aga9/ ,egypt 9 ! ea/4 ,su*1 too1 is ! te/imony #bai ( ,volney2 8! mo/ judici\s10 z ,mr4 ,gibbon calls him1 8( mod]n travell]s40 8,! inhabitants ( ,syria10 says he1 8h rem>k$ t locu/s come con/antly f ! des]t ( ,arabia10 *4 xx4 sect4 #e4 ,all t is necess>y to say fur!r on ?is po9t is1 t on ! supposition t x 0 ! design ( ! ,_s ( inspiration 9 ! passage be=e u to ref] to ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet1 ! image ( ! locu/s 0 t :i* w\ld be naturally select$4 ,!re 0 no o!r "o s appropriate & s /rik+2 no "o t w\ld s naturally designate ! c\ntry ( ,arabia4 ,z "s confirmation ( ?is1 or z %[+ h[ natural ! symbol w\ld be1 a rem>k may be introduc$ f ,mr4 ,=/]4 ,9 8 ,mohamm$anism ,unveil$1 vol4 i4 p4 #bag1 he says1 8,9 ! ,b$[e5 romance ( ,ant>1 ! locu/ is introduc$ z ! national emblem ( ! ,i%maelites4 ,& x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce t ,mohamm$an tradition speaks ( locu/s hav+ dropp$ into ! h&s ( ,mohamm$1 be>+ on _! w+s ?is inscription#8,we are ! army ( ! ,great ,god4'0 ,^! circum/ances w %[ ! propriety ( ! symbol on ! supposition t x ref]s to ,arabia & ! ,s>ac5s4 7#b7 ,! p4 ,! "q is1 :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 ! symbol1 z describ$ by ,john1 :i* w\ld prop]ly designate ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet1 on ! supposition t x 0 design$ to h su* a ref]5ce4 7a7 ,z to numb]s4 8,!y 7! ,midianite ,arabs7 came z locu/s = multitude10 ,ju4 vi4 #e4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,no?+ w\ld bett] repres5t ! numb]s ( ! ,s>ac5ic hordes t came out ( ,arabia1 & t spread ov] ! ,ea/ov] ,egypt1 ,libya1 ,mauritania1 ,spa91 & t ?reat5$ to spread ov] ,europe?an su* an army ( locu/s4 8,"o hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 flight ,mahomet f ,mecca10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8! arms & ! reign ( 8 successors ext5d$ f ,india to ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ov] ! v>i\s & di/ant prov9ces :i* may be compris$ "u ! names ( ,p]sia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,africa1 & ,spa910 vol4 iii4 p4 #daj4 8,at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hegira ! caliphs 7 ! mo/ pot5t & absolute mon>*s on ! globe4 ,"u ! la/ ( ! ,ommiades ! ,arabian empire ext5d$ two hundr$ days' j\rney f ea/ to we/1 f ! conf9es ( ,t>t>y & ,india to ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean0 7ibid4 p4 #dfj74 ,9 reg>d to ! imm5se ho/s employ$ 9 ^! conque/s1 an idea may be =m$ by a p]usal ( ! :ole fifty-fir/ *apt] 9 ,gibbon 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #djhdfa74 ,^? ho/s issu$ prim>ily f ,arabia1 & 9 _! numb]s w\ld be well comp>$ ) ! sw>ms ( locu/s t issu$ f ! same c\ntry1 s num]\s z to d>k5 ! sky4 7b7 ,! description ( ! p4 ,_! faces 7 z ! faces ( m54 ,?is w\ld seem to be 9 contra/ ) o!r p1 or to d5ote some?+ t 0 peculi> 9 ! appe>ance ( ! p]sons repres5t$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mean+ w\ld seem to be1 t !re 0 some?+ manly & w>like 9 _! appe>ance1 s f> z _! faces 7 conc]n$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! appe>ance ( ! ,go?s 7repres5t$1 z ,i suppose1 "u ! previ\s trumpets7 is describ$ by ,j]ome 7comp4 on ,is4 viii47 z q ! rev]se4 ,!y are describ$ z hav+ faces %av5 & smoo?2 faces1 9 contra/ ) ! be>d$ ,romans1 l wom5's faces4#big ,is x fancy to suppose t ! ref]5ce "h is to ! be>d & m\/a*e ( ! ,arabic ho/s8 ,we "k ) :at c>e !y reg>d$ ! be>d2 & if a repres5tation 0 made ( !m1 especially 9 contra/ ) nations t %av$ _! faces1 & :o ?us resembl$ wom51 x w\ld be natural to speak ( ^? repres5t$ 9 ! symbol z 8hav+ faces z ! faces ( m540 ,!y _h hair z ! hair ( wom54 ,a /range m+l+ ( ! appe>ance ( effem9acy ) ! indication ( manl9ess & c\rage4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,& yet ?is /rictly accords ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,arabs or ,s>ac5s4 ,pl9y1 ! contempor>y ( ,john1 speaks ( ! ,arabs !n z hav+ ! hair long & uncut1 ) ! m\/a*e on ! upp] lip1 or ! be>d3 ,arabes mitrati sunt1 aut intonso cr9e4 ,b>ba abraditur1 prt]quam 9 sup]iore labro4 ,aliis et hc intonsa 7,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 vi4 p4 #bh74 ,s ,sol9us describes !m 9 ! ?ird c5tury 7,plurimis cr9is intonsus1 mitrata capita1 p>s ras 9 cutem b>b1 c4 #ec72 s ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 9 ! f\r? c5tury 7,cr9itus quidam a ,s>ac5orum cuneo1 vol4 xxxi4 p4 #af72 & s ,claudian1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/a1 & ,j]ome1 9 ! fif?4 ,j]ome liv$ #bbj ab\t two c5turies be=e ! great ,s>ac5 invasion2 & z he liv$ at ,be?lehem1 on ! bord]s ( ,arabia1 he mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,arabs4 ,/ill lat]1 9 t mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,arab poems1 ,ant>1 a poem writt5 9 ! "t ( ,mahomet's *ildhood1 we f9d ! m\/a*e1 & ! be>d1 & ! long fl[+ hair on ! %\ld]1 & ! turban1 all specifi$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,arabians3 8,he adju/$ himself prop]ly1 twi/$ 8 :isk]s1 & fold$ up 8 hair "u 8 turban1 draw+ x f (f 8 %\ld]s10 vol4 i4 p4 #cdj4 8,8 hair fl[$ d[n on 8 %\ld]s10 vol4 i4 p4 #afi4 8,ant> cut (f ,maudi's hair 9 rev5ge & insult10 vol4 iii4 p4 #aag4 8,we w hang him up by 8 hair10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cbe4 ,see ,elliott1 vol4 i4 pp4 #daa1 #dab4 ,comp4 ,newton on ! ,prophecies1 p4 #dhe4 ,& on _! heads 7 z x 7 cr[ns ( gold4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,t is1 diadems1 or some?+ t appe>$ l cr[ns1 or *aplets4 ,?is w agree well ) ! turban worn by ! ,arabs or ,s>ac5s1 & :i* 0 q *>act]i/ic ( !m 9 ! e>ly p]iods :5 !y became kn[n4 ,s 9 ! passage already quot$1 ,pl9y speaks ( !m z ,arabes mitrati2 s ,sol9us1 mitrata capita2 s 9 ! poem ( ,ant>1 8he fold$ up 8 hair "u 8 turban40 ,x is rem>kable also t ,ezekiel 7*4 xxiii4 #db7 describes ! turbans ( ! ,sabean or ,keturite ,arabs "u ! v appellation "h us$ by ,john3 8,sabeans f ! wild]ness1 :i* put beautiful cr[ns ^u _! heads40 ,s 9 ! preface to ,ant>1 x is said1 8,x 0 a usual say+ among !m1 t ,god _h be/[$ f\r peculi> ?+s on ! ,arabs2 t _! turbans %\ld be unto !m in/ead ( diadems1 _! t5ts in/ead ( walls & h\ses1 _! swords in/ead ( intr5*m5ts1 & _! poems in/ead ( writt5 laws40 ,mr4 ,=/]1 9 8 ,mohamm$anism ,unveil$1 quotes z a precept ( ,mahomet3 8,make a po9t ( we>+ turbans1 because x is ! way ( angels40 ,turbans might !n ) propriety be repres5t$ z cr[ns1 & no d\bt ^! 7 (t5 s gild$ & ornam5t$ t !y might be spok5 ( z 8cr[ns ( gold40 ,!y _h brea/plates1 z x 7 brea/plates ( iron4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #i4 ,z a symbol1 ?is w\ld be prop]ly descriptive ( ! ,arabians or ,s>ac5s4 ,9 ! poem ,ant> ! /eel & iron cuirasses ( ! ,arab w>riors are frequ5tly notic$3 8,a w>rior imm]s$ 9 /eel arm\r10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjc4 8,fifte5 ?\s& m5 arm$ ) cuirasses1 & well acc\tr$ = w>10 vol4 ii4 p4 #db4 8,!y 7 clo!d 9 iron arm\r1 & brilliant cuirasses10 vol4 i4 p4 #bc4 8,out ( ! du/ appe>$ horsem5 clad 9 iron10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgd4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 ! ,koran3 8,god ha? giv5 y coats ( mail to def5d y 9 y\r w>s10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,mahomet we read expressly ( ! cuirasses ( himself & ( 8 ,arab troops4 ,sev5 cuirasses are not$ 9 ! li/ ( ,mahomet's private arm\ry 7,gagni]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbhccd74 ,9 8 second battle ) ! ,korei%1 sev5 hundr$ ( 8 little army are spok5 ( by ,mr4 ,gibbon z arm$ ) cuirasses4 ,see ,elliott1 vol4 i4 p4 #dac4 ,^! illu/rations w %[ ) :at propriety ! locu/s 9 ! symbol 7 repres5t$ z hav+ brea/plates l brea/plates ( iron4 ,on ! supposition t ?is ref]r$ to ! ,arabs & ! ,s>ac5s ?is w\ld h be5 ! v symbol :i* w\ld h be5 us$4 ,inde$1 all ! features 9 ! symbol are precisely su* z w\ld prop]ly be employ$ on ! supposition t ! ref]5ce 0 to !m4 ,x is true t be=eh& x might n h be5 practicable to describe exactly :at p 7 ref]r$ to1 b 7a7 x w\ld be easy to see t "s fe>ful calamity 0 to be anticipat$ f ! ravages ( ho/s ( fe>ful invad]s2 & 7b7 :5 ! ev5ts occurr$1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 det]m9+ to :om ?is application %\ld be made4 7#c7 ,! "t :5 ?is w\ld occur4 ,z to ?is !re c be no difficulty 9 ! application to ! ,s>ac5s4 ,on ! supposition t ! f\r fir/ trumpets ref] to ! d[nfall ( ! ,we/]n empire1 !n ! prop] "t suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ?is symbol is subsequ5t to t2 & yet ! mann] 9 :i* ! la/ ?ree trumpets are introduc$ 7*4 viii4 #ac7 %[s t !re w\ld be an int]val betwe5 ! s\nd+ ( ! la/ ( ! f\r trumpets & ! s\nd+ ( ! fif?4 ,! ev5ts ref]r$ to1 z ,i h suppos$1 z repres5t$ by ! f\r? trumpet1 occurr$ 9 ! close ( ! fif? c5tury 7,a4,d4 #dgfdij74 ,! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ! sev5? c5tury 7 connect$ ) ! invasions & conque/s ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! int]val ( a c5tury is n m ?an ! fair #bba int]pretation ( ! proclamation 9 *4 viii4 #ac w\ld ju/ify4 7#d7 ,! commission giv5 to ! symbolical locu/s4 ,?is embraces ! foll[+ ?+s37a7 ,!y 7 n to hurt ! grass ( ! e>?1 nor any gre5 ?+2 7b7 !y 7 especially to g aga9/ ^? :o _h n ! seal ( ,god 9 _! =eheads2 7c7 !y 7 n to kill !m1 b 7 to torm5t !m4 ,!y 7 n to hurt ! grass ( ! e>?1 c4 ,notes1 v]4 #d4 ,?is agrees rem>kably ) an express comm& 9 ! ,koran4 ,! (t5-quot$ ord] ( ! ,caliph ,ab\bekir1 ! fa!r-9-law & successor ( ,mahomet1 issu$ to ! ,s>ac5 hordes on _! invasion ( ,syria1 %[s :at 0 und]/ood to be ! _s ( _! religion3 8,rememb] t y are always 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 on ! v]ge ( dea?1 9 ! assurance ( judgm5t1 & ! hope ( p>adise4 ,avoid inju/ice & oppression2 consult ) y\r bre?r51 & /udy to pres]ve ! love & confid5ce ( y\r troops4 ,:5 y fight ! battles ( ! ,"l1 acquit y\rselves l m51 )\t turn+ y\r backs2 b let n ! victory be /a9$ ) ! blood ( wom5 or *ildr54 ,de/roy no palm-trees1 nor burn any fields ( corn4 ,cut d[n no fruit-trees1 nor d any mis*ief to cattle1 only su* z y kill to eat4 ,:5 y make any cov5ant or article1 /& to x1 & be z good z y\r ^w4 ,z y g on1 y w f9d "s religi\s p]sons :o live retir$ 9 mona/]ies1 & propose to !mselves to s]ve ,god 9 t way2 let !m alone1 & nei!r kill !m #8& to !m x 0 giv5 t !y %\ld n kill !m1' v]4 #e1 nor de/roy _! mona/]ies10 c4 7,gibbon1 iii4 #dag1 #dah74 ,s ,mr4 ,gibbon notices ?is precept ( ! ,koran3 8,9 ! siege ( ,tayaf10 says he1 8sixty miles f ,mecca1 ,mohamm$ violat$ 8 own laws by ! extirpation ( ! fruit-trees10 ii4 #cib4 ,! same ord] exi/$ among ! ,hebrews1 & x is n improbable t ,mahomet d]iv$ 8 precept f ! comm& ( ,moses 7,de4 xx4 #ai71 ?\gh :at 0 m]cy among ! ,hebrews 0 probably m]e policy ) him4 ,?is precept is ! m rem>kable because x has be5 ! usual cu/om 9 w>1 & p>ticul>ly among b>b>ians & semi-b>b>ians1 to de/roy gra9 & fruit1 & especially to cut d[n fruit-trees1 9 ord] to d great] injury to an enemy4 ,?us we h se5 7,notes on *4 viii4 #g71 t 9 ! invasion ( ! ,go?s _! c\rse 0 m>k$ by desolations ( ?is k9d4 ,?us1 9 m mod]n times1 x has be5 common to c>ry ! desolations ( w> into g>d5s1 or*>ds1 & v9ey>ds4 ,9 ! s+le prov9ce ( ,upp] ,mess5ia ! troops ( ,mahomet ,ali1 9 ! w> ) ,greece1 cut d[n half a million ( olive-trees1 & ?us /ripp$ ! c\ntry ( its means ( weal?4 ,s ,scio 0 a beautiful spot1 ! seat ( delightful villas1 & g>d5s1 & or*>ds2 & 9 "o day all ?is beauty 0 de/roy$4 ,on ! supposition1 !re=e1 t ?is pr$iction _h ref]5ce to ! ,s>ac5s1 no?+ c\ld be m appropriate4 ,inde$1 9 all ! hi/ory ( b>b>\s & savage w>f>e x w\ld be difficult to f9d ano!r di/9ct comm& t no injury %\ld be done to g>d5s & or*>ds4 7d7 ,_! commission 0 expressly aga9/ 8^? m5 :o _h n ! seal ( ,god 9 _! =eheads40 ,see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,t is1 !y 7 to g ei!r aga9/ ^? :o 7 n really ! fri5ds ( ,god1 or ^? :o 9 _! e/imation 7 n4 ,p]haps1 if !re 7 no?+ 9 ! connection to dem& a diff]5t int]pretation1 ! =m] w\ld be ! mo/ natural explanation ( ! passage2 b ! language may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! purpose :i* !y consid]$ !mselves z call$ ^u to execute3 t is1 t !y 7 to g aga9/ ^? :om !y reg>d$ z be+ /rang]s to ! true ,god1 to wit1 idolat]s4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ,mahomet consid]$ himself call$ ^u1 pr9cipally1 to make w> ) idolat]s1 & t he w5t =?1 pr(ess$ly1 to br+ !m into subjection to ! s]vice ( ! true ,god4 8,! means ( p]suasion10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8_h be5 tri$1 ! season ( =be>ance 0 elaps$1 & he 0 n[ comm&$ to propagate 8 religion by ! sword1 to de/roy ! monum5ts ( idolatry1 &1 )\t reg>d+ ! sanctity ( days or mon?s1 to pursue ! unbeliev+ nations ( ! e>?10 iii4 #chg4 8,! fair option ( fri5d%ip1 or submission1 or battle1 0 propos$ to ! enemies ( ,mahomet0 7ibid474 8,! sword10 says ,mahomet1 8is ! key ( heav5 & hell2 a drop ( blood %$ 9 ! cause ( ,god1 a night sp5t 9 arms1 is ( m avail ?an two mon?s ( fa/+ & pray]3 :osoev] falls 9 battle1 8 s9s are =giv52 at ! day ( judgm5t 8 w\nds %all be respl5d5t #bbb z v]milion1 & odorif]\s z musk2 & ! loss ( 8 limbs %all be suppli$ by ! w+s ( angels & *]ubim0 7,gibbon1 iii4 #chg74 ,! fir/ conflicts wag$ by ,mahomet 7 aga9/ ! idolat]s ( 8 own c\ntry^? :o c1 on no supposition1 be reg>d$ z 8hav+ ! seal ( ,god 9 _! =eheads20 8 subsequ5t w>s 7 aga9/ infidels ( all classes2 t is1 aga9/ ^? :om he reg>d$ z n hav+ ! 8seal ( ,god 9 _! =eheads10 or z be+ ! enemies ( ,god4 7e7 ,! o!r "p ( ! commission 0 8n to kill1 b to torm5t !m40 ,notes1 v]4 #e4 ,comp>e ! quotation f ! comm& ( ,ab\bekir1 z quot$ above3 8,let n ! victory be /a9$ ) ! blood ( wom5 & *ildr540 8,let !m alone1 & nei!r kill !m nor de/roy _! mona/]ies40 ,! mean+ ( ?is1 if und]/ood z appli$ to _! commission aga9/ ,*ri/5dom1 w\ld seem to be1 t !y 7 n to g =? to 8kill10 b to 8torm5t0 !m2 to wit1 by ! calamities :i* !y w\ld br+ ^u ,*ri/ian nations = a def9ite p]iod4 ,inde$1 z we h se5 above1 x 0 an express comm& ( ,ab\bekir t !y %\ld n put ^? to dea? :o 7 f\nd lead+ quiet & peaceable lives 9 mona/]ies1 ?\gh aga9/ ano!r class he did give an express comm& to 8cleave _! skulls40 ,see ,gibbon1 iii4 #dah4 ,z applicable to ! conflicts ( ! ,s>ac5s ) ,*ri/ians1 ! mean+ "h w\ld seem to be1 t ! p[] conc$$ to ^? :o are repres5t$ by ! locu/s 0 n to cut (f & to de/roy ! *ur*1 b x 0 to br+ ^u x v>i\s calamities to cont9ue = a def9ite p]iod4 ,accord+ly1 "s ( ! sev]e/ afflictions :i* h come ^u ! *ur* h und\bt$ly proce$$ f ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet ( ,mecca4 ,!re 7 times 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( t religion :51 to all human appe>ance1 x w\ld univ]sally prevail1 & :olly supplant ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,b ! *ur* /ill surviv$1 & no p[] 0 at any "t giv5 to ! ,s>ac5ic ho/s to de/roy x altoge!r4 ,9 respect to ?is1 "s rem>kable facts h occurr$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! foll[]s ( ! false prophet contemplat$ ! subjugation ( ,europe1 & ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity1 f two qu>t]s! ,ea/ & ! ,we/expect+ to make a junction ( ! two armies 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 & to m>* d[n to ,rome4 ,twice did !y attack ! vital "p ( ,*ri/5dom by besieg+ ,con/ant9ople3 fir/1 9 ! sev5 ye>s' siege1 :i* la/$ f ,a4,d4 #ffh to ,a4,d4 #fge2 &1 secondly1 9 ! ye>s #gafgah1 :5 ,leo ! ,isaurian 0 on ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,b on bo? occasions !y 7 oblig$ to retire defeat$ & disgrac$4,gibbon1 iii4 #dfa1 seq4 ,aga91 !y r5ew$ _! attack on ! ,we/4 ,hav+ conqu]$ ,nor!rn ,africa1 !y pass$ ov] into ,spa91 subdu$ t c\ntry & ,portugal1 & ext5d$ _! conque/s z f> z ! ,loire4 ,at t "t !y design$ to subdue ,france1 & hav+ unit$ ) ! =ces :i* !y expect$ f ! ,ea/1 !y int5d$ to make a desc5t on ,italy1 & complete ! conque/ ( ,europe4 ,?is purpose 0 defeat$ by ! val\r ( ,*>les ,m>tel1 & ,europe & ! ,*ri/ian _w 7 sav$ f subjugation 7,gibbon1 iii4 #dfg1 seq474 8,a victori\s l9e ( m>*10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8_h be5 prolong$ above a ?\s& miles1 f ! rock ( ,gibralt> to ! banks ( ! ,loire2 ! repetition ( an equal space w\ld h c>ri$ ! ,s>ac5s to ! conf9es ( ,pol& & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,rh9e is n m impassable ?an ! ,nile or ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,arabian fleet might h sail$ )\t a naval combat into ! m\? ( ! ,?ames4 ,p]haps ! int]pretation ( ! ,koran w\ld n[ be taught 9 ! s*ools ( ,ox=d1 & h] pulpits might demon/rate to a circumcis$ p ! sanctity & tru? ( ! revelations ( ,mohamm$40 ,! arre/ ( ! ,s>ac5 ho/s be=e ,europe 0 subdu$1 0 :at !re 0 no reason to anticipate1 & x ev5 yet p]plexes hi/orians to be able to acc\nt = x4 8,! calm hi/orian10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8:o /rives to foll[ ! rapid c\rse ( ! ,s>ac5s1 mu/ /udy to expla9 by :at means ! *ur* & /ate 7 sav$ f ?is imp5d+1 &1 z x %\ld seem1 inevitable dang]40 8,^! conque/s10 says ,mr4 ,hallam1 8:i* a/oni% ! c>eless & sup]ficial1 are less p]plex+ to a calm inquir] ?an _! cessation! loss ( half ! ,roman empire ?an ! pres]vation ( ! re/0 7,middle ,ages1 ii4 #c1 #afi74 ,^! illu/rations may s]ve to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! symbolt _! #bbc gr& commission 0 n to annihilate or root out1 b to annoy & afflict4 ,inde$1 !y did n g =? ) a prim>y design to de/roy4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,mussulman always 0 8! ,koran1 ! tribute1 or ! sword10 & :5 !re 0 submission1 ei!r by embrac+ 8 religion or by tribute1 life 0 always sp>$4 8,! fair option ( fri5d%ip1 or submission1 or battle1 0 says ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iii4 #chg71 80 propos$ to ! enemies ( ,mohamm$4 0 ,comp4 also vol4 iii4 #dec1 #def4 ,! torm5t m5tion$ "h1 ,i suppose1 ref]s to ! calamities br\ght ^u ! ,*ri/ian _won ,egypt1 & ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,spa91 & ,gaul1 & ! ,ea/by ! hordes :i* came out ( ,arabia1 & :i* swept ov] all ^? c\ntries l a tr\blesome & de/ructive ho/ ( locu/s4 ,inde$1 w\ld any image bett] repres5t ! effects ( ! ,s>ac5ic invasions ?an su* a c\ntless ho/ ( locu/s8 ,ev5 n[1 c we f9d an image t w\ld bett] repres5t ?is8 7#e7 ,! lead] ( ?is ho/4 7a7 ,he 0 l a /> t fell f heav51 7v]4 #a71 a bright & illu/ri\s pr9ce1 z if heav5-end[$1 b fall54 ,w\ld any?+ bett] *>act]ize ! g5ius1 ! p[]1 & ! spl5did b p]v]t$ tal5t ( ,mahomet8 ,mahomet 01 moreov]1 by bir?1 ( ! pr9cely h\se ( ! ,korei%1 gov]nors ( ,mecca1 & to no "o c\ld ! t]m be m appropriate ?an to "o ( t family4 7b7 ,he 0 a k+4 ,t is1 !re 0 to be "o mon>*"o rul+ _s to :i* all ^! ho/s 7 subject4 ,& nev] 0 any?+ m appropriate ?an ?is title z appli$ to ! lead] ( ! ,arabic ho/s4 ,all ^? ho/s 7 subject to "o m9dto ! comm& ( ! s+le lead] t orig9at$ ! s*eme4 7c7 ,! "n ,abaddon1 or ,apollyon,de/roy]1 v]4 #aa4 ,?is "n w\ld be appropriate to "o :o spread 8 conque/s s f> ov] ! _w2 :o wa/$ s _m cities & t[ns2 :o ov]?rew s _m k+doms2 & :o laid ! f\ndation ( ultimate conque/s by :i* s _m human be+s 7 s5t to ! grave4 7d7 ,! description ( ! lead] 8z ! angel ( ! bottomless pit10 v]4 #aa4 ,if ?is be reg>d$ z mean+ t 8! angel ( ! bottomless pit0! _s ( d>kness himselforig9at$ ! s*eme1 & animat$ ^! ho/s1 :at t]m w\ld bett] *>act]ize ! lead]8 ,& if x be a poetic description ( ,mahomet z s5t out by t presid+ _s ( evil1 h[ c\ld a bett] repres5tative ( ! _s ( ! ne!r _w h be5 s5t out ^u ! e>? ?an he 0"o m tal5t$1 m sagaci\s1 m p[]ful1 m w>like1 m wick$1 m fitt$ to subdue ! nations ( ! e>? to ! dom9ion ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness1 & to hold !m = ages "u 8 yoke8 7#f7 ,! duration ( ! torm5t4 ,x is said 7v]4 #e7 t ?is w\ld be five mon?s2 t is1 prophetically1 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,! ,hegira1 or flight ( ,mahomet1 occurr$ ,a4,d4 #fbb2 ! ,s>ac5s fir/ issu$ f ! des]t into ,syria1 & began _! s]ies ( w>s on ,*ri/5dom1 ,a4,d4 #fbi4 ,reckon+ f ^! p]iods respectively1 ! five mon?s1 or ! hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 w\ld ext5d to ,a4,d4 #ggb or #ggi4 ,x is n necess>y to und]/& ?is p]iod ( a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( ! actual cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! bodies symboliz$ by ! locu/s1 b only ( ! p]iod 9 :i* !y w\ld inflict _! 8torm5t08t !y %\ld be torm5t$ five mon?s40 ,t is1 ?is w\ld be ! p]iod ( ! int5sity ( ! woe inflict$ by !m2 !re w\ld be at t "t "s m>k$ int]mission ( ! torr5t4 ,! "q !n is1 :e!r1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s1 !re 0 any p]iod aft] _! c>e] ( conque/ _h be5 cont9u$ = ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 :i* w\ld m>k ! int]mission or cessation ( ^! 8torm5ts40 ,if s1 !n ?is is all t is necess>y to det]m9e ! applicability ( ! symbol to ! ,arabian hordes4 ,n[1 9 reply to ?is "q1 we h only to ref] to ,mr4 ,gibbon4 ,! table ( cont5ts prefix$ to *apt]s =ty-"o & =ty-two ( 8 "w w\ld supply all ! in=mation desir$4 ,i look$ at t table1 aft] mak+ ! e/imate z to :at p]iod ! 8five mon?s10 or hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 w\ld conduct u to1 to see :e!r any?+ occurr$ at ab\t t "t 9 ! ,mahometan p[] & influ5ce1 :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z m>k+ ! "t ( ! int]mission or cessation ( ! calamities inflict$ by ! ,arabic hordes on ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,gibbon _h record$ 9 detail 7vol4 iii4 #cfjdfj7 ! "* & conque/s ( ! ,arabian #bbd hordes "u ,mahomet & 8 successors1 ,i f9d ! /atem5t ( ! decl9e ( _! p[] at j ab\t ! p]iod to :i* ! hundr$ & fifty ye>s w\ld lead u1 = at t v "t an important *ange came ov] ! foll[]s ( ! prophet ( ,mecca1 turn+ !m f ! love ( conque/ to ! pursuits ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,f t p]iod !y ceas$ to be =midable to ! *ur*2 _! limits 7 gradually contract$2 _! p[] dim9i%$2 & ! ,*ri/ian _w1 9 reg>d to !m1 0 sub/antially at peace4 ,?is *ange 9 ! "* & purposes ( ! ,s>ac5s is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon1 at ! close ( ! reign ( ! caliph ,abdalrahman1 ^: reign comm5c$ ,a4,d4 #gee1 & "u :om ! peaceful sway ( ! ,ommiades ( ,spa9 began1 :i* cont9u$ = a p]iod ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 8,! luxury ( ! caliphs1 s useless to _! private happ9ess1 relax$ ! n]ves1 & t]m9at$ ! progress1 ( ! ,arabian empire4 ,temporal & spiritual conque/ _h be5 ! sole occupation ( ! fir/ successors ( ,mahomet2 & aft] supply+ !mselves ) ! necess>ies ( life1 ! :ole rev5ue 0 scrupul\sly devot$ to t salut>y "w4 ,! ,abassides 7 impov]i%$ by ! multitude ( _! wants1 & _! contempt ( economy4 ,in/ead ( pursu+ ! great object ( ambition1 _! leisure1 _! affections1 & ! p[]s ( _! m9ds 7 div]t$ by pomp & pleasure3 ! rew>ds ( val\r 7 embezzl$ by wom5 & eunu*s1 & ! royal camp 0 encumb]$ by ! luxury ( ! palace4 ,a simil> temp] 0 diffus$ among ! subjects ( ! caliph4 ,_! /]n en?usiasm 0 s(t5$ by "t & prosp]ity3 !y s\ght ri*es 9 ! occupations ( indu/ry1 fame 9 ! pursuits ( lit]ature1 & happ9ess 9 ! tranquillity ( dome/ic life4 ,w> 0 no long] ! passion ( ! ,s>ac5s2 & ! increase ( pay1 ! repetition ( donatives1 7 insuffici5t to allure ! po/]ity ( ^? volunt>y *ampions :o _h cr[d$ to ! /&>d ( ,ab\bekir & ,om> = ! hopes ( spoil & ( p>adise10 iii4 #dgg1 #dgh4 ,( ! ,ommiades1 or pr9ces :o succe$$ ,abdalrahman1 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks 9 g5]al8,_! mutual designs or decl>ations ( w> evaporat$ )\t effect2 b in/ead ( op5+ a door to ! conque/ ( ,europe1 ,spa9 0 dissev]$ f ! trunk ( ! mon>*y1 engag$ 9 p]petual ho/ility ) ! ,ea/1 & incl9$ to peace & fri5d%ip ) ! ,*ri/ian sov]eigns ( ,con/ant9ople & ,france10 iii4 p4 #dgb4 ,h[ mu* does ?is look l "s *ange occurr+ by :i* !y w\ld cease to be a s\rce ( 8torm5t0 to ! nations ) :om !y n[ dwelt6 ,f ?is p]iod !y gave !mselves to ! arts ( peace2 cultivat$ lit]ature & sci5ce2 lo/ entirely _! _s ( conque/1 & _! ambition = univ]sal dom9ion1 until !y gradually )drew1 or 7 driv51 f ^? p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w :]e !y _h inspir$ mo/ t]ror1 & :i* 9 ! days ( _! p[] & ambition !y _h invad$4 ,by turn+ m]ely to ! 8table ( cont5ts0 ( ,mr4 ,gibbon's hi/ory1 ! foll[+ p]iods1 occurr+ at ab\t ! "t t w\ld be embrac$ 9 ! 8five mon?s10 or hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 are di/9ctly m>k$3 8,a4,d4 #ffhfge4 ,fir/ siege ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,arabs4 #fgg4 ,peace & tribute4 #gafgah4 ,second siege ( ,con/ant9ople4 0 ,failure & retreat ( ! ,s>ac5s4 0 ,inv5tion & use ( ! ,greek fire4 #gba4 ,invasion ( ,france by ! ,arabs4 #gcb4 ,defeat ( ! ,s>ac5s by ,*>les ,m>tel4 0 ,!y retreat be=e ! ,franks4 #gdfgej4 ,! elevation ( ! ,abassides4 #gej4 ,fall ( ! ,ommiades4 #gee4 ,revolt ( ,spa94 0 ,triple division ( ! caliphate4 #gejifj4 ,magnific5ce ( ! caliphs4 0 ,its consequ5ces on private & public happ9ess4 #ged1 c4 ,introduction ( le>n+ among ! ,arabians4 0 ,_! real progress 9 ! sci5ces40 ,x w be se5 f ?is t ! decl9e ( _! milit>y & civil p[]2 _! defeats 9 _! attempts to subjugate ,europe2 _! turn+ _! att5tion to ! peaceful pursuits ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 syn*ronize rem>kably ) ! p]iod t w\ld be indicat$ by ! five mon?s1 or ! hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,x %\ld be add$1 also1 t 9 ! ye> #gfb1 ,almanzor1 ! caliph1 built ,bagdad1 & made x ! capital ( ! ,s>ac5 empire4 ,h5ce=w>d t became ! seat ( ,arabic le>n+1 luxury1 & p[]1 & ! weal? & tal5t ( ! ,s>ac5 empire 7 gradually drawn to t capital1 & !y ceas$ to vex & annoy ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! #bbe build+ ( ,bagdad occurr$ )9 j t5 ye>s ( ! "t indicat$ by ! 8five mon?s0reckon+ t f ! ,hegira1 or flight ( ,mahomet2 or reckon+ f ! "t :5 ,mahomet began to prea* 7,a4,d4 #fji;,gibbon1 iii4 #chc71 x want$ b ?ree ye>s ( co9cid+ exactly ) ! p]iod4 ,^! consid]ations %[ ) :at propriety ! fif? trumpet! symbol ( ! locu/sis ref]r$ to ! ,arabian hordes "u ! guidance ( ,mahomet & 8 successors4 ,on ! supposition t x 0 ! design ( ,john to symbolize ^! ev5ts1 ! symbol has be5 *os5 :i* ( all o!rs 0 be/ adapt$ to ! end4 ,if1 n[ t ^! ev5ts are pa/1 we %\ld endeav\r to f9d "s symbol :i* w\ld appropriately repres5t !m1 we c\ld n f9d "o t w\ld be m /rik+ or appropriate ?an t :i* is "h employ$ by ,john4 #ab ,"o#bih woe is pa/2 &1 behold1 !re come two woes m h]eaft]4 #ab4 ,"o woe is pa/4 ,! woe ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #aaa4 ,9 *4 viii4 #ac ?ree woes are m5tion$ :i* 7 to occur successively1 & :i* 7 to embrace ! :ole ( ! p]iod compris$ 9 ! sev5 seals & ! sev5 trumpets4 ,"u ! la/ ( ! seals we h consid]$ f\r successive p]iods1 ref]r+ to ev5ts connect$ ) ! d[nfall ( ! ,we/]n empire2 & !n we h f\nd "o important ev5t wor?y ( a place 9 notic+ ! ?+s :i* w\ld p]man5tly affect ! de/9y ( ! _w! rise1 ! "*1 & ! conque/s ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,?is 0 ref]r$ to by ! fir/ woe-trumpet4 ,we ent] n[ on ! consid]ation ( ! second4 ,?is occupies ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]1 & 9 illu/rat+ x ! same me?od w be pursu$ z h]et(ore3 fir/1 to expla9 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words1 phrases1 & symbols2 & !n to inquire :at ev5ts 9 hi/ory1 if any1 succe$+ ! =m]1 occurr$1 :i* w\ld correspond ) ! language us$4 ,&1 behold1 !re come two woes m h]eaft]4 ,two mom5t\s & important ev5ts t w be att5d$ ) sorr[ to mank9d4 ,x _c be int5d$ t !re w\ld be no o!r evils t w\ld visit mank9d2 b ! eye1 9 glanc+ along ! future1 re/$ on ^! z hav+ a special pre-em95ce 9 affect+ ! de/9y ( ! *ur* & ! _w4 #ac ,& ! six? angel s\nd$1 & ,i he>d a voice f ! f\r horns ( ! gold5 alt> :i* is be=e ,god1 #ac4 ,& ! six? angel s\nd$4 ,see ,notes on *4 viii4 #b1 #g4 ,& ,i he>d a voice f ! f\r horns ( ! gold5 alt> :i* is be=e ,god4 ,9 ! language "h us$ !re is an allusion to ! temple1 b ! sc5e is evid5tly laid 9 heav54 ,! temple 9 its arrangem5ts 0 design$1 und\bt$ly1 to be 9 important respects a symbol ( heav51 & ?is idea con/antly occurs 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,comp4 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews passim4 ,! gold5 alt> /ood 9 ! holy place1 betwe5 ! table ( %[-bread & ! gold5 c&le/ick4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #a1 #b4 ,?is alt>1 made ( %ittim or acacia wood1 0 ornam5t$ at ! f\r corn]s1 & ov]laid ?r\gh\t ) lam9 ( gold4 ,h5ce x 0 call$ 8! gold5 alt>10 9 contradi/9ction f ! alt> = sacrifice1 :i* 0 made ( /one4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 xxi4 #ab1 seq4 ,on its f\r corn]s x _h projections :i* are call$ horns 7,ex4 xxx4 #b1 #c71 :i* seem to h be5 int5d$ ma9ly = ornam5ts4 ,see ,jahn1 ,ar*4 #ccb2 ,joseph4 ,ant4 iii4 #f1 #h4 ,:5 x is said t ?is 0 8be=e ,god10 ! mean+ is1 t x 0 directly be=e or 9 front ( ! symbol ( ! div9e pres5ce 9 ! mo/ holy place4 ,?is image1 9 ! vision ( ,john1 is trans=m$ to heav54 ,! voice seem$ to come f ! v pres5ce ( ! ,deity2 f ! place :]e (f]+s are made to ,god4 #ad ,say+ to ! six? angel1 :i* _h ! trumpet1 ,loose ! f\r angels :i* are b\nd 9 ! great riv] #bii;,euphrates4 #ad4 ,say+ to ! six? angel1 :i* _h ! trumpet4 ,notes1 *4 viii4 #b4 ,loose1 c4 ,?is p[]1 x w\ld seem1 0 giv5 to ! six? angel 9 addition to 8 (fice ( bl[+ ! trumpet4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 9 vision1 & _c be lit]ally int]pret$4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! effect ( 8 bl[+ ! trumpet w\ld be ! same z if angels t _h be5 b\nd %\ld be sudd5ly loos$ & suff]$ to g =? ov] ! e>?2 t is1 "s ev5t w\ld occur :i* w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by #bbf su* an act4 ,! f\r angels4 ,comp4 ,notes1 *4 viii4 #b4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to repres5t important ev5ts z occurr+ "u ! m9i/ry ( angels4 ,! g5]al mean+ "h is1 t 9 ! vic9ity ( ! riv] ,euphrates !re 7 mighty p[]s :i* _h be5 b\nd or held 9 *eck1 :i* 7 n[ to be let loose ^u ! _w4 ,:at we are to look = 9 ! fulfilm5t is evid5tly ?is"s p[] t seem$ to be kept back by an invisible influ5ce z if by angels1 n[ sudd5ly let loose & suff]$ to accompli% ! purpose ( desolation m5tion$ 9 ! subsequ5t v]ses4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t angels 7 actually employ$ 9 ^! re/ra9ts1 ?\gh no "o c demon/rate t _! ag5cy 0 n conc]n$ 9 ! transactions "h ref]r$ to4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 x4 #ab1 #ac4 ,x has be5 made a "q :y ! numb] f\r is specifi$1 & :e!r ! =ces 7 9 any s5se made up ( f\r divisions1 nations1 or p4 ,:ile no?+ c]ta9 c be det]m9$ 9 reg>d to t1 & :ile ! numb] f\r may be us$ m]ely to d5ote a great & /rong =ce1 yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation w\ld be to ref] x to "s comb9ation ( =ces1 or to "s union ( p[]s1 t 0 to accompli% :at is "h said4 ,if x _h be5 a s+le nation1 x w\ld h be5 m 9 accordance ) ! usual me?od 9 prophecy to h repres5t$ !m z re/ra9$ by an angel1 or by angels 9 g5]al1 )\t specify+ any numb]4 ,:i* are b\nd4 ,t is1 !y seem$ to be b\nd4 ,!re 0 some?+ :i* held !m1 & ! =ces "u !m1 9 *eck1 until !y 7 ?us comm&$ to g =?4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is x w be necess>y to look = some?+ ( ! nature ( a *eck or re/ra9t on ^! =ces1 until !y 7 commission$ to g =? to accompli% ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,9 ! great riv] ,euphrates4 ,! well-kn[n riv] ( t "n1 commonly call$1 9 ! ,scriptures1 8! great riv]10 &1 by way ( em95ce1 8! riv]10 ,ex4 xxiii4 #ca2 ,is4 viii4 #g4 ,?is riv] 0 on ! ea/ ( ,pale/9e2 & ! language "h us$ naturally d5otes t ! p[] ref]r$ to "u ! six? trumpet w\ld spr+ up 9 ! ,ea/1 & t x w\ld h its orig9 9 ! vic9ity ( t riv]4 ,^? int]pret]s1 !re=e1 :o apply ?is to ! invasion ( ,juda by ! ,romans h great difficulty 9 expla9+ ?isz ! =ces employ$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem came f ! ,we/1 & n f ! ,ea/4 ,! fair int]pretation is1 t !re 7 =ces 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,euphrates :i* 71 up to ?is p]iod1 b\nd or re/ra9$1 b :i* 7 n[ suff]$ to spread woe & sorr[ ov] a consid]able portion ( ! _w4 #ae ,& ! f\r angels 7 loos$1 :i* 7 prep>$ #cjj;= an h\r1 & a day1 & a mon?1 & a ye>1 = to #cjaslay ! ?ird "p ( m54 #ae4 ,& ! f\r angels 7 loos$4 ,:o _h ?is mighty ho/ "u re/ra9t4 ,! loos5+ ( ! angels 01 9 fact1 also a lett+ loose ( all ^! ho/s1 t !y might accompli% ! "w :i* !y 7 commission$ to d4 ,:i* 7 prep>$4 ,see v]4 #g4 ,! ^w "h us$ prop]ly ref]s to t :i* is made ready1 fitt$ up1 arrang$ = any?+3 z p]sons prep>$ = a j\rney1 horses = battle1 a road = travell]s1 food = ! hungry1 a h\se to live 91 c4 ,see ,rob4 ,lex41 sub4 voce 4 ,z us$ "h1 ! ^w means t :atev] 0 necess>y to prep>e ^! angels! lead]s ( ?is ho/= ! "w :i* !y 7 commission$ to p]=m1 0 n[ done1 & t !y /ood 9 a /ate ( read9ess to execute ! design4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is x w be necess>y to look = "s arrangem5ts exi/+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,euphrates1 by :i* ^! re/ra9$ ho/s 7 9 a /ate ( read9ess to be summon$ =? to ! execution ( ?is "w1 or 9 su* a condition t !y w\ld g =? spontane\sly if ! re/ra9ts exi/+ 7 remov$4 ,= an h\r1 c4 ,m>g41 at4 ,! ,greekmeans prop]ly unto1 ) ref]5ce to2 & ! s5se is1 t1 ) ref]5ce to t h\r1 !y _h all ! requisite prep>ation4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t expla9s x z mean+ t !y 7 8prep>$ = ! p>ticul> ye>1 mon?1 day1 & h\r1 de/9$ by ,god = ! great cata/rophe :i* is to foll[40 ,! mean+1 h[ev]1 r seems to be t !y 7 prep>$1 n = ! comm5cem5t ( su* a p]iod1 b !y 7 prep>$ = ! :ole p]iod indicat$ by ! h\r1 ! day1 ! mon?1 & ! ye>2 t is1 #bbg t ! cont9uance ( ?is 8woe0 w\ld ext5d along ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod4 ,= 7a7 ?is is ! natural int]pretation ( ! ^w 8=02 7b7 x makes ! :ole s5t5ce intelligible= ?\gh x might be prop] to say ( any?+ t x 0 8prep>$ = an h\r10 indicat+ ! comm5cem5t ( :at 0 to be done1 x is n usual to say ( any?+ t x is 8prep>$ = an h\r1 a mon?1 a day1 a ye>10 :5 ! design is m]ely to indicate ! beg9n+ ( x2 & 7c7 x is 9 accordance ) ! pr$iction respect+ ! fir/ 8woe0 7v]4 #e71 :]e ! "t is specifi$ 9 language simil> to ?is1 to wit1 8five mon?s40 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t we are to reg>d ! "t "h m5tion$ z a prophetic indication ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ?is woe w\ld cont9ue4 ,an h\r1 & a day1 & a mon?1 & a ye>4 ,if ?is 7 to be tak5 lit]ally1 x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be b little m ?an a ye>4 ,if x be tak51 h[ev]1 9 ! common prophetic /yle1 :]e a day is put = a ye> 7see ,notes on ,da4 ix4 #bd1 seq42 also ,editor's ,preface1 p4 xxv4 c471 !n ! am\nt ( "t 7#cfj #cj #a an h\r7 w\ld be ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-"o ye>s1 & ! portion ( a ye> indicat$ by an h\ra twelf? or tw5ty-f\r? "p1 accord+ z ! day 0 suppos$ to be divid$ into twelve or tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,t ?is is ! true view seems to be cle>1 because ?is accords ) ! usual /yle 9 ?is book2 because x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! 8prep>ation0 "h ref]r$ to w\ld h be5 = s brief a p]iod z ! "t w\ld be if lit]ally int]pret$2 & because ! m5tion ( s small a portion ( "t z an 8h\r10 if lit]ally tak51 w\ld be improbable 9 s great transactions4 ,! fair int]pretation1 !re=e1 w require u to f9d "s ev5ts t w fill up ! p]iod ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-"o ye>s4 ,= to slay ! ?ird "p ( m54 ,comp4 *4 viii4 #g1 #i1 #ab4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! imm5se ho/ :i* 0 re/ra9$ on ! ,euphrates w\ld1 :5 loos$1 spread desolation ov] ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! _w4 ,we are n to suppose t ?is is to be und]/ood 9 exactly a lit]al s5se2 b ! mean+ is1 t ! desolation w\ld be s widespread t x w\ld seem to embrace a ?ird ( ! _w4 ,no su* ev5t z ! cutt+ (f ( a few ?\s&s ( ,jews 9 ! siege ( ,j]usalem w\ld correspond ) ! language "h employ$1 & we mu/ look = ev5ts m g5]al & m disa/r\s to mank9d at l>ge4 #af ,& ! numb] ( ! #cjb;army ( ! horsem5 7 #cjctwo hundr$ ?\s& ?\s&3 & #cjd;,i he>d ! numb] ( !m4 #af4 ,& ! numb] ( ! army ( ! horsem54 ,x is to be obs]v$ "h t ! /r5g? ( ! army seem$ to be cavalry4 ,9 ! =m] plagues !re is no di/9ct m5tion ( horsem52 b "h t :i* /ruck ! behold] 0 ! imm5se & unp>allel$ numb] ( horsem54 ,7 two hundr$ ?\s& ?\s&4 ,a ?\s& ?\s& are a million1 & consequ5tly ! numb] "h ref]r$ to w\ld be two hundr$ millions4 ,?is w\ld be a l>g] army ?an 0 ev] assembl$1 & x _c be suppos$ t x is to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,t x w\ld be a v l>ge ho/s l>ge t x w\ld n be readily numb]$is cle>4 ,! expression 9 ! orig9al1 :ile x naturally conveys ! idea ( an imm5se numb]1 w\ld seem also to ref] to "s peculi>ity 9 ! mann] ( reckon+ !m4 ,! language is1 two myriads ( myriads 4 ,! myriad 0 t5 ?\s&4 ,! idea w\ld seem to be ?is4 ,john saw an imm5se ho/ ( cavalry4 ,!y appe>$ to be divid$ into l>ge bodies t 7 9 "s degree sep>ate1 & t might be reckon$ by t5 ?\s&s4 ,( ^! diff]5t squadrons !re 7 _m1 & to express _! great & unusual numb]s he said t !re seem$ to be myriads ( !mtwo myriads ( myriads1 or twice t5 ?\s& myriads4 ,! army ?us w\ld seem to be imm5sean army1 z we %\ld say1 to be reckon$ by t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,& ,i he>d ! numb] ( !m4 ,!y 7 s num]\s t he did n pret5d to be able to e/imate ! numb] himself1 = x 0 beyond 8 p[] ( computation2 b he he>d x /at$ 9 ^! r\nd numb]s1 t !re 7 8two myriads ( myriads0 ( !m4 #ag ,& ?us ,i saw ! horses 9 ! vision1 & !m t sat on !m1 hav+ brea/plates ( fire1 & ( jac9?1 & brim/one3 & ! heads ( ! horses 7 z #cje! heads ( lions3 & out ( _! m\?s issu$ fire & smoke & brim/one4 #ag4 ,& ?us ,i saw ! horses 9 ! #bbh vision4 ,t is1 he saw !m z he proce$s to describe !m1 = ! ^w ?usref]s to :at foll[s4 ,comp4 ,rob4 ,lex4 on ! ^w1 7b71 & see ,mat4 i4 #ah2 ii4 #e2 ,jn4 xxi4 #a2 ,he4 iv4 #d4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 h[ev]1 ref]s to :at prec$es4 ,! mean+1 z x seems to me1 is1 t he fix$ 8 att5tion on ! appe>ance ( ! imm5se army! horses & _! rid]s1 & proce$$ to describe !m z !y /ruck him4 ,& !m t sat on !m4 ,he fix$ ! att5tion on horse & rid]4 ,_! appe>ance 0 unusual1 & des]v$ a p>ticul> description4 ,hav+ brea/plates ( fire4 ,t is1 ^? :o sat on !m _h su* brea/plates4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ brea/plate d5ot$ prop]ly a coat ( mail t cov]$ ! body f ! neck to ! ?ighs4 ,see ,notes on ,ep4 vi4 #ad4 ,?is w\ld be a prom95t object 9 look+ at a horseman4 ,?is 0 said to be compos$ ( 8fire1 & jac9?1 & brim/one20 t is1 ! "p ( ! body usually incas$ 9 ! coat ( mail _h ^! ?ree col\rs4 ,! ^w 8fire0 "h simply d5otes r$4 ,x 0 burni%$ & bright1 & seem$ to be a blaze ( fire4 ,! ^w 8jac9?0means hyac9?9e4 ,! col\r d5ot$ is t ( ! hyac9?a fl[] ( a deep purple or r$di% blue4 ,!n x ref]s to a gem ( ! same col\r1 ne>ly relat$ to ! zircon ( ! m9]alogi/s1 & ! col\r "h m5tion$ is deep purple or r$di% blue4 ,! ^w r5d]$ 8brim/one0means prop]ly sulphur\s1 t is1 made ( sulphur1 & means "h simply yell[4 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole !n is1 t ^! horsem5 appe>$ to be clad 9 a peculi> k9d ( arm\rarm\r t %one l fire1 m+l$ ) blue & yell[4 ,x w be necess>y to look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 cavalry t 0 s cap>ison$4 ,& ! heads ( ! horses 7 z ! heads ( lions4 ,resembl$1 9 "s respects1 ! heads ( lions4 ,he does n say t !y 7 ! heads ( lions1 or t ! rid]s 7 on mon/]s1 b only t !y1 9 "s respects1 resembl$ ! heads ( lions4 ,x w\ld be easy to give ?is g5]al appe>ance by ! way 9 :i* ! head-dress ( ! horses 0 array$4 ,& out ( _! m\?s issu$4 ,t is1 appe>$ to issue4 ,x is n necess>y to und]/& ?is z affirm+ t x actually came f _! m\?s1 b only t1 to "o look+ on su* an approa*+ army1 x w\ld h ?is appe>ance4 ,! hea!n poets (t5 speak ( horses brea?+ out fire & smoke 7,virg4 ,geor4 vol4 ii4 p4 #adj2 iii4 #he2 ,ovid1 ,met4 vol4 vii4 p4 #ajd71 mean+ t _! brea? seem$ to be m+l$ smoke & fire4 ,!re is an image sup]add$ "h n f\nd 9 any ( ! classic descriptions1 t ?is 0 m+l$ ) brim/one4 ,all ?is seem$ to issue f _! m\?st is1 x 0 brea!d =? 9 front ( ! ho/1 z if ! horses emitt$ x f _! m\?s4 ,fire & smoke & brim/one4 ,! exact idea1 :e!r t 0 int5d$ or n1 w\ld be convey$ by ! dis*>ge ( musketry or artill]y4 ,! fire1 ! smoke1 & ! sulphur\s smell ( su* a dis*>ge w\ld correspond precisely ) ?is language2 & if x be suppos$ t ! writ] meant to describe su* a dis*>ge1 ?is w\ld be ! v language t w\ld be us$4 ,moreov]1 9 describ+ a battle no?+ w\ld be m prop] ?an to say t ?is appe>$ to issue f ! horses' m\?s4 ,if1 !re=e1 x %\ld be f\nd t !re 7 any ev5ts :]e fire>ms 7 us$1 9 contradi/9ction f ! anci5t mode ( w>f>e1 ?is language w\ld be appropriate to describe t2 & if x 7 asc]ta9$ t ! writ] meant to ref] to "s su* fact1 !n ! language "h us$ w\ld be t :i* he w\ld adopt4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t ?is is n language :i* w\ld be employ$ to describe ! onset ( anci5t cavalry 9 ! mode ( w>f>e :i* prevail$ !n4 ,no "o describ+ a *>ge ( cavalry among ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 or ! ,romans1 :5 ! only arm\r 0 ! sword & ! spe>1 w\ld ?9k ( say+ t !re seem$ to be emitt$ f ! horses' m\?s fire1 & smoke1 & brim/one4 #ah ,by ^! ?ree 0 ! ?ird "p ( m5 kill$1 by ! fire1 & by ! smoke1 & by ! brim/one1 :i* issu$ out ( _! m\?s4 #ah4 ,by ^! ?ree4 ,?ree ?+sexpla9$ #bbi imm$iately z ref]r+ to ! fire1 ! smoke1 & ! brim/one4 ,0 ! ?ird "p ( m5 kill$4 ,see ,notes on *4 viii4 #gab1 on ea* ( :i* v]ses we h notices ( calamities t came ^u ! ?ird "p ( ! race1 ( ! sea1 ( riv]s1 c4 ,we are n to suppose t ?is is to be tak5 lit]ally1 b ! description is giv5 z x appe>$ to ,john4 ,^? imm5se numb]s ( horsem5 w\ld sweep ov] ! _w1 & a full ?ird "p ( ! race ( m5 w\ld seem to fall be=e !m4 #ai ,= _! p[] is 9 _! m\?1 & 9 _! tails3 = #cjf_! tails 7 l unto s]p5ts1 & _h heads1 & ) !m !y d hurt4 #ai4 ,= _! p[] is 9 _! m\?4 ,t is1 z describ$ 9 ! fire1 smoke1 & brim/one t proce$$ out ( _! m\?s4 ,:at /ruck ! se] z rem>kable on look+ on ! symbol 01 t ?is imm5se de/ruction seem$ to proce$ out ( _! m\?s4 ,x 0 n t !y trampl$ d[n _! enemies2 nor t !y de/roy$ !m ) ! sword1 ! b[1 or ! spe>3 x 0 "s new & rem>kable p[] 9 w>f>e9 :i* ! de/ruction seem$ to proce$ f fire1 & smoke1 & sulphur issu+ f ! m\?s ( ! horses !mselves4 ,& 9 _! tails4 ,! tails ( ! horses4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 some?+ unusual & rem>kable 9 horses1 = naturally !y h no p[] !re4 ,! p[] ( a fi%1 or a scorpion1 or a wasp1 may be said to be 9 _! tails1 = _! /r5g? or _! means ( def5ce or ( injury are !re2 b we nev] ?9k ( speak+ 9 ?is way ( horses4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ! int]pretation ( ?is1 to suppose t ! ref]5ce is lit]ally to ! tails ( ! horses1 any m ?an x is to suppose t ! smoke1 & fire1 & brim/one lit]ally proce$$ f _! m\?s4 ,john describes ?+s z !y appe>$ to him 9 look+ at !m f a consid]able di/ance4 ,f _! m\?s ! horses bel*$ =? fire1 & smoke1 & sulphur1 & ev5 _! tails seem$ to be arm$ = ! "w ( dea?4 ,= _! tails 7 l unto s]p5ts4 ,n l ! tails ( s]p5ts1 b l s]p5ts !mselves4 ,& _h heads4 ,t is1 !re 0 some?+ rem>kable 9 ! position & appe>ance ( _! heads4 ,all s]p5ts1 ( c\rse1 h heads2 b ,john saw some?+ unusual 9 ?isor some?+ s peculi> 9 _! heads z to attract special att5tion4 ,x w\ld seem mo/ probable t ! heads ( ^! s]p5ts appe>$ to ext5d 9 e directionz if ! hairs ( ! horses' tails _h be5 conv]t$ into snakes1 pres5t+ a mo/ fe>ful & de/ructive image4 ,p]haps x may illu/rate ?is to suppose t !re is ref]5ce to ! ,amphisbna1 or two-head$ snake4 ,x is said ( ?is reptile t its tail resembles a head1 & t ) ?is x ?r[s out its poison 7,lucan1 vol4 ix4 p4 #agi2 ,pl9y's ,hi/4 ,nat4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ce74 ,x really has b "o head1 b its tail has ! appe>ance ( a head1 & x has ! p[] ( mov+ 9 ei!r direction to a limit$ degree4 ,if we suppose ^! snakes fa/5$ to ! tail ( a horse1 ! appe>ance ( heads w\ld be v prom95t & rem>kable4 ,! image is t ( ! p[] ( de/ruction4 ,!y seem$ l ugly & poison\s s]p5ts in/ead ( tails4 ,& ) !m !y d hurt4 ,n ! ma9 injury1 b !y h ! p[] ( inflict+ "s injury by !m4 #bj ,& ! re/ ( ! m5 :i* 7 n kill$ by ^! plagues1 #cjgyet rep5t$ n ( ! works ( _! h&s1 t !y %\ld n #cjhwor%ip devils1 & #cji;idols ( gold1 & silv]1 & brass1 & /one1 & ( wood3 :i* nei!r c see1 nor he>1 nor walk4 #ba ,nei!r rep5t$ !y ( _! murd]s1 nor ( _! #cajsorc]ies1 nor ( _! =nication1 nor ( _! !fts4 #bj1 #ba4 ,& ! re/ ( ! m5 :i* 7 n kill$ by ^! plagues1 c4 ,"o ?ird "p is repres5t$ z swept (f1 & x might h be5 expect$ t a salut>y effect w\ld h be5 produc$ on ! rema9d]1 9 re=m+ !m1 & re/ra9+ !m f error & s94 ,! writ] proce$s to /ate1 h[ev]1 t ^! judgm5ts did n h ! effect :i* might #bcj reasonably h be5 anticipat$4 ,no re=mation foll[$2 !re 0 no ab&onm5t ( ! prevail+ =ms ( iniquity2 !re 0 no *ange 9 _! idolatry & sup]/ition4 ,9 reg>d to ! exact mean+ ( :at is "h /at$ 7v]4 #bj1 #ba71 x w be a m conv5i5t arrangem5t to consid] x aft] we h asc]ta9$ ! prop] application ( ! passage relat+ to ! six? trumpet4 ,:at is "h /at$ 7v]4 #bj1 #ba7 p]ta9s to ! /ate ( ! _w aft] ! desolations :i* w\ld occur "u ?is woe-trumpet2 & ! explanation ( ! words may be res]v$1 !re=e1 ) propriety1 until ! inquiry %all h be5 in/itut$ z to ! g5]al design ( ! :ole4 ,) respect to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is symbol! six? trumpetx w be necess>y to inquire :e!r !re has be5 any ev5t1 or class ( ev5ts1 occurr+ at su* a "t1 & 9 su* a mann]1 z w\ld be prop]ly d5ot$ by su* a symbol4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is "q w make x necess>y to g ov] ! lead+ po9ts 9 ! symbol1 & to endeav\r to apply !m4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i %all simply /ate1 ) su* illu/rations z may occur1 :at seems to me to h be5 ! design ( ! symbol4 ,x w\ld be an endless task to exam9e all ! explanations :i* h be5 propos$1 & x w\ld be useless to d s4 ,! ref]5ce1 !n1 seems to me to be to ! ,turki% p[]1 ext5d+ f ! "t ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,turks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,euphrates1 to ! f9al conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec4 ,! g5]al reasons = ?is op9ion are su* z ! foll[+37a7 ,if ! previ\s trumpet ref]r$ to ! ,s>ac5s1 or to ! rise ( ! ,mahometan p[] among ! ,arabs1 !n ! ,turki% dom9ion1 be+ ! next 9 succession1 w\ld be t :i* w\ld mo/ naturally be symboliz$4 7b7 ,! ,turki% p[] rose on ! decl9e ( ! ,arabic1 & 0 ! next important p[] 9 affect+ ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 7c7 ,?is p[]1 l ! =m]1 _h its seat 9 ! ,ea/1 & w\ld be prop]ly classifi$ "u ! ev5ts occurr+ !re z affect+ ! de/9y ( ! _w4 7d7 ,! introduction ( ?is p[] 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to complete ! survey ( ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire! great object kept 9 view all along 9 ^! symbols4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r ( ^! trumpets1 "u ! sev5? seal1 we f\nd ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,we/]n empire2 9 ! fir/ ( ! rema9+ ?ree! fif? 9 ord]we f\nd ! rise ( ! ,s>ac5s1 mat]ially affect+ ! condition ( ! ,ea/]n portion ( ! ,roman _w2 & ! notice ( ! ,turks1 "u :om ! empire at la/ fell to rise no m1 seem$ to be dem&$ 9 ord] to ! completion ( ! picture4 ,z a lead+ design ( ! :ole vision 0 to describe ! ultimate de/9y ( t =midable p[]! ,roman:i*1 9 ! "t :5 ! ,revelation 0 giv5 to ,john1 rul$ ov] ! :ole _w2 "u :i* ! *ur* 0 !n oppress$2 & :i*1 ei!r z a civil or ecclesia/ical p[]1 0 to ex]t s important an influ5ce on ! de/9y ( ! *ur*1 x 0 prop] t its hi/ory %\ld be sket*$ until x ceas$t is1 until ! conque/ ( ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n empire by ! ,turks4 ,"h ! t]m9ation ( ! empire1 z trac$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon1 closes2 & ^! ev5ts x 0 important to incorporate 9 ?is s]ies ( visions4 ,! rise & "* ( ! ,turki% p may be se5 /at$ 9 full 9 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 iii4 #ajaajc1 #aje1 #dhf2 iv4 #da1 #db1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #ajj1 #abg1 #adc1 #aea1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bhi1 #cej4 ,! lead+ facts 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ! ,turks1 s f> z !y are necess>y to be kn[n be=e we proce$ to apply ! symbols1 are ! foll[+37#a7 ,! ,turks1 or ,turkmans1 _h _! orig9 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & 7 divid$ into two bran*es1 "o on ! ea/1 & ! o!r on ! we/4 ,! latt] colony1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 c\ld mu/] =ty ?\s& soldi]s2 ! o!r numb]$ a hundr$ ?\s& families 7,gibbon1 iv4 #ij74 ,by ! latt] ( ^!1 ,p]sia 0 invad$ & subdu$1 & soon ,bagdad also came into _! possession1 & ! seat ( ! caliph 0 occupi$ by a ,turki% pr9ce4 ,! v>i\s details respect+ ?is1 & respect+ _! conv]sion to ! fai? ( ! ,koran1 may be se5 9 ,gibbon1 iv4 #ijic4 ,a mighty ,turki% & ,moslem p[] 0 ?us conc5trat$ "u ,togrul1 :o _h subdu$ ! caliph1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 ext5d+ ea/ ov] ,p]sia & ! c\ntries adjac5t to ! ,caspian ,sea1 b x _h n yet cross$ ! ,euphrates to c>ry its conque/s to ! we/4 ,! conque/ ( ,bagdad by ,togrul1 #bca ! fir/ pr9ce ( ! ,seljuk race1 0 an important ev5t1 n only 9 itself1 b z x 0 by ?is ev5t t ! ,turk 0 con/itut$ temporal lieut5ant ( ! prophet's vic>1 & s ! head ( ! temporal p[] ( ! religion ( ,islam4 8,! conqu]or ( ! ,ea/ kiss$ ! gr\nd1 /ood "s "t 9 a mode/ po/ure1 & 0 l$ t[>d ! ?rone by ! vizi] & an int]pret]4 ,aft] ,togrul _h seat$ himself on ano!r ?rone 8 commission 0 publicly read1 :i* decl>$ him ! temporal lieut5ant ( ! prophet4 ,he 0 successively inve/$ ) sev5 robes ( hon\r1 & pres5t$ ) sev5 slaves1 ! natives ( ! sev5 climates ( ! ,arabian empire1 c4 ,_! alliance ( ! sultan & ! caliph 0 cem5t$ by ! m>riage ( ,togrul's si/] ) ! successor ( ! prophet10 c4 7,gibbon1 iv4 #ic74 ,! conque/ ( ,p]sia1 ! subjugation ( ,bagdad1 ! union ( ! ,turki% p[] ) t ( ! caliph1 ! successor ( ,mahomet1 & ! f\ndation ( ?is p[]ful k+dom 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,euphrates1 is all t is necess>y to expla9 ! s5se ( ! phrase 8:i* 7 prep>$ = an h\r10 c41 v]4 #ae4 ,! arrangem5ts 7 !n made = ! important s]ies ( ev5ts :i* 7 to occur :5 t =midable p[] %\ld be summon$ f ! ,ea/1 to spread ! pr$ict$ desolation ov] s l>ge a "p ( ! _w4 ,a mighty dom9ion _h be5 =m+ 9 ! ,ea/ t _h subdu$ ,p]sia1 & t1 by union ) ! caliphs1 by ! subjugation ( ,bagdad1 & by embrac+ ! ,mahometan fai?1 _h become 8prep>$0 to play its subsequ5t important "p 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4 7#b7 ,! next important ev5t 9 _! hi/ory 0 ! cross+ ( ! ,euphrates1 & ! invasion ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is invasion c be be/ giv5 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,gibbon3 8,tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,basil ! ,greek emp]or1 8 successors 7 sudd5ly assault$ by an unkn[n race ( b>b>ians1 :o unit$ ! ,scy?ian val\r ) ! fanaticism ( new proselytes1 & ! art & ri*es ( a p[]ful mon>*y4 ,! myriads ( ,turki% horse ov]spread a fronti] ( six hundr$ miles f ,taurus to ,arz]\m1 & ! blood ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& ,*ri/ians 0 a grateful sacrifice to ! ,arabian prophet4 ,yet ! arms ( ,togrul did n make any deep or la/+ impression on ! ,greek empire4 ,! torr5t roll$ away f ! op5 c\ntry2 ! sultan retir$ )\t glory or success f ! siege ( an ,arm5ian city2 ! obscure ho/ilities 7 cont9u$ or susp5d$ ) a vicissitude ( ev5ts2 & ! brav]y ( ! ,mac$onian legions r5ew$ ! fame ( ! conqu]or ( ,asia4 ,! "n ( ,alp ,arslan1 ! valiant lion1 is expressive ( ! popul> idea ( ! p]fection ( man2 & ! successor ( ,togrul display$ ! fi]c5ess & g5]osity ( ! royal animal4 #8,! heads ( ! horses 7 z ! heads ( lions4' ,he pass$ ! ,euphrates at ! head ( ! ,turki% cavalry1 & ent]$ ,cs>ea1 ! metropolis ( ,cappadocia1 to :i* he _h be5 attract$ by ! fame & ! weal? ( ! temple ( ,/4 ,basil0 7vol4 iv4 #ic1 #id2 comp4 also p4 #ie74 7#c7 ,! next important ev5t 0 ! e/abli%+ ( ! k+dom ( ,r\m 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,aft] a succession ( victories & defeats2 aft] be+ driv5 once & aga9 f ,asia ,m9or1 & compell$ to retire beyond its limits2 & aft] subject+ ! ,ea/ to _! arms 7,gibbon1 iv4 #ieajj7 9 ! v>i\s conte/s = ! cr[n ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 ! aid ( ! ,turks 0 invok$ by "o p>ty or ! o!r until !y secur$ = !mselves a firm foo?old 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & e/abli%$ !mselves !re 9 a p]man5t k+domevid5tly ) ! purpose ( seiz+ ^u ,con/ant9ople itself :5 an opportunity %\ld be pres5t$ 7,gibbon1 iv4 #ajj1 #aja74 ,( ?is k+dom ( ,r\m ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iv4 #aja7 gives ! foll[+ description1 & speaks ?us ( ! effect ( its e/abli%m5t on ! de/9y ( ! ,ea/]n empire3 8,s9ce ! fir/ conque/s ( ! caliphs1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,turks 9 ,anatolia1 or ,asia ,m9or1 0 ! mo/ deplorable loss :i* ! *ur* & empire _h su/a9$4 ,by ! propagation ( ! ,moslem fai? ,soliman des]v$ ! "n ( ,gazi1 a holy *ampion2 & 8 new k+dom ( ! ,romans1 or ( ,r\m1 0 add$ to ! table ( ,ori5tal geography4 ,x is describ$ z ext5d+ f ! ,euphrates to ,con/ant9ople1 f ! ,black ,sea to ! conf9es ( ,syria2 pregnant ) m9es ( silv] & iron1 ( alum & copp]1 fruitful 9 corn & w9e1 & productive ( cattle & excell5t horses4 ,! weal? ( ,lydia1 ! arts ( ! ,greeks1 ! spl5d\r ( ! ,augu/an age1 #bcb exi/$ only 9 books & ru9s1 :i* 7 equally obscure 9 ! eyes ( ! ,scy?ian conqu]ors4 ,by ! *oice ( ! ,sultan1 ,nice1 ! metropolis ( ,bi?ynia1 0 pref]r$ = 8 palace & =tress! seat ( ! ,seljukian dyna/y ( ,r\m 0 plant$ "o hundr$ miles f ,con/ant9ople2 & ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ 0 d5i$ & d]id$ 9 ! same temple 9 :i* x _h be5 pron\nc$ by ! fir/ g5]al synod ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,! unity ( ,god & ! mission ( ,mahomet 7 prea*$ 9 ! mosques2 ! ,arabian le>n+ 0 taught 9 ! s*ools2 ! cadis judg$ accord+ to ! law ( ! ,koran2 ! ,turki% mann]s & language prevail$ 9 ! cities2 & ,turkman camps 7 scatt]$ ov] ! pla9s & m\nta9s ( ,anatolia10 c4 7#d7 ,! next mat]ial ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,turki% p[] 0 ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,see ?is describ$ 9 ,gibbon1 iv4 #ajbajf4 ,by ?is ! att5tion ( ! ,turks 0 turn$ = a "t f ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9oplean ev5t at :i* ! ,turki% p[] all along aim$1 & 9 :i* !y d\btless expect$ to be ultimately successful4 ,_h !y n be5 div]t$ f x by ! w>s connect$ ) ! ,crusades1 ,con/ant9ople w\ld h fall5 long be=e x did fall1 = x 0 too feeble to def5d itself if x _h be5 attack$4 7#e7 ,! conque/ ( ,j]usalem by ! ,turks1 & ! oppressions :i* ,*ri/ians exp]i5c$ !re1 gave rise to ! ,crusades1 by :i* ! de/9y ( ,con/ant9ople 0 /ill long] delay$4 ,! w> ( ! ,crusades 0 made on ! ,turks1 & z ! crusad]s mo/ly pass$ ?r\gh ,con/ant9ople & ,anatolia1 all ! p[] ( ! ,turks 9 ,asia ,m9or 0 requisite to def5d !mselves1 & !y 7 incapable ( mak+ an attack on ,con/ant9ople until aft] ! f9al defeat ( ! crusad]s & re/oration ( peace4 ,see ,gibbon1 iv4 #ajfbaj4 7#f7 ,! next mat]ial ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,turks 0 ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #adec;an ev5t :i* e/abli%$ ! ,turki% p[] 9 ,europe & complet$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire 7,gibbon1 iv4 #ccccei74 ,aft] ?is brief ref]5ce to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,turki% p[]1 we are prep>$ to inquire m p>ticul>ly :e!r ! symbol 9 ! passage be=e u is applicable to ?is s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,?is may be consid]$ 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 7#a7 ,! "t4 ,if ! fir/ woe-trumpet ref]r$ to ! ,s>ac5s1 !n x w\ld be natural t ! rise & progress ( ! ,turki% p[] %\ld be symboliz$ z ! next great fact 9 hi/ory1 & z t "u :i* ! empire fell4 ,z we h se51 ! ,turki% p[] rose imm$iately aft] ! p[] ( ! ,s>ac5s _h rea*$ its height1 & id5tifi$ itself ) ! ,mahometan religion2 & 01 9 fact1 ! next great p[] t affect$ ! ,roman empire1 ! welf>e ( ! *ur*1 & ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! "t is su* z is dem&$ 9 ! prop] int]pretation ( ! symbol4 7#b7 ,! place4 ,we h se5 79 ! rem>ks on v]4 #ad7 t ?is 0 on or ne> ! riv] ,euphrates1 & t ?is p[] 0 long =m+ & consolidat+ itself on ! ea/ ( t riv] be=e x cross$ x 9 ! invasion ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x _h spread ov] ,p]sia1 & _h ev5 invad$ ! region ( ! ,ea/ z f> z ! ,indies2 x _h secur$1 "u ,togrul1 ! conque/ ( ,bagdad1 & _h unit$ itself ) ! caliphate1 & 01 9 fact1 a mighty p[] 8prep>$0 = conque/ be=e x mov$ to ! we/4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iv4 #ib7 says1 8,! m ru/ic1 p]haps ! wise/1 portion ( ! ,turkmans cont9u$ to dwell 9 ! t5ts ( _! ance/ors2 & f ! ,oxus to ! ,euphrates ^! milit>y colonies 7 protect$ & propagat$ by _! native pr9ces40 ,s aga91 speak+ ( ,alp ,arslan1 ! son & successor ( ,togrul1 he says 7iv4 #id71 8,he pass$ ! ,euphrates at ! head ( ! ,turki% cavalry1 & ent]$ ,cs>ea1 ! metropolis ( ,cappadocia1 to :i* he 0 attract$ by ! fame & ! weal? ( ! temple ( ,/4 ,basil40 ,if x be admitt$ t x 0 int5d$ by ,john to ref] to ! ,turki% p[]1 x c\ld n h be5 bett] repres5t$ ?an z a p[] t _h be5 =m+ 9 ! vic9ity ( t great riv]1 & t 0 prep>$ to precipitate itself on ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,to "o contemplat+ x 9 ! "t ( ,togrul or ,alp ,arslan1 x w\ld h appe>$ z a mighty p[] gr[+ up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,euphrates4 7#c7 ,! f\r angels3 8,loose ! f\r angels :i* are b\nd40 ,t is1 loose ! p[]s :i* are 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,euphrates1 z if !y 7 "u ! control ( f\r angels4 ,! mo/ natural con/ruction ( ?is w\ld #bcc be1 t "u ! mighty p[] t 0 to sweep ov] ! _w1 !re 7 f\r subord9ate p[]s1 or t !re 7 su* subdivisions t x might be suppos$ !y 7 rang$ "u f\r angelic p[]s or lead]s4 ,! "q is1 :e!r !re 0 any su* division or arrangem5t ( ! ,turki% p[]1 t1 to "o look+ on x at a di/ance1 !re w\ld seem to be su* a division4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7iv4 #ajj7 we f9d ! foll[+ /atem5t38,! greatness & unity ( ! ,turki% empire expir$ 9 ! p]son ( ,malek ,%ah4 ,! vacant ?rone 0 disput$ by 8 bro!r & 8 f\r sons2 &1 aft] a s]ies ( civil w>s1 ! treaty :i* reconcil$ ! surviv+ c&idates confirm$ a la/+ sep>ation 9 ! ,p]sian dyna/y1 ! olde/ & pr9cipal bran* ( ! h\se ( ,seljuk4 ,! ?ree y\ng] dyna/ies 7 ^? ( ,k]man1 ( ,syria1 & ( ,r\m2 ! fir/ ( ^! comm&$ an ext5sive1 ?\gh obscure dom9ion1 on ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean2 ! second expell$ ! ,arabian pr9ces ( ,aleppo & ,damascus2 & ! ?ird 7our peculi> c>e7 invad$ ! ,roman prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! g5]\s policy ( ,malek contribut$ to _! elevation2 he all[$ ! pr9ces ( 8 blood1 ev5 ^? :om he _h vanqui%$ 9 ! field1 to seek new k+doms wor?y ( _! ambition2 nor 0 he displeas$ t !y %\ld draw away ! m ard5t spirits :o might h di/urb$ ! tranquillity ( 8 reign4 ,z ! supreme head ( 8 family & nation1 ! great ,sultan ( ,p]sia comm&$ ! ob$i5ce & tribute ( 8 royal bre?r53 ! ?rones ( ,k]man & ,nice1 ( ,aleppo & ,damascus2 ! atabeks & emirs ( ,syria & ,mesopotamia erect$ _! /&>ds "u ! %ad[ ( 8 sceptre1 & ! hordes ( ,turkmans ov]spread ! pla9s ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,malek ! b&s ( union & subord9ation 7 gradually relax$ & dissolv$2 ! indulg5ce ( ! h\se ( ,seljuk inve/$ _! slaves ) ! inh]itance ( k+doms2 &1 9 ! ,ori5tal /yle1 a cr[d ( pr9ces arose f ! du/ ( _! feet40 ,"h x is obs]vable1 t1 at ! p]iod :5 ! ,turkman hordes 7 ab\t to precipitate !mselves on ,europe1 & to advance to ! de/ruction ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 we h di/9ct m5tion ( f\r great dep>tm5ts ( ! ,turki% p[]3 ! orig9al p[] t _h e/abli%$ itself 9 ,p]sia1 "u ,malek ,%ah1 & ! ?ree subord9ate p[]s t sprung out ( t ( ,k]man1 ,syria1 & ,r\m4 ,x is obs]vable 7a7 t ?is occurs at ! p]iod :5 t p[] w\ld appe> 9 ! ,ea/ z advanc+ 9 its conque/s to ! ,we/2 7b7 t x 0 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great riv] ,euphrates2 7c7 t x _h nev] be=e occurr$! ,turki% p[] hav+ be5 be=e unit$ z "o2 & 7d7 t x nev] aft]w>ds occurr$=1 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8aft] ! dea? ( ,malek ! b&s ( union & subord9ation 7 relax$ & f9ally dissolv$40 ,x w\ld n be improp]1 !n1 to look ^u ?is "o mighty p[] z "u ! control ( f\r spirits t 7 held 9 *eck 9 ! ,ea/1 & t 7 8prep>$0 to p\r _! en]gies on ! ,roman empire4 7#d7 ,! prep>ation3 8,prep>$ = an h\r10 c4 ,t is1 arrang$2 made readyz if by previ\s discipl9e= "s mighty ent]prise4 ,appli$ to ! ,turkmans1 ?is w\ld mean t ! prep>ation = ! ultimate "w :i* !y execut$ _h be5 mak+ z t p[] increas$ & became consolidat$ "u ,togrul1 ,alp ,arslan1 & ,malek ,%ah4 ,9 its successful /rides ,p]sia & ! ,ea/ _h be5 subdu$2 ! caliph at ,bagdad _h be5 br\ght "u ! control ( ! sultan2 a union _h be5 =m$ betwe5 ! ,turks & ! ,s>ac5s2 & ! sultanies ( ,k]man1 ,syria1 & ,r\m _h be5 e/abli%$embrac+ toge!r all ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/1 & con/itut+ ?is by f> ! mo/ mighty nation on ! globe4 ,all ?is w\ld seem to be a "w ( prep>ation to d :at 0 aft]w>ds done z se5 9 ! visions ( ,john4 7#e7 ,! fact t !y 7 b\nd3 8,:i* are b\nd 9 ! great riv] ,euphrates40 ,t is1 !y 71 z x 71 re/ra9$ & kept back = a long "t 9 t vic9ity4 ,x w\ld h be5 natural to suppose t t va/ p[] w\ld at once move on t[>d ! ,we/ to ! conque/ ( ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,su* _h be5 ! case ) ! ,huns1 ! ,go?s1 & ! ,v&als4 ,b ^! ,turki% hordes _h be5 long re/ra9$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y _h subdu$ ,p]sia4 ,!y _h !n a*iev$ ! conque/ ( ,india4 ,!y _h conqu]$ ,bagdad1 & ! entire ,ea/ 0 "u _! control4 #bcd ,yet = a long "t !y _h n[ be5 inactive1 & x w\ld seem z if !y _h be5 b\nd or re/ra9$ by "s mighty p[] f mov+ 9 _! conque/s to ! ,we/4 7#f7 ,! mat]ial t compos$ ! army3 8,& ! numb] ( ! army ( ! horsem540 8,& ?us ,i saw ! horses 9 ! vision4,& ! heads ( ! horses 7 z ! heads ( lions40 ,f ?is x appe>s t ?is va/ ho/ 0 compos$ ma9ly ( cavalry2 & x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is description w\ld apply bett] to ! ,turki% hordes ?an to any o!r body ( invad]s kn[n 9 hi/ory4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon 7vol4 iv4 p4 #id7 says1 8,! myriads ( ! ,turki% horse ov]spread a fronti] ( six hundr$ miles1 f ,taurus to ,arz]\m10 ,a4,d4 #ajej4 ,s aga91 speak+ ( ,togrul 7vol4 iv4 p4 #id71 8,he pass$ ! ,euphrates at ! head ( ! ,turki% cavalry0 7ibid474 ,s aga9 7vol4 iii4 p4 #ie71 8,alp ,arslan flew to ! sc5e ( action at ! head ( =ty ?\s& horse40 ,a4,d4 #ajga4 ,s 9 ! attack ( ! crusad]s on ,nice1 ! capital ( ! ,turki% k+dom ( ,r\m1 ,mr4 ,gibbon 7vol4 iv4 p4 #abg7 says ( ! sultan ,soliman3 8,yield+ to ! fir/ impulse ( ! torr5t1 he deposit$ 8 treasure & family 9 ,nice2 retir$ to ! m\nta9s ) fifty ?\s& horse10 c4 ,& s aga9 7ibid471 speak+ ( ! ,turks :o ralli$ to oppose ! 8/range0 invasion ( 8! ,we/]n b>b>ians10 he says1 8,! ,turki% emirs obey$ ! call ( loyalty or religion2 ! ,turkman hordes encamp$ r\nd 8 /&>d2 & 8 :ole =ce is loosely /at$ by ! ,*ri/ians at two hundr$1 or ev5 ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& horse10 ,a4,d4 #ajig4 ,e /ud5t ( hi/ory kn[s t ! ,turks1 or ,turkmans1 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 7 rem>kable = _! cavalry4 7#g7 ,_! numb]s3 8,& ! numb] ( ! army ( ! horsem5 7 two hundr$ ?\s& ?\s&40 ,t is1 x 0 va/1 or x 0 su* z to be reckon$ by myriads1 or by t5s ( ?\s&s two myriads ( myriads4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon 7vol4 iv4 p4 #id7 says1 8,! myriads ( ,turki% horse ov]spread10 c4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,daubuz t 9 ?is !re may be probably an allusion to ! ,turkman cu/om ( numb]+ by tomans1 or myriads4 ,?is cu/om1 x is true1 has exi/$ else:]e1 b !re is probably none ) :om x has be5 s famili> z ) ! ,t>t>s & ,turks4 ,9 ! ,seljukian age ! population ( ,sam>c& 0 rat$ at sev5 tomans 7myriads71 because x c\ld s5d out #gj1jjj w>riors4 ,! dignity & rank ( ,tam]lane's fa!r & gr&fa!r 0 ?us describ$1 t 8!y 7 ! h]$it>y *iefs ( a toman1 or #aj1jjj horse0a myriad 7,gibbon1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bgj72 s t x is n )\t 8 usual propriety ( language t ,mr4 ,gibbon speaks ( ! myriads ( ! ,turki% horse1 or ( ! cavalry ( ! e>li] ,turks ( ,m\nt ,altai1 8be+1 bo? m5 & horses1 pr\dly comput$ by myriads40 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 t to no o!r invad+ ho/s c\ld ! language "h us$ be s well appli$1 & if x 7 suppos$ t ,john 0 writ+ aft] ! ev5t1 ?is w\ld be ! language :i* he w\ld be likely to employ= ?is is ne>ly ! id5tical language employ$ by ! hi/orian ,gibbon4 7#h7 ,_! p]sonal appe>ance3 8,!m t sat on !m hav+ brea/plates ( fire1 & ( jac9?1 & brim/one0z expla9$ above1 9 a 8uni=m0 ( r$1 & blue1 & yell[4 ,?is might1 und\bt$ly1 be applicable to o!r armies besides ! ,turki% hordes2 b ! prop] "q "h is1 :e!r x w\ld be applicable to !m4 ,! fact ( ! application ( ! symbol to ! ,turks 9 g5]al mu/ be det]m9$ f o!r po9ts 9 ! symbol :i* designate !m cle>ly2 ! only natural inquiry "h is1 :e!r ?is description w\ld apply to ! ,turki% ho/s2 = if x w\ld n1 t w\ld be fatal to ! :ole int]pretation4 ,on ! application ( ?is passage to ! ,turks ,mr4 ,daubuz ju/ly rem>ks1 t 8f _! fir/ appe>ance ! ,ottomans h affect$ to we> w>like app>el ( sc>let1 blue1 & yell[a descriptive trait ! m m>k$ f its contra/ to ! milit>y appe>ance ( ! ,greeks1 ,franks1 or ,s>ac5s contempor>ily40 ,mr4 ,elliott adds3 8,x only ne$s to h se5 ! ,turki% cavalry 7z !y 7 be=e ! late innovations71 :e!r 9 w> itself1 or 9 ! dj]rid w>'s mimicry1 to leave an impression ( ! absolute necessity ( "s su* notice ( _! ri* & v>i$ col\r+s1 9 ord] to give 9 description at all a j impression ( _! appe>ance10 vol4 i4 p4 #dha4 7#i7 ,! rem>kable appe>ance ( ! cavalry3 8,hav+ brea/plates ( fire1 & ( jac9?1 & brim/one2 & ! #bce heads ( ! horses 7 z ! heads ( lions2 & out ( _! m\?s issu$ fire1 & smoke1 & brim/one40 ,x 0 rem>k$ 9 ! exposition ( ?is passage t ?is is j su* a description z w\ld be giv5 ( an army to :i* ! use ( gunp[d] 0 kn[n1 & :i* made use ( x 9 ^! w>s4 ,look+ n[ ^u a body ( cavalry 9 ! heat ( an engagem5t1 x w\ld seem1 if ! cause 7 n kn[n1 t ! horses bel*$ =? smoke & sulphur\s flame4 ,! only "q n[ is1 :e!r 9 ! w>f>e ( ! ,turks !re 0 any?+ :i* w\ld peculi>ly or rem>kably ju/ify ?is description4 ,& "h x is impossible n to adv]t to ! hi/orical fact t !y 7 among ! fir/ to make use ( gunp[d] 9 _! w>s1 & t to ! use ( ?is de/ructive elem5t !y ow$ mu* ( _! success & _! ultimate triumphs4 ,! hi/orical tru? ( ?is x is necess>y n[ to adv]t to1 & ?is w be done by a ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,gibbon1 & to ! acc\nt :i* he has giv5 ( ! f9al conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks4 ,x w be se5 h[ he puts ?is new in/rum5tality ( w> into ! =egr\nd 9 8 acc\nt2 h[ prom95t ?is seem$ to him to be 9 describ+ ! victories ( ! ,turks2 & h[ probable1 !re=e1 x is t ,john1 9 describ+ an invasion by !m1 w\ld ref] to ! 8fire & smoke & brim/one10 t seem$ to be emitt$ f ! m\?s ( _! horses4 ,z prep>atory to ! acc\nt ( ! siege & conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 ,mr4 ,gibbon gives a description ( ! inv5tion & use ( gunp[d]4 8,! *emi/s ( ,*9a or ,europe _h f\nd1 by casual or elaborate exp]im5ts1 t a mixture ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal produces1 ) a sp>k ( fire1 a trem5d\s explosion4 ,x 0 soon obs]v$ t if ! expansive =ce 7 compress$ 9 a /rong tube1 a ball ( /one or iron might be expell$ ) irresi/ible & de/ructive velocity4 ,! precise era ( ! inv5tion & application ( gunp[d] is involv$ 9 d\btful traditions & equivocal language2 yet we may cle>ly disc]n t x 0 kn[n be=e ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & t be=e ! end ( ! same ! use ( artill]y 9 battles & sieges1 by sea & l&1 0 famili> to ! /ates ( ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,! priority ( nations is ( small acc\nt2 none c\ld d]ive any exclusive b5efit f _! previ\s or sup]ior k2 & 9 ! common improvem5t !y /ood on ! same level ( relative p[] & milit>y sci5ce4 ,nor 0 x possible to circumscribe ! secret )9 ! pale ( ! *ur*2 x 0 disclos$ to ! ,turks by ! trea*]y ( apo/ates & ! selfi% policy ( rivals2 & ! sultans _h s5se to adopt1 & weal? to rew>d1 ! tal5ts ( a ,*ri/ian eng9e]4 ,by ! ,v5etians ! use ( gunp[d] 0 communicat$ )\t reproa* to ! sultans ( ,egypt & ,p]sia1 _! allies aga9/ ! ,ottoman p[]2 ! secret 0 soon propagat$ to ! extremities ( ,asia2 & ! advantage ( ! ,european 0 conf9$ to 8 easy victories ov] ! savages ( ! ,new ,_w10 vol4 iv4 p4 #bia4 ,9 ! description ( ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople ,mr4 ,gibbon makes frequ5t m5tion ( _! artill]y1 & ( ! use ( gunp[d]1 & ( its important ag5cy 9 secur+ _! f9al conque/s1 & 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,ea/]n empire4 8,among ! implem5ts ( de/ruction he ! ,turki% sultan /udi$ ) peculi> c>e ! rec5t & trem5d\s discov]y ( ! ,lat9s2 & 8 artill]y surpass$ :atev] _h yet appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,a f\nd] ( cannon1 a ,dane or ,hung>ian1 :o _h almo/ />v$ 9 ! ,greek s]vice1 des]t$ to ! ,moslems1 & 0 lib]ally ent]ta9$ by ! ,turki% sultan4 ,mahomet 0 satisfi$ ) ! answ] to 8 fir/ "q1 :i* he eag]ly press$ on ! arti/3 #8,am ,i able to ca/ a cannon capable ( ?r[+ a ball or /one ( suffici5t size to batt] ! walls ( ,con/ant9ople8 ,i am n ignorant ( _! /r5g?1 b1 7 !y m solid ?an ^? ( ,babylon1 ,i c\ld oppose an eng9e ( sup]ior p[]2 ! position & managem5t ( t eng9e mu/ be left to y\r eng9e]s4' ,on ?is assurance a f\ndry 0 e/abli%$ at ,adrianople2 ! metal 0 prep>$2 & at ! end ( ?ree mon?s ,urban produc$ a piece ( brass ordnance ( /up5d\s & almo/ incr$ible magnitude3 a measure ( twelve palms is assign$ to ! bore2 & ! /one bullet weigh$ above six hundr$ p\nds4 ,a vacant place be=e ! new palace 0 *os5 = ! fir/ exp]im5t2 b to prev5t ! sudd5 & mis*iev\s effects ( a/oni%m5t & fe>1 a proclamation 0 issu$ t ! cannon w\ld be #bcf dis*>g$ ! ensu+ day4 ,! explosion 0 felt or he>d 9 a circuit ( a hundr$ furlongs2 ! ball1 by =ce ( gunp[d]1 0 driv5 above a mile2 & on ! spot :]e x fell x buri$ itself a fa?om deep 9 ! gr\nd10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cci4 ,s1 9 speak+ ( ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 ,mr4 ,gibbon says ( ! def5ce by ! ,*ri/ians 7vol4 iv4 p4 #cdc73 8,! incessant volleys ( lances & arr[s 7 accompani$ ) ! smoke1 ! s\nd1 & ! fire ( _! musketry & cannon40 8,! same de/ructive secret10 he adds1 8_h be5 reveal$ to ! ,moslems1 by :om x 0 employ$ ) ! sup]ior en]gy ( zeal1 ri*es1 & despotism4 ,! great cannon ( ,mahomet has be5 sep>ately notic$an important & visible object 9 ! hi/ory ( ! times2 b t enorm\s eng9e 0 flank$ by two fell[s almo/ ( equal magnitude2 ! long ord] ( ! ,turki% artill]y 0 po9t$ aga9/ ! walls2 f\rte5 batt]ies ?und]$ at once on ! mo/ accessible places2 & ( "o ( ^! x is ambigu\sly express$ t x 0 m\nt$ ) "o hundr$ & ?irty guns1 or t x dis*>g$ "o hundr$ & ?irty bullets10 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,aga93 8,! fir/ r&om %ots 7 productive ( m s\nd ?an effect2 & x 0 by ! advice ( a ,*ri/ian t ! eng9e]s 7 taught to level _! aim aga9/ ! two opposite sides ( ! sali5t angles ( a ba/ion4 ,h[ev] imp]fect1 ! weight & repetition ( ! fire made "s impression on ! walls10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cdd4 ,& aga93 8,a circum/ance t di/+ui%es ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople is ! reunion ( ! anci5t & mod]n artill]y4 ,! cannon 7 int]m+l$ ) ! me*anical eng9es = ca/+ /ones & d>ts2 ! bullet & ! batt]+-ram 7 direct$ aga9/ ! same walls2 nor _h ! discov]y ( gunp[d] sup]s$$ ! use ( ! liquid & inext+ui%able fire10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cdd4 ,s aga91 9 ! description ( ! f9al conflict :5 ,con/ant9ople 0 tak51 ,mr4 ,gibbon says1 8,f ! l9es1 ! galleys1 & ! bridge1 ! ,ottoman artill]y ?und]$ on all sides2 & ! camp & city1 ! ,greeks & ! ,turks1 7 involv$ 9 a cl\d ( smoke :i* c\ld only be dispell$ by ! f9al deliv]ance or de/ruction ( ! ,roman empire10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cej4 ,assur$ly1 if su* 0 ! fact 9 ! conque/s ( ! ,turks1 x 0 n unnatural 9 "o :o 0 look+ on ^! w>riors 9 vision to describe !m z if !y seem$ to bel* out 8fire & smoke & brim/one40 ,if ,mr4 ,gibbon _h design$ to describe ! conque/ ( ! ,turks z a fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction1 c\ld he h done x 9 a /yle m cle> & graphic ?an t :i* he has employ$8 ,if ?is _h occurr$ 9 a ,*ri/ian writ]1 w\ld x n h be5 *>g$ on him t he _h %ap$ 8 facts to meet 8 notions ( ! mean+ ( ! prophecy8 7#aj7 ,! /atem5t t 8_! p[] 0 9 _! m\?1 & 9 _! tails10 v]4 #ai4 ,! =m] "p ( ?is has be5 illu/rat$4 ,! inquiry n[ is1 :at is ! mean+ ( ! decl>ation t 8_! p[] 0 9 _! tails80 ,9 v]4 #ai _! tails are describ$ z resembl+ 8s]p5ts1 hav+ heads10 & x is said t 8) !m !y d hurt40 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,! allusion to ! 8s]p5ts0 w\ld seem to imply t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! horses' tails1 z comp>$ ) !m1 or 9 "s use t 0 made ( !m1 :i* w\ld make ?is language prop]2 t is1 t _! appe>ance w\ld s sugge/ ! idea ( dea? & de/ruction1 t ! m9d w\ld easily imag9e !y 7 a bundle ( s]p5ts4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks may %[ h[ applicable ?is 0 to ! ,turks3 7a7 ,9 ! ,turki% hordes !re 0 some?+1 :atev] x 01 t naturally sugge/$ "s resemblance to s]p5ts4 ,( ! ,turkmans :5 !y began to spread _! conque/s ov] ,asia1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & an ef=t 0 made to r\se ! p aga9/ !m1 ,mr4 ,gibbon makes ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,mass\d1 ! son & successor ( ,mahm\d1 _h too long neglect$ ! advice ( 8 wise/ ,omrahs4 #8,y\r enemies' ! ,turkmans1 !y repeat$ly urg$1 '7 9 _! orig9 a sw>m ( ants2 !y are n[ little snakes2 & unless !y be in/antly cru%$1 !y w acquire ! v5om & magnitude ( s]p5ts10 vol4 iv4 p4 #ia4 7b7 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! horse's tail is a well-kn[n ,turki% /&>da symbol ( (fice & au?ority4 8,! pa%as are di/+ui%$1 aft] a ,t>t> cu/om1 by ?ree horsetails on ! side ( _! t5ts1 & receive by c\rtesy ! title ( beyl] bey1 or pr9ce ( pr9ces4 ,! next 9 rank are ! pa%as ( two tails1 ! beys :o are hon\r$ ) "o tail40,ed94 ,ency4 #bcg 7art4 8,turkey074 ,9 ! times ( _! e>ly w>like c>e] ! pr9cipal /&>d 0 once lo/ 9 battle1 & ! ,turkman comm&]1 9 default1 cut (f 8 horse's tail1 lift$ x on a pole1 made x ! rally+ ensign1 & s ga9$ ! victory4 ,s ,t\rne=t 9 8 ,travels /ates4 ,! foll[+ is ,f]r>io's acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?is ensign38,an au?or acqua9t$ ) _! cu/oms says1 t a g5]al ( !irs1 n kn[+ h[ to rally 8 troops t _h lo/ _! /&>ds1 cut (f a horse's tail1 & fix$ x to ! end ( a spe>2 & ! soldi]s rally+ at t signal1 ga9$ ! victory40 ,he adds f>!r1 t :]eas 8on 8 appo9tm5t a pa%a ( ! ?ree tails us$ to receive a drum & a /&>d1 n[ = ! drum !re h be5 sub/itut$ ?ree horses' tails1 ti$ at ! end ( a spe>1 r\nd a gild$ haft4 ,"o ( ! fir/ (fic]s ( ! palace pres5ts him ^! ?ree tails z a /&>d0 7,elliott1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dhe1 #dhf74 ,?is rem>kable /&>d or ensign is f\nd only among ! ,turks1 &1 if !re 0 an int5d$ ref]5ce to !m1 ! symbol "h w\ld be ! prop] "o to be adopt$4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage :]e x is said t 8_! p[] is 9 _! tails0 w\ld seem to be1 t _! tails 7 ! symbol or emblem ( _! au?orityz 9 fact ! horse's tail is 9 ! appo9tm5t ( a pa%a4 ,! image be=e ! m9d ( ,john w\ld seem to h be51 t he saw ! horses bel*+ out fire & smoke1 &1 :at 0 equally /range1 he saw t _! p[] ( spread+ desolation 0 connect$ ) ! tails ( horses4 ,anyone look+ on a body ( cavalry ) su* bann]s or ensigns w\ld be /ruck ) ?is unusual & rem>kable appe>ance1 & w\ld speak ( _! bann]s z conc5trat+ & direct+ _! p[]4 ,! above engrav+1 repres5t+ ! /&>d ( a ,turki% pa%a1 w illu/rate ! passage be=e u4 ,illu/ration3 ,/&>d-be>] ( a ,turki% ,pa%a4 7#aa7 ,! numb] sla91 v]4 #ah4 ,t is said to h be5 8! ?ird "p ( m540 ,no "o 9 read+ ! acc\nts ( ! w>s ( ! ,turks1 & ( ! ravages :i* !y h committ$1 w\ld be likely to feel t ?is is an exagg]ation4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t x is lit]ally accurate1 b x is su* a repres5tation z w\ld /rike "o 9 look+ ov] ! _w1 & contemplat+ ! effect ( _! invasions4 ,if ! o!r specifications 9 ! symbol are correct1 !re w\ld be no hesitation 9 admitt+ ! propriety ( ?is4 7#ab7 ,! "t ( ! cont9uance ( ?is p[]4 ,?is is a mat]ial1 & a m difficult po9t4 ,x is said 7v]4 #ae7 to be 8an h\r1 & a day1 & a mon?1 & a ye>20 t is1 z expla9$1 ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-"o ye>s1 & ! portion ( a ye> indicat$ by ! expression 8an h\r20 to wit1 an additional twelf? or tw5ty-f\r? "p ( a ye>4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r1 suppos+ ! "t to :i* ?is rea*es to be ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ! consequ5t d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire! object 9 view 9 ?is s]ies ( visions9 reckon+ back f t p]iod = #cia ye>s1 we %\ld rea* an epo* t w\ld prop]ly d5ote ! mov+ =w>d ( ?is p[] t[>ds its f9al conque/2 t is1 :e!r !re 0 any su* m>k$ epo* t1 if ! #cia ye>s 7 add$ to x1 x w\ld rea* ! ye> ( ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #adec4 ,! p]iod t w\ld be indicat$ by tak+ ! numb] #cia f #adec w\ld be #ajfb;& t is ! "t 9 :i* we are to look = ! ev5t ref]r$ to4 ,?is is on ! supposition t ! ye> consi/$ ( #cfj days1 or twelve mon?s ( ?irty days ea*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( ?is1 we reckon #cfe days & six h\rs1 !n ! l5g? ( "t w\ld be f\nd to am\nt to #cif ye>s & #bch #ajf days4#caa ,?is w\ld make ! "t ( ! 8loos5+ ( ! angels10 or ! mov+ =w>d ( ?is p[]1 to be ,a4,d4 #ajeg4 ,9 ! unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t1 & 9 ! unsettl$ /ate ( anci5t *ronology1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be va9 to hope = m9ute accuracy1 & x is n reasonable to dem& x ( an int]pret]4 ,on any fair pr9ciple ( int]pretation x w\ld be suffici5t if at ab\t "o ( ^! p]iods,a4,d4 #ajfb or ,a4,d4 #ajeg!re 0 f\nd su* a def9ite or /rongly m>k$ ev5t z w\ld indicate a movem5t ( ! hi!rto re/ra9$ p[] t[>d ! ,we/4 ,?is is ! real po9t1 !n1 to be det]m9$4 ,n[1 9 a common "w on *ronology ,i f9d ?is record3 8,a4,d4 #ajee1 ,turks r$uce ,bagdad1 & ov]turn ! empire ( ! caliphs40 ,9 a "w /ill m important to our purpose 7,gibbon1 iv4 #ib1 #ic71 "u ! date ( ,a4,d4 #ajee1 ,i f9d a s]ies ( /atem5ts :i* w %[ ! propriety ( ref]r+ to t ev5t z ! "o by :i* ?is p[]1 s long re/ra9$1 0 8let loose20 t is1 0 plac$ 9 su* a /ate t its f9al conque/ ( ! ,ea/]n empire c]ta9ly foll[$4 ,! ev5t 0 ! union ( ! ,turki% p[] ) ! caliphate 9 su* a way t ! sultan 0 reg>d$ z 8! temporal lieut5ant ( ! vic> ( ! prophet40 ,( ?is ev5t ,mr4 ,gibbon gives ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! conv]sion ( ! ,turks to ! ,moslem fai?1 & especially ! zeal ) :i* ! son ( ,seljuk _h embrac$ t fai?1 he proce$s to /ate ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,turki% sultan ,togrul came 9 possession ( ,bagdad1 & 0 inve/$ ) ! high (fice ( ! 8temporal lieut5ant ( ! vic> ( ! prophet40 ,!re 7 two caliphs1 ^? ( ,bagdad & ,egypt1 & 8! sublime "* ( ! successor ( ! prophet0 0 8disput$0 by !m1 iv4 #ic4 ,ea* ( !m became 8solicit\s to prove 8 title 9 ! judgm5t ( ! /rong ?\gh illit]ate b>b>ians40 ,mr4 ,gibbon !n says1 8,mahm\d ! ,gaznevide _h decl>$ himself 9 fav\r ( ! l9e ( ,abbas2 & _h treat$ ) indignity ! robe ( hon\r :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! ,fatimite ambassador4 ,yet ! ungrateful ,ha%emite _h *ang$ ) ! *ange ( =tune2 he applaud$ ! victory ( ,z5decan1 & nam$ ! ,seljukian sultan 8 temporal viceg]5t ov] ! ,moslem _w4 ,z ,togrul execut$ & enl>g$ ?is important tru/1 he 0 call$ to ! deliv]ance ( ! caliph ,cayem1 & obey$ ! holy summons1 :i* gave a new k+dom to 8 arms4 ,9 ! palace ( ,bagdad ! comm&] ( ! fai?ful /ill slumb]$1 a v5]able phantom4 ,8 s]vant or ma/]1 ! pr9ce ( ! ,b[ides1 c\ld no long] protect him f ! insol5ce ( mean] tyrants2 & ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris 7 oppress$ by ! revolt ( ! ,turki% & ,arabian emirs4 ,! pres5ce ( a conqu]or 0 implor$ z a bless+2 & ! transi5t mis*iefs ( fire & sword 7 excus$ z ! %>p b salut>y rem$ies :i* alone c\ld re/ore ! heal? ( ! republic4 ,at ! head ( an irresi/ible =ce ! sultan ( ,p]sia m>*$ f ,hamadan2 ! pr\d 7 cru%$1 ! pro/rate 7 sp>$2 ! pr9ce ( ! ,b[ides disappe>$2 ! heads ( ! mo/ ob/9ate rebels 7 laid at ! feet ( ,togrul2 & he inflict$ a lesson ( ob$i5ce on ! p ( ,mosul & ,bagdad4 ,aft] ! *a/isem5t ( ! guilty1 & ! re/oration ( peace1 ! royal %eph]d accept$ ! rew>d ( 8 lab\rs2 & a solemn com$y repres5t$ ! triumph ( religi\s prejudice ov] b>b>ian p[]4 ,! ,turki% sultan emb>k$ on ! ,tigris1 l&$ at ! gate ( ,racca1 & made 8 public entry on horseback4 ,at ! palace gate he respectfully dism\nt$1 & walk$ on foot prec$$ by 8 emirs )\t arms4 ,! caliph 0 seat$ beh9d 8 black veil2 ! black g>m5t ( ! ,abbassides 0 ca/ ov] 8 %\ld]s1 & he held 9 8 h& ! /aff ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,! conqu]or ( ! ,ea/ kiss$ ! gr\nd1 /ood "s "t 9 a mode/ po/ure1 & 0 l$ t[>d ! ?rone by ! vizi] & an int]pret]4 ,aft] ,togrul _h seat$ himself on ano!r ?rone1 8 commission 0 publicly read1 :i* decl>$ him ! temporal lieut5ant ( ! vic> ( ! #bci prophet4 ,he 0 successively inve/$ ) sev5 robes ( hon\r1 & pres5t$ ) sev5 slaves1 ! natives ( ! sev5 climates ( ! ,arabian empire4 ,8 my/ic veil 0 p]fum$ ) musk2 two cr[ns 7 plac$ on 8 head2 two scimet>s 7 gird$ to 8 side1 z ! symbols ( a d\ble reign ov] ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,_! alliance 0 cem5t$ by ! m>riage ( ,togrul's si/] ) ! successor ( ! prophet10 iv4 #ic1 #id4 ,?is ev5t1 s describ$1 0 ( suffici5t importance1 z con/itut+ a union ( ! ,turki% p[] ) ! ,moslem fai?1 z mak+ x practicable to move 9 _! conque/s t[>d ! ,we/1 & z connect$ 9 its ultimate results ) ! d[nfall ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 to make x an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ! po9t :i* "o w\ld h p>ticul>ly look$ at1 aft] describ+ ! movem5ts ( ! ,s>ac5s 7*4 ix4 #aaa71 z ! next ev5t t 0 to *ange ! condition ( ! _w4 ,happily we h also ! means ( fix+ ! exact date ( ?is ev5t1 s z to make x accord ) s+ul> accuracy ) ! p]iod suppos$ to be ref]r$ to4 ,! g5]al "t specifi$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon is ,a4,d4 #ajee4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! two me?ods ref]r$ to ( det]m9+ ! p]iod embrac$ 9 ! 8h\r1 & day1 & mon?1 & ye>10 w\ld rea*1 if ! p]iod 7 #cia ye>s1 to ,a4,d4 #addf2 if ! o!r me?od 7 ref]r$ to1 mak+ x #cif ye>s & #ajf days to ,a4,d4 #adea1 ) #ajf days add$1 )9 less ?an two ye>s ( ! actual tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,b !re is a m accurate calculation z to ! "t ?an ! g5]al "o ?us made4 ,9 vol4 iv4 #ic ,mr4 ,gibbon makes ?is rem>k38,tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,basil 8 successors 7 sudd5ly assault$ by an unkn[n race ( b>b>ians1 :o unit$ ! ,scy?ian val\r ) ! fanaticism ( new proselytes1 & ! art & ri*es ( a p[]ful mon>*y40 ,he !n proce$s 7p4 #id1 seq47 ) an acc\nt ( ! invasions ( ! ,turks4 ,9 vol4 iii4 #cjg we h an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,basil4 8,9 ! sixty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age 8 m>tial _s urg$ him to emb>k 9 p]son = a holy w> aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s ( ,sicily2 he 0 prev5t$ by dea?1 & ,basil1 surnam$ ! slay] ( ! ,bulg>ians1 0 dismiss$ f ! _w1 ) ! bless+s ( ! cl]gy & ! curses ( ! p40 ,?is occurr$ ,a4,d4 #ajbe4 8,tw5ty-five ye>s0 aft] ?is w\ld make ,a4,d4 #ajej4 ,to ?is add ! p]iod "h ref]r$ to1 & we h respectively1 z above1 ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #addf1 or ,a4,d4 #adea1 & #ajf days4 ,bo? p]iods are ne> ! "t ( ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople & ! d[nfall ( ! ,ea/]n empire 7,a4,d4 #adec71 & ! latt] /rik+ly s2 &1 consid]+ ! g5]al nature ( ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 & ! great indef9it5ess ( ! dates 9 *ronology1 may be consid]$ z rem>kable4,b we h ! means ( a /ill m accurate calculation4 ,x is by det]m9+ ! exact p]iod ( ! inve/iture ( ,togrul ) ! au?ority ( caliph1 or z ! 8temporal lieut5ant ( ! vic> ( ! prophet40 ,! "t ( ?is inve/iture1 or coronation1 is m5tion$ by ,abulf$a z occurr+ on ! #be? ( ,dz\lcad1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #ddi2 & ! date ( ,elmak9's n>rative1 :o has giv5 an acc\nt ( ?is1 p]fectly agrees ) ?is4 ,( ?is transaction ,elmak9 makes ! foll[+ rem>k38,!re 0 n[ none left 9 ,irak or ,*orasmia :o c\ld /& be=e him40 ,! importance ( ?is inve/iture w be se5 f ! *>ge :i* ! caliph is report$ by ,abulf$a to h giv5 to ,togrul on ?is occasion38,! caliph commits to y\r c>e all t "p ( ! _w :i* ,god has committ$ to 8 c>e & dom9ion2 & intru/s to !e1 "u ! "n ( viceg]5t1 ! gu>dian%ip ( ! pi\s1 fai?ful1 & ,god-s]v+ citiz5s40#cab ,! exact "t ( ?is inve/iture is /at$ by ,abulf$a1 z above1 to be ! #be? ( ,dz\lcad1 ,a4,h4 #ddi4 ,n[1 reckon+ ?is z ! "t1 & we h ! foll[+ result3,! #be? ( ,dz\lcad1 ,a4,h4 #ddi1 w\ld answ] to ,febru>y #b1 ,a4,d4 #ajeh4 ,f ?is to ,may #bi1 #adec1 ! "t :5 ,con/ant9ople 0 tak51 w\ld be #cie ye>s & #aaf days4 ,! prophetic p]iod1 z above1 is #cif ye>s & #ajf daysmak+ a diff]5ce only ( #a ye> & #aj daysa result t _c b be consid]$ z rem>kable1 consid]+ ! difficulty ( fix+ anci5t dates4 ,or if1 ) ,mr4 ,elliott 7i4 #diedii71 we suppose t ! "t is to be reckon$ f ! p]iod :5 ! ,turkman #bdj p[] w5t =? f ,bagdad on a c>e] ( conque/1 ! reckon+ %\ld be f ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #ddh1 ! ye> be=e ! =mal inve/iture1 !n ?is w\ld make a diff]5ce ( only #bd days4 ,! date ( t ev5t 0 ! #aj? ( ,dz\lcad1 ,a4,h4 #ddh4 ,t 0 ! day 9 :i* ,togrul ) 8 ,turkmans1 n[ ! repres5tative & head ( ! p[] ( ,islamism1 quitt$ ,bagdad to ent] on a long c>e] ( w> & conque/4 8,! "p allott$ to ,togrul himself 9 ! fe>ful drama soon to op5 aga9/ ! ,greeks 0 to ext5d & e/abli% ! ,turkman dom9ion ov] ! fronti] c\ntries ( ,irak & ,mesopotamia1 t s ! requisite /r5g? might be atta9$ = ! attack orda9$ ( ,god's c\nsels aga9/ ! ,greek empire4 ,! fir/ /ep to ?is 0 ! siege & capture ( ,m\ssul2 8 next ( ,s+>a4 ,nisibis1 too1 0 visit$ by him2 t fronti] =tress t _h 9 o!r days be5 s long a bulw>k to ! ,greeks4 ,ev]y:]e victory att5d$ 8 bann]a presage ( :at 0 to foll[40 ,reckon+ f t "t1 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! p]iod t elaps$ f t1 & ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 w\ld be #cif ye>s & #acj daysa p]iod t corresponds1 ) only a diff]5ce ( #bd days1 ) t specifi$ 9 ! prophecy accord+ to ! explanation already giv54 ,x c\ld n be expect$ t a co9cid5ce m accurate ?an ?is c\ld be made out on ! supposition t ! prophecy 0 design$ to ref] to ^! ev5ts2 & if x did ref] to !m1 ! co9cid5ce c\ld h occurr$ only z a pr$iction by ,him :o sees ) p]fect accuracy all ! future4 7#ac7 ,! effect4 ,?is is /at$1 9 v]4 #bj1 #ba1 to be t ^? :o surviv$ ^! plagues did n rep5t ( _! wick$ness1 b t ! abom9ations :i* exi/$ be=e /ill rema9$4 ,9 endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ?is1 x w be prop]1 fir/1 to asc]ta9 ! exact s5se ( ! words us$1 & !n to inquire :e!r a /ate ( ?+s exi/$ subsequ5t to ! invasions ( ! ,turks :i* correspond$ ) ! description "h4 7a7 ,! explanation ( ! language us$ 9 v]4 #bj1 #ba4 ,! re/ ( ! m54 ,t portion ( ! _w on :i* ^! plagues did n come4 ,"o-?ird ( ! race1 x is said1 w\ld fall "u ^! calamities1 & ! writ] n[ proce$s to /ate :at w\ld be ! effect on ! rema9d]4 ,! language us$8! re/ ( ! m50is n su* z to designate ) c]ta9ty any p>ticul> portion ( ! _w1 b x is impli$ t ! ?+s m5tion$ 7 ( v g5]al preval5ce4 ,:i* 7 n kill$ by ^! plagues4 ,! two-?irds ( ! race :i* 7 sp>$4 ,! language "h is su* z w\ld be us$ on ! supposition t ! crimes "h ref]r$ to ab\nd$ 9 all ^? regions :i* came )9 ! range ( ! vision ( ! apo/le4 ,yet rep5t$ n ( ! works ( _! h&s4 ,to wit1 ( ^? ?+s :i* are imm$iately specifi$4 ,t !y %\ld n wor%ip devils4 ,imply+ t !y practis$ ?is be=e4 ,! ^w us$ "hmeans prop]ly a god1 deity2 spok5 ( ! hea!n gods1 ,ac4 xvii4 #ah2 !n a g5ius1 or tutel>y demon1 e4g4 t ( ,socrates2 &1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a demon 9 ! s5se ( an evil _s4 ,see ! ^w fully expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on #a ,co4 x4 #bj4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage "h1 z 9 #a ,co4 x4 #bj1 8!y sacrifice to devils10 is n t !y lit]ally wor%ipp$ devils 9 ! usual s5se ( t t]m1 ?\gh x is true t su* wor%ip does exi/ 9 ! _w1 z among ! ,yezidis 7see ,lay>d1 ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbebed1 & ,ros5mll]1 ,morg5l&1 i4i4 #babbaf72 b t !y wor%ipp$ be+s :i* 7 inf]ior to ! ,supreme ,god2 creat$ spirits ( a rank sup]ior to m51 or ! spirits ( m5 t _h be5 enroll$ among ! gods4 ,?is la/ 0 a common =m ( wor%ip among ! hea!n1 = a l>ge portion ( ! gods :om !y ador$ 7 h]oes & b5efactors :o _h be5 enroll$ among ! godsz ,h]cules1 ,bac*us1 c4 ,all t is necess>ily impli$ 9 ?is ^w is1 t !re prevail$ 9 ! "t ref]r$ to ! wor%ip ( spirits inf]ior to ,god1 or ! wor%ip ( ! spirits ( dep>t$ m54 ,?is idea w\ld be m naturally sugge/$ to ! m9d ( a ,greek by ! use ( ! ^w ?an ! wor%ip ( evil spirits z su*if inde$ x w\ld h convey$ t idea at all2 & ?is ^w w\ld be prop]ly employ$ 9 ! repres5tation if !re 0 any homage r5d]$ to dep>t$ human spirits :i* came 9 ! place ( ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,comp4 a diss]tation on ! mean+ ( ! ^w us$ "h1 9 #bda ,elliott on ! ,apocalypse1 ,app5dix ,i4 vol4 ii4 ,& idols ( gold1 & silv]1 c4 ,idols 7 =m]ly1 z !y are n[ 9 hea!n l&s1 made ( all ^! mat]ials4 ,! mo/ co/ly w\ld1 ( c\rse1 d5ote a high] degree ( v5]ation = ! god1 or great] weal? 9 ! wor%ipp]1 & all w\ld be employ$ z symbols or repres5tatives ( ! gods :om !y ador$4 ,! mean+ ( ?is passage is1 t !re w\ld prevail1 at t "t1 :at w\ld be prop]ly call$ idolatry1 & t ?is w\ld be repres5t$ by ! wor%ip paid to ^! images or idols4 ,x is n necess>y to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ?is1 to suppose t ! images or idols wor%ipp$ 7 ackn[l$g$ hea!n idols1 or 7 erect$ 9 hon\r ( hea!n gods1 z su*4 ,all t is impli$ is1 t !re w\ld be su* images& t a degree ( homage w\ld be paid to !m :i* w\ld be 9 fact idolatry4 ,! ^w "h us$1 prop]ly means an image1 spectre1 %ade2 !n an idol-image1 or t :i* 0 a repres5tative ( a hea!n god2 & !n ! idol-god itselfa hea!n deity4 ,s f> z ! ^w is conc]n$1 x may be appli$ to any k9d ( image-wor%ip4 ,:i* nei!r c see1 nor he>1 nor walk4 ,! common repres5tation ( idol-wor%ip 9 ! ,scriptures1 to d5ote its folly & /upidity4 ,see ,ps4 cxv42 comp4 ,is4 xliv4 #iai4 ,nei!r rep5t$ !y ( _! murd]s4 ,?is implies t1 at ! "t ref]r$ to1 murd]s w\ld ab\nd2 or t ! times w\ld be *>act]iz$ by t :i* des]v$ to be call$ murd]4 ,nor ( _! sorc]ies4 ,! ^w r5d]$ sorc]ies:5ce our ^w ph>macy1 means prop]ly ! prep>+ & giv+ ( m$ic9e1 ,eng4 ph>macy 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,!n1 z ! art ( m$ic9e 0 suppos$ to h magical p[]1 or z ! p]sons :o practis$ m$ic9e1 9 ord] to give !mselves & _! art great] importance1 practis$ v>i\s arts ( incantation1 ! ^w came to be connect$ ) ! idea ( magic sorc]y1 or en*antm5t4 ,see ,s*leusn]1 ,lex4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ^w is nev] us$ 9 a good s5se1 z d5ot+ ! prep>ation ( m$ic9e1 b always 9 ?is second>y s5se1 z d5ot+ sorc]y1 magic1 c4 ,?us 9 ,ga4 v4 #bj1 8! works ( ! fle%idolatry1 wit*craft10 c4 ,re4 ix4 #ba1 8,( _! sorc]ies40 ,re4 xviii4 #bc1 8,= by ?y sorc]ies 7 all nations deceiv$40 ,re4 xxi4 #h1 8,:oremong]s1 & sorc]]s40 ,! ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & ! mean+ ( ! ^w w\ld be fulfill$ 9 any?+ t purpos$ to accompli% an object by sorc]y1 by magical arts1 by trick1 by cunn+1 by sleight ( h&1 or by deceiv+ ! s5ses 9 any way4 ,?us x w\ld be applicable to all juggl]y & to all pret5d$ miracles4 ,nor ( _! =nication4 ,imply+ t ?is w\ld be a preval5t s9 9 ! times ref]r$ to1 & t ! dreadful plagues :i* are "h pr$ict$ w\ld make no ess5tial *ange 9 ref]5ce to its preval5ce4 ,& ( _! !fts4 ,imply+ t ?is1 too1 w\ld be a common =m ( iniquity4 ,! ^w us$ "his ! common ^w to d5ote !ft4 ,! true idea 9 ! ^w is t ( privately1 unlawfully1 & feloni\sly tak+ ! goods or movables ( ano!r p]son4 ,9 a l>g] & 9 ! popul> s5se1 h[ev]1 ?is ^w might embrace all acts ( tak+ ! prop]ty ( ano!r by di%one/ arts1 or on false pret5ce1 or )\t an equival5t4 7b7 ,! next po9t !n is1 ! inquiry :e!r !re 0 any su* /ate ( ?+s z is specifi$ "h exi/+ 9 ! "t ( ! rise ( ! ,turki% p[]1 & 9 ! "t ( ! calamities :i* t =midable p[] br\ght ^u ! _w4 ,!re are two ?+s impli$ 9 ! /atem5t "h3 7#a7 t ^! ?+s _h an exi/5ce be=e ! invasion & de/ruction ( ! ,ea/]n empire by ! ,turki% p[]2 & 7#b7 t !y cont9u$ to exi/ aft] t1 or 7 n remov$ by ^! fe>ful calamities4 ,! supposition all along 9 ?is int]pretation is1 t ! eye ( ! prophet 0 on ! ,roman _w1 & t ! design 0 to m>k ! v>i\s ev5ts :i* w\ld *>act]ize its future hi/ory4 ,we look1 !n1 9 ! application ( ?is1 to ! /ate ( ?+s exi/+ 9 connection ) ! ,roman p[]1 or t portion ( ! _w :i* 0 !n p]vad$ by ! ,roman religion4 ,?is w make x necess>y to in/itute an inquiry :e!r ! ?+s "h specifi$ prevail$ 9 t "p ( ! _w be=e ! invasions ( ! ,turks1 & ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 & :e!r ! judgm5ts inflict$ by t =midable ,turki% invasion made any ess5tial *ange 9 ?is respect4 7#a7 ,! /atem5t t !y wor%ipp$ #bdb devils2 t is1 z expla9$1 demons1 or ! deifi$ s\ls ( m54 ,homage r5d]$ to ! spirits ( dep>t$ m51 & sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 w\ld meet all t is prop]ly impli$ "h4 ,we may ref]1 !n1 to ! wor%ip ( sa9ts 9 ! ,romi% communion z a complete fulfilm5t ( :at is "h impli$ 9 ! language us$ by ,john4 ,! fact _c be disput$ t ! invocation ( sa9ts took ! place1 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic communion1 ( ! wor%ip ( sages & h]oes 9 hea!n ,rome1 & t ! canonization ( sa9ts took ! place ( ! anci5t deification ( h]oes & public b5efactors4 ,! same k9d ( homage 0 r5d]$ to !m2 _! aid 0 invok$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & on simil> occasions2 ! effect on ! popul> m9d 0 sub/antially ! same2 & ! "o int]f]$ z really z ! o!r ) ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,! decrees ( ! sev5? g5]al c\ncil1 kn[n z ! second c\ncil ( ,nice1 ,a4,d4 #ghg1 au?oriz$ & e/abli%$ ! wor%ipp+ 7! same ^w us$ "h 7 ( ! sa9ts & _! images4 ,?is occurr$ aft] ! excit+ sc5es1 ! debates1 & ! disord]s produc$ by ! ,iconocla/s1 or image-break]s1 & aft] ! mo/ c>eful delib]ation on ! subject4 ,9 t celebrat$ c\ncil x 0 decre$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iii4 #cda71 8unanim\sly10 8t ! wor%ip ( images is agreeable to ,scripture & reason1 to ! fa!rs & c\ncils ( ! *ur*2 b !y hesitate :e!r t wor%ip be relative or direct2 :e!r ! ,godhead & ! figure ( ,*ri/ be entitl$ to ! same mode ( adoration40 ,?is wor%ip ( ! 8sa9ts10 or pray] to ! sa9ts1 ask+ = _! int]cession1 x is well kn[n1 has f t "t ev]y:]e prevail$ 9 ! ,papal communion4 ,inde$1 a l>ge "p ( ! actual pray]s (f]$ 9 _! s]vices is address$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,mr4 ,maitl&1 8! able & le>n$ advocate ( ! ,d>k ,ages10 says1 8,! sup]/ition ( ! age suppos$ ! glorifi$ sa9t to "k :at 0 go+ on 9 ! _w2 & to feel a deep int]e/1 & to possess a consid]able p[]1 9 ! *ur* militant on e>?4 ,i believe t !y :o ?\ght s are altoge!r mi/ak52 & ,i lam5t1 abhor1 & am amaz$ at ! sup]/ition1 blasphemies1 & idolatries1 :i* h gr[n out ( t op9ion0 7,elliott1 ii4 p4 #aj74 ,z to ! "q :e!r ?is cont9u$ aft] ! judgm5ts br\ght ^u ! _w by ! hordes 8loos$ on ! ,euphrates10 or :e!r !y rep5t$ & re=m$ on acc\nt ( ! judgm5ts1 we h only to look into ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion ev]y:]e4 ,n only did ! old practice ( 8dmonolatry10 or ! wor%ip ( dep>t$ sa9ts1 cont9ue1 b new 8sa9ts0 h be5 add$ to ! numb]1 & ! li/ ( ^? :o are to receive ?is homage has be5 cont9ually increas+4 ,?us 9 ! ye> #adfj1 ,ca?>9e ( ,si5na 0 canoniz$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ii42 9 #adhb1 ,bonav5tura1 ! blasphem]1#cac by ,sixtus ,,iv42 9 #adid1 ,anselm by ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,alex&]'s bull1 9 language m hea!n ?an ,*ri/ian1 av[s x to be ! pope's duty ?us to *oose out1 & to hold up ! illu/ri\s dead1 z _! m]its claim1 = adoration & wor%ip4#cad 7#b7 ,! /atem5t t idolatry 0 practis$1 & cont9u$ to be practis$1 aft] ?is invasion38,rep5t$ n t !y %\ld n wor%ip idols ( gold1 silv]1 & brass40 ,on ?is po9t1 p]haps x w\ld be suffici5t to ref] to :at has be5 already notic$ 9 reg>d to ! homage paid to ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$2 b x may be f>!r & m cle>ly illu/rat$ by a ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( images 9 ! ,romi% communion4 ,anyone famili> ) *ur* hi/ory w recollect ! long conflicts :i* prevail$ respect+ ! wor%ip ( images2 ! e/abli%m5t ( images 9 ! *ur*es2 ! de/ruction ( images by ! 8,iconocla/s20 & ! debates on ! subject by ! c\ncil at ,hi]a2 & ! f9al decision 9 ! second c\ncil ( ,nice1 9 :i* ! propriety ( image-wor%ip 0 affirm$ & e/abli%$4 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ,b[]s' ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 ii4 #ih1 seq41 #add1 seq42 ,gibbon1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cbbcda4 ,! importance ( ! "q respect+ image-wor%ip #bdc may be se5 f ! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 iii4 #cbb4 ,he speaks ( x z 8a "q ( popul> sup]/ition :i* produc$ ! revolt ( ,italy1 ! temporal p[] ( ! popes1 & ! re/oration ( ! ,roman empire 9 ! ,we/40 ,a few extracts f ,mr4 ,gibbon:o may be reg>d$ z an imp>tial witness on ?is subjectw %[ :at 0 ! popul> belief1 & w confirm :at is said 9 ! passage be=e u 9 ref]5ce to ! preval5ce ( idolatry4 8,! fir/ introduction ( a symbolic wor%ip 0 9 ! v5]ation ( ! cross1 & ( relics4 ,! sa9ts & m>tyrs1 :5 int]cession 0 implor$1 7 seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god2 b ! graci\s1 & (t5 sup]natural fav\rs1 :i*1 9 ! popul> belief1 7 %[]$ r\nd _! tombs1 convey$ an unque/ionable sanction ( ! dev\t pilgrims :o visit$1 & t\*$1 & kiss$ ^! lifeless rema9s1 ! memorials ( _! m]its & suff]+s4 ,b a memorial1 m int]e/+ ?an ! skull or ! s&als ( a dep>t$ wor?y1 is a fai?ful copy ( 8 p]son & features del9eat$ by ! arts ( pa9t+ or sculpture4 ,9 e age su* copies1 s cong5ial to human feel+s1 h be5 *]i%$ by ! zeal ( private fri5d%ip or public e/eem2 ! images ( ! ,roman emp]ors 7 ador$ ) civil & almo/ religi\s hon\rs2 a rev]5ce1 less o/5tati\s1 b m s9c]e1 0 appli$ to ! /atues ( sages & patriots2 & ^! pr(ane virtues1 ^! spl5did s9s1 disappe>$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! holy m5 :o _h di$ = _! cele/ial & ev]la/+ c\ntry4 ,at fir/ ! exp]im5t 0 made ) caution & scruple1 & ! v5]able pictures 7 discreetly all[$ to in/ruct ! ignorant1 to awak5 ! cold1 & to gratify ! prejudices ( ! hea!n proselytes4 ,by a sl[1 ?\gh inevitable progression1 ! hon\rs ( ! orig9al 7 transf]r$ to ! copy2 ! dev\t ,*ri/ian pray$ be=e ! image ( a sa9t1 & ! ,pagan rites ( g5uflexion1 lum9>ies1 & inc5se aga9 /ole into ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,! scruples ( reason or piety 7 sil5c$ by ! /rong evid5ce ( visions & miracles2 & ! pictures :i* speak1 & move1 & ble$1 mu/ be end[$ ) a div9e en]gy1 & may be consid]$ z ! prop] objects ( religi\s adoration4 ,! mo/ audaci\s p5cil might tremble 9 ! ra% attempt ( def9+1 by =ms & col\rs1 ! inf9ite ,_s1 ! et]nal ,fa!r1 :o p]vades & su/a9s ! univ]se4 ,b ! sup]/iti\s m9d 0 m easily reconcil$ to pa9t & wor%ip ! angels1 & above all1 ! ,son ( ,god1 "u ! human %ape1 :i* on e>? !y h condesc5d$ to assume4 ,! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity _h be5 clo!d ) a real & mortal body1 b t body _h asc5d$ into heav52 & _h n "s similitude be5 pres5t$ to ! eyes ( 8 disciples1 ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,*ri/ might h be5 oblit]at$ by ! visible relics & repres5tations ( ! sa9ts4 ,a simil> indulg5ce 0 requisite1 & propiti\s1 = ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 ! place ( h] burial 0 unkn[n2 & ! assumption ( h] s\l & body into heav5 0 adopt$ by ! cr$ulity ( ! ,greeks & ,lat9s4 ,! use1 & ev5 ! wor%ip ( images1 0 firmly e/abli%$ be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury2 !y 7 fondly *]i%$ by ! w>m imag9ation ( ! ,greeks & ,asiatics2 ! ,pan!on & ! ,vatican 7 adorn$ ) ! emblems ( a new sup]/ition2 b ?is semblance ( idolatry 0 m coldly ent]ta9$ by ! rude b>b>ians & ! ,arian cl]gy ( ! ,we/10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbc4 ,aga938,be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury ^! images1 made )\t h&s 79 ,greek x is a s+le ^w71 7 propagat$ 9 ! camps & cities ( ! ,ea/]n empire2 !y 7 ! objects ( wor%ip1 & ! in/rum5ts ( miracles2 & 9 ! h\r ( dang] or tumult _! v5]able pres5ce c\ld revive ! hope1 rek9dle ! c\rage1 or repress ! fury ( ! ,roman legions10 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,s aga9 7vol4 iii4 p4 #cdj1 seq4738,:ile ! popes e/abli%$ 9 ,italy _! fre$om & dom9ion1 ! images1 ! fir/ cause ( _! revolt1 7 re/or$ 9 ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,"u ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ! ,fif?1 ! union ( civil & ecclesia/ical p[] _h ov]?r[n ! tree1 )\t extirpat+ ! root1 ( sup]/ition4 ,! idols1 = su* !y 7 n[ held1 7 secretly *]i%$ by ! ord] & ! sex mo/ prone to devotion2 & ! fond alliance ( ! monks & females obta9$ a f9al victory ov] ! reason & ! au?ority ( man40 ,"u ,ir5e a c\ncil 0 conv5$! second c\ncil ( ,nice1 or ! sev5? g5]al c\ncil9 :i*1 #bdd accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iii4 #cda71 x 0 8unanim\sly pron\nc$ t ! wor%ip ( images is agreeable to ,scripture & reason1 to ! fa!rs & c\ncils ( ! *ur*40 ,! argum5ts :i* 7 urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! wor%ip ( images1 9 ! c\ncil above ref]r$ to1 may be se5 9 ,b[]s' ,lives ( ! ,popes1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aebaeh1 ,dr4 ,cox's edition4 ,! answ] ( ! bi%ops 9 ! c\ncil to ! "q ( ! empress ,ir5e1 :e!r !y agre$ to ! decision :i* _h be5 adopt$ 9 ! c\ncil1 0 9 ^! words38,we all agree to x2 we h all freely sign$ x2 ?is is ! fai? ( ! apo/les1 ( ! fa!rs1 & ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*2 we all salute1 hon\r1 wor%ip1 & adore ! holy & v5]able images2 be !y accurs$ :o d n hon\r1 wor%ip1 & adore ! adorable images0 7,b[]s' ,lives ( ! ,popes1 ii4 #aei74 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re=e1 no "o c d\bt t ^! images 7 wor%ipp$ ) ! hon\r t 0 due to ,god aloneor t ! s9 ( idolatry prevail$2 & no "o c d\bt t t has be5 cont9u$1 & is /ill1 9 ! ,papal communion4 7#c7 ,! next po9t specifi$ is murd]s 7v]4 #ba738,nei!r rep5t$ !y ( _! murd]s40 ,x c h>dly be necess>y to dwell on ?is to %[ t ?is 0 /rictly applicable to ! ,roman p[]1 & ext5sively prevail$1 bo? be=e & aft] ! ,turki% invasion1 & t t invasion _h no t5d5cy to produce rep5tance4 ,inde$1 9 no?+ has ! ,papacy be5 m rem>kably *>act]iz$ ?an 9 ! numb] ( murd]s p]petrat$ on ! innoc5t 9 p]secution4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is we may ref] to ! foll[+ ?+s37a7 ,p]secution4 ,?is has be5 p>ticul>ly ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman communion1 x ne$ n be said1 9 all ages4 ,! p]secutions ( ! ,wald5ses1 if !re 7 no?+ else1 %[ t ! _s "h ref]r$ to prevail$ 9 ! ,roman communion1 or t ! times prec$+ ! ,turki% conque/ 7 *>act]iz$ by :at is "h specifi$4 ,9 ! ?ird ,lat]an c\ncil1 ,a4,d4 #aagi1 an ana!ma 0 decl>$ aga9/ c]ta9 diss5ti5ts & h]etics1 & !n aga9/ ! ,wald5ses !mselves 9 ,papal bulls ( ! ye>s #aahc1 #abjg1 #abjh4 ,aga91 9 a decree ( ! f\r? ,lat]an c\ncil1 ,a4,d4 #abae1 a crusade1 z x 0 call$1 0 proclaim$ aga9/ !m1 & 8pl5>y absolution promis$ to su* z %\ld p]i% 9 ! holy w>1 f ! day ( _! bir? to ! day ( _! dea?40 8,& nev]10 says ,sismondi1 8_h ! cross be5 tak5 up ) m unanim\s cons5t40 ,x is suppos$ t 9 ?is crusade aga9/ ! ,wald5ses a million ( m5 p]i%$4 7b7 ,t ?is cont9u$ to be ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,papacy aft] ! judgm5ts br\ght ^u ! ,roman _w by ! ,turki% invasion1 or t ^? judgm5ts _h no t5d5cy to produce rep5tance & re=mation1 is well kn[n1 & is manife/ f ! foll[+ ?+s37#a7 ,! cont9uance ( ! _s ( p]secution4 7#b7 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p]sons p]i%$ by ! ,inquisition 9 ?irty ye>s2 & f ! beg9n+ ( ! ord] ( ! ,jesuits 9 #aedj to #aehj1 x is suppos$ t n9e hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 7 de/roy$ by p]secution4 7#c7 ,! same _s 0 manife/$ 9 ! attempts to suppress ! true religion 9 ,engl&1 9 ,bohemia1 & 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,fifty ?\s& p]sons 7 hang$1 burn$1 behead$1 or buri$ alive1 = ! crime ( h]esy1 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 *iefly "u ! ,duke ( ,alva1 f ! edict ( ,*>les ,v4 aga9/ ! ,prote/ants to ! peace ( ,*ateau ,cambresis 9 #aeei4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bdbh4 ,to ^! are to be add$ all t fell 9 ,france on ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantz2 all t p]i%$ by p]secution 9 ,engl& 9 ! days ( ,m>y2 & all t h fall5 9 ! bloody w>s t h be5 wag$ 9 ! propagation ( ! ,papal religion4 ,! numb] is1 ( c\rse1 unkn[n to mortals1 ?\gh ef=ts h be5 made by hi/orians to =m "s e/imate ( ! am\nt4 ,x is suppos$ t fifty millions ( p]sons h p]i%$ 9 ^! p]secutions ( ! ,wald5ses1 ,albig5ses1 ,bohemian ,bre?r51 ,wycliffites1 & ,prote/ants2 t "s fifte5 millions ( ,indians p]i%$ 9 ,cuba1 ,mexico1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ! w>s ( ! ,spani>ds1 pr(ess$ly to propagate ! ,ca?olic fai?2 t ?ree millions & a half ( ,moors & ,jews p]i%$1 by ,ca?olic p]secution & arms1 9 ,spa92 & t ?us1 probably no less ?an sixty-eight millions & five hundr$ ?\s& human be+s h be5 put to dea? by ?is "o p]secut+ p[]4 ,see ,dr4 ,b]g's ,lectures on ,romanism1 pp4 #f1 #g4 ,assur$ly1 if ?is be true1 x w\ld be prop] to *>act]ize ! times "h #bde ref]r$ to1 bo? be=e & aft] ! ,turki% invasion1 z a "t :5 murd]s w\ld prevail4 7#d7 ,! f\r? po9t specifi$ is sorc]ies4 ,x c h>dly be necess>y to g into detail to prove t ?is also ab\nd$2 & t delusive appeals to ! s5ses2 false & pret5d$ miracles2 arts adapt$ to deceive ?r\gh ! imag9ation2 ! suppos$ virtue & efficacy ( relics2 & frauds calculat$ to impose on mank9d1 h *>act]iz$ ^? portions ( ! _w :]e ! ,roman religion has prevail$1 & be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal means ( its advancem5t4 ,no ,prote/ant surely w\ld d5y ?is1 no intellig5t ,ca?olic c d\bt x himself4 ,all t is necess>y to be said 9 reg>d to ?is is1 t 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 ! ,turki% invasion1 & ! judgm5ts t came ^u ! _w1 made no *ange4 ,! v rec5t impo/ure ( ! 8holy coat ( ,treves0 is a full pro( t ! disposition to practise su* arts /ill exi/s1 & t ! p[] to impose on a l>ge portion ( ! _w 9 t d5om9ation has n di$ away4 7#e7 ,! fif? ?+ specifi$ is =nication4 ,?is has ab\nd$ ev]y:]e 9 ! _w2 b ! use ( ! t]m 9 ?is connection implies t !re w\ld be some?+ peculi> "h1 & p]haps t x w\ld be associat$ ) ! o!r ?+s ref]r$ to4 ,x is z unnecess>y z x w\ld be improp] to g into any detail on ?is po9t4 ,anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages! p]iod "h suppos$ to be ref]r$ tomu/ be aw>e ( ! wide-spread lic5ti\sness :i* !n prevail$1 especially among ! cl]gy4 ,hi/orians & poets1 ballads1 & acts ( c\ncils1 alike te/ify to ?is fact4#cae ,x is to be rem>k$ also1 z illu/rat+ ! subject1 t ! dissolut5ess ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 closely1 & almo/ necess>ily1 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! images & ! sa9ts above ref]r$ to4 ,! "* ( _m ( ^? :o 7 wor%ipp$ z sa9ts1 l ! "* ( _m ( ! gods ( ! ,pagan ,romans1 0 j su* z to be an inc5tive to e species ( lic5ti\sness & impurity4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,hallam makes ! foll[+ rem>ks38,t ! exclusive wor%ip ( sa9ts1 "u ! guidance ( an artful ?\gh illit]ate prie/hood1 degrad$ ! und]/&+1 & begat a /upid cr$ulity & fanaticism1 is suffici5tly evid5t4 ,b x 0 also s manag$ z to loos5 ! bonds ( religion1 & p]v]t ! /&>d ( morality0 7,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdi1 #bej2 edit4 ,phil4 #ahbd74 ,he !n1 9 a note1 ref]s to ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts z abundantly confirm+ 8 /atem5ts4 ,see p>ticul>ly ! /ories 9 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d4 ,s1 9 speak+ ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 ,mr4 ,hallam 7,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii4 #bec7 says3 8,9 va9 new rules ( discipl9e 7 devis$1 or ! old correct$ by re=ms4 ,_m ( _! wor/ vices grew s naturally out ( _! mode ( life t a /rict] discipl9e w\ld h no t5d5cy to extirpate !m4 ,_! extreme lic5ti\sness 0 sometimes h>dly conceal$ by ! c[l ( sanctity40 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is we may introduce "h a rem>k ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 made 9 imm$iate connection ) 8 /atem5t ab\t ! decrees respect+ ! wor%ip ( images4 8,i %all only notice10 says he1 8! judgm5t ( ! bi%ops on ! comp>ative m]it ( image-wor%ip & morality4 ,a monk _h conclud$ a truce ) ! demon ( =nication1 on condition ( int]rupt+ 8 daily pray]s to a picture t hung 9 8 cell4 ,8 scruples prompt$ him to consult ! abbot4 #8,r ?an ab/a9 f ador+ ,*ri/ & 8 "m 9 _! holy images1 x w\ld be bett] = y1' repli$ ! casui/1 #8to ent] e bro!l1 & visit e pro/itute 9 ! city1'0 iii4 #cda4 ,s aga91 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speak+ ( ! pope1 ,john ,,xii41 says3 8,8 op5 simony might be ! consequ5ce ( di/ress2 & 8 blasphem\s invocation ( ,jupit] & ,v5us1 if x be true1 c\ld n possibly be s]i\s4 ,b we read ) "s surprise t ! wor?y gr&son ( ,m>ozia liv$ 9 public adult]y ) ! matrons ( ,rome2 t ! ,lat]an palace 0 turn$ into a place = pro/itution1 & t 8 rapes ( virg9s & ( wid[s _h det]r$ ! female pilgrims f visit+ ! tomb ( ,/4 ,pet]1 le/1 9 ! dev\t act1 !y %\ld be violat$ by 8 successor10 iii4 #cec4 ,aga91 ! sy/em ( indulg5ces l$ directly to lic5ti\sness4 ,9 ! pontificate ( ,john ,,xxii41 ab\t ,a4,d4 #acbj1 !re 0 inv5t$ ! celebrat$ ,tax ( ,indulg5ces1 ( :i* m ?an =ty editions are extant4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ince/ 0 to co/1 if #bdf n detect$1 five gros*52 if kn[n & flagrant1 six4 ,a c]ta9 price 0 affix$ 9 a simil> way to adult]y1 infanticide1 c4 ,see ,m]le ,d',aubign's ,re=mation1 vol4 i4 p4 #da4 ,& f>!r1 ! v pilgrimages to ! %r9es ( ! sa9ts1 :i* 7 enjo9$ z a p5ance = s91 & :i* 7 reg>d$ z a gr\nd ( m]it1 7 occasions ( ! grosse/ lic5ti\sness4 ,s ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 says3 8,?is lic5s$ vagrancy 0 naturally productive ( dissolut5ess1 especially among ! wom54 ,our ,engli% ladies1 9 _! zeal to obta9 ! spiritual treasuries ( ,rome1 are said to h relax$ ! necess>y caution ab\t "o t 0 9 _! own cu/ody10 vol4 ii4 #bee4 ,! celibacy ( ! cl]gy also t5d$ to lic5ti\sness1 & is kn[n to h be5 ev]y:]e productive ( ! v s9 :i* is "h m5tion$4 ,! /ate ( ! nunn]ies 9 ! middle ages is well kn[n4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,g]son1 ! ,fr5* orator s celebrat$ at ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 call$ !m ,pro/ibula m]etricum4 ,clemangis1 a ,fr5* !ologian1 also contempor>y1 & a man ( great em95ce1 ?us speaks ( !m3 ,quid aliud sunt hoc tempore puell>um mona/]ia1 nisi qudam non dico ,dei sanctu>ia1 s$ v5]is execr&a pro/ibula2 ut idem sit hodie puellam vel>e1 quod et public ad scort&um expon]e 7,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 ii4 #bec74 ,to ?is we may add ! fact t x 0 a habit1 n unfrequ5t1 to lic5se ! cl]gy to live 9 concub9age 7see ! pro( 9 ,elliott1 i4 #ddg1 note71 & t ! practice ( auricul> confession necess>ily made 8! ta9t+ ( ! female m9d an integral "p ( ,roman prie/craft1 & gave consecration to ! commun+s ( impurity40 ,x h>dly ne$s any pro( t ^! practices cont9u$ aft] ! invasions ( ! ,turki% hordes1 or t ^? invasions made no *anges 9 ! condition ( ! _w 9 ?is respect4 ,9 pro( ( ?is we ne$ ref] only to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii41 elect$ 9 #adhd to ! ,papacy2#caf to ,alex&] ,,vi41 8 successor1 :o at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury /ood be=e ! _w a mon/]1 notori\s to all1 ( impurity & vice2 & to ! g5]al well-kn[n "* ( ! ,romi% cl]gy4 8,mo/ ( ! ecclesia/ics10 says ! hi/orian ,infessura1 8_h _! mi/resses2 & all ! conv5ts ( ! capital 7 h\ses ( ill fame40 7#f7 ,! six? ?+ specifi$ 7v]4 #ba7 is !fts2 t is1 z expla9$1 ! tak+ ( ! prop]ty ( o!rs by di%one/ arts1 on false pret5ces1 or )\t any prop] equival5t4 ,9 ! inquiry z to ! applicability ( ?is to ! times suppos$ to be "h ref]r$ to1 we may notice ! foll[+ ?+s1 z in/ances 9 :i* money 0 extort$ f ! p37a7 ,! value fraudul5tly assign$ to relics4 ,mo%eim1 9 8 hi/orical sket* ( ! twelf? c5tury1 obs]ves3 8,! abbots & monks c>ri$ ab\t ! c\ntry ! c>casses & relics ( sa9ts1 9 solemn procession1 & p]mitt$ ! multitude to behold1 t\*1 & embrace ! sacr$ rema9s1 at fix$ prices40 7b7 ,! exaltation ( ! miracle-work+ m]it ( p>ticul> sa9ts1 & ! consecration ( new sa9ts1 & d$ication ( new images1 :5 ! popul>ity ( ! =m] di$ away4 ,?us ,mr4 ,hallam says3 8,e ca!dral or mona/]y _h its tutel> sa9t1 & e sa9t 8 leg5d2 fabricat$ 9 ord] to enri* ! *ur*es "u 8 protection2 by exagg]at+ 8 virtues & 8 miracles1 & consequ5tly 8 p[] ( s]v+ ^? :o paid lib]ally = 8 patronage40 7c7 ,! inv5tion & sale ( indulg5ceswell kn[n to h be5 a va/ s\rce ( rev5ue to ! *ur*4 ,wycliffe decl>$ t indulg5ces 7 m]e =g]ies :]eby ! prie/hood 8rob m5 ( _! money2 a subtle m]*&ise ( ,anti*ri/'s cl]ks1 :]eby !y magnify _! own fictiti\s p[]1 & in/ead ( caus+ m5 to dread s91 enc\rage m5 to wall[ !re9 z hogs40 7d7 ,! prescription ( pilgrimages z p5ances 0 ano!r prolific s\rce ( ga9 to ! *ur* t des]ves to be class$ "u ! "n ( !fts4 ,^? :o made su* pilgrimage 7 expect$ & requir$ to make an (f]+ at ! %r9e ( ! sa9t2 & z multitudes w5t on su* pilgrimages1 especially on ! jubilee at ,rome1 ! income f ?is s\rce 0 enorm\s4 ,an in/ance ( :at 0 (f]$ at ! %r9e ( ,?omas ,becket w illu/rate ?is4 ,?r\gh 8 reputation ,cant]bury became ! ,rome ( ,engl&4 ,a jubilee 0 celebrat$ e fiftie? ye> to 8 hon\r1 ) pl5>y indulg5ce to all su* z visit$ 8 tomb2 ( :om "o hundr$ ?\s& 7 regi/]$ at "o "t4 #bdg ,two l>ge volumes 7 fill$ ) acc\nts ( ! miracles wr\ght at 8 tomb4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ! value ( (f]+s made 9 two successive ye>s to 8 %r9e1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y's1 & ,*ri/'s1 9 ! ca!dral at ,cant]bury1 w illu/rate at ! same "t ! ga9 f ^! s\rces1 & ! relative respect %[n to ,becket1 ,m>y1 & ! ,savi\r3 ,fir/ ,ye>4 s4 d4 ,*ri/'s ,alt> #c #b #f ,virg9 ,m>y's #fc #e #f ,becket's #hcb #ab #i ,next ,ye>4 ,*ri/'s ,alt> #j #j #j ,virg9 ,m>y's #d #a #h ,becket's #ied #f #c ,( ! jubilee ( ,a4,d4 #acjj ,muratori relates ! result z foll[s38,papa innum]abilem pecuniam ab iisdem recepit2 quia die et nocte duo cl]ici /abant ad alt>e ,sancti ,pauli1 t55tes 9 eorum manibus ra/ellos1 ra/ellantes pecuniam inf9itam40 8,! pope receiv$ f !m a c\ntless am\nt ( money2 = two cl]ks /ood at ! alt> ( ,/4 ,paul night & day1 hold+ 9 _! h&s little rakes1 collect+ an inf9ite am\nt ( money0 7,hallam74 7e7 ,ano!r s\rce ( ga9 ( ?is k9d 0 ! num]\s te/am5t>y beque/s ) :i* ! *ur* 0 enri*$obta9$ by ! arts & influ5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 ,wycliffe's "t !re 7 9 ,engl& #ec1bae fda militum1 ( :i* ! religi\s _h #bh1jjjm ?an "o-half4 ,black/one says t1 b = ! int]v5tion ( ! legislature1 & ! /atute ( mortma91 ! *ur* w\ld h appropriat$ 9 ?is mann] ! :ole ( ! l& ( ,engl&1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajg4 7f7 ,! money left by ! dy+ to pay = masses1 & t paid by survivors = masses to release ! s\ls ( _! fri5ds f purgatoryall ( :i* des]ve to be class$ "u ! ^w !fts z already expla9$0 ano!r s\rce ( va/ weal? to ! *ur*2 & ! practice 0 sy/ematiz$ on a l>ge scale1 &1 ) ! o!r ?+s m5tion$1 des]ves to be notic$ z a *>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add1 t ! judgm5ts :i* 7 br\ght ^u ! _w by ! ,turki% invasions made no ess5tial *ange1 & wr\ght no rep5tance or re=mation1 & h5ce t ! language "h is /rictly applicable to ^! ?+s3 8,nei!r rep5t$ !y ( _! murd]s1 nor ( _! sorc]ies1 nor ( _! =nication1 nor ( _! !fts40 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] conta9s ! record ( a sublime vision ( an angel :i*1 at ?is juncture1 ,john saw desc5d+ f heav51 disclos+ new sc5es 9 :at 0 yet to occur4 ,! vision is int]pos$ betwe5 ! s\nd+ ( ! six?1 or second woe-trumpet1 & ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5?1 or ?ird woe-trumpet1 "u :i* is to be ! f9al consummation1 *4 xi4 #ae1 seq4 ,x occupies an important int]val betwe5 ! ev5ts :i* 7 to occur "u ! six? trumpet & ! la/ sc5e! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! =midable p[] :i* _h oppos$ ! reign ( ,god on ! e>?1 & ! reign ( righte\sness1 :5 ! k+doms ( ! _w %all become ! k+dom ( ,god1 *4 xi4 #ae4 ,x is1 9 _m respects1 an unhappy circum/ance t ?is *apt] has be5 sep>at$ f ! foll[+4 ,!y con/itute "o cont9u$ vision1 at lea/ to *4 xi4 #ae1 :]e ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? & la/ trumpet occurs4 ,! t5? *apt] conta9s ! foll[+ ?+s37#a7 ,an angel desc5ds f heav51 & ! att5tion ( ! se] is = a "t turn$ f ! contemplation ( :at 0 pass+ 9 heav5 to ?is new vision t appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,?is angel is clo!d ) a cl\d2 he is encircl$ by a ra9b[2 8 face is z ! sun1 & 8 feet l pill>s ( fireall indicat+ 8 exalt$ rank1 & all su* accompanim5ts z became a heav5ly mess5g]4 7#b7 ,! angel appe>s ) a small volume 9 8 h&1 v]4 #b4 ,?is book is n clos$ & seal$1 l ! "o 9 *4 v41 b 0 8op50s t x c\ld be read4 ,su* a book w\ld indicate "s new message or revelation f heav52 & ! book w\ld be1 prop]ly1 a symbol ( some?+ t 0 to be accompli%$ by su* an op5 volume4 7#c7 ,! angel sets 8 feet ^u ! sea & ! l&1 v]4 #b3;indicat+ by ?is1 app>5tly1 t :at he 0 to communicate app]ta9$ alike to ! ocean & ! l&to all ! _w4 7#d7 ,! angel makes a proclamation! nature ( :i* is n "h /at$) a l\d voice1 l ! ro>+ ( a lion1 z if ! nations 7 call$ to he>1 v]4 #c4 7#e7 ,?is cry or ro> is respond$ to by heavy ?und]s1 v]4 #c4 ,:at ^? ?und]s utt]$ is n /at$1 b x 0 evid5tly #bdh s di/9ct t ,john he>d x1 = he says 7v]4 #d7 t he 0 ab\t to make a record ( :at 0 said4 7#f7 ,john1 ab\t to make ?is record1 is =bidd5 to d s by a voice f heav51 v]4 #d4 ,= "s reason1 n "h /at$1 he 0 comm&$ n to disclose :at 0 said1 b s to seal x up t x %\ld n be kn[n4 ,! reason = ?is sil5ce is n[h]e intimat$ 9 ! *apt]4 7#g7 ,! angel lifts 8 h& to heav5 9 a mo/ solemn mann]1 & swe>s by ! ,great ,creator ( all ?+s t ! "t %\ld n be yet9 our common v]sion1 8t !re %\ld be "t no long]10 v]4 #eg4 ,x w\ld seem t j at ?is p]iod !re w\ld be an expectation t ! reign ( ,god 0 to beg9 ^u ! e>?2 b ! angel1 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]1 decl>es t ?is 0 n yet to be1 b t x w\ld occur :5 ! sev5? angel %\ld beg9 to s\nd4 ,!n ! great 8my/]y0 w\ld be complete1 z x _h be5 decl>$ to ! prophets4 7#h7 ,john is !n comm&$1 by ! same voice :i* he he>d f heav51 to g to ! angel & take ! little book f him :i* he held 9 8 h&1 & eat x) ! assurance t x w\ld be f\nd to be sweet to ! ta/e1 b w\ld be bitt] aft]w>ds1 v]4 #haj4 7#i7 ,! *apt] concludes ) a decl>ation t he mu/ yet prophesy be=e _m p & nations 7v]4 #aa71 & !n foll[s 7*4 xi47 ! commission to measure ! temple2 ! comm& to sep>ate ! pure f ! pr(ane2 ! acc\nt ( ! prophesy+1 ! dea?1 & ! resurrection to life ( ! two witnessesall prelim9>y to ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet1 & ! introduction ( ! univ]sal reign ( righte\sness4 ,! "q to :at does ! *apt] ref]1 is "o :i* x is prop] to notice be=e we proce$ to ! exposition4 ,x is unnecess>y to say1 t on ?is "q v v>i\s op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$1 & t v diff]5t expositions h be5 giv5 ( ! *apt]4 ,)\t go+ into an exam9ation ( ^! diff]5t op9ions:i* w\ld be a task alike unpr(itable & endlessx w be bett] to /ate :at seems to be ! fair int]pretation & application ( ! symbol1 9 its connection ) :at prec$es4 ,a few rem>ks "h1 prelim9>y to ! exposition & application ( ! *apt]1 may help u 9 det]m9+ ! place :i* ! vision is design$ to occupy4 7a7 ,9 ! previ\s ,apocalyptic revelations1 if ! int]pretation propos$ is correct1 ! hi/ory _h be5 br\ght d[n1 9 ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts1 to ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 & ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman empire by t ev5t1 ,a4,d4 #adec1 *4 ix4 #acai4 ,?is 0 an important era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 & if ! exposition :i* has be5 propos$ is correct1 !n ! sket*es ( hi/ory p]ta9+ to ! ,roman empire 9 ! book ( ,revelation h be5 made ) surpris+ accuracy4 7b7 ,a /atem5t _h be5 made 7*4 ix4 #bj1 #ba7 to ! effect t ! same /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ subsequ5t to ! plagues br\ght on by ^? invasions1 :i* _h exi/$ be=e1 or t ! effect _h n be5 to produce any g5]al rep5tance & re=mation4 ,god _h sc\rg$ ! nations2 he _h cut (f multitudes ( m52 he _h ov]?r[n ! mighty empire t _h s long rul$ ov] ! _w2 b ! same s9s ( sup]/ition1 idolatry1 sorc]y1 murd]1 =nication1 & !ft prevail$ aft]w>ds t _h prevail$ be=e4 ,in/ead ( work+ a *ange 9 ! m9ds ( m51 ! _w seem$ to be confirm$ 9 ^! abom9ations m & m4 ,9 ! exposition ( t passage 7*4 ix4 #bj1 #ba7 x 0 %[n t ^? ?+s prevail$ 9 ! ,roman *ur*:i* !n embrac$ ! :ole ,*ri/ian _wbe=e ! invasion ( ! ,ea/]n empire by ! ,turks1 & t !y cont9u$ to prevail aft]w>ds3 t1 9 fact1 ! moral "* ( ! _w 0 n affect$ by ^? 8plagues40 7c7 ,! next ev5t1 9 ! ord] ( "t1 0 ! ,re=mation1 & ! circum/ances 9 ! case are su* z to lead u to suppose t ?is *apt] ref]s to t4 ,= 7#a7 ! ord] ( "t dem&s ?is4 ,?is 0 ! next important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* & ! _w aft] ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople produc+ ! entire d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire2 & if1 z is suppos$ 9 ! previ\s exposition1 x 0 ! design ( ! ,_s ( inspiration to t\* on ! great & mat]ial ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* & ! _w1 !n x w\ld be natural to suppose t ! ,re=mation w\ld come next into view1 = no previ\s ev5t _h m deeply or p]man5tly affect$ ! condition ( mank9d4 7#b7 ,! /ate ( ! _w1 z describ$ 9 #bdi *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba1 0 su* z to dem& a re=mation1 or some?+ t %\ld be m effectual 9 purify+ ! *ur* ?an ! calamities describ$ 9 ! previ\s v]se _h be54 ,! repres5tation is1 t ,god _h br\ght great judgm5ts ^u ! _w1 b t !y _h be5 ineffectual 9 re=m+ mank9d4 ,! same k9d ( sup]/ition1 idolatry1 & corruption rema9$ aft] ^? judgm5ts :i* _h exi/$ be=e1 & !y 7 ( su* a nature z to make x e way desirable t a new influ5ce %\ld be br\ght to be> ^u ! _w to purify x f ^! abom9ations4 ,"s su* "w z ! ,re=mation is1 !re=e1 :at we %\ld naturally look = z ! next 9 ord]2 or1 at lea/1 su* a "w is "o t well fits 9 ) ! description ( ! previ\s /ate ( ?+s4 7d7 ,x w be f\nd1 ,i appreh5d1 9 ! exposition ( ! *apt]1 t ! symbols are su* z accord well ) ! great lead+ ev5ts ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation2 or1 9 o!r words1 t !y are su* t1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ! ,re=mation1 ^! are ! symbols :i* w\ld h be5 appropriately employ$4 ,( c\rse x is n necess>y to suppose t ,john und]/ood di/9ctly all t 0 meant by ^! symbols1 nor is x necess>y to suppose t ^? :o liv$ be=e ! ,re=mation w\ld be able to compreh5d !m p]fectly1 & to apply !m ) accuracy4 ,all t is necess>y to be suppos$ 9 ! int]pretation is1 7#a7 t ! symbol 0 design$ to be ( su* a "* z to give "s g5]al idea ( :at 0 to occur2 & 7#b7 t we %\ld be able1 n[ t ! ev5t has occurr$1 to %[ t x is fairly applicable to ! ev5t2 t is1 t on ! supposition t ?is 0 design$ to be ref]r$ to1 ! symbols are su* z w\ld prop]ly be employ$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be se5 m cle>ly aft] ! exposition %all h be5 gone ?r\gh4 ,) ?is g5]al view ( :at we %\ld naturally anticipate 9 ?is *apt]1 f ! c\rse ( exposition 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we are prep>$ = a m p>ticul> exposition & application ( ! symbols 9 ?is new vision4 ,x w be ! mo/ conv5i5t c\rse1 keep+ 9 m9d ! g5]al views pres5t$ "h1 to expla9 ! symbols1 & to consid] _! application z we g along4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,& ,i saw ano!r mighty angel come d[n f heav51 clo!d ) a cl\d2 & a #cagra9b[ 0 ^u 8 head1 & #cah;8 face 0 z x 7 ! sun1 & 8 feet z pill>s ( fire3 #a4 ,& ,i saw4 ,i _h a vision (4 ,! mean+ is1 t he saw ?is subsequ5tly to ! vision 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,! att5tion is n[ arre/$ by a new visionz if "s new disp5sation or economy 0 ab\t to occur 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r mighty angel4 ,he _h be=e se5 ! sev5 angels :o 7 to bl[ ! sev5 trumpets 7*4 viii4 #b71 he _h se5 six ( !m successively bl[ ! trumpet1 he n[ sees ano!r angel1 diff]5t f !m1 & app>5tly hav+ no connection ) !m1 com+ f heav5 to accompli% "s important purpose be=e ! sev5? angel %\ld give ! f9al bla/4 ,! angel is "h *>act]iz$ z a 8mighty0 angel"o ( /r5g? & p[]2 imply+ t ! "w to be accompli%$ by 8 mission dem&$ ! int]position ( "o ( ! high] ord]s ( ! heav5ly inhabitants4 ,! com+ ( an angel at all 0 indicative ( "s div9e int]position 9 human affairs2 ! fact t he 0 "o ( exalt$ rank1 or end[$ ) va/ p[]1 indicat$ ! nature ( ! "w to be donet x 0 a "w to ! execution ( :i* great ob/acles exi/$1 & :]e great p[] w\ld be ne$$4 ,clo!d ) a cl\d4 ,encompass$ ) a cl\d1 or envelop$ 9 a cl\d4 ,?is 0 a symbol ( maje/y & glory1 & is (t5 repres5t$ z accompany+ ! div9e pres5ce1 ,ex4 xvi4 #i1 #aj2 xxiv4 #af2 xxxiv4 #e2 ,nu4 xi4 #be2 #a ,ki4 viii4 #aj2 ,ps4 xcvii4 #b4 ,! ,savi\r also asc5d$ 9 a cl\d1 ,ac4 i4 #i2 & he w aga9 desc5d 9 cl\ds to judge ! _w1 ,mat4 xxiv4 #cj2 xxvi4 #fd2 ,m>4 xiii4 #bf2 ,re4 i4 #g4 ,no?+ c be argu$ "h z to ! purpose = :i* ! angel appe>$1 f 8 be+ encompass$ ) a cl\d2 nor c any?+ be argu$ f x 9 respect to ! "q :o ?is angel 04 ,! fair int]pretation is1 t ?is 0 "o ( ! angels n[ repres5t$ z s5t =? on an err& ( m]cy to man1 & com+ ) appropriate #bej maje/y z ! mess5g] ( ,god4 ,& a ra9b[ 0 ^u 8 head4 ,9 *4 iv4 #c ! ?rone 9 heav5 is repres5t$ z encircl$ by a ra9b[4 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,! ra9b[ is prop]ly an emblem ( peace4 ,"h ! symbol w\ld mean t ! angel came n = wra?1 b = purposes ( peace2 t he look$ ) a b5ign aspect on m51 & t ! effect ( 8 com+ w\ld be l t ( sun%9e aft] a /orm4 ,& 8 face 0 z x 7 ! sun4 ,bright l ! sun 7,notes1 *4 i4 #af72 t is1 he look$ ^u m5 ) 7a7 an intellig5t aspectz ! sun is ! s\rce ( light2 & 7b7 ) b5ignityn cov]$ ) cl\ds1 or d>k5$ by wra?4 ,! brightness is probably ! ma9 idea1 b ! appe>ance ( ! angel w\ld1 z "h repres5t$1 naturally sugge/ ! ideas j ref]r$ to4 ,z an emblem or symbol we %\ld reg>d 8 appe>+ z t :i* 0 to be foll[$ by k & by prosp]ity4 ,& 8 feet z pill>s ( fire4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ae4 ,9 ?is symbol1 !n1 we h ! foll[+ ?+s37a7 ,an angelz ! mess5g] ( ,god1 indicat+ t "s new communication 0 to be br\ght to mank9d1 or t !re w\ld be "s int]position 9 human affairs :i* might be well repres5t$ by ! com+ ( an angel2 7b7 ! fact t he 0 8mighty0indicat+ t ! "w to be done requir$ p[] beyond human /r5g?2 7c7 ! fact t he came 9 a cl\don an embassage s gr& & magnific5t z to make ?is symbol ( maje/y prop]2 7d7 ! fact t he 0 encircl$ by a ra9b[t ! visitation 0 to be "o ( peace to mank9d2 & 7e7 ! fact t 8 com+ 0 l ! sunor w\ld diffuse light & peace4 ,n[1 9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is1 )\t adv]t+ to any o!r !ory1 no "o c fail to see t1 on ! supposition t x 0 design$ to ref] to ! ,re=mation1 ?is w\ld be ! mo/ /rik+ & appropriate symbol t c\ld h be5 *os54 ,= 7a7 z we h se5 already1 ?is is ! place :i* ! vision naturally occupies 9 ! s]ies ( hi/orical repres5tations4 7b7 ,x 0 at a p]iod ( ! _w1 & ! _w 0 9 su* a /ate1 t an int]v5tion ( ?is k9d w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ! com+ ( an angel f heav54 ,god _h visit$ ! nations ) t]rible judgm5ts1 b ! effect _h n be5 to produce re=mation1 = ! same =ms ( wick$ness cont9u$ to prevail :i* _h exi/$ be=e4 ,notes1 *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s any new int]position ( ,god = re=m+ ! _w w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ! com+ ( an angel f heav5 z a mess5g] ( light & peace4 7c7 ,! great & lead+ ev5ts ( ! ,re=mation 7 well repres5t$ by ! p[] ( ?is angel4 ,x 0 n1 inde$1 physical p[]2 b ! "w to be done 9 ! ,re=mation 0 a great "w1 & 0 su* z w\ld be well symboliz$ by ! int]v5tion ( a mighty angel f heav54 ,! task ( re=m+ ! *ur*1 & ( correct+ ! abuses :i* _h prevail$1 0 :olly beyond any ability :i* man possess$1 & 0 well repres5t$1 !re=e1 by ! desc5t ( ?is mess5g] f ! skies4 7d7 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! ra9b[ t 0 ^u 8 head4 ,no?+ w\ld bett] symbolize ! g5]al aspect ( ! ,re=mation1 z fitt$ to produce peace1 tranquillity1 & joy ^u ! e>?4 ,& 7e7 ! same ?+ 0 indicat$ by ! spl5d\r! light & gloryt att5d$ ! angel4 ,! symbol w\ld d5ote t ! new ord] ( ?+s w\ld be att5d$ ) light2 ) k2 ) t :i* w\ld be b5ign 9 its influ5ce on human affairs4 ,& x ne$ n be said1 to anyone acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ^? times1 t ! ,re=mation 0 prec$$ & accompani$ ) a great increase ( light2 t at j ab\t t p]iod ( ! _w ! /udy ( ! ,greek language began to be common 9 ,europe2 t ! sci5ces _h made rem>kable progress2 t s*ools & colleges _h begun to fl\ri%2 & t1 to a degree :i* _h n exi/$ = ages be=e1 ! public m9d _h become awak5$ to ! importance ( tru? & k4 ,= a full illu/ration ( ?is1 f ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury & onw>d1 see ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfebib1 *4 ix4 "p ii4 ,to g into any satisfactory detail on ?is po9t w\ld be :olly beyond ! prop] limits ( ^! ,notes1 & ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! hi/ories ( ^? times1 & especially to ,hallam1 :o has record$ all t is necess>y to be kn[n on ! subject4 ,suffice x to say1 t on ! supposition t x 0 ! int5tion to symbolize ^? times1 no m appropriate emblem c\ld h #bea be5 f\nd ?an t ( an angel ^: face %one l ! sun1 & :o 0 cov]$ ) light & spl5d\r4 ,^! rem>ks w %[1 t if x be suppos$ x 0 int5d$ to symbolize ! ,re=mation1 no m appropriate emblem c\ld h be5 select$ ?an t ( su* an angel com+ d[n f heav54 ,if1 aft] ! ev5ts h occurr$1 we %\ld desire to repres5t ! same ?+s by a /rik+ & expressive symbol1 we c\ld f9d none t w\ld bett] repres5t ^? times4 #b ,& he _h 9 8 h& a little book op53 & he set 8 "r foot ^u ! sea1 & 8 left foot on ! e>?1 #b4 ,& he _h 9 8 h& a little book op54 ,?is is ! fir/ ?+ t indicat$ ! purpose ( 8 appe>+1 or t w\ld give any di/9ct indication ( ! design ( 8 com+ f heav54 ,! g5]al aspect ( ! angel1 inde$1 z repres5t$ 9 ! =m] v]se1 0 t ( b5ignity1 & 8 purpose1 z !re indicat$1 0 light & peace4 ,b /ill !re 0 no?+ :i* w\ld d5ote ! p>ticul> design = :i* he came1 or :i* w\ld designate ! p>ticul> means :i* he w\ld employ4 ,"h we h1 h[ev]1 an emblem :i* w furni% an indication ( :at 0 to occur z ! result ( 8 appe>+4 ,to be able to apply ?is1 x w be necess>y1 z 9 all simil> cases1 to expla9 ! natural significancy ( ! emblem4 7#a7 ,! little book4 ,! ^w us$ "hoccurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except 9 v]4 #h1 #i1 #aj ( ?is *apt]4 ,! ^w bookoccurs frequ5tly3,mat4 xix4 #g2 ,m>4 x4 #d;appli$ to a bill ( divorcem5t2 ,lu4 iv4 #ag1 #bj2 ,jn4 xx4 #cj2 xxi4 #be2 ,ga4 iii4 #aj2 #b ,ti4 iv4 #ac2 ,he4 ix4 #ai2 x4 #g4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ?is ^w is ( common occurr5ce3 *4 i4 #aa2 v4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i2 vi4 #ad1 r5d]$ scroll2 xvii4 #h2 xx4 #ab2 xxi4 #bg2 xxii4 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ah1 #ai4 ,! ^w 0 evid5tly *os5 "h to d5ote some?+ t 0 peculi> 9 ! size or =m ( ! book1 or to di/+ui% x f t :i* w\ld be designat$ by ! ord9>y ^w employ$ to d5ote a book4 ,! ^w prop]ly d5otes a small roll or volume2 a little scroll 7,rob4 ,lex41 ,pollux4 ,onoma/4 #g4 #baj74 ,x is evid5t t some?+ 0 int5d$ by ! dim9utive size ( ! book1 or t x 0 design$ to make a di/9ction betwe5 ?is & t :i* is indicat$ by ! use ( ! ^w book 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,x 01 at lea/1 indicat$ by ?is t x 0 some?+ diff]5t f :at 0 se5 9 ! h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone 9 *4 v4 #a4 ,t 0 cle>ly a l>ge volume2 ?is 0 s small t x c\ld be tak5 9 ! h&1 & c\ld be repres5t$ z eat51 v]4 #i1 #aj4 ,b ( :at is a book an emblem8 ,to ?is "q !re c be little difficulty 9 furni%+ an answ]4 ,a book se5 9 a dream1 accord+ to ,artemidorus1 signifies ! life1 or ! acts ( him t sees x 7,wemyss74 ,accord+ to ! ,indian int]pret]s1 a book is ! symbol ( p[] & dignity4 ,! ,jewi% k+s1 :5 !y 7 cr[n$1 _h ! book ( ! law ( ,god put into _! h&s 7#b ,ki4 xi4 #ab2 #b ,*4 xxiii4 #aa72 d5ot+ t !y 7 to obs]ve ! law1 & t _! adm9i/ration 0 to be "o ( intellig5ce & uprightness4 ,! gift ( a ,bible n[ to a mon>* :5 he is cr[n$1 or to ! (fic] ( a corporation or society1 d5otes ! same ?+4 ,a book1 z su*1 ?us borne 9 ! h& ( an angel com+ d[n to ! _w1 w\ld be an indication t some?+ ( importance 0 to be communicat$ to m51 or t some?+ 0 to be accompli%$ by ! ag5cy ( a book4 ,x 0 n1 z 9 *4 vi4 #b1 a b[emblem ( conque/2 or v]4 #d1 a swordemblem ( battle2 or v]4 #e1 a pair ( scalesemblem ( ! exactness ) :i* ?+s 7 to be det]m9$2 b x 0 a booka spee*less1 sil5t ?+1 yet mighty2 n design$ to c>ry desolation ?r\gh ! e>?1 b to diffuse light & tru?4 ,! natural int]pretation1 !n1 w\ld be1 t some?+ 0 to be accompli%$ by ! ag5cy ( a book1 or t a book 0 to be ! prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! timesz ! b[1 ! sword1 & ! balances _h be5 ( ! previ\s p]iods4 ,z to ! size ( ! book1 p]haps all t c be inf]r$ is1 t ?is 0 to be br\ght ab\t1 n by ext5d$ tomes1 b by a comp>atively small volumes t x c\ld be tak5 9 ! h&2 s t x c\ld1 )\t impropriety1 be repres5t$ z eat5 by an individual4 7#b7 ,! fact t x 0 op5 8a little book op504 ,! ^w "h us$ means1 prop]ly1 to op5 or unclose 9 respect to t :i* 0 #beb be=e fa/5$ or seal$1 z t :i* is cov]$ by a door1 ,mat4 ii4 #aa2 tombs1 :i* 7 clos$ by l>ge /ones1 ,mat4 xxvii4 #fj1 #ff2 a gate1 ,ac4 v4 #bc2 xii4 #aj2 ! abyss1 ,re4 ix4 #b8s9ce 9 ! ea/ pits or wells are clos$ ) l>ge /ones1 comp4 ,ge4 xxix4 #b0 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,! mean+ ( ?is ^w1 z appli$ to a book1 w\ld be1 t x 0 n[ op5$ s t its cont5ts c\ld be read4 ,! ^w w\ld n necess>ily imply t x _h be5 seal$ or clos$1 ?\gh t w\ld be ! mo/ natural impression f ! use ( ! ^w4 ,comp4 = ! use ( ! ^w r5d]$ op51 ,re4 iii4 #h1 #bj2 iv4 #a2 v4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #i2 vi4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #ab2 viii4 #a2 ix4 #b2 x4 #bh2 xi4 #ai2 xx4 #ab4 ,?is w\ld f9d a fulfilm5t if "s su* facts z ! foll[+ %\ld occur37a7 if !re _h be5 any cu/om or arrangem5t by :i* k 0 kept f m51 or access 0 =bidd5 to books or to "s "o book 9 p>ticul>2 & 7b7 if some?+ %\ld occur by :i* t :i* _h be=e be5 kept hidd5 or conceal$1 or t to :i* access _h be5 d5i$1 %\ld be made accessible4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is is ! prop] symbol ( a diffusion ( k1 or ( ! influ5ce ( ,a ,,book on mank9d4 7#c7 ,! fact t x 0 9 ! h& ( ! angel4 ,all t seems to be impli$ 9 ?is is1 t x 0 n[ (f]$1 or 0 ready to be put 9 possession ( ,johnor ( ! *ur*or ( mank9d4 ,x 0 op51 & 0 held out1 z x 71 = p]usal4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is1 x is pla9 t1 if x be admitt$ t x 0 ! design ( ! au?or ( ! vision to ref] to ! ,re=mation1 no m appropriate emblem c\ld h be5 *os54 ,if we 7 n[ to endeav\r to devise an emblem ( ! ,re=mation t w\ld be /rik+ & expressive1 we c\ld n well select "o :i* w\ld bett] repres5t ! great "w ?an t :i* is "h pres5t$4 ,?is w appe> pla9 f a few consid]ations37#a7 ,! great ag5t 9 ! ,re=mation1 ! mov+ cause ( x1 its sugge/or & support]1 0 a book! ,bible4 ,wycliffe _h translat$ ! ,new ,te/am5t into ! ,engli% language1 & ?\gh ?is 0 suppress$1 yet x _h done mu* to prep>e ! p = ! ,re=mation2 & all t ,lu!r did c be trac$ to ! discov]y ( ! ,bible1 & to ! use :i* 0 made ( x4 ,lu!r _h gr[n up into manhood2 _h pass$ f ! s*ools to ! univ]sity ( ,erfurt1 & !re hav+1 dur+ ! usual f\r ye>s' c\rse ( /udy1 display$ intellectual p[]s & an ext5t ( le>n+ t excit$ ! admiration ( ! univ]sity1 & t seem$ to op5 to 8 atta9m5t bo? ! hon\r & emolum5t ( ! _w1 he appe>$ to h be5 prep>$ to play an important "p on ! great drama ( human affairs4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 to ! a/oni%m5t & dismay ( 8 fri5ds1 he betook himself to ! solitude & gloom ( an ,augu/9ian mona/]y4 ,!re he f\nd a ,biblea copy ( ! ,vulgatehid 9 ! %elves ( ! univ]sity libr>y4 ,till !n he _h suppos$ t !re exi/$ no o!r ,gospels or ,epi/les ?an :at 7 giv5 9 ! ,brevi>y1 or quot$ by ! prea*]s4#cai ,to ! /udy ( t book he n[ gave himself ) untir+ dilig5ce & /eady pray]2 & ! effect 0 to %[ to him ! way ( salvation by fai?1 & ultimately to produce ! ,re=mation4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation c d\bt t x is to be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible2 t ! mov+ cause1 ! spr+ ( all t occurr$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 0 ! impulse giv5 to ! m9d ( ,lu!r & 8 fell[-lab\r]s by ! /udy ( t "o book4 ,x is ?is well-kn[n fact t gives s mu* tru? to ! celebrat$ decl>ation ( ,*ill+wor?1 t 8! ,bible is ! religion ( ,prote/ants40 ,if a symbol ( ?is _h be5 design$ be=e x occurr$1 or if "o %\ld be s\ght = n[ t w\ld designate ! actual nature & influ5ce ( ! ,re=mation1 no?+ bett] c\ld be select$ ?an t ( an angel desc5d+ f heav51 ) b5ignant aspect1 ) a ra9b[ ar\nd 8 head1 & ) light beam+ all ar\nd him1 hold+ =? to mank9d a book4 7#b7 ,?is book _h be=e be5 hidd51 or clos$2 t is1 x c\ld n till !n be reg>d$ z an op5 volume4 7a7 ,x 0 9 fact kn[n by few ev5 ( ! cl]gy1 & x 0 n 9 ! h&s ( ! mass ( ! p at all4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! great body ( ! ,romi% cl]gy1 9 ! "t t prec$$ ! ,re=mation1 7 ev5 m ignorant ( ! ,bible ?an ,lu!r himself 04 ,_m ( !m 7 unable to read2 few _h access to ! ,bible2 & ^? :o _h1 drew _! doctr9es #bec r f ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* ?an f ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,hallam 7,middle ,ages1 ii4 #bda7 says3 8,( ?is prevail+ ignorance 9 ! t5? c5tury & onw>d x is easy to produce abundant te/imony4 ,9 almo/ e c\ncil ! ignorance ( ! cl]gy =ms a subject = reproa*4 ,x is ass]t$ by "o held 9 #iib1 t sc>cely a s+le p]son c\ld be f\nd 9 ,rome itself :o knew ! fir/ elem5ts ( lett]s4 ,n "o prie/ ( a ?\s& 9 ,spa91 ab\t ! age ( ,*>lemagne1 c\ld address a lett] ( common salutation to ano!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,alfr$ decl>es t he c\ld n recollect a s+le prie/ s\? ( ! ,?ames 7! be/ "p ( ,engl&71 at ! "t ( 8 accession1 :o und]/ood ! ord9>y pray]s1 or :o c\ld translate ! ,lat9 into ! "m tongue40 ,!re 7 few books ( any k9d 9 circulation1 & ev5 if !re _h be5 an ability to read1 ! co/ ( books 0 s great z to exclude ! great mass ( ! p f all access to ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 8,_m ( ! cl]gy10 says ,dr4 ,rob]tson 7,hi/4 ( ,*>les ,v4 p4 #ad1 ,h>p]'s ed471 8did n und]/& ! ,brevi>y :i* !y 7 oblig$ daily to recite2 "s ( !m c\ld sc>cely read x40 8,p]sons ( ! highe/ rank1 & 9 ! mo/ em95t /ations1 c\ld nei!r read nor write40 ,"o ( ! que/ions appo9t$ by ! canons to be put to p]sons :o 7 c&idates = ord]s 0 ?is1 8,:e!r !y c\ld read ! ,gospels & ,epi/les1 & expla9 ! s5se ( !m at lea/ lit]ally80 ,= ! causes ( ?is ignorance see ,rob]tson's ,hi/4 ( ,*>les ,v4 p4 #eae4 ,"o ( ^? causes 0 ! co/ ( books4 8,private p]sons seldom possess$ any books :atev]4 ,ev5 mona/]ies ( consid]able note _h only "o ,missal4 ,! price ( books became s high t p]sons ( a mod]ate =tune c\ld n af=d to pur*ase !m4 ,! ,c\ntess ( ,anj\ paid = a copy ( ! ,homilies ( ,haimon1 bi%op ( ,alb]/adt1 two hundr$ %eep1 five qu>t]s ( :eat1 & ! same quantity ( rye & millet10 c4 ,su* 0 ! co/ ( books t few p]sons c\ld af=d to own a copy ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures2 & ! consequ5ce 01 !re 7 almo/ none 9 ! h&s ( ! p4 ,! few copies t 7 9 exi/5ce 7 mo/ly 9 ! libr>ies ( mona/]ies & univ]sities1 or 9 ! h&s ( "s ( ! high] cl]gy4 7b7 ,b !re 0 ano!r reason t 0 /ill m efficaci\s1 p]haps1 9 keep+ ! p at l>ge f ! k ( ! ,scriptures4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! prevail+ views 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic communion respect+ ! private use & int]pretation ( ! sacr$ volume4 ,:atev] !ory may n[ be advocat$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic communion on ?is po9t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! influ5ce ( t d5om9ation has be5 to )hold ! ,bible f a free circulation among ! common p4 ,no "o c d5y t1 9 ! times j prec$+ ! ,re=mation1 ! :ole influ5ce ( ! ,papal d5om9ation 0 oppos$ to a free circulation ( ! ,bible1 & t "o ( ! great & *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,re=mation 0 ! fact1 t ! doctr9e 0 promulgat$ t ! ,bible 0 to be freely di/ribut$1 & t ! p ev]y:]e 7 to h access to x1 & 7 to =m _! own op9ions ( ! doctr9es :i* x reveals4 7#c7 ,! ,bible became1 at ! ,re=mation1 9 fact an 8op50 book4 ,x 0 made accessible4 ,x became ! popul> book ( ! _w! book t did m ?an all o!r ?+s to *ange ! aspect ( affairs1 & to give "* to subsequ5t times4 ,?is occurr$ because 7a7 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 discov]$ j be=e ! ,re=mation1 z if1 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 x 0 design$ !n to give ?is preci\s volume to ! _w2 & ! ,bible 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ book pr9t$1 & has be5 s9ce pr9t$ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r book :atev]1 & w cont9ue to be to ! end ( ! _w4 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e n[ a m /rik+ symbol ( ! art ( pr9t+1 or to sugge/ a bett] device = x1 ?an to repres5t an angel giv+ an op5 volume to mank9d4 7b7 ,! lead+ doctr9e ( ! ,re=m]s 01 t ! ,bible is ! s\rce ( all au?ority 9 matt]s ( religion1 &1 consequ5tly1 is to be accessible to all ! p4 ,& 7c7 ! ,bible 0 ! au?ority appeal$ to by ! ,re=m]s4 ,x became ! subject ( pr(\nd /udy2 0 diffus$ abroad2 & gave =m to all ! doctr9es t sprang out ( ! times ( ! ,re=mation4 ,^! rem>ks1 :i* might be greatly exp&$1 w %[ ) :at propriety1 on ! supposition t ! *apt] "h ref]s to ! ,re=mation1 ! symbol ( a book 0 select$4 ,obvi\sly no o!r symbol w\ld h be5 s appropriate2 no?+ else w\ld h giv5 s j a view ( ! lead+ #bed *>act]i/ics ( t p]iod ( ! _w4 ,& he set 8 "r foot ^u ! sea1 & 8 left foot ^u ! e>?4 ,?is is ! ?ird *>act]i/ic 9 ! symbol4 ,z a m]e description ?is is em95tly sublime4 ,i 0 once 7at ,cape ,may1 #ahdi7 impressively rem9d$ ( ?is passage4 ,my w9d[ 0 9 su* a position t x comm&$ a f9e view at ! same "t ( ! ocean & ! l&4 ,a /orm arose su* z ,i _h nev] witness$! cl\ds f ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! compass seem+ to come toge!r ov] ! place1 & produc+ incessant lightn+ & ?und]4 ,z ! /orm cle>$ away ! mo/ magnific5t ra9b[ t ,i ev] saw appe>$1 ar*+ ! heav5s1 "o foot ( x f> (f on ! sea1 & ! o!r on ! l&an emblem ( peace to bo?& mo/ /rik+ly sugge/+ to me ! angel 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! natural mean+ ( su* a symbol z t repres5t$ "h w\ld be1 t some?+ 0 to occur :i* w\ld p]ta9 to ! :ole _w1 z ! e>? is made up ( l& & wat]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 t on ! supposition t ?is ref]s to ! ,re=mation1 !re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ an ample fulfilm5t ( ! symbol4 ,t great "w 0 design$ manife/ly by ,provid5ce to affect all ! _w! sea & ! l&! dwell]s 9 ! isl&s & 9 ! cont95ts^? :o 8g d[n to ! sea 9 %ips1 & d bus9ess 9 ! great wat]s10 & ^? :o h a p]man5t dwell+ on %ore4 ,x may be admitt$1 inde$1 t1 9 itself1 ?is "o ?+! angel /&+ on ! sea & ! l&1 if x occurr$ alone1 c\ld n sugge/ ! ,re=mation2 & if !re 7 no?+ else1 su* an application might seem fanciful & unnatural2 b1 tak5 9 connection ) ! o!r ?+s 9 ! symbol1 & assum+ t ! :ole vision 0 design$ to symbolize ! ,re=mation1 x w n be reg>d$ z unnatural t !re %\ld be "s symbol :i* w\ld intimate t ! bless+s ( a re=m$ religiona pure gospelw\ld be ultimately spread ov] l& & oceanov] ! cont95ts & isl&s ( ! globe2 9 all ! fix$ habitations ( m51 & 9 _! float+ habitations on ! deep4 ,! symbol ( a ra9b[ b5d+ ov] ! sea & l&1 w\ld h express$ ?is2 ! same ?+ w\ld be express$ by an angel ^: head 0 encircl$ by a ra9b[1 & ^: face beam$ ) light1 ) "o foot on ! ocean & ! o!r on ! l&4 #c ,& cri$ ) a l\d voice1 z :5 a lion ro>e?3 & :5 he _h cri$1 sev5 #cbj?und]s utt]$ _! voices4 #c4 ,& cri$ ) a l\d voice1 z :5 a lion ro>e?4 ,! lion is ! mon>* ( ! woods1 & 8 ro> is an image ( t]ror4 ,! po9t ( ! comp>ison "h seems to be ! l\dness ) :i* ! angel cri$1 & ! p[] ( :at he said to awe ! _wz ! ro> ( ! lion keeps ! dwell]s ( ! =e/ 9 awe4 ,:at he said is n /at$2 nor did ,john attempt to record x4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t x 0 8a l\d note ( woe1 "s int]jection utt]$ :i* w\ld s]ve to call att5tion1 & at ! same "t be indicative ( ! judgm5ts :i* 7 to foll[40 ,b x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is p>ticul> ?+ 0 int5d$4 ,any l\d utt]anceany solemn comm&any pr$iction ( judgm5tany decl>ation ( tru? t w\ld arre/ ! att5tion ( mank9d1 w\ld be 9 accordance ) all t is said "h4 ,z !re is no application ( :at is said1 & no explanation made by ,john1 x is impossible to det]m9e ) any c]ta9ty :at is ref]r$ to4 ,b1 suppos+ t ! :ole ref]s to ! ,re=mation1 w\ld n ! l\d & comm&+ voice ( ! angel prop]ly repres5t ! proclamation ( ! gospel z x began to be prea*$ 9 su* a mann] z to comm& ! att5tion ( ! _w1 & ! repro( ( ! prevail+ s9s 9 su* a mann] z to keep ! _w 9 awe8 ,! voice t s\nd$ =? at ! ,re=mation among ! nations ( ,europe1 break+ ! slumb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 awak+ ! *ur* to ! evil ( ! exi/+ corruptions & abom9ations1 & summon+ pr9ces to ! def5ce ( ! tru?1 might well be symboliz$ by ! voice ( an angel t 0 he>d af>4 ,9 reg>d to ! effect ( ! 8!ses0 ( ,lu!r1 9 :i* he attack$ ! ma9 doctr9es ( ! ,papacy1 a contempor>y writ] says1 8,9 ! space ( a =tnight !y spread ov] ,g]many1 & )9 a mon? !y _h run ?r\gh all ,*ri/5dom1 z if angels #bee !mselves _h be5 ! be>]s ( !m to all m540 ,to ,john x might n be kn[n be=eh&z x probably w\ld n be:at ?is symboliz$2 b c\ld we n[ f9d a m appropriate symbol to d5ote ! ,re=mation ?an ! appe>ance ( su* an angel2 or bett] describe ! impression made by ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! great doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation1 ?an by ! l\d voice ( su* an angel8 ,& :5 he _h cri$1 sev5 ?und]s utt]$ _! voices4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 8! sev5 ?und]s utt]$ _! voices10 & insi/s t ! article %\ld be reta9$1 :i* x has n be5 9 our common v]sion4 ,s ,elliott1 ,bi%op ,middleton1 & o!rs4 ,bi%op ,middleton says1 8,:y ! article is ins]t$ "h ,i am unable to discov]4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t a few manuscripts & editions omit x 9 bo? places v]4 #c1 #d4 ,7 ! sev5 ?und]s any?+ well kn[n & pre-em95t8 ,if n1 ! omission mu/ be "r 9 ! =m] in/ance1 b wrong 9 ! latt]2 if !y 7 pre-em95t1 !n is x wrong 9 bo?4 ,b5gel omits ! article 9 v]4 #c1 b has x 9 v]4 #d40 ,he reg>ds ! ins]tion ( ! article z ! true read+ 9 bo? places1 & supposes t !re may h be5 a ref]5ce to "s ,jewi% op9ion1 b says t he _h n be5 able to f9d a ve/ige ( x 9 ,lightfoot1 ,s*oettg51 or ,meus*54 ,/orr supposes t we are n to seek "h = any ,jewi% notion1 & t no?+ is to be inf]r$ f ! article 7,middleton1 on ! ,greek ,article1 p4 #ceh74 ,! be/ editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t reta9 ! article 9 bo? places1 & inde$ !re is no au?ority = omitt+ x4 ,! use ( ! article "h naturally implies ei!r t ^! sev5 ?und]s 7 some?+ :i* _h be5 be=e ref]r$ to1 ei!r expressly or impli$ly2 or t !re 0 some?+ ab\t !m :i* 0 s well kn[n t x w\ld be at once und]/ood :at 0 ref]r$ to2 or t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! connection :i* w\ld det]m9e ! mean+4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 viii4 #b4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t !re _h be5 no m5tion ( 8sev5 ?und]s0 be=e1 nor _h any?+ be5 ref]r$ to :i* w\ld at once sugge/ !m4 ,! reason = ! ins]tion ( ! article "h mu/1 !re=e1 be f\nd 9 "s pre-em95ce :i* ^! sev5 ?und]s _h2 9 "s well-kn[n facts ab\t !m2 9 some?+ :i* w\ld at once sugge/ !m :5 !y 7 m5tion$ z :5 we m5tion ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 ?\gh !y might n h be5 di/9ctly ref]r$ to be=e4 ,! numb] 8sev50 is us$ "h ei!r 7a7 z a g5]al or p]fect numb]1 z x is frequ5tly 9 ?is book1 :]e we h x s (t5 repeat$sev5 spirits2 sev5 angels2 sev5 seals2 sev5 trumpets2 or 7b7 ) "s specific ref]5ce to ! matt] 9 h&! case actually 9 view ( ! writ]4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t x might be us$ 9 ! =m] s5se "h1 & t no law ( language w\ld be violat$ if x 7 s und]/ood2 z d5ot+ _m ?und]s2 b /ill x is equally true t x may be us$ 9 a specific s5se z d5ot+ some?+ t w\ld be well und]/ood by apply+ ! numb] sev5 to x4 ,n[ let x be suppos$1 9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is symbol1 t ! ref]5ce is to ,rome1 ! sev5-hill$ city1 & to ! ?und]s ( excommunication1 ana!ma1 & wra? t 7 utt]$ f t city aga9/ ! ,re=m]s2 & w\ld !re n be all t is fairly impli$ 9 ?is language1 & is n ?is su* a symbol z w\ld be appropriately us$ on su* a supposition8 ,! foll[+ circum/ances may be ref]r$ to z wor?y ( notice on ?is po9t37a7 ! place :i* ?is occupies 9 ! s]ies ( symbolsbe+ j aft] ! angel _h utt]$ 8 voice z symbolical ( ! proclamation ( ! great tru?s ( ! gospel 9 ! ,re=mation1 if ! int]pretation above giv5 is correct4 ,! next ev5t1 9 ! ord] ( nature & ( fact1 0 ! voice ( excommunication utt]$ at ,rome4 7b7 ,! ^w ?und] w\ld appropriately d5ote ! bulls ( excommunication utt]$ at ,rome1 = ! "n mo/ frequ5tly giv5 to ! decrees ( ! ,papacy1 :5 condemnatory1 0 t ( ,papal ?und]s4 ,s ,le ,bas1 9 8 ,life ( ,wycliffe1 p4 #aih1 says3 8,! ?und]s :i* %ook ! _w :5 !y issu$ f ! sev5 hills s5t =? an unc]ta9 s\nd1 comp>atively fa9t & p[]less1 :5 laun*$ f a region ( less devot$ sanctity40 7c7 ,! numb] sev5 w\ld1 on su* a supposition1 be us$ "h ) equal propriety4 ,rome 0 built on sev5 hills2 0 kn[n z ! 8sev5-hill$0 city1 & ! ?und]s f t city w\ld seem to e*o & re-e*o f ^? hills4 ,comp4 *4 xvii4 #i4 7d7 ,?is supposition1 #bef also1 w accord ) ! use ( ! article "h1 z if ^? ?und]s 7 some?+ well kn[n8! sev5 ?und]s2 0 t is1 ! ?und]s :i* ! nations 7 accu/om$ to he>4 7e7 ,?is w also accord ) ! passage be=e u1 inasmu* z ! ?und]s w\ld seem to h be5 ( ! nature ( a response to :at ! angel said1 or to h be5 s5t =? because he _h utt]$ 8 l\d cry4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ana!mas 7 hurl$ f ,rome because ! nations _h be5 ar\s$ by ! l\d cry = re=mation1 z if an angel _h utt]$ t cry4 ,= ^! reasons !re is a propriety 9 apply+ ?is language to ! ?und]s :i* issu$ f ,rome condemn+ ! doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation1 & 9 def5ce ( ! anci5t fai?1 & excommunicat+ ^? :o embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,if we 7 n[ to attempt to devise a symbol :i* w\ld be appropriate to express :at actually occurr$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 we c\ld n ?9k ( "o :i* w\ld be bett] fitt$ to t purpose ?an to speak ( sev5 ?und]s bell[+ =? f ! sev5-hill$ city4 #d ,& :5 ! sev5 ?und]s _h utt]$ _! voices1 ,i 0 ab\t to write3 & ,i he>d a voice f heav5 say+ unto me1 #cba,seal up ^? ?+s :i* ! sev5 ?und]s utt]$1 & write !m n4 #d4 ,& :5 ! sev5 ?und]s _h utt]$ _! voices4 ,aft] he _h li/5$ to ^? ?und]s2 or :5 !y _h pass$ by4 ,i 0 ab\t to write4 ,t is1 he 0 ab\t to record :at 0 utt]$1 suppos+ t t 0 ! design = :i* he _h be5 made to he> !m4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t x 0 n m]e ?und]brutum fulm5b t ! utt]ance _h a di/9ct & intelligible enunciation1 or t words 7 employ$ t c\ld be record$4 ,x may be obs]v$1 by ! way1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t has rem>k$1 t ?is proves t ,john wrote d[n :at he saw & he>d z soon z practicable1 & 9 ! place :]e he 02 & t ! supposition ( _m mod]n critics1 t ! ,apocalyptic visions 7 writt5 at ,ephesus a consid]able "t aft] ! visions took place1 has no good f\ndation4 ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav5 say+ unto me4 ,evid5tly ! voice ( ,god3 at all ev5ts x came ) ! cle> =ce ( comm&4 ,seal up ^? ?+s4 ,on ! ^w seal1 see ,notes on *4 v4 #a4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t he 0 n to record ^? ?+s1 b :at he he>d he 0 to keep to himself z if x 0 plac$ "u a seal :i* 0 n to be brok54 ,& write !m n4 ,make no record ( !m4 ,no reason is m5tion$ :y ?is 0 n to be done1 & none c n[ be giv5 t c be prov$ to be ! true reason4 ,vitr+a1 :o reg>ds ! sev5 ?und]s z ref]r+ to ! ,crusades1 supposes ! reason to h be5 t a m full /atem5t w\ld h div]t$ ! m9d f ! c\rse ( ! prophetic n>rative1 & f m important ev5ts :i* p]ta9$ to ! *ur*1 & t no?+ occurr$ 9 ! ,crusades :i* 0 wor?y to be record$ at l5g?3 ,nec dign erant qu prolixius expon]5tur8=10 he adds1 8^! exp$itions 7 und]tak5 ) a fooli% purpose1 & result$ 9 real detrim5t to ! *ur*10 pp4 #dca1 #dcb4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #bjdbjf7 supposes t ^! 8?und]s0 ref] to ! de/ruction ( ! city & temple ( ,god1 & t !y 7 a sublime introduction to ! la/ cata/rophe1 & t ! mean+ is n t he %\ld keep 8entire sil5ce10 b only t he %\ld /ate ! circum/ances 9 a g5]al mann]1 )\t go+ into detail4 ,m$e supposes t ,john 0 comm&$ to keep sil5ce because x 0 design$ t ! mean+ %\ld n !n be kn[n1 b %\ld be disclos$ 9 future times2 ,=]ius1 because x 0 ! design t ! wise %\ld be able to und]/& !m1 b t !y 7 n to be disclos$ to ! wick$ & pr(ane4 ,)\t attempt+ to exam9e ^! & o!r solutions :i* h be5 propos$1 ! "q :i*1 f ! c\rse ( ! exposition1 is prop]ly be=e u is1 :e!r1 on ! supposition t ! voice ( ! sev5 ?und]s ref]r$ to ! ,papal ana!mas1 a rational & satisfactory solution ( ! reasons ( ?is sil5ce c be giv54 ,)\t pret5d+ to "k ! reasons :i* exi/$1 ! foll[+ may be ref]r$ to z n improbable1 & z ^? :i* w\ld meet ! case37#a7 ,9 ^! ,papal ana!mas !re 0 no?+ t 0 wor?y ( record2 !re 0 no?+ t 0 important z hi/ory2 !re 0 no?+ t communicat$ #beg tru?2 !re 0 no?+ t really indicat$ progress 9 human affairs4 ,9 !mselves !re 0 no?+ m t des]v$ record ?an ! acts & do+s ( wick$ m5 at any "t2 no?+ t fell 9 ) ! ma9 design ( ?is book4 7#b7 ,su* a record w\ld h ret>d$ ! progress ( ! ma9 /atem5ts ( :at 0 to occur1 & w\ld h turn$ (f ! att5tion f ^! to less important matt]s4 7#c7 ,all t 0 necess>y 9 ! case 0 simply to /ate t su* ?und]s 7 he>d3 t is1 on ! supposition t ?is ref]s to ! ,re=mation1 t t great *ange 9 human affairs w\ld n be p]mitt$ to occur )\t opposition & noisez if ! ?und]s ( wra? %\ld foll[ ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 x4 7#d7 ,john evid5tly mi/ook ?is = a real revelation1 or = some?+ t 0 to be record$ z connect$ ) ! div9e w 9 ref]5ce to ! progress ( human affairs4 ,he 0 naturally ab\t to record ?is z he did :at 0 utt]$ by ! o!r voices :i* he he>d2 & if he _h made ! record1 x w\ld h be5 ) ?is mi/ak5 view4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! voices1 or 9 :at 0 utt]$1 t w\ld manife/ly m>k x z di/9ct f :at _h be5 utt]$ z com+ f ,god1 & he 0 ab\t to record x "u ?is impression4 ,if ?is 0 a mi/ake1 & if ! record w\ld d any?+1 z x cle>ly w\ld1 to p]petuate ! error1 x is easy to see a suffici5t reason :y ! record %\ld n be made4 7#e7 ,x is rem>kable t !re 0 an entire correspond5ce ) ?is 9 :at occurr$ 9 ! ,re=mation2 9 ! fact t ,lu!r & 8 fell[-lab\r]s 71 at fir/1 & = a long "tsu* 0 ! =ce ( education1 & ( ! habits ( rev]5ce = ! ,papal au?ority 9 :i* !y _h be5 re>$dispos$ to receive ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! ,papacy z ! oracles ( ,god1 & to %[ to !m ! def]5ce :i* 0 due to div9e communications4 ,! language ( ,lu!r himself1 if ! g5]al view "h tak5 is correct1 w be ! be/ comm5t>y on ! expressions "h us$4 8,:5 ,i began ! affairs ( ! ,indulg5ces10 says he1 8,i 0 a monk1 & a mo/ mad ,papi/4 ,s intoxicat$ 0 ,i1 & dr5*$ 9 ,papal dogmas1 t ,i w\ld h be5 mo/ ready to murd]1 or assi/ o!rs 9 murd]+1 any p]son :o %\ld h utt]$ a syllable aga9/ ! duty ( ob$i5ce to ! pope40 ,& aga93 8,c]ta9ly at t "t ,i ador$ him 9 e>ne/40 ,he adds1 8,h[ di/ress$ my he>t 0 9 t ye> #aeag;h[ submissive to ! hi]>*y1 n feign$ly b really^? little knew :o at ?is day insult ! maje/y ( ! pope ) s mu* pride & arrogance4 ,i 0 ignorant ( _m ?+s :i* n[1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ,i und]/&4 ,i disput$2 ,i 0 op5 to conviction2 n f9d+ satisfaction 9 ! works ( !ologians1 ,i wi%$ to consult ! liv+ memb]s ( ! *ur* itself4 ,!re 7 "s godly s\ls t entirely approv$ my propositions4 ,b ,i did n consid] _! au?ority ( weight ) me 9 spiritual conc]ns4 ,! popes1 bi%ops1 c>d9als1 monks1 prie/s1 7 ! objects ( my confid5ce4 ,aft] be+ enabl$ to answ] e objection t c\ld be br\ght aga9/ me f sacr$ ,scripture1 "o difficulty alone rema9$1 t ! ,*ur* ought to be obey$4 ,if ,i _h !n brav$ ! pope z ,i n[ d1 ,i %\ld h expect$ e h\r t ! e>? w\ld h op5$ to swall[ me up alive1 l ,korah & ,abiram40 ,x 0 9 ?is frame ( m9d t1 9 ! summ] ( #aeah1 a few mon?s aft] ! affair ) ,tetzel1 he wrote t memorable lett] to ! pope1 ! t5or ( :i* c be judg$ ( by ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 & :at c\ld m admirably illu/rate ! passage be=e u1 on ! int]pretation sugge/$1 ?an ?is language8 8,mo/ bless$ ,fa!r6 ,pro/rate at ! feet ( ?y bless$ness ,i (f] myself to !e1 ) all t ,i am1 & t ,i h4 ,kill me1 or make me live2 call or recall2 approve or reprove1 z %all please !e4 ,i w ackn[l$ge ?y voice z ! voice ( ,*ri/ presid+ & speak+ 9 !e40 ,see ! au?orities = ^! quotations 9 ,elliott1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aaf1 #aag4 7#f7 ,! comm& n to record :at ! sev5 ?und]s utt]$ 0 ( ! nature ( a caution n to reg>d :at 0 said 9 ?is mann]2 t is1 n to be deceiv$ by ^! utt]ances z if !y 7 ! voice ( ,god4 ,?us und]/ood1 if ?is is ! prop] explanation & application ( ! passage1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z an injunction n to reg>d ! decrees & decisions ( ! ,papacy z conta9+ any intimation ( ! div9e w1 or z ( au?ority 9 ! *ur*4 ,t ?is is to be s reg>d$ is ! op9ion ( all ,prote/ants2 & if ?is is s1 x is n a =c$ supposition #beh t ?is might h be5 intimat$ by su* a symbol z t be=e u4 #e ,& ! angel :i* ,i saw /& ^u ! sea & ^u ! e>? #cbblift$ up 8 h& to heav51 #e4 ,& ! angel :i* ,i saw /&1 c4 ,v]4 #b4 ,t is1 ,john saw him /&+ 9 ?is po/ure :5 he made ! oa? :i* he proce$s to record4 ,lift$ up 8 h& to heav54 ,! usual attitude 9 tak+ an oa?1 z if "o call$ heav5 to witness4 ,see ,ge4 xiv4 #bb2 ,de4 xxxii4 #dj2 ,eze4 xx4 #e1 #f4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 xii4 #g4 #f ,& sw>e by #cbc;him t live? = ev] & ev]1 :o creat$ heav51 & ! ?+s t !re9 are1 & ! e>?1 & ! ?+s t !re9 are1 & ! sea1 & ! ?+s :i* are !re91 #cbdt !re %\ld be "t no long]3 #f4 ,& sw>e by him t live? = ev] & ev]4 ,by ! ev]-liv+ ,god3 a =m ( an oa? 9 ext5sive use n[4 ,! ess5tial idea 9 su* an oa? is an appeal to ,god2 a solemn ref]5ce to ,him z a witness2 an utt]ance 9 ! pres5ce ( ,him :o is acqua9t$ ) ! tru? or falsehood ( :at is said1 & :o w puni% him :o appeals to him falsely4 ,x is usual1 9 su* an oa?1 9 ord] to give to x great] solemnity1 to ref] to "s attribute ( ,god1 or some?+ 9 ! div9e "* on :i* ! m9d w\ld re/ at ! "t1 z t5d+ to make x m impressive4 ,?us1 9 ! passage be=e u1 ! ref]5ce is to ,god z 8ev]-liv+20 t is1 he is n[ a witness1 & he ev] w be2 he has n[ ! p[] to detect & puni%1 & he ev] w h ! same p[]4 ,:o creat$ heav5 & ! ?+s t !re9 are1 c4 ,:o is ! ,mak] ( all ?+s 9 heav51 on ! e>?1 & 9 ! sea2 t is1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! design ( ref]r+ to ^! ?+s "h is t :i* is j specifi$to give increas$ solemnity to ! oa? by a p>ticul> ref]5ce to "s "o ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,) ?is view no?+ c\ld be m appropriate ?an to ref] to him z ! ,creator ( ! univ]sed5ot+ 8 inf9ite p[]1 8 "r to rule & control all ?+s4 ,t !re %\ld be "t no long]4 ,?is is a v important expression1 z x is ! sub/ance ( :at ! angel affirm$ 9 s solemn a mann]2 & z ! int]pretation ( ! :ole passage dep5ds on x4 ,x seems n[ to be g5]ally agre$ among critics t our translation does n give ! true s5se1 inasmu* 7a7 z t 0 n ! close ( human affairs1 & 7b7 z he proce$s to /ate :at w\ld occur aft] t4 ,accord+ly1 diff]5t v]sions ( ! passage h be5 propos$4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s x1 8t delay %all be no long]40 ,mr4 ,elliott1 8t ! "t %all n yet be2 b 9 ! days ( ! voice ( ! sev5? angel1 :5soev] he may be ab\t to s\nd1 !n ! my/]y ( ,god %all be f9i%$40 ,mr4 ,"l1 8t ! "t %all n be yet1 b 9 ! days ( ! voice ( ! sev5? angel10 c4 ,&rew ,full] 7,works1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aac71 8!re %\ld be no delay40 ,s ,dr4 ,gill4 ,mr4 ,daubuz1 8! "t %all n be yet40 ,vitr+a 7p4 #dcb71 tempus non =e amplius1 8"t %all be no m40 ,he expla9s x 7p4 #dcc7 z mean+1 8n t ?is is to be tak5 absolutely1 z if at ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet all ?+s 7 !n to t]m9ate1 & ! glori\s epiphany 7or manife/ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/70 !n to occur1 :o w\ld put an end to all ! afflictions ( 8 *ur*2 b 9 a limit$ s5sere/rictez mean+ t !re w\ld be no delay betwe5 ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet & ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies40 ,! s5se ( ?is passage is to be det]m9$ by ! mean+ ( ! words & ! connection4 7a7 ,! ^w "tis ! common ,greek ^w to d5ote "t1 & may be appli$ to "t 9 g5]al1 or to any specifi$ "t or p]iod4 ,see ,rob9son1 ,lex4 sub voce1 7a1 b74 ,9 ! ^w itself !re is no?+ to det]m9e its p>ticul> signification "h4 ,x might ref] ei!r to "t 9 g5]al1 or to ! "t "u consid]ation1 & :i* 0 ! subject ( ! prophecy4 ,:i* ( ^! is ! true idea is to be asc]ta9$ by ! o!r circum/ances ref]r$ to4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w does n ( itself d5ote delay1 & is nev] us$ to d5ote t directly4 ,x c only d5ote t because delay occupies or consumes "t1 b ?is s5se ( ! n\n is n f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is #bei f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ! v]b 1 to l+]1 to delay1 to be long 9 com+1 ,mat4 xxv4 #e2 ,lu4 i4 #ba4 7b7 ,! abs5ce ( ! article8"t10 n 8! "t0w\ld naturally give x a g5]al signification1 unless !re 0 some?+ 9 ! connection to limit x to "s well-kn[n p]iod "u consid]ation4 ,see ,notes on *4 viii4 #b2 x4 #c4 ,9 ?is latt] view1 if ! "t ref]r$ to w\ld be suffici5tly def9ite )\t ! article1 ! article ne$ n be ins]t$4 ,?is is su* a case1 & comes "u ! rule = ! omission ( ! article z laid d[n by ,bi%op ,middleton1 "p i4 *4 iii4 ,! pr9ciple is1 t :5 ! copula1 or v]b connect+ ! subject & pr$icate1 is ! v]b sub/antive1 !n ! article is omitt$4 8,to affirm ! exi/5ce10 says he1 8( t ( :i* ! exi/5ce is already assum$1 w\ld be sup]flu\s2 to d5y x1 w\ld be contradictory & absurd40 ,z applicable to ! case be=e u1 ! mean+ ( ?is rule w\ld be1 t ! nature ( ! "t "h ref]r$ to is impli$ 9 ! use ( ! sub/antive v]b 771 & t consequ5tly x is n necess>y to specify x4 ,all t ne$s to be said on ?is po9t is1 t1 on ! supposition t ,john ref]r$ to a specifi$ "t1 in/ead ( "t 9 g5]al1 x w\ld n be necess>y1 "u ?is rule1 to ins]t ! article4 ,! ref]5ce w\ld be und]/ood )\t x1 & ! ins]tion w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,?is is sub/antially ! reason+ ( ,mr4 ,elliott 7vol4 ii4 p4 #abc71 & x is submitt$ = :at x is wor?4 ,my own k ( ! usages ( ! ,greek article is too limit$ to ju/ify me 9 pron\nc+ an op9ion on ! subject1 b ! au?orities are su* z to au?orize ! ass]tion t1 on ! supposition t a p>ticul> well-kn[n p]iod 7 "h ref]r$ to1 ! ins]tion ( ! article w\ld n be necess>y4 7c7 ,! p>ticle r5d]$ 8long]078"t %all be no long]0means prop]ly1 accord+ to ,rob9son 7,lex471 yet1 /ill2 imply+ 7#a7 durationz spok5 ( ! pres5t "t2 ( ! pres5t 9 allusion to ! pa/1 &1 ) a negative1 no m1 no long]2 7#b7 imply+ accession1 addition1 yet1 m1 f>!r1 besides4 ,accord+ to ,buttmann1 ,gram4 #adi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcj1 x means1 :5 alone1 8yet /ill1 yet f>!r2 & ) a negative1 no m1 no f>!r40 ,! p>ticle occurs (t5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z may be se5 9 ! ,concordance4 ,x is m frequ5tly r5d]$ 8yet0 ?an by any o!r ^w 7comp4 ,mat4 xii4 #df2 xvii4 #e2 xix4 #bj2 xxvi4 #dg2 xxvii4 #fc2 ,m>4 v4 #ce2 viii4 #ag2 xii4 #f2 xiv4 #dc;& s 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 & ! ,epi/les72 9 all1 fifty times4 ,9 ! book ( ,revelation x is only once r5d]$ 8yet10 *4 vi4 #aa1 b is r5d]$ 8m0 9 *4 iii4 #ab2 vii4 #af2 ix4 #ab2 xii4 #h2 xviii4 #ba1 #bb 7?ree times71 #bc 7twice72 xx4 #c2 xxi4 #a1 #d 7twice72 8long]0 9 *4 x4 #f2 8 /ill0 9 *4 xxii4 #aa 7f\r times74 ,! usage1 !re=e1 w ju/ify ! r5d]+ ( ! ^w by 8yet10 & 9 connection ) ! negative1 8n yet0mean+ t ! ?+ ref]r$ to w\ld n occur imm$iately1 b w\ld be h]eaft]4 ,9 reg>d to ! g5]al mean+1 !n1 ( ?is passage 9 its connection1 we may rem>k1 7a7 ,t x _c mean1 lit]ally1 t !re w\ld be "t no long]1 or t ! _w w\ld !n come to an end absolutely1 = ! speak] proce$s to disclose ev5ts t w\ld occur aft] t1 ext5d+ f> into ! future 7*4 x4 #aa71 & ! detail t foll[s 7*4 xi47 be=e ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet is su* z to occupy a consid]able p]iod1 & ! sev5? trumpet is also yet to s\nd4 ,no fair con/ruction ( ! language1 !re=e1 w\ld require u to und]/& ?is z mean+ t ! affairs ( ! _w 7 !n to t]m9ate4 7b7 ,! connection1 !n1 ap>t f ! "q ( grammatical usage1 w require "s su* con/ruction z t above sugge/$8t ! "t10 to wit1 "s c]ta91 kn[n1 or designat$ "t1 8w\ld n be yet10 b w\ld be 9 "s future p]iod2 t is1 z specifi$1 v]4 #g1 89 ! days ( ! voice ( ! sev5? angel1 :5 he %all beg9 to s\nd40 ,!n 8! my/]y ( ,god w\ld be f9i%$10 & ! affairs ( ! _w w\ld be put on _! p]man5t foot+4 7c7 ,?is w\ld imply t1 at ! "t :5 ! angel appe>$1 or 9 ! "t to :i* he ref]s1 !re w\ld be "s expectation or g5]al belief t ! 8my/]y0 0 !n to be f9i%$1 & t ! affairs ( ! _w 7 to come to an end4 ,! prop] int]pretation w\ld lead u to suppose t !re w\ld be s g5]al an expectation ( ?is1 z to make ! solemn affirmation ( ! angel prop] to correct a prevail+ op9ion1 & to %[ t ! "r int]pretation 0 n put on :at #bfj seem$ to be ! t5d5cy ( ?+s4 7d7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we f9d t ?is expectation did actually exi/ at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation2 t su* an int]pretation 0 put on ! prophecies1 & on ! ev5ts t occurr$2 & t ! impression t ! ,messiah 0 ab\t to come1 & ! reign ( sa9ts ab\t to comm5ce1 0 s /rong z to ju/ify "s int]f]5ce1 l ! solemn oa? ( ! angel1 to correct ! misappreh5sion4 ,x is true t ?is impression _h exi/$ 9 =m] times1 & ev5 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! *ur*2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 true1 & em95tly true1 9 ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 & !re 01 on _m acc\nts1 a /rong t5d5cy to t =m ( belief4 ,! ,re=m]s1 9 int]pret+ ! prophecies1 le>n$ to connect ! d[nfall ( ! ,papacy ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 & ) 8 univ]sal reign ^u ! e>?2 & z !y saw ! evid5ces ( ! approa* ( ! =m]1 !y naturally anticipat$ ! latt] z ab\t to occur4 ,comp4 ,da4 ii4 #cd2 xii4 #aa2 #b ,?4 ii4 #c1 #h4 ,! anticipation t ! ,"l ,jesus 0 ab\t to come2 t ! affairs ( ! _w1 9 ! pres5t =m1 7 to be w\nd up2 t ! reign ( ! sa9ts w\ld soon comm5ce2 & t ! p]man5t k+dom ( righte\sness w\ld be e/abli%$1 became almo/ ! curr5t belief ( ! ,re=m]s1 & 0 frequ5tly express$ 9 _! writ+s4 ,?us ,lu!r1 9 ! ye> #aebj1 9 8 answ] to ! pope's bull ( excommunication1 expresses 8 anticipations3 8,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ yet live? & reigne?2 :o1 ,i firmly tru/1 w %ortly come1 & slay ) ! _s ( 8 m\?1 & de/roy ) ! brightness ( 8 com+1 t ,man ( ,s90 7,m]le ,d',aubig41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aff74 ,aft] be+ summon$ be=e ! ,diet at ,worms1 & aft] condemnation _h be5 pron\nc$ on him by ! emp]or1 he fell back = com=t on ! same joy\s expectation4 8,= ?is once10 he said1 8! ,jews1 z on ! crucifixion-day1 may s+ _! pan2 b ,ea/] w come = u1 & !n we %all s+ ,hallelujah0 7,d',aubig41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bge74 ,! next ye>1 writ+ to ,/aupitz1 he made a solemn appeal aga9/ 8 ab&on+ ! ,re=mation1 by ref]5ce to ! sure & advanc+ fulfilm5t ( ,daniel's prophecy4 8,my fa!r10 said he1 8! abom9ations ( ! pope1 ) 8 :ole k+dom1 mu/ be de/roy$2 & ! ,"l does ?is )\t h&1 by ! ,^w alone4 ,! subject exce$s all human compreh5sion4 ,i *]i% ! be/ hopes0 7,miln]1 p4 #fib74 ,9 #aebc he ?us1 9 a simil> /ra91 expresses 8 hopes3 8,! k+dom ( ,anti*ri/1 accord+ to ! prophet ,daniel1 mu/ be brok5 )\t h&s2 t is1 ! ,scriptures w be und]/ood by & by2 & e "o w prea* aga9/ ,papal tyranny1 f ! ,^w ( ,god1 until ! ,man ( ,s9 is des]t$ ( all1 & dies ( himself0 7,miln]1 p4 #gif74 ,! same s5tim5ts respect+ ! approa* ( ! end ( ! _w 7 ent]ta9$ by ,melanc?on4 ,9 comm5t+ on ! passage 9 ,daniel relat+ to ! 8little horn10 he ?us ref]s to an argum5t :i* has be5 preval5t3 8,! words ( ! prophet ,elias %\ld be m>k$ by e "o1 & inscrib$ ^u our walls1 & on ! entrances ( our h\ses4 ,six ?\s& ye>s %all ! _w /&1 & aft] t be de/roy$2 two ?\s& ye>s )\t ! law2 two ?\s& ye>s "u ! law ( ,moses2 two ?\s& ye>s "u ! ,messiah2 & if any ( ^! ye>s are n fulfill$1 !y w be %ort5$ 7a %ort5+ intimat$ by ,*ri/ also1 on acc\nt ( our s9s740 ,! foll[+ manuscript addition to ?is argum5t has be5 f\nd 9 ,melanc?on's h&1 9 ,lu!r's own copy ( ! ,g]man ,bible38,writt5 ,a4,d4 #aeeg1 & f ! creation ( ! _w1 #eeai2 f :i* numb] we may see t ?is ag$ _w is n f> f its end40 ,s also ! ,briti% ,re=m]s believ$4 ,?us ,bi%op ,latim]3 8,let u cry to ,god day & night,mo/ m]ciful ,fa!r1 let ?y k+dom come6 ,/4 ,paul sai?1 ,! ,"l w n come till ! sw]v+ f ! fai? come? 7#b ,?4 ii4 #c72 :i* ?+ is already done & pa/4 ,anti*ri/ is already kn[n ?r\gh\t all ! _w4 ,:]e=e ! day is n f> (f40 ,!n1 rev]t+ to ! consid]ation ( ! age ( ! _w1 z ,melanc?on _h done1 he says1 8,! _w 0 orda9$ to endure1 z all le>n$ ones affirm1 #fjjj ye>s4 ,n[ ( t numb] !re be pa/ #eeeb ye>s1 s t !re is no m left b #ddh ye>s4 ,fur!rmore1 ^? days %all be %ort5$ = ! elect's sake4 ,!re=e1 all ^? excell5t & le>n$ m51 :om )\t d\bt ,god ha? s5t into ! _w 9 ^! la/ days to give ! _w w>n+1 d ga!r out ( sacr$ ,scripture #bfa t ! la/ day _c be f> (f40 ,s aga91 9 a s]mon on ! ne>ness ( ! second adv5t1 he says1 8,s t p]adv5ture x may come 9 my days1 old z ,i am1 or 9 my *ildr5's days40 ,inde$1 x is well kn[n t ?is 0 a preval5t op9ion among ! ,re=m]s2 & ?is fact w %[ ) :at propriety1 if ! passage be=e u 0 design$ to ref] to ! ,re=mation1 ?is solemn decl>ation ( ! angel 0 made1 t ! 8"t w\ld n be yet0t ^? anticipations :i* w\ld spr+ up f ! nature ( ! case1 & f ! int]pretations :i* w\ld be put on :at seem$ to be ! obvi\s s5se ( ! prophecies1 7 unf\nd$1 & t a consid]able "t mu/ yet int]v5e be=e ! ev5ts w\ld be consummat$4 7e7 ,! prop] s5se ( ?is passage1 !n1 accord+ to ! above int]pretation w\ld be8,& ! angel lift$ up 8 h& to heav51 & sw>e by him t live? = ev] & ev]1 ,t ! "t %\ld n yet be2 b1 9 ! days ( ! voice ( ! sev5? angel1 :5 he %all beg9 to s\nd1 ! my/]y ( ,god %all be f9i%$40 ,appe>ances1 inde$1 w\ld !n indicate t ! affairs ( ! _w 7 to be w\nd up1 & t ! prophecies respect+ ! end ( ! _w 7 ab\t to be fulfill$3 b ! angel solemnly swe>s 8by ,him :o lives = ev] & ev]0& ^: reign !re=e ext5ds ?r\gh all ! *anges on ! e>?8by ,him :o is ! ,creator ( all ?+s10 & ^: purpose alone c det]m9e :5 ! end %all be1 t ! "t w\ld n be yet4 ,^? *]i%$ expectations w\ld n yet be realiz$1 b !re 0 a s]ies ( important ev5ts to int]v5e be=e ! end w\ld come4 ,!nat ! "t :5 ! sev5? angel %\ld s\ndw\ld be ! consummation ( all ?+s4 #g ,b 9 ! days ( ! voice ( ! #cbesev5? angel1 :5 he %all beg9 to s\nd1 ! #cbfmy/]y ( ,god %\ld be f9i%$1 z he ha? decl>$ to 8 s]vants ! prophets4 #g4 ,b 9 ! days ( ! voice ( ! sev5? angel4 ,! days 9 ! p]iod ( "t embrac$ by ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet4 ,t is1 ! affairs ( ?is _w w\ld n be consummat$ 9 t p]iod embrac$ 9 ! s\nd+ ( ! six? trumpet1 b 9 t embrac$ 9 ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? & la/ ( ! trumpets4 ,comp4 *4 xi4 #aeai4 ,:5 he %all beg9 to s\nd4 ,t is1 ! ev5ts ref]r$ to w comm5ce at ! p]iod :5 ! angel %all beg9 to s\nd4 ,x w n be m]ely dur+ or 9 t p]iod1 b ! s\nd+ ( ! trumpet1 & ! beg9n+ ( ^? ev5ts1 w be contemporane\s4 ,9 o!r words1 !n w\ld comm5ce ! reign ( righte\sness! k+dom ( ! ,messiah! dom9ion ( ! sa9ts on ! e>?4 ,! my/]y ( ,god %\ld be f9i%$4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w my/]y1 see ,notes on ,ep4 i4 #i4 ,x means "h1 z else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! purpose or tru? ( ,god :i* _h be5 conceal$1 & :i* _h n be=e be5 communicat$ to man4 ,"h ! p>ticul> ref]5ce is to ! div9e purpose :i* _h be5 long conceal$ respect+ ! de/9y ( ! _w1 or respect+ ! sett+ up ( 8 k+dom1 b :i* _h be5 progressively unfold$ by ! prophets4 ,t purpose w\ld be 8f9i%$10 or consummat$1 9 ! "t :5 ! sev5? angel %\ld beg9 to s\nd4 ,!n all ! 8my/]y0 w\ld be reveal$2 ! plan w\ld be unfold$2 ! div9e purpose1 s long conceal$1 w\ld be manife/$1 & ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah & ( ! sa9ts w\ld be set up on ! e>?4 ,"u t p]iod1 ! affairs ( ! _w w\ld be ultimately w\nd up1 & ! :ole "w ( r$emption complet$4 ,z he ha? decl>$ to 8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,z he has f "t to "t disclos$ 8 purposes to mank9d ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,! ref]5ce "h is1 d\btless1 to ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ! language w\ld include all :o at any "t _h utt]$ any pr$ictions respect+ ! f9al condition ( ! _w4 ,^! prophecies _h be5 scatt]$ along ?r\gh _m ages2 b ! angel says t at t "t all t _h be5 said respect+ ! sett+ up ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ! reign ( ! sa9ts1 & ! dom9ion ( ! ,r$eem] on ! e>?1 w\ld be accompli%$4 ,see ,notes on *4 xi4 #ae4 ,f ! passage ?us expla9$1 if ! int]pretation is correct1 x w foll[ t ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet 7*4 xi4 #aeah7 is prop]ly ! conclusion ( #bfb ?is s]ies ( visions1 & d5otes a 8cata/rophe0 9 ! action1 & t :at foll[s is ! comm5cem5t ( a new s]ies ( visions4 ,?is is cle>1 because 7a7 ! :ole sev5 seals1 compris+ ! sev5 trumpets ( ! sev5? seal1 mu/ embrace "o view ( all com+ ev5tss9ce ?is embrac$ all t !re 0 9 ! volume se5 9 ! h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone2 7b7 ?is is prop]ly impli$ 9 ! ^w "h r5d]$ 8%\ld be f9i%$0! fair mean+ ( :i* is1 t ! 8my/]y0 "h ref]r$ to! hi!rto unreveal$ purpose or plan ( ,godw\ld1 "u t trumpet1 be consummat$ or complete 7see ! conclusive reason+ ( ,pr(4 ,/u>t on ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baj1 foot-note72 & 7c7 x w be f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! exposition t1 at *4 xi4 #ai1 !re comm5ces a new s]ies ( visions1 embrac+ a view ( ! _w 9 its religi\s aspect1 or ecclesia/ical *>act]i/ics1 rea*+ d[n to ! same consummation1 & /at+ at ! close ( t 7*4 xx47 m fully :at is "h 7*4 xi4 #aeah7 designat$ 9 a m summ>y way! f9al triumph ( religion1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ! sa9ts4 ,! pres5t s]ies ( visions 7*4 v4xi4 #ah7 relates r to ! outw>d or secul> *anges :i* w\ld occur on ! e>?1 :i* 7 to affect ! welf>e ( ! *ur*1 to ! f9al consummation2 ! next s]ies 7*4 xi4 #ai2 xii4xx47 relates to ! *ur* int]nally1 ! rise ( ,anti*ri/1 & ! effect ( ! rise ( t =midable p[] on ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 to ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( t p[]1 & ! triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! "w1 ,intro4 #e4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is s]ies ( visions1 t]m9at+ at *4 xi4 #ah1 ref]s1 z ! lead+ ?+1 to :at w\ld occur 9 relation to ! ,roman empire consid]$ z a secul> p[]1 9 :i* ! *ur* w\ld be int]e/$2 t :i* foll[s 7*4 xi4 #ai2 xii4xx47 to ! ,roman p[] consid]$ z a great apo/asy1 & sett+ up a mighty & mo/ oppressive dom9ation ov] ! true *ur*1 manife/$ 9 deep corruption & bloody p]secutions1 runn+ on 9 its disa/r\s influ5ce on ! _w1 until t p[] %\ld be de/roy$1 ,babylon fall1 & ! reign ( ! sa9ts be introduc$4 #h ,& ! #cbgvoice :i* ,i he>d f heav5 spake unto me aga91 & said1 ,g & take ! little book :i* is op5 9 ! h& ( ! angel :i* /&e? ^u ! sea & ^u ! e>?4 #h4 ,& ! voice :i* ,i he>d f heav54 ,v]4 #d4 ,?is is n ! voice ( ! angel1 b a direct div9e comm&4 ,said1 ,g & take ! little book t is op51 c4 ,t is1 take x out ( 8 h&1 & d ) x z y %all be comm&$4 ,!re is a v /rong resemblance betwe5 ?is passage & ! acc\nt conta9$ 9 ,eze4 ii4 #i1 #aj2 iii4 #ac4 ,ezekiel 0 direct$ to g to ! h\se ( ,israel & deliv] a div9e message1 :e!r !y w\ld he> or =be>2 & 9 ord] t he might und]/& :at message to deliv]1 !re 0 %[n to him a roll ( a book1 writt5 )9 & )\t4 ,t roll he 0 comm&$ to eat1 & he f\nd x to be 89 8 m\? z honey = sweetness40 ,john has add$ to ?is ! circum/ance t1 ?\gh 8sweet 9 ! m\?10 x made 8! belly bitt]40 ,! additional comm& 7v]4 #aa71 t he mu/ yet 8prophecy be=e _m p10 leads u to suppose t he _h ! n>rative 9 ,ezekiel 9 8 eye2 =1 z ! result ( 8 eat+ ! roll1 he 0 comm&$ to g & prophesy to ! p ( ,israel4 ,! passage "h 7v]4 #h7 introduces a new symbol1 t ( 8eat+ ! book10 & evid5tly ref]s to some?+ t 0 to occur be=e ! 8my/]y %\ld be f9i%$20 t is1 be=e ! sev5? trumpet %\ld s\nd4 ,:i* is op5 9 ! h&1 c4 ,on ! symbolical mean+ ( ! ^w 8op510 z appli$ to ! book1 see ,notes on v]4 #b4 #i ,& ,i w5t unto ! angel1 & said unto him1 ,give me ! little book4 ,& he said unto me1 #cbh,take x1 & eat x up2 & x %all make ?y belly bitt]1 b x %all be 9 ?y m\? sweet z honey4 #i4 ,& ,i w5t unto ! angel4 ,?is is symbolic action1 & is n to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,z x is n necess>y to suppose t an angel lit]ally desc5d$1 & /ood ^u ! sea & ! l&1 s x is n necess>y to suppose t !re 0 a lit]al act ( go+ to him1 & tak+ ! book f 8 h& & eat+ x4 ,give me ! little book4 ,9 accordance ) ! comm& #bfc 9 v]4 #h4 ,we may suppose1 9 reg>d to ?is1 7a7 t ! symbol 0 design$ to repres5t t ! book 0 to be us$ 9 ! purpose "h ref]r$ to1 or 0 to be an important ag5t or in/rum5tality 9 accompli%+ ! purpose4 ,! book is held =? 9 ! h& ( ! angel z a /rik+ emblem4 ,!re is a comm& to g & take x f 8 h& = "s purpose n yet disclos$4 ,all ?is seems to imply t ! bookor t :i* is repres5t$ by xw\ld be an important in/rum5t 9 accompli%+ ! purpose "h ref]r$ to4 7b7 ,! application = ! book might intimate t1 on ! "p ( him :o made x1 !re w\ld be "s /rong desire to possess x4 ,he goes1 inde$1 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&2 b1 at ! same "t1 !re w\ld naturally be a desire to be 9 possession ( ! volume1 or to "k ! cont5ts 7comp4 *4 v4 #d71 & 8 approa* to ! angel = ! book w\ld be mo/ naturally int]pret$ z expressive ( su* a wi%4 ,& he said unto me1 ,take x4 ,z if he _h expect$ ?is application2 or _h come d[n to furni% him ) ?is little volume1 & _h anticipat$ t ! reque/ w\ld be made4 ,!re 0 no reluctance 9 giv+ x up2 !re 0 no attempt to )hold x2 !re 0 no prohibition ( its use4 ,! angel _h no commission1 & no desire to reta9 x = himself1 & no hesitation 9 plac+ x 9 ! h&s ( ! se] on ! fir/ application4 ,w\ld n ! read9ess ) :i* ,god gives 8 ,bible into ! h&s ( m51 9 contradi/9ction f all human ef=ts to re/ra9 its use1 & to prev5t its free circulation1 be well symboliz$ by ?is act8 ,& eat x up4 ,!re is a simil> comm& 9 ,eze4 iii4 #a4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is to be und]/ood figuratively1 = no "o w\ld int]pret lit]ally a comm& to eat a manuscript or volume4 ,we h 9 common use a some:at simil> phrase1 :5 we speak ( dev\r+ a book1 :i* may illu/rate ?is1 & :i* is n liable to be misund]/ood4 ,9 ,je4 xv4 #af1 we h simil> language3 8,?y words 7 f\nd1 & ,i did eat !m2 & ?y ^w 0 unto me ! joy & rejoic+ ( my he>t40 ,?us 9 ,lat91 ! words prop9>e1 imbib]e1 devor>e1 deglutire1 c41 are us$ to d5ote ! gre$9ess ) :i* k is acquir$4 ,comp4 9 ! ,apocrypha1 #b ,esdras xiv4 #chdj4 ,! mean+ "h1 !n1 is pla94 ,he 0 to possess himself ( ! cont5ts ( ! book2 to receive x into 8 m9d2 to apply x1 z we d food1 = spiritual n\ri%m5ttru? hav+1 9 ?is respect1 ! same relation to ! m9d :i* food has to ! body4 ,if ! little book 0 a symbol ( ! ,bible1 x w\ld ref] to ! fact t ! tru?s ( t book became ! n\ri%] & support] ( ! public m9d4 ,& x %all make ?y belly bitt]4 ,?is is a circum/ance :i* does n occur 9 ! correspond+ place 9 ,eze4 iii4 #ac4 ,! expression "h mu/ ref] to some?+ t w\ld occur aft] ! symbolical action ( 8eat+0 ! little book1 or to "s consequ5ce ( eat+ x= ! act ( eat+ x is repres5t$ z pleasant3 89 ?y m\? sweet z honey40 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! effect :i* foll[$ f eat+ ! book 0 pa9ful or disagreeablez food w\ld be t 0 pleasant to ! ta/e1 b t produc$ bitt] pa9 :5 eat54 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is w\ld be f\nd 9 "o ( two ?+s4 7a7 ,x might mean t ! message to be deliv]$ 9 consequ5ce ( dev\r+ ! book1 or ! message :i* x conta9$1 w\ld be ( a pa9ful or di/ress+ "*2 t ) :atev] pleasure ! book might be receiv$ & dev\r$1 x w\ld be f\nd to conta9 a communication t w\ld be indicative ( woe or sorr[4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! little book t ,ezekiel 0 comm&$ to eat up4 ,?us1 9 speak+ ( ?is book1 x is said1 8,& x 0 writt5 )9 & )\t3 & !re 0 writt5 !re9 lam5tations1 & m\rn+1 & woe10 ,eze4 ii4 #aj4 ,comp4 *4 iii4 #di1 :]e ! cont5ts ( ! book1 & ! effect ( proclaim+ ! message :i* x conta9$1 are m fully /at$4 ,s "h ! mean+ may be1 t1 h[ev] gladly ,john may h tak5 ! book1 & ) :atev] pleasure he may h dev\r$ its cont5ts1 yet t x w\ld be f\nd to be *>g$ ) ! ?reat5+ ( wra?1 & ) d5unciations ( a judgm5t to come1 ! deliv]y ( :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! 8bitt]ness0 :i* is said to h foll[$ f 8eat+0 ! volume4 ,or 7b7 x may mean t ! consequ5ce ( dev\r+ ! book1 t is1 ( embrac+ its doctr9es1 w\ld be p]secutions & tr\blewell repres5t$ by ! 8bitt]ness0 t foll[$ ! 8eat+0 ( ! volume4 ,ei!r ( ^! ideas w\ld be a fulfilm5t ( ! #bfd prop] mean+ ( ! symbol2 =1 on ! supposition t ei!r ( ^! occurr$ 9 fact1 x w\ld prop]ly be symboliz$ by ! eat+ ( a volume t 0 sweet to ! ta/e1 b t made ! belly bitt]4 ,b x %all be 9 ?y m\? sweet z honey4 ,s 9 ,eze4 iii4 #c4 ,! prop] fulfilm5t ( ?is x is n difficult to und]/&4 ,x w\ld well repres5t ! pleasure d]iv$ f div9e tru?! sweetness ( ! ,^w ( ,god! reli% ) :i* x is embrac$ by ^? t love x4 ,on ! supposition t ! 8little book0 "h ref]s to ! ,bible1 & to ! use :i* w\ld be made ( x 9 ! times ref]r$ to1 x w\ld prop]ly d5ote ! reli% :i* w\ld exi/ = ! sacr$ volume1 & ! happ9ess :i* w\ld be f\nd 9 its p]usal2 = ?is v image is frequ5tly employ$ to d5ote ?is4 ,?us 9 ,ps4 xix4 #aj3 8,m to be desir$ are !y ?an gold1 yea1 ?an mu* f9e gold2 sweet] also ?an honey & ! honeycomb40 ,ps4 cxix4 #ajc3 8,h[ sweet are ?y words unto my ta/e6 yea1 sweet] ?an honey to my m\?40 ,we are !n to look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 "s prevail+ delight or satisfaction1 9 ! times ref]r$ to1 9 ! ,^w ( ! ,"l1 or 9 ! tru?s ( revelation4 #aj ,& ,i took ! little book out ( ! angel's h&1 & ate x up2 & x 0 9 my m\? sweet z honey3 & z soon z ,i _h eat5 x1 my belly 0 bitt]4 #aj4 ,& z soon z ,i _h eat5 x1 my belly 0 bitt]4 ,! effect imm$iately foll[$3 t is1 z soon z he 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! book1 ei!r1 z above expla9$1 requir+ him to deliv] "s message ( woe & wra? :i* x w\ld be pa9ful to deliv]1 or t ! consequ5ce ( receiv+ x 0 to br+ on bitt] p]secutions & trials4 #aa ,& he said unto me1 ,?\ mu/ prophesy aga9 be=e _m peoples1 & nations1 & tongues1 & k+s4 #aa4 ,& he said unto me4 ,! angel !n said4 ,?\ mu/ prophesy4 ,! ^w 8prophesy0 "h is evid5tly us$ 9 ! l>ge s5se ( mak+ kn[n div9e tru? 9 g5]al2 n 9 ! comp>atively n>r[ & limit$ s5se 9 :i* x is commonly us$1 z ref]r+ m]ely to ! =etell+ ( future ev5ts4 ,see ! ^w expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on ,ro4 xii4 #f2 #a ,co4 xiv4 #a4 ,! mean+ is1 t1 z a consequ5ce ( becom+ possess$ ( ! little volume & its cont5ts1 he w\ld be call$ to proclaim div9e tru?1 or to make ! message ( ,god kn[n to mank9d4 ,! direct address is to ,john himself2 b x is evid5tly n to be und]/ood ( him p]sonally4 ,he is repres5t$ z see+ ! angel2 z he>k5+ to 8 voice2 z li/5+ to ! solemn oa? :i* he took2 z receiv+ & eat+ ! volume2 & !n z prophesy+ to _m p2 b ! ref]5ce is und\bt$ly to ! f>-di/ant future4 ,if ! allusion is to ! times ( ! ,re=mation1 ! mean+ is1 t ! end ( ! _w 0 n1 z w\ld be expect$1 ab\t to occur1 b t !re 0 to be an int]val long en\gh to p]mit ! gospel to be proclaim$ be=e 8nations1 & tongues1 & k+s20 t 9 consequ5ce ( com+ into possession ( ! 8little book10 ! ,^w ( ,god1 ! tru? 0 yet to be proclaim$ f> & wide on ! e>?4 ,aga94 ,?is _h be5 done be=e4 ,t is1 suppos+ ?is to ref] to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 x c\ld be said1 7a7 t ?is _h be5 done be=et ! gospel _h be5 9 =m] times proclaim$ 9 its purity be=e 8_m peoples1 & nations1 & tongues1 & k+s20 & 7b7 t x w\ld be done 8aga920 t is1 ?\gh ! ,^w ( ,god _h be5 hidd51 & a mass ( corrupt traditions _h tak5 its place1 yet ! "t w\ld come :5 ^? pure tru?s w\ld be made kn[n aga9 to all l&s4 ,?is w expla9 ! ^w 8aga90 9 ?is placen mean+ t ,john w\ld d ?is p]sonally1 b t ?is w\ld be 9 fact ! result ( ! re/oration ( ! ,bible to ! *ur*4 ,be=e _m peoples4 ,?is ^w d5otes p consid]$ z masses1 or z gr\p$ toge!r 9 masses1 )\t ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* x is done4 ,x is us$ :5 we look on a mass ( m51 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! "q :e!r !y are ( ! same nation1 or language1 or rank4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #i4 ,! plural is us$ "h8peoples0p]haps to d5ote t ^? to :om ! tru? w\ld be made kn[n w\ld be v num]\s4 ,!y w\ld n only be num]\s 9 reg>d to ! individuals to :om x w\ld be communicat$1 b num]\s consid]$ z #bfe communities or nations4 ,& nations4 ,! ^w nations "h d5otes p consid]$ z sep>at$ by national b\nd>ies1 con/itutions1 laws1 cu/oms4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #i4 ,& tongues4 ,p consid]$ z divid$ by languagesa division n always or necess>ily ! same z t d5ot$ by ! ^w 8p10 or 8nations0 z us$ 9 ?is passage4 ,& k+s4 ,rul]s ( ! p4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! gospel w\ld n only be borne be=e ! masses ( mank9d1 b 9 a special mann] be=e k+s & rul]s4 ,! effect ( ?us possess+ ! 8little volume10 or ( ! 8op5 book0 ( reveal$ tru?1 w\ld ultimately be t ! message ( life w\ld be c>ri$ ) p[] be=e pr9ces & rul]s1 & w\ld influ5ce !m z well z ! common p4 ,9 inquir+ n[ = ! prop] application ( ?is symbol z ?us expla9$1 we naturally turn to ! ,re=mation1 & ask :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 t ( :i* ?is w\ld be ! prop] emblem4 ,! foll[+ ?+s1 !n1 are f\nd 9 fact z occurr+ at t "t1 ( :i* ! symbol be=e u may be reg>d$ z ! prop] repres5tation3 7#a7 ,! reception ( ! ,bible z f ! h& ( an angelor its recov]y f obscurity & =getfulness1 z if x 7 n[ re/or$ to ! *ur* by a heav5ly int]position4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,bible on ! ,re=mation2 ! fact t x 0 n[ recov]$ f its obscurity1 & t x 0 made ! gr& in/rum5t 9 ! ,re=mation1 has already be5 illu/rat$4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,! symbolical action ( tak+ x f ! h& ( an angel 0 n an improp] repres5tation ( its reception aga9 by ! *ur*1 & ( its re/oration to its true place 9 ! *ur*4 ,x became1 z x is prop] t x %\ld always be1 ! gr& means ( ! def5ce ( ! fai?1 & ( ! propagation ( tru? 9 ! _w4 7#b7 ,! /atem5t t ! little book :5 eat5 0 89 ! m\? sweet z honey10 is a /rik+ & prop] repres5tation ( ! reli% felt = ! sacr$ ,scriptures by ^? :o love ! tru? 7comp4 ,notes on v]4 #i71 & is especially appropriate to describe ! int]e/ :i* 0 felt 9 ! volume ( reveal$ tru? 9 ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,= ! ,bible 0 to ! ,re=m]s emphatically a new book4 ,x _h be5 driv5 f common use to make way = ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts & ! traditions ( ! *ur*4 ,x _h1 !re=e1 :5 translat$ into ! v]nacul> tongue1 & :5 circulat$ & read1 ! fre%ness ( novelty! int]e/ :i* a volume ( reveal$ tru? w\ld h if j giv5 f heav54 ,accord+ly1 x is well kn[n ) :at avidity & reli% ! sacr$ volume 0 /udi$ by ,lu!r & 8 fell[-lab\r]s 9 ! ,re=mation2 h[ !y dev\r$ its doctr9es2 h[ !y look$ to x = com=t 9 _! times ( trial2 h[ sweet & su/a9+ 7 its promises 9 ! tr\bles t came ^u !m1 & 9 ! lab\rs :i* !y 7 call$ to p]=m4 7#c7 ,! repres5tation t1 aft] x 0 eat51 x 0 8bitt]10 w\ld n improp]ly describe ! effect1 9 "s respects1 ( ?us receiv+ ! ,bible1 & mak+ x ! gr\ndwork ( fai?4 ,x br\ght ! ,re=m]s at once into conflict ) all ! p[] ( ! ,papacy & ! prie/hood2 expos$ !m to p]secution2 ar\s$ aga9/ !m a ho/ ( enemies among ! pr9ces & rul]s ( ! e>?2 & 0 ! cause = :i* _m ( !m 7 put to dea?4 ,su* effects foll[$ sub/antially :5 ,wycliffe translat$ ! ,bible2 :5 ,john ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague publi%$ ! pure doctr9es ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & :5 ,lu!r gave to ! p ! ,^w ( ,god 9 _! own language4 ,to a great ext5t ?is is always st1 h[ev] sweet & preci\s ! tru?s ( ! ,bible may be to ! prea*] himself1 "o ( ! effects ( 8 attempt+ to prea* ^? tru?s may be su* opposition on ! "p ( m51 su* cold indiff]5ce1 or su* fi]ce p]secution1 t x w\ld be well illu/rat$ by :at is said "h1 8x %all make ?y belly bitt]40 7#d7 ,! repres5tation t1 z a consequ5ce ( receiv+ t book1 he w\ld prophesy aga9 be=e _m p1 is a fit repres5tation ( ! effect ( ! reception ( ! ,bible aga9 by ! *ur*1 & ( all[+ x its prop] place !re4 ,=1 7a7 x l$ to prea*+1 or1 9 ! language ( ?is passage1 8prophesy+0a ?+ comp>atively little kn[n be=e = _m ages4 ,! gr& bus9ess 9 ! ,papal communion 0 n1 & is n1 prea*+1 b ! p]=mance ( rites & c]emonies4 ,g5uflexions1 cross+s1 burn+ ( inc5se1 processions1 music1 con/itute ! *>act]i/ic #bff features ( all ,papal *ur*es2 ! gr& ?+ t di/+ui%es ! ,prote/ant *ur*es all ov] ! _w1 j 9 proportion z !y are ,prote/ant1 is prea*+4 ,! ,prote/ant religion! pure =m ( religion z x is reveal$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5thas few c]emonies3 its rites are simple3 x dep5ds = success on ! promulgation & def5ce ( ! tru?1 ) ! att5d+ influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 & = ?is view ( ! nature & degree ( religion ! _w is indebt$ to ! fact t ! ,bible 0 aga9 re/or$ to its true place 9 ! *ur*4 7b7 ,! ,bible is ! basis ( all g5u9e prea*+4 ,prea*+ w n be kept up 9 its purity1 except 9 ! places :]e ! ,bible is freely circulat$1 & :]e x is /udi$2 & :]e x is /udi$1 !re w be1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 prea*]s4 ,j 9 proportion z ! ,bible is /udi$ 9 ! _w1 we may expect t prea*+ w be bett] und]/ood1 & t ! numb] ( prea*]s w be increas$4 7c7 ,! /udy ( ! ,bible is ! f\ndation ( all ! ef=ts to spread ! k ( ! tru? to 8peoples1 & nations1 & tongues1 & k+s10 9 our own times4 ,all ^! ef=ts h be5 orig9at$ by ! re/oration ( ! ,bible to its prop] place 9 ! *ur*1 & to its m pr(\nd & accurate /udy 9 ?is age2 = ^! ef=ts are b c>ry+ out ! injunction ( ! ,savi\r z record$ 9 ?is bookto 8g into all ! _w1 & prea* ! gospel to e creature40 7d7 ,! same ?+ w be true to ! end ( ! _w2 or1 9 ! language ( ! portion ( ! book ( ,revelation be=e u1 till 8! k+doms ( ?is _w become ! k+doms ( our ,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/2 & he %all reign = ev] & ev]10 *4 xi4 #ae4 ,! fact ( ! re/oration ( ! ,bible to its prop] place 9 ! *ur* w1 !re=e1 ultimately be ! means ( ! conv]sion ( ! :ole _w to ,god2 & ?is fact1 s mom5t\s 9 its nature & its consequ5ces1 0 wor?y to be symboliz$ by ! appe>ance ( ! 8angel desc5d+ f heav5 clo!d ) a cl\d20 0 prop]ly repres5t$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he appe>$88 face radiant z ! sun1 & 8 feet z pill>s ( fire20 0 wor?y to be express$ by ! position :i* he assum$1 z 8/&+ on ! sea & ! e>?0z if all ! _w 7 int]e/$ 9 ! purpose ( 8 mission1 & 0 wor?y ( ! l\d proclamation :i* he madez if a new ord] ( ?+s 7 to comm5ce4 ,beautiful & sublime1 !n1 z ?is *apt] is1 & always has be5 e/eem$ z a composition1 x becomes /ill m beautiful & sublime if x be reg>d$ z a symbol ( ! ,re=mationan ev5t ! mo/ glori\s1 & ! mo/ important 9 its issues1 ( any t has occurr$ s9ce ! ,savi\r appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt]1 :i* is v improp]ly sep>at$ f ! prec$+1 & improp]ly end$= x %\ld h be5 clos$ at v]4 #ah;consi/s 7exclud+ ! la/ v]se1 :i* prop]ly belongs to ! succe$+ *apt]7 ess5tially ( ?ree p>ts3 ,i4 ,! measur+ ( ! temple1 v]4 #a1 #b4 ,a re$1 or measur+-/ick1 is giv5 to ,john1 & he is direct$ to arise & measure ! temple4 ,?is direction embraces two p>ts3 7a7 he 0 to measure1 t is1 to take an exact e/imate ( ! temple1 ( ! alt>1 & ( ! true wor%ipp]s2 7b7 he 0 c>efully to sep>ate ?is1 9 8 e/imate1 f ! outw>d c\rt1 :i* 0 to be left out & to be giv5 to ! ,g5tiles1 to be trodd5 "u foot =ty-two mon?s2 t is1 ?ree ye>s & a half1 or twelve hundr$ & sixty daysa p]iod celebrat$ 9 ! book ( ,daniel z well z 9 ?is book4 ,,ii4 ,! two witnesses1 v]4 #cac4 ,?is is1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ difficult portion ( ! book ( ,revelation1 & its mean+ c be /at$ only aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! signification ( ! words & phrases us$4 ,! g5]al /atem5t 9 reg>d to ^! witnesses is1 t !y %\ld h p[]1 & %\ld prophesy = twelve hundr$ & sixty days2 t if anyone %\ld attempt to injure !m1 !y _h p[]1 by fire t proce$$ out ( _! m\?s1 to dev\r & kill _! enemies2 t !y _h p[] to %ut heav5 s t x %\ld n ra91 & p[] to turn ! wat]s ( ! e>? into blood1 & p[] to smite ! e>? ) plagues z (t5 z !y *ose2 t :5 !y _h complet$ _! te/imony1 ! bea/ t asc5ds out ( ! bottomless pit w\ld make w> ) !m1 & ov]come !m1 & kill !m2 t _! dead bodies #bfg w\ld lie unburi$ 9 t great city :]e ! ,"l 0 crucifi$ ?ree days & a half2 t !y t dwelt ^u ! e>? w\ld exult 9 _! dea?1 & s5d gifts to "o ano!r 9 tok5 ( _! joy2 t aft] ! ?ree days & a half ! _s ( life f ,god w\ld ent] into !m aga91 & !y w\ld /& up on _! feet2 t !y w\ld !n be tak5 up into heav51 9 ! sight ( _! enemies2 & t1 at ! "t ( _! asc5sion1 !re w\ld be a great e>?quake1 & a t5? "p ( ! city w\ld fall1 & _m 7sev5 ?\s&7 w\ld be kill$1 & t ! rema9d] w\ld be affright$1 & w\ld give glory to ! ,god ( heav54 ,,iii4 ,! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet1 v]4 #adah4 ,?is is ! gr& consummation ( ! :ole2 ! end ( ?is s]ies ( visions2 ! end ( ! _w4 ,a rapid glance only is giv5 ( x "h1 = "u ano!r s]ies ( visions a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! _w is giv5 "u ! f9al triumph ( tru?4 ,"h1 z a prop] close ( ! fir/ s]ies ( visions1 ! result is m]ely glanc$ at or adv]t$ tot !n ! p]iod w\ld h arriv$ :5 ! k+doms ( ! _w 7 to become ! k+doms ( ! ,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/1 & :5 he %\ld comm5ce t reign :i* 0 to cont9ue = ev]4 ,!n univ]sal peace & happ9ess w\ld reign1 & ! long-promis$ & expect$ k+dom ( ,god on ! e>? w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,! 8nations0 _h be5 8angry10 b ! "t _h n[ come :5 a judgm5t 0 to be pron\nc$ on ! dead1 & :5 ! due rew>d 0 to be giv5 to ! s]vants ( ,god! prophets1 & ! sa9ts1 & ^? :o fe>$ 8 "n1 small & great9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t k+dom1 & ! complete triumph ( ! true religion 9 ! _w4 ,i reg>d ?is *apt]1 !re=e1 to v]4 #ah1 z ext5d+ d[n to ! consummation ( all ?+s1 & z disclos+ ! la/ ( ! visions se5 9 ! scroll or volume 8seal$ ) ! sev5 seals10 *4 v4 #a4 ,= a reason above sugge/$1 & :i* w appe> m fully h]eaft]1 ! detail is "h mu* less m9ute ?an 9 ! e>li] portions ( ! hi/oric visions1 b /ill x embraces ! :ole p]iod1 & /ates 9 few words :at w be ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! end4 ,?is 0 all t 0 necess>y2 ?is 01 9 fact1 ! lead+ design ( ! :ole book4 ,! end t[>ds :i* all t5d$t :i* ,john ne$$ mo/ to "k & :i* ! *ur* ne$$ mo/ to "k1 0 t religion w\ld ultimately triumph1 & t ! p]iod w\ld arrive :5 x c\ld be ann\nc$ t ! k+doms ( ?is _w _h become ! k+doms ( ,god & ( 8 ,*ri/4 ,t is "h ann\nc$2 & t is prop]ly ! close ( "o ( ! divisions ( ! :ole book4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,& !re 0 giv5 me a #cbire$ l unto a rod3 & ! angel /ood1 say+1 ,rise1 & #ccjmeasure ! temple ( ,god1 & ! alt>1 & !m t wor%ip !re94 #a4 ,& !re 0 giv5 me4 ,he does n say by :om1 b ! connection w\ld seem to imply t x 0 by ! angel4 ,all ?is is ( c\rse to be reg>d$ z symbolical4 ,! repres5tation und\bt$ly p]ta9s to a future age1 b ! language is su* z w\ld be prop]ly address$ to "o :o _h be5 a ,jew1 & ! imag]y employ$ is su* z he w\ld be m likely to und]/& ?an any o!r4 ,! language & ! imag]y are1 !re=e1 tak5 f ! temple1 b !re is no reason to suppose t x _h any lit]al ref]5ce to ! temple1 or ev5 t ,john w\ld s und]/& x4 ,nor does ! language "h us$ prove t ! temple 0 /&+ at ! "t :5 ! book 0 writt52 =1 z x is symbolical1 x is :at w\ld be employ$ :e!r ! temple 7 /&+ or n1 & w\ld be z likely to be us$ 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,x is su* language z ,john1 educat$ z a ,jew1 & famili> ) ! temple wor%ip1 w\ld be likely to employ if he design$ to make a repres5tation p]ta9+ to ! *ur*4 ,a re$4 ,?is ^w prop]ly d5otes a plant ) a jo9t$ holl[ /alk1 gr[+ 9 wet gr\nds4 ,!n x ref]s to ! /alk z cut = usez a measur+-/ick1 z 9 ?is place2 or a mock sceptre1 ,mat4 xxvii4 #bi1 #cj2 or a p5 = writ+1 #c ,jn4 #ac4 ,"h x means m]ely a /ick t c\ld be us$ = measur+4 ,l unto a rod4 ,?is ^wmeans prop]ly a rod1 w&1 /aff1 us$ ei!r = sc\rg+1 #a ,co4 iv4 #ba2 or = lean+ ^u 9 walk+1 ,mat4 x4 #aj2 or = a sceptre1 ,he4 i4 #h4 ,"h ! mean+ #bfh is1 t ! re$ t 0 put into 8 h&s 0 l su* a rod or /aff 9 respect to size1 & 0 !re=e conv5i5t = h&l+4 ,! ^w rod also is us$ to d5ote a measur+-pole1 ,ps4 lxxiv4 #b2 ,je4 x4 #af2 li4 #ai4 ,& ! angel /ood1 say+4 ,! phrase1 8! angel /ood10 is want+ 9 _m ,,mss4 & editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & is reject$ by ,pr(essor ,/u>t z spuri\s4 ,x is also reject$ 9 ! critical editions ( ,griesba* & ,hahn1 & m>k$ z d\btful by ,tittmann4 ,! be/ critical au?ority is aga9/ x1 & x appe>s to h be5 introduc$ f ,zec4 iii4 #e4 ,! connection does n dem& x1 & we may1 !re=e1 reg>d ! mean+ to be1 t ! "o :o gave him ! re$1 :oev] he 01 at ! same "t address$ him1 & comm&$ him to take a measure ( ! temple & ! alt>4 ,rise1 & measure ! temple ( ,god4 ,t is1 asc]ta9 its true dim5sions ) ! re$ 9 y\r h&4 ,( c\rse1 ?is c\ld n be und]/ood ( ! lit]al temple:e!r /&+ or n= ! exact measure ( t 0 suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,! ^w1 !n1 mu/ be us$ ( some?+ :i* ! temple w\ld d5ote or repres5t1 & ?is w\ld prop]ly be ! *ur*1 consid]$ z ! abode ( ,god on ! e>?4 ,"u ! old disp5sation1 ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 t abode2 "u ! new1 t peculi> resid5ce 0 transf]r$ to ! *ur*1 & ,god is repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 x4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 iii4 #af4 ,?us ! ^w is und\bt$ly us$ "h1 & ! simple mean+ is1 t he :o is ?us address$ is direct$ to take an accurate e/imate ( ! true *ur* ( ,god2 z accurate z if he 7 to apply a measur+-re$ to asc]ta9 ! dim5sions ( ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,9 do+ t1 if ! direction _h be5 lit]ally to measure ! temple at ,j]usalem1 he w\ld asc]ta9 its l5g?1 & bread?1 & height2 he w\ld measure its rooms1 its doorways1 its porticoes2 he w\ld take su* a measurem5t ( x t1 9 a description or draw+1 x c\ld be di/+ui%$ f o!r edifices1 or t "o c\ld be con/ruct$ l x1 or t a j idea c\ld be obta9$ ( x if x %\ld be de/roy$4 ,if ! direction be und]/ood figuratively1 z applicable to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ! "w to be done w\ld be to obta9 an exact e/imate or measurem5t ( :at ! true *ur* 0z di/+ui%$ f all o!r bodies ( m51 & z con/itut$ & appo9t$ by ! direction ( ,god2 su* a measurem5t t its *>act]i/ics c\ld be made kn[n2 t a *ur* c\ld be organiz$ accord+ to ?is1 & t ! accurate description c\ld be transmitt$ to future times4 ,john has n1 inde$1 pres]v$ ! measurem5t2 = ! ma9 idea "h is n t he 0 to pres]ve su* a model1 b t1 9 ! circum/ances1 & at ! "t ref]r$ to1 ! prop] bus9ess w\ld be to engage 9 su* a measurem5t ( ! *ur* t its true dim5sions or "* might be kn[n4 ,!re w\ld be1 !re=e1 a fulfilm5t ( ?is1 if at ! "t "h ref]r$ to !re %\ld be occasion1 f any cause1 to inquire :at con/itut$ ! true *ur*2 if x 0 necess>y to sep>ate & di/+ui% x f all o!r bodies2 & if !re %\ld be any su* prevail+ unc]ta9ty z to make an accurate inve/igation necess>y4 ,& ! alt>4 ,on ! =m1 situation1 & uses ( ! alt>1 see ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #bc1 #bd2 xxi4 #ab4 ,! alt> "h ref]r$ to 01 und\bt$ly1 ! alt> situat$ 9 front ( ! temple1 :]e ! daily sacrifice 0 (f]$4 ,to measure t lit]ally1 w\ld be to take its dim5sions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & height2 b x is pla9 t t _c be int5d$ "h1 = !re 0 no su* alt> :]e ,john 01 &1 if ! ref]5ce 7 to ! alt> at ,j]usalem1 its dim5sions 7 suffici5tly kn[n4 ,?is language1 !n1 l ! =m]1 mu/ be und]/ood metaphorically1 & !n x mu/ meanz ! alt> 0 ! place ( sacrificeto take an e/imate ( ! *ur* consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its notions ( sacrifice1 or ( ! prevail+ views respect+ ! sacrifice to be made = s91 & ! me?od ( reconciliation ) ,god4 ,x is by sacrifice t a me?od is provid$ = reconciliation ) ,god2 by sacrifice t s9 is p>don$2 by sacrifice t man is ju/ifi$2 & ! direction "h is equival5t1 !re=e1 to a comm& to make an inve/igation on ^! subjects1 & all t is impli$ w\ld be fulfill$ if a /ate ( ?+s %\ld exi/ :]e x w\ld be necess>y to in/itute an exam9ation into ! prevail+ views 9 ! *ur* on ! subject ( ! atonem5t1 & ! true me?od ( ju/ification be=e ,god4 ,& !m t wor%ip !re94 ,9 ! temple1 or1 z ! temple is ! repres5tation "h ( ! *ur*1 ( ^? :o are 9 ! *ur* #bfi z pr(ess$ wor%ipp]s ( ,god4 ,!re is "s app>5t incongruity 9 direct+ him to 8measure0 ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 wor%ip2 b ! obvi\s mean+ is1 t he 0 to take a correct e/imate ( _! "*2 ( :at !y pr(ess$2 ( ! reality ( _! piety2 ( _! lives1 & ( ! g5]al /ate ( ! *ur* consid]$ z pr(ess$ly wor%ipp+ ,god4 ,?is w\ld receive its fulfilm5t if a /ate ( ?+s %\ld arise 9 ! *ur* :i* w\ld make x necess>y to g into a close & se>*+ exam9ation on all ^! po9ts1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at 0 ! true *ur*1 & :at 0 necess>y to con/itute true memb]%ip 9 x4 ,!re 71 !re=e1 ?ree ?+s1 z indicat$ by ?is v]se1 :i* ,john 0 direct$ to d1 s f> z ! use ( ! measur+-rod 0 conc]n$3 7a7 to take a j e/imate ( :at con/itutes ! true *ur*1 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r associations ( m52 7b7 to in/itute a c>eful exam9ation into ! op9ions 9 ! *ur* on ! subject ( sacrifice or atonem5tinvolv+ ! :ole "q ab\t ! me?od ( ju/ification be=e ,god2 & 7c7 to take a correct e/imate ( :at con/itutes true memb]%ip 9 ! *ur*2 or to inve/igate ) c>e ! prevail+ op9ions ab\t ! qualifications = memb]%ip4 #b ,b ! #cca;c\rt :i* is )\t ! temple #ccbleave out1 & measure x n2 = #ccc;x is giv5 unto ! ,g5tiles3 & ! holy city %all !y #ccdtread "u foot =ty & two mon?s4 #b4 ,b ! c\rt :i* is )\t ! temple4 ,:i* is outside ( ! temple prop]1 &1 !re=e1 :i* does n /rictly app]ta9 to x4 ,!re is und\bt$ly ref]5ce "h to ! 8c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles10 z x 0 call$ among ! ,jews! out] c\rt ( ! temple to :i* ! ,g5tiles _h access1 & )9 :i* !y 7 n p]mitt$ to g4 ,= a description ( ?is1 see ,notes on ,mat4 xxi4 #ab4 ,to an obs]v] ?is w\ld seem to be a "p ( ! temple1 & ! p]sons !re assembl$ a portion ( ! true wor%ipp]s ( ,god2 b x 0 necess>ily nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,9 =m+ an e/imate ( ^? :o1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew notions1 7 true wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 only ^? w\ld be reg>d$ z su* :o _h ! privilege ( access to ! inn] c\rt1 & to ! alt>4 ,9 mak+ su* an e/imate1 !re=e1 ^? :o _h no ne>] access ?an t c\rt1 w\ld be omitt$2 t is1 !y w\ld n be reckon$ z necess>ily any "p ( ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z ! p ( ,god4 ,leave out & measure x n4 ,m>g41 ca/ out4 ,s ! ,greek4 ,! mean+ is1 t he 0 n to reckon x z app]ta9+ to ! true temple ( wor%ipp]s4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a degree ( =ce 9 ! words r5d]$ 8leave out10 or1 9 ! m>g91 8ca/ out0 :i* implies m ?an a m]e pass+ by1 or omission4 ,! ^w 77 usually has ! idea ( =ce or impulse 7,mat4 viii4 #ab2 xv4 #ag2 xxv4 #cj2 ,m>4 xvi4 #i2 ,ac4 xxvii4 #ch1 et al472 & ! ^w "h w\ld d5ote "s decisive or positive act by :i* x w\ld be indicat$ t ?is 0 n any "p ( ! true temple1 b 0 to be reg>d$ z app]ta9+ to some?+ else4 ,he 0 n m]ely n to m5tion x1 or n to include x 9 ! measurem5t1 b he 0 to d ?is by "s act :i* w\ld indicate t x 0 ! result ( design 9 ! case1 & n by accid5tally pass+ x by4 ,= x is giv5 unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,x prop]ly app]ta9s to !m z _! own4 ,?\gh ne> ! temple1 & includ$ 9 ! g5]al range ( build+1 yet x does n p]ta9 to ^? :o wor%ip !re1 b to ^? :o are reg>d$ z hea!n & /rang]s4 ,x is n said t x 0 !n giv5 to ! ,g5tiles2 nor is x said t x 0 giv5 to !m to be ov]run & trodd5 d[n by !m1 b t x app]ta9$ to !m1 & 0 to be reg>d$ z belong+ to !m4 ,!y occupi$ x1 n z ! p ( ,god1 b z ^? :o 7 )\t ! true *ur*1 & :o did n app]ta9 to its real communion4 ,?is w\ld f9d a fulfilm5t if !re %\ld arise a /ate ( ?+s 9 ! *ur* 9 :i* x w\ld be necess>y to draw a l9e betwe5 ^? :o prop]ly con/itut$ ! *ur* & ^? :o did n2 if !re %\ld be su* a condition ( ?+s t any consid]able portion ( ^? :o pr(ess$ly app]ta9$ to ! *ur* ought to be divid$ (f z n belong+ to x1 or w\ld h su* *>act]i/ic m>ks t x c\ld be se5 t !y 7 /rang]s & ali5s4 ,! int]pretation w\ld dem& t !y %\ld su/a9 "s relation to ! #bgj *ur*1 or t !y w\ld seem to belong to xz ! c\rt did to ! temple2 b /ill t ?is 0 9 appe>ance only1 & t 9 e/imat+ ! true *ur* x 0 necess>y to leave !m out altoge!r4 ,( c\rse ?is w\ld n imply t !re might n be "s s9c]e wor%ipp]s among !m z individualsz !re w\ld be f\nd usually1 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! lit]al temple1 "s :o 7 proselytes & dev\t wor%ipp]s1 b :at is "h said relates to !m z a mass or bodyt !y did n belong to ! true *ur*1 b to ! ,g5tiles4 ,& ! holy city4 ,! :ole holy cityn m]ely ! out] c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i* x is said 0 giv5 to !m1 nor ! temple z su*1 b ! entire holy city4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! words 8! holy city0 lit]ally ref] to ,j]usalema city s call$ because x 0 ! peculi> place ( ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #e2 comp4 ,ne4 xi4 #a1 #ah2 ,is4 lii4 #a2 ,da4 ix4 #bd2 ,mat4 xxvii4 #ec4 ,b x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is is its mean+ "h4 ,! 8holy city10 ,j]usalem1 0 reg>d$ z sacr$ to ,godz 8 dwell+- place on e>?1 & z ! abode ( 8 p1 & no?+ 0 m natural ?an to use ! t]m z repres5t+ ! *ur*4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ga4 iv4 #bf2 ,he4 xii4 #bb4 ,9 ?is s5se x is und\bt$ly us$ "h z ! :ole repres5tation is emblematical4 ,john1 if he 7 ab\t to speak ( any?+ t 0 to occur to ! *ur*1 w\ld1 z a native ,jew1 be likely to employ su* language z ?is to d5ote x4 ,%all !y tread "u foot4 ,t is1 ! ,g5tiles above ref]r$ to2 or ^? :o1 9 ! measurem5t ( ! city1 7 set (f z ,g5tiles1 & reg>d$ z n belong+ to ! p ( ,god4 ,?is is n spok5 ( ! ,g5tiles 9 g5]al1 b only ( t portion ( ! multitudes t seem$ to con/itute ! wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 :o1 9 measur+ ! temple1 7 set (f or sep>at$ z n prop]ly belong+ to ! true *ur*4 ,! phrase 8%\ld tread "u foot0 is d]iv$ f w>riors & conqu]ors1 :o tread d[n _! enemies1 or trample on ! fields ( gra94 ,x is r5d]$ 9 ?is passage by ,dr4 ,rob9son 7,lex471 8to pr(ane & lay wa/e40 ,z appli$ lit]ally to a city1 ?is w\ld be ! true idea2 z appli$ to ! *ur*1 x w\ld mean t !y w\ld h x "u _! control or 9 subjection = ! specifi$ "t1 & t ! practical effect ( t w\ld be to corrupt & pro/rate x4 ,=ty & two mon?s4 ,lit]ally ?is w\ld be ?ree ye>s & a half2 b if ! "t "h is prophetic "ta day = a ye>!n ! p]iod w\ld be twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>sreckon+ ! ye> at #cfj days4 ,= a full illu/ration ( ?is usage1 & = ! reasons = suppos+ t ?is is prophetic "t1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,see also ,editor's ,preface1 p4 xxv4 ,9 addition to :at is !re said1 x may be rem>k$1 9 ref]5ce to ?is passage1 t x is impossible to %[1 ) any degree ( probability1 t ! city ( ,j]usalem 0 8trampl$ "u foot0 by ! ,romans = ! exact space ( ?ree ye>s & a half4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 :o adopts ! op9ion t x ref]s to ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans1 says1 inde$1 8,x is c]ta9 t ! invasion ( ! ,romans la/$ j ab\t ! l5g? ( ! p]iod nam$1 until ,j]usalem 0 tak54 ,& al?\gh ! city itself 0 n besieg$ s long1 yet ! metropolis 9 ?is case1 z 9 innum]able o!rs 9 bo? ,te/am5ts1 appe>s to /& = ! c\ntry ( ,juda40 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t ! affirmation "h is1 t 8! holy city0 0 ?us to be trodd5 "u foot2 & ev5 tak+ ! =m] supposition1 9 :at s5se is x true t ! 8:ole c\ntry0 0 8trodd5 "u foot0 by ! ,romans only ?ree ye>s & a half8 ,ev5 ! w>s ( ! ,romans 7 n ( t exact duration2 &1 besides1 ! fact 0 t ,juda 0 held 9 subjection1 & trodd5 d[n by ! ,romans = c5turies1 & nev]1 9 fact1 rega9$ its indep5d5ce4 ,if ?is is to be lit]ally appli$ to ,j]usalem1 x has be5 8trodd5 d[n by ! ,g5tiles10 ) brief int]vals1 s9ce ! conque/ by ! ,romans1 to ! pres5t "t4 ,!re has be5 no precise p]iod ( ?ree ye>s & a half1 9 respect to :i* ! language "h us$ w\ld be applicable to ! lit]al city ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 reg>d1 !n1 to ! prop] application ( ! language :i* has ?us be5 expla9$ 7v]4 #a1 #b71 x may be rem>k$1 9 g5]al1 t1 = ! reasons j /at$1 x is n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,john c\ld n h be5 direct$ lit]ally to measure ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & ! alt>1 & ! wor%ipp]s2 nor c\ld he h be5 #bga reque/$ lit]ally to leave out1 or 8ca/ out0 ! c\rt t 0 )\t2 nor c\ld x be meant t ! holy city lit]ally 0 to be trodd5 "u foot = ?ree ye>s & a half4 ,! language cle>ly is symbolical1 & ! ref]5ce mu/ h be5 to some?+ p]ta9+ to ! *ur*4 ,&1 if ! prec$+ exposition ( ! t5? *apt] is correct1 !n x may be presum$ t ?is w\ld ref] to some?+ t 0 to occur at ab\t ! p]iod !re ref]r$ to4 ,reg>d+ x1 !n1 z applicable to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 & z be+ a cont9uation ( ! vision 9 *4 x41 we %all f9d1 9 ! ev5ts ( t p]iod1 :at w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ! language "h us$4 ,?is w appe> by review+ ! p>ticul>s :i* h be5 expla9$ 9 ^! v]ses3 7#a7 ,! comm& to 8measure ! temple ( ,god10 v]4 #a4 ,?is1 we h se51 0 a direction to take an e/imate ( :at con/itut$ ! true *ur*2 ! v "w :i* x 0 necess>y to d 9 ! ,re=mation1 = ?is 0 ! fir/ po9t :i* 0 to be settl$1 :e!r ! ,papacy 0 ! true *ur* or 0 ! ,anti*ri/4 ,?is involv$1 ( c\rse1 ! :ole inquiry z to :at con/itutes ! *ur*1 alike 9 ref]5ce to its organization1 its m9i/ry1 its sacram5ts1 & its memb]%ip4 ,x 0 long be=e ! ,re=m]s made up _! m9ds t ! ,papacy 0 n ! true *ur*2 = ! v5]ation :i* !y _h be5 taught to *]i% = t l+]$ long 9 _! bosoms4 ,& ev5 :5 !y 7 con/ra9$ to admit t t corrupt communion 0 ! pr$ict$ =m ( ! great apo/asy,anti*ri/& _h acquir$ boldness en\gh to break away f x = ev]1 x 0 long be=e !y settl$ d[n 9 a uni=m belief z to :at 0 ess5tial to ! true *ur*4 ,inde$1 ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* prevail$1 ! w>m discussions :i* ensu$1 & ! div]sities ( sect :i* sprang up 9 ! ,prote/ant _w1 %[$ ) :at int5se int]e/ ! m9d 0 fix$ on ?is "q1 & h[ important x 0 to take an exact measurem5t ( ! real *ur* ( ,god4 7#b7 ,! direction to 8measure ! alt>40 ,?is1 z we h se51 w\ld relate to ! prevail+ op9ions on ! subject ( sacrifice & atonem5t2 on ! true me?od ( a s9n]'s acceptance ) ,god2 &1 consequ5tly1 on ! :ole subject ( ju/ification4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x ne$ n be said t ?is 0 "o ( ! fir/ que/ions :i* came be=e ! ,re=m]s1 & 0 "o :i* x 0 indisp5sable to settle1 9 ord] to a j notion ( ! *ur* & ( ! way ( salvation4 ,! ,papacy _h exalt$ ! ,"l's supp] into a real sacrifice2 _h made x a gr& & ess5tial po9t t ! bread & w9e 7 *ang$ into ! real body & blood ( ! ,"l1 & t a real (f]+ ( t sacrifice 0 made e "t t ord9ance 0 celebrat$2 _h *ang$ ! (fice ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f prea*]s to t ( prie/s2 _h become famili> ) ! t]ms alt>1 & sacrifice1 & prie/hood1 z f\nd$ on ! notion t a real sacrifice 0 made 9 ! 8mass20 & _h fundam5tally *ang$ ! :ole doctr9e respect+ ! ju/ification ( a s9n] be=e ,god4 ,! alt> 9 ! ,romi% communion _h almo/ displac$ ! pulpit2 & ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by ! m]its ( ! great sacrifice made by ! dea? ( our ,"l1 _h be5 sup]s$$ by ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by good works1 & by ! m]its ( ! sa9ts4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to re/ore ! true doctr9e respect+ sacrifice = s91 & ! way ( ju/ification be=e ,god2 & ?is w\ld be appropriately repres5t$ by a direction to 8measure ! alt>40 7#c7 ,! direction to take an e/imate ( ^? 8:o wor%ipp$ 9 ! temple40 ,?is1 z we h se51 w\ld prop]ly mean t !re 0 to be a true e/imate tak5 ( :at con/itut$ memb]%ip 9 ! *ur*1 or ( ! qualifications ( ^? :o %\ld be reg>d$ z true wor%ipp]s ( ,god4 ,?is1 also1 0 "o ( ! fir/ works necess>y to be done 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,be=e t1 = ages1 ! doctr9e ( baptismal reg5]ation _h be5 ! e/abli%$ doctr9e ( ! *ur*2 t all t 0 necess>y to memb]%ip 0 baptism & confirmation1 0 ! common op9ion2 ! necessity ( reg5]ation by ! influ5ces ( ! ,holy ,_s1 z a condition ( *ur* memb]%ip1 0 little und]/ood1 if n almo/ :olly unkn[n2 & ! gr& requisition 9 memb]%ip 0 n holy liv+1 b ! obs]vance ( ! rites & c]emonies ( ! *ur*4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s necess>y 9 ! ,re=mation 0 to re/ore to its true place ! doctr9e laid d[n by ! ,savi\r1 t a *ange #bgb ( he>tt reg5]ation by ! ,holy ,gho/0 necess>y to memb]%ip 9 ! *ur*1 & t ! true *ur* 0 compos$ ( ^? :o _h be5 ?us r5ew$ 9 ! _s ( _! m9d4 ,?is great "w w\ld be appropriately symboliz$ by a direction to take an e/imate ( ^? :o 8wor%ipp$ 9 ! temple ( ,god20 t is1 to settle ! "q :o %\ld be reg>d$ z true wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 & :at %\ld be requir$ ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to be su* wor%ipp]s4 ,no m important po9t 0 settl$ 9 ! ,re=mation ?an ?is4 7#d7 ,! direction to leave out1 or to 8ca/ out0 ! c\rt )\t ! temple4 ,?is1 z we h se51 w\ld prop]ly mean t a sep>ation 0 to be made betwe5 t :i* 0 ! true *ur* & t :i* 0 n1 ?\gh x might seem to belong to x4 ,! "o 0 to be measur$ or e/imat$2 ! o!r 0 to be left out1 z n app]ta9+ to t1 or z belong+ to ! ,g5tiles1 or to hea!nism4 ,! idea w\ld be1 t ?\gh x pr(ess$ly app]ta9$ to ! true *ur*1 & to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 yet t x des]v$ to be *>act]iz$ z hea!nism4 ,n[ ?is w apply ) great propriety1 accord+ to all ,prote/ant notions1 to ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,papacy 0 reg>d$ by ! ,re=m]s1 & %\ld be reg>d$ at all times4 ,x claim$ to be ! true *ur*1 & to ! eye ( an obs]v] w\ld seem to belong to x1 z mu* z ! out] c\rt seem$ to p]ta9 to ! temple4 ,b x _h ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( hea!nism1 & 01 !re=e1 prop]ly to be left out1 or ca/ out1 z n p]ta9+ to ! true *ur*4 ,c anyone d\bt ! tru? ( ?is repres5tation z applicable to ! ,papacy8 ,almo/ ev]y?+ t 0 peculi> 9 ! anci5t hea!n sy/ems ( religion _h be5 introduc$ into ! ,roman communion2 & a /rang] at ,rome w\ld see m t w\ld lead him to feel t he 0 9 a hea!n l&1 ?an he w\ld t he 0 9 a l& :]e ! pure doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity prevail$1 & :]e ! wor%ip 0 celebrat$ :i* ! ,r$eem] _h design$ to set up on ! e>?4 ,?is 0 true n only 9 ! pomp & spl5d\r ( wor%ip1 & 9 ! processions & impos+ c]emonials2 b 9 ! wor%ip ( images1 9 ! homage r5d]$ to ! dead1 9 ! numb] ( fe/ival days1 9 ! fact t ! /atues re>$ 9 hea!n ,rome to ! hon\r ( ! gods _h be5 reconsecrat$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ian devotion to ! apo/les1 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs2 & 9 ! robes ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood1 d]iv$ f ^? 9 use 9 ! anci5t hea!n wor%ip4 ,! direction 01 t1 9 e/imat+ ! true *ur*1 ?is 0 to be 8left out10 or 8ca/ out20 &1 if ?is int]pretation is correct1 ! mean+ is1 t ! ,roman ,ca?olic communion1 z an organiz$ body1 is to be reg>d$ z no "p ( ! true *ur*a conclusion :i* is inevitable1 if ! passages ( ,scripture :i* are commonly suppos$ by ,prote/ants to apply to x are correctly appli$4 ,to det]m9e ?is1 & to sep>ate ! true *ur* f x1 0 no small "p ( ! "w ( ! ,re=mation4 7#e7 ,! /atem5t t ! holy city 0 to be trodd5 "u foot1 v]4 #b4 ,?is1 z we h se51 mu/ mean t ! true *ur* w\ld ?us be trodd5 d[n by ^? :o are describ$ z 8,g5tiles40 ,s f> z pure religion 0 conc]n$2 s f> z app]ta9$ to ! real condition ( ! *ur*1 & ! pure wor%ip ( ,god1 x w\ld be z if ! :ole holy city :]e ,god 0 wor%ipp$ 7 giv5 into ! h&s ( ! ,g5tiles1 & !y %\ld tread x d[n1 & desecrate all t 0 sacr$ = ! "t "h ref]r$ to4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation w\ld su/a9 ?is description4 8,x is incr$ible10 says ,lu!r1 on 8 visit to ,rome1 8:at s9s & atrocities are committ$ 9 ,rome2 !y mu/ be se5 & he>d to be believ$4 ,s t x is usual to say3 #8,if !re be a hell1 ,rome is built above x2 x is an abyss f :i* all s9s proce$4'0 ,s aga9 he says3 8,x is commonly obs]v$ t he :o goes to ,rome = ! fir/ "t1 goes to seek a knave !re2 ! second "t he f9ds him2 & ! ?ird "t he br+s him away ) him "u 8 cloak4 ,b n[1 p are become s clev]1 t !y make ! ?ree j\rneys 9 "o40 ,s ,ma*iavelli1 "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd g5iuses 9 ,italy1 & himself a ,roman ,ca?olic1 said1 8,! greate/ symptom ( ! approa*+ ru9 ( ,*ri/ianity is1 t ! ne>] we approa* ! capital ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! less d we f9d ( ! ,*ri/ian _s ( ! p4 ,! sc&al\s example & crimes ( ! c\rt ( ,rome h caus$ ,italy to lose e pr9ciple ( piety & e religi\s s5tim5t4#bgc ,we ,italians are pr9cipally indebt$ to ! *ur* & to ! prie/s = hav+ become impi\s & pr(ane40 ,see ,d',aubign's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 p4 #ed1 ed4 ,phila4 #ahdc4 ,9 full illu/ration ( ! s5tim5t t ! *ur* seem$ to be trodd5 d[n & pollut$ by hea!nism1 or by abom9ations & practices t came out ( hea!nism1 we may ref] to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,romi% communion f ! rise ( ! ,papacy to ! ,re=mation4 ,= a suffici5t illu/ration to ju/ify ! application ( ! passage be=e u :i* ,i am n[ mak+1 ! read] may be ref]r$ to ! ,notes on *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,no?+ w\ld bett] describe ! condition ( ,rome previ\s to & at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation& ! rem>k may be appli$ to subsequ5t p]iods also?an to say t x 0 a city :i* once seem$ to be a ,*ri/ian city1 & 0 n improp]ly reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( ! ,*ri/ian _w & ! seat ( ! *ur*1 & t x _h be51 z x 71 ov]run & trodd5 d[n by hea!n rites & cu/oms & c]emonies1 s t1 to a /rang] look+ on x1 x w\ld seem to be 9 ! possession ( ! 8,g5tiles0 or ! hea!ns4 7#f7 ,! "t dur+ :i* ?is 0 to cont9ue8=ty-two mon?s20 t is1 accord+ to ! explanation above giv51 twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,?is w\ld embrace ! :ole p]iod ( ! asc5d5cy & preval5ce ( ! ,papacy1 or ! :ole "t ( ! cont9uance ( t corrupt dom9ation 9 :i* ,*ri/5dom 0 to be trodd5 d[n & corrupt$ by x4 ,! prophet ( ,patmos saw x 9 vision ?us ext5d+ its dre>y & corrupt+ reign1 & dur+ t "t ! prop] influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 0 trampl$ d[n1 & ! dom9ation ( practical hea!nism 0 set up :]e ! *ur* %\ld h reign$ 9 its purity4 ,?us reg>d$1 ?is w\ld prop]ly express ! "t ( ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,papal p[]1 & ! end ( ! 8=ty-two mon?s10 or twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 w\ld d5ote ! "t :5 ! influ5ce ( t p[] w\ld cease4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! "t ( ! rise ( ! ,papacy c be det]m9$1 x w n be difficult to det]m9e ! "t :5 x w come to an end4 ,b = a full consid]ation ( ^! po9ts ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ext5d$ discussion on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,see also ,editor's ,preface1 p4 xxv4 ,z ! po9t is !re fully exam9$ x is unnecess>y to g into an inve/igation ( x "h4 ,! g5]al rem>k1 !re=e1 9 reg>d to ?is passage 7v]4 #a1 #b7 is1 t x ref]s to :at w\ld be necess>y to be done at ! ,re=mation 9 ord] to det]m9e :at is ! true *ur* & :at are ! doctr9es on :i* x is bas$2 & to ! fact t ! ,romi% communion1 to :i* ! *ur* _h be5 giv5 ov] = a def9ite "t1 0 to be set aside z n be+ ! true *ur* ( ,*ri/4 #c ,& ,i w #cce;give p[] unto my #ccftwo #ccgwitnesses1 & !y %all prophesy a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days1 #cch;clo!d 9 sackclo?4 #c4 ,& ,i w give p[] unto my two witnesses4 ,9 respect to ?is important passage 7v]4 #cac7 ,i propose to pursue ! same me?od :i* ,i h pursu$ all along 9 ?is exposition3 fir/1 to exam9e ! mean+ ( ! words & phrases 9 ! symbol1 ) a purpose to asc]ta9 ! fair signification ( ! symbols2 &1 secondly1 to inquire into ! applicationt is1 to inquire :e!r any ev5ts h occurr$ :i*1 9 respect to _! "* & to ! "t ( _! occurr5ce1 c be %[n to be a fair fulfilm5t ( ! language4 ,& ,i w give p[]4 ,! ^w 8p[]0 is n 9 ! orig9al4 ,! ,greek is simply1 8,i w give0t is1 ,i w grant to my two witnesses ! "r or ! p[] ( prophesy+ dur+ ! "t specifi$correctly express$ 9 ! m>g91 8give unto my two witnesses t !y may prophesy40 ,! mean+ is n t he w\ld s5d two witnesses to prophesy1 b r t ^! 7 9 fact su* 8witnesses10 & t he w\ld dur+ t "t p]mit !m to ex]cise _! prophetic gifts1 or give !m ! privilege & ! /r5g? to enunciate ! tru? :i* !y 7 commission$ to communicate z 8 8witnesses0 to mank9d4 ,"s ^w1 !n1 l p[]1 privilege1 opportunity1 or boldness1 x is necess>y to supply 9 ord] to complete ! s5se4 ,unto my two witnesses4 ,! ^w 8two0 evid5tly d5otes t ! numb] w\ld be small2 & yet x is n necess>y to conf9e x lit]ally to two p]sons1 or to two societies or communities4 ,p]haps ! mean+ is1 t #bgd z1 "u ! law1 two witnesses 7 requir$1 & 7 en\gh1 to e/abli% any fact 7,notes on ,jn4 viii4 #ag71 su* a numb] w\ld dur+ ^? times be pres]v$ f apo/asy z w\ld be suffici5t to keep up ! evid5ce ( tru?2 to te/ify aga9/ ! prevail+ abom9ations1 errors1 & corruptions2 to %[ :at 0 ! real *ur*1 & to be> a fai?ful witness aga9/ ! wick$ness ( ! _w4 ,! law ( ,moses requir$ t !re %\ld be two witnesses on a trial1 & ?is1 "u t law1 0 deem$ a compet5t numb]4 ,see ,num4 xxxv4 #cj2 ,de4 xvii4 #f2 xix4 #ae2 ,mat4 xviii4 #af2 ,jn4 v4 #cjcc4 ,! ess5tial mean+ ( ?is passage !n is1 t !re w\ld be a compet5t numb] ( witnesses 9 ! case2 t is1 z _m z w\ld be reg>d$ z suffici5t to e/abli% ! po9ts conc]n+ :i* !y w\ld te/ify1 ) p]haps ! additional idea t ! numb] w\ld be small4 ,!re is no reason = limit+ x /rictly to two p]sons1 or = suppos+ t !y w\ld appe> 9 pairs1 two & two2 nor is x necess>y to suppose t x ref]s p>ticul>ly to two p or nations4 ,! ^w r5d]$ witnessesis t f :i* we h d]iv$ ! ^w m>tyr4 ,x means prop]ly "o :o be>s te/imony1 ei!r 9 a judicial s5se 7,mat4 xviii4 #af2 xxvi4 #fe71 or "o :o c 9 any way te/ify to ! tru? ( :at he has se5 & kn[n1 ,lu4 xxiv4 #dh2 ,ro4 i4 #i2 ,phi4 i4 #h2 #a ,?4 ii4 #aj2 #a ,ti4 vi4 #ab4 ,!n x came to be employ$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w m>tyr is n[to d5ote "o :o1 amid/ great suff]+s or by 8 dea?1 be>s witness to ! tru?2 t is1 "o :o is s confid5t ( ! tru?1 & s upright1 t he w r lay d[n 8 life ?an d5y ! tru? ( :at he has se5 & kn[n1 ,acts xxii4 #bj2 ,rev4 ii4 #ac4 ,9 a simil> s5se x comes to d5ote "o :o is s ?or\ghly conv9c$ on a subject t x is n susceptible ( be+ se5 & he>d1 or :o is s atta*$ to "o t he is will+ to lay d[n 8 life z ! evid5ce ( 8 conviction & atta*m5t4 ,! ^w1 z us$ "h1 ref]s to ^? :o1 dur+ ?is p]iod ( 8=ty & two mon?s10 w\ld ?us be witnesses = ,*ri/ 9 ! _w2 t is1 :o w\ld be> _! te/imony to ! tru? ( 8 religion1 to ! doctr9es :i* he _h reveal$1 & to :at 0 requir$ ( man:o w\ld d ?is amid/ surr\nd+ error & corruption1 & :5 expos$ to p]secutions & trials on acc\nt ( _! belief4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! ,scriptures to repres5t ! righte\s z witnesses = ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xliii4 #aj1 #ab2 xliv4 #h4 ,& !y %all prophesy4 ,! ^w prophesy does n necess>ily mean t !y w\ld pr$ict future ev5ts2 b ! s5se is1 t !y w\ld give utt]ance to ! tru? z ,god _h reveal$ x4 ,see ,notes on *4 x4 #aa4 ,! s5se "h is1 t !y w\ld 9 "s public mann] hold up or ma9ta9 ! tru? be=e ! _w4 ,a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days4 ,! same p]iod z ! =ty & two mon?s 7v]4 #b71 ?\gh express$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,reckon+ a day = a ye>1 ?is p]iod w\ld be twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 or ! same z ! 8"t & times & ! divid+ ( "t0 9 ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,see ,notes on t place2 also ,editor's ,preface4 ,! mean+ ( ?is w\ld be1 !re=e1 t dur+ t long p]iod1 9 :i* x is said t 8! holy city w\ld be trodd5 "u foot10 !re w\ld be ^? :o might be prop]ly call$ 8witnesses0 = ,god1 & :o w\ld be engag$ 9 hold+ up 8 tru? be=e ! _w2 t is1 !re w\ld be no "p ( t p]iod 9 :i* !re w\ld n be f\nd "s to :om ?is appellation c\ld ) propriety be giv54 ,?\gh ! 8holy city0! *ur*w\ld seem to be :olly trodd5 d[n1 yet !re w\ld be a few at lea/ :o w\ld ass]t ! great doctr9es ( true godl9ess4 ,clo!d 9 sackclo?4 ,sackclo?0 prop]ly a co>se black clo? commonly made ( hair1 us$ = sacks1 = /ra9+1 & = m\rn+ g>m5ts4 ,see ,notes on *4 vi4 #ab2 ,is4 iii4 #bd2 & ,mat4 xi4 #ba4 ,"h x is an emblem ( m\rn+2 & ! idea is1 t !y w\ld prophesy 9 ! mid/ ( grief4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! "t w\ld be "o ( calamity1 or t1 9 do+ ?is1 !re w\ld be occasion = _! appe>+ 9 ! emblems ( grief1 r ?an 9 robes expressive ( joy4 ,! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ?is is1 t !re w\ld be b few :o c\ld be reg>d$ z true witnesses = ,god 9 ! _w1 & t !y w\ld be expos$ to p]secution4 #d ,^! are ! #ccitwo olive-trees1 & ! two #cdj;c&le/icks /&+ be=e ! ,god ( ! e>?4 #d4 ,^! are ! two olive-trees4 ,^! #bge are repres5t$ by ! two olive-trees1 or ^! are :at are symboliz$ by ! two olive-trees4 ,!re c be little d\bt t !re is an allusion "h to ,zec4 iv4 #c1 #aa1 #ad1 ?\gh ! imag]y is 9 "s respects *ang$4 ,! prophet 7,zec4 iv4 #b1 #c7 saw 9 vision 8a c&le/ick all ( gold1 ) a b[l ^u ! top ( x1 & 8 sev5 lamps !reon1 & sev5 pipes to ! sev5 lamps1 :i* 7 ^u ! top !re(2 & two olive-trees by x1 "o ^u ! "r side ( ! b[l1 & ! o!r ^u ! left side !re(40 ,^! two 8olive bran*es0 7 subsequ5tly decl>$ 7v]4 #ad7 to be 8! two ano9t$ ones1 t /& by ! ,"l ( ! :ole e>?40 ,! olive-trees1 or olive-bran*es 7v]4 #ab71 appe> 9 ! vision ( ! prophet to h be5 connect$ ) ! ev]-burn+ lamp by gold5 pipes2 & z ! olive-tree produc$ ! oil us$ by ! anci5ts 9 _! lamps1 ^! trees are repres5t$ z furni%+ a con/ant supply ( oil ?r\gh ! gold5 pipes to ! c&le/ick1 & ?us !y become emblematic ( ! supply ( grace to ! *ur*4 ,john uses ?is emblem1 n 9 ! s5se exactly 9 :i* x 0 employ$ by ! prophet1 b to d5ote t ^! two 8witnesses10 :i* might be comp>$ ) ! two olive-trees1 w\ld be ! means ( supply+ grace to ! *ur*4 ,z ! olive-tree furni%$ oil = ! lamps1 ! two trees "h w\ld seem prop]ly to d5ote m9i/]s ( religion2 & z !re c be no d\bt t ! c&le/icks1 or lamp- be>]s1 d5ote *ur*es1 ! s5se w\ld appe> to be t x 0 ?r\gh ! pa/ors ( ! *ur*es t ! oil ( grace :i* ma9ta9$ ! brightness ( ^? my/ic c&le/icks1 or ! *ur*es1 0 convey$4 ,! image is a beautiful "o1 & expresses a tru? ( great importance to ! _w2 = ,god has design$ t ! lamp ( piety %all be kept burn+ 9 ! *ur*es by tru? suppli$ ?r\gh m9i/]s & pa/ors4 ,& ! two c&le/icks4 ,! prophet ,ze*>iah saw b "o su* c&le/ick or lamp-be>]2 ,john "h saw twoz !re are two 8witnesses0 ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! vision describ$ 9 *4 i4 #ab1 he saw sev5repres5t+ ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,= an explanation ( ! mean+ ( ! symbol1 see ,notes on t v]se4 ,/&+ be=e ! ,god ( ! e>?4 ,s ,zec4 iv4 #ad1 8,^! be ! two ano9t$ ones1 t /& by ! ,"l ( ! :ole e>?40 ,! mean+ is1 t !y /ood1 z x 71 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,godz1 9 ! tab]nacle & temple1 ! gold5 c&le/ick /ood 8be=e0 ! ark on :i* 0 ! symbol ( ! div9e pres5ce1 ?\gh sep>at$ f x by a veil4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #ac4 ,?is repres5tation1 t ! m9i/]s ( religion 8/& be=e ! ,"l10 is "o t is n uncommon 9 ! ,bible4 ,?us x is said ( ! prie/s & ,levites3 8,! ,"l sep>at$ ! tribe ( ,levi1 to /& be=e ! ,"l1 to m9i/] unto him1 & to bless 8 "n10 ,de4 x4 #h2 comp4 xviii4 #g4 ,! same ?+ is said ( ! prophets1 z 9 ! cases ( ,elijah & ,eli%a3 8,z ! ,"l live?1 be=e :om ,i /&10 #a ,ki4 xvii4 #a2 also1 xviii4 #ae2 #b ,ki4 iii4 #ad2 v4 #af2 comp4 ,je4 xv4 #ai4 ,! repres5tation is1 t !y m9i/]$1 z x 71 con/antly 9 8 pres5ce1 & "u 8 eye4 #e ,& if any man w hurt !m1 #cda;fire proce$e? out ( _! m\?1 & dev\re? _! enemies3 & if any man w hurt !m1 #cdb;he mu/ 9 ?is mann] be kill$4 #e4 ,& if any man w hurt !m4 ,?is implies t !re w\ld be ^? :o w\ld be dispos$ to injure or wrong !m2 t is1 t !y w\ld be liable to p]secution4 ,! ^w 8w0 is "h m ?an ! m]e sign ( ! future2 x d5otes int5tion1 purpose1 design8if any man wills or purposes to injure !m40 ,see a simil> use ( ! ^w 9 #a ,ti4 vi4 #i4 ,! ^w hurt "h means to d injury or inju/ice& may ref] to wrong 9 any =m:e!r 9 respect to _! "*1 op9ions1 p]sons1 or prop]ty4 ,! g5]al s5se is1 t !re w\ld be ^? :o w\ld be dispos$ to d !m h>m1 & we %\ld naturally look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 "s =m ( p]secution4 ,fire proce$e? out ( _! m\?4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y t ?is %\ld be tak5 lit]ally4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld h ! p[] ( de/roy+ _! enemies z if fire %\ld proce$ out ( _! m\?2 t is1 _! words w\ld be l burn+ coals or flames4 ,!re may possibly be an allusion "h to #b ,ki4 i4 #ajad1 :]e #bgf x is said t ,elijah comm&$ ! fire to desc5d f heav5 to consume ^? :o 7 s5t to take him 7comp4 ,lu4 ix4 #ed72 b 9 t case ,elijah comm&$ ! fire to come 8f heav520 "h x proce$e? 8out ( ! m\?40 ,! allusion "h1 !re=e1 is to ! d5unciations :i* !y w\ld utt]1 or ! doctr9es :i* !y w\ld prea*1 & :i* w\ld h ! same effect on _! enemies z if !y brea!d =? fire & flame4 ,s ,je4 v4 #ad1 8,because ye speak ?is ^w1 ,behold1 ,i w make my words 9 ?y m\? fire & ?is p wood1 & x %all dev\r !m40 ,& dev\re? _! enemies4 ,! ^w dev\r is (t5 us$ ) ref]5ce to fire1 :i* seems to eat up or consume :at is 9 its way1 or to fe$ on t :i* x de/roys4 ,?is is ! s5se ( ! ^w "h8to eat d[n1 to swall[ d[n1 to dev\r40 ,comp4 *4 xx4 #i2 ,sept4 ,is4 xxix4 #f2 ,joel ii4 #e2 ,le4 x4 #b4 ,z !re is no reason to believe t !re w\ld be lit]al fire1 s x is n necess>y to suppose t _! enemies w\ld be lit]ally dev\r$ or consum$4 ,! mean+ is fulfill$ if _! words %\ld 9 any way produce an effect on _! enemies simil> to :at is produc$ by fire3 t is1 if x %\ld de/roy _! influ5ce2 if x %\ld ov]come & subdue !m2 if x %\ld annihilate _! dom9ation 9 ! _w4 ,& if any man w hurt !m4 ,?is is repeat$ 9 ord] to make ! decl>ation m int5sive1 & also to add ano!r ?\ght ab\t ! effect ( p]secut+ & injur+ !m4 ,he mu/ 9 ?is mann] be kill$4 ,t is1 9 ! mann] specifi$by fire4 ,x does n mean t he w\ld be kill$ 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! 8witnesses0 7 kill$1 b 9 ! me?od specifi$ be=eby ! fire t %\ld proce$ out ( _! m\?4 ,! mean+ is1 und\bt$ly1 t !y w\ld h p[] to br+ d[n on !m div9e v5geance or puni%m5t1 s t !re w\ld be a j retaliation = ! wrongs done !m4 #f ,^!#cdc h p[] to %ut heav51 t x ra9 n 9 ! days ( _! prophecy3 & h #cddp[] ov] wat]s to turn !m to blood1 & to smite ! e>? ) all plagues1 z (t5 z !y w4 #f4 ,^! h p[] to %ut heav54 ,t is1 s f> z ra9 is conc]n$= ?is is imm$iately specifi$4 ,!re is probably a ref]5ce "h to an anci5t op9ion t ! ra9 0 kept 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 z 9 res]voirs or bottles1 & t :5 !y 7 op5$ x ra9$2 :5 !y 7 clos$ x ceas$ to ra94 ,s ,job1 8,he b9de? up ! wat]s 9 8 ?ick cl\ds1 & ! cl\d is n r5t "u !m10 xxvi4 #h4 8,:i* ! cl\ds d drop & di/il ^u man abundantly10 ,job xxxvi4 #bh4 8,:o c numb] ! cl\ds 9 wisdom8 or :o c /ay ! bottles ( heav580 ,job xxxviii4 #cg2 comp4 ,ge4 i4 #g2 vii4 #ab2 viii4 #b2 #b ,ki4 vii4 #b4 ,to %ut or close up ! heav5s1 !re=e1 is to re/ra9 ! ra9 f desc5d+1 or to produce a dr\ght4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ja4 v4 #ag4 ,t x ra9 n 9 ! days ( _! prophecy4 ,9 ! "t :5 !y prophesy4 ,probably ! allusion "h is to :at is said ( ,elijah1 #a ,ki4 xvii4 #a4 ,?is w\ld prop]ly ref] to "s miracul\s p[]2 b /ill x may be us$ to d5ote m]ely t !y w\ld be clo!d ) ! p[] ( caus+ bless+s to be )held f m51 z if ra9 7 )held2 t is1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! calamities t w\ld be br\ght ^u !m1 & ! p]secutions :i* !y w\ld endure1 ,god w\ld br+ judgm5ts ^u m5 z if !y 7 clo!d ) ?is p[]4 ,! language1 !re=e1 x seems to me1 does n necess>ily imply t !y w\ld h ! p[] ( work+ miracles4 ,& h p[] ov] wat]s to turn !m to blood4 ,! allusion "h is d\btless to :at occurr$ 9 ,egypt1 ,ex4 vii4 #ag4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,re4 viii4 #h4 ,?is1 too1 w\ld lit]ally d5ote ! p[] ( work+ a miracle2 b /ill x is n absolutely necess>y to suppose t ?is is int5d$4 ,any?+ t w\ld be repres5t$ by turn+ wat]s into blood1 w\ld correspond ) all t is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! language4 ,if any great calamity %\ld occur 9 consequ5ce ( :at 0 done to !m t w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by turn+ ! wat]s into blood s t !y c\ld n be us$1 & t 0 s connect$ ) ! treatm5t :i* !y receiv$ z to appe> to be a judgm5t ( heav5 on t acc\nt1 or t w\ld appe> to h come ^u ! _w 9 consequ5ce ( _! imprecations1 x w\ld be all t is necess>ily impli$ 9 ?is language4 ,& to #bgg smite ! e>? ) all plagues4 ,all k9ds ( plague or calamity2 disease1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 flood1 c4 ,! ^w plague:i* means1 prop]ly1 /roke1 /ripe1 bl[1 w\ld include any or all ( ^!4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t great calamities w\ld foll[ ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 treat$1 z if ! p[] 7 lodg$ 9 _! h&s4 ,z (t5 z !y w4 ,s t x w\ld seem t !y c\ld ex]cise ?is p[] z !y pleas$4 #g ,& :5 !y %all h f9i%$ _! te/imony #cde! bea/ t asc5de? out ( ! bottomless pit %all #cdfmake w> aga9/ !m1 & %all ov]come !m1 & kill !m4 #g4 ,& :5 !y %all h f9i%$ _! te/imony4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 8,& :5ev] !y %all h f9i%$ _! te/imony40 ,! ref]5ce is und\bt$ly to a p]iod :5 !y %\ld h fai?fully borne ! te/imony :i* !y 7 appo9t$ to be>4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ 8%all h f9i%$01 f means prop]ly to end1 to f9i%1 to complete1 to accompli%4 ,x is us$1 9 ?is respect1 9 two s5sesei!r 9 reg>d to "t or 9 reg>d to ! end or object 9 view1 9 ! s5se ( p]fect+ x1 or accompli%+ x4 ,9 ! =m] s5se x is employ$ 9 su* passages z ! foll[+38,till ! ?\s& ye>s %\ld be fulfill$10 ,re4 xx4 #c4 8,ye %all n h gone ov] ! cities ( ,israel ,gr41 ye %all n h f9i%$ ! cities ( ,israel till ! ,son ( man be come10 ,mat4 x4 #bc2 t is1 ye %all n h f9i%$ pass+ ?r\gh !m4 8,:5 ,jesus _h made an end ,gr41 f9i%$ ( comm&+ 8 twelve disciples10 ,mat4 xi4 #a4 8,i h f9i%$ my c\rse10 #b ,ti4 iv4 #g4 ,9 ^! passages x cle>ly ref]s to "t4 ,9 ! o!r s5se x is us$ 9 su* places z ! foll[+38,& %all n ! uncircumcision :i* is by nature1 if x fulfil ! law10 ,ro4 ii4 #bg2 t is1 if x accompli% or come up to ! dem&s ( ! law4 8,if ye fulfil ! royal law accord+ to ! scriptures10 ,ja4 ii4 #h4 ,! ^w1 !n1 may "h ref] n to "t1 mean+ t ^! ev5ts w\ld occur at ! end ( ! 8?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days10 b to ! fact t :at is "h /at$ w\ld occur :5 !y _h complet$ _! te/imony 9 ! s5se ( hav+ te/ifi$ all t !y 7 appo9t$ to te/ify2 t is1 :5 !y _h borne full witness = ,god1 & fully utt]$ 8 tru?4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! mean+ "h may be t ! ev5t "h ref]r$ to w\ld take place1 n at ! end ( ! #abfj ye>s1 b at t p]iod dur+ ! #abfj ye>s :5 x c\ld be said ) propriety t !y _h accompli%$ _! te/imony 9 ! _w1 or t !y _h borne full & ample witness on ! po9ts intru/$ to !m4 ,! bea/4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t 9 ! book ( ,revelation 9 :i* :at is "h call$ 8! bea/0 is m5tion$1 & :i* has s important an ag5cy 9 ! ev5ts :i* x is said w\ld occur4 ,x is repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! book1 & always ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 & z ref]r+ to ! same object4 ,"h x is m5tion$ z 8asc5d+ out ( ! bottomless pit20 9 *4 xiii4 #a1 z 8ris+ up out ( ! sea20 9 *4 xiii4 #aa1 z 8com+ up out ( ! e>?40 ,x is also m5tion$ ) *>act]i/ics appropriate to su* an orig91 9 *4 xiii4 #bd 7twice71 #aa1 #ab 7twice71 #ad 7twice71 #ae 7twice71 #ag1 #ah2 xiv4 #i1 #aa2 xv4 #b2 xvi4 #b1 #aj1 #ac2 xvii4 #c1 #g1 #h 7twice71 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ag2 xix4 #ai1 #bj 7twice72 xx4 #d1 #dj4 ,! ^w "h us$means prop]ly a bea/1 a wild bea/1 ,m>4 i4 #ac2 ,ac4 x4 #ab2 xi4 #f2 xxviii4 #d1 #e2 ,he4 xii4 #bj2 ,ja4 iii4 #g2 ,re4 vi4 #h4 ,x is once us$ tropically ( brutal or savage m51 ,tit4 i4 #ab4 ,else:]e1 9 ! passages above ref]r$ to 9 ! ,apocalypse1 x is us$ symbolically4 ,z employ$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! 8bea/0 are /rongly m>k$4 7a7 ,x has its orig9 f b5ea?9 ! bottomless pit2 ! sea2 ! e>?1 *4 xi4 #g2 xiii4 #a1 #aa4 7b7 ,x has great p[]1 *4 xiii4 #d1 #ab2 xvii4 #ab1 #ac4 7c7 ,x claims & receives wor%ip1 *4 xiii4 #c1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae2 xiv4 #i1 #aa4 7d7 ,x has a c]ta9 8seat0 or ?rone f :5ce its p[] proce$s1 *4 xvi4 #aj4 7e7 ,x is ( sc>let col\r1 *4 xvii4 #c4 7f7 ,x receives p[] conf]r$ ^u x by ! k+s ( ! e>?1 *4 xvii4 #ac4 7g7 ,x has a m>k by :i* x is kn[n1 *4 xiii4 #ag2 xix4 #bj4 7h7 ,x has a c]ta9 8numb]20 t is1 !re are c]ta9 my/ical lett]s or figures :i* s express its "n t x may be kn[n1 *4 xiii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,^! ?+s s]ve to *>act]ize ! 8bea/0 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r ?+s1 & !y are s num]\s & def9ite1 #bgh t x w\ld seem to h be5 int5d$ to make x easy to und]/& :at 0 meant :5 ! p[] ref]r$ to %\ld appe>4 ,9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! imag]y "h1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t x is to be trac$ to ,daniel1 & t ! writ] "h means to describe ! same 8bea/0 :i* ,daniel ref]s to 9 *4 vii4 #g4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is mu/ be cle> to anyone :o w comp>e ! description 9 ,daniel 7*4 vii47 ) ! m9ute details 9 ! book ( ,revelation4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c d\bt t ,john means to c>ry =w>d ! description 9 ,daniel1 & to apply x to new manife/ations ( ! same great & t]rific p[]! p[] ( ! f\r? mon>*yon ! e>?4 ,= full evid5ce t ! repres5tation 9 ,daniel ref]s to ! ,roman p[] prolong$ & p]petuat$ 9 ! ,papal dom9ion1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,x may be assum$ "h t ! op9ion !re def5d$ is correct1 & consequ5tly x may be assum$ t ! 8bea/0 ( ?is book ref]s to ! ,papal p[]4 ,t asc5de? out ( ! bottomless pit4 ,see ,notes on *4 ix4 #a4 ,?is w\ld prop]ly mean t its orig9 is ! ne!r _w2 or t x w h *>act]i/ics :i* w %[ t x 0 f b5ea?4 ,! mean+ cle>ly is1 t :at 0 symboliz$ by ! bea/ w\ld h su* *>act]i/ics z to %[ t x 0 n ( div9e orig91 b _h its s\rce 9 ! _w ( d>kness1 s91 & dea?4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n repres5t ! true *ur*1 or any civil gov]nm5t t is f\nd$ on pr9ciples :i* ,god approves4 ,b if x repres5t a community pret5d+ to be a *ur*1 x is an apo/ate *ur*2 if a civil community1 x is a community ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are t x is controll$ by ! _s t rules ov] ! _w b5ea?4 ,= reasons :i* we %all see 9 abundance 9 apply+ ! descriptions :i* occur ( ! 8bea/10 ,i reg>d ?is z ref]r+ to t great apo/ate p[] :i* occupies s mu* ( ! prophetic descriptions! ,papacy4 ,%all make w> aga9/ !m4 ,w endeav\r to ext]m9ate !m by =ce4 ,?is cle>ly is n int5d$ to be a g5]al /atem5t t !y w\ld be p]secut$1 b to ref] to ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* ! opposition w\ld be conduct$4 ,x w\ld be 9 ! =m ( 8w>20 t is1 !re w\ld be an ef=t to de/roy !m by arms4 ,& %all ov]come !m4 ,%all ga9 ! victory ov] !m2 conqu] !m 4 ,t is1 !re w be "s signal victory 9 :i* ^? repres5t$ by ! two witnesses w be subdu$4 ,& kill !m4 ,t is1 an effect w\ld be produc$ z if !y 7 put to dea?4 ,!y w\ld be ov]come2 w\ld be sil5c$2 w\ld be app>5tly dead4 ,any ev5t t w\ld cause !m to cease to be> te/imony1 z if !y 7 dead1 w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ?is4 ,x w\ld n be necess>y to suppose t !re w\ld be lit]ally dea? 9 ! case1 b t !re w\ld be "s ev5t :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by dea?su* z an entire susp5sion ( _! prophesy+ 9 consequ5ce ( =ce4 #h ,& _! #cdg;dead bodies %all lie 9 ! /reet ( ! great city1 :i* spiritually is call$ #cdh,sodom & #cdi;,egypt1 :]e also our ,"l 0 crucifi$4 #h4 ,& _! dead bodies %all lie 9 ! /reet4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 8,%all be 9 ! /reet40 ,! words 8%all lie0 are suppli$ by ! translators1 b n improp]ly4 ,! lit]al r5d]+ w\ld be1 8& _! corpses ^u ! /reet ( ! great city20 & ! mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be a /ate ( ?+s 9 reg>d to !m :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by suppos+ !m to lie unburi$4 ,to leave a body unburi$ is to treat x ) contempt1 & among ! anci5ts no?+ 0 reg>d$ z m di%on\rable ?an su* treatm5t4 ,see ! ,ajax ( ,sophocles4 ,among ! ,jews also x 0 reg>d$ z a special indignity to leave ! dead unburi$1 & h5ce !y are always repres5t$ z deeply solicit\s to secure ! int]m5t ( _! dead4 ,see ,ge4 xxiii4 #d4 ,comp4 #b ,sa4 xxi4 #iac2 ,ec4 vi4 #c2 ,is4 xiv4 #ahbj2 xxii4 #af2 liii4 #i4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t1 = ! "t specifi$1 ^? :o are "h ref]r$ to w\ld be treat$ ) indignity & contempt4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 we are n1 ( c\rse1 to look = any lit]al accompli%m5t ( :at is "h said1 b = "s treatm5t ( ! 8witnesses0 :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ?is2 t is1 :i* w\ld %[ t !y 7 treat$1 aft] !y 7 sil5c$1 l unburi$ corpses putrefy+ 9 ! sun4 ,( #bgi ! great city4 ,:]e ^! transactions w\ld occur4 ,z a great city w\ld be ! ag5t 9 putt+ !m to dea?1 s ! result w\ld be z if !y 7 publicly expos$ 9 its /reets4 ,! ^w 8great0 "h supposes t ! city ref]r$ to w\ld be di/+ui%$ = its sizea circum/ance ( "s importance 9 det]m9+ ! place ref]r$ to4 ,:i* spiritually is call$4 ,?is ^w occurs only 9 "o o!r place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #a ,co4 ii4 #ad1 8because !y are spiritually disc]n$0:]e x means1 89 accordance ) ! ,holy ,_s10 or 8?r\gh ! aid ( ! ,holy ,_s40 ,"h x seems to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( metaphorically1 or allegorically1 9 contradi/9ction f ! lit]al & real "n4 ,!re may possibly be an intimation "h t ! city is s call$ by ! ,holy ,_s to designate its real "*1 b /ill ! ess5tial mean+ is1 t t 0 n its lit]al "n4 ,= "s reason ! real "n is n giv5 to x2 b su* descriptions are appli$ z are design$ to leave no d\bt z to :at is int5d$4 ,sodom4 ,sodom 0 di/+ui%$ = its wick$ness1 & especially = t vice to :i* its abom9ations h giv5 "n4 ,= ! "* ( ,sodom1 see ,ge4 xviii41 xix4 ,comp4 #b ,pe4 ii4 #f4 ,9 inquir+ :at 8city0 is "h ref]r$ to1 x w\ld be necess>y to f9d 9 x su* abom9ations z *>act]iz$ ,sodom1 or s mu* wick$ness t x w\ld be prop] to call x ,sodom4 ,if x %all be f\nd t ?is 0 design$ to ref] to ,papal ,rome1 no "o c d\bt t ! abom9ations :i* prevail$ !re w\ld ju/ify su* an appellation4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,& ,egypt4 ,t is1 x w\ld h su* a "* t ! "n ,egypt might be prop]ly giv5 to x4 ,egypt is kn[n 9 ! ,scriptures z ! l& ( oppression! l& :]e ! ,israelites1 ! p ( ,god1 7 held 9 cruel bondage4 ,comp4 ,ex4 i4xv4 ,see also ,eze4 xxiii4 #h4 ,! p>ticul> idea1 !n1 :i* seems to be convey$ "h is1 t ! 8city0 ref]r$ to w\ld be *>act]iz$ by acts ( oppression & wrong t[>ds ! p ( ,god4 ,s f> z ! language is conc]n$1 x might apply ei!r to ,j]usalem or to ,rome= bo? 7 em95tly *>act]iz$ by su* acts ( oppression t[>d ! true *ildr5 ( ,god z to make x prop] to comp>e _! cruelties ) ^? :i* 7 inflict$ on ! ,israelites by ! ,egyptians4 ,( :i*ev] ( ^! places ! c\rse ( ! exposition may require u to und]/& ?is1 x w be se5 at once t ! language is su* z is /rictly applicable to ei!r2 ?\gh1 z ! ref]5ce is r to ,*ri/ians ?an to ! anci5t p ( ,god1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x w\ld be mo/ natural to ref] x to ,rome4 ,m acts au?oriz+ p]secution1 & design$ to cru% ! true p ( ,god1 h gone =? f ,rome ?an f any o!r city on ! face ( ! e>?2 & tak+ ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* toge!r1 !re is no place t w\ld be s prop]ly designat$ by ! t]m "h employ$4 ,:]e also our ,"l 0 crucifi$4 ,if ?is ref]s to ,j]usalem1 x is to be tak5 lit]ally2 if to ano!r city1 x is to be und]/ood z mean+ t he 0 practically crucifi$ !re3 t is1 t ! treatm5t ( 8 fri5ds8 *ur*0 su* t x might be said t he 0 8crucifi$ afre%0 !re2 = :at is done to 8 *ur* may be said to be done to him4 ,ei!r ( ^! int]pretations w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! use ( ! language4 ,?us 9 ,he4 vi4 #f1 x is said ( apo/ates f ! true fai? 7comp4 ,notes on ! passage71 t 8!y crucify to !mselves ! ,son ( ,god afre%40 ,if ! passage be=e u is to be tak5 figuratively1 ! mean+ is1 t acts w\ld be p]=m$ :i* might prop]ly be repres5t$ z crucify+ ! ,son ( ,god2 t1 z he lives 9 8 *ur*1 ! acts ( p]v]t+ 8 doctr9es1 & p]secut+ 8 p1 w\ld be1 9 fact1 an act ( crucify+ ! ,"l aga94 ,?us und]/ood1 ! language is /rictly applicable to ,rome2 t is1 if x is admitt$ t ,john meant to *>act]ize t city1 he has employ$ su* language z a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian w\ld naturally use4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! language is su* z c\ld be lit]ally appli$ only to ,j]usalem1 x is /ill true t x is su* language z might be figuratively appli$ to any o!r city /rongly resembl+ t1 & t 9 ?is s5se x w\ld *>act]ize ,rome above all o!r cities ( ! _w4 ,! common read+ ( ! text "h is 8our ,"l02 ! text n[ reg>d$ z correct1 h[ev] 7,griesba*1 ,tittmann1 ,hahn71 is 8_! ,"l04 ,?is makes no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! s5se1 except t x directs ! att5tion m p>ticul>ly to ! fact t !y 7 treat$ l _! own ,ma/]4 #i ,& !y ( ! p1 & k9dr$s1 & tongues1 & nations1 %all #cejsee _! dead bodies ?ree days & an half1 & %all n suff] _! dead bodies to be put 9 graves4 #bhj #i4 ,& !y ( ! p4 ,"s ( ! p2 a "p ( ! p 4 ,! language is su* z w\ld be employ$ to describe a sc5e :]e a consid]able portion ( a company ( p %\ld be ref]r$ to1 )\t int5d+ to include all4 ,! ess5tial idea is1 t !re w\ld be an assemblage ( diff]5t classes ( p to :om _! c>casses w\ld be expos$1 & t !y w\ld come & look ^u !m4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 "s place :]e1 f any cause1 a v>iety ( p %\ld be assembl$z 9 "s capital1 or "s comm]cial city1 to :i* !y w\ld be naturally attract$4 ,%all see _! dead bodies4 ,t is1 a /ate ( ?+s w occur z if ^! witnesses 7 put to dea?1 & _! c>casses 7 publicly expos$4 ,?ree days & an half4 ,?is might be ei!r lit]ally ?ree days & a half1 or1 m 9 accordance ) ! usual /yle ( ?is book1 ^! w\ld be prophetic days2 t is1 ?ree ye>s & a half4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #e1 #ae4 ,& %all n suff] _! dead bodies to be put 9 graves4 ,t is1 !re w\ld be a c\rse ( conduct 9 reg>d to ^! witnesses su* z w\ld be %[n to ! dead if !y 7 n suff]$ to be dec5tly int]r$4 ,! language us$ "h8%all n suff]0seems to imply t !re w\ld be ^? :o might be dispos$ to %[ !m ! respect ev9c$ by int]r+ ! dead1 b t ?is w\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,?is w\ld f9d a fulfilm5t if1 9 a "t ( p]secution1 ^? :o _h borne fai?ful te/imony 7 sil5c$ & treat$ ) di%on\r1 & if !re %\ld be ^? :o 7 dispos$ to %[ !m respect1 b :o w\ld be prev5t$ by positive acts on ! "p ( _! p]secutors4 ,?is has (t5 be5 ! case 9 p]secution1 & !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 f9d+ num]\s in/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* to :i* ?is language w\ld be applicable4 #aj ,& !y t dwell ^u ! e>? %all rejoice ov] !m1 & make m]ry1 & %all s5d gifts "o to ano!r2 because ^! two prophets torm5t$ !m t dwelt on ! e>?4 #aj4 ,& !y t dwell ^u ! e>? %all rejoice ov] !m4 ,^? dwell+ 9 ! l& w\ld rejoice ov] _! fall & ru94 ,?is _c1 ( c\rse1 mean all :o inhabit ! globe2 b1 accord+ to ! usage 9 ,scripture1 ^? :o dwell 9 ! c\ntry :]e ?is w\ld occur4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,lu4 ii4 #a4 ,we n[ affix to ! ^w 8e>?0 an idea :i* 0 n necess>ily impli$ 9 ! ,hebrew ^w rtz 7comp4 ,ex4 iii4 #h2 xiii4 #e2 ,de4 xix4 #b1 #aj2 xxviii4 #ab2 ,ne4 ix4 #bb2 ,ps4 xxxvii4 #i1 #aa1 #bb1 #bi2 lxvi4 #d2 ,pr4 ii4 #ba2 x4 #cj2 ,joel i4 #b72 or ! ,greek ^w g1 comp4 ,mat4 ii4 #f1 #bj1 #ba2 xiv4 #ae2 ,ac4 vii4 #g1 #aa1 #cf1 #dj2 xiii4 #ag4 ,our ^w l&1 z n[ commonly und]/ood1 w\ld bett] express ! idea int5d$ to be convey$ "h2 & ?us und]/ood1 ! mean+ is1 t ! dwell]s 9 ! c\ntry :]e ^! ?+s w\ld happ5 w\ld ?us rejoice4 ,! mean+ is1 t :ile alive !y w\ld1 by _! fai?ful te/imony aga9/ exi/+ errors1 excite s mu* hatr$ aga9/ !mselves1 & w\ld be s great an annoyance to ! gov]n+ p[]s1 t !re w\ld be g5]al exultation :5 ! voice ( _! te/imony %\ld be sil5c$4 ,?is1 too1 has be5 s common 9 ! _w t !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 apply+ ! language "h us$1 or 9 f9d+ ev5ts :i* x w\ld appropriately describe4 ,& make m]ry4 ,be glad4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 xii4 #ai2 xv4 #bc4 ,! ,greek ^w does n necess>ily d5ote ! light-he>t$ mir? express$ by our ^w m]rim5t1 b r joy or happ9ess 9 g5]al4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld be fill$ ) joy at su* an ev5t4 ,& %all s5d gifts "o to ano!r4 ,z expressive ( _! joy4 ,to s5d pres5ts is a natural expression ( our own happ9ess1 & our desire = ! happ9ess ( o!rsz is indicat$ n[ by 8,*ri/mas0 & 8,new ,ye>'s gifts40 ,comp4 also ,ne4 viii4 #ajab3 8,!n he said unto !m1 ,g y\r way1 eat ! fat1 & dr9k ! sweet1 & s5d portions unto !m = :om no?+ is prep>$3 = ?is day is holy unto our ,"l3 nei!r be ye sorry2 = ! joy ( ! ,"l is y\r #bha /r5g?10 c4 ,see also ,es4 ix4 #aibb4 ,because ^! two prophets torm5t$ !m t dwell on ! e>?4 ,!y 8torm5t$0 !m1 or 7 a s\rce ( annoyance to !m1 by be>+ te/imony to ! tru?2 by oppos+ ! prevail+ errors2 & by rebuk+ ! vices ( ! age3 p]haps by dem&+ re=mation1 & by d5\nc+ ! judgm5t ( heav5 on ! guilty4 ,!re is no intimation t !y torm5t$ !m 9 any o!r way ?an by ! tru?s :i* !y held =?4 ,see ! ^w expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on #b ,pe4 ii4 #h4 #aa ,& aft] ?ree days & an half ! #cea,_s ( life f ,god ent]$ into !m1 & !y /ood ^u _! feet2 & great fe> fell ^u !m :i* saw !m4 #aa4 ,& aft] ?ree days & an half4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #i4 ,! ,_s ( life f ,god4 ,! liv+1 or life-giv+ ,_s t proce$s f ,god ent]$ into !m4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job xxxiii4 #d4 ,!re is evid5tly allusion "h to ,ge4 ii4 #g1 :]e ,god is spok5 ( z ! ,au?or ( life4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld seem to come to life aga91 or t effects w\ld foll[ z if ! dead 7 re/or$ to life4 ,if1 :5 !y _h be5 compell$ to cease f prophesy+1 !y %\ld1 aft] ! int]val "h d5ot$ by ?ree days & a half1 aga9 prophesy1 or _! te/imony %\ld be aga9 borne to ! tru? z x _h be5 be=e1 ?is w\ld evid5tly be all t w\ld be impli$ 9 ! language "h employ$4 ,ent]$ into !m4 ,seem$ to animate !m aga94 ,& !y /ood ^u _! feet4 ,z if !y _h come to life aga94 ,& great fe> fell ^u !m :i* saw !m4 ,?is w\ld be true if ^? :o 7 dead %\ld be lit]ally re/or$ to life2 & ?is w\ld be ! effect if ^? :o _h giv5 great annoyance by _! doctr9es1 & :o _h be5 sil5c$1 & :o seem$ to be dead1 %\ld aga91 z if animat$ anew by a div9e p[]1 beg9 to prophesy1 or to proclaim _! doctr9es to ! _w4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! symbol is1 t ^? :o _h put !m to dea? _h be5 greatly tr\bl$ by ^! 8witnesses20 t !y _h s\ght to sil5ce !m1 & 9 ord] to ?is _h put !m to dea?2 t !y !n greatly rejoic$1 z if !y w\ld no m be annoy$ by !m4 ,! fact t !y seem$ to come to life aga9 w\ld1 !re=e1 fill !m ) con/]nation1 = !y w\ld anticipate a r5ewal ( _! tr\bles1 & !y w\ld see 9 ?is fact evid5ce ( ! div9e fav\r t[>ds ^? :om !y p]secut$1 & reason to appreh5d div9e v5geance on !mselves4 #ab ,& !y he>d a great voice f heav5 say+ unto !m1 ,come up hi!r4 ,& !y #ceb;asc5d$ up to heav5 9 a cl\d2 & #cec_! enemies beheld !m4 #ab4 ,& !y he>d a great voice f heav54 ,"s manuscripts read1 8,i he>d0b ! m approv$ read+ is t ( ! common text4 ,john says t a voice 0 address$ to !m call+ !m to asc5d to heav54 ,come up hi!r4 ,to heav54 ,& !y asc5d$ up to heav5 9 a cl\d4 ,s ! ,savi\r asc5d$1 ,ac4 i4 #i2 & s probably ,elijah1 #b ,ki4 ii4 #aa4 ,& _! enemies beheld !m4 ,t is1 x 0 done op5ly1 s t _! enemies1 :o _h put !m to dea?1 saw t !y 7 approv$ ( ,god1 z if !y _h be5 publicly tak5 up to heav54 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is w\ld lit]ally occur4 ,all ?is is1 manife/ly1 m]e symbol4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld triumph z if !y %\ld asc5d to heav51 & be receiv$ into ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! s5se ( ! :ole is1 t ^! witnesses1 aft] be>+ a fai?ful te/imony aga9/ prevail+ errors & s9s1 w\ld be p]secut$ & sil5c$2 t = a consid]able p]iod _! voice ( fai?ful te/imony w\ld be hu%$ z if !y 7 dead2 t dur+ t p]iod !y w\ld be treat$ ) contempt & scorn1 z if _! unburi$ bodies %\ld be expos$ to ! public gaze2 t !re w\ld be g5]al exultation & joy t !y 7 ?us sil5c$2 t !y w\ld aga9 revive1 z if ! dead 7 re/or$ to life1 & be> a fai?ful te/imony to ! tru? aga92 & t !y w\ld h ! div9e atte/ation 9 _! fav\r1 z if !y 7 rais$ up visibly & publicly to heav54 #ac ,& ! same h\r 0 !re a great e>?quake1 & ! t5? "p#ced ( ! city fell1 & 9 ! e>?quake 7 sla9 #cee( m5 sev5 ?\s&3 & ! remnant 7 affright$1 & #cef;gave glory to ! ,god ( heav54 #ac4 ,& ! same h\r4 ,9 imm$iate connection ) _! triumph4 ,0 !re a great e>?quake4 ,an e>?quake #bhb is a symbol ( commotion1 agitation1 *ange2 ( great political revolutions1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 vi4 #ab4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! triumph ( ! witnesses1 repres5t$ by _! asc5d+ to heav51 w\ld be foll[$ by su* revolutions z w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by an e>?quake4 ,& ! t5? "p ( ! city fell4 ,t is1 ! t5? "p ( t :i* is repres5t$ by ! 8city0! p]secut+ p[]4 ,a city w\ld be ! seat & c5tre ( ! p[]1 & ! acts ( p]secution w\ld seem to proce$ f x2 b ! de/ruction1 we may suppose1 w\ld ext5d to all t 0 repres5t$ by ! p]secut+ p[]4 ,! ^w 8t5?0 is probably us$ 9 a g5]al s5se to d5ote t a consid]able portion ( ! p]secut+ p[] w\ld be ?us involv$ 9 ru92 t is1 t 9 respect to t p[] !re w\ld be su* a revolution1 su* a convulsion or commotion1 su* a loss1 t x w\ld be prop] to repres5t x by an e>?quake4 ,& 9 ! e>?quake4 ,9 ! convulsions consequ5t on :at w\ld occur to ! witnesses4 ,7 sla9 ( m5 sev5 ?\s&4 ,m>g41 z 9 ! ,greek1 8names ( m50! "n be+ us$ to d5ote ! m5 !mselves4 ,! numb] "h m5tion$sev5 ?\s&seems to h be5 sugge/$ because x w\ld be> "s proportion to ! t5? "p ( ! city :i* fell4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose1 9 seek+ = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 t j sev5 ?\s& w\ld be kill$2 b ! idea cle>ly is1 t !re w\ld be su* a dim9ution ( numb]s z w\ld be well repres5t$ by a calamity t w\ld ov]:elm a t5? "p ( ! city1 su* z ! apo/le _h 9 8 eye1 & a proportional numb] ( ! inhabitants4 ,! numb] t w\ld be sla91 !re=e1 9 ! convulsions & *anges consequ5t on ! treatm5t ( ! witnesses1 might be num]ically mu* l>g] ?an sev5 ?\s&1 & might be z great z if a t5? "p ( all t 7 repres5t$ by ! 8city0 %\ld be swept away4 ,& ! remnant 7 affright$4 ,fe> & al>m came on !m 9 consequ5ce ( ^! calamities4 ,! 8remnant0 "h ref]s to ^? :o /ill rema9$ 9 ! 8city0t is1 to ^? :o belong$ to ! community or p design$ to be repres5t$ "h by ! city4 ,& gave glory to ! ,god ( heav54 ,comp4 ,lu4 v4 #bf3 8,& !y 7 all amaz$1 & !y glorifi$ ,god1 & 7 fill$ ) fe>1 say+1 ,we h se5 /range ?+s to-day40 ,all t seems to be meant by ?is is1 t !y /ood 9 awe at :at ,god 0 do+1 & ackn[l$g$ 8 p[] 9 ! *anges t occurr$4 ,x does n mean1 necess>ily1 t !y w\ld rep5t & become truly 8 fri5ds1 b t !re w\ld be a prevail+ impression t ^! *anges 7 produc$ by 8 p[]1 & t 8 h& 0 9 ^! ?+s4 ,?is w\ld be fulfill$ if !re %\ld be a g5]al will+ness among mank9d to ackn[l$ge ,god1 or to recognize 8 h& 9 ! ev5ts ref]r$ to2 if !re %\ld be a disposition ext5sively prevail+ to reg>d ! 8witnesses0 z on ! side ( ,god1 & to fav\r _! cause z "o ( tru? & righte\sness2 & if ^! convulsions %\ld s f> *ange public s5tim5t z to produce an impression t !irs 0 ! cause ( ,god4 #ad ,! #cegsecond woe is pa/2 &1 behold1 ! ?ird woe come? quickly4 #ad4 ,! second woe is pa/4 ,t is1 ! second ( ! ?ree t 7 ann\nc$ z yet to come1 *4 viii4 #ac2 comp4 *4 ix4 #ab4 ,&1 behold1 ! ?ird woe come? quickly4 ,! la/ ( ! s]ies4 ,! mean+ is1 t t :i* 0 signifi$ by ! ?ird 8woe0 w\ld be ! next1 & f9al ev5t1 9 ord]4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8quickly10 see ,notes on *4 i4 #a2 comp4 ii4 #e1 #af2 iii4 #aa2 xxii4 #g1 #ab1 #bj4 ,9 ref]5ce n[ to ! important "q ab\t ! application ( ?is portion ( ! book ( ,revelation1 x ne$ h>dly be said t ! greate/ v>iety ( op9ion has prevail$ among expositors4 ,x w\ld be equally unpr(itable1 humiliat+1 & disc\rag+ to attempt to enum]ate all ! op9ions :i* h be5 held2 & ,i mu/ ref] ! read] :o has any desire to become acqua9t$ ) !m to ,poole's ,synopsis1 9 loco1 & to ! copi\s /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ,com4 #bhc vol4 ii4 pp4 #baibbg4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t himself supposes t ! mean+ is1 t 8a compet5t numb] ( div9ely-commission$ & fai?ful ,*ri/ian witnesses1 end[$ ) miracul\s p[]s1 %\ld be> te/imony aga9/ ! corrupt ,jews1 dur+ ! la/ days ( _! commonweal?1 respect+ _! s9s2 t !y %\ld proclaim ! tru?s ( ! gospel2 & t ! ,jews1 by de/roy+ !m1 w\ld br+ ^u !mselves an aggravat$ & an awful doom10 ii4 #bbf4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to exam9e 9 detail ! op9ions :i* h be5 held1 ,i %all r /ate :at seems to me to be ! fair application ( ! language us$1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples pursu$ ?us f> 9 ! exposition4 ,! inquiry is1 :e!r !re h be5 any ev5ts to :i* ?is language is applicable1 or 9 ref]5ce to :i*1 if x be admitt$ t x 0 ! design ( ! ,_s ( inspiration to describe !m1 x may be suppos$ t su* language w\ld be employ$ z we f9d "h4 ,9 ?is inquiry x may be assum$ t ! prec$+ exposition is correct1 & ! application n[ to be made mu/ accord ) tt is1 x mu/ be f\nd t ev5ts occurr$ 9 su* times & circum/ances z w\ld be consi/5t ) ! supposition t t exposition is correct4 ,x is to be assum$1 !re=e1 t *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba1 ref]s to ! /ate ( ! ecclesia/ical _w aft] ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 & previ\s to ! ,re=mation2 t *4 x4 ref]s to ! ,re=mation itself2 t *4 xi4 #a1 #b1 ref]s to ! necessity1 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 ( asc]ta9+ :at 0 ! true *ur*1 ( reviv+ ! ,scripture doctr9e respect+ ! atonem5t & ju/ification1 & ( draw+ correct l9es z to memb]%ip 9 ! *ur*4 ,all ?is has ref]5ce1 accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 to ! /ate ( ! *ur* :ile ! ,papacy w\ld h ! asc5d5cy1 or dur+ ! twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s 9 :i* x w\ld trample d[n ! *ur* z if ! holy city 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,assum+ ?is to be ! correct exposition1 !n :at is "h said 7v]4 #cac7 mu/ relate to t p]iod1 = x is ) ref]5ce to t same "t! p]iod ( 8a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days10 or twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>st x is said 7v]4 #c7 ! witnesses w\ld 8prophesy10 8clo!d 9 sackclo?40 ,if ?is be s1 !n :at is "h /at$ 7v]4 #cac7 mu/ be suppos$ to occur dur+ ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,papacy1 & mu/ mean1 9 g5]al1 t dur+ t long p]iod ( apo/asy1 d>kness1 corruption1 & s91 !re w\ld be fai?ful witnesses = ! tru?1 :o1 ?\gh !y 7 few 9 numb]1 w\ld be suffici5t to keep up ! k ( ! tru? on ! e>?1 & to be> te/imony aga9/ ! prevail+ errors & abom9ations4 ,! object ( ?is portion ( ! book1 !re=e1 is to describe ! "* ( ! fai?ful witnesses = ! tru? dur+ ?is long p]iod ( d>kness2 to /ate _! influ5ce2 to record _! trials2 & to %[ :at w\ld be ! ultimate result 9 reg>d to !m1 :5 _! 8te/imony0 %\ld become triumphant4 ,?is g5]al view w be se5 to accord ) ! exposition ( ! previ\s portion ( ! book1 & w be su/a9$1 ,i tru/1 by ! m p>ticul> inquiry into ! application ( ! passage to :i* ,i n[ proce$4 ,! ess5tial po9ts 9 ! passage 7v]4 #cac7 respect+ ! 8witnesses0 are six3 7#a7 :o are meant by ! witnesses2 7#b7 ! w> made on !m2 7#c7 _! dea?2 7#d7 _! resurrection2 7#e7 _! reception into heav52 & 7#f7 ! consequ5ces ( _! triumph 9 ! calamity t came ^u ! city4 ,i4 ,:o are meant by ! witnesses1 v]4 #cf4 ,!re are sev]al specifications 9 reg>d to ?is po9t :i* x is necess>y to notice4 7a7 ,! fact t1 dur+ ?is long p]iod ( error1 corruption1 & s91 !re 7 ^? :o 7 fai?ful witnesses = ! tru?m5 :o oppos$ ! prevail+ errors2 :o ma9ta9$ ! great doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 & :o 7 ready to lay d[n _! lives 9 def5ce ( ! tru?4 ,= a full confirmation ( ?is x w\ld be necess>y to trace ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* d[n f ! rise ( ! ,papal p[] ?r\gh ! long lapse ( ! subsequ5t ages2 b su* an exam9ation w\ld be f> too ext5sive = ! purpose contemplat$ 9 ^! ,notes1 &1 inde$1 w\ld require a volume by itself4 ,happily1 ?is has already be5 done2 & all t is necess>y n[ is to ref] to ! works :]e ! fact "h affirm$ has be5 abundantly e/abli%$4 ,9 _m ( ! hi/ories ( ! *ur*,mo%eim1 ,ne&]1 ,miln]1 ,milman1 ,gesel]mo/ ample pro( may be f\nd1 t amid/ ! g5]al d>kness & corruption #bhd !re 7 ^? :o fai?fully adh]$ to ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus1 & :o1 amid/ _m suff]+s1 bore _! te/imony aga9/ prevail+ errors4 ,! inve/igation has be5 made1 also1 ) special ref]5ce to an illu/ration ( ?is passage1 by ,mr4 ,elliott1 ,hor ,apoca4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aicdjf2 & al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t "s ( ! details are ( d\btful applicability1 yet ! ma9 fact is abundantly e/abli%$1 t dur+ t long p]iod !re 7 8witnesses0 = ! pure tru?s ( ! gospel1 & a fai?ful te/imony borne aga9/ ! abom9ations & errors ( ! ,papacy4 ,^! 8witnesses0 are divid$ by ,mr4 ,elliott into 7#a7 ! e>li] ,we/]n witnessesembrac+ su* m51 & _! foll[]s1 z ,s]5us1 bi%op ( ,m>seilles2 ! ,anglo-,saxon *ur* 9 ,engl&2#ceh ,agob>d1 ar*bi%op ( ,lyons f ,a4,d4 #haj to #hda1 on ! "o side ( ! ,alps1 & ,claude ( ,tur9 on ! o!r2 ,gottes*alcus1 ,a4,d4 #hhd2 ,b]5g]1 ,arnold ( ,brescia1 ,pet] de ,bruys1 & 8 disciple ,h5ry1 & !n ! ,wald5ses4 7#b7 ,! ,ea/]n1 or ,paulikian l9e ( witnesses1 a sect d]iv+ _! orig91 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fec1 f an ,arm5ian by ! "n ( ,con/ant9e1 :o receiv$ f a deacon1 by :om he 0 hospitably ent]ta9$1 a pres5t ( two volumes1 v r>e1 "o conta9+ ! ,gospels1 & ! o!r ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 & :o appli$ himself to ! =mation ( a new sect or *ur*1 di/9ct f ! ,mani*eans1 & f ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,9 tok5 ( ! nature ( _! pr(ession1 !y adopt$ ! "n by :i* !y 7 ev] aft] di/+ui%$1 ,paulikiani1 ,paulicians1 or 8disciples ( ! disciple ( ,paul40 ,?is sect cont9u$ to be> 8te/imony0 9 ! ,ea/ f ! "t ( its rise till ! elev5? or twelf? c5turies1 :5 x comm5c$ a migration to ! ,we/1 :]e x bore ! same hon\rable "* = its atta*m5t to ! tru?4 ,see ,elliott1 ii4 #bccbdf1 #bgecae4 7#c7 ,witnesses dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 up to ! "t ( ,pet] ,waldo4 ,among ^! are to be notic$ ^? :o 7 arraign$ = h]esy be=e ! c\ncils ( ,orleans1 ,arras1 ,?\l\se1 ,ox=d1 & ,lomb]s1 9 ! ye>s #ajbb1 #ajbe1 #aaai1 #aafj1 #aafe1 respectively1 & :o 7 condemn$ by ^? c\ncils = _! dep>ture f ! doctr9es held by ! ,papacy4 ,= a full illu/ration ( ! doctr9es held by ^? :o 7 ?us condemn$1 & ( ! fact t !y 7 8witnesses0 = ! tru?1 see ,elliott1 ii4 #bdgbge4 7#d7 ,! ,wald5ses & ,albig5ses4 ,! nature ( ! te/imony borne by ^! p]secut$ p is s well kn[n t x is n necess>y to dwell on ! subject2 & a full /atem5t ( _! te/imony w\ld require ! entire transcription ( _! hi/ory4 ,no ,prote/ant w d\bt t !y 7 8witnesses0 = ! tru?1 or t f ! "t ( _! rise1 ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( _! p]secution1 !y bore full & hon\rable te/imony to ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus4 ,! g5]al gr\nd ( ?is claim to be reg>d$ z ,apocalyptic witnesses1 w be se5 f ! foll[+ summ>y /atem5ts ( _! doctr9es4 ,^? /atem5ts are f\nd 9 a "w call$ ,! ,noble ,lesson1 writt5 )9 "s tw5ty ye>s ( #aagj4 ,! treatise beg9s 9 ?is mann]3 8,o bre?r51 he> a ,noble ,lesson4 ,we ought always to wat* & pray10 c4 ,9 ?is treatise ! foll[+ doctr9es are drawn out1 says ,mr4 ,elliott1 8) mu* simplicity & beauty3 ! orig9 ( s9 9 ! fall ( ,adam2 its transmission to all m51 & ! (f]$ r$emption f x ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 ! union & co-op]ation ( ! ?ree p]sons ( ! bless$ ,tr9ity 9 man's salvation2 ! obligation & spirituality ( ! moral law "u ! gospel2 ! duties ( pray]1 wat*fulness1 self-d5ial1 unworldl9ess1 humility1 love1 z #8! way ( ,jesus ,*ri/2' _! en=cem5t by ! prospect ( dea? & judgm5t1 & ! _w's ne> end+2 by ! n>r[ness1 too1 ( ! way ( life1 & ! fewness ( ^? :o f9d x2 z also by ! hope ( com+ glory at ! judgm5t & revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,besides :i* we f9d 9 x a prote/ aga9/ ! ,romi% sy/em g5]ally1 z "o ( s\l-de/roy+ idolatry2 aga9/ masses = ! dead1 & !re9 aga9/ ! :ole doctr9e ( purgatory2 aga9/ ! sy/em ( ! confessional1 & ass]t$ p[] ( ! prie/hood to absolve f s92 ?is la/ po9t be+ insi/$ on z ! mo/ deadly po9t ( h]esy1 & its orig9 ref]r$ to ! m]c5>9ess ( ! prie/hood1 #bhe & _! love ( money2! iniquity fur!r notic$ ( ! ,romi% p]secutions ( good m5 & tea*]s t wi%$ to tea* ! way ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 & ! suspicion half-h9t$1 & app>5tly half-=m$1 t1 ?\gh a p]sonal ,anti*ri/ might be expect$1 yet ,pop]y itself might be "o =m ( ,anti*ri/40 ,9 ano!r "w1 ! ,treatise ( ,anti*ri/1 !re is a /rong & decid$ id5tification ( ! ,anti*ri/ian sy/em & ! ,papacy4 ,?is 0 writt5 probably 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 8,f ?is10 says ,mr4 ,elliott 7ii4 #cee71 8! foll[+ w appe> to h be5 ! ,wald5sian views3 t ! ,papal or ,romi% sy/em 0 t ( ,anti*ri/2 :i*1 f infancy 9 apo/olic times1 _h gr[n gradually by ! increase ( its con/itu5t p>ts to ! /ature ( a full-gr[n man2 t its prom95t *>act]i/ics 7to defraud ,god ( ! wor%ip due to ,him1 r5d]+ x to creatures1 :e!r dep>t$ sa9ts1 relics1 images1 or ,anti*ri/2to defraud ,*ri/1 by attribut+ ju/ification & =giv5ess to ,anti*ri/'s au?ority & words1 to sa9ts' int]cession1 to ! m]its ( m5's own p]=mances1 & to ! fire ( purgatory2to defraud ! ,holy ,_s1 by attribut+ reg5]ation & sanctification to ! opus op]atum ( ! two sacram5ts2 t ! orig9 ( ?is ,anti*ri/ian religion 0 ! covet\sness ( ! prie/hood2 its t5d5cy1 to lead m5 away f ,*ri/2 its ess5ce1 a c]emonial2 its f\ndation1 ! false notion ( grace & =giv5ess40 ,?is "w is s important z a 8te/imony0 aga9/ ,anti*ri/1 & = ! tru?1 & is s cle> z %[+ t ! ,papacy 0 reg>d$ z ,anti*ri/1 t ,i w copy1 f ! "w itself1 ! portion conta9+ ^! s5tim5tss5tim5ts :i* may be reg>d$ z express+ ! uni=m te/imony ( ! ,wald5ses on ! subject3 8,anti*ri/ is ! falsehood ( et]nal damnation1 cov]$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! tru? & righte\sness ( ,*ri/ & 8 sp\se4 ,! iniquity ( su* a sy/em is ) all 8 m9i/]s1 great & small3 & inasmu* z !y foll[ ! law ( an evil & bl9d$ he>t1 su* a congregation1 tak5 toge!r1 is call$ ,anti*ri/1 or ,babylon1 or ! ,f\r? ,bea/1 or ! ,h>lot1 or ! ,man ( ,s91 :o is ! son ( p]dition4 8,8 fir/ "w is1 t ! s]vice ( latria1 prop]ly due to ,god alone1 he p]v]ts unto ,anti*ri/ himself & to 8 do+s2 to ! poor creature1 rational or irrational1 s5sible or ins5sible2 z1 = in/ance1 to male or female sa9ts dep>t$ ?is life1 & to _! images1 or c>casses1 or relics4 ,8 do+s are ! sacram5ts1 especially t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 :i* he wor%ips equally ) ,god & ,*ri/1 prohibit+ ! adoration ( ,god alone4 8,8 second "w is1 t he robs & deprives ,*ri/ ( ! m]its ( ,*ri/1 ) ! :ole suffici5cy ( grace1 & ju/ification1 & reg5]ation1 & remission ( s9s1 & sanctification1 & confirmation1 & spiritual n\ri%m5t2 & imputes & attributes !m to 8 own au?ority1 or to a =m ( words1 or to 8 own p]=mances1 or to ! sa9ts & _! int]cession1 or to ! fire ( purgatory4 ,?us he divides ! p f ,*ri/1 & leads !m away to ! ?+s already m5tion$2 t s !y may seek n ! ?+s ( ,*ri/1 nor ?r\gh ,*ri/1 b only ! "w ( _! own h&s2 n ?r\gh a liv+ fai? 9 ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! ,holy ,_s2 b ?r\gh ! w & ! "w ( ,anti*ri/1 agreeably to ! prea*+ t man's salvation dep5ds on 8 own de$s4 8,8 ?ird "w is1 t he attributes ! reg5]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s to a dead outw>d fai?2 baptiz+ *ildr5 9 t fai?1 & tea*+ t by ! m]e outw>d consecration ( baptism reg5]ation may be procur$4 8,8 f\r? "w is1 t he re/s ! :ole religion ( ! p ^u 8 ,mass2 = lead+ !m to he> x1 he deprives !m ( spiritual & sacram5tal m&ucation4 8,8 fif? "w is1 t he does ev]y?+ to be se51 & to glut 8 insatiable av>ice4 8,8 six? "w is1 t he all[s manife/ s9s )\t ecclesia/ical c5sure4 8,8 sev5? "w is1 t he def5ds 8 unity1 n by ! ,holy ,_s1 b by ! secul> p[]4 8,8 eigh? "w is1 t he hates1 & p]secutes1 & se>*es aft]1 & robs & de/roys ! memb]s ( ,*ri/4 8,^! ?+s1 & _m o!rs1 are ! cloak & ve/m5t ( ,anti*ri/2 by :i* he cov]s 8 ly+ wick$ness1 le/ he %\ld be reject$ z a hea!n4 #bhf ,b !re is no o!r cause ( idolatry ?an a false op9ion ( grace1 & tru?1 & au?ority1 & invocation1 & int]cession2 :i* ?is ,anti*ri/ has tak5 away f ,god1 & :i* he has ascrib$ to c]emonies1 & au?orities1 & a man's own works1 & to sa9ts1 & to purgatory0 7,elliott1 ii4 #ced1 #cee74 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! application ( ?is to ! ,papacy1 & no "o c d\bt t ! ,papacy 0 int5d$ to be ref]r$ to4 ,&1 if ?is be s1 ?is 0 a bold & decid$ 8te/imony0 aga9/ ! abom9ations ( t sy/em1 & !y :o bore ?is te/imony des]v$ to be reg>d$ z 8witnesses0 = ,*ri/ & 8 tru?4 ,if to ! 8te/imony0 ?us briefly ref]r$ to1 we add t ( su* m5 z ,wycliffe1 ,john ,huss1 & ,j]ome ( ,prague1 & !n t ( ! ,re=m]s1 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,zu+le1 ,melanc?on1 & _! fell[-lab\r]s1 we c see ) :at propriety x 0 pr$ict$ t ev5 dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! great apo/asy !re w\ld be a compet5t numb] ( 8witnesses0 to keep up ! k ( ! tru? 9 ! _w4 ,& suppos+ t ?is is :at 0 design$ to be repres5t$1 x is easy to p]ceive t ! symbol :i* is employ$ is admirably appropriate4 ,! design ( :at is "h said is m]ely to %[ t dur+ ! :ole ( ! p]iod ( ! ,papal apo/asy:5ev] x may be suppos$ to h begun1 & :5ev] x %all cease1 x is & w be true t ! ,savi\r has _h true 8witnesses0 on ! e>?t !re h be5 ^? :o h 8te/ifi$0 aga9/ ^! abom9ations1 & :o1 (t5 at great p]sonal p]il & sacrifice1 h borne a fai?ful te/imony = ! tru?4 7b7 ,! numb] ( ! witnesses4 ,9 v]4 #c1 ?is is said to be 8two10 & ?is has be5 %[n to mean t !re w\ld be a compet5t numb]1 yet probably ) ! impli$ idea t ! numb] w\ld n be l>ge4 ,! only "q !n is1 :e!r1 9 look+ ?r\gh ?is long p]iod1 x w\ld be f\nd t1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ laws ( te/imony "u ! div9e code1 !re 0 a compet5t numb] to be> witness to ! tru?4 ,& ( ?is no "o c d\bt1 =1 9 respect to ea* & e "p ( ! p]iod ( ! great apo/asy1 x is possible n[ to %[ t !re 0 a suffici5t numb] ( ! true fri5ds ( ! ,r$eem] to te/ify aga9/ all ! great & c>d9al errors ( ! ,papacy4 ,?is simple & obvi\s int]pretation ( ! language1 x may be add$1 also1 makes :olly unnecess>y & inappropriate all ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made by expositors to f9d precisely two su* witnesses1 or two *ur*es or p ) :om ! l9e ( ! fai?ful te/imony 0 pres]v$3 all su* int]pretations z t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are ref]r$ to1 z ,mel*ior1 ,affelman1 & ,croly suppose2 or t prea*]s are ref]r$ to :o are in/ruct$ by ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 z ,pannonius & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 suppos$2 or t ,*ri/ & ,john ! ,bapti/ are ref]r$ to1 z ,ub]t9us suppos$2 or t ,pope ,sylve/] & ,m5a1 :o wrote aga9/ ! ,euty*ians1 are meant1 z ,lyranus & ,ed]us suppos$2 or t ,francis & ,dom9ic1 ! respective heads ( two ord]s ( monks1 are int5d$1 z ,cornelius ,lapide suppos$2 or t ! great wisdom & sanctity ( ! primitive prea*]s are meant1 z ,alcass> ma9ta9$2 or t ,john ,huss & ,lu!r1 or ,john ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague1 or ! ,wald5ses & ,albig5ses1 or ! ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 9 lia1 are int5d$1 z o!rs h suppos$4 ,accord+ to ! obvi\s & fair mean+ ( ! language1 all ?is is m]e fancy1 & c illu/rate no?+ b ! f]tility ( inv5tion ( ^? :o h writt5 on ! ,apocalypse4 ,all t is necess>ily impli$ is1 t ! numb] ( true & uncorrupt$ foll[]s ( ! ,savi\r has be5 at all times suffici5tly l>ge to be> a compet5t te/imony to ! _w1 or to keep up ! remembrance ( ! tru? ^u ! e>?& ! reality ( ?is no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* w d\bt4 7c7 ,! condition ( ! 8witnesses0 z 8clo!d 9 sackclo?10 v]4 #c4 ,?is has be5 %[n to mean t !y w\ld be 9 a /ate ( sadness & grief2 & !y w\ld be expos$ to tr\ble & p]secution4 ,x is unnecess>y to prove t all ?is 0 abundantly fulfill$4 ,! long hi/ory ( ^? times 0 a hi/ory ( p]secutions2 & if x be admitt$ t ! passage be=e u 0 design$ to ref] to ^? above m5tion$ z 8witnesses10 no m correct description c\ld be giv5 ( !m ?an to say t !y 7 8clo!d 9 sackclo?40 #bhg 7d7 ,! p[] ( ! witnesses1 v]4 #e1 #f4 ,( ?is !re are sev]al specifications4 7#a7 ,!y _h p[] ov] ^? :o %\ld injure or hurt !m1 v]4 #e4 ,?is is repres5t$ by 8fire proce$+ out ( _! m\?1 & dev\r+ _! enemies40 ,?is has be5 %[n to ref] to ! doctr9es :i* !y w\ld proclaim1 & ! d5unciations :i* !y w\ld utt]1 & :i* w\ld resemble consum+ fire4 ,?is w\ld be accompli%$ or fulfill$ if _! solemn te/imony_! proclamations ( tru?& _! d5unciations ( ! wra? ( ,god %\ld h ! effect ultimately to br+ d[n ! div9e v5geance on _! p]secutors4 ,& no "o c d\bt t ?is has _h an ample fulfilm5t4 ,t is1 ! effect ( ! te/imony borne2 ( ! solemn appeals made2 ( ! d5unciations ( ! judgm5t ( heav51 has be5 to %[ t t great p]secut+ p[] t oppress$ !m is array$ aga9/ ,god1 & mu/ be f9ally ov]?r[n4 ,9 ord] to see ! complete fulfilm5t ( ?is1 x w\ld be necess>y to trace all ! effect ( ! te/imony ( ! witnesses = ! tru? f age to age on t p[]1 & to see h[ f> x has be5 among ! causes ( ! ultimate & f9al ov]?r[ ( ! ,papacy4 ,( c\rse1 x may be said t 9 an important s5se x is all to be trac$ to t1 s9ce if !y _h =borne to be> t te/imony1 & to prote/ aga9/ ^? corruptions & abom9ations1 t colossal p[] w\ld h /ood un%ak54 ,b ! solemn appeals made f age to age by ! fri5ds ( tru?1 amid/ mu* p]secution1 h contribut$ to weak5 t p[]1 & to prep>e ! _w = its ultimate fallz if fire f heav5 fell ^u x4 ,! causes ( ! decl9e ( ! ,papal p[] 71 !re=e1 laid f> back 9 ! solemn tru?s urg$ by ^? p]secut$ 8witnesses20 & ! calamities :i* h ravag$ ,europe = ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & ! *anges n[ occurr+ :i* make x s c]ta9 t ?is mighty p[] ha/5s to its fall1 may all be ! regul> results ( ! 8te/imony0 = ! tru?s ( a pure gospel borne long ago by ! m5 t dwelt amid/ ! ,alps1 & _! fell[-suff]]s 9 p]secution4 7#b7 ,!y 8h p[] to %ut heav51 t x ra9 n 9 ! days ( _! prophecy10 v]4 #f4 ,?is has be5 %[n to mean t !y w\ld h p[] to cause bless+s to be )held f m5 z if ! ra9 7 )held4 ,! ref]5ce "h is probably to ! spiritual heav5s1 & to t ( :i* ra9 is ! natural emblem! influ5ces ( tru?1 & ! influ5ces ( ! ,div9e ,_s on ! _w4 ,s ,moses says1 9 ,de4 xxxii4 #b1 8,my doctr9e %all drop z ! ra91 & my spee* %all di/il z ! dew1 z ! small ra9 ^u ! t5d] h]b1 & z ! %[]s ^u ! grass40 ,s ! psalmi/ 7,ps4 lxxii4 #f71 8,he %all come d[n l ra9 ^u ! m[n grass3 z %[]s t wat] ! e>?40 ,s ,isaiah 7lv4 #aj1 #aa71 8,= z ! ra9 come? d[n1 & ! sn[ f heav51 s %all my ^w be10 c4 ,comp4 ,mi4 v4 #g4 ,! mean+ "h1 !n1 mu/ be1 t spiritual influ5ces w\ld seem to be "u _! control2 or t !y w\ld be imp>t$ at _! bidd+1 & )held at _! w4 ,?is f\nd an ample fulfilm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* 9 ^? d>k p]iods1 9 ! fact t x 0 9 connection ) ^! 8witnesses10 & 9 answ] to _! pray]s1 t ! influ5ces ( ! ,holy ,_s 7 imp>t$ to ! _w1 & t ! true religion 0 kept up on ! e>?4 8,x is an hi/orical fact10 says ! au?or ( ,! ,sev5? ,vial 7p4 #acj71 8t dur+ ! ages ( _! m9i/ry1 !re 0 nei!r dew nor ra9 ( a spiritual k9d ^u ! e>?1 b at ! ^w ( ! witnesses4 ,!re 0 no k ( salvation b by _! prea*+no desc5t ( ! ,_s b 9 answ] to _! pray]s2 &1 z ! witnesses 7 %ut out f ,*ri/5dom g5]ally1 a univ]sal fam9e ensu$40 7#c7 ,!y _h p[] ov] ! wat]s to turn !m to blood1 & to smite ! e>? ) all plagues1 v]4 #f4 ,t is1 z expla9$ above1 calamities w\ld come ^u ! e>? z if ! wat]s 7 turn$ into blood1 & ?is w\ld be s connect$ ) !m1 & ) ! treatm5t :i* !y w\ld receive1 t ^! calamities w\ld seem to h be5 call$ d[n f heav5 9 answ] to _! pray]s1 & 9 ord] to av5ge _! wrongs4 ,& c anyone be ignorant t w>s1 commotions1 tr\bles1 disa/]s h foll[$ ! attempts to de/roy ^? :o h borne a fai?ful te/imony = ,*ri/ 9 ! d>k p]iod ( ! _w "h ref]r$ to8 ,! calamities t h befall5 ! ,papal communion f "t to "t may h be51 & seem to h be51 to a great degree1 ! consequ5ce ( its #bhh p]secut+ _s1 & ( its attempts to qu5* ! light ( tru?4 ,:5 ! oppress$ & p]secut$ nations ( ,europe _h borne x long1 & :5 attempts _h long be5 made to ext+ui% e sp>k ( true lib]ty1 ! _s ( fre$om & rev5ge 0 r\s$4 ,! yoke 0 brok52 & 9 ! w>s t ensu$ riv]s ( blood fl[$ ^u ! e>?1 z if ^! 8witnesses0 or m>tyrs _h1 by _! own p[] & pray]s1 br\ght ^! calamities ^u _! oppressors4 ,a philosophic hi/orian c>efully /udy+ human nature1 & ! ess5tial _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 might f9d 9 ^! facts a suffici5t explanation ( all ! calamities t h come ^u t once colossal p[]! ,papacy& a full demon/ration t1 "u ! op]ation ( ^! causes1 t p[] mu/ ultimately fallz if 9 rev5ge call$ d[n f heav5 by ! m>tyrs = ! wrongs done to !m :o _h borne a fai?ful te/imony to ! tru?4 ,,ii4 ,! w> aga9/ ! witnesses1 v]4 #g4 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances /at$ 9 reg>d to ?is :i* dem& explanation 9 ord] to a full und]/&+ ( ! prophecy4 ,^? circum/ances relate to ! "t :5 ?is w\ld occur2 to ! gov]nm5t by :i* ?is w> w\ld be wag$2 & to ! victory4 7a7 ,! "t :5 ! w> ref]r$ to w\ld be wag$4 ,! :ole n>rative 7comp4 v]4 #c1 #e7 supposes t opposition w\ld be made to !m at all times1 & t _! condition w\ld be su* t !y c\ld prop]ly be repres5t$ z always clo!d 9 sackclo?2 b x is evid5t t a p>ticul> p]iod is "h ref]r$ to1 :5 !re w\ld be su* a w> wag$ ) !m t !y w\ld be = a "t ov]come1 & w\ld seem to be dead4 ,?is "t is ref]r$ to by ! phrase 8:5 !y %all h f9i%$ _! te/imony0 7v]4 #g72 & x is to ! p]iod :5 ?is c\ld be prop]ly said ( !m t we are to look = ! fulfilm5t ( :at is "h pr$ict$4 ,?is mu/ mean1 :5 !y %\ld h borne full or ample te/imony2 t is1 :5 !y _h borne _! te/imony on all ! great po9ts on :i* !y 7 appo9t$ to be> witness4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #g4 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ n be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! "t ( ! completion ( ! twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 b to any "t dur+ t p]iod :5 x c\ld be said t !y _h borne a full & ample te/imony = ! tru?s ( ! gospel1 & aga9/ ! abom9ations & errors t prevail$4 ,9 ?is g5]al expression !re is n1 inde$1 any?+ t w\ld accurately designate ! "t1 b no "o c d\bt t ?is _h be5 done at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ! prec$+ rem>ks x has be5 %[n t !re 0 a succession ( fai?ful witnesses = ! tru? 9 ! d>ke/ p]iods ( ! *ur*1 & t to all ! great po9ts p]ta9+ to ! sy/em ( religion reveal$ 9 ! gospel1 z well z aga9/ ! errors t prevail$1 !y _h borne an unambigu\s te/imony4 ,!re is no impropriety1 !re=e1 9 fix+ ?is p]iod at ab\t ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 = all t is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! language is fulfill$ on su* a supposition4 ,fai?ful te/imony _h be5 borne dur+ ! long p]iod ( ! ,papal corruptions1 until x c\ld be said t _! peculi> "w _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! e>li] witnesses = ! tru?! ,paulicians1 ! ,wald5ses1 ! ,vaudois1 & o!r bodies ( true ,*ri/ians_h borne an op5 te/imony1 f ! beg9n+1 aga9/ ! v>i\s corruptions ( ,romeh] errors 9 doctr9e1 h] idolatries 9 wor%ip1 & h] immoralities1 until 9 ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury! same c5tury 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon1 ! m]idian ( ,papal greatness 0 atta9$!y proclaim$ h]1 z we h se51 to be ! ,anti*ri/ ( ,scripture1 ! ,h>lot ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,?us did !y fulfil _! te/imony2 & !n 0 ! w> wag$ aga9/ !m1 ) all ! p[] ( apo/ate ,rome1 to sil5ce & to de/roy !m4 ,?is w> 0 comm5c$ 9 ! edicts ( c\ncils1 :i* /igmatiz$ ! pure doctr9es ( ! ,bible1 & br&$ ^? :o held !m z h]etics4 ,! next /ep 0 to pron\nce ! mo/ dreadful ana!mas on ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z h]etics1 :i* 7 execut$ 9 ! same remorseless & ext]m9at+ mann] 9 :i* !y 7 conceiv$4 ,! confessors ( ! tru? 7 d5i$ bo? _! natural & _! civil rights4 ,!y 7 =bidd5 all p>ticipation 9 dignities & (fices2 _! goods 7 confiscat$2 _! h\ses 7 to be raz$ & nev] m to be rebuilt2 & _! l&s 7 giv5 to ^? :o 7 able to seize !m4 ,!y 7 %ut out f ! solace ( human conv]se2 no "o might give !m %elt] #bhi :ile liv+1 or ,*ri/ian burial :5 dead4 ,at l5g? a crusade 0 proclaim$ aga9/ !m4 ,prea*]s 7 s5t abroad ?r\gh ,europe to s\nd ! trumpet ( v5geance1 & to assemble ! nations4 ,! pope wrote to all ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 exhort+ !m to e>n _! p>don & w9 heav5 r by be>+ ! cross aga9/ h]etics ?an by m>*+ aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! w>1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* 0 wag$ aga9/ ! ,wald5ses1 is well kn[n1 & ! horror ( its details is among ! d>ke/ pages ( hi/ory4 ,! peaceful & f]tile valleys ( ! ,vaudois 7 invad$1 & spe$ily deva/at$ ) fire & sword2 _! t[ns & villages 7 burnt2 :ile n "o individual1 9 _m cases1 escap$ to c>ry ! tid+s to ! next valley4 ,to all ! cruelties ( ^! w>s1 & to all ! op5 p]secutions :i* 7 wag$1 are to be add$ ! horrors ( ! ,inquisition1 z an illu/ration ( ! fact t 8w>s0 w\ld be made aga9/ ! true witnesses = ,*ri/4 ,calculations1 m or less accurate1 h be5 made ( ! numb]s t ,pop]y has sla92 & ! l[e/ ( ^? calculations w\ld confirm :at is said "h1 on ! supposition t ! ref]5ce is to ! ,papal p[]4 ,f ! ye> #aedj to ! ye> #aegj1 compreh5d+ a space ( only ?irty ye>s1 no few] ?an n9e hundr$ ?\s& ,prote/ants 7 put to dea? by ! ,papi/s1 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,dur+ ! %ort pontificate ( ,paul ! ,f\r?1 :i* la/$ only f\r ye>s 7,a4,d4 #aeeeaeei71 ! ,inquisition alone1 on ! te/imony ( ,v]g]ius1 de/roy$ a hundr$ & fifty ?\s&6 ,:5 he di$1 ! indignant populace ( ,rome cr[d$ to ! prison ( ! ,inquisition1 broke op5 ! doors1 & releas$ sev5te5 hundr$ prison]s1 & !n set fire to ! build+ 7,b[]s' ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 iii4 #cai1 edit4 #ahde74 ,^? :o p]i%$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! w>s ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 & 9 ,fl&]s1 "u ! infam\s ,duke ( ,alva1 are reckon$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,9 ,france sev]al millions 7 de/roy$ 9 ! innum]able massacres t took place 9 t k+dom4 ,x has be5 comput$ t s9ce ! rise ( ! ,papacy1 n few] ?an fifty millions ( p]sons h be5 put to dea? on acc\nt ( religion6 ,( ?is va/ numb] ! great] "p h be5 cut (f dur+ ! la/ six hundr$ ye>s2 = ! ,papacy p]secut$ v little dur+ ! fir/ half ( its exi/5ce1 & x 0 9 ?is way t x 0 n until ! witnesses _h 8complet$0 _! te/imony1 or _h borne full & ample te/imony1 t x made w> aga9/ !m4 ,comp4 ,! ,sev5? ,vial1 pp4 #adiaeg4 ,= a full illu/ration ( ! facts "h ref]r$ to1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #ba4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ,daniel & ,john ref] to ! same ?+4 7b7 ,by :om ?is 0 to be done4 ,9 v]4 #g1 x is said t x w\ld be by 8! bea/ t asc5de? out ( ! bottomless pit40 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! same z ! f\r? bea/ ( ,daniel 7,da4 vii471 & = a full illu/ration ,i mu/ ref] to ! ,notes on t *apt]4 ,x is necess>y only to add "h1 if ! above repres5tation is correct1 t x is easy to see ! propriety ( ?is application ( ! symbol to ! ,papacy4 ,no?+ w\ld bett] repres5t t cruel p]secut+ p[] 8mak+ w> ) ! witnesses10 ?an a fi]ce & cruel mon/] t seem$ to asc5d f ! bottomless pit4 7c7 ,! victory ( ! p]secutors1 & ! dea? ( ! witnesses3 8& %all ov]come !m1 & kill !m10 v]4 #g4 ,t is1 !y w\ld ga9 a tempor>y victory ov] !m1 & ! witnesses w\ld seem = a "t to be dead4 ,! subsequ5t /atem5t %[s1 h[ev]1 t !y w\ld revive aga91 & w\ld aga9 resume _! prophesy+4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #bj4 ,! victory ov] !m w\ld appe> to be complete1 & ! great object ( ! p]secut+ p[] w\ld seem to h be5 ga9$4 ,a few facts on ?is subject w %[ ! propriety ( ! /atem5t t 8:5 !y _h f9i%$10 or _h fully borne _! te/imony1 a victory 0 obta9$ ov] !m1 & t !y 7 s sil5c$ t x might be said !y 7 kill$4 ,! fir/ w be 9 ! words ( ,miln]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 p4 #ffj1 ed4 ,ed94 #ahce73 8,! sixte5? c5tury op5$ ) a prospect ( all o!rs ! mo/ gloomy1 9 ! eyes ( e true ,*ri/ian4 ,corruption bo? 9 doctr9e & 9 practice _h exce$$ all b\nds2 & ! g5]al face ( ,europe1 ?\gh ! "n ( ,*ri/ 0 ev]y:]e pr(ess$1 pres5t$ no?+ t 0 prop]ly evangelical4 ,! ,wald5ses 7 too feeble to mole/ ! pop$om2 & ! ,hussites1 divid$ #bij among !mselves1 & worn out by a long s]ies ( cont5tions1 7 r$uc$ to sil5ce4 ,among bo? 7 f\nd p]sons ( und\bt$ godl9ess1 b !y appe>$ incapable ( mak+ effectual impressions on ! k+dom ( ,anti*ri/4 ,! ,roman pontiffs 7 /ill ! uncontroll$ patrons ( impiety2 nei!r ! sc&al\s crimes ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 nor ! milit>y f]ocity ( ,julius ,,ii41 seem$ to h less5$ ! dom9ion ( ! c\rt ( ,rome1 or to h op5$ ! eyes ( m5 s z to induce !m to make a sob] inve/igation ( ! nature ( true religion40 ,! language ( ,mr4 ,cunn+hame may "h be adopt$ z describ+ ! /ate ( ?+s at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 8,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,europe repos$ 9 ! deep sleep ( spiritual dea?1 "u ! iron yoke ( ! ,papacy4 ,t haughty p[]1 l ! ,assyrian ( ! prophet1 said 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 insol5ce1 #8,my h& ha? f\nd z a ne/ ! ri*es ( ! p2 & z "o ga!re? eggs1 ,i h ga!r$ all ! e>?2 & !re 0 none t mov$ ! w+1 or op5$ ! m\?1 or peep$4'0 ,& 9 a simil> mann]1 ! writ] ( ! article on ! ,re=mation1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica9 a /atem5t made1 ( c\rse1 ) no ref]5ce to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is passage?us speaks ( t p]iod3 8,ev]y?+ 0 quiet2 e h]etic 0 ext]m9at$1 & ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w sup9ely acquiesc$ 9 ! enorm\s absurdities inculcat$ by ! ,romi% *ur*40 ,^! quotations w %[ ! propriety ( ! language us$ "h by ,john1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ?is p]iod4 ,no symbol w\ld be m /rik+1 or m appropriate to t /ate ( ?+s1 ?an to repres5t ! witnesses = ! tru? z ov]come & sla91 s t1 = a "t at lea/1 !y w\ld cease to be> _! te/imony aga9/ ! prevail+ errors & corruptions4 ,x w be rememb]$1 also1 t ?is occurr$ at a "t :5 x might be said t !y _h 8fulfill$0 _! te/imony1 or :51 9 a mo/ solemn mann]1 !y _h prote/$ aga9/ ! exi/+ idolatries & abom9ations4 ,,iii4 ,! witnesses dead1 v]4 #haj4 ,! prec$+ v]se conta9s ! /atem5t t !y w\ld be ov]come & kill$2 ^! v]ses describe _! treatm5t :5 !y w\ld be dead2 t is1 :5 !y w\ld be sil5c$4 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances ref]r$ to "h :i* dem& notice4 7a7 ,! place :]e x is said t ?is w\ld occurt 8great city :i* spiritually is call$ ,sodom & ,egypt1 :]e also our ,"l 0 crucifi$10 v]4 #h4 ,9 ! explanation ( ?is v]se1 x has be5 %[n t ! language us$ "h is su* z w\ld be prop]ly employ$1 on ! supposition t ! int5tion 0 to ref] to ,rome1 or ! ,romi% communion4 ,a few te/imonies may s]ve to confirm ! int]pretation propos$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #h1 & to %[ f>!r ! propriety ( apply+ ! appellation 8,sodom0 & 8,egypt0 to ,rome4 ,?us among ! ,re=m]s1 8,gro/e/e p]ceiv$ t ! :ole s*eme ( ! ,papal gov]nm5t 0 enmity ) ,god1 & exclaim$ t no?+ b ! sword c\ld deliv] ! *ur* f ! ,egyptian bondage0 7,d',aubign74 ,wycliffe comp>$ ! ,romi% prie/craft to 8! accurs$ sorc]ies ) :i* ! sages ( ,ph>aoh presum$ to emulate ! works ( ,jehovah0 7,le ,bas' ,wycliffe1 pp4 #fh1 #adg74 ,lu!r1 9 a lett] to ,melanc?on1 says1 8,italy is plung$1 z 9 anci5t times 9 ,egypt1 9 d>kness t may be felt40 ,& ( ,zu+le 9 ,switz]l&1 !y :o long$ = ! light ( salvation said ( him1 8,he w be our ,moses1 to deliv] u out ( ! d>kness ( ,egypt40 ,any numb] ( passages c\ld be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,re=m]s1 & ev5 "s 9 ! writ+s ( ,romani/s !mselves1 9 :i* ! abom9ations t prevail$ 9 ,rome are comp>$ ) ^? 9 ,sodom4 ,comp4 ,elliott1 ii4 pp4 #chf1 #chg1 notes4 ,assum+ ?is to be ! correct int]pretation1 ! mean+ is1 t a /ate ( ?+s w\ld exi/ aft] ! sil5c+ ( ! witnesses :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by suppos+ t _! dead bodies w\ld lie unburi$2 t is1 t !re w\ld be di%on\r & indignity heap$ ^u !m1 su* z is %[n to ! dead :5 !y are suff]$ to lie unburi$4 ,no "o ne$s to be in=m$ t ?is accurately repres5ts ! /ate ( ?+s ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w4 ,to ! 8witnesses0 ?us p]secut$1 d[ntrodd51 & sil5c$1 !re 0 ! same k9d ( indignity %[n :i* !re is :5 ! dead are left unburi$4 7b7 ,! exposure ( _! bodies1 v]4 #h4 ,t is1 z we h se51 !y #bia w\ld be treat$ ) indignity1 z if !y 7 n wor?y ( ,*ri/ian burial4 ,n[ ?is n only expresses :at 0 9 fact ! g5]al feel+ among ! ,papi/s 9 respect to ^? :om !y reg>d$ z h]etics1 b x _h a lit]al fulfilm5t 9 num]\s cases :]e ! rites ( ,*ri/ian burial 7 d5i$ !m4 ,"o ( ! puni%m5ts mo/ con/antly decre$ & con/antly en=c$ 9 ref]5ce to ^? :o 7 call$ 8h]etics10 0 _! exclusion f burial z p]sons excommunicat$ & )\t ! pale ( ! *ur*4 ,?us1 9 ! ?ird c\ncil ( ,lat]an 7,a4,d4 #aagi71 ,*ri/ian burial 0 d5i$ to h]etics2 ! same 9 ! ,lat]an c\ncil ,a4,d4 #abae1 & ! ,papal decree ( ,gregory ,,ix41 ,a4,d4 #abbg2 ! same aga9 9 t ( ,pope ,m>t91 ,a4,d4 #adbb2 & ! same ?+ 0 det]m9$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 ,a4,d4 #adbb1 :i* ord]$ t ! body ( ,wycliffe %\ld be exhum$1 & t ! a%es ( ,john ,huss1 in/ead ( be+ buri$1 %\ld be collect$ & ?r[n into ! lake ( ,con/ance4 ,x may be add$ t ,savon>ola's a%es 7 9 a simil> mann] ca/ into ! ,arno1 ,a4,d4 #adih2 & t 9 ! fir/ bull intru/$ to ! c>d9al ,cajetan aga9/ ,lu!r1 ?is 0 "o ( ! decl>$ p5alties1 t bo? ,lu!r & 8 p>tisans %\ld be depriv$ ( ecclesia/ical burial4 ,see ,wadd+ton1 p4 #gag2 ,d',aubign1 i4 #cee2 ,foxe1 v4 #fgg4 7c7 ,! mutual congratulations ( ^? :o _h put !m to dea?2 _! exultation ov] !m2 & ! expression ( _! joy by ! int]*ange ( pres5ts3 8,& !y t dwell ^u ! e>? %all rejoice ov] !m10 c41 v]4 #aj4 ,! language "h us$ is expressive ( g5]al joy & rejoic+1 & !re c be no d\bt t su* joy & rejoic+ occurr$ at ,rome :5ev] a new victory 0 obta9$ ov] ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z h]etics4 ,p>eus rem>ks on ! passage 9 ,luke xv4 #cb1 8,x 0 meet t we %\ld make m]ry10 c41 t 8:5 h]etics are burnt1 ,papi/s play at frolicsome games1 celebrate fea/s & banquets1 s+ ,te ,deum laudamus1 & wi% "o ano!r joy40 ,& s too ,bull+]1 9 loco4 ,b !re 0 special rejoic+1 :i* accord$ entirely ) ! pr$iction "h1 at ! close ( ! sessions ( ! ,lat]an c\ncil ,a4,d4 #aeag1 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! d9n]s & ftes giv5 by ! c>d9als4 ,! sc5e on ! clos+ ( ! c\ncil is ?us describ$ by ,dean ,wadd+ton3 8,! pill>s ( ! ,papal /r5g? seem$ visible & palpable2 & ,rome survey$ !m ) exultation f h] gold5 palaces4 ,! assembl$ pr9ces & prelates sep>at$ f ! c\ncil ) complac5cy1 confid5ce1 & mutual congratulations on ! peace1 unity1 & purity ( ! *ur*40 ,/ill1 :ile ?is 0 true ( t p>ticul> c\ncil1 x %\ld be add$ t ! language "h us$ is g5]al1 & may be reg>d$ z descriptive ( ! usual joy :i* w\ld be felt1 & :i* 0 felt at ,rome1 9 view ( ! ef=ts made to suppress h]esy 9 ! *ur*4 7d7 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! witnesses w\ld rema9 8dead40 ,?is1 x is said 7v]4 #i71 w\ld be = 8?ree days & an half10 dur+ :i* "t !y w\ld 8n suff] _! dead bodies to be put 9 graves20 t is1 !re w\ld be a c\rse ( conduct1 & a /ate ( ?+s1 z if ! dead 7 left unburi$4 ,?is "t1 z we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #i71 means probably ?ree ye>s & a half2 & 9 ! application ( ?is we are to look = "s /rik+ ev5t relat+ to ! 8witnesses10 :5 !y %\ld h 8f9i%$ _! te/imony10 or :5 !y _h fully borne _! te/imony1 t w\ld fully correspond ) ?is4 ,n[ x happ5s t !re 0 a po9t ( "t1 j previ\s to ! ,re=mation1 :5 x 0 suppos$ t a complete victory 0 ga9$ = ev] ov] ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z 8h]etics10 b :o 7 9 fact ! true witnesses = ,*ri/4 ,t po9t ( "t 0 dur+ ! session ( ! c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 :i* 0 assembl$ ,a4,d4 #aeac1 & :i* cont9u$ its sessions to ,may #af1 #aeag4 ,9 ! n9? session ( ?is c\ncil a rem>kable proclamation 0 made1 indicat+ t all opposition to ! ,papal p[] _h n[ ceas$4 ,! sc5e is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,elliott 7ii4 #cif1 #cig73 8,! orator ( ! session asc5d$ ! pulpit2 &1 amid/ ! applause ( ! assembl$ c\ncil1 utt]$ t memorable exclamation ( triumphan exclamation :i*1 not)/&+ ! long multipli$ anti-h]etical decrees ( popes & c\ncils1 not)/&+ ! yet m multipli$ anti-h]etical crusades & inquisitorial fires1 0 nev]1 ,i believe1 pron\nc$ be=e1 & c]ta9ly nev] s9ce#8,jam nemo reclamat1 nullus obsi/it'#8,!re is an end ( resi/ance to ! ,papal rule & religion2 oppos]s !re exi/ no m3' #bib & aga91 #8,! :ole body ( ,*ri/5dom is n[ se5 to be subject$ to its ,head1 i4e4 to ,!e4'0 ,?is occurr$ ,may #e1 #aead4 ,x is1 probably1 f ?is 8"t0 t ! ?ree days & a half1 or ! ?ree ye>s & a half1 dur+ :i* ! 8dead bodies ( ! witnesses rema9$ unburi$10 & 7 expos$ to public gaze & d]ision1 are to be reckon$4 ,b x 0 ) rem>kable accuracy t a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s & a half occurr$ f ! "t :5 ?is proclamation 0 made1 & :5 x 0 suppos$ t ^! 8witnesses0 7 8dead10 to ! "t :5 ! voice ( liv+ witnesses = ! tru? 0 he>d aga91 z if ^? witnesses t _h be5 sil5c$ _h come to life aga92 & 8n 9 ! compass ( ! :ole ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom1 except 9 ! case ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ himself1 is !re any su* example ( ! sudd51 mighty1 & triumphant resuscitation ( 8 *ur* f a /ate ( deep depression1 z 01 j aft] ! sep>ation ( ! ,lat]an c\ncil1 exhibit$ 9 ! prote/+ voice ( ,lu!r1 & ! glori\s ,re=mation40 ,all acc\nts agree 9 plac+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,a4,d4 #aeag4 ,see ,b[]s' ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 iii4 #bie2 ,murdock's ,mo%eim1 iii4 #aa1 note4 ,! effect ( ?is1 z comp>$ ) ! suppos$ suppression ( h]esy1 or ! dea? ( ! witnesses1 & z an illu/ration ( ! passage be=e u1 w be se5 f ! foll[+ language ( a writ] 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica38,ev]y?+ 0 quiet2 e h]etic ext]m9at$2 & ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w sup9ely acquiesc+ 9 ! enorm\s absurdities inculcat$ 9 ! ,romi% *ur*1 :51 9 #aeag1 ! empire ( sup]/ition receiv$ its fir/ attack f ,lu!r40 ,or1 9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,cunn+hame1 8,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,europe repos$ 9 ! deep sleep ( spiritual dea?1 "u ! iron yoke ( ! ,papacy4 ,!re 0 none t mov$ ! w+1 or op5$ ! m\?1 or peep$3 :5 sudd5ly 9 "o ( ! univ]sities ( ,g]many ! voice ( an obscure monk 0 he>d1 ! s\nd ( :i* rapidly fill$ ,saxony1 ,g]many1 & ,europe itself1 %ak+ ! v f\ndations ( ! ,papal p[]1 & ar\s+ m5 f ! le?>gy ( ages40 ,! rem>kable co9cid5ce 9 reg>d to "tsuppos+ t ?ree ye>s & a half are int5d$w be se5 f ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,! day ( ! n9? session ( ! ,lat]an c\ncil1 :5 ! proclamation above ref]r$ to 0 made1 01 z we h se51 ,may #e1 #aead2 ! day ( ,lu!r's po/+ up 8 !ses at ,wittemb]g 7! well-kn[n epo* ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation71 0 ,octob] #ca1 #aeag4 8,n[1 f ,may #e1 #aead1 to ,may #e1 #aeag1 are ?ree ye>s2 & f ,may #e1 #aeag1 to ,octob] #ca ( ! same ye>1 #aeag1 ! reckon+ 9 days is z foll[s3 ,may #eca #bg ,june #cj #cj ,july #ca #ca ,augu/ #ca #ca ,septemb] #cj #cj ,octob] #ca #ca 9 all #ahj1 or half ( #cfj days1 t is1 half a ye>2 s t ! :ole int]val is precisely1 to a day1 ?ree & a half ye>s0 7,elliott1 ii4 #djb1 #djc74 ,b1 )\t insi/+ on ?is v m9ute accuracy1 anyone c see1 & all mu/ be prep>$ to admit1 t1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ by ! ,_s ( ,god to ref] to ^! ev5ts1 ?is is ! language :i* w\ld be us$2 or1 9 o!r words1 no?+ w\ld bett] repres5t ?is /ate ( ?+s ?an ! decl>ation t ! witnesses w\ld be 8sla910 & w\ld be suff]$ to 8rema9 unburi$0 dur+ ?is p]iod ( "t1 & t at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 a public te/imony w\ld be borne aga9 = ! tru?1 & aga9/ ! abom9ations ( ! ,papacy1 z if 8! ,_s ( life f ,god %\ld aga9 ent] into !m1 & !y %\ld /& ^u _! feet10 v]4 #aa4 ,,iv4 ,! resurrection ( ! witnesses1 v]4 #aa4 ,little ne$ be add$ on ?is po9t1 aft] :at has be5 said on ! previ\s portions ( ! *apt]4 ,we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #aa7 t ?is mu/ mean t a /ate ( ?+s w\ld occur :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by _! be+ re/or$ to life aga92 & if ! previ\s illu/rations are correct1 !re w be little difficulty 9 admitt+ t ?is _h its fulfilm5t 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,z to ! "t :5 !y w\ld revive1 we h se5 above h[ rem>kably ?is accords ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,re=mation 9 #aeag2 & z to ! correspond5ce ( ?is ) :at is "h symboliz$1 no?+ w\ld bett] repres5t ?is ?an to describe ! witnesses z com+ to life aga94 ,x 0 z if 8! ,_s ( life f ,god ent]$ into0 ^? :o _h be5 sla91 #bic & 8!y /ood ^u _! feet0 aga91 & aga9 bore _! solemn te/imony to ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus4 ,= 7a7 x 0 ! same k9d ( te/imonyte/imony to ! same tru?s1 & aga9/ ! same evils:i* _h be5 borne by ! long array ( ! confessors & m>tyrs t _h be5 put to dea?4 ,! tru?s proclaim$ by ! ,re=m]s on ! great doctr9es ( grace 7 ! same :i* _h be5 pr(ess$ by ! ,wald5ses1 by ,wycliffe1 by ,john ,huss1 & o!rs2 & ! abom9ations ( image-wor%ip1 ( ! invocations ( ! sa9ts1 ( ! arrogant claims ( ! pope1 ( ! doctr9e ( human m]it 9 ju/ification1 ( ! corruptions ( ! mona/ic sy/ems1 ( ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 aga9/ :i* !y te/ifi$1 7 ! same4 7b7 ,t te/imony 0 borne by m5 ( ! same _s & "*4 ,9 :at w\ld n[ be call$ p]sonal religi\s exp]i5ce !re 0 ! close/ resemblance betwe5 ! ,wald5ses & ! o!r 8witnesses0 be=e ! ,re=mation1 & ! ,re=m]s !mselvesbetwe5 ! piety ( ,huss1 ,j]ome ( ,prague1 ,wycliffe1 & ,pet] ,waldo2 & ,lu!r1 ,melanc?on1 ,zu+le1 ,calv91 ,buc]1 ,latim]1 ,ridley1 & ,knox4 ,!y 7 m5 :o belong$ to ! same spiritual communion1 & :o _h be5 m\ld$ & fa%ion$ 9 _! spiritual "* by ! same p[] f on high4 7c7 ,! te/imony 0 borne ) ! same fe>lessness1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! same k9d ( p]secution & opposition4 ,all t occurr$ 0 z if ! same 8witnesses0 _h be5 re/or$ to life & aga9 lift$ up _! voice 9 ! cause = :i* !y _h be5 p]secut$ & sla94 ,! propriety ( ?is language1 z appli$ to ^! ev5ts1 may be fur!r se5 f expressions us$ by ! 8witnesses0 !mselves1 or by ! p]secut$ fri5ds ( ! tru?4 8,& ,i10 said ,john ,huss1 speak+ ( ! gospel-prea*]s :o %\ld appe> aft] he _h suff]$ at ! /ake1 8& ,i1 awak+ z x 7 f ! dead1 & ris+ f ! grave1 %all rejoice ) exce$+ great joy40 ,aga91 9 #aebc1 aft] ! ,re=mation _h brok5 out1 we f9d ,pope ,hadrian say+1 9 a missive address$ to ! ,diet at ,nuremb]g1 8,! h]etics ,huss & ,j]ome are n[ alive aga9 9 ! p]son ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r0 7,! ,sev5? ,vial1 p4 #aij74 ,v4 ,! asc5sion ( ! witnesses1 v]4 #ab3 8,& !y asc5d$ to heav5 9 a cl\d40 ,we h se5 7,notes on ?is v]se7 t ?is means t ev5ts w\ld take place z if !y %\ld asc5d 9 triumph to heav51 or :i* %\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by su* an asc5t to heav54 ,all t is "h repres5t$ w\ld be fulfill$ by a triumph ( ! tru? "u ! te/imony ( ! witnesses1 or by its becom+ glori\sly e/abli%$ 9 view ( ! nations ( ! e>?1 z if ! witnesses asc5d$ publicly & 7 receiv$ to ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 heav54 ,all ?is 0 fulfill$ 9 ! v>i\s influ5ces t s]v$ to e/abli% & confirm ! ,re=mation1 & to introduce ! great pr9ciples ( religi\s fre$om1 giv+ to t "w ultimate triumph1 & %[+ t x _h ! fav\r ( ,god4 ,?is w\ld embrace ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts aft] ! ,re=mation 0 begun1 by :i* its triumph 0 secure1 or by :i* t /ate ( ?+s 0 gradually introduc$ :i* n[ exi/s1 9 :i* ! true religion is free f p]secution1 9 :i* x is advanc+ into s _m p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! ,papacy once _h ! control1 & 9 :i*1 ) s little mole/ation1 & ) su* an onw>d m>* t[>d ultimate victory1 x is ext5d+ its conque/s ov] ! e>?4 ,! triumphant asc5t ( ! witnesses to heav51 & ! public pro( ( ! div9e fav\r ?us %[n to !m1 w\ld be an appropriate symbol ( ?is4 ,,vi4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! resurrection1 asc5sion1 & triumph ( ! witnesses1 v]4 #ac4 ,^! are said to be1 t !re w\ld be 89 ! same h\r a great e>?quake2 t a t5? "p ( ! city w\ld fall2 t sev5 ?\s& w\ld be sla91 & t ! rema9d] w\ld be affright$ & w\ld give glory to ! ,god ( heav540 7a7 ,! e>?quake4 ,?is1 z we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #ac71 d5otes t !re w\ld be a %ock or a convulsion 9 ! _w1 s t ! p[]s ( ! e>? w\ld be %ak51 z cities1 trees1 & hills are 9 ! %ocks ( an e>?quake4 ,!re c be little difficulty 9 apply+ ?is to ! %ock produc$ ?r\gh\t ,europe by ! boldness ( ,lu!r & 8 fell[-lab\r]s 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,no ev5ts h ev] tak5 place 9 hi/ory t w\ld be bett] comp>$ ) ! %ock ( an e>?quake ?an ^? :i* occurr$ :5 ! long-e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 & especially ! #bid dom9ation ( ! ,papacy1 s long consolidat$ & confirm$1 7 %ak5 by ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ! sudd5ness ( ! attack made on ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 9 ! commotions :i* 7 produc$1 9 ! ov]?r[ ( s _m gov]nm5ts1 !re 0 a /rik+ resemblance to ! convulsions caus$ by an e>?quake4 ,s ,dr4 ,l+>d speaks ( ! ,re=mation3 8,t religi\s revolution :i* a/oni%$ & convuls$ ! nations ( ,europe40 ,no?+ w\ld bett] repres5t ! convulsions caus$ 9 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,prussia1 ,saxony1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,engl& by ! ,re=mation ?an an e>?quake4 7b7 ,! fate ( a "p ( ! city3 8,& ! t5? "p ( ! city fell40 ,t is1 z we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #ac71 ( t :i* is repres5t$ by ! city1 to wit1 ! ,roman p[]4 ,! fall ( a 8t5? "p0 w\ld d5ote ! fall ( a consid]able portion ( t p[]2 z if1 9 an e>?quake1 a t5? "p ( a city %\ld be demoli%$4 ,?is w\ld well repres5t :at occurr$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 :5 s consid]able a portion ( ! colossal ,papal p[] sudd5ly fell away1 & ! imm$iate effect on ! portions ( ,europe :]e ! ,re=mation prevail$1 z comp>$ ) ! :ole ( t p[]1 might well be repres5t$ by ! fall ( ! t5? "p ( a city4 ,x is true t a mu* l>g] proportion ultimately fell (f f ,rome1 s t n[ ! numb] ( ,romani/s & ,prote/ants is n f> f be+ equal2 b 9 ! fir/ convulsion9 :at pass$ be=e ! eye 9 vision z repres5t$ by ! e>?quaket proportion w\ld n be improp]ly repres5t$ by ! t5? "p ( a city4 ,! idea is1 t ! sudd5 de/ruction ( a t5? "p ( a great city by an e>?quake w\ld well repres5t ! convulsion at ! break+ out ( ! ,re=mation1 by :i* a consid]able portion ( ! ,papal p[] w\ld fall4 7c7 ,^? :o 7 sla91 v]4 #ac3 8,& 9 ! e>?quake 7 sla9 ( m5 sev5 ?\s&40 ,t is1 z we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #ac71 a calamity w\ld occur to ?is va/ ,papal p[]1 z if ?is numb] %\ld be kill$ 9 ! e>?quake1 or :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by t4 ,9 o!r words1 a portion ( ^? :o 7 repres5t$ by ! city w\ld be sla91 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! :ole numb]1 w\ld be> ab\t ! same proportion :i* sev5 ?\s& w\ld to ! usual dwell]s 9 su* a city4 ,z ! numb]s 9 ! city are n m5tion$1 x is impossible to =m any exact e/imate ( ! numb]s t w\ld be sla9 on ?is supposition4 ,b if we suppose t ! city conta9$ a hundr$ ?\s&1 !n ! proportion w\ld be some?+ l a f\rte5? "p2 b if x 7 half a million1 !n x w\ld be ab\t a sev5tie? "p2 if x 7 a million1 !n x w\ld be ab\t a hundr$ & =ty-fif? "p2 &1 z we may suppose t ,john1 9 ^! visions1 _h 8 eye on ,rome z x 0 9 ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 we may1 if we c asc]ta9 :at ! size ( ,rome 0 at t p]iod1 take t e/imate z ! basis ( ! int]pretation4 ,mr4 ,gibbon 7ii4 #bea1 #beb7 has endeav\r$ to =m an e/imate ( ! probable numb] ( ! inhabitants ( anci5t ,rome2 &1 aft] enum]at+ all ! circum/ances :i* ?r[ any light on ! subject1 says3 8,if we adopt ! same av]age :i*1 "u simil> circum/ances1 has be5 f\nd applicable to ,p>is1 & indiff]5tly all[ ab\t tw5ty-five p]sons = ea* h\se1 ( e degree1 we may fairly e/imate ! inhabitants ( ,rome at twelve hundr$ ?\s&40 ,all[+ ?is to be ! numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! city1 !n ! numb] "h specifi$ t 0 sla9sev5 ?\s&w\ld be ab\t ! "o hundr$ & sev5tie? "p1 or "o 9 "o hundr$ & sev5ty4 ,?is w\ld1 accord+ to ! purport ( ! vision "h1 repres5t ! numb] t w\ld p]i% 9 ! convulsion d5ot$ by ! e>?quakea numb] :i*1 ?\gh x w\ld be l>ge 9 ! aggregate1 is n probably too l>ge 9 fact z ref]r+ to ! numb] ( p]sons t p]i%$ 9 ,papal ,europe 9 ! w>s t 7 consequ5t on ! ,re=mation4 7d7 ,! only o!r circum/ance 9 ?is repres5tation is1 t 8! remnant 7 affright$ & gave glory to ! ,god ( heav510 v]4 #ac4 ,t is1 z we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #ac71 fe> & con/]nation came ^u !m1 & !y /ood 9 awe at :at 0 occurr+1 & ackn[l$g$ ! p[] ( ,god 9 ! *anges t took place4 ,h[ well ?is 0 fulfill$ 9 :at occurr$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 x is h>dly necess>y to /ate4 ,! ev5ts :i* !n took place _h e m>k ( be+ "u ! div9e h&1 & 7 su* z to fill ! m9ds ( m5 ) awe & to tea* !m to recognize ! h& ( ,god4 ,! p[] :i* tore asund] t imm5se ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t1 t #bie _h s long held ! :ole ( ,europe 9 s]vitude2 :i* dissolv$ ! *>m :i* _h s long held k+s1 & pr9ces1 & p spell-b\nd2 :i* r5t away = ev] s l>ge a portion ( ! ,papal dom9ions2 :i* l$ k+s to sep>ate !mselves f ! control to :i* !y _h be5 s long subject$1 & :i* emancipat$ ! human m9d1 & diffus$ abroad ! great pr9ciples ( civil & religi\s lib]ty1 0 well adapt$ to fill ! m9d ) awe1 & to lead m5 to recognize ! h& & ! ag5cy ( ,god2 & if x be admitt$ t ! ,holy ,_s 9 ?is passage meant to ref] to ^! ev5ts1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! language "h us$ is su* z is well adapt$ to describe ! effects produc$ on ! m9ds ( m5 at l>ge4 #ae ,& ! #ceisev5? angel s\nd$2 & !re 7 great voices 9 heav51 say+1 #cfj,! k+doms ( ?is _w are become ! k+doms ( our ,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/2 & #cfa;he %all reign = ev] & ev]4 #ae4 ,& ! sev5? angel s\nd$4 ,see ,notes on *4 viii4 #b1 #f1 #g4 ,?is is ! la/ ( ! trumpets1 imply+1 ( c\rse1 t "u ?is ! s]ies ( visions 0 to end1 & t ?is 0 to introduce ! /ate ( ?+s "u :i* ! affairs ( ! _w 7 to be w\nd up4 ,! place :i* ?is occupies 9 ! ord] ( "t1 is :5 ! ev5ts p]ta9+ to ! colossal ,roman p[]! f\r? k+dom ( ,daniel 7,da4 ii4vii47%\ld h be5 complet$1 & :5 ! reign ( ! sa9ts 7,da4 vii4 #iad1 #bg1 #bh7 %\ld h be5 introduc$4 ,?is1 bo? 9 ,daniel & 9 ,john1 is to occur :5 ! mighty p[] ( ! ,papacy %all h be5 ov]?r[n at ! t]m9ation ( ! twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s ( its duration4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,9 bo? ,daniel & ,john ! t]m9ation ( t p]secut+ p[] is ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ! sa9ts2 ! d[nfall ( ! ,papacy1 ! introduction ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 & its e/abli%m5t on ! e>?4 ,& !re 7 great voices 9 heav54 ,z ( exultation & praise4 ,! gr& consummation _h come1 ! p]iod s long anticipat$ & desir$ :5 ,god %\ld reign on ! e>? _h arriv$1 & ?is lays ! f\ndation = joy & ?anksgiv+ 9 heav54 ,! k+doms ( ?is _w4 ,! mod]n editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7see ,tittmann & ,hahn7 read ?is 9 ! s+ul> numb]8,! k+dom ( ?is _w has become10 c4 ,accord+ to ?is read+1 ! mean+ w\ld be1 ei!r t ! sole reign ov] ?is _w _h become t ( ! ,"l ,jesus2 or1 m probably1 t ! dom9ion ov] ! e>? _h be5 reg>d$ z "o 9 ! s5se t ,satan _h reign$ ov] x1 b _h n[ become ! k+dom ( ,god2 t is1 t 8! k+doms ( ?is _w are _m consid]$ 9 !mselves2 b 9 ref]5ce to ! sway ( ,satan1 !re is only "o k+dom rul$ ov] by ! #8god ( ?is _w'0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,! s5se is n mat]ially diff]5t :i*ev] read+ is adopt$2 ?\gh ! au?ority is 9 fav\r ( ! latt] 7,wet/e974 ,accord+ to ! common read+1 ! s5se is1 t all ! k+doms ( ! e>?1 be+ _m 9 !mselves1 _h be5 n[ br\ght "u ! "o sceptre ( ,*ri/2 accord+ to ! o!r1 ! :ole _w 0 reg>d$ z 9 fact "o k+domt ( ,satan& ! sceptre _h n[ pass$ f 8 h&s into ^? ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! k+doms ( our ,"l4 ,or1 ! k+dom ( our ,"l1 accord+ to ! read+ adopt$ 9 ! previ\s "p ( ! v]se4 ,! ^w ,"l "h evid5tly has ref]5ce to ,god z su*repres5t$ z ! orig9al s\rce ( au?ority1 & z giv+ ! k+dom to 8 ,son4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #ac1 #ad2 comp4 ,ps4 ii4 #h4 ,! ^w ,"limplies ! notion ( possessor1 own]1 sov]eign1 supreme rul]& is ?us prop]ly giv5 to ,god4 ,see ,mat4 i4 #bb2 v4 #cc2 ,m>4 v4 #ai2 ,lu4 i4 #f1 #bh2 ,ac4 vii4 #cc2 ,he4 viii4 #b1 #aj2 ,ja4 iv4 #ae1 al4 spe ,& ( 8 ,*ri/4 ,( 8 ano9t$2 ( him :o is set ap>t z ! ,messiah1 & consecrat$ to ?is high (fice4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 i4 #a4 ,he is call$ 88 ,*ri/10 because he is set ap>t by him1 or appo9t$ by him to p]=m ! "w appropriate to t (fice on e>?4 ,su* language z t :i* occurs "h is (t5 employ$1 9 :i* ,god & ,*ri/ are spok5 ( z1 9 "s respects1 di/9ctz su/a9+ diff]5t (fices1 & p]=m+ diff]5t works4 ,! ess5tial mean+ "h is1 t ! k+dom ( ?is _w _h n[ become ! k+dom ( ,god "u #bif ,*ri/2 t is1 t t k+dom is adm9i/]$ by ! ,son ( ,god4 ,& he %all reign = ev] & ev]4 ,a k+dom is comm5c$ :i* %all nev] t]m9ate4 ,x is n said t ?is w\ld be on ! e>?2 b ! ess5tial idea is1 t ! sceptre ( ! _w _h n[1 aft] s long a "t1 come into 8 h&s nev] m to pass away4 ,! full] *>act]i/ics ( ?is reign are /at$ 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is book 7*4 xx4xxii474 ,:at is "h /at$ is 9 accordance ) all ! pr$ictions 9 ! ,bible4 ,a "t is to come :51 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 ,god is to reign on ! e>?2 :5 8 k+dom is to be univ]sal2 :5 8 laws %all be ev]y:]e recogniz$ z b9d+2 :5 all idolatry %all come to an end2 & :5 ! und]/&+s & ! he>ts ( m5 ev]y:]e %all b[ to 8 au?ority4 ,comp4 ,ps4 ii4 #h2 ,is4 ix4 #g2 xi4 #i2 xlv4 #bb2 lx42 ,da4 ii4 #ce1 #dd1 #de2 vii4 #ac1 #ad1 #bg1 #bh2 ,zec4 xiv4 #i2 ,mal4 i4 #aa2 ,lu4 i4 #cc4 ,on ?is :ole subject1 see ! v ample illu/rations & pro(s 9 ! ,notes on ,da4 ii4 #dd1 #de2 vii4 #ac1 #ad1 #bg1 #bh2 comp4 ,notes on *ap4 xx4xxii4 #af ,& ! #cfb;f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 :i* sat be=e ,god on _! seats1 fell ^u _! faces1 & wor%ipp$ ,god4 #af4 ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s :i* sat1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d4 ,fell ^u _! faces1 & wor%ipp$ ,god4 ,pro/rat$ !mselves be=e him! usual =m ( pr(\nd adoration4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #had4 #ag ,say+1 ,we give !e ?anks1 ,o ,"l ,god ,almighty1 #cfc:i* art1 & wa/1 & art to come2 because ?\ ha/ tak5 to !e ?y great p[]1 & #cfd;ha/ reign$4 #ag4 ,say+1 ,we give !e ?anks4 ,we1 z ! repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 & z id5tifi$ 9 our feel+s ) x 7see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d71 ackn[l$ge ?y goodness 9 ?us deliv]+ ! *ur* f all its tr\bles1 & hav+ conduct$ x ?r\gh ! times ( fi]y p]secution1 ?us e/abli%+ x ^u ! e>?4 ,! language "h us$ is an expression ( _! deep int]e/ 9 ! *ur*1 & ( ! fact t !y felt !mselves id5tifi$ ) x4 ,!y1 z repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 w\ld ( c\rse rejoice 9 its prosp]ity & f9al triumph4 ,o ,"l ,god ,almighty4 ,ref]r+ to ,god z all-p[]ful1 because x 0 by 8 omnipot5t arm alone t ?is great "w _h be5 accompli%$4 ,no?+ else c\ld h def5d$ ! *ur* 9 its _m trials2 no?+ else c\ld h e/abli%$ x ^u ! e>?4 ,:i* art1 & wa/1 & art to come4 ,! ,et]nal ,"o1 always ! same4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #h4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to ! fact t ,god1 :o _h ?us e/abli%$ 8 *ur* on ! e>?1 is un*ang+4 ,9 all ! revolutions :i* occur on ! e>?1 he always rema9s ! same4 ,:at he 0 9 pa/ times he is n[2 :at he is n[ he always w be4 ,! p>ticul> idea sugge/$ "h seems to be1 t he _h n[ %[n ?is by hav+ caus$ 8 *ur* to triumph2 t is1 he _h %[n t he 0 ! same ,god :o _h e>ly promis$ t x %\ld ultimately triumph2 he _h c>ri$ =w>d 8 glori\s purposes )\t modify+ or ab&on+ !m amid/ all ! *anges t _h occurr$ 9 ! _w2 & he _h ?us giv5 ! assurance t he w\ld n[ rema9 ! same1 & t all 8 purposes 9 reg>d to 8 *ur* w\ld be accompli%$4 ,! fact t ,god rema9s always un*angeably ! same is ! sole reason :y 8 *ur* is safe1 or :y any individual memb] ( x is kept & sav$4 ,comp4 ,mal4 iii4 #f4 ,because ?\ ha/ tak5 to !e ?y great p[]4 ,to wit1 by sett+ up ?y k+dom ov] all ! e>?4 ,be=e t x seem$ z if he _h relax$ t p[]1 or _h giv5 ! p[] to o!rs4 ,satan _h reign$ on ! e>?4 ,disord]1 an>*y1 s91 rebellion1 _h prevail$4 ,x seem$ z if ,god _h let ! re9s ( gov]nm5t fall f 8 h&4 ,n[ he came =? z if to resume ! dom9ion ov] ! _w1 & to take ! sceptre into 8 own h&1 & to ex]t 8 great p[] 9 keep+ ! nations 9 subjection4 ,! sett+ up ( 8 k+dom all ov] ! _w1 & caus+ 8 laws ev]y:]e to be obey$1 w be among ! highe/ demon/rations ( div9e p[]4 ,no?+ c accompli% ?is b ! p[] ( ,god2 :5 t p[] is ex]t$ no?+ c prev5t its accompli%m5t4 ,& ha/ reign$4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 8& %[n ?yself z k+0t is1 8ha/ become k+1 or act$ z a k+40 ,! idea is1 t he _h n[ v9dicat$ #big 8 regal p[] 7,rob4 ,lex47t is1 he _h n[ set up 8 k+dom on ! e>?1 & _h truly begun to reign4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! mill5nium& inde$ ! ma9 *>act]i/icw be t ,god w be ev]y:]e obey$2 = :5 t occurs all w be consummat$ t prop]ly ent]s into ! idea ( ! mill5nial k+dom4 #ah ,& ! nations #cfe7 angry1 & ?y wra? is come1 & #cff! "t ( ! dead1 t !y %\ld be judg$1 & t ?\ #cfg%\lde/ give rew>d unto ?y s]vants ! prophets1 & to ! sa9ts1 & !m t fe> ?y "n1 #cfhsmall & great2 & %\lde/ de/roy !m :i* #cfi;de/roy ! e>?4 #ah4 ,& ! nations 7 angry4 ,7 enrag$ aga9/ !e4 ,?is !y _h %[n by _! opposition to 8 laws2 by p]secut+ 8 p2 by slay+ 8 witnesses2 by all ! attempts :i* !y _h made to de/roy 8 au?ority on ! e>?4 ,! ref]5ce "h seems to be to ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts prec$+ ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( 8 k+dom on ! e>?2 to all ! ef=ts :i* _h be5 made to ?r[ (f 8 gov]nm5t & to cru% 8 *ur*4 ,at ?is p]iod ( glori\s triumph x 0 natural to look back to ^? d>k times :5 ! 8nations rag$0 7comp4 ,ps4 ii4 #ac71 & :5 ! v exi/5ce ( ! *ur* 0 9 jeop>dy4 ,& ?y wra? is come4 ,t is1 ! "t :5 ?\ wilt puni% !m = all t !y h done 9 opposition to !e1 & :5 ! wick$ %all be cut (f4 ,!re w be1 9 ! sett+ up ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 "s manife/ation ( 8 wra? aga9/ ! p[]s t oppos$ x2 or some?+ t w %[ 8 purpose to de/roy 8 enemies1 & to judge ! wick$4 ,! repres5tations 9 ?is book lead u to suppose t ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god on ! e>? w be introduc$ or accompani$ by commotions & w>s :i* w end 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! great p[]s t h oppos$ 8 reign1 & by su* awful calamities 9 ^? portions ( ! _w z %all %[ t ,god has aris5 9 8 /r5g? to cut (f 8 enemies1 & to appe> z ! v9dicator ( 8 p4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xvi4 #abaf2 xix4 #aabf4 ,& ! "t ( ! dead1 t !y %\ld be judg$4 ,accord+ to ! view :i* ! c\rse ( ! exposition ?us f> pursu$ leads u to ent]ta9 ( ?is book1 !re is ref]5ce "h1 9 few words1 to ! same ?+ :i* is m fully /at$ 9 *4 xx41 & ! mean+ ( ! sacr$ writ] w1 !re=e1 come up = a m di/9ct & full exam9ation :5 we consid] t *apt]4 ,see ,notes on *4 xx4 #df1 #abae4 ,! purpose ( ! writ] does n require t a detail$ /atem5t ( ! ord] ( ! ev5ts ref]r$ to %\ld be made "h1 = x w\ld be bett] made :51 aft] ano!r l9e ( illu/ration & ( symbol 7*4 xi4 #ai1 xii4xix471 he %\ld h rea*$ ! same cata/rophe1 & :51 9 view ( bo?1 ! m9d w\ld be prep>$ = ! full] description ) :i* ! book closes1 *4 xx4xxii4 ,all t occurs "h1 !re=e1 is a v g5]al /atem5t ( ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s4 ,& t ?\ %\lde/ give rew>d unto ?y s]vants4 ,! righte\s4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xxv4 #cddj2 ,re4 xxi41 xxii4 ,t is1 9 ! f9al w9d+-up ( human affairs1 ,god w be/[ ! long-promis$ rew>d on ^? :o h be5 8 true fri5ds4 ,! wick$ t annoy$ & p]secut$ !m w annoy & p]secute !m no m2 & ! righte\s w be publicly ackn[l$g$ z ! fri5ds ( ,god4 ,= ! mann] 9 :i* ?is w be done1 see ! details 9 *4 xx4xxii4 ,! prophets4 ,all :o1 9 e age1 h fai?fully proclaim$ ! tru?4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 see ,notes on *4 x4 #aa4 ,& to ! sa9ts4 ,to all :o are holy"u :atev] disp5sation1 & 9 :atev] l&1 & at :atev] "t1 !y may h liv$4 ,!n w be ! "t :51 9 a public mann]1 !y w be recogniz$ z belong+ to ! k+dom ( ,god1 & z be+ 8 true fri5ds4 ,& !m t fe> ?y "n4 ,ano!r way ( designat+ 8 p1 s9ce religion consi/s 9 a pr(\nd v5]ation = ,god1 ,mal4 iii4 #af2 ,job i4 #a2 ,ps4 xv4 #d2 xxii4 #bc2 cxv4 #aa2 ,pr4 i4 #g2 iii4 #ac2 ix4 #aj2 ,is4 xi4 #b2 ,ac4 x4 #bb1 #ce4 ,small & great4 ,"y & old2 l[ & high2 poor & ri*4 ,! language is design$ to compreh5d all1 ( e class1 :o h a claim to be numb]$ among ! fri5ds ( ,god1 & x furni%es a pla9 intimation t m5 ( all classes w be f\nd at la/ #bih among 8 true p4 ,"o ( ! glories ( ! true religion is1 t1 9 be/[+ its fav\rs1 x disreg>ds all ! artificial di/9ctions ( society1 & addresses man z man1 welcom+ all :o are human be+s to ! bless+s ( life & salvation4 ,?is w be illu/ri\sly %[n 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 :5 ! di/9ctions ( weal?1 & rank1 & blood %all lose ! importance :i* has be5 attribut$ to !m1 & :5 ! hon\r ( be+ a *ild ( ,god %all h its true place4 ,comp4 ,ga4 iii4 #bh4 ,& %\lde/ de/roy !m :i* de/roy ! e>?4 ,t is1 all :o h1 9 _! conque/s1 spread desolation ov] ! e>?1 & :o h p]secut$ ! righte\s1 & all :o h done inju/ice & wrong to any class ( m54 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xx4 #acae4 ,"h ends1 z ,i suppose1 ! fir/ s]ies ( visions ref]r$ to 9 ! volume seal$ ) ! sev5 seals1 *4 v4 #a4 ,at ?is po9t1 :]e ! division ( ! *apt] %\ld h be5 made1 & :i* is prop]ly m>k$ 9 our common ,bibles by ! sign ( ! p>agraph 771 !re comm5ces a new s]ies ( visions1 int5d$ also1 b 9 a diff]5t l9e1 to ext5d d[n to ! consummation ( all ?+s4 ,! =m] s]ies traces ! hi/ory d[n ma9ly ?r\gh ! s]ies ( civil *anges 9 ! _w1 or ! outw>d affairs :i* affect ! de/9y ( ! *ur*2 ! latt]! portion /ill be=e uembraces ! same p]iod ) a m direct ref]5ce to ! rise ( ,anti*ri/1 & ! influ5ce ( t p[] 9 affect+ ! de/9y ( ! *ur*4 ,:5 t is complet$ 7*4 xi4 #ai1 xii4xix471 ! way is prep>$ 7*4 xx4xxii47 = ! m full /atem5t ( ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel1 & ! univ]sal preval5ce ( religion1 ) :i* ! book s appropriately closes4 ,t portion ( ! book1 !re=e1 ref]s to ! same p]iod z ! "o :i* has j be5 consid]$ "u ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet1 & ! description ( ! f9al /ate ( ?+s w\ld h imm$iately succe$$ if x _h n be5 necess>y1 by ano!r s]ies ( visions1 to trace m p>ticul>ly ! hi/ory ( ,anti*ri/ on ! de/9y ( ! *ur*1 & ! way 9 :i* t great & fe>ful p[] w\ld be f9ally ov]come4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! ,book1 "p ,v4 ,! way is !n prep>$ = ! description ( ! /ate ( ?+s :i* w exi/ :5 all ! enemies ( ! *ur* %all be subdu$2 :5 ,*ri/ianity %all triumph2 & :5 ! pr$ict$ reign ( ,god %all be set up on ! e>?1 *4 xx4xxii4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,*4 ,,xi4 #ai1 ,,xii4 ,?is portion ( ! book comm5ces1 accord+ to ! view pres5t$ 9 ! clos+ rem>ks on ! la/ *apt]1 a new s]ies ( visions1 design$ m p>ticul>ly to repres5t ! int]nal condition ( ! *ur*2 ! rise ( ,anti*ri/1 & ! effect ( ! rise ( t =midable p[] on ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! *ur* to ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( t p[]1 & ! triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! ,book1 "p ,v4 ,! portion be=e u embraces ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 7#a7 ,a new vision ( ! temple ( ,god z op5$ 9 heav51 disclos+ ! ark ( ! te/imony1 & att5d$ ) lightn+s1 & voices1 & ?und]+s1 & an e>?quake1 & great hail1 *4 xi4 #ai4 ,! view ( ! 8temple10 & ! 8ark10 w\ld naturally sugge/ a ref]5ce to ! *ur*1 & w\ld be an appropriate repres5tation on ! supposition t ?is vision relat$ to ! *ur*4 ,! att5d+ circum/ances ( ! lightn+s1 c41 7 well fitt$ to impress ! m9d ) awe1 & to leave ! conviction t great & mom5t\s ev5ts 7 ab\t to be disclos$4 ,i reg>d ?is v]se1 !re=e1 :i* %\ld h be5 sep>at$ f ! elev5? *apt] & atta*$ to ! twelf?1 z ! introduction to a new s]ies ( visions1 simil> to :at we h 9 ! introduction ( ! previ\s s]ies1 *4 iv4 #a4 ,! vision 0 ( ! temple! symbol ( ! *ur*& x 0 8op5$0 s t ,john c\ld see into its inmo/ "pev5 )9 ! veil :]e ! ark 0& c\ld h a view ( :at mo/ intimately p]ta9$ to x4 7#b7 ,a repres5tation ( ! *ur*1 "u ! image ( a woman ab\t to give bir? to a *ild1 *4 xii4 #a1 #b4 ,a woman is se51 clo!d1 z x 71 ) ! sunemblem ( maje/y1 tru?1 intellig5ce1 & glory2 %e has ! moon "u h] feet1 z if %e walk$ ! heav5s2 %e has on h] head a glitt]+ diadem ( />s2 %e is ab\t to become a "m4 ,?is seems to h be5 design$ to repres5t ! *ur* z ab\t to be increas$1 & z 9 t #bii condition wat*$ by a dragona mighty foeready to de/roy its (fspr+1 & ?us compell$ to flee into ! wild]ness = safety4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! po9t ( "t ref]r$ to w\ld be :5 ! *ur* 0 9 a prosp]\s condition1 & :5 x w\ld be enc\nt]$ by ,anti*ri/1 repres5t$ "h by ! dragon1 & compell$ to flee into ! wild]ness2 t is1 ! *ur* = a "t w\ld be driv5 into obscurity1 & be almo/ unkn[n4 ,x is no uncommon ?+1 9 ! ,scriptures1 to comp>e ! *ur* ) a beautiful woman4 ,see ,notes on ,isa4 i4 #h4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t 7vol4 ii4 #beb71 ?\gh he applies ! subject 9 a mann] v diff]5t f :at ,i %all1 seem to me accurately to express ! g5]al design ( ! symbol38,! daught] ( ,zion is a common p]sonification ( ! *ur* 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,paul1 ! same image is exhibit$ by ! phrase1 ,j]usalem1 :i* is ! "m ( u all2 i4e4 ( all ,*ri/ians1 ,ga4 iv4 #bf4 ,! ma9 po9t be=e u is ! illu/ration ( t *ur*1 anci5t or lat]1 "u ! image ( a woman4 ,if ! ,canticles are to h a spiritual s5se giv5 to !m1 x is pla9 en\gh1 ( c\rse1 h[ famili> su* an idea 0 to ! ,jews4 ,:e!r ! woman ?us exhibit$ z a symbol be repres5t$ z bride or "m dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! nature ( ! case1 & ! relations & exig5cies ( any p>ticul> passage40 7#c7 ,! dragon t /ood ready to dev\r ! *ild1 v]4 #c1 #d4 ,?is repres5ts "s =midable enemy ( ! *ur*1 t 0 ready to p]secute & de/roy x4 ,! real enemy "h ref]r$ to is1 und\bt$ly1 ,satan1 ! great enemy ( ,god & ! *ur*1 b "h x is ,satan 9 ! =m ( "s fe>ful oppon5t ( ! *ur* t w\ld arise at a p]iod :5 ! *ur* 0 prosp]\s1 & :5 x 0 ab\t to be enl>g$4 ,we are to look1 !re=e1 = "s fe>ful manife/ation ( ?is =midable p[]1 hav+ ! *>act]i/ics "h ref]r$ to1 or "s opposition to ! *ur* su* z we may suppose ,satan w\ld orig9ate1 & by :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! *ur* might seem to be endang]$4 7#d7 ,! fact t ! *ild :i* ! woman br\ght =? 0 caught up to heav5symbolical ( its real safety1 & ( its hav+ ! fav\r ( ,goda pl$ge t ! ultimate prosp]ity ( ! *ur* 0 c]ta91 & t x 0 safe f real dang]1 v]4 #e4 7#e7 ,! flee+ ( ! woman into ! wild]ness1 = ! space ( a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days1 or #abfj ye>s1 v]4 #f4 ,?is act d5otes ! p]secut$ & obscure condition ( ! *ur* dur+ t "t1 & ! p]iod :i* w\ld elapse be=e x w\ld be deliv]$ f ?is p]secution1 & re/or$ to ! place 9 ! e>? :i* x 0 design$ to h4 7#f7 ,! w> 9 heav52 a /ruggle betwe5 ! mighty p[]s ( heav5 & ! dragon1 v]4 #gi4 ,mi*ael & 8 angels cont5d aga9/ ! dragon1 9 behalf ( ! *ur*1 & f9ally prevail4 ,! dragon is ov]come1 & is ca/ out1 & all 8 angels ) him2 9 o!r words1 ! great enemy ( ,god & 8 *ur* is ov]come & subdu$4 ,?is is evid5tly design$ to be symbolical1 & ! mean+ is1 t a /ate ( ?+s w\ld exi/ 9 reg>d to ! *ur*1 :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by suppos+ t su* a sc5e %\ld occur 9 heav52 t is1 z if a w> %\ld exi/ !re betwe5 ! great enemy ( ,god & ! angels ( light1 & z if1 be+ !re vanqui%$1 ,satan %\ld be ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 & %\ld !re ex]t 8 malignant p[] 9 a w>f>e aga9/ ! *ur*4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t 8 w>f>e w\ld be prim>ily aga9/ heav51 z if he f\ght ) ! angels 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,god1 b t ! =m 9 :i* he w\ld seem to prevail w\ld be aga9/ ! *ur*1 z if1 be+ unsuccessful 9 8 direct w>f>e aga9/ ! angels ( ,god1 he 0 p]mitt$1 = a "t1 to enjoy ! appe>ance ( triumph 9 cont5d+ ) ! *ur*4 7#g7 ,! %\t ( victory 9 view ( ! conque/ ov] ! dragon1 v]4 #ajab4 ,a l\d voice is he>d 9 heav51 say+1 t n[ ! k+dom ( ,god is come1 & t ! reign ( ,god w\ld be set up1 = ! dragon is ca/ d[n & ov]come4 ,! gr& in/rum5tality 9 ov]com+ ?is foe 0 8! blood ( ! ,lamb1 & ! ^w ( _! te/imony20 t is1 ! great doctr9es ( tru? p]ta9+ to ! "w ( ! ,r$eem] w\ld be employ$ = ?is purpose1 & x is proclaim$ t ! heav5s & all t dwell !re9 _h occasion to rejoice at ! c]ta9ty t a victory w\ld be ultimately obta9$ ov] ?is great enemy ( ,god4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 8 influ5ce 0 n :olly at an end1 #cjj = he w\ld yet rage = a brief p]iod on ! e>?4 7#h7 ,! p]secution ( ! woman1 v]4 #acae4 ,%e is con/ra9$ to fly1 z on w+s giv5 h] = t purpose1 into ! wild]ness1 :]e %e is n\ri%$ = ! "t t ! dragon is to ex]t 8 p[]a 8"t1 times1 & half a "t0or = #abfj ye>s4 ,! dragon 9 rage p\rs out a flood ( wat]1 t he may cause h] to be swept away by ! flood3 ref]r+ to ! p]secutions t w\ld exi/ :ile ! *ur* 0 9 ! wild]ness1 & ! ef=ts t w\ld be made to de/roy x entirely4 7#i7 ,! e>? helps ! woman1 v]4 #af4 ,t is1 a /ate ( ?+s w\ld exi/ z if1 9 su* a case1 ! e>? %\ld op5 & swall[ up ! flood4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! *ur* w\ld n be swept away1 b t !re w\ld be an int]position 9 its behalf1 z if ! e>? %\ld1 9 ! case suppos$1 op5 its bosom1 & swall[ up ! swell+ wat]s4 7#aj7 ,! dragon1 /ill enrag$1 makes w> ) all t p]ta9s to ! woman1 v]4 #ag4 ,"h we are told lit]ally :o are ref]r$ to by ! 8se$0 ( ! woman4 ,!y are ^? :o 8keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & h ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/0 7v]4 #ag72 t is1 ! true *ur*4 ,! *apt]1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z a g5]al vision ( ! p]secutions t w\ld rage aga9/ ! *ur*4 ,x seem$ to be ab\t to increase & to spread ov] ! _w4 ,satan1 always oppos$ to x1 /rives to prev5t its ext5sion4 ,! conflict is repres5t$ z if 9 heav51 :]e w> is wag$ betwe5 ! cele/ial be+s & ,satan1 & :]e1 be+ ov]come1 ,satan is ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 & p]mitt$ to wage ! w> !re4 ,! *ur* is p]secut$2 becomes obscure & almo/ unkn[n1 b /ill is my/]i\sly su/a9$2 & :5 mo/ 9 dang] ( be+ :olly swall[$ up1 is kept z if a miracle 7 wr\ght 9 its def5ce4 ,! detail! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* ! w> w\ld be wag$is drawn out 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 #ai ,& ! #cgjtemple ( ,god 0 op5$ 9 heav51 & !re 0 se5 9 8 temple ! ark ( 8 te/am5t3 & !re 7 #cgalightn+s1 & voices1 & ?und]+s1 & an #cgb;e>?quake1 & great hail4 ,*4 xi4 #ai4 ,& ! temple ( ,god 0 op5$ 9 heav54 ,! temple ( ,god at ,j]usalem 0 a patt]n ( ! heav5ly "o1 or ( heav51 ,he4 viii4 #ae4 ,9 t temple ,god 0 suppos$ to reside by ! visible symbol ( 8 pres5ce! ,%ek9ah9 ! holy ( holies4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #g4 ,?us ,god dwells 9 heav51 z 9 a holy temple1 ( :i* t on e>? 0 ! emblem4 ,:5 x is said t t 0 8op5$ 9 heav510 ! mean+ is1 t ,john 0 p]mitt$1 z x 71 to look into heav51 ! abode ( ,god1 & to see him 9 8 glory4 ,& !re 0 se5 9 8 temple ! ark ( 8 te/am5t4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #d4 ,t is1 ! v int]ior ( heav5 0 laid op51 & ,john 0 p]mitt$ to witness :at 0 transact$ 9 its obscure/ recesses1 & :at 7 its mo/ hidd5 my/]ies4 ,x w be rememb]$1 z an illu/ration ( ! correctness ( ?is view ( ! mean+ ( ! v]se1 & ( its prop] place 9 ! divisions ( ! bookassign+ x z ! op5+ v]se ( a new s]ies ( visionst 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( visions we h a /atem5t rem>kably simil> to ?is1 *4 iv4 #a3 8,aft] ?is ,i look$1 &1 behold1 a door 0 op5$ 9 heav520 t is1 !re 01 z x 71 an op5+ made into heav51 s t ,john 0 p]mitt$ to look 9 & see :at 0 occurr+ !re4 ,! same idea is express$ sub/antially "h1 by say+ t ! v int]ior ( ! sacr$ temple :]e ,god resides 0 8op5$ 9 heav510 s t ,john 0 p]mitt$ to look 9 & see :at 0 transact$ 9 8 v pres5ce4 ,?is1 too1 may g to confirm ! idea sugge/$ 9 ! ,analysis ( ! ,book1 "p ,v41 t ?is portion ( ! ,apocalypse ref]s r to ! int]nal affairs ( ! *ur*1 or ! *ur* itself= ( ?is ! temple 0 ! prop] emblem4 ,!n appropriately foll[s ! s]ies ( visions describ+1 z 9 ! =m] case1 :at 0 to occur 9 future times3 ?is s]ies ref]r+ to ! int]nal affairs ( ! *ur*1 z ! =m] did ma9ly to :at w\ld outw>dly affect its =m & condition4 ,& !re 7 lightn+s1 c4 ,symbolic ( ! awful pres5ce ( ,god1 & ( 8 maje/y & glory1 z 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ s]ies ( visions4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #e4 #cja ,! simil>ity ( ! symbols ( ! div9e maje/y 9 ! two cases may also s]ve to confirm ! supposition t ?is is ! beg9n+ ( a new s]ies ( visions4 ,& an e>?quake4 ,also a symbol ( ! div9e maje/y1 & p]haps ( ! great convulsions t 7 to occur "u ?is s]ies ( visions4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 vi4 #ab4 ,?us1 9 ! sublime description ( ,god 9 ,ps4 xviii4 #g1 8,!n ! e>? %ook & trembl$1 ! f\ndations also ( ! hills mov$ & 7 %ak51 because he 0 wro?40 ,s 9 ,ex4 xix4 #ah1 8,& ,m\nt ,s9ai 0 altoge!r on a smoke& ! :ole m\nt quak$ greatly40 ,comp4 ,am4 viii4 #h1 #i2 ,joel ii4 #aj4 ,& great hail4 ,also an emblem ( ! pres5ce & maje/y ( ,god1 p]haps ) ! accompany+ idea t he w\ld ov]:elm & puni% 8 enemies4 ,s 9 ,ps4 xviii4 #ac1 8,! ,"l also ?und]$ 9 ! heav5s1 & ! ,highe/ gave 8 voice3 hail/ones & coals ( fire40 ,s also ,job xxxviii4 #bb1 #bc3 8,ha/ ?\ ent]$ into ! treasures ( sn[8 ,or ha/ ?\ se5 ! treasures ( ! hail8 ,:i* ,i h res]v$ aga9/ ! "t ( tr\ble4 ,aga9/ ! day ( battle & w>80 ,s 9 ,ps4 cv4 #cb3 8,he gave !m hail = ra91 ,& flam+ fire 9 _! l&40 ,comp4 ,ps4 lxxviii4 #dh2 ,is4 xxx4 #cj2 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #bb4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,& !re appe>$ a great #cgcwond] 9 heav52 a #cgdwoman clo!d ) ! #cgesun1 & ! moon "u h] feet1 & ^u h] head a cr[n ( twelve />s3 ,*4 xii4 #a4 ,& !re appe>$ a great wond] 9 heav54 ,9 t heav5ly _w ?us disclos$1 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,god1 he saw ! impressive & rem>kable symbol :i* he proce$s to describe4 ,! ^w wond]prop]ly means some?+ extraord9>y1 or miracul\s1 & is commonly r5d]$ sign4 ,see ,mat4 xii4 #ch1 #ci2 xvi4 #a1 #c1 #d2 xxiv4 #c1 #bd1 #cj2 xxvi4 #dh2 ,m>4 viii4 #aa1 #ab2 xiii4 #d1 #bb2 xvi4 #ag1 #bj2;9 all :i*1 & 9 num]\s o!r places 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is r5d]$ sign1 & mo/ly 9 ! s5se ( miracle4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( a miracle1 x ref]s to ! fact t ! miracle is a sign or tok5 by :i* ! div9e p[] or purpose is made kn[n4 ,sometimes ! ^w is us$ to d5ote a sign ( future ?+sa port5t or presage ( com+ ev5ts2 t is1 "s rem>kable appe>ances :i* =e%ad[ ! future4 ,?us 9 ,mat4 xvi4 #c3 8signs ( ! times20 t is1 ! miracul\s ev5ts :i* =e%ad[ ! com+ ( ! ,messiah 9 8 k+dom4 ,s also 9 ,mat4 xxiv4 #c1 #cj2 ,m>4 xiii4 #d2 ,lu4 xxi4 #g1 #aa4 ,?is seems to be ! mean+ "h1 t ! woman :o appe>$ 9 ?is rem>kable mann] 0 a port5t or tok5 ( :at 0 to occur4 ,a woman clo!d ) ! sun4 ,bright1 spl5did1 glori\s1 z if ! sunbeams 7 h] raim5t4 ,comp4 *4 i4 #af2 x4 #a2 see also ,ca4 vi4 #aj;a passage :i*1 v possibly1 0 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] :5 he p5n$ ?is description3 8,:o is %e t looke? =? z ! morn+1 fair z ! moon1 cle> z ! sun1 & t]rible z an army ) bann]s80 ,& ! moon "u h] feet4 ,! moon seem$ to be "u h] feet4 ,%e seem$ z if %e /ood on ! moon1 its pale light contra/$ ) ! burn+ spl5d\r ( ! sun1 height5+ ! beauty ( ! :ole picture4 ,! woman1 beyond all "q1 repres5ts ! *ur*4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,is ! spl5d\r ( ! sunlight design$ to d5ote ! brightness ( ! gospel8 ,is ! moon design$ to repres5t ! comp>atively feeble light ( ! ,jewi% disp5sation8 ,is ! fact t %e /ood ^u ! moon1 or t x 0 "u h] feet1 design$ to d5ote ! sup]iority ( ! gospel to ! ,jewi% disp5sation8 ,su* a supposition gives mu* beauty to ! symbol1 & is n =eign to ! nature ( symbolic language4 ,& ^u h] head a cr[n ( twelve />s4 ,a diadem 9 :i* !re 7 plac$ twelve />s4 ,t is1 !re 7 twelve sp>kl+ gems 9 ! cr[n :i* %e wore4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 greatly increase ! beauty ( ! vision2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! numb] twelve "h is significant4 ,if ! woman "h is design$ to symbolize ! *ur*1 !n ! numb] twelve has1 9 all probability1 "s allusion ei!r to ! twelve tribes ( ,israelz be+ a numb] :i* "o :o 0 born & educat$ z a ,jew w\ld be likely to use 7comp4 ,ja4 i4 #a71 or to ! twelve apo/lesan allusion :i*1 x may be suppos$1 an apo/le w\ld be m #cjb likely to make4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xix4 #bh2 ,re4 xxi4 #ad4 #b ,& %e be+ ) *ild cri$1 travail+ 9 bir?1 & pa9$ to be deliv]$4 #b4 ,& %e be+ ) *ild cri$1 travail+ 9 bir?1 c4 ,t is1 !re w\ld be some?+ :i* w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by a woman 9 su* circum/ances4 ,! "q n[ is1 :at is ref]r$ to by ?is woman8 ,& "h x ne$ h>dly be said t !re has be51 z 9 reg>d to almo/ e o!r "p ( ! book ( ,revelation1 a great v>iety ( int]pretations4 ,x w\ld be endless to und]take to exam9e !m1 & w\ld n be pr(itable if x c\ld be done2 & x is bett]1 !re=e1 & m 9 accordance ) ! design ( ^! ,notes1 to /ate briefly :at seems to me to be ! true int]pretation4 7#a7 ,! woman is evid5tly design$ to symbolize ! *ur*2 & 9 ?is !re is a pretty g5]al agreem5t among int]pret]s4 ,! image1 :i* is a beautiful "o1 0 v famili> to ! ,jewi% prophets4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 i4 #h2 xlvii4 #a2 comp4 ,eze4 xvi4 7#b7 ,b /ill ! "q arises1 to :at "t ?is repres5tation ref]s3 :e!r to ! *ur* be=e ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r1 or aft]8 ,accord+ to ! =m] ( ^! op9ions1 x is suppos$ to ref] to ! *ur* z giv+ bir? to ! ,savi\r1 & ! 8man *ild0 t is born 7v]4 #e7 is suppos$ to ref] to ,*ri/1 :o 8sprang f ! *ur*0 accord+ to ! fle% 7,pr(essor ,/u>t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beb74 ,! *ur*1 accord+ to ?is view1 is n simply reg>d$ z ,jewi%1 b1 9 a m g5]al & !ocratic s5se1 z ! p ( ,god4 8,f ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 consid]$ z ,*ri/ian1 he c\ld n spr+2 = ?is took its rise only aft] ! "t ( 8 public m9i/ry4 ,b f ! bosom ( ! p ( ,god ! ,savi\r came4 ,?is *ur*1 ,judaical inde$ 7at ! "t ( 8 bir?7 9 respect to rites & =ms1 b to become ,*ri/ian aft] he _h ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry 9 ! mid/ ( x1 might well be repres5t$ "h by ! woman :i* is describ$ 9 *4 xii40 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,b to ?is view !re are "s1 z x seems to me1 unansw]able objections4 ,=1 7a7 !re seems to be a h>%ness & incongruity 9 repres5t+ ! ,savi\r z ! ,son ( ! *ur*1 or repres5t+ ! *ur* z giv+ bir? to him4 ,su* imag]y is n f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,bible1 & is n 9 accordance ) ! language :i* is employ$1 :]e ,*ri/ is r repres5t$ z ! ,husb& ( ! *ur* ?an ! ,son3 8,prep>$ z a bride adorn$ = h] husb&10 ,re4 xxi4 #b4 8,i w %[ !e ! bride1 ! ,lamb's wife10 ,re4 xxi4 #i2 comp4 ,is4 liv4 #e2 lxi4 #aj2 lxii4 #e4 7b7 ,if ?is int]pretation be adopt$1 !n ?is mu/ ref] to ! ,jewi% *ur*1 & ?us ! woman w p]sonify ! ,jewi% community be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,b ?is seems contr>y to ! :ole design ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & n to ! anci5t disp5sation4 7c7 ,if ?is int]pretation be adopt$1 !n ! /atem5t ab\t ! dwell+ 9 ! wild]ness = a p]iod ( #abfj days or ye>s 7v]4 #ad7 mu/ be assign$ to ! ,jewi% communitya supposition e way improbable & unt5able4 ,9 :at s5se c\ld ?is be true8 ,:5 did any?+ happ5 to ! ,jewi% p t c\ld1 ) any %[ ( probability1 be reg>d$ z ! fulfilm5t ( ?is8 7d7 ,x may be add$1 t ! /atem5t ab\t ! 8man *ild0 7v]4 #e7 is "o t c ) difficulty be reconcil$ to ?is supposition4 ,9 :at s5se 0 ?is true1 t ! 8man *ild0 0 8caught up unto ,god1 & to 8 ?rone80 ,! ,savi\r1 inde$1 asc5d$ to heav51 b x 0 n1 z "h repres5t$1 t he might be protect$ f ! dang] ( be+ de/roy$2 & :5 he did asc5d1 x 0 n z a helpless & unprotect$ babe1 b z a man 9 ! full maturity ( 8 p[]s4 ,! o!r op9ion is1 t ! woman "h ref]s to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & t ! object is to repres5t t *ur* z ab\t to be enl>g$repres5t$ by ! condition ( ! woman1 v]4 #b4 ,a beautiful woman appe>s1 clo!d ) lightemblematic ( ! brightness & purity ( ! *ur*2 ) ! moon "u h] feet! anci5t & comp>atively obscure disp5sation n[ made subord9ate & humble2 ) a glitt]+ diadem ( twelve />s on h] head! />s repres5t+ ! usual well-kn[n division ( ! p ( ,god into twelve p>tsz ! />s 9 ! ,am]ican flag d5ote ! orig9al /ates ( ! ,union2 & 9 a condition 7v]4 #b7 :i* %[$ t ! *ur* 0 to be increas$4 ,! "t !re ref]r$ to is at ! #cjc e>ly p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 :51 z x 71 x fir/ appe>s on ! !atre ( ?+s1 & go+ =? 9 its beauty & maje/y ov] ! e>?4 ,john sees ?is *ur*1 z x 0 ab\t to spread 9 ! _w1 expos$ to a mighty & =midable enemya hateful dragon/ation+ itself to prev5t its increase1 & to accompli% its de/ruction4 ,f t imp5d+ dang] x is protect$ 9 a mann] t w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! sav+ ( ! *ild ( ! woman1 & be>+ x up to heav51 to a place ( safetyan act imply+ t1 not)/&+ all dang]s1 ! progress & enl>gem5t ( ! *ur* 0 ultimately c]ta94 ,9 ! meantime1 ! woman h]self flees into ! wild]nessan act repres5t+ ! obscure1 & humble1 & p]secut$ /ate ( ! *ur*till ! great controv]sy is det]m9$ :i* is to h ! asc5d5cy,god or ! ,dragon4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is int]pretation1 ! foll[+ consid]ations may be sugge/$37a7 ,x is ! natural & obvi\s int]pretation4 7b7 ,if x be admitt$ t ,john meant to describe :at occurr$ 9 ! _w at ! "t :5 ! true *ur* seem$ to be ab\t to ext5d itself ov] ! e>?1 & :5 t prosp]ity 0 *eck$ by ! rise ( ! ,papal p[]1 ! symbol employ$ w\ld be /rik+ly expressive & appropriate4 7c7 ,x accords ) ! language else:]e us$ 9 ! ,scriptures :5 ref]r+ to ! increase ( ! *ur*4 8,be=e %e travail$1 %e br\ght =?2 be=e h] pa9 came1 %e 0 deliv]$ ( a man *ild4 ,:o ha? he>d su* a ?+8 ,z soon z ,zion travail$1 %e br\ght =? h] *ildr510 ,is4 lxvi4 #g1 #h4 8,s+1 ,o b>r51 ?\ t did/ n be>2 = m are ! *ildr5 ( ! desolate ?an ! *ildr5 ( ! m>ri$ wife1 sai? ! ,"l10 ,is4 liv4 #a4 8,! *ildr5 :i* ?\ %alt h1 aft] ?\ %alt h lo/ ! o!r1 %all say aga9 9 ?y e>s1 ,! place is too /rait = me2 give place to me t ,i may dwell10 ,is4 xlix4 #bj4 ,! comp>ison ( ! *ur* to a woman z ! "m ( *ildr51 is "o t is v common 9 ! ,scriptures4 7d7 ,! future de/9y ( ! *ild & ( ! woman agrees ) ?is supposition4 ,! *ild is caught up to heav51 v]4 #e;emblematic ( ! fact t ,god w protect ! *ur*1 & n suff] its increase to be cut (f & de/roy$2 & ! woman is driv5 = #abfj ye>s into ! wild]ness & n\ri%$ !re1 v]4 #ad;emblematic ( ! long p]iod ( obscurity & p]secution 9 ! true *ur*1 & yet ( ! fact t x w\ld be protect$ & n\ri%$4 ,! design ( ! :ole1 !re=e1 ,i appreh5d1 is to repres5t ! p]il ( ! *ur* at ! "t :5 x 0 ab\t to be greatly enl>g$1 or 9 a season ( prosp]ity1 f ! rise ( a =midable enemy t w\ld /& ready to de/roy x4 ,i reg>d ?is1 !re=e1 z ref]r+ to ! "t ( ! rise ( ! ,papacy1 :51 b = t =midable1 corrupt+1 & de/ructive p[]1 x might h be5 hop$ t ! *ur* w\ld h spread all ov] ! _w4 ,9 reg>d to ! rise ( t p[]1 see all t ,i h to say1 or c say1 9 ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bdbh4 #c ,& !re appe>$ ano!r wond]#cgf 9 heav52 & behold a #cgg;great r$ dragon1 hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns1 & sev5 cr[ns ^u 8 heads4 #c4 ,& !re appe>$ ano!r wond] 9 heav54 ,repres5t$ z 9 heav54 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,t is1 he saw ?is z occurr+ at ! "t :5 ! *ur* 0 ?us ab\t to increase4 ,& behold a great r$ dragon4 ,! ^w r5d]$ dragonoccurs1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 only 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 :]e x is uni=mly r5d]$ z "hdragon3 *4 xii4 #c1 #d1 #g1 #i1 #ac1 #af1 #ag2 xiii4 #b1 #d1 #aa2 xvi4 #ac2 xx4 #b4 ,9 all ^! places !re is ref]5ce to ! same ?+4 ,! ^w prop]ly means a l>ge s]p5t2 & ! allusion 9 ! ^w commonly is to "s s]p5t1 p]haps su* z ! anaconda1 t resides 9 a des]t or wild]ness4 ,see a full acc\nt ( ! ideas t prevail$ 9 anci5t times respect+ ! dragon1 9 ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 lib4 iii4 cap4 xiv41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dbhddj4 ,!re 0 mu* t 0 fabul\s respect+ ?is mon/]1 & _m notions 7 atta*$ to ! dragon :i* did n exi/ 9 reality1 & :i* 7 ascrib$ to x by ! imag9ation at a "t :5 natural hi/ory 0 little und]/ood4 ,! *>act]i/ics ascrib$ to ! dragon1 accord+ to ,bo*>t1 are1 t x 0 di/+ui%$ 7a7 = its va/ size2 7b7 t x _h some?+ l a be>d or dew-lap2 7c7 t x _h ?ree r[s ( tee?2 7d7 t its col\r 0 black1 #cjd r$1 yell[1 or a%y2 7e7 t x _h a wide m\?2 7f7 t 9 its brea?+ x n only drew 9 ! air1 b also birds t 7 fly+ ov] x2 & 7g7 t its hiss 0 t]rible4 ,occasionally1 also1 feet & w+s 7 attribut$ to ! dragon1 & sometimes a l(ty cre/4 ,! dragon1 accord+ to ,bo*>t1 0 suppos$ to inhabit wa/e places & solitudes 7comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xiii4 #bb71 & x became1 !re=e1 an object ( great t]ror4 ,x is probable t ! orig9al ( ?is 0 a huge s]p5t1 & t all ! o!r circum/ances 7 add$ by ! imag9ation4 ,! prevail+ ideas 9 reg>d to x1 h[ev]1 %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 9 ord] to see ! =ce & propriety ( ! use ( ! ^w by ,john4 ,two special *>act]i/ics are /at$ by ,john 9 ! g5]al description ( ! dragon3 "o is1 its r$ col\r2 ! o!r1 t x 0 great4 ,9 reg>d to ! =m]1 z above m5tion$1 ! dragon 0 suppos$ to be black1 r$1 yell[1 or a%y4 ,see ! au?orities ref]r$ to 9 ,bo*>t1 ut sup41 pp4 #dce1 #dcf4 ,!re 0 d\btless a reason :y ! "o se5 by ,john %\ld be repres5t$ z r$4 ,z to ! o!r *>act]i/icgreat! idea is t x 0 a huge mon/]1 & ?is w\ld prop]ly ref] to "s mighty1 t]rible p[] :i* w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by su* a mon/]4 ,hav+ sev5 heads4 ,x 0 n unusual to attribute _m heads to mon/]s1 especially to fabul\s mon/]s1 & ^! greatly increas$ ! t]ror ( ! animal4 8,?us ,c]b]us usually has ?ree heads assign$ to him2 b ,hesiod 7,!og4 #cab7 assigns him fifty1 & ,horace 7,ode ,,ii4 #ac1 #cd7 "o hundr$4 ,s ! ,hydra ( ! ,lake ,l]na1 kill$ by ,h]cules1 _h fifty heads 7,virg4 n4 vi4 #egf72 & 9 ,kiddu%im1 fol4 #bi1 #b1 ,rabbi ,a*se is said to h se5 a demon l a dragon ) sev5 heads0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,! sev5 heads w\ld someh[ d5ote p[]1 or seats ( p[]4 ,su* a numb] ( heads increase ! t]ribl5ess1 &1 z x 71 ! vitality ( ! mon/]4 ,:at is "h repres5t$ w\ld be z t]rible & =midable z su* a mon/]2 or su* a mon/] w\ld appropriately repres5t :at 0 design$ to be symboliz$ "h4 ,! numb] sev5 may be us$ "h 8z a p]fect numb]10 or m]ely to height5 ! t]ror ( ! image2 b x is m natural to suppose t !re w\ld be some?+ 9 :at is "h repres5t$ :i* w\ld lay ! f\ndation = ! use ( ?is numb]4 ,!re w\ld be some?+ ei!r 9 ! orig9 ( ! p[]2 or 9 ! union ( v>i\s p[]s n[ comb9$ 9 ! "o repres5t$ by ! dragon2 or 9 ! seat ( ! p[]1 :i* ?is w\ld prop]ly symbolize4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #f4 ,& t5 horns4 ,emblems ( p[]1 d5ot+ t1 9 "s respects1 !re 7 t5 p[]s comb9$ 9 ?is "o4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #g1 #h1 #bj1 #bd4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,john _h ^? passages ( ,daniel 9 8 eye1 & p]haps z little t ! ref]5ce is to ! same ?+4 ,! mean+ is1 t1 9 "s respects1 !re w\ld be a t5fold orig9 or division ( ! p[] repres5t$ by ! dragon4 ,& sev5 cr[ns ^u 8 heads4 ,gr41 diadems4 ,see ,notes on *4 ix4 #g4 ,!re is a ref]5ce "h to "s k+ly p[]1 & d\btless ,john _h "s k+dom or sov]eignty 9 8 eye t w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! me?od 9 :i* ^! heads & horns 7 arrang$ on ! dragon is n /at$1 & is n mat]ial4 ,all t is necess>y 9 ! explanation is1 t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! p[] ref]r$ to t w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ! sev5 heads1 & some?+ by ! t5 horns4 ,9 ! application ( ?is1 x w be necess>y to inquire :at 0 prop]ly symboliz$ by ^! repres5tations1 & to ref] aga9 to ^! p>ticul>s ) ?is view4 7a7 ,! dragon4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 v]4 #i ( ?is *apt]3 8,& ! great dragon 0 ca/ out1 t old s]p5t1 call$ ! ,devil1 & ,satan1 :i* deceive? ! :ole _w40 ,s aga91 *4 xx4 #b1 8,& he laid hold on ! dragon1 t old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil40 ,comp4 ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 ii4 pp4 #dci1 #ddj4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! ref]5ce "h is to ,satan1 consid]$ z ! enemy ( ,god1 & ! enemy ( ! peace ( man1 & especially z giv+ orig9 & =m to "s mighty p[] t w\ld ?reat5 ! exi/5ce ( ! *ur*4 7b7 ,great4 ,?is w well describe ! p[] ( ,satan z orig9at+ ! organizations t 7 engag$ = s long a "t 9 p]secut+ ! *ur*1 & endeav\r+ to de/roy x4 ,x 0 a "w ( va/ p[]1 controll+ k+s & nations = ages1 & c\ld h be5 accompli%$ only by "o to :om ! appellation "h us$ c\ld be giv54 #cje 7c7 ,r$4 ,?is1 too1 is an appellation prop]ly appli$ "h to ! dragon1 or ,satan1 consid]$ z ! enemy ( ! *ur*1 & z orig9at+ ?is p]secut+ p[]1 ei!r 7#a7 because x well repres5ts ! bloody p]secutions t w\ld ensue1 or 7#b7 because ?is w\ld be ! fav\rite col\r by :i* ?is p[] w\ld be manife/4 ,comp4 *4 xvii4 #c1 #d2 xviii4 #ab1 #af4 7d7 ,! sev5 heads4 ,!re 01 d\btless1 z above rem>k$1 some?+ significant 9 ^! heads1 z ref]r+ to ! p[] design$ to be repres5t$4 ,on ! supposition t ?is ref]s to ,rome1 or to ! p[] ( ,satan z manife/$ by ,roman p]secution1 !re c be no difficulty 9 ! application2 &1 inde$1 x is su* an image z ! writ] w\ld naturally use on ! supposition t x _h su* a design$ ref]5ce4 ,rome 0 built1 z is well kn[n1 on sev5 hills 7comp4 ,notes on *4 x4 #c71 & 0 call$ ! sev5-hill$ city 7,septicollis71 f hav+ be5 orig9ally built on sev5 hills1 ?\gh subsequ5tly ?ree hills 7 add$1 mak+ ! :ole numb] t54 ,see ,es*5burg1 ,manual ( ,classical ,lit]ature1 p4 #a1 #ec4 ,?us ,ovid3 8,s$ qu de septem totum circumspicit orbem ,montibus1 imp]ii ,rom ,demque locus40 ,horace3 8,dis quibus septem placu]e colles40 ,prop]tius3 8,septem urbs alta jugis1 toti qu prsidet orbi40 ,t]tullian38,i appeal to ! citiz5s ( ,rome1 ! populace t dwell on ! sev5 hills0 7,apol4 #ce74 ,& aga91 ,j]ome to ,m>cella1 :5 urg+ h] to quit ,rome = ,be?lehem3 8,read :at is said 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ! sev5 hills10 c4 ,! situation ( ! city1 if t 0 de/9$ to be repres5t$ by ! dragon1 w\ld naturally sugge/ ! idea ( ! sev5-head$ mon/]4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 ,! explanation :i* is "h giv5 ( ! mean+ ( ! 8sev5 heads0 is1 9 fact1 "o t is giv5 9 ! book ( ,revelation itself1 & !re c be no dang] ( error 9 ?is "p ( ! int]pretation4 ,see *4 xvii4 #i3 8,! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s1 on :i* ! woman sitte?40 ,comp4 v]4 #ah4 7e7 ,! t5 horns4 ,^! 7 emblems ( p[]1 d5ot+ t 9 ref]5ce to t p[] !re 71 9 "s respects1 t5 s\rces4 ,! same ?+ is ref]r$ to "h :i* is 9 ,da4 vii4 #g1 #h1 #bj1 #bd4 ,see ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bd1 :]e ?is subject is fully consid]$4 ,! creature t ,john saw 0 inde$ a mon/]1 & we are n to expect entire congruity 9 ! details4 ,x is suffici5t t ! ma9 idea is pres]v$1 & t w\ld be1 if ! ref]5ce 0 to ,rome consid]$ z ! place :]e ! en]gy ( ,satan1 z oppos$ to ,god & ! *ur*1 0 c5t]$4 7f7 ,! sev5 cr[ns4 ,?is w\ld m]ely d5ote t k+ly or royal au?ority 0 claim$4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,/&>d4 ,! g5]al int]pretation :i* ref]s ?is vision to ,rome may receive confirmation f ! fact t ! dragon 0 at "o "t ! ,roman /&>d1 z is repres5t$ by ! annex$ engrav+ f ,montfauon4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7xvi4 #aj7 ?us describes ?is /&>d3 8,! dragon 0 cov]$ ) purple clo?1 & fa/5$ to ! end ( a pike gilt & adorn$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,x op5$ its wide ?roat1 & ! w9d blew ?r\gh x2 & x hiss$ z if 9 a rage1 ) its tail float+ 9 sev]al folds ?r\gh ! air40 ,he else:]e (t5 gives x ! epi!t ( purpureuspurple-r$3 purpureum signum draconis1 c4 ,) #cjf ?is ! description ( ,claudian well agrees also3 8,hi volucres toll5t aquilas2 hi picta draconum ,colla levant3 multumque tumet p] nubila s]p5s1 ,iratus /imulante noto1 vivitque receptis ,flatibus1 et v>io m5titur sibila flatu40 ,! dragon 0 fir/ us$ z an ensign ne> ! close ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & x 0 n until ! ?ird c5tury t its use _h become common2 & ! ref]5ce "h1 accord+ to ?is fact1 w\ld be to t p]iod ( ! ,roman p[] :5 ?is _h become a common /&>d1 & :5 ! applicability ( ?is image w\ld be readily und]/ood4 ,x is simply ,rome t is ref]r$ to,rome1 ! great ag5t ( accompli%+ ! purposes ( ,satan t[>ds ! *ur*4 ,! eagle 0 ! common ,roman ensign 9 ! "t ( ! republic1 & 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! empire2 b 9 lat] p]iods ! dragon became also a /&>d z common & z well kn[n z ! eagle4 8,9 ! ?ird c5tury x _h become almo/ z notori\s among ,roman ensigns z ! eagle itself2 & is 9 ! f\r? c5tury not$ by ,prud5tius1 ,vegetius1 ,*ryso/om1 ,ammianus1 c42 9 ! fif?1 by ,claudian & o!rs0 7,elliott74 #d ,& 8 #cghtail drew ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav51 & did ca/ !m to ! e>?3 & ! dragon /ood be=e ! woman :i* 0 ready to be deliv]$1 = to dev\r h] *ild z soon z x 0 born4 #d4 ,& 8 tail drew ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav54 ,! ^w r5d]$ drewmeans to draw1 drag1 haul4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s x 8drew along20 & expla9s x z mean+ t 8! dang] is repres5t$ z be+ 9 ! upp] region ( ! air1 s t 8 tail may be suppos$ to int]f]e ) & sweep d[n ! />s1 :i*1 z view$ by ! anci5ts1 7 all set 9 ! visible expanse or welk940 ,s ,daniel 7viii4 #aj71 speak+ ( ! little horn1 says t 8x wax$ great1 ev5 to ! ho/ ( heav51 & x ca/ d[n "s ( ! ho/ & ( ! />s to ! gr\nd40 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,! ma9 idea "h und\bt$ly is t ( p[]1 & ! object ( ,john is to %[ t ! p[] ( ! dragon 0 z if x ext5d$ to ! />s1 & z if x dragg$ d[n a ?ird "p ( !m to ! e>?1 or swept !m away ) its tail1 leav+ two-?irds unaffect$4 ,a p[] t w\ld sweep !m all away w\ld be univ]sal2 a p[] t w\ld sweep away "o-?ird only w\ld repres5t a dom9ion ( t ext5t only4 ,! dragon is repres5t$ z float+ 9 ! aira mon/] ext5d$ along ! sky& "o-?ird ( ! :ole expanse 0 subject to 8 control4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! dragon "h 0 design$ to repres5t ! ,roman ,pagan p[]2 suppose t x ref]r$ to t p[] ab\t to engage 9 ! "w ( p]secution1 & at a "t :5 ! *ur* 0 ab\t to be greatly enl>g$1 & to fill ! _w2 suppose t x ref]r$ to a "t :5 b "o-?ird "p ( ! ,roman _w 0 subject to ,pagan influ5ce1 & ! rema9+ two-?irds 71 = "s cause1 safe f ?is influ5ce1all ! conditions "h ref]r$ to w\ld be fulfill$4 ,n[ x s happ5s t at a "t :5 ! 8dragon0 _h become a common /&>d 9 ! ,roman armies1 & _h 9 "s measure sup]s$$ ! eagle1 a /ate ( ?+s did exi/ :i* well corresponds ) ?is repres5tation4 ,!re 7 times "u ! emp]ors :51 9 a consid]able "p ( ! empire1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! *ur* enjoy$ protection1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 tol]at$1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts ,paganism /ill prevail$1 & wag$ a bitt] w>f>e ) ! *ur*4 8,twice1 at lea/1 be=e ! ,roman empire became divid$ p]man5tly into ! two p>ts1 ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n1 !re 0 a trip>tite division ( ! empire4 ,! fir/ occurr$ ,a4,d4 #caa1 :5 x 0 divid$ betwe5 ,con/ant9e1 ,lic9ius1 & ,maxim92 ! o!r ,a4,d4 #ccg1 on ! dea? ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 x 0 divid$ betwe5 8 ?ree sons1 ,con/ant9e1 ,con/ans1 & ,con/antius40 8,9 two-?irds ( ! empire1 embrac+ its :ole ,european & ,african t]ritory1 ,*ri/ians enjoy$ tol]ation2 9 ! o!r1 or ,asiatic portion1 !y 7 /ill1 aft] a brief & unc]ta9 respite1 expos$ to p]secution1 9 all its bitt]ness & cruelty z be=e0 7,elliott74 ,i d n deem x absolutely ess5tial1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to a fair exposition ( ?is passage1 t we %\ld #cjg be able to ref] to m9ute hi/orical facts ) names & dates4 ,a suffici5t fulfilm5t is f\nd if !re 0 a p]iod :5 ! *ur*1 bright1 glori\s1 & prosp]\s1 0 app>5tly ab\t to become greatly enl>g$1 b :5 ! mon/r\s ,pagan p[] /ill held its sway ov] a consid]able "p ( ! _w1 expos+ ! *ur* to p]secution4 ,ev5 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *ur* 9 ! empire1 & ! fav\r %[n to x by ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 x 0 long be=e ! ,pagan p[] ceas$ to rage1 & be=e ! *ur* c\ld be reg>d$ z safe4 ,& ! dragon /ood be=e ! woman :i* 0 ready to be deliv]$1 = to dev\r h] *ild4 ,to prev5t ! increase & spread ( ! *ur* 9 ! _w4 #e ,& #cgi%e br\ght =? a man *ild1 #chj:o 0 to rule all nations ) a rod ( iron3 & h] *ild 0 caught up unto ,god1 & to 8 ?rone4 #e4 ,& %e br\ght =? a man *ild4 ,repres5t+1 accord+ to ! view above tak51 ! *ur* 9 its increase & prosp]ityz if a *ild 7 born t 0 to rule ov] all nations4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,:o 0 to rule all nations4 ,t is1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! *ur* ?us repres5t$ 0 de/9$ to reign 9 all ! e>?1 or all ! e>? 0 to become subject to its laws4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,) a rod ( iron4 ,! language "h us$ is d]iv$ f ,ps4 ii4 #i3 8,?\ %alt break !m ) a rod ( iron40 ,! =m ( ! expression "h us$1 8:o 0 to rule0 is d]iv$ f ! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,psalm8?\ %alt rule !m20 to wit1 z a %eph]d does 8 flock4 ,! ref]5ce is to su* control z a %eph]d employs 9 relation to 8 flockprotect+1 gu>d+1 & def5d+ !m1 ) ! idea t ! flock is "u 8 c>e2 &1 on ! supposition t ?is ref]s to ! *ur*1 x means t x w\ld yet h ! asc5d5cy or ! dom9ion ov] ! e>?4 ,! mean+ 9 ! phrase1 8) a rod ( iron10 is1 t ! dom9ion w\ld be /rong or irresi/iblez an iron sceptre is "o t _c be brok5 or resi/$4 ,! ?\ghts "h express$1 !re=e1 are1 7a7 t ! *ur* w\ld become univ]salor t ! pr9ciples ( tru? & righte\sness w\ld prevail ev]y:]e on ! e>?2 7b7 t ! asc5d5cy ( religion ov] ! und]/&+s & consci5ces ( m5 w\ld be irresi/iblez firm z a gov]nm5t adm9i/]$ "u a sceptre ( iron2 yet 7c7 t x w\ld be r ( a "* ( protection ?an ( =ce or viol5ce1 l ! sway :i* a %eph]d wields ov] 8 flock4 ,i und]/& ! 8man *ild0 "h1 !re=e1 to ref] to ! *ur* 9 its increase "u ! ,messiah1 & ! idea to be1 t t *ur* 01 at ! "t ref]r$ to1 ab\t to be enl>g$1 & t1 ?\gh its increase 0 oppos$1 yet x 0 de/9$ ultimately to ass]t a mild sway ov] all ! _w4 ,! "t "h ref]r$ to w\ld seem to be "s p]iod 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! *ur* :5 religion 0 likely to be rapidly propagat$1 & :5 x 0 oppos$ & ret>d$ by viol5t p]secutionp]haps ! la/ ( ! p]secutions "u ! ,pagan ,roman empire4 ,& h] *ild 0 caught up unto ,god4 ,?is is evid5tly a symbolical repres5tation4 ,"s ev5t 0 to occur1 or "s div9e int]position 0 to take place1 z if ! *ild ?us born 7 caught up f ! e>? to save x f dea?1 & 0 r5d]$ secure by be+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & ne> 8 ?rone4 ,x _c be suppos$ t any?+ l ?is w\ld lit]ally occur4 ,any div9e int]position to protect ! *ur* 9 its increase1 or to save x f be+ de/roy$ by ! dragon! fi]ce ,pagan p[]w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ?is4 ,:y may we n suppose ! ref]5ce to be to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 ! *ur* came "u 8 protection2 :5 x 0 effectually & f9ally sav$ f ,pagan p]secution2 :5 x 0 r5d]$ safe f ! enemy t wait$ to de/roy x8 ,on ! supposition t ?is ref]s to an increas+ b endang]$ *ur*1 9 ^: def5ce a civil p[] 0 rais$ up1 exalt+ ,*ri/ianity to ! ?rone1 & protect+ x f dang]1 ?is w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! *ild caught up to heav54 ,?is view may d]ive confirmation f "s well-kn[n facts 9 hi/ory4 ,! old ,pagan p[] 0 conc5trat$ 9 ,maxim91 :o 0 emp]or f ! ,nile to ! ,bosphorus1 & :o rag$ aga9/ ! gospel & ! *ur* 8) ,satanic enmity40 8,infuriate at ! n[ imm95t prospect ( ! ,*ri/ian body #cjh atta9+ e/abli%m5t 9 ! empire1 ,maxim9 r5ew$ ! p]secution aga9/ ,*ri/ians )9 ! limits ( 8 own dom9ion2 prohibit+ _! assemblies1 & degrad+1 & ev5 kill+ _! bi%ops40 ,comp4 ,gibbon1 i4 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,! la/ /ruggle ( ,pagan ,rome to de/roy ! *ur* by p]secution1 be=e ! triumph ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! public e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 might be well repres5t$ by ! attempt ( ! dragon to de/roy ! *ild2 & ! safety ( ! *ur*1 & its complete deliv]ance f ,pagan p]secution1 by ! symbol ( a *ild caught up to heav51 & plac$ ne> ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,! p]secution "u ,maxim9 0 ! la/ /ruggle ( ,paganism to reta9 ! supremacy1 & to cru% ,*ri/ianity 9 ! empire4 8,be=e ! decisive battle10 says ,miln]1 8,maxim9 v[$ to ,jupit] t1 if victori\s1 he w\ld aboli% ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ,jehovah & ,jupit] 0 n[ at its height1 & draw+ to a crisis40 ,! result 0 ! defeat & dea? ( ,maxim91 & ! t]m9ation ( ! ef=ts ( ,paganism to de/roy ,*ri/ianity by =ce4 ,respect+ ?is ev5t1 ,mr4 ,gibbon rem>ks1 8,! defeat & dea? ( ,maxim9 soon deliv]$ ! *ur* f ! la/ & mo/ implacable ( h] enemies10 i4 #cbf4 ,*ri/ianity 01 aft] t1 r5d]$ safe f ,pagan p]secution4 ,mr4 ,gibbon says1 8,! gratitude ( ! *ur* has exalt$ ! virtues ( ! g5]\s patron :o seat$ ,*ri/ianity on ! ?rone ( ! ,roman _w40 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z a =c$ & fanciful int]pretation to suppose t ! passage be=e u ref]s to ?is specific ev5t1 yet ! g5]al circum/ances ( ! times w\ld furni% a fulfilm5t ( :at is "h said4 7a7 ,! *ur* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! beautiful woman4 7b7 ,! prospect ( its increase & univ]sal dom9ion w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! bir? ( ! *ild4 7c7 ,! furi\s oppos+ ,pagan p[] w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! dragon 9 its attempts to de/roy ! *ild4 7d7 ,! safety ( ! *ur* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! symbol ( ! *ild caught up to ,god1 & plac$ ne> 8 ?rone4 #f ,& ! woman fl$ into ! wild]ness1 :]e %e ha? a place prep>$ ( ,god1 t !y %\ld fe$ h] !re #cha;a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days4 #f4 ,& ! woman4 ,! woman repres5t+ ! *ur*4 ,notes1 v]4 #a4 ,fl$4 ,t is1 %e fl$ 9 ! mann]1 & at ! "t1 /at$ 9 v]4 #ad4 ,john "h evid5tly anticipates1 by a summ>y /atem5t1 :at he relates m 9 detail 9 v]4 #adag4 ,he _h ref]r$ 7v]4 #be7 to :at occurr$ to ! *ild 9 its p]secutions1 & he "h alludes1 9 g5]al1 to :at befell ! true *ur* z compell$ to flee into obscurity & safety4 ,hav+ briefly ref]r$ to ?is1 ! writ] 7v]4 #gac7 gives an acc\nt ( ! ef=ts ( ,satan consequ5t on ! removal ( ! *ild to heav54 ,into ! wild]ness4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w wild]ness 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 see ,notes on ,mat4 iii4 #a4 ,x means a des]t place1 a place :]e !re are few or no inhabitants2 a place1 !re=e1 :]e "o might be conceal$ & unkn[nremote f ! habitations & ! obs]vations ( m54 ,?is w\ld well repres5t ! fact1 t ! true *ur* became = a "t obscure & unkn[nz if x _h fl$ away f ! habitations ( m51 & _h retir$ to ! solitude & lonel9ess ( a des]t4 ,yet ev5 !re 7v]4 #ad1 #af7 x w\ld be my/]i\sly n\ri%$1 ?\gh seem+ly driv5 out into wa/es & solitudes1 & hav+ its abode among ! rocks & s&s ( a des]t4 ,:]e %e ha? a place prep>$ ( ,god4 ,a place :]e %e might be safe1 & might be kept alive4 ,! mean+ is1 t dur+ t "t ! true *ur*1 ?\gh obscure & almo/ unkn[n1 w\ld be ! object ( ! div9e protection & c>ea beautiful repres5tation ( ! *ur* dur+ ! corruptions ( ! ,papacy & ! d>kness ( ! middle ages4 ,t !y %\ld fe$ h]4 ,t !y %\ld n\ri% or su/a9 h]to wit1 z specifi$ 9 v]4 #ad1 #af4 ,^? :o 7 to d ?is1 repres5t$ by ! ^w 8!y10 are n p>ticul>ly m5tion$1 & ! simple idea is t %e w\ld be n\ri%$ dur+ t "t4 ,t is1 /ripp$ ( ! figure1 ! *ur* dur+ t "t w\ld f9d true fri5ds1 & w\ld be kept alive4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is has1 9 fact1 occurr$ 9 ! d>ke/ p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*4 ,a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days4 ,t #cji is1 reg>d+ ^! z prophetic days1 9 :i* a day d5otes a ye>1 twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,! same p]iod evid5tly is ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #ad1 9 ! words 8= a "t1 & times1 & half a "t40 ,& ! same p]iod is und\bt$ly ref]r$ to 9 ,da4 vii4 #be3 8,& !y %all be giv5 into 8 h& until a "t1 & times1 & ! divid+ ( "t40 ,= a full consid]ation ( ! mean+ ( ?is language1 & its application to ! ,papacy1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,! full inve/igation !re made ( ! mean+ & application ( ! language r5d]s its consid]ation "h unnecess>y4 ,i reg>d x "h1 z ,i d !re1 z ref]r+ to ! prop] cont9uance ( ! ,papal p[]1 dur+ :i* ! true *ur* w\ld rema9 9 comp>ative obscurity1 z if driv5 into a des]t4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xi4 #b4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t dur+ t p]iod ! true *ur* w\ld n become :olly ext9ct4 ,x w\ld h an exi/5ce ^u ! e>?1 b its f9al triumph w\ld be res]v$ = ! "t :5 ?is great enemy %\ld be f9ally ov]?r[n4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #adag4 #g ,& !re 0 w> 9 heav53 ,mi*ael & 8 angels f\ght aga9/ ! dragon2 & ! dragon f\ght & 8 angels4 #g4 ,& !re 0 w> 9 heav54 ,!re 0 a /ate ( ?+s exi/+ 9 reg>d to ! woman & ! *ild! *ur* 9 ! condition 9 :i* x w\ld !n be:i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by a w> 9 heav52 t is1 by a conflict betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil1 ( light & d>kness4 ,( c\rse x is n necess>y to und]/& ?is lit]ally1 any m ?an ! o!r symbolical repres5tations 9 ! book4 ,all t is meant is1 t a vision pass$ be=e ! m9d ( ,john z if !re 0 a conflict1 9 reg>d to ! *ur*1 betwe5 ! angels 9 heav5 & ,satan4 ,!re is a vision ( ! p]secut$ *ur*( ! woman flee+ into ! des]t& ! c\rse ( ! n>rative is "h int]rupt$ by go+ back 7v]4 #gac7 to describe ! conflict :i* l$ to ?is result1 & ! fact t ,satan1 z x 7 ca/ out ( heav51 & unable to a*ieve a victory !re1 0 suff]$ to v5t 8 malice aga9/ ! *ur* on e>?4 ,! seat ( ?is w>f>e is said to be heav54 ,?is language sometimes ref]s to heav5 z x appe>s to u! sky! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & "s h suppos$ t t 0 ! place ( ! conte/4 ,b ! language 9 *4 xi4 #ai1 xii4 #a 7see ,notes on ^? places71 w\ld r lead u to ref] x to heav5 consid]$ z ly+ beyond ! sky4 ,?is accords1 too1 ) o!r repres5tations 9 ! ,bible1 :]e ,satan is describ$ z appe>+ be=e ,god1 & among ! sons ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,job i4 #f4 ,( c\rse ?is is n to be und]/ood z a real transaction1 b z a symbolical repres5tation ( ! conte/ betwe5 good & evilz if !re 0 a w> wag$ 9 heav5 betwe5 ,satan & ! lead] ( ! heav5ly ho/s4 ,mi*ael4 ,!re h be5 v v>i\s op9ions z to :o ,mi*ael is4 ,_m ,prote/ant int]pret]s h suppos$ t ,*ri/ is meant4 ,! reasons usually alleg$ = ?is op9ion1 _m ( :i* are v fanciful1 may be se5 9 ,h5g/5b]g 7,die ,(f5b>ung des heiliges ,johannes71 i4 #faafbb4 ,! ref]5ce to ,mi*ael "h is probably d]iv$ f ,da4 x4 #ac2 xii4 #a4 ,9 ^? places he is repres5t$ z ! gu>dian angel ( ! p ( ,god2 & x is 9 ?is s5se1 ,i appreh5d1 t ! passage is to be und]/ood "h4 ,!re is no evid5ce 9 ! "n itself1 or 9 ! circum/ances ref]r$ to1 t ,*ri/ is int5d$2 & if he _h be51 x is inconceivable :y he 0 n ref]r$ to by 8 own "n1 or by "s ( ! usual appellations :i* ,john gives him4 ,mi*ael1 ! ar*angel1 is "h repres5t$ z ! gu>dian ( ! *ur*1 & z cont5d+ aga9/ ,satan = its protection4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 x4 #ac4 ,?is repres5tation accords ) ! usual /atem5ts 9 ! ,bible respect+ ! int]position ( ! angels 9 behalf ( ! *ur* 7see ,notes on ,he4 i4 #ad71 & is "o :i* _c be prov$ to be unf\nd$4 ,all ! analogies :i* ?r[ any light on ! subject1 z well z ! uni=m /atem5ts ( ! ,bible1 lead u to suppose t good be+s ( o!r worlds feel an int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! r$eem$ *ur* bel[4 ,& 8 angels4 ,! angels "u him4 ,mi*ael is repres5t$ z ! ar*angel1 & all ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,bible suppose t ! heav5ly ho/s are di/ribut$ into diff]5t ranks & ord]s4 ,see ,notes on ,jude #i2 ,ep4 i4 #ba4 ,if ,satan is p]mitt$ to make w> aga9/ ! *ur*1 !re is no improbability 9 suppos+ t1 9 ^? high] regions :]e #caj ! w> is c>ri$ on1 & 9 ^? aspects ( x :i* lie beyond ! p[] & ! k ( man1 good angels %\ld be employ$ to defeat 8 plans4 ,f\ght4 ,see ,notes on ,jude #i4 ,aga9/ ! dragon4 ,aga9/ ,satan4 ,notes1 v]4 #c4 ,& ! dragon f\ght & 8 angels4 ,t is1 ! ma/]-_s,satan1 & ^? "u him4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #a4 ,( ! nature ( ?is w>f>e no?+ is def9itely /at$4 ,its :ole sph]e lies beyond mortal vision1 & is c>ri$ on 9 a mann] ( :i* we c h little conception4 ,:at weapons ,satan may use to de/roy ! *ur*1 & 9 :at way 8 ef=ts may be c\nt]act$ by holy angels1 are po9ts on :i* we c h little k4 ,x is suffici5t to "k t ! fact ( su* a /ruggle is n improbable1 & t ,satan is successfully resi/$ by ! lead] ( ! heav5ly ho/4 #h ,& prevail$ n2 nei!r 0 _! place f\nd any m 9 heav54 #h4 ,& prevail$ n4 ,satan & 8 angels fail$ 9 _! purpose4 ,nei!r 0 _! place f\nd anymore 9 heav54 ,!y 7 ca/ out1 & 7 se5 !re no m4 ,! idea is1 t !y 7 defeat$ & driv5 away1 ?\gh = a "t !y 7 suff]$ to c>ry on ! w>f>e else:]e4 #i ,& ! great dragon 0 ca/ out1 t old #chbs]p5t1 call$ ! #chc;,devil1 & #chd,satan1 :i* deceive? ! :ole _w2 he 0 ca/ out into ! e>?1 & 8 angels 7 ca/ out ) him4 #i4 ,& ! great dragon 0 ca/ out4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,t !re may be an allusion 9 ! language "h to :at actually occurr$ 9 "s f>-di/ant p]iod ( ! pa/1 :5 ,satan 0 eject$ f heav51 !re c be no reason to d\bt4 ,our ,savi\r seems to ref] to su* an ev5t 9 ! language :i* he uses :5 he says 7,lu4 x4 #ah71 8,i beheld ,satan z lightn+ fall f heav520 & ,jude1 p]haps 7v]4 #f71 may ref] to ! same ev5t4 ,all t we "k on ! subject leads u to suppose t at "s "t !re 0 a revolt among ! angels1 & t ! rebelli\s "p 7 ca/ out ( heav51 = an allusion to ?is is n unfrequ5t 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,/ill ! ev5t "h ref]r$ to is a symbolical repres5tation ( :at c\ld occur at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! *ur* w\ld be ab\t to spread & be triumphant1 & :5 ,satan w\ld wage a deadly w> aga9/ x4 ,t opposition w\ld be z if he made w> on ,mi*ael ! ar*angel1 & ! heav5ly ho/s1 & 8 failure w\ld be z great z if he 7 vanqui%$ & ca/ out ( heav54 ,t old s]p5t4 ,?is d\btless ref]s to ! s]p5t t deceiv$ ,eve 7,ge4 iii4 #aaa2 ,re4 xx4 #b2 comp4 ,notes on #b ,co4 xi4 #c72 & ?is passage may be adduc$ z a pro( t ! real tempt] ( ,eve 0 ! devil1 :o assum$ ! =m ( a s]p5t4 ,! ^w old "h ref]s to ! fact t 8 appe>ance on e>? 0 at an e>ly /age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & t he _h long be5 employ$ 9 ! "w :i* is "h attribut$ to himt ( oppos+ ! *ur*4 ,call$ ! ,devil4 ,to :om ! "n ,devil is giv54 ,t is1 ?is is ! same be+ t is else:]e & commonly kn[n by t "n4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #a4 ,& ,satan4 ,ano!r "n giv5 to ! same be+a "n1 l ! o!r1 design$ to ref] to some?+ 9 8 "*4 ,see x expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on ,job i4 #f4 ,:i* deceive? ! :ole _w4 ,^: "* is t ( a deceiv]2 ^: ag5cy ext5ds ov] all ! e>?4 ,see ,notes on ,jn4 viii4 #dd1 & #a ,jn4 v4 #ai4 ,he 0 ca/ out into ! e>?4 ,t is1 he 0 n suff]$ to pursue 8 designs 9 heav51 b 0 ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 :]e he is p]mitt$ = a "t to c>ry on 8 w>f>e aga9/ ! *ur*4 ,accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$ above1 ?is ref]s to ! p]iod :5 !re 7 indications t ,god 0 ab\t to set up 8 k+dom on ! e>?4 ,! language1 h[ev]1 is su* z w\ld be us$ on ! supposition t !re _h be51 at "s p]iod1 a rebellion 9 heav51 & t ,satan & 8 foll[]s _h be5 ca/ out to return !re no m4 ,x is difficult to expla9 ?is language except on t supposition2 & su* a supposition is1 9 itself1 no m improbable ?an ! apo/asy & rebellion ( man4 ,& 8 angels 7 ca/ out ) him4 ,!y %>$ ! lot ( _! lead]4 ,z applicable to ! /ate ( ?+s to :i* ?is ref]s1 ! mean+ is1 t all 7 ov]?r[n2 t no enemy ( ! *ur* w\ld rema9 #caa unsubdu$2 t ! victory w\ld be f9al & complete4 ,z applicable to ! ev5t f :i* ! language is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$! revolt 9 heav5! mean+ is1 t ! foll[]s 9 ! revolt %>$ ! lot ( ! lead]1 & t all :o rebell$ 7 eject$ f heav54 ,! fir/ & ! only revolt 9 heav5 0 quell$2 & ! result furni%$ to ! univ]se an impressive pro( t none :o rebell$ !re w\ld be =giv5t apo/asy s ne> ! ?rone c\ld n be p>don$4 #aj ,& ,i he>d a l\d voice say+ 9 heav51 #che,n[ is come salvation1 & /r5g?1 & ! k+dom ( our ,god1 & ! p[] ( 8 ,*ri/3 = ! accus] ( our bre?r5 is ca/ d[n1 :i* accus$ !m be=e our ,god day & night4 #aj4 ,& ,i he>d a l\d voice say+ 9 heav54 ,! great enemy 0 expell$2 ! cause ( ,god & tru? 0 triumphant2 & ! conqu]+ ho/s unit$ 9 celebrat+ ! victory4 ,?is repres5tation ( a song1 consequ5t on victory1 is 9 accordance ) ! usual repres5tations 9 ! ,bible4 ,see ! song ( ,moses at ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,ex4 xv42 ! song ( ,deborah1 ,ju4 v42 ! song ( ,david :5 ! ,"l _h deliv]$ him out ( ! h& ( all 8 enemies1 #b ,sa4 xxii42 & ,is4 xii41 xxv4 ,on no occasion c\ld su* a song be m appropriate ?an on ! complete r\t+ & discomfiture ( ,satan & 8 rebelli\s ho/s4 ,view$ 9 ref]5ce to ! "t "h symboliz$1 ?is w\ld relate to ! c]ta9 triumph ( ! *ur* & ( tru? on ! e>?2 9 ref]5ce to ! language1 !re is an allusion to ! joy & triumph ( ! heav5ly ho/s :5 ,satan & 8 apo/ate legions 7 expell$4 ,n[ is come salvation4 ,t is1 complete deliv]ance f ! p[] ( ,satan4 ,& /r5g?4 ,t is1 n[ is ! mighty p[] ( ,god manife/$ 9 ca/+ d[n & subdu+ ! great enemy ( ! *ur*4 ,& ! k+dom ( our ,god4 ,! reign ( our ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 iii4 #b4 ,t is n[ e/abli%$ among m51 & ,god w h5ce=w>d rule4 ,?is ref]s to ! c]ta9 ultimate triumph ( 8 cause 9 ! _w4 ,& ! p[] ( 8 ,*ri/4 ,8 ano9t$2 t is1 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ z ! ,messiah1 or z ano9t$ & set ap>t to rule ov] ! _w4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 i4 #a4 ,= ! accus] ( our bre?r5 is ca/ d[n4 ,! phrase 8our bre?r50 %[s by :om ?is song is celebrat$4 ,x is sung 9 heav52 b x is by ^? :o belong$ to ! r$eem$ *ur*1 & ^: bre?r5 7 /ill suff]+ p]secution & trial on ! e>?4 ,x %[s ! t5d]ness ( ! tie :i* unites all ! r$eem$ z bre?r51 :e!r on e>? or 9 heav52 & x %[s ! int]e/ :i* !y 8:o h pass$ ! flood0 h 9 ! trials1 ! sorr[s1 & ! triumphs ( ^? :o are /ill ^u ! e>?4 ,we h "h ano!r appellation giv5 to ! great enemy8accus] ( ! bre?r540 ,! ^w "h us$1 9 lat] editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t means prop]ly an accus]1 "o :o blames ano!r1 or *>ges ano!r ) crime4 ,! ^w occurs 9 ,jn4 viii4 #aj2 ,ac4 xxiii4 #cj1 #ce2 xxiv4 #h2 xxv4 #af1 #ah2 ,re4 xii4 #aj1 9 all :i* places x is r5d]$ accus] or accus]s1 ?\gh only 9 ! latt] place appli$ to ,satan4 ,! v]b frequ5tly occurs1 ,mat4 xii4 #aj2 xxvii4 #ab2 ,m>4 iii4 #b2 xv4 #c1 et al4 ,! description ( ,satan z an accus] accords ) ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 9 reg>d to 8 "*4 ,?us he is repres5t$ 9 ,job i4 #iaa2 ii4 #d1 #e2 ,zec4 iii4 #a1 #b2 #a ,*4 xxi4 #a4 ,! phrase 8( ! bre?r50 ref]s to ,*ri/ians1 or to ! p ( ,god2 & ! mean+ "h is1 t "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,satana *>act]i/ic s well kn[n z to make x prop] to designate him by xis t he is an accus] ( ! righte\s2 t he is employ$ 9 br++ aga9/ !m *>ges affect+ _! "* & de/roy+ _! influ5ce4 ,! propriety ( ?is appellation _c be d\bt$4 ,x is1 z x has always be51 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,satan"o ( ! means by :i* he keeps up 8 influ5ce 9 ! _wto br+ accusations aga9/ ! p ( ,god4 ,?us1 "u 8 sugge/ions1 & by 8 ag5ts1 !y are *>g$ ) hypocrisy2 ) ins9c]ity2 ) be+ influ5c$ by bad motives2 ) pursu+ s9i/] designs "u ! cloak ( religion2 ) secret vices & crimes4 ,?us x 0 t ! m>tyrs 7 accus$2 ?us x is t unf\nd$ accusations are (t5 br\ght aga9/ #cab m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 palsy+ _! p[] & dim9i%+ _! influ5ce1 or t :5 a pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian falls ! *ur* is made to suff] by an ef=t to ca/ suspicion on all :o be> ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,p]haps ! mo/ skilful ?+ t ,satan does1 & ! ?+ by :i* he mo/ contributes to dim9i% ! influ5ce ( ! *ur*1 is 9 ?us caus+ 8accusations0 to be br\ght aga9/ ! p ( ,god4 ,is ca/ d[n4 ,! p]iod "h ref]r$ to 01 d\btless1 ! "t :5 ! *ur* 0 ab\t to be e/abli%$ & to fl\ri% 9 ! _w1 & :5 accusations w\ld be br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ians by v>i\s classes ( calumniators & in=m]s4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity crimes ( ! mo/ horrid nature 7 *>g$ on ,*ri/ians1 & t x 0 by ^! sl&]s t ! ef=t 0 made to prev5t ! ext5sion ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,:i* accus$ !m be=e our ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,job i4 #i1 #aj4 ,! mean+ is1 t he accus$ !m1 z x 71 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,god4 ,day & night4 ,he nev] ceas$ br++ ^! accusations1 & s\ght by ! p]sev]ance & con/ancy ) :i* !y 7 urg$ to conv9ce ! _w t !re 0 no s9c]ity 9 ! *ur* & no reality 9 religion4 #aa ,& !y #chfov]came him by ! blood ( ! ,lamb1 & by ! ^w ( _! te/imony2 & #chg!y lov$ n _! lives unto ! dea?4 #aa4 ,& !y ov]came him4 ,t is1 he 0 foil$ 9 8 attempt ?us to de/roy ! *ur*4 ,! ref]5ce "h1 und\bt$ly1 is prim>ily to ! m>tyr age & to ! m>tyr _s2 & ! mean+ is1 t religion _h n become ext9ct by ^! accusations1 z ,satan hop$ x w\ld be1 b liv$ & triumph$4 ,by _! holy lives1 by _! fai?ful te/imony1 by _! pati5t suff]+s1 !y %[$ t all ^! accusations 7 false1 & t ! religion :i* !y pr(ess$ 0 f ,god1 & ?us 9 fact ga9$ a victory ov] _! accus]4 ,in/ead ( be+ !mselves subdu$1 ,satan himself 0 vanqui%$1 & ! _w 0 con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge t ! p]secut$ religion _h a heav5ly orig94 ,no design 0 ev] m ineffectual ?an t ( cru%+ ! *ur* by p]secution1 no victory 0 ev] m signal ?an t :i* 0 ga9$ :5 x c\ld be said t 8! blood ( ! m>tyrs is ! se$ ( ! *ur*40 ,by ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,! ,"l ,jesus! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,notes1 *4 v4 #f2 comp4 ,notes on ,jn4 i4 #bi4 ,! blood ( ,*ri/ 0 t by :i* !y 7 r$eem$1 & x 0 9 virtue ( ! efficacy ( ! atonem5t t !y 7 enabl$ to a*ieve ! victory4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,phi4 iv4 #ac4 ,*ri/ himself a*iev$ a victory ov] ,satan by 8 dea? 7see ,notes on ,col4 ii4 #ae2 ,he4 ii4 #ae71 & x is 9 virtue ( ! victory :i* he ?us a*iev$ t we are n[ able to triumph ov] our great foe4 8,i ask !m :5ce _! victory came4 ,!y1 ) unit$ brea?1 ,ascribe _! conque/ to ! ,lamb1 ,_! triumph to 8 dea?40 ,& by ! ^w ( _! te/imony4 ,! fai?ful te/imony :i* !y bore to ! tru?4 ,t is1 !y adh]$ to ! tru? 9 _! suff]+s1 !y decl>$ _! belief 9 x1 ev5 9 ! pa9s ( m>tyrdom2 & x 0 by ?is t !y ov]came ! great enemyt is1 by ?is t ! belief 9 ! gospel 0 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! _w4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to ! effects ( p]secution & to ! ef=ts ( ,satan to drive religion f ! _w by p]secution4 ,john says t ! result z he saw x 9 vision 01 t ! p]secut$ *ur* bore a fai?ful te/imony to ! tru?1 & t ! great enemy 0 ov]come4 ,& !y lov$ n _! lives unto ! dea?4 ,!y did n s love _! lives t !y 7 unwill+ to die z m>tyrs4 ,!y did n %r9k back :5 ?reat5$ ) dea?1 b rema9$ firm 9 _! atta*m5t to _! ,savi\r1 & left _! dy+ te/imony to ! tru? & p[] ( religion4 ,x 0 by ^! means t ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! _w1 & ,john1 9 ! sc5e be=e u1 saw x ?us triumphant1 & saw ! angels & ! r$eem$ 9 heav5 celebrat+ ! triumph4 ,! result ( ! attempts to de/roy ! ,*ri/ian religion by p]secution demon/rat$ t x 0 to triumph4 ,no m mighty p[] c\ld be employ$ to cru% x ?an 0 employ$ by ! ,roman emp]ors2 & :5 x 0 se5 t ,*ri/ianity c\ld survive ^? ef=ts to cru% x x 0 c]ta9 #cac t x 0 de/9$ to live = ev]4 #ab ,!re=e#chh rejoice1 ye heav5s1 & ye t dwell 9 !m4 ,woe#chi to ! inhabit]s ( ! e>?1 & ( ! sea6 = ! devil is come d[n unto y1 hav+ great wra?1 because #cij;he kn[e? t he ha? b a %ort "t4 #ab4 ,!re=e rejoice1 ye heav5s4 ,x is n unusual 9 ! ,scriptures to call on ! heav5s & ! e>? to sympa?ize ) ! ev5ts t occur4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 i4 #b4 ,"h ! heav5s are call$ on to rejoice because ( ! signal victory :i* x 0 se5 w\ld be a*iev$ ov] ! great enemy4 ,heav5 itself 0 secure f any fur!r rebellion or invasion1 & ! f\ndation 0 laid = a f9al victory ov] ,satan ev]y:]e4 ,& ye t dwell 9 !m4 ,! angels & ! r$eem$4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! sympa?y ( ! heav5ly inhabitants! unfall5 & holy be+s be=e ! ?rone) ! *ur* on e>?1 & ) all t may affect its welf>e4 ,comp>e ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #ab4 ,woe to ! inhabit]s ( ! e>?4 ,?is is n an imprecation1 or a wi% t woe might come ^u !m1 b a pr$iction t x w\ld4 ,! mean+ is ?is3 ,satan w\ld ultimately be entirely ov]comea fact t 0 symboliz$ by 8 be+ ca/ out ( heav52 b !re w\ld be /ill tempor>y w> ^u ! e>?1 z if he 7 p]mitt$ to roam ov] ! _w = a "t & to spread woe & sorr[ !re4 ,& ( ! sea4 ,^? :o inhabit ! isl&s ( ! sea & ^? :o are engag$ 9 comm]ce4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! _w z su* w\ld h occasion to m\rn! dwell]s bo? on ! l& & on ! sea4 ,= ! devil is come d[n unto y4 ,z if ca/ out ( heav54 ,hav+ great wra?4 ,wra? %[n by ! symbolical w> ) ,mi*ael & 8 angels 7v]4 #g72 wra? increas$ & inflam$ because he has be5 discomfit$2 wra? ! m conc5trat$ because he kn[s t 8 "t is limit$4 ,because he kn[e? t he ha? b a %ort "t4 ,t is1 he kn[s t ! "t is limit$ 9 :i* he w be p]mitt$ to wage w> ) ! sa9ts on ! e>?4 ,!re is allusion else:]e to ! fact t ! "t ( ,satan is limit$1 & t he is appris$ ( t4 ,?us 9 ,mat4 viii4 #bi1 8,art ?\ come hi!r to torm5t u be=e ! "t80 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,)9 t limit$ space1 ,satan kn[s t he mu/ d all t he ev] c d to de/roy s\ls1 & to spread woe ?r\gh ! e>?1 & h5ce x is n unnatural t he %\ld be repres5t$ z excit$ to deep] wra?1 & z r\s+ all 8 en]gy to de/roy ! *ur*4 #ac ,& :5 ! dragon saw t he 0 ca/ unto ! e>?1 he p]secut$ ! woman :i* br\ght =? ! man *ild4 #ac4 ,& :5 ! dragon saw t he 0 ca/ unto ! e>?4 ,t is1 :5 ,satan saw t he 0 doom$ to discomfiture & ov]?r[1 z if he _h be5 ca/ out ( heav52 :5 he saw t 8 ef=ts mu/ be conf9$ to ! e>?1 & t only = a limit$ "t1 he 8p]secut$ ! woman10 & 0 m viol5tly enrag$ aga9/ ! *ur* on e>?4 ,he p]secut$ ! woman :i* br\ght =? ! man *ild4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,! *ild is repres5t$ z safe2 t is1 ! ultimate progress & ext5sion ( ! *ur* 0 c]ta94 ,b ,satan 0 p]mitt$ /ill to wage a w>f>e aga9/ ! *ur*repres5t$ "h by 8 wra? aga9/ ! woman1 & by h] be+ con/ra9$ to flee into ! wild]ness4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t1 aft] ! ,pagan p]secutions ceas$1 & ,*ri/ianity 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! empire2 aft] ,satan saw t all hope ( de/roy+ ! *ur* 9 t mann] 0 at an end1 8 enmity 0 v5t$ 9 ano!r =m9 ! rise ( ! ,papacy1 & 9 ! p]secutions "u tan opposition to spiritual religion no less det]m9$ & deadly ?an t :i* _h be5 wag$ by ,paganism4 #ad ,& to ! woman 7 giv5 two #ciaw+s ( a great eagle1 t %e might fly into ! wild]ness1 into h] place1 :]e %e is n\ri%$ = a "t1 & times1 & half a "t1 f ! face ( ! s]p5t4 #ad4 ,& to ! woman 7 giv5 two w+s ( a great eagle4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ( birds1 & among ! mo/ rapid 9 flight4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #g4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! #cad woman is repres5t$ z prep>$ = a rapid flight2 s prep>$ z to be able to out/rip h] pursu]1 & to rea* a place ( safety4 ,dive/$ ( ! figure1 ! s5se is1 t ! *ur*1 :5 expos$ to ?is =m ( p]secution1 w\ld be protect$ z if miracul\sly suppli$ ) w+s4 ,t %e might fly into ! wild]ness4 ,!re is "h a m full description ( :at is briefly /at$ 9 v]4 #f4 ,a wild]ness or des]t is (t5 repres5t$ z a place ( safety f pursu]s4 ,?us ,david 7#a ,sa4 xxiii4 #ad1 #ae7 is repres5t$ z flee+ into ! wild]ness f ! p]secutions ( ,saul4 ,s ,elijah 7#a ,ki4 xix4 #d7 fl$ into ! wild]ness f ! p]secutions ( ,jezebel4 ,! simple idea "h is1 t ! *ur*1 9 ! opposition :i* w\ld come ^u x1 w\ld f9d a refuge4 ,into h] place4 ,a place appo9t$ = h]2 t is1 a place :]e %e c\ld be safe4 ,:]e %e is n\ri%$4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ n\ri%$ is ! same:i* occurs 9 v]4 #f1 & :i* is !re r5d]$ fe$4 ,x means to fe$1 nurse1 or n\ri%1 z ! "y ( animals 7,mat4 vi4 #bf2 xxv4 #cg2 ,lu4 xii4 #bd2 ,ac4 xii4 #bj72 t is1 to su/a9 by prop] food4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! *ur* w\ld be kept alive4 ,x is n inde$ m5tion$ by :om ?is w\ld be done1 b x is evid5tly impli$ t x w\ld be by ,god4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod 9 :i* ! *ur* w\ld be 9 obscurity1 x w\ld n be suff]$ to become ext9ct4 ,comp4 #a ,ki4 xvii4 #cf4 ,= a "t1 & times1 & half a "t4 ,a ye>1 two ye>s1 & half a ye>2 t is1 =ty-two mon?s 7see ,notes on *4 xi4 #b72 or1 reckon+ ! mon? at ?irty days1 twelve hundr$ & sixty days2 & reg>d+ ^! z prophetic days1 9 :i* a day /&s = a ye>1 twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,= a full discussion ( ! mean+ ( ?is language1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be2 & ,editor's ,pref4 ,= ! evid5ce1 also1 t ! "t ?us specifi$ ref]s to ! ,papacy1 & to ! p]iod ( its cont9uance1 see ! ,notes on t place4 ,! full consid]ation giv5 to ! subject !re r5d]s x unnecess>y to discuss x "h4 ,= x is manife/ t !re is an allusion "h to ! passage 9 ,daniel2 t ! twelve hundr$ & sixty days ref] to ! same ?+2 & t ! true explanation mu/ be made 9 ! same way4 ,! ma9 difficulty1 z is rem>k$ on ! ,notes on t passage1 is 9 det]m9+ ! "t :5 ! ,papacy prop]ly comm5c$4 ,if t c\ld be asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 det]m9+ :5 x w\ld come to an end4 ,b ?\gh !re is consid]able unc]ta9ty z to ! exact "t :5 x arose1 & ?\gh diff]5t op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$ on t po9t1 yet x is true t all ! p]iods assign$ = ! rise ( t p[] lead to ! conclusion t ! "t ( its d[nfall _c be remote4 ,! mean+ 9 ! passage be=e u is1 t dur+ all ! "t ( ! cont9uance ( t =midable1 p]secut+ p[]1 ! true *ur* w\ld n 9 fact become ext9ct4 ,x w\ld be obscure & comp>atively unkn[n1 b x w\ld /ill live4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact1 t dur+ all ! "t "h ref]r$ to1 !re has be5 a true *ur* on ! e>?4 ,pure1 spiritual religion! religion ( ! ,new ,te/am5thas nev] be5 :olly ext9ct4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,wald5ses1 & ,albig5ses1 ! ,bohemian bre?r51 & k9dr$ p2 9 des]ts & places ( obscurity2 among individuals & among small & p]secut$ sects2 "h & !re 9 ! cases ( individuals 9 mona/]ies1#cib ! true religion has be5 kept up 9 ! _w1 z 9 ! days ( ,elijah ,god res]v$ sev5 ?\s& m5 :o _h n b[$ ! knee to ,baal3 & x is possible n[ = u1 ) a good degree ( c]ta9ty1 to %[1 ev5 dur+ ! d>ke/ ages1 & :5 ,rome seem$ to h entirely ! asc5d5cy1 :]e ! true *ur* 04 ,to f9d out ?is1 0 ! great design ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,miln]2 x has be5 done1 also1 ) great le>n+ & skill1 by ,ne&]4 ,f ! face ( ! s]p5t4 ,! dragonor ,satan repres5t$ by ! dragon4 ,notes1 v]4 #c4 ,! ref]5ce "h is #cae to ! opposition :i* ,satan makes to ! true *ur* "u ! p]secutions & corruptions ( ! ,papacy4 #ae ,& ! s]p5t ca/ out ( 8 m\? wat] z a #cic;flood1 aft] ! woman1 t he might cause h] to be c>ri$ away ( ! flood4 #ae4 ,& ! s]p5t ca/ out ( 8 m\? wat] z a flood4 ,?is is peculi> & uncommon imag]y1 & x is n necess>y to suppose t any?+ l ?is lit]ally occurs 9 nature4 ,"s s]p5ts are inde$ said to eject f _! m\?s poison\s bile :5 !y are enrag$1 9 ord] to annoy _! pursu]s2 & "s sea-mon/]s1 x is kn[n1 sp\t =? l>ge quantities ( wat]2 b ! repres5tation "h does n seem to be tak5 f ei!r ( ^? cases4 ,x is ! m]e product ( ! imag9ation1 b ! s5se is cle>4 ,! woman is repres5t$ z hav+ w+s1 & z be+ able ?us to escape f ! s]p5t4 ,b1 z an expression ( 8 wra?1 & z if ) ! hope ( de/roy+ h] 9 h] flight by a deluge ( wat]1 he is repres5t$ z p\r+ a flood f 8 m\?1 t he might1 if possible1 sweep h] away4 ,! figure "h w\ld well repres5t ! cont9u$ malice ( ! ,papal body aga9/ ! true *ur*1 9 ^? d>k ages :5 x 0 sunk 9 obscurity1 &1 z x 71 driv5 out into ! des]t4 ,t malice nev] slumb]$1 b 0 cont9ually manife/+ itself 9 "s new =m1 z if x 7 ! purpose ( ,papal ,rome to sweep x entirely away4 ,t he might cause h] to be c>ri$ away ( ! flood4 ,might cause ! *ur* :olly to be de/roy$4 ,! tru? taught is1 t ,satan leaves no ef=t untri$ to de/roy ! *ur*4 #af ,& ! e>? help$ ! woman1 & ! e>? op5$ h] m\?1 & swall[$ up ! flood :i* ! dragon ca/ out ( 8 m\?4 #af4 ,& ! e>? help$ ! woman4 ,! e>? seem$ to sympa?ize ) ! woman 9 h] p]secutions1 & to int]pose to save h]4 ,! mean+ is1 t a /ate ( ?+s w\ld exi/ 9 reg>d to ! *ur* ?us driv5 into obscurity1 :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by :at is "h said to occur4 ,x 0 cut (f f human aid4 ,x 0 /ill 9 dang]2 /ill p]secut$4 ,9 ?is /ate x 0 n\ri%$ f "s unse5 s\rce4 ,x 0 enabl$ to avoid ! direct attacks ( ! enemy1 & :5 he attack$ x 9 a new =m1 a new mode ( int]v5tion 9 its behalf 0 grant$1 z if ! e>? %\ld op5 & swall[ up a flood ( wat]4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 to look = any lit]al fulfilm5t ( ?is1 z if ! e>? int]pos$ 9 "s m>vell\s way to aid ! *ur*4 ,! s5se is1 t1 9 t /ate ( obscurity & solitude1 ! div9e int]position 0 manife/$1 9 an unexpect$ mann]1 z if1 :5 an impetu\s /ream 0 roll+ along t ?reat5$ to sweep ev]y?+ away1 a *asm %\ld sudd5ly op5 9 ! e>? & absorb x4 ,dur+ ! d>k ages _m su* int]v5tions occurr$1 sav+ ! *ur* f utt] de/ruction4 ,ov]fl[+ wat]s are (t5 9 ! ,scriptures an emblem ( mighty enemies4 ,ps4 cxxiv4 #be1 8,if x _h n be5 ! ,"l :o 0 on our side1 :5 m5 rose up aga9/ u2 !n !y _h swall[$ u up quick1 :5 _! wra? 0 k9dl$ aga9/ u3 !n ! wat]s _h ov]:elm$ u1 ! /ream _h gone ov] our s\l3 !n ! pr\d wat]s _h gone ov] our s\l40 ,ps4 xviii4 #af1 8,he s5t f above1 he took me1 he drew me out ( _m wat]s40 ,je4 xlvii4 #b1 8,behold1 wat]s rise up out ( ! nor?1 & %all be an ov]fl[+ flood1 & %all ov]fl[ ! l&10 c4 ,comp4 ,je4 xlvi4 #g1 #h1 & ,notes on ,is4 viii4 #g1 #h4 ,& ! e>? op5$ h] m\?4 ,a *asm 0 made suffici5t to absorb ! wat]s4 ,t is1 ,john saw t ! *ur* 0 safe f ?is attack1 & t1 9 ord] to pres]ve x1 !re 0 an int]position z m>k$ & wond]ful z if ! e>? %\ld sudd5ly op5 & swall[ up a mighty flood4 #ag ,& #cid! dragon 0 wro? ) ! woman1 & w5t to make w> ) ! remnant ( h] se$1 :i* keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & h ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #ag4 ,& ! dragon 0 wro? ) ! woman4 ,?is wra? _h be5 v5t$ by 8 p]secut+ h] 7v]4 #ac72 by 8 pursu+ h]2 & by 8 p\r+ out ! flood ( wat] to sweep h] away 7v]4 #ae72 & ! same wra? 0 n[ v5t$ aga9/ h] *ildr54 ,z he c\ld n rea* & de/roy ! woman #caf h]self1 he turn$ 8 indignation aga9/ all :o 7 alli$ to h]4 ,/ripp$ ( ! imag]y1 ! mean+ is1 t z he c\ld n de/roy ! *ur* z su*1 he v5t$ 8 malice aga9/ all :o 7 ! fri5ds ( ! *ur*1 & endeav\r$ to de/roy !m4 8,! *ur*1 z su*1 he c\ld n de/roy2 !re=e he turn$ 8 wra? aga9/ individual ,*ri/ians1 to br+ z _m ( !m z possible to dea?0 7,de ,wette74 ,& w5t to make w> ) ! remnant ( h] se$4 ,no m5tion is made be=e ( 8 p]secut+ ! *ildr5 ( ! woman1 except 8 opposition to ! 8man *ild0 :i* %e bore1 v]4 #ad4 ,! 8woman0 repres5ts ! *ur*1 & ! phrase 8! remnant ( h] se$0 mu/ ref] to h] scatt]$ *ildr51 t is1 to ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ! *ur*1 :]ev] !y c\ld be f\nd4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to p]secutions aga9/ individuals1 r ?an a g5]al p]secution aga9/ ! *ur* itself1 & all t is "h said w\ld f9d an ample fulfilm5t 9 ! vexations & tr\bles ( individuals 9 ! ,roman communion 9 ! d>k ages1 :5 !y ev9c$ ! _s ( pure evangelical piety2 9 ! cruelties practis$ 9 ! ,inquisition on individual ,*ri/ians "u ! plea t !y 7 h]etics2 & 9 ! p]secutions ( su* m5 z ,wycliffe1 ,john ,huss1 & ,j]ome ( ,prague4 ,?is w>f>e aga9/ individual ,*ri/ians 0 cont9u$ long 9 ! ,papal *ur*1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( true fri5ds ( ! ,savi\r suff]$ e =m ( cruelty & wrong z ! result4 ,:i* keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,:o 7 true ,*ri/ians4 ,?is phrase *>act]izes correctly ^? :o1 9 ! d>k ages1 7 ! fri5ds ( ,god1 9 ! mid/ ( ab\nd+ corruption4 ,& h ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t is1 !y bore a fai?ful te/imony to 8 tru?1 or 7 real m>tyrs4 ,see *4 ii4 #ac4 ,! sc5e1 !n1 9 ?is *apt] is ?is3 ,john saw a mo/ beautiful woman1 suitably adorn$1 repres5t+ ! *ur* z ab\t to be enl>g$1 & to become triumphant 9 ! e>?4 ,!n he saw a great r$ mon/]1 repres5t+ ,satan1 ab\t to de/roy ! *ur*3 ! ,pagan p[]1 infuriat$1 & putt+ =? its utmo/ en]gy = its de/ruction4 ,he !n saw ! *ild caught up into heav51 d5ot+ t ! *ur* w\ld be ultimately safe1 & w\ld reign ov] all ! _w4 ,ano!r vision appe>s4 ,x is t ( a conte/ betwe5 ,mi*ael1 ! protect+ angel ( ! p ( ,god1 & ! great foe1 9 :i* victory decl>es 9 fav\r ( ! =m]1 & ,satan suff]s a discomfiture1 z if he 7 ca/ f heav5 to e>?4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 he is p]mitt$ = a "t to c>ry on a w>f>e aga9/ ! *ur*1 ?\gh c]ta9 t he w\ld be ultimately defeat$4 ,he puts =? 8 p[]1 & manife/s 8 ho/ility1 9 ano!r =mt ( ! ,papacy& comm5ces a new opposition aga9/ ! spiritual *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,! *ur* is1 h[ev]1 safe f t attempt to de/roy x1 = ! woman is repres5t$ z flee+ to ! wild]ness beyond ! p[] ( ! enemy1 & is !re kept alive4 ,/ill fill$ ) rage1 ?\gh incapable ( de/roy+ ! true *ur* itself1 he turns 8 wra?1 "u ! =m ( ,papal p]secutions1 aga9/ individual ,*ri/ians1 & endeav\rs to cut !m (f 9 detail4 ,?is is ! g5]al repres5tation 9 ?is *apt]1 & on ! supposition t x 0 design$ to repres5t ! v>i\s =ms ( opposition :i* ,satan w\ld make to ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 "u ,paganism & ! ,papacy1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 t no m expressive or appropriate symbols c\ld h be5 *os54 ,?is fact %\ld be all[$ to h due influ5ce 9 confirm+ ! int]pretation sugge/$ above2 & if x be admitt$ to be a correct int]pretation1 x is conclusive evid5ce ( ! inspiration ( ! book4 ,fur!r details ( ?is opposition ( ,satan to ! *ur* "u ! ,papal =m ( p]secution are made 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] is closely connect$ ) *4 xii41 :i* is prop]ly introductory to ?is & to ! subsequ5t portions ( ! book to *4 xx4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! ,book4 ,! vision 9 ?is *apt] is ( two di/9ct 8bea/s10 ea* ) peculi> *>act]i/ics1 yet closely relat$1 d]iv+ _! p[] f a common s\rce2 aid+ ea* o!r 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! same object1 & manife/ly relat+ to ! same p[] "u diff]5t =ms4 ,to see ! design ( ! *apt]1 x w be necess>y to exhibit ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! two 8bea/s10 & #cag ! po9ts 9 :i* !y resemble ea* o!r1 & su/a9 ea* o!r4 ,i4 ,,! ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,bea/s4 ,a4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! fir/ bea/1 v]4 #aaj4 7a7 ,x comes up out ( ! sea 7v]4 #a7out ( ! commotion1 ! agitation ( nationsa new p[] t spr+s up f ^? di/urb$ elem5ts4 7b7 ,x has sev5 heads & t5 horns1 & ^u its horns t5 cr[ns or diadems1 v]4 #a4 7c7 ,9 its g5]al =m x resembles a leop>d2 its feet are l ^? ( a be>2 its m\? l t ( a lion4 ,its connection ) ! great 8dragon0) ,satanis indicat$ by ! /atem5t t x d]ives its 8p[]1 & its seat1 & its au?ority0 f him 7v]4 #b7;a /rik+ repres5tation ( ! fact t ! civil or secul> ,roman p[] :i* support$ ! *ur* ( ,rome ?r\gh all its corrupt & bloody progress 0 ! putt+ =? ( ! p[] ( ,satan on ! e>?4 7d7 ,"o ( ! heads ( ?is bea/ is 8w\nd$ to dea?0t is1 ) a w\nd t is 9 itself mortal4 ,?is w\nd is1 h[ev]1 9 "s way z yet unexpla9$1 s heal$ t ! vitality yet rema9s1 & all ! _w pays homage to ! bea/1 v]4 #c4 ,a bl[ is aim$ at ?is au?ority :i* seems to be fatal2 & !re is "s heal+ or re/orative process by :i* its p[] is recov]$1 & by :i* ! univ]sality ( its dom9ion & influ5ce is aga9 re/or$4 7e7 ,! effect ( ?is is1 t ! _w r5d]s homage really to ! 8dragon10 ! s\rce ( ?is p[]1 ?\gh 9 ! =m ( adoration ( ! 8bea/10 v]4 #d4 ,t is1 :ile ! outw>d homage is r5d]$ to ! 8bea/10 ! real wor%ip is t ( ! 8dragon10 or ,satan4 ,?is bea/ is reg>d$ z 7#a7 incomp>able8,:o is l unto ! #8bea/8'0 & 7#b7 inv9cible8,:o is able to w> ) him80 7f7 ,9 ?is =m ! bea/ is end[$ ) a m\? t 8speaks great ?+s & blasphemies10 v]4 #et is1 ! p[] "h ref]r$ to is arrogant1 & reviles ! ,god ( heav54 7g7 ,! "t dur+ :i* he is to cont9ue is 8=ty & two mon?s0t is1 twelve hundr$ & sixty days1 or twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,see ,notes on *4 xi4 #b4 7h7 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is bea/1 & ( 8 dom9ion1 are ^!37#a7 ,he op5s 8 m\? 9 blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 & 8 *ur*1 & all holy be+s1 v]4 #f4 7#b7 ,he makes w> ) ! sa9ts & ov]comes !m1 v]4 #g4 7#c7 ,he ass]ts 8 p[] ov] all nations1 v]4 #g4 7#d7 ,he is wor%ipp$ by all t dwell on ! e>?1 ^: names are n 9 ! book ( life1 v]4 #h4 7i7 ,all are call$ on to he>z if ! ann\ncem5t 7 important = ! *ur*1 v]4 #i4 7j7 ,! result or issue ( ! p[] repres5t$ by ?is mon/]1 v]4 #aj4 ,x _h l$ o!rs into captivity1 x w\ld itself be made captive2 x _h be5 di/+ui%$ = slay+ o!rs1 x w\ld itself feel ! p[] ( ! sword4 ,until ?is is accompli%$ ! pati5ce & fai? ( ! sa9ts mu/ be sorely tri$1 v]4 #aj4 ,b4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! second bea/1 v]4 #aaah4 7a7 ,x comes out ( ! e>? 7v]4 #aa7;hav+ a diff]5t orig9 f ! =m]2 n spr++ f tr\bl$ elem5ts1 z ( nations at /rife1 b f t :i* is firm & e/abli%$l ! solid e>?4 7b7 ,x has two horns l a lamb1 b x speaks z a dragon 7v]4 #aa74 ,x is app>5tly mild1 g5tle1 lamb-l1 & in(f5sive2 b x is1 9 fact1 arrogant1 haughty1 & imp]ative4 7c7 ,its dom9ion is coext5sive ) t ( ! fir/ bea/1 & ! effect ( its influ5ce is to induce ! _w to d homage to ! fir/ bea/1 v]4 #ab4 7d7 ,x has ! p[] ( p]=m+ great wond]s1 & p>ticul>ly ( deceiv+ ! _w by ! 8miracles0 :i* x p]=ms4 ,?is p[] is p>ticul>ly manife/$ 9 re/or+ :at might be reg>d$ z an 8image0 ( ! bea/ :i* 0 w\nd$1 ?\gh n put to dea?1 & by giv+ life to t image1 & caus+ ^? to be put to dea? :o w n wor%ip x1 v]4 #acae4 7e7 ,?is bea/ causes a c]ta9 m>k to be affix$ to all1 small & great1 & attempts a jurisdiction ov] all p]sons1 s t none may buy or sell1 or engage 9 any bus9ess1 :o h n ! m>k affix$ to !mt is1 ! p[] repres5t$ attempts to set up a control ov] ! comm]ce ( ! _w1 v]4 #af1 #ag4 7f7 ,! way by :i* ! p[] "h ref]r$ to may be kn[n is by "s #cah prop] application ( ! numb] #fff4 ,?is is /at$ 9 an enigmatical =m1 & yet ) su* cle>ness t x is suppos$ t x w\ld be suffici5t to indicate ! p[] "h ref]r$ to4 ,,ii4 ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,two ,,bea/s ,,resemble ,,or ,,su/a9 ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,x is manife/1 on ! slighte/ inspection ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! 8bea/s0 ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]1 t !y h a close relation to ea* o!r2 t1 9 important respects1 ! "o is design$ to su/a9 ! o!r1 & t bo? are manife/ations or embodim5ts ( t "o & ! same p[] repres5t$ by ! 8dragon10 v]4 #d4 ,he is ! great orig9al s\rce ( p[] to bo?1 & bo? are engag$ 9 accompli%+ 8 purposes1 & are comb9$ to keep up 8 dom9ion ov] ! e>?4 ,! po9ts ( resemblance :i* x is v important to notice are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,!y h ! same orig9t is1 !y bo? owe _! p[] to ! 8dragon10 & are design$ to keep up 8 asc5d5cy 9 human affairs1 *4 xii4 #c2 xiii4 #b1 #d1 #ab4 7#b7 ,!y h ! same ext5t ( p[] & dom9ion4 ,,fir/ ,,bea/4 ,! _w wond]s aft] ! bea/1 v]4 #c4 ,!y wor%ip ! dragon & ! bea/1 v]4 #d2 & all t dwell ^u ! e>? %all wor%ip him1 v]4 #h4 ,,second ,,bea/4 ,he ex]cises all ! p[] ( ! fir/ bea/1 v]4 #ab4 ,he causes ! e>? & !m :i* dwell !re9 to wor%ip ! fir/ bea/1 v]4 #ab4 ,he has p[] to give life unto ! image ( ! bea/1 v]4 #ae4 ,he sets up jurisdiction ov] ! comm]ce ( ! _w1 v]4 #af1 #ag4 7#c7 ,!y d ! same ?+s4 ,,fir/ ,,bea/4 ,! dragon gives p[] to ! bea/1 v]4 #d4 ,!re is giv5 unto him a m\? speak+ great ?+s & blasphemies1 v]4 #e4 ,he op5s 8 m\? 9 blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 v]4 #f4 ,x is giv5 him to make w> ) ! sa9ts1 & to ov]come !m1 v]4 #g4 ,,second ,,bea/4 ,he ex]cises all ! p[] ( ! fir/ bea/1 v]4 #ab4 ,he does great wond]s1 v]4 #ac4 ,he makes fire come d[n f heav5 9 ! sight ( m51 v]4 #ac4 ,he p]=ms miracles1 v]4 #ad4 ,he causes t z _m z w\ld n wor%ip ! fir/ bea/ %\ld be kill$1 v]4 #ae4 ,he claims dom9ion ov] all1 v]4 #af1 #ag4 7#d7 ,! "o is ! means ( heal+ ! w\nd$ head ( ! o!r1 & ( re/or+ its au?ority4 ,,fir/ ,,bea/4 ,"o ( 8 heads is1 z x 71 w\nd$ to dea?3 a w\nd t w\ld be mortal if x 7 n heal$1 v]4 #c4 ,,second ,,bea/4 ,has p[] to heal ! w\nd ( ! fir/ bea/1 v]4 #ab2 = x is manife/ t ! heal+ comes f "s influ5ce ( ! second bea/4 7#e7 ,! "o re/ores life to ! o!r :5 dy+4 ,,fir/ ,,bea/4 ,is w\nd$1 v]4 #c1 & 8 p[] manife/ly becomes exhau/$4 ,,second ,,bea/4 ,causes an 8image0 ( ! fir/ bea/some?+ t %\ld resemble t1 or be ! same p[] reviv$1 to be made1 & to be wor%ipp$1 v]4 #ae4 7#f7 ,!y h ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,,fir/ ,,bea/4 ,has a m\? giv5 him to speak great ?+s & blasphemies1 v]4 #e2 op5s 8 m\? 9 blasphemy1 v]4 #f2 blasphemes ! "n ( ,god1 & 8 tab]nacle1 & 8 p1 v]4 #f2 makes w> ) ! sa9ts & ov]comes !m1 v]4 #g4 ,,second ,,bea/4 ,speaks l a dragon1 v]4 #aa2 deceives ^? t dwell ^u ! e>?1 v]4 #ad2 is a p]secut+ p[]caus+ ^? :o w\ld n wor%ip ! image ( ! fir/ bea/ to be kill$1 v]4 #ae4 ,f ?is comp>ison ( ! two bea/s1 ! foll[+ ?+s are pla937#a7 ,t ! same g5]al p[] is ref]r$ to1 or t !y are bo? modifications ( "o g5]al dom9ion on ! e>?2 hav+ ! same orig91 hav+ ! same locality1 & aim+ at ! same result4 7#b7 ,x is ! same g5]al dom9ation prolong$t is1 ! "o is1 9 ano!r =m1 b ! cont9uation ( ! o!r4 7#c7 ,! "o becomes weak1 or is 9 "s way likely to lose its au?ority & p[]1 & is reviv$ by ! o!rt is1 ! o!r re/ores its wan+ au?ority1 & sets up sub/antially ! same dom9ion aga9 ov] ! e>?1 & causes ! same great p[] to be ackn[l$g$ on ! e>?4 7#d7 ,! "o runs into ! o!r2 t is1 "o naturally produces1 or is foll[$ by ! o!r4 7#e7 ,"o su/a9s ! o!r4 7#f7 ,!y1 !re=e1 h a v close relation to ea* o!r3 hav+ ! same object2 possess+ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics2 & accompli%+ sub/antially ! same ?+ on ! e>?4 ,:at ?is 01 w be bett] se5 aft] ! exposition ( ! *apt] %all h be5 made4 ,x may be suffici5t "h to rem>k1 t1 on ! v face ( ?is /atem5t1 x is impossible n to h #cai ! ,roman p[] sugge/$ to ! m9d1 z a mighty p]secut+ p[]1 9 ! two =ms ( ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?ority1 bo? hav+ ! same orig92 aim+ at ! same object2 ! "o su/a9+ ! o!r2 & bo? comb9$ to keep up ! dom9ion ( ! great enemy ( ,god & man ^u ! e>?4 ,x is impossible1 also1 n to be /ruck ) ! resemblance1 9 _m p>ticul>s1 betwe5 ?is vision & t ( ,daniel 7*4 vii471 & to be impress$ ) ! conviction t !y are int5d$ to ref] to ! same k+dom 9 g5]al1 & to ! same ev5ts4 ,b ?is w be made m manife/ 9 ! exposition ( ! *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,& ,i /ood ^u ! s& ( ! sea1 & saw a #cie;bea/ rise up out ( ! sea1 #cif;hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns1 & ^u 8 horns t5 cr[ns1 & ^u 8 heads ! #cig"n ( blasphemy4 #a4 ,& ,i /ood ^u ! s& ( ! sea4 ,! s& ^u ! %ore ( ! sea4 ,t is1 he seem$ to /& !re1 & !n _h a vision ( a bea/ ris+ out ( ! wat]s4 ,! reason ( ?is repres5tation may1 p]haps1 h be5 t among ! anci5ts ! sea 0 reg>d$ z ! appropriate place = ! orig9 ( huge & t]rible mon/]s 7,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,?is vision /rongly resembles t 9 ,da4 vii4 #b1 seq41 :]e ! prophet saw f\r bea/s com+ up 9 succession f ! sea4 ,see ,notes on t place4 ,9 ,daniel1 ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 are describ$ z /riv+ ^u ! great sea 7v]4 #b71 & ! agitat$ ocean repres5ts ! nations 9 commotion1 or 9 a /ate ( disord] & an>*y1 & ! f\r bea/s repres5t f\r successive k+doms t w\ld spr+ up4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #b4 ,9 ! passage be=e u1 ,john inde$ describes no /orm or tempe/2 b ! sea itself1 z comp>$ ) ! l& 7see ,notes on v]4 #aa71 repres5ts an agitat$ or unsettl$ /ate ( ?+s1 & we %\ld naturally look = t 9 ! rise ( ! p[] "h ref]r$ to4 ,if ! ref]5ce be to ! civil or secul> ,roman p[] t has always appe>$ 9 connection ) ! ,papacy1 & t has always foll[$ its designs1 !n x is true t x rose amid/ ! agitations ( ! _w1 & f a /ate ( commotion t might well be repres5t$ by ! re/less ocean4 ,! sea 9 ei!r case naturally describes a nation or p1 = ?is image is frequ5tly s employ$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,comp41 z above1 ,da4 vii4 #b1 & ,ps4 lxv4 #g2 ,je4 li4 #db2 ,is4 lx4 #e2 ,re4 x4 #b4 ,! natural idea1 !re=e1 9 ?is passage1 w\ld be t ! p[] t 0 repres5t$ by ! 8bea/0 w\ld spr+ up among ! nations1 :5 re/less or unsettl$1 l ! waves ( ! ocean4 ,& saw a bea/4 ,daniel saw f\r 9 succession 7*4 vii4 #cg71 all diff]5t1 yet succe$+ ea* o!r2 ,john saw two 9 succession1 yet /rongly resembl+ ea* o!r1 v]4 #a1 #aa4 ,on ! g5]al mean+ ( ! ^w bea/see ,notes on *4 xi4 #g4 ,! bea/ "h is evid5tly a symbol ( "s p[] or k+dom t w\ld arise 9 future times4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #c4 ,hav+ sev5 heads4 ,s also ! dragon is repres5t$ 9 *4 xii4 #c4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,! repres5tation !re is ( ,satan1 z ! s\rce ( all ! p[] lodg$ 9 ! two bea/s t ,john subsequ5tly saw4 ,9 *4 xvii4 #i1 ref]r+ sub/antially to ! same vision1 x is said t 8! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s20 & !re c be no difficulty1 !re=e1 9 ref]r+ ?is to ! sev5 hills on :i* ! city ( ,rome 0 built 7comp4 ,notes on *4 xii4 #c71 & consequ5tly ?is mu/ be reg>d$ z design$1 9 "s way1 to be a repres5tation ( ,rome4 ,& t5 horns4 ,see ?is also expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xii4 #c2 comp4 also ! m ext5d$ illu/ration 9 ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be1 seq4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to ,rome1 or ! "o ,roman p[]1 contemplat$ z made up ( t5 subord9ate k+doms1 & !re=e subsequ5tly to ! invasion ( ! ,nor!rn hordes1 & to ! "t :5 ! ,papacy 0 ab\t to rise4 ,comp4 ,re4 xvii4 #ab3 8,& ! t5 horns :i* ?\ sawe/ are t5 k+s m>g4 k+doms1 :i* h receiv$ no k+dom z yet1 b receive p[] z k+s ) ! bea/40 ,= a full illu/ration ( ?is1 see ! copi\s ,notes at ! close ( ! sev5? *apt] ( ,daniel4 ,& ^u 8 horns t5 cr[ns4 ,greek1 t5 diadems4 ,see ,notes on *4 xii4 #c4 ,^! indicat$ dom9ion or au?ority4 ,9 *4 xii4 #c1 ! 8dragon is repres5t$ z hav+ sev5 diadems on 8 head20 #cbj "h1 ! bea/ is repres5t$ z hav+ t54 ,! dragon !re repres5ts ! ,roman dom9ation1 z su*1 ! sev5-hill$1 or sev5-head$ p[]1 &1 !re=e1 prop]ly describ$ z hav+ sev5 diadems2 ! bea/ "h repres5ts ! ,roman p[]1 z n[ brok5 up into ! t5 dom9ations :i* sprung up 7see ,notes on ,daniel z above7 f ! "o orig9al ,roman p[]1 & t became h5ce=w>d ! support]s ( ! ,papacy1 &1 !re=e1 prop]ly repres5t$ "h z hav+ t5 diadems4 ,& ^u 8 heads ! "n ( blasphemy4 ,t is1 ! :ole p[] 0 blasphem\s 9 its claims & pret5sions4 ,! ^w blasphemy "h seems to be us$ 9 ! s5se t titles & attributes 7 claim$ by x :i* belong$ only to ,god4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w blasphemy1 see ,notes on ,mat4 ix4 #c2 xxvi4 #fe4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ea* "o ( ^! heads appe>$ to h a frontlet1 ) an inscription t 0 blasphem\s1 or t ascrib$ "s attribute to ?is p[] t prop]ly belong$ to ,god2 & t ! :ole p[] ?us assum$ 0 9 d]ogation ( ! attributes & claims ( ,god4 ,9 reg>d to ! propriety ( ?is description consid]$ z applicable to ! ,papacy1 see ,notes on #b ,?4 ii4 #d4 #b ,& ! bea/ :i* ,i saw 0 #cihl unto a leop>d1 & 8 feet 7 z ! feet ( a be>1 & 8 m\? z ! m\? ( a lion3 & #cii! dragon gave him 8 p[]1 & #djj;8 seat1 & great au?ority4 #b4 ,& ! bea/ :i* ,i saw 0 l unto a leop>d4 ,= a description ( ! leop>d1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #f4 ,x is di/+ui%$ = blood?ir/9ess & cruelty1 & ?us becomes an emblem ( a fi]ce1 tyrannical p[]4 ,9 its g5]al "* x resembles a lion1 & ! lion & ! leop>d are (t5 ref]r$ to toge!r4 ,9 ?is description1 x is obs]vable t ,john has comb9$ 9 "o animal or mon/]1 all ^? :i* ,daniel br\ght successively on ! sc5e ( action z repres5t+ diff]5t empires4 ,?us 9 ,daniel 7vii4 #bg7 ! lion is introduc$ z ! symbol ( ! ,babylonian p[]2 ! be>1 z ! symbol ( ! ,m$o-,p]sian2 ! leop>d1 z ! symbol ( ! ,mac$onian2 & a nondescript animal1 fi]ce1 cruel1 & mighty1 ) two horns1 z ! symbol ( ! ,roman4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,9 ,john !re is "o animal repres5t+ ! ,roman p[]1 z if x 7 made up ( all ^!3 a leop>d ) ! feet ( a be>1 & ! m\? ( a lion1 ) two horns1 & ) ! g5]al description ( a fi]ce mon/]4 ,!re 0 an obvi\s propriety 9 ?is1 9 speak+ ( ! ,roman p[]1 = x 01 9 fact1 made up ( ! empires repres5t$ by ! o!r symbols 9 ,daniel1 & 8comb9$ 9 itself all ! elem5ts ( ! t]rible & ! oppressive1 :i* _h exi/$ 9 ! aggregate 9 ! o!r great empires t prec$$ x40 ,at ! same "t !re 0 an obvi\s propriety 9 ! symbol itself2 = ! blood?ir/9ess & cruelty ( ! leop>d w\ld well repres5t ! f]ocity & cruelty ( ! ,roman p[]1 especially z ,john saw x "h z ! great antagoni/ic p[] ( ! true *ur*1 su/a9+ ! ,papal claim1 & ?ir/+ = blood4 ,& 8 feet m]e z ! feet ( a be>4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #e4 ,! idea "h seems to be t ( /r5g?1 z ! /r5g? ( ! be> resides mu* 9 its feet & claws4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is ! idea ( a comb9ation ( fi]ce qualitiesz if ! blood?ir/9ess1 ! cruelty1 & ! agility ( ! leop>d 7 unit$ ) ! /r5g? ( ! be>4 ,& 8 m\? z ! m\? ( a lion4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #d4 ,! m\? ( ! lion is made to seize & hold its prey1 & is indicative ( ! "* ( ! animal z a bea/ ( prey4 ,john has ?us br\ght toge!r ! qualities ( activity1 blood?ir/9ess1 /r5g?1 f]ocity1 all z symbolical ( ! p[] t 0 int5d$ to be repres5t$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is description is "o t w\ld apply well1 9 all respects1 to ,rome2 nor is x necess>y to say1 t if x be suppos$ t he meant to ref] to ,rome1 ?is is su* a description z he w\ld h adopt$4 ,& ! dragon4 ,see ,notes on *4 xii4 #c4 ,gave him 8 p[]4 ,satan claim$1 9 ! "t ( ! ,savi\r1 all p[] ov] ! k+doms ( ! _w1 & ass]t$ t he c\ld give !m to :omsoev] he pleas$4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #h1 #i4 ,h[ f> ! p[] ( ,satan 9 ?is respect may ext5d1 x may n be possible to det]m9e2 b x _c be d\bt$ t ! ,roman p[] seem$ to h su* an #cba orig91 & t 9 ! ma9 x 0 su* z1 on t supposition1 x w\ld be4 ,9 its arrogance & haught9ess9 its ?ir/ = dom9ion9 its p]secutionsx _h su* *>act]i/ics z we may suppose ,satan w\ld orig9ate4 ,if1 !re=e1 z ! :ole connection leads u to suppose1 ?is ref]s to ! ,roman secul> p[]1 consid]$ z ! support ( ! ,papacy1 !re is ! mo/ evid5t propriety 9 ! repres5tation4 ,& ! seat4 ,h5ce our ^w ?rone4 ,! ^w prop]ly means a seat2 !n a high seat2 !n a ?rone1 z t on :i* a k+ sits4 ,"h x ref]s to ?is p[] z ex]cis+ dom9ion on ! e>?4 ,& great au?ority4 ,! au?ority 0 great4 ,x ext5d$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! e>?1 &1 alike 9 its ext5t & "*1 x 0 su* z we may suppose ,satan w\ld set up 9 ! _w4 #c ,& ,i saw "o ( 8 heads1 z x 7 #djaw\nd$ to dea?2 & 8 deadly w\nd 0 heal$3 & all #djb! _w wond]$ aft] ! bea/4 #c4 ,& ,i saw "o ( 8 heads1 z x 7 w\nd$ to dea?4 ,! phrase 8w\nd$ to dea?0 means prop]ly t x receiv$ a mortal w\nd1 t is1 ! w\nd w\ld h be5 mortal if x _h n be5 heal$4 ,a bl[ 0 /ruck t w\ld be naturally fatal1 b !re 0 some?+ t prev5t$ ! fatal result4 ,john does n say1 h[ev]1 by :om ! w\nd 0 inflict$1 nor does he describe f>!r ! nature ( ! w\nd4 ,he says t 8"o ( ! heads0t is1 "o ( ! sev5 heads0 ?us w\nd$4 ,9 *4 xvii4 #i1 he says t 8! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s on :i* ! woman sitte?40 ,9 *4 xvii4 #aj1 he says1 8!re are sev5 k+s40 ,& ?is w\ld lead u to suppose t !re 7 8sev50 adm9i/rations1 or =ms ( dom9ion1 or dyna/ies1 t 7 pres5t$ to ! eye ( ,john2 & t :ile ! numb] 8sev510 z appli$ to ! 8heads10 s f> id5tifi$ ! p[] z to fix its location on ! sev5 8hills0 7*4 xvii4 #i71 9 ano!r respect also ! numb] 8sev50 sugge/$ =ms ( adm9i/ration ( dyna/ies1 *4 xvii4 #aj4 ,:at is meant by say+ t "o ( ^! heads 0 w\nd$ to dea? has be5 among ! mo/ p]plex+ ( all ! inquiries p]ta9+ to ! book ( ,revelation4 ,! use ( ! ^w sev51 & ! explanation 9 *4 xvii4 #i1 make x morally c]ta9 t ,rome1 9 "s =m ( its adm9i/ration1 is ref]r$ to4 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt1 & 9 ?is all are agre$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! ,papal p[] z su* t is "h ref]r$ to2 = 7a7 ! ,papal p[] is designat$ "u ! image ( ! second bea/2 7b7 ! descriptions p]ta9+ to ! fir/ bea/ are all applicable to a secul> p[]2 & 7c7 !re 0 no =m ( ! ,papal spiritual dom9ion :i* w\ld prop]ly correspond ) :at is said 9 *4 xvii4 #aj4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ?is place is1 !re=e1 to ,rome consid]$ z a civil or secul> p[]1 yet ,rome reg>d$ z giv+ support to ! second bea/! ,papal p[]4 ,! g5]al idea "h is1 t a /ate ( ?+s w\ld exi/ 9 reg>d to t p[]1 at ! "t ref]r$ to1 z if "o ( ! sev5 heads ( ! mon/] %\ld receive a w\nd :i* w\ld be fatal1 if x 7 n heal$ 9 "s way4 ,t is1 its p[] w\ld be weak5$2 its dom9ion w\ld be curtail$1 & t portion ( its p[] w\ld h come to an end1 if !re _h n be5 some?+ :i* w\ld1 z x 71 re/ore x1 & save x f ! wra? t 0 imp5d+4 ,! great po9t ( difficulty relates to ! p>ticul> application ( ?is2 to ! facts 9 hi/ory t w\ld correspond ) ! symbol4 ,on ?is !re h be5 almo/ z _m op9ions z !re h be5 int]pret]s ( ! ,apocalypse1 & !re is no impropriety 9 say+ t none ( ! solutions are :olly free f objection4 ,! ma9 difficulty1 s f> z ! int]pretation propos$ above is conc]n$1 is1 9 ! fact t 8"o0 ( ! sev5 heads is ref]r$ to z w\nd$ unto dea?2 z if "o-sev5? "p ( ! p[] 0 endang]$4 ,i confess ,i am n able :olly to solve ?is difficulty2 b1 aft] all1 is x c]ta9 t ! mean+ is t j "o-sev5? "p ( ! p[] 0 9 p]il2 t ! bl[ affect$ j su* a portion t x might be describ$ z ! "o-sev5? "p8 ,is n ! numb] sev5 s us$ 9 ! ,scriptures z to d5ote a consid]able portiona portion q mat]ial & important8 ,& may n all t is int5d$ "h be1 t ,john saw a w\nd inflict$ on t mighty p[] :i* w\ld h be5 fatal if x _h n be5 m>vell\sly heal$8 ,& 0 x n true #cbb t ! ,roman civil & secul> p[] 0 s wan+ & decay+1 t x might prop]ly be repres5t$ z if "o ( ! sev5 heads ( ! mon/] _h receiv$ a fatal w\nd1 until its p[] 0 re/or$ by ! influ5ce ( ! spiritual dom9ation ( ! *ur* ( ,rome8 ,if ?is be ! correct exposition1 !n :at is impli$ "h may be ?us /at$3 7a7 ,! g5]al subject ( ! repres5tation is ! ,roman p[]1 z se5 at fir/ 9 its vig\r & /r5g?2 7b7 !n t p[] is said to be greatly weak5$1 z if "o ( its heads 7 smitt5 ) a deadly w\nd2 7c7 !n ! w\nd 0 heal$?is p[] 0 re/or$by be+ br\ght into alliance ) ! ,papacy2 t is1 ! :ole ,roman p[] ov] ! _w w\ld h di$ away1 if x _h n be5 re/or$ & p]petuat$ by means ( ?is new & mighty influ5ce1 v]4 #ab4 ,"u ?is new =m1 ,rome _h all ! p[] :i* x _h ev] _h1 & 0 guilty ( all ! atrocities ( :i* x _h ev] be5 guilty3 x 0 ,rome /ill4 ,e w\nd t 0 inflict$ on t p[] by ! incursion ( b>b>ians1 & by ! divid+ (f ( p>ts ( ! empire1 0 heal$ by ! ,papacy1 & "u ?is =m its dom9ion became z wide & z =midable z "u its anci5t mode ( adm9i/ration4 ,if a m p>ticul> application ( ?is is s\ght =1 ,i see no reason to d\bt t x may be f\nd 9 ! q common int]pretation ( ! passage giv5 by ,prote/ants1 t ! ref]5ce is to ! =ms ( adm9i/ration "u :i* ?is p[] appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,! numb] ( di/9ct =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* ! ,roman p[] assum$ f fir/ to la/ 0 ! foll[+3k+s1 consuls1 dictators1 decemvirs1 milit>y1 tribunes1 emp]ors4 ,^! sev5 =ms ( adm9i/ration 71 at lea/1 suffici5tly prom95t & m>k$ to be repres5t$ by ?is symbol1 or to attract ! att5tion ( "o contemplat+ ?is =midable p[]= x 0 "u ^! =ms t its conque/s _h be5 a*iev$1 & its dom9ion set up ov] ! e>?4 ,9 ! "t ( ,john1 & ! "t contemplat$ 9 ?is vision1 all ^! _h pass$ away b ! imp]ial4 ,t1 too1 0 soon to be smitt5 ) a deadly w\nd by ! invasion ( ! ,nor!rn hordes2 & t w\ld h :olly & = ev] ceas$ if x _h n be5 re/or$! deadly w\nd be+ heal$by ! influ5ce ( ! ,papal p[]1 giv+ ,rome its =m] asc5d5cy4 ,see ,notes at ! close ( v]4 #ae4 ,& 8 deadly w\nd 0 heal$4 ,t is1 z expla9$ above1 ! wan+ ,roman secul> p[] 0 re/or$ by its connection ) ! spiritual p[]! ,papacy4 ,?is 0 7a7 a simple matt] ( fact1 t ! wan+ secul> p[] ( ,rome 0 ?us re/or$ by connect+ itself ) ! spiritual or ecclesia/ical p[]1 ?us prolong+ :at might prop]ly be call$ ! ,roman dom9ation f> beyond :at x w\ld o!rwise h be52 & 7b7 ?is w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by j ! symbol employ$ "h! fatal w\nd inflict$ on ! head1 & ! heal+ ( t w\nd1 or prev5t+ :at w\ld naturally be ! effects4 ,on ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 see ,notes on v]4 #ae1 at ! close4 ,& all ! _w wond]$ aft] ! bea/4 ,! ^w "h us$means1 prop]ly1 to be a/oni%$2 to be amaz$2 !n to wond] at2 !n to admire & foll[ 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,9 v]4 #d1 x is said t ! _w 8wor%ipp$0 ! bea/2 & ! g5]al idea is1 t ! bea/ receiv$ su* univ]sal rev]5ce1 or inspir$ su* univ]sal awe1 z to be prop]ly call$ wor%ip or adoration4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! propriety ( ?is1 consid]$ z applicable to t secul> ,roman p[] :i* su/a9$ ! ,papacy4 ,! homage 0 z wide z ! limits ( ! ,roman empire _h ev] be51 & might be said to embrace 8all ! _w40 #d ,& !y wor%ipp$ ! dragon :i* gave p[] unto ! bea/3 & !y wor%ipp$ ! bea/1 say+1 ,:o is l unto ! bea/8 #djc:o is able to make w> ) him8 #d4 ,& !y wor%ipp$ ! dragon :i* gave p[] unto ! bea/4 ,notes1 *ap4 xii4 #c2 xiii4 #b4 ,t is1 !y 9 fact wor%ipp$ him4 ,! ^w wor%ipis n always1 h[ev]1 us$ 9 a religi\s s5se4 ,x means1 prop]ly1 to kiss2 to kiss t[>ds anyone2 t is1 to kiss 8 own h& & to ext5d x t[>ds a p]son1 9 tok5 ( respect & homage 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,comp4 ,job xxxi4 #bg4 ,!n x means to %[ respect to "o :o is our sup]ior2 to k+s & pr9ces2 to p>5ts2 & pre-em95tly to ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 ii4 #b4 ,! ^w may be us$ "h to mean t homage or rev]5ce1 #cbc z to a high] p[]1 0 r5d]$ to ! 8dragon20 n /rictly t he 0 op5ly wor%ipp$ 9 a religi\s s5se z ,god4 ,c anyone d\bt t ?is 0 ! case "u ,papal ,rome2 t ! p[] :i* 0 set up "u t entire dom9ation1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 0 su* z ,satan approv$1 & su* z he s\ght to h e/abli%$ on ! e>?8 ,& c anyone d\bt t ! homage ?us r5d]$1 s contr>y to ! law ( ,god1 & s mu* 9 d]ogation ( 8 claims1 0 9 fact homage r5d]$ to ?is presid+ _s ( evil8 ,& !y wor%ipp$ ! bea/4 ,t is1 !y did x1 z is imm$iately specifi$1 by say+ t he 0 incomp>able & inv9cible2 9 o!r words1 t he 0 sup]ior to all o!rs1 & t he 0 almighty4 ,= ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 see ,notes on #b ,?4 ii4 #d4 ,:o is l unto ! bea/8 ,t is1 he is to be reg>d$ z unequall$ & z supreme4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 ascrib+ hon\rs to him :i* belong$ only to ,god2 & ?is 0 ! mann] 9 :i* t civil & secul> p[] 0 reg>d$ 9 ! p]iod "h suppos$ to be ref]r$ to4 ,x 0 ! policy ( rul]s & pr9ces 9 ^? times to augm5t 9 e way possible ! respect 9 :i* !y 7 held2 to ma9ta9 t !y 7 ! vic]eg5ts ( heav52 to claim = !mselves sacr$ness ( "* & ( p]son2 & to secure f ! p a degree ( rev]5ce :i* 0 9 fact idolatr\s4 ,nev] 0 ?is m m>k$ ?an 9 ! times :5 ! ,papacy _h ! asc5d5cy1 = x 0 its policy to promote rev]5ce = ! p[] t su/a9$ itself1 & to secure = itself ! idolatr\s v5]ation ( ! p4 ,:o is able to make w> ) him8 ,t is1 he is inv9cible4 ,!y ?us attribut$ to him omnipot5cean attribute belong+ only to ,god4 ,?is f\nd a fulfilm5t 9 ! hon\r %[n to ! civil au?ority :i* su/a9$ ! ,papacy2 = ! policy 0 to impress ! public m9d ) ! belief t t p[] 0 inv9cible4 ,9 fact1 x 0 s reg>d$4 ,no?+ 0 able to resi/ t absolute despotism2 & ! au?ority ( pr9ces & rul]s t 7 alli$ ) ! ,papal rule 0 ( ! mo/ absolute k9d1 & ! subjugation ( ! _w 0 complete4 ,!re 0 no civil1 z !re 0 no religi\s lib]ty2 & ! :ole arrangem5t 0 s ord]$ z to subdue ! _w to an absolute & uncontrollable p[]4 #e ,& !re 0 giv5 unto him a#djd m\? speak+ great ?+s & blasphemies3 & p[] 0 giv5 unto him to #dje;cont9ue #djf;=ty &two mon?s4 #e4 ,& !re 0 giv5 unto him a m\? speak+ great ?+s4 ,john does n say by :om ?is 0 giv52 b we may suppose t x 0 by ! 8dragon10 :o is said 7v]4 #b7 to h giv5 him 8 p[]1 & seat1 & au?ority4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! claims set up by ! pr9ces & rul]s "h ref]r$ tot mighty secul> p[] t su/a9$ ! ,papacy1 & t 01 9 "s sort1 a "p ( ! ,papacy itself4 ,^! arrogant claims consi/$ 9 ! ass]tion ( a div9e "r2 9 ! p[] assum$ ov] ! lib]ty1 ! prop]ty1 & ! consci5ces ( ! p2 9 ! arbitr>y comm&s t 7 issu$2 & 9 ! "r ass]t$ ( giv+ absolute law4 ,! language "h us$ is ! same z t :i* is f\nd 9 ,daniel 7vii4 #h7 :5 speak+ ( ! 8little horn30 8,9 ?is horn 7 eyes l ! eyes ( a man1 & a m\? speak+ great ?+s40 ,= an illu/ration ( ! mean+ ( ?is1 see ,notes on t passage4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,& blasphemies4 ,t is1 ! :ole p[] repres5t$ by ! 8bea/0 w be blasphem\s4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,& p[] 0 giv5 unto him to cont9ue =ty & two mon?s4 ,?ree ye>s & a half1 reckon$ z mon?s2 or twelve hundr$ & sixty days1 reckon+ ?irty days = a mon?2 or twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 reg>d+ ! days z prophetic days4 ,= ! evid5ce t ?is is to be s reg>d$1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,?is is ! same p]iod t we meet ) 9 *ap4 xi4 #b1 & 9 *ap4 xii4 #f4 ,see ,notes on ^? places4 ,?is fact proves t ! same p[] is ref]r$ to 9 ^! places & 9 ,daniel2 & ?is fact may be reg>d$ z a confirmation ( ! views "h tak51 t ! p[] "h ref]r$ to is design$ to h a connection 9 "s =m ) ! ,papacy4 ,! duration ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is p[] is ! same z t :i* is ev]y:]e ascrib$ to ! ,papacy1 9 ! passages :i* ref] to x2 & #cbd all ! circum/ances1 z be=e rem>k$1 %[ t ! same g5]al p[] is ref]r$ to by ! two 8bea/s0 :i* are describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,if s1 ! cont9uance or duration may be suppos$ to be ! same2 & ?is is indicat$ 9 ! passage be=e u1 :]e x is said t x w\ld be twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is to ! ,papal p[]1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! calculation is to be made ( ! duration ( t p[]1 see ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be1 & ! rem>ks at ! end ( t *apt]4 ,! mean+ 9 ! passage be=e u ,i take to be1 t ! ,papal p[]1 consid]$ z a civil or secul> in/itution1 w h1 f ! "t :5 t prop]ly comm5c$1 a duration ( twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,9 ! ,scriptures !re is no?+ m def9ite 9 reg>d to any future ev5t ?an ?is4 #f ,& he op5$ 8 m\? 9 blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 to blaspheme 8 "n1 & #djg;8 tab]nacle1 & #djh!m t dwell 9 heav54 #f4 ,& he op5$ 8 m\? 9 blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 to blaspheme 8 "n4 ,by 8 own arrogant claims2 by 8 assum$ au?ority 9 matt]s ( consci5ce2 by sett+ aside ! div9e au?ority2 & by impi\s decl>ations 9 d]ogation ( ! div9e claims4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,& 8 tab]nacle4 ,lit]ally1 8 8t5t04 ,?is is ! ^w :i* is commonly appli$ to ! sacr$ t5t or tab]nacle among ! ,hebrews1 9 :i* ! ark 0 kept1 & :i* 0 ! seat ( ! ,jewi% wor%ip be=e ! build+ ( ! temple4 ,x is ?us us$ to d5ote a place ( wor%ip1 consid]$ z ! dwell+-place ( ,god1 & is 9 ?is s5se appli$ to heav51 ,he4 viii4 #b2 ix4 #aa2 ,re4 xv4 #e4 ,x seems to be us$ "h 9 a g5]al s5se to d5ote ! place :]e ,god 0 wor%ipp$2 & ! mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be a c\rse ( conduct 9 reg>d to ! true *ur*! dwell+-place ( ,god on ! e>?:i* c\ld prop]ly be reg>d$ z blasphemy4 ,let anyone rememb] ! ana!mas & excommunications utt]$ aga9/ ! ,wald5ses & ,albig5ses1 & ^? ( k9dr$ _s t appe>$ 9 ! long p]iod ( ! ,papal rule1 & he w f9d no difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ a complete fulfilm5t ( all t is "h said4 ,& !m t dwell 9 heav54 ,! true wor%ipp]s2 ! memb]s ( ! true *ur*1 repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 ?is holy tab]nacle4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! reproa*es ca/ on ! devot$ & s9c]e foll[]s ( ! ,savi\r dur+ ! d>k p]iods ( ! ,papal rule c fail to see t !re 0 9 t a complete fulfilm5t ( all t is "h pr$ict$4 #g ,& x 0 giv5 unto him #djito make w> ) ! sa9ts1 & to ov]come !m3 & #dajp[] 0 giv5 him ov] all k9dr$s1 & tongues1 & nations4 #g4 ,& x 0 giv5 unto him4 ,by ! same p[] t taught him to blaspheme ,god & 8 *ur*4 ,notes on v]4 #b1 #e4 ,to make w> ) ! sa9ts4 ,see ?is fully illu/rat$ 9 ! ,notes on ! p>allel passage 9 ,da4 vii4 #ba1 & at ! end ( t *apt]1 7f74 ,& to ov]come !m4 ,9 ^? w>s4 ,?is 0 abundantly fulfill$ 9 ! w>s ) ! ,wald5ses1 ! ,albig5ses1 & ! o!r s9c]e foll[]s ( ! ,savi\r 9 ! "t ( ! ,papal p]secutions4 ,! language "h us$ is ! same z t :i* is f\nd 9 ,da4 vii4 #ba3 8,! same horn made w> ) ! sa9ts1 & prevail$ aga9/ !m40 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,& p[] 0 giv5 him4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,ov] all k9dr$s1 & tongues1 & nations4 ,= ! mean+ ( ^! words see ,notes on *4 vii4 #i4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ?is dom9ion 0 set up ov] ! _w4 ,comp4 ,da4 vii4 #be4 ,! fact t s l>ge a portion ( ! k+doms ( ! e>? 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,papacy1 & su/a9$ x1 & ! claim :i* x set up to univ]sal dom9ion1 & to ! "r ( depos+ k+s & giv+ away k+doms1 corresponds entirely ) ! language "h us$4 #h ,& all t dwell ^u ! e>? %all wor%ip him1 ^: names are n writt5 9 #daa! book ( life ( ! ,lamb sla9 #dab;f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 #h4 ,& all t dwell ^u ! e>? %all wor%ip him4 ,t is1 z imm$iately /at$1 all ^: names are n 9 ! book ( life4 ,on ! ^w wor%ip1 see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,^: #cbe names are n writt5 9 ! book ( life ( ! ,lamb4 ,t is1 ( ! ,"l ,jesus! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,phi4 iv4 #c4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,jn4 i4 #bi4 ,! repres5tation "h is1 t ! ,"l ,jesus keeps a book or regi/]1 9 :i* are record$ ! names ( all :o %all obta9 ev]la/+ life4 ,sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 iii4 #e4 ,! mean+ "h is1 n t he 0 actually put to dea? 8f ! f\ndation ( ! _w10 b t ! int5tion to give him = a sacrifice 0 =m$ !n1 & t x 0 s c]ta9 t x might be spok5 ( z actually !n occurr+4 ,see ,ro4 iv4 #ag4 ,! purpose 0 s c]ta91 x 0 s con/antly repres5t$ by bloody sacrifices f ! e>lie/ ages1 all typify+ ! future ,savi\r1 t x might be said t he 0 8sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w40 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 h[ev] 7,com4 9 loco71 supposes t ?is phrase %\ld be connect$ ) ! =m] memb] ( ! s5t5ce1 8^: names are n writt51 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 9 ! life-book ( ! ,lamb1 :i* 0 sla94 0 ,ei!r con/ruction makes good s5se2 b x seems to me t t :i* is f\nd 9 our common v]sion is ! mo/ simple & natural4 #i ,if any man h an e>1 let him he>4 #i4 ,if any man h an e>1 let him he>4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,! idea "h is1 t :at 0 "h said respect+ ! 8bea/0 0 wor?y ( special att5tion1 z x p]ta9$ to mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*4 #aj ,he#dac t leade? into captivity %all g into captivity3 #dad;he t kille? ) ! sword mu/ be kill$ ) ! sword4 ,"h is ! #daepati5ce & ! fai? ( ! sa9ts4 #aj4 ,he t leade? into captivity4 ,?is is cle>ly int5d$ to ref] to ! p[] or gov]nm5t :i* is d5ot$ by ! bea/4 ,! =m ( expression "h 9 ! ,greek is peculi>8,if any "o leade? into captivity10 c4 4 ,! /atem5t is g5]al1 & is int5d$ to make use ( a g5]al or preval5t tru? ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> case4 ,! g5]al tru? is1 t m5 w1 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s1 be dealt ) accord+ to _! "* & _! treatm5t ( o!rs2 t nations *>act]iz$ by w> & conque/s w be subject to ! evils ( w> & conque/or t !y may expect to %>e ! same lot :i* !y h br\ght on o!rs4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t accords ) :at ! ,savi\r says 9 ,mat4 xxvi4 #eb3 8,all !y t take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword40 ,?is has be5 abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! _w2 & x is a v important admonition to nations n to indulge 9 ! purposes ( conque/ & to individuals n to engage 9 /rife & litigation4 ,! p>ticul> idea "h is1 t x w\ld be a *>act]i/ic ( ! p[] "h ref]r$ to t x w\ld 8lead o!rs into captivity40 ,?is w\ld be fulfill$ if x 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is p[] to invade o!r c\ntries & to make _! inhabitants prison]s ( w>2 if x made slaves ( o!r p2 if x set up an unju/ dom9ion ov] o!r p2 or if x 0 di/+ui%$ = p]secut+ & imprison+ ! innoc5t1 or = depriv+ ! nations ( lib]ty4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ?is is /rik+ly descriptive ( ,rome1 consid]$ 9 any & e po9t ( view1 :e!r "u ! republic or ! empire1 :e!r secul> or ecclesia/ical1 :e!r ,pagan or ,papal4 ,9 ! foll[+ =ms !re has be5 a complete fulfilm5t "u t mighty p[] ( :at is "h said3 7a7 ,9 ! desire ( conque/ or ( ext5d+ its dom9ion1 &1 ( c\rse1 lead+ o!rs captive z prison]s ( w> or subject+ !m to slav]y4 7b7 ,9 its p]secutions ( true ,*ri/ians1 alike pursu$ "u ! ,pagan & ! ,papal =m ( ! adm9i/ration4 7c7 ,especially 9 ! imprisonm5ts practis$ "u ! ,inquisition1 :]e t5s ( ?\s&s h be5 r$uc$ to ! wor/ k9d ( captivity4 ,9 e way ?is description is applicable to ,rome1 z seek+ to lead ! _w captive or to subject x to its own absolute sway4 ,%all g into captivity4 ,z a j recomp5se = subject+ o!rs to bondage1 & z an illu/ration ( a g5]al pr9ciple ( ! div9e adm9i/ration4 ,?is is yet1 9 a great measure1 to be fulfill$2 &1 z ,i und]/& x1 x discloses ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,papal secul> p[] w come to an end4 ,x w be by be+ subdu$1 s t x might seem to be made captive & l$ (f by "s victori\s ho/4 ,rome n[ is practically held 9 subjection by =eign arms1 #cbf & has no true indep5d5ce2 p]haps ?is w be m & m s z its ultimate fall approa*es4 ,he t kille? ) ! sword4 ,see ,notes1 z above1 on ,mat4 xxvi4 #eb4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is is applicable to ,rome 9 all ! =ms ( its adm9i/ration consid]$ z a ,pagan p[]2 or consid]$ z a nom9ally ,*ri/ian p[]1 ei!r ) ref]5ce to its secul> or its spiritual dom9ion4 ,compute ! numb]s ( human be+s t h be5 put to dea? by t ,roman p[]1 & no bett] language c\ld h be5 *os5 to *>act]ize x ?an t :i* is "h us$8kill$ ) ! sword40 ,comp4 ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bdbh1 ,,ii4 7#c71 7g74 ,mu/ be kill$ ) ! sword4 ,?is dom9ation mu/ be br\ght to an end by w> & slaught]4 ,no?+ is m probable ?an ?is 9 itself2 no?+ c\ld be m 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e deal+s 9 ! _w4 ,su* a p[] z t ( ,rome w n be likely to be ov]come b by ! =ce ( arms2 & ! probability is t x w ultimately be ov]?r[n 9 a bloody revolution1 or by =eign conque/4 ,inde$1 !re are n a few intimations n[ t ?is result is ha/5+ on4 ,italy is becom+ impati5t ( ! secul> p[] sway$ 9 connection ) ! ,papacy1 & sighs = fre$om2 & x is e way probable t t l& w\ld h be5 free1 & t ! secul> p[] ( ! ,papacy1 if n e =m ( ! ,papacy itself1 w\ld h come to an end 9 ! late convulsion 7#ahdh71 if x _h n be5 = ! int]v5tion ( ,france & ,au/ria4 ,! p]iod designat$ by prophecy = ! f9al ov]?r[ ( t p[] _h n arriv$2 b no?+ c secure its cont9uance = any v consid]able p]iod long]4 ,"h is ! pati5ce & ! fai? ( ! sa9ts4 ,t is1 ! trial ( _! pati5ce & ( _! fai?4 ,n[h]e on e>? h ! pati5ce & ! fai? ( ! sa9ts be5 put to a sev]] te/ ?an "u ! ,roman p]secutions4 ,! same idea occurs 9 *4 xiv4 #ab4 #aa ,& ,i beheld #daf;ano!r bea/ com+ up out ( ! e>?2 & he _h two horns l a lamb1 & he spake z a dragon4 #aa4 ,& ,i beheld ano!r bea/4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,?is 0 s di/9ct f ! fir/ t its *>act]i/ics c\ld be describ$1 ?\gh1 z %[n 9 ! ,analysis ( ! ,*apt]1 !re 0 9 _m po9ts a /rong resemblance betwe5 !m4 ,! relations betwe5 ! two w be m fully indicat$ 9 ! ,notes4 ,com+ up out ( ! e>?4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 8asc5d+ f ! l&40 ,! =m] 0 repres5t$ z ris+ up out ( ! sea 7v]4 #a72 indicat+ t ! p[] 0 to rise f a p]turb$ or unsettl$ /ate ( affairsl ! ocean4 ,?is1 f t :i* 0 m settl$ & /ablez ! l& is m firm ?an ! wat]s4 ,x may n be necess>y to c>ry out ?is image2 b ! natural idea1 z appli$ to ! two =ms ( ! ,roman p[] suppos$ to be "h ref]r$ to1 w\ld be t ! =m]! secul> p[] t su/a9$ ! ,papacyrose out ( ! agitat$ /ate ( ! nations 9 ! invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes1 & ! convulsions & revolutions ( ! fall+ empire ( ,rome2 & t ! latt]1 ! spiritual p[] itselfrepres5t$ by ! bea/ com+ up f ! l&grew up "u ! m settl$ & /able ord] ( ?+s4 ,x 0 comp>atively calm 9 its orig91 & _h less ! appe>ance ( a frightful mon/] ris+ up f ! agitat$ ocean4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,& he _h two horns l a lamb4 ,9 "s respects he resembl$ a lamb2 t is1 he seem$ to be a mild1 g5tle1 in(f5sive animal4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is is a mo/ /rik+ repres5tation ( ! actual mann] 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! ,papacy has always be5 put =?putt+ on ! app>5t g5tl5ess ( ! lamb2 or lay+ claim to great meekness & humility1 ev5 :5 depos+ k+s1 & giv+ away cr[ns1 & driv+ ?\s&s to ! /ake1 or ?r[+ !m into ! dungeons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,& he spake z a dragon4 ,see ,notes on *4 xii4 #c4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t he spoke 9 a h>%1 haughty1 pr\d1 arrogant tonez we %\ld suppose a dragon w\ld if he _h ! p[] ( utt]ance4 ,! g5]al s5se is1 t :ile ?is 8bea/0 _h1 9 "o respect9 its resemblance to a lamb! appe>ance ( great g5tl5ess1 meekness1 & k9dness1 x _h1 9 ano!r respect1 a haughty1 imp]i\s1 & arrogant _s4 ,h[ appropriate ?is is1 z a symbol1 to repres5t ! ,papacy1 consid]$ z a spiritual p[]1 x is unnecess>y to say4 ,x w be admitt$1 :atev] may be ?\ght #cbg ( ! design ( ?is symbol1 t if x 0 9 fact int5d$ to ref] to ! ,papacy1 a m appropriate "o c\ld n h be5 *os54 #ab ,& he ex]cise? all ! p[] ( ! fir/ bea/ be=e him1 & cause? ! e>? & !m :i* dwell !re9 to wor%ip ! fir/ bea/1 #dag^: deadly w\nd 0 heal$4 #ab4 ,& he ex]cise? all ! p[] ( ! fir/ bea/ be=e him4 ,! same am\nt ( p[]2 ! same k9d ( p[]4 ,?is %[s a rem>kable relation%ip betwe5 ^! two bea/s2 & proves t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ! same p[] sub/antially1 ?\gh manife/$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 we %\ld naturally look = "s gov]nm5t ^: au?ority ext5d$ f>1 & :i* 0 absolute & arrogant 9 its "*1 = ?is is ! p[] attribut$ to ! fir/ bea/4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #h4 ,?is description _h a rem>kable fulfilm5t 9 ! ,papacy1 consid]$ z a spiritual dom9ion4 ,! relation to ! secul> p[] is ! same z w\ld be indicat$ by ^! two bea/s2 ! dom9ion 0 z wide-spread2 ! au?ority 0 z absolute & arrogant4 ,9 fact1 on ^! po9ts !y h be5 id5tical4 ,! "o has su/a9$ ! o!r2 ei!r "o w\ld long s9ce h fall5 if x _h n be5 upheld by ! o!r4 ,! ,papacy1 consid]$ z a spiritual dom9ation1 0 9 fact a new p[] />t+ up 9 ! same place z ! old ,roman dom9ion1 to give life to t z x 0 t5d+ to decay1 & to cont9ue its asc5d5cy ov] ! _w4 ,^! two ?+s1 ! secul> & ! spiritual p[]1 con/itut+ ! ,papacy 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 are 9 fact b ! cont9uance or ! prolongation ( ! old ,roman dom9ion! f\r? k+dom ( ,danielunit$ s z to con/itute 9 reality b "o k+dom1 & yet s di/9ct 9 _! orig91 & 9 _! manife/ations1 z to be capable ( sep>ate contemplation & description1 & ?us prop]ly repres5t$ by ! two 8bea/s0 t 7 %[n 9 vision to ,john4 ,& cause? ! e>? & !m :i* dwell !re9 to wor%ip ! fir/ bea/4 ,t is1 to respect1 to rev]5ce1 to hon\r4 ,! ^w wor%ip "h ref]s to civil respect1 & n to religi\s adoration4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,! mean+ "h1 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$ all along 9 ?is *apt]1 is1 t ! ,papacy1 consid]$ 9 its religi\s influ5ce1 or z a spiritual p[]repres5t$ by ! second bea/secur$ = ! civil or secul> p[]repres5t$ by ! fir/ bea/! homage ( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! means ( keep+ up t dom9ion1 & ( giv+ x its asc5d5cy among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,! tru? ( ?is1 z an hi/orical fact1 is well kn[n4 ,! ,roman civil p[] w\ld h long ago lo/ all its influ5ce & be5 unkn[n1 if x _h n be5 = ! ,papacy2 &1 9 fact1 all ! influ5ce :i* x has _h s9ce ! irruption ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 & ! *anges :i* _! invasion produc$1 c be trac$ to t new p[] :i* arose 9 ! =m ( ! ,papacyrepres5t$ 9 ,daniel 7*4 vii4 #h7 by ! 8little horn40 ,t new p[] gave life & en]gy to ! decl9+ influ5ce ( ,rome1 & br\ght ! _w aga9 to respect & hon\r its au?ority4 ,^: deadly w\nd 0 heal$4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,t is1 0 heal$ by ! influ5ce ( ?is new p[] repres5t$ by ! second bea/4 ,a /ate ( ?+s occurr$1 on ! rise ( t new p[]1 z if a w\nd 9 ! head1 o!rwise fatal1 0 heal$4 ,! /rik+ applicability ( ?is to ! decay+ ,roman p[]smitt5 z ) a deadly w\nd by ! bl[s inflict$ by ! nor!rn hordes1 & by int]nal diss5sionsw occur to e "o4 ,x 0 z if a heal+ process _h be5 imp>t$ by "s life-giv+ p[]1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! ,roman dom9ion! prolongation ( ,daniel's f\r? k+domhas cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,o!r k+doms pass$ away! ,assyrian1 ! ,babylonian1 ! ,m$o-,p]sian1 ! ,mac$onian2 ,rome alone1 ( all ! anci5t empires1 has prolong$ its p[] ov] m54 ,9 all *anges else:]e1 an influ5ce has gone =? f ! sev5-hill$ city z wide & z fe>ful z x 0 9 ! brighte/ days ( ! republic1 ! triumvirate1 or ! empire1 & a l>ge "p ( ! _w /ill li/5s rev]5tly to ! m&ates :i* issue f ! seat :i* s long gave law to mank9d4 ,! fact t x is s is to be trac$ solely to ! influ5ce ( t p[] repres5t$ "h by ! second bea/ t appe>$ 9 vision to ,john! ,papacy4 #ac ,& he doe? #dah;great wond]s1 s t he make? fire come d[n f heav5 on ! e>? 9 ! sight ( m51 #cbh #ac4 ,& he doe? great wond]s4 ,signs! ^w commonly employ$ to d5ote miracles 7comp4 ,notes on ,ac4 ii4 #ai72 & ! repres5tation "h is1 t ! p[] ref]r$ to by ! second bea/ w\ld f\nd its claim on pret5d$ miracles1 & w\ld accompli% an effect on ! _w z if x actually did "w miracles4 ,! applicability ( ?is to ,papal ,rome no "o c d\bt4 ,see ,notes on #b ,?4 ii4 #i4 ,comp4 v]4 #ad4 ,t he make? fire come d[n f heav5 on ! e>? 9 ! sight ( m54 ,t is1 he pret5ds ?is2 he accompli%es an effect z if he did x4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t he actually did ?is1 any m ?an x is to suppose t he actually p]=m$ ! o!r pret5d$ miracles ref]r$ to 9 o!r places4 ,john describes him z he saw him 9 ! vision2 & he saw him lay+ claim to ?is p[]1 & actually produc+ an effect z if by a miracle he actually made fire to desc5d f heav5 ^u ! e>?4 ,?is is to be und]/ood z includ$ 9 :at ! apo/le ,paul 7#b ,?4 ii4 #i7 calls 8signs & ly+ wond]s10 z among ! ?+s by :i* ! 8man ( s9 & ! son ( p]dition0 w\ld be *>act]iz$1 & by :i* he w\ld be su/a9$4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,:y ?is p>ticul> pret5d$ miracle is specifi$ "h is n c]ta94 ,x may be because ?is w\ld be among ! mo/ /rik+ & impressive ( ! pret5d$ miracles wr\ghtz if ly+ beyond all human p[]z ,elijah made fire come d[n f heav5 to consume ! sacrifice 7#a ,ki4 xviii4 #cg1 #ch71 & z ! apo/les propos$ to d on ! ,sam>itans 7,lu4 ix4 #ed71 z if fire 7 call$ d[n on !m f heav54 ,! phrase 89 ! sight ( m50 implies t ?is w\ld be done publicly1 & is su* language z w\ld be us$ ( pret5d$ miracles design$ = purposes ( o/5tation4 ,amid/ ! multitudes ( pret5d$ miracles ( ! ,papacy1 x w\ld probably n be difficult to f9d in/ances 9 :i* ! v ?+ "h describ$ 0 attempt$1 9 :i* v>i\s devices ( pyrote*nics 7 %[n (f z miracles4 ,= an illu/ration ( ! wond]s produc$ 9 ! d>k ages 9 ref]5ce to fire1 hav+ all ! appe>ance ( miracles1 & reg>d$ z miracles by ! masses ( m51 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,brew/]'s ,lett]s on ,natural ,magic1 p>ticul>ly ,lett] xii4 #ad ,& deceive? !m t dwell on ! e>? by ! means ( ^? miracles :i* he _h p[] to d 9 ! sight ( ! bea/2 say+ to !m t dwell on ! e>?1 t !y %\ld make an image to ! bea/1 :i* _h ! #daiw\nd by a sword1 & did live4 #ad4 ,& deceive? !m t dwell on ! e>? by ! means ( ^? miracles4 ,no?+ c\ld possibly be m descriptive ( ! ,papacy ?an ?is4 ,x has be5 kept up by deception & delusion1 & its pret5d$ miracles h be51 & are to ?is day1 ! means by :i* ?is is done4 ,anyone 9 ! slighte/ degree acqua9t$ ) ! pret5d$ miracles practis$ at ,rome1 w see ! propriety ( ?is description z appli$ to ! ,papacy4 ,! ma9 fact "h /at$1 t ! ,papacy w\ld endeav\r to su/a9 itself by pret5d$ miracles1 is confirm$ by an incid5tal rem>k ( ,mr4 ,gibbon1 :5 speak+ ( ! pontificate ( ,gregory ! ,great2 he says3 8,! cr$ulity or ! prud5ce ( ,gregory 0 always dispos$ to confirm ! tru?s ( religion by ! evid5ce ( gho/s1 miracles1 & resurrections0 7,decl9e & ,fall1 iii4 #baj74 ,ev5 )9 a mon? ( ! "t t ,i am writ+ 7,octob] #e1 #ahej71 intellig5ce has be5 receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry ( extraord9>y privileges conf]r$ on "s city 9 ,italy1 because ! eyes ( a picture ( ! ,virg9 9 t city h miracul\sly mov$greatly to ! 8confirmation ( ! fai?ful40 ,su* ?+s are con/antly occurr+2 & x is by ^! t ! supremacy ( ! ,papacy has be5 & is su/a9$4 ,! ,brevi>y teems ) examples ( miracles wr\ght by ! sa9ts4 ,= in/ance3 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] turn$ a suffici5t quantity ( salt wat] into fre% to save ! lives ( five hundr$ travell]s :o 7 dy+ ( ?ir/1 en\gh be+ left to all[ a l>ge exportation to diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e x wr\ght a/oni%+ cures4 ,/4 ,raymond de ,p5na=t laid 8 cloak on ! sea1 & sail$ f ,majorca to ,b>celona1 a di/ance ( a hundr$ & #cbi sixty miles1 9 six h\rs4 ,/4 ,juliana lay on h] dea?-b$2 h] /oma* reject$ all solid food1 & 9 consequ5ce %e 0 prev5t$ f receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/4 ,9 compliance ) h] e>ne/ solicitations1 ! consecrat$ waf] 0 laid on h] brea/2 ! prie/ pray$2 ! waf] vani%$1 & ,juliana expir$4 ,_m pages might be fill$ ) acc\nts ( mod]n miracles ( ! mo/ ridicul\s description1 yet believ$ by ,roman ,ca?olics! und\bt$ means by :i* ,papal ,rome 8deceives ! _w10 & keeps up its asc5d5cy 9 ?is age4 ,see ,=sy?'s ,italy1 ii4 pp4 #aedaeg2 ,rome 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 i4 p4 #dj1 #hf1 ii4 p4 #cef1 iii4 pp4 #aicbja2 ,lady ,morgan's ,italy1 ii4 p4 #cjf1 iii4 p4 #ahi2 ,graham's ,?ree ,mon?s' ,resid5ce1 c4 p4 #bda4 ,say+ to !m t dwell on ! e>?4 ,t is1 z f> z its influ5ce w\ld ext5d4 ,?is implies t !re w\ld be au?ority1 & t ?is au?ority w\ld be ex]cis$ to secure ?is object4 ,t !y %\ld make an image to ! bea/4 ,t is1 some?+ t w\ld repres5t ! bea/1 & t might be an object ( wor%ip4 ,! ^w r5d]$ imagemeans prop]ly1 7a7 an image1 effigy1 figure1 z an idol1 image1 or figure2 7b7 a lik5ess1 resemblance1 similitude4 ,"h ! mean+ w\ld seem to be1 t1 9 ord] to secure ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! bea/1 & ! homage to be r5d]$ to him1 !re 0 some?+ l a /atue made1 or t ,john saw 9 vision su* a repres5tationt is1 t a /ate ( ?+s exi/$ z if su* a /atue 7 made1 & m5 7 con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge ?is4 ,all t is /at$ "h w\ld be fulfill$ if ! old ,roman civil p[] %\ld become to a l>ge ext5t dead1 or cease to ex]t its influ5ce ov] m51 & if !n ! ,papal spiritual p[] %\ld cause a =m ( dom9ation to exi/1 /rongly resembl+ ! =m] 9 its g5]al "* & ext5t1 & if x %\ld secure ?is resultt ! _w w\ld ackn[l$ge its sway or r5d] x homage z x did to ! old ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,?is w\ld receive its fulfilm5t if x be suppos$ t ! fir/ 8bea/0 repres5t$ ! anci5t ,roman civil p[] z su*2 t ?is di$ awayz if ! head _h receiv$ a fatal w\nd2 t x 0 aga9 reviv$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,papacy2 & t1 "u t influ5ce1 a civil gov]nm5t1 /rongly resembl+ ! old ,roman dom9ion1 0 caus$ to exi/1 dep5d+ = its vital en]gy on ! ,papacy1 &1 9 its turn1 l5d+ its aid to support ! ,papacy4 ,all ?is 9 fact occurr$ 9 ! decl9e ( ! ,roman p[] aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 & its f9al app>5t ext9ction1 z if 8w\nd$ to dea?10 9 ! exile ( ! la/ ( ! emp]ors1 ! son ( ,ore/es1 :o assum$ ! names ( ,romulus & ,augu/us1 names :i* 7 corrupt$1 ! =m] by ! ,greeks into ,momyllus1 & ! latt] by ! ,lat9s 8into ! contemptible dim9utive ,augu/ulus40 ,see ,gibbon ii4 #cha4 ,"u him ! empire ceas$1 until x 0 reviv$ 9 ! days ( ,*>lemagne4 ,9 ! empire :i* !n sprung up1 & :i* ow$ mu* ( its influ5ce to ! su/a9+ aid ( ! ,papacy1 we disc]n ! 8image0 ( ! =m] ,roman p[]2 ! prolongation ( ! ,roman asc5d5cy ov] ! _w4 ,on ! exile ( ! feeble son ( ,ore/es 7,a4,d4 #dgf71 ! gov]nm5t pass$ into ! h&s ( ,odoac]1 8! fir/ b>b>ian :o reign$ 9 ,italy0 7,gibbon72 & !n ! au?ority 0 divid$ among ! sov]eignties :i* sprang up aft] ! conque/s ( ! b>b>ians1 until ! 8empire0 0 aga9 re/or$ 9 ! "t & ! p]son ( ,*>lemagne4 ,see ,gibbon1 iii4 #cdd1 seq4 ,:i* _h ! w\nd by a sword1 & did live4 ,:i* _h a w\nd t 0 naturally fatal1 b ^: fatal consequ5ces 7 prev5t$ by ! int]v5tion ( ano!r p[]4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,t is1 accord+ to ! explanation giv5 above1 ! ,roman imp]ial p[] 0 8w\nd$ ) a fatal w\nd0 by ! invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes! sword ( ! conqu]ors4 ,its p[]1 h[ev]1 0 re/or$ by ! ,papacy1 giv+ life to t :i* resembl$ ess5tially ! ,roman civil jurisdiction! 8image0 ( ! =m] bea/2 & t p[]1 ?us re/or$1 ass]t$ its dom9ion aga91 z ! prolong$ ,roman dom9ion! f\r? k+dom ( ,daniel 7see ,notes on ,dan4 vii4 #ai1 seq47ov] ! _w4 #ae ,& he _h p[] to give life#dbj unto ! image ( ! bea/1 t ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld bo? speak1 & cause t z _m z w\ld n #dbawor%ip ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld be kill$4 #ccj #ae4 ,& he _h p[] to give life unto ! image ( ! bea/4 ,t is1 t image ( ! bea/ w\ld be naturally p[]less1 or w\ld h no life 9 itself4 ,! second bea/1 h[ev]1 _h p[] to imp>t life to x1 s t x w\ld be inve/$ ) au?ority1 & w\ld ex]cise t au?ority 9 ! mann] specifi$4 ,if ?is ref]s1 z is suppos$1 to ! ,roman civil p[]! p[] ( ! empire re/or$x w\ld f9d a fulfilm5t 9 "s act ( ! ,papacy by :i* ! empire t resembl$ 9 ! ext5t ( its jurisdiction1 & 9 its g5]al "*1 ! =m] ,roman empire1 receiv$ "s vivify+ impulse1 or 0 inve/$ ) new p[]4 ,t is1 x w\ld h p[] conf]r$ on x ?r\gh ! ,papacy :i* x w\ld n h 9 itself1 & :i* w\ld confirm its jurisdiction4 ,h[ f> ev5ts actually occurr$ correspond+ ) ?is1 w be consid]$ 9 ! ,notes at ! close ( ?is v]se4 ,t ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld bo? speak4 ,%\ld give signs ( life2 %\ld issue au?oritative comm&s4 ,! speak+ "h ref]r$ to p]ta9s to t :i* is imm$iately specifi$1 9 issu+ a comm& t !y :o 8w\ld n wor%ip ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld be kill$40 ,& cause t z _m z w\ld n wor%ip ! image ( ! bea/4 ,w\ld n hon\r x1 or ackn[l$ge its au?ority4 ,! 8wor%ip0 "h ref]r$ to is civil1 n religi\s homage4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,! mean+ is1 t :at is "h call$ ! 8image ( ! bea/0 _h p[] giv5 x1 by its connection ) ! second 8bea/10 to set up its jurisdiction ov] m51 & to secure _! allegiance on pa9 ( dea?4 ,! p[] by :i* ?is 0 done 0 d]iv$ f ! second bea/2 ! ob$i5ce & homage dem&$ 0 ( ! mo/ entire & submissive "*2 ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t 0 9 a high degree arbitr>y2 & ! p5alty en=c$ = refus+ ?is homage 0 dea?4 ,! facts t we are to look = 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is are1 7#a7 t ! ,roman imp]ial p[] 0 ab\t to expirez if w\nd$ to dea? by ! sword2 7#b7 t ?is 0 reviv$ 9 ! =m ( :at is "h call$ ! 8image ( ! bea/0t is1 9 a =m closely resembl+ ! =m] p[]2 7#c7 t ?is 0 done by ! ag5cy ( ! ,papal p[]1 repres5t$ by ! second bea/2 7#d7 t ! effect ( ?is 0 to set up ov] m5 a wide-ext5d$ secul> jurisdiction1 ( a mo/ arbitr>y & absolute k9d1 :]e ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce to its laws 0 dea?1 & :]e ! infliction ( ?is 01 9 fact1 to be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ! second bea/t is1 ! ,papal spiritual p[]4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r facts occurr$ t correspond$ ) ?is emblematic repres5tation4 ,n[1 z to ! lead+ fact1 ! decl9e ( ! ,roman imp]ial p[]! fatal w\nd inflict$ on t by ! 8sword0!re c be no d\bt4 ,9 ! "t ( 8,augu/ulus10 z above /at$1 x _h become practically ext9ct8w\nd$ z x 7 to dea?10 & s w\nd$ t x w\ld nev] h be5 reviv$ aga9 _h x n be5 = "s =eign influ5ce4 ,x is true also1 t1 :5 ! ,papacy arose1 ! necessity 0 felt ( ally+ itself ) "s wide-ext5d$ civil or secul> dom9ion1 t might be "u its own control1 & t w\ld ma9ta9 its spiritual au?ority4 ,x is true1 also1 t ! empire 0 reviv$! v 8image0 or copy1 s f> z x c\ld be1 ( ! =m] ,roman p[]1 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 & t ! p[] :i* 0 wield$ 9 :at 0 call$ ! 8empire10 0 t :i* 01 9 a great measure1 d]iv$ f ! ,papacy1 & 0 design$ to su/a9 ! ,papacy1 & 0 actually employ$ = t purpose4 ,^! are ! ma9 facts1 ,i suppose1 :i* are "h ref]r$ to1 & a few extracts f ,mr4 ,gibbon w %[ ) :at propriety & accuracy ! symbols 7 employ$ 7 us$1 on ! supposition t ?is 0 ! design$ ref]5ce4 7a7 ,! rise1 or re/oration ( ?is imp]ial p[] 9 ! "t & ! p]son ( ,*>lemagne4 ,mr4 ,gibbon says 7iii4 #cdb71 8,x 0 aft] ! ,nic5e synod1 & "u ! reign ( ! pi\s ,ir5e1 t ! popes consummat$ ! sep>ation ( ,rome & ,italy f ! ,ea/]n empire by ! translation ( ! empire to ! less or?odox ,*>lemagne4 ,!y 7 compell$ to *oose betwe5 ! rival nations2 religion 0 n ! sole motive ( _! *oice2 & :ile !y dissembl$ ! fail+s ( _! fri5ds1 !y beheld ) reluctance & suspicion ! ,ca?olic virtues ( _! foes4 ,! diff]5ce ( language & mann]s _h p]petuat$ ! enmity ( ! two capitals ,rome & ,con/ant9ople2 & !y 7 ali5at$ f ea* o!r by ! ho/ile opposition ( sev5ty #cca ye>s4 ,9 t s*ism ! ,romans _h ta/$ ( fre$om1 & ! popes ( sov]eignty2 _! submission w\ld h expos$ !m to ! rev5ge ( a jeal\s tyrant1 & ! revolution ( ,italy _h betray$ ! impot5ce z well z ! tyranny ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt40 ,mr4 ,gibbon !n proce$s to /ate reasons :y ,*>lemagne 0 select$ z ! "o :o 0 to be plac$ at ! head ( ! reviv$ imp]ial p[]1 & !n adds 7p4 #cdc71 8,! title ( patrician 0 bel[ ! m]it & greatness ( ,*>lemagne2 & x 0 only by reviv+ ! ,we/]n empire t !y c\ld pay _! obligations1 or secure _! e/abli%m5t4 ,by ?is decisive measure !y w\ld f9ally eradicate ! claims ( ! ,greeks2 f ! debasem5t ( a prov9cial t[n ! maje/y ( ,rome w\ld be re/or$2 ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ians w\ld be unit$1 "u a supreme head1 9 _! anci5t metropolis2 & ! conqu]ors ( ! ,we/ w\ld receive _! cr[n f ! successors ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,roman *ur* w\ld acquire a zeal\s & respectable advocate2 & "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,c>lov+ian p[]1 ! bi%op might ex]cise1 ) hon\r & safety1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! city40 ,all ?is seems z if x 7 a design$ comm5t>y on su* expressions z ^!3 8,& he ex]cise? all ! p[] ( ! fir/ bea/1 & cause? ! e>? & !m :i* dwell !re9 to wor%ip ! fir/ bea/1 ^: deadly w\nd 0 heal$10 8say+ to !m t dwell on ! e>? t !y %\ld make an image to ! bea/ :i* _h ! w\nd by a sword1 & did live2 & he _h p[] to give life unto ! image ( ! bea/10 c4 7b7 ,its ext5t4 ,x is said 7v]4 #ab71 8,& he ex]cise? all ! p[] ( ! fir/ bea/1 & cause? ! e>? & !m :i* dwell !re9 to wor%ip ! fir/ bea/1 ^: deadly w\nd 0 heal$40 ,comp4 v]4 #ad1 #ae4 ,t is1 ! ext5t ( ! jurisdiction ( ! reviv$ p[]1 or ! re/or$ empire1 w\ld be z great z x 0 be=e ! w\nd 0 inflict$4 ,( ! ext5t ( ! re/or$ empire "u ,*>lemagne1 ,mr4 ,gibbon has giv5 a full acc\nt1 iii4 pp4 #edfedi4 ,! passage is too long to be copi$ "h 9 full1 & a summ>y ( x only c be giv54 ,he says1 8,! empire 0 n unwor?y ( its title2 & "s ( ! faire/ k+doms ( ,europe 7 ! patrimony or conque/ ( a pr9ce :o reign$ at ! same "t 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,hung>y4 ,i4 ,! ,roman prov9ce ( ,gaul _h be5 trans=m$ into ! "n & mon>*y ( ,,france1 c4 ,,ii4 ,! ,s>ac5s _h be5 expell$ f ,france by ! gr&fa!r & fa!r ( ,*>lemagne1 b !y /ill possess$ ! greate/ "p ( ,spa91 f ! rock ( ,gibralt> to ! ,pyr5ees4 ,amid/ _! civil divisions1 an ,arabian emir ( ,s>agossa implor$ 8 protection 9 ! diet ( ,pad]born4 ,*>lemagne und]took ! exp$ition1 re/or$ ! emir1 &1 )\t di/9ction ( fai?1 imp>tially cru%$ ! resi/ance ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & rew>d$ ! ob$i5ce & s]vice ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 8 abs5ce he in/itut$ ! ,spani% ,m>*1 :i* ext5d$ f ! ,pyr5ees to ! riv] ,ebro3 ,b>celona 0 ! resid5ce ( ! ,fr5* gov]nor2 he possess$ ! c\nties ( ,r\sillon & ,catalonia2 & ! infant k+doms ( ,nav>re & ,aragon 7 subject to 8 jurisdiction4 ,,iii4 ,z k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds1 & patrician ( ,rome1 he reign$ ov] ! greate/ "p ( ,,italy1 a tract ( a ?\s& miles f ! ,alps to ! bord]s ( ,calabria1 c4 ,,iv4 ,*>lemagne 0 ! fir/ :o unit$ ,,g]many "u ! same sceptre1 c4 ,v4 ,he retaliat$ on ! ,av>s1 or ,huns ( ,pannonia1 ! same calamities :i* !y _h inflict$ on ! nations3 ! royal resid5ce ( ! ,*agan 0 left desolate & unkn[n2 & ! treasures1 ! rap9e ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 enri*$ ! victori\s troops1 or decorat$ ! *ur*es ( ,italy & ,gaul40 8,if we retrace ! outl9es ( ! geographical picture10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8x w be se5 t ! empire ( ! ,franks ext5d$1 betwe5 ea/ & we/1 f ! ,ebro to ! ,elbe or ,vi/ula2 betwe5 ! nor? & s\?1 f ! du*y ( ,b5ev5tum to ! riv] ,eyd]1 ! p]petual b\nd>y ( ,g]many & ,d5m>k4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,we/]n empire ( ,rome 7 subject to ,*>lemagne1 & ! defici5cy 0 amply suppli$ by 8 comm& ( ! inaccessible or inv9cible nations ( ,g]many40 7c7 ,! dep5d5ce ( ?is civil or reviv$ secul> p[] on ! ,papacy4 8,8 deadly w\nd 0 heal$40 8,& caus$ ! e>? to wor%ip ! fir/ bea/40 8,say+ to !m t dwell on ! e>?1 t !y %\ld make an image to ! bea/40 8,he _h p[] to give life unto ! image ( ! bea/40 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon #ccb 7iii4 #cdc7 says1 8,f ! debasem5t ( a prov9cial t[n1 ! maje/y ( ,rome w\ld be re/or$2 ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ians w\ld be unit$1 "u a supreme head1 9 _! anci5t metropolis2 & ! conqu]ors ( ! ,we/ w\ld receive _! cr[n f ! successors ( ,/4 ,pet]40 ,& aga9 7iii4 #cdd7 he says1 8,on ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas1 ! la/ ye> ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,*>lemagne appe>$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]2 &1 to gratify ! vanity ( ,rome1 he _h ex*ang$ ! simple dress ( 8 c\ntry = ! habit ( a patrician4 ,aft] ! celebration ( ! holy my/]ies1 ,leo sudd5ly plac$ a preci\s cr[n on 8 head1 & ! dome res\nd$ ) ! acclamations ( ! p1 #8,long life & victory to ,*>les1 ! mo/ pi\s ,augu/us1 cr[n$ by ,god ! great & pacific emp]or ( ! ,romans6' ,! head & body ( ,*>lemagne 7 consecrat$ by ! royal unction2 8 coronation oa? repres5ts a promise to ma9ta9 ! fai? & privileges ( ! *ur*2 & ! fir/-fruits are paid 9 ri* (f]+s to ! %r9e ( ! apo/le4 ,9 8 famili> conv]sation ! emp]or prote/$ 8 ignorance ( ! int5tions ( ,leo1 :i* he w\ld h disappo9t$ by 8 abs5ce on t memorable day4 ,b ! prep>ations ( ! c]emony mu/ h disclos$ ! secret2 & ! j\rney ( ,*>lemagne reveals 8 k & expectation2 he _h ackn[l$g$ t ! imp]ial title 0 ! object ( 8 ambition1 & a ,roman s5ate _h pron\nc$ t x 0 ! only adequate rew>d ( 8 m]it & s]vices40 ,s aga9 7iii4 #cej71 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speak+ ( ! conque/s ( ,o?o 7,a4,d4 #ifb71 & ( 8 victori\s m>* ov] ! ,alps1 & 8 subjugation ( ,italy1 says1 8,f t memorable era1 two maxims ( public jurisprud5ce 7 introduc$ by =ce & ratifi$ by "t4 ,i4 ,t ! pr9ce :o 0 elect$ 9 ! ,g]man diet1 acquir$ f t in/ant ! subject k+doms ( ,italy & ,rome4 ,,ii4 ,b t he might n legally assume ! titles ( emp]or & ,augu/us1 till he _h receiv$ ! cr[n f ! h&s ( ! ,roman ,pontiff40 ,9 connection ) ^! quotations f ,mr4 ,gibbon1 we may add1 f ,sigonius1 ! oa? :i* ! emp]or took on ! occasion ( 8 coronation3 8,i1 ! ,emp]or1 d engage & promise1 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 be=e ,god & ! bless$ apo/le ,pet]1 t ,i w be a protector & def5d] ( ?is holy *ur* ( ,rome1 9 all ?+s :]e9 ,i c be useful to x1 s f> z div9e assi/ance %all enable me1 & s f> z my k & p[] c rea*0 7quot$ by ,pr(essor ,bu%1 ,hi]oph4 ,nov4 #ahdb1 p4 #ada74 ,we le>n1 also1 f ! biograph]s ( ,*>lemagne t a commemorative co9 0 /ruck at ,rome "u 8 reign1 be>+ ?is inscription3 8,r5ovatio ,imp]ii ,romani08,revival ( ! ,roman ,empire0 7,ibid474 ,^! quotations1 ^: au?ority w n be que/ion$1 & ^: au?ors w n be suspect$ ( hav+ _h any design to illu/rate ^! passages 9 ! ,apocalypse1 w s]ve to confirm :at is said 9 ! ,notes ( ! decl9e & re/oration ( ! ,roman secul> p[]2 ( its dep5d5ce on ! ,papacy to give x life & vig\r2 & ( ! fact t x 0 design$ to su/a9 ! ,papacy1 & to p]petuate ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,x ne$s only to be add$1 t d[n to ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,fif?! p]iod ( ! ,re=mationno?+ 0 m rem>kable 9 hi/ory ?an ! read9ess ( ?is re/or$ secul> p[] to su/a9 ! ,papacy & to c>ry out its designs2 or ?an ! read9ess ( ! ,papacy to su/a9 an absolute civil despotism1 & to make ! _w subject to x by suppress+ all attempts 9 fav\r ( civil lib]ty4 #af ,& he caus$ all1 bo? small & great1 ri* & poor1 free & bond1 to #dbbreceive a m>k 9 _! "r h&1 or 9 _! =eheads3 #af4 ,& he caus$ all4 ,he claims jurisdiction1 9 ! matt]s "h ref]r$ to1 ov] all classes ( p]sons1 & compels !m to d 8 w4 ,?is is ! second bea/1 &1 accord+ to ! int]pretation giv5 above1 x relates to ! ,papal p[]1 & to its claim ( univ]sal jurisdiction4 ,bo? small & great4 ,all ^! expressions are design$ to d5ote univ]salityref]r+ to v>i\s divisions into :i* ! human family may be reg>d$ z divid$4 ,"o ( ^? divisions is into 8small & great20 t is1 into "y & old2 ^? small 9 /ature & ^? l>ge 9 /ature2 ^? ( humble1 & ^? ( elevat$ rank4 ,ri* & poor4 ,ano!r way ( divid+ ! human race1 & d5ot+ "h1 z 9 ! =m] case1 all= x is a common #ccc me?od1 9 speak+ ( mank9d1 to describe !m z 8! ri* & poor40 ,free & bond4 ,ano!r me?od /ill ( divid+ ! human race1 embrac+ all= all ! dwell]s ^u ! e>? are ei!r free or bond4 ,^! v>i\s =ms ( expression1 !re=e1 are design$ m]ely to d5ote1 9 an emphatic mann]1 univ]sality4 ,! idea is1 t1 9 ! matt] ref]r$ to1 none 7 exempt1 ei!r on acc\nt ( _! exalt$ rank1 or on acc\nt ( _! humble condition2 ei!r because !y 7 s mighty z to be beyond control1 or s mean & humble z to be b5ea? notice4 ,& if ?is ref]s to ! ,papacy1 e "o w see ! propriety ( ! description4 ,! jurisdiction set up by t p[] has be5 z absolute ov] k+s z ov] ! feeble & ! poor2 ov] ma/]s & _! slaves2 alike ov] ^? 9 ! humble/ & 9 ! mo/ elevat$ walks ( life4 ,to receive a m>k 9 _! "r h&1 or 9 _! =eheads4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ m>koccurs only 9 "o place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except 9 ! book ( ,revelation 7,ac4 xvii4 #bi71 :]e x is r5d]$ grav54 ,9 all ! o!r places :]e x is f\nd 7,re4 xiii4 #af1 #ag2 xiv4 #i1 #aa2 xv4 #b2 xvi4 #b2 xix4 #bj2 xx4 #d71 x is r5d]$ m>k1 & is appli$ to ! same ?+! 8m>k ( ! bea/40 ,! ^w prop]ly means some?+ grav5 or sculptur$2 h5ce1 7a7 a grav+1 sculpture1 sculptur$ "w1 z images or idols2 7b7 a m>k cut 9 or /amp$z ! /amp on co94 ,appli$ to m51 x 0 us$ to d5ote "s /amp or m>k on ! h& or else:]ez 9 ! case ( a s]vant on ^: h& or arm ! "n ( ! ma/] 0 impress$2 or ( a soldi] on :om "s m>k 0 impress$ d5ot+ ! company or phalanx to :i* he belong$4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+ to m>k slaves or soldi]s 9 ?is way2 & ! design 0 ei!r to d5ote _! own]%ip or rank1 or to prev5t _! escap+ s z n to be detect$4#dbc ,mo/ ( u h se5 su* m>ks made on ! h&s or arms ( sailors1 9 :i*1 by a volunt>y tattoo+1 _! names1 or ! names ( _! vessels1 7 writt51 or ! figure ( an an*or1 or "s o!r device1 0 indelibly made by punctures 9 ! sk91 & by ins]t+ "s k9d ( col\r+ matt]4 ,! ?+ :i* x is "h said 0 engrav5 on ! h& or ! =ehead 0 ! 8"n0 ( ! bea/1 or ! 8numb]0 ( 8 "n1 v]4 #ag4 ,t is1 ! 8"n0 or ! 8numb]0 0 s indelibly inscrib$ ei!r on ! h& or ! =ehead1 z to %[ t he :o b>e x app]ta9$ to ! 8bea/10 & 0 subject to 8 au?orityz a slave is to 8 ma/]1 or a soldi] to 8 comm&]4 ,appli$ to ! ,papacy1 ! mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be "s m>k ( di/9ction2 "s indelible sign2 some?+ :i* w\ld designate1 ) entire c]ta9ty1 ^? p]sons :o belong$ to x1 & :o 7 subject to x4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ?is has em95tly *>act]iz$ ! ,papacy4 ,all possible c>e has be5 tak5 to designate ) accuracy ^? :o belong to t communion1 &1 all ov] ! _w1 x is easy to di/+ui% ^? :o r5d] allegiance to ! ,papal p[]4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 vii4 #c4 #ag ,& t no man might buy or sell1 save he t _h ! m>k1 or ! "n ( ! bea/1 or #dbd! numb] ( 8 "n4 #ag4 ,& t no man might buy or sell4 ,t is1 ?is mighty p[] w\ld claim jurisdiction ov] ! traffic ( ! _w1 & endeav\r to make x tribut>y to its own purposes4 ,comp4 *4 xviii4 #aaac1 #agai4 ,?is is repres5t$ by say+ t no "o might 8buy or sell0 except by its p]mission2 & x is cle> t :]e ?is p[] exi/s ( det]m9+ :o may 8buy & sell10 !re is absolute control ov] ! weal? ( ! _w4 ,save he t _h ! m>k4 ,to keep x all among its own fri5ds2 among ^? :o %[$ allegiance to ?is p[]4 ,or ! "n ( ! bea/4 ,t is1 ! 8m>k0 ref]r$ to 0 ei!r ! "n ( ! bea/1 or ! numb] ( 8 "n4 ,! mean+ is1 t he _h some?+ br&$ on him t %[$ t he #ccd belong$ to ! bea/z a slave _h ! "n ( 8 ma/]2 9 o!r words1 !re 0 some?+ t c]ta9ly %[$ t he 0 subject to its au?ority4 ,or ! numb] ( 8 "n4 ,9 reg>d to :at is d5ot$ by ! numb] ( ! bea/1 see ,notes on v]4 #ah4 ,! idea "h is1 t t 8numb]10 :atev] x 01 0 s m>k$ on him z to %[ to :om he belong$4 ,accord+ to ! int]pretation "h propos$1 ! mean+ ( ?is passage is1 t ! ,papacy w\ld claim jurisdiction ov] traffic & comm]ce2 or w\ld endeav\r to br+ x "u its control1 & make x subs]vi5t to its own ends4 ,traffic or comm]ce is "o ( ! pr9cipal means by :i* prop]ty is acquir$1 & he :o has ! control ( ?is has1 to a great degree1 ! control ( ! weal? ( a nation2 & ! "q n[ is1 :e!r any su* jurisdiction has be5 set up1 or :e!r any su* control has 9 fact be5 ex]cis$1 s t ! weal? ( ! _w has be5 subject to ,papal ,rome8 ,= a m full illu/ration ( ?is ,i may ref] to ! ,notes on *4 xviii4 #aaac1 #af1 #ag2 b at pres5t x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! manife/ aim ( ! ,papacy1 9 all its hi/ory1 has be5 to control ! _w1 & to get dom9ion ov] its weal?1 9 ord] t x might accompli% its own purposes4 ,b1 besides ?is1 !re h be5 num]\s specifi$ acts m p>ticul>ly design$ to control ! bus9ess ( 8buy+ & sell+40 ,x has be5 common 9 ,rome to prohibit1 by express law1 all traffic ) h]etics4 ,?us a canon ( ! ,lat]an c\ncil1 "u ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii41 comm&$ t no man %\ld ent]ta9 or *]i% !m 9 8 h\se or l&1 or traffic ) !m 7,h>d4 vi41 ii4 #afhd74 ,! synod ( ,t\rs1 "u ! same ,pope ,alex&]1 pass$ ! law t no man %\ld presume to receive or assi/ ! h]etics1 no1 n s mu* z to ex]cise comm]ce ) !m 9 sell+ or buy+4 ,& s1 too1 ! ,con/ance c\ncil1 z express$ 9 ,pope ,m>t9's bull 7,elliott1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bbj1 #bba74 #ah ,"h is wisdom4 ,let him t ha? und]/&+ c\nt ! numb] ( ! bea/3 = x is ! numb] ( a man2 & 8 numb] is six hundr$ ?reescore & six4 #ah4 ,"h is wisdom4 ,t is1 9 :at is /at$ respect+ ! "n & ! numb] ( ! "n ( ! bea/4 ,! idea is1 ei!r t !re w\ld be ne$ ( peculi> sagacity 9 det]m9+ :at ! 8numb]0 ( ! 8bea/0 or ( 8 8"n0 01 or t peculi> 8wisdom0 0 %[n by ! fact t ! numb] c\ld be ?us express$4 ,! language us$ 9 ! v]se w\ld lead ! read] to suppose t ! attempt to make out ! 8numb]0 0 n absolutely hopeless1 b t ! numb] 0 s f> enigmatical z to require mu* skill 9 det]m9+ its mean+4 ,x may also be impli$ t1 = "s reason1 !re 0 true 8wisdom0 9 designat+ ! "n by ?is numb]1 ei!r because a m direct & explicit /atem5t might expose him :o made x to p]secution1 & x %[$ practical wisdom ?us to gu>d aga9/ ?is dang]2 or because !re 0 8wisdom0 or skill %[n 9 ! fact t a numb] c\ld be f\nd :i* w\ld ?us correspond ) ! "n4 ,on ei!r ( ^! suppositions1 peculi> wisdom w\ld be requir$ 9 deciph]+ its mean+4 ,let him t ha? und]/&+4 ,imply+ 7a7 t x 0 practicable to 8c\nt ! numb] ( ! "n20 & 7b7 t x w\ld require uncommon skill to d x4 ,x c\ld n be successfully attempt$ by all2 b /ill !re 7 ^? :o might d x4 ,?is is su* language z w\ld be us$ respect+ "s difficult matt]1 b :]e !re 0 hope t1 by dilig5t application ( ! m9d1 & by ! ex]cise ( a s\nd und]/&+1 !re w\ld be a prospect ( success4 ,c\nt ! numb] ( ! bea/4 ,9 v]4 #af x is 8! numb] ( 8 "n40 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ 8c\nt0means1 prop]ly1 to c\nt or reckon ) pebbles1 or c\nt]s2 !n to reckon1 to e/imate4 ,! ^w "h means compute2 t is1 asc]ta9 ! exact import ( ! numb]1 s z to id5tify ! bea/4 ,! 8numb]0 is t :i* is imm$iately specifi$1 8six hundr$ ?reescore & six0#fff4 ,! phrase 8! numb] ( ! bea/0 means1 t someh[ ?is numb] 0 s connect$ ) ! bea/1 or w\ld s repres5t its "n or "*1 t ! 8bea/0 w\ld be id5tifi$ by its prop] application4 ,! m5tion 9 v]4 #ag ( 8! "n ( ! bea/10 & 8! numb] ( 8 "n10 %[s t ?is 8numb]0 0 someh[ connect$ ) 8 prop] designation1 s t by #cce ?is he w\ld be id5tifi$4 ,! pla9 mean+ is1 t ! numb] #fff w\ld be s connect$ ) 8 "n1 or ) t :i* w\ld prop]ly designate him1 t x c\ld be det]m9$ :o 0 meant by f9d+ t numb] 9 8 "n or 9 8 prop] designation4 ,?is is ! ex]cise ( ! skill or wisdom to :i* ! writ] "h ref]s3 sub/antially t :i* is requir$ 9 ! solution ( a riddle or a conundrum4 ,if x %\ld be said "h t ?is is undignifi$ & unwor?y ( an inspir$ book1 x may be repli$1 7a7 t !re might be "s important reason :y ! "n or designation %\ld n be m pla9ly made2 7b7 t x 0 important1 nev]!less1 t x %\ld be s made t x w\ld be possible to asc]ta9 :o 0 ref]r$ to2 7c7 t ?is %\ld be done only 9 "s way :i* w\ld involve ! pr9ciple ( ! enigma8:]e a kn[n ?+ 0 conceal$ "u obscure language0 7,web/]'s ,dict472 7d7 t ! use ( symbols1 emblems1 hi]oglyphics1 & riddles 0 common 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! _w2 & 7e7 t x 0 no uncommon ?+ 9 anci5t times1 z x is 9 mod]n1 to te/ ! capacity & skill ( m5 by _! ability to unfold ! mean+ ( prov]bs1 riddles1 & d>k say+s4 ,comp4 ! riddle ( ,samson1 ,ju4 xiv4 #ab1 seq4 ,see also ,ps4 xlix4 #d2 lxxviii4 #b2 ,eze4 xvii4 #bh2 ,pr4 i4 #bf2 ,da4 viii4 #bc4 ,x w\ld be a suffici5t v9dication ( ! me?od adopt$ "h if x 0 c]ta9 or probable t a direct & explicit /atem5t ( :at 0 meant w\ld h be5 att5d$ ) imm$iate dang]1 & if ! object c\ld be secur$ by an enigmatical =m4 ,= x is ! numb] ( a man4 ,v>i\s int]pretations ( ?is h be5 propos$4 ,cl]icus r5d]s x1 8,! numb] is small1 or n su* z _c be e/imat$ by a man40 ,ros5mll]1 8,! numb] indicates a man1 or a c]ta9 race ( m540 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 8,! numb] is to be comput$ m humano1 n m angelico20 8x is a man's numb]40 ,de ,wette1 8,x is su* a numb] z is commonly reckon$ or designat$ by m540 ,o!r int]pretations may be se5 9 ,poole's ,synopsis4 ,t :i* is propos$ by ,ros5mll]1 h[ev]1 meets all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,! idea is1 evid5tly1 t ! numb] indicates or ref]s to a c]ta9 man1 or ord] ( m54 ,x does n p]ta9 to a brute1 or to angelic be+s4 ,?us x w\ld be und]/ood by "o m]ely int]pret+ ! language1 & ?us ! connection dem&s4 ,& 8 numb] is six hundr$ ?reescore & six4 ,! numb] ( 8 "n1 v]4 #ag4 ,?is _c be suppos$ to mean t 8 "n w\ld be compos$ ( six hundr$ & sixty-six lett]s2 & x mu/1 !re=e1 mean t someh[ ! numb] #fff w\ld be express$ by 8 "n 9 "s well-und]/ood me?od ( computation4 ,! numb] "hsix hundr$ & sixty-sixis1 9 ,walton's ,polyglott1 writt5 out 9 full3 4 ,9 ,wet/e91 ,griesba*1 ,hahn1 ,tittmann1 & ! common ,greek text1 x is express$ by ! *>act]s #fff4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is is ! correct numb]1 ?\gh1 9 ! "t ( ,ir5u1 !re 0 9 "s copies ano!r read+ #faf4 ,?is read+ 0 adopt$ by ! expositor ,ty*onius2 b aga9/ ?is ,ir5u inveighs 7,liv4 v4 c4 #cj74 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! numb] #fff is ! correct read+1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t ?is 0 sometimes express$ 9 lett]s1 & sometimes writt5 9 full4 ,wet/e9 supposes t bo? me?ods 7 us$ by ,john2 t 9 ! fir/ copy ( 8 book he us$ ! lett]s1 & 9 a subsequ5t copy wrote x 9 full4 ,?is inquiry is n ( mat]ial consequ5ce4 ,x ne$ n be said t mu* has be5 writt5 on ?is my/]i\s 8numb]10 & t v diff]5t !ories h be5 adopt$ 9 reg>d to its application4 ,= ! views :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ on ! subject1 ! read] may consult1 ) advantage1 ! article 9 ,calmet's ,dict41 "u ! ^w 8,anti*ri/40 ,x 0 natural = ,calmet1 be+ a ,roman ,ca?olic1 to endeav\r to %[ t ! int]pretations h be5 s v>i\s1 t !re c\ld be no c]ta9ty 9 ! application1 & especially 9 ! common application to ! ,papacy4 ,9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! passage1 ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks may be made1 z conta9+ ! result ( ! inve/igation ?us f>37a7 ,!re 0 "s my/]y 9 ! matt]"s design$ concealm5t"s reason :y a m explicit /atem5t 0 n adopt$4 ,! reason ( ?is is n /at$2 b x may n be improp] to suppose t x arose f some?+ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! writ]1 & t ! adoption ( ?is enigmatical expression 0 design$ to avoid "s #ccf p]il to :i* he or o!rs might be expos$ if !re 7 a m explicit /atem5t4 7b7 ,x is impli$1 nev]!less1 t x c\ld be und]/ood2 t is1 t ! mean+ 0 n s obscure t1 by prop] /udy1 ! design$ ref]5ce c\ld n be asc]ta9$ )\t mat]ial dang] ( error4 7c7 ,x requir$ skill to d ?is2 ei!r natural sagacity1 or p>ticul> skill 9 int]pret+ hi]oglyphics & symbols1 or uncommon spiritual disc]nm5t4 7d7 ,"s man1 or ord] ( m51 is ref]r$ to t c\ld prop]ly be designat$ 9 ?is mann]4 7e7 ,! me?od ( designat+ p]sons obscurely by a ref]5ce to ! num]ical signification ( ! lett]s 9 _! names 0 n v uncommon1 & 0 "o t 0 n unlikely1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! case1 to h be5 resort$ to by ,john4 8,?us1 among ! ,pagans1 ! ,egyptian my/ics spoke ( ,m]cury1 or ,?\?1 "u ! "n #abah1 because ! ,greek lett]s compos+ ! ^w ,?\?1 :5 e/imat$ by _! num]ical value1 toge!r made up t numb]4 ,by o!rs1 ,jupit] 0 invok$ "u ! my/ical numb] #gag2 because ! lett]s ( ,beg9n+1 or ,fir/ ,orig91 :i* 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ! supreme deity wor%ipp$ z ,jupit]1 made up t numb]4 ,& ,apollo "u ! numb] #fjh1 z be+ t ( or 1 words express+ c]ta9 sol> attributes4 ,aga91 ! pseudo-,*ri/ian1 or semi-,pagan ,gno/ics1 f ,/4 ,john's "t & d[nw>ds1 affix$ to _! gems & amulets1 ( :i* multitudes rema9 to ! pres5t day1 ! my/ic ^w abrasax or abraxas1 "u ! idea ( "s magic virtue atta*+ to its numb] #cfe1 z be+ t ( ! days ( ! annual sol> circle10 c4 ,see o!r in/ances ref]r$ to 9 ,elliott1 iii4 #bje4 ,^! facts %[ t ,john w\ld n be unlikely to adopt "s su* me?od ( express+ a s5tim5t :i* x 0 design$ %\ld be obscure 9 =m1 b possible to be und]/ood4 ,x %\ld be add$ "h1 t ?is 0 m common among ! ,jews ?an among any o!r p4 7f7 ,x seems cle> t "s ,greek ^w is "h ref]r$ to1 & t ! my/ic numb] is to be f\nd 9 "s ^w ( t language4 ,! reasons = ?is op9ion are ^!3 7#a7 ,john 0 writ+ 9 ,greek1 & x is mo/ natural to suppose t ?is w\ld be ! ref]5ce2 7#b7 he expect$ t 8 book w\ld be read by ^? :o und]/ood ! ,greek language1 & x w\ld h be5 unnatural to h increas$ ! p]plexity 9 und]/&+ :at he ref]r$ to by introduc+ a ^w ( a =eign language2 7#c7 ! fir/ & la/ lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 & n ^? ( ! ,hebrew1 are expressly select$ by ! ,savi\r to d5ote 8 et]nity8,i am ,alpha & ,omega10 *4 i4 #h1 #aa2 & 7#d7 ! num]als by :i* ! enigma is express$are ,greek4 ,x has inde$ be5 suppos$ by _m t ! solution is to be f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew language1 b ^! reasons seem to me to %[ conclusively t we are to look = ! solution 9 "s ,greek ^w4 ,! "q n[ is1 :e!r !re is any ^w :i* corresponds ) ^! conditions1 & :i* w\ld naturally be ref]r$ to by ,john 9 ?is mann]4 ,! exposition ?us f> has l$ u to suppose t ! ,papacy 9 "s =m is ref]r$ to2 & ! inquiry n[ is1 :e!r !re is any ^w :i* is s c]ta9 & det]m9ate z to make x probable t ,john meant to designate t4 ,! ^w ,late9os1 ! ,lat9 ,manactually has all ! conditions suppos$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ?is passage4 ,f ?is ^w ! numb] specifi$#fff;is made out z foll[s3 #cj #a #cjj #e #aj #ej #gj #bjj #fff ,9 support ( ! op9ion t ?is is ! ^w int5d$ to be ref]r$ to1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be made3 7a7 ,x is a ,greek ^w4 7b7 ,x expresses ! exact numb]1 & corresponds 9 ?is respect ) ! language us$ by ,john4 7c7 ,x 0 e>ly sugge/$ z ! probable mean+1 & by ^? :o liv$ ne> ! "t ( ,john2 :o 7 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek language2 & :o may be suppos$ to h be5 famili> ) ?is mode ( writ+4 ,?us x 0 sugge/$ by ,ir5u1 :o says1 8,x seems to me v probable2 = ?is is a "n ( ! la/ ( ,daniel's f\r k+doms2 !y be+ ,lat9s t n[ reign40 ,x is true t he also m5tions two o!r words z ^? :i* may be meant1 a ^w :i* _h be5 sugge/$ by o!rs1 b conc]n+ :i* he makes no rem>ks1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 de/itute ( any probability 9 8 view2 & 1 :i* he ?9ks has ! cle>e/ claims #ccg = admission?\gh he speaks ( ! ^w ,late9os z hav+ a claim ( probability4 7b7 ,?is ^w w\ld prop]ly d5ote ! ,roman p[]1 or ! !n ,lat9 p[]1 & w\ld ref] to t dom9ion z a ,lat9 dom9ionz x prop]ly 02 & if x be suppos$ t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to t1 &1 at ! same "t1 t !re %\ld be "s degree ( obscurity ab\t x1 ?is w\ld be m likely to be select$ ?an ! ^w ,roman1 :i* 0 bett] kn[n2 & 7c7 !re 0 a special propriety 9 ?is1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ! ,papal ,lat9 p[]4 ,! mo/ appropriate appellation1 if x 0 design$ to ref] to ,rome z a civil p[]1 w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 ! ^w ,roman2 b if x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ! ecclesia/ical p[]1 or to ! ,papacy1 ?is is ! v ^w to express ! idea4 ,9 e>li] times ! m common appellation 0 ,roman4 ,?is cont9u$ until ! sep>ation ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n empires1 :5 ! ,ea/]n 0 call$ ,greek1 & ! ,we/]n ! ,lat92 or :5 ! ,ea/]n empire assum$ ! "n ( ,roman1 & affix$ to ! ,we/]n k+doms "o & all t 7 connect$ ) ,rome ! appellation ( ,lat94 ,?is appellation1 orig9ally appli$ to ! language only1 0 adopt$ by ! ,we/]n k+doms1 & came to be t by :i* !y 7 be/ designat$4 ,x 0 ! ,lat9 _w1 ! ,lat9 k+dom1 ! ,lat9 *ur*1 ! ,lat9 patri>*1 ! ,lat9 cl]gy1 ! ,lat9 c\ncils4 ,to use ,dr4 ,m's words1 8,!y ,lat9ize ev]y?+3 mass1 pray]s1 hymns1 litanies1 canons1 decretals1 bulls1 are conceiv$ 9 ,lat94 ,! ,papal c\ncils speak 9 ,lat91 wom5 !mselves pray 9 ,lat94 ,! ,scriptures are read 9 no o!r language "u ! ,papacy ?an ,lat94 ,9 %ort1 all ?+s are ,lat940 ,) :at propriety1 !n1 might ,john1 "u ! influ5ce ( inspiration1 speak1 9 ?is enigmatical mann]1 ( ! new p[] t 0 symboliz$ by ! bea/ z ,lat94 ,! only objection to ?is solution t has be5 sugge/$ is1 t ! or?ography ( ! ,greek ^w is ,lat9os1 & n ,late9os1 giv+ ! numb] #ffa1 & n #fff2 & ,bell>m9e ass]ts t ?is is ! uni=m me?od ( spell+ 9 ,greek au?ors4 ,all t is necess>y 9 reply to ?is is to copy ! foll[+ rem>k f ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #def3 8,z to ! =m ( ! ,greek ^w ,late9os1 viz41 t is employ$ = ! ,lat9 long 1 x is a suffici5t v9dication ( x to cite 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c4 ,or we may ref] to ! cu/om ( ! m anci5t ,lat91 z 9 ,plautus1 ( writ+ i by ei2 e4g41 solitei1 ,diveis1 captivei1 preimus1 ,late9a1 c40 ,see ?is po9t exam9$ fur!r1 9 ,elliott1 iii4 #bajbac4 ,z a matt] ( hi/orical int]e/1 x may be obs]v$ t ! solution ( ! difficulty has be5 s\ght 9 num]\s o!r words1 & ! fri5ds ( ! ,papacy & ! enemies ( ! ,bible h endeav\r$ to %[ t su* t]ms are s num]\s t !re c be no c]ta9ty 9 ! application4 ,?us ,calmet 7,dict4 art4 8,anti*ri/071 aft] enum]at+ _m ( ^! t]ms1 says3 8,! numb] #fff is f\nd 9 names ! mo/ sacr$1 ! mo/ opposite to ,anti*ri/4 ,! wise/ & be/ way is to be sil5t40 ,we h se5 t1 besides ! "n ,late9os1 two o!r words _h be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! "t ( ,ir5u4 ,"s ( ! words 9 :i* ! my/]i\s numb] has be5 s9ce suppos$ to be f\nd are ! foll[+3 ,n]on ,cs> #ej #bjj #f #ej1 & #ajj #fj #bjj #fff ,diocles ,augu/us 7,dioclesian7 ,,dclxvi4 ,c4 ,f4 ,julianus ,cs> ,a!us 7! ,apo/ate7 ,,dclxvi4 ,lu!r #bjj #djj #cj #f #cj #fff ,lampetis1 #cj #a #dj #hj #e #cjj #aj #bjj #fff #h #cj #a #cjj #aj #ej #h #b #a #bjj #aj #cj #e #aj #a #fff #aj #cjj #a #cj #aj #bj #a #e #bj #bj #cj #h #bjj #aj #a #fff 7! ,apo/ate7 #a #hj #gj #f #a #cjj #h #bjj #fff 7,roman1 sc4 ,s$es7 #bjj #f #dj #aj #aj #djj #fff 7,romanus1 sc4 ,man7 #bjj #dj #gj #ej #f #cjj #fff ,x w be admitt$ t _m ( ^!1 & o!rs t might be nam$1 are fanciful1 & p]haps _h _! orig9 9 a det]m9ation1 on ! "o h&1 to f9d ,rome ref]r$ to someh[1 or 9 a det]m9ation1 on ! o!r h&1 equally /rong1 n to f9d ?is2 b /ill x is rem>kable h[ #cch _m ( ! mo/ obvi\s solutions ref] to ,rome & ! ,papacy4 ,b ! m9d ne$ n be di/ract$1 nor ne$ d\bt be ?r[n ov] ! subject1 by ! numb] ( ! solutions propos$4 ,!y %[ ! re/less "* ( ! human m9d1 & ! +5uity ( m52 b ?is %\ld n be all[$ to br+ into d\bt a solution t is simple & natural1 & t meets all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,su* a solution1 ,i believe1 is f\nd 9 ! ^w ,late9os1 z illu/rat$ above2 & z t1 if correct1 settles ! case1 x is unnecess>y to pursue ! matt] fur!r4 ,^? :o are dispos$ to d s1 h[ev]1 may f9d ample illu/ration 9 ,calmet1 ,dict4 art4 8,anti*ri/20 ,elliott1 ,hor ,apoca4 iii4 #bjgbba2 ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 ,com4 vol4 ii4 ,excursus iv42 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 i4 #hdhf2 ,rob]t ,flem+ on ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,papacy1 #bh1 seq42 ,de ,wette1 ,exegetis*es ,h&bu*1 ,n4,t41 iii4 #adjadb2 ,vitr+a1 ,com4 #fbefcg1 ,excursus iv42 ,nov4 ,tes4 ,edi4 ,koppian1 vol4 x4 b1 pp4 #bcebfe2 & ! ,comm5t>ies g5]ally4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s 7xii4 xiii47 !re is a description ( ! woes & sorr[s :i*1 = a long p]iod1 w\ld come ^u ! *ur*1 & :i* w\ld ?reat5 to de/roy x4 ,x 0 prop] t ?is gloomy picture %\ld be reliev$1 & accord+ly ?is *apt]1 hav+ mu* ( ! aspect ( an episode1 is ?r[n 9 to com=t ! he>ts ( ^? :o %\ld see ^? tr\bl\s times4 ,!re 7 bright sc5es beyond1 & x 0 important to direct ! eye to !m1 t ! he>ts ( ! sad might be consol$4 ,?is *apt]1 !re=e1 conta9s a succession ( symbolical repres5tations design$ to %[ ! ultimate result ( all ^! ?+s8to hold out ! symbols ( ultimate & c]ta9 victory0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,^? symbols are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! vision ( ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& on ,m\nt ,zion1 z emblematical ( ! f9al triumph ( ! r$eem$1 v]4 #ae4 ,!y h ! ,fa!r's "n 9 _! =eheads 7v]4 #a72 !y s+ a song ( victory 7v]4 #b1 #c72 !y are f\nd )\t fault be=e ,godrepres5tatives1 9 ?is respect1 ( all t w be sav$1 v]4 #d1 #e4 7#b7 ,! vision ( ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel1 v]4 #f1 #g4 ,an angel is se5 fly+ 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel to prea* to all t dwell ^u ! e>?1 & ann\nc+ t ! end is ne>a repres5tation design$ to %[ t ! gospel w be ?us prea*$ among all nations2 & :5 t is done1 ! "t w draw on :5 ! affairs ( ! _w w be w\nd up4 7#c7 ,! fall ( ,babylon1 ! mighty ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 v]4 #h4 ,an angel is se5 go+ =? ann\nc+ ! glad tid+s t ?is mighty p[] is ov]?r[n1 & t1 !re=e1 its oppressions are come to an end4 ,?is1 to ! *ur* 9 tr\ble & p]secution1 is "o ( ! mo/ com=t+ ( all ! assurances t ,god makes 9 reg>d to ! future4 7#d7 ,! c]ta9 & f9al de/ruction ( all ! uphold]s ( t ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 v]4 #iab4 ,ano!r angel is se5 mak+ proclamation t all ! support]s & abettors ( ?is =midable p[] w\ld dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god2 t !y w\ld be torm5t$ ) fire & brim/one2 & t ! smoke ( _! torm5t w\ld asc5d up = ev] & ev]4 7#e7 ,! bless$ness ( all ^? :o die 9 ! ,"l2 :o1 amid/ ! p]secutions & trials t 7 to come ^u ! *ur*1 w\ld be f\nd fai?ful unto dea?1 v]4 #ac4 ,!y w\ld re/ f _! lab\rs2 ! works ( m]cy :i* !y _h done on ! e>? w\ld foll[ !m to ! future _w1 secur+ ri* & et]nal bless+s !re4 7#f7 ,! f9al ov]?r[ ( all ! enemies ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #adbj4 ,?is is ! gr& completion2 to ?is all ?+s are t5d+2 ?is w be c]ta9ly accompli%$ 9 due "t4 ,?is is repres5t$ "u v>i\s emblems3 7a7 ,! ,son ( man appe>s seat$ on a cl\d1 hav+ on 8 head a gold5 cr[n1 & 9 8 h& a %>p sickleemblem ( ga!r+ 9 ! great h>ve/ ( ! e>?1 & ( 8 own glori\s reign 9 heav51 v]4 #ad4 7b7 ,an angel is se5 com+ out ( ! temple1 ann\nc+ t ! "t _h come1 & call+ on ! great ,reap] to ?ru/ 9 8 sickle1 = ! h>ve/ ( ! _w 0 ripe1 v]4 #ae4 7c7 ,he t has ! sickle ?ru/s 9 8 sickle to reap ! great h>ve/1 v]4 #af4 7d7 ,ano!r angel is se5 repres5t+ ! f9al judgm5t ( ,god on ! wick$1 v]4 #agbj4 ,he also has a %>p sickle2 he is comm&$ by an angel t has p[] ov] fire to ?ru/ 9 8 sickle #cci into ! e>?2 he goes =? & ga!rs ! clu/]s ( ! v9e ( ! e>?1 & ca/s !m into ! great w9e-press ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,?is :ole *apt]1 !re=e1 is design$ to relieve ! gloom ( ! =m] repres5tations4 ,! action ( ! gr& mov+ panorama is /ay$ t ! m9d may n be ov]:elm$ ) gloomy ?\ghts1 b t x may be *e]$ ) ! assurance ( ! f9al triumph ( tru? & righte\sness4 ,! *apt]1 view$ 9 ?is light1 is introduc$ ) great arti/ic skill1 z well z great beauty ( poetic illu/ration2 &1 9 its place1 x is adapt$ to set =? ?is great tru?1 t1 to ! righte\s1 & to ! *ur* at l>ge1 9 ! d>ke/ times1 & ) ! mo/ ?reat5+ prospect ( calamity & sorr[1 !re is ! c]ta9ty ( f9al victory1 & t ?is %\ld be all[$ to *e] & su/a9 ! s\l4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,& ,i look$1 &1 lo1 a #dbe,lamb /ood on ! m\nt ,zion1 & ) him #dbf;an hundr$ =ty & f\r ?\s&1 #dbg;hav+ 8 ,fa!r's "n writt5 9 _! =eheads4 #a4 ,& ,i look$4 ,my att5tion 0 drawn to a new vision4 ,! eye 0 turn$ away f ! bea/ & 8 image to ! heav5ly _w! ,m\nt ,zion above4 ,&1 lo1 a ,lamb4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,/ood on ! m\nt ,zion4 ,t is1 9 heav54 ,see ,notes on ,he4 xii4 #bb4 ,zion1 lit]ally ! s\!rn hill 9 ! city ( ,j]usalem1 0 a "n also giv5 to ! :ole city2 &1 z t 0 ! seat ( ! div9e wor%ip on e>?1 x became an emblem ( heav5! dwell+-place ( ,god4 ,! sc5e ( ! vision "h is laid 9 heav51 = x is a vision ( ! ultimate triumph ( ! r$eem$1 design$ to su/a9 ! *ur* 9 view ( ! trials t _h already come ^u x1 & ( ^? :i* 7 yet to come4 ,& ) him an hundr$ =ty & f\r ?\s&4 ,^! are evid5tly ! same p]sons t 7 se5 9 ! vision record$ 9 *4 vii4 #ch1 & ! repres5tation is made = ! same purposeto su/a9 ! *ur* 9 trial1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( its future glory4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #d4 ,hav+ 8 ,fa!r's "n writt5 9 _! =eheads4 ,%[+ t !y 7 84 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #c2 xiii4 #af4 ,9 *4 vii4 #c1 x is m]ely said t !y 7 8seal$ 9 _! =eheads20 ! passage "h %[s h[ !y 7 seal$4 ,!y _h ! "n ( ,god s /amp$ or m>k$ on _! =eheads z to %[ t !y belong$ to him4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 vii4 #ch4 #b ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav51 z #dbh! voice ( _m wat]s1 & z ! voice ( a great ?und]3 & ,i he>d ! voice ( #dbi;h>p]s h>p+ ) _! h>ps3 #b4 ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav54 ,%[+ t ! sc5e is laid 9 heav51 b t ,john 9 ! vision 0 on ! e>?4 ,z ! voice ( _m wat]s4 ,z ! s\nd ( ! ocean1 or ( a mighty cat>act4 ,t is1 x 0 s l\d t x c\ld be he>d f heav5 to e>?4 ,no comp>ison c\ld express ?is m sublimely ?an to say t x 0 l ! ro> ( ! ocean4 ,z ! voice ( a great ?und]4 ,z ! l\d s\nd ( ?und]4 ,& ,i he>d ! voice ( h>p]s4 ,9 heav53 ! song ( r$emption accompani$ ) /ra9s ( sweet in/rum5tal music4 ,= a description ( ! h>p1 see ,notes on ,is4 v4 #ab4 ,h>p+ ) _! h>ps4 ,play+ on _! h>ps4 ,?is image gives new beauty to ! description4 ,?\gh ! s\nd 0 l\d & swell+1 s l\d t x c\ld be he>d on ! e>?1 yet x 0 n m]e %\t+1 or m]ely a tumultu\s cry4 8,x 0 l ! sweetness ( symphoni\s h>ps40 ,! music ( heav51 ?\gh elevat$ & joy\s1 is sweet & h>moni\s2 & p]haps "o ( ! be/ repres5tations ( heav5 on e>?1 is ! effect produc$ on ! s\l by /ra9s ( sweet & solemn music4 #c ,& !y sung z x 7 #dcj;a new song be=e ! ?rone1 & be=e ! f\r bea/s1 & ! eld]s3 & no man c\ld le>n t song b #dca! hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s&1 :i* 7 r$eem$ f ! e>?4 #c4 ,& !y sung z x 7 a new song4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #i4 ,x 0 prop] to call ?is 8new10 because x 0 on a new occasion1 or p]ta9$ to a new object4 ,! song "h 0 9 celebration ( ! complete r$emption ( ! *ur*1 & 0 ! song to be sung 9 view ( its f9al triumph ov] all its foes4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 vii4 #i1 #aj4 ,be=e ! ?rone4 ,! ?rone ( ,god 9 heav54 ,see ,notes #cdj on *4 iv4 #b4 ,& be=e ! f\r bea/s4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #fh4 ,& ! eld]s4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d4 ,& no man c\ld le>n t song1 c4 ,none c\ld und]/& x b ! r$eem$4 ,t is1 none :o _h n be5 r$eem$ c\ld ent] fully into ! feel+s & sympa?ies ( ^? :o 74 ,a great tru? is taught "h4 ,to appreciate fully ! songs ( ,zion2 to und]/& ! language ( praise2 to ent] into ! _s ( ! tru?s :i* p]ta9 to r$emption2 "o mu/ himself h be5 r$eem$ by ! blood ( ,*ri/4 ,he mu/ h kn[n :at x is to be a s9n] "u ! condemnation ( a holy law2 he mu/ h kn[n :at x is to be 9 dang] ( et]nal dea?2 he mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! joys ( p>don1 or he c nev] und]/&1 9 its true import1 ! language us$ by ! r$eem$4 ,& ?is is only say+ :at we are famili> ) 9 o!r ?+s4 ,he :o is sav$ f p]il2 he :o is rescu$ f long captivity2 he :o is p>don$ at ! foot ( ! scaffold2 he :o is recov]$ f dang]\s illness2 he :o presses to 8 bosom a belov$ *ild j rescu$ f a wat]y grave1 w h an appreciation ( ! language ( joy & triumph :i* he c nev] und]/& :o has n be5 plac$ 9 su* circum/ances3 b ( all ! joy ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ! univ]se1 s f> z we c see1 t mu/ be ! mo/ sublime & transport+1 :i* w be exp]i5c$ :5 ! r$eem$ %all /& on ,m\nt ,zion above1 & %all realize t !y are sav$4 #d ,^! are !y :i* 7 n defil$ ) wom52 = !y are #dcbvirg9s4 ,^! are !y #dcc:i* foll[ ! ,lamb :i!rsoev] he goe?4 ,^! 7 #dcdr$eem$ f among m51 be+ #dce! fir/-fruits unto ,god & to ! ,lamb4 #d4 ,^! are !y4 ,9 ?is v]se1 & 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 ! writ] /ates ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ^? :o are sav$4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t !y are *a/e2 t !y are ! foll[]s ( ! ,lamb2 t !y are r$eem$ f among m52 & t !y are )\t guile4 ,:i* 7 n defil$ ) wom54 ,:o 7 *a/e4 ,! ^w defil$ "h det]m9es ! mean+ ( ! passage1 z d5ot+ t !y 7 n guilty ( illicit int]c\rse ) wom54 ,x is unnecess>y to %[ t ?is is a virtue ev]y:]e requir$ 9 ! ,bible1 & ev]y:]e /at$ z among ! *>act]i/ics ( ! r$eem$4 ,on no po9t are !re m frequ5t exhortations 9 ! ,scriptures ?an on ?is2 on no po9t is !re m solicitude manife/$ t ! pr(ess$ fri5ds ( ! ,savi\r %\ld be )\t blame4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ac4 xv4 #bj2 ,ro4 i4 #bdcb2 #a ,co4 vi4 #ah2 ,he4 xiii4 #d4 ,see also #a ,co4 v4 #a2 vi4 #ac2 ,ga4 v4 #ai2 ,ep4 v4 #c2 ,col4 iii4 #e2 #a ,?4 iv4 #c4 ,?is passage _c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( celibacy1 :e!r among ! cl]gy or laity1 or 9 fav\r ( mona/ic pr9ciples 9 any =m2 = ! ?+ t is specifi$ is1 t !y 7 n 8defil$ ) wom510 & a lawful connection ( ! sexes1 su* z m>riage1 is n defilem5t4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 xiii4 #d4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ defil$1 f is a ^w t _c be appli$ to ! m>riage relation4 ,x means prop]ly to soil1 to /a91 to defile4 #a ,co4 viii4 #g3 8,_! consci5ce be+ weak1 is defil$40 ,re4 iii4 #d3 8,:i* h n defil$ _! g>m5ts40 ,! ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except 9 ! passage be=e u1 & x w be se5 at once t x _c be appli$ to t :i* is lawful & prop]1 & consequ5tly t x _c be con/ru$ z an expression aga9/ m>riage & 9 fav\r ( celibacy4 ,x is a ^w t is prop]ly expressive ( illicit int]c\rse( impurity & un*a/ity ( life& ! /atem5t is1 t !y :o are sav$ are n impure & un*a/e4 ,= !y are virg9s4 ,?is is ! mascul9e =m1 b ?is =m is f\nd 9 ! lat] ,greek & 9 ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs4 ,see ,suidas & ,suic]1 ,!s4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w1 :5 f\nd 9 ! fem99e =m1 is well und]/ood4 ,x d5otes a virg91 a maid51 & !nce x is us$ to d5ote t :i* is *a/e & pure3 virg9 mode/y2 virg9 gold2 virg9 soil2 virg9 blu%2 virg9 %ame4 ,! ^w 9 ! mascul9e =m mu/ h a simil> mean+ z appli$ to m51 & may d5ote #cda 7a7 ^? :o are unm>ri$2 7b7 ^? :o are *a/e & pure 9 g5]al4 ,! ^w is appli$ by ,suidas to ,abel & ,mel*iz$ek4 8,! s5se10 says ,de ,wette1 9 loco1 8_c be t all ^! #add1jjj _h liv$ an unm>ri$ life2 = h[ c\ld ! apo/le ,pet]1 & o!rs :o 7 m>ri$1 h be5 exclud$8 ,b ! ref]5ce mu/ be to ^? :o held !mselves f all impurityunkeus*heit und hur]ei:i*1 9 ! view ( ! apo/les1 0 closely connect$ ) idolatry40 ,comp4 ,bleek1 ,beitr4 i4 #ahe4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t ! ma9 ref]5ce "h is to ^? :o _h kept !mselves f idolatry1 & :o 7 ?us pure4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ obvi\s mean+ is ! correct "o1 t x ref]s to ! r$eem$ z *a/e1 & ?us br+s into view "o ( ! prom95t ?+s 9 :i* ,*ri/ians are di/+ui%$ f ! devotees ( ne>ly e o!r =m ( religion1 &1 inde$1 exclusively f ! _w at l>ge4 ,?is passage1 also1 _c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! mona/ic sy/em1 because1 7a7 :atev] may be said any:]e ( ! purity ( virg9s1 !re is no su* comm5dation ( x z to imply t ! m>ri$ life is impure2 7b7 x _c be suppos$ t ,god meant 9 any way to reflect on ! m>ri$ life z 9 itself impure or di%on\rable2 7c7 ! language does n dem& su* an int]pretation2 & 7d7 ! facts 9 reg>d to ! mona/ic life h %[n t x has _h v little pret5sions to a claim ( virg9 purity4 ,^! are !y :i* foll[ ! ,lamb4 ,?is is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o are r$eem$t !y are foll[]s ( ! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,t is1 !y are 8 disciples2 !y imitate 8 example2 !y obey 8 in/ructions2 !y yield to 8 laws2 !y receive him z _! c\nsellor & _! guide4 ,see ,notes on ,jn4 x4 #c1 #bg4 ,:i!rsoev] he goe?4 ,z %eep foll[ ! %eph]d4 ,comp4 ,ps4 xxiii4 #a1 #b4 ,x is "o *>act]i/ic ( true ,*ri/ians t !y foll[ ! ,savi\r :]ev] he leads !m4 ,be x into tr\ble1 into dang]1 into difficult duty2 be x 9 ,*ri/ian or hea!n l&s2 be x 9 pleasant pa?s1 or 9 roads r\gh & difficult1 !y commit !mselves :olly to 8 guidance1 & submit !mselves :olly to 8 w4 ,^! 7 r$eem$ f among m54 ,?is is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o are se5 on ,m\nt ,zion4 ,!y are !re because !y are r$eem$1 & !y h ! "* ( ! r$eem$4 ,!y are n !re 9 virtue ( rank or blood 7,jn4 i4 #ac72 n on ! gr\nd ( _! own works 7,tit4 iii4 #e72 b because !y are r$eem$ unto ,god by ! blood ( 8 ,son4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #i1 #aj4 ,none w be !re ( :om x _c be said t !y are 8r$eem$20 none w be abs5t :o h be5 truly r$eem$ f s94 ,be+ ! fir/-fruits unto ,god4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w fir/-fruits1 see ,notes on #a ,co4 xv4 #bj4 ,! mean+ "h w\ld seem to be1 t ! hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& 7 n to be reg>d$ z ! :ole ( ! numb] t 0 sav$1 b t !y 7 repres5tatives ( ! r$eem$4 ,!y _h ! same *>act]i/ics :i* all ! r$eem$ mu/ h2 !y 7 a pl$ge t all ! r$eem$ w\ld be !re4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t ! s5se is1 t !y 71 z x 71 8an (f]+ peculi>ly acceptable to ,god40 ,! =m] explanation1 h[ev]1 meets all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & is m 9 accordance ) ! usual mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,& to ! ,lamb4 ,!y /ood !re z r$eem$ by him1 ?us hon\r+ him z _! ,r$eem]1 & %[+ =? 8 glory4 #e ,& 9 _! m\? #dcf0 f\nd no guile3 = !y are #dcg)\t fault be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 #e4 ,& 9 _! m\? 0 f\nd no guile4 ,no deceit1 fraud1 hypocrisy4 ,!y 7 s9c]ely & truly :at !y pr(ess$ to be! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,?is is ! la/ *>act]i/ic :i* is giv5 ( !m z r$eem$1 & x is n necess>y to say t ?is is always repres5t$ z "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! true *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,jn4 i4 #dg4 ,= !y are )\t fault be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ )\t faultmeans1 prop]ly1 spotless1 )\t blemi%1 #a ,pe4 i4 #ai4 ,see ,notes on ,col4 i4 #bb4 ,?is _c be con/ru$ z mean+ t !y 7 by nature pure & holy1 b only t !y 7 pure z !y /ood be=e ! ?rone ( ,god 9 heav58hav+ wa%$ _! robes1 & made !m pure 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb40 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #ad4 ,x w be c]ta9ly true t all :o /& !re w #cdb be1 9 fact1 pure1 = no?+ impure or unholy %all ent] !re1 *4 xxi4 #bg4 ,! design ( ?is portion ( ! *apt] 0 evid5tly to com=t ^? to :om ! book 0 address$1 &1 9 ! same way1 to com=t all ! *ildr5 ( ,god 9 times ( p]secution & trial4 ,^? liv+ 9 ! "t ( ,john 7 suff]+ p]secution1 &1 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 he _h describ$ m fe>ful trials yet to come on ! *ur*4 ,9 ^! trials1 !re=e1 pres5t & prospective1 !re 0 a propriety 9 fix+ ! ?\ghts on ! f9al triumph ( ! r$eem$t glori\s /ate 9 heav5 :]e all p]secution %all cease1 & :]e all ! ransom$ ( ! ,"l %all /& be=e 8 ?rone4 ,:at c\ld be bett] fitt$ ?an ?is view to su/a9 ! s\ls ( ! p]secut$ & ! sorr[ful8 ,& h[ (t5 s9ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*9 ! d>k times ( religi\s decl5sion & ( p]secutionhas !re be5 occasion to seek consolation 9 ?is bright view ( heav58 ,h[ (t5 9 ! life ( ea* believ]1 :5 sorr[s come ^u him l a flood1 & e>?ly consolation is gone1 is !re occasion to look to t bless$ _w :]e all ! r$eem$ %all /& be=e ,god2 :]e all te>s %all be wip$ away f e face2 & :]e !re %all be ! assurance t ! la/ pang has be5 endur$1 & t ! s\l is to be happy = ev]8 #f ,& ,i saw ano!r angel fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 hav+ #dch! ev]la/+ gospel to prea* unto !m t dwell on ! e>?1 & to #dci;e nation1 & k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 #f4 ,& ,i saw ano!r angel4 ,?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 mean a diff]5t "o f "s "o m5tion$ be=e2 b no su* angel is ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 unless we g back to *4 xii4 #g4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ,john ref]s to a p>ticul> angel imm$iately prec$+ ?is4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! visions he _h se5 _m angels2 & n[1 accu/om$ to ^! visions1 he says t he saw 8ano!r0 "o employ$ 9 a rem>kable embassy1 ^: message 0 fitt$ to *e] ! he>ts ( ! despond+1 & to support ! s\ls ( ! p]secut$ & ! sad= 8 appe>+ 0 ! pl$ge t ! gospel w\ld be ultimately prea*$ to all t dwell ^u ! e>?4 ,! design ( ?is vision is1 !re=e1 sub/antially ! same z ! =m]to *e] ! he>t1 & to su/a9 ! c\rage & ! fai? ( ! *ur*1 9 ! p]secutions & trials :i* 7 yet to come1 by ! assurance t ! gospel w\ld be ultimately triumphant4 ,fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 ,9 ! air2 s z to appe> to be mov+ along ! face ( ! sky4 ,! sc5e _c be 9 heav51 z ! gospel is n to be prea*$ !re2 b ! ^w mu/ d5ote heav5 z x appe>s to u! sky4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s x correctly 8mid-air40 ,he is repres5t$ z fly+1 to d5ote ! rapidity ) :i* ! gospel w\ld spread ?r\gh ! _w 9 t future p]iod ref]r$ to4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 vi4 #b4 ,hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel4 ,! gospel is "h call$ ev]la/+ or et]nal1 7a7 because its great tru?s h always exi/$1 or x is con=m$ to et]nal tru?2 7b7 because x w = ev] rema9 un*ang$n be+ liable to fluctuation l ! op9ions held by m52 7c7 because its effects w be ev]la/+9 ! r$emption ( ! s\l & ! joys ( heav54 ,9 all ! glori\s et]nity be=e ! r$eem$1 !y w be b develop+ ! effects ( t gospel on _! own he>ts1 & enjoy+ ! results ( x 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,to prea* unto !m t dwell on ! e>?4 ,to all m5z is imm$iately specifi$4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xxviii4 #ai2 ,m>4 xvi4 #ae4 ,& to e nation1 & k9dr$1 c4 ,to all classes & conditions ( m52 to all m51 )\t any di/9ction or exception4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #i4 ,! tru? "h taught is1 t ! gospel is to be prea*$ to all m5 z on an equality1 )\t any ref]5ce to _! rank1 _! "*1 or _! complexion2 & x is impli$ also1 t at ! "t ref]r$ to ?is w be done4 ,:5 t "t w be ! writ] does n intimate f>!r1 ?an t x w\ld be aft] ! bea/ & 8 adh]5ts _h attempt$ to /ay its progress2 & = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 !re=e1 we are to look to a p]iod subsequ5t to ! rise & fall ( t great ,anti*ri/ian p[] symboliz$ by ! bea/ & 8 image4 ,?is is 9 entire accordance ) ! pr$iction 9 ,daniel4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #aibb4 #g ,say+ ) a l\d voice1 ,fe> ,god1 & give glory to him2 = ! #ddj;h\r ( 8 judgm5t is come3 & wor%ip him t made heav51 & e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! f\nta9s ( wat]s4 #g4 ,say+ ) a l\d voice4 ,z if #cdc all ! nations 7 summon$ to he>4 ,fe> ,god4 ,t is1 rev]5ce1 hon\r1 obey ,god4 ,r5d] homage n to ! bea/1 to 8 image1 or to any idol1 b to ! only true ,god4 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ! gospelits end & designto turn m5 f all =ms ( idol wor%ip & sup]/ition1 to ! wor%ip ( ! only true ,god4 ,& give glory to him4 ,to give glory to him is to ackn[l$ge him z ! only true ,god2 to set up 8 pure wor%ip 9 ! he>t2 & to praise him z ! great ,rul] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,= ! h\r ( 8 judgm5t is come4 ,8 judgm5t on ! bea/ & on ^? :o wor%ip him4 ,! imag]y "h is sub/antially ! same z 9 ,da4 vii4 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #bf1 #bg2 & !re c be no d\bt t !re is ref]5ce to ! same subject4 ,see ,notes on ^? v]ses4 ,! ma9 idea is1 t :5 ,god %all be ab\t to cause 8 gospel to spread ?r\gh ! _w1 !re w be1 z x 71 a solemn judgm5t on t ,anti*ri/ian p[] :i* _h s long resi/$ 8 tru? & p]secut$ 8 sa9ts1 & t on ! fall ( t p[] 8 own k+dom w be set up on ! e>?2 t is1 9 ! language ( ,daniel1 8! k+dom1 & ! dom9ion1 & ! greatness ( ! k+dom "u ! :ole heav51 %all be giv5 to ! p ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high40 ,& wor%ip him t made heav51 & e>?1 c4 ,! true ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,z already rem>k$1 ?is is ! ultimate design ( ! gospel1 &1 :5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! great end = :i* x 0 reveal$ w be rea*$4 ,! design ( ?is portion ( ! *apt] 7v]4 #f1 #g71 also1 0 to com=t ^? to :om ! book 0 address$1 & 9 ! same way to com=t ! *ur* 9 all ! p]secution & opposition :i* ! tru? w\ld enc\nt]4 ,! gr\nd ( consolation !n 01 t a "t 0 pr$ict$ :5 ! 8ev]la/+ gospel0 w\ld be made to fly spe$ily ?r\gh ! e>?1 & :5 x w\ld be ann\nc$ t a f9al judgm5t _h come ^u ! ,anti*ri/ian p[] :i* _h prev5t$ its be+ be=e diffus$ ov] ! face ( ! _w4 ,! same gr\nd ( enc\ragem5t & consolation exi/s n[1 & ! m s z we see ! day approa*+2 & 9 all times ( despond5cy we %\ld all[ our he>ts to be *e]$ z we see t great ,anti*ri/ian p[] wan+1 & z we see evid5ce t ! way is ?us prep>+ = ! rapid & univ]sal diffusion ( ! pure gospel ( ,*ri/4 #h ,& !re foll[$ ano!r angel1 say+1 #dda;,babylon is fall51 is fall51 t great city1 because %e made all nations dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( h] =nication4 #h4 ,& !re foll[$ ano!r angel4 ,t is1 9 ! vision4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is w\ld1 9 ! fulfilm5t1 succe$ ! o!r 9 "t4 ,! *apt] is made up ( a numb] ( repres5tations1 all design$ to illu/rate ! same g5]al ?+1 & to produce ! same g5]al effect on ! m9dt ! gospel w\ld be f9ally triumphant1 & t1 !re=e1 ! he>ts ( ! tr\bl$ & ! afflict$ %\ld be com=t$4 ,! repres5tation 9 ?is v]se1 be>+ on ?is po9t1 is1 t ,babylon1 ! great enemy1 w\ld fall to rise no m4 ,babylon4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t ! ^w ,babylon occurs 9 ?is book1 ?\gh x is repeat$ly m5tion$ aft]w>ds1 *4 xvi4 #ai2 xvii4 #e2 xviii4 #b1 #aj1 #ba4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! lit]al ,babylon1 ! ^w is us$1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ,mat4 i4 #aaac2 ,ac4 vii4 #dc2 #a ,pe4 v4 #ac4 ,see ,intro4 to #a ,pet]1 #b4 ,babylon 0 a well-kn[n city on ! ,euphrates 7= a full description ( :i* see ,notes on ,isaiah1 analysis ( *4 xiii41 xiv471 & 01 9 ! days ( its pride & glory1 ! head ( ! hea!n _w4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ?is place1 x may be rem>k$1 7#a7 ,t ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,babylon 71 t x 0 pr\d1 haughty1 insol5t1 oppressive4 ,x 0 *iefly kn[n & rememb]$ by ! ,hebrew p z a p[] t _h invad$ ! ,holy ,l&2 t _h r$uc$ its capital & temple to ru9s2 t _h de/roy$ ! indep5d5ce ( _! c\ntry1 subject+ x to ! condition ( a prov9ce1 & t _h c>ri$ away ! inhabitants into a long & pa9ful captivity4 ,x became1 #cdd !re=e1 ! emblem ( all t 0 haughty & oppressive1 & especially ( all t p]secut$ ! *ur* ( ,god4 7#b7 ,! ^w mu/ be us$ "h to d5ote "s p[] t resembl$ ! anci5t & lit]al ,babylon 9 ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! lit]al ,babylon 0 no m2 b ! "n might be prop]ly us$ to d5ote a simil> p[]4 ,we are to seek1 !re=e1 9 ! application ( ?is1 = "s p[] t _h ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* ! lit]al ,babylon _h4 7#c7 ,9 inquir+1 !n1 :at is ref]r$ to "h by ! ^w ,babylon1 we may rem>k1 7a7 t x c\ld n be ! lit]al ,babylon on ! ,euphrates1 = ! :ole repres5tation "h is ( some?+ future1 & ! lit]al ,babylon _h long s9ce disappe>$1 nev]1 accord+ to ! prophecies1 to be rebuilt4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xiii4 #bjbb4 7b7 ,all ! circum/ances require u to und]/& ?is ( ,rome1 at "s p]iod ( its hi/ory3 = ,rome1 l ,babylon1 0 ! seat ( empire1 & ! head ( ! hea!n _w2 ,rome 0 *>act]iz$ by _m ( ! same attributes z ,babylon1 be+ arrogant1 pr\d1 oppressive2 ,rome1 l ,babylon1 0 di/+ui%$ = its conque/s1 & = ! fact t x made all o!r nations subject to its control2 ,rome _h be51 l ,babylon1 a desolat+ p[]1 hav+ de/roy$ ! capital ( ! ,holy ,l&1 & burnt its beautiful temple1 & r$uc$ ! c\ntry to a prov9ce4 ,rome1 l ,babylon ( old1 0 ! mo/ =midable p[] ) :i* ! *ur* _h to cont5d4 ,yet 7c7 x is n1 ,i suppose1 ,rome consid]$ z ,pagan t is "h meant1 b ,rome consid]$ z ! prolongation ( ! anci5t p[] 9 ! ,papal =m4 ,alike 9 ?is book & 9 ,daniel1 ,rome1 ,pagan & ,papal1 is reg>d$ z "o p[]1 /&+ 9 direct opposition to ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 resi/+ its progress 9 ! _w1 & prev5t+ its f9al preval5ce4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 ,:5 t falls1 ! la/ enemy ( ! *ur* w be de/roy$1 & ! f9al triumph ( ! true religion w be spe$y & complete4 ,see ,da4 vii4 #bf1 #bg4 7d7 ,s x 0 und]/ood among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speak+ ( ! expectations ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ab\t ! end ( ! _w1 & ! glory ( ! lit]al reign ( ! ,messiah1 says1 8,:il/ ! happ9ess & glory ( a temporal reign 7 promis$ to ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 ! mo/ dreadful calamities 7 d5\nc$ aga9/ an unbeliev+ _w4 ,! edification ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 0 to advance by equal /eps ) ! de/ruction ( ! my/ic ,babylon2 & z long z ! emp]ors :o reign$ be=e ,con/ant9e p]si/$ 9 ! pr(ession ( idolatry1 ! epi!t ( ,babylon 0 appli$ to ! city & to ! empire ( ,rome10 vol4 i4 p4 #bfc4 ,is fall54 ,t is1 an ev5t appe>$ 9 vision z if a mighty city fell to rise no m4 ,is fall54 ,?is is repeat$ to give emphasis to ! decl>ation1 & to express ! joy\sness ( t ev5t4 ,t great city4 ,babylon 9 its glory 0 ! l>ge/ city ( ! _w4 ,rome1 9 its turn1 also became ! l>ge/2 & ! expression us$ "h d5otes t ! p[] "h ref]r$ to w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by cities ( _! magnitude4 ,because %e made all nations dr9k ( ! w9e4 ,?is language is probably tak5 f ,je4 li4 #g3 8,babylon ha? be5 a gold5 cup 9 ! ,"l's h&1 t made all ! e>? drunk53 ! nations h drunk ( ! w9e1 !re=e ! nations are mad40 ,babylon "h1 9 accordance ) ! usual cu/om ( ! sacr$ writ]s :5 speak+ ( cities 7see ,notes on ,is4 i4 #h71 is repres5t$ z a female"h a female ( ab&on$ "*1 hold+ 9 h] h& a cup ( w9e to attract h] lov]s2 t is1 %e allures & intoxicates !m4 ,?is is a beautiful image to d5ote ! influ5ce ( a great & corrupt city1 & especially a city corrupt 9 its religion & devot$ to idolatry & sup]/ition1 & may well be appli$ ei!r to ,babylon or ,rome1 lit]al or my/ical4 ,( ! wra?4 ,!re seems an incongruity 9 ! use ( ?is ^w "h1 & ,pr(essor ,/u>t proposes to r5d] x 8! inflammatory w9e ( h] =nication20 t is1 inebriat+ w9ew9e t excit$ ! passions & t l$ to uncleanness4 ,he supposes t ! ^w "h us$means heat1 inflammation1 correspond+ to ! ,hebrew 4 ,!re are no in/ances1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,! common & prop] mean+ is m9d1 s\l1 !n m9d agitat$ ) passion or "u ! influ5ce ( desirea viol5t commotion ( m9d1 z wra?1 ang]1 indignation 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,! gr\nd ( ! repres5tation "h seems to be t ,jehovah is (t5 describ$ z giv+ to ! nations 9 8 wra? an intoxicat+ cup s t !y %\ld reel & /agg] to _! de/ruction4 ,comp4 ,je4 xxv4 #ae2 li4 #g4 ,! mean+ #cde "h is1 t ! nations _h drunk ( t cup :i* br\ght on ! wra? ( ,god on acc\nt ( h] 8=nication40 ,babylon is repres5t$ z a h>lot1 ) a cup ( w9e 9 h] h&1 & ! effect ( dr9k+ t cup 0 to expose !m to ! wra? ( ,god1 h5ce call$ 8! w9e ( ! wra? ( h] =nication0! allur+ cup t 0 foll[$ by wra? on acc\nt ( h] =nication4 ,( h] =nication4 ,due to h] =nication4 ,! ^w 8=nication0 "h is us$ to d5ote spiritual uncleanness2 t is1 hea!n & sup]/iti\s rites & obs]vances4 ,! t]m is (t5 us$ 9 ! ,scriptures z applicable to idolatry & sup]/ition4 ,! g5]al mean+ "h is1 t ,rome,papal ,romew\ld employ all =ms ( voluptu\s allurem5ts to br+ ! nations to ! wor%ip ( ! bea/ & 8 image1 & t ! 8wra?0 ( ,god w\ld be p\r$ out on acc\nt ( ^! abom9ations4 ,! design ( ?is v]se also is to imp>t consolation by ! assurance t ?is great enemy?is mighty1 =midable1 p]secut+ p[]w\ld be entirely ov]?r[n4 ,?is is ev]y:]e held up z ! brighte/ hope ( ! *ur*1 = ) ?is w fall its la/ great enemy1 & ! gr& ob/ruction to ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel on e>? w be remov$4 #i ,& ! ?ird angel foll[$ !m1 say+ ) a l\d voice1 ,if#ddb any man wor%ip ! bea/ & 8 image1 & receive 8 m>k 9 8 =ehead1 or 9 8 h&1 #i4 ,& ! ?ird angel foll[$ !m4 ,?is 0 a new vision design$ to repres5t ! removal ( all ! ob/ructions to ! f9al preval5ce ( ! gospel4 ,we are n necess>ily to suppose t ?is ev5t w\ld succe$ ^? m5tion$ be=e 9 ! ord] ( "t1 ?\gh ?is w\ld be ! natural con/ruction4 ,! design ( ?is is to %[ t ! wor%ipp]s ( ! bea/ & 8 image w\ld be c]ta9ly & f9ally de/roy$4 ,say+ ) a l\d voice4 ,mak+ a l\d proclamation4 ,v]4 #g4 ,if any man wor%ip ! bea/ & 8 image4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #d1 #h1 #ab1 #ae4 ,?is decl>ation is univ]sal1 affirm+ ( all :o ?us r5d] idolatr\s rev]5ce to ! p[] repres5t$ by ! bea/ & 8 image t !y %\ld dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! g5]al mean+ is1 t !y 7 guilty ( idolatry ( a gross =m2 & :]ev] ?is exi/$ !y :o 7 guilty ( x w\ld come "u ! d5unciations 9 ! ,scriptures aga9/ idolat]s4 ,& :y %\ld n su* d5unciations fall on idolat]s "u ! ,papacy z well z on o!rs8 ,is x n true t !re is z real idolatry !re z 9 ! hea!n _w8 ,is n ! idolatry z gross & debas+8 ,is x n att5d$ ) z real corruption 9 ! he>t & ! life8 ,is x n encompass$ ) z _m ?+s to inflame ! passions1 corrupt ! morals1 & ali5ate ! s\l f ,god8 ,& is x n all ! worse = be+ a p]v]sion ( ,*ri/ianity1 & practis$ "u ! =ms ( ! religion ( ! ,savi\r8 ,on :at pr9ciple %\ld idolatry be d5\nc$ & condemn$ any:]e if x is n 9 ,papal ,rome8 ,comp4 ,notes on #b ,?4 ii4 #d4 ,& receive 8 m>k 9 8 =ehead or 9 8 h&4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #af4 ,! ^w 8receive0 "h implies t !re 01 on _! "p1 "s degree ( volunt>9ess3 x 0 n a m>k impress$ by =ce1 b a m>k receiv$4 ,?is is true 9 respect to all idolatry2 & ?is lays ! gr\nd = condemnation4 ,:atev] art is us$ to induce m5 to wor%ip ! bea/ & 8 image1 x is /ill true t ! wor%ipp]s are volunt>y1 & t1 be+ volunt>y1 x is "r t !y %\ld be treat$ z su*4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd only t any idolat]s1 or any s9n]s ( any k9d1 c be1 9 ! prop] s5se ( t t]m1 puni%$4 #aj ,! same %all #ddc;dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god1 :i* is p\r$ out )\t mixture into ! cup ( 8 indignation2 & he %all be torm5t$ #ddd) fire & brim/one 9 ! pres5ce ( ! holy angels1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,lamb3 #aj4 ,! same %all dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,! 8w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god0 is ! cup 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l1 :i*1 :5 drunk1 makes !m reel & fall4 ,! image w\ld seem to h be5 tak5 f ! act ( hold+ out a cup ( poison to a condemn$ man t he might dr9k & die4 ,see ! s5tim5t "h express$ illu/rat$ 9 ! ,notes on ,is4 li4 #ag4 ,:i* is p\r$ #cdf out )\t mixture4 ,)\t be+ dilut$ ) wat]t is1 9 its full /r5g?4 ,9 o!r words1 !re w\ld be no mitigation ( ! puni%m5t4 ,into ! cup ( 8 indignation4 ,! cup held 9 8 h&1 & giv5 !m to dr9k4 ,?is is expressive ( 8 indignation1 z x causes !m to reel & fall4 ,! s5tim5t "h is sub/antially ! same1 ?\gh 9 ano!r =m1 z t :i* is express$ 9 #b ,?4 ii4 #ab4 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,& he %all be torm5t$4 ,%all be puni%$ 9 a mann] t w\ld be well repres5t$ by be+ burn$ ) fire & brim/one4 ,on ! mean+ ( ?is ^w see ,notes on *4 ix4 #e2 xi4 #aj4 ,comp4 also *4 xviii4 #g1 #aj1 #ae2 xx4 #aj2 ,mat4 viii4 #bi2 ,m>4 v4 #g2 ,lu4 viii4 #bh4 ,! ^w commonly d5otes sev]e torture4 ,) fire & brim/one4 ,z if ) burn+ sulphur4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 xvii4 #bhcj4 ,comp4 ,ps4 xi4 #f2 ,job xviii4 #ae2 ,is4 xxx4 #cc2 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #bb4 ,! imag]y is tak5 f ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ,ge4 xix4 #bd4 ,! common repres5tation ( ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ is1 t x w be 9 ! mann] "h repres5t$1 ,mat4 v4 #bb2 xiii4 #db2 xviii4 #i2 xxv4 #da2 ,m>4 ix4 #dddh2 #b ,pe4 iii4 #g2 ,jude #g2 ,re4 xx4 #ad4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #bb2 ,m>4 ix4 #dd4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! holy angels4 ,?is may mean ei!r 7a7 t ! angels w be pres5t at _! condemnation 7,mat4 xxv4 #ca71 or 7b7 t ! puni%m5t w be actually witness$ by ! angels1 z x is mo/ probable x w be4 ,comp4 ,is4 lxvi4 #bd2 ,lu4 xvi4 #bcbf4 ,& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,lamb4 ,! ,lamb ( ,god! f9al ,judge4 ,?is also may mean ei!r t ! condemnation w occur 9 8 pres5ce1 or t ! puni%m5t w be "u 8 eye4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s w be true 9 reg>d to him2 & x w be no small aggravation ( ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 t x w occur 9 ! v pres5ce ( _! slight$ & reject$ ,savi\r4 #aa ,& ! #ddesmoke ( _! torm5t asc5de? up = ev] & ev]3 & !y #ddf;h no re/ day nor night1 :o wor%ip ! bea/ & 8 image1 & :osoev] receive? ! m>k ( 8 "n4 #aa4 ,& ! smoke ( _! torm5t4 ,! smoke proce$+ f _! place ( torm5t4 ,?is language is probably d]iv$ f ! acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ,ge4 xix4 #bh3 8,& he ,abraham look$ t[>d ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & t[>d all ! l& ( ! pla91 & beheld1 & lo1 ! smoke ( ! c\ntry w5t up z ! smoke ( a furnace40 ,! de/ruction ( ^! cities is reg>d$ z an emblem ( ! de/ruction ( ! wick$1 & ! smoke t asc5d$ f !m z a repres5tation ( t :i* asc5ds f ! place :]e ! wick$ suff] = ev]4 ,see ,notes on ,jude #g4 ,asc5de? up4 ,cont9ually rises f t _w ( woe4 ,= ev] & ev]4 ,see ,notes on ,jude #g4 ,?is does n inde$ affirm t _! individual suff]+s w\ld be et]nal1 s9ce x is only a decl>ation t 8! smoke ( _! torm5t asc5ds20 b x is su* language z w\ld be us$ on ! supposition t !y w\ld suff] = ev]1 & z c be expla9$ only on t supposition4 ,x implies t _! torm5ts cont9u$1 & 7 ! cause ( t asc5d+ smoke2 t is1 t !y 7 torm5t$ :ile x asc5d$2 &1 z ?is is decl>$ to be 8= ev] & ev]10 x implies t ! suff]+s ( ! wick$ w be et]nal3 & ?is is su* language z w\ld n1 & c\ld n h be5 us$ 9 a revelation f ,god1 unless ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ is et]nal4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 xxv4 #df4 ,& !y h no re/ day nor night4 8,day & night0 include all "t2 & h5ce ! phrase is us$ to d5ote p]petuityalways4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t !y nev] h any re/any int]val ( pa94 ,?is is /at$ z a circum/ance /rongly expressive ( ! sev]ity ( _! torm5t4 ,"h1 re/ comes to ! suff]]4 ,! prison] 9 8 cell lies d[n on 8 b$1 ?\gh h>d1 & sleeps2 ! ov]work$ slave has also int]vals ( sleep2 ! eyes ( ! m\rn] are lock$ 9 repose1 & = mom5ts1 if n h\rs1 he =gets 8 sorr[s2 no pa9 t we endure on e>? c be s c]ta9 & prolong$ t nature w n1 soon] or lat]1 f9d ! luxury ( sleep1 or w f9d re/ 9 ! grave4 ,b x w be "o ( ! bitt]e/ +r$i5ts 9 ! cup ( woe1 9 ! _w ( despair1 t ?is luxury w be d5i$ = ev]1 & t !y :o ent] t gloomy prison sleep no m1 nev] "k ! respite ( a mom5t1 nev] ev5 lose ! consci\sness ( _! heavy doom4 ,oh h[ diff]5t f ! condition ( suff]]s "h6 ,& oh h[ sad & /range #cdg t any ( our race w p]sev]e 9 s91 & g d[n to ^? unmitigat$ & un5d+ sorr[s6 ,:o wor%ip ! bea/ & 8 image4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #d1 #ae4 ,& :osoev] receive? ! m>k ( 8 "n4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ag4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t su* wor%ipp]s w receive ! puni%m5t :i* o!r idolat]s & s9n]s d4 ,no exception w be made 9 fav\r ( an idolat]1 ?\gh he wor%ips idols "u ! =ms ( an abus$ ,*ri/ianity2 none w be made 9 fav\r ( a s9n] because he practis$ iniquity "u ! g>b ( religion4 #ab ,"h is ! pati5ce ( ! sa9ts3 "h are !y t keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & ! fai? ( ,jesus4 #ab4 ,"h is ! pati5ce ( ! sa9ts4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #aj4 ,"h are !y t keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,t is1 9 ex]cis+ su* pati5ce4 ,^? :o ex]cise t 8pati5ce0 9 ^! long-cont9u$ p]secutions & trials1 w %[ t !y belong to ^? :o keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & are 8 true *ildr54 ,or p]haps ! mean+ may be1 8,"h is a disclosure respect+ ! f9al de/9y ( ^! p]secutors1 :i* is adapt$ to com=t & su/a9 ! sa9ts 9 ! trials :i* !y w endure2 an enc\ragem5t to con/ancy 9 obey+ ! comm&s ( ,god1 & 9 ev9c+ ! meek fai? ( ! gospel40 ,& ! fai? ( ,jesus4 ,to enc\rage p]sev]+ fai? 9 ! ,savi\r4 ,9 ^! times ( trial x w be %[n :o are ! fri5ds ( ! ,savi\r2 & 9 ! prospect ( ! c]ta9 ov]?r[ ( all ! enemies ( ,god & 8 cause1 !re is a gr\nd ( enc\ragem5t = cont9u$ atta*m5t to him4 ,! design ( ?is portion ( ! *apt] 7v]4 #iab7 is to enc\rage ,*ri/ians 9 _! trials by ! assurance1 t ?is =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] w\ld be ov]?r[n1 & t all ! enemies ( ,god w\ld receive _! j doom 9 ! _w ( despair4 ,fe>ful z t doctr9e is1 & t]rible z is ! idea ( ! ev]la/+ suff]+ ( any ( ! creatures ( ,god1 yet ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! wick$ is necess>y to ! triumph ( tru? & hol9ess1 & !re is consolation 9 ! belief t religion w ultimately triumph4 ,! desire = its triumph necess>ily supposes t ! wick$ w be ov]?r[n & puni%$2 & inde$ x is ! aim ( all gov]nm5ts1 & ( all adm9i/rations ( law1 t ! wick$ %all be ov]?r[n1 & t tru? & ju/ice %all prevail4 ,:at w\ld be m consolatory 9 a human gov]nm5t ?an ! idea t all ! wick$ w\ld be arre/$ & puni%$ z !y des]ve8 ,= :at else is gov]nm5t in/itut$8 ,= :at else d magi/rates & police-(fic]s dis*>ge ! functions ( _! (fice8 #ac ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav51 say+ unto me1 ,write1 ,bless$ are ! dead :i* #ddg;die 9 ! ,"l #ddh;f h5ce=?3 ,yea1 sai? ! ,_s1 t !y may re/ f _! lab\rs2 & _! works d foll[ !m4 #ac4 ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav54 ,a voice t seem$ to speak f heav54 ,say+ unto me1 ,write4 ,make a record ( ?is tru?4 ,we may suppose t ,john 0 engag$ 9 mak+ a record ( :at he saw 9 vision2 he 0 n[ in/ruct$ to make a record ( :at he he>d4 ,?is passage may be ref]r$ to z a pro( t he wrote ?is book :ile 9 ,patmos1 or z ! heav5ly disclosures 7 made to him1 & n aft]w>ds f memory4 ,bless$ are ! dead4 ,t is1 ! condition ( ^? :o die 9 ! mann] :i* is imm$iately specifi$1 is to be reg>d$ z a bless$ or happy "o4 ,x is mu* to be able to say ( ! dead t !y are 8bless$40 ,!re is mu* 9 dea? t is sad2 we s mu* dread x by nature2 x cuts u (f f s mu* t is de> to u2 x bla/s s _m hopes2 & ! grave is s cold & *e]less a re/+-place1 t we owe mu* to a sy/em ( religion :i* w enable u to say & to feel1 t x is a bless$ ?+ to die4 ,assur$ly we %\ld be grateful = any sy/em ( religion :i* w enable u ?us to speak ( ^? :o are dead2 :i* w enable u1 ) correspond+ feel+1 to look =w>d to our own dep>ture f ?is _w4 ,:i* die 9 ! ,"l4 ,n all ! dead2 = ,god nev] pron\nces ! condition ( ! wick$ :o die1 bless$ or happy4 ,religion gu>ds ?is po9t1 & conf9es ! decl>ation to ^? :o furni% evid5ce t !y are prep>$ = #cdh heav54 ,! phrase 8to die 9 ! ,"l0 implies ! foll[+ ?+s37#a7 ,t !y :o ?us die are ! fri5ds ( ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,! language 8to be 9 ! ,"l0 is (t5 us$ to d5ote true atta*m5t to him1 or close union ) him4 ,comp4 ,jn4 xv4 #dg2 ,ro4 xvi4 #ac1 #bb2 #a ,co4 iv4 #ag2 vii4 #ci2 ,phi4 i4 #ad2 ,col4 iv4 #g4 ,! assurance1 !n1 is limit$ to ^? :o are s9c]e ,*ri/ians2 = ?is ! language prop]ly implies1 & we are au?oriz$ to apply x only z !re is evid5ce ( true religion4 7#b7 ,to 8die 9 ! ,"l0 w\ld seem also to imply t !re %\ld be1 at ! "t1 ! evid5ce ( 8 fav\r & fri5d%ip4 ,?is w\ld apply 7a7 to ^? :o die z m>tyrs1 giv+ _! lives z a te/imony to ! tru? ( religion1 & z an evid5ce ( _! love = x2 & 7b7 to ^? :o h ! com=t+ evid5ce ( 8 pres5ce & fav\r on ! b$ ( dea?4 ,f h5ce=?4 ,?is ^w has giv5 no little p]plexity to expositors1 & x has be5 v>i\sly r5d]$4 ,"s h connect$ x ) ! ^w bless$8,bless$ h5ce=? are ! dead :o die 9 ! ,"l20 t is1 !y w be ev]-onw>d bless$3 "s ) ! ^w die1 ref]r+ to ! "t :5 ! apo/le 0 writ+8,bless$ are !y :o1 aft] ?is "t1 die 9 ! ,"l20 design+ to com=t ^? :o 7 expos$ to dea?1 & :o w\ld die z m>tyrs3 "s z ref]r+ to ! times contemplat$ 9 ^! visions8,bless$ w !y be :o %all die 9 ^? future times40 ,witsius und]/&s ?is z mean+ t1 f ! "t ( _! dea?1 !y w\ld be bless$1 z if x _h be5 said1 imm$iately aft] _! dissolution !y w\ld be bless$4 ,doddridge r5d]s x1 8,h5ce=? bless$ are ! dead40 ,! language is evid5tly n to be con/ru$1 z imply+ t !y :o _h di$ 9 ! fai? be=e 7 n happy1 b t 9 ! times ( trial & p]secution t 7 to come1 !y 7 to be reg>d$ z peculi>ly bless$ :o %\ld escape f ^! sorr[s by a ,*ri/ian dea?4 ,sc5es ( woe 7 inde$ to occur1 9 :i* _m believ]s w\ld die4 ,b _! condition 0 n to be reg>d$ z "o ( mis=tune1 b ( bless$ness & joy1 = 7a7 !y w\ld die 9 an hon\rable cause2 7b7 !y w\ld em]ge f a _w ( sorr[2 & 7c7 !y w\ld rise to et]nal life & peace4 ,! design1 !re=e1 ( ! v]se is to imp>t consolation & support to ^? :o w\ld be expos$ to a m>tyr's dea?1 & to ^? :o1 9 times ( p]secution1 w\ld see _! fri5ds expos$ to su* a dea?4 ,x may be add$ t ! decl>ation "h made is true /ill1 & ev] w be4 ,x is a bless$ ?+ to die 9 ! ,"l4 ,yea1 sai? ! ,_s4 ,! ,holy ,_s2 8! ,_s by ^: inspiration & comm& ,i record ?is0 7,doddridge74 ,t !y may re/ f _! lab\rs4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ lab\rmeans prop]ly wail+1 grief1 f 1 to beat1 & h5ce a beat+ ( ! brea/ z 9 grief4 ,!n ! ^w d5otes toil1 lab\r1 ef=t1 ,jn4 iv4 #ch2 #a ,co4 iii4 #h2 xv4 #eh2 #b ,co4 vi4 #e2 x4 #ae2 xi4 #bc1 #bg4 ,x is "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( we>isome toil 9 do+ good1 9 promot+ religion1 9 sav+ s\ls1 9 def5d+ ! tru?4 ,f su* toils ! r$eem$ 9 heav5 w be releas$2 = al?\gh !re w be employm5t !re1 x w be )\t ! s5se ( fatigue or we>9ess4 ,& 9 view ( su* et]nal re/ f toil1 we may well endure ! lab\rs & toils incid5t to ! %ort p]iod ( ! pres5t life1 =1 h[ev] ardu\s or difficult1 x w soon be end$4 ,& _! works d foll[ !m4 ,t is1 ! rew>ds or ! consequ5ces ( _! works w foll[ !m to ! et]nal _w1 ! ^w works "h be+ us$ = ! rew>ds or results ( _! works4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 consid]$ z an enc\ragem5t to lab\r1 & z a support 9 ! trials ( life1 x may be rem>k$1 7a7 t all t ! righte\s d & suff] "h w be appropriately recomp5s$ !re4 7b7 ,?is is all t c foll[ a man to et]nity4 ,he c take ) him none ( 8 gold1 8 l&s1 8 raim5t2 none ( ! hon\rs ( ?is life2 none ( ! means ( s5sual gratification4 ,all t w g ) him w be 8 "*1 & ! results ( 8 conduct "h1 &1 9 ?is respect1 et]nity w be b a prolongation ( ! pres5t life4 7c7 ,x is "o ( ! highe/ hon\rs ( our nature t we c make ! pres5t affect ! future = good2 t by our conduct on ! e>? we c lay ! f\ndation = happ9ess millions ( ages h5ce4 ,9 no o!r respect does man appe> s dignifi$ z 9 ?is2 n[h]e d we s cle>ly see ! gr&eur ( ! s\l z 9 ! fact1 t :at we d to-day may det]m9e our happ9ess 9 t future p]iod1 :5 all ! affairs ( ?is _w %all h be5 w\nd up1 & :5 ages #cdi :i* _c n[ be numb]$ %all h roll$ by4 ,x is !n a glori\s ?+ to live1 & w be a glori\s ?+ to die4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,co4 xv4 #eh4 #ad ,& ,i look$1 & behold a :ite cl\d1 & ^u ! cl\d "o sat #ddil unto ! ,son ( man1 hav+ on 8 head a gold5 cr[n1 & 9 8 h& a %>p sickle4 #ad4 ,& ,i look$4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,8 att5tion is arre/$ by a new vision4 ,! ,son ( man himself comes =? to close ! sc5e1 & to w9d up ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,?is1 too1 is ( ! nature ( an episode1 & ! design is ! same z ! previ\s visionsto support ! m9d 9 ! prospect ( ! trials t ! *ur* 0 to exp]i5ce1 by ! assurance t x w\ld be f9ally triumphant1 & t e enemy w\ld be de/roy$4 ,& behold a :ite cl\d4 ,bright1 spl5did1 dazzl+appropriate to be ! seat ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 xvii4 #e2 ,re4 i4 #g4 ,see also ,mat4 xxiv4 #cj2 xxvi4 #fd2 ,lu4 xx4 #bg2 ,ac4 i4 #i2 #a ,?4 iv4 #ag2 ,re4 x4 #a4 ,& ^u ! cl\d "o sat l unto ! ,son ( man4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #ac2 ,da4 vii4 #ac4 ,x is probable t !re is "h a design$ ref]5ce to ! passage 9 ,daniel4 ,! mean+ is1 t "o appe>$ on ! cl\d 9 a human =m1 :om ,john at once recogniz$ z he to :om ! appellation ( 8! ,son ( man0 peculi>ly belong$! ,"l ,jesus4 ,! mean+ ( t t]m _h n be5 fix$ 9 ! "t ( ,daniel 7vii4 #ac72 subsequ5tly x 0 appropriat$ by ! ,savi\r1 & 0 ! fav\rite t]m by :i* he *ose to speak ( himself1 ,mat4 viii4 #bj2 ix4 #f2 x4 #bc2 xi4 #ai2 xii4 #h1 #cb1 #dj1 et al4 ,hav+ on 8 head a gold5 cr[n4 ,appropriate to him z k+4 ,x 0 ma9ly 9 virtue ( 8 k+ly p[] & (fice t ! "w 0 to be done :i* ,john is n[ ab\t to describe4 ,& 9 8 h& a %>p sickle4 ,! ^w sickle "hmeans a crook$ knife or scy! = ga!r+ ! h>ve/1 or v9tage1 by cutt+ (f ! clu/]s ( grapes4 ,see v]4 #ag4 ,! image ( a h>ve/ is (t5 employ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to describe moral subjects1 ,mat4 ix4 #cg1 #ch2 xiii4 #cj1 #ci2 ,m>4 iv4 #bi2 ,lu4 x4 #b2 ,jn4 iv4 #ce4 ,"h ! ref]5ce is to ! consummation ( all ?+s1 :5 ! great h>ve/ ( ! _w w be reap$1 & :5 all ! enemies ( ! *ur* w be cut (f= t is ! gr& idea :i* is kept be=e ! m9d 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 v>i\s =ms1 & by v>i\s images1 t idea _h already be5 pres5t$ to ! m9d1 b "h x is introduc$ 9 a gr& clos+ image1 z if ! gra9 ( ! h>ve/-field 7 ga!r$ 91illu/rat+ ! reception ( ! righte\s into ! k+dom1& ! fruit ( ! v9ey>d 7 ?r[n into ! w9e-press1 repres5t+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! wick$ w\ld be cru%$1 v]4 #ai1 #bj4 #ae ,& ano!r angel came out ( ! temple1 cry+ ) a l\d voice to him t sat on ! cl\d1 #dej,?ru/ 9 ?y sickle1 & reap3 = ! "t is come = !e to reap2 = ! #dea;h>ve/ ( ! e>? is #debripe4 #ae4 ,& ano!r angel4 ,! f\r? 9 ord]1 v]4 #f1 #h1 #i4 ,came out ( ! temple4 ,see ,notes on *4 xi4 #ai4 ,came1 z x 71 f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god2 = ! temple 0 reg>d$ z 8 peculi> dwell+-place4 ,cry+ ) a l\d voice to him t sat on ! cl\d4 ,to ! ,messiah1 v]4 #ad4 ,t is1 ! comm& 0 borne directly f ,god by ! angel to ! ,messiah1 to g =? & reap ! great h>ve/ ( ! _w4 ,x is n a comm& ( ! angel1 b a comm& f ,god ! ,fa!r to ! ,son4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) all ! repres5tations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ! ,son1 z ,messiah or ,r$eem]1 is subord9ate to ! ,fa!r1 & p]=ms ! "w :i* has be5 giv5 him to d4 ,see ,jn4 iii4 #af1 #ag2 v4 #ai2 x4 #ah2 xii4 #di2 xiv4 #ca4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,re4 i4 #a4 ,?ru/ 9 ?y sickle1 & reap4 ,into ! great h>ve/ ( ! _w4 ,= ! "t is come = !e to reap4 ,t is1 8! h>ve/ :i* ?\ art to reap is ripe2 ! se$ :i* ?\ ha/ s[n has gr[n up2 ! e>? :i* ?\ ha/ cultivat$ has produc$ ?is gold5 gra91 & x is fit t ?\ %\ld/ n[ ga!r x 940 ,?is language is appropriately address$ to ! ,son ( ,god1 = all ! fruits ( righte\sness on ! e>? may be reg>d$ z ! result ( 8 culture4 ,= ! h>ve/ ( ! e>? is ripe4 ,! 8h>ve/0 9 #cej ref]5ce to ! righte\s! fruit ( ! good se$ s[n by ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les & m9i/]s4 ,! "t allud$ to "h is ! end ( ! _w1 :5 ! affairs ( e>? %all be ab\t to be w\nd up4 ,! design is to /ate t ! ,r$eem] w !n ga!r 9 a great & glori\s h>ve/1 & by ?is assurance to su/a9 ! he>ts ( 8 p 9 times ( trial & p]secution4 #af ,& he t sat on ! cl\d ?ru/ 9 8 sickle on ! e>?2 & ! e>? 0 reap$4 #af4 ,& he t sat on ! cl\d4 ,! ,savi\r1 v]4 #ad4 ,?ru/ 9 8 sickle on ! e>?4 ,to cut d[n ! h>ve/t is1 to ga!r 8 p to himself4 ,& ! e>? 0 reap$4 ,s f> z ! righte\s 7 conc]n$4 ,! end _h come2 ! *ur* 0 r$eem$2 ! "w contemplat$ 0 accompli%$2 & ! results ( ! "w ( ! ,savi\r 7 l a glori\s h>ve/4 #ag ,& ano!r angel came out ( ! temple :i* is 9 heav51 he also hav+ a %>p sickle4 #ag4 ,& ano!r angel4 ,! fif? 9 ord]4 ,?is angel came = a diff]5t purpose) ref]5ce to ! cutt+ (f ( ! enemies ( ,god1 repres5t$ by ! ga!r+ ( a v9tage4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xiii4 #da2 xxiv4 #ca4 ,came out ( ! temple :i* is 9 heav54 ,s5t or commission$ by ,god4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ae4 ,he also hav+ a %>p sickle4 ,on ! ^w sickle1 see ,notes on v]4 #ad4 #ah ,& ano!r angel came out f ! alt>1 :i* _h p[] ov] fire2 & cri$ ) a l\d cry to him t _h ! %>p sickle1 say+1 #dec,?ru/ 9 ?y %>p sickle1 & ga!r ! clu/]s ( ! v9e ( ! e>?2 = h] grapes are fully ripe4 #ah4 ,& ano!r angel4 ,! six? 9 ord]4 ,he came1 l ! angel 9 v]4 #ae1 ) a comm& to him :o _h ! sickle to g =? & execute 8 commission4 ,came out f ! alt>4 ,?is /ood 9 ! front ( ! temple 7see ,notes on ,mat4 xxi4 #ab2 comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #bc1 #bd71 & 0 ! place :]e burnt-sacrifices 7 made4 ,z ! "w n[ to be done 0 a "w ( de/ruction1 ?is 0 an appropriate place 9 ! repres5tation4 ,:i* _h p[] ov] fire4 ,z if he kept ! fire on ! alt>4 ,fire is ! usual emblem ( de/ruction2 & z ! "w n[ to be done 0 su*1 x 0 prop] to repres5t ?is angel z engag$ 9 x4 ,& cri$ ) a l\d cry1 c4 ,see v]4 #ae4 ,t is1 he came =?1 z ) a comm& f ,god1 to call on him :o 0 appo9t$ to d ! "w ( de/ruction1 n[ to engage 9 p]=m+ x4 ,! "t _h fully come4 ,?ru/ 9 ?y %>p sickle4 ,v]4 #ae4 ,& ga!r ! clu/]s ( ! v9e ( ! e>?4 ,t portion ( ! e>? :i* might be repres5t$ by a v9ey>d 9 :i* ! grapes 7 to be ga!r$ & cru%$4 ,! image "h employ$ occurs else:]e to d5ote ! de/ruction ( ! wick$4 ,see ! v beautiful description 9 ,is4 lxiii4 #af1 respect+ ! de/ruction ( ,edom1 & ! ,notes on t passage4 ,= h] grapes are fully ripe4 ,t is1 ! "t has come = ! +a!r+2 or1 to apply ! image1 = ! w9d+ up ( human affairs by ! de/ruction ( ! wick$4 ,! "t "h1 z 9 ! previ\s repres5tation1 is ! end ( ! _w2 & ! design is1 to com=t ! *ur* 9 its trials & p]secutions1 by ! assurance t all its enemies w be cut (f4 #ai ,& ! angel ?ru/ 9 8 sickle into ! e>?1 & ga!r$ ! v9e ( ! e>?1 & ca/ x into ! great #dedw9e-press ( ! wra? ( ,god4 #ai4 ,& ! angel ?ru/ 9 8 sickle into ! e>?4 ,t is1 into t "p ( ! e>? :i* might be repres5t$ by a v9ey>d2 or ! e>? consid]$ z hav+ be5 ! abode ( wick$ m54 ,& ca/ x into ! great w9e-press ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,see ,is4 lxiii4 #af4 ,t is1 ! w9e-press :]e ! grapes are cru%$1 & :]e ! juice1 resembl+ blood1 fl[s out1 may be us$ z a symbol to d5ote ! de/ruction ( ! wick$ 9 ! la/ day2 & z ! numb]s w be imm5sely great1 x is call$ ! 8great w9e-press ( div9e wra?40 ,! symbol appe>s to be us$ "h alike ) ref]5ce to ! col\r ( ! w9e resembl+ blood1 & ! pressure necess>y to =ce x out2 & ?us employ$ x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ emblems conceivable to d5ote ! f9al de/ruction ( ! wick$4 #bj ,& ! w9e-press 0 #deetrodd5 #def)\t ! city1 & #deg;blood came out ( ! w9e-press1 #deh;ev5 unto ! horse-bridles1 by ! space ( a ?\s& & six hundr$ furlongs4 #cea #bj4 ,& ! w9e-press 0 trodd5 )\t ! city4 ,! repres5tation 0 made z if x 7 outside ( ! cityt is1 ! city ( ,j]usalem1 = t is repres5t$ z ! abode ( ! holy4 ,! ^w trodd5 ref]s to ! mann] 9 :i* w9e 0 usually prep>$1 by be+ trodd5 by ! feet ( m54 ,see ,notes on ,is4 lxiii4 #b4 ,! w9e-press 0 usually 9 ! v9ey>dn 9 ! city& ?is is ! repres5tation "h4 ,z appe>+ to ! eye ( ,john1 x 0 n )9 ! walls ( any city1 b /&+ )\t4 ,& blood came out ( ! w9e-press4 ,! repres5tation is1 t !re w\ld be a great de/ruction :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! juice fl[+ f a w9e-press4 ,ev5 unto ! horse-bridles4 ,deep1 z blood w\ld be 9 a field ( slaught] :]e x w\ld come up to ! v bridles ( ! horses4 ,! idea is1 t !re w\ld be a great slaught]4 ,by ! space ( a ?\s& & six hundr$ furlongs4 ,t is1 two hundr$ miles2 cov]+ a space ( two hundr$ miles squ>ea lake ( blood4 ,?is is design$ to repres5t a great slaught]2 b :y ! space "h employ$ to describe x 0 *os5 is unkn[n4 ,"s h suppos$ x 0 9 allusion to ! l5g? ( ,pale/9e4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t x ref]s to ! bread? ( ,italy1 & t ! allusion is to ! attack made on ! city ( ! bea/4 ,b x is impossible to det]m9e :y ?is space 0 *os51 & x is unnecess>y4 ,! idea is1 t !re w\ld be a slaught] s great1 z x 71 z to produce a lake or sea ( blood2 t ! enemies ( ! *ur* w\ld be completely & f9ally ov]?r[n1 & t ! *ur*1 !re=e1 deliv]$ f all its enemies1 w\ld be triumphant4 ,! design ( ?is1 z ( ! previ\s repres5tations 9 ?is *apt]1 is to %[ t all ! enemies ( ,god w be de/roy$1 & t1 !re=e1 ! he>ts ( ! fri5ds ( religion %\ld be *e]$ & consol$ 9 ! trials & p]secutions :i* 7 to come ^u x4 ,:at c\ld be bett] fitt$ to su/a9 ! *ur* 9 ! "t ( trial1 ?an ! assurance t e foe w be ultimately cut (f8 ,:at is bett] fitt$ to su/a9 ! he>t ( ! individual believ]1 ?an ! assurance t all 8 foes w be quell$1 & t he w ere long be safe 9 heav58 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] has a close connection 9 design ) ! previ\s *apt]4 ,9 t1 pl$ges & assurances _h be5 giv5 t all ! enemies ( religion w\ld be cut (f1 & t ! *ur* w\ld be ultimately triumphant1 & p>ticul>ly t t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] repres5t$ by ! 8bea/0 w\ld be de/roy$4 ,?is *apt] comm5ces ! /atem5t 9 reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ^! pl$ges w\ld be accompli%$1 & ! /atem5t is pursu$ ?r\gh ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 giv+ 9 detail :at is "h promis$ 9 a g5]al mann]4 ,! vision 9 ?is *apt] may be ?us describ$3 ,i4 ,! writ] sees a new sign or wond] 9 heav54 ,sev5 angels appe>1 hav+ ! sev5 la/ plagues t fill up or complete ! wra? ( ,god2 repres5t+ ! wra? t is to come ^u ! bea/1 or ! complete ov]?r[ ( ?is =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 v]4 #a4 ,,ii4 ,^? :o 9 =m] times _h 8gott5 ! victory ov] ! bea/10 n[ appe> /&+ on a sea ( glass1 rejoic+ & r5d]+ ?anks = ! assurance t ?is great enemy ( ! *ur* 0 n[ to be de/roy$1 & t n[ all nations 7 to come & wor%ip be=e ,god1 v]4 #bd4 ,,iii4 ,! writ] sees ! int]ior ( ! temple op5$ 9 heav51 & ! sev5 angels1 hav+ ! sev5 plagues1 issu+ =? to execute _! commission4 ,!y come clo!d 9 pure & :ite l951 & gird$ ) gold5 girdles4 ,"o ( ! f\r bea/s be=e ! ?rone =?) gives !m ! sev5 gold5 vials full ( ! wra? ( ,god1 to empty !m ^u ! e>?t is1 to br+ ^u ! bea/ ! pr$ict$ de/ruction4 ,! temple is imm$iately fill$ ) smoke1 s t no "o might ent]2 t is1 no "o c\ld n[ approa* to make int]cession1 & ! de/ruction ( ?is great enemy's p[] is n[ c]ta91 v]4 #eh4 ,?is *apt]1 !re=e1 is m]ely introductory to :at foll[s1 & its #ceb int]pretation is att5d$ ) no p>ticul> difficulty4 ,x is a beautiful sc5ic repres5tation prep>atory to ! infliction ( pr$ict$ judgm5ts1 & design$ to introduce ! acc\nt ( ^? judgm5ts ) suitable circum/ances ( solemnity4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,& ,i saw ano!r sign 9 heav51 great & m>vell\s1 sev5 angels hav+ ! sev5 la/ plagues2 = 9 !m is fill$ up ! #deiwra? ( ,god4 #a4 ,& ,i saw ano!r sign 9 heav54 ,ano!r wond] or extraord9>y symbol4 ,! ^w sign "his ! same :i* 9 *4 xii4 #a1 #c2 xiii4 #ac1 is r5d]$ wond] & wond]s1 & 9 *4 xiii4 #ad2 xvi4 #ad2 xix4 #bj1 miracles4 ,! ^w is n else:]e f\nd 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 ?\gh x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,see x expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xii4 #a4 ,"h x is us$ to d5ote some?+ wond]ful or m>vell\s4 ,?is is repres5t$ z appe>+ 9 heav51 = ! judgm5ts t 7 to fall ^u ! _w 7 to come !nce4 ,comp4 *4 xi4 #ai2 xii4 #a2 xiv4 #a1 #f1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,great & m>vell\s4 ,great & wond]ful1 or fitt$ to excite admiration4 ,! subsequ5t /atem5ts fully ju/ify ?is1 & %[ t ! vision 0 "o ( port5t\s "*1 & t 0 fitt$ to hold ! m9d 9 a/oni%m5t4 ,sev5 angels4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #d4 ,hav+ ! sev5 la/ plagues4 ,! article "h1 8! sev5 la/ plagues10 w\ld seem to imply t ! plagues ref]r$ to _h be5 be=e specifi$1 or t x w\ld be at once und]/ood :at is ref]r$ to4 ,^! plagues1 h[ev]1 h n be5 m5tion$ be=e1 & ! reason :y ! article is us$ "h seems to be ?is3 ! de/ruction ( ?is great ,anti*ri/ian p[] _h be5 di/9ctly m5tion$1 *4 xiv4 ,t might be spok5 ( z a ?+ n[ well kn[n1 & ! m5tion ( x w\ld dem& ! article2 & z t 0 well kn[n1 & w\ld dem& ! article1 s any allusion to x1 or description ( x1 might be spok5 ( 9 ! same mann]1 z a ?+ t 0 def9ite & fix$1 & h5ce ! m5tion ( ! plagues by :i* x 0 to be accompli%$ w\ld be ref]r$ to 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ^w plagues1 f means prop]ly a w\nd caus$ by a /ripe or bl[1 & is frequ5tly r5d]$ /ripe & /ripes1 ,lu4 xii4 #dh2 ,ac4 xvi4 #bc1 #cc2 #b ,co4 vi4 #e2 xi4 #bc4 ,x does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except 9 ! book ( ,revelation4 ,9 ?is book x is r5d]$ w\nd 9 *4 xiii4 #c1 #ab1 #ad2 & plagues 9 *4 ix4 #bj2 xi4 #f2 xv4 #a1 #f1 #h2 xvi4 #i1 #ba2 xviii4 #d1 #h2 xxi4 #i2 xxii4 #ah4 ,x does n occur else:]e4 ,! second>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 & ! mean+ 9 ! passage be=e u1 is a /ripe or bl[ inflict$ by ,god2 calamity or puni%m5t4 ,! ^w 8la/0 means ^? "u :i* ! ord] ( ?+s "h ref]r$ to w\ld t]m9ate2 ! w9d+ up ( ! affairs respect+ ! bea/ & 8 imagen necess>ily ! clos+ ( ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,important ev5ts 7 to occur subsequ5t to ! de/ruction ( ?is ,anti*ri/ian p[] 7xix4xxii471 b ^! 7 ! plagues :i* w\ld come f9ally ^u ! bea/ & 8 image1 & :i* w\ld t]m9ate ! exi/5ce ( ?is =midable enemy4 ,= 9 !m is fill$ up ! wra? ( ,god4 ,t is1 9 reg>d to ! bea/ & 8 image4 ,all ! expressions ( ! div9e indignation t[>ds t oppressive & p]secut+ p[] w be complet$ or exhau/$ by ! p\r+ out ( ! cont5ts ( ^! vials4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 x4 #g1 :]e ! ^w r5d]$ fill$ upis r5d]$ f9i%$4 #b ,& ,i saw z x 7 a #dfjsea ( glass #dfam+l$ ) fire3 & !m t _h gott5 ! victory #dfbov] ! bea/1 & ov] 8 image1 & ov] 8 m>k1 & ov] ! numb] ( 8 "n1 /& on ! sea ( glass1 hav+ ! #dfc;h>ps ( ,god4 #b4 ,& ,i saw z x 7 a sea ( glass4 ,9 *4 iv4 #f1 a simil> vision is record$8,& be=e ! ?rone !re 0 a sea ( glass1 l unto cry/al40 ,see ! ,notes on t passage4 ,! sea ( glass "h means a sea cle>1 pellucid1 l glass3 an expanse t seem$ to be made ( glass4 ,!re x 0 entirely cle>2 "h x is m+l$ ) fire4 ,m+l$ ) fire4 ,t is1 a portion ( ! sea 0 r$ l fire4 ,x 0 n all cle> & pellucid1 z 9 *4 iv4 #f1 b x 0 z x 7 a tesselat$ expanse1 compos$ 9 "p ( :at seem$ to be glass1 & 9 "p ( a mat]ial ( a r$ or fi]y col\r4 ,9 ! =m] case 7*4 iv4 #f71 ! emblem 0 design$ #cec to repres5t ! pure wor%ip ( heav5 )\t ref]5ce to any o!r symbolic design1 & h5ce ! sea is :olly cle> & pellucid2 "h1 9 connection ) ! purpose ( furni%+ an appropriate symbol ( ! div9e maje/y1 !re is unit$ ! idea ( puni%m5t on ! foes ( ,god1 repres5t$ by ! fi]y or r$ col\r4 ,if x is prop]1 f conjecture1 to sugge/ ! mean+ ( ?is z an emblem1 x w\ld be t ! f\ndation! ma9 elem5t( all ! div9e deal+s is ju/ice or hol9essrepres5t$ by ! portion ( ! sea t seem$ to be glass2 & t !re 01 9 ?is case1 int]m+l$ ) t1 ! image ( wra? or ang]repres5t$ by ! portion t 0 fi]y or r$4 ,! v sight ( ! pavem5t1 !re=e1 on :i* !y /ood :5 wor%ipp+ ,god1 w\ld keep be=e _! m9ds impressive views ( 8 "* & deal+s4 ,& !m t _h gott5 ! victory ov] ! bea/4 ,*4 xiii4 #aa4 ,t is1 !y :o _h ga9$ a victory 9 times ( p]secution & temptation2 or !y :om ! 8bea/0 _h n be5 able1 by arts or arms1 to subdue4 ,! p]sons ref]r$ to "h1 ,i suppose1 are ^? :o 9 ! long dom9ion ( ! ,papal p[]1 & amid/ all its arts & corruptionsits ?reats & p]secutions_h rema9$ /eadfa/ 9 ! tru?1 & :o might ?us be said to h ga9$ a victory= su* victories ( piety1 virtue1 & tru?1 amid/ ! corrupt+ influ5ces ( s9 & error1 & ! intimidations ( p[]1 are ! mo/ important t are ga9$ 9 ?is _w4 ,& ov] 8 image4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y _h n be5 l$ to apo/atize by ! dread ( ! p[] repres5t$ "h by ! 8image ( ! bea/40 ,9 all ! attempts ( t p[] to subdue !mto intimidate !mto induce !m to give up _! atta*m5t to ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus!y _h rema9$ /eadfa/ 9 ! fai?1 & _h triumph$4 ,& ov] 8 m>k4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #af4 ,ov] all ! attempts ( ! bea/ to fix 8 m>k ^u !m1 or to designate !m z 8 own4 ,& ov] ! numb] ( 8 "n4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,ov] all ! attempts to fix ^u !m t my/]i\s numb] :i* express$ 8 "n4 ,! g5]al s5se is1 t 9 times ( g5]al error & corruption2 :5 ! true fri5ds ( ,*ri/ 7 expos$ to p]secution2 :5 e ef=t 0 made to induce !m to become ! foll[]s ( ! 8bea/10 & to yield to ! corrupt sy/em repres5t$ by ! 8bea/10 !y rema9$ unmov$1 & adh]$ firmly to ! tru?4 ,! numb] ( su* 9 ! aggregate 0 n small2 & ) great beauty & propriety !y are "h repres5t$ z rejoic+ & giv+ ?anks to ,god on ! ov]?r[ ( t corrupt & =midable p[]4 ,/& on ! sea ( glass4 ,t is1 be=e ,god4 ,!y are n[ se5 9 heav51 r$eem$ & triumphant4 ,hav+ ! h>ps ( ,god4 ,h>ps t p]ta9$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god2 h>ps to be employ$ 9 8 praise4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #b4 #c ,& !y s+ ! #dfdsong ( ,moses ! s]vant ( ,god1 & ! #dfesong ( ! ,lamb1 say+1 ,great & m>vell\s are ?y works1 ,"l ,god ,almighty2 #dff;j & true are ?y ways1 ?\ ,k+ ( #dfgsa9ts4 #c4 ,& !y s+ ! song ( ,moses ! s]vant ( ,god4 ,a song ( ?anksgiv+ & praise1 su* z ,moses taught ! ,hebrew p to s+ aft] _! deliv]ance f ,egyptian bondage4 ,see ,ex4 xv4 ,! mean+ "h is1 n t !y w\ld s+ t id5tical song1 b t1 z ,moses taught ! p to celebrate _! deliv]ance ) an appropriate hymn ( praise1 ! r$eem$ w\ld celebrate _! deliv]y & r$emption 9 a simil> mann]4 ,!re is an obvi\s propriety "h 9 ref]r+ to ! 8song ( ,moses10 because ! circum/ances are v simil>2 ! occasion ( ! r$emption f t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] "h ref]r$ to1 _h a /rong resemblance to ! rescue f ,egyptian bondage4 ,& ! song ( ! ,lamb4 ,! hymn :i* is sung 9 hon\r ( ! ,lamb1 z _! great deliv]]4 #ced ,comp4 ,notes on *4 v4 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac4 ,say+1 ,great & m>vell\s are ?y works4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,! mean+ is1 t great p[] 0 ev9c$ 9 r$eem+ !m2 & t ! int]position ( ! div9e goodness 9 do+ x 0 m>vell\s1 or 0 su* z to excite wond] & admiration4 ,"l ,god ,almighty4 ,?is w\ld seem to mean ! same ?+ z ! expression s common 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 8,jehovah1 ,god ( ho/s40 ,! union ( ^! appellations give solemnity & impressiv5ess to ! ascription ( praise1 = x br+s into view ! fact1 t he ^: praise is celebrat$ is ,"l! ,,jehovah! uncreat$ & et]nal ,"o2 t he is ,god! creator1 uphold]1 & sov]eign ( all ?+s2 & t he is ,almightyhav+ all p[] 9 all worlds4 ,all ^! names & attributes are sugge/$ :5 we ?9k ( r$emption2 = all ! p]fections ( a glori\s ,god are sugge/$ 9 ! r$emption ( ! s\l f dea?4 ,x is ! ,"l! ,rul] ( all worlds2 x is ,god! ,mak] ( ! race1 & ! ,fa!r ( ! race1 :o p]=ms ! "w ( r$emption2 & x is a "w :i* c\ld be accompli%$ only by "o :o is ,almighty4 ,j & true4 ,! attributes ( ju/ice & tru? are br\ght prom95tly into view also 9 ! r$emption ( man4 ,! fact t ,god is j1 & t 9 all ?is "w he has be5 c>eful to ma9ta9 8 ju/ice 7,ro4 iii4 #bf72 & ! fact t he is true to himself1 true to ! creation1 true to ! fulfilm5t ( all 8 promises1 are prom95t 9 ?is "w1 & x is prop] t ^! attributes %\ld be celebrat$ 9 ! songs ( praise 9 heav54 ,are ?y ways4 ,?y ways or deal+s ) u1 & ) ! enemies ( ! *ur*4 ,t is1 all ! acts or 8ways0 ( ,god 9 ! r$emption ( 8 p _h be5 *>act]iz$ by ju/ice & tru?4 ,?\ ,k+ ( sa9ts4 ,k+ ( ^? :o are holy2 ( all :o are r$eem$ & sanctifi$4 ,! m approv$ read+ "h1 h[ev]1 is ,k+ ( nations in/ead ( ,k+ ( sa9ts 4 ,s x is read 9 ! critical editions ( ,griesba*1 ,tittmann1 & ,hahn4 ,! s5se is n mat]ially affect$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! read+4 #d ,:o#dfh %all n fe> !e1 ,o ,"l1 & glorify ?y "n8 = ?\ #dfionly art holy3 = #dgj;all nations %all come & wor%ip be=e !e2 = ?y judgm5ts are made manife/3 #d4 ,:o %all n fe> !e1 ,o ,"l4 ,rev]5ce & adore !e2 = ! ^w fe>1 9 ! ,scriptures1 is commonly us$ 9 ?is s5se :5 appli$ to ,god4 ,! s5se "h is1 t ! judgm5ts ab\t to be inflict$ on ! bea/ & 8 image %\ld & w\ld tea* m5 to rev]5ce & adore ,god4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 includ$ "h also ! idea ( awe1 inasmu* z ?is w\ld be ! effect ( puni%m5t4 ,& glorify ?y "n4 ,hon\r !e! "n be+ put = ! p]son :o b>e x4 ,! s5se is1 t1 z a consequ5ce ( ^! judgm5ts1 m5 w\ld be br\ght to hon\r ,god1 & to ackn[l$ge him z ! ,rul] ( ! e>?4 ,= ?\ only art holy4 ,t is1 9 ^! judgm5ts he w\ld %[ himself to be a holy ,god2 a ,god hat+ s91 & lov+ righte\sness & tru?4 ,:5 x is said t he 8only0 is holy1 ! expression is us$1 ( c\rse1 9 a comp>ative s5se4 ,he is s pure t x may be said t1 9 comp>ison ) him1 no "o else is holy4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job iv4 #ah2 xv4 #ae4 ,= all nations %all come & wor%ip be=e !e4 ,t is1 z ! result ( ^! puni%m5ts inflict$ on ?is dread ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 !y %all come & wor%ip !e4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! de/ruction ( t p[] is connect$ ) ! promise ( ! spe$y conv]sion ( ! _w4 ,= ?y judgm5ts are made manife/4 ,to wit1 on ! bea/4 ,t =midable p[] is ov]?r[n1 & ! gr& h9drance to ! univ]sal spread ( ! true religion is n[ tak5 away4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xxvi4 #i4 #e ,& aft] t ,i look$1 & behold1 ! #dgatemple ( ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony 9 heav5 0 op5$3 #e4 ,& aft] t ,i look$4 ,aft] ,i _h se5 9 vision ! r$eem$ ?us ref]r$ to1 celebrat+ ! praises ( ,god1 ,i saw ! prep>ation made = ! execution ( ^! purposes ( judgm5t4 ,& behold1 ! temple ( ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony4 ,n ! :ole temple1 b only t "p to :i* ?is "n 0 giv54 ,! ^w tab]naclemeans prop]ly a boo?1 hut1 t5t1 & 0 ! "n commonly giv5 #cee to ! t5t or tab]nacle t 0 erect$ 9 ! wild]ness = ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on ,ac4 vii4 #dd4 ,! same ^w came naturally to be appli$ to ! temple t 0 re>$ = ! same purpose 9 ,j]usalem4 ,x is call$ ! 8tab]nacle ( te/imony10 because x 0 a te/imony or witness ( ! pres5ce ( ,god among ! pt is1 x s]v$ to keep up ! remembrance ( him4 ,see ,notes z above on ,ac4 vii4 #dd1 :]e ! same ,greek phrase is us$ z "hr5d]$ !re 8tab]nacle ( witness40 ,! ^w temple "hdoes n ref] to ! :ole ( ! build+ call$ ! 8temple10 b to ! holy ( holies4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #c4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z ! peculi> dwell+-place ( ,god2 & x 0 ?is sacr$ place1 usually clos$ f all access1 t n[ seem$ to be op5$1 imply+ t ! comm& to execute ^! purposes came directly f ,god himself4 ,9 heav54 ,t is1 t "p ( heav5 :i* corresponds to ! mo/ holy place 9 ! temple 0 op5$2 to wit1 t :i* is ! peculi> resid5ce ( ,god himself4 ,0 op5$4 ,0 ?r[n op5 to ! view ( ,john1 s t he 0 p]mitt$ to look1 z x 71 ^u ! v dwell+-place ( ,god4 ,f 8 holy pres5ce n[ came =? ! angels to execute 8 purposes ( judgm5t on t ,anti*ri/ian p[] :i* _h s long corrupt$ religion & oppress$ ! _w4 #f ,& ! sev5 angels came out ( ! temple1 hav+ ! sev5 plagues1 clo!d 9 pure & :ite l951 & hav+ _! brea/s gird$ ) gold5 girdles4 #f4 ,& ! sev5 angels4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,came out ( ! temple4 ,7 se5 to come f ! temple2 t is1 f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god4 ,hav+ ! sev5 plagues4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,ea* "o intru/$ ) a s+le 8plague0 to be execut$ ^u ! e>?4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t !y 7 designat$ or appo9t$ to execute ^? plagues 9 judgm5ts4 ,! symbols ( _! (fice! gold5 vials7 giv5 to !m aft]w>ds1 v]4 #g4 ,clo!d 9 pure & :ite l954 ,! emblem ( hol9ess! common repres5tation 9 reg>d to ! heav5ly inhabitants4 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #d2 vii4 #ac4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xvii4 #b2 ,lu4 ix4 #bi2 ,m>4 xvi4 #e4 ,& hav+ _! brea/s gird$ ) gold5 girdles4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ac4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y 7 attir$ 9 a mann] befitt+ _! rank & condition4 #g ,& "o ( ! f\r bea/s gave unto ! sev5 angels sev5 gold5 vials1 full ( ! wra? ( ,god1 :o live? = ev] & ev]4 #g4 ,& "o ( ! f\r bea/s4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #f1 #g4 ,:i* "o ( ! f\r is n m5tion$4 ,f ! explanation giv5 ( ! design ( ! repres5tation ( ! 8f\r bea/s10 or liv+ creatures1 9 ! ,notes on *4 iv4 #f1 #g1 x w\ld seem t ! mean+ "h is1 t ! great pr9ciples ( t div9e gov]nm5t w\ld be illu/rat$ 9 ! ev5ts :i* are n[ to occur4 ,9 ev5ts t 7 s closely connect$ ) ! hon\r ( ,god & ! triumph ( 8 cause on ! e>?1 !re 0 a propriety 9 ! repres5tation t ^! liv+ creatures1 symboliz+ ! great pr9ciples ( div9e adm9i/ration1 w\ld be p>ticul>ly int]e/$4 ,gave unto ! sev5 angels sev5 gold5 vials4 ,! ,^w "h us$means prop]ly1 8a b[l or goblet1 hav+ m bread? ?an dep?0 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,our ^w vial1 ?\gh d]iv$ f ?is1 means r a ?9 long bottle ( glass1 us$ p>ticul>ly by apo!c>ies & druggi/s4 ,! ^w w\ld be bett] r5d]$ by b[l or goblet1 & probably ! repres5tation "h 0 ( su* b[ls z 7 us$ 9 ! temple s]vice4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #h4 ,!y are call$ 9 *4 xvi4 #a1 8vials ( ! wra? ( ,god20 & "h !y are said to be 8full ( ! wra? ( ,god40 ,! allusion seems to be to a dr9k+ cup or goblet fill$ ) poison1 & giv5 to p]sons to dr9kan allusion drawn f "o ( ! me?ods ( puni%m5t 9 anci5t times4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aj4 ,^! vials or goblets ?us became emblems ( div9e wra?1 to be inflict$ on ! bea/ & 8 image4 ,full ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,fill$ ) t :i* repres5t$ 8 wra?2 t is1 !y seem$ to be fill$ ) a poison\s mixture1 :i* be+ p\r$ ^u ! e>?1 ! sea1 ! riv]s1 ! sun1 ! seat ( ! bea/1 ! riv] ,euphrates1 & into ! air1 0 foll[$ by sev]e div9e judgm5ts on ?is great ,anti*ri/ian p[]4 ,see *4 xvi4 #bd1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ag4 ,:o live? = ev] & ev]4 ,! et]nal ,god4 #cef ,! p>ticul> object 9 ref]r+ to ?is attribute "h appe>s to be1 t ?\gh !re may seem to be delay 9 ! execution ( 8 purposes1 yet !y w be c]ta9ly accompli%$1 z he is ! ev]-liv+ & un*angeable ,god4 ,he is n "u a necessity ( ab&on+ 8 purposes1 l m51 if !y are n soon accompli%$4 #h ,& ! temple 0 #dgb;fill$ ) smoke f ! #dgc;glory ( ,god1 & f 8 p[]2 & no man 0 able to ent] into ! temple1 till ! sev5 plagues ( ! sev5 angels 7 fulfill$4 #h4 ,& ! temple 0 fill$ ) smoke4 ,! usual symbol ( ! div9e pres5ce 9 ! temple4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 iv4 #e2 vi4 #d4 ,f ! glory ( ,god4 ,f ! manife/ation ( ! div9e maje/y4 ,t is1 ! smoke 0 ! prop] accompanim5t ( ! ,div9e ,be+ :5 appe>+ 9 maje/y4 ,s on ,m\nt ,s9ai he is repres5t$ z appe>+ 9 ?is mann]3 8,& m\nt ,s9ai 0 altoge!r on a smoke1 because ! ,"l desc5d$ on x 9 fire3 & ! smoke !re( asc5d$ z ! smoke ( a furnace1 & ! :ole m\nt quak$ greatly10 ,ex4 xix4 #ah4 ,! purpose "h seems to h be51 p>tly to repres5t ! smoke z ! prop] symbol ( ! div9e pres5ce1 & p>tly to repres5t x z s fill+ ! temple t no "o c\ld ent] x until ! sev5 plagues 7 fulfill$4 ,& f 8 p[]4 ,produc$ by 8 p[]2 & ! symbol ( 8 p[]4 ,& no man 0 able to ent] into ! temple1 till ! sev5 plagues ( ! sev5 angels 7 fulfill$4 ,till ^? vials _h be5 p\r$ out1 & all t 0 indicat$ by !m 0 accompli%$4 ,! mean+ "h seems to be1 t no "o w\ld be p]mitt$ to ent] to make int]cessionto turn away 8 wra?to div]t him f 8 purpose4 ,t is1 ! purpose ( puni%m5t _h be5 =m$1 & w\ld c]ta9ly be execut$4 ,! ag5ts or in/rum5talities 9 ?is fe>ful "w _h be5 n[ s5t =?1 & !y w\ld by no means be recall$4 ,! m]cy-seat1 9 ?is respect1 0 inaccessible2 ! "t ( judgm5t on ! great foe _h come1 & ! de/ruction ( ! gr& enemy ( ! *ur* 0 c]ta94 ,! po9t1 !re=e1 at :i* ?is vision leaves u is1 t :]e all ! prep>ations are made = ! infliction ( ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t on ! gr& ,anti*ri/ian p[] :i* _h s long /ood up aga9/ ! tru?2 :]e ! ag5ts _h prep>$ to g =?2 & :]e no int]cession w ev] avail to turn away ! infliction ( ! div9e wra?4 ,! detail foll[s 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,! previ\s *apt] _h describ$ ! prep>ation = ! la/ plagues t 7 to come ^u t mighty ,anti*ri/ian p[] to :i* ?is s]ies ( prophetic visions ref]s4 ,all is n[ ready2 & ?is *apt] conta9s ! description ( ^? sev5 la/ 8plagues0 "u :i* ?is p[] w\ld reel & fall4 ,^! 8plagues0 are describ$ z if !y 7 a succession ( physical calamities t w\ld come ^u ?is ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 & br+ x to an end2 ?\gh p]haps x is n necess>y to look = a lit]al infliction ( su* calamities4 ,! c\rse ( ! exposition ?us f> w lead u to reg>d ?is *apt] z a description ( ! successive bl[s by :i* ! ,papacy w fall4 ,a "p ( ?is is /ill und\bt$ly future1 ?\gh p]haps n f> di/ant2 &1 9 ref]5ce to ?is1 & to "s portions ( ! rema9d] ( ! book1 !re may be m difficulty 9 satisfy+ ! m9d ?an 9 ! portions :i* p]ta9 to pa/ ev5ts4 ,! *apt] comprises /atem5ts on ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,a comm& is issu$ f ! temple to ! sev5 angels1 to g & execute ! commission ) :i* !y 7 intru/$1 v]4 #a4 ,! fir/ angel p\rs out 8 vial ^u ! e>?foll[$ by a plague ^u ^? :o _h wor%ipp$ ! bea/ & 8 image1 v]4 #b4 ,! second angel p\rs out 8 vial ^u ! seafoll[$ by ! dea? ( all t 7 9 ! sea1 v]4 #c4 ,! ?ird angel p\rs out 8 vial ^u ! riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s1 & !y become blood4 ,?is is foll[$ by an ascription ( praise f ! angel ( ! wat]s1 because ,god _h giv5 to ^? :o _h %$ ! blood #ceg ( ! sa9ts blood to dr9k1 ) a response f ! alt> t ?is 0 j1 v]4 #dg4 ,! f\r? angel p\rs out 8 vial ^u ! sun1 & an int5s] heat is giv5 to x to scor* m54 ,! consequ5ce is1 t !y blaspheme ! "n ( ,god1 b rep5t n ( _! s9s1 v]4 #h1 #i4 ,! fif? angel p\rs out 8 vial ^u ! v seat ( ! bea/1 & 8 k+dom is full ( d>kness4 ,m5 /ill blaspheme ! "n ( ,god & rep5t n ( _! s9s1 v]4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! six? angel p\rs out 8 vial ^u ! great riv] ,euphrates4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! wat]s ( ! riv] are dri$ up1 s t ! way ( ! k+s ( ! ,ea/ might be prep>$4 ,! writ] sees also1 9 ?is connection1 ?ree unclean spirits l frogs come out ( ! m\? ( ! dragon1 & out ( ! m\? ( ! bea/1 & out ( ! m\? ( ! false prophet1 t g =? into all ! e>? to ga!r all nations to ! great day ( ! battle ( ,god ,almighty1 v]4 #abaf4 ,! sev5? angel p\rs out 8 vial into ! air1 & a voice is he>d answ]+ t 8x is done30 ! "t ( ! consummation has come! =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] is to come to an end4 ,! great city is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 ! cities ( ! nations fall2 great ,babylon ?us comes up 9 remembrance be=e ,god to receive ! puni%m5t :i* is h] due4 ,?is t]rific sc5e is accompani$ ) voices1 & ?und]+s1 & lightn+s1 & an e>?quake1 & ) great haila tempe/ ( wra? beat+ ^u t =midable p[] t _h s long /ood up aga9/ ,god1 v]4 #agba4 ,! detail ( ! actual de/ruction ( ?is p[] is c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( ! temple say+ to ! sev5#dgd angels1 ,g y\r ways1 & p\r out ! vials ( ! wra? ( ,god ^u ! e>?4 #a4 ,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( ! temple4 ,a l\d voice out ( ! temple z se5 9 heav5 7,notes on *4 xi4 #ai71 & t came1 !re=e1 f ! v pres5ce ( ,god4 ,say+ to ! sev5 angels4 ,t _h ! sev5 vials ( wra?4 ,notes on *4 xv4 #a1 #g4 ,g y\r ways4 ,y\r respective ways1 to ! fulfilm5t ( ! task assign$ to ea*4 ,& p\r out ! vials ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,empty ^? vials2 cause to come ^u ! e>? ! plagues indicat$ by _! cont5ts4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ?is 0 to be done is n intimat$4 ,x seems to be suppos$ t t w\ld be und]/ood by ea*4 ,^u ! e>?4 ,! p>ticul> "p ( ! e>? is n "h specifi$1 b x %\ld n be inf]r$ t x 0 to be ^u ! e>? 9 g5]al1 or t !re 7 any calamities1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is p\r+ out ( ! vials ( wra?1 to spread ov] ! :ole _w4 ,! subsequ5t /atem5ts %[ :at p>ts ( ! e>? 7 p>ticul>ly to be affect$4 #b ,& ! fir/ w5t1 & p\r$ out 8 vial #dge^u ! e>?2 & !re fell a noisome & griev\s #dgfsore ^u ! m5 :i* _h ! #dggm>k ( ! bea/1 & ^u !m :i* wor%ipp$ 8 image4 #b4 ,& ! fir/ w5t4 ,w5t =? f heav51 :]e ! seat ( ! vision 0 laid4 ,& p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! e>?4 ,t is1 ^u ! l&1 9 contradi/9ction f ! sea1 ! riv]s1 ! air1 ! seat ( ! bea/1 ! sun1 z repres5t$ 9 ! o!r vials4 ,9 v]4 #a1 ! ^w e>? is us$ 9 ! g5]al s5se to d5ote ?is _w z di/+ui%$ f heav52 9 ?is v]se x is us$ 9 ! specific s5se1 to d5ote l& z di/+ui%$ f o!r ?+s4 ,comp4 ,m>4 iv4 #a2 vi4 #dg2 ,jn4 vi4 #ba2 ,ac4 xxvii4 #bi1 #dc1 #dd4 ,9 _m respects !re is a /rong resemblance betwe5 ! p\r+ out ( ^? sev5 vials1 & ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5 trumpets1 9 *4 viii41 ix41 ?\gh !y ref] to diff]5t ev5ts4 ,9 ! s\nd+ ( ! fir/ trumpet 7*4 viii4 #g71 x 0 ! e>? t 0 p>ticul>ly affect$ 9 contradi/9ction f ! sea1 ! f\nta9s1 & ! sun3 8,! fir/ angel s\nd$1 & !re foll[$ hail & fire m+l$ ) blood1 & !y 7 ca/ ^u ! e>?40 ,comp4 *4 viii4 #h1 #aj1 #ab4 ,9 reg>d to ! symbolical mean+ ( ! t]m e>?1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to div9e judgm5ts1 see ,notes on *4 viii4 #g4 ,& !re fell a noisome & griev\s sore4 ,! judgm5t "h is specifically diff]5t f t inflict$ "u ! fir/ trumpet1 *4 viii4 #g4 #ceh ,!re x is said to h be5 t 8! ?ird "p ( trees 0 burnt up1 & all gre5 grass 0 burnt up40 ,"h x is t !re fell ^u m5 a 8noisome & griev\s sore40 ,! two1 !re=e1 are design$ to ref] to diff]5t ev5ts1 & to diff]5t =ms ( puni%m5t4 ,! ^w r5d]$ sore prop]ly d5otes a w\nd 7,hom4 ,il4 xi4 #hab71 & !n1 9 lat] writ]s1 an ulc] or sore4 ,x is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ! foll[+ places3 ,lu4 xvi4 #ba1 8,! dogs came & lick$ 8 sores20 & 9 ,re4 xvi4 #b1 #aa1 :]e x is r5d]$ sore1 & sores4 ,x is us$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 9 ref]5ce to ! boils t 7 br\ght ^u ! ,egyptians1 9 ,ex4 ix4 #iab1 & probably ,de4 xxviii4 #bg2 9 ref]5ce to ! leprosy1 ,le4 xiii4 #ahbj1 #bc2 9 ref]5ce to ! boil1 ulc]1 or elephantiasis br\ght ^u ,job1 *4 ii4 #g2 & 9 ref]5ce to any sore or ulc]1 9 ,de4 xxviii4 #ce4 ,9 all ^! places x is ! translation ( ! ^w %ehh9r5d]$ 9 our ,engli% v]sion boil1 ,ex4 ix4 #iaa2 ,le4 xiii4 #ahbj1 #bc2 #b ,ki4 xx4 #g2 ,job ii4 #g2 ,is4 xxxviii4 #ba2 & bot*1 ,de4 xxviii4 #bg1 #ce4 ,! prop] mean+1 !re=e1 is t or a sore1 ulc]1 or boil ( a sev]e & pa9ful "*2 & ! mo/ obvi\s ref]5ce 9 ! passage1 to "o :o 0 accu/om$ to ! language ( ,scripture1 w\ld be to "s fe>ful plague l t :i* 0 s5t ^u ! ,egyptians4 ,9 ! case ( ,hezekiah 7#b ,ki4 xx4 #g2 ,is4 xxxviii4 #ba71 x 0 probably us$ to d5ote a plague-boil1 or ! black leprosy4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xxxviii4 #ba4 ,! ^w 8noisome01 evil1 badis us$ "h to *>act]ize ! plague ref]r$ to z be+ peculi>ly pa9ful & dang]\s4 ,! ^w griev\sbad1 malignant1 hurtfulis fur!r us$ to increase ! int5sity ( ! expression1 & to *>act]ize ! plague z p>ticul>ly sev]e4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t x is meant t ?is w\ld be lit]ally inflict$1 any m ?an x is 9 ! next plague1 :]e x is said t ! 8riv]s & f\nta9s became blood40 ,:at is obvi\sly meant is1 t !re w\ld be "s calamity :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ or symboliz$ by su* a fe>ful plague4 ,^u ! m54 ,?\gh ! plague 0 p\r$ ^u 8! e>?10 yet its effects 7 se5 ^u 8m540 ,"s griev\s calamity w\ld befall !m1 z if !y 7 sudd5ly visit$ ) ! plague4 ,:i* _h ! m>k ( ! bea/4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #af1 #ag4 ,?is det]m9es ! portion ( ! e>? t 0 to be afflict$4 ,x 0 n ! :ole _w2 x 0 only t "p ( x :]e ! 8bea/0 0 hon\r$4 ,accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$ 9 *4 xiii41 ?is ref]s to ^? :o are "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,papacy4 ,& ^u !m :i* wor%ipp$ 8 image4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,accord+ to ! int]pretation 9 *4 xiii41 ^? are meant :o su/a9$ ! civil or secul> p[] to :i* ! ,papacy gave life & /r5g?1 & f :i* x1 9 turn1 receiv$ c\nt5ance & protection4 ,9 reg>d to ! application or fulfilm5t ( ?is symbol1 x is unnecess>y to say t !re h be5 v diff]5t op9ions 9 ! _w1 & t v diff]5t op9ions /ill prevail4 ,! great mass ( ,prote/ant comm5tators suppose t x ref]s to ! ,papacy2 & ( ^? :o ent]ta9 ?is op9ion1 ! great] portion suppose t ! calamity ref]r$ to by ! p\r+ out ( ?is vial is already pa/1 ?\gh x is suppos$ by _m t ! ?+s =e%ad[$ by a "p ( ^! 8vials0 are yet to be accompli%$4 ,z to ! true mean+ ( ! symbol be=e u1 ,i w\ld make ! foll[+ rem>ks3 7#a7 ,x ref]s to ! ,papal p[]4 ,?is application is dem&$ by ! results :i* 7 rea*$ 9 ! exam9ation ( *4 xiii4 ,see ! rem>ks on ! 8bea/0 9 ! ,notes on *4 xiii4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 & on 8! image ( ! bea/0 9 ! ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,?is "o mighty p[] exi/$ 9 two =ms closely unit$1 & mutually su/a9+ ea* o!r! civil or secul>1 & ! ecclesia/ical or spiritual4 ,x is ?is comb9$ & consolidat$ p[]! ,papacy z su*t is ref]r$ to "h1 = ?is has be5 ! gr& ,anti*ri/ian p[] 9 ! _w4 7#b7 ,x ref]s to "s griev\s & fe>ful calamity :i* w\ld come ^u t p[]1 & :i* w\ld be l a plague-spot on ! human bodysome?+ :i* w\ld be ( ! nature ( a div9e judgm5t1 resembl+ t :i* came ^u ! ,egyptians = _! treatm5t ( ! p ( ,god4 7#c7 ,! c\rse ( ?is exposition leads u to suppose1 t ?is w\ld be ! beg9n+ 9 ! s]ies ( judgm5ts1 #cei :i* w\ld t]m9ate 9 ! complete ov]?r[ ( t =midable p[]4 ,x is ! fir/ ( ! vials ( wra?1 & ! :ole description evid5tly contemplates a s]ies ( disa/]s1 :i* w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ^! successive vials4 ,9 ! application ( ?is1 !re=e1 we %\ld naturally look = ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( su* judgm5ts1 & %\ld expect to f9d "s facts 9 hi/ory :i* w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ! vial 8p\r$ ^u ! e>?40 7#d7 ,9 accordance ) ?is repres5tation1 we %\ld expect to f9d su* a s]ies ( calamities gradually weak5+1 & f9ally t]m9at+ ! ,papal p[] 9 ! _w1 z w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by ! numb] sev54 7#e7 ,9 reg>d n[ to ! application ( ?is s]ies ( symbolical repres5tations1 x may be rem>k$1 t mo/ rec5t expositorsz ,elliott1 ,cunn+hame1 ,kei?1 ,fab]1 ,"l1 & o!rsref] !m to ! ev5ts ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 z important ev5ts 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal p[]2 & ?is1 ,i confess1 al?\gh ! application is att5d$ ) "s consid]able difficulties1 has m plausibility ?an any o!r explanation propos$4 ,9 support ( ?is application1 ! foll[+ consid]ations may be sugge/$3 7a7 ,france1 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 0 ! k+dom to :i* ! ,papacy ow$ its civil organization & its /r5g?a k+dom to :i* c\ld be trac$ all ! civil or secul> p[] ( ! ,papacy1 & :i* 01 9 fact1 a re/oration or recon/ruction ( ! old ,roman p[]! f\r? k+dom ( ,daniel4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bdbh2 & comp4 ,notes on ,re4 xiii4 #c1 #abad4 ,! re/oration ( ! old ,roman dom9ion "u ,*>lemagne1 & ! aid :i* he r5d]$ to ! ,papacy 9 its e/abli%m5t z to a temporal p[]1 w\ld make x probable t ?is k+dom w\ld be ref]r$ to 9 ! s]ies ( judgm5ts t 7 to accompli% ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal dom9ion4 7b7 ,9 an important s5se ,france has always be5 ! head ( ! ,papal p[]4 ,! k+ ( ,france has be5 usually /yl$1 by ! popes !mselves1 8! elde/ son ( ! *ur*40 ,9 ref]5ce to ! :ole ,papal dom9ion 9 =m] times1 "o ( ! pr9cipal reliances has be5 on ,france1 &1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 ! /ate ( ,europe has be5 det]m9$ by ! condition ( ,france4 8,a revolution 9 ,france10 said ,napoleon1 8is soon] or lat] foll[$ by a revolution 9 ,europe0 7,alison74 ,its c5tral position2 its p[]2 its direct relation to all ! purposes & aims ( ! ,papacy1 w\ld seem to make x probable t1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! f9al de/ruction ( t p[]1 ?is k+dom w\ld n be ov]look$4 7c7 ,! sc5es :i* occurr$ 9 ! times ( ! ,fr5* revolution 7 su* z w\ld be prop]ly symboliz$ by ! p\r+ out ( ! fir/1 ! second1 ! ?ird1 & ! f\r? vials4 ,9 ! passage be=e u! p\r+ out ( ! fir/ vial! symbol employ$ is t ( 8a noisome & griev\s sore0boil1 ulc]1 plague-spot8on ! m5 :i* _h ! m>k ( ! bea/1 & on !m :i* wor%ipp$ 8 image40 ,?is repres5tation 0 und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! acc\nt ( ! six? plague on ,egypt 7,ex4 ix4 #iaa72 & ! s5se "h is1 n t ?is w\ld be lit]ally inflict$ on ! p[] "h ref]r$ to1 b t a calamity w\ld come ^u x :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by t1 or ( :i* t w\ld be an appropriate emblem4 ,?is int]pretation is fur!r confirm$ by *4 xi4 #h1 :]e ,rome is ref]r$ to "u ! "n ( ,egypt1 & :]e x is cle> t we are to look = a c\rse ( div9e deal+1 9 reg>d to ! "o1 resembl+ t :i* occurr$ to ! o!r4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,n[1 ?is 8noisome & griev\s sore0 w\ld well repres5t ! moral corruption1 ! pollution1 ! infidelity1 ! a!ism1 ! g5]al dissolution ( society1 t prec$$ & accompani$ ! ,fr5* revolution2 = t 0 a univ]sal break+ out ( loa?some int]nal disease( corruption at ! c5tre& 9 its g5]al features might be repres5t$ z a univ]sal plague-spot on society1 ext5d+ ov] ! c\ntries :]e ! bea/ & 8 image 7 pr9cipally wor%ipp$4 ,! symbol w\ld prop]ly d5ote t 8trem5d\s outbreak ( social & moral evil1 ( democratic fury1 a!ism1 & vice1 :i* 0 specially se5 to *>act]ize ! ,fr5* revolution3 t ( :i* ! ultimate s\rce 0 9 ! long & deep-seat$ corruption & irreligion ( ! nation2 ! outw>d v5t1 expression1 & organ ( its ,jacob9 clubs1 & s$iti\s & a!i/ic publications2 ! result1 ! dissolution ( all society1 all morals1 & all #cfj religion2 ) acts ( atrocity & horror accompany+1 sc>ce p>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m52 & suff]+ & angui% ( correspond5t int5sity ?robb+ ?r\gh\t ! social mass & corrod+ x2 t :i*1 f ,france z a c5tre1 spread l a plague ?r\gh\t its affiliat$ societies to ! o!r c\ntries ( ,papal ,*ri/5dom1 & 01 :]ev] its poison 0 imbib$1 z mu* ! puni%m5t z ! symptoms ( ! corruption )940 ,( ?is sad *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 x is unnecess>y to give any description "h4 ,= sc5es ( horror1 pollution1 & blood1 its p>allel has nev] be5 f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( our race1 &1 z an ev5t 9 hi/ory1 x 0 wor?y ( a notice 9 ! symbols :i* portray$ ! future4 ,! full details ( ^! amaz+ sc5es mu/ be s\ght 9 ! hi/ories :i* describe !m1 & to su* works z ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe1 & ,burke's ,lett]s on a ,regicide ,peace1 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$4 ,a few expressions copi$ f ^? lett]s ( ,mr4 ,burke1 p5n$ ) no design ( illu/rat+ ?is passage 9 ! ,apocalypse1 & no expectation t !y w\ld be ev] s appli$1 w %[ ) :at propriety ! _s ( inspiration sugge/$ ! phrase1 8a noisome & griev\s sore0 or plague-spot1 on ! supposition t ! design 0 to ref] to ^! sc5es4 ,9 speak+ ( ! revolution>y _s 9 ,france1 ,mr4 ,burke calls x 8! fev] ( aggravat$ ,jacob9ism10 8! epidemic ( a!i/ical fanaticism10 8an evil ly+ deep 9 ! corruptions ( human nature10 8! malignant ,fr5* di/emp]10 8a plague1 ) its fanatical _s ( proselytism1 t ne$$ ! /ricte/ qu>ant9e to gu>d aga9/ x10 :]e(1 ?\gh ! mis*ief might be 8skimm$ ov]0 = a "t1 yet ! result1 into :atev] c\ntry x ent]$1 0 8! corruption ( all morals10 8! decomposition ( all society10 c4 ,b x is unnecess>y to describe ^? sc5es f>!r4 ,! 8_w has !m by he>t10 & !y c nev] be oblit]at$ f ! memory ( man4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! race !re has nev] be5 an outbreak ( evil t %[$ s deep pollution & corruption )94 7d7 ,! result ( ?is 0 to affect ! ,papacya bl[1 9 fact1 aim$ at t p[]4 ,( c\rse1 all ! infidelity & a!ism ( ! ,fr5* nation1 be=e s /rongly ,papal1 w5t j s f> 9 weak5+ ! p[] ( ! ,papacy2 & 9 ! ultimate result x w p]haps yet be f\nd t ! horrid outbreaks 9 ! ,fr5* revolution 7 ! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( provid5tial ev5ts t w result 9 ! entire ov]?r[ ( t ,anti*ri/ian p[]4 ,at all ev5ts1 x w be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 t1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ t ?is %\ld be descriptive ( ! sc5es t occurr$ 9 ,europe at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 no m expressive symbol c\ld h be5 *os5 ?an has be5 employ$ 9 ! p\r+ out ( ?is fir/ vial ( wra?4 #c ,& ! second angel p\r$ out 8 vial #dgh^u ! sea2 & x became z ! #dgi;blood ( a dead man3 & e liv+ s\l di$ 9 ! sea4 #c4 ,& ! second angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! sea4 ,s ! second trumpet 7*4 viii4 #h71 8,& ! second angel s\nd$1 & z x 7 a great m\nta9 burn+ ) fire 0 ca/ into ! sea2 & ! ?ird "p ( ! sea became blood40 ,= ! mean+ ( ?is z a symbol1 see ,notes on t v]se4 ,& x became z ! blood ( a dead man4 8,ei!r v bloody1 l a mangl$ corse1 or else col\r$1 z x 71 ) ! d>k & almo/ black blood ( a dead man0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,! latt] w\ld seem to be1 mo/ probably1 ! mean+2 imply+ t ! ocean w\ld become discol\r$1 & indicat+ t ?is 0 ! effect ( blood %$ 9 great quantities on its wat]s4 ,9 *4 viii4 #h x is1 8! sea became blood20 "h ! allusion to ! blood ( a dead man w\ld m naturally sugge/ ! idea ( naval conflicts1 & ( ! blood ( ! sla9 p\r$ 9 great quantities into ! deep4 ,& e liv+ s\l di$ 9 ! sea4 ,9 *4 viii4 #i x is said t 8! ?ird "p ( ! creatures t 7 9 ! sea di$1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! %ips 7 de/roy$40 ,"h ! de/ruction is m g5]al2 ! calamity is m sev]e & awful4 ,x is z if e liv+ ?+ _h di$4 ,no emphasis %\ld be put on ! ^w s\l "h1 = ! ^w means m]ely a creature1 a liv+ ?+1 an animal1 ,ac4 ii4 #dc2 iii4 #bc2 ,ro4 xiii4 #a2 #a ,co4 xv4 #de4 ,see ,rob4 ,lex4 sub voce1 c4 #cfa ,! s5se "h is1 t !re w\ld be "s dreadful calamity1 z if ! sea 7 to be *ang$ into d>k blood1 & z if e liv+ ?+ 9 x 7 to die4 ,9 inquir+ into ! prop] application ( ?is1 x is natural to look = some?+ p]ta9+ to ! sea1 or ! ocean 7see ,notes on *4 viii4 #h1 #i71 & we %\ld expect to f9d ! fulfilm5t 9 "s calamity t w\ld fall on ! m>9e =ce1 or ! comm]ce ( ! p[] t is "h ref]r$ to2 t is1 accord+ to ! int]pretation all along adopt$1 ( ! ,papal p[]2 & ! prop] application1 accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 w\ld be ! complete de/ruction or annihilation ( ! naval =ce t contribut$ to su/a9 ! ,papacy4 ,?is we %\ld look = 9 respect to ! naval p[] ( ,france1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 = ^! are ! only ,papal nations t h _h a navy4 ,we %\ld expect1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 to f9d a s]ies ( naval disa/]s1 r$d5+ ! sea ) blood1 :i* w\ld t5d to weak5 ! p[] ( ! ,papacy1 & :i* might be reg>d$ z "o 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts t w\ld ultimately result 9 its entire ov]?r[4 ,accord+ly1 9 pursuance ( ! plan adopt$ 9 expla9+ ! p\r+ out ( ! fir/ vial1 x is to be obs]v$ t imm$iately succe$+1 & connect$ )1 ! ev5ts ?us ref]r$ to1 !re 0 a s]ies ( naval disa/]s t swept away ! fleets ( ,france1 & t completely demoli%$ ! mo/ =midable naval p[] t _h ev] be5 prep>$ by any nation "u ! ,papal dom9ion4 ,?is s]ies ( disa/]s is ?us notic$ by ,mr4 ,elliott 7iii4 #cbi1 #ccj738,mean:ile1 ! great naval w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl& 0 9 progress2 :i*1 f its comm5cem5t 9 ,febru>y1 #agic1 la/$ = above tw5ty ye>s1 ) no int]mission b t ( ! %ort & delusive peace ( ,ami5s2 9 :i* w> ! m>itime p[] ( ,great ,brita9 0 /r5g!n$ by ! ,almighty ,provid5ce t protect$ h] to de/roy ev]y:]e ! ,fr5* %ips1 comm]ce1 & small] colonies2 includ+ ^? ( ! fa/ & long-cont9u$ allies ( ! ,fr5*1 ,holl& & ,spa94 ,9 ! ye> #agic1 ! great] "p ( ! ,fr5* fleet at ,t\lon 0 de/roy$ by ,"l ,hood2 9 ,june1 #agid1 foll[$ ,"l ,h[e's great victory ov] ! ,fr5* (f ,u%ant2 !n ! tak+ ( ,corsica1 & ne>ly all ! small] ,spani% & ,fr5* ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 !n1 9 #agie1 ,"l ,bridport's naval victory1 & ! capture ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 z also soon aft] ( a ,fr5* & ,dut* fleet1 s5t to retake x2 !n1 9 #agig1 ! victory ov] ! ,spani% fleet (f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t2 & t ( ,camp]d[n ov] ! ,dut*2 !n1 9 succession1 ,"l ,nelson's ?ree mighty victories( ! ,nile 9 #agih1 ( ,cop5hag5 9 #ahja1 & 9 #ahje ( ,trafalg>4 ,altoge!r 9 ?is naval w>1 f its beg9n+ 9 #agic1 to its end 9 #ahae1 x appe>s t !re 7 de/roy$ ne> #bjj %ips ( ! l9e1 betwe5 #cjj & #djj frigates1 & an almo/ incalculable numb] ( small] vessels ( w> & %ips ( comm]ce4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w does n pres5t su* a p]iod ( naval w>1 de/ruction1 & blood%$40 ,?is brief summ>y may %[1 if ?is 0 ref]r$ to1 ! propriety ( ! expression1 8,! sea became z ! blood ( a dead man20 & may %[ also t1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ t ^! ev5ts %\ld be ref]r$ to1 an appropriate symbol has be5 employ$4 ,no language c\ld m /rik+ly set =? ^! bloody sc5es4 #d ,& ! ?ird angel p\r$ out 8 vial #dhj^u ! riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s2 & !y became blood4 #d4 ,& ! ?ird angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s4 ,?is co9cides also ) ! acc\nt ( ! s\nd+ ( ! ?ird trumpet 7*4 viii4 #aj1 #aa738;,& ! ?ird angel s\nd$1 & !re fell a great /> f heav51 burn+ z a lamp1 & x fell ^u ! ?ird "p ( ! riv]s1 & ^u ! f\nta9s ( wat]s40 ,z to ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 8riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s10 see ,notes on t passage4 ,we f\nd1 x 0 suppos$1 9 ! application ( t passage1 t ! invasion ( ! ,roman empire by ,attila1 k+ ( ! ,huns1 0 ref]r$ to1 affect+ ma9ly ^? p>ts ( ! empire :]e ! riv]s & /reams _h _! orig94 ,! analogy w\ld lead u1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! passage be=e u1 to look = "s simil> desolations on ^? portions ( ,europe4 ,see ,notes at ! close ( v]4 #g4 ,& !y became blood4 ,?is w\ld prop]ly mean t !y became z blood2 or became r$ #cfb ) blood2 & x w\ld be fulfill$ if bloody battles 7 f\ght ne> !m1 s t !y seem$ to run blood4 #e ,& ,i he>d ! angel ( ! wat]s say1 #dha,?\ art righte\s1 ,o ,"l1 :i* art1 & wa/1 & %alt be1 because ?\ ha/ judg$ ?us4 #e4 ,& ,i he>d ! angel ( ! wat]s say4 ,! angel :o presides ov] ! elem5t ( wat]2 9 allusion to ! common op9ion among ! ,hebrews t ! angels presid$ ov] elem5ts1 & t ea* elem5t 0 committ$ to ! jurisdiction ( a p>ticul> angel4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 vii4 #a4 ,?\ art righte\s1 ,o ,"l4 ,9 view ( ! judgm5ts t r$d5$ ^! /reams & f\nta9s ) ! blood ( m51 ! angel ascribes righte\sness to ,god4 ,^! judgm5ts seem$ t]rible! numb]s sla9 7 s va/! bloody /ream indicat$ s great slaught]1 & su* sev]ity ( ! div9e judgm5t2 yet ! angel sees 9 all ?is only ! act ( a righte\s ,god br++ j retribution on ! guilty4 ,:i* art1 & wa/1 & %alt be4 ,t is1 :o art et]nalexi/+ n[2 :o ha/ exi/$ 9 all pa/ "t2 & :o w exi/ ev] onw>d4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #h4 ,! reason :y ?is attribute ( ,god is "h ref]r$ to1 seems to be t ! m9d ( ! angel adv]ts to x 9 ! *anges & desolations t 7 occurr+ ar\nd him4 ,9 su* ov]turn+s among m5su* revolutions ( k+domssu* desolations ( w>! m9d naturally turns to "o :o is un*ang+2 to "o ^: ?rone is f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+4 ,because ?\ ha/ judg$ ?us4 ,ha/ suff]$ ^! w>s to occur t h *ang$ riv]s & f\nta9s to blood4 #f ,= !y h %$ ! blood ( sa9ts & prophets1 & #dhb?\ ha/ giv5 !m blood to dr9k2 = !y are wor?y4 #f4 ,= !y h %$ ! blood ( sa9ts4 ,! nations "h ref]r$ to4 ,!y h be5 engag$ 9 sc5es ( bloody p]secution1 & ?is is a j recomp5se4 ,& prophets4 ,tea*]s ( religion2 m9i/]s ( tru?4 ,x is n necess>y to und]/& ! ^w prophets "h 9 its te*nical s5se1 z d5ot+ ^? :o are rais$ up by ,god & s5t =? z inspir$ m51 b x may be und]/ood 9 its m common signification 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z d5ot+ tea*]s ( religion 9 g5]al4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 xii4 #f2 #a ,co4 xiv4 #a4 ,& ?\ ha/ giv5 !m blood to dr9k4 ,to wit1 by turn+ ! /reams & f\nta9s into blood1 v]4 #d4 ,blood _h be5 p\r$ out 9 su* abundance t x seem$ to m+le ) ! v wat] t !y drank4 ,?is 0 a recomp5se = _! hav+1 9 ^? v regions1 p\r$ out s mu* blood 9 p]secut+ ! sa9ts & prophets! pi\s private memb]s ( ! *ur*1 & ! public tea*]s ( religion4 ,= !y are wor?y4 ,t is1 !y des]ve ?is2 or ?is is a j recomp5se = _! s9s4 ,x is n int5d$ t ^? :o w\ld ?us suff] _h be5 individually guilty ( ?is1 or t ?is 0 prop]ly a puni%m5t on !m2 b x is meant t 9 ^? c\ntries !re _h be5 bloody p]secutions1 & t ?is 0 a fit recomp5se = :at _h !re occurr$4 #g ,& ,i he>d ano!r out ( ! alt> say1 ,ev5 s1 #dhc,"l ,god ,almighty1 true & righte\s are ?y judgm5ts4 #g4 ,& ,i he>d ano!r4 ,evid5tly ano!r angel1 ?\gh ?is is n specifi$4 ,out ( ! alt>4 ,ei!r ! angel ( ! alt>t is1 :o presid$ ov] ! alt> 7,pr(essor ,/u>t71 or an angel ^: voice seem$ to come f ! alt>4 ,! s5se is ess5tially ! same4 ,! writ] seem$ to he> a voice com+ f ! alt> respond+ to :at _h j be5 said 9 reg>d to ! judgm5t ( ,god1 or to 8 righte\sness 9 br++ ! judgm5t ^u m51 v]4 #e4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! voice ( "s "o :o 0 int]e/$ 9 :at 0 occurr+1 or to :om ^! ?+s p>ticul>ly app]ta9$2 t is1 "o :o 0 p>ticul>ly connect$ ) ! m>tyrs ref]r$ to1 ^: blood 0 n[1 z x 71 to be av5g$4 ,we are naturally rem9d$ by ?is ( ! m>tyr-sc5e 9 *4 vi4 #iaa1 9 ! op5+ ( ! fif? seal1 ?\gh x _c be suppos$ t ! same ev5ts are ref]r$ to4 ,!re 8! s\ls ( ^? t _h be5 sla9 = ! ^w ( ,god0 are repres5t$ z be+ 8"u ! alt>10 & z cry+ to ,god to 8av5ge _! blood on !m :o dwelt on ! e>?40 ,"h a voice is he>d ) ref]5ce to m>tyrs1 z ( "o int]e/$ 9 !m1 #cfc ascrib+ praise to ,god = hav+ br\ght a righte\s judgm5t on ^? :o _h %$ ! blood ( ! sa9ts4 ,!y are bo?1 = simil> reasons1 connect$ ) ! 8alt>10 & ! voice is he>d proce$+ f ! same s\rce4 ,9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! ^w alt> "h1 & ! reason :y ! m>tyrs are repres5t$ 9 connection ) x1 see ,notes on *4 vi4 #i4 ,true & righte\s1 are ?y judgm5ts4 ,respond+ to :at is said 9 v]4 #e4 ,t is1 ,god is 8true0 or fai?ful to 8 promises made to 8 p1 & 8righte\s0 9 ! judgm5ts :i* he has n[ inflict$4 ,^! judgm5ts _h come ^u ^? :o _h %$ ! blood ( ! m>tyrs1 & !y 7 j4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is !re are sev]al ?+s to be said4 ,! foll[+ po9ts are cle>37a7 ,t ?is judgm5t w\ld succe$ ! fir/-m5tion$1 & app>5tly at a p]iod n remote4 7b7 ,x w\ld occur 9 a region :]e !re _h be5 mu* p]secution4 7c7 ,x w\ld be 9 a c\ntry ( /reams1 & riv]s1 & f\nta9s4 7d7 ,x w\ld be a j retribution = ! bloody p]secutions :i* _h occurr$ !re4 ,! "q n[ is1 :]e we %all f9d ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 assum+ t ! explanation ( ! p\r+ out ( ! fir/ vial is correct4 ,& "h1 ,i ?9k1 !re c be no mi/ake 9 apply+ x to ! ev5ts be>+ on ! ,papacy1 & ! ,papal p[]s1 :i* foll[$ ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,! next mat]ial ev5t1 aft] t revolution1 0 ! invasion ( ,italy1 :]e ,napoleon began 8 c>e] ( victories1 & :]e he fir/ acquir$ 8 fame4 ,at ?is /age ( my exam9ation ( ?is passage1 ,i look$ into ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe to see :at ev5ts1 9 fact1 foll[$ ! sc5es ( confusion1 crime1 blood1 a!ism1 & pollution 9 ! ,fr5* revolution1 & ,i f\nd t ! next *apt]s 9 ^! ev5tful sc5es1 7 su* z w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! vial p\r$ ^u ! riv]s & f\nta9s1 & by _! be+ turn$ into blood4 ,! detail w\ld be too long = my limits1 & ,i c /ate m]ely a summ>y ( a few ( ! *apt]s 9 t hi/ory4 ,*4 xix4 conta9s ! 8,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,republic f ! fall ( ,robespi]re to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,directory0compris+ prop]ly ! clos+ sc5es ( 8! ,reign ( ,t]ror40 ,*4 xx4 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! campaign 9 ,italy 9 #agif1 embrac+1 z /at$ 9 ! summ+ up ( cont5ts 9 ?is *apt]1 ! 8,battles ( ,mont5otte1 ,millesimo1 ,dego2 ! passage ( ! bridge ( ,lodi1 & fall ( ,milan2 ! siege ( ,mantua1 & ! battle ( ,ca/iglione2 ! battles ( ,cald]o & ,arcola2 & ! battles ( ,rivoli & ,mantua40 ,?is is foll[$ 7*4 xxiii47 ) an acc\nt ( ! campaign ( #agig1 :i* clos$ ) ! fall ( ,v5ice2 & ?is is foll[$ 7*4 xxvi47 ) an acc\nt ( ! invasion ( ,switz]l&1 c4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell on ! details ( ! w>s :i* foll[$ ! ,fr5* revolution on ! ,rh9e1 ! ,po1 & ! ,alp9e /reams ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy4 ,! slighte/ acqua9tance ) t hi/ory w %[ ! propriety ( ! foll[+ rem>ks37a7 ,^! w>s occurr$ 9 regions "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,papacy1 = ^! 7 all ,papal /ates & t]ritories4 7b7 ,^! sc5es foll[$ closely on ! ,fr5* revolution1 & grew out ( x z a natural consequ5ce1 & w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ z a second 8vial0 p\r$ out imm$iately aft] ! fir/4 7c7 ,! c\ntry is su* z "h suppos$8( riv]s & f\nta9s0=1 be+ mo/ly a m\nta9\s region1 x ab\nds ) spr+s1 & f\nta9s1 & /reams4 ,inde$1 on ! supposition t ?is is ! l& ref]r$ to1 a m appropriate description c\ld n h be5 giv5 ( x ?an is f\nd 9 ?is passage4 ,"o has only to look ^u a map ( ,nor!rn ,italy to see t !re is no o!r portion ( ! _w :i* w\ld m naturally be sugge/$ :5 speak+ ( a c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 8riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]40 ,! admirable map ( ?is region prefix$ to ! volume1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! "w ( ,dr4 ,alex&] ,kei?1 on ! ,signs ( ! ,times1 w cle>ly illu/rate ?is passage1 & ! correspond+ passage 9 *4 viii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,let anyone look at ! ,po & its tribut>ies on ! map1 & !n read ) att5tion ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ciadbd71 & he w be /ruck ) ! appropriat5ess ( ! description1 on ! supposition t ?is portion ( ! book ( ,revelation 0 design$ to ref] to ^! sc5es2 = he _c b see t ! battles !re describ$ 7 f\ght 9 a c\ntry 9 e way correspond+ ) ! /atem5t "h4 7d7 ,?is c\ntry corresponds ) ! description "h giv5 9 ano!r respect4 ,9 #cfd v]4 #e1 #f !re is a tribute ( praise r5d]$ to ,god1 9 view ( ^! judgm5ts1 because he 0 righte\s 9 br++ !m ^u a l& :]e ! blood ( sa9ts & prophets _h be5 %$a l& ( m>tyrs4 ,n[ ?is is applicable to ! circum/ances suppos$1 n only 9 ! s5se t ,italy 9 g5]al _h be5 ! l& :]e ! blood ( m>tyrs _h be5 %$! l& ( ,roman p]secution1 alike "u ,paganism & ! ,papacyb true 9 a m def9ite s5se1 f ! fact t ?is 0 ! v region :]e ! p]secutions aga9/ ! ,wald5ses & ! ,albig5ses _h be5 c>ri$ on! valleys ( ,pi$mont4 ,9 ! times ( ,papal p]secution ^! valleys _h be5 made to fl[ ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts2 & x seem$1 at lea/1 to be a righte\s retribution t ^! desolations ( w>1 ^! conflagrations1 & ^! sc5es ( c>nage1 %\ld occur 9 t v l&1 & t ! v f\nta9s & /reams :i* _h be=e be5 turn$ into blood1 by ! slaught] ( ! fri5ds ( ! ,savi\r1 %\ld n[ be r$d5$ ) ! blood ( m5 sla9 9 battle4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 :at ,john saw 9 vision3 a l& :]e p]secution _h rag$1 & ! blood ( ! holy _h fl[$ freely1 & !n ! same l& br\ght "u ! awful judgm5ts ( ,god1 & ! f\nta9s & /reams r$d5$ ) ! blood ( ! sla94 ,!re 0 a propriety1 !re=e1 t a voice %\ld be he>d ascrib+ righte\sness to ,god = av5g+ ! blood ( ! sa9ts 7v]4 #e1 #f71 & t ano!r voice %\ld be he>d f ! 8alt>0 ( ! m>tyrs 7v]4 #g7 respond+ & say+1 8,ev5 s1 ,"l ,god ,almighty1 true & righte\s are ?y judgm5ts40 7e7 ,x may be add$1 to %[ ! propriety ( ?is1 t ?is 0 "o ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* w be f\nd 9 ! end to h contribut$ to ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal p[]2 = a bl[ 0 /ruck1 9 ! ,fr5* invasion ( ,italy1 f :i* ,rome has nev] recov]$1 & s5tim5ts 7 diffus$ z ! result 9 fav\r ( lib]ty :i* x has be5 difficult ev] s9ce to suppress1 & :i* are de/9$ yet to bur/ out 9 fav\r ( fre$om1 & to be "o ( ! means ( ! f9al de/ruction ( ! p[]4 ,comp4 ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe1 vol4 i4 p4 #djc4 #h ,& ! f\r? angel p\r$ out 8 vial #dhd^u ! sun3 & p[] 0 giv5 unto him to scor* m5 #dhe) fire4 #h4 ,& ! f\r? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! sun4 ,t[>d ! sun1 or s z to rea* ! sun4 ,! effect 0 z if x _h be5 p\r$ ^u ! sun1 giv+ x an int5se heat1 & ?us inflict+ a sev]e judgm5t ^u m54 ,?is corresponds also ) ! f\r? trumpet 7*4 viii4 #ab71 :]e x is said1 t ! 8?ird "p ( ! sun 0 smitt51 & ! ?ird "p ( ! moon1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! />s40 ,= ! g5]al mean+ ( ?is symbol see ,notes on t place4 ,! idea is1 t a sc5e ( calamity & woe w\ld occur z if ! sun %\ld be made to p\r =? su* int5se heat t m5 w\ld be 8scor*$40 ,x _c be suppos$ t ! sun w\ld be lit]ally made hott]1 or t ! exact nature ( ^! calamities w\ld be t m5 w\ld be consum$ by its rays4 ,& p[] 0 giv5 unto him4 ,to ! sun4 ,! mean+ is1 t a calamity w\ld foll[ z if su* an increas$ p[] %\ld be giv5 to its rays4 ,to scor* m5 ) fire4 ,lit]ally1 8,& x 0 giv5 him to scor* m5 ) fire0t is1 ) heat s great t x seem$ to be fire4 ,! ,greek ^wmean+ to burn1 to scor*is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ,mat4 xiii4 #f2 ,m>4 iv4 #f2 ,re4 xvi4 #h1 #i1 9 all :i* places x is r5d]$ scor* & scor*$4 ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ! ^w 1 9 ,re4 vii4 #af2 xvi4 #i2 1 9 ,he4 vi4 #h2 1 9 #a ,pe4 iii4 #aj1 #ab2 & 1 9 ,mat4 xx4 #ab2 ,lu4 xii4 #ee2 ,ja4 i4 #aa4 ,! notion ( int5se or consum+ heat is impli$ 9 all ! =ms ( ! ^w2 & ! ref]5ce "h is to "s calamity t w\ld be well repres5t$ by su* an increas$ heat ( ! sun4 #i ,& m5 7 #dhfscor*$ ) great heat1 & #dhg;blasphem$ ! "n ( ,god1 :i* ha? p[] ov] ^! plagues3 & #dhh!y rep5t$ n1 to give him glory4 #i4 ,& m5 7 scor*$ ) great heat4 ,t is1 z above express$1 calamity came ^u !m :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by su* heat4 ,x is said t ?is calamity w\ld come ^u m51 & we are to suppose t x w\ld be su* t human life w\ld be p>ticul>ly affect$2 & z t heat ( ! #cfe sun mu/ be exce$+ly int5se :i* w\ld cut d[n m51 we are to suppose t ! judgm5t "h ref]r$ to w\ld be int5sely sev]e4 ,& blasphem$ ! "n ( ,god4 ,! effect w\ld be to cause !m to blaspheme ,god or to reproa* him z ! au?or ( ^! calamities2 & 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is we are to look = a /ate ( ?+s :5 !re w\ld be augm5t$ wick$ness & irreligion1 & :5 m5 w\ld become worse & worse1 not)/&+ ! woes t _h come ^u !m4 ,:i* ha? p[] ov] ^! plagues4 ,:o _h br\ght ^! plagues ^u !m1 & :o _h p[] to remove !m4 ,& !y rep5t$ n4 ,! effect 0 n to produce rep5tance1 ?\gh x 0 manife/ t ^! judgm5ts _h come ^u !m on acc\nt ( _! s9s4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #ba4 ,to give him glory4 ,to turn f s92 to hon\r him by lives ( ob$i5ce4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,jn4 ix4 #bd4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( ?is ! foll[+ ?+s may be rem>k$37a7 ,t ! calamity "h ref]r$ to 0 "o ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* w\ld prec$e ! ov]?r[ ( ! 8bea/10 & contribute to t1 = to ?is all ^! judgm5ts t5d4 7b7 ,9 ! ord] 9 :i* x /&s x is to foll[1 & app>5tly to foll[ soon1 ! ?ird judgm5t! p\r+ ( ! vial ^u ! f\nta9s & /reams4 7c7 ,x w\ld be a calamity su* z if ! sun1 ! s\rce ( light & com=t to mank9d1 7 smitt51 & became a s\rce ( torm5t4 7d7 ,?is w\ld be att5d$ by a great de/ruction ( m51 & we %\ld naturally look 9 su* an application = calamities 9 :i* multitudes ( m5 w\ld be1 z x 71 consum$4 7e7 ,?is w\ld n be foll[$1 z x might be hop$ x w\ld1 by rep5tance1 b w\ld be att5d$ ) reproa*es ( ,god1 ) pr(an5ess1 ) a great increase ( wick$ness4 ,n[1 on ! supposition t ! explanation ( ! previ\s passages is correct1 !re c be no great difficulty 9 suppos+ t ?is ref]s to ! w>s ( ,europe foll[+ ! ,fr5* revolution1 ! w>s t prec$$ ! direct attack on ! ,papacy & ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal gov]nm5t1 = ^! ev5ts _h all ! *>act]i/ics "h ref]r$ to4 7a7 ,!y 7 "o ( a s]ies 9 weak5+ ! ,papal p[] 9 ,europeheavy bl[s t w yet be se5 to h be5 among ! means prelim9>y to its f9al ov]?r[4 7b7 ,!y foll[$ 9 _! ord] ! invasion ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 = "o ( ! purposes ( t invasion 0 to attack ! ,au/rian p[] !re1 & ultimately ?r\gh ! ,tyrol to attack ,au/ria itself4 ,napoleon1 aft] 8 victories 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 above ref]r$ to 7comp4 *4xx4 ( ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe71 ?us writes to ! ,fr5* ,directory3 8,coni1 ,ceva1 & ,alex&ria are 9 ! h&s ( our army2 if y d n ratify ! conv5tion ,i w keep ^! =tresses & m>* ^u ,tur94 ,mean:ile ,i %all m>* to-morr[ aga9/ ,beaulieu1 & drive him across ! ,po2 ,i %all foll[ close at 8 heels1 ov]run all ,lomb>dy1 & 9 a mon? be 9 ! ,tyrol1 jo9 ! army ( ! ,rh9e1 & c>ry our unit$ =ces into ,bav>ia4 ,t design is wor?y ( y1 ( ! army1 & ( ! de/9ies ( ,france0 7,alison1 i4 #dja74 7c7 ,! campaign 9 ,g]many 9 #agif foll[$ imm$iately ?is campaign 9 ,italy4 ,?us1 9 *4 xx4 ( ,alison's ,hi/ory1 we h an acc\nt ( ! campaign 9 ,italy2 9 *4 xxi4 we h ! acc\nt ( ! campaign 9 ,g]many2 & ! o!r w>s 9 ,europe t cont9u$ s long1 & t 7 s fi]ce & bloody1 foll[$ 9 quick successionall t5d+1 9 _! ultimate results1 to weak5 ! ,papal p[] & to secure its f9al ov]?r[4 7d7 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say "h t ^! w>s _h all ! *>act]i/ics "h suppos$4 ,x 0 z if ! sun 7 smitt5 9 ! heav5s & p[] 7 giv5 to scor* m5 ) fire4 ,europe seem$ to be on fire ) musketry & artill]y1 & pres5t$ almo/ ! appe>ance ( ! broad blaze ( a battle-field4 ,! numb] t p]i%$ 0 imm5se4 ,^! w>s 7 att5d$ ) ! usual consequ5cesblasphemy1 pr(an5ess1 & reproa*es ( ,god 9 e =m4 ,& yet !re 0 ano!r effect :olly 9 accordance ) ! /atem5t "h1 t none ( ^! judgm5ts br\ght m5 to 8rep5tance1 t !y might give ,god ! glory40 ,p]haps ^! rem>ks1 :i* might be ext5d$ to great l5g?1 w %[ t1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ^? sc5es by ! outp\r+ ( ?is vial1 ! symbol 0 well *os5 & appropriate4 #aj ,& ! fif? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! #dhiseat ( ! bea/2 & 8 k+dom 0 full ( #dij;d>kness2 & !y gnaw$ _! tongues = pa91 #aj4 ,& ! fif? angel p\r$ out 8 #cff vial ^u ! seat ( ! bea/4 ,! previ\s judgm5ts _h be5 prep>atory to ?is4 ,!y all _h a be>+ on ?is1 & 7 all prelim9>y to x2 b ! 8seat0! home1 ! c5tre ( ! p[] ( ! bea/_h n yet be5 rea*$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a direct bl[ aim$ at t p[]1 /ill n su* yet z to secure its f9al ov]?r[1 = t is res]v$ = ! p\r+ out ( ! la/ vial1 v]4 #agba4 ,all t is repres5t$ "h is a heavy judgm5t :i* 0 m]ely prelim9>y to t f9al ov]?r[1 b :i* affect$ ! v seat ( ! bea/4 ,! phrase 8! seat ( ! bea/0 means ! seat or ?rone :i* ! repres5tative ( t p[] occupi$1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,anti*ri/ian dom9ion4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #b4 ,see also *4 ii4 #ac4 ,i und]/& ?is z ref]r+ to ! v seat ( ! ,papal p[],rome! ,vatican4 ,& 8 k+dom 0 full ( d>kness4 ,confusiondisord]di/ress1 = d>kness is (t5 ! emblem ( calamity1 ,is4 lix4 #i1 #aj2 ,je4 xiii4 #af2 ,eze4 xxx4 #ah2 xxxii4 #g1 #h2 xxxiv4 #ab2 ,joel ii4 #b4 ,& !y gnaw$ _! tongues = pa94 ,?is is a 8mo/ significant expression ( ! wri?+s ( angui%40 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ gnaw$ does n occur else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 nor is ! expression else:]e us$ 9 ! ,bible2 b its mean+ is pla9x indicates deep angui%4 #aa ,& blasphem$ ! ,god ( heav5 because ( #dia_! pa9s & _! sores1 & rep5t$ n ( _! de$s4 #aa4 ,& blasphem$ ! ,god ( heav54 ,! same effect :i* x 0 said w\ld be produc$ by ! p\r+ out ( ! f\r? vial1 v]4 #i4 ,because ( _! pa9s & _! sores4 ,( ! calamities t _h come ^u !m4 ,& rep5t$ n ( _! de$s4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #i4 ,comp4 *4 ix4 #ba4 ,9 reg>d to ! fulfilm5t & application ( ?is1 ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks may be made "h37a7 ,x w\ld succe$1 at no great int]val probably1 :at is ref]r$ to "u ! previ\s 8vials10 & w\ld be "o 9 ! s]ies t5d+ to ! same result4 7b7 ,x w\ld fall directly on ! seat ( ! au?ority ( ! 8bea/0on ! c5tral p[] ( ! ,papacy1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ! o!r symbols2 & we %\ld look1 !re=e1 = "s calamity t w\ld come ^u ,rome itself1 & /ill m specifically ^u ! pope himself1 & ^? imm$iately ar\nd him4 7c7 ,?is w\ld be att5d$ ) deep di/ress & d>kness 9 ! ,papal dom9ions4 7d7 ,!re w\ld be an increase ( :at is "h call$ 8blasphemy20 t is1 ( impiety & reproa*es ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 7e7 ,!re w\ld be no rep5tance produc$4 ,!re w\ld be no re=mation4 ,! sy/em w\ld be z corrupt z x 0 be=e1 & m5 w\ld be z mu* "u its influ5ce4 ,& 7f7 we %\ld n expect t ?is w\ld be ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! sy/em4 ,t is res]v$ = ! outp\r+ ( ! sev5? & la/ vial 9 ! s]ies 7v]4 #agba71 & "u t ! sy/em w\ld be ov]?r[n1 & w\ld come to an end4 ,?is is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! acc\nt ( t 8vial20 & !re=e we are n to expect to f9d1 9 ! application ( ! fif? 8vial10 t ! calamity br\ght ^u 8! seat ( ! bea/0 w\ld be su* t x w\ld n recov] = a "t1 & ma9ta91 app>5tly1 9 "s good degree1 its =m] p[] & influ5ce4 ,) ?is view ( :at we are to expect1 & 9 connection ) ! explanations ( ! previ\s symbols1 x seems to me t !re c be no hesitation 9 apply+ ?is to ! direct attacks on ! ,papal p[] & on ! pope himself1 z "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 & to ! calamities t 7 ?us br\ght ^u ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! appropriat5ess ( ?is application1 ,i w /ate a few facts :i* w %[ t1 on ! supposition t x 0 ! int5tion 9 ?is symbol to ref] to ! ,papal p[] at t "t1 ! symbol has be5 well *os51 & has be5 fulfill$4 ,&1 9 do+ ?is1 ,i w m]ely copy f ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe 7vol4 i4 pp4 #edbedf7 a few /atem5ts1 :i*1 l _m t h be5 quot$ f ,mr4 ,gibbon 9 ! =m] "p ( ^! ,notes1 w\ld seem almo/ to h be5 p5n$ 9 view ( ?is prophecy1 & ) a view to record its fulfilm5t4 ,! /atem5t is z foll[s3 8,! ,ecclesia/ical ,/ates 7 ! #cfg next object ( attack4 ,x _h long be5 an av[$ object ( ambition ) ! ,republican gov]nm5t to revolutionize ! ,roman p1 & plant ! tricol\r flag 9 ! city ( ,brutus10 & =tune at l5g? pres5t$ !m ) a fav\rable opportunity to accompli% ! design4 8,! situation ( ! pope _h become1 s9ce ! ,fr5* conque/s 9 ,italy1 9 ! highe/ degree prec>i\s4 ,cut (f by ! ,cisalp9e ,republic f any support f ,au/ria2 left by ! treaty ( ,campo ,=mio entirely at ! m]cy ( ! ,fr5* republic2 ?reat5$ by ! heav+s ( ! democratic _s )9 8 own dom9ions2 & expos$ to all ! contagion aris+ f ! complete e/abli%m5t & close vic9ity ( republican gov]nm5ts 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 he 0 almo/ de/itute ( ! means ( resi/+ s _m se5 & unse5 enemies4 ,! pontifical treasury 0 exhau/$ by ! imm5se paym5ts /ipulat$ by ! treaty ( ,tol5t9o2 :ile ! activity & zeal ( ! revolution>y clubs 9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,/ates 0 daily increas+ ) ! prospect ( success4 ,to enable ! gov]nm5t to meet ! enorm\s dem&s ( ! ,fr5* army1 ! pr9cipal ,roman families1 l ! pope1 _h sold _! gold1 _! silv]1 _! jewels1 _! horses1 _! c>riages9 a ^w1 all _! valuable effects2 b ! exactions ( ! republican ag5ts 7 /ill unabat$4 ,9 despair !y _h rec\rse to ! fatal exp$i5t ( issu+ a pap] circulation2 b t1 9 a c\ntry de/itute ( cr$it1 soon fell to an inconsid]able value1 & augm5t$ r ?an reliev$ ! public di/ress4 ,joseph ,bonap>te1 bro!r to ,napoleon1 _h be5 appo9t$ ambassador at ! c\rt ( ,rome2 b z 8 "* 0 deem$ too hon\rable = political intrigue1 ,g5]als ,duphot & ,%]lock 7 s5t along ) him1 ! =m] ( :om _h be5 s successful 9 effect+ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,g5oese ari/ocracy4 ,! ,fr5* embassy1 "u _! direction1 soon became ! c5tre ( ! revolution>y action2 & ^? num]\s ard5t *>act]s ) :i* ! ,italian cities ab\nd1 flock$ !re z to a common focus1 f :5ce ! next great explosion ( democratic p[] 0 to be expect$4 ,9 ?is extremity1 ,pius ,,vi41 :o 0 above eighty ye>s ( age1 & s9k+ into ! grave1 call$ to 8 c\nsels ! ,au/rian g5]al ,prov]a1 already di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,italian campaigns2 b ! ,directory soon compell$ ! humiliat$ pontiff to dismiss t intrepid c\nsellor4 ,z 8 recov]y !n seem$ hopeless1 ! in/ructions ( gov]nm5t to _! ambassador 7 to delay ! proclamation ( a republic till 8 dea?1 :5 ! vacant *air ( ,/4 ,pet] might be ov]turn$ ) little difficulty2 b su* 0 ! activity ( ! revolution>y ag5ts1 t ! tra9 0 ready to take fire be=e t ev5t took place1 & ! e>s ( ! ,romans 7 assail$ by incessant abuse ( ! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 & vehem5t declamations 9 fav\r ( republican fre$om4 8,! resolution to ov]turn ! ,papal gov]nm5t1 l all ! o!r ambiti\s projects ( ! ,directory1 receiv$ a v great impulse f ! re-asc5d5t ( ,jacob9 influ5ce at ,p>is1 by ! results ( ! revolution ( #ah? ,fructidor4 ,"o ( ! fir/ measures ( ! new gov]nm5t 0 to despat* an ord] to ,joseph ,bonap>te at ,rome1 to promote1 by all ! means 9 8 p[]1 ! approa*+ revolution 9 ! ,papal ,/ates2 &1 above all ?+s1 to take c>e t at ! pope's dea? no successor %\ld be elect$ to ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,napoleon's language to ! ,roman pontiff became daily m m5ac+4 ,imm$iately be=e sett+ out = ,ra/adt1 he ord]$ 8 bro!r ,joseph to intimate to ! pope t ?ree ?\s& additional troops _h be5 =w>d$ to ,ancona2 t if ,prov]a 0 n dismiss$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w> w\ld be decl>$2 t if any ( ! revolutioni/s :o _h be5 arre/$ 7 execut$1 reprisals w\ld =?) be ex]cis$ on ! c>d9als2 & t1 if ! ,cisalp9e ,republic 0 n recogniz$1 x w\ld be ! signal = imm$iate ho/ilities4 ,at ! same "t t5 ?\s& troops ( ! ,cisalp9e ,republic advanc$ to ,/4 ,leon1 9 ! ,papal du*y ( ,urb9o1 & made !mselves ma/]s ( t =tress2 :ile at ,ancona1 :i* 0 /ill g>rison$ by ,fr5* troops1 not)/&+ its /ipulat$ re/oration by ! treaty ( ,tol5t9o to ! ,holy ,see1 ! democratic p>ty op5ly proclaim$ ! #8,anconite ,republic4' ,simil> revolution>y movem5ts took place at ,corneto1 ,civita ,vec*ia1 ,pes>o1 & ,s5igaglia2 :ile at ,rome itself1 ,joseph #cfh ,bonap>te1 by compell+ ! ,papal gov]nm5t to lib]ate all p]sons conf9$ = political (f5ces1 sudd5ly vomit$ =? ^u ! capital sev]al hundr$s ( ! mo/ heat$ republicans 9 ,italy4 ,aft] ?is great addition1 measures 7 no long] kept ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,s$iti\s meet+s 7 con/antly held 9 e "p ( ! city2 imm5se collections ( tricol\r cockades 7 made to di/+ui% ! insurg5ts1 & deputations ( ! citiz5s op5ly wait$ on ! ,fr5* ambassador to invite him to support ! insurrection1 to :i* he repli$1 9 ambigu\s t]ms#8,! fate ( nations1 z ( individuals1 be+ buri$ 9 ! womb ( futurity1 x is n giv5 to me to p5etrate its my/]ies4' 8,9 ?is temp] ( m5's m9ds1 a sp>k 0 suffici5t to occasion an explosion4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,decemb]1 #agig1 an imm5se cr[d assembl$1 ) s$iti\s cries1 & mov$ to ! palace ( ! ,fr5* ambassador1 :]e !y exclaim$1 #8,vive la ,rpublique ,roma9e6' & l\dly invok$ ! aid ( ! ,fr5* to enable !m to plant ! tricol\r flag on ! ,capitol4 ,! insurg5ts display$ ! tricol\r cockade1 & ev9c$ ! mo/ m5ac+ disposition2 ! dang] 0 extreme2 f simil> beg9n+s ! ov]?r[ ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ,v5ice & ,g5oa _h rapidly foll[$4 ,! ,papal m9i/]s s5t a regim5t ( dragoons to prev5t any sortie ( ! revolutioni/s f ! palace ( ! ,fr5* ambassador2 & !y repeat$ly w>n$ ! insurg5ts t _! ord]s 7 to all[ no "o to leave its prec9cts4 ,duphot1 h[ev]1 indignant at be+ re/ra9$ by ! pontifical troops1 drew 8 sword1 ru%$ d[n ! /aircase1 & put himself at ! head ( "o hundr$ & fifty arm$ ,roman democrats1 :o 7 n[ cont5d+ ) ! dragoons 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! palace4 ,he 0 imm$iately kill$ by a dis*>ge ord]$ by ! s]geant comm&+ ! patrol ( ! ,papal troops2 & ! ambassador himself1 :o _h foll[$ to appease ! tumult1 n>r[ly escap$ ! same fate4 ,a viol5t scuffle ensu$2 sev]al p]sons 7 kill$ & w\nd$ on bo? sides2 &1 aft] rema9+ sev]al h\rs 9 ! greate/ al>m1 ,joseph ,bonap>te1 ) 8 suite1 retir$ to ,flor5ce4 8,?is cata/rophe1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly occasion$ by ! revolution>y s*emes :i* 7 9 agitation at ! resid5ce ( ! ,fr5* ambassador1 hav+ tak5 place )9 ! prec9cts ( 8 palace1 01 unhappily1 a violation ( ! law ( nations1 & gave ! ,directory too fair a gr\nd to dem& satisfaction4 ,b !y in/antly resolv$ to make x ! pretext = ! imm$iate occupation ( ,rome & ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal gov]nm5t4 ,! m>* ( troops out ( ,italy 0 c\nt]m&$1 & ,b]?i]1 ! comm&]-9-*ief1 receiv$ ord]s to advance rapidly into ! ,ecclesia/ical ,/ates4 ,mean:ile1 ! democratic _s bur/ =? m viol5tly ?an ev] at ,ancona & ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 & ! ,papal au?ority 0 soon lo/ 9 all ! prov9ces on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,to ^! accumulat$ disa/]s ! pontiff c\ld only oppose ! fa/s & pray]s ( an ag$ conclaveweapons ( spiritual w>f>e little calculat$ to arre/ ! conqu]ors ( ,arcola & ,lodi4 8,b]?i]1 )\t an in/ant's delay1 c>ri$ into execution ! ord]s ( ! ,directory4 ,six ?\s& ,poles 7 /ation$ at ,rim9i to cov] ! ,cisalp9e ,republic2 a res]ve 0 e/abli%$ at ,tol5t9o1 :ile ! comm&]-9-*ief1 at ! head ( eighte5 ?\s& vet]an troops1 ent]$ ,ancona4 ,hav+ complet$ ! "w ( revolution 9 t turbul5t di/rict1 & secur$ ! =tress1 he cross$ ! ,ap5n9es2 &1 advanc+ by ,foligno & ,n>ni1 appe>$ on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y be=e ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,! pope1 9 ! utmo/ con/]nation1 %ut himself up 9 ! ,vatican1 & sp5t night & day at ! foot ( ! alt> 9 implor+ ! div9e protection4 8,rome1 almo/ def5celess1 w\ld h (f]$ no ob/acle to ! entrance ( ! ,fr5* troops2 b x 0 "p ( ! policy ( ! ,directory to make x appe> t _! aid 0 invok$ by ! spontane\s ef=ts ( ! inhabitants4 ,cont5t+ himself1 !re=e1 ) occupy+ ! ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 f :i* ! feeble gu>ds ( ! pope 7 soon expell$1 ,b]?i] kept 8 troops = five days encamp$ )\t ! walls4 ,at l5g?1 ! revolutioni/s hav+ complet$ _! prep>ations1 a noisy cr[d assembl$ 9 ! ,campo ,vacc9o1 ! anci5t ,=um2 ! old f\ndations ( ! ,capitol 7 made aga9 to res\nd ) ! cries1 if n ! _s1 ( fre$om1 & ! v5]able #cfi ensigns1 ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r41 aft] ! lapse ( f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s1 aga9 float$ 9 ! w9ds4 ,! multitude tumultu\sly dem&$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal au?ority2 ! ,fr5* troops 7 invit$ to ent]2 ! conqu]ors ( ,italy1 ) a haughty air1 pass$ ! gates ( ,aurelian1 defil$ ?r\gh ! ,piazza del ,popolo1 gaz$ on ! inde/ructible monum5ts ( ,roman gr&eur1 &1 amid ! %\ts ( ! inhabitants1 ! tricol\r flag 0 display$ f ! summit ( ! ,capitol4 8,b :ile "p ( ! ,roman populace 7 surr5d]+ !mselves to a p>donable intoxication ^u ! fanci$ recov]y ( _! lib]ties1 ! ag5ts ( ! ,directory 7 prep>+ = !m ! sad realities ( slav]y4 ,! pope1 :o _h be5 gu>d$ by five hundr$ soldi]s ev] s9ce ! entry ( ! republicans1 0 direct$ to retire into ,tuscany2 8 ,swiss gu>d reliev$ by a ,fr5* "o2 & he himself ord]$ to dispossess himself ( all 8 temporal au?ority4 ,he repli$1 ) ! firmness ( a m>tyr1 #8,i am prep>$ = e species ( disgrace4 ,z supreme pontiff1 ,i am resolv$ to die 9 ! ex]cise ( all my p[]s4 ,y may employ =cey h ! p[] to d s2 b "k t1 ?\gh y may be ma/]s ( my body1 y are n s ( my s\l4 ,free 9 ! region :]e x is plac$1 x fe>s nei!r ! ev5ts nor ! suff]+s ( ?is life4 ,i /& on ! ?re%old ( ano!r _w2 !re ,i %all be %elt]$ alike f ! viol5ce & impiety ( ?is4' ,=ce 0 soon employ$ to dispossess him ( 8 au?ority2 he 0 dragg$ f ! alt> 9 8 palace1 8 repositories all ransack$ & plund]$1 ! r+s ev5 torn f 8 f+]s1 ! :ole effects 9 ! ,vatican & ,quir9al inv5tori$ & seiz$1 & ! ag$ pontiff conduct$1 ) only a few dome/ics1 amid ! brutal je/s & sacrilegi\s songs ( ! ,fr5* dragoons1 into ,tuscany1 :]e ! g5]\s hospitality ( ! gr&-duke /rove to s(t5 ! h>d%ips ( 8 exile4 ,b1 ?\gh a captive 9 ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 ! v5]able old man /ill reta9$ ! supreme au?ority 9 ! *ur*4 ,f 8 retreat 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,*>treuse1 he yet guid$ ! c\nsels ( ! fai?ful2 multitudes fell on _! knees :]ev] he pass$1 & s\ght t b5$iction f a captive :i* !y w\ld1 p]haps1 h disreg>d$ f a rul+ pontiff4 8,! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ?is v5]able man 0 z disgraceful to ! republican gov]nm5t z x 0 hon\rable to 8 piety & con/ancy z ! head ( ! *ur*4 ,fe>ful t f 8 virtues & suff]+s he might h too mu* influ5ce on ! cont95t ( ,italy1 he 0 remov$ by _! ord]s to ,leghorn1 9 ,m>*1 #agii1 ) ! design ( transf]r+ him to ,cagli>i 9 ,s>d9ia2 & ! ,engli% cruis]s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean r$\bl$ _! vigilance 9 ! g5]\s hope ( rescu+ ! fa!r ( an opposite *ur* f ! p]secution ( 8 enemies4 ,appreh5sive ( los+ _! prison]1 ! ,fr5* alt]$ 8 de/9ation2 & =c+ him to trav]se1 (t5 dur+ ! night1 ! ,ap5n9es & ! ,alps 9 a rigor\s season1 he at l5g? rea*$ ,val5ce1 :]e1 aft] an illness ( t5 days1 he expir$1 9 ! eighty-second ye> ( 8 age1 & ! tw5ty-f\r? ( 8 pontificate4 ,! cruelty ( ! ,directory increas$ z he approa*$ _! dom9ions1 all 8 old att5dants 7 compell$ to leave him1 & ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful 0 all[$ to expire1 att5d$ only by 8 confessor4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is disconsolate /ate he d]iv$ ! highe/ satisfaction f ! devotion & rev]5ce ( ! p 9 ! prov9ces ( ,france ?r\gh :i* he pass$4 ,multitudes f ,gap1 ,vizelle1 & ,gr5oble flock$ to ! road to receive 8 b5$iction2 & he frequ5tly repeat$1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 ! words ( ,scripture3 #8,v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,i h n se5 su* fai?1 no1 n 9 ,israel4' 8,b long be=e ! pope _h sunk "u ! p]secution ( 8 oppressors1 ,rome _h exp]i5c$ ! bitt] fruits ( republican frat]nization4 ,imm$iately aft] ! entry ( ! ,fr5* troops1 comm5c$ ! regul> & sy/ematic pillage ( ! city4 ,n only ! *ur*es & ! conv5ts1 b ! palaces ( ! c>d9als & ( ! nobility1 7 laid wa/e4 ,! ag5ts ( ! ,directory1 insatiable 9 ! pursuit ( plund]1 & m]ciless 9 ! means ( exact+ x1 ransack$ e qu>t] )9 its walls1 seiz$ ! mo/ valuable works ( art1 & /ripp$ ! ,et]nal ,city ( ^? treasures :i* _h surviv$ ! ,go?ic fire & ! rapaci\s h&s ( ! ,spani% soldi]s4 ,! blood%$ 0 mu* less1 b ! spoil collect$ incomp>ably great]1 #cgj ?an at ! disa/r\s sack :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ! ,con/able ,b\rbon4 ,almo/ all ! great works ( art :i* h s9ce t "t be5 collect$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 7 !n scatt]$ abroad4 ,! spoliation exce$$ all t ! ,go?s or ,v&als _h effect$4 ,n only ! palaces ( ! ,vatican1 & ! ,monte ,cavallo1 & ! *ief nobility ( ,rome1 b ^? ( ,ca/el ,g&olfo1 on ! m>g9 ( ! ,alban ,lake1 ( ,t]rac9a1 ! ,villa ,albani1 & o!rs 9 ! environs ( ,rome1 7 plund]$ ( e article ( value :i* !y possess$4 ,! :ole sac]dotal habits ( ! pope & c>d9als 7 burn$1 9 ord] to collect f ! flames ! gold ) :i* !y 7 adorn$4 ,! ,vatican 0 /ripp$ to its nak$ walls2 ! immortal frescoes ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :i* c\ld n be remov$1 rema9$ 9 solit>y beauty amid ! g5]al desolation4 ,a contribution ( f\r millions 9 money1 two millions 9 provisions1 & ?ree ?\s& horses1 0 impos$ on a city already exhau/$ by ! enorm\s exactions x _h previ\sly und]gone4 ,"u ! direction ( ! infam\s commiss>y ,hall]1 ! dome/ic libr>y1 museum1 furniture1 jewels1 & ev5 ! private clo!s ( ! pope 7 sold4 ,nor did ! palaces ( ! ,roman nobility escape deva/ation4 ,! noble gall]ies ( ! ,c>d9al ,bras*i1 & ! ,c>d9al ,york1 ! la/ relic ( ! ,/u>t l9e1 und]w5t ! same fate4 ,o!rs1 z ^? ( ! ,*igi1 ,borghese1 & ,doria palaces1 7 rescu$ f de/ruction only by enorm\s ransoms4 ,ev]y?+ ( value t ! treaty ( ,tol5t9o _h left 9 ,rome became ! prey ( republican cupidity1 & ! v "n ( fre$om soon became odi\s1 f ! sordid & infam\s crimes :i* 7 committ$ 9 its "n4 8,nor 7 ! exactions ( ! ,fr5* conf9$ to ! plund] ( palaces & *ur*es4 ,eight c>d9als 7 arre/$ & s5t to ,civita ,ca/ellana1 :ile enorm\s contributions 7 levi$ on ! ,papal t]ritory1 & br\ght home ! bitt]ness ( conque/ to e poor man's door4 ,at ! same "t ! ample t]ritorial possessions ( ! *ur* & ! mona/]ies 7 confiscat$1 & decl>$ national prop]tya measure :i*1 by dry+ up at once ! :ole res\rces ( ! afflu5t classes1 precipitat$ into ! extreme ( mis]y ! num]\s poor :o 7 ma9ta9$ by _! exp5diture1 or f$ by _! b\nty4 ,all ! respectable citiz5s & cl]gy 7 9 fett]s2 & a base & despicable faction alone1 among :om1 to _! disgrace be x told1 7 f\nd f\rte5 c>d9als1 foll[$ 9 ! tra9 ( ! oppressors2 &1 at a public fe/ival1 return$ ?anks to ,god = ! mis]ies !y _h br\ght ^u _! c\ntry40#dib #ab ,& ! six? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u #dic! great riv] ,euphrates2 & ! wat] !re( 0 #did;dri$ up1 t ! way ( ! k+s ( ! ea/ might be prep>$4 #ab4 ,& ! six? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! great riv] ,euphrates4 ,on ! situation ( t riv]1 & ! symbolical mean+ ( ?is language1 see ,notes on *4 ix4 #adba4 ,! ref]5ce !re 0 suppos$ to be to ! ,turki% p[]1 & ! analogy ( int]pretation w\ld seem to require t x %\ld be s und]/ood "h4 ,!re is e reason1 !re=e1 to suppose t ?is passage has ref]5ce to some?+ 9 ! future hi/ory ( ! ,turki% dom9ions1 & to "s be>+ ( ! ev5ts :i* are to occur 9 t hi/ory on ! ultimate d[nfall ( ! ,anti*ri/ian p[] ref]r$ to by ! 8bea/40 ,& ! wat] !re( 0 #cga dri$ up1 t ! way ( ! k+s ( ! ea/ might be prep>$4 ,t is1 z ! effect ( p\r+ out ! vial4 ,!re is an allusion "h1 und\bt$ly1 to ! divid+ ( ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 s t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel might pass4 ,see ,ex4 xiv4 #ba1 #bb4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xi4 #ae4 ,9 ?is description ! ,euphrates is repres5t$ z a b>ri] to prev5t ! passage ( 8! k+s ( ! ,ea/10 on _! way to ! ,we/ = "s purpose n yet specifi$2 t is1 apply+ ! symbol ( ! ,euphrates z be+ ! seat ( ! ,turki% p[]1 ! mean+ is1 t t p[] is su* a h9drance1 & t1 9 "s way t h9drance is to be remov$ z if ! wat]s ( an unbridg$ & un=dable riv] 7 dri$ up s z to af=d a safe & easy passage ?r\gh4 ,/ill !re are sev]al inquiries z to ! application ( ?is1 :i* is n easy1 &1 z x ref]s to :at is /ill future1 x may be impossible to answ]4 ,! language requires u to put ^u x ! foll[+ int]pretation37a7 ,! p]sons "h ref]r$ to z 8k+s ( ! ,ea/10 7 ready to make a movem5t t[>ds ! ,we/1 ov] ! ,euphrates1 & w\ld d ?is if ?is ob/ruction 7 n 9 _! way4 ,:o ^! 8k+s ( ! ,ea/0 are is n said1 & p]haps _c be conjectur$4 ,! natural int]pretation is1 t !y are ! k+s t reign 9 ! ,ea/1 or t preside ov] ! c\ntries ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e4 ,:y !re 0 a propos$ movem5t to ! ,we/ is n said4 ,x might h be5 = conque/1 or x might h be5 t !y 7 to br+ _! tribute to ! spiritual ,j]usalem1 9 accordance ) :at is s (t5 said 9 ! prophets1 t "u ! gospel k+s & pr9ces w\ld consecrate !mselves & _! weal? to ,god4 ,see ,ps4 lxxii4 #aj1 #aa3 8,! k+s ( ,t>%i% & ( ! isles %all br+ pres5ts3 ! k+s ( ,%eba & ,seba %all (f] gifts4 ,yea1 all k+s %all fall d[n be=e him40 ,s also ,is4 lx4 #df1 #i1 #aa3 8,?y sons %all come f f>4,! =ces ( ! ,g5tiles %all come unto !e4,all !y f ,%eba %all come3 !y %all br+ gold & inc5se4,! isles %all wait = me1 & ! %ips ( ,t>%i% fir/1 to br+ ?y sons f f>1 _! silv] & _! gold ) !m4,?y gates %all be op5 cont9ually2 !y %all n be %ut day nor night2 t m5 may br+ unto !e ! =ces ( ! ,g5tiles1 & t _! k+s may be br\ght40 ,all t is fairly impli$ 9 ! language us$ "h is1 t ! k+s ( ! ,ea/ w\ld be conv]t$ to ! true religion1 or t !y 71 at ! "t ref]r$ to1 9 a /ate ( read9ess to be conv]t$1 if !re 7 no h9drance or ob/ruction4 7b7 ,!re 0 "s h9drance or ob/ruction to _! conv]sion2 t is1 z expla9$1 f ! ,turki% p[]3 9 o!r words1 !y w\ld be conv]t$ to ! true fai? if x 7 n = ! influ5ce ( t p[]4 7c7 ,! de/ruction ( t p[]1 repres5t$ by ! dry+ up ( ! ,euphrates1 w\ld remove t ob/ruction1 & ! way w\ld ?us be 8prep>$0 = _! conv]sion to ! true religion4 ,we %\ld mo/ naturally1 !re=e1 look1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 = "s su* decay ( ! ,turki% p[] z w\ld be foll[$ by ! conv]sion ( ! rul]s ( ! ,ea/ to ! gospel4 #ac ,& ,i saw ?ree unclean spirits l frogs come out ( ! m\? ( #die! dragon1 & out ( ! m\? ( #dif! bea/1 & out ( ! m\? ( #dig! false prophet4 #ac4 ,& ,i saw ?ree unclean spirits4 ,!y assum$ a visible =m :i* w\ld well repres5t _! odi\snesst ( frogsb /ill !y are spok5 ( z 8spirits40 ,!y 7 evil p[]s1 or evil influ5ces 7v]4 #ad1 8spirits ( devils071 & ! language "h is und\bt$ly design$ to repres5t "s su* p[] or influ5ce :i* w\ld1 at t p]iod1 proce$ f ! dragon1 ! bea/1 & ! false prophet4 ,l frogs4 ,?is ^w does n occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,x is prop]ly translat$ frogs4 ,! frog is "h employ$ cle>ly z a symbol1 & x is design$ t c]ta9 qualities ( ! 8spirits0 "h ref]r$ to %\ld be designat$ by ! symbol4 ,= a full illu/ration ( ! mean+ ( ! symbol1 ! read] may consult ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 ,p4 ,,ii4 lib4 v4 cap4 iv4 ,accord+ to ,bo*>t1 ! frog is *>act]iz$1 z a symbol1 7#a7 = its r\gh1 h>%1 co>se voice2 7#b7 on ?is acc\nt1 z a symbol ( compla9+ or reproa*+2 7#c7 z a symbol ( empty loquacity2 7#d7 z a symbol ( h]etics & philosoph]s1 z und]/ood by ,augu/9e2 7#e7 because ! frog has its orig9 9 #cgb mud1 & lives 9 mud1 z a symbol ( ^? :o are born 9 s91 & live 9 pollution2 7#f7 because ! frog endures all *anges ( ! seasoncold & heat1 summ]1 w9t]1 ra91 fro/z a symbol ( monks :o practise self-d5ial2 7#g7 because ! frog1 ?\gh ab/emi\s ( food1 yet lives 9 wat] & dr9ks (t51 z a symbol ( drunk>ds2 7#h7 z a symbol ( impud5ce2 7#i7 because ! frog swells 8 size1 & di/5ds 8 *eeks1 z a symbol ( pride4 ,see ! au?orities = ^! uses ( ! ^w 9 ,bo*>t4 ,h[ _m or few ( ^! ideas ent] into ! symbol "h1 x is n easy to decide4 ,we may suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! spirits ref]r$ to w\ld be *>act]iz$ by pride1 arrogance1 impud5ce1 assumption ( au?ority2 p]haps impurity & vil5ess1 = all ^! ideas ent] into ! mean+ ( ! symbol4 ,!y are n "h1 probably1 symbols ( p]sons1 b ( influ5ces or op9ions :i* w\ld be spread abroad1 & :i* w\ld *>act]ize ! age ref]r$ to4 ,! ref]5ce is to :at ! 8dragon10 ! 8bea/10 & ! 8false prophet0 w\ld d at t "t 9 oppos+ ! tru?1 & 9 prep>+ ! _w = ! great & f9al conflict4 ,out ( ! m\? ( ! dragon4 ,"o ( :i* seem$ to issue f ! m\? ( ! dragon4 ,on ! symbolic mean+ ( ! ^w 8dragon10 see ,notes on *4 xii4 #c4 ,x1 9 g5]al1 repres5ts ,satan1 ! great enemy ( ! *ur*2 p]haps "h ,satan "u ! =m ( hea!nism or paganism1 z 9 *4 xii4 #c1 #d4 ,! idea !n is1 t1 at ! "t ref]r$ to1 !re w\ld be "s manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ,satan 9 ! hea!n nations1 :i* w\ld be bold1 arrogant1 pr\d1 loquaci\s1 ho/ile to tru?1 & :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! ho>se murmur ( ! frog4 ,& out ( ! m\? ( ! bea/4 ,! ,papacy1 z above expla9$1 *4 xiii4 ,t is1 !re w\ld be "s putt+ =? ( arrogant pret5sions2 "s l\d d5unciation or compla9+2 "s manife/ation ( pride & self-consequ5ce1 :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! croak+ ( ! frog4 ,we h se5 above 7,notes on v]4 #e1 #f71 t al?\gh ! fif? vial 0 p\r$ ^u 8! seat ( ! bea/10 ! effect 0 n to cru% & ov]?r[ t p[] entirely4 ,! ,papacy w\ld /ill survive1 & w\ld be f9ally de/roy$ "u ! outp\r+ ( ! sev5? vial1 v]4 #agba4 ,9 ! passage be=e u we h a repres5tation ( x z /ill liv+2 z hav+ app>5tly recov]$ its /r5g?2 & z be+ z ho/ile z ev] to ! tru?1 & able to ent] into a comb9ation1 secret or av[$1 ) ! 8dragon0 & ! 8false prophet10 to oppose ! reign ( tru? ^u ! e>?4 ,& out ( ! m\? ( ! false prophet4 ,! ^w r5d]$ false prophetdoes n be=e occur 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 ?\gh ! use ( ! article w\ld seem to imply t "s well-kn[n p[] or influ5ce 0 ref]r$ to by ?is4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 x4 #c4 ,! ^w occurs 9 o!r places 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,mat4 vii4 #ae2 xxiv4 #aa1 #bd2 ,m>4 xiii4 #bb2 ,lu4 vi4 #bf2 ,ac4 xiii4 #f2 #b ,pe4 ii4 #a2 #a ,jn4 iv4 #a2 & twice else:]e 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 ) ! same ref]5ce z "h1 *4 xix4 #bj2 xx4 #aj4 ,9 bo? ^! latt] places x is connect$ ) ! 8bea/30 8,& ! bea/ 0 tak51 & ) him ! false prophet20 8,& ! devil t deceiv$ !m 0 ca/ into ! lake ( fire & brim/one1 :]e ! bea/ & ! false prophet are40 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 to ref] to "s p[] t 0 simil> to t ( ! bea/1 & t 0 to %>e ! same fate 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemies ( ! gospel4 ,z to ! application ( ?is1 !re is no op9ion s probable z t x alludes to ! ,mahometan p[]n /rictly ! ,turki% p[]1 = t 0 to be 8dri$ up10 or to dim9i%2 b to ! ,mahometan p[] z su*1 t 0 /ill to cont9ue = a :ile 9 its vig\r1 & t 0 yet to ex]t a =midable influ5ce aga9/ ! gospel1 & probably 9 "s comb9ation1 9 fact1 if n 9 =m1 ) ,paganism & ! ,papacy4 ,! reasons = ?is op9ion are3 7a7 t ?is 0 ref]r$ to1 9 ! =m] "p ( ! book1 z "o ( ! =midable p[]s t w\ld arise1 & t w\ld mat]ially affect ! de/9y ( ! _w& x may be presum$ t x w\ld be aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ! acc\nt ( ! f9al consummation1 see *4 ix4 #aaa2 7b7 ! "n 8false prophet0 w\ld1 bett] ?an any o!r1 describe t p[]1 & w\ld naturally sugge/ x 9 future times= to no "o t has ev] appe>$ 9 our _w c\ld ! "n be s prop]ly appli$ z to ,mahomet2 & 7c7 :at is said w be f\nd to agree ) ! facts 9 reg>d to t p[]1 z1 9 connection ) ! ,papacy & ) ,paganism1 con/itut+ ! sum ( ! #cgc ob/ruction to ! spread ( ! gospel ar\nd ! _w4 #ad ,= !y are ! #dihspirits ( devils1 #diiwork+ miracles1 :i* g =? unto ! k+s ( ! e>? & ( #ejj! :ole _w1 to ga!r !m to ! #eja;battle ( t great day ( ,god ,almighty4 #ad4 ,= !y are ! spirits ( devils4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w us$ "h1 see ,notes on *4 ix4 #bj4 ,x is us$ "h1 z x is 9 *4 ix4 #bj1 9 a bad s5se1 z d5ot+ evil spirits4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #a1 #b1 #bd4 ,work+ miracles4 ,work+ :at seem$ to be miracles2 t is1 su* wond]s z to deceive ! _w ) ! belief t !y 7 miracles4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ac1 #ad1 :]e ! same p[] is ascrib$ to ! 8bea/40 ,:i* g =? unto ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,:i* p>ticul>ly affect & influ5ce k+s & rul]s4 ,no class ( m5 h be5 m "u ! influ5ce ( ,pagan sup]/ition1 ,mahometan delusion1 or ! ,papacy1 ?an k+s & pr9ces4 ,we are taught by ?is passage t ?is w cont9ue to be s 9 ! circum/ances ref]r$ to4 ,& ( ! :ole _w4 ,t is1 s f> t x might be repres5t$ z affect+ ! :ole _wto wit1 ! hea!n1 ! ,mahometan1 & ! ,papal portions ( ! e>?4 ,^! /ill embrace s l>ge a portion ( ! globe1 t x might be said1 t :at w\ld affect ^? p[]s n[ w\ld influ5ce ! :ole _w4 ,to ga!r !m4 ,n lit]ally to assemble !m all 9 "o place1 b s to unite & comb9e !m t x might be repres5t$ z an assembl+ ( ! ho/s = battle4 ,to ! battle ( t great day ( ,god ,almighty4 ,n ! day ( judgm5t1 b ! day :i* w\ld det]m9e ! asc5d5cy ( true religion 9 ! _w! f9al conflict ) ^? p[]s :i* _h s long oppos$ ! gospel4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t !re w\ld be a lit]al 8battle10 9 :i* ,god w\ld be se5 to cont5d ) 8 foes2 b !re w\ld be t :i* might be prop]ly repres5t$ z a battle4 ,t is1 !re w\ld be a comb9$ /ruggle aga9/ ! tru?1 & 9 t ,god w\ld appe> by 8 provid5ce & ,_s on ! side ( ! *ur*1 & w\ld give x ! victory4 ,x accords ) all t has occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 to suppose t !re w be su* a comb9$ /ruggle be=e ! *ur* %all f9ally triumph 9 ! _w4 #ae ,behold1 #ejb;,i come z a ?ief4 ,bless$ is he t wat*e?1 & keepe? 8 g>m5ts1 le/ he walk #ejcnak$1 & !y see 8 %ame4 #ae4 ,behold1 ,i come z a ?ief4 ,t is1 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxiv4 #dc2 #a ,?4 v4 #b4 ,?is is design$ evid5tly to admoni% m5 to wat*1 or to be 9 read9ess = 8 com+1 s9ce1 :5ev] x w\ld occur1 x w\ld be at a "t :5 m5 7 n expect+ him4 ,bless$ is he t wat*e?4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xxiv4 #dbdd4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t he :o wat*es = ^! ev5ts1 :o m>ks ! indications ( _! approa*1 & :o is consci\s ( a prep>ation = !m1 is 9 a bett] & happi] /ate ( m9d ?an he on :om !y come sudd5ly & unexpect$ly4 ,& keepe? 8 g>m5ts4 ,! allusion "h seems to be to "o :o1 reg>dless ( dang]1 or ( ! approa* ( an enemy1 %\ld lay aside 8 g>m5ts & lie d[n to sleep4 ,!n ! ?ief might come & take away 8 g>m5ts1 leav+ him nak$4 ,! ess5tial idea1 !re=e1 "h1 is ! duty ( vigilance4 ,we are to be awake to duty & to dang]2 we are n to be f\nd sleep+ at our po/2 we are to be ready = dea?ready = ! com+ ( ! ,son ( man4 ,le/ he walk nak$4 ,8 raim5t be+ c>ri$ away :ile he is asleep4 ,& !y see 8 %ame4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 iii4 #ah4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t1 z ,*ri/ians are clo!d ) ! g>m5ts ( righte\sness1 !y %\ld n lay !m aside1 s t _! spiritual nak$ness %\ld be se54 ,!y are to be always clo!d ) ! robes ( salvation2 always ready = any ev5t1 h[ev] soon or sudd5ly x may come ^u !m4 #af ,& he ga!r$ !m toge!r into a place call$ 9 ! ,hebrew tongue ,armag$don4 #af4 ,& he ga!r$ !m toge!r4 ,:o ga!r$ !m8 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s x1 8!y ga!r$ !m toge!r10 suppos+ t x ref]s to ! 8spirits09 v]4 #ac1 & t ?is is ! con/ruction ( ! neut] plural ) a s+ul> v]b4 ,s ,de ,wette und]/&s x4 ,h5g/5b]g supposes #cgd t x means t ,god ga!r$ !m toge!r2 o!rs suppose t x 0 ! six? angel2 o!rs t x 0 ,satan2 o!rs t x 0 ! bea/2 & o!rs t x 0 ,*ri/4 ,see ,poole's ,synopsis1 9 loco4 ,! au?ority ( ,de ,wette & ,pr(essor ,/u>t is suffici5t to %[ t ! con/ruction :i* !y adopt is au?oriz$ by ! ,greek1 z inde$ no "o c d\bt1 & p]haps ?is accords bett] ) ! context ?an any o!r con/ruction propos$4 ,?us1 9 v]4 #ad1 ! spirits are repres5t$ z go+ =? into ! :ole _w = ! purpose ( ga!r+ ! nations toge!r to ! great battle1 & x is natural to suppose t ! ref]5ce is to !m "h z hav+ accompli%$ :at !y w5t =? to d4 ,b :o are to be ga!r$ toge!r8 ,evid5tly ^? :o1 9 v]4 #ad1 are describ$ by ! ^w 8!m0! 8k+s ( ! e>?1 & ! :ole _w20 t is1 !re w be a /ate ( ?+s :i* w\ld be well describ$ by a univ]sal ga!r+ ( =ces 9 a c5tral battle-field4 ,x is by no means necess>y to suppose t :at is "h repres5t$ w lit]ally occur4 ,!re w be a mu/]+ ( spiritual =ces2 !re w be a comb9ation & a unity ( opposition aga9/ ! tru?2 !re w be a rally+ ( ! decl9+ p[]s ( ,hea!nism1 ,mahometanism1 & ,romanism1 z if ! =ces ( ! e>?1 m>%all$ by k+s & rul]s1 7 assembl$ 9 "s great battle-field1 :]e ! de/9y ( ! _w 0 to be decid$4 ,into a place call$ 9 ! ,hebrew tongue ,armag$don4 ,! ^w ,armag$donoccurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & is n f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,x seems to be =m$ f ! ,hebrew ,h> ,megiddo,m\nta9 ( ,megiddo4 ,comp4 #b ,*4 xxxv4 #bb1 :]e x is said t ,josiah 8came to fight 9 ! valley ( ,megiddo40 ,megiddo 0 a t[n belong+ to ,manasseh1 al?\gh )9 ! limits ( ,issa*>1 ,jos4 xvii4 #aa4 ,x _h be5 orig9ally "o ( ! royal cities ( ! ,canaanites 7,jos4 xii4 #ba71 & 0 "o ( ^? ( :i* ! ,israelites 7 unable = a long "t to take possession4 ,x 0 rebuilt & =tifi$ by ,solomon 7#a ,ki4 ix4 #ae71 & ?i!r ,ahaziah k+ ( ,judah fl$ :5 w\nd$ by ,jehu1 & di$ !re1 #b ,ki4 ix4 #bg4 ,x 0 "h t ,deborah & ,b>ak de/roy$ ,sis]a & 8 ho/ 7,ju4 v4 #ai72 & x 0 9 a battle ne> ?is t ,josiah 0 sla9 by ,ph>aoh-,ne*o1 #b ,ki4 xxiii4 #bi1 #cj2 #b ,*4 xxxv4 #bjbe4 ,f ! great m\rn+ held = 8 loss1 x became prov]bial to speak ( any griev\s m\rn+ z be+ 8l ! m\rn+ ( ,hadadrimmon 9 ! valley ( ,megiddon10 ,zec4 xii4 #aa4 ,x has n be5 f\nd easy to id5tify ! place1 b rec5t se>*es h made x probable t ! vale or pla9 ( ,megiddo compreh5d$1 if x 0 n :olly compos$ (1 ! prolongation ( ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 t[>ds ,m\nt ,c>mel2 t ! city ( ,megiddo 0 situat$ !re2 & t ! wat]s ( ,megiddo1 m5tion$ 9 ,ju4 v4 #ai1 are id5tical ) ! /ream ,ki%on 9 t "p ( its c\rse4 ,see ,biblical ,repository1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fjb1 #fjc4 ,x is suppos$ t ! mod]n t[n call$ ,lejjn occupies ! site ( ! anci5t ,megiddo 7,rob9son's ,biblical ,rese>*es1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aggahj74 ,megiddo 0 di/+ui%$ = be+ ! place ( ! decisive conflict betwe5 ,deborah & ,sis]a1 & ( ! battle 9 :i* ,josiah 0 sla9 by ! ,egyptian invad]s2 & h5ce x became emblematic ( any decisive battle-fieldj z ,m>a?on1 ,leuctra1 ,arbela1 or ,wat]loo is4 ,! ^w 8m\nta910 9 ! t]m ,armag$don8,m\nta9 ( ,megiddo0seems to h be5 us$ because ,megiddo 0 9 a m\nta9\s region1 ?\gh ! battles 7 f\ght 9 a valley adjac5t4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t !re w\ld be1 z x 71 a decisive battle :i* w\ld det]m9e ! "q ( ! preval5ce ( true religion on ! e>?4 ,:at we are to expect z ! fulfilm5t ( ?is w\ld seem to be1 t !re w be "s mu/]+ ( /r5g?"s rally+ ( =ces"s opposition made to ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ! gospel1 by ! p[]s "h ref]r$ to1 :i* w\ld be decisive 9 its "*1 & :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! battles betwe5 ! p ( ,god & _! foes 9 ! conflicts 9 ! valley ( ,megiddo4 ,z ?is con/itutes1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( ! exposition by :i* we h be5 conduct$1 an important division 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 x may be prop] to pause "h & make a few rem>ks4 ,! previ\s p>ts ( ! book1 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$1 relate to ! pa/1 & ?us f> we h f\nd su* a correspond5ce betwe5 ! pr$ictions & facts :i* h occurr$ z to lead u to suppose t ^! pr$ictions h #cge be5 fulfill$4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,i suppose1 we ent] on t "p :i* rema9s yet to be fulfill$1 & ! inve/igation mu/ c>ry u into ! d>k & unkn[n future4 ,! rema9+ portion comprises a v g5]al sket* ( ?+s d[n to ! end ( "t1 z ! previ\s portion has t\*$ on ! great ev5ts p]ta9+ to ! *ur* & its progress = a p]iod ( m ?an "o ?\s& eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,a few g5]al rem>ks1 !re=e1 seem n inappropriate at ?is po9t4 7a7 ,9 ! previ\s int]pretations1 we h _h ! facts ( hi/ory by :i* to te/ ! accuracy ( ! int]pretation4 ,! plan pursu$ has be51 fir/1 to inve/igate ! mean+ ( ! words & symbols1 entirely indep5d5t ( any suppos$ application1 & !n to inquire :e!r !re h be5 any facts t may be reg>d$ z correspond+ ) ! mean+ ( ! words & symbols z expla9$4 ,( ?is me?od ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ! exposition1 we mu/ n[ take our leave4 ,our sole reliance mu/ be 9 ! exposition itself1 & our "w mu/ be limit$ to t4 7b7 ,x is always difficult to int]pret a prophecy4 ,! language ( prophecy is (t5 app>5tly enigmatical2 ! symbols are sometimes obscure2 & prophecies relat+ to ! same subject are (t5 9 deta*$ fragm5ts1 utt]$ by diff]5t p]sons at diff]5t times2 & x is necess>y to collect & arrange !m1 9 ord] to h a full view ( ! "o subject4 ,?us ! prophecies respect+ ! ,messiah 7 _m ( !m obscure1 & inde$ app>5tly contradictory1 be=e he came2 !y 7 utt]$ at di/ant int]vals1 & by diff]5t prophets2 at "o "t "o trait ( 8 "* 0 dwelt ^u1 & at ano!r ano!r2 & x 0 difficult to comb9e ^! s z to h an accurate view ( :at he w\ld be1 until he came4 ,! result has %[n :at ! mean+ ( ! prophecies 02 & at ! same "t has demon/rat$ t !re 0 entire consi/5cy 9 ! v>i\s pr$ictions1 & t to "o :o c\ld h compreh5d$ all1 x w\ld h be5 possible to comb9e !m s z to h _h a correct view ( ! ,messiah1 & ( 8 "w1 ev5 be=e he came4 ,! same rem>k is /ill m applicable to ! pr$ictions 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 or to ! simil> pr$ictions 9 ! book ( ,daniel1 & to _m portions ( ,isaiah4 ,x is easy to see h[ difficult x w\ld h be51 or r h[ impossible by any human p[]s1 to h appli$ ^! prophecies 9 detail be=e ! ev5ts occurr$2 & yet1 n[ t !y h occurr$1 x may be se5 t ! symbols 7 ! happie/ t c\ld h be5 *os51 & ! only ones t c\ld ) propriety h be5 select$ to describe ! rem>kable ev5ts :i* 7 to take place 9 future times4 7c7 ,! same ?+ we may presume to be ! case 9 reg>d to ev5ts :i* are to occur4 ,we may expect to f9d 7#a7 language & symbols t are1 9 !mselves1 capable ( cle> int]pretation z to _! prop] mean+2 7#b7 ! ev5ts ( ! future s sket*$ out by t language1 & by ^? symbols1 t we may obta9 a g5]al view t w be accurate2 & yet 7#c7 an entire impossibility ( fill+ up be=eh& ! m9ute details4 ,9 reg>d1 !n1 to ! application ( ! p>ticul> portion n[ be=e u1 v]4 #abaf1 ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made3 7#a7 ,! ,turki% p[]1 especially s9ce its conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople "u ,mahomet ,,ii4 9 #adec1 & its e/abli%m5t 9 ,europe1 has be5 a gr& h9drance to ! spread ( ! gospel4 ,x has occupi$ a c5tral position2 x has possess$ "s ( ! ri*e/ p>ts ( ! _w2 x has1 9 g5]al1 exclud$ all ef=ts to spread ! pure gospel )9 its limits2 & its :ole influ5ce has be5 oppos$ to ! spread ( pure ,*ri/ianity4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #adba4 8,by its laws x 0 dea? to a ,mussulman to apo/atize f 8 fai?1 & become a ,*ri/ian2 & examples1 n a few1 h occurr$ 9 rec5t times to illu/rate x40 ,x 0 n until q rec5tly1 & t "u ! influ5ce ( mission>ies 9 ,con/ant9ople1 t evangelical ,*ri/ianity has be5 tol]at$ 9 ! ,turki% dom9ions4 7#b7 ,! prophecy be=e u implies t !re w\ld be a decl9e ( t =midable p[]repres5t$ by ! 8dry+ up ( ! great riv] ,euphrates40 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ab4 ,& no "o c be ins5sible to ! fact t ev5ts are occurr+ :i* w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by su* a symbol2 or t !re is1 9 fact1 n[ su* a decl9e ( t ,turki% p[]1 & t ! beg9n+ ( t decl9e closely foll[$1 9 reg>d to "t1 if n 9 reg>d to ! cause1 ! ev5ts :i* x is suppos$ #cgf 7 designat$ by ! previ\s vials^? connect$ ) ! successive bl[s on ! ,papacy & ! seat ( ! bea/4 ,9 ref]5ce1 !n1 to ! decl9e ( t p[]1 we may ref] to ! foll[+ ?+s37a7 ,! fir/ great cause 0 int]nal revolt & insurrection4 ,9 #ahbj ,ali ,pa%a ass]t$ 8 indep5d5ce1 & by 8 revolt precipitat$ ! ,greek insurrection :i* _h be5 a long "t secretly prep>+an insurrection s disa/r\s to ! ,turki% p[]4 7b7 ,! ,greek insurrection foll[$4 ,?is soon spread to ! gean isles1 & to ! di/ricts ( ,nor!rn ,greece1 ,epirus1 & ,!ssaly2 :ile at ! same "t ! /&>d ( revolt 0 rais$ 9 ,walla*ia & ,moldavia4 ,! progress & issue ( t insurrection are well kn[n4 ,a ,turcoman army ( #cj1jjj t ent]$ ! ,morea to reconqu] x 0 de/roy$ 9 #ahbc 9 detail1 & ! fre$om ( ! p59sula 0 ne>ly complet$ by ! insurg5ts4 ,by sea ! ,greeks emulat$ _! ance/ors ( ,salamis & ,mycale2 &1 att5d$ ) almo/ uni=m success1 enc\nt]$ & vanqui%$ ! sup]ior ,turki% & ,egyptian fleets4 ,mean:ile ! sympa?ies ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom 7 awak5$ 9 behalf ( _! bro!r ,*ri/ians /ruggl+ = indep5d5ce2 & j :5 ! tide ( success began to turn1 & ! ,morea 0 aga9 ne>ly subject$ by ,ibrahim ,pa%a1 ! unit$ fleets ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia 79 contrav5tion ( all _! usual pr9ciples ( policy7 int]pos$ 9 _! fav\r2 attack$ & de/roy$ ! ,turco-,egyptian fleets 9 ! battle ( ,nav>9o 7,septemb]1 #ahbg71 & ?us secur$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,greece4 ,no?+ _h ev] occurr$ t t5d$ s mu* to weak5 ! p[] ( ! ,turki% empire4 7c7 ,! rebellion ( ! great ,egyptian pa%a1 ,mehemet ,ali1 soon foll[$4 ,! ,fr5* invasion ( ,egypt _h prep>$ him = x1 by hav+ taught him ! sup]iority ( ,european discipl9e1 & ?us ?is ev5t 0 "o ( ! prop] results ( ^? describ$ "u ! fir/ f\r vials4 ,mehemet ,ali1 ?r\gh ,ibrahim1 attack$ & conqu]$ ,syria2 defeat$ ! sultan's armies s5t aga9/ him 9 ! great battles ( ,hems1 ( ,nezib1 & ( ,iconium2 &1 b = ! int]v5tion ( ! ,european p[]s ( ,engl&1 ,russia1 ,prussia1 & ,au/ria1 by :i* he 0 driv5 out ( ,syria1 & =c$ back to 8 prop] pa%alic1 ,egypt1 he w\ld probably h advanc$ to ,con/ant9ople & subdu$ x4 7d7 ,!re has be5 = c5turies a gradual weak5+ ( ! ,turki% p[]4 ,x has done no?+ to ext5d its empire by arms4 ,x has be5 re/+ 9 +lori\s ease1 &1 9 ! meantime1 its weal? & its /r5g? h be5 gradually decreas+4 ,x has lo/ ,moldavia1 ,walla*ia1 ,greece1 ,algi]s1 &1 practically1 ,egypt2 & is do+ no?+ to recruit its wa/$ & exhau/$ /r5g?4 ,russia only waits = a fav\rable opportunity to /rike ! la/ bl[ on t enfeebl$ p[]1 & to put an end to x = ev]4 7e7 ,! g5]al condition ( ! ,turki% empire is ?us describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wal%1 *apla9 to ! ,briti% ambassador to ,con/ant9ople38,! circum/ances mo/ /rik+ to a travell] pass+ ?r\gh ,turkey is its depopulation4 ,ru9s :]e villages _h be5 built1 & fall[s :]e l& _h be5 cultivat$1 are frequ5tly se5 ) no liv+ ?+ ne> !m4 ,?is effect is n s visible 9 l>g] t[ns1 ?\gh ! cause is kn[n to op]ate !re 9 a /ill great] degree4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ,con/ant9ople has lo/ m ?an half its population4 ,two conflagrations happ5$ :ile ,i 0 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & de/roy$ fifte5 ?\s& h\ses4 ,! ,russian & ,greek w>s 7 a con/ant dra9 on ! janiz>ies ( ! capital2 ! sil5t op]ation ( ! plague is cont9ually active1 ?\gh n always al>m+2 x w be no exagg]ation to say t1 )9 ! p]iod m5tion$1 f ?ree to f\r hundr$ ?\s& p]sons h be5 swept away 9 "o city 9 ,europe by causes :i* 7 n op]at+ 9 any o!rconflagration1 pe/il5ce1 & civil commotion4 ,! ,turks1 ?\gh naturally ( a robu/ & vigor\s con/itution1 addict !mselves to su* habits z are v unfav\rable to population! bir?s d little m ?an exce$ ! ord9>y dea?s1 & _c supply ! wa/e ( casualties4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is1 !re=e1 cont9ually dra9$ to supply ?is wa/e 9 ! capital1 :i*1 nev]!less1 exhibits di/ricts ne>ly depopulat$4 ,we see e day life go+ out 9 ! faire/ portion ( ,europe2 & ! human race ?reat5$ ) ext9ction 9 a soil & climate capable ( support+ ! mo/ abundant population0 7,wal%'s ,n>rative1 pp4 #bbbf1 z quot$ 9 ,bu% on ! ,mill5nium1 #bdc1 #bdd74 ,! probability n[ is1 t ?is gradual decay #cgg w be cont9u$2 t ! ,turki% p[] w m & m dim9i%2 t "o portion aft] ano!r w set up = indep5d5ce2 & t1 by a gradual process ( decl9e1 ?is p[] w become practically ext9ct1 & :at is "h symboliz$ by ! 8dry+ up ( ! great riv] ,euphrates0 w h be5 accompli%$4 7#c7 ,?is ob/acle remov$1 we may look = a g5]al turn+ ( ! pr9ces1 & rul]s1 & p ( ! ,ea/]n _w to ,*ri/ianity1 repres5t$ 7v]4 #ab7 by its be+ said t 8! way ( ! k+s ( ! ,ea/ might be prep>$40 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,x is cle> t no?+ w\ld be m likely to contribute to ?is1 or to prep>e ! way = x1 ?an ! removal ( t ,turcoman dom9ion :i* = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s has be5 an effectual b>ri] to ! diffusion ( ! gospel 9 ! l&s :]e x has prevail$4 ,h[ rapidly1 we may suppose1 ! gospel w\ld spread 9 ! ,ea/1 if all ! ob/acles ?r[n 9 its way by ! ,turki% p[] 7 at once remov$6 7#d7 ,9 accordance ) ! int]pretation sugge/$ on v]4 #ac1 #ad1 we may look = some?+ t w\ld be well repres5t$ by a comb9$ ef=t on ! "p ( ,hea!nism1 ,mahometanism1 & ,romanism1 to /ay ! progress & prev5t ! spread ( evangelical religion4 ,t is1 accord+ to ! fair int]pretation ( ! passage1 we %\ld look = "s simultane\s movem5t z if _! influ5ce 0 to be ab\t to cease1 & z if x 7 necess>y to ar\se all _! en]gies = a la/ & desp]ate /ruggle4 ,x may be add$ t1 9 itself1 no?+ w\ld be m probable ?an ?is2 b :5 x w occur1 & :at =m ! ar\s$ enemy w assume1 x w\ld be va9 to conjecture4 7#e7 ,& 9 accordance ) ! int]pretation sugge/$ on v]4 #ae1 we are to suppose t some?+ w occur :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! decisive conflicts 9 ! valley ( ,megiddo2 t is1 some?+ t w det]m9e ! asc5d5cy ( true religion 9 ! _w1 z if ^! great p[]s ( ,hea!nism1 ,mahometanism1 & ,romanism %\ld /ake all _! int]e/s on ! issue ( a s+le battle4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is w lit]ally occur1 & !re are no c]ta9 intimations z to ! "t :5 :at is repres5t$ w happ52 b all t is meant may be1 t ev5ts w take place :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by su* a conflict4 ,/ill1 no?+ 9 ! prophecy prev5ts ! supposition t ^! comb9$ p[]s may be ov]?r[n 9 "s fi]ce conflict ) ,*ri/ian p[]s4 #ag ,& ! sev5? angel p\r$ out 8 vial into ! air2 & !re came a great voice out ( ! temple ( heav51 f ! ?rone1 say+1 #ejd;,x is done4 #ag4 ,& ! sev5? angel p\r$ out 8 vial into ! air4 ,?is introduces ! f9al cata/rophe 9 reg>d to ! 8bea/08 complete & utt] ov]?r[1 accompani$ ) trem5d\s judgm5ts4 ,:y ! vial 0 p\r$ into ! air is n /at$4 ,! mo/ probable supposition z to ! idea int5d$ to be repres5t$ is1 t1 z /orms & tempe/s seem to be eng5d]$ 9 ! air1 s ?is de/ruction w\ld come f "s sup]natural cause1 z if ! :ole atmosph]e %\ld be fill$ ) w9d & /orm2 & a furi\s & desolat+ :irlw9d %\ld be ar\s$ by "s invisible p[]4 ,& !re came a great voice out ( ! temple ( heav54 ,! voice ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 xi4 #ai4 ,f ! ?rone4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #b4 ,?is %[s t x 0 ! voice ( ,god1 & n ! voice ( an angel4 ,say+1 ,x is done4 ,! s]ies ( judgm5ts is ab\t to be complet$2 ! dom9ion ( ! bea/ is ab\t to come to an end = ev]4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t t de/ruction 0 s c]ta91 t x might be spok5 ( z n[ actually accompli%$4 #ah ,& !re 7 voices1 & ?und]s1 & lightn+s2 & !re 0 a #eje;great e>?quake1 #ejfsu* z 0 n s9ce m5 7 ^u ! e>?1 s mighty an e>?quake1 & s great4 #ah4 ,& !re 7 voices1 & ?und]s1 & lightn+s4 ,accompany+ ! voice t 0 he>d f ! ?rone4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #e2 xi4 #ai4 ,& !re 0 a great e>?quake1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 vi4 #ab2 xi4 #ai4 ,! mean+ is1 t a judgm5t foll[$ z if ! _w 7 %ak5 by an e>?quake1 or :i* w\ld be prop]ly repres5t$ by t4 ,s mighty an #cgh e>?quake1 & s great4 ,all ?is is int5sive1 & is design$ to repres5t ! sev]ity ( ! judgm5t t w\ld foll[4 #ai ,& ! #ejg;great city 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & ! cities ( ! nations fell3 & great ,babylon came 9 remembrance be=e ,god1 to give unto h] ! #ejh;cup ( ! w9e ( ! fi]c5ess ( 8 wra?4 #ai4 ,& ! great city 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! city ( ,babylon2 or ! mighty p[] t 0 repres5t$ by ,babylon4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,! division "h m5tion$ into ?ree p>ts 0 manife/ly ) ref]5ce to its de/ructionei!r t "o "p 0 smitt5 & ! o!rs rema9$ = a "t1 or t "o =m ( de/ruction came on "o "p1 & ano!r on ! o!rs4 ,9 *4 xi4 #ac x is said1 speak+ ( 8! great city spiritually call$ ,sodom & ,egypt0repres5t+ ,rome1 t 8! t5? "p ( ! city fell1 & 9 ! e>?quake 7 sla9 ( m5 sev5 ?\s&0 7see ,notes on t place72 "h x is said t ! :ole city1 9 ! calamities t came ^u x1 0 divid$ into ?ree portions1 ?\gh x is evid5tly impli$ t1 9 ^! calamities1 ! :ole city 0 soon] or lat] de/roy$4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t 79 loco7 supposes t ! numb] ?ree is us$ "h1 z x is ?r\gh\t ! book1 89 a symbolical way10 & t ! mean+ is1 t 8! city 0 sev]$ & brok5 9 pieces1 s t ! :ole 0 r$uc$ to a ru9\s /ate40 ,he supposes t x ref]s to ,pagan ,rome1 or to ! ,pagan ,roman p]secut+ p[]4 ,o!rs ref] x to ,j]usalem1 & suppose t ! allusion is to ! divisions ( ! city1 9 ! "t ( ! siege1 into ,jewi%1 ,sam>itan1 & ,*ri/ian p>ties2 o!rs suppose t x ref]s to a division ( ! ,roman empire "u ,honorius1 ,attalus1 & ,con/ant9e2 o!rs to ! fact1 t :5 ,j]usalem 0 besieg$ by ,titus1 x 0 divid$ into ?ree factions2 & o!rs1 t ! numb] ?ree is us$ to d5ote p]fection1 or ! total ru9 ( ! city4 ,all t1 x seems to me1 c be said n[ on ! po9t is1 7a7 t x ref]s to ,papal ,rome1 or ! ,papal p[]2 7b7 t x relates to some?+ yet future1 & t x may n be possible to det]m9e ) precise accuracy :at w occur2 7c7 t x probably means t1 9 ! "t ( ! f9al ru9 ( t p[]1 !re w be a ?reefold judgm5tei!r a diff]5t judgm5t 9 reg>d to "s ?reefold manife/ation ( t p[]1 or a succession ( judgm5ts1 z if "o "p 7 smitt5 at a "t4 ,! c]ta9 & entire ru9 ( ! p[] is pr$ict$ by ?is1 b /ill x is n improbable t x w be by su* divisions1 or su* successions ( judgm5ts1 t x is prop] to repres5t ! city z divid$ into ?ree portions4 ,& ! cities ( ! nations fell4 ,9 alliance ) x1 or "u ! control ( ! c5tral p[]4 ,z ! capital fell1 ! dep5d5t cities fell also4 ,consid]$ z relat+ to ,papal ,rome1 ! mean+ "h is1 t :at may be prop]ly call$ 8! cities ( ! nations0 t 7 alli$ ) x w\ld %>e ! same fate4 ,! cities ( num]\s 8nations0 are n[1 & h be5 = ages1 "u ! control ( ! ,papal p[]1 or ! spiritual ,babylon2 & ! calamity t w smite ! c5tral p[] z su*t is1 z a spiritual p[]w rea* & affect !m all4 ,let ! c5tral p[] at ,rome be de/roy$2 ! ,papacy cease2 ! sup]/ition ) :i* ,rome is reg>d$ come to an end2 ! p[] ( ! prie/hood 9 ,italy be de/roy$1 & h[ev] widely ! ,roman dom9ion is spread n[1 x _c be kept up4 ,if x falls 9 ,rome1 !re is n influ5ce en\gh out ( ,rome to cont9ue x 9 be+& 9 all its ext5d$ ramifications x w die z ! body dies :5 ! head is sev]$2 z ! p[] ( prov9ces ceases :5 ru9 comes ^u ! capital4 ,?is ! prophecy leads u to suppose w be ! f9al de/9y ( ! ,papal p[]4 ,& great ,babylon4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,came 9 remembrance be=e ,god4 ,t is1 = purposes ( puni%m5t4 ,x _h be51 z x 71 ov]look$4 ,x _h be5 p]mitt$ to c>ry on its purposes1 & to practise its abom9ations1 un*eck$1 z if ,god did n see x4 ,n[ ! "t _h come :5 all t x _h done 0 to be rememb]$1 & :5 ! long-susp5d$ judgm5t 0 to fall ^u x4 ,to give unto h] ! cup ( ! w9e1 c4 ,to puni%2 to de/roy h]4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aj4 #bj ,& #eji;e isl& fl$ away1 & ! m\nta9s 7 n f\nd4 #cgi #bj4 ,& e isl& fl$ away4 ,expressive ( great & t]rible judgm5ts1 z if ! v e>? 7 convuls$1 & ev]y?+ 7 mov$ out ( its place4 ,see ,notes on *4 vi4 #ad4 ,& ! m\nta9s 7 n f\nd4 ,! same image occurs 9 *4 vi4 #ad4 ,see ,notes on t place4 #ba ,& !re fell ^u m5 a great #eaj;hail out ( heav51 e /one ab\t ! weight ( a tal5t3 & m5 blasphem$ ,god because ( ! plague ( ! hail2 = ! plague !re( 0 exce$+ great4 #ba4 ,& !re fell ^u m5 a great hail out ( heav54 ,p]haps ?is is an allusion to "o ( ! plagues ( ,egypt1 ,ex4 ix4 #bbbf4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xi4 #ai4 ,= a graphic description 7by ,com4 ,port]7 ( ! effects ( a hail-/orm1 see ,notes on ,is4 xxx4 #cj4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job xxxviii4 #bb4 ,e /one ab\t ! weight ( a tal5t4 ,! ,attic tal5t 0 equal to ab\t #ee lbs4 or #ef lbs4 ,troy weight2 ! ,jewi% tal5t to ab\t #aac lbs4 ,troy4 ,:i*ev] weight is adopt$1 x is easy to conceive :at mu/ be ! horror ( su* a /orm1 & :at de/ruction x mu/ cause4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 to suppose necess>ily1 t ?is w\ld lit]ally occur2 x is a frightful image to d5ote ! t]rible & c]ta9 de/ruction t w\ld come ^u ,babylont is1 ^u ! ,papal p[]4 ,& m5 blasphem$ ,god4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #i4 ,because ( ! plague ( ! hail4 ,us+ ! ^w plague 9 allusion to ! plagues ( ,egypt4 ,= ! plague !re( 0 exce$+ great4 ,! calamity 0 great & t]rible4 ,! design ( ! :ole is to %[ t ! de/ruction w\ld be complete & awful4 ,?is f9i%es ! summ>y /atem5t ( ! f9al de/ruction ( ?is =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[]4 ,! details & ! consequ5ces ( t ov]?r[ are m fully /at$ 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,! fulfilm5t ( :at is "h /at$ w be f\nd1 accord+ to ! me?od ( int]pretation propos$1 9 ! ultimate ov]?r[ ( ! ,papacy4 ,! process describ$ 9 ?is *apt] is t ( successive calamities t w\ld weak5 x & prep>e x = its fall2 !n a rally+ ( its dy+ /r5g?2 & !n "s trem5d\s judgm5t t is comp>$ ) a /orm ( hail1 accompani$ ) lightn+1 & ?und]1 & an e>?quake1 t w\ld completely ov]?r[ all t 0 connect$ ) x4 ,we are n1 inde$1 to suppose t ?is w lit]ally occur2 b ! fair int]pretation ( prophecy leads u to suppose t t =midable p[] w1 at no v di/ant p]iod1 be ov]?r[n 9 a mann] t w\ld be well repres5t$ by su* a fe>ful /orm4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] prop]ly comm5ces a m detail$ description ( ! judgm5t inflict$ on ! =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ?\gh "u a new image4 ,x conta9s an acc\nt ( ! sequel ( ! p\r+ out ( ! la/ vial1 & ! description1 9 v>i\s =ms1 cont9ues to ! close ( *4 xix4 ,! :ole ( ?is description 7*4 xvii4xix47 con/itutes ! la/ great cata/rophe repres5t$ "u ! sev5? vial 7*4 xvi4 #agba71 at ! close ( :i* ! great enemy ( ,god & ! *ur* w be de/roy$1 & ! *ur* w be triumphant1 *4 xix4 #agba4 ,! image 9 ?is *apt] is t ( a h>lot1 or ab&on$ woman1 on :om sev]e judgm5t is br\ght = h] s9s4 ,! action is "h delay$1 & ?is *apt] has mu* ! appe>ance ( an explanatory episode1 design$ to give a m cle> & def9ite idea ( ! "* ( t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] on :i* ! judgm5t 0 to desc5d4 ,! *apt]1 )\t any =mal division1 embraces ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,introduction1 v]4 #ac4 ,"o ( ! sev5 angels intru/$ ) ! sev5 vials comes to ,john1 say+ t he w\ld describe to him ! judgm5t t 0 to come ^u ! great h>lot ) :om ! k+s ( ! e>? _h committ$ =nication1 & :o _h made ! dwell]s ^u ! e>? drunk by ! w9e ( h] =nicationt is1 ( t ,anti*ri/ian p[] s (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ?is book1 :i* by its influ5ce _h delud$ ! nations1 & br\ght _! rul]s "u its control4 7#b7 ,a p>ticul> description ( ?is ,anti*ri/ian p[]repres5t$ z an ab&on$ & attractive female1 9 ! usual attire ( an h>lot1 v]4 #cf4 ,%e is seat$ on a sc>let-col\r$ bea/1 cov]$ ov] ) blasphem\s namesa bea/ ) sev5 heads & #chj t5 horns4 ,%e is array$ 9 ! usual gorge\s & allur+ attire ( an h>lot1 clo!d 9 purple1 deck$ ) gold1 & preci\s /ones1 & pe>ls1 ) a gold5 cup 9 h] h& full ( abom9ation & fil?9ess4 ,%e has on h] =ehead a "n expressive ( h] "*4 ,%e is repres5t$ z drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts1 & is su* z to attract att5tion & excite wond]4 7#c7 ,an explanation ( :at is meant by ?is sc>let-clo!d woman1 & ( ! design ( ! repres5tation1 v]4 #gah4 ,?is comprises sev]al p>ts3 7a7 ,a promise ( ! angel t he w\ld expla9 ?is1 v]4 #g4 7b7 ,an enigmatical or symbolical repres5tation ( ! design ( ! vision1 v]4 #had4 ,?is description consi/s ( an acc\nt ( ! bea/ on :i* ! woman sat1 v]4 #h2 ( ! sev5 heads ( ! bea/1 z repres5t+ sev5 m\nta9s1 v]4 #i2 ( ! succession ( k+s or dyna/ies repres5t$1 v]4 #iaa2 ( ! t5 horns z repres5t+ t5 k+s or k+doms giv+ _! p[] & /r5g? to ! bea/1 v]4 #ab1 #ac2 & ( ! conflict or w>f>e ( all ^! conf$]at$ or consolidat$ p[]s ) ! ,lamb1 & _! discomfiture by him1 v]4 #ad4 7c7 ,a m lit]al /atem5t ( :at is meant by ?is1 v]4 #aeah4 ,! wat]s on :i* ! h>lot sat repres5t a multitude ( p subject to h] control1 v]4 #ae4 ,! t5 horns1 or ! t5 k+doms1 on ! bea/1 w\ld ultimately hate ! h>lot1 & de/roy h]1 z if !y %\ld eat h] fle%1 & consume h] ) fire1 v]4 #af4 ,?is w\ld be done because ,god w\ld put x into _! he>ts to fulfil 8 purposes1 alike 9 giv+ _! k+dom to ! bea/1 & !n turn+ aga9/ x to de/roy x1 v]4 #ag4 ,! woman ref]r$ to is at la/ decl>$ to be ! great city :i* reign$ ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?1 v]4 #ah4 ,= p>ticul>ity & def9it5ess1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! book1 & !re c be no d\bt t x 0 ! design 9 x to give su* an explanation ( :at 0 ref]r$ to 9 ^! visions1 t !re c\ld be no mi/ake 9 apply+ ! description4 8,all t rema9s betwe5 ?is & ! tw5tie? *apt]10 says ,&rew ,full]1 8w\ld 9 mod]n publications be call$ notes ( illu/ration4 ,no new subject is introduc$1 b m]e enl>gem5t on :at has already be5 ann\nc$0 7,works1 vi4 #bje74 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,& !re came "o ( ! sev5 angels :i* _h ! sev5 vials1 & talk$ ) me1 say+ unto me1 ,come hi!r2 ,i w %[ unto !e ! judgm5t ( ! #eaa;great :ore t #eabsitte? ^u _m wat]s3 #a4 ,& !re came "o ( ! sev5 angels :i* _h ! sev5 vials4 ,see ,notes on *4 xv4 #a1 #g4 ,ref]5ce is aga9 made to ^! angels 9 ! same mann] 9 *4 xxi4 #i1 :]e "o ( !m says t he w\ld %[ to ,john 8! bride1 ! ,lamb's wife40 ,no p>ticul> "o is specifi$4 ,! g5]al idea seems to be1 t to ^? sev5 angels 0 intru/$ ! execution ( ! la/ ?+s1 or ! w9d+ up ( affairs introductory to ! reign ( ,god1 & t ! communications respect+ ^? la/ ev5ts 7 prop]ly made ?r\gh !m4 ,x is cle>ly q immat]ial by :i* ( ^! x is done4 ,! expression 8:i* _h ! sev5 vials10 w\ld seem to imply t ?\gh !y _h empti$ ! vials 9 ! mann] /at$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 !y /ill reta9$ !m 9 _! h&s4 ,& talk$ ) me4 ,spake to me4 ,! ^w talk w\ld imply a m protract$ conv]sation ?an occurr$ "h4 ,come hi!r4 ,gr41 8,"h1 hi!r40 ,?is is a ^w m]ely call+ ! att5tion1 z we %\ld say n[1 8,"h40 ,x does n imply t ,john 0 to leave ! place :]e he 04 ,i w %[ !e4 ,p>tly by symbols1 & p>tly by express /atem5ts2 = ?is is ! way 9 :i*1 9 fact1 he %[$ him4 ,! judgm5t4 ,! condemnation & calamity t w come ^u h]4 ,( ! great :ore4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! ,scriptures to repres5t a city "u ! image ( a womana pure & holy city "u ! image ( a virg9 or *a/e female2 a corrupt1 idolatr\s1 & wick$ city "u ! image ( an ab&on$ or lewd woman4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 i4 #ba3 8,h[ is ! fai?ful city become an h>lot60 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 i4 #h4 ,9 v]4 #ah ( ?is *apt] x is expressly said t 8?is woman is t great city :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?0t is1 z ,i suppose1 ,papal ,rome2 & ! design "h is to repres5t x z resembl+ an ab&on$ femalefit repres5tative ( an apo/ate1 #cha corrupt1 unfai?ful *ur*4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #ba4 ,t sitte? ^u _m wat]s4 ,an image drawn ei!r f ,babylon1 situat$ on ! ,euphrates1 & encompass$ by ! _m artificial riv]s :i* _h be5 made to irrigate ! c\ntry1 or ,rome1 situat$ on ! ,tib]4 ,9 v]4 #ae ^! wat]s are said to repres5t ! peoples1 multitudes1 nations1 & tongues ov] :i* ! gov]nm5t symboliz$ by ! woman rul$4 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,wat]s are (t5 us$ to symbolize nations4 #b ,)#eac :om ! k+s ( ! e>? h committ$ =nication1 & ! inhabitants ( ! e>? h be5 made drunk ) ! w9e ( h] =nication4 #b4 ,) :om ! k+s ( ! e>? h committ$ =nication4 ,spiritual adult]y4 ,! mean+ is1 t ,papal ,rome1 unfai?ful to ,god1 & idolatr\s & corrupt1 _h s$uc$ ! rul]s ( ! e>?1 & l$ !m into ! same k9d ( unfai?fulness1 idolatry1 & corruption4 ,comp4 ,j]4 iii4 #h1 #i2 v4 #g2 xiii4 #bg2 xxiii4 #ad2 ,eze4 xvi4 #cb2 xxiii4 #cg2 ,ho4 ii4 #b2 iv4 #b4 ,h[ true ?is is 9 hi/ory ne$ n be /at$4 ,all ! pr9ces & k+s ( ,europe 9 ! d>k ages1 & = _m c5turies 71 & n a few ( !m are n[1 entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ,papal ,rome4 ,& ! inhabitants ( ! e>? h be5 made drunk ) ! w9e ( h] =nication4 ,! allur+ cup :i*1 z an h>lot1 %e _h ext5d$ to !m4 ,see ?is image expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,!re x is said t ,babylonref]r+ to ! same ?+_h 8made !m dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( h] =nication20 t is1 ( ! cup t l$ to wra? or puni%m5t4 ,"h x is said t ! h>lot _h made !m 8drunk ) ! w9e ( h] =nication20 t is1 !y _h be51 z x 71 intoxicat$ by ! allur+ cup held out to !m4 ,:at c\ld bett] describe ! influ5ce ( ,rome on ! p ( ! _w1 9 mak+ !m1 "u ^! delusions1 incapable ( sob] judgm5t1 & 9 completely fasc9at+ & controll+ all _! p[]s8 #c ,s he c>ri$ me away 9 ! _s into ! wild]ness2 & ,i saw a woman sit ^u a #eadsc>let-col\r$ bea/1 full ( names ( blasphemy1 #eae;hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns4 #c4 ,s he c>ri$ me away 9 ! _s4 ,9 vision4 ,he seem$ to himself to be ?us c>ri$ away2 or ! sc5e :i* he is ab\t to describe 0 made to pass be=e him z if he 7 pres5t4 ,into ! wild]ness4 ,into a des]t4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xii4 #f4 ,:y ?is sc5e is laid 9 a wild]ness or des]t is n m5tion$4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t supposes t x is because x is 8appropriate to symbolize ! future condition ( ! bea/40 ,s ,de ,wette & ,ros5mll]4 ,! imag]y is *ang$ some:at f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! h>lot 9 v]4 #a4 ,!re %e is repres5t$ z 8sitt+ ^u _m wat]s40 ,n[ %e is repres5t$ z 8rid+ on a bea/10 & ( c\rse ! imag]y is adapt$ to t4 ,possibly !re may h be5 no int5tional significancy 9 ?is2 b on ! supposition1 z ! int]pretation has l$ u to believe all along1 t ?is ref]s to ,papal ,rome1 may n ! propriety ( ?is be se5 9 ! condition ( ,rome & ! adjac5t c\ntry1 at ! rise ( ! ,papal p[]8 ,t _h its rise 7see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #be1 seq47 aft] ! decl9e ( ! ,roman civil p[]1 & prop]ly 9 ! "t ( ,clovis1 ,pep91 or ,*>lemagne4 ,p]haps its fir/ visible appe>ance1 z a p[] t 0 to influ5ce ! de/9y ( ! _w1 0 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #eijfje4 ,on ! supposition t ! passage be=e u ref]s to ! p]iod :5 ! ,papal p[] became ?us m>k$ & def9$1 ! /ate ( ,rome at ?is "t1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon1 w\ld %[ ) :at propriety ! t]m wild]ness or des]t might be !n appli$ to x4 ,! foll[+ extract f ?is au?or1 9 describ+ ! /ate ( ,rome at ! accession ( ,gregory ! ,great1 has almo/ ! appe>ance ( be+ a design$ comm5t>y on ?is passage1 or is1 at anyrate1 su* z a p>tial int]pret] ( ?is book w\ld desire & expect to f9d4 ,speak+ ( t p]iod1 he says 7,decl9e & ,fall1 iii4 #bjgbaa738,rome _h rea*$1 ab\t ! close ( ! six? c5tury1 ! l[e/ p]iod ( h] depression4 ,by ! removal ( ! seat ( empire1 & ! successive loss ( ! prov9ces1 ! s\rces ( public & private opul5ce 7 exhau/$2 #chb ! l(ty tree "u ^: %ade ! nations ( ! e>? _h repos$ 0 depriv$ ( its leaves & bran*es1 & ! sapless trunk 0 left to )] on ! gr\nd4 ,! m9i/]s ( comm& & ! mess5g]s ( victory no long] met on ! ,appian or ,flam9ian ,way2 & ! ho/ile approa* ( ! ,lomb>ds 0 (t5 felt & cont9ually fe>$4 ,! inhabitants ( a pot5t & peaceful capital1 :o visit )\t an anxi\s ?\ght ! g>d5 ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 w fa9tly picture 9 _! fancy ! di/ress ( ! ,romans2 !y %ut or op5$ _! gates ) a trembl+ h&1 beheld f ! walls ! flames ( _! h\ses1 & he>d ! lam5tations ( _! bre?r5 :o 7 c\pl$ toge!r l dogs1 & dragg$ away into di/ant slav]y beyond ! sea & ! m\nta9s4 ,su* incessant al>ms mu/ annihilate ! pleasures1 & int]rupt ! lab\rs ( a rural life2 & ! ,campagna ( ,rome 0 spe$ily r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a dre>y ,,wild]ness1 9 :i* ! l& is b>r51 ! wat]s are impure1 & ! air is infecti\s4 ,curiosity & ambition no long] attract$ ! nations to ! capital ( ! _w2 b if *ance or necessity direct$ ! /eps ( a w&]+ /rang]1 he contemplat$ ) horror ! vacancy & solitude ( ! city2 & might be tempt$ to ask1 ,:]e is ! ,s5ate1 & :]e are ! p8 ,9 a season ( excessive ra9s1 ! ,tib] swell$ above its banks1 & ru%$ ) irresi/ible viol5ce into ! valleys ( ! sev5 hills4 ,a pe/il5tial disease arose f ! /agnation ( ! deluge1 & s rapid 0 ! contagion t f\rscore p]sons expir$ 9 an h\r 9 ! mid/ ( a solemn procession :i* implor$ ! m]cy ( ,heav54 ,a society 9 :i* m>riage is enc\rag$1 & indu/ry prevails1 soon repairs ! accid5tal losses ( pe/il5ce & w>2 b z ! f> great] "p ( ! ,romans 0 condemn$ to hopeless indig5ce & celibacy1 ! depopulation 0 con/ant & visible1 & ! gloomy en?usia/s might expect ! approa*+ failure ( ! human race4 ,yet ! numb] ( citiz5s /ill exce$$ ! measure ( subsi/5ce2 _! prec>i\s food 0 suppli$ f ! h>ve/s ( ,sicily or ,egypt2 & ! frequ5t repetition ( fam9e betrays ! inatt5tion ( ! emp]or to a di/ant prov9ce4 ,! edifices ( ,rome 7 expos$ to ! same ru9 & decay2 ! m\ld]+ fabrics 7 easily ov]?r[n by inundations1 tempe/s1 & e>?quakes2 & ! monks :o _h occupi$ ! mo/ advantage\s /ations exult$ 9 _! base triumph ov] ! ru9s ( antiquity4 8,l ,!bes1 or ,babylon1 or ,c>?age1 ! "n ( ,rome might h be5 eras$ f ! e>?1 if ! city _h n be5 animat$ by a vital pr9ciple :i* aga9 re/or$ h] to hon\r & dom9ion4 ,! p[] z well z ! virtue ( ! apo/les resid$ ) liv+ en]gy 9 ! brea/ ( _! successors2 & ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 "u ! reign ( ,maurice1 0 occupi$ by ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! "n ( ,gregory4 ,! sword ( ! enemy 0 susp5d$ ov] ,rome2 x 0 av]t$ by ! mild eloqu5ce & seasonable gifts ( ! pontiff1 :o comm&$ ! respect ( h]etics & b>b>ians40 ,comp4 ,rev4 xiii4 #c1 #abae4 ,on ! supposition1 n[1 t ! inspir$ au?or ( ! ,apocalypse _h ,rome1 9 t /ate :5 ! civil p[] decl9$ & ! ,papacy arose1 9 8 eye1 :at m expressive imag]y c\ld he h us$ to d5ote x ?an he has employ$8 ,on ! suppositionif su* a supposition c\ld be madet ,mr4 ,gibbon meant to furni% a comm5t>y on ?is passage1 :at m appropriate language c\ld he h us$8 ,does n ?is language look z if ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse & ! au?or ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall meant to play into ea* o!r's h&s8 ,&1 9 fur!r confirmation ( ?is1 ,i may ref] to ! te/imony ( two ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s1 giv+ ! same view ( ,rome1 & %[+ t1 9 _! appreh5sion also1 x 0 only by ! reviv+ influ5ce ( ! ,papacy t ,rome 0 sav$ f becom+ a total wa/e4 ,!y are bo? ( ! middle ages4 ,! fir/ is ,augu/9e ,/eu*us1 :o ?us writes38,! empire hav+ be5 ov]?r[n1 unless ,god _h rais$ up ! pontificate1 ,rome1 resuscitat$ & re/or$ by none1 w\ld h become un9habitable1 & be5 a mo/ f\l habitation !nce=w>d ( cattle4 ,b 9 ! pontificate x reviv$ z ) a second bir?2 its empire 9 magnitude n inde$ equal to ! old empire1 b its =m n v dissimil>3 because all nations1 f ,ea/ & f ,we/1 v5]ate ! pope1 n o!rwise ?an !y be=e obey$ ! emp]or40 ,! o!r is ,flavio ,blondas38,! pr9ces ( ! _w n[ adore & wor%ip z #chc p]petual dictator ! successor n ( ,cs> b ( ! fi%]man ,pet]2 t is1 ! supreme pontiff1 ! sub/itute ( ! a=esaid emp]or40 ,see ! orig9al 9 ,elliott1 iii4 #aac4 ,& ,i saw a woman4 ,evid5tly ! same :i* is ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #a4 ,sit ^u a sc>let-col\r$ bea/4 ,t is1 ei!r ! bea/ 0 itself naturally ( ?is col\r1 or x 0 cov]$ ) trapp+s ( ?is col\r4 ,! ^w sc>let prop]ly d5otes a bright r$ col\rbright] ?an crimson1 :i* is a r$ col\r t+$ ) blue4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 i4 #ah4 ,! ^w "h us$occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ! foll[+ places3,mat4 xxvii4 #bh2 ,he4 ix4 #ai2 ,re4 xvii4 #c1 #d2 xviii4 #ab1 #af;9 all :i* places x is r5d]$ sc>let4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxvii4 #bh & ,he4 ix4 #ai4 ,! col\r 0 obta9$ f a small insect :i* 0 f\nd adh]+ to ! %oots ( a species ( oak 9 ,spa9 & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,?is 0 ! usual col\r 9 ! robes ( pr9ces1 milit>y cloaks1 c4 ,x is applicable 9 ! description ( ,papal ,rome1 because ?is is a fav\rite col\r !re4 ,?us x is us$ 9 *4 xii4 #c1 :]e ! same p[] is repres5t$ "u ! image ( a 8r$ dragon40 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,x is rem>kable t no?+ w\ld bett] repres5t ! fav\rite col\r at ,rome ?an ?is1 or ! actual appe>ance ( ! pope1 ! c>d9als1 & ! prie/s 9 _! robes1 on "s great fe/ival occasion4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! descriptions giv5 ( ,papal ,rome by travell]s1 & ^? :o h pass$ mu* "t 9 ,rome1 w see at once ! propriety ( ?is description1 on ! supposition t x 0 int5d$ to ref] to ! ,papacy4 ,i caus$ ?is inquiry to be made ( an intellig5t g5tleman :o _h pass$ mu* "t 9 ,rome)\t 8 kn[+ my design:at w\ld /rike a /rang] on visit+ ,rome1 or :at w\ld be likely p>ticul>ly to arre/ 8 att5tion z rem>kable !re2 & he unhesitat+ly repli$1 8,! sc>let col\r40 ,?is is ! col\r ( ! dress ( ! c>d9als_! hats1 & cloaks1 & /ock+s be+ always ( ?is col\r4 ,x is ! col\r ( ! c>riages ( ! c>d9als1 ! entire body ( ! c>riage be+ sc>let1 & ! trapp+s ( ! horses ! same4 ,on occasion ( public fe/ivals & processions1 sc>let is susp5d$ f ! w9d[s ( ! h\ses along :i* processions pass4 ,! inn] col\r ( ! cloak ( ! pope is sc>let2 8 c>riage is sc>let2 ! c>pet on :i* he treads is sc>let4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! dress ( ! body-gu>d ( ! pope is sc>let2 & no "o c take up a picture ( ,rome )\t see+ t ?is col\r is pr$om9ant4 ,i look$ ?r\gh a volume ( engrav+s repres5t+ ! pr9cipal (fic]s & public p]sons ( ,rome4 ,!re 7 few 9 :i* ! sc>let col\r 0 n f\nd z con/itut+ "s "p ( _! app>el2 9 n a few ! sc>let col\r prevail$ almo/ entirely4 ,& 9 illu/ration ( ! same ?\ght1 ,i introduce "h an extract f a =eign newspap]1 copi$ into an ,am]ican newspap] ( ,feb4 #bb1 #ahea1 z an illu/ration ( ! fact t ! sc>let col\r is *>act]i/ic ( ,rome1 & ( ! read9ess ) :i* x is ref]r$ to 9 t respect38,curi\s ,co/umes4,! ?ree new c>d9als1 ! ar*bi%ops ( ,?\l\se1 ,rheims1 & ,besanon1 7 pres5t$ to ! presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic by ! ,pope's nuncio4 ,!y wore r$ caps1 r$ /ock+s1 black ,roman coats l9$ & b\nd ) r$1 & small cloaks40 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t if x be admitt$ t x 0 int5d$ to repres5t ,papal ,rome 9 ! vision1 ! precise description w\ld h be5 adopt$ :i* is f\nd "h4 ,full ( names ( blasphemy4 ,all cov]$ ov] ) blasphem\s titles & names4 ,:at c\ld m accurately describe ,papal ,rome ?an ?is8 ,comp4 = "s ( ^! names & titles ! ,notes on #b ,?4 ii4 #d2 #a ,ti4 iv4 #ad2 & ,notes on ,re4 xiii4 #a1 #e4 ,hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #a4 #d ,& ! woman 0 array$ 9 purple & sc>let col\r1 & deck$#eaf ) gold & preci\s /ones & pe>ls1 #eag;hav+ a gold5 cup 9 h] h& full ( abom9ations ( fil?9ess ( h] =nication3 #d4 ,& ! woman 0 array$ 9 purple & sc>let col\r4 ,on ! nature ( ! sc>let col\r1 see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,! purple col\r0 obta9$ f a species ( %ell-fi% f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* yield$ a r$di%-purple dye1 mu* priz$ by ! anci5ts4 ,robes dy$ 9 t col\r 7 commonly #chd worn by p]sons ( rank & weal?1 ,m>4 xv4 #ag1 #bj2 ,lu4 xvi4 #ai4 ,! purple col\r conta9s m blue ?an ! crimson1 ?\gh ! limits are n v accurately def9$1 & ! words are sometimes int]*ang$4 ,?us ! mock robe put on ! ,savi\r is call$ 9 ,m>4 xv4 #ag1 #bj1 purple1 & 9 ,mat4 xxvii4 #bh1 crimson4 ,on ! applicability ( ?is to ! ,papacy1 see ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,& deck$ ) gold4 ,aft] ! mann] ( an h>lot1 ) ri* jewelry4 ,& preci\s /ones4 ,sp>kl+ diamonds1 c4 ,& pe>ls4 ,also a mu*-valu$ female ornam5t4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 vii4 #f2 xiii4 #df4 ,hav+ a gold5 cup 9 h] h&4 ,z if to entice lov]s4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,full ( abom9ations4 ,( abom9able ?+s2 ( ?+s fitt$ to excite abhorr5ce & disgu/2 ?+s unlawful & =bidd54 ,! ^w1 9 ! ,scriptures1 is commonly us$ to d5ote ! impurities & abom9ations ( idolatry4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 ix4 #bg4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t x seem$ to be a cup fill$ ) w9e1 b x 0 9 fact a cup full ( all abom9able drugs1 lead+ to all k9ds ( corruption4 ,h[ mu* 9 accordance ?is is ) ! fasc9ations ( ! ,papacy1 x is n necess>y n[ to say1 aft] ! ample illu/rations ( ! same ?+ already furni%$ 9 ^! ,notes4 ,& fil?9ess ( h] =nication4 ,! image "h is t ( ,papal ,rome1 repres5t$ z an ab&on$ woman 9 gorge\s attire1 allur+ by h] arts ! nations ( ! e>?1 & s$uc+ !m into all k9ds ( pollution & abom9ation4 ,x is a mo/ rem>kable fact t ! ,papacy1 z if design+ to furni% a fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy1 has *os5 to repres5t itself almo/ precisely 9 ?is mann]z a female ext5d+ an allur+ cup to pass]s byz w be se5 by ! engrav+ on ?is page4 ,f> z ! design ( /rik+ ?is m$al may h be5 f confirm+ ?is portion ( ! book ( ,revelation1 yet no "o c fail to see t if ?is _h be5 ! design1 no m happy illu/ration c\ld h be5 adopt$4 ,apo/ate *ur*es1 & guilty nations1 (t5 furni% ! v pro(s necess>y to confirm ! tru? ( ! ,scriptures4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$al ( ,pope ,leo ,,xii4 #e ,& ^u h] =ehead 0 a "n writt51 #eah,,my/]y1 ,,babylon ,,! ,,great1 ,,! ,,"m ,,( #eai;,,h>lots ,,& ,,abom9ations ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 #e4 ,& ^u h] =ehead4 ,9 a circlet ar\nd h] =ehead4 ,t is1 x 0 made prom95t & public1 z if writt5 on ! =ehead 9 blaz+ capitals4 ,9 *4 xiii4 #a x is said t 8! "n ( blasphemy0 0 writt5 on ! 8heads0 ( ! bea/4 ,! mean+ 9 bo? places is sub/antially ! same1 t x 0 prom95t & unmi/akable4 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,comp4 ,note on *4 xiv4 #a4 ,0 a "n writt54 ,a title1 or some?+ t w\ld prop]ly indicate h] "*4 ,my/]y4 ,x is prop] to rem>k t !re is no?+ 9 ! orig9al z writt5 by ,john1 s f> z n[ kn[n1 t correspond$ ) :at is impli$ 9 plac+ ?is inscription 9 capital lett]s2 & ! same rem>k may be made ( ! 8title0 or inscription t 0 plac$ ov] ! head ( ! ,savi\r on ! cross1 ,mat4 xxvii4 #cg2 ,m>4 xv4 #bf2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #ch2 ,jn4 xix4 #ai4 ,our translators h adopt$ ?is =m1 app>5tly = ! sole purpose ( d5ot+ t x 0 an inscription or title4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w my/]y1 see ,notes on #a ,co4 ii4 #g4 ,comp4 ,notes on #che #a ,ti4 iii4 #af4 ,"h x seems to be us$ to d5ote t !re 0 some?+ hidd51 obscure1 or enigmatical1 "u ! title adopt$2 t is1 ! ^w ,babylon1 & ! ^w "m1 7 symbolical4 ,our translators h pr9t$ & po9t$ ! ^w my/]y z if x 7 "p ( ! inscription4 ,x w\ld probably be bett] to reg>d x z ref]r+ to ! inscription1 ?us3 8a "n 0 writt5a my/]i\s "n1 to wit1 ,babylon10 c4 ,or1 8a "n 0 writt5 my/]i\sly40 ,accord+ to ?is1 x w\ld mean1 n t !re 0 any wond]ful 8my/]y0 ab\t ! ?+ itself1 :atev] might be true on t po9t1 b t ! "n 0 enigmatical or symbolical2 or t !re 0 some?+ hidd5 or conceal$ "u ! "n4 ,x 0 n to be lit]ally und]/ood4 ,babylon ! great4 ,papal ,rome1 ! nom9al head ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 z ,babylon _h be5 ( ! hea!n _w4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,! "m ( h>lots4 7a7 ,( t spiritual apo/asy f ,god :i*1 9 ! language ( ! prophets1 might be call$ adult]y4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 7b7 ,! promot] ( lewdness by h] in/itutions4 ,see ,notes on *4 ix4 #ba4 ,9 bo? ^! s5ses1 !re nev] 0 a m expressive or appropriate title ?an ! "o "h employ$4 ,& abom9ations ( ! e>?4 ,abom9able ?+s t prevail on ! e>?1 v]4 #d4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 #f ,& ,i saw ! woman #ebj;drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts1 & ) ! blood ( ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus3 & :5 ,i saw h] ,i wond]$ ) great admiration4 #f4 ,& ,i saw ! woman drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts4 ,a reel+1 intoxicat$ h>lot1 = t is ! image :i* is kept up all along4 ,9 reg>d to ! phrase 8drunk5 ) blood10 comp4 ,je4 xlvi4 #aj4 8,! phraseology is d]iv$ f ! b>b>\s cu/om 7/ill extant among _m ,pagan nations7 ( dr9k+ ! blood ( ! enemies sla9 9 ! way ( rev5ge4 ,! effect ( dr9k+ blood is said to be to exasp]ate1 & to intoxicate ) passion & a desire ( rev5ge0 7,pr(4 ,/u>t1 9 loco74 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! p]secut+ p[] ref]r$ to _h %$ ! blood ( ! sa9ts2 & t1 9 its fury1 x _h1 z x 71 drunk ! blood ( ! sla91 & _h become1 by dr9k+ t blood1 intoxicat$ & infuriat$4 ,no "o ne$ say h[ applicable ?is has be5 to ! ,papacy4 ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #ba1 #be2 ,re4 xii4 #ac1 #ad2 xiii4 #ae4 ,& ) ! blood ( ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus4 ,especially ) _! blood4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! w>f>e1 9 :i* s mu* blood 0 %$1 0 direct$ aga9/ ! sa9ts z su*1 & t1 9 fact1 x t]m9at$ p>ticul>ly on ^? :o1 amid/ cruel suff]+s1 7 fai?ful witnesses = ! ,"l ,jesus1 & des]v$ to be call$1 by way ( em95ce1 m>tyrs4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ii4 #ac2 vi4 #i2 xi4 #e1 #g4 ,h[ applicable ?is is to ! ,papacy1 let ! blood %$ 9 ! valleys ( ,pi$mont2 ! blood %$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries by ! ,duke ( ,alva2 ! blood %$ on ,/4 ,b>?olomew's day2 & ! blood %$ 9 ! ,inquisition1 te/ify4 ,& :5 ,i saw h]1 ,i wond]$ ) great admiration4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ at h] appe>ance1 at h] app>el1 & at ! ?+s :i* 7 s significantly symboliz$ by h]4 #g ,& ! angel said unto me1 ,:]e=e did/ ?\ m>vel8 ,i w tell !e ! my/]y ( #eba! woman1 & ( #ebb! bea/ t c>rie? h]1 :i* ha? ! sev5 heads & t5 horns4 #g4 ,& ! angel said unto me1 ,:]e=e did/ ?\ m>vel8 ,he 0 d\btless /ruck ) ! appe>ance ( ,john z he /ood fix$ 9 a/oni%m5t4 ,! "q ask$ him1 :y he wond]$1 0 design$ to %[ him t ! cause ( 8 surprise w\ld be remov$ or less5$1 = t he w\ld proce$ s to expla9 ?is t he might h a correct view ( its design4 ,i w tell !e ! my/]y ( ! woman4 ,on ! ^w my/]y1 see ,notes on v]4 #e4 ,! s5se is1 8,i w expla9 :at is meant by ! symbol! hidd5 mean+ t is c\*$ "u x40 ,t is1 he w\ld s f> expla9 x t a j view might be obta9$ ( its signification4 ,! explanation foll[s1 v]4 #hah4 ,& ( ! bea/ t c>rie? h]1 c4 ,v]4 #c4 #h ,! bea/ t ?\ sawe/ 01 & is n2 & %all #ebc;asc5d out ( ! bottomless pit1 & #ebd;g into p]dition1 & !y t dwell on ! e>? %all #ebewond]1 ^: names 7 n writt5 9 ! book ( life f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 :5 !y behold ! bea/ t 01 & is n1 & yet is4 #h4 ,! bea/ t ?\ sawe/ 01 & is n4 ,9 ! close ( ! v]se x is add$1 8& yet is08! bea/ t 01 & is n1 & yet is40 ,!re are #chf ?ree ?+s affirm$ "h3 fir/1 t !re is a s5se 9 :i* x might be said ( ! p[] "h ref]r$ to1 t x 8010 or t1 be=e ?is1 x _h an exi/5ce2 second1 t !re 0 a s5se 9 :i* x might be said t x is 8n10 t is1 t x _h become practically ext9ct2 & ?ird1 t !re is a s5se 9 :i* t p[] w\ld be s reviv$ t x might be said t x 8/ill is40 ,! 8bea/0 "h ref]r$ to is ! same t is m5tion$ 9 v]4 #c ( ?is *apt]1 & 9 *4 xiii4 #a1 #c1 #aaaf4 ,t is1 !re 0 "o great =midable p[]1 hav+ ess5tially ! same orig91 ?\gh manife/$ "u some:at diff]5t modifications1 to "o & all ( :i* might1 9 _! diff]5t manife/ations1 be giv5 ! same "n1 8! bea/40 ,& %all asc5d out ( ! bottomless pit 4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! ^w "h us$1 see ,notes on *4 ix4 #a4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ?is p[] w\ld seem to come up f ! ne!r _w4 ,x w\ld appe> at "o "t to be ext9ct1 b w\ld revive aga9 z if com+ f ! _w ov] :i* ,satan presides1 & w\ld1 9 its reviv$ "*1 be su* z might be expect$ f su* an orig94 ,& g into p]dition4 ,t is1 its end w be de/ruction4 ,x w n be p]man5t1 b w be ov]?r[n & de/roy$4 ,! ^w p]dition "h is prop]ly r5d]$ by ,pr(4 ,/u>t de/ruction1 b no?+ is indicat$ by ! ^w ( ! nature ( ! de/ruction t w\ld come ^u x4 ,& !y t dwell on ! e>?4 ,! inhabitants ( ! e>? g5]ally2 t is1 ! matt] ref]r$ to w be s rem>kable z to attract g5]al att5tion4 ,%all wond]4 ,x w be s contr>y to ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts1 s difficult ( explanation1 s rem>kable 9 itself1 z to excite att5tion & surprise4 ,^: names 7 n writt5 9 ! book ( life f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,see ?is expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xiii4 #h4 ,! idea seems to be1 t ^? ^: names are writt5 9 ! book ( life1 or :o are truly ! fri5ds ( ,god1 w\ld n be drawn (f 9 admiration ( ! bea/1 or 9 r5d]+ homage to x4 ,:5 !y behold ! bea/ t 01 & is n1 & yet is4 ,t is1 ! p[] t once 0 mighty2 t _h decl9$ to su* a /ate t x became1 z x 71 ext9ct2 & t 0 reviv$ aga9 ) s mu* ( its orig9al /r5g?1 t x might be said t x /ill exi/s4 ,! fact ( its be+ reviv$ 9 ?is mann]1 z well z ! nature ( ! p[] itself1 seem$ fitt$ to excite ?is admiration4 #i ,& "h is ! m9d :i* ha? wisdom4 ,! #ebfsev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s1 on :i* ! woman sitte?4 #i4 ,& "h is ! m9d :i* ha? wisdom4 ,"h is t :i* requires wisdom to int]pret x2 or1 "h is a case 9 :i* ! m9d t %[s itself able to expla9 x w ev9ce true sagacity4 ,s 9 *4 xiii4 #ah4 ,see ,notes on t place4 ,pr(4 ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 8,"h is a mean+ :i* comprise? wisdom40 ,x is und\bt$ly impli$ t ! symbol might be und]/ood:e!r 9 ! "t ( ,john1 or aft]w>ds1 he does n say2 b x 0 a matt] :i* c\ld n be det]m9$ by ord9>y m9ds1 or )\t an e>ne/ application ( ! und]/&+4 ,! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s4 ,ref]r+1 und\bt$ly1 to ,rome! sev5-hill$ city,septicollis ,roma4 ,see ,notes on *4 xii4 #c1 7d74 ,on :i* ! woman sitte?4 ,! city repres5t$ z a woman1 9 accordance ) a common usage 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 i4 #h4 #aj ,& !re are sev5 k+s3 five are fall51 & "o is1 & ! o!r is n yet come2 & :5 he come?1 he mu/ cont9ue a %ort space4 #aj4 ,& !re are sev5 k+s4 ,t is1 sev5 9 all1 z !y are enum]at$ 9 ?is v]se & ! next4 ,an eigh? is m5tion$ 9 v]4 #aa1 b x is1 at ! same "t1 said t ?is "o s p]ta9s to ! sev51 or is s prop]ly 9 "o s5se ( ! numb] sev51 ?\gh1 9 ano!r s5se1 to be reg>d$ z an eigh?1 t x may be prop]ly reckon$ z ! sev5?4 ,! ^w k+smay be und]/ood1 s f> z ! mean+ ( ! ^w is conc]n$1 7a7 lit]ally1 z d5ot+ a k+1 or "o :o ex]cises royal au?ority2 7b7 9 a m g5]al s5se1 z d5ot+ "o ( di/+ui%$ hon\ra vic]oy1 pr9ce1 lead]1 *ief1 ,mat4 ii4 #a1 #c1 #i2 ,lu4 i4 #e2 ,ac4 xii4 #a2 7c7 9 a /ill l>g] s5se1 #chg z d5ot+ a dyna/y1 a =m ( gov]nm5t1 a mode ( adm9i/ration1 z t :i*1 9 fact1 rules4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bd1 :]e ! ^w k+ und\bt$ly d5otes a dyna/y1 or =m ( rule4 ,! notion ( rul+1 or ( au?ority1 is und\bt$ly 9 ! ^w1 = ! v]b means to rule1 b ! ^w may be appli$ to any?+ 9 :i* sov]eignty resides4 ,?us x is appli$ to a k+'s son1 to a milit>y comm&]1 to ! gods1 to a ,greek ar*on1 c4 ,see ,pass[4 ,x w\ld be contr>y to ! :ole _s ( ?is passage1 & to :at is dem&$ by ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w1 to insi/ t ! ^w %\ld d5ote lit]ally k+s1 & t x c\ld n be appli$ to emp]ors1 or to dictators1 or to dyna/ies4 ,five are fall54 ,h pass$ away z if fall52 t is1 !y h disappe>$4 ,! language w\ld be applicable to rul]s :o h di$1 or :o _h be5 de?ron$2 or to dyna/ies or =ms ( gov]nm5t t _h ceas$ to be4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is1 x w\ld be necess>y to f9d five su* successive k+s or rul]s :o _h di$1 & :o app]ta9$ to "o sov]eignty or nation2 or five su* dyna/ies or =ms ( adm9i/rations t _h successively exi/$1 b :i* _h ceas$4 ,& "o is4 ,t is1 !re is "oa six?t n[ reigns4 ,! prop] int]pretation ( ?is w\ld be1 t ?is exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ! writ]2 t is1 accord+ to ! view tak5 ( ! "t ( ! writ+ ( ! ,apocalypse 7see ,intro41 #b71 at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,& ! o!r is n yet come4 ,! six? "o is to be succe$$ by ano!r 9 ! same l9e1 or occupy+ ! same dom9ion4 ,& :5 he come?4 ,:5 t =m ( dom9ion is set up4 ,no intimation is yet giv5 z to ! "t :5 ?is w\ld occur4 ,he mu/ cont9ue a %ort space4 ,a %ort "t2 8 dom9ion w be ( %ort duration4 ,x is obs]vable t ?is *>act]i/ic is /at$ z applicable only to ?is "o ( ! sev52 & ! fair mean+ w\ld seem to be1 t ! "t w\ld be %ort z comp>$ ) ! six t prec$$1 & z comp>$ ) ! "o t foll[$! eigh?into :i* x 0 to be m]g$1 v]4 #aa4 #aa ,& ! bea/ t 01 & is n1 ev5 he is ! eigh?1 & is ( ! sev51 & goe? into p]dition4 #aa4 ,& ! bea/ t 01 & is n4 ,t is1 ! "o p[] t 0 =m]ly mighty2 t di$ away s t x might be said to be ext9ct2 & yet 7v]4 #h7 t 8/ill is10 or has a prolong$ exi/5ce4 ,x is evid5t t1 by ! 8bea/0 "h1 !re is "s "o p[]1 dom9ion1 empire1 or rule1 ^: ess5tial id5tity is pres]v$ ?r\gh all ^! *anges1 & to :i* x is prop] to give ! same "n4 ,x f9ds its t]m9ation1 or its la/ =m1 9 :at is "h call$ ! 8eigh?20 a p[] :i*1 x is obs]v$1 su/a9s su* a peculi> relation to ! sev51 t x may be said to be 8( ! sev510 or to be a m]e prolongation ( ! same sov]eignty4 ,ev5 he is ! eigh?4 ,! eigh? 9 ! succession4 ,?is =m ( sov]eignty1 ?\gh a m]e prolongation ( ! =m] gov]nm5t1 s mu* s z to be1 9 fact1 b keep+ up ! same empire 9 ! _w1 appe>s 9 su* a novelty ( =m1 t1 9 "o s5se1 x des]ves to be call$ ! eigh? 9 ord]1 & yet is s ess5tially a m]e conc5tration & cont9uance ( ! "o p[]1 t1 9 ! g5]al reckon+ 7v]4 #aj71 x might be reg>d$ z p]ta9+ to ! =m]4 ,!re 0 a s5se 9 :i* x 0 prop] to speak ( x z ! eigh? p[]2 & yet1 view$ 9 its relation to ! :ole1 x s ess5tially comb9$ & conc5trat$ all t !re 0 9 ! sev51 t1 9 a g5]al view1 x sc>cely m]it$ a sep>ate m5tion4 ,we %\ld look = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is 9 "s su* conc5tration & embodim5t ( all t x 01 9 ! previ\s =ms ( sov]eignty ref]r$ to1 t x p]haps w\ld des]ve m5tion z an eigh? p[]1 b t x 01 nev]!less1 su* a m prolongation ( ! previ\s =ms ( ! "o p[]1 t x might be said to be 8( ! sev520 s t1 9 ?is view1 x w\ld n claim a sep>ate consid]ation4 ,?is seems to be ! fair mean+1 ?\gh !re is mu* t is enigmatical 9 ! =m ( ! expression4 ,& goe? into p]dition4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,9 inquir+ n[ into ! application ( ?is v difficult passage1 x may be prop] to sugge/ "s ( ! pr9cipal op9ions :i* h be5 held1 & !n to endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! true mean+4 #chh ,i4 ,! pr9cipal op9ions :i* h be5 held may be r$uc$ to ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,t ! sev5 k+s "h ref] to ! succession ( ,roman emp]ors1 yet ) "s v>iation z to ! mann] ( reckon+4 ,pr(4 ,/u>t beg9s ) ,julius ,cs>1 & reckons !m 9 ?is mann]3! 8five t are fall50 are ,julius ,cs>1 ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius4 ,n]o1 :o1 z he supposes1 0 ! reign+ pr9ce at ! "t :5 ! book 0 writt51 he reg>ds z ! six?2 ,galba1 :o succe$$ him1 z ! sev5?4 ,o!rs1 :o adopt ?is lit]al me?od ( expla9+ x1 suppose t ! "t beg9s ) ,augu/us1 & !n ,galba w\ld be ! six?1 & ,o?o1 :o reign$ b ?ree mon?s1 w\ld be ! sev5?4 ,! expression1 8! bea/ t 01 & is n1 :o is ! eigh?10 ,pr(4 ,/u>t reg>ds z ref]r+ to a g5]al impression among ! hea!n & among ,*ri/ians1 9 ! "t ( ! p]secution "u ,n]o1 t he w\ld aga9 appe> aft] x 0 report$ t he 0 dead1 or t he w\ld rise f ! dead & c>ry on 8 p]secution aga94 ,see ,pr(4 ,/u>t1 ,com4 vol4 ii41 ,excur4 iii4 ,! bea/1 accord+ to ?is view1 d5otes ! ,roman emp]ors1 specifically ,n]o1 & ! ref]5ce 9 v]4 #h is to 8! well-kn[n h>iolation respect+ ,n]o1 t he w\ld be assass9at$1 & w\ld disappe> = a :ile1 & !n make 8 appe>ance aga9 to ! confusion ( all 8 enemies40 8,:at ! angel10 says he1 8says1 seems to be equival5t to ?is#8,! bea/ means ! ,roman emp]ors1 specifically ,n]o1 ( :om ! report spread ?r\gh\t ! empire t he w revive1 aft] be+ app>5tly sla91 & w come1 z x 71 f ! abyss or ,hades1 b he w p]i%1 & t spe$ily1'0 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbc4 7#b7 ,t ! ^w 8k+s0 is n to be tak5 lit]ally1 b t x ref]s to =ms ( gov]nm5t1 dyna/ies1 or modes ( adm9i/ration4 ,! g5]al op9ion among ^? :o hold ?is view is1 t ! fir/ six ref] to ! =ms ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t7#a7 k+s2 7#b7 consuls2 7#c7 dictators2 7#d7 decemvirs2 7#e7 milit>y tribunes2 7#f7 ! imp]ial =m1 beg9n+ ) ,augu/us4 ,?is has be5 ! common ,prote/ant int]pretation1 & 9 ref]5ce to ^! six =ms ( gov]nm5t !re has be5 a g5]al agreem5t4 ,b1 :ile ! mass ( ,prote/ant int]pret]s h suppos$ t ! 8six0 heads ref] to ^! =ms ( adm9i/ration1 !re has be5 mu* div]sity ( op9ion z to ! sev5?2 & "h1 on ?is plan ( int]pretation1 ! ma91 if n ! sole difficulty lies4 ,among ! op9ions held are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,t ( ,mr4 ,m$e4 ,he makes ! sev5? head :at he calls ! 8,demi-,cs>10 or ! 8,we/]n emp]or :o reign$ aft] ! division ( ! empire into ,ea/ & ,we/1 & :i* cont9u$1 aft] ! la/ division1 "u ,honorius & ,arcadius1 ab\t sixty ye>sa %ort space0 7,works1 book iii4 *4 #h2 book v4 *4 #ab74 7b7 ,t ( ,bi%op ,newton1 :o reg>ds ! six? or imp]ial 8head0 z cont9u+ un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh ! l9e ( ,*ri/ian z well z ,pagan emp]ors1 until ,augu/ulus & ! ,h]uli2 & ! sev5? to be ! ,duk$om ( ,rome1 e/abli%$ soon aft] "u ! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na 7,prophecies1 pp4 #ege1 #egf74 7c7 ,t ( ,dr4 ,m & ,mr4 ,cunn+hame1 :o suppose ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 f ,con/ant9e to ,augu/ulus1 to con/itute ! sev5? head1 & t ?is _h its t]m9ation by ! sword ( ! ,h]uli4 7d7 ,t ( ,mr4 ,elliott1 :o supposes ! sev5? head or p[] to ref] to a new =m ( adm9i/ration introduc$ by ,diocletian1 *ang+ ! adm9i/ration f ! orig9al imp]ial "* to t ( an absolute ,asiatic sov]eignty4 ,= ! important *anges introduc$ by ,diocletian t ju/ify ?is rem>k1 see ! ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 i4 pp4 #babbag4 ,num]\s o!r solutions may be f\nd 9 ,poole's ,synopsis1 b ^! embrace ! pr9cipal1 & ! mo/ plausible t h be5 propos$4 ,,ii4 ,i proce$1 !n1 to /ate :at seems to me to be ! true explanation4 ,?is mu/ be f\nd 9 "s facts t w accord ) ! explanation giv5 ( ! mean+ ( ! passage4 7#a7 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is ref]s to ,rome1 ei!r ,pagan1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,papal4 ,all ! circum/ances comb9e 9 ?is2 all respectable int]pret]s agree 9 ?is4 ,?is w\ld be naturally und]/ood by ! symbols us$ by ,john1 & by ! explanations furni%$ by ! angel4 ,see v]4 #ah3 8,& ! woman :i* ?\ sawe/ is t great city1 :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?40 ,e circum/ance comb9es "h 9 lead+ to ! conclusion #chi t ,rome is int5d$4 ,!re 0 no o!r p[] or empire on ! e>? to :i* ?is c\ld be prop]ly appli$2 !re 0 ev]y?+ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! writ] to lead u to suppose t ?is 0 ref]r$ to2 !re is an utt] impossibility n[ 9 apply+ ! description to any?+ else4 7#b7 ,x 0 to be a reviv$ p[]2 n a p[] 9 its orig9al =m & /r5g?4 ,?is is manife/1 because x is said 7v]4 #h7 t ! p[] repres5t$ by ! bea/ 801 & is n1 & yet is0t is1 x 0 once a mighty p[]2 x !n decl9$ s t x c\ld be said t 8x is n20 & yet !re 0 s mu* rema9+ vitality 9 x1 or s mu* reviv$ p[]1 t x c\ld be said t x 8/ill is0 4 ,n[1 ?is is /rictly applicable to ,rome :5 ! ,papal p[] arose4 ,! old ,roman might _h dep>t$2 ! glory & /r5g? ev9c$ 9 ! days ( ! consuls1 ! dictators1 & ! emp]ors1 _h disappe>$1 & yet !re 0 a l+]+ vitality1 & a reviv+ ( p[] "u ! ,papacy1 :i* made x prop] to say t x /ill cont9u$1 or t t mighty p[] 0 prolong$4 ,! civil p[] connect$ ) ! ,papacy 0 a reviv$ ,roman p[]! ,roman p[] prolong$ "u ano!r =m= x is susceptible ( cle> demon/ration t1 if x _h n be5 = ! rise ( ! ,papal p[]1 ! sov]eignty ( ,rome1 z su*1 w\ld h be5 :olly ext9ct4 ,= ! pro( ( ?is1 see ! passages quot$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #c1 #ab1 #ae4 7#c7 ,x 0 to be a p[] emanat+ f ! 8abyss10 or t w\ld seem to asc5d f ! d>k _w b5ea?4 ,see v]4 #h4 ,?is 0 true 9 reg>d to ! ,papacy1 ei!r 7a7 z app>5tly asc5d+ f ! l[e/ /ate & ! mo/ depress$ condition1 z if x came up f bel[ 7see ,notes on v]4 #c1 comp4 *4 xiii4 #aa72 or 7b7 z1 9 fact1 hav+ its orig9 9 ! _w ( d>kness1 & be+ "u ! control ( ! pr9ce ( t _w1 :i*1 accord+ to all ! repres5tations ( t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] 9 ! ,scriptures1 is true1 & :i* ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,papacy1 & ( its influ5ce on religion1 confirms4 7#d7 ,"o ( ! p[]s ref]r$ to su/a9$ ! o!r4 8,! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s on :i* ! woman sitte?10 v]4 #i4 ,t is1 ! p[] repres5t$ by ! h>lot 0 su/a9$ or support$ by ! p[] repres5t$ by ! sev5 heads or ! sev5 m\nta9s4 ,lit]ally appli$1 ?is w\ld mean t ! ,papacy1 z an ecclesia/ical in/itution1 0 su/a9$ by ! civil p[]1 ) :i* x 0 s closely connect$4 ,= ! illu/ration & support ( ?is1 see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #b1 #c1 #ab1 #ae4 ,9 ! ,notes on ^? passages x is %[n t ! support 0 mutual2 t :ile ! ,papacy1 9 fact1 reviv$ ! almo/ ext9ct ,roman civil p[]1 & gave x new vitality1 ! price ( t 01 t x %\ld be1 9 its turn1 su/a9$ by t reviv$ ,roman civil p[]4 ,all hi/ory %[s t t has be5 ! fact2 t 9 all its aggressions1 assumptions1 & p]secutions1 x has1 9 fact1 & pr(ess$ly1 lean$ on ! arm ( ! civil p[]4 7#e7 ,a m important inquiry1 & a m s]i\s difficulty1 rema9s 9 respect to ! /atem5ts respect+ ! 8sev5 k+s10 v]4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! /atem5ts on ?is po9t are1 t ! :ole numb] prop]ly 0 sev52 t ( ?is numb] five _h fall5 or pass$ away2 t "o 0 9 exi/5ce at ! "t :5 ! au?or wrote2 t ano!r "o 0 yet to appe> :o w\ld cont9ue = a little "t2 & t ! g5]al p[] repres5t$ by all ^! w\ld be embodi$ 9 ! 8bea/ t 01 & is n10 & t might1 9 "s respects1 be reg>d$ z an 8eigh?40 ,^! po9ts may be tak5 up 9 _! ord]4 7a7 ,! fir/ inquiry relates to ! five t 7 fall5 & ! "o t 0 !n 9 exi/5ce! fir/ six4 ,^! may be tak5 toge!r1 = !y are manife/ly ( ! same class1 & h ! same *>act]i/ics1 at lea/ s f> z to be di/+ui%$ f ! 8sev5?0 & ! 8eigh?40 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 8k+s0 "h has be5 already expla9$1 v]4 #aj4 ,x d5otes rul+ p[]1 or =ms ( p[]2 &1 s f> z ! signification ( ! ^w is conc]n$1 x might be applicable to royalty1 or to any o!r =m ( adm9i/ration4 ,x is n necess>y1 !n1 to f9d an exact succession ( pr9ces or k+s t w\ld correspond ) ?isfive ( :om 7 dead1 & "o ( :om 0 !n on ! ?rone1 & all soon to be succe$$ by "o m1 :o w\ld soon die4 ,! true explanation ( ?is seems to be t :i* ref]s ?is to ! =ms ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration4 ,^! six 8heads10 or =ms ( #cij adm9i/ration1 71 9 _! ord]1 ,k+s1 ,consuls1 ,dictators1 ,decemvirs1 ,milit>y ,tribunes1 & ,emp]ors4 ,( ^!1 five _h pass$ away 9 ! "t :5 ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse2 ! six?1 ! imp]ial1 0 !n 9 p[]1 & _h be5 f ! "t ( ,augu/us ,cs>4 ,! only que/ions t c be rais$ are1 :e!r ^! =ms ( adm9i/ration 7 s di/9ct & prom95t1 & :e!r 9 ! times previ\s to ,john !y s embrac$ ! :ole ,roman p[]1 z to ju/ify ?is int]pretationt is1 :e!r ^! =ms ( adm9i/ration 7 s m>k$ 9 ?is respect t x may be suppos$ t ,john w\ld use ! language "h employ$ 9 describ+ !m4 ,z %[+ ! probability t he w\ld use ?is language1 ,i ref] to ! foll[+ argum5ts1 viz43 7#a7 ,! au?ority ( ,livy1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #a4 ,speak+ ( ! previ\s p>ts ( 8 hi/ory1 & ( :at he _h done 9 writ+ x1 he says3 8,qu ab condita urbe ,roma ad captam e&em urbem1 ,romani sub regibus primum1 consulibus de9de ac dictatoribus1 decemviris ac tribunis consul>ibus gess]e1 =is bella1 domi s$itiones1 qu9que libris exposui40 ,t is1 8,9 five books ,i h relat$ :at 0 done at ,rome1 p]ta9+ bo? to =eign w>s & dome/ic /rifes1 f ! f\ndation ( ! city to ! "t :5 x 0 tak51 z x 0 gov]n$ by k+s1 by consuls1 by dictators1 by ! decemvirs1 & by consul> tribunes40 ,"h he m5tions five =ms ( adm9i/ration "u :i* ,rome _h be5 gov]n$ 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( its hi/ory4 ,! imp]ial p[] _h a lat] orig91 & did n exi/ until ne> ! "t ( ,livy himself4 7#b7 ,! same di/ribution ( p[]1 or =ms ( gov]nm5t1 among ! ,romans1 is made by ,tacitus1 ,annal4 lib4 i4 cap4 #a3 8,urbem ,romam pr9cipio reges habu]e4 ,lib]tatem et consulatum ,l4 ,brutus in/ituit4 ,dictatur ad tempus sumebantur4 ,neque decemviralis pote/as ultr bi5nium1 neque tribunorum militum consul>e jus diu valuit4 ,non ,c9n1 non ,syll longa dom9atio3 et ,pompeii ,crassique pot5tia cito 9 ,cs>em1 ,lepidi atque ,antonii arma 9 ,augu/um cess]e2 qui cuncta1 discordiis civilibus fessa1 nom9e pr9cipis sub imp]ium accepit40 ,t is1 8,9 ! beg9n+1 ,rome 0 gov]n$ by k+s4 ,!n ,l4 ,brutus gave to h] lib]ty & ! consul%ip4 ,a tempor>y p[] 0 conf]r$ on ! dictators4 ,! au?ority ( ! decemvirs did n cont9ue beyond ! space ( two ye>s3 nei!r 0 ! consul> p[] ( ! milit>y tribunes ( long duration4 ,! rule ( ,c9na & ,sylla 0 brief2 & ! p[] ( ,pompey & ,crassus pass$ into ! h&s ( ,cs>2 & ! arms ( ,lepidus & ,antony 7 surr5d]$ to ,augu/us1 :o unit$ all ?+s1 brok5 by civil discord1 "u ! "n ( pr9ce 9 ! imp]ial gov]nm5t40 ,"h ,tacitus di/9ctly m5tions ! six =ms ( adm9i/ration t _h prevail$ 9 ,rome1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 ! imp]ial4 ,x is true1 also1 t he m5tions ! brief rule ( c]ta9 m5z ,c9na1 ,sylla1 ,antony1 & ,lepidus2 b ^! are n =ms ( adm9i/ration1 & _! tempor>y au?ority did n indicate any *ange 9 ! gov]nm5t= "s ( ^! m5 7 dictators1 & none ( !m1 except ,brutus & ,augu/us1 e/abli%$ any p]man5t =m ( adm9i/ration4 7#c7 ,! same ?+ is app>5t 9 ! usual /atem5ts ( hi/ory1 & ! books t describe ! =ms ( gov]nm5t at ,rome4 ,9 s common a book z ,adam's ,roman ,antiquities1 a description may be f\nd ( ! =ms ( ,roman adm9i/ration t corresponds almo/ precisely ) ?is4 ,! =ms ( supreme p[] 9 ,rome1 z enum]at$ !re1 are :at are call$ ord9>y & extraord9>y magi/rates4 ,"u ! =m] are enum]at$ k+s1 consuls1 prtors1 c5sors1 qu/ors1 & tribunes ( ! p4 ,b ( ^!1 9 fact1 ! supreme p[] 0 ve/$ 9 two2 = !re 71 "u ?is1 b two =ms ( adm9i/rationt ( k+s & consuls2 ! (fices ( prtor1 c5sor1 qu/or1 & tribune ( ! p be+ m]ely subord9ate to t ( ! consuls1 & no m a new =m ( adm9i/ration ?an ! (fices ( secret>y ( ! /ate1 ( w>1 ( ! navy1 ( ! int]ior1 are n[4 ,"u ! latt]t ( extraord9>y magi/ratesare enum]at$ dictators1 decemvirs1 milit>y tribunes1 & ! int]rex4 ,b ! int]rex did n con/itute a =m ( adm9i/ration1 or a *ange ( gov]nm5t1 any m ?an1 :5 ! ,presid5t or ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld die1 ! p]=mance ( ! duties ( ! (fice ( presid5t by ! speak] ( ! s5ate w\ld indicate a *ange1 or ?an ! reg5cy ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,iii4 con/itut$ #cia a new =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,s t1 9 fact1 we h enum]at$1 z con/itut+ ! supreme p[] at ,rome1 k+s1 consuls1 dictators1 decemvirs1 & milit>y tribunesfive 9 numb]4 ,! imp]ial p[] 0 ! six?4 7#d7 ,9 confirmation ( ! same ?+1 ,i may ref] to ! au?ority ( ,bell>m9e1 a di/+ui%$ ,roman ,ca?olic writ]4 ,9 8 "w ,de ,pontiff41 cap4 #b1 he ?us enum]ates ! *anges :i* ! ,roman gov]nm5t _h exp]i5c$1 or ! =ms ( adm9i/ration t _h exi/$ !re3 #a4 ,k+s2 #b4 ,consuls2 #c4 ,decemvirs2 #d4 ,dictators2 #e4 ,milit>y ,tribunes ) consul> p[]2 #f4 ,emp]ors4 ,see ,poole's ,synop41 9 loco4 ,& 7#e7 x may be add$1 t ?is w\ld be und]/ood by ! contempor>ies ( ,john 9 ?is s5se4 ,^! =ms ( gov]nm5t 7 s m>k$ t1 9 connection ) ! m5tion ( ! 8sev5 m\nta9s10 designat+ ! city1 !re c\ld be no d\bt z to :at 0 int5d$4 ,ref]5ce w\ld at once be made to ! imp]ial p[] z !n exi/+1 & ! m9d w\ld readily & easily turn back to ! five ma9 =ms ( ! supreme adm9i/ration :i* _h exi/$ be=e4 7b7 ,! next inquiry is1 :at is d5ot$ by ! sev5?4 ,if ! ^w 8k+s0 "h ref]s1 z is suppos$ 7,notes on v]4 #aj71 to a =m ( gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration2 if ! 8five0 ref] to ! =ms previ\s to ! imp]ial1 & ! 8six?0 to ! imp]ial2 & if ,john wrote dur+ ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 !n x foll[s t ?is mu/ ref] to "s =m ( adm9i/ration t 0 to succe$ ! imp]ial4 ,if ! ,papacy 0 8! eigh?10 & ( ! 8sev5?10 !n x is cle> t ?is mu/ ref] to "s =m ( civil adm9i/ration ly+ betwe5 ! decl9e ( ! imp]ial & ! rise ( ! ,papal p[]3 t 8%ort space0= x 0 a %ort space t int]v5$4 ,n[1 !re c be no difficulty1 ,i ?9k1 9 ref]r+ ?is to t =m ( adm9i/ration ov] ,romet 8duk$om0 "u ! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na1 :i* succe$$ ! decl9e ( ! imp]ial p[]1 & :i* prec$$ ! rise ( ! ,papal p[]2betwe5 ! ye> #eff or #efh1 :5 ,rome 0 r$uc$ to a duk$om1 "u ! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na1 & ! "t :5 ! city revolt$ f ?is au?ority & became subject to t ( ! pope1 ab\t ! ye> #gbg4 ,?is p]iod cont9u$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibbon1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,he says1 8,dur+ a p]iod ( two hundr$ ye>s1 ,italy 0 unequally divid$ betwe5 ! k+dom ( ! ,lomb>ds & ! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na4 ,! (fices & pr(essions1 :i* ! jeal\sy ( ,con/ant9e _h sep>at$1 7 unit$ by ! indulg5ce ( ,ju/9ian2 & eighte5 successive ex>*s 7 inve/$1 9 ! decl9e ( ! empire1 ) ! full rema9s ( civil1 ( milit>y1 & ev5 ( ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,_! imm$iate jurisdiction1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds consecrat$ z ! patrimony ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ext5d$ ov] ! mod]n ,romagna1 ! m>%es or valleys ( ,f]r>a & ,comma*io1 five m>itime cities f ,rim9i to ,ancona1 & a second inl& ,p5tapolis1 betwe5 ! ,adriatic coa/ & ! hills ( ! ,ap5n9e4 ,! du*y ( ,rome appe>s to h includ$ ! ,tuscan1 ,sab9e1 & ,latian conque/s1 ( ! fir/ f\r hundr$ ye>s ( ! city2 & ! limits may be di/9ctly trac$ along ! coa/1 f ,civita ,vec*ia to ,t]rac9a1 & ) ! c\rse ( ! ,tib] f ,am]ia & ,n>ni to ! port ( ,o/ia0 7,dec4 & ,fall1 iii4 #bjb74 ,h[ accurate is ?is if x be reg>d$ z a /atem5t ( a new p[] or =m ( adm9i/ration t succe$$ ! imp]iala p[] t 01 9 fact1 a prolongation ( ! old ,roman au?ority1 & t 0 design$ to con/itute & embody x all6 ,c\ld ,mr4 ,gibbon h furni%$ a bett] comm5t>y on ! passage if he _h adopt$ ! int]pretation ( ?is portion ( ! ,apocalypse above propos$1 & if he _h design$ to describe ?is z ! sev5? p[] 9 ! successive =ms ( ! ,roman adm9i/ration8 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 also1 t ?is acc\nt 9 ,mr4 ,gibbon's hi/ory imm$iately prec$es ! acc\nt ( ! rise ( ! ,papacy2 ! record respect+ ! ex>*ate1 & t conc]n+ ,gregory ! ,great1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon z 8! ,savi\r ( ,rome10 occurr+ 9 ! same *apt]1 vol4 iii4 #bjbbaa4 7c7 ,?is 0 to 8cont9ue = a %ort space0= a little "t4 ,if ?is ref]s to ! p[] to :i* 9 ! rem>ks above x is suppos$ to ref]1 x is easy to see ! propriety ( ?is /atem5t4 ,comp>$ ) ! previ\s =m ( adm9i/ration! imp]ialx 0 ( %ort duration2 absolutely consid]$1 x 0 brief4 #cib ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iii4 #bjb7 has m>k$ x z ext5d+ ?r\gh 8a p]iod ( two hundr$ ye>s20 & if ?is is comp>$ ) ! =m ( adm9i/ration :i* prec$$ x1 ext5d+ to m ?an five hundr$ ye>s1 & m especially ) t :i* foll[$! ,papal =m:i* has ext5d$ n[ "s twelve hundr$ ye>s1 x w be se5 ) :at propriety ?is is spok5 ( z cont9u+ = a 8%ort space40 7d7 8,! bea/ t 01 & is n1 ev5 he is ! eigh?1 & is ( ! sev510 v]4 #aa4 ,if ! explanations above giv5 are correct1 !re c be no difficulty 9 ! application ( ?is to ! ,papal p[]2 = 7#a7 all ?is p[] 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! ,papacy1 all t reviv$ or prolong$ ,roman p[] _h n[ pass$ into ! ,papacy1 con/itut+ t mighty dom9ion :i* 0 to be set up = s _m c5turies ov] :at _h be5 ! ,roman _w4 ,see ! /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,gibbon 7iii4 #bjgbaa71 z quot$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #c4 ,comp>e also1 p>ticul>ly2 ! rem>ks ( ,augu/9e ,/eu*us1 a ,roman ,ca?olic writ]1 z quot$ 9 ! ,notes on t v]se3 8,! empire hav+ be5 ov]?r[n1 unless ,god _h rais$ up ! pontificate1 ,rome1 resuscitat$ & re/or$ by none1 w\ld h become un9habitable1 & be5 !nce=w>d a mo/ f\l habitation ( cattle4 ,b 9 ! pontificate x reviv$ z ) a second bir?2 its empire 9 magnitude n inde$ equal to ! old empire1 b its =m n v dissimil>3 because all nations1 f ,ea/ & f ,we/1 v5]ate ! pope1 n o!rwise ?an !y be=e obey$ ! emp]or40 7#b7 ,?is 0 an eigh? p[] or =m ( adm9i/ration= x 0 diff]5t1 9 _m respects1 f t ( ! k+s1 ! consuls1 ! dictators1 ! decemvirs1 ! milit>y tribunes1 ! emp]ors1 & ! duk$om?\gh x compris$ sub/antially ! p[] ( all4 ,inde$1 x c\ld n h be5 spok5 ( z id5tical ) ei!r ( ! previ\s =ms ( adm9i/ration1 ?\gh x conc5trat$ ! p[] :i* _h be5 wield$ by !m all4 7#c7 ,x 0 8( ! sev520 t is1 x p]ta9$ to !m2 x 0 a prolongation ( ! same p[]4 ,x _h ! same c5tral seat,rome2 x ext5d$ ov] ! same t]ritory1 & x embrac$ soon] or latt] ! same nations4 ,!re is n "o ( ^? =ms ( adm9i/ration :i* did n f9d a prolongation 9 ! ,papacy2 = x aspir$ aft]1 & succe$$ 9 obta9+1 all ! au?ority ( k+s1 dictators1 consuls1 emp]ors4 ,x 0 9 fact /ill ! ,roman sceptre sway$ ov] ! _w2 & ) ! /ricte/ propriety x c\ld be said t x 0 8( ! sev510 z hav+ sprung out ( ! sev51 & z p]petuat+ ! sway ( ?is mighty dom9ation4 ,= full illu/ration ( ?is1 see ! ,notes on ,da4 vii4 & ,re4 xiii4 7#d7 ,x w\ld 8g into p]dition20 t is1 x w\ld be "u ?is =m t ?is mighty dom9ation t _h = s _m ages rul$ ov] ! e>? w\ld die away1 or ?is w\ld be ! la/ 9 ! s]ies4 ,! ,roman dom9ion1 z su*1 w\ld n be ext5d$ to a n9?1 or t5?1 or elev5? =m1 b w\ld f9ally expire "u ! eigh?4 ,e indication %[s t ?is is to be s1 & t ) ! decl9e ( ! ,papal p[] ! :ole ,roman dom9ation1 t has sway$ a sceptre = two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s1 w h come = ev] to an end4 ,if ?is is s1 !n we h f\nd an ample & exact application ( ?is passage ev5 9 its mo/ m9ute specifications4 #ab ,& ! #ebgt5 horns :i* ?\ sawe/ are t5 k+s1 :i* h receiv$ no k+dom z yet2 b receive p[] z k+s "o h\r ) ! bea/4 #ab4 ,& ! t5 horns :i* ?\ sawe/4 ,on ! sc>let-col\r$ bea/1 v]4 #c4 ,are t5 k+s4 ,repres5t or d5ote t5 k+s2 t is1 k+doms or p[]s4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vii4 #bd4 ,:i* h receiv$ no k+dom z yet4 ,t is1 !y 7 n 9 exi/5ce :5 ,john wrote4 ,x is impli$1 t dur+ ! p]iod "u review !y w\ld arise1 & w\ld become connect$1 9 an important s5se1 ) ! p[] "h repres5t$ by ! 8bea/40 ,= a full illu/ration respect+ ! t5 8k+s10 or k+doms "h ref]r$ to1 see ,notes on ,da4 vii41 at ! close ( ! *apt]1 ,,ii4 7#b74 ,b receive p[]4 ,x is n said f :at s\rce ?is p[] is receiv$1 b x is simply impli$ t x w\ld 9 fact be conf]r$ on !m4 ,z k+s4 ,t is1 ! p[] w\ld be t :i* is usually ex]cis$ by k+s4 ,"o h\r4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ?is is to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,! mean+ cle>ly is1 t ?is w\ld be brief & tempor>y2 #cic t is1 x 0 a =m ( adm9i/ration :i* w\ld be succe$$ by "o m fix$ & p]man5t4 ,anyone c see t1 9 fact1 ?is is /rictly applicable to ! gov]nm5ts1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! ,notes on ,daniel1 :i* sprang up aft] ! incursion ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 & :i* 7 f9ally succe$$ by ! p]man5t =ms ( gov]nm5t 9 ,europe4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 v brief 9 _! duration1 & !y 7 soon remodell$ 9 ! =ms ( p]man5t adm9i/ration4 ,?us1 to take ! arrangem5t propos$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 7#a7 ! k+dom ( ! ,v&als & ,alans 9 ,spa9 & ,africa2 7#b7 ! k+dom ( ! ,suevians 9 ,spa92 7#c7 ! k+dom ( ! ,visigo?s2 7#d7 ! k+dom ( ! ,alans 9 ,gallia2 7#e7 ! k+dom ( ! ,burgundians2 7#f7 ! k+dom ( ! ,franks2 7#g7 ! k+dom ( ! ,britons2 7#h7 ! k+dom ( ! ,huns2 7#i7 ! k+dom ( ! ,lomb>ds2 7#aj7 ! k+dom ( ,rav5nah[ tempor>y 7 mo/ ( ^!2 h[ soon !y pass$ into ! m p]man5t =ms ( adm9i/ration :i* succe$$ !m 9 ,europe6 ,) ! bea/4 ,) t ris+ ,papal p[]4 ,!y w\ld ex]cise _! au?ority 9 connection ) t1 & "u its influ5ce4 #ac ,^! h "o m9d1 & %all give _! p[] & /r5g? unto ! bea/4 #ac4 ,^! h "o m9d4 ,t is1 !y are unit$ 9 ! promotion ( ! same object4 ,?\gh 9 "s respects :olly indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 yet !y may be reg>d$ z1 9 fact1 s f> unit$ t !y t5d to promote ! same ultimate end4 ,z a fact 9 hi/ory1 all ^! k+doms1 ?\gh ( diff]5t orig91 & ?\gh n unfrequ5tly engag$ 9 w> ) ea* o!r1 became ,roman ,ca?olics1 & 7 unit$ 9 ! support ( ! ,papacy4 ,x 0 ) propriety1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld be reg>d$ z s closely connect$ ) t p[] t !y c\ld be repres5t$ z 8t5 horns0 on ! sev5-head$ mon/]4 ,& %all give _! p[] & /r5g? unto ! bea/4 ,%all l5d _! influ5ce to ! support ( ! ,papacy1 & become ! uphold]s ( t p[]4 ,! mean+1 accord+ to ! int]pretation above propos$1 is1 t !y w\ld all become ,papal k+doms1 & support]s ( ! ,papal p[]4 ,x is unnecess>y to pause to %[ h[ true ?is has be5 9 hi/ory4 ,at fir/1 mo/ ( ! p out ( :om ^! k+doms sprang 7 ,pagans2 !n _m ( !m embrac$ ,*ri/ianity "u ! prevail+ =m ( ,arianism1 & ?is fact 0 = a "t a b> to _! p]fect adhesion to ! ,roman see2 b !y 7 all ultimately br\ght :olly "u its influ5ce1 & became its support]s4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dif1 ,clovis1 ! k+ ( ! ,franks1 on occasion ( 8 victory ov] ! ,allemanni1 embrac$ ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & s receiv$ ! title1 transmitt$ d[nw>d ?r\gh ne>ly ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s to ! ,fr5* k+s z 8 successors1 ( 8! elde/ son ( ! *ur*20 9 ! c\rse ( ! six? c5tury1 ! k+s ( ,burgundy1 ,bav>ia1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,engl&1 embrac$ ! same religion1 & became ! def5d]s ( ! ,papacy4 ,x is well kn[n t ea* "o ( ! p[]s above enum]at$ z con/itut+ ^! t5 k+doms1 became subject to ! ,papacy1 & cont9u$ s dur+ _! sep>ate exi/5ce1 or :5 m]g$ into "s o!r p[]1 until ! ,re=mation 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,all 8_! p[] & /r5g? 0 giv5 unto ! bea/20 all 0 made subs]vi5t to ! purposes ( ,papal ,rome4 #ad ,^! %all #ebhmake w> ) ! ,lamb1 & ! ,lamb #ebi%all ov]come !m3 = he is #ecj,"l ( lords1 & ,k+ ( k+s3 & #eca!y t are ) him are #ecb;call$1 & #ecc;*os51 & #ecd;fai?ful4 #ad4 ,^! %all make w> ) ! ,lamb4 ,! ,lamb ( ,god! ,"l ,jesus 7,notes1 *4 v4 #f72 t is1 !y w\ld comb9e ) ! ,papacy 9 oppos+ evangelical religion4 ,x is n meant t !y w\ld op5ly & av[$ly proclaim w> aga9/ ! ,son ( ,god1 b t !y w\ld practically d ?is 9 su/a9+ a p]secut+ p[]4 ,x is unnecess>y to %[ h[ true ?is has be5 9 hi/ory2 h[ entirely !y su/a9$ ! ,papacy 9 all its measures ( p]secution4 ,& ! ,lamb %all ov]come !m4 ,%all ultimately ga9 ! victory ov] !m4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld n be able to ext+ui% ! true religion4 ,9 spite ( all opposition & p]secution1 t w\ld /ill live 9 ! _w1 until x w\ld be said t a complete triumph #cid 0 ga9$4 ,= he is ,"l ( lords1 & ,k+ ( k+s4 ,he has supreme p[] ov] all ! e>?1 & all k+s & pr9ces are subject to 8 control4 ,comp4 *4 xix4 #af4 ,& !y t are ) him4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! p]secut$ sa9ts :o h adh]$ to him z 8 fai?ful foll[]s 9 all ^! protract$ conflicts4 ,are call$4 ,t is1 call$ by him to be 8 foll[]s2 z if he _h select$ !m out ( ! _w to ma9ta9 8 cause4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 i4 #g4 ,& *os54 ,see ,notes on ,jn4 xv4 #af1 & #a ,pe4 i4 #b4 ,9 _! /eadfa/ adh]5ce to ! tru?1 !y _h %[n t !y 7 truly *os5 by ! ,savi\r1 & c\ld be reli$ on 9 ! w>f>e aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil4 ,& fai?ful4 ,!y _h %[n !mselves fai?ful to him 9 times ( p]secution1 & 9 ! h\r ( d>kness4 #ae ,& he sai? unto me1 #ece,! wat]s :i* ?\ sawe/1 :]e ! :ore sitte?1 are #ecfpeoples1 & multitudes1 & nations1 & tongues4 #ae4 ,& he sai? unto me4 ,! angel1 v]4 #g4 ,?is comm5ces ! m lit]al /atem5t ( :at is meant by ^! symbols4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! *apt]4 ,! wat]s :i* ?\ sawe/4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,are peoples1 & multitudes1 & nations1 & tongues4 ,= an explanation ( ^! t]ms1 see ,notes on *4 vii4 #i4 ,! mean+ "h is1 7a7 t ^! wat]s repres5t a multitude ( p4 ,?is is a common & an obvi\s symbol= outspread seas or rag+ floods w\ld naturally repres5t su* a multitude4 ,see ,is4 viii4 #g1 #h2 xvii4 #ab1 #ac2 ,je4 xlvii4 #b4 ,comp4 ,iliad1 v4 #cid4 ,! s5se "h is1 t va/ numb]s ( p w\ld be subject to ! p[] "h repres5t$ by ! woman4 7b7 ,!y w\ld be compos$ ( diff]5t nations1 & w\ld be ( diff]5t languages4 ,x is unnecess>y to %[ t ?is1 9 bo? respects1 is applicable to ! ,papacy4 ,nations h be51 & are subject to its control1 & nations speak+ a l>ge "p ( ! languages ( ! _w4 ,p]haps "u no "o gov]nm5tn ev5 ! ,babylonian1 ! ,mac$onian1 or ! anci5t ,roman0 !re s great a div]sity ( p1 speak+ s _m diff]5t languages1 & hav+ s diff]5t an orig94 #af ,& ! t5 horns :i* ?\ sawe/ ^u ! bea/1 #ecg^! %all hate ! :ore1 & %all #echmake h] desolate & nak$1 & %all eat h] fle%1 & #eci;burn h] ) fire4 #af4 ,& ! t5 horns :i* ?\ sawe/ ^u ! bea/4 ,v]4 #c4 ,! t5 p[]s or k+doms repres5t$ by ^? horns4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ab4 ,^! %all hate ! :ore4 ,!re seems to be "s incongruity betwe5 ?is /atem5t & t :i* 0 previ\sly made4 ,9 ! =m] 7v]4 #abad71 ^! t5 gov]nm5ts are repres5t$ z 9 alliance ) ! bea/2 z 8giv+ all _! p[] & /r5g?0 unto x2 & z unit+ ) x 9 mak+ w> ) ! ,lamb4 ,:at is "h said mu/1 !re=e1 ref] to "s subsequ5t p]iod1 indicat+ "s great *ange 9 _! feel+s & policy4 ,we h se5 ! evid5ce ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! =m] /atem5ts4 ,?is /atem5t w be accompli%$ if ^! same p[]s1 repres5t$ by ! t5 horns1 t 7 =m]ly 9 alliance ) ! ,papacy1 %all become its enemy1 & contribute to its f9al ov]?r[4 ,t is1 x w be accompli%$ if ! nations ( ,europe1 embrac$ )9 ! limits ( ^? t5 k+doms1 %all become ho/ile to ! ,papacy1 & %all comb9e = its ov]?r[4 ,is any?+ m probable ?an ?is8 ,france 7see ,notes on *4 xvi47 has already /ruck m ?an "o heavy bl[ on t p[]2 ,engl& has be5 deta*$ f x2 _m ( ! /ates ( ,italy are we>y ( x1 & are ready to rise up aga9/ x2 & no?+ is m probable ?an t ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,lomb>dy1 & ! ,papal ,/ates !mselves1 w yet ?r[ (f ! yoke = ev]1 & put an end to a p[] t has s long rul$ ov] m54 ,x 0 ) ! utmo/ difficulty1 9 #ahdh1 t ! ,papal p[] 0 su/a9$1 & ?is 0 done only by =eign swords2 ! ,papacy c\ld n probably be protect$ 9 ano!r su* outbreak4 ,& ?is passage leads u to anticipate t ! p]iod w come& t probably n f> 9 ! future:5 ^? p[]s t h = s _m ages su/a9$ ! ,papacy w become its det]m9$ foes1 & w rise 9 _! might & br+ x = ev] to an end4 ,& %all make h] desolate & nak$4 ,/rip h] ( all h] p[] & all h] attractiv5ess4 #cie ,t is1 appli$ to ,papal ,rome1 all t is s gorge\s & allur+h] weal?1 & pomp1 & spl5d\r%all be tak5 away1 & %e w be se5 z %e is1 )\t any?+ to dazzle ! eye or to bl9d ! m9d4 ,& %all eat h] fle%4 ,%all completely de/roy h]z if h] fle% 7 consum$4 ,p]haps ! image is tak5 f ! practice ( cannibals eat+ ! fle% ( _! enemies sla9 9 battle4 ,if s1 no?+ c\ld give a m impressive idea ( ! utt] de/ruction ( ?is =midable p[]1 or ( ! feel+s ( ^? by :om its end w\ld be br\ght ab\t4 ,& burn h] ) fire4 ,ano!r image ( total de/ruction4 ,p]haps ! mean+ may be1 t aft] h] fle% 0 eat51 su* p>ts ( h] z rema9$ w\ld be ?r[n into ! fire & consum$4 ,if ?is be ! mean+1 ! image is a v impressive "o to d5ote absolute & total de/ruction4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xviii4 #h4 #ag ,= #edj;,god ha? put 9 _! he>ts to fulfil 8 w1 & to agree1 & give _! k+dom unto ! bea/1 #edauntil ! words ( ,god %all be fulfill$4 #ag4 ,= ,god ha? put 9 _! he>ts to fulfil 8 w4 ,t is1 9 reg>d to ! de/ruction ( ?is mighty p[]4 ,!y w\ld be employ$ z 8 ag5ts 9 br++ ab\t 8 designs4 ,k+s & pr9ces are "u ! control ( ,god1 &1 :atev] may be _! own designs1 !y are 9 fact employ$ to accompli% 8 purposes1 & are in/rum5ts 9 8 h&s4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 x4 #g4 ,comp4 ,ps4 lxxvi4 #aj4 ,& to agree4 ,see v]4 #ac4 ,t is1 !y act h>moni\sly 9 _! support ( ?is p[]1 & s !y w 9 its f9al de/ruction4 ,& give _! k+dom unto ! bea/4 ,notes1 v]4 #ac4 ,until ! words ( ,god %all be fulfill$4 ,n = ev]2 n z a p]man5t arrangem5t4 ,god has fix$ a limit to ! exi/5ce ( ?is p[]4 ,:5 8 purposes are accompli%$1 ^! k+doms w )draw _! support1 & ?is mighty p[] w fall to rise no m4 #ah ,& ! woman :i* ?\ sawe/ is #edbt great city1 :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?4 #ah4 ,& ! woman :i* ?\ sawe/4 ,v]4 #c4 ,is t great city4 ,repres5ts t great city4 ,:i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,rome w\ld ( c\rse be und]/ood by ?is language 9 ! "t ( ,john1 & all ! circum/ances1 z we h se51 comb9$ to %[ t ,rome1 9 "s =m ( its dom9ion1 is int5d$4 ,ev5 ! "n c\ld h>dly h designat$ x m cle>ly1 & all expositors agree 9 suppos+ t ,rome1 ei!r z ,pagan or z ,*ri/ian1 is ref]r$ to4 ,! *apt] %[s t its p[] is limit$2 & t1 al?\gh = purposes :i* he saw to be wise1 ,god all[s x to h a wide influ5ce ov] ! nations ( ! e>?1 yet1 9 8 own appo9t$ "t1 ! v p[]s t h su/a9$ x w become its foes1 & comb9e = its ov]?r[4 ,europe ne$s b little f>!r provocation1 & ! fires ( lib]ty1 :i* h be5 s long p5t up1 w break =?1 & t /orm ( indignation :i* has expell$ ! ,jesuits f all ! c\rts ( ,europe2 :i* has aboli%$ ! ,inquisition2 :i* has m ?an once l$ ho/ile armies to ! v gates ( ,papal ,rome1 w aga9 be ar\s$ 9 a mann] :i* _c be allay$1 & t mighty p[]1 :i* has controll$ s l>ge a "p ( ! nations ( ,europe = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ( ! _w's hi/ory1 w come to an end4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt] may be reg>d$ z a /ill fur!r explanatory episode 7comp4 ,anal4 to *4 xvii471 design$ to %[ ! effect ( p\r+ out ! sev5? vial 7*4 xvi4 #agba7 on ! =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] s (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,! description 9 ?is *apt] is t ( a ri* m]*ant-city r$uc$ to desolation1 & is b c>ry+ out ! g5]al idea "u a diff]5t =m4 ,! *apt] comprises ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,ano!r angel is se5 desc5d+ f heav51 hav+ great p[]1 & mak+ proclamation t ,babylon ! great is fall51 & is become utt]ly desolate1 v]4 #ac4 7#b7 ,a w>n+ voice is he>d f heav51 call+ on ! p ( ,god to come out ( h]1 & to be p>tak]s nei!r ( h] s9s nor h] plagues4 ,h] torm5t & sorr[ w\ld be proportionate to h] pride & luxury2 & h] plagues w\ld come ^u h] sudd5ly2 #cif dea?1 & m\rn+1 & fam9e1 & consumption by fire1 v]4 #dh4 7#c7 ,lam5tation ov] h] fallby ^? especially :o _h be5 connect$ ) h]2 :o _h be5 corrupt$ by h]2 :o _h be5 pr(it$ by h]1 v]4 #iai4 7a7 ,by k+s1 v]4 #i1 #aj4 ,!y _h liv$ delici\sly ) h]1 & !y w\ld lam5t h]4 7b7 ,by m]*ants1 v]4 #aaag4 ,!y _h traffick$ ) h]1 b n[ t traffic 0 to cease1 & no man w\ld buy ( h]4 ,_! bus9ess1 s f> z %e 0 conc]n$1 0 at an end4 ,all t %e _h accumulat$ 0 n[ to be de/roy$2 all h] ga!r$ ri*es 7 to be consum$2 all ! traffic 9 ^? ?+s by :i* %e _h be5 enri*$ 0 to be end$2 & ! city t 0 m ?an all o!rs enri*$ by ^! ?+s1 z if clo!d 9 f9e l951 & purple1 & sc>let1 & deck$ ) gold1 & preci\s /ones1 & pe>ls1 0 to be de/roy$ = ev]4 7c7 ,by %ip-ma/]s & seam51 v]4 #agai4 ,!y _h be5 made ri* by ?is traffic1 b n[ all 0 end$2 ! smoke ( h] burn+ is se5 to asc5d1 & !y /& af> (f & weep4 7#d7 ,rejoic+ ov] h] fall1 v]4 #bj4 ,heav5 is call$ ^u to rejoice1 & ! holy apo/les & prophets1 = _! blood is av5g$1 & p]secution ceases 9 ! e>?4 7#e7 ,! f9al de/ruction ( ! city1 v]4 #babd4 ,a mighty angel takes up a /one & ca/s x into ! sea z an emblem ( ! de/ruction t is to come ^u x4 ,! voice ( h>p]s1 & musicians1 & pip]s w\ld be he>d no m 9 x2 & no craftsm5 w\ld be !re1 & ! s\nd ( ! mill/one w\ld be he>d no m1 & ! light ( a c&le w\ld %9e no m !re1 & ! voice ( ! bridegroom & bride w\ld be he>d no m4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,& aft] ^! ?+s ,i saw ano!r angel come d[n f heav51 hav+ great p[]2 & !#edc;e>? 0 light5$ ) 8 glory4 #a4 ,& aft] ^! ?+s4 ,aft] ! vision ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,i saw ano!r angel come d[n f heav54 ,diff]5t f ! "o t _h la/ appe>$1 & !re=e com+ to make a new communication to him4 ,x is n unusual 9 ?is book t diff]5t communications %\ld be intru/$ to diff]5t angels4 ,comp4 *4 xiv4 #f1 #h1 #i1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah4 ,hav+ great p[]4 ,t is1 he 0 "o ( ! high] rank or ord] ( angels4 ,& ! e>? 0 light5$ ) 8 glory4 ,! usual repres5tation respect+ ! heav5ly be+s4 ,comp4 ,ex4 xxiv4 #af2 ,mat4 xvii4 #b2 ,lu4 ii4 #i2 ,ac4 ix4 #c4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 add greatly to ! magnific5ce ( ! sc5e4 #b ,& he cri$ mightily ) a /rong voice1 say+1 #edd;,babylon ! great is fall51 is fall51 & is #ede;become ! habitation ( devils1 & ! hold ( e f\l _s1 & a cage ( e unclean & hateful bird4 #b4 ,& he cri$ mightily4 ,lit]ally1 8he cri$ ) a /rong great voice40 ,see *4 x4 #c4 ,babylon ! great is fall51 is fall54 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,! proclamation "h is sub/antially ! same z 9 t place1 & no d\bt ! same ?+ is ref]r$ to4 ,& is become ! habitation ( devils4 ,( demons9 allusion to ! common op9ion t ! demons inhabit$ ab&on$ cities1 old ru9s1 & des]ts4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xii4 #dcde4 ,! language "h is tak5 f ! description ( ,babylon 9 ,is4 xiii4 #bjbb2 & = a full illu/ration ( ! mean+1 see ,notes on t passage4 ,& ! hold ( e f\l _s4 ,a wat*-po/1 /ation1 haunt ( su* spirits4 ,t is1 !y1 z x 71 kept gu>d !re2 7 /ation$ !re2 haunt$ ! place4 ,& a cage ( e unclean & hateful bird4 ,t is1 !y w\ld resort !re1 & abide !re z 9 a cage4 ,! ^w translat$ 8cage0 is ! same :i* is r5d]$ 8hold04 ,9 ,is4 xiii4 #ba1 x is said1 8& owls %all dwell !re20 & 9 ,is4 xiv4 #bc1 x is said t x w\ld be a 8possession = ! bitt]n40 ,! idea is t ( utt] desolation2 & ! mean+ "h is1 t spiritual ,babylon,papal ,rome 7*4 xiv4 #h7w be r$uc$ to a /ate ( utt] desolation resembl+ t ( ! real ,babylon4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose ?is ( ! city ( ,rome itself= t is n ! object ( ! repres5tation4 ,x is ! ,papacy1 repres5t$ #cig "u ! image ( ! city1 & hav+ its seat !re4 ,t is to be de/roy$ z utt]ly z 0 ,babylon ( old2 t w become z odi\s1 & loa?some1 & dete/able z ! lit]al ,babylon1 ! abode ( mon/]s is4 #c ,= #edf;all nations h drunk ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( h] =nication1 & ! k+s ( ! e>? h committ$ =nication ) h]1 & ! #edgm]*ants ( ! e>? are wax$ ri* ?r\gh ! #edh;abundance ( h] delicacies4 #c4 ,= all nations h drunk ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( h] =nication4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,?is is giv5 z a reason :y ?is utt] ru9 _h come ^u h]4 ,%e _h beguil$ & corrupt$ ! nations ( ! e>?1 lead+ !m into e/rangem5t f ,god1 & into pollution & s94 ,see ,notes on *4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,& ! k+s ( ! e>? h committ$ =nication ) h]4 ,spiritual adult]y2 t is1 %e has be5 ! means ( s$uc+ !m f ,god & lead+ !m into s9ful practices4 ,& ! m]*ants ( ! e>? are wax$ ri* ?r\gh ! abundance ( h] delicacies4 ,! ^w r5d]$ 8abundance0 "h1 means commonly p[]4 ,x might "h d5ote influ5ce1 ?\gh x may also mean numb]1 quantity1 weal?4 ,comp4 *4 iii4 #h1 :]e ! same ^w is us$4 ,! ^w r5d]$ delicaciesoccurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x prop]ly means rud5ess1 insol5ce1 pride2 & h5ce revel1 riot1 luxury4 ,x may be r5d]$ "h prop]ly luxury1 or pr\d voluptu\sness2 & ! ref]5ce is to su* luxuries z are f\nd commonly 9 a great1 a gay1 & a spl5did city4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 give rise to mu* traffic1 & furni% employm5t to _m m]*ants & sailors1 :o ?us procure a livelihood1 or become weal?y z ! result ( su* traffic4 ,babylonor ,papal ,romeis "h repres5t$ "u ! image ( su* a luxuri\s city2 & ( c\rse1 :5 %e falls1 !y :o h ?us be5 dep5d5t on h]1 & :o h be5 enri*$ by h]1 h occasion = m\rn+ & lam5tation4 ,x is n necess>y to expect to f9d a lit]al fulfilm5t ( ?is1 = x is emblematic & symbolical4 ,! image ( a great1 ri*1 spl5did1 pr\d & luxuri\s city hav+ be5 employ$ to d5ote t ,anti*ri/ian p[]1 all t is said 9 ?is *apt] foll[s1 ( c\rse1 on its fall4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t %e 0 doom$ to utt] desolation1 & t all :o 7 connect$ ) h]1 f> & ne>1 w\ld be involv$ 9 h] ru94 #d ,& ,i he>d ano!r voice f heav51 say+1 #edi;,come out ( h]1 my p1 t ye be n p>tak]s ( h] s9s1 & t ye receive n ( h] plagues4 #d4 ,& ,i he>d ano!r voice f heav54 ,he does n say :e!r ?is 0 ! voice ( an angel1 b ! idea seems r to be t x is ! voice ( ,god4 ,come out ( h]1 my p4 ,! reasons = ?is1 z imm$iately /at$1 are two3 7a7 t !y might n p>ticipate 9 h] s9s2 & 7b7 t !y might n be involv$ 9 ! ru9 t w\ld come ^u h]4 ,! language seems to be d]iv$ f su* passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z ! foll[+38,g ye =? ( ,babylon1 flee ye f ! ,*aldeans1 ) a voice ( s++10 ,is4 xlviii4 #bj4 8,flee out ( ! mid/ ( ,babylon1 & deliv] e man 8 s\l2 be n cut (f 9 h] iniquity10 ,je4 li4 #f4 8,my p1 g ye out ( ! mid/ ( h]1 & deliv] ye e man 8 s\l f ! fi]ce ang] ( ! ,"l10 ,je4 li4 #de4 ,comp4 ,je4 l4 #h4 ,t ye be n p>tak]s ( h] s9s4 ,= ! mean+ ( ?is expression1 see ,notes on #a ,ti4 v4 #bb4 ,x is impli$ "h t by rema9+ 9 ,babylon !y w\ld l5d _! sanction to its s9s by _! pres5ce1 & w\ld1 9 all probability1 become contam9at$ by ! influ5ce ar\nd !m4 ,?is is an univ]sal tru? 9 reg>d to iniquity1 & h5ce x is ! duty ( ^? :o w\ld be pure to come out f ! _w1 & to sep>ate !mselves f all ! associations ( evil4 ,& t ye receive n ( h] plagues4 ,( ! puni%m5t t 0 to come ^u h]z !y mu/ c]ta9ly d if !y rema9$ 9 h]4 ,! judgm5t ( ,god t 0 to come ^u ! guilty city w\ld make no discrim9ation among ^? :o 7 f\nd !re2 & if !y w\ld escape ^! woes !y mu/ make _! escape f h]4 ,z applicable to ,papal ,rome1 9 view ( h] imp5d+ ru91 ?is means1 7a7 t !re might be f\nd 9 h] "s :o 7 ! true p ( ,god2 7b7 t x 0 _! duty to sep>ate :olly f h]a comm& t w n only ju/ify ! ,re=mation1 b :i* w\ld h made a long] cont9uance 9 communion #cih ) ! ,papacy1 :5 h] wick$ness 0 fully se51 an act ( guilt be=e ,god2 7c7 t !y :o rema9 9 su* a communion _c b be reg>d$ z p>tak+ ( h] s92 & 7d7 t if !y rema91 !y mu/ expect to be involv$ 9 ! calamities t w come ^u h]4 ,!re nev] 0 any duty pla9] ?an t ( )draw+ f ,papal ,rome2 !re nev] has be5 any act att5d$ ) m happy consequ5ces ?an t by :i* ! ,prote/ant _w sep>at$ itself = ev] f ! s9s & ! plagues ( ! ,papacy4 #e ,= h] s9s h #eejrea*$ unto heav51 & ,god ha? #eearememb]$ h] iniquities4 #e4 ,= h] s9s h rea*$ unto heav54 ,s 9 ,je4 li4 #i1 speak+ ( ,babylon1 x is said1 8,= h] judgm5t rea*e? unto heav51 & is lift$ up ev5 to ! skies40 ,! mean+ is n t ! s9s ( ?is my/ical ,babylon 7 l a mass or pile s high z to rea* to heav51 b t x _h become s prom95t z to attract ! att5tion ( ,god4 ,comp4 ,ge4 iv4 #aj1 8,! voice ( ?y bro!r's blood crie? unto me f ! gr\nd40 ,see also ,ge4 xviii4 #bj4 ,& ,god ha? rememb]$ h] iniquities4 ,he _h seem$ to =get !m1 or n to notice !m1 b n[ he act$ z if !y _h come to 8 recollection4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ai4 #f ,rew>d#eeb;h] ev5 z %e rew>d$ y1 & d\ble unto h] d\ble accord+ to h] works3 9 ! cup :i* %e ha? fill$1 fill to h] d\ble4 #f4 ,rew>d h] ev5 z %e rew>d$ y4 ,x is n said to :om ?is comm& is address$1 b x w\ld seem to be to ^? :o _h be5 p]secut$ & wrong$4 ,appli$ to my/ical ,babylon,papal ,romex w\ld seem to be a call on ! nations t _h be5 s long "u h] sway1 & among :om1 f "t to "t1 s mu* blood _h be5 %$ by h]1 to arise n[ 9 _! might1 & to inflict des]v$ v5geance4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvii4 #af1 #ag4 ,& d\ble unto h] d\ble accord+ to h] works4 ,t is1 br+ ^u h] d\ble ! am\nt ( calamity :i* %e has br\ght ^u o!rs2 take ample v5geance ^u h]4 ,comp4 = simil> language1 ,is4 xl4 #b1 8,%e ha? receiv$ ( ! ,"l's h& d\ble = all h] s9s40 8,= y\r %ame ye %all h d\ble10 ,is4 lxi4 #g4 ,9 ! cup :i* %e ha? fill$4 ,to br+ wra? on o!rs4 ,notes1 *4 xiv4 #h4 ,fill to h] d\ble4 ,let h] dr9k abundantly ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,godd\ble t :i* %e has dealt out to o!rs4 ,t is1 ei!r let ! quantity adm9i/]$ to h] be d\bl$1 or let ! +r$i5ts 9 ! cup be d\bl$ 9 int5sity4 #g ,h[ mu* %e ha? glorifi$ h]self1 & liv$ delici\sly1 s mu* torm5t & sorr[ give h]2 = %e sai? 9 h] he>t1 #eec;,i sit a que51 & am no wid[1 & %all see no sorr[4 #g4 ,h[ mu* %e ha? glorifi$ h]self4 ,be5 pr\d1 boa/ful1 arrogant4 ,?is 0 true ( anci5t ,babylon1 t %e 0 pr\d & haughty2 & x has be5 no less true ( my/ical ,babylon,papal ,rome4 ,& liv$ delici\sly4 ,by z mu* z %e has liv$ 9 luxury & dissolut5ess1 s let h] suff] n[4 ,! ^w us$ "h & r5d]$ liv$ delici\slyis d]iv$ f ! n\n:i* is us$ 9 v]4 #c1 & r5d]$ delicacies4 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,x means prop]ly1 8to live /r5u\sly1 rudely10 z 9 ,engli%1 8to live h>d20 & !n to revel1 to live 9 luxury1 riot1 dissolut5ess4 ,no "o c d\bt ! propriety ( ?is z descriptive ( anci5t ,babylon1 & z little c its propriety be d\bt$ z appli$ to ,papal ,rome4 ,s mu* torm5t & sorr[ give h]4 ,let h] puni%m5t correspond ) h] s9s4 ,?is is express+ sub/antially ! same idea :i* occurs 9 ! previ\s v]se4 ,= %e sai? 9 h] he>t4 ,?is is ! e/imate :i* %e =ms ( h]self4 ,i sit a que54 ,indicative ( pride1 & ( an ass]t$ claim to rule4 ,& am no wid[4 ,am n 9 ! condition ( a wid[a /ate ( depression1 sorr[1 & m\rn+4 ,all ?is indicates security & self-confid5ce1 a description 9 e way applicable to ,papal ,rome4 ,& %all see no sorr[4 ,?is is indicative ( a /ate :]e !re 0 no?+ fe>$1 n )/&+ all ! indications :i* exi/$ ( approa*+ calamity4 ,9 #cii ?is /ate we may expect to f9d ,papal ,rome1 ev5 :5 its la/ judgm5ts are ab\t to come ^u x2 9 ?is /ate x has usually be52 9 ?is /ate x is n[1 not)/&+ all ! indications t are abroad 9 ! _w t its p[] is wan+1 & t ! p]iod ( its fall approa*es4 #h ,!re=e %all h] plagues come 9 "o day1 dea?1 & m\rn+1 & fam9e2 & %e %all be utt]ly #eed;burn$ ) fire3 = #eee/rong is ! ,"l ,god :o judge? h]4 #h4 ,!re=e4 ,9 consequ5ce ( h] pride1 arrogance1 & luxury1 & ( ! calamities t %e has br\ght ^u o!rs4 ,%all h] plagues come 9 "o day4 ,!y %all come 9 a "t :5 %e is liv+ 9 ease & security2 & !y %all come at ! same "ts t all ^! t]rible judgm5ts %all seem to be p\r$ ^u h] at once4 ,dea?4 ,?is expression1 & ^? :i* foll[1 are design$ to d5ote ! same ?+ "u diff]5t images4 ,! g5]al mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be utt] & f9al de/ruction4 ,x w\ld be z if dea? %\ld come & cut (f ! inhabitants4 ,& m\rn+4 ,z !re w\ld be :]e _m 7 cut (f by dea?4 ,& fam9e4 ,z if fam9e rag$ )9 ! walls ( a besieg$ city1 or spread ov] a l&4 ,& %e %all be utt]ly burn$ ) fire4 ,z completely de/roy$ z if %e 7 entirely burn$ up4 ,! c]ta9 & complete de/ruction ( t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] is pr$ict$ "u a great v>iety ( emphatic images4 ,see *4 xiv4 #aj1 #aa2 xvi4 #agba2 xvii4 #i1 #af4 ,p]haps 9 ?is s frequ5t ref]5ce to a f9al de/ruction ( t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[] by fire1 !re may be m int5d$ ?an m]ely a figurative repres5tation ( its f9al ru94 ,!re is "s degree ( probability1 at lea/1 t ,rome itself w be lit]ally de/roy$ 9 ?is mann]1 & t x is 9 ?is way t ,god int5ds to put an end to ! ,papal p[]1 by de/roy+ t :i* has be5 s long ! seat & ! c5tre ( ?is au?ority4 ,! ext5d$ preval5ce ( ?is belief1 & ! gr\nds = x1 may be se5 f ! foll[+ rem>ks37#a7 ,x 0 an e>ly op9ion among ! ,jewi% rabbies t ,rome w\ld be ?us de/roy$4 ,vitr+a1 on ! ,apocalypse1 cites "s op9ions ( ?is k9d2 ! ,jewi% expectation be+ f\nd$1 z he says1 on ! passage 9 ,is4 xxxiv4 #i1 z ,edom 0 suppos$ to mean ,rome4 8,?is *apt]10 says ,kim*i1 8po9ts out ! future de/ruction ( ,rome1 "h call$ ,bozra1 = ,bozra 0 a great city ( ! ,edomites40 ,?is is1 inde$1 wor?less z a pro( or an int]pretation ( ,scripture1 = x is a :olly unf\nd$ int]pretation2 x is ( value only z %[+ t someh[ ! ,jews ent]ta9$ ?is op9ion4 7#b7 ,! same expectation 0 ent]ta9$ among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gibbon 7vol4 i4 p4 #bfc1 *4 xv471 ref]r+ to ! expectations ( ! glori\s reign ( ! ,messiah on ! e>? 7comp4 ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h71 says1 speak+ ( ,rome z ! my/ic ,babylon1 & ( its anticipat$ de/ruction3 8,a regul> s]ies 0 prep>$ 9 ! m9ds ( ,*ri/ians ( all ! moral & physical evils :i* c afflict a fl\ri%+ nation2 inte/9e discord1 & ! invasion ( ! fi]ce/ b>b>ians f ! unkn[n regions ( ! nor?2 pe/il5ce & fam9e1 comets & eclipses1 e>?quakes & inundations4 ,all ^! 7 only s _m prep>atory & al>m+ signs ( ! great cata/rophe ( ,rome1 :5 ! c\ntry ( ! ,scipios & ,cs>s %\ld be consum$ by a flame f heav51 & ! city ( ! sev5 hills1 ) h] palaces1 h] temples1 & h] triumphal ar*es1 %\ld be buri$ 9 a va/ lake ( fire & brim/one40 ,s ev5 ,gregory ! ,great1 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! ,roman pontiffs1 himself says1 ackn[l$g+ 8 belief 9 ! tru? ( ! tradition3 ,roma ,g5tilibus non ext]m9abitur2 s$ tempe/atibus1 coruscis turb9ibus1 ac t]r motu1 9 se m>cescet 7,dial4 ii4 #ae74 7#c7 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! op9ions & expectations1 !re is "s f\ndation = ! op9ion 9 ! nature ( ! case4 7a7 ,! region is adapt$ to ?is4 8,x is n tna1 ! ,lip>i volcanic isl&s1 ,vesuvius1 t alone (f] visible indications ( ! physical adapt$ness ( ,italy = su* a cata/rophe4 ,! great ,ap5n9e m\nta9-*a9 is ma9ly volcanic 9 its "*1 & ! c\ntry ( ,rome m especially is z /rik+ly s almo/ z t ( ,sodom itself40 ,?us ! m9]alogi/ ,f]b]1 9 8 ,t\r 9 ,italy1 says3 8,! road f ,rome to ,o/ia is all volcanic a%es till )9 two miles ( ,o/ia40 8,f ,rome to ,tivoli ,i w5t on fields & hills ( volcanic #djj a%es or tufa40 8,a volcanic hill 9 an amphi!atrical =m includes a "p ( ! pla9 ov] ,albano1 & a flat c\ntry ( volcanic a%es & hills to ,rome4 ,! gr\nd ab\t ,rome is g5]ally ( t nature10 pp4 #ahi1 #aia1 #bjj1 #bcd4 7b7 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 ) 8 usual accuracy1 z if comm5t+ on ! ,apocalypse1 has ref]r$ to ! physical adapt$ness ( ! soil ( ,rome = su* an ov]?r[4 ,speak+ ( ! anticipation ( ! end ( ! _w among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 he says3 8,9 ! op9ion ( a g5]al conflagration1 ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian v happily co9cid$ ) ! tradition ( ! ,ea/1 ! philosophy ( ! ,/oics1 & ! analogy ( nature2 & ev5 ! c\ntry1 :i*1 f religi\s motives1 _h be5 *os5 = ! orig9 & pr9cipal sc5e ( ! conflagration1 0 ! be/ adapt$ = t purpose by natural & physical causes2 by its deep cav]ns1 b$s ( sulphur1 & num]\s volcanoes1 ( :i* ^? ( tna1 ( ,vesuvius1 & ( ,lip>i1 exhibit a v imp]fect repres5tation10 vol4 i4 p4 #bfc1 *4 xv4 ,z to ! g5]al /ate ( ,italy1 9 ref]5ce to volcanoes1 ! read] may consult1 ) advantage1 ,lyell's ,geology1 book ii4 *4 ix4xii4 ,see also ,murray's ,encyclopdia ( ,geography1 book ii4 *4 ii4 ,( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,rome x is said 9 t "w1 among o!r ?+s3 8,! c\ntry ar\nd ,rome1 & also ! hills on :i* x is built1 is compos$ ( t]ti>y m>ls1 clays1 & s&/ones1 & int]mix$ ) a prepond]at+ quantity ( granul> & li?oidal volcanic tufas4 ,! _m lakes ar\nd ,rome are =m$ by crat]s ( anci5t volcanoes40 8,on ! road to ,rome is ! ,lake ( ,vico1 =m]ly ! ,lacus ,cim9i1 :i* has all ! appe>ance ( a crat]40 ,! foll[+ extract f a rec5t travell] w /ill fur!r confirm ?is repres5tation38,i behold ev]y:]e9 ,rome1 ne> ,rome1 & ?r\gh ! :ole region f ,rome to ,naplesmo/ a/\nd+ pro(1 n m]ely ( ! possibility1 b ! probability1 t ! :ole region ( c5tral ,italy w "o day be de/roy$ by su* a cata/rophe by e>?quakes or volcanoes4 ,! soil ( ,rome is tufa1 ) a volcanic subt]ranean action go+ on4 ,at ,naples ! boil+ sulphur is to be se5 bubbl+ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,:5 ,i drew a /ick along ! gr\nd1 ! sulphur\s smoke foll[$ ! ind5tation2 & x w\ld nev] surprise me to he> ( ! utt] de/ruction ( ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,italy4 ,! entire c\ntry & di/rict is volcanic4 ,x is saturat$ ) b$s ( sulphur & ! sub/rata ( de/ruction4 ,x seems z c]ta9ly prep>$ = ! flames1 z ! wood & coal on ! he>? are prep>$ = ! tap] :i* %all k9dle ! fire to consume !m4 ,! div9e h& alone seems to me to hold ! elem5t ( fire 9 *eck by a miracle z great z t :i* protect$ ! cities ( ! pla91 till ! righte\s ,lot _h made 8 escape to ! m\nta9s0 7,t[ns5d's ,t\r 9 ,italy 9 #ahej74 ,= /rong is ! ,"l ,god :o judge? h]4 ,t is1 ,god has ample p[] to br+ all ^! calamities ^u h]4 #i ,& ! #eefk+s ( ! e>?1 :o h committ$ =nication & liv$ delici\sly ) h]1 %all bewail h]1 & lam5t = h]1 :5 !y %all see ! smoke ( h] burn+1 #i4 ,& ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,?is v]se comm5ces ! description ( ! lam5tation ov] ! fall ( ! my/ical ,babylon 7see ! ,analysis ( ! *apt]74 ,:o h committ$ =nication4 ,t is1 :o h be5 s$uc$ by h] f ! true ,god1 & h be5 l$ into practical idolatry4 ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h4 ,! k+s ( ! e>? seem to be repres5t$ z among ! *ief m\rn]s1 because !y _h d]iv$ important aid f ! p[] :i* 0 n[ to be r$uc$ to ru94 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! k+s ( ,europe h ow$ mu* ( _! influ5ce & p[] to ! support :i* has be5 d]iv$ f ! ,papacy1 & :5 t p[] %all fall1 !re w fall mu* t has contribut$ to su/a9 oppressive & arbitr>y gov]nm5ts1 & t has prev5t$ ! ext5sion ( popul> lib]ty4 ,9 fact1 ,europe might h be5 long s9ce free1 if x _h n be5 = ! support :i* despotic gov]nm5ts h d]iv$ f ! ,papacy4 ,& liv$ delici\sly ) h]4 ,9 ! same k9d ( luxury & dissolut5ess ( mann]s4 ,see v]4 #c1 #g4 ,! c\rts ( ,europe1 "u ! ,papacy1 h _h ! same g5]al "* = dissolut5ess & lic5ti\sness z ,rome itself4 ,! same views ( religion produce ! same effects ev]y:]e4 ,%all bewail h]1 & lam5t = h]4 ,because _! ally is de/roy$1 & #dja ! s\rce ( _! p[] is tak5 away4 ,! fall ( ! ,papacy w be ! signal = a g5]al ov]turn+ ( ! ?rones ( ,europe4 ,:5 !y %all see ! smoke ( h] burn+4 ,:5 !y %all see h] on fire1 & h] smoke asc5d+ t[>ds heav54 ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aa4 #aj ,/&+ af> (f = ! fe> ( h] torm5t1 say+1 ,alas1 alas1 t great city ,babylon1 t mighty city6 = #eeg;9 "o h\r is ?y judgm5t come4 #aj4 ,/&+ af> (f = ! fe> ( h] torm5t4 ,n d>+ to approa*1 to attempt to rescue & save h]4 ,!y :o _h s long contribut$ to ! support ( ! ,papal p[]1 & :o _h1 9 turn1 be5 upheld by t1 w\ld n n[ ev5 attempt to rescue h]1 b w\ld /& by & see h] de/roy$1 unable to r5d] relief4 ,alas1 alas1 t great city ,babylon4 ,! language ( lam5tation t s great & s mighty a city %\ld fall4 ,= 9 "o h\r is ?y judgm5t come4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,! g5]al s5tim5t "h is1 t1 9 ! f9al ru9 ( ,papal ,rome1 ! k+s & gov]nm5ts t _h su/a9$ h]1 & _h be5 su/a9$ by h]1 w\ld see ! s\rce ( _! p[] tak5 away1 b t !y w\ld n1 or c\ld n attempt h] rescue4 ,!re h be5 n a few indications already t ?is w ultimately occur1 & t ! ,papal p[] w be left to fall1 )\t any attempt1 on ! "p ( ^? gov]nm5ts :i* h be5 s long 9 alliance ) x1 to su/a9 or re/ore x4 #aa ,& ! #eehm]*ants ( ! e>? %all weep & m\rn ov] h]2 = no man buye? h] m]*&ise any m2 #aa4 ,& ! m]*ants ( ! e>?4 ,:o h be5 accu/om$ to traffic ) h]1 & :o h be5 enri*$ by ! traffic4 ,! image is t ( a ri* & spl5did city4 ,( c\rse1 su* a city dep5ds mu* on its m]*&ise2 & :5 x decl9es & falls1 _m :o _h be5 accu/om$ to deal ) x1 z m]*ants or traffick]s1 are affect$ by x1 & h occasion to lam5t its fall4 ,%all weep & m\rn ov] h]2 = no man buye? _! m]*&ise any m4 ,! m]*&ise :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to take to ! city1 & by ! sale ( :i* !y liv$4 ,! enum]ation ( ! articles ( m]*&ise :i* foll[s1 seems to h be5 ins]t$ = ! purpose ( fill+ out ! repres5tation ( :at is usually f\nd 9 su* a city1 & to %[ ! desolation :i* w\ld occur :5 ?is traffic 0 susp5d$4 #ab ,! m]*&ise ( #eei;gold1 & silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 & ( pe>ls1 & f9e l951 & purple1 & silk1 & sc>let1 & all #efj?y9e wood1 & all mann] vessels ( ivory1 & all mann] vessels ( mo/ preci\s wood1 & ( brass1 & iron1 & m>ble1 #ab4 ,! m]*&ise ( gold1 & silv]4 ,( c\rse1 ^! con/itute an important article ( comm]ce 9 a great city4 ,& preci\s /ones4 ,diamonds1 em]alds1 rubies1 c4 ,^! h always be5 important articles ( traffic 9 ! _w1 &1 ( c\rse1 mo/ ( ! traffic 9 !m w\ld f9d its way to great comm]cial cities4 ,& pe>ls4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 vii4 #f2 xiii4 #df4 ,^!1 too1 h be5 always1 & 71 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly times1 valuable articles ( comm]ce4 ,mr4 ,gibbon m5tions !m z among ! articles t contribut$ to ! luxury ( ,rome 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es3 8preci\s /ones1 among :i* ! pe>l claim$ ! fir/ rank aft] ! diamond10 vol4 i4 p4 #cd4 ,& f9e l954 ,?is 0 also a valuable article ( comm]ce4 ,x 0 obta9$ *iefly f ,egypt4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xix4 #i4 ,l951 among ! anci5ts1 0 an article ( luxury1 = x 0 worn *iefly by ! ri*1 ,ex4 xxviii4 #db2 ,le4 vi4 #aj2 ,lu4 xvi4 #ai4 ,! orig9al ^w "h is 1 byssus1 & x is f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ?is place1 & 9 ,lu4 xvi4 #ai4 ,x 0 a 8species ( f9e cotton1 highly priz$ by ! anci5ts40 ,v>i\s k9ds are m5tion$z t ( ,egypt1 ! clo? :i* is /ill f\nd wrapp$ ar\nd mummies2 t ( ,syria1 & t ( ,india1 :i* grew on a tree simil> to ! popl>2 & t ( ,a*aia1 :i* grew 9 ! vic9ity ( ,elis4 ,see ,rob4 ,lex4 ,& purple4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 xvi4 #ai4 ,clo? ( ?is col\r 0 a valuable article ( comm]ce1 z x 0 worn by ri* m5 & pr9ces4 ,& silk4 ,silk 0 a v valuable article ( comm]ce1 z x 0 co/ly1 & c\ld be worn only by ! #djb ri*4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon z su* an article 9 ,rome 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es38,silk1 a p\nd ( :i* 0 e/eem$ n inf]ior 9 value to a p\nd ( gold10 vol4 i4 p4 #cd4 ,on ! cultivation & manufacture ( silk by ! anci5ts1 see ! "w entitl$1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,silk1 ,cotton1 ,l951 & ,wool1 c41 publi%$ by ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york1 #ahde1 pp4 #aba4 ,& sc>let4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvii4 #c4 ,& all ?y9e wood4 ,! ^w "h us$occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x d5otes an ev]gre5 ,african tree1 f :i* /atues & co/ly vessels 7 made4 ,x is n agre$1 h[ev]1 :e!r x 0 a species ( c$>1 sav91 or lignum-vit1 :i* latt] con/itutes ! mod]n g5us ,?uja1 or ,?yia4 ,see ,rees' ,cyclo41 art4 8,?uja40 ,& all mann] vessels ( ivory4 ,ev]y?+ t is made ( ivory4 ,ivory1 or ! tusk ( ! elephant1 has always be5 among ! preci\s articles ( comm]ce4 ,& all mann] vessels ( mo/ preci\s wood4 ,furniture ( co/ly woodc$>1 ! citron tree1 lignum-vit1 c4 ,& ( brass1 & iron1 & m>ble4 ,brass or copp] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a valuable article ( comm]ce4 ,! same w\ld be ! case ) iron2 & s m>ble1 = build+1 = /atu>y1 c41 w\ld likewise be4 #ac ,& c9namon1 & od\rs1 & o9tm5ts1 & frank9c5se1 & w9e1 & oil1 & f9e fl\r1 & :eat1 & bea/s1 & %eep1 & horses1 & *>iots1 & #efaslaves1 & #efbs\ls ( m54 #ac4 ,& c9namon4 ,c9namon is ! aromatic b>k ( ! ,laurus ,c9namomam1 :i* gr[s 9 ,arabia1 ,india1 & especially 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,x 0 =m]ly1 z x is n[1 a valuable article 9 ! ,ori5tal trade4 ,& od\rs4 ,aromatics employ$ 9 religi\s wor%ip1 & = mak+ p]fumes4 ,mr4 ,gibbon 7vol4 i4 p4 #cd7 m5tions1 among ! articles ( comm]ce & luxury1 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 8a v>iety ( aromatics t 7 consum$ 9 religi\s wor%ip & ! pomp ( fun]als40 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ! use ( su* od\rs has be5 always common at ,rome4 ,& o9tm5ts4 ,ungu5tsz spik5>d1 c4 ,^! 7 9 common use among ! anci5ts4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xiv4 #g2 ,m>4 xiv4 #c4 ,& frank9c5se4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 ii4 #aa4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t inc5se has be5 always mu* us$ 9 public wor%ip 9 ,rome1 & t x has be51 !re=e1 a valuable article ( comm]ce !re4 ,& w9e4 ,an article ( comm]ce & luxury 9 all ages4 ,& oil4 ,t is1 olive oil4 ,?is1 9 anci5t times1 & 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries p>ticul>ly1 0 an important article ( comm]ce4 ,& f9e fl\r4 ,! ^w "h means ! be/ & f9e/ k9d ( fl\r4 ,& bea/s1 & %eep1 & horses4 ,also important articles ( m]*&ise4 ,& *>iots4 ,! ^w "h us$means1 prop]ly a c>riage ) f\r :eels1 or a c>riage drawn by mules 7,pr(4 ,/u>t74 ,x 0 prop]ly a travell+ c>riage4 ,! ^w is ( ,gallic orig9 7,qu9ctil4 i4 #i2 ,cic4 ,mil4 #aj2 ,att4 v4 #ag2 vi4 #a4 ,see ,adam's ,rom4 ,ant4 p4 #ebe74 ,x 0 an article ( luxury4 ,& slaves4 ,! ,greek "h is 8( bodies40 ,pr(4 ,/u>t r5d]s x grooms1 & supposes t x ref]s to a p>ticul> k9d ( slaves :o 7 employ$ 9 tak+ c>e ( horses & c>riages4 ,! ^w prop]ly d5otes bodyan animal body:e!r ( ! human body1 liv+ or dead1 or ! body ( a bea/2 & !n ! ext]nal man! p]son1 ! individual4 ,9 lat] usage1 x comes to d5ote a slave 7see ,rob4 ,lex471 & 9 ?is s5se x is us$ "h4 ,! traffic 9 slaves 0 common 9 anci5t times1 z x is n[4 ,we "k t ?is traffic 0 c>ri$ on to a l>ge ext5t 9 anci5t ,rome1 ! city :i* ,john probably _h 9 8 eye 9 ?is description4 ,see ,gibbon1 ,dec4 & ,fall1 vol4 i4 pp4 #be1 #bf4 ,a!nu1 z quot$ by ,mr4 ,gibbon 7p4 #bf71 says t 8he knew v _m ,romans :o possess$1 n = use1 b = o/5tation1 t51 & ev5 tw5ty ?\s& slaves40 ,x %\ld be said "h1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ?is ref]s evid5tly to traffic 9 slaves1 x is n necess>y to suppose t x w\ld be lit]ally *>act]i/ic ( ,papal ,rome4 ,all ?is is symbolical1 design$ to exhibit ! ,papacy "u ! image ( a great city1 ) :at 0 cu/om>y 9 su* a city1 or ) :at mo/ naturally pres5t$ itself to ! imag9ation ( ,john z f\nd 9 su* a city2 & x is no m necess>y to suppose t ! ,papacy w\ld be engag$ 9 ! traffic ( slaves1 ?an 9 ! traffic ( c9namon1 or f9e fl\r1 or %eep & horses4 #djc ,& s\ls ( m54 ,! ^w us$1 & r5d]$ s\ls?\gh commonly d5ot+ ! s\l 7prop]ly ! brea?1 or vital pr9ciple71 is also employ$ to d5ote ! liv+ ?+! animal9 :i* ! s\l or vital pr9ciple resides2 & h5ce may d5ote a p]son or a man4 ,"u ?is =m x is us$ to d5ote a s]vant or slave4 ,see ,rob4 ,lex4 ,pr(essor ,rob9son supposes t ! ^w "h means female slaves1 9 di/9ction f ^? designat$ by ! previ\s ^w4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t 79 loco7 supposes t ! previ\s ^w d5otes a p>ticul> k9d ( slaves^? :o _h ! c>e ( horses& t ! ^w "h is us$ 9 a g5]ic s5se1 d5ot+ slaves 9 g5]al4 ,?is k9d ( traffic 9 ! 8p]sons0 or s\ls ( m5 is m5tion$ z *>act]iz+ anci5t ,tyre1 9 ,eze4 xxvii4 #ac3 8,javan1 ,tubal1 & ,me%e*1 !y 7 ?y m]*ants2 !y trad$ 9 ! p]sons ( m540 ,x is n q cle> :y1 9 ! passage be=e u1 ?is traffic is m5tion$ 9 two =ms1 z t ( ! bodies & ! s\ls ( m52 b x w\ld seem mo/ probable t ! writ] meant to designate all t w\ld prop]ly come "u ?is traffic1 :e!r male or female slaves 7 b\ght & sold2 :e!r !y 7 = s]vitude1 or = ! gladiatorial sports 7see ,wet/e91 9 loco72 :atev] might be ! k9d ( s]vitude t !y might be employ$ 91 & :atev] might be _! condition 9 life4 ,! use ( ! two words w\ld include all t is impli$ 9 ! traffic1 =1 9 mo/ important s5ses1 x ext5ds to ! body & ! s\l4 ,9 slav]y bo? are pur*as$2 bo? are suppos$1 s f> z he c avail himself ( !m1 to become ! prop]ty ( ! ma/]4 #ad ,& ! fruits t ?y s\l lu/$ aft] are dep>t$ f !e1 & all ?+s :i* 7 da9ty & goodly are dep>t$ f !e1 & ?\ %alt f9d !m no m at all4 #ad4 ,& ! fruits t ?y s\l lu/$ aft]4 ,lit]ally1 8! fruits ( ! desire ( ?y s\l40 ,! ^w r5d]$ fruitsprop]ly means1 late summ]2 dog-days1 ! "t :5 ,sirius1 or ! ,dog-/>1 is pr$om9ant4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ?is is ! season :5 ! fruits rip51 & h5ce ! ^w comes to d5ote fruit4 ,! ref]5ce is to any k9d ( fruit t w\ld be br\ght = traffic into a great city1 & t w\ld be reg>d$ z an article ( luxury4 ,are dep>t$ f !e4 ,t is1 !y are no m br\ght = sale into ! city4 ,& all ?+s :i* 7 da9ty & goodly4 ,^! words 8*>act]ize all k9ds ( furniture & clo?+ :i* 7 gilt1 or plat$1 or embroid]$1 & !re=e 7 bright or spl5did0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,& ?\ %alt f9d !m no m at all4 ,! address "h is decid$ly to ! city itself4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld no m be f\nd !re4 #ae ,! m]*ants ( ^! ?+s1 :i* 7 made ri* by h]1 %all /& af> (f = ! fe> ( h] torm5t1 weep+ & wail+1 #ae4 ,! m]*ants ( ^! ?+s4 ,:o traffick$ 9 ^! ?+s1 & :o suppli$ ! city ) !m1 v]4 #aa4 ,:i* 7 made ri* by h]4 ,by traffic ) h]4 ,%all /& af> (f4 ,v]4 #aj4 ,= fe> ( h] torm5t4 ,/ruck ) t]ror by h] torm5t1 s t !y did n d>e to approa* h]1 v]4 #aj4 #af ,& say+1 ,alas1 alas1 t great city1 t 0 #efc;clo!d 9 f9e l951 & purple1 & sc>let1 & deck$ ) gold1 & preci\s /ones1 & pe>ls6 #af4 ,& say+1 ,alas1 alas1 c4 ,notes on v]4 #aj4 ,t 0 clo!d 9 f9e l954 ,9 ! previ\s description 7v]4 #ab1 #ac71 ^! are m5tion$ z articles ( traffic2 "h ! city1 "u ! image ( a female1 is repres5t$ z clo!d 9 ! mo/ ri* & gay ( ^! articles4 ,& purple1 & sc>let4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvii4 #c1 #d4 ,comp4 v]4 #ab ( ?is *apt]4 ,& deck$ ) gold1 & preci\s /ones1 & pe>ls4 ,notes on *4 xvii4 #d4 #ag ,= 9 "o h\r s great ri*es is come to n\ght4 ,& #efd;e %ip-ma/]1 & all ! company 9 %ips1 & sailors1 & z _m z trade by sea1 /ood af> (f1 #ag4 ,= 9 "o h\r4 ,9 a v brief p]iods %ort1 t x seem$ to !m to be b "o h\r4 ,9 ! pr$iction 7v]4 #h71 x is said t x w\ld be 89 "o day0 7see ,notes on t place72 "h x is said t1 to ! look]s-on1 x seem$ to be b an h\r4 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! #djd two /atem5ts4 ,s great ri*es is come to n\ght4 ,all ! accumulat$ weal? ( s great & ri* a city4 ,?is %\ld h be5 unit$ ) v]4 #af1 z x is a "p ( ! lam5tation ( ! m]*ants1 & z ! lam5tation ( ! m>9]s comm5ces 9 ! o!r "p ( ! v]se4 ,x is s divid$ 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5ts4 ,& e %ip-ma/]4 ,?is introduces ! lam5tation ( ! m>9]s1 :o w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! de/ruction ( a city ) :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ to trade1 & by c>ry+ m]*&ise to :i* !y _h be5 enri*$4 ,! ^w %ip-ma/]means1 prop]ly1 a gov]nor2 !n a gov]nor ( a %ip! /e]sman or pilot1 ,ac4 xxvii4 #aa4 ,& all ! company 9 %ips4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is coa/]s4 ,!re is "h1 h[ev]1 an important diff]5ce 9 ! read+ ( ! text4 ,! commonly receiv$ text is1 8! :ole company 9 %ips10 z 9 our common v]sion2 ! read+ :i* is n[ commonly adopt$1 & :i* is f\nd 9 ,griesba*1 ,hahn1 & ,tittmann1 is 8he :o sails to a place20 t is1 he :o sails f "o place to ano!r along ! coa/1 or :o does n v5ture out f> to sea2 & ?us ! phrase w\ld d5ote a second>y class ( sea-capta9s or (fic]s^? less v5turesome1 or exp]i5c$1 or bold ?an o!rs4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is ! correct read+ 7comp4 ,wet/e91 9 loco72 & h5ce ! class ( seam5 "h ref]r$ to is coa/]s4 ,su* seam5 w\ld naturally be employ$ :]e !re 0 a great & luxuri\s m>itime city1 & w\ld h a deep int]e/ 9 its fall4 ,& sailors4 ,common seam54 ,& z _m z trade by sea4 ,9 any k9d ( craft1 :e!r employ$ 9 a ne> or a remote trade4 ,/ood af> (f4 ,notes on v]4 #aj4 #ah ,& cri$ :5 !y saw ! smoke ( h] burn+1 say+1 ,:at#efe city is l unto ?is great city6 #ah4 ,& cri$1 c4 ,t is1 z !y _h a deep int]e/ 9 x1 !y w\ld1 on _! own acc\nt1 z well z h]s1 lift up ! voice ( lam5tation4 ,:at city is l unto ?is great city8 ,9 h] de/ruction4 ,:at calamity has ev] come ^u a city l ?is8 #ai ,& !y #eff;ca/ du/ on _! heads1 & cri$1 weep+ & wail+1 say+1 ,alas1 alas1 t great city1 :]e9 7 made ri* all t _h %ips 9 ! sea by reason ( h] co/l9ess6 = 9 "o h\r is %e made desolate4 #ai4 ,& !y ca/ du/ on _! heads4 ,a common sign ( lam5tation & m\rn+ among ! ,ori5tals4 ,see ,notes on ,job ii4 #ab4 ,by reason ( h] co/l9ess4 ,! ^w r5d]$ co/l9essmeans1 prop]ly1 preci\sness1 co/l9ess2 _! magnific5ce1 co/ly m]*&ise4 ,! luxury ( a great city enri*es _m individuals1 h[ev] mu* x may impov]i% itself4 ,= 9 "o h\r is %e made desolate4 ,s x seem$ to !m4 ,notes on v]4 #ag4 #bj ,rejoice#efg ov] h]1 ?\ heav51 & ye holy apo/les & prophets2 = ,god ha? #efh;av5g$ y on h]4 #bj4 ,rejoice ov] h]4 ,ov] h] ru94 ,!re is a /rong contra/ betwe5 ?is language & t :i* prec$es4 ,k+s1 m]*ants1 & seam51 :o _h be5 c\nt5anc$ & su/a9$ by h] 9 ! indulg5ce ( corrupt passions1 or :o _h be5 enri*$ by traffic ) h]1 w\ld h occasion to m\rn4 ,b n s !y :o _h be5 p]secut$ by h]4 ,n s ! *ur* ( ! r$eem$4 ,n s heav5 itself4 ,! great oppressor ( ! *ur*1 & ! corrupt] ( ! _w1 0 n[ de/roy$2 ! gr& h9drance to ! spread ( ! gospel 0 n[ remov$1 & all ! holy 9 heav5 & on e>? w\ld h occasion to rejoice4 ,?is is n ! language ( v5geance1 b x is ! language ( exultation & rejoic+ 9 view ( ! fact1 t ! cause ( tru? might n[ spread1 )\t h9drance1 ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,?\ heav54 ,! inhabitants ( heav54 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 i4 #b4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ! dwell]s 9 heav5! holy angels & ! r$eem$_h occasion to rejoice ov] ! d[nfall ( ! great enemy ( ! *ur*4 ,& ye holy apo/les4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 8,ye sa9ts1 & apo/les1 & prophets40 ,9 ! common ,greek text1 x is1 z 9 our v]sion1 8holy apo/les & prophets40 ,9 ! text ( ,griesba*1 ,hahn1 & ,tittmann1 ! ^w 7&7 is int]pos$ betwe5 ! ^w 8holy0 & 8apo/le40 ,?is #dje is1 d\btless1 ! true read+4 ,! mean+1 !n1 is t ! sa9ts 9 heav5 are call$ on to rejoice ov] ! fall ( ! my/ical ,babylon4 ,apo/les4 ,! twelve :o 7 *os5 by ! ,savi\r to be 8 witnesses on e>?4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 ix4 #a4 ,! ^w is commonly limit$ to ! twelve1 b1 9 a l>g] s5se1 x is appli$ to o!r di/+ui%$ tea*]s & prea*]s ( ! gospel4 ,see ,notes on ,ac4 xiv4 #ad4 ,!re is no impropriety1 h[ev]1 9 suppos+ t ! apo/les are ref]r$ to "h z su*1 s9ce !y w\ld h occasion to rejoice t ! great ob/acle to ! reign ( ! ,r$eem] 0 n[ tak5 away1 & t t cause 9 :i* !y _h suff]$ & di$ 0 n[ to be triumphant4 ,& prophets4 ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & di/+ui%$ tea*]s ( ! ,new4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 xii4 #f4 ,all ^! w\ld h occasion to rejoice 9 ! prospect ( ! f9al triumph ( ! true religion4 ,= ,god ha? av5g$ y on h]4 ,has tak5 v5geance on h] = h] treatm5t ( y4 ,t is1 z %e _h p]secut$ ! *ur* z su*1 !y all might be reg>d$ z int]e/$ 9 x & affect$ by x4 ,all ! r$eem$1 !re=e1 9 e>? & 9 heav51 are int]e/$ 9 :atev] t5ds to ret>d or to promote ! cause ( tru?4 ,all h occasion to m\rn :5 ! enemies ( ! tru? triumph2 to rejoice :5 !y fall4 #ba ,& a mighty angel took up a /one l a great mill/one1 & ca/ x into ! sea1 say+1 #efi,?us ) viol5ce %all t great city ,babylon be ?r[n d[n1 & %all be f\nd no m at all4 #ba4 ,& a mighty angel4 ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 a diff]5t angel f ! "o m5tion$ 9 v]4 #a1 ?\gh1 l t1 he is describ$ z hav+ great p[]4 ,took up a /one l a great mill/one4 ,on ! /ructure ( mills among ! anci5ts see ,notes on ,mat4 xxiv4 #da4 ,& ca/ x into ! sea4 ,z an emblem ( ! utt] ru9 ( ! city2 an indication t ! city w\ld be z completely de/roy$ z t /one 0 cov]$ by ! wat]s4 ,say+1 ,?us ) viol5ce4 ,) =ce1 z ! /one 0 ?r[n into ! sea4 ,! idea is1 t x w\ld n be by a g5tle & natural decl9e1 b by ! application ( =eign p[]4 ,?is accords ) all ! repres5tations 9 ?is book1 t viol5ce w be employ$ to ov]?r[ ! ,papal p[]4 ,see *4 xvii4 #af1 #ag4 ,! orig9 ( ?is image is probably ,je4 li4 #fc1 #fd3 8,& x %all be1 :5 ?\ ha/ made an end ( read+ ?is book1 t ?\ %alt b9d a /one to x1 & ca/ x into ! mid/ ( ,euphrates2 & ?\ %alt say1 ,?us %all ,babylon s9k1 & %all n rise f ! evil t ,i w br+ on h]40 #bb ,& ! voice ( h>p]s1 & musicians1 & ( pip]s1 & trumpet]s1 %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e2 & no craftsman1 ( :atsoev] craft he be1 %all be f\nd any m 9 !e2 & #egj! s\nd ( a mill/one %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e2 #bb4 ,& ! voice ( h>p]s4 ,^? :o play on ! h>p4 ,?is 0 usually accompani$ ) s++4 ,! idea1 9 ?is v]se & ! foll[+1 is sub/antially ! same z 9 ! previ\s p>ts ( ! *apt]1 t ! my/ical ,babylon,papal ,romew\ld be br\ght to utt] desolation4 ,?is ?\ght is "h exhibit$ "u ano!r =mt all :i* con/itut$ fe/ivity1 joy1 & amusem5t1 & all t indicat$ ?rift & prosp]ity1 w\ld disappe>4 ,( c\rse1 9 a great & gay city1 !re w\ld be all k9ds ( music2 & :5 x is said t ?is w\ld be he>d !re no m x is a mo/ /rik+ image ( utt] desolation4 ,& musicians4 ,musicians 9 g5]al2 b p]haps "h s+]s1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? :o play$ on in/rum5ts4 ,& ( pip]s4 ,^? :o play$ on pipes or flutes4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 xiv4 #g2 ,mat4 xi4 #ag4 ,& trumpet]s4 ,trumpets 7 common in/rum5ts ( music1 employ$ on fe/ival occasions1 9 w>1 & 9 wor%ip4 ,only ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts ( music are m5tion$ "h1 z repres5tatives ( ! re/4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t ! s\nd ( music1 z an indication ( fe/ivity & joy1 w\ld cease4 ,%all be he>d no m at all 9 !e4 ,x w\ld become utt]ly & p]man5tly desolate4 ,& no craftsman1 ( :atsoev] craft4 ,t is1 artific]s ( all k9ds w\ld cease to ply _! trades !re4 ,! ^w "h us$w\ld include all artisans or me*anics1 all :o 7 engag$ 9 any k9d ( trade or craft4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t all ^! w\ld disappe>1 an image1 #djf ( c\rse1 ( utt] decay4 ,& ! s\nd ( a mill/one %all be he>d no m4 ,taylor 7,frag4 to ,cal4 ,dict4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cdf7 supposes t ?is may ref] n s mu* to ! rattle ( ! mill z to ! voice ( s++1 :i* usually accompani$ gr9d+4 ,! s\nd ( a mill is *e]ful1 & indicates prosp]ity2 its ceas+ is an image ( decl9e4 #bc ,& ! light ( a c&le %all %9e no m at all 9 !e2 & ! #egavoice ( ! bridegroom & ( ! bride %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e3 = ?y #egbm]*ants 7 ! great m5 ( ! e>?2 = by ?y #egcsorc]ies 7 all nations deceiv$4 #bc4 ,& ! light ( a c&le %all %9e no m at all 9 !e4 ,ano!r image ( desolation1 z if e light 7 put out1 & !re 7 total d>kness4 ,& ! voice ( ! bridegroom & ( ! bride %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e4 ,! m]ry & *e]ful voice ( ! m>riage procession 9 ! /reets 7,notes on ,mat4 xxv4 #ag71 or ! *e]ful1 glad voice ( ! newly-m>ri$ c\ple 9 _! own dwell+ 7,notes on ,jn4 iii4 #bi74 ,= ?y m]*ants 7 ! great m5 ( ! e>?4 ,^? :o dealt ) !e 7 ! ri*1 & among !m 7 ev5 nobles & pr9ces2 & n[ t !y trade ) !e no m !re is occasion = lam5tation & sorr[4 ,! contra/ is great betwe5 ! "t :5 di/+ui%$ =eign]s cr[d$ ?y m>ts1 & n[1 :5 none ( any k9d come to traffic ) !e4 ,! orig9 ( ?is repres5tation is probably ! description ( ,tyre 9 ,eze4 xxvii4 ,= by ?y sorc]ies 7 all nations deceiv$4 ,?is is /at$ z a reason = ! ru9 t _h come ^u h]4 ,x is a common repres5tation ( ,papal ,rome t %e has deceiv$ or delud$ ! nations ( ! e>? 7see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ad71 & no repres5tation ev] made accords m ) facts z !y h occurr$4 ,! ^w sorc]ies "h ref]s to ! v>i\s arts! tricks1 impo/ures1 & false pret5ces by :i* ?is has be5 done4 ,see ,notes on *4 ix4 #ba4 #bd ,& 9 h] 0 f\nd ! blood ( prophets1 & ( sa9ts1 & ( #egd;all t 7 sla9 ^u ! e>?4 #bd4 ,& 9 h]4 ,:5 %e came to be de/roy$1 & h] real "* 0 se54 ,0 f\nd ! blood ( prophets4 ,( ! public tea*]s ( ! true religion4 ,on ! ^w prophets see ,notes on v]4 #bj4 ,& ( sa9ts4 ,( ! holy4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #bj4 ,& ( all t 7 sla9 ^u ! e>?4 ,s num]\s h be5 ! sla91 s con/ant & bloody h be5 ! p]secutions !re1 t x may be said t all ! blood ev] %$ has be5 p\r$ out !re4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 xxiii4 #ce4 ,no "o c d\bt ! propriety ( ?is repres5tation ) respect to ,pagan & ,papal ,rome4 ,9 reg>d to ! g5]al mean+ & application ( ?is *apt] ! foll[+ rem>ks may be made3 7#a7 ,x ref]s to ,papal ,rome1 & is design$ to describe ! f9al ov]?r[ ( t =midable ,anti*ri/ian p[]4 ,! :ole c\rse ( ! int]pretation ( ! previ\s *apt]s dem&s su* an application1 & ! *apt] itself naturally sugge/s x4 7#b7 ,if x be ask$ :y s mu* ( ?is imag]y is d]iv$ f ! condition ( a m>itime p[]1 or p]ta9s to comm]ce1 s9ce bo? ,babylon & ,rome 7 at "s di/ance f ! sea1 & nei!r c\ld ) propriety be reg>d$ z seaport t[ns1 x may be repli$1 7a7 t ! ma9 idea 9 ! m9d ( ,john 0 t ( a ri* & magnific5t city2 7b7 t all ! ?+s enum]at$ 7 d\btless f\nd1 9 fact1 9 bo? ,babylon & ,rome2 7c7 t ?\gh n prop]ly seaport t[ns1 !y 7 situat$ on riv]s t op5$ into seas1 & 7 !re=e n unfav\rably situat$ = comm]ce2 & 7d7 t1 9 fact1 !y trad$ ) all p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! lead+ idea is t ( a great & luxuri\s city1 & ?is is fill$ up & decorat$ ) images ( :at is commonly f\nd 9 l>ge comm]cial t[ns4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 to look = a lit]al application ( ?is1 & x is n necess>y to attempt to f9d all ^! ?+s1 9 fact1 9 ! city ref]r$ to4 ,mu* ( ! description may be = ! m]e sake ( keep+1 or ornam5t4 7#c7 ,if ?is ref]s to ,rome1 z is suppos$1 !n1 9 accordance ) ! previ\s repres5tations1 x %[s t ! de/ruction ( ! ,papal p[] is to be complete & f9al4 ,! image :i* ,john _h 9 8 eye z illu/rat+ t 0 und\bt$ly anci5t ,babylon #djg z prophetically describ$ 9 ,is4 xiii41 xiv41 & ! de/ruction ( ! p[] "h ref]r$ to is to be z complete z 0 ! de/ruction describ$ !re4 ,x w\ld n be absolutely necess>y 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is to suppose t ,rome itself is to become a heap ( ru9s l ,babylon1 :atev] may be true on t po9t1 b t ! ,papal p[]1 z su*1 is to be s utt]ly de/roy$ t ! ru9s ( desolate ,babylon w\ld prop]ly repres5t x4 7#d7 ,if ?is int]pretation is correct1 !n ! ,re=mation 0 9 entire accordance ) :at ,god w\ld h 8 p d1 & 0 dem&$ by solemn duty to him4 ,?us1 9 v]4 #d ( ?is *apt]1 8 p are expressly comm&$ to 8come out ( h]1 t !y might n be p>tak]s ( h] s9s1 nor ( h] plagues40 ,if x _h be5 ! design ( ! ,re=m]s to p]=m a "w t %\ld be 9 all respects a fulfill+ ( ! comm& ( ,god1 !y c\ld h done no?+ t w\ld h m lit]ally met ! div9e requirem5t4 ,inde$1 ! *ur* has nev] p]=m$ a duty m manife/ly 9 accordance ) ! div9e w1 & m indisp5sable = its own purity1 prosp]ity1 & safety1 ?an ! act ( sep>at+ entirely & = ev] f ,papal ,rome4 7#e7 ,! ,re=mation 0 a great movem5t 9 human affairs4 ,x 0 ! index ( great progress already rea*$1 & ! pl$ge ( /ill great]4 ,! affairs ( ! _w 7 at t p]iod plac$ on a new foot+1 & f ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation1 & j 9 proportion z ! pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation are act$ on1 ! de/9y ( mank9d is onw>d4 7#f7 ,! fall ( ,papal ,rome1 z describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 w remove "o ( ! la/ ob/ructions to ! f9al triumph ( ! gospel4 ,9 ! ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ajaf1 we saw t "o great h9drance to ! spread ( ! true religion w\ld be tak5 away by ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,turki% p[]4 ,a /ill m =midable h9drance w be tak5 away by ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,papal p[]2 = t p[] holds m millions ( ! race "u its subjection1 & ) a m consummate art1 & a m p[]ful spell4 ,! ,papal influ5ce has be5 felt1 & /ill is felt1 9 a consid]able "p ( ! _w4 ,x has *ur*es1 & s*ools1 & colleges1 9 almo/ all l&s4 ,x ex]cises a va/ influ5ce ov] gov]nm5ts4 ,x has p[]ful societies organiz$ = ! purpose ( propagat+ its op9ions2 & x s p&]s to "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful passions ( our nature1 & s conv]ts to its own purposes all ! res\rces ( sup]/ition1 z /ill to reta9 a mighty1 ?\gh a wan+ hold on ! human m9d4 ,:5 ?is p[] %all f9ally cease1 anyone c see t p]haps ! mo/ mighty ob/ruction :i* has ev] be5 on ! e>? = a ?\s& ye>s to ! spread ( ! gospel w h be5 remov$1 & ! way w be prep>$ = ! introduction ( ! long-hop$-= mill5nium4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt]1 z well z ! la/1 is an episode1 delay+ ! f9al cata/rophe1 & describ+ m fully ! effect ( ! de/ruction ( ! my/ical ,babylon4 ,! *apt] consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,i4 ,a hymn ( ! heav5ly ho/s 9 view ( ! de/ruction ( ! my/ical ,babylon1 v]4 #ag4 7a7 ,a voice is he>d 9 heav5 %\t+ ,hallelujah1 9 view ( ! fact t ,god _h judg$ ! great h>lot t _h corrupt$ ! e>?1 v]4 #a1 #b4 7b7 ,! s\nd is e*o$ & repeat$ z ! smoke ( h] torm5t asc5ds1 v]4 #c4 7c7 ,! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 & ! f\r liv+ creatures1 z int]e/$ 9 all t p]ta9s to ! *ur*1 unite 9 t %\t ( ,hallelujah1 v]4 #d4 7d7 ,a voice is he>d f ! ?rone comm&+ !m to praise ,god1 v]4 #e2 & 7e7 ! mighty %\t ( ,hallelujah is e*o$ & repeat$ f unnumb]$ ho/s1 v]4 #f1 #g4 ,,ii4 ,! m>riage ( ! ,lamb1 v]4 #h1 #i4 ,! ,lamb ( ,god is unit$ to 8 bride! *ur*nev] m to be sep>at$2 & aft] all ! p]secutions1 conflicts1 & emb>rassm5ts :i* _h exi/$1 ?is long-desir$ union is consummat$1 & ! glori\s triumph ( ! *ur* is describ$ "u ! image ( a joy\s w$d+ c]emony4 ,,iii4 ,john is s ov]come ) ?is repres5tation1 t 9 8 transports ( feel+ he pro/rates himself be=e ! angel :o %[s him all ?is1 ready to wor%ip "o :o discloses su* bright & glori\s sc5es1 v]4 #aj4 ,he is g5tly rebuk$ = all[+ himself to be s ov]come t he w\ld r5d] div9e homage to any creature1 & is told t he :o communicates ?is to #djh him is b a fell[-s]vant1 & t ,god only is to be wor%ipp$4 ,,iv4 ,! f9al conque/ ov] ! bea/ & ! false prophet1 & ! subjugation ( all ! foes ( ! *ur*1 v]4 #aaba4 7a7 ,a description ( ! conqu]or! ,son ( ,god1 v]4 #aaaf4 ,he appe>s on a :ite horseemblem ( victory4 ,he has on 8 head _m cr[ns2 we>s a ve/ure dipp$ 9 blood2 is foll[$ by ! armies ( heav5 on :ite horses2 f 8 m\? goes a %>p sword2 & 8 "n is prom95tly writt5 on 8 ve/ure & 8 ?ighall emblematic ( c]ta9 victory4 7b7 ,an angel is se5 /&+ 9 ! sun1 call+ on all ! f[ls ( heav5 to come to ! great fea/ prep>$ = !m 9 ! de/ruction ( ! enemies ( ,godz if !re 7 a great slaught] suffici5t to supply all ! f[ls t fe$ on fle%1 v]4 #ag1 #ah4 7c7 ,! f9al w>1 v]4 #ai1 #ba4 ,! bea/1 & ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & _! armies are ga!r$ toge!r = battle2 ! bea/ & ! false prophet are tak51 & are ca/ into ! lake t burns ) fire & brim/one2 & all t rema9 ( ! enemies ( ,god are sla91 & ! f[ls are satisfi$ ) _! fle%4 ,! la/ ob/acle t prev5t$ ! dawn ( ! mill5nial morn+ is tak5 away1 & ! *ur* is triumphant4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,& aft] ^! ?+s ,i he>d a #ege;great voice ( mu* p 9 heav51 say+1 #egf;,alleluia2 #egg,salvation1 & glory1 & hon\r1 & p[]1 unto ! ,"l our ,god3 #a4 ,& aft] ^! ?+s4 ,! ?+s p>ticul>ly t 7 exhibit$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,see ,notes on *4 xviii4 #a4 ,i he>d a voice ( mu* p 9 heav54 ,! voice ( ! wor%ipp]s be=e ! ?rone4 ,say+1 ,alleluia4 ,! ,greek me?od ( writ+ ,hallelujah4 ,?is ^woccurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ?is *apt]1 v]4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f4 ,! ,hebrew phrase ,hallelujahoccurs (t5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x means1 prop]ly1 ,praise ,jehovah1 or ,praise ! ,"l4 ,! occasion on :i* x is introduc$ "h is v appropriate4 ,x is utt]$ by ! inhabitants ( heav51 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god himself1 & 9 view ( ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! enemies ( ! *ur*1 & ! triumph ( ! gospel4 ,9 su* circum/ances x 0 fit t heav5 %\ld r5d] praise1 & t a song ( ?anksgiv+ %\ld be utt]$ 9 :i* all holy be+s c\ld unite4 ,salvation4 ,t is1 ! salvation is to be ascrib$ to ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #aj4 ,& glory1 & hon\r4 ,notes on *4 v4 #ab4 ,& p[]4 ,notes on *4 v4 #ac4 ,unto ! ,"l our ,god4 ,t is1 all t !re is ( hon\r1 glory1 p[]1 9 ! r$emption ( ! _w belongs to ,god1 & %\ld be ascrib$ to him4 ,?is is expressive ( ! true feel+s ( piety always2 ?is w con/itute ! song ( heav54 #b ,= #eghtrue & righte\s are 8 judgm5ts3 = he ha? judg$ ! great :ore1 :i* did corrupt ! e>? ) h] =nication1 & ha? #egi;av5g$ ! blood ( 8 s]vants at h] h&4 #b4 ,= true & righte\s are 8 judgm5ts4 ,t is1 ! calamities t come ^u ! p[] "h ref]r$ to are des]v$4 ,= he ha? judg$ ! great :ore4 ,! p[] repres5t$ by ! h>lot4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvii4 #a4 ,:i* did corrupt ! e>? ) h] =nication4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #h2 xvii4 #b1 #d1 #e2 xviii4 #c4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 ix4 #ba4 ,& ha? av5g$ ! blood ( 8 s]vants4 ,see ,notes on *4 xviii4 #bj1 #bd4 ,at h] h&4 ,%$ by h] h&4 #c ,& aga9 !y said1 ,alleluia4 ,& h] #ehjsmoke rose up = ev] & ev]4 #c4 ,& aga9 !y said1 ,alleluia4 ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,! ev5t 0 s glori\s & s important2 ! f9al de/ruction ( ! great enemy ( ! *ur* 0 ( s mu* mom5t 9 its be>+ on ! welf>e ( ! _w1 z to call =? repeat$ expressions ( praise4 ,& h] smoke rose up = ev] & ev]4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aa4 ,?is is an image ( f9al ru92 ! image be+ d]iv$ probably f ! description 9 ,g5esis ( ! smoke t asc5d$ f ! cities ( ! pla91 ,ge4 xix4 #bh4 ,on ! joy express$ "h 9 h] de/ruction1 comp4 ,notes on *4 xviii4 #bj4 #d ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s & ! f\r bea/s fell d[n & wor%ipp$ ,god t sat on ! ?rone1 say+1 ,am52 ,alleluia4 #d4 ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s & ! f\r bea/s4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #d1 #f1 #g4 ,z repres5tatives ( ! *ur*1 #dji & z int]e/$ 9 its welf>e1 !y are n[ introduc$ z rejoic+ 9 its f9al triumph1 & 9 ! de/ruction ( its la/ foe4 ,fell d[n4 ,pro/rat$ !mselves! usual po/ure ( wor%ip4 ,& wor%ipp$ ,god t sat on ! ?rone4 ,*4 iv4 #b1 #c1 #aj4 ,t is1 !y n[ ador$ him = :at he _h done 9 deliv]+ ! *ur* f all its p]secutions1 & caus+ x to triumph 9 ! _w4 ,say+1 ,am54 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 vi4 #ac4 ,! ^w "h is expressive ( approbation ( :at ,god _h done2 or ( _! solemn ass5t to all t _h occurr$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! great enemy ( ! *ur*4 ,alleluia4 ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,! repetition ( ?is ^w s _m times %[s ! int5s5ess ( ! joy ( heav5 9 view ( ! f9al triumph ( ! *ur*4 #e ,& a voice came out ( ! ?rone1 say+1 #eha,praise our ,god1 all ye 8 s]vants1 & ye t fe> him1 bo? small & great4 #e4 ,& a voice came out ( ! ?rone4 ,a voice seem$ to come f ! v mid/ ( ! ?rone4 ,x is n said by :om ?is voice 0 utt]$4 ,x _c be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 utt]$ by ,god himself1 = ! comm& :i* x gave 0 ?is3 8,praise our ,god10 c4 ,= ! same reason x seems h>dly probable t x 0 ! voice ( ! ,messiah1 unless x be suppos$ t he "h id5tifies himself ) ! r$eem$ *ur*1 & speaks ( ,god z 8 ,god & h]s4 ,x w\ld seem r t x 0 a responsive voice t came f ^? ne>e/ ! ?rone1 call+ on all to unite 9 prais+ ,god 9 view ( :at 0 done4 ,! mean+ !n w be1 t all heav5 0 int]e/$ 9 ! triumph ( ! *ur*1 & t "o portion ( ! dwell]s !re call$ on ! o!rs to unite 9 (f]+ ?anksgiv+4 ,praise our ,god4 ,! ,god t we wor%ip4 ,all ye 8 s]vants4 ,all 9 heav5 & e>?2 all h occasion = ?ankfulness4 ,& ye t fe> him4 ,t rev]5ce & obey him4 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is a common expression 9 ! ,scriptures to d5ote true piety4 ,bo? small & great4 ,all ( e class & conditionpoor & ri*"y & old2 ^? ( humble & ^? ( exalt$ rank4 ,comp4 ,ps4 cxlviii4 #gac4 #f ,& ,i he>d z x 7 ! voice ( a great multitude1 & z ! voice ( _m wat]s1 & z ! voice ( _m ?und]+s1 say+1 ,alleluia2 #ehb;= ! ,"l ,god omnipot5t reigne?4 #f4 ,& ,i he>d z x 7 ! voice ( a great multitude4 ,9 v]4 #a he says t he 8he>d a great voice ( mu* p20 "h he says he 8he>d z x 7 a voice ( a great multitude40 ,t is1 9 ! =m] case he he>d a %\t t he at once recogniz$ z ! voice ( a great multitude ( p]sons2 "h he says t he he>d a s\nd n di/9ctly recogniz$ at fir/ z su*1 b :i* resembl$ su* a %\t ( a multitude4 ,9 ! =m] case x 0 di/9ct2 "h x 0 confus$be>+ a resemblance to ! s\nd ( ro>+ wat]s1 or to mutt]+ ?und]1 b less di/9ct ?an ! =m]4 ,?is phrase w\ld imply 7a7 a l\d] s\nd2 & 7b7 t ! s\nd 0 m remote1 & !re=e less cle> & di/9ct4 ,& z ! voice ( _m wat]s4 ,! comp>ison ( ! voices ( a ho/ ( p ) ! ro> ( mighty wat]s is n uncommon 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xvii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,s 9 ,hom]3 8,! mon>* spoke1 & /raight a murmur rose1 ,l\d z ! surges :5 ! tempe/ bl[s2 ,t da%'d on brok5 rocks tumultu\s ro>1 ,& foam & ?und] on ! /ony %ore40 ,& z ! voice ( mighty ?und]+s4 ,! l\d1 deep1 heavy voice ( ?und]4 ,! di/ant %\ts ( a multitude may prop]ly be repres5t$ by ! s\nd ( heavy ?und]4 ,say+1 ,alleluia4 ,notes on v]4 #a4 ,?is is ! f\r? "t 9 :i* ?is is utt]$ z expressive ( ! joy ( ! heav5ly ho/s 9 view ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemies ( ! *ur*4 ,! occasion w be wor?y ( ?is emphatic expression ( joy4 ,= ! ,"l ,god omnipot5t reigne?4 ,jehovah,god ,almighty! true ,god4 ,! mean+ is1 t z ! la/ enemy ( ! *ur* is de/roy$1 he n[ truly reigns4 ,?is is ! result ( 8 p[]1 & !re=e x is prop] t he %\ld be prais$ z ! omnipot5t or ,almighty ,god= he has %[n t he c ov]come all 8 enemies1 & br+ ! _w to 8 feet4 #g ,let u be glad & rejoice1 & give hon\r to him3 = ! #ehcm>riage ( ! ,lamb is come1 & 8 #ehdwife ha? made h]self ready4 #daj #g4 ,let u be glad & rejoice4 ,let all 9 heav5 rejoice= all h an int]e/ 9 ! triumph ( tru?2 all %\ld be glad t ! gov]nm5t ( ,god is set up ov] an apo/ate _w4 ,& give hon\r to him4 ,because ! "w is glori\s2 & because x is by 8 p[] alone t x has be5 accompli%$4 ,notes on *4 v4 #ab4 ,= ! m>riage ( ! ,lamb is come4 ,( ! ,lamb ( ,god! ,r$eem] ( ! _w4 ,notes on *4 v4 #f4 ,! relation ( ,god1 & especially ( ! ,messiah1 to ! *ur*1 is (t5 9 ! ,scriptures repres5t$ "u ! image ( m>riage4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 liv4 #df2 lxii4 #d1 #e2 #b ,co4 xi4 #b2 ,ep4 v4 #bccc4 ,comp4 ,je4 iii4 #ad2 xxxi4 #cb2 ,ho4 ii4 #ai1 #bj4 ,! idea is also said to be common 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian poetry4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 also1 t ,papal ,rome has j be5 repres5t$ z a gay & m]etrici\s woman2 & !re is a propriety1 !re=e1 9 repres5t+ ! true *ur* z a pure bride1 ! ,lamb's wife1 & ! f9al triumph ( t *ur* z a joy\s m>riage4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! *ur* 0 n[ to triumph & rejoice z if 9 p]man5t union ) h] glori\s head & ,"l4 ,& 8 wife ha? made h]self ready4 ,by putt+ on h] beautiful app>el & ornam5ts4 ,all ! prep>ations _h be5 made f> a p]man5t & un9t]rupt$ union ) its ,r$eem]1 & ! *ur* 0 h5ce=w>d to be recogniz$ z 8 beautiful bride1 & 0 no m to appe> z a decorat$ h>lotz x _h dur+ ! ,papal supremacy4 ,betwe5 ! *ur* "u ! ,papacy1 & ! *ur* 9 its true =m1 !re is all ! diff]5ce :i* !re is betwe5 an ab&on$ woman gaily deck$ ) gold & jewels1 & a pure virg9 *a/ely & mode/ly adorn$1 ab\t to be l$ to be unit$ 9 bonds ( love to a virtu\s husb&4 #h ,& to h] 0 grant$ t %e %\ld be #ehe;array$ 9 f9e l951 clean & #ehf:ite3 = ! f9e l95 is ! #ehgrighte\sness ( sa9ts4 #h4 ,& to h] 0 grant$4 ,x is n said "h by :om ?is 0 grant$1 b x is p]haps impli$ t ?is 0 conf]r$ by ! ,savi\r himself on 8 bride4 ,t ! %\ld be array$ 9 f9e l951 clean & :ite4 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #d1 #e1 #ah2 vii4 #ac4 ,:ite has1 p]haps1 9 all c\ntries be5 ! usual col\r ( ! bridal dressz an emblem ( innoc5ce4 ,= ! f9e l95 is ! righte\sness ( sa9ts4 ,repres5ts ! righte\sness ( ! sa9ts2 or is an emblem ( x4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t x is impli$ "h1 z x is ev]y:]e 9 ! ,scriptures1 t ?is is n _! own righte\sness1 = x is said t ?is 0 8giv50 to ! brideto ! sa9ts4 ,x is ! graci\s be/[m5t ( _! ,"l2 & ! ref]5ce "h mu/ be to t righte\sness :i* !y obta9 by fai?! righte\sness :i* results f ju/ification ?r\gh ! m]its ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,( ?is ,paul speaks1 :5 he says 7,phi4 iii4 #i71 8,& be f\nd 9 him1 n hav+ m9e own righte\sness1 :i* is ( ! law1 b t :i* is ?r\gh ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 ! righte\sness :i* is ( ,god by fai?40 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ro4 iii4 #be1 #bf4 #i ,& he sai? unto me1 ,write1 #ehh;,bless$ are !y :i* are call$ unto ! #ehim>riage-supp] ( ! ,lamb4 ,& he sai? unto me1 ,^!#eij;are ! true say+s ( ,god4 #i4 ,& he sai? unto me4 ,! angel :o made ^! repres5tations to him4 ,see v]4 #aj4 ,write1 ,bless$ are !y4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #ac4 ,:i* are call$ unto ! m>riage-supp] ( ! ,lamb4 ,! idea ( a fe/ival1 or a m>riage-supp]1 0 a famili> "o to ! ,jews to repres5t ! happ9ess ( heav51 & is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,lu4 xiv4 #ae1 #af2 xvi4 #bb2 xxii4 #af2 ,mat4 xxii4 #b4 ,! image 9 ! passage be=e u is t ( _m gue/s invit$ to a great fe/ival4 ,& he sai? unto me1 ,^! are ! true say+s ( ,god4 ,confirm+ all by a solemn decl>ation4 ,! importance ( :at is "h said2 ! desirabl5ess ( hav+ x fix$ 9 ! m9d1 amid/ ! trials ( life & ! sc5es ( p]secution ?r\gh :i* ! *ur* 0 to pass1 makes ?is solemn decl>ation prop]4 ,! idea is1 t 9 all times ( p]secution9 e d>k h\r ( despond5cy! *ur*1 z su*1 & e individual memb] ( ! *ur*1 %\ld receive x z a solemn tru? nev] to be d\bt$1 t ! religion ( ,*ri/ w\ld f9ally #daa prevail1 & t all p]secution & sorr[ "h w\ld be foll[$ by joy & triumph 9 heav54 #aj ,&#eia ,i fell at 8 feet to wor%ip him4 ,& he said unto me1 ,see ?\ d x n3 ,i am ?y fell[-s]vant1 & ( ?y bre?r5 t h ! te/imony ( ,jesus2 wor%ip ,god3 = ! #eibte/imony ( ,jesus is ! _s ( prophecy4 #aj4 ,& ,i fell at 8 feel to wor%ip him4 ,at ! feet ( ! angel4 ,notes on v]4 #i4 ,?is is a common po/ure ( adoration 9 ! ,ea/4 ,see ,ros5mll]'s ,morg5l&1 9 loco4 ,notes on #a ,co4 xiv4 #be4 ,john 0 entirely ov]come ) ! maje/y ( ! heav5ly mess5g]1 & ) ! amaz+ tru?s t he _h disclos$ to him1 & 9 ! ov]fl[+ ( 8 feel+s he fell ^u ! e>? 9 ! po/ure ( adoration4 ,or x may be t he mi/ook ! rank ( him :o address$ him1 & suppos$ t he 0 ! ,messiah :om he _h be5 accu/om$ to wor%ip1 & :o _h fir/ 7*4 i47 appe>$ to him4 ,if s1 8 error 0 soon correct$4 ,he 0 told by ! angel himself :o made ^! communications t he _h no claims to su* homage1 & t ! praise :i* he (f]$ him %\ld be r5d]$ to ,god alone4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t !re is n ! slighte/ intimation t ?is 0 ! ,messiah himself1 & consequ5tly ?is does n conta9 any evid5ce t x w\ld be improp] to wor%ip him4 ,! only fair conclusion f ! passage is1 t x is wrong to (f] religi\s homage to an angel4 ,& he said unto me1 ,see ?\ d x n4 ,t is1 9 r5d]+ ! homage :i* y propose to me1 y w\ld 9 fact r5d] x to a creature4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z an admonition to be c>eful 9 our wor%ip2 n to all[ our feel+s to ov]come u2 & n to r5d] t homage to a creature :i* is due to ,god alone4 ,( c\rse1 ?is w\ld prohibit ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ( any ( ! sa9ts1 & all t homage r5d]$ to a creat$ be+ :i* is due to ,god only4 ,no?+ is m c>efully gu>d$ 9 ! ,bible ?an ! purity & simplicity ( wor%ip2 no?+ is m /]nly rebuk$ ?an idolatry2 no?+ is m contr>y to ! div9e law ?an r5d]+ 9 any way t homage to a creature :i* belongs ( "r to ! ,creator4 ,x 0 necess>y to gu>d ev5 ,john1 ! belov$ disciple1 on t subject2 h[ mu* m ne$ful1 !re=e1 is x to gu>d ! *ur* at l>ge f ! dang]s to :i* x is liable4 ,i am ?y fell[-s]vant4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 an angel1 & yet he "h speaks ( himself z a 8fell[-s]vant0 ( ,john4 ,t is1 he 0 engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! same ,god2 he 0 endeav\r+ to advance ! same cause1 & to hon\r ! same ,r$eem]4 ,! s5tim5t is1 t 9 promot+ religion 9 ! _w1 we are associat$ ) angels4 ,x is no condesc5sion 9 !m to be engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,r$eem]1 ?\gh x seems to be condesc5sion = !m to be associat$ ) u 9 any?+2 x con/itutes no gr\nd ( m]it 9 u to be engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,r$eem] 7comp4 ,lu4 xvii4 #aj71 ?\gh we may reg>d x z an hon\r to be associat$ ) ! angels1 & x may raise u 9 consci\s dignity to feel t we are unit$ ) !m4 ,& ( ?y bre?r54 ,( o!r ,*ri/ians2 = all are engag$ 9 ! same "w4 ,t h ! te/imony ( ,jesus4 ,:o are witnesses = ! ,savi\r4 ,x is possible t !re may be "h a p>ticul> ref]5ce to ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 prea*+ ! gospel1 ?\gh ! language w apply to all :o give _! te/imony to ! value ( ! gospel by consi/5t lives4 ,wor%ip ,god4 ,he is ! only prop] object ( wor%ip2 he alone is to be ador$4 ,= ! te/imony ( ,jesus4 ,! mean+ "h seems to be1 t ?is angel1 & ,john1 & _! fell[-s]vants1 7 all engag$ 9 ! same "wt ( be>+ _! te/imony to ,jesus4 ,?us1 9 ?is respect1 !y 7 on a level1 & "o ( !m %\ld n wor%ip ano!r1 b all %\ld unite 9 ! common wor%ip ( ,god4 ,no "o 9 ?is "w1 ?\gh an angel1 c\ld h su* a pre-em95ce t x w\ld be prop] to r5d] ! homage to him :i* 0 due to ,god alone4 ,!re c\ld be b "o be+ :om x 0 prop] to wor%ip1 & !y :o 7 engag$ 9 simply be>+ te/imony to ! "w ( ! ,savi\r %\ld n wor%ip "o ano!r4 ,is ! _s ( prophecy4 #dab ,! design ( prophecy is to be> te/imony to ,jesus4 ,! language does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t ?is is ! only design ( prophecy1 b t ?is is its great & ultimate end4 ,! ^w prophecy "h seems to be us$ 9 ! l>ge s5se 9 :i* x is (t5 employ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5tmean+ to make kn[n ! div9e w 7see ,notes on ,ro4 xii4 #f71 & ! prim>y ref]5ce "h w\ld seem to be to ! prea*]s & tea*]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! s5se is1 t _! gr& bus9ess is to be> te/imony to ! ,savi\r4 ,!y are all:e!r angels1 apo/les1 or ord9>y tea*]sappo9t$ = ?is1 & !re=e %\ld reg>d !mselves z 8fell[-s]vants40 ,! design ( ! angel 9 ?is seems to h be51 to /ate to ,john :at 0 8 own specific bus9ess 9 ! communications :i* he made1 & !n to /ate a univ]sal tru? applicable to all m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 t !y 7 engag$ 9 ! same "w1 & t no "o ( !m %\ld claim adoration f o!rs4 ,?us und]/ood1 ?is passage has no direct ref]5ce to ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & tea*es no?+ 9 reg>d to _! design1 ?\gh x is 9 fact und\bt$ly true t _! gr& & lead+ object 0 to be> te/imony to ! future ,messiah4 ,b ?is passage w n ju/ify ! attempt s (t5 made to 8f9d ,*ri/0 ev]y:]e 9 ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or ju/ify ! _m =c$ & unnatural int]pretations by :i* ! prophecies are (t5 appli$ to him4 #aa ,& ,i saw heav5 op5$1 & behold1 a #eic:ite horse2 & he t sat ^u him 0 #eid;call$ ,fai?ful & ,true1 & #eie;9 righte\sness he do? judge & make w>4 #aa4 ,& ,i saw heav5 op5$4 ,he saw a new vision1 z if an op5+ 7 made ?r\gh ! sky1 & he 0 p]mitt$ to look into heav54 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #a4 ,& behold1 a :ite horse4 ,on ! :ite horse z a symbol1 see ,notes on *4 vi4 #b4 ,he is "h ! symbol ( ! f9al victory t is to be obta9$ ov] ! bea/ & ! false prophet 7v]4 #bj71 & ( ! f9al triumph ( ! *ur*4 ,& he t sat ^u him 0 call$ ,fai?ful & ,true4 ,he is n designat$ "h by 8 usual & real "n1 b by 8 attributes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,messiah is int5d$1 z he goes =? to ! subjugation ( ! _w to himself4 ,! attributes "h ref]r$ tofai?ful & trueare peculi>ly appropriate1 = !y are n only /rongly m>k$ attributes ( 8 "*1 b !y w\ld be p>ticul>ly manife/$ 9 ! ev5ts t are describ$4 ,he w\ld ?us %[ t he 0 fai?fulor wor?y ( ! confid5ce ( 8 *ur* 9 deliv]+ x f all its enemies2 & true to all ! promises t he has made to x4 ,& 9 righte\sness he do? judge4 ,all 8 acts ( judgm5t 9 det]m9+ ! de/9y ( m5 are righte\s4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xi4 #ce4 ,& make w>4 ,t is1 ! w> :i* he wages is n a w> ( ambition2 x is n = ! m]e purpose ( conque/2 x is to save ! righte\s1 & to puni% ! wick$4 #ab ,8#eif eyes 7 z a flame ( fire1 & on 8 head 7 #eig_m cr[ns2 & he _h a #eih"n writt51 t no man knew b he himself4 #ab4 ,8 eyes 7 z a flame ( fire4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ad4 ,& on 8 head 7 _m cr[ns4 ,_m diadems1 indicative ( 8 univ]sal reign4 ,x is n said h[ ^! 7 worn or arrang$ on 8 headp]haps ! v>i\s diadems worn by k+s 7 9 "s way wrea!d into "o4 ,& he _h a "n writt54 ,t is1 probably on ! frontlet ( ?is comp\nd diadem4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #a2 xiv4 #a4 ,t no man knew b he himself4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #ag4 ,?is _c "h mean t no "o c\ld read ! "n1 b ! idea is1 t no "o b himself c\ld fully und]/& its import4 ,x involv$ a dep? ( mean+1 & a degree ( sacr$ness1 & a relation to ! ,fa!r1 :i* he alone c\ld appreh5d 9 its true import4 ,?is is true ( ! "n "h designat$8! ,^w ( ,god0! ,logos2 & x is true ( all ! names :i* he be>s4 ,see ,mat4 xi4 #bg4 ,comp4 a quotation f ,dr4 ,bu*anan 9 ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 i4 vi4 p4 #bfd1 z quot$ by ,ros5mll]1 ,morg5l&1 9 loco4 #ac ,& he 0 clo!d ) a ve/ure dipp$ 9 blood3 & 8 "n is call$ #eii,! ,^w ( ,god4 #ac4 ,& he 0 clo!d ) a ve/ure #dac dipp$ 9 blood4 ,r$1 z if dipp$ 9 bloodemblem ( slaught]4 ,! orig9al ( ?is image is probably ,is4 lxiii4 #b1 #c4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,& 8 "n is call$ ,! ,^w ( ,god4 ,! "n :i* 9 v]4 #ab1 x is said t no "o knew b he himself4 ,?is "n is 1 or 8! ,logos ( ,god40 ,t is1 ?is is 8 peculi> "n2 a "n :i* belongs only to him1 & :i* di/+ui%es him f all o!r be+s4 ,! "n ,logos1 z applicable to ! ,son ( ,god1 & expressive ( 8 nature1 is f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ! writ+s ( ,john1 & is us$ by him to d5ote ! high] or div9e nature ( ! ,savi\r4 ,9 reg>d to its mean+1 & ! reason :y x is appli$ to him1 see ,notes on ,jn4 i4 #a4 ,! read] also may consult1 ) great advantage1 an article by ,pr(essor ,/u>t 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #afca4 ,! foll[+ may be "s ( ! reasons :y x is said 7v]4 #ab7 t no "o und]/&s ?is b he himself37#a7 ,no "o b he c und]/& its full import1 z x implies s high a k ( ! nature ( ! ,deity2 7#b7 no "o b he c und]/& ! relation :i* x supposes 9 reg>d to ,god1 or ! relation ( ! ,son to ! ,fa!r2 7#c7 no "o b he c und]/& :at is impli$ 9 x1 reg>d$ z ! me?od 9 :i* ,god reveals himself to 8 creatures on e>?2 7#d7 no "o b he c und]/& :at is impli$ 9 x 9 respect to ! mann] 9 :i* ,god makes himself kn[n to o!r worlds4 ,x may be add$1 z a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is1 t none ( ! attempts made to expla9 x h left ! matt] s t !re are no que/ions unsolv$ :i* "o w\ld be glad to ask4 #ad ,& ! armies :i* 7 9 heav5 foll[$ him ^u :ite horses1 #fjj;clo!d 9 f9e l951 :ite & clean4 #ad4 ,& ! armies :i* 7 9 heav5 foll[$ him4 ,! heav5ly ho/s2 p>ticul>ly1 x w\ld seem1 ! r$eem$1 z !re w\ld be "s incongruity 9 repres5t+ ! angels z rid+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,d\btless ! orig9al ( ?is picture is ,is4 lxiii4 #c3 8,i h trodd5 ! w9e-press alone1 & ( ! p !re 0 none ) me40 ,^! ho/s ( ! r$eem$ on :ite horses accompany him to be witnesses ( 8 victory1 & to p>ticipate 9 ! joy ( ! triumph1 n to engage 9 ! "w ( blood4 ,^u :ite horses4 ,emblems ( triumph or victory4 ,see ,notes on *4 vi4 #b4 ,clo!d 9 f9e l951 :ite & clean4 ,! usual raim5t ( ^? :o are 9 heav51 z ev]y:]e repres5t$ 9 ?is book4 ,see *4 iii4 #d1 #e2 iv4 #d2 vii4 #i1 #ac2 xv4 #f4 #ae ,& #fjaout ( 8 m\? goe? a %>p sword1 t ) x he %\ld smite ! nations3 & he %all rule !m ) a #fjbrod ( iron3 & #fjc;he treade? ! w9e-press ( ! fi]c5ess & wra? ( ,almighty ,god4 #ae4 ,& out ( 8 m\? goe? a %>p sword4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #af4 ,9 t place ! sword seems to be an emblem ( 8 words or doctr9es1 z p5etrat+ ! he>ts ( m52 "h x is ! emblem ( a "w ( de/ruction wr\ght on 8 foes4 ,t ) x he %\ld smite ! nations4 ,! nations t 7 oppos$ to him2 to wit1 ^? especially :o 7 repres5t$ by ! bea/ & ! false prophet1 v]4 #ahbj4 ,& he %all rule !m ) a rod ( iron4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #bg2 xii4 #e4 ,& he treade? ! w9e-press ( ! fi]c5ess & wra? ( ,almighty ,god4 ,?is language is probably d]iv$ f ,is4 lxiii4 #ad4 ,see x expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on t place1 & on *4 xiv4 #ai1 #bj4 ,x means "h t 8 enemies w\ld be c]ta9ly cru%$ be=e himz grapes are cru%$ "u ! feet ( him t treads 9 ! w9e-vat4 #af ,& he ha? on 8 ve/ure & on 8 ?igh a "n writt51 ,,k+#fjd ,,( ,,k+s1 ,,& ,,"l ,,( ,,lords4 #af4 ,& he ha? on 8 ve/ure4 ,t is1 ?is "n 0 conspicu\sly writt5 on 8 g>m5tprobably 8 milit>y robe4 ,& on 8 ?igh4 ,! robe or milit>y cloak may be conceiv$ ( z op5 & fl[+1 s z to expose ! limbs ( ! rid]2 & ! idea is1 t ! "n 0 conspicu\sly writt5 n only on ! fl[+ robe1 b on ! o!r p>ts ( 8 dress1 s t x mu/ be conspicu\s :e!r 8 milit>y cloak 7 wrapp$ closely ar\nd him1 or :e!r x 0 op5 to ! breeze4 ,grotius supposes #dad t ?is "n 0 on ! edge or hilt ( ! sword :i* dep5d$ f 8 ?igh4 ,a "n writt54 ,or a title descriptive ( 8 "*4 ,k+ ( k+s1 & ,"l ( lords4 ,z 9 *4 xvii4 #e1 s "h1 !re is no?+ 9 ! orig9al to d5ote t ?is %\ld be di/+ui%$1 z x is1 by capital lett]s4 ,z a conspicu\s title1 h[ev]1 x is n improp]4 ,x means t he is1 9 fact1 ! sov]eign ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & t all nobles & pr9ces are "u 8 controla rank t prop]ly belongs to ! ,son ( ,god4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ep4 i4 #bjbb4 ,see also v]4 #ab ( ?is *apt]4 ,! cu/om "h allud$ to ( inscrib+ ! "n or rank ( di/+ui%$ individuals on _! g>m5ts1 s t !y might be readily recogniz$1 0 n uncommon 9 anci5t times4 ,= full pro( ( ?is1 see ,ros5mll]1 ,morg5l&1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bcbbcf4 ,! au?orities quot$ !re are1 ,!v5ot's ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #adi2 ,grut]1 p4 #ihi2 ,demp/]'s ,etruria ,regalis1 t4 ii4 tab4 #ic2 ,montfauon1 ,antiq4 ,expliq4 t4 iii4 tab4 #ci4 ,?us ,h]odotus 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aif71 speak+ ( ! figures ( ,seso/ris 9 ,ionia1 says t1 8,across 8 brea/1 f %\ld] to %\ld]1 !re is ?is inscription 9 ! sacr$ *>act]s ( ,egypt1 #8,i conqu]$ ?is c\ntry by ! =ce ( my arms4'0 ,comp4 ,cic4 ,v]r4 iv4 #bc2 ,le ,moyne ad ,j]4 xxiii4 #f2 ,mnt]1 ,diss4 ad ,apoc4 xvii4 #e1 z ref]r$ to by ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 loco4 #ag ,& ,i saw an angel /&+ 9 ! sun2 & he cri$ ) a l\d voice1 say+ to all ! f[ls t fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 #fje;,come & ga!r y\rselves toge!r unto ! supp] ( ! great ,god2 #ag4 ,& ,i saw an angel /&+ 9 ! sun4 ,a diff]5t angel evid5tly f ! "o :i* _h be=e appe>$ to him4 ,! numb] ( angels t appe>$ to ,john1 z ref]r$ to 9 ?is book1 0 v great1 & ea* "o came on a new err&1 or ) a new message4 ,ev]yone mu/ be /ruck ) ! image "h4 ,! description is z simple z x c be2 & yet z sublime4 ,! fewe/ words possible are us$2 & yet ! image is di/9ct & cle>4 ,a heav5ly be+ /&s 9 ! blaze ( ! brighte/ ( ! orbs t ,god p]mits u "h to seeyet n consum$1 & himself s bright t he c be di/9ctly se5 amid/ ! dazzl+ spl5d\rs ( t lum9>y4 ,x is difficult to conceive ( an image m sublime ?an ?is4 ,:y he has 8 place 9 ! sun is n /at$1 = !re does n appe> to be any?+ m int5d$ by ?is ?an to give gr&eur & impressiv5ess to ! sc5e4 ,& he cri$ ) a l\d voice4 ,s t all ! f[ls ( heav5 c\ld he>4 ,say+ to all ! f[ls t fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 ,t is1 to all ! birds ( preyall t fe$ on fle%su* z hov] ov] a battle-field4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xviii4 #f2 lvi4 #i4 ,see also ,je4 vii4 #cc2 xii4 #i2 ,eze4 xxxix4 #dbj4 ,come & ga!r y\rselves toge!r4 ,all ?is imag]y is tak5 f ! idea t !re w\ld be a great slaught]1 & t ! bodies ( ! dead w\ld be left unburi$ to ! birds ( prey4 ,unto ! supp] ( ! great ,god4 ,z if ! great ,god 7 ab\t to give y a fea/to wit1 ! c>casses ( ^? sla94 ,x is call$ 88 supp]0 because he gives x2 & ! image is m]ely t !re w\ld be a great slaught] ( 8 foes1 z is specifi$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se4 #ah ,t ye may eat ! fle% ( k+s1 & ! fle% ( capta9s1 & ! fle% ( mighty m51 & ! fle% ( horses1 & ( !m t sit on !m1 & ! fle% ( all m51 bo? free & bond1 bo? small & great4 #ah4 ,t ye may eat ! fle% ( k+s4 ,( ! k+s "u ! control ( ! bea/ & ! false prophet1 *4 xvi4 #ad2 xvii4 #abad4 ,& ! fle% ( capta9s4 ,( ^? subord9ate to k+s 9 comm&4 ,! ,greek ^w is *ili>*sd5ot+ capta9s ( a ?\s&1 or1 z we %\ld say1 comm&]s ( a regim5t4 ,! ^w colonel w\ld bett] convey ! idea ) u2 z he is ! comm&] ( a regim5t1 & a regim5t is usually compos$ ( ab\t a ?\s& m54 ,& ! fle% ( mighty m54 ,! ^w "h means /rong1 & ! ref]5ce is to ! robu/ soldi]yrank & file 9 ! army4 ,& ! fle% ( horses1 & ( !m t sit on !m4 ,cavalry= mo/ armies are compos$ 9 "p ( horsem54 ,& ! fle% ( all m51 bo? free & bond4 ,freem5 & #dae slaves4 ,x is n uncommon t freem5 & slaves are m+l$ 9 ! same army4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & is common 9 ! ,ea/4 ,bo? small & great4 ,"y & old2 ( small size & ( great size2 ( ^? ( humble1 & ^? ( exalt$ rank4 ,! lat] armies ( ,napoleon 7 compos$ 9 great "p ( conscripts1 _m ( :om 7 only ab\t eighte5 ye>s ( age1 & to ?is circum/ance _m ( 8 lat] defeats are to be trac$4 ,9 ! army t 0 rais$ aft] ! invasion ( ,russia no less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ( ! conscripts 7 betwe5 eighte5 & n9ete5 ye>s ( age 7,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bg74 ,inde$1 x is common 9 mo/ armies t a consid]able portion ( ! enli/m5ts are f ^? 9 e>ly life2 & besides ?is1 x is usual to employ m]e boys on v>i\s s]vices ab\t a camp4 #ai ,& ,i saw ! bea/1 & ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & _! armies1 ga!r$#fjf toge!r to make w> aga9/ him t sat on ! horse1 & aga9/ 8 army4 #ai4 ,& ,i saw ! bea/4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #a1 #aa4 ,comp4 *4 xvii4 #ac4 ,& ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & _! armies1 ga!r$ toge!r4 ,!re is allusion "h to ! same assembl+ ( ho/ile =ces :i* is describ$ 9 *4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad1 = ! great decisive battle t is to det]m9e ! de/9y ( ! _w! "q :e!r ! ,messiah or ,anti*ri/ %all reign4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! writ] 9 ^! passages design$ to ref] to ! same ev5ts! /ill future sc5es t are to occur :5 ! ,roman1 ! ,pagan1 & ! ,mahometan p[]s %all be ar\s$ to make common cause aga9/ ! true religion1 & %all /ake all on ! issue ( ! great conflict4 ,see ! ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad4 ,aga9/ him t sat on ! horse4 ,! ,messiah! ,son ( ,god4 ,notes on v]4 #aa4 ,& aga9/ 8 army4 ,! ho/s t are associat$ ) him8 r$eem$ p4 ,notes on v]4 #ad4 #bj ,& ! #fjg;bea/ 0 tak51 & ) him ! false prophet t wr\ght miracles be=e him1 ) :i* he deceiv$ !m t _h receiv$ ! m>k ( ! bea/1 & !m t wor%ipp$ 8 image4 ,^! bo? 7 #fjh;ca/ alive into a lake ( fire burn+ ) brim/one4 #bj4 ,& ! bea/ 0 tak54 ,t is1 0 tak5 alive1 to be ?r[n into ! lake ( fire4 ,! ho/s 7 sla9 7v]4 #ba71 b ! lead]s 7 made prison]s ( w>4 ,! g5]al idea is1 t ^! armies 7 ov]come1 & t ! ,messiah 0 victori\s2 b !re is a propriety 9 ! repres5tation "h t ! lead]s! au?ors ( ! w>%\ld be tak5 captive1 & res]v$ = sev]] puni%m5t ?an dea? on ! battle-field w\ld be= !y _h /irr$ up _! ho/s1 & summon$ ^! armies to make rebellion aga9/ ! ,messiah4 ,! bea/ "h1 z all along1 ref]s to ! ,papal p[]2 & ! idea is t ( its complete & utt] ov]?r[1 z if ! lead] ( an army 7 tak5 captive & torm5t$ 9 burn+ flames1 & all 8 foll[]s 7 cut d[n on ! field ( battle4 ,& ) him ! false prophet4 ,z !y _h be5 practically associat$ toge!r1 !re 0 a propriety t !y %\ld %>e ! same fate4 ,9 reg>d to ! false prophet1 & ! nature ( ?is alliance1 see ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ac4 ,t wr\ght miracles be=e him4 ,t is1 ! false prophet _h be5 unit$ ) ! bea/ 9 deceiv+ ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ad4 ,) :i* he deceiv$ !m t _h receiv$ ! m>k ( ! bea/4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #afah4 ,by ^! arts !y _h be5 deceiv$t is1 !y _h be5 l$ into ! alliance1 & _h be5 su/a9$ 9 _! opposition to ! tru?4 ,! :ole repres5tation is t ( an alliance to prev5t ! spread ( ! true religion1 z if ! ,papacy & ,mahometanism 7 comb9$1 & ! "o 0 su/a9$ by ! pret5d$ miracles ( ! o!r4 ,!re w\ld be a practical array aga9/ ! reign ( ! ,son ( ,god1 z if ^! great p[]s %\ld act 9 conc]t1 & z if ! peculi> claims :i* ea* set up 9 behalf ( its own div9e orig9 became a claim :i* w5t to support ! :ole comb9$ organization4 ,^! bo? 7 ca/ alive into a lake ( fire4 ,! bea/ & ! false prophet4 ,t is1 ! ov]?r[ w be z signal1 & ! de/ruction z complete1 z if ! lead]s ( ! comb9$ ho/s %\ld be tak5 alive1 & ?r[n into a pit or lake t burns ) an int5se heat4 ,!re is no necessity = suppos+ t ?is #daf is to be lit]ally inflict$= ! :ole sc5e is symbolicalmean+ t ! de/ruction ( ^! p[]s w\ld be z complete z if !y 7 ?r[n into su* a burn+ lake4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aj1 #aa4 ,burn+ ) brim/one4 ,sulphur! usual expression to d5ote int5se heat1 & especially z ref]r+ to ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aj4 #ba ,& ! remnant 7 #fjisla9 ) ! sword ( him t sat ^u ! horse1 :i* sword proce$$ out ( 8 m\?2 & #faj;all ! f[ls 7 fill$ ) _! fle%4 #ba4 ,& ! remnant4 ,! rema9d] ( ! assembl$ ho/s! army at l>ge1 9 contradi/9ction f ! lead]s4 ,7 sla9 ) ! sword4 ,cut d[n ) ! sword2 n rescu$ = protract$ torm5t4 ,a prop] di/9ction is ?us made betwe5 ! deceiv$ multitudes & ! lead]s :o _h deceiv$ !m4 ,( him t sat ^u ! horse4 ,! ,messiah1 v]4 #aa4 ,:i* sword proce$$ out ( 8 m\?4 ,notes on v]4 #ae4 ,t is1 !y 7 cut d[n by a ^w4 ,!y fell be=e him z he spake1 z if !y 7 sla9 by ! sword4 ,p]haps ?is indicates t ! effect t is to be produc$ :5 ^! great p[]s %all be de/roy$ is a moral effect2 t is1 t !y w be subdu$ by ! ^w ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,& all ! f[ls 7 fill$ ) _! fle%4 ,notes on v]4 #ag4 ,an effect 0 produc$ z if ! f[ls ( heav5 %\ld fe$ ^u ! c>casses ( ! sla94 ,! g5]al idea "h is1 t ^! great ,anti*ri/ian p[]s :i* _h s long resi/$ ! gospel1 & prev5t$ its be+ spread ov] ! e>?2 :i* _h %$ s mu* blood 9 p]secution1 & _h s long corrupt$ & deceiv$ mank9d1 w\ld be subdu$4 ,! true religion w\ld be z triumphant z if ! ,son ( ,god %\ld g =? z a w>rior 9 8 own might1 & secure _! lead]s = puni%m5t1 & give up _! ho/s to ! birds ( prey4 ,?is de/ruction ( ^! great enemies:i* ! :ole c\rse ( ! int]pretation leads u to suppose is /ill futureprep>es ! way = ! mill5nial reign ( ! ,son ( ,godz /at$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! 8bea/0 & ! 8false prophet0 are dispos$ (1 & !re rema9s only ! subjugation ( ! great dragon! s\rce ( all ?is evilto prep>e ! way = ! long-anticipat$ triumph ( ! gospel4 ,! subjugation ( ! great orig9al s\rce ( all ^? evil influ5ces is /at$ 9 *4 xx4 #ac2 & !n foll[s ! acc\nt ( ! ?\s& ye>s' re/ ( ! sa9ts1 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & ! f9al judgm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]4 ,?is *apt]1 l *apt]s xvi4 #abba1 xvii41 xviii41 xix41 p]ta9s to ! future1 & discloses ?+s :i* are yet to occur4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 = ! reason /at$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xvi4 #af1 t mu* obscurity %\ld hang ov] x1 nor t x is difficult to expla9 x s z to remove all obscurity4 ,! /atem5t 9 ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 is di/9ct & cle> 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 & "t w make all its p>ticul> /atem5ts free f ambiguity4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt]1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! f9al de/ruction ( two ( ! mo/ =midable enemies ( ! *ur*1 & consequ5tly ! removal ( two ( ! h9drances to ! univ]sal spread ( ! gospel! bea/ & ! false prophet! ,papal & ! ,mahometan p[]s4 ,b "o ob/acle rema9s to be remov$! p[] ( ,satan z conc5trat$ & manife/$ 9 ! =m ( ,pagan p[]4 ,^! ?ree p[]s x 0 said 7*4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad7 w\ld conc5trate _! =ces z ! "t ( ! f9al triumph ( ,*ri/ianity drew on2 & ) ^! ! la/ great battle 0 to be f\ght4 ,two ( ^! h be5 subdu$2 ! conque/ ov] ! o!r rema9s1 & ,satan is to be arre/$ & b\nd = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,he is !n to be releas$ = a "t1 & aft]w>ds f9ally de/roy$1 & at t p]iod ! end w come4 ,! *apt] comprises ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,i4 ,! b9d+ ( ,satan1 v]4 #ac4 ,an angel comes d[n f heav5 ) ! key ( ! bottomless pit1 & a #dag great *a9 9 8 h&1 & seizes ^u ! dragon1 & ca/s him into ! pit1 t = a ?\s& ye>s he %\ld deceive ! nations no m4 ,! great enemy ( ,god & 8 cause is ?us made a prison]1 & is re/ra9$ f mak+ w> 9 any =m aga9/ ! *ur*4 ,! way is ?us prep>$ = ! peace & triumph :i* foll[4 ,,ii4 ,! mill5nium1 v]4 #df4 ,john sees ?rones1 & p]sons sitt+ on !m2 he sees ! s\ls ( ^? :o 7 behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus1 & = ! ^w ( ,god^? :o _h n wor%ipp$ ! bea/ nor 8 imageliv+ & reign+ ) ,*ri/ dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s3 ! spirits ( ! m>tyrs reviv$1 & becom+ aga9 ! reign+ _s on e>?4 ,?is he calls ! fir/ resurrection2 & on all su* he says ! second dea? has no p[]4 ,temporal dea? !y might exp]i5ce= su* ! m>tyrs _h exp]i5c$b ov] !m ! second dea? has no dom9ion1 = !y live & reign ) ! ,savi\r4 ,?is is prop]ly ! mill5nium! long p]iod :5 ! pr9ciples ( true religion w h ! asc5d5cy on ! e>?1 z if ! m>tyrs & confessors! mo/ devot$ & em95t ,*ri/ians ( o!r times%\ld appe> aga9 ^u ! e>?1 & z if _! _s %\ld become ! reign+ & p]vad+ _s ( all :o pr(ess$ ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,,iii4 ,! release ( ,satan1 v]4 #g1 #h4 ,aft] ! ?\s& ye>s ( peace & triumph %all h expir$1 ,satan w be releas$ f 8 prison1 & w be p]mitt$ to g out & deceive ! nations :i* are 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 & ga!r !m toge!r to battle2 t is1 a /ate ( ?+s w exi/ z if ,satan 7 !n releas$4 ,!re w be aga9 an outbreak ( s9 on ! e>?1 & a conflict ) ! pr9ciples ( religion1 z if an innum]able multitude ( oppos]s %\ld be m>%all$ = ! conflict by ! great au?or ( all evil4 ,,iv4 ,! f9al subjugation ( ,satan1 & de/ruction ( 8 p[] on ! e>?1 v]4 #i1 #aj4 ,aft] ! tempor>y & p>tial outbreak ( evil 7v]4 #g1 #h71 ,satan & 8 ho/s w be entirely de/roy$4 ,! de/ruction w be z if fire %\ld come d[n f heav5 to dev\r ! assembl$ ho/s 7v]4 #i71 & z if ,satan1 ! great lead] ( evil1 %\ld be ca/ into ! same lake :]e ! bea/ & false prophet are to be torm5t$ = ev]4 ,!n ! *ur* w be deliv]$ f all its enemies1 & religion h5ce=w>d w be triumphant4 ,h[ long ! int]val w be betwe5 ?is /ate & t next disclos$ 7v]4 #aaae7! f9al judgm5tis n /at$4 ,! eye ( ! se] glances f "o to ! o!r1 b !re is no?+ to =bid ! supposition1 t1 accord+ to ! laws ( prophetic vision1 !re may be a long int]val 9 :i* righte\sness %all reign ^u ! e>?4 ,comp4 ,intro4 to ,isaiah1 #g1 ,,iii4 7#c77e74 ,v4 ,! f9al judgm5t1 v]4 #aaae4 ,?is closes ! e>?ly sc5e4 ,h5ce=w>d 7*4 xxi41 xxii47 ! sc5e is transf]r$ to heav5! abode ( ! r$eem$4 ,! la/ judgm5t is ! w9d+ up ( ! e>?ly affairs4 ,! enemies ( ! *ur* are all long s9ce de/roy$2 ! _w has exp]i5c$1 p]haps = a long s]ies ( ages1 ! full influ5ce ( ! gospel2 c\ntless millions h be51 we may suppose1 br\ght "u its p[]2 & !n at la/1 9 ! w9d+ up ( human affairs1 comes ! judgm5t ( ! great day1 :5 ! dead1 small & great1 %all /& be=e ,god2 :5 ! sea %all give up its dead2 :5 dea? & hell %all give up ! dead t are 9 !m2 :5 ! records ( human actions %all be op5$1 & all %all be judg$ accord+ to _! works2 & :5 all :o are n f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life %all be ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,?is is ! e>?ly consummation2 h5ce=w>d ! sa9ts %all reign 9 glory! ,new ,j]usalem above1 *4 xxi41 xxii4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! way = a prop] und]/&+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! foll[+ additional rem>ks may be "h made3 7a7 ,! design ( ?is book did n dem& a m9ute detail ( ! ev5ts :i* w\ld occur 9 ! consummation ( human affairs4 ,! ma9 purpose 0 to trace ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* to ! sc5e ( ! f9al triumph :5 all its enemies w\ld be ov]?r[n1 & :5 religion w\ld be p]man5tly e/abli%$ ^u ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh 9 ! previ\s *apt]s we h a detail$ acc\nt ( ! p]secutions t w\ld be endur$2 ( ! enemies t w\ld rise up aga9/ ! *ur*1 & ( _! complete ultimate ov]?r[leav+ religion triumphant on ! e>?yet we h no m9ute /atem5t ( :at w occur 9 ! mill5nium4 ,a rapid view is tak5 ( ! clos+ sc5es ( ! e>?'s #dah hi/ory1 & ! g5]al results only are /at$4 ,x w\ld n be /range1 !re=e1 if !re %\ld be mu* 9 ?is t w\ld seem to be enigmatical & obscure1 especially z x is n[ all 9 ! future4 7b7 ,!re may be long int]v5+ p]iods betwe5 ! ev5ts ?us ?r[n toge!r into ! f9al gr\p+4 ,we are n to suppose necess>ily t ^! ev5ts w succe$ ea* o!r imm$iately1 or t !y w be ( %ort duration4 ,betwe5 ^! ev5ts ?us ha/ily sket*$1 !re may be long int]vals t are n describ$1 & ^: g5]al "* is sc>cely ev5 glanc$ at4 ,?is results f ! v nature ( ! prophetic vision1 z describ$ 9 ! ,intro4 to ,isaiah1 #g1 ,,iii4 7#c77e74 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! view :i* we h 9 look+ at a l&scape4 ,:5 "o is plac$ 9 a fav\rable situation1 he c m>k di/9ctly ! ord] ( ! objects 9 x! succession! gr\p+4 ,he c tell :at objects appe> to him to lie ne> to ea* o!r1 & are app>5tly 9 juxtaposition4 ,b !re are objects :i*1 9 su* a vision1 ! eye _c take 91 & :i* w\ld n be exhibit$ by any description :i* might be giv5 ( ! view tak54 ,hills 9 ! di/ant view may seem to lie ne> ea* o!r2 "o may seem to rise j back ( ano!r1 & to ! eye !y may seem to con/itute p>ts ( ! same m\nta91 & yet betwe5 !m !re may be deep & f]tile vales1 smil+ villages1 runn+ /reams1 beautiful g>d5s & wat]falls1 :i* ! eye _c take 91 & ! ext5t ( :i* x may be :olly impossible to conjecture2 & a description ( ! :ole sc5e1 z x appe>s to ! obs]v]1 w\ld convey no idea ( ! actual ext5t ( ! int]vals4 ,s x is 9 ! prophecies4 ,betwe5 ! ev5ts :i* are to occur h]eaft]1 z se5 9 vision1 !re may be long int]vals1 b ! l5g? ( ^! int]vals ! prophet may h left u no means ( det]m9+4 ,see ^! ?\ghts m fully illu/rat$ 9 ! ,introduction to ,isaiah1 z above ref]r$ to4 ,:at is "h /at$ may h occurr$ 9 ! vision :i* ,john _h ( ! future1 z describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,"t is m>k$ 9 ! prophetic description until ! fall ( ! great enemy ( ! *ur*2 beyond t x does n seem to h be5 reg>d$ z necess>y to det]m9e ! actual duration ( ! ev5ts ref]r$ to4 ,comp4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ,com4 ii4 #cec1 #ced4 7c7 ,^! views are su/a9$ by ! mo/ cursory glance ( ! *apt] be=e u4 ,!re is none ( ! detail :i* we h f\nd 9 ! previ\s portions ( ! book= su* detail 0 n necess>y to ! accompli%m5t ( ! design ( ! book4 ,! gr& purpose 0 to %[ t ,*ri/ianity w\ld f9ally triumph1 & h5ce ! detail$ description is c>ri$ on until t occurs1 & beyond t we h only ! mo/ g5]al /atem5ts4 ,?us1 9 ?is *apt]1 ! great ev5ts t are to occur are m]ely h9t$ at4 ,! ev5ts ( a ?\s& ye>s2 ! invasion by ,gog & ,magog2 ! ultimate conf9em5t & puni%m5t ( ,satan2 ! g5]al judgm5t1are all cr[d$ into ! space ( twelve v]ses4 ,?is %[s t ! di/ant future is only glanc$ at by ! writ]2 & we %\ld n wond]1 !re=e1 if x %\ld be f\nd to be obscure1 nor %\ld we reg>d x z /range t mu* is left to be made cle> by ! ev5ts !mselves :5 !y %all occur4 7d7 ,! end is triumphant & glori\s4 ,we are assur$ t e enemy ( ! *ur* w be sla91 & t !re w be a long p]iod ( happ9ess1 prosp]ity1 & peace4 8,! eye ( hope10 says ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 beautifully1 8is direct$ =w>d1 & sees ! ?\s& ye>s ( un9t]rupt$ prosp]ity2 !n ! sudd5 de/ruction ( a new & fatal enemy2 & all ! re/ is left to joyful anticipation4 ,:5 all cl\ds are swept f ! face ( ! sky1 :y %\ld n ! sun %9e =? 9 all 8 glory8 ,i _c1 !re=e1 d\bt t ! sett+ sun ( ! *ur* on e>? is to be z a heav5 ( uncl\d$ spl5d\r4 ,peaceful & triumphant w be h] late/ age4 ,! numb] ( ! r$eem$ w be augm5t$ beyond all computation2 & ! promise made f ! beg9n+1 t #8! se$ ( ! woman %\ld bruise ! s]p5t's head1' w be fulfill$ 9 all its ext5t1 & ) a div9e pl5itude ( mean+4 ,! und]/&+ & pi\s read] closes ! book ) admiration1 ) wond]1 ) delight1 ) l(ty anticipations ( ! future1 & ) undaunt$ resolution to foll[ on 9 ! /eps ( ^? :o1 ?r\gh fai? & pati5ce1 h inh]it$ ! promises1 & ent]$ into ev]la/+ re/10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ced1 #cee4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,& ,i saw an angel come d[n f heav51 hav+ ! #faakey ( ! bottomless pit & a great *a9 9 8 h&4 #dai #a4 ,& ,i saw an angel come d[n f heav54 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 x4 #a4 ,he does n say :e!r ?is angel _h appe>$ to him be=e1 b ! impression is r t x 0 a diff]5t "o4 ,! :ole "* ( ! composition ( ! book leads u to suppose t diff]5t angels 7 employ$ to make ^! communications to ,john1 & t1 9 fact1 9 ! progress ( ?+s disclos$ 9 ! book1 he _h int]c\rse ) a consid]able numb] ( ! heav5ly inhabitants4 ,! sc5e t is record$ "h occurr$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! bea/ & ! false prophet 7*4 xix4 #ahba71 & !re=e1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples express$ 9 ! explanation ( ! previ\s *apt]s1 :at is int5d$ to be describ$ "h w take place aft] ! f9al de/ruction ( ! ,papal & ,mahometan p[]s4 ,hav+ ! key ( ! bottomless pit4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ah2 ix4 #a4 ,! fact t he has ! key ( t und]world is design$ to d5ote "h1 t he c fa/5 x on ,satan s t x %all become 8 prison4 ,& a great *a9 9 8 h&4 ,) :i* to b9d ! dragon1 v]4 #b4 ,x is call$ great because ( ! /r5g? ( him t 0 to be b\nd4 ,! *a9 only appe>s to h be5 9 8 h&4 ,p]haps ! key 0 susp5d$ to 8 side4 #b ,& he laid hold on ! #fab;dragon1 t old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil1 & ,satan1 & #fac;b\nd him a ?\s& ye>s1 #b4 ,& he laid hold on4 ,seiz$ him by viol5ce4 ,! ^w d5otes ! employm5t ( /r5g? or =ce2 & x implies t he _h p[] sup]ior to t ( ! dragon4 ,comp4 ,mat4 xiv4 #c2 xviii4 #bh2 xxi4 #df2 xxii4 #f2 xxvi4 #d4 ,we c at once see ! propriety ( ! use ( ?is ^w 9 ?is connection4 ,! great enemy to be b\nd has himself mighty p[]1 & c be ov]come only by a sup]ior4 ,?is may tea* u t x is only a p[] f heav5 t c de/roy ! empire ( ,satan 9 ! _w2 & p]haps x may tea* u t ! int]position ( angels w be employ$ 9 br++ 9 ! glori\s /ate ( ! mill5nium4 ,:y %\ld x n be8 ,! dragon4 ,see ,notes on *4 xii4 #b4 ,comp4 *4 xii4 #d1 #g1 #ac1 #af1 #ag2 xiii4 #b1 #d1 #aa2 xvi4 #ac4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w "h2 = x is expressly said to mean ! devil1 & ,satan4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t x ref]s to "s manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ,satan t w\ld exi/ aft] ! bea/ & false prophett is1 ! ,papacy & ,mahometanism%\ld be de/roy$1 & probably ! ma9 ref]5ce is to ! /ill exi/+ p[] ( ,paganism4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad4 ,x may include1 h[ev]1 all ! =ms ( wick$ness :i* ,satan %all h kept up on ! e>?1 & all ! modes ( evil by :i* he w endeav\r to p]petuate 8 reign4 ,t old s]p5t4 ,?is is und\bt$ly an allusion to ! s]p5t t deceiv$ our fir/ p>5ts 7,ge4 iii4 #a1 seq471 & !re=e a pro( t x 0 ,satan t1 "u ! =m ( a s]p5t1 deceiv$ !m4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xii4 #c4 ,:i* is ! ,devil4 ,on ! mean+ ( ?is ^w1 see ,notes on ,mat4 iv4 #a4 ,& ,satan4 ,on ! mean+ ( ?is ^w1 see ,notes on ,job i4 #f4 ,9 reg>d to ! repetition ( ! names ( t great enemy ( ,god & ! *ur* "h1 ,mr4 ,taylor1 9 ! ,fragm5ts to ,calmet's ,diction>y1 ,no4 #aeb1 says t ?is 8almo/ resembles a mod]n ,old ,bailey indictm5t1 9 :i* special c>e is tak5 to id5tify ! culprit1 by a suffici5t numb] ( aliases4 ,an angel f heav51 hav+ ! key ( ! prison ( ! abyss1 & a great *a9 to secure ! prison]1 #8appreh5d$ ! dragon1 alias ! old s]p5t1 alias ! devil1 alias ! ,satan1 alias ! s$uc] ( ! _w1' :o 0 s5t5c$ to a ?\s& ye>s' imprisonm5t40 ,! object "h1 h[ev]1 seems to be n s mu* to id5tify ! culprit by ^! aliases1 z to %[ t "u :atev] =ms1 & by :atev] names he _h appe>$1 x 0 always ! same be+1 & t n[ ! au?or ( ! :ole evil w\ld be arre/$4 ,?us ! "o great enemy sometimes has appe>$ 9 a =m t w\ld be be/ repres5t$ by a fi]ce & fi]y dragon2 at ano!r1 9 a =m t w\ld be be/ repres5t$ by a cunn+ & subtle s]p5t2 n[ 9 a =m to :i* ! ^w devil1 or accus]1 w\ld be mo/ appropriate2 & n[ 9 a =m 9 :i* ! ^w ,satanan adv]s>yw\ld be mo/ expressive ( :at he does4 ,9 ^! v>i\s =ms1 & "u ^! v>i\s names1 he has rul$ ! #dbj fall5 _w2 & :5 ?is "o great enemy %all be seiz$ & imprison$1 all ^? =ms ( evil w1 ( c\rse1 come to an end4 ,a ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is is ! p]iod usually designat$ z ! ,,mill5nium= ! ^w mill5nium means a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is on ?is passage t ! :ole doctr9e ( ! mill5nium z su* has be5 f\nd$4 ,x is true t !re are else:]e 9 ! ,scriptures abundant promises t ! gospel w ultimately spread ov] ! _w2 b ! notion ( a mill5nium z su* is f\nd 9 ?is passage alone4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 en\gh to e/abli% ! doctr9e1 if its mean+ be correctly asc]ta9$2 = x is a j rule 9 int]pret+ ! ,bible1 t ! cle>ly-asc]ta9$ s5se ( a s+le passage ( ,scripture is suffici5t to e/abli% ! tru? ( a doctr9e4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ?is passage /&s alone 9 ?is respect1 makes x ! m important to endeav\r accurately to det]m9e its mean+4 ,!re are b ?ree ways 9 :i* ! phrase 8a ?\s& ye>s0 c be und]/ood "h3 ei!r 7a7 lit]ally2 or 7b7 9 ! prophetic use ( ! t]m1 :]e a day w\ld /& = a ye>1 ?us mak+ a p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& ye>s2 or 7c7 figuratively1 suppos+ t x ref]s to a long b indef9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,x may be impossible to det]m9e :i* ( ^! p]iods is int5d$1 ?\gh ! fir/ has be5 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! true "o1 & h5ce ! common notion ( ! mill5nium4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 9 ! use ( ! language "h1 z !re w\ld be no?+ contr>y to ! common use ( symbols 9 ?is book 9 reg>d to "t1 9 ! supposition t ?is 0 design$ to describe ! longe/ p]iod "h sugge/$1 or t x is meant t ! _w %all enjoy a reign ( peace & righte\sness dur+ ! long p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& ye>s4 ,inde$1 !re are "s ?+s 9 ! arrangem5ts ( nature :i* look z if x 7 contemplat$ t ! e>? w\ld cont9ue "u a reign ( righte\sness ?r\gh a va/ly long p]iod 9 ! future4 #c ,& ca/ him into ! bottomless pit1 & %ut him up1 & #fadset a seal ^u him t he %\ld deceive ! nations no m1 till ! ?\s& ye>s %\ld be fulfill$3 & aft] t he mu/ be loos$ a little season4 #c4 ,& ca/ him into ! bottomless pit4 ,see ,notes on *4 ix4 #a4 ,a /ate ( peace & prosp]ity w\ld exi/ z if ,satan1 ! great di/urb]1 7 conf9$ 9 ! ne!r _w z a prison]4 ,& %ut him up4 ,clos$ ! massive doors ( ! d>k prison-h\se ^u him4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,job x4 #ba1 #bb4 ,& set a seal ^u him4 ,or1 r1 8^u x0 4 ,! seal 0 plac$ ^u ! door or gate ( ! prison1 n because ?is w\ld fa/5 ! gate or door ( itself1 & make x secure1 = ?is 0 secur$ by ! key1 b because x prev5t$ intrusion1 or any secret op5+ ( x )\t its be+ kn[n4 ,see ,notes on ,da4 vi4 #ag1 & ,mat4 xxvii4 #ff4 ,! idea "h is1 t e precaution 0 tak5 = absolute security4 ,t he %\ld deceive ! nations no m4 ,t is1 dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xii4 #i4 ,till ! ?\s& ye>s %\ld be fulfill$4 ,t is1 dur+ t p]iod !re w be a /ate ( ?+s ^u ! e>? z if ,satan %\ld be )drawn f ! _w1 & conf9$ 9 ! great prison :]e he is ultimately to dwell = ev]4 ,& aft] t he mu/ be loos$ a little season4 ,see v]4 #g1 #h4 ,t is1 a /ate ( ?+s w !n exi/1 = a brief p]iod1 z if he 7 aga9 releas$ f 8 prison-h\se1 & suff]$ to g abroad ^u ! e>?4 ,! phrase 8a little season0 1 little "td5otes prop]ly t ?is w\ld be brief z comp>$ ) ! ?\s& ye>s4 ,no intimation is giv5 z to ! exact "t1 & x is impossible to conjecture h[ long x w be4 ,all ! circum/ances /at$1 h[ev]1 "h & 9 v]4 #gaj1 w\ld lead u to suppose t :at is ref]r$ to w be l ! sudd5 outbreak ( a rebellion 9 a "t ( g5]al peace1 b :i* w soon be quell$4 a4,condition ( ! _w 9 ! p]iod ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #ac4 ,x may be prop]1 9 ord] to a correct und]/&+ ( ?is *apt]1 to pres5t a brief summ>y "u ! diff]5t p>ts 7see ! ,analysis ( ! *apt]7 ( :at1 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$1 may be expect$ #dba to be ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! "t ref]r$ to4 ,on ! portion n[ be=e u 7v]4 #ac71 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be made3 7#a7 ,?is w be subsequ5t to ! d[nfall ( ! ,papacy & ! t]m9ation ( ! ,mahometan p[] 9 ! _w4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 ?is lies 9 ! futureh[ f> 9 ! future x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,! int]pretation ( ! v>i\s portions ( ?is book1 & ! book ( ,daniel1 h1 h[ev]1 l$ to ! conclusion t ! t]m9ation ( ^? p[]s _c n[ be remote4 ,if s1 we are on ! eve ( important ev5ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! affairs ( ! _w look z if ?+s 7 t5d+ to a fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies s und]/ood4 7#b7 ,x w be a condition ( ! _w z if ,satan 7 b\nd2 t is1 :]e 8 influ5ces w be susp5d$1 & ! pr9ciples ( virtue & religion w prevail4 ,accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ! previ\s *apt]s1 x w be a /ate 9 :i* all t has exi/$1 & t n[ exi/s1 9 ! ,papacy to corrupt mank9d1 to ma9ta9 error1 & to prev5t ! preval5ce ( free & lib]al pr9ciples1 w cease2 9 :i* all t !re n[ is 9 ! ,mahometan sy/em to fett] & enslave mank9dn[ controll+ m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty millions ( ! race%all h come to an end2 & 9 :i*1 9 a great measure1 all t occurs "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,satan 9 caus+ or p]petuat+ slav]y1 w>1 intemp]ance1 lu/1 av>ice1 disord]1 scepticism1 a!ism1 w be *eck$ & /ay$4 ,x is prop] to say1 h[ev]1 t ?is passage does n require u to suppose t !re w be a total cessation ( ,satanic influ5ce 9 ! e>? dur+ t p]iod4 ,satan w1 inde$1 be b\nd & re/ra9$ z to 8 =m] influ5ce & p[]4 ,b !re w be no *ange 9 ! "* ( man z he comes into ! _w4 ,!re w /ill be corrupt passions 9 ! human he>t4 ,?\gh greatly re/ra9$1 & ?\gh !re w be a g5]al preval5ce ( righte\sness on ! e>?1 yet we are to rememb] t ! race is fall51 & t ev5 !n1 if re/ra9t %\ld be tak5 away1 man w\ld act out 8 fall5 nature4 ,?is fact1 if rememb]$1 w make x appe> less /range t1 aft] ?is p]iod ( preval5t righte\sness1 ,satan %\ld be repres5t$ z loos$ aga91 & z able once m = a "t to deceive ! nations4 7#c7 ,x w be a p]iod ( long duration4 ,on ! supposition t x is to be lit]ally a p]iod ( "o ?\s& ye>s1 ?is is 9 itself long1 & w give1 especially "u ! circum/ances1 opportunity = a va/ progress 9 human affairs4 ,to =m "s idea ( ! l5g? ( ! p]iod1 we ne$ only place ourselves 9 imag9ation back = a ?\s& ye>ssay 9 ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury& look at ! condition ( ! _w !n1 & ?9k ( ! va/ *anges 9 human affairs t h occurr$ dur+ t p]iod4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 also1 t if ! mill5nial p]iod 7 soon to comm5ce1 x w\ld f9d ! _w 9 a f> diff]5t /ate 9 ref]5ce to future progress f :at x 0 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & t x w\ld />t (f1 s to speak1 ) all ! advantages 9 ! arts & sci5ces :i* h be5 accumulat$ 9 all ! pa/ p]iods ( ! _w4 ,ev5 if !re 7 no special div9e int]position1 x might be presum$ t ! race1 9 su* circum/ances1 w\ld make great & surpris+ advances 9 ! long p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,& "h a v /rik+ rem>k ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill] may be introduc$ z illu/rat+ ! subject4 8,x has be5 rem>k$ by "s /ud5t ( ! ,apocalypse10 says he1 8t ! c\rse ( pr$ict$ ev5ts at fir/ moves sl[ly1 z "o aft] "o1 six ( sev5 seals are op5$2 t1 on ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal1 ! progress is s consid]ably quick5$ t ! sev5? p]iod proves z f]tile 9 ev5tsrepres5t$ by ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5 trumpetsz ! =ego+ six tak5 toge!r2 & t on ! sev5? trumpet1 s great is ! fur!r accel]ation1 t !re is an am\nt ( incid5t cond5s$ 9 ?is sev5? "p ( ! sev5? p]iod equal1 z 9 ! =m] case1 to t ( all ! previ\s six p>ts 9 "o4 ,!re are ?ree cycles1 x has be5 said1 9 ! s*emecycle )9 cycle! second compris$ )9 a sev5? portion ( ! fir/1 & ! ?ird )9 a sev5? portion ( ! second4 ,be ?is z x may1 we may1 at lea/1 see some?+ t exce$+ly resembles x 9 t actual economy ( *ange & revolution manife/$ 9 ,engli% hi/ory = ! la/ two c5turies4 ,x w\ld seem z if ev5ts1 9 _! d[nw>d c\rse1 #dbb _h come "u ! influ5ce ( t law ( gravitation ?r\gh :i* fall+ bodies increase 9 spe$1 z !y desc5d1 accord+ to ! squ>es ( ! di/ance0 7,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl& & its ,p1 pp4 vii41 viii474 ,if to ?is we add ! supposition1 :i* we h se5 7,notes on v]4 #b7 to be by no means improbable1 t x is int5d$1 9 ! description ( ! mill5nium 9 ?is *apt]1 t ! _w w cont9ue "u a reign ( peace & righte\sness = ! long p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& ye>s1 x is impossible to anticipate :at progress w be made dur+ t p]iod1 or to enum]ate ! numb]s t w be sav$4 ,on ?is subject1 see "s v int]e/+ rem>ks 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 by ,hugh ,mill]1 pp4 #bdhbej1 #beh1 #bei4 ,comp4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's ,religion & ,geology1 pp4 #cgjdji4 7#d7 ,:at1 !n1 w be ! /ate ( ?+s dur+ t long p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s8 7a7 ,!re w be a great increase 9 ! population ( ! globe4 ,let w>s cease1 & intemp]ance cease1 & slav]y cease1 & ! numb]less passions t n[ %ort5 life be /ay$1 & x is easy to see t !re mu/ be a va/ augm5tation 9 ! numb] ( ! human species4 7b7 ,!re w be a g5]al diffusion ( intellig5ce ^u ! e>?4 ,e circum/ance w\ld be fav\rable to x1 & ! _w w\ld be 9 a condition to make rapid advances 9 k1 ,da4 xii4 #d4 7c7 ,t p]iod w be *>act]iz$ by ! univ]sal diffusion ( reveal$ tru?1 ,is4 xi4 #i2 xxv4 #g4 7d7 ,x w be m>k$ by unlimit$ subjection to ! sceptre ( ,*ri/1 ,ps4 ii4 #g2 xxii4 #bgbi2 ,is4 ii4 #b1 #c2 lxvi4 #bc2 ,zec4 ix4 #aj2 xiv4 #i2 ,mat4 xiii4 #ca1 #cb2 ,re4 xi4 #ae4 7e7 ,!re w be great progress 9 all t t5ds to promote ! welf>e ( man4 ,we are n to suppose t ! res\rces ( nature are exhau/$4 ,nature gives no signs ( exhau/ion or decay4 ,9 ! future !re is no reason to d\bt t !re w yet be discov]ies & inv5tions m surpris+ & wond]ful ?an ! art ( pr9t+1 or ! use ( /eam1 or ! magnetic telegraph4 ,!re are pr(\nd] secrets ( nature t may be deliv]$ up ?an any ( ^!1 & ! _w is t5d+ to _! developm5t4 7f7 ,x w be a p]iod ( ! univ]sal reign ( peace4 ,! att5tion ( mank9d w be turn$ to ! ?+s :i* t5d to promote ! welf>e ( ! race1 & advance ! be/ int]e/s ( society4 ,! s+le fact t w>s w cease w make an inconceivable diff]5ce 9 ! aspect ( ! _w2 = if univ]sal peace %all prevail ?r\gh ! long p]iod ( ! mill5nium1 & ! weal?1 ! tal5t1 & ! sci5ce n[ employ$ 9 human but*]y %all be devot$ to ! int]e/s ( agriculture1 ! me*anical arts1 le>n+1 & religion1 x is impossible n[ to e/imate ! progress :i* ! race w make1 & ! *anges :i* w be produc$ on ! e>?4 ,= ,scripture pro(s t x w be a "t ( univ]sal peace1 see ,is4 ii4 #d2 xi4 #fi2 ,mi4 iv4 #c4 7g7 ,!re w be a g5]al preval5ce ( evangelical religion4 ,?is is app>5t 9 ! entire description 9 ?is passage1 = ! two mo/ =midable oppos+ p[]s t religion has ev] kn[n! bea/ & ! false prophetw be de/roy$1 & ,satan w be b\nd4 ,9 ?is long p]iod1 !re=e1 we are to suppose t ! gospel w ex]t its fair influ5ce on gov]nm5ts1 on families1 on individuals2 9 ! int]c\rse ( neighb\rs1 & 9 ! int]c\rse ( nations4 ,god w be wor%ipp$ 9 _s & 9 tru?1 & n 9 ! m]e =ms ( devotion2 & temp]ance1 tru?1 lib]ty1 social ord]1 hone/y1 & love1 w prevail ov] ! _w4 7h7 ,x w be a "t :5 ! ,hebrew p! ,jewsw be br\ght to ! k ( ! tru?1 & w embrace ! ,messiah :om _! fa!rs crucifi$1 ,zec4 xii4 #aj2 xiii4 #a2 ,ro4 xi4 #bfbi4 7i7 ,yet we are n necess>ily to suppose t all ! _w w be absolutely & entirely br\ght "u ! p[] ( ! gospel4 ,!re w be /ill on ! e>? ! rema9s ( wick$ness 9 ! corrupt$ human he>t1 & !re w be s mu* t5d5cy to s9 9 ! human s\l1 t ,satan1 :5 releas$ = a "t 7v]4 #g1 #h71 w be able once m to deceive mank9d1 & to array a =midable =ce1 repres5t$ by ,gog & ,magog1 aga9/ ! cause ( tru? & righte\sness4 ,we are n to suppose t ! nature ( mank9d1 z fall51 w be ess5tially *ang$1 or t !re may n be s9 en\gh 9 ! human he>t to make x capable ( ! same opposition to ! #dbc gospel ( ,god :i* has ?us f> be5 ev9c$ 9 all ages4 ,f causes :i* are n fully /at$ 7v]4 #h1 #i71 ,satan w be enabl$ once m to r\se up _! enmity1 & to make "o m desp]ate ef=t to de/roy ! k+dom ( ! ,r$eem] by rally+ 8 =ces = a conflict4 ,see ^! views illu/rat$ 9 ! "w entitl$ ,*ri/'s ,second ,com+1 by ,rev4 ,david ,br[n1 ( ,/4 ,james' ,free ,*ur*1 ,glasg[1 pp4 #cihddb2 ,new ,york1 #ahea4 #d ,& ,i saw #fae?rones1 & !y sat ^u !m1 & #faf;judgm5t 0 giv5 unto !m3 & #fag;,i saw ! s\ls ( !m t 7 behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus1 & = ! ^w ( ,god1 & :i* _h n wor%ipp$ ! bea/1 nei!r 8 image1 nei!r _h receiv$ 8 m>k ^u _! =eheads1 or 9 _! h&s2 & !y liv$ & #fahreign$ ) ,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s4 #d4 ,& ,i saw ?rones4 ,see *4 i4 #d2 iii4 #ba2 iv4 #c1 #d4 ,john "h simply says1 t he saw 9 vision ?rones1 ) p]sons sitt+ on !m1 b )\t intimat+ :o !y 7 t sat on !m4 ,x is n ! ?rone ( ,god t is n[ reveal$1 = ! ^w is 9 ! plural numb]1 ?\gh ! writ] does n h9t h[ _m ?rones !re 74 ,x is intimat$1 h[ev]1 t ^! ?rones 7 plac$ ) "s ref]5ce to pron\nc+ a judgm5t1 or det]m9+ ! de/9y ( "s portion ( mank9d1 = x is imm$iately add$1 8& judgm5t 0 giv5 unto !m40 ,!re is consid]able resemblance1 9 _m respects1 betwe5 ?is & ! /atem5t 9 ,daniel 7vii4 #i73 8,i beheld till ! ?rones 7 ca/ d[n1 & ! ,anci5t ( days did sit20 or1 z x %\ld be r5d]$1 8,i beheld0t is1 ,i cont9u$ to look8until ! ?rones 7 plac$ or set10 to wit1 = ! purposes ( judgm5t4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,s ,john "h sees1 z ! t]m9ation ( human affairs approa*es1 ?rones plac$ ) ref]5ce to a det]m9ation ( ! de/9y ( "s portion ( ! race1 z if !y 7 n[ to h a trial1 & to receive a s5t5ce ( acquittal or condemnation4 ,! p]sons on :om ?is judgm5t is to pass are specifi$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! v]se1 z ^? :o 7 8behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus1 :o _h ! ^w ( ,god1 :o _h n wor%ipp$ ! bea/10 c4 ,! "t :5 ?is 0 to occur manife/ly 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?\s& ye>s4 ,& !y sat ^u !m4 ,:o sat on !m is n m5tion$4 ,! natural con/ruction is1 t judges sat on !m1 or t p]sons sat on !m to :om judgm5t 0 intru/$4 ,! language is su* z w\ld be us$ on ! supposition ei!r t he _h m5tion$ ! subject be=e1 s t he w\ld be readily und]/ood1 or t1 f "s o!r cause1 x 0 s well und]/ood t !re 0 no necessity = m5tion+ :o !y 74 ,john seems to h assum$ t x w\ld be und]/ood :o 7 meant4 ,& yet to u x is n entirely cle>2 = ,john has n be=e ?is giv5 u any su* intimation t we c det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :at is int5d$4 ,! probable con/ruction is1 t ^? are ref]r$ to1 to :om x appropriately belong$ to occupy su* seats ( judgm5t1 & :o !y are is to be det]m9$ f o!r p>ts ( ! ,scriptures4 ,9 ,mat4 xix4 #bh1 ! ,savi\r says to 8 apo/les1 8,:5 ! ,son ( man %all sit on ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also %all sit ^u twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel40 ,9 #a ,co4 vi4 #b1 ,paul asks ! "q1 8,d ye n "k t ! sa9ts %all judge ! _w80 ,! mean+ z ?us expla9$ is1 t ,*ri/ians w1 9 "s way1 be employ$ 9 judg+ ! _w2 t is1 t !y w be exalt$ to ! "r h& ( ! ,judge1 & be elevat$ to a /ation ( hon\r1 z if !y 7 associat$ ) ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! judgm5t4 ,some?+ ( t k9d is1 d\btless1 ref]r$ to "h2 & ,john probably means to say t he saw ! ?rones plac$ on :i* ^? w sit :o w be employ$ 9 judg+ ! _w4 ,if ! apo/les are specially ref]r$ to1 x 0 natural t ,john1 em95t = mode/y1 %\ld n p>ticul>ly m5tion !m1 z he 0 "o ( !m1 & z ! true allusion w\ld be readily und]/ood4 ,& judgm5t 0 giv5 unto !m4 ,! p[] ( pron\nc+ s5t5ce 9 ! case ref]r$ to 0 conf]r$ on !m1 & !y proce$$ to ex]cise t p[]4 ,?is 0 n 9 relation to ! :ole race ( mank9d1 b to ! m>tyrs1 & to ^? :o1 amid/ _m temptations & trials1 _h kept !mselves pure4 ,! s5t5ce :i* is to be pass$ w\ld seem to be t 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y are to be p]mitt$ to 8live & reign ) ,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s40 ,! =m ( ?is express$ approval is t ( a resurrection & judgm5t2 :e!r ?is be ! lit]al mode is ano!r inquiry1 & w prop]ly be consid]$ :5 ! exposition #dbd ( ! passage %all h be5 giv54 ,& ,i saw ! s\ls ( !m4 ,?is is a v important expression 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! :ole passage4 ,john says he saw ! s\lsn ! bodies4 ,if ! obvi\s mean+ ( ?is be ! correct mean+2 if he saw ! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs1 n ! bodies1 ?is w\ld seem to exclude ! notion ( a lit]al resurrection1 & consequ5tly ov]turn _m ( ! !ories ( a lit]al resurrection1 & ( a lit]al reign ( ! sa9ts ) ,*ri/ dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s ( ! mill5nium4 ,! doctr9e ( ! la/ resurrection1 z ev]y:]e /at$ 9 ! ,scripture1 is1 t ! body w be rais$ up1 & n m]ely t ! s\l w live 7see #a ,co4 xv41 & ! ,notes on t *apt]72 & consequ5tly ,john mu/ mean to ref] 9 ?is place to some?+ diff]5t f t resurrection1 or to any prop] resurrection ( ! dead z ! expression is commonly und]/ood4 ,! doctr9e :i* has be5 held1 & is held1 by ^? :o ma9ta9 t !re w be a lit]al resurrection ( ! sa9ts to reign ) ,*ri/ dur+ a ?\s& ye>s1 c receive no support f ?is passage1 = !re is no ambiguity respect+ ! ^w s\lsz us$ "h4 ,by no possible con/ruction c x mean ! bodies ( ! sa9ts4 ,if ,john _h int5d$ to /ate t ! sa9ts1 z su*1 w\ld be rais$ z !y w be at ! la/ day1 x is cle> t he w\ld n h us$ ?is language1 b w\ld h employ$ ! common language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to d5ote x4 ,! language "h does n express ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body2 & if no o!r language b ?is _h be5 us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 z n[ taught & receiv$1 c\ld n be e/abli%$4 ,^! consid]ations make x cle> to my m9d t ,john did n mean to tea* t !re w\ld be a lit]al resurrection ( ! sa9ts1 t !y might live & reign ) ,*ri/ p]sonally dur+ ! p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re 0 und\bt$ly some?+ t might be comp>$ ) ! resurrection1 & t might1 9 "s prop] s5se1 be call$ a resurrection 7v]4 #e1 #f71 b !re is n ! slighte/ intimation t x w\ld be a resurrection ( ! body1 or t x w\ld be id5tical ) ! f9al resurrection4 ,john und\bt$ly int5ds to describe "s hon\r conf]r$ on ! spirits or s\ls ( ! sa9ts & m>tyrs dur+ ?is long p]iod1 z if !y 7 rais$ f ! dead1 or :i* might be repres5t$ by a resurrection f ! dead4 ,:at t hon\r is to be1 is express$ by _! 8liv+ & reign+ ) ,*ri/40 ,! mean+ ( ?is w be expla9$ 9 ! exposition ( ^! words2 b ! ^w us$ "h is fatal to ! notion ( a lit]al resurrection & a p]sonal reign ) ,*ri/ on ! e>?4 ,t 7 behead$4 ,! ^w "h us$occur n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x prop]ly means1 to axe1 t is1 to hew or cut ) an axef 1 axe4 ,h5ce x means to behead ) an axe4 ,?is 0 a common mode ( execution among ! ,romans1 & d\btless _m ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs suff]$ 9 ?is mann]2 b 8x _c be suppos$ to h be5 ! int5tion ( ! writ] to conf9e ! rew>ds ( m>tyrs to ^? :o suff]$ 9 ?is p>ticul> way2 = ?is specific & ignom9i\s me?od ( puni%m5t is designat$ m]ely z ! symbol ( any & e k9d ( m>tyrdom0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,= ! witness ( ,jesus4 ,z witnesses ( ,jesus2 or be>+ 9 ?is way _! te/imony to ! tru? ( 8 religion4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #i2 comp4 *4 vi4 #i4 ,& = ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #i4 ,:i* _h n wor%ipp$ ! bea/4 ,:o _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! pr9ciples ( ! true religion1 & _h resi/$ all ! attempts made to s$uce !m f ! fai?1 ev5 ! temptations & allurem5ts 9 ! times ( ! ,papacy4 ,see ?is language expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 xiii4 #d4 ,nei!r 8 image4 ,notes on *4 xiii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,nei!r _h receiv$ 8 m>k ^u _! =eheads1 or 9 _! h&s4 ,see ,notes on *4 xiii4 #af4 ,& !y liv$1 f 1 to live4 ,v mu*1 9 ! :ole passage1 dep5ds on ?is ^w4 ,! mean+s giv5 to ! ^w by ,pr(essor ,rob9son 7,lex47 are ! foll[+37a7 to live1 to h life1 spok5 ( physical life & exi/5ce2 7b7 to live1 t is1 to su/a9 life1 to live on or by any?+2 7c7 to live 9 any way1 to pass "o's life 9 any mann]2 7d7 to live & prosp]2 to be bless$4 ,x may be appli$ to ^? :o 7 be=e dead 7,mat4 ix4 #ah2 ,m>4 #dbe xvi4 #aa2 ,lu4 xxiv4 #bc2 ,jn4 v4 #be2 ,ac4 i4 #c2 ix4 #da71 b x does n necess>ily imply ?is1 nor does ! m]e use ( ! ^w sugge/ x4 ,x is ! prop] notion ( liv+1 or hav+ life n[1 :atev] 0 ! =m] /ate:e!r non-exi/5ce1 dea?1 sickness1 or heal?4 ,! m9d1 9 ! use ( ?is ^w1 is fix$ on ! pres5t z a /ate ( liv+4 ,x is n necess>ily 9 contra/ ) a =m] /ate z dead1 b x is on ! fact t !y are n[ alive4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re is ref]5ce1 9 ! passage be=e u1 to ! fact t a portion ( ^? m5tion$ _h be5 8behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus10 x is to be admitt$ t ! ^w "h ref]s1 9 "s s5se1 to t fact4 ,!y 7 put to dea? 9 ! body1 b _! 8s\ls0 7 n[ se5 to be alive4 ,!y _h n ceas$ to be1 b !y liv$ & reign$ ) ,*ri/ z if !y _h be5 rais$ up f ! dead4 ,& :5 ?is is said ( ! 8s\ls0 ( ^? :o 7 behead$1 & :o 7 se5 to reign ) ,*ri/1 x _c mean 7a7 t _! s\ls came to life aga91 = !re is no intimation t !y _h = a mom5t ceas$ to exi/2 nor 7b7 t !y !n became immortal1 = t 0 always true ( !m2 nor 7c7 t !re 0 any lit]al resurrection ( ! body1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t 7ii4 #cfj1 #dge1 #dgf7 supposes1 & z is suppos$ by ^? :o hold to a lit]al reign ( ,*ri/ on ! e>?1 = !re is no intimation ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! mean+1 !n1 s f> z ! language is conc]n$1 mu/ be1 t !re w\ld exi/1 at ! "t ( ! ?\s& ye>s1 a /ate ( ?+s z if ! m>tyrs 7 rais$ up f ! deadan hon\r+ ( ! m>tyrs z if !y %\ld live & reign ) ,*ri/4 ,_! names w\ld be v9dicat$2 _! pr9ciples w\ld be reviv$2 !y w\ld be exalt$ 9 public e/imation above o!r m52 !y w\ld be rais$ f ! l[ rank 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! _w 9 times ( p]secution to a /ate :i* might well be repres5t$ by _! sitt+ ) ,*ri/ on ! ?rone ( gov]nm5t1 & by _! be+ made visible att5dants on 8 glori\s k+dom4 ,?is w\ld n occur 9 respect to ! re/ ( ! deadev5 ! pi\s dead 7v]4 #e7;= _! hon\rs & rew>ds w\ld be res]v$ = ! great day :5 all ! dead %\ld be judg$ accord+ to _! de$s4 ,9 ?is view ( ! mean+ ( ?is passage !re is no?+ t =bids u to suppose t ! m>tyrs w be consci\s ( ! hon\r ?us done to _! names1 _! memory1 & _! pr9ciples on e>?1 or t ?is consci\sness w increase _! joy ev5 9 heav54 ,?is s5se ( ! passage is ?us express$1 sub/antially1 by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately 7,essays on ! ,future ,/ate73 8,x may signify n ! lit]al rais+ ( dead m51 b ! rais+ up ( an increas$ ,*ri/ian zeal & hol9ess2 ! revival 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 or 9 "s consid]able portion ( x1 ( ! _s & en]gy ( ! noble m>tyrs ( old 7ev5 z ,john ! ,bapti/ came 9 ! _s & p[] ( ,elias71 s t ,*ri/ian pr9ciples %all be display$ 9 action ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 an inf9itely great] degree ?an ev] be=e40 ,?is view ( ! signification ( ! ^w liv$ is su/a9$ by its use else:]e 9 ! ,scriptures & by its common use among m54 ,?us 9 ?is v book1 *4 xi4 #aa3 8,& aft] ?ree days & a half1 ! ,_s ( life f ,god ent]$ into !m1 & !y /ood ^u _! feet40 ,s 9 ,ezekiel1 9 speak+ ( ! re/oration ( ! ,jews3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god1 ,o my p1 ,i w op5 y\r graves1 & cause y to come up out ( y\r graves1 & br+ y into ! l& ( ,israel4 ,& ye %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l1 :5 ,i h op5$ y\r graves1 & br\ght y up out ( y\r graves1 & %all put my ,_s 9 y1 & ye %all live10 *4 xxvii4 #abad4 ,s 9 ,ho4 vi4 #b3 8,aft] two days he w revive u cause u to live aga92 9 ! ?ird day he w raise u up1 & we %all live 9 8 sight40 ,s 9 ! p>able ( ! prodigal son3 8,?is ?y bro!r 0 dead1 & is alive aga910 ,lu4 xv4 #cb4 ,s 9 ,is4 xxvi4 #ai3 8,?y dead m5 %all live1 toge!r ) my dead body %all !y arise40 ,! foll[+ extract1 f ,d',aubign's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 w %[ h[ natural x is to use ! v language employ$ "h :5 ! idea is int5d$ to be convey$ ( reviv+ =m] pr9ciples z if ! m5 :o held !m %\ld be rais$ to life aga94 ,x is ! language ( ! m>tyr ,john ,huss1 :o1 9 speak+ ( himself 9 view ( a rem>kable dream t he _h1 said1 8,i am no dream]1 b ,i ma9ta9 ?is = #dbf c]ta91 t ! image ( ,*ri/ w nev] be effac$4 ,!y 8 enemies h wi%$ to de/roy x1 b x %all be pa9t$ afre% 9 all he>ts by mu* bett] prea*]s ?an myself4 ,! nation t loves ,*ri/ w rejoice at ?is4 ,& ,i1 awak+ f among ! dead1 & ris+1 s to speak1 f my grave1 %all leap ) great joy40 ,s a ,brief address$ by ,pope ,adrian to ! ,diet at ,nuremb]g conta9s ^! words3 8,! h]etics ,huss & ,j]ome are n[ alive aga9 9 ! p]son ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r40 ,= a fur!r illu/ration ( ! passage see ! rem>ks :i* foll[ 7 b7 on ! /ate ( ?+s :i* may be expect$ to exi/ 9 ! "t ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #df4 ,& reign$ ) ,*ri/4 ,7 exalt$ 9 _! pr9ciples1 & 9 _! p]sonal happ9ess 9 heav51 z if !y occupi$ ! ?rone ) him1 & p]sonally %>$ 8 hon\rs & 8 triumphs4 ,:o c tell1 also1 :e!r !y may n be employ$ 9 special s]vices ( m]cy1 9 adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( 8 gov]nm5t dur+ t bright & happy p]iod8 ,a ?\s& ye>s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,satan w be b\nd1 & :5 ! true religion w h ! asc5d5cy 9 ! e>?4 ,notes on v]4 #b4 #e ,b ! re/ ( ! dead liv$ n aga9 till ! ?\s& ye>s 7 f9i%$4 ,?is is ! fir/ resurrection4 #e4 ,b ! re/ ( ! dead4 ,9 contradi/9ction f ! behead$ m>tyrs1 & f ^? :o _h kept !mselves pure 9 ! times ( great temptation4 ,! phrase 8re/ ( ! dead0 "h w\ld mo/ naturally ref] to ! same g5]al class :i* 0 be=e m5tion$! pi\s dead4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! m>tyrs w\ld be hon\r$ z if !y 7 rais$ up & ! o!rs nt is1 t special respect w\ld be %[n to _! pr9ciples1 _! memory1 & _! "*4 ,9 o!r words1 special hon\r w\ld be %[n to a _s ( em95t piety dur+ t p]iod above ! common & ord9>y piety :i* has be5 manife/$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,! 8re/ ( ! dead0! pi\s deadw\ld inde$ be rais$ up & rew>d$1 b !y w\ld occupy comp>atively humble places1 z if !y did n p>take 9 ! exalt$ triumphs :5 ! _w %\ld be subdu$ to ! ,savi\r4 ,_! places 9 hon\r1 9 rank1 & 9 rew>d w\ld be b5ea? t ( ^? :o 9 fi]y times _h ma9ta9$ un%ak5 fidelity to ! cause ( tru?4 ,liv$ n4 ,on ! ^w liv$ see ,notes on v]4 #d4 ,t is1 !y liv$ n dur+ t p]iod 9 ! peculi> s5se 9 :i* x is said 7v]4 #d7 t ! em95t sa9ts & m>tyrs liv$4 ,!y did n come into remembrance2 _! pr9ciples 7 n :at !n *>act]iz$ ! *ur*2 !y did n see1 z ! m>tyrs did1 _! pr9ciples & mode ( life 9 ! asc5d5cy1 & consequ5tly !y _h n ! augm5t$ happ9ess & hon\r :i* ! m em95t sa9ts & m>tyrs _h4 ,until ! ?\s& ye>s 7 f9i%$4 ,!n all :o 7 truly ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 ?\gh "s might be less em95t ?an o!rs _h be51 w\ld come into remembrance1 & w\ld h _! prop] place 9 ! rew>ds ( heav54 ,! language "h is n necess>ily to be int]pret$ z mean+ t !y w\ld be rais$ up !n1 or w\ld live !n1 :atev] may be true on t po9t4 ,x is m]ely an emphatic mode ( affirm+ t up to t p]iod !y w\ld n live 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is affirm$ t ! o!rs w\ld4 ,b x is n affirm$ t !y w\ld ev5 !n 8live0 imm$iately4 ,a long int]val might elapse be=e t w\ld occur 9 ! g5]al resurrection ( ! dead4 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! *apt]4 ,?is is ! fir/ resurrection4 ,! resurrection ( ! sa9ts & m>tyrs1 z specifi$ 9 v]4 #d4 ,x is call$ ! fir/ resurrection 9 contradi/9ction f ! second & la/! g5]al resurrection:5 all ! dead w be lit]ally rais$ up f _! graves & assembl$ = ! judgm5t1 v]4 #ab4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t :at is call$ "h ! 8fir/ resurrection0 w resemble ! real & lit]al resurrection 9 e respect4 ,all t is meant is1 t !re w be su* a resemblance z to make x prop] to call x a resurrectiona com+ to life aga94 ,?is w be1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on v]4 #d1 9 ! hon\r done to ! m>tyrs1 9 ! re/oration ( _! pr9ciples z ! great actuat+ pr9ciples ( ! *ur*1 & p]haps 9 ! increas$ happ9ess conf]r$ on !m 9 heav51 & 9 _! be+ employ$ 9 promot+ ! cause ( tru? 9 ! _w4 #f ,bless$ & holy is he t ha? "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection3 on su* ! #faisecond dea? ha? no p[]1 b !y %all be #fbjprie/s ( ,god & ( ,*ri/1 & %all reign ) him a ?\s& ye>s4 #f4 ,bless$4 ,t is1 8 condition is to be reg>d$ z a happy or a #dbg fav\r$ "o4 ,?is is design$ app>5tly to support & enc\rage ^? :o1 9 ! "t ( ,john1 suff]$ p]secution1 or :o might suff] p]secution aft]w>ds4 ,& holy4 ,t is1 no "o w be ?us hon\r$ :o has n an e/abli%$ "* = hol9ess4 ,holy pr9ciples w !n reign1 & none w be exalt$ to t hon\r :o h n a "* = em95t sanctity4 ,t ha? "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection4 ,t p>ticipat$ 9 x2 t is1 :o is associat$ ) ^? :o are ?us rais$ up4 ,on su* ! second dea? ha? no p[]4 ,! 8second dea?0 is prop]ly ! dea? :i* ! wick$ w exp]i5ce 9 ! _w ( woe4 ,see v]4 #ad4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t all :o are "h ref]r$ to z hav+ "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection w be secure aga9/ t4 ,x w be "o ( ! bless$ privileges ( heav5 t !re w be absolute security aga9/ ,,dea? 9 any & e =m2 & :5 we ?9k ( :at dea? is "h1 & /ill m :5 we ?9k ( 8! bitt] pa9s ( ! second dea?10 we may well call t /ate 8bless$0 9 :i* !re w be et]nal exemption f ei!r4 ,b !y %all be prie/s ( ,god & ( ,*ri/1 & %all reign ) him4 ,notes *4 i4 #f2 v4 #aj4 b4,condition ( ! _w 9 ! p]iod ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #df4 ,i4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is passage is ! pr9cipal "o :i* is reli$ on by ^? :o advocate ! doctr9e ( ! lit]al reign ( ,*ri/ on ! e>? = a ?\s& ye>s1 or :o hold :at are call$ ! doctr9es ( ! 8second adv5t40 ,! po9ts :i* are ma9ta9$ by ^? :o advocate ^! views are sub/antially1 7a7 t at t p]iod ,*ri/ w desc5d f heav5 to reign p]sonally ^u ! e>?2 7b7 t he w h a c5tral place ( p[] & au?ority1 probably ,j]usalem2 7c7 t ! righte\s dead w !n be rais$1 9 su* bodies z are to be immortal2 7d7 t !y w be 8 att5dants1 & w p>ticipate ) him 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 7e7 t ?is w cont9ue dur+ ! p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s2 7f7 t ! _w w be subdu$ & conv]t$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 n by moral means1 b by 8a new disp5sation0by ! p[] ( ! ,son ( ,god2 & 7g7 t at ! close ( ?is p]iod all ! rema9+ dead w be rais$1 ! judgm5t w take place1 & ! affairs ( ! e>? w be consummat$4 ,! op9ion "h adv]t$ to 0 held sub/antially by ,papias1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 & o!rs among ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 &1 x ne$ n be said1 is held by _m mod]n expositors ( ! ,bible1 & by l>ge numb]s ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s ( high /&+1 & o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,see ! ,lit]ali/1 passim4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ) :i* ! mod]n 8lit]ali/s10 z !y are call$1 sub/antially co9cide1 is ?us /at$ by ,mr4 ,elliott3 8,?is resurrection is to be lit]ally t ( dep>t$ sa9ts & m>tyrs1 !n at l5g? resuscitat$ 9 ! body f dea? & ! grave2 its "t to syn*ronize )1 or foll[ in/antly aft]1 ! de/ruction ( ! bea/ ,anti*ri/1 on ,*ri/'s p]sonal second adv5t2 ! b9d+ ( ,satan to be an absolute re/riction ( ! p[] ( hell f tempt+1 deceiv+1 or injur+ mank9d1 ?r\gh\t a lit]al p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 !nce calculat$2 ! gov]nm5t ( ! e>?1 dur+ its cont9uance to be adm9i/]$ by ,*ri/ & ! ris5 sa9ts! latt] be+ n[ 9 nature l angels2 & "u x1 all false religion hav+ be5 put d[n1 ! ,jews & sav$ remnant ( ! ,g5tiles be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/1 ! e>? r5ovat$ by ! fire ( ,anti*ri/'s de/ruction1 & ,j]usalem made ! univ]sal capital1 !re w be a realization on e>? ( ! bless$ness depict$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 z well z p]haps ( t too :i* is associat$ ) ! ,new ,j]usalem 9 ! visions ( ! ,apocalypseuntil at l5g? ?is mill5nium hav+ end$1 & ,satan gone =? to deceive ! nations1 ! f9al consummation w foll[2 ! new-rais$ enemies ( ! sa9ts1 ,gog & ,magog1 be de/roy$ by fire f heav53 & !n ! g5]al resurrection & judgm5t take place1 ! devil & 8 s]vants be ca/ into ! lake ( fire1 & ! mill5nial reign ( ! sa9ts ext5d itself into "o ( et]nal duration0 7,elliott on ! ,apocalypse1 iv4 #agg1 #agh74 ,mr4 ,elliott's own op9ion1 repres5t+1 x is suppos$1 t ( ! great body ( ! 8lit]ali/s10 is ?us express$3 #dbh 8,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s & ( feel+ 9 pr(ess+ ,*ri/5dom a feel+ ( c>nal security1 all sudd5ly1 & unexpect$ly1 & conspicu\s ov] ! _w z ! lightn+ t %9e? f ! ea/ ev5 unto ! we/1 ! second adv5t & appe>+ ( ,*ri/ w take place2 t at ! accompany+ voice ( ! ar*angel & trump ( ,god1 ! dep>t$ sa9ts ( ei!r disp5sation w rise f _! graves to meet himalike patri>*s1 & prophets1 & apo/les1 & m>tyrs1 & confessorsall at once & 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye2 & !n in/antly ! sa9ts liv+ at ! "t w be also caught up to meet him 9 ! air2 ^! latt] be+ sep>at$ out ( ! ungodly nations1 z :5 a %eph]d divides 8 %eep f ! goats1 & all1 bo? dead & liv+ sa9ts1 *ang$ at ! mom5t f corruption to incorruption1 f di%on\r to glory1 ?\gh ) v diff]5t degrees ( glory2 & s 9 a new angelic nature1 to take "p 9 ! judg+ & rul+ 9 ?is _w4 ,mean:ile1 ) a trem5d\s e>?quake accompany+1 ( viol5ce unkn[n s9ce ! revolutions ( primeval *aos1 an e>?quake "u :i* ! ,roman _w at lea/ is to rock to & fro l a drunk5 man1 ! solid cru/ ( ?is e>? %all be brok51 & f\nta9s bur/ =? f its inn] deep1 n z once ( wat]1 b ( liquid fire2 & t ! flames %all consume ! ,anti*ri/ & 8 conf$]ate k+s1 :ile ! sword also does its "w ( slaught]2 ! ris5 sa9ts be+ p]haps ! att5dants ( ! ,"l's glory 9 ?is de/ruction ( ,anti*ri/1 & assessors 9 8 judgm5t on a guilty _w4 ,& !n imm$iately ! r5ovation ( ?is our e>? is to take place1 its soil be+ purifi$ by ! v action ( ! fire1 & ! ,_s p\r$ out f on high1 to r5ew1 9 a yet bett] s5se1 ! moral face ( nature2 ! ,%ek9ah1 or p]sonal glory ( ,*ri/ amid/ 8 sa9ts1 be+ manife/$ *iefly 9 ! ,holy ,l& & at ,j]usalem1 b ! :ole e>? p>tak+ ( ! bless$ness2 & ?us ! reg5]ation ( all ?+s1 & ! _w's r$emption f ! curse1 hav+ _! accompli%m5t1 accord+ to ! promise1 at ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god10 iv4 #bbdbca4fba ,to ?is acc\nt ( ! prevail+ op9ion ( ! 8lit]ali/s0 9 int]pret+ ! passage be=e u1 !re %\ld be add$ t ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 :o1 9 g5]al1 is z f> z possible f sympa?iz+ ) ?is class ( writ]s4 ,he says1 9 8 explanation ( ! expression 8!y liv$10 9 v]4 #d1 8,!re w\ld seem to rema91 !re=e1 only "o mean+ :i* c be consi/5tly giv5 to !y liv$2 viz41 t !y 7! m>tyrs :o r5\nc$ ! bea/7 are n[ re/or$ to life1 viz41 su* life z implies ! vivification ( ! body4 ,n to a union ( ! s\l ) a gross mat]ial body inde$1 b ) su* an "o z ! sa9ts 9 g5]al w h at ! f9al resurrectiona spiritual body1 #a ,co4 xv4 #dd4 ,9 no o!r way c ?is resurrection be rank$ z correlate ) ! second resurrection nam$ 9 ! sequel10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 ,s aga91 ,excursus vi4 7vol4 ii4 p4 #dgf71 he says1 8,i d n see h[ we c1 on ! gr\nd ( exegesis1 fairly avoid ! conclusion t ,john has taught 9 ! passage be=e u1 t !re w be a resurrection ( ! m>tyr-sa9ts1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod aft] ,satan %all h be5 %ut up 9 ! dungeon ( ! great abyss40 ,?is op9ion he def5ds at l5g?1 pp4 #dgfdij4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 inde$1 ma9ta9s t ! m>tyrs ?us rais$ up w be tak5 to heav5 & reign ) ,*ri/ !re1 & opposes ! :ole doctr9e ( ! lit]al reign on ! e>?1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhj4 ,! ris5 sa9ts & m>tyrs are to be 8en?ron$ ) ,*ri/2 t is1 !y are to be :]e he dwells1 & :]e he w cont9ue to dwell1 until he %all make 8 desc5t at ! f9al judgm5t day40 ,,ii4 ,9 reg>d to ^! views1 z expressive ( ! mean+ ( ! passage "u consid]ation1 ,i w\ld make ! foll[+ rem>ks3 7#a7 ,!re is /rong presumptive evid5ce aga9/ ?is int]pretation1 & especially aga9/ ! ma9 po9t 9 ! doctr9e1 t !re w be a lit]al resurrection ( ! bodies ( ! sa9ts at ! beg9n+ ( t mill5nial p]iod1 to live & reign ) ,*ri/ on e>?1 f ! foll[+ circum/ances37a7 ,x is admitt$1 on all h&s1 t ?is doctr9e1 if conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures at all1 is f\nd 9 ?is "o passage only4 ,x is n pret5d$ t !re is1 9 any o!r place1 a direct affirmation t ?is w lit]ally occur1 nor w\ld ! advocates = t op9ion und]take #dbi to %[ t x is fairly impli$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,bible4 ,b x is /range1 n to say improbable1 t ! doctr9e ( ! lit]al resurrection ( ! righte\s1 a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! wick$1 %\ld be ann\nc$ 9 "o passage only4 ,if x 7 s ann\nc$ 9 pla9 & unambigu\s language1 ,i admit t ! believ] 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,scriptures w\ld be b\nd to receive x2 b ?is is s contr>y to ! usual me?od ( ! ,scriptures on all great & important doctr9es1 t ?is circum/ance %\ld lead u at lea/ to d\bt :e!r ! passage is correctly int]pret$4 ,! resurrection ( ! dead is a subject on :i* ! ,savi\r (t5 dwelt 9 8 in/ructions2 x is a subject :i* ! apo/les discuss$ v frequ5tly & at great l5g? 9 _! prea*+1 & 9 _! writ+s2 x is pres5t$ by !m 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 = ! consolation ( ,*ri/ians 9 "t ( tr\ble1 & ) ref]5ce to ! condition ( ! _w at ! w9d+ up ( human affairs2 & x is /range t1 9 respect to s important a doctr9e z ?is1 if x be true1 !re is n else:]e1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a h9t1 an intimation1 an allusion1 t w\ld lead u to suppose t ! righte\s are to be rais$ 9 ?is mann]4 7b7 ,if ?is is a true doctr9e1 x w\ld be reasonable to expect t a cle> & unambigu\s /atem5t ( x w\ld be made4 ,c]ta9ly1 if !re is b "o /atem5t on ! subject1 t might be expect$ to be a p]fectly cle> "o1 x w\ld be a /atem5t ab\t :i* !re c\ld be no div]sity ( op9ion1 conc]n+ :i* ^? :o embrac$ x might be expect$ to hold ! same views4 ,b x _c be pret5d$ t ?is is s 9 reg>d to ?is passage4 ,x occurs 9 ! book :i*1 ( all ! books 9 ! ,bible1 is mo/ di/+ui%$ = figures & symbols2 x _c be ma9ta9$ t x is directly & cle>ly affirm$2 & x is n s taught t !re is any uni=mity ( view among ^? :o pr(ess to hold x4 ,9 no?+ has !re be5 great] div]sity among m5 ?an 9 ! op9ions ( ^? :o pr(ess to hold ! 8lit]al0 views respect+ ! p]sonal reign ( ,*ri/ on ! e>?4 ,b ?is fact assur$ly af=ds presumptive evid5ce t ! doctr9e ( ! lit]al resurrection ( ! sa9ts a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! re/ ( ! dead1 is n int5d$ to be taught4 7c7 ,x is presumptive pro( aga9/ ?is1 t no?+ is said ( ! employm5t ( ^? :o are rais$ up2 ( ! reason :y !y are rais$2 ( ! new circum/ances ( _! be+2 & ( _! condition :5 ! ?\s& ye>s %all h end$4 ,9 s important a matt] z ?is1 we c h>dly suppose t ! :ole subject w\ld be left to a s+le h9t 9 a symbolical repres5tation1 dep5d+ on ! d\btful mean+ ( a s+le ^w1 & ) no?+ to enable u to det]m9e1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 t ?is mu/ be ! mean+4 7d7 ,if x be meant t ?is is a description ( ! resurrection ( ! righte\s z su*embrac+ all ! righte\s!n x is :olly unlike all ! o!r descriptions ( ! resurrection ( ! righte\s t we h 9 ! ,bible4 ,"h ! acc\nt is conf9$ to 8^? t 7 behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus10 & to 8^? :o _h n wor%ipp$ ! bea/40 ,if ! righte\s1 z su*1 are "h ref]r$ to1 :y are ^! p>ticul> classes specifi$8 ,:y are n ! usual g5]al t]ms employ$8 ,:y is ! acc\nt ( ! resurrection conf9$ to ^!8 ,else:]e 9 ! ,scriptures1 ! acc\nt ( ! resurrection is giv5 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms 7comp4 ,mat4 xxv4 #da2 ,jn4 iv4 #ed2 v4 #bh1 #bi2 ,ro4 ii4 #g2 #a ,co4 xv4 #bc2 ,phi4 iii4 #bj1 #ba2 #b ,?4 i4 #aj2 ,he4 ix4 #bh2 #a ,jn4 ii4 #bh1 #bi2 iii4 #b72 & if ?is _h be5 ! design$ ref]5ce "h1 x is inconceivable :y ! /atem5t %\ld be limit$ to ! m>tyrs1 & to ^? :o h ev9c$ great fidelity 9 ! mid/ ( temptations & allurem5ts to apo/asy4 ,^! circum/ances furni% /rong presumptive pro(s1 at lea/1 aga9/ ! doctr9e t !re is to be a lit]al resurrection ( all ! sa9ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nial p]iod4 ,comp4 ,*ri/'s ,second ,com+1 by ,rev4 ,david ,br[n1 p4 #bai1 seq4 7#b7 ,9 ref]5ce to _m ( ! views necess>ily impli$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! 8second adv5t10 & av[$ by ^? :o hold t doctr9e1 x _c be pret5d$ t !y receive any c\nt5ance or support f ?is passage4 ,9 ! language ( ,pr(essor ,/u>t 7,com4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgi71 !re is 8n a ^w ( ,*ri/'s desc5t to ! e>? at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nium4 ,no?+ ( ! lit]al assembl+ ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e2 no?+ ( ! ,messiah's temporal reign on e>?2 no?+ ( ! ov]fl[+ abundance #dcj ( worldly peace & pl5ty40 ,inde$1 9 all ?is passage1 !re is n ! remote/ h9t ( ! gr&eur & magnific5ce ( ! reign ( ,*ri/ z a lit]al k+ ^u ! e>?2 no?+ ( 8 hav+ a spl5did capital at ,j]usalem1 or any:]e else2 no?+ ( a new disp5sation ( a miracul\s k9d2 no?+ ( ! r5ovation ( ! e>? to fit x = ! abode ( ! ris5 sa9ts4 ,all ?is is ! m]e "w ( fancy1 & no man c pret5d t x is to be f\nd 9 ?is passage4 7#c7 ,nor is !re any?+ "h ( a lit]al resurrection ( ! bodies ( ! dead1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t himself supposes4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t a s*ol> s accurate z ,pr(essor ,/u>t is1 & "o1 too1 :o has s little sympa?y ) ! doctr9es connect$ ) a lit]al reign ( ,*ri/ on ! e>?1 %\ld h l5t ! sanction ( 8 "n to p]haps ! mo/ objectionable ( all ! dogmas connect$ ) t view! op9ion t ! bodies ( ! sa9ts w be rais$ up at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nial p]iod4 ,( ?is !re is n "o ^w1 "o intimation1 "o h9t1 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,john says expressly1 & z if to gu>d ! po9t f all possible dang] ( ?is con/ruction1 t he 8saw ! ,,s\ls ( !m t 7 behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus20 he saw !m 8liv+0 & 8reign+0 ) ,*ri/rais$ to ! exalt$ hon\r dur+ t p]iod1 z if !y _h be5 rais$ f ! dead2 b he n[h]e m5tions or intimates t !y 7 rais$ up f _! graves2 t !y 7 clo!d ) bodies2 t !y _h _! resid5ce n[ lit]ally on ! e>?2 or t !y 71 9 any way1 o!rwise ?an disembodi$ spirits4 ,!re is n ev5 "o ^w ( _! hav+ 8a spiritual body40 7#d7 ,!re are positive argum5ts1 :i* are p]fectly decisive1 aga9/ ! int]pretation :i* supposes t ! bodies ( ! sa9ts w be rais$ up at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nial p]iod1 to reign ) ,*ri/ on ! e>? = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,if ! 8fir/ resurrection0 means ris+ f ! grave 9 immortal & glorifi$ bodies1 we d n ne$ ! assurance 7v]4 #f71 t 8on su* ! second dea? ha? no p[]20 t is1 t !y w\ld n p]i% = ev]4 ,t w\ld be a matt] ( c\rse1 & !re 0 no necessity = su* a /atem5t4 ,b if x be suppos$ t ! ma9 idea is t ! pr9ciples ( ! m>tyrs & ( ! mo/ em95t sa9ts w\ld be reviv$ & w\ld live1 z if ! dead 7 rais$ up1 & w\ld be manife/$ by ^? :o 7 9 mortal bodiesm5 liv+ on ! e>?!n !re w\ld be a propriety 9 say+ t all su* 7 exempt f ! dang] ( ! second dea?4 ,once1 inde$1 !y w\ld die2 b ! second dea? c\ld n rea* !m4 ,comp4 ,re4 ii4 #aj1 #aa4 7b7 ,9 ! :ole passage !re are b two classes ( m5 ref]r$ to4 ,!re are ^? 8:o h "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection20 t is1 accord+ to ! supposition1 all ! sa9ts2 & !re are ^? ov] :om 8! second dea?0 has p[]4 ,into :i* ( ^! classes are we to put ! myriads ( m5 hav+ fle% & blood :o are to p ! _w dur+ ! mill5nium8 ,!y h no "p 9 8! fir/ resurrection10 if x be a bodily "o4 ,are !y !n giv5 ov] to ! p[] ( ! 8second dea?80 ,b if ! 8fir/ resurrection0 be reg>d$ z figurative & spiritual1 !n ! /atem5t t ^? :o are actuat$ by ! _s ( ! m>tyrs & ( ! em95t sa9ts1 %all n exp]i5ce ! 8second dea?10 is se5 to h mean+ & p]t95cy4 7c7 ,! m5tion ( ! "t dur+ :i* !y are to reign1 if x be lit]ally und]/ood1 is contr>y to ! :ole /atem5t ( ! ,bible 9 o!r places4 ,!y are to 8live & reign ) ,*ri/0 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,:at1 !n8 ,are !y to live no long]8 ,are !y to reign no long] ) him8 ,?is supposition is entirely contr>y to ! curr5t /atem5t 9 ! ,scriptures1 :i* is1 t !y are to live & reign ) him = ev]3 #a ,?4 iv4 #ag1 8,& s %all we ev] be ) ! ,"l40 ,accord+ to ! views ( ! 8lit]ali/s10 ! decl>ation t !y 8%\ld live & reign ) ,*ri/10 consid]$ z ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! mill5nial /ate1 is to t]m9ate ) ! ?\s& ye>s= ?is is ! promise1 accord+ to t view1 t !y %\ld ?us live & reign4 ,b x ne$ n be said t ?is is :olly contr>y to ! curr5t doctr9e ( ! ,bible1 t !y are to live & reign ) him = ev]4 7d7 ,a fur!r objection to ?is view is1 t ! wick$ "p ( ! _w8! re/ ( ! dead :o liv$ n #dca aga9 until ! ?\s& ye>s 7 f9i%$0mu/ ( c\rse be expect$ to 8live aga90 9 ! same bodily s5se :5 ^? ?\s& ye>s 7 f9i%$4 ,b1 s f> f ?is1 !re is no m5tion ( _! liv+ !n4 ,:5 ! ?\s& ye>s are f9i%$1 ,satan is loos$ = a season2 !n ! nations are r\s$ to opposition aga9/ ,god2 !n !re is a conflict1 & ! ho/ile =ces are ov]?r[n2 & !n comes ! f9al judgm5t4 ,dur+ all ?is "t we read ( no resurrection at all4 ,! p]iod aft] ?is is to be fill$ up ) some?+ besides ! resurrection ( ! 8re/ ( ! dead40 ,!re is no intimation1 z ! lit]al con/ruction1 z x is claim$1 w\ld dem&1 t imm$iately aft] ! 8?\s& ye>s are f9i%$0 ! 8re/ ( ! dead0! wick$ deadw\ld be rais$ up2 nor is !re any intimation ( su* a resurrection until all ! dead are rais$ up = ! f9al trial1 v]4 #ab4 ,b e consid]ation dem&s1 if ! int]pretation ( ! 8lit]ali/s0 be correct1 t ! 8re/ ( ! dead0! unconv]t$ dead%\ld be rais$ up imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! mill5nial p]iod1 & be rais$ up z a di/9ct & sep>ate class4 7e7 ,!re is no intimation 9 ! passage itself t ! righte\s w be rais$ up z su* 9 ?is p]iod1 & ! prop] int]pretation ( ! passage is contr>y to t supposition4 ,!re are b two classes m5tion$ z hav+ "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection4 ,!y are ^? :o 7 8behead$ = ! witness ( ,jesus10 & ^? :o 8_h n wor%ipp$ ! bea/0t is1 ! m>tyrs1 & ^? :o _h be5 em95t = _! fidelity to ! ,savi\r 9 times ( great temptation & trial4 ,!re is no m5tion ( ! resurrection ( ! righte\s z su*( ! resurrection ( ! great body ( ! r$eem$2 & if x c\ld be %[n t ?is ref]s to a lit]al resurrection1 x w\ld be impossible to apply x1 accord+ to any j rules ( int]pretation1 to any m ?an ! two classes t are specifi$4 ,by :at rules ( int]pretation is x made to to tea* t all ! righte\s w be rais$ up on t occasion1 & w live on ! e>? dur+ t long p]iod8 ,9 ?is view ( ! matt]1 ! passage does n express ! doctr9e t ! :ole *ur* ( ,god w be rais$ bodily f ! grave4 ,& suppos+ x _h be5 ! design ( ! ,_s ( ,god to tea* ?is1 is x cr$ible1 :5 !re are s _m cle> expressions 9 reg>d to ! resurrection ( ! dead1 t s important a doctr9e %\ld h be5 res]v$ = "o s+le passage s obscure1 & :]e ! great mass ( ! read]s ( ! ,bible 9 all ages h fail$ to p]ceive x8 ,t is n ! way 9 :i*1 9 ! ,scriptures1 great & mom5t\s doctr9es are communicat$ to mank9d4 7f7 ,! fair /atem5t 9 v]4 #aaae is1 t all ! dead w !n be rais$ up & be judg$4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! g5]al expressions !re us$8! dead1 small & great20 ! 8book ( life 0 op5$0z if n op5$ be=e2 8! dead0all ! dead87 judg$ out ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books20 8! sea gave up ! dead :i* 7 9 x1 & dea? & hell 7hades7 deliv]$ up ! dead :i* 7 9 !m40 ,?is is entirely inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t a l>ge "p ( ! raceto wit1 all ! righte\s_h be5 be=e rais$ up2 _h pass$ ! solemn judgm5t2 _h be5 clo!d ) _! immortal bodies1 & _h be5 admitt$ to a jo9t reign ) ! ,savi\r on 8 ?rone4 ,9 ! la/ judgm5t :at place are !y to occupy8 ,9 :at s5se are !y to be rais$ up & judg$8 ,w\ld su* a repres5tation h be5 made z is f\nd 9 v]4 #aaae1 if x _h be5 design$ to tea* t a l>ge "p ( ! race _h be5 already rais$ up1 & _h receiv$ ! approval ( _! judge8 7g7 ,?is repres5tation is :olly inconsi/5t1 n only ) v]4 #aaae1 b ) ! uni=m language ( ! ,scriptures1 t all ! righte\s & ! wick$ w be judg$ toge!r1 & bo? at ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,on no po9t are ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible m uni=m & explicit ?an on ?is1 & x w\ld seem t ! decl>ations _h be5 ( design s made t !re %\ld be no possibility ( mi/ake4 ,i ref] = full pro( on ?is po9t to ! foll[+ passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3,mat4 x4 #cb1 #cc1 comp>$ ) ,mat4 vii4 #babc2 xiii4 #cj1 #chdc2 xvi4 #bdbg2 xxv4 #aj1 #cadf2 ,m>4 viii4 #ch2 ,jn4 v4 #bh1 #bi2 ,ac4 xvii4 #ca3 ,ro4 ii4 #eaf2 xiv4 #aj1 #ab2 #a ,co4 iii4 #abae2 iv4 #e2 #b ,co4 v4 #iaa2 #b ,?4 i4 #faj2 #a ,ti4 v4 #bd1 #be2 #b ,pe4 iii4 #g1 #aj1 #ab2 #a ,jn4 ii4 #bh2 iv4 #ag2 ,re4 iii4 #e2 xx4 #aaae2 xxii4 #abae4 ,x is utt]ly impossible to expla9 ^! passages on any o!r supposition ?an t !y are int5d$ to tea* t #dcb ! righte\s & ! wick$ w be judg$ toge!r1 & bo? at ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,& if ?is is s1 x is ( c\rse impossible to expla9 !m consi/5tly ) ! view t all ! righte\s w h be5 already rais$ up at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nium 9 _! immortal & glorifi$ bodies1 & t !y h be5 solemnly approv$ by ! ,savi\r1 & admitt$ to a p>ticipation 9 8 glory4 ,no?+ c\ld be m irreconcilable ?an ^! two views2 & x seems to me1 !re=e1 t ! objections to ! lit]al resurrection ( ! sa9ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nial p]iod are insup]able4 ,,iii4 ,! foll[+ po9ts1 !n1 accord+ to ! int]pretation propos$1 are impli$ 9 ?is /atem5t respect+ ! 8fir/ resurrection10 & ^! w cle>ly comprise all t is /at$ on ! subject4 7#a7 ,!re w be a reviv+1 & a preval5ce ( ! _s :i* actuat$ ! sa9ts 9 ! be/ days1 & a re/oration ( _! pr9ciples z ! gr& pr9ciples :i* w control & gov]n ! *ur*1 z if ! mo/ em95t sa9ts 7 rais$ aga9 f ! dead1 & liv$ & act$ ^u ! e>?4 7#b7 ,_! memory w !n be sacr$ly *]i%$1 & !y w be hon\r$ on ! e>? ) ! hon\r :i* is due to _! names1 & :i* !y %\ld h receiv$ :5 9 ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,!y w be no long] ca/ out & reproa*$2 no long] held up to obloquy & scorn2 no long] despis$ & =gott52 b !re w be a reviv+ ( sacr$ reg>d = _! pr9ciples1 z if !y liv$ on ! e>?1 & _h ! hon\r :i* 0 due to !m4 7#c7 ,!re w be a /ate ( ?+s ^u ! e>? z if !y ?us liv$ & 7 ?us hon\r$4 ,religion w no long] be trampl$ "u foot1 b w triumph4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! e>? x w h ! asc5d5cy1 z if ! mo/ em95t sa9ts ( pa/ ages liv$ & reign$ ) ! ,son ( ,god 9 8 k+dom4 ,a spiritual k+dom w be set up ) ! ,son ( ,god at ! head ( x1 :i* w be a k+dom ( em95t hol9ess1 z if ! sa9ts ( ! be/ days ( ! *ur* %\ld come back to ! e>? & dwell ^u x4 ,! rul+ influ5ce 9 ! _w w be ! religion ( ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! pr9ciples :i* h gov]n$ ! mo/ holy ( 8 p4 7#d7 ,x may be impli$ t ! sa9ts & m>tyrs ( o!r times w be employ$ by ! ,savi\r 9 embassies ( m]cy2 9 visitations ( grace to our _w to c>ry =w>d ! great "w ( salvation on e>?4 ,no?+ =bids ! idea t ! sa9ts 9 heav5 may be ?us employ$1 & 9 ?is long p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 x may be t !y w be occupi$ 9 su* messages & ag5cies ( m]cy to our _w z !y h nev] be5 be=ez if !y 7 rais$ f ! dead1 & 7 employ$ by ! ,r$eem] to c>ry =w>d 8 purposes ( m]cy to mank9d4 7#e7 ,9 connection ) ^! ?+s1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?+s1 !y may be1 dur+ t p]iod1 exalt$ to high] happ9ess & hon\r 9 heav54 ,! re/oration ( _! pr9ciples to ! e>?2 ! ,*ri/ian remembrance ( _! virtues2 ! preval5ce ( ^? tru?s to e/abli% :i* !y laid d[n _! lives1 w\ld 9 itself exalt !m1 & w\ld increase _! joy 9 heav54 ,all ?is w\ld be well repres5t$1 9 vision1 by a resurrection ( ! dead2 & admitt+ t ?is 0 all t 0 int5d$1 ! repres5tation ( ,john "h w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree appropriate4 ,:at c\ld bett] symbolize x& we mu/ rememb] t ?is is a symbol?an to say t at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is p]iod !re 01 z x 71 a solemn prep>ation = a judgm5t1 & t ! dep>t$ dead seem$ to /& !re1 & t a s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$ 9 _! fav\r1 & t !y became associat$ ) ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! hon\rs ( 8 k+dom1 & t _! pr9ciples 7 n[ to reign & triumph 9 ! e>?1 & t ! k+dom :i* !y lab\r$ to e/abli% w\ld be set up = a ?\s& ye>s1 & t1 9 high purposes ( m]cy & b5evol5ce dur+ t p]iod1 !y w\ld be employ$ 9 ma9ta9+ & ext5d+ ! pr9ciples ( religion 9 ! _w8 ,admitt+ t ! ,holy ,_s int5d$ to repres5t ^! ?+s1 & ^! only1 no m appropriate symbolical language c\ld h be5 us$2 none t w\ld m accord ) ! g5]al /yle ( ! book ( ,revelation4 #g ,& :5 ! ?\s& ye>s are expir$1 ,satan %all be loos$ out ( 8 prison1 #g4 ,& :5 ! ?\s& ye>s are #dcc expir$4 ,see v]4 #b4 ,satan %all be loos$ out ( 8 prison4 ,see v]4 #c4 ,t is1 a /ate ( ?+s w !n occur z if ,satan %\ld be = a "t let loose aga91 & %\ld be p]mitt$ to g z =m]ly ov] ! _w4 ,no intimation is giv5 :y or h[ he w\ld be ?us releas$ f 8 prison4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 to inf] t x w\ld be a m]e arbitr>y act on ! "p ( ,god4 ,all t is necess>y to be suppos$ is1 t !re w\ld be1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w1 a tempor>y outbreak ( wick$ness1 z if ,satan 7 = a "t releas$ f 8 *a9s4 #h ,& %all g out to deceive ! nations :i* are 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 #fbb;,gog & ,magog1 to #fbc;ga!r !m toge!r to battle3 ! numb] ( :om is z ! s& ( ! sea4 #h4 ,& %all g out to deceive ! nations4 ,see ,notes on *4 xii4 #i4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t he w\ld aga91 = a "t1 act 9 8 true "*1 & 9 "s way delude ! nations once m4 ,9 :at way ?is w\ld be done is n /at$4 ,x w\ld be1 h[ev]1 cle>ly an appeal to ! wick$ passions ( mank9d1 excit+ a hope t !y might yet ov]?r[ ! k+dom ( ,god on ! e>?4 ,:i* are 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,lit]ally1 corn]s ( ! e>?1 z if ! e>? 7 "o ext5d$ squ>e pla94 ,! e>? is usually spok5 ( z divid$ into f\r p>ts or qu>t]s! ea/]n1 ! we/]n1 ! nor!rn1 & ! s\!rn4 ,x is impli$ "h t ! deception or apo/asy ref]r$ to w\ld n be conf9$ to "o spot or portion ( ! _w1 b w\ld ext5d af>4 ,! idea seems to be1 t dur+ t p]iod1 ?\gh !re w\ld be a g5]al preval5ce ( ! gospel1 & a g5]al diffusion ( its bless+s1 yet t ! e>? w\ld n be entirely "u its influ5ce1 & especially t ! native "* ( ! human he>t w\ld n be *ang$4 ,man1 "u p[]ful temptations1 w\ld be liable to be delud$ by ! great ma/] _s t has s (t5 corrupt$ ! race4 ,once m he w\ld be p]mitt$ to make ! trial1 & !n 8 p[] w\ld = ev] come to an end4 ,gog & ,magog4 ,! "n ,gog occurs z ! "n ( a pr9ce 9 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #b1 #c1 #af1 #ah2 xxxix4 #a1 #aa4 8,he is an invad] ( ! l& ( ,israel1 ! *ief pr9ce ( ,me%e* & ,tubal10 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #b4 ,magog is also m5tion$ 9 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #b1 8! l& ( ,magog20 & 9 ,eze4 xxxix4 #f1 8,i w s5d a fire on ,magog40 ,z ! t]ms are us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! repres5tation w\ld seem to be t ,gog 0 ! k+ ( a p call$ ,magog4 ,! signification ( ! names is unkn[n1 & consequ5tly no?+ c be det]m9$ ab\t ! mean+ ( ?is passage f t s\rce4 ,nor is !re mu* kn[n ab\t ! p :o are ref]r$ to by ,ezekiel4 ,8 repres5tation w\ld seem to be1 t a great & p[]ful p1 dwell+ 9 ! extreme recesses ( ! nor? 7*4 xxxviii4 #ae2 xxxix4 #b71 w\ld invade ! ,holy ,l& aft] ! return f ! exile1 *4 xxxviii4 #hab4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t !y 7 ,scy?ians1 resid+ betwe5 ! ,caspian & ,eux9e ,seas1 or 9 ! region ( ,m\nt ,caucasus4 ,?us ,josephus 7,ant4 i4 #f1 #c7 has dropp$ ! ,hebrew ^w ,magog1 & r5d]$ x by ,scy?ians2 & s does ,j]ome4 ,suidas r5d]s x ,p]sians2 b ?is does n mat]ially v>y ! view1 s9ce ! ^w ,scy?ians1 among ! anci5t writ]s1 is a collective ^w1 to d5ote all ! nor?-ea/]n1 unkn[n1 b>b>\s tribes4 ,among ! ,hebrews1 ! "n ,magog also w\ld seem to d5ote all ! unkn[n b>b>\s tribes ab\t ! ,caucasian m\nta9s4 ,! fact t ! names ,gog & ,magog are1 9 ,ezekiel1 associat$ ) ,me%e* & ,tubal1 seems to det]m9e ! locality ( ^! p1 = ^? two c\ntries lie betwe5 ! ,eux9e & ,caspian ,seas1 or at ! s\?-ea/ extremity ( ! ,eux9e ,sea 7,ros5mll]1 ,bib4 ,geog4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdj74 ,! p ( t region 71 x seems1 a t]ror to ,middle ,asia1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,scy?ians 7 to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,int]c\rse ) su* di/ant & savage nations 0 sc>cely possible 9 anci5t times2 & h5ce1 f _! numb]s & /r5g?1 !y 7 reg>d$ ) great t]ror1 j z ! ,scy?ians 7 reg>d$ by ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & z ! ,t>t>s 7 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 ?is mann] !y became an appropriate symbol ( rude & savage p2 ( enemies fi]ce & w>like2 ( foes to be dread$2 & z su* !y 7 ref]r$ to by bo? ,ezekiel & ,john4 ,x has be5 made #dcd a "q :e!r ,ezekiel & ,john d n ref] to ! same p]iod1 b x is n necess>y to consid] t "q "h4 ,all t is ne$ful to be und]/ood is1 t ,john means to say t at ! "t ref]r$ to !re w\ld be =midable enemies ( ! *ur* :o might be comp>$ ) ! dread$ dwell]s 9 ! l& ( ,magog2 or1 t aft] ?is long p]iod ( mill5nial tranquillity & peace1 !re w\ld be a /ate ( ?+s :i* might be prop]ly comp>$ ) ! invasion ( ! ,holy ,l& by ! dread$ b>b>ians ( ,magog or ,scy?ia4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t any p>ticul> c\ntry is ref]r$ to1 or t !re w\ld be any "o portion ( ! e>? :i* ! gospel w\ld n rea*1 & :i* w\ld be /ill b>b>\s1 hea!n1 & savage2 all t is necess>y to be suppos$ is1 t ?\gh religion w\ld g5]ally prevail1 human nature w\ld rema9 ess5tially corrupt & un*ang$2 & t1 !re=e1 f causes :i* are n /at$1 !re might yet be a fe>ful apo/asy1 & a some:at g5]al preval5ce ( iniquity4 ,?is w\ld be no?+ m ?an has occurr$ aft] ! mo/ fav\r$ times 9 ! *ur*1 & no?+ m ?an human nature w\ld exhibit at any "t1 if all re/ra9ts 7 )drawn1 & m5 7 suff]$ to act out _! native feel+s4 ,:y ?is w be p]mitt$2 :at causes w br+ x ab\t2 :at subord9ate ag5cies w be employ$1 is n said1 & conjecture w\ld be va94 ,! read] :o wi%es m in=mation 9 reg>d to ,gog & ,magog may consult ,pr(essor ,/u>t on ?is book1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cfdcfh1 & ! au?orities !re ref]r$ to4 ,comp4 especially ,ros5mll] on ,eze4 xxxviii4 #b4 ,see also ,sale's ,koran1 ,pre4 ,dis4 #d1 & ! ,koran itself1 ,sura xviii4 #id1 & xxi4 #ie4 ,to ga!r !m toge!r to battle4 ,z if to assemble !m = w>2 t is1 a /ate ( ?+s w\ld exi/ 9 reg>d to ! k+dom ( ,god & ! preval5ce ( ! true religion z if di/ant & b>b>\s nations %\ld be ar\s$ to make w> on ! *ur* ( ,god4 ,! mean+ is1 t !re w\ld be an awak5$ ho/ility aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ 9 ! e>?4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvi4 #ad4 ,! numb] ( :om is z ! s& ( ! sea4 ,a common comp>ison 9 ! ,scriptures to d5ote a great multitude1 ,ge4 xxii4 #ag2 xxxii4 #ab2 xli4 #di2 #a ,sa4 xiii4 #e2 #a ,ki4 iv4 #bj1 et al4 c4,condition ( ?+s 9 ! p]iod ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #g1 #h4 7#a7 ,?is w occur at ! close ( ! mill5nial p]iod! p]iod ( ! ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is n said1 inde$1 t x w\ld be imm$iately aft] t2 b ! /atem5t is explicit t x w be aft] t1 or 8:5 ! ?\s& ye>s are expir$40 ,!re may be an int]val be=e x %all be accompli%$ ( an indef9ite "t2 ! ali5ation & corruption may be gradual2 a consid]able p]iod may elapse be=e ! apo/asy %all assume an organiz$ =m1 or1 9 ! language ( ,john1 be=e ! ho/s %all 8be ga!r$ to battle10 b x is to be ! next m>k$ & prom95t ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & is to prec$e ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s4 7#b7 ,?is w be a brief p]iod4 ,comp>$ ) ! long p]iod ( prosp]ity t prec$$ x1 & p]haps comp>$ ) ! long p]iod t %all foll[ x be=e ! f9al judgm5t1 x w be %ort4 ,?us1 9 v]4 #c1 x is said t ,satan 8mu/ be loos$ a little season40 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,!re is no way ( det]m9+ ! "t ) exactness2 b we are assur$ t x w n be long4 7#c7 ,:at w be ! exact /ate ( ?+s !n c be only a matt] ( conjecture4 ,we may say1 h[ev]1 t x w n be 7a7 necess>ily w>4 ,! language is figurative & symbolical1 & x is n necess>y to suppose t an actual & bloody w>f>e w be lit]ally wag$ aga9/ ! *ur*4 ,nor 7b7 w !re be a lit]al invasion ( ! l& ( ,pale/9e z ! resid5ce ( ! sa9ts & ! capital ( ! ,r$eem]'s visible empire1 = !re is n a h9t ( ?isn a ^w to ju/ify su* an int]pretation4 ,nor 7c7 is x necess>y to suppose t !re w be lit]ally su* nations z w be !n call$ 8,gog & ,magog10 = ?is language is figurative1 & design$ to *>act]ize ! foes ( ! *ur*z be+ 9 "s respects =midable & t]rible z 7 ^? anci5t nations4 ,we may ?us suppose t at t "t1 f causes :i* are unexpla9$1 !re w be 7a7 a reviv$ opposition to ! tru?s ( religion2 7b7 ! preval5ce1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ( infidelity2 7c7 a great spiritual decl5sion2 7d7 a comb9ation ( int]e/s oppos$ to ! gospel2 7e7 possibly "s new =m ( error & delusion t %all ext5sively prevail4 #dce ,satan may set up "s new =m ( religion1 or he may brea! into ^? t may already exi/ a _s ( worldl9ess & vanity"s new manife/ation ( ! religion ( =mst %all = a limit$ p]iod produce a g5]al decl9e & apo/asy4 ,z !re is1 h[ev]1 no di/9ct specification ( :at w *>act]ize ! _w at t "t1 x is impossible to det]m9e :at is ref]r$ to any m ?an 9 ?is g5]al mann]4 7#d7 ,a few rem>ks may1 h[ev]1 be made on ! probability ( :at is "h affirm$1 = x seems contr>y to :at we %\ld suppose w\ld be ! *>act]i/ics ( ! clos+ p]iod ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 !n1 may %[ t ?is anticipat$ /ate ( ?+s is n improbable37a7 ,we are to rememb] t human nature w !n be ess5tially ! same z n[4 ,!re is no intimation t man1 z born into ! _w1 w be !n diff]5t f :at he is n[1 or t any ( ! natural corrupt t5d5cies ( ! human he>t w be *ang$4 ,m5 w be liable to ! same outbreaks ( passion1 to be influ5c$ by ! same =ms ( temptation1 to fall into ! same deg5]acy & corruption1 to feel ! same unhappy influ5ces ( success & prosp]ity z n[1 = all ?is app]ta9s to a fall5 nature1 except z x is *eck$ & controll$ by grace4 ,we (t5 mi/ake mu* 9 reg>d to ! mill5nial /ate by suppos+ t all ! evils ( ! apo/asy w be arre/$ & t ! nature ( man w be z :olly *ang$ z x w be 9 ! heav5ly _w4 7b7 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! *ur* has %[n t !re is a liability to decl5sion ev5 9 ! be/ /ate & 9 ! condition ( ! highe/ spiritual prosp]ity4 ,to see ?is we h only to rememb] ! example ( ! ,hebrews1 & h[ readily !y apo/atiz$ aft] ! mo/ /rik+ manife/ation ( ! div9e m]cies2 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & h[ soon x decl9$2 ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 & h[ soon _! spirituality dep>t$2 ! v>i\s revivals ( religion t h occurr$ f "t to "t1 & h[ soon !y h be5 succe$$ by coldness1 worldl9ess1 & error2 ! fact t great religi\s d5om9ations1 :i* h begun _! c>e] ) zeal & love1 h s soon deg5]at$ 9 _s1 & fall5 into ! same =mality & worldl9ess :i* !y h ev9c$ :o h gone be=e !m2 & ! case ( ! individual ,*ri/ian1 :o f ! mo/ exalt$ /ate ( love & joy s soon (t5 decl9es into a /ate ( con=mity to ! _w4 ,^! are sad views ( human nature1 ev5 "u ! influ5ce ( true religion2 b ! pa/ hi/ory ( man has giv5 b too mu* occasion = su* reflections1 & too mu* reason to appreh5d t ! same ?+s may occur1 = a "t1 ev5 "u ! be/ =ms 9 :i* religion may manife/ itself 9 a fall5 _w4 ,man's nature w be bett] 9 heav51 & religion !re1 9 its pure/ & be/ =m1 w be p]man5t2 "h we are n to be surpris$ at any outbreak ( s9 or any =m ( decl5sion 9 religion4 ,:at has (t5 occurr$ 9 ! _w on a small scale we may suppose may !n occur on a l>g] scale4 8,j z on a small scale1 9 "s little community l t ( ,nor?ampton1 z describ$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 aft] ! rem>kable s5se ( ,god's pres5ce ov] ! :ole t[n _h begun to wax feeble1 ! /ill unconv]t$ p]sons ( x1 ?\gh subdu$ & seem+ly won ov] to ,*ri/1 w\ld by little & little recov] !mselves1 & at l5g? v5ture =? 9 _! true "*2 s x w be1 9 all probability1 on a va/ scale1 at ! close ( ! latt] day4 ,! unconv]t$ portion ( ! _wlong con/ra9$ by ! religi\s influ5ces ev]y:]e surr\nd+ !m to fall 9 ) ! _s ( ! day1 cat*+ app>5tly its holy impulses1 b nev] com+ sav+ly "u its p[]?is portion ( mank9d1 :i* we h reason to fe> w n be small1 w n[ be fre$ f ^! irksome re/ra9ts1 no long] oblig$ to brea! an atmosph]e uncong5ial to _! nature0 7,br[n on ! ,second ,com+ ( ,*ri/1 p4 #ddb74 8,no oppression is s griev\s to an unsanctifi$ he>t z t :i* arises f ! purity ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a desire to %ake (f ?is yoke is ! true cause ( ! opposition :i* ,*ri/ianity has met ) 9 ! _w 9 e p]iod1 & w1 x is mo/ likely1 be ! *ief motive to influ5ce ! foll[]s ( ,gog 9 8 "t0 7,fraz]'s ,key1 p4 #dee74 7c7 ,! repres5tations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t else:]e confirm ?is view 9 reg>d to ! latt] /ate ( ! _w! /ate :5 ! ,"l ,jesus %all come to judgm5t4 8,:5 ! ,son ( man come?1 %all he f9d fai? on ! e>?80 ,lu4 xviii4 #h4 8,!re %all come 9 ! la/ days sc(f]s1 walk+ aft] _! own lu/s1 & say+1 ,:]e is ! promise ( #dcf 8 com+80 #b ,pe4 iii4 #c1 #d4 8,! day ( ! ,"l s come? z a ?ief 9 ! night4 ,= :5 !y %all say1 ,peace & safety1 !n sudd5 de/ruction come? ^u !m1 z travail ^u a woman ) *ild1 & !y %all n escape10 #a ,?4 v4 #b1 #c4 ,see especially ,lu4 xvii4 #bfcj3 8,z x 0 9 ! days ( ,noe1 s %all x be also 9 ! days ( ! ,son ( man4 ,!y did eat1 !y drank1 !y 7 giv5 9 m>riage1 until ! day t ,noe ent]$ into ! ark1 & ! flood came & de/roy$ !m all4 ,likewise also z x 0 9 ! days ( ,lot2 !y did eat1 !y drank1 !y b\ght1 !y sold1 !y plant$1 !y build$2 b ! same day t ,lot w5t out ( ,sodom x ra9$ fire & brim/one f heav51 & de/roy$ !m all4 ,ev5 ?us %all x be 9 ! day :5 ! ,son ( man is reveal$40 #i ,& #fbd!y w5t up on ! bread? ( ! e>?1 & compass$ ! camp ( ! sa9ts ab\t1 & ! belov$ city3 & fire came d[n f ,god out ( heav51 & dev\r$ !m4 #i4 ,& !y w5t up on ! bread? ( ! e>?4 ,!y spread ov] ! e>? 9 ext5d$ columns4 ,! image is t ( an invad+ army t seems1 9 its m>*1 to spread all ov] a l&4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to ! ho/s assembl$ f ! regions ( ,gog & ,magog2 t is1 to ! =midable enemies ( ! gospel t w\ld be r\s$ up at ! close ( ! p]iod prop]ly call$ ! mill5nial p]iod! p]iod ( ! ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t !re w\ld be lit]ally armies ( enemies ( ,god summon$ f l&s t w\ld be call$ l&s ( 8,gog & ,magog20 b all t is necess>ily impli$ is1 t !re w be a /ate ( ho/ility to ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ :i* w\ld be well illu/rat$ by su* a comp>ison ) an invad+ ho/ ( b>b>ians4 ,! expression 8! bread? ( ! l&0 occurs 9 ,hab4 i4 #f1 9 a description ( ! invasion ( ! ,*aldeans1 & means !re ! :ole ext5t ( x2 t is1 !y w\ld spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,& compass$ ! camp ( ! sa9ts ab\t4 ,besieg$ ! camp ( ! sa9ts consid]$ z engag$ 9 w>1 or z attack$ by an enemy4 ,! 8camp ( ! sa9ts0 "h seems to be suppos$ to be )\t ! walls ( ! city2 t is1 ! army 0 drawn out = def5ce4 ,! fact t ! foes 7 able to 8compass ?is camp ab\t10 & to encircle ! city at ! same "t1 %[s ! greatness ( ! numb]s ( ! invad]s4 ,& ! belov$ city4 ,j]usalema city repres5t$ z belov$ by ,god & by 8 p4 ,! :ole imag]y "h is d]iv$ f a suppos$ invasion ( ! l& ( ,pale/9eimag]y ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be m natural to ,john 9 describ+ ! ho/ility t w\ld be ar\s$ aga9/ ! *ur* 9 ! latt] day4 ,b no j pr9ciple ( int]pretation requires u to und]/& ?is lit]ally4 ,comp4 ,he4 xii4 #bb4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be absolutely impossible to give ?is *apt] ?r\gh\t a lit]al int]pretation4 ,:at w\ld be ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! v fir/ v]ses8 8,i saw an angel come d[n f heav51 hav+ ! key ( ! bottomless pit1 & a great *a9 9 8 h&2 & he laid hold on ! dragon & b\nd him40 ,c anyone believe t !re is to be a lit]al key1 & a *a91 & an act ( seiz+ a s]p5t1 & b9d+ him8 ,z little is x dem&$ t ! passage be=e u %\ld be tak5 lit]ally2 = if x is ma9ta9$ t ?is %\ld be1 we may insi/ t ! same pr9ciple ( int]pretation %\ld be appli$ to e "p ( ! *apt]1 & e "p ( ! book4 ,& fire came d[n f ,god out ( heav51 & dev\r$ !m4 ,consum$ !mfire be+ repres5t$ z dev\r+ or eat+4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvii4 #af4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y w\ld be de/roy$ z if fire %\ld come d[n f heav51 z on ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,b x is n necess>y to und]/& ?is lit]ally1 any m ?an x is ! portions ( ! *apt] j ref]r$ to4 ,:at is obvi\sly meant is1 t _! de/ruction w\ld be sudd51 c]ta91 & entire1 & t ?us ! la/ enemy ( ,god & ! *ur* w\ld be swept away4 ,no?+ c be det]m9$ f ?is ab\t ! means by :i* ?is de/ruction w be effect$2 & t mu/ be left = "t to disclose4 ,x is suffici5t to "k t ! de/ruction ( ^! la/ foes ( ,god & ! *ur* w be c]ta9 & entire4 ,?is language1 z d5ot+ ! f9al de/ruction ( ! enemies ( ,god1 is (t5 employ$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,see ,ps4 xi4 #f2 ,is4 xxix4 #f2 ,eze4 xxxviii4 #bb2 xxxix4 #f4 #aj ,& ! devil t deceiv$ !m 0 ca/ into ! #fbelake ( fire & brim/one1 :]e ! bea/ & ! false prophet are1 & %all be torm5t$ day & night = ev] & ev]4 #dcg #aj4 ,& ! devil t deceiv$ !m4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #c1 #h4 ,0 ca/ into ! lake ( fire & brim/one4 ,9 *4 xix4 #bj1 x is said ( ! bea/ & ! false prophet t !y 7 8ca/ alive into a lake ( fire1 burn+ ) brim/one40 ,satan1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( be+ doom$ at once to t f9al ru91 0 conf9$ = a season 9 a d>k abyss1 *4 xx4 #ac4 ,z ! f9al puni%m5t1 h[ev]1 he is appropriately repres5t$ z consign$ to ! same doom z ! bea/ & ! false prophet1 t ^? great enemies ( ,god1 t _h be5 associat$ & comb9$ 9 deceiv+ ! nations1 might %>e ! same appropriate puni%m5t 9 ! end4 ,comp4 *4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad4 ,:]e ! bea/ & ! false prophet are4 ,notes on *4 xix4 #bj4 ,& %all be torm5t$ day & night = ev]4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiv4 #aa4 ,all ! great enemies ( ! *ur* are de/roy$1 & h5ce=w>d !re is to be no array ( ho/ile =ces2 no comb9ation ( malignant p[]s aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! gospel triumphs2 ! way is prep>$ = ! f9al consummation4 d4,condition ( ?+s 9 ! p]iod ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #i1 #aj4 7#a7 ,!re w be1 aft] ! release ( ,satan1 & ( c\rse at ! close ( ! mill5nial p]iod prop]ly s call$1 a /ate ( ?+s :i* may be well repres5t$ by ! invasion ( a c\ntry by ho/ile1 =midable =ces4 ,?is1 z %[n 9 ! exposition1 ne$ n be suppos$ to be lit]al2 b x is impli$ t !re w be decid$ ho/ility aga9/ ! true religion4 ,x may be an organization & consolidation1 s to speak1 ( infidel pr9ciples1 or a decid$ worldly _s1 or "s preval5t =m ( error1 or "s new =m ( depravity t %all be develop$ by ! circum/ances ( t age4 ,:at x w be x is impossible n[ to det]m9e2 b1 z %[n above 7 c1 7#d771 x is by no means improbable t ?is w occur ev5 at ! close ( ! mill5nium4 7#b7 ,!re w be a decid$ defeat ( ^! =ces ?us comb9$1 z if fire %\ld come d[n f heav5 to de/roy an invad+ army4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is w be done is n inde$ /at$1 = !re is no necessity ( und]/&+ ! /atem5t 9 v]4 #i lit]ally1 any m ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! *apt]4 ,! fair inf]5ce1 h[ev]1 is t x w be by a manife/ div9e ag5cy2 t x w be sudd51 & t ! de/ruction w be entire4 ,we h no reason1 !re=e1 to suppose t ! outbreak w be ( long cont9uance1 or t x w v mat]ially di/urb ! settl$ ord] ( human affairs on ! e>?any m ?an a =midable invasion ( a c\ntry does1 :5 ! invad+ army is sudd5ly cut (f by "s t]rible judgm5t f heav54 7#c7 ,?is ov]?r[ ( ! enemies ( ,god & ( ! *ur* w be f9al4 ,satan w be 8ca/ into ! lake ( fire & brim/one1 to be torm5t$ day & night = ev]40 ,! bea/ & ! false prophet are already !re 7*4 xix4 #bj72 t is1 !y w h ceas$ long s9ce1 ev5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nial p]iod 7*4 xix4 #bj1 comp>$ ) *4 xx4 #ac71 to h oppos$ ! progress ( tru? 9 ! _w1 & _! p[] w h be5 br\ght to an end4 ,satan n[1 ! la/ enemy1 w be doom$ to ! same hopeless woe2 & all ! enemies t h ev] oppos$ ! *ur*9 all =ms ( ,paganism1 ,mahometanism1 ,pop]y1 & delusionw be de/roy$ = ev]4 ,! _w !n w h peace2 ! *ur* w h re/2 ! great triumph w h be5 a*iev$4 7#d7 ,= reasons /at$ 9 ! ,analysis ( ! ,*apt]1 ,v4 7c71 x is possible t !re w be a long p]iod ( cont9u$ prosp]ity & peace betwe5 ! ev5ts /at$ 9 v]4 #i1 #aj1 & ! f9al judgm5t1 z describ$ 9 v]4 #aaae4 ,if s1 h[ev]1 ! purpose ( ! book did n require t t %\ld be describ$ at l5g?1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t w\ld n be fav\rable to su* a supposition4 ,comp4 ,lu4 xvii4 #bfcj2 xviii4 #h2 #a ,?4 v4 #b1 #c2 #b ,pe4 iii4 #c1 #d4 ,! great glory ( ! _w w be ! mill5nial p]iod2 :5 religion %all h ! asc5d5cy & ! race %all h rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( progress on e>?1 & ! bless+s ( lib]ty1 intellig5ce1 peace1 & piety1 %all h dur+ t p]iod be5 spread ov] ! globe4 ,9 #dch t long duration1 :o c e/imate ! numb]s t %all be r$eem$ & sav$8 ,t p]iod pass$1 ! great purpose contemplat$ by ! creation ( ! e>?! glory ( ,god 9 ! r$emption ( a fall5 race1 & 9 sett+ up a k+dom ( righte\sness 9 a _w ( apo/asyw h be5 accompli%$1 & !re w be no reason :y ! f9al judgm5t %\ld n !n occur4 8,! "w ( r$emption w n[ be f9i%$4 ,! end = :i* ! means ( grace h be5 in/itut$ %all be obta9$4 ,all ! effect :i* 0 int5d$ to be accompli%$ by !m %all n[ be accompli%$4 ,all ! great :eels ( ,provid5ce h gone r\ndall ?+s are ripe = ,*ri/'s com+ to judgm5t0 7,presid5t ,edw>ds' ,hi/ory ( ,r$emption74 #aa ,& ,i saw a great :ite ?rone1 & him t sat on x1 f ^: face ! #fbf;e>? & ! heav5 fl$ away2 & !re 0 f\nd no place = !m4 #aa4 ,& ,i saw a great :ite ?rone4 ,?is v]se comm5ces ! description ( ! f9al judgm5t1 :i* embraces ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]4 ,! fir/ ?+ se5 9 ! vision is ! burn+ ?rone ( ! ,judge4 ,! ?+s t are specifi$ 9 reg>d to x are1 t x 0 great1 & t x 0 :ite4 ,! =m] expression means t x 0 high or elevat$4 ,comp4 ,is4 vi4 #a4 ,! latt] expression:itemeans t x 0 spl5did or %9+4 ,comp4 #a ,ki4 x4 #ahbj4 ,! ?rone "h is ! same :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ,mat4 xxv4 #ca1 & call$ !re 8! ?rone ( 8 glory40 ,& him t sat on x4 ,! ref]5ce "h und\bt$ly is to ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! f9al ,judge ( mank9d 7comp4 ,mat4 xxv4 #ca71 & ! sc5e describ$ is t :i* w occur at 8 second adv5t4 ,f ^: face4 ,or1 f ^: pres5ce2 ?\gh ! ^w may be us$ "h to d5ote m /rictly 8 facez illum9at$1 & %9+ l ! sun4 ,see *4 i4 #af1 8,& 8 c\nt5ance 0 z ! sun %9e? 9 8 /r5g?40 ,! e>? & ! heav5 fl$ away4 ,t is1 z ! />s1 at ! ris+ ( ! sun1 seem to flee to m remote regions1 & vani% f human view1 s :5 ! ,son ( ,god %all desc5d 9 8 glory to judge ! _w1 ! e>? & all o!r worlds %all seem to vani%4 ,e "o mu/ admire ! sublimity ( ?is image2 no "o c contemplate x )\t be+ aw$ by ! maje/y & glory ( ! f9al ,judge ( mank9d4 ,simil> expressions1 :]e ! natural creation %r9ks back ) awe at ! pres5ce ( ,god1 frequ5tly occur 9 ! ,bible4 ,comp4 ,ps4 xviii4 #gae2 lxxvii4 #afai2 cxiv4 #ce2 ,hab4 iii4 #f1 #aj1 #aa4 ,& !re 0 f\nd no place = !m4 ,!y seem$ to flee entirely away1 z if !re 0 no place :]e !y c\ld f9d a safe retreat1 or :i* w\ld receive & %elt] !m 9 _! flight4 ,! image expresses1 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann]1 ! idea t !y entirely disappe>$1 & no language c\ld m sublimely repres5t ! maje/y ( ! ,judge4 #ab ,& ,i saw ! dead1 small & great1 /& be=e ,god2 & ! #fbg;books 7 op5$3 & #fbh;ano!r book 0 op5$1 :i* is ! book ( life3 & ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books1 #fbi;accord+ to _! works4 #ab4 ,& ,i saw ! dead1 small & great4 ,all ! dead= ?is language w\ld express t! :ole race be+ compos$ ( ! 8small & great40 ,?us1 9 o!r language1 ! same idea might be express$ by say+1 ! "y & old2 ! ri* & poor2 ! bond & free2 ! sick & well2 ! happy & ! unhappy2 ! righte\s & ! wick$2 = all ! human family might1 9 ^! respects1 be consid]$ z ?us divid$4 ,! fair mean+ 9 ?is place !re=e is1 t all ! dead w\ld be !re1 & ( c\rse ?is w\ld preclude ! idea ( a previ\s resurrection ( any "p ( ! dead1 z ( ! sa9ts1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nium4 ,!re is no intimation "h t x is ! wick$ dead t are ref]r$ to 9 ?is description ( ! f9al judgm5t4 ,x is ! judgm5t ( all ! dead4 ,/& be=e ,god4 ,t is1 !y appe> ?us to be judg$4 ,! ^w 8,god0 "h mu/ naturally ref] to ! f9al ,judge on ! ?rone1 & !re c be no d\bt 7see ,mat4 xxv4 #ca7 t ?is is ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,comp4 #b ,co4 v4 #aj4 ,none c judge ! secrets ( ! he>t2 none c pron\nce on ! moral "* ( all mank9d1 ( all c\ntries & ages1 & det]m9e _! ev]la/+ allotm5t1 b he :o is ,div9e4 #dci ,& ! books 7 op5$4 ,t is1 ! books conta9+ ! record ( human de$s4 ,! repres5tation is1 t all t m5 h done is record$1 & t x w be exhibit$ on ! f9al trial1 & w con/itute ! basis ( ! la/ judgm5t4 ,! imag]y seems to be d]iv$ f ! accusations made aga9/ su* z are arraign$ be=e human c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,& ano!r book 0 op5$1 :i* is ! book ( life4 ,! book conta9+ ! record ( ! names ( all :o %all ent] into life1 or into heav54 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #e4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ,john saw n only ! g5]al books op5$ conta9+ ! records ( ! de$s ( m51 b t he _h a di/9ct view ( ! li/ or roll ( ^? :o 7 ! foll[]s ( ! ,lamb4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 reg>d to ! multitudes ( ! imp5it5t & ! wick$1 ! judgm5t w proce$ on _! de$s 9 g5]al2 9 reg>d to ! righte\s1 x w turn on ! fact t _! names _h be5 enroll$ 9 ! book ( life4 ,t w be suffici5t to det]m9e ! nature ( ! s5t5ce t is to be pass$ on !m4 ,he w be safe ^: "n is f\nd 9 ! book ( life2 no "o w be safe :o is to h 8 et]nal de/9y det]m9$ by 8 own de$s4 ,?is passage proves p>ticul>ly t ! righte\s dead are ref]r$ to "h z be+ pres5t at ! f9al judgm5t2 & is ?us an additional argum5t aga9/ ! supposition ( a resurrection ( ! righte\s1 & a judgm5t on !m1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nium4 ,& ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books4 ,! records :i* _h be5 made ( _! de$s4 ,! f9al judgm5t w proce$ on ! record t has be5 made4 ,x w n be arbitr>y1 & w n be det]m9$ by rank1 condition1 or pr(ession1 b x w be accord+ to ! record4 ,accord+ to _! works4 ,see ,notes on #b ,co4 v4 #aj4 ,! fact t ! "n ( anyone 0 f\nd 9 ! book ( life w\ld seem1 z above rem>k$1 to det]m9e ! c]ta9ty ( salvation2 b ! am\nt ( rew>d w\ld be 9 proportion to ! s]vice r5d]$ to ! ,r$eem]1 & ! atta9m5ts made 9 piety4 #ac ,& ! sea gave up ! dead :i* 7 9 x2 & dea? & #fcj;hell deliv]$ up ! dead :i* 7 9 !m3 & !y 7 judg$ e man accord+ to _! works4 #ac4 ,& ! sea gave up ! dead :i* 7 9 x4 ,all t _h be5 buri$ 9 ! dep?s ( ocean4 ,?is numb] 9 ! aggregate w be great4 ,if we include all :o 7 swept (f by ! flood1 & all :o h p]i%$ by %ipwreck1 & all :o h be5 kill$ 9 naval battles & buri$ 9 ! sea1 & all :o h be5 swept away by inundations ( ! ocean1 & all :o h peacefully di$ at sea1 z sailors1 or 9 ! pursuits ( comm]ce or b5evol5ce1 ! numb] 9 ! aggregate w be imm5sea numb] s va/ t x 0 prop] to notice !m p>ticul>ly 9 ! acc\nt ( ! g5]al resurrection & ! la/ judgm5t4 ,& dea? & hell deliv]$ up ! dead :i* 7 9 !m4 ,t is1 all ! dead came1 f all regions :]e !y 7 scatt]$on ! l& & 9 ! ocean9 ?is _w & 9 ! invisible _w4 8,dea? & hell0 are "h p]sonifi$1 & are repres5t$ z hav+ dom9ion ov] ! dead1 & z n[ deliv]+ up1 or surr5d]+ ^? :o 7 held "u !m4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! words "h us$1 see ,notes on *4 i4 #ah2 vi4 #h4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 x4 #bc2 ,job x4 #ba1 #bb2 ,is4 xiv4 #i4 ,?is :ole repres5tation is entirely inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t a l>ge "p ( ! dead _h be5 already rais$ up at ! beg9n+ ( ! mill5nial p]iod1 & _h be5 p]mitt$1 9 _! glorifi$ bodies1 to reign ) ,*ri/4 ,& !y 7 judg$1 c4 ,all ^! 7 judg$! righte\s & ! wick$2 ^? buri$ at sea1 & ^? buri$ on ! l&2 ! small & ! great2 ! dead1 9 :atev] _w !y may h be54 #ad ,& #fca;dea? & hell 7 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,?is is ! second dea?4 #ad4 ,& dea? & hell 7 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,dea? & ,hades 7hell7 are "h p]sonifi$1 z !y are 9 ! previ\s v]se4 ,! decl>ation is equival5t to ! /atem5t 9 #a ,co4 xv4 #bf3 8,! la/ enemy t %all be de/roy$ is dea?40 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,! idea is1 t dea?1 consid]$ z ! sep>ation ( s\l & body1 ) #ddj all ! att5dant woes1 w exi/ no m4 ,! righte\s w live = ev]1 & ! wick$ w l+] on 9 a /ate nev] to be t]m9at$ by dea?4 ,! reign ( ,dea? & ,hades1 z su*1 w\ld come to an end1 & a new ord] ( ?+s w\ld comm5ce :]e ?is w\ld be unkn[n4 ,!re might be t :i* w\ld be prop]ly call$ dea?1 b x w\ld n be dea? 9 ?is =m2 ! s\l w\ld live = ev]1 b x w\ld n be 9 t condition repres5t$ by ! ^w hades4 ,!re w\ld be dea? /ill1 b a 8second dea? diff]s f ! fir/1 9 ! fact t x is n a sep>ation ( ! s\l & body1 b a /ate ( cont9ual agony l t :i* ! fir/ dea? inflictsl t 9 int5sity1 b n 9 k9d0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,?is is ! second dea?4 ,t is1 ?is :ole process "h describ$! condemnation1 & ! f9al dea? & ru9 ( ^? ^: names are 8n f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life0prop]ly con/itutes ! second dea?4 ,?is proves t :5 x is said t 8dea? & hell 7 ca/ into ! lake ( fire10 x _c be meant t all puni%m5t w cease = ev]1 & t all w be sav$1 = ! writ] goes on to describe :at he calls 8! second dea?0 z /ill exi/+4 ,see v]4 #ae4 ,john describes ?is z ! second dea?1 n because x 9 all respects resembles ! fir/ dea?1 b because x has s _m po9ts ( resemblance t x may be prop]ly call$ dea?4 ,dea?1 9 any =m1 is ! p5alty ( law2 x is att5d$ ) pa92 x cuts (f f hope1 f fri5ds1 f enjoym5t2 x subjects him :o dies to a mu*-dread$ condition1 & 9 all ^! respects x 0 prop] to call ! f9al condition ( ! wick$ dea??\gh x w\ld /ill be true t ! s\l w\ld live4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,john meant to affirm t ! second dea? w\ld imply an ext9ction ( exi/5ce4 ,dea? nev] does t2 ! ^w does n naturally & prop]ly convey t idea4 #ae ,& :osoev] 0 n f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life 0 #fcb;ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 #ae4 ,& :osoev]4 ,all p]sons1 ( all ranks1 ages1 & conditions4 ,no ^w c\ld be m compreh5sive ?an ?is4 ,! s+le condition "h /at$1 z be+ t :i* w\ld save any f be+ ca/ into ! lake ( fire1 is1 t !y are 8f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life40 ,all besides ^!1 pr9ces1 k+s1 nobles1 philosoph]s1 /atesm51 conqu]ors2 ri* m5 & poor m52 ! bond & ! free2 ! "y & ! ag$2 ! gay1 ! va91 ! pr\d1 & ! sob]2 ! mode/ & ! humble1 w be doom$ to ! lake ( fire4 ,unlike 9 all o!r ?+s1 !y w be alike 9 ! only ?+ on :i* _! et]nal de/9y w dep5dt !y h n s liv$ t _! names h become record$ 9 ! book ( life4 ,z !y w also be de/itute ( true religion1 !re w be a propriety t !y %all %>e ! same doom 9 ! future _w4 ,writt5 9 ! book ( life4 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #e4 ,0 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxv4 #da4 ,t is1 !y w be doom$ to a puni%m5t :i* w be well repres5t$ by _! l+]+ 9 a sea ( fire = ev]4 ,?is is ! t]m9ation ( ! judgm5t! w9d+ up ( ! affairs ( m54 ,! vision ( ,john "h re/s = a mom5t on ! doom ( ! wick$1 & !n turns to a m full contemplation ( ! happy lot ( ! righte\s1 z detail$ 9 ! two clos+ *apt]s ( ! book4 e4,condition ( ?+s ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #aaae4 7#a7 ,!re w be a g5]al resurrection ( ! dead( ! righte\s & ! wick$4 ,?is is impli$ by ! /atem5t t ! 8dead1 small & great10 7 se5 to /& be=e ,god2 t 8! sea gave up ! dead :i* 7 9 x20 t 8,dea? & ,hades gave up _! dead40 ,all 7 !re ^: names 7 or 7 n writt5 9 ! book ( life4 7#b7 ,!re w be a solemn & imp>tial judgm5t4 ,h[ long a "t ?is w occupy is n said1 & is n necess>y to be kn[n= "t is ( no consequ5ce :]e !re is an et]nity ( devotionb x is said t !y w be all judg$ 8accord+ to _! works0t is1 /rictly accord+ to _! "*4 ,!y w receive no arbitr>y doom2 !y w h no s5t5ce :i* w n be j4 ,see ,mat4 xxv4 #cadf4 7#c7 ,?is w be ! f9al judgm5t4 ,aft] ?is1 ! affairs ( ! race w be put on a diff]5t foot+4 ,?is w be ! end ( ! pres5t arrangem5ts2 #dda ! end ( ! pres5t disp5sations2 ! end ( human probation4 ,! great "q to be det]m9$ 9 reg>d to our _w w h be5 settl$2 :at ! plan ( r$emption 0 int5d$ to accompli% on ! e>? w h be5 accompli%$2 ! ag5cy ( ! ,div9e ,_s 9 conv]t+ s9n]s w h come to an end2 & ! means ( grace1 z su*1 w be employ$ no m4 ,!re is n "h or else:]e an intimation t beyond ?is p]iod any ( ^! ?+s w exi/1 or t ! "w ( r$emption1 z su*1 w ext5d into ! _w beyond ! judgm5t4 ,z !re is no intimation t ! condition ( ! righte\s w be *ang$1 s !re is none t ! condition ( ! wick$ w be2 z !re is no h9t t ! righte\s w ev] be expos$ to temptation1 or to ! dang] ( fall+ into s91 s !re is none t ! (f]s ( salvation w ev] aga9 be made to ! wick$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! :ole repres5tation is1 t all beyond ?is w be fix$ & un*angeable = ev]4 ,see ,notes on *4 xxii4 #aa4 7#d7 ,! wick$ w be de/roy$1 9 :at may be prop]ly call$ ! second dea?4 ,z rem>k$ 9 ! ,notes1 ?is does n mean t ?is dea? w 9 all respects resemble ! fir/ dea?1 b !re w be s _m po9ts ( resemblance t x w be prop] to call x dea?4 ,x does n mean t !y w be annihilat$1 = dea? nev] implies t4 ,! mean+ is1 t ?is w be a cutt+ (f f :at is prop]ly call$ life1 f hope1 f happ9ess1 & f peace1 & a subjection to pa9 & agony1 :i* x w be prop] to call dea?dea? 9 ! mo/ fe>ful =m2 dea? t w cont9ue = ev]4 ,no /atem5ts 9 ! ,bible are m cle> ?an ^? :i* are made on ?is po9t2 no affirmation ( ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ! wick$ c\ld be m explicit ?an ^? :i* occur 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xxv4 #df1 & #b ,?4 i4 #i4 7#e7 ,?is w be ! end ( ! woes & calamities produc$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god by s94 ,! reign ( ,satan & ( ,dea?1 s f> z ! ,r$eem]'s k+dom is conc]n$1 w be at an end1 & h5ce=w>d ! *ur* w be safe f all ! arts & ef=ts ( its foes4 ,religion w be triumphant1 & ! affairs ( ! univ]se be r$uc$ to p]man5t ord]4 7#f7 ,! prep>ation is ?us made = ! f9al triumph ( ! righte\s! /ate to :i* all ?+s t5d4 ,! writ] ( ?is book has conduct$ ! prospective hi/ory ?r\gh all ! times ( p]secution :i* await$ ! *ur*1 & /at$ ! pr9cipal =ms ( error :i* w\ld prevail1 & =etold ! conflicts ?r\gh :i* ! *ur* w\ld pass1 & describ$ its ev5tful hi/ory to ! mill5nial p]iod1 & to ! f9al triumph ( tru? & righte\sness2 & n[ no?+ rema9s to complete ! plan ( ! "w b to give a rapid sket* ( ! f9al condition ( ! r$eem$4 ,?is is done 9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s1 & ) ?is ! "w is end$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,*ap4 ,,xxi41 ,,xxii4 #ae4 ,! :ole ( *4 xxi41 & ! fir/ five v]ses ( *4 xxii41 relate to sc5es beyond ! judgm5t1 & are descriptive ( ! happy & triumphant /ate ( ! r$eem$ *ur*1 :5 all its conflicts %all h ceas$1 & all its enemies %all h be5 de/roy$4 ,t happy /ate is depict$ "u ! image ( a beautiful city1 ( :i* ,j]usalem 0 ! emblem1 & x 0 disclos$ to ,john by a vision ( t city! ,new ,j]usalemdesc5d+ f heav54 ,j]usalem 0 reg>d$ z ! peculi> dwell+-place ( ,god1 & to ! ,hebrews x became ?us ! natural emblem or symbol ( ! heav5ly _w4 ,! conception hav+ occurr$ ( describ+ ! future condition ( ! righte\s "u ! image ( a beautiful city1 all t foll[s is 9 keep+ ) t1 & is m]ely a c>ry+ out ( ! image4 ,x is a city ) beautiful walls & gates2 a city t has no temple= x is all a temple2 a city t ne$s no light= ,god is its light2 a city into :i* no?+ impure ev] ent]s2 a city fill$ ) trees1 & /reams1 & f\nta9s1 & fruits! ,p>adise ,rega9$4 ,! description ( t bless$ /ate comprises ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,i4 ,a vision ( a new heav5 & a new e>?1 z ! f9al abode ( ! bless$1 v]4 #a4 ,! fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>? pass$ away at ! judgm5t 7*4 xx4 #aaae71 to be succe$$ by a new heav5 & e>? fitt$ to be ! abode ( ! bless$4 ,,ii4 ,a vision ( ! holy city! ,new ,j]usalemdesc5d+ f heav51 z ! abode ( ! r$eem$1 prep>$ z a bride adorn$ = h] #ddb husb&repres5t+ ! fact t ,god w\ld truly abide ) m51 v]4 #bd4 ,n[ all ! effects ( ! apo/asy w cease2 all te>s w be wip$ away1 & 9 t bless$ /ate !re w be no m dea?1 or sorr[1 or pa94 ,?is conta9s ! g5]al /atem5t ( :at w be ! condition ( ! r$eem$ 9 ! future _w4 ,god w be !re2 & all sorr[ w cease4 ,,iii4 ,a comm& to make a record ( ^! ?+s1 v]4 #e4 ,,iv4 ,a g5]al description ( ^? :o %\ld dwell 9 t future _w ( bless$ness1 v]4 #fh4 ,x is = all :o are a?ir/2 = all :o desire x1 & long = x2 = all :o 8ov]come0 _! spiritual enemies1 :o ma9ta9 a /eady conflict ) s91 & ga9 a victory ov] x4 ,b all :o are fe>ful & unbeliev+all ! abom9able1 & murd]]s1 & sorc]]s1 & idolat]s1 & li>s%all h _! "p 9 ! lake t burns ) fire & brim/one4 ,t is1 t _w w be pure & holy4 ,v4 ,a m9ute description ( ! city1 repres5t+ ! happy abode ( ! r$eem$1 v]4 #ibf4 ,?is description embraces _m p>ticul>s3 7#a7 ,its g5]al appe>ance1 v]4 #aa1 #ah1 #ba4 ,x is bright & spl5didl a preci\s jasp]-/one1 cle> z cry/al1 & compos$ ( pure gold4 7#b7 ,its walls1 v]4 #ab1 #ah4 ,! walls are repres5t$ z 8great & high10 & z compos$ ( 8jasp]40 7#c7 ,its gates1 v]4 #ab1 #ac1 #ba4 ,! gates are twelve 9 numb]1 ?ree on ea* side2 & are ea* compos$ ( a s+le pe>l4 7#d7 ,its f\ndations1 v]4 #ad1 #ahbj4 ,!re are twelve f\ndations1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( ! apo/les ( ! ,lamb4 ,!y are all compos$ ( preci\s /onesjasp]1 sapphire1 *alc$ony1 em]ald1 s>donyx1 s>dius1 *rysolite1 b]yl1 topaz1 *rysoprasus1 jac9?1 & ame?y/4 7#e7 ,its size1 v]4 #aeag4 ,x is squ>e! l5g? be+ z great z ! bread?1 & its height ! same4 ,! ext5t ( ea* dim5sion is twelve ?\s& furlongsa l5g? on ea* side & 9 height ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ! city 0 ( t height1 ! wall 0 only an hundr$ & =ty-f\r cubits1 or ab\t two hundr$ & sixte5 feet high4 ,! idea seems to be t ! city! dwell+s )9 xt[]$ high above ! wall t 0 ?r[n ar\nd x = protection4 ,?is is n uncommon 9 cities t are surr\nd$ by walls4 7#f7 ,its light1 v]4 #bc1 #bd2 *4 xxii4 #e4 ,x has no ne$ ( ! sun1 or ( ! moon1 or ( a lamp 7*4 xxii4 #e7 to light5 x2 & yet !re is no night !re 7*4 xxii4 #e71 = ! glory ( ,god gives light to x4 7#g7 ,x is a city )\t a temple1 v]4 #bb4 ,!re is no "o place 9 x t is peculi>ly sacr$1 or :]e ! wor%ip ( ,god w be exclusively celebrat$4 ,x w be all a temple1 & ! wor%ip ( ,god w be celebrat$ 9 all p>ts ( x4 7#h7 ,x is always op51 v]4 #be4 ,!re w be no ne$ ( clos+ x z wall$ cities on e>? are clos$ to keep enemies out1 & x w n be %ut to prev5t ^? :o dwell !re f go+ out & com+ 9 :5 !y please4 ,! inhabitants w n be prison]s1 nor w !y be 9 dang]1 or be al>m$ by ! prospect ( an attack f an enemy4 7#i7 ,its inhabitants w all be pure & holy1 v]4 #bg4 ,!re w 9 no wise ent] !re any?+ t defiles1 or t works abom9ation1 or t is false4 ,!y only %all dwell !re ^: names are writt5 9 ! ,lamb's book ( life4 7#aj7 ,its inclosures & environs1 *4 xxii4 #a1 #b4 ,a /ream ( wat]1 pure z cry/al1 proce$s f ! ?rone ( ,god & ! ,lamb4 ,t /ream fl[s ?r\gh ! city1 & on its banks is ! tree ( life con/antly be>+ fruitfruit to be p>tak5 ( freely4 ,x is ,p>adise rega9$a holy & beautiful abode1 ( :i* ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 0 only an imp]fect emblem1 :]e !re is no prohibition1 z !re 0 !re1 ( any?+ t gr[s1 & :]e !re is no dang] ( fall+ into s94 7#aa7 ,x is a place free1 consequ5tly1 f ! curse t 0 pron\nc$ on man :5 he =feit$ ! bless+s ( ! fir/ ,ed51 & :5 he 0 driv5 out f ! happy abodes :]e ,god _h plac$ him4 7#ab7 ,x is a place :]e ! righte\s %all reign = ev]1 *4 xxii4 #e4 ,dea? %all nev] ent] !re1 & ! pres5ce & glory ( ,god %all fill all ) peace & joy4 ,su* is an outl9e ( ! figurative & gl[+ description ( ! future bless$ness ( ! r$eem$2 ! et]nal abode ( ^? :o %all be sav$4 #ddc ,x is poetic & emblematical2 b x is elevat+1 & con/itutes a beautiful & appropriate close1 n only ( ?is s+le book1 b ( ! :ole sacr$ volume= to ?is ! sa9ts are ev]y:]e direct$ to look =w>d2 ?is is ! glori\s t]m9ation ( all ! /ruggles & conflicts ( ! *ur*2 ?is is ! result ( ! "w ( r$emption 9 repair+ ! evils ( ! fall1 & 9 br++ man to m ?an ! bliss :i* he lo/ 9 ,ed54 ,! m9d re/s ) delight on ?is glori\s prospect2 ! ,bible closes1 z a revelation f heav5 %\ld1 9 a mann] t calms d[n e anxi\s feel+2 t fills ! s\l ) peace1 & t leads ! *ild ( ,god to look =w>d ) bright anticipations1 & to say1 z ,john did1 8,come1 ,"l ,jesus10 *4 xxii4 #bj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,& ,i saw a #fccnew heav5 & a new e>?3 = ! fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>? 7 pass$ away2 & !re 0 no m sea4 #a4 ,& ,i saw a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,su* a heav5 & e>? t !y might prop]ly be call$ new2 su* trans=mations1 & su* *anges 9 _! appe>ance1 t !y seem$ to be j creat$4 ,he does n say t !y 7 creat$ n[1 or anew2 t ! old heav5s & e>? 7 annihilat$2b all t he says is1 t !re 7 su* *anges t !y seem$ to be new4 ,if ! e>? is to be r5ovat$ by fire1 su* a r5ovation w give an appe>ance to ! globe z if x 7 creat$ anew1 & might be att5d$ ) su* an app>5t *ange 9 ! heav5s t !y might be said to be new4 ,! description "h 7v]4 #a7 relates to sc5es aft] ! g5]al resurrection & ! judgm5t= ^? ev5ts are detail$ 9 ! close ( ! previ\s *apt]4 ,9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! language "h1 see ,notes on #b ,pe4 iii4 #ac4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,! ,religion ( ,geology & its ,connect$ ,sci5ces1 by ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 pp4 #cgjdjh4 ,= ! fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>? 7 pass$ away4 ,!y _h pass$ away by be+ *ang$1 & a r5ovat$ univ]se _h tak5 _! place4 ,see ,notes on #b ,pe4 iii4 #aj4 ,& !re 0 no m sea4 ,?is *ange /ruck ,john m =cibly1 x w\ld appe>1 ?an any?+ else4 ,n[1 ! seas & oceans occupy ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! globe1 &1 ( c\rse1 to t ext5t prev5t ! _w f be+ occupi$ by m5except by ! comp>atively small numb] t are m>9]s4 ,!re1 ! idea ( ,john seems to be1 ! :ole _w w be inhabitable1 & no "p w be giv5 up to ! wa/es ( oceans4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 ^! va/ oceans are necess>y to r5d] ! _w a fit abode = human be+s1 z well z to give life & happ9ess to ! numb]less tribes ( animals t f9d _! homes 9 ! wat]s4 ,9 ! future /ate1 x w\ld seem1 ! pres5t arrangem5t w be unnecess>y2 & if man dwells ^u ! e>? at all1 or if he visits x z a tempor>y abode 7see ,notes on #b ,pe4 iii4 #ac71 ^! va/ wa/es ( wat] w be ne$less4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! e>?1 9 its *anges1 accord+ to ! tea*+s ( geology1 has und]gone _m revolutions q z rem>kable z x w\ld be if all ! lakes1 & seas1 & oceans ( ! e>? %\ld disappe>4 ,/ill1 x is n c]ta9 t x 0 int5d$ t ?is language %\ld be und]/ood lit]ally z appli$ to ! mat]ial globe4 ,! object is to describe ! future bless$ness ( ! righte\s2 & ! idea is1 t t w be a _w :]e !re w be no su* wa/es z ^? produc$ by oceans4 #b ,& ,i ,john saw ! #fcd;holy city1 new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n f ,god1 out ( heav51 prep>$ z #fce;a bride #fcf;adorn$ = h] husb&4 #b4 ,& ,i ,john saw ! holy city1 new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n f ,god out ( heav54 ,see ! ,analysis ( ! *apt]4 ,on ! phrase 8new ,j]usalem10 see ,notes on ,ga4 iv4 #bf1 & ,he4 xii4 #bb4 ,"h x ref]s to ! resid5ce ( ! r$eem$1 ! heav5ly _w1 ( :i* ,j]usalem 0 ! type & symbol4 ,x is "h repres5t$ z 8com+ d[n f ,god out ( heav540 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n mean t ?is great city 0 lit]ally to desc5d ^u ! e>?1 & to occupy any "o "p ( ! r5ovat$ _w2 b x is a symbolical or figurative repres5tation1 design$ to %[ t ! abode ( ! righte\s w be spl5did & glori\s4 ,! idea ( a city lit]ally desc5d+ f heav51 & be+ set ^u ! e>? ) su* proportions?ree hundr$ #ddd & sev5ty miles high 7v]4 #af71 made ( gold1 & ) s+le pe>ls = gates1 & s+le gems = ! f\ndationsis absurd4 ,no man c suppose t ?is is lit]ally true1 & h5ce ?is mu/ be reg>d$ z a figurative or emblematic description4 ,x is a repres5tation ( ! heav5ly /ate "u ! image ( a beautiful city1 ( :i* ,j]usalem 01 9 _m respects1 a natural & /rik+ emblem4 ,prep>$ z a bride adorn$ = h] husb&4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 xlix4 #ah2 lxi4 #aj4 ,! purpose "h is1 to repres5t x z exce$+ly beautiful4 ,! comp>ison ( ! *ur* ) a bride1 or a wife1 is common 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,see ,notes on *4 xix4 #g1 #h1 & on ,is4 i4 #ba4 ,x is also common 9 ! ,scriptures to comp>e a city ) a beautiful woman1 & ^! images "h seem to be comb9$4 ,x is a beautiful city t seems to desc5d1 & ?is city is itself comp>$ ) a ri*ly-attir$ bride prep>$ = h] husb&4 #c ,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( heav51 say+1 ,behold1 ! #fcgtab]nacle ( ,god is ) m51 & he w dwell ) !m1 & !y %all be #fch;8 p1 & ,god himself %all be ) !m1 & be _! ,god4 #c4 ,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( heav54 ,z if utt]$ by ,god himself1 or ! voice ( angels4 ,behold ! tab]nacle ( ,god is ) m54 ,! tab]nacle1 z t ^w is commonly us$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 ref]r+ to ! sacr$ t5t erect$ 9 ! wild]ness1 0 reg>d$ z ! peculi> dwell+-place ( ,god among 8 pz ! temple 0 aft]w>ds1 :i* 0 also call$ a tab]nacle4 ,see ,notes on ,he4 ix4 #b4 ,! mean+ "h is1 t ,god w\ld n[ dwell ) ! r$eem$1 z if 9 a tab]nacle1 or 9 a h\se specially prep>$ = 8 resid5ce among !m4 ,x is n said t ?is w\ld be on ! e>?1 al?\gh t may be2 = x is possible t ! e>?1 z well z o!r worlds1 may yet become ! abode ( ! r$eem$4 ,see ,notes on #b ,pe4 iii4 #ac4 ,& he w dwell ) !m4 ,z 9 a t5t1 or tab]nacle4 ,?is is a common idea 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,& !y %all be 8 p4 ,he w ackn[l$ge !m 9 ?is public way z 8 own1 & w dwell ) !m z su*4 ,& ,god himself %all be ) !m4 ,%all be p]man5tly ) !m2 %all nev] leave !m4 ,& be _! ,god4 ,%all manife/ himself z su*1 9 su* a mann] t !re %all be no d\bt4 #d ,& ,god %all #fciwipe away all te>s f _! eyes2 & !re %all be #fdjno m dea?1 nei!r #fdasorr[1 nor cry+1 nei!r %all !re be any m pa93 = ! =m] ?+s are pass$ away4 #d4 ,& ,god %all wipe away all te>s f _! eyes4 ,?is w be "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( t bless$ /ate1 t n a te> %all ev] be %$ !re4 ,h[ diff]5t w t be f ! condition "h= :o is !re "h :o has n le>n$ to weep8 ,see ,notes on *4 vii4 #ag4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xxv4 #h4 ,& !re %all be no m dea?44 ,9 all t future _w ( glory1 n "o %all ev] die2 n a grave %all ev] be dug6 ,:at a view d we beg9 to get ( heav51 :5 we are told !re %all be no dea? !re6 ,h[ diff]5t f e>?1 :]e dea? is s common2 :]e x sp>es no "o2 :]e our be/ fri5ds die2 :]e ! wise1 ! good1 ! useful1 ! lovely die2 :]e fa!rs1 mo!rs1 wives1 husb&s1 sons1 daught]s1 all die2 :]e we habitually feel t we mu/ die4 ,assur$ly we h "h a view ( heav5 mo/ glori\s & animat+ to ^? :o dwell 9 a _w l ?is1 & to :om no?+ is m common ?an dea?4 ,9 all _! endless & glori\s c>e]1 ! r$eem$ w nev] see dea? aga92 !y w nev] !mselves die4 ,!y w nev] foll[ a fri5d to ! tomb1 nor fe> t an abs5t fri5d is dead4 ,! sl[ fun]al procession w nev] be witness$ !re2 nor w ! soil ev] op5 its bosom to furni% a grave4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 xv4 #ee4 ,nei!r sorr[4 ,! ^w sorr[ "hd5otes sorr[ or grief ( any k9d2 sorr[ = ! loss ( prop]ty or fri5ds2 sorr[ = disappo9tm5t1 p]secution1 or c>e2 sorr[ ov] our s9s1 or sorr[ t we love ,god s little1 & s]ve him s unfai?fully2 sorr[ t we are sick1 or t we mu/ die4 ,h[ innum]able are ! s\rces ( sorr[ "h2 h[ con/ant is x on ! e>?6 ,s9ce ! fall ( man !re has n be5 a day1 an h\r1 a mom5t1 9 :i* ?is has n be5 a sorr[ful _w2 !re has n be5 a nation1 a tribea city or a villagenay1 n a family1 :]e !re has #dde n be5 grief4 ,!re has be5 no individual :o has be5 always p]fectly happy4 ,no "o rises 9 ! morn+ ) any c]ta9ty t he may n end ! day 9 grief2 no "o lies d[n at night ) any assurance t x may n be a night ( sorr[4 ,h[ diff]5t w\ld ?is _w be if x 7 ann\nc$ t h5ce=w>d !re w\ld be no sorr[6 ,h[ diff]5t1 !re=e1 w heav5 be :5 we %all h ! assurance t h5ce=w>d grief %all be at an end6 ,nor cry+4 ,?is ^w prop]ly d5otes a cry1 an outcry1 z 9 giv+ a public notice2 a cry 9 a tumulta clam\r1 ,ac4 xxiii4 #i2 & !n a cry ( sorr[1 or wail+4 ,?is is evid5tly its mean+ "h1 & x ref]s to all ! outbur/s ( grief aris+ f affliction1 f oppression1 f viol5ce4 ,! s5se is1 t z none ( ^! causes ( wail+ w be kn[n 9 ! future /ate1 all su* wail+ w cease4 ,?is1 too1 w make ! future /ate va/ly diff]5t f our condition "h2 = :at a *ange w\ld x produce on ! e>? if ! cry ( grief 7 nev] to be he>d aga96 ,nei!r %all !re be any m pa94 ,!re w be no sickness1 & no calamity2 & !re w be no m5tal sorr[ aris+ f remorse1 f disappo9tm5t1 or f ! evil conduct ( fri5ds4 ,& :at a *ange w\ld ?is produce= h[ full ( pa9 is ! _w n[6 ,h[ _m lie on b$s ( langui%+2 h[ _m are suff]+ "u incurable diseases2 h[ _m are und]go+ sev]e surgical op]ations2 h[ _m are pa9$ by ! loss ( prop]ty or fri5ds1 or subject$ to acut] angui% by ! misconduct ( ^? :o are lov$6 ,h[ diff]5t w\ld ?is _w be1 if all pa9 7 to cease = ev]2 h[ diff]5t1 !re=e1 mu/ ! bless$ /ate ( ! future be f ! pres5t6 ,= ! =m] ?+s are pass$ away4 ,! _w z x 0 be=e ! judgm5t4 #e ,& he t sat ^u ! ?rone said1 ,behold1 ,i make all ?+s new4 ,& he said unto me1 ,write3 = ^! words are true & fai?ful4 #e4 ,& he t sat ^u ! ?rone said4 ,probably ! ,messiah1 ! disp5s] ( ! rew>ds ( heav54 ,see ,notes on *4 xx4 #aa4 ,behold1 ,i make all ?+s new4 ,a new heav5 & new e>? 7v]4 #a71 & an ord] ( ?+s to correspond ) t new creation4 ,! =m] /ate ( ?+s :5 s9 & dea? reign$ w be *ang$1 & ! *ange consequ5t on ?is mu/ ext5d to ev]y?+4 ,& he said unto me1 ,write4 ,make a record ( ^! ?+s1 = !y are f\nd$ 9 tru?1 & !y are adapt$ to bless a suff]+ _w4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 xiv4 #ac4 ,see also *4 i4 #ai4 ,= ^! words are true & fai?ful4 ,!y are f\nd$ 9 tru?1 & !y are wor?y to be believ$4 ,see ,notes on *4 xix4 #i4 ,comp4 also ,notes on ,da4 xii4 #d4 #f ,& he said unto me1 #fdb;,x is done4 ,i#fdc am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,i#fdd w give unto him t is a?ir/ ( ! f\nta9 ( ! wat] ( life freely4 #f4 ,& he said unto me4 ,t is1 he t sat on ! ?rone! ,messiah4 ,x is done4 ,x is f9i%$1 complete2 or1 /ill m expressively1 x is4 ,an expression rem>kably simil> to ?is occurs 9 ,john xix4 #cj1 :5 ! ,savi\r on ! cross said1 8,x is f9i%$40 ,! mean+ 9 ! passage be=e u evid5tly is1 8,! great "w is accompli%$2 ! arrangem5t ( human affairs is complete4 ,! r$eem$ are ga!r$ 92 ! wick$ are cut (f2 tru? is triumphant1 & all is n[ completeprep>$ = ! et]nal /ate ( ?+s40 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,?is language makes x morally c]ta9 t ! speak] "h is ! ,"l ,jesus1 = x is ! v language :i* he uses ( himself 9 *4 i4 #aa4 ,see its mean+ expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on *4 i4 #h4 ,if x is appli$ to him "h1 x proves t he is div9e1 = 9 ! foll[+ v]se 7#g7 ! speak] says t he w\ld be a ,god to him :o %\ld 8ov]come40 ,! mean+ ( ! language z "h us$1 reg>d$ z spok5 by ! ,r$eem] at ! consummation ( all ?+s1 & z 8 p are ab\t ent]+ into ! abodes ( bless$ness1 is1 8,i am n[ inde$ ! ,alpha & ! ,omega! fir/ & ! la/4 ,! attributes impli$ 9 ?is language :i* ,i claim$ = myself are n[ v]ifi$ 9 me1 & x is se5 t ^! prop]ly belong to me4 ,! s*eme = sett+ up a k+dom 9 ! lo/ _w began 9 me1 & x ends 9 me! glori\s #ddf & triumphant k+40 ,i w give unto him t is a?ir/4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #f2 ,jn4 iv4 #ad2 vii4 #cg4 ,( ! f\nta9 ( ! wat] ( life4 ,an image (t5 us$ 9 ! ,scriptures to repres5t salvation4 ,x is comp>$ ) a f\nta9 t fl[s 9 abundance1 :]e all may freely slake _! ?ir/4 ,freely4 ,)\t money & )\t price 7,notes on ,is4 lv4 #a2 ,jn4 vii4 #cg72 ! common repres5tation 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! mean+ "h is1 n t he w\ld d ?is 9 ! future1 b t he _h %[n t ?is 0 8 "*1 z he _h claim$1 9 ! same way z he _h %[n t he 0 ! ,alpha & ! ,omega4 ,! fre5ess & ! fulness ( salvation w be "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ?+s made manife/ :5 ! imm5se ho/s ( ! r$eem$ %all be welcom$ to _! et]nal abodes4 #g ,he t ov]come? %all inh]it #fde;all ?+s2 & ,i w be 8 ,god1 & he %all be my son4 #g4 ,he t ov]come?4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #g4 ,%all inh]it all ?+s4 ,be an heir ( ,god 9 all ?+s4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 viii4 #ag4 ,comp4 ,re4 ii4 #g1 #aa1 #ag1 #bf2 iii4 #e1 #ab1 #ba4 ,& ,i w be 8 ,god4 ,t is1 = ev]4 ,he w\ld be to !m all t is prop]ly impli$ 9 ! "n ( ,god2 he w\ld be/[ ^u !m all ! bless+s :i* x 0 appropriate = ,god to be/[4 ,see ,notes on #b ,co4 vi4 #ah2 ,he4 viii4 #aj4 ,& he %all be my son4 ,he %all su/a9 to me ! relation ( a son1 & %all be treat$ z su*4 ,he w\ld ev] onw>d su/a9 ?is relation1 & be hon\r$ z a *ild ( ,god4 #h ,b ! #fdf;fe>ful1 & #fdgunbeliev+1 & ! #fdh;abom9able1 & murd]]s1#fdi & #fej:oremong]s1 & #feasorc]]s1 & #feb;idolat]s1 & all #fecli>s1 %all h _! "p 9 ! lake :i* burne? ) fire & brim/one3 :i* is ! second dea?4 #h4 ,b ! fe>ful4 ,hav+ /at$1 9 g5]al t]ms1 :o !y 7 :o w\ld be admitt$ into t bless$ _w1 he n[ /ates explicitly :o w\ld n4 ,! fe>ful d5ote ^? :o _h n firmness boldly to ma9ta9 _! pr(ess$ pr9ciples1 or :o 7 afraid to av[ !mselves z ! fri5ds ( ,god 9 a wick$ _w4 ,!y /& 9 contra/ ) ^? :o 8ov]come10 v]4 #g4 ,& unbeliev+4 ,^? :o h n true fai?2 av[$ infidels2 infidels at he>t2 & all :o h n ! s9c]e fai? ( ! gospel4 ,see ,notes on ,m>4 xvi4 #af4 ,& ! abom9able4 ,! v]b f :i* ?is ^w is d]iv$ means to excite disgu/2 to feel disgu/ at2 to abom9ate or abhor2 & h5ce ! p>ticiple8! abom9able0ref]s to all :o are dete/able1 to wit1 on acc\nt ( _! s9s2 all ^: conduct is (f5sive to ,god4 ,?us x w\ld include ^? :o live 9 op5 s92 :o practise dete/able vices2 ^: conduct is fitt$ to excite disgu/ & abhorr5ce4 ,^! mu/ all1 ( c\rse1 be exclud$ f a pure & holy _w2 & ?is description1 alas6 w\ld embrace a lam5tably l>ge portion ( ! _w z x has hi!rto be54 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 i4 #bf1 seq4 ,& murd]]s4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 i4 #bi2 ,ga4 v4 #ba4 ,& :oremong]s4 ,see ,notes on ,ga4 v4 #ai4 ,& sorc]]s4 ,see ! ^w "h us$expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on ,ga4 v4 #ai1 "u ! ^w wit*craft4 ,& idolat]s4 #a ,co4 vi4 #i2 ,ga4 v4 #ai4 ,& all li>s4 ,all :o are false 9 _! /atem5ts1 _! promises1 _! contracts4 ,! ^w w\ld embrace all :o are false t[>ds ,god 7,ac4 v4 #ac71 & false t[>ds m54 ,see ,ro4 i4 #ca4 ,%all h _! "p 9 ! lake :i* burne?1 c4 ,notes on *4 xx4 #ad4 ,t is1 !y w be exclud$ f heav51 & puni%$ = ev]4 ,see ,notes on #a ,co4 vi4 #i1 #aj2 ,ga4 v4 #aiba4 #i ,& !re came unto me "o ( ! #fedsev5 angels :i* _h ! sev5 vials full ( ! sev5 la/ plagues1 & talk$ ) me1 say+1 ,come hi!r1 ,i w %[ !e ! #fee;bride1 ! ,lamb's wife4 #i4 ,& !re came unto me "o ( ! sev5 angels1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvi4 #f1 #g4 ,:y "o ( ^! angels 0 employ$ to make ?is communication is n /at$4 ,x may be t z !y _h be5 engag$ 9 br++ de/ruction on ! enemies ( ! *ur*1 & secur+ its f9al triumph1 !re 0 a propriety t t triumph %\ld be ann\nc$ by "o ( _! numb]4 ,& talk$ ) me4 ,t is1 9 reg>d to :at he 0 ab\t to %[ me4 #ddg ,i w %[ !e ! bride1 ! ,lamb's wife4 ,i w %[ y :at repres5ts ! r$eem$ *ur* n[ to be receiv$ into p]man5t union ) its ,"lz a bride ab\t to be unit$ to h] husb&4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,comp4 *4 xix4 #g1 #h4 #aj ,& he c>ri$ me away 9 ! _s to a great & high m\nta91 & %[$ me #feft great city1 ! holy ,j]usalem1 desc5d+ out ( heav5 f ,god1 #aj4 ,& he c>ri$ me away 9 ! _s4 ,gave him a vision ( ! city2 seem$ to place him :]e he c\ld h a cle> view ( x z x came d[n f heav54 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #aj4 ,to a great & high m\nta94 ,! elevation1 & ! unob/ruct$ range ( view1 gave him an opportunity to behold x 9 its glory4 ,& %[$ me t great city1 c4 ,z x desc5d$ f heav54 ,notes on v]4 #b4 #aa ,hav+ ! #feg;glory ( ,god3 & h] light 0 l unto a /one mo/ preci\s1 ev5 l a jasp] /one1 cle> z cry/al2 #aa4 ,hav+ ! glory ( ,god4 ,a glory or spl5d\r su* z became ! dwell+ place ( ,god4 ,! nature ( t spl5d\r is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses4 ,& h] light4 ,9 v]4 #bc x is said t 8! glory ( ,god did light5 x40 ,t is1 x 0 made light by ! visible symbol ( ! ,deity! ,%ek9ah4 ,see ,notes on ,lu4 ii4 #i2 ,ac4 ix4 #c4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ lightoccurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except 9 ,phi4 ii4 #ae4 ,x means1 prop]ly1 a light1 a light-giv]1 &1 9 pr(ane writ]s1 means commonly a w9d[4 ,x is us$ "h to d5ote ! brightness or %9+ ( ! div9e glory1 z supply+ ! place ( ! sun1 or ( a w9d[4 ,l unto a /one mo/ preci\s4 ,a /one ( ! ri*e/ or mo/ co/ly nature4 ,ev5 l a jasp] /one4 ,on ! jasp]1 see ,notes on *4 iv4 #c4 ,x is us$ !re = ! same purpose z "h1 to illu/rate ! maje/y & glory ( ,god4 ,cle> z cry/al4 ,pellucid or respl5d5t l cry/al4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( jasp]z r$1 yell[1 & br[n1 br[ni% yell[1 c4 ,! /one is ess5tially a qu>tz1 & ! ^w cry/al "h is us$ to %[ t ! =m ( x ref]r$ to by ,john 0 cle> & bright4 #ab ,& _h a wall great & high1 & _h #fehtwelve gates1 & at ! gates twelve angels1 & names writt5 !reon1 :i* are ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 #ab4 ,& _h a wall great & high4 ,anci5t cities 7 always surr\nd$ ) walls = protection1 & ,john repres5ts ?is z inclos$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! ^w great means t x 0 ?ick & /rong4 ,its height also is p>ticul>ly notic$1 = x 0 unusual4 ,see v]4 #af4 ,& _h twelve gates4 ,?ree on ea* side4 ,! numb] ( ! gates correspond to ! numb] ( ! tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & to ! numb] ( ! apo/les4 ,! idea seems to be t !re w\ld be ample opportunity ( access & egress4 ,& at ! gates twelve angels4 ,/ation$ !re z gu>ds to ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,_! bus9ess seems to h be5 to wat* ! gates t no?+ improp] %\ld ent]2 t ! great enemy %\ld n make an insidi\s approa* to ?is city z he did to ! e>?ly p>adise4 ,& names writt5 !reon4 ,on ! gates4 ,:i* are ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,s 9 ! city :i* ,ezekiel saw 9 vision1 :i* ,john seems also to h _h 9 8 eye4 ,see ,eze4 xlviii4 #ca4 ,! inscription 9 ,ezekiel d5ot$ t t 0 ! resid5ce ( ! p ( ,god2 & ! same idea is d5ot$ "h4 ,! ,new ,j]usalem is ! et]nal resid5ce ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & ?is is indicat$ at e gate4 ,none c ent] :o d n belong to t p2 all :o are )9 are und]/ood to be ( _! numb]4 #ac ,on ! ea/ ?ree gates2 on ! nor? ?ree gates2 on ! s\? ?ree gates2 & on ! we/ ?ree gates4 #ac4 ,on ! ea/ ?ree gates1 c4 ,! city 0 squ>e 7v]4 #af71 & ! same numb] ( gates is assign$ to ea* qu>t]4 ,!re does n appe> to be any special significancy 9 ?is fact1 unless x be to d5ote t !re is access to ?is city f all qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & t !y :o dwell !re w h come f ea* ( ! #ddh great divisions ( ! e>?t is1 f e l&4 #ad ,& ! wall ( ! city _h twelve f\ndations1 & #fei;9 !m ! names ( ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb4 #ad4 ,& ! wall ( ! city _h twelve f\ndations4 ,x is n said :e!r ^! f\ndations 7 twelve r[s ( /ones plac$ "o above ano!r "u ! city1 & ext5d+ r\nd x1 or :e!r !y 7 twelve /ones plac$ at int]vals4 ,! =m] w\ld seem to be ! mo/ probable1 z ! latt] w\ld indicate comp>ative feebl5ess & liability to fall4 ,comp>e ,notes on v]4 #ai4 ,& 9 !m4 ,9 ! f\ndation ( /ones4 ,t is1 ! names ( ! apo/les 7 cut or c>v$ 9 !m s z to be conspicu\s4 ,! names ( ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb4 ,( ! ,lamb ( ,god2 ! ,messiah4 ,= an illu/ration ( ?is passage1 see ,notes on ,ep4 ii4 #bj4 #ae ,& he t talk$ ) me _h a gold5 #ffjre$ to measure ! city1 & ! gates !re(1 & ! wall !re(4 #ae4 ,& he t talk$ ) me4 ,! angel1 v]4 #i4 ,_h a gold5 re$ to measure ! city4 ,see ,notes on *4 xi4 #a4 ,! re$1 or measur+ rod1 "h1 is ( gold1 because all ab\t ! city is ( ! mo/ ri* & co/ly mat]ials4 ,! rod is ?us suit$ to ! p]sonage :o uses x1 & to ! occasion4 ,comp>e a simil> description 9 ,eze4 xl4 #ce2 xliii4 #af4 ,! object ( ?is measur+ is to %[ t ! city has prop] ar*itectural proportions4 ,& ! gates !re(1 c4 ,to measure e "p ( ! city1 & to asc]ta9 its exact dim5sions4 #af ,& ! city lie? f\r-squ>e1 & ! l5g? is z l>ge z ! bread?3 & he measur$ ! city ) ! re$1 twelve ?\s& furlongs4 ,! l5g?1 & ! bread?1 & ! height ( x are equal4 #af4 ,& ! city lie? f\r-squ>e4 ,x 0 an exact squ>e4 ,t is1 !re 0 no?+ irregul> ab\t x2 !re 7 no crook$ walls2 !re 0 no jutt+ out1 & no ind5tation 9 ! walls1 z if ! city _h be5 built at diff]5t times )\t a plan1 & _h be5 accommodat$ to circum/ances4 ,mo/ cities h be5 det]m9$ 9 _! outl9e by ! "* ( ! gr\ndby hills1 /reams1 or rav9es2 or h gr[n up by accretions1 :]e "o "p has be5 jo9$ to ano!r1 s t !re is no regul>ity1 & s t ! orig9al plan1 if !re 0 any1 has be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! ,new ,j]usalem1 on ! contr>y1 _h be5 built accord+ to a plan ( ! utmo/ regul>ity1 :i* _h n be5 modifi$ by ! circum/ances1 or v>i$ z ! city grew4 ,! idea "h may be1 t ! *ur*1 z x w appe> 9 its /ate ( glory1 w be 9 accordance ) an et]nal plan1 & t ! great orig9al design w h be5 fully c>ri$ out4 ,& ! l5g?1 is z l>ge z ! bread?4 ,! height also ( ! city 0 ! sames t x 0 an exact squ>e4 ,& he measur$ ! city ) ! re$1 twelve ?\s& furlongs4 ,z eight furlongs make a mile1 ! ext5t ( ! walls1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles4 ,( c\rse1 ?is mu/ preclude all idea ( !re be+ su* a city lit]ally 9 ,pale/9e4 ,?is is cle>ly a figurative or symbolical repres5tation2 & ! idea is1 t ! city 0 on ! mo/ magnific5t scale1 & ) ! l>ge/ proportions1 & ! description "h is adopt$ m]ely to indicate ?is va/ness1 )\t any idea t x w\ld be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,! l5g?1 & ! bread?1 & ! height ( x are equal4 ,accord+ to ?is repres5tation1 ! height ( ! city1 n ( ! walls 7comp4 v]4 #ag71 w\ld be ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles4 ,( c\rse1 ?is _c be und]/ood lit]ally1 & ! v idea ( a lit]al fulfilm5t ( ?is %[s ! absurdity ( t me?od ( int]pretation4 ,! idea int5d$ to be convey$ by ?is imm5se height w\ld seem to be t x w\ld conta9 c\ntless numb]s ( inhabitants4 ,x is true t su* a /ructure has n exi/$1 & t a city ( su* a height may seem to be out ( all proportion2 b we are to rememb] 7a7 t ?is is a symbol2 & 7b7 t1 consid]$ z "o mass or pile ( build+s1 x may n seem to be out ( proportion4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ t a h\se %\ld be z high z x is long or broad4 ,! idea ( va/ness & ( capacity is ! ma9 idea design$ to be repres5t$4 ,! image be=e ! m9d is1 t ! numb]s ( ! r$eem$ w be imm5se4 #ag ,& he measur$ ! wall !re(1 an hundr$ & =ty & f\r cubits1 accord+ to ! measure ( a man1 t is1 ( ! angel4 #ddi #ag4 ,& he measur$ ! wall !re(4 ,9 respect to its height4 ,( c\rse1 its l5g? correspond$ ) ! ext5t ( ! city4 ,an hundr$ & =ty & f\r cubits4 ,?is w\ld be1 reckon+ ! cubit at eighte5 in*es1 two hundr$ & sixte5 feet4 ,?is is less ?an ! height ( ! walls ( ,babylon1 :i* ,h]odotus says 7 ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet high4 ,see ,introduction to *4 xiii4 ( ,isaiah4 ,z ! walls ( a city are design$ to protect x f ext]nal foes1 ! height m5tion$ "h gives all prop] ideas ( security2 & we are to conceive ( ! city itself z t[]+ imm5sely above ! walls4 ,its glory1 !re=e1 w\ld n be obscur$ by ! wall t 0 ?r[n ar\nd x = def5ce4 ,accord+ to ! measure ( a man4 ,! measure usually employ$ by m54 ,?is seems to be add$ 9 ord] to prev5t any mi/ake z to ! size ( ! city4 ,x is an angel :o makes ! measurem5t1 & )\t ?is explanation x might p]haps be suppos$ t he us$ "s measure n 9 common use among m51 s t1 aft] all1 x w\ld be impossible to =m any def9ite idea ( ! size ( ! city4 ,t is1 ( ! angel4 ,t is1 8:i* is ! measure employ$ by ! angel40 ,x 01 inde$1 an angel :o measur$ ! city1 b ! measure :i* he employ$ 0 t 9 common use among m54 #ah ,& ! build+ ( ! wall ( x 0 ( jasp]2 & ! city 0 pure gold1 l unto cle> glass4 #ah4 ,& ! build+ ( ! wall ( x4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! wall 0 compos$4 ,?is means ! wall above ! f\ndation1 = t 0 compos$ ( twelve r[s ( preci\s /ones1 v]4 #ad1 #ai1 #bj4 ,! height ( ! f\ndation is n /at$1 b ! entire wall above 0 compos$ ( jasp]4 ,0 ( jasp]4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #c4 ,( c\rse1 ?is _c be tak5 lit]ally2 & an attempt to expla9 all ?is lit]ally w\ld %[ t t me?od ( int]pret+ ! ,apocalypse is impracticable4 ,& ! city 0 pure gold4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! edifices 7 compos$4 ,l unto cle> glass4 ,! ^w r5d]$ glass 9 ?is placeoccurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only "h & 9 v]4 #ba ( ?is *apt]4 ,x means1 prop]ly1 8any?+ transp>5t l wat]20 z1 = example1 any transp>5t /one or gem1 or z rock-salt1 cry/al1 glass 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,"h ! mean+ is1 t ! gold5 city w\ld be s bright & burni%$ t x w\ld seem to be glass reflect+ ! sunbeams4 ,w\ld ! appe>ance ( a city1 z ! sun is sett+1 :5 ! reflection ( its beams f ?\s&s ( panes ( glass gives x ! appe>ance ( burni%$ gold1 repres5t ! idea "h8 ,if we 7 to suppose a city made entirely ( glass1 & ! sett+ sunbeams fall+ on x1 x might convey ! idea repres5t$ "h4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 z no?+ c\ld be m magnific5t1 s no?+ c\ld m beautifully comb9e ! two ideas ref]r$ to "ht ( gold & glass4 ,p]haps ! reflection ( ! sunbeams f ! 8,cry/al ,palace10 erect$ = ! late 8indu/rial exhibition0 9 ,london1 w\ld convey a bett] idea ( :at is int5d$ to be repres5t$ "h ?an any?+ :i* our _w has furni%$4 ,! foll[+ description f "o :o 0 an eye-witness1 drawn up by him at ! "t1 & )\t any ref]5ce to ?is passage1 & furni%$ at my reque/1 w supply a bett] illu/ration ( ! passage be=e u ?an any description :i* ,i c\ld give38,se5 z ! morn+ vap\rs roll$ ar\nd its baseits f>-/ret*+ ro(s ris+ "o above ano!r1 & its great transept1 maje/ically ar*$1 so>+ out ( ! envelope ( cl\dsits pill>s1 w9d[-b>s1 & p9nacles1 look$ lit]ally l a ca/le 9 ! air2 l "s palace1 su* z "o reads ( 9 idle tales ( ,arabian en*antm5t1 hav+ ab\t x all ! e!real s(tness ( a dream4 ,look$ at f a di/ance at noon1 :5 ! sunbeams came p\r+ ^u ! t]rac$ & vault$ ro(1 x resembles a regal palace ( silv]1 built = "s ,ea/]n pr9ce2 :5 ! sun at ev5tide %$s on its sides 8 p>t+ rays1 ! edifice is trans=m$ into a temple ( gold & rubies2 & 9 ! calm h\rs ( night1 :5 ! moon walke? 9 h] brightness1 ! imm5se surface ( glass :i* ! build+ pres5ts looks l a sea1 or l ?r[+ back1 9 flick]+ smile1 ! radiant glances ( ! que5 ( heav540 #ai ,& ! #ffa;f\ndations ( ! wall ( ! city 7 g>ni%$ ) all mann] ( preci\s /ones4 ,! fir/ f\ndation 0 jasp]2 ! second1 sapphire2 ! ?ird1 a *alc$ony2 ! f\r?1 an em]ald2 #dej #ai4 ,& ! f\ndations ( ! wall ( ! city4 ,notes on v]4 #ad4 ,7 g>ni%$4 ,7 adorn$1 or decorat$4 ,t is1 ! f\ndations 7 compos$ ( preci\s /ones1 giv+ !m ?is highly ornam5t$ & brilliant appe>ance4 ,! fir/ f\ndation4 ,! fir/ r[1 lay]1 or c\rse4 ,notes on v]4 #ad4 ,0 jasp]4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #c4 ,! second1 sapphire4 ,?is /one is n else:]e m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is a preci\s /one1 next 9 h>dness to ! diamond1 usually ( an azure or sky-blue col\r1 b ( v>i\s %ades4 ,! ?ird1 a *alc$ony4 ,?is ^w occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! /one ref]r$ to is an uncry/alliz$ transluc5t v>iety ( qu>tz1 hav+ a :iti% col\r1 & ( a lu/re ne>ly l wax4 ,x is f\nd cov]+ ! sides ( cavities1 & is a deposit f nitrat$ silici\s wat]s4 ,:5 x is arrang$ 9 /ripes1 x con/itutes agate2 & if ! /ripes are horizontal1 x is ! onyx4 ,! mod]n c>nelian is a v>iety ( ?is4 ,! c>nelian is ( a deep fle% r$1 or r$di%-:ite col\r4 ,! "n *alc$ony is f ,*alc$on1 a t[n 9 ,asia ,m9or1 opposite to ,byzantium1 or ,con/ant9ople1 :]e ?is /one 0 probably fir/ kn[n 7,web/]'s ,dict474 ,! f\r?1 an em]ald4 ,see ,notes on ,re4 iv4 #c4 ,! em]ald is gre54 #bj ,! fif?1 s>donyx2 ! six?1 s>dius2 ! sev5?1 *rysolite2 ! eigh?1 b]yl2 ! n9?1 a topaz2 ! t5?1 a *rysoprasus2 ! elev5?1 a jac9?2 ! twelf?1 an ame?y/4 #bj4 ,! fif?1 s>donyx4 ,?is ^w does n occur else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ,s>dis1 a city 9 ,asia ,m9or 7,notes on *4 iii4 #a71 & 1 a nails nam$1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 f ! resemblance ( its col\r to ! fle% & ! nail4 ,x is a silici\s /one or gem1 ne>ly alli$ to ! onyx4 ,! col\r is a r$di% yell[1 ne>ly orange 7,web/]1 ,dict474 ,! six?1 s>dius4 ,?is ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is also d]iv$ f ,s>dis1 & ! "n 0 probably giv5 to ! gem because x 0 f\nd !re4 ,x is a /one ( a blood-r$ or fle% col\r1 & is commonly kn[n z a c>nelian4 ,x is ! same z ! s>d9e /one m5tion$ 9 ,re4 iv4 #c4 ,see ,notes on t place4 ,! sev5?1 *rysolite4 ,?is ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is d]iv$ f 1 gold1 & 1 /one1 & means gold5 /one1 & 0 appli$ by ! anci5ts to all gems ( a gold5 or yell[ col\r1 probably designat+ p>ticul>ly ! topaz ( ! mod]ns 7,rob4 ,lex474 ,b 9 ,web/]'s ,dict4 x is said t its preval5t col\r is gre54 ,x is sometimes transp>5t4 ,?is is ! mod]n *rysolite4 ,! anci5ts und\bt$ly und]/ood by ! "n a yell[ gem4 ,! eigh?1 b]yl4 ,?is ^w occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! b]yl is a m9]al ( great h>dness1 & is ( a gre5 or blui%-gre5 col\r4 ,x is id5tical ) ! em]ald1 except 9 ! col\r1 ! em]ald hav+ a pur] & ri*] gre5 col\r1 proce$+ f a trace ( oxide ( *rome4 ,prisms ( b]yl are sometimes f\nd ne>ly two feet 9 diamet] 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire 7,web/]74 ,! n9?1 a topaz4 ,?is ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! topaz is a well-kn[n m9]al1 said to be s call$ f ,topazos1 a small isl& 9 ! ,arabian ,gulf4 ,x is g5]ally ( a yell[i% col\r1 & pellucid1 b x is also f\nd ( gre5i%1 blui%1 or br[ni% %ades4 ,! t5?1 a *rysoprasus4 ,?is ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is d]iv$ f 1 gold1 & 1 a leek1 & d5otes a preci\s /one ( gre5i% gold5 col\r1 l a leek2 t is1 8apple-gre5 pass+ into a grass-gre50 7,rob4 ,lex474 8,x is a v>iety ( qu>tz4 ,x is commonly apple-gre51 & (t5 extremely beautiful4 ,x is transluc5t1 or sometimes semi-transp>5t2 its h>dness little inf]ior to fl9t0 7,web/]1 ,dict474 ,! elev5?1 a jac9?4 ,! ^w does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is ! same ^w z hyac9?& d5otes prop]ly ! well-kn[n fl[] ( t "n1 usually ( a deep purple or r$di% blue4 ,"h x d5otes a gem ( ?is col\r4 ,x is a #dea r$ v>iety ( zircon4 ,see ,web/]'s ,dict4 "u ! ^w hyac9?4 ,! twelf?1 an ame?y/4 ,?is ^w1 also1 is f\nd only 9 ?is place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x d5otes a gem ( a deep purple or violet col\r4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f 1 priv41 & 1 to be intoxicat$1 became ?is gem 0 suppos$ to be an antidote aga9/ drunk5ness4 ,x is a species ( qu>tz1 & is us$ 9 jewelry4 #ba ,& ! twelve gates 7 twelve pe>ls2 e sev]al gate 0 ( "o pe>l3 & ! /reet ( ! city 0 pure gold1 z x 7 transp>5t glass4 #ba4 ,& ! twelve gates4 ,v]4 #ab4 ,7 twelve pe>ls4 ,see ,notes on *4 xvii4 #d2 ,mat4 xiii4 #df4 ,e sev]al gate 0 ( "o pe>l4 ,ea* gate4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,! idea is t ( ornam5t & beauty1 & no?+ c\ld give a m /rik+ view ( ! magnific5ce ( ! future abode ( ! sa9ts4 ,& ! /reet ( ! city 0 pure gold4 ,0 pav$ ) gold2 t is1 all ! vacant space t 0 n occupi$ ) build+s 0 ( pure gold4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #ah4 #bb ,& ,i saw no temple !re93 = ! ,"l ,god ,almighty & ! ,lamb are ! temple ( x4 #bb4 ,& ,i saw no temple !re94 ,no /ructure re>$ expressly = ! wor%ip ( ,god2 no p>ticul> place :]e he 0 ador$4 ,x 0 all templeno?+ b a temple4 ,x 0 n l ,j]usalem1 :]e !re 0 b "o h\se re>$ expressly = div9e wor%ip1 & to :i* ! inhabitants repair$ to praise ,god2 x 0 all "o great temple re>$ 9 hon\r ( 8 "n1 & :]e wor%ip asc5d$ f e "p ( x4 ,) ?is explanation1 ?is passage h>monises ) :at is said 9 *4 ii4 #ab3 vii4 #ae4 ,= ! ,"l ,god ,almighty & ! ,lamb are ! temple ( x4 ,!y are pres5t 9 all p>ts ( x 9 _! glory2 !y fill x ) light2 & ! spl5d\r ( _! pres5ce may be said to be ! temple4 ,! idea "h is1 t x w\ld be a holy _wall holy4 ,no p>ticul> portion w\ld be set ap>t = purposes ( public wor%ip1 b 9 all places ,god w\ld be ador$1 & e portion ( x devot$ to ! purposes ( religion4 #bc ,& ! city #ffb;_h no ne$ ( ! sun1 nei!r ( ! moon1 to %9e 9 x2 = ! glory ( ,god did light5 x1 & #ffc! ,lamb is ! light !re(4 #bc4 ,& ! city _h no ne$ ( ! sun1 nei!r ( ! moon1 to %9e 9 x4 ,?is imag]y seems to be d]iv$ f ,is4 lx4 #ai1 #bj4 ,see ,notes on ^? v]ses4 ,no language c\ld give a m /rik+ or beautiful repres5tation ( ! heav5ly /ate ?an t :i* is "h employ$4 ,= ! glory ( ,god did light5 x4 ,by ! visible spl5d\r ( 8 glory4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #aa4 ,t suppli$ ! place ( ! sun & ! moon4 ,& ! ,lamb is ! light !re(4 ,! ,son ( ,god2 ! ,messiah4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #f2 ,is4 lx4 #ai4 #bd ,& ! #ffdnations ( !m :i* are sav$ %all walk 9 ! light ( x3 & ! #ffek+s ( ! e>? d br+ _! glory & hon\r into x4 #bd4 ,& ! nations ( !m :i* are sav$4 ,all ! nations t are sav$2 or all ! sav$ consid]$ z nations4 ,?is imag]y is d\btless d]iv$ f t 9 ,isaiah1 p>ticul>ly *4 lx4 #hi4 ,see ,notes on t passage4 ,%all walk 9 ! light ( x4 ,%all enjoy its spl5d\r1 & be cont9ually 9 its light4 ,& ! k+s ( ! e>? d br+ _! glory & hon\r into x4 ,all t !y consid] z con/itut+ _! glory1 treasures1 cr[ns1 sceptres1 robes4 ,! idea is1 t all ^! w be devot$ to ,god 9 ! future days ( ! *ur* 9 its glory1 & w be1 z x 71 br\ght & laid d[n at ! feet ( ! ,savi\r 9 heav54 ,! language is d]iv$1 d\btless1 f ! description 9 ,is4 lx4 #cad4 ,comp4 ,is4 xlix4 #bh4 #be ,& ! gates ( x %all n be %ut at all by day2 = #fff!re %all be no night !re4 #be4 ,& ! gates ( x %all n be %ut at all by day4 ,x %all be con/antly op51 all[+ free +ress & egress to all :o reside !re4 ,! language is d]iv$ f ,is4 lx4 #aa4 ,see ,notes on t place4 ,appli$ to ! future /ate ( ! bless$1 x w\ld seem to mean1 t :ile ?is w be _! p]man5t #deb abode1 yet t ! dwell]s !re w n be prison]s4 ,! univ]se w be op5 to !m4 ,!y w be p]mitt$ to g =? & visit e _w1 & survey ! works ( ,god 9 all p>ts ( 8 dom9ions4 ,= !re %all be no night !re4 ,x %all be all day2 all uncl\d$ spl5d\r4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is said t ! gates %\ld n be 8%ut by day10 x means t !y w\ld nev] be %ut4 ,:5 x is said t !re w\ld be no night !re1 x is1 und\bt$ly1 to be tak5 z mean+ t !re w\ld be no lit]al d>kness1 & no?+ ( :i* night is ! emblem3 no calamity1 no sorr[1 no b]eavem5t1 no d>k5$ w9d[s on acc\nt ( ! loss ( fri5ds & k9dr$4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #d4 #bf ,& !y %all br+ ! glory & hon\r ( ! nations into x4 #bf4 ,& !y %all br+1 c4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #bd4 ,t bless$ _w %all be made up ( all t 0 truly valuable & pure on ! e>?4 #bg ,&#ffg !re %all 9 no wise ent] into x any ?+ t defile?1 nei!r :atsoev] worke? abom9ation1 or make? a lie3 b !y :i* are writt5 9 ! #ffh,lamb's book ( life4 #bg4 ,& !re %all 9 no wise4 ,on no acc\nt2 by no means4 ,?is /rong language d5otes ! absolute exclusion ( all t is specifi$ 9 ! v]se4 ,any?+ t defile?4 ,lit]ally1 any?+ 8common40 ,see ,notes on ,ac4 x4 #ad4 ,x means "h t no?+ w be f\nd 9 t bless$ abode :i* is unholy or s9ful4 ,x w be a pure _w1 #b ,pe4 iii4 #ac4 ,nei!r :atsoev] worke? abom9ation1 or make? a lie4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,b !y :i* are writt5 9 ! ,lamb's book ( life4 ,^: names are !re record$4 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #e4 ,comp4 ,notes on v]4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,= ! analysis ( ! fir/ five v]ses ( ?is *apt]1 see ! ,analysis ( *4 xxi4 ,! *apt] comprises ! rema9d] ( ! description ( ! 8,new ,j]usalem0! bless$ abode ( ! sa9ts 7v]4 #ae71 & !n 7v]4 #fba7 ! conclusion or epilogue ( ! :ole book4 ,x is difficult to conceive :at induc$ ! au?or ( ! division ( ! ,new ,te/am5t into *apt]s1 to sep>ate ! fir/ five v]ses ( ?is *apt] f ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,a new *apt] %\ld h comm5c$ at v]4 #f ( *4 xxii42 = ! rema9d] prop]ly comprises ! conclusion ( ! :ole book4 ,comp4 ,intro4 to ,notes on ! ,gospels1 vol4 i4 pp4 vii41 viii4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,& he %[$ me a pure riv] ( wat] ( life1 cle> z cry/al1 proce$+ out ( ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb4 #a4 ,& he %[$ me a pure riv] ( wat] ( life4 ,9 ! ,new ,j]usalem2 ! happy abode ( ! r$eem$4 ,! phrase 8wat] ( life10 means liv+ or runn+ wat]1 l a spr+ or f\nta91 z contra/$ ) a /agnant pool4 ,see ,notes on ,john iv4 #ad4 ,! allusion "h is d\btless to ! fir/ ,ed51 :]e a riv] wat]$ ! g>d5 7,g54 ii4 #aj1 seq471 & z ?is is a description ( ,ed5 recov]$1 or ,p>adise rega9$1 x 0 natural to introduce a riv] ( wat] also1 yet 9 su* a way z to accord ) ! g5]al description ( t future abode ( ! r$eem$4 ,x does n spr+ up1 !re=e1 f ! gr\nd1 b fl[s f ! ?rone ( ,god & ! ,lamb4 ,p]haps1 also1 ! writ] _h 9 8 eye ! description 9 ,eze4 xlvii4 #aab1 :]e a /ream issues f "u ! temple1 & is p>t$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,cle> z cry/al4 ,see ,notes on *4 iv4 #f4 ,proce$+ out ( ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb4 ,fl[+ f ! foot ( ! ?rone4 ,comp4 *4 iv4 #f4 ,?is idea is /rictly 9 accordance ) ,ori5tal imag]y4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 f\nta9s & runn+ /reams con/itut$ an ess5tial "p ( ! image ( enjoym5t & prosp]ity 7see ,notes on ,is4 xxxv4 #f71 & su* f\nta9s 7 common 9 ! c\rts ( ,ori5tal h\ses4 ,"h1 ! riv] is an emblem ( peace1 happ9ess1 pl5ty2 & ! ess5tial ?\ght 9 its fl[+ f ! ?rone is1 t all ! happ9ess ( heav5 proce$s f ,god4 #b ,9#ffi ! mid/ ( #fgj! /reet ( x1 & on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 0 !re #fga! tree ( life1 :i* b>e twelve mann] ( fruits1 & yield$ h] fruit e mon?3 & ! leaves ( ! tree 7 = ! heal+ ( ! nations4 #b4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! /reet ( x4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t r5d]s ?is1 8betwe5 ! /reet !re( & ! riv]20 & says t 8! writ] conceives ( ! riv] z runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole city2 #dec !n ( /reets p>allel to x on ei!r side2 & !n1 on ! banks ( ! riv]1 betwe5 ! wat] & ! /reet1 ! :ole /ream is l9$ on ei!r side ) two r[s ( ! tree ( life40 ,! m common int]pretation1 h[ev]1 is d\btless admissible1 & w\ld give a m beautiful image2 t 9 ! /reet1 or /reets ( ! city1 z well z on ! banks ( ! riv]1 ! tree ( life 0 plant$4 ,x ab\nd$ ev]y:]e4 ,! city _h n only a riv] pass+ ?r\gh x1 b x 0 p]vad$ by /reets1 & all ^? /reets 7 l9$ & %ad$ ) ?is tree4 ,! idea 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] is t ( ,ed5 or ,p>adise2 b x is n ! ,ed5 ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 or ! ,ori5tal or ,p]sian ,p>adise3 x is a picture :]e all is comb9$1 t 9 ! view ( ! writ] w\ld con/itute beauty1 or contribute to happ9ess4 ,& on ei!r side ( ! riv]4 ,z well z 9 all ! /reets4 ,! writ] und\bt$ly conceives ( a s+le riv] runn+ ?r\gh ! cityprobably z me&]+ along& t riv] l9$ on bo? sides ) ! tree ( life4 ,?is gives great beauty to ! imag]y4 ,0 !re ! tree ( life4 ,n a s+le tree1 b x ab\nd$ ev]y:]eon ! banks ( ! riv]1 & 9 all ! /reets4 ,x 0 ! common tree 9 ?is bless$ ,p>adise( :i* all might p>take1 & :i* 0 ev]y:]e ! emblem ( immortality4 ,9 ?is respect1 ?is new ,p>adise /&s 9 /rong contra/ ) t 9 :i* ,adam 0 plac$ at 8 creation1 :]e !re seems to h be5 a s+le tree t 0 designat$ z ! tree ( life1 ,ge4 iii4 #bb1 #bc4 ,9 ! future /ate ( ! bless$1 t tree w ab\nd1 & all may freely p>take ( x2 ! emblem1 ! pl$ge ( immortal life1 w be con/antly be=e ! eyes1 :atev] "p ( ! future abode may be trav]s$1 & ! inhabitants ( t bless$ _w may con/antly p>take ( x4 ,:i* b>e twelve mann] ( fruits4 8,produc+ twelve fruit-h>ve/s2 n 7z our v]sion7 twelve mann] ( fruits0 7,pr(essor ,/u>t74 ,! idea is n t !re are twelve k9ds ( fruit on ! same tree1 = t is n impli$ 9 ! language us$ by ,john4 ,! lit]al r5d]+ is1 8produc+ twelve fruits0 4 ,! ^w 8mann]0 has be5 introduc$ by ! translators )\t au?ority4 ,! idea is1 t ! tree bore e mon? 9 ! ye>1 s t !re 7 twelve fruit-h>ve/s4 ,x 0 n l a tree t be>s b once a ye>1 or 9 "o season only1 b x con/antly bore fruitx bore e mon?4 ,! idea is t ( abundance1 n v>iety4 ,! supply nev] fails2 ! tree is nev] b>r54 ,z !re is b a s+le class ( trees ref]r$ to1 x might h be5 suppos$1 p]haps1 t1 accord+ to ! common me?od 9 :i* fruit is produc$1 !re w\ld be sometimes pl5ty & sometimes want2 b ! writ] says t1 ?\gh !re is b "o k9d1 yet ! supply is ample4 ,! tree is ev]y:]e2 x is con/antly produc+ fruit4 ,& yield$ h] fruit e mon?4 ,! ^w 8&0 is also suppli$ by ! translators1 & introduces an idea :i* is n 9 ! orig9al1 z if !re 0 n only a succession ( h>ve/s1 :i* is 9 ! text1 b t ea* "o diff]$ f ! =m]1 :i* is n 9 ! text4 ,! prop] translation is1 8produc+ twelve fruits1 yield+ or r5d]+ its fruit 9 ea* mon?40 ,?us !re is1 inde$1 a succession ( fruit-crops1 b x is ! same k9d ( fruit4 ,we are n to inf]1 h[ev]1 t !re w n be v>iety 9 ! occupations & ! joys ( ! heav5ly /ate1 = !re c be no d\bt t !re w be ample div]sity 9 ! employm5ts1 & 9 ! s\rces ( happ9ess1 9 heav52 b ! s+le ?\ght express$ "h is1 t ! means ( life w be abundant3 ! trees ( life w be ev]y:]e1 & !y w be con/antly yield+ fruit4 ,& ! leaves ( ! tree4 ,n only ! fruit w contribute to give life1 b ev5 ! leaves w be salut>y4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t x w contribute to su/a9 life4 ,7 = ! heal+4 ,t is1 !y contribute to imp>t life & heal? to ^? :o _h be5 diseas$4 ,we are n to suppose t !re w be sickness1 & a heal+ process 9 heav51 = t idea is expressly exclud$ 9 *4 xxi4 #d2 b ! mean+ is1 t ! life & heal? ( t bless$ _w w h be5 imp>t$ by p>tak+ ( t tree2 & ! writ] says t1 9 fact1 x 0 ow+ to x t !y :o dwell !re _h be5 heal$ ( _! spiritual maladies1 & _h be5 made to live = ev]4 ,( ! nations4 ,( all ! nations assembl$ !re1 *4 xxi4 #bd4 #ded ,!re is a close resemblance betwe5 ! language "h us$ by ,john & t us$ by ,ezekiel 7xlvii4 #ab71 & x is n improbable t bo? ^! writ]s ref] to ! same ?+4 ,comp4 also 9 ! ,apocrypha1 #b ,esdras ii4 #ab2 viii4 #ebed4 #c ,& #fgb!re %all be no m curse3 b ! #fgc?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb %all be 9 x2 & 8 #fgds]vants %all s]ve him3 #c4 ,& !re %all be no m curse4 ,?is is d\btless design$ to be 9 /rong contra/ ) our pres5t abode2 & x is affirm$ t :at n[ prop]ly comes "u ! "n ( a curse1 or :atev] is "p ( ! curse pron\nc$ on man by ! fall1 w be !re unkn[n4 ,! e>? w be no m curs$1 & w produce no m ?orns & ?i/les2 man w be no m compell$ to e>n 8 bread by ! sweat ( 8 br[2 woman w be no m doom$ to be> ! suff]+s :i* %e does n[2 & ! abodes ( ! bless$ w be no m curs$ by sickness1 sorr[1 te>s1 & dea?4 ,b ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb %all be 9 x4 ,god w reign !re = ev]2 ! pr9ciples ( purity & love :i* ! ,lamb ( ,god came to e/abli%1 w p]vade t bless$ abode to all et]nity4 ,& 8 s]vants %all s]ve him4 ,all 8 s]vants t are !re2 t is1 all ! inhabitants ( t bless$ _w4 ,= ! mean+ ( ?is passage1 see ,notes on *4 vii4 #ae4 #d ,&#fge !y %all see 8 face2 & #fgf;8 "n %all be 9 _! =eheads4 #d4 ,& !y %all see 8 face4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xviii4 #aj4 ,!y w\ld be con/antly 9 8 pres5ce1 & be p]mitt$ cont9ually to behold 8 glory4 ,& 8 "n %all be 9 _! =eheads4 ,!y %all be designat$ z 84 ,see ,notes on *4 iii4 #ab2 vii4 #c2 xiii4 #af4 #e ,&#fgg !re %all be no night !re3 & !y ne$ no c&le1 nei!r light ( ! sun2 = #fgh! ,"l ,god give? !m light3 & #fgi!y %all reign = ev] & ev]4 #e4 ,& !re %all be no night !re4 ,notes on *4 xxi4 #be4 ,& !y ne$ no c&le4 ,no lamp2 no artificial light1 z 9 a _w :]e !re is night & d>kness4 ,nei!r light ( ! sun2 = ! ,"l ,god1 c4 ,notes on *4 xxi4 #bc4 ,& !y %all reign = ev] & ev]4 ,t is1 ) ,god2 !y %all be z k+s4 ,see ,notes on *4 v4 #aj2 xx4 #f4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,ro4 viii4 #af2 #b ,ti4 ii4 #aa1 #ab4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,*ap4 ,,xxi41 ,,xxii4 #ae4 ,?is portion ( ! ,apocalypse conta9s ! mo/ full & complete cont9u\s description ( ! /ate ( ! righte\s1 9 ! _w ( bless$ness1 t is to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,x seems to be prop]1 !re=e1 to pause on x = a mom5t1 & to /ate 9 a summ>y mann] :at w be ! pr9cipal features ( t bless$ness4 ,all c see t1 z a description1 x occupies an appropriate place1 n only 9 reg>d to ?is book1 b to ! volume ( reveal$ tru?4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> book1 x is ! appropriate close ( ! acc\nt ( ! conflicts1 ! trials1 & ! p]secutions ( ! *ur*2 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole volume ( reveal$ tru?1 x is appropriate because x occurs 9 ! la/ ( ! inspir$ books t 0 writt54 ,x 0 prop] t a volume ( reveal$ tru? giv5 to mank9d1 & design$ to describe a great "w ( r$eem+ m]cy1 %\ld close ) a description ( ! /ate ( ! righte\s aft] dea?4 ,! pr9cipal features 9 ! description are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,!re w be a new heav5 & a new e>?3 a new ord] ( ?+s1 & a _w adapt$ to ! condition ( ! righte\s4 ,!re w be su* *anges produc$ 9 ! e>?1 & su* abodes fitt$ up = ! r$eem$1 t x w be prop] to say t !y are new1 *4 xxi4 #a4 7#b7 ,! locality ( t abode is n det]m9$4 ,no p>ticul> place is reveal$ z con/itut+ heav52 nor is x intimat$ t !re w\ld be su* a place4 ,= any?+ t appe>s1 ! univ]se at l>ge w be heav5! e>? & all worlds2 & we are left free to suppose t ! r$eem$ w yet occupy any position ( ! univ]se1 & be p]mitt$ to behold ! peculi> glories ( ! div9e "* t are manife/$ 9 ea* ( ! worlds t he has made4 ,comp4 ,notes on #a ,pe4 i4 #ab4 ,t !re may be "s "o place 9 ! univ]se t w be _! p]man5t home1 & t w be m prop]ly call$ heav51 :]e ! glory ( _! ,god & ,savi\r w be peculi>ly manife/$1 is n improbable2 b /ill !re is no?+ to prev5t ! hope & ! belief t 9 ! inf9ite duration t awaits !m !y w be p]mitt$ to #dee visit all ! worlds t ,god has made1 & to le>n 9 ea*1 & f ea*2 all t he has peculi>ly manife/$ ( 8 own "* & glory !re4 7#c7 ,t future /ate w be entirely & = ev] free f all ! consequ5ces ( ! apo/asy z n[ se5 on ! e>?4 ,!re w be nei!r te>s1 nor sorr[1 nor dea?1 nor cry+1 nor pa91 nor curse1 *4 xxi4 #d2 xxii4 #c4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be a p]fectly happy abode4 7#d7 ,x w be pure & holy4 ,no?+ w ev] ent] !re t %all contam9ate & defile1 *4 xxi4 #h1 #bg4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 x w be a happy _w1 = 7a7 all real happ9ess has its f\ndation 9 hol9ess2 & 7b7 ! s\rce ( all ! mis]y t ! univ]se has exp]i5c$ is s94 ,let t be remov$1 & ! e>? w\ld be happy2 let x be ext+ui%$ f any _w1 & its happ9ess w be secure4 7#e7 ,x w be a _w ( p]fect light1 *4 xxi4 #bbbe2 xxii4 #e4 ,!re w be 7a7 lit]ally no night !re2 7b7 spiritually & morally !re w be no d>knessno error1 no s94 ,light w be ca/ on a ?\s& subjects n[ obscure2 & on num]\s po9ts p]ta9+ to ! div9e gov]nm5t & deal+s :i* n[ p]plex ! m9d !re w be p\r$ ! spl5d\r ( p]fect day4 ,all ! d>kness t exi/s "h w be dissipat$ !re2 all t is n[ obscure w be made light4 ,& 9 view ( ?is fact1 we may well submit = a little "t to ! my/]ies :i* hang ov] ! div9e deal+s "h4 ,! ,*ri/ian is de/9$ to live = ev] & ev]4 ,he is capable ( an et]nal progression 9 k4 ,he is soon to be u%]$ into ! spl5d\rs ( t et]nal abode :]e !re is no ne$ ( ! light ( ! sun or ! moon1 & :]e !re is no night4 ,9 a little "ta few weeks or daysby removal to t high] /ate ( be+1 he w h made a degree ( progress 9 true k comp>$ ) :i* all t c be le>n$ "h is a nameless trifle4 ,9 t future abode he w be p]mitt$ to "k all t is to be kn[n 9 ^? worlds t %9e ^u 8 pa? by day or by night2 all t is to be kn[n 9 ! "* ( _! ,mak]1 & ! pr9ciples ( 8 gov]nm5t2 all t is to be kn[n ( ! glori\s plan ( r$emption2 all t is to be kn[n ( ! reasons :y s9 & woe 7 p]mitt$ to ent] ?is beautiful _w4 ,!re1 too1 he w be p]mitt$ to enjoy all t !re is to be enjoy$ 9 a _w )\t a cl\d & )\t a te>2 all t is beatific 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,asc5d$ ,r$eem]1 ( ! ,sacr$ ,_s2 all t is bless$ 9 ! goodly fell[%ip ( ! angels1 ( ! apo/les1 ( ! prophets2 all t is raptur\s 9 reunion ) ^? t 7 lov$ on ! e>?4 ,well1 !n1 may he be> ) ! d>kness & endure ! trials ( ?is /ate a little long]4 7#f7 ,x w be a _w ( surpass+ spl5d\r4 ,?is is manife/ by ! description ( x 9 *4 xx41 z a gorge\s city1 ) ample dim5sions1 ) mo/ brilliant col\rs1 set ) gems1 & compos$ ( pure gold4 ,! writ]1 9 ! description ( t abode1 has accumulat$ all t is gorge\s & magnific5t1 & d\btless felt t ev5 ?is 0 a v imp]fect repres5tation ( t glori\s _w4 7#g7 ,t future _w w be an abode ( ! highe/ conceivable happ9ess4 ,?is is manife/1 n only f ! fact /at$ t !re w be no pa9 or sorr[ "h1 b f ! positive description 9 *4 xxii4 #a1 #b4 ,x 01 und\bt$ly1 ! design ( ! writ]1 "u ! image ( a ,p>adise1 to describe ! future abode ( ! r$eem$ z "o ( ! highe/ happ9ess:]e !re w\ld be an ample & a con/ant supply ( e want1 & :]e ! highe/ ideas ( enjoym5t w\ld be realiz$4 ,&1 7#h7 ,all ?is w be et]nal4 ,! univ]se1 s va/ & s wond]ful1 seems to h be5 made to be fitt$ to ! et]nal contemplation ( creat$ m9ds1 & 9 ?is univ]se !re is an adaptation = ! employm5t ( m9d = ev] & ev]4 ,if x be ask$ n[ :y ,john1 9 ! acc\nt :i* he has giv5 ( ! heav5ly /ate1 adopt$ ?is figurative & emblematic mode ( repres5tation1 & :y x did n please ,god to reveal any m respect+ ! nature ( ! employm5ts & enjoym5ts ( ! heav5ly _w1 x may be repli$1 7a7 ,t ?is me?od is em95tly 9 accordance #def ) ! g5]al "* ( ! book1 z a book ( symbols & emblems4 7b7 ,he has /at$ en\gh to give u a g5]al & a mo/ attractive view ( t bless$ /ate4 7c7 ,x is n c]ta9 t we w\ld h appreciat$ x1 or c\ld h compreh5d$ x1 if a m m9ute & lit]al description _h be5 giv54 ,t /ate may be s unlike ?is t x is d\btful :e!r we c\ld h compreh5d$ any lit]al description t c\ld h be5 giv54 ,h[ little ( ! future & ! unse5 c ev] be kn[n by a m]e description2 h[ fa9t & imp]fect a view c we ev] obta9 ( any?+ by ! m]e use ( words1 & especially ( objects :i* h no resemblance to any?+ :i* we h se56 ,:o ev] obta9$ any adequate idea ( ,niag>a by a m]e description8 ,to :at ,greek or ,roman m9d1 h[ev] cultivat$1 c\ld !re h be5 convey$ ! idea ( a pr9t+-press1 ( a locomotive eng9e1 ( ! magnetic telegraph1 by m]e description8 ,:o c convey to "o born bl9d an idea ( ! prismatic col\rs2 or to ! deaf an idea ( s\nds8 ,if we may imag9e ! _w ( insect tribes to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( language & ?\ght1 h[ c\ld ! gay & gild$ butt]fly t to-day plays 9 ! sunbeam imp>t to its companions ( ye/]dayl[ & grovell+ wormsany adequate idea ( t new condition ( be+ into :i* x _h em]g$8 ,& h[ d we "k t we c\ld compreh5d any description ( t _w :]e ! righte\s dwell1 or ( employm5ts & enjoym5ts s unlike our own8 99 99 99 99 99 ,i _c m appropriately close ?is brief notice ( ! revelations ( ! heav5ly /ate ?an by introduc+ an anci5t poem1 :i* seems to be f\nd$ on ?is portion ( ! ,apocalypse1 & :i* is ! orig9al ( "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ & beautiful hymns n[ us$ 9 ,prote/ant places ( wor%ip! well-kn[n hymn :i* beg9s1 8,j]usalem6 my happy home60 ,?is hymn is des]v$ly a great fav\rite1 & is an em95tly beautiful composition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ,roman ,ca?olic orig94 ,x is f\nd 9 a small volume ( miscellane\s poetry1 sold at ,mr4 ,bright's sale ( manuscripts 9 #ahdd1 :i* has be5 plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & n[ =ms ! additional ,,ms4 #ae1bbe4 ,x is ref]r$1 by ! lett]+ on ! book1 to ! age ( ,elizabe?1 b x is suppos$ to belong to ! subsequ5t reign4 ,! volume seems to h be5 =m$ by or = "s ,roman ,ca?olic1 & conta9s _m devotional songs or hymns1 int]sp]s$ ) o!rs ( a m g5]al "*4 ,see ,littell's ,liv+ ,age1 vol4 xxviii4 pp4 #cccccf4 ,! hymn is z foll[s3 ,a ,,song ,,made ,,by ,f4 ,b4 ,p4 ,to ! tune ( 8,diana40 ,j]usalem6 my happy home6 ,:5 %all ,i come to !e8 ,:5 %all my sorr[s h an end ,?y joys :5 %all ,i see8 ,o happy h>b\r ( ! sa9ts ,o sweet & pleasant soil6 ,9 !e no sorr[ may be f\nd1 ,no grief1 no c>e1 no toil4 ,9 !e no sickness may be se51 ,no hurt1 no a*e1 no sore2 ,!re is no dea?1 no ugly deil1#fhj ,!re's life = ev]more4 ,no dampi% mi/ is se5 9 !e1 ,no cold nor d>ksome night2 ,!re e s\l %9es z ! sun1 ,!re ,god himself gives light4 ,!re lu/ & lucre _c dwell1 ,!re envy be>s no sway2 ,!re is no hung]1 heat1 nor cold1 ,b pleasure e way4 ,j]usalem6 ,j]usalem6 ,god grant ,i once may see ,?y endless joys1 & ( ! same ,p>tak] aye to be4 ,?y walls are made ( preci\s /ones1 ,?y bulw>ks diamonds squ>e2 ,?y gates are ( "r ori5t pe>l1 ,exce$+ ri* & r>e4 ,?y turrets & ?y p9nacles ,) c>buncles to %9e2 ,?y v /reets are pav$ ) gold1 ,surpass+ cle> & f9e4 ,?y h\ses are ( ivory1 ,?y w9d[s cry/al cle>2 ,?y tiles are made ( beat5 gold ,o ,god1 t ,i 7 !re6 ,)9 ?y gates no ?+ do? come ,t is n pass+ clean2 ,no spid]'s web1 no dirt1 no du/1 ,no fil? may !re be se54 ,ah1 my sweet home1 ,j]usalem6 ,w\ld ,god ,i 7 9 !e2 ,w\ld ,god my woes 7 at an end1 ,?y joys t ,i might see6 ,?y sa9ts are cr[n'd ) glory great1 ,!y see ,god face to face2 ,!y triumph /ill1 !y /ill rejoice ,mo/ happy is _! case4 ,we t are "h 9 bani%m5t ,cont9ually d moan2 ,we sigh & sob1 we weep & wail1 ,p]petually we groan4 #deg ,our sweet is mix$ ) bitt] gall1 ,our pleasure is b pa92 ,our joys sc>ce la/ ! look+ on1 ,our sorr[s /ill rema94 ,b !re !y live 9 su* delight1 ,su* pleasure1 & su* play1 ,z t to !m a ?\s& ye>s ,do? seem z ye/]day4 ,?y v9ey>ds & ?y or*>ds are ,mo/ beautiful & fair2 ,full furni%$ ) trees & fruits1 ,mo/ wond]ful & r>e4 ,?y g>d5s & ?y gallant walks ,cont9ually are gre52 ,!re gr[ su* sweet & pleasant fl[]s ,z n[h]e else are se54 ,!re's nect> & ambrosia made1 ,!re's musk & civet sweet2 ,!re _m a fair & da9ty drug ,are trodd5 "u feet4 ,!re c9namon1 !re sug> gr[s1 ,!re n>d & balm ab\nd2 ,:at tongue c tell1 or he>t conceive1 ,! joys t !re are f\nd8 ,q ?r\gh ! /reets1 ) silv] s\nd1 ,! flood ( life do? fl[2 ,^u ^: banks1 on e side1 ,! wood ( life do? gr[4 ,!re trees = ev]more be> fruit1 ,& ev]more d spr+2 ,!re ev]more ! angels sit1 ,& ev]more d s+4 ,!re ,david /&s ) h>p 9 h&1 ,z ma/] ( ! quire2 ,t5 ?\s& times t man 7 ble/ ,t might ?is music#fha he>4 ,our ,lady s+s ,magnificat1 ,) tune surpass+ sweet2 ,& all ! virg9s be> _! p>ts1 ,sitt+ above h] feet4 ,te ,deum do? ,sa9t ,ambrose s+1 ,sa9t ,au/9 do? ! l2 ,old ,simeon & ,za*>y ,h n _! song to seek4 ,!re ,magdal5e ha? left h] moan1 ,& *e]fully do? s+ ,) bless$ sa9ts1 ^: h>mony ,9 e /reet do? r+4 ,j]usalem1 my happy home6 ,w\ld ,god ,i 7 9 !e2 ,w\ld ,god my woes 7 at an end1 ,?y joys t ,i might see6 ,,analysis ,,( ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 #fbj4 ,?is portion ( ! book ( ,revelation is prop]ly ! epilogue1 or conclusion4 ,! ma9 purposes ( ! vision are accompli%$2 ! enemies ( ! *ur* are quell$2 ! *ur* is triumphant2 ! affairs ( ! _w are w\nd up2 ! r$eem$ are receiv$ to _! blissful1 et]nal abode2 ! wick$ are cut (f2 ! e>? is purifi$1 & ! affairs ( ! univ]se are fix$ on _! p]man5t f\ndation4 ,a few miscellane\s matt]s1 !re=e1 close ! book4 7#a7 ,a solemn affirmation on ! "p ( him :o _h made ^! revelations1 t !y are true1 & t !y w be spe$ily accompli%$1 & t he w be bless$ or happy :o %all keep ! say+s ( ! book1 v]4 #f1 #g4 7#b7 ,! effect ( all ^! ?+s on ,john himself1 lead+ him1 z 9 a =m] case 7*4 xix4 #aj71 to a disposition to wor%ip him :o _h be5 ! m$ium 9 mak+ to him su* extraord9>y communications1 v]4 #h1 #i4 7#c7 ,a comm& n to seal up :at _h be5 reveal$1 s9ce ! "t 0 ne>4 ,^! ?+s w\ld soon h _! fulfilm5t1 & x 0 prop] t ! prophecies %\ld be unseal$1 or op51 bo? t ! ev5ts might be comp>$ ) ! pr$ictions1 & t a p]secut$ *ur* might be able to see :at w\ld be ! result ( all ^! ?+s1 & to f9d consolation 9 ! assurance ( ! f9al triumph ( ! ,son ( ,god1 v]4 #aj4 7#d7 ,! fix$ & un*angeable /ate ( ! righte\s & ! wick$1 v]4 #aaac4 7#e7 ,! bless$ness ( ^? :o keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & :o ent] into ! ,new ,j]usalem1 v]4 #ad1 #ae4 7#f7 ,jesus1 ! root & ! (fspr+ ( ,david1 & ! bright & morn+ />1 proclaims himself to be ! ,au?or ( all ^! revelations by ! in/rum5tality ( an angel1 v]4 #af4 7#g7 ,! univ]sal invitation ( ! gospel! language ( ,jesus himselfgiv+ utt]ance to 8 /rong desire = ! salvation ( m51 v]4 #ag4 7#h7 ,a solemn comm& n to *ange any?+ t _h be5 reveal$ 9 ?is book1 ei!r by add+ to x or tak+ f x1 v]4 #ah1 #ai4 7#i7 ,! assurance t he :o _h made ^! revelations w\ld come quickly1 & ! joy\s ass5t ( ,john to ?is1 & pray] t 8 adv5t might soon occur1 v]4 #bj4 7#aj7 ,?o b5$iction1 v]4 #ba4 #f ,& he said unto me1 ,^! say+s are fai?ful & true3 & ! ,"l ,god ( ! holy prophets #fhbs5t 8 angel to %[ unto 8 s]vants ! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly be done4 #f4 ,& he said unto me4 ,! angel-int]pret]1 :o _h %[$ ,john ! vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 *4 xxi4 #i1 #aj4 ,z ^! visions are n[ at an #deh end1 ! angel comes to ,john directly1 & assures him t all ^! ?+s are truet !re has be5 no deception ( ! s5ses 9 ^! visions1 b t !y 7 really div9e disclosures ( :at w\ld soon & c]ta9ly occur4 ,^! say+s are fai?ful & true4 ,^! communicationsall t has be5 disclos$ to y by symbols1 or 9 direct language4 ,see ,notes on *4 xxi4 #e4 ,& ! ,"l ,god ( ! holy prophets4 ,! same ,god :o inspir$ ! anci5t prophets4 ,s5t 8 angel4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #a4 ,to %[ unto 8 s]vants4 ,to all 8 s]vantst is1 to all 8 p1 by ! in/rum5tality ( ,john4 ,! revelation 0 made to him1 & he 0 to record x = ! good ( ! :ole *ur*4 ,! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly be done4 ,! beg9n+ ( :i* mu/ soon occur?\gh ! s]ies ( ev5ts ext5d$ into di/ant ages1 & ev5 into et]nity4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #ac4 #g ,behold1 #fhc;,i come quickly3 bless$ is he t keepe? ! say+s ( ! prophecy ( ?is book4 #g4 ,behold1 ,i come quickly4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #c4 ,! words "h us$ are und\bt$ly ! words ( ! ,r$eem]1 al?\gh !y are app>5tly repeat$ by ! angel4 ,! mean+ is1 t !y 7 us$ by ! angel z ! words ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,see v]4 #ab1 #bj4 ,bless$ is he t keepe? ! say+s ( ! prophecy ( ?is book4 ,t receives !m z a div9e communication2 t makes use ( !m to com=t himself 9 ! days ( d>kness1 p]secution1 & trial2 & t is ob$i5t to ! precepts "h enjo9$4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #c4 #h ,& ,i ,john saw ^! ?+s1 & he>d !m4 ,& :5 ,i _h he>d & se51 ,i fell d[n to wor%ip be=e ! feet ( ! angel :i* %[$ me ^! ?+s4 #h4 ,& ,i ,john saw ^! ?+s1 & he>d !m4 ,t is1 ,i saw! p>ts t 7 disclos$ by pictures1 visions1 & symbols2 ,i he>d ! p>ts t 7 communicat$ by direct revelation4 ,& :5 ,i _h he>d & se51 ,i fell d[n to wor%ip be=e ! feet ( ! angel1 c4 ,z he _h done on a =m] occasion4 ,see ,notes on *4 xix4 #aj4 ,john appe>s to h be5 entirely ov]come by ! extraord9>y nature ( ! revelations made to him1 & n improbably ent]ta9$ "s suspicion t x 0 ! ,r$eem] himself :o _h manife/$ himself to him 9 ?is rem>kable mann]4 #i ,!n sai? he unto me1 ,see ?\ d x n3 = ,i am ?y fell[-s]vant1 & ( ?y bre?r5 ! prophets1 & ( !m :i* keep ! say+s ( ?is book3 wor%ip ,god4 #i4 ,!n sai? he unto me1 ,see ?\ d x n4 ,see ,notes on *4 xix4 #aj4 ,= ,i am ?y fell[-s]vant4 ,notes on *4 xix4 #aj4 ,& ( ?y bre?r5 ! prophets4 ,9 *4 xix4 #aj1 x is 8( ?y bre?r5 t h ! te/imony ( ,jesus40 ,"h ! angel says t1 9 ! capacity 9 :i* he appe>$ to ,john1 he belong$ to ! g5]al rank ( ! prophets1 & 0 no m entitl$ to wor%ip ?an any ( ! prophets _h be54 ,l !m1 he _h m]ely be5 employ$ to disclose important tru?s 9 reg>d to ! future2 b z ! prophets1 ev5 ! mo/ em95t ( !m1 7 n reg>d$ z entitl$ to wor%ip on acc\nt ( ! communications :i* !y _h made1 no m 0 he4 ,& ( !m :i* keep ! say+s ( ?is book4 8,i am a m]e creature ( ,god4 ,i1 l m51 am "u law1 & am b\nd to obs]ve ! law ( ,god40 ,! 8say+s ( ?is book0 :i* he says he kept1 mu/ be und]/ood to mean ^? great pr9ciples ( religion :i* x enjo9$1 & :i* are ( equal obligation on m5 & angels4 ,wor%ip ,god4 ,wor%ip ,god only4 ,notes on *4 xix4 #aj4 #aj ,& he sai? unto me1 #fhd,seal n ! say+s ( ! prophecy ( ?is book3 = ! "t is at h&4 #aj4 ,& he sai? unto me4 ,! angel4 ,seal n ! say+s ( ! prophecy ( ?is book4 ,t is1 seal n ! book itself1 = x may be reg>d$ altoge!r z a prophetic book4 ,on ! seal+ ( a book1 see ,notes on *4 v4 #a4 ,isaiah 7viii4 #af2 xxx4 #h7 & ,daniel 7viii4 #bf2 xii4 #d1 #i7 7 comm&$ to seal up _! prophecies4 ,_! prophecies relat$ to f>-di/ant times1 & ! idea 9 _! be+ comm&$ to seal !m 01 t !y %\ld make ! record #dei sure & un*angeable2 t !y %\ld f9i% x1 & lay x up = future ages2 s t1 9 f>-di/ant times1 ! ev5ts might be comp>$ ) ! prophecy1 & x might be se5 t !re 0 an exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! prophecy & ! fulfilm5t4 ,_! prophecies w\ld n be imm$iately dem&$ = ! use ( p]secut$ sa9ts1 b w\ld p]ta9 to future ages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ev5ts :i* ,john _h pr$ict$1 ?\gh 9 _! ultimate developm5t !y 7 to ext5d to ! end ( ! _w1 & ev5 into et]nity1 7 ab\t to beg9 to be fulfill$1 & 7 to be ( imm$iate use 9 consol+ a p]secut$ *ur*4 ,john1 !re=e1 0 direct$ n to seal up 8 pr$ictions2 n to lay !m away1 to be op5$1 z x 71 9 di/ant ages2 b to leave !m op51 s t a p]secut$ *ur* might pave access to !m1 & might1 9 times ( p]secution & trial1 h ! assurance t ! pr9ciples ( _! religion w\ld f9ally triumph4 ,see ,notes on *4 x4 #b4 ,= ! "t is at h&4 ,t is1 !y are soon to comm5ce4 ,x is n impli$ t !y w\ld be soon complet$4 ,! idea is1 t z ! sc5es ( p]secution 7 soon to op5 ^u ! *ur*1 x 0 important t ! *ur* %\ld h access to ^! prophecies ( ! f9al triumph ( religion1 to su/a9 x 9 its trials4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #a1 #c4 #aa ,he#fhet is unju/1 let him be unju/ /ill3 & he :i* is fil?y1 let him be fil?y /ill3 & #fhf;he t is righte\s1 let him be righte\s /ill3 & he t is holy1 let him be holy /ill4 #aa4 ,he t is unju/1 let him be unju/ /ill4 ,?is mu/ ref] to ! sc5es beyond ! judgm5t1 & mu/ be int5d$ to affirm an important tru? 9 reg>d to ! condition ( m5 9 ! future /ate4 ,x _c ref] to ! condition ( m5 on ?is side ! grave1 = !re is no fix$ & un*angeable condition 9 ?is _w4 ,at ! close ( ?is book1 & at ! close ( ! :ole volume ( reveal$ tru?1 x 0 prop] to decl>e1 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]1 t :5 ^! ev5ts 7 consummat$1 ev]y?+ w\ld be fix$ & un*ang+2 t all :o 7 !n f\nd to be righte\s w\ld rema9 s = ev]2 & t none :o 7 imp5it5t1 impure1 & wick$1 w\ld ev] *ange _! "* or condition4 ,t ?is is ! mean+ "h seems to me to be pla92 & ?is s5tim5t accords ) all t is said 9 ! ,bible ( ! f9al condition ( ! righte\s & ! wick$4 ,see ,mat4 xxv4 #df2 ,ro4 ii4 #fi2 #a ,?4 i4 #gaj2 ,da4 xii4 #b2 ,ec4 xi4 #c4 ,e assurance is held out 9 ! ,bible t ! righte\s w be secure 9 hol9ess & happ9ess1 & t !re w be no dang]no possibilityt !y w fall into s91 & s9k to woe2 & by ! same k9d ( argum5ts by :i* x is prov$ t _! condition w be un*ang+1 is x demon/rat$ t ! condition ( ! wick$ w be un*ang+ also4 ,! argum5t = ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ! wick$ is z /rong z t = ! et]nal happ9ess ( ! righte\s2 & if ! "o is op5 to d\bt1 !re is no security = ! p]man5ce ( ! o!r4 ,! ^w unju/ "h is a g5]al t]m = an unrighte\s or wick$ man4 ,! mean+ is1 t he to :om t "* prop]ly belongs1 or ( :om x is prop]ly descriptive1 w rema9 s = ev]4 ,! design ( ?is seems to be1 to let ! ungodly & ! wick$ "k t !re is no *ange beyond ! grave1 & by ?is solemn consid]ation to w>n !m n[ to flee f ! wra? to come4 ,& assur$ly no m solemn consid]ation c ev] be pres5t$ to ! human m9d ?an ?is4 ,& he :i* is fil?y1 let him be fil?y /ill4 ,! ^w fil?y "h is1 ( c\rse1 us$ ) ref]5ce to moral defilem5t or pollution4 ,x ref]s to ! s5sual1 ! corrupt1 ! pr(ane2 & ! mean+ is1 t _! condition w be fix$1 & t !y w rema9 9 ?is /ate ( pollution = ev]4 ,!re is no?+ m awful ?an ! idea t a pollut$ s\l w be always pollut$2 t a he>t corrupt w be always corrupt2 t ! defil$ w be put = ev] beyond ! possibility ( be+ cleans$ f s94 ,& he t is righte\s1 let him be righte\s /ill4 ,! j1 ! upright man9 contradi/9ction f ! unju/ m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! v]se4 ,& he t is holy1 let him be holy /ill4 ,he t is pure1 9 contradi/9ction f ! fil?y m5tion$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ! v]se4 ,! righte\s & ! holy w be confirm$ 9 _! "* & condition1 z well z ! wick$4 ,! affirmation #dfj t _! condition w be fix$ is z /rong z t t ( ! wick$ w be& no /rong]2 ! entire repres5tation is1 t all beyond ! judgm5t w be un*ang+ = ev]4 ,c\ld any m solemn ?\ght be br\ght be=e ! m9d ( man8 #ab ,& behold1 #fhg;,i come quickly2 & my rew>d is ) me1 #fhhto give e man accord+ z 8 "w %all be4 #ab4 ,& behold1 ,i come quickly4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #a1 #c4 ,^! are und\bt$ly ! words ( ! ,r$eem]2 & ! mean+ is1 t ! p]iod :5 ! un*ang+ s5t5ce w\ld be pass$ on ea* individualon ! unju/1 ! fil?y1 ! righte\s1 & ! holyw\ld n be remote4 ,! design ( ?is seems to be to impress on ! m9d ! solemnity ( ! tru? t ! condition h]eaft] w soon be fix$1 & to lead m5 to prep>e = x4 ,9 ref]5ce to ea* individual1 ! p]iod is ne> :5 x is to be det]m9$ :e!r he w be holy or s9ful to all et]nity4 ,:at ?\ght c\ld !re be m adapt$ to impress on ! m9d ! importance ( giv+ imm$iate att5tion to ! conc]ns ( ! s\l8 ,& my rew>d is ) me4 ,i br+ x ) me to give to e man3 ei!r life or dea?2 heav5 or hell2 ! cr[n or ! curse4 ,he w be prep>$ imm$iately to execute ! s5t5ce4 ,comp>e ,mat4 xxv4 #cadf4 ,to give e man accord+ z 8 "w %all be4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 xvi4 #bg2 ,ro4 ii4 #f2 #b ,co4 v4 #aj4 #ac ,i#fhi am ,alpha & ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 ! fir/ & ! la/4 #ac4 ,i am ,alpha & ,omega1 c4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #h1 #aa4 ,! idea "h is1 t he w ?us %[ t he is ! fir/ & ! la/! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,he orig9at$ ! :ole plan ( salvation1 & he w det]m9e its close2 he =m$ ! _w1 & he w w9d up its affairs4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! cont9uance1 & ! end1 he w be recogniz$ z ! same be+ presid+ ov] & controll+ all4 #ad ,bless$#fij are !y t d 8 comm&m5ts1 t !y may h "r to ! tree ( life1 & may ent] 9 ?r\gh ! gates into ! city4 #ad4 ,bless$ are !y t d 8 comm&m5ts4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #c2 xxii4 #g4 ,t !y may h "r4 ,t !y may be entitl$ to approa* ! tree ( life2 t ?is privilege may be grant$ to !m4 ,x is n a "r 9 ! s5se t !y h m]it$ x1 b 9 ! s5se t ! privilege is conf]r$ on !m z "o ( ! rew>ds ( ,god1 & t1 9 virtue ( ! div9e arrangem5ts1 !y w be entitl$ to ?is hon\r4 ,s ! ^w "h us$means 9 ,jn4 i4 #ab1 r5d]$ p[]4 ,! reason :y ?is "r or privilege is conf]r$ is n impli$ 9 ! use ( ! ^w4 ,9 ?is case x is by grace1 & all ! "r :i* !y h to ! tree ( life is f\nd$ on ! fact t ,god has be5 pleas$ graci\sly to conf] x on !m4 ,to ! tree ( life4 ,see ,notes on v]4 #b4 ,!y w\ld n be =bidd5 to approa* ! tree z ,adam 01 b w\ld be p]mitt$ always to p>take ( x1 & w\ld live = ev]4 ,& may ent] 9 ?r\gh ! gates into ! city4 ,! ,new ,j]usalem1 *4 xxi4 #b4 ,!y w\ld h free access !re2 !y w\ld be p]mitt$ to abide !re = ev]4 #ae ,= #fia)\t are #fib;dogs1 & sorc]]s1 & :oremong]s1 & murd]]s1 & idolat]s1 & :osoev] love? & make? a lie4 #ae4 ,= )\t are dogs4 ,! wick$1 ! deprav$1 ! vile3 = ( su* *>act]s ! dogs1 an unclean animal among ! ,jews1 0 reg>d$ z a symbol1 ,de4 xxiii4 #ah4 ,on ! mean+ ( ! expression1 see ,notes on ,phi4 iii4 #b4 ,! ^w 8)\t0 means t !y w\ld n be admitt$ into ! heav5ly city1 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 *4 xxi4 #h1 #bg4 ,& sorc]]s1 c4 ,all ^! *>act]s are specifi$ 9 *4 xxi4 #h1 z exclud$ f heav54 ,see ,notes on t v]se4 ,! only *ange is1 t ^? :o 8love & make a lie0 are add$ to ! li/2 t is1 :o delight 9 lies1 or t :i* is false4 #af ,i ,jesus h s5t m9e angel to te/ify unto y ^! ?+s 9 ! *ur*es4 ,i am #fic! root & ! (fspr+ ( ,david1 & ! bright & morn+ />4 #af4 ,i ,jesus4 ,"h ! ,savi\r appe>s expressly z ! speak]ratify+ & confirm+ all t _h be5 communicat$ by ! in/rum5tality ( ! angel4 ,h s5t m9e angel4 ,notes on *4 i4 #a4 ,to te/ify unto y4 ,t is1 to be a witness = me 9 communicat+ #dfa ^! ?+s to y4 ,9 ! *ur*es4 ,directly & imm$iately to ! sev5 *ur*es 9 ,asia ,m9or 7*4 ii4 iii472 remotely & ultimately to all *ur*es to ! end ( "t4 ,comp4 ,notes on *4 i4 #aa4 ,i am ! root4 ,n ! root 9 ! s5se t ,david sprang f him1 z a tree does f a root1 b 9 ! s5se t he 0 ! 8root-%oot0 ( ,david1 or t he himself sprang f him1 z a spr\t />ts up f a decay$ & fall5 treez ( ! oak1 ! will[1 ! *e/nut1 c4 ,see ?is expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on ,is4 xi4 #a4 ,! mean+ !n is1 n t he 0 ! ance/or ( ,david1 or t ,david sprang f him1 b t he 0 ! (fspr+ ( ,david1 accord+ to ! promise 9 ! ,scripture1 t ! ,messiah %\ld be desc5d$ f him4 ,no argum5t1 !n1 c be d]iv$ f ?is passage 9 pro( ( ! pre-exi/5ce1 or ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,& ! (fspr+4 ,! desc5dant2 ! prog5y ( ,david2 8! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%40 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 i4 #c4 ,x is n unusual to employ two words 9 close connection to express ! same idea ) "s slight %ade ( diff]5ce4 ,& ! bright & morn+ />4 ,see ,notes on *4 ii4 #bh4 ,x is n uncommon to comp>e a pr9ce1 a lead]1 a tea*]1 ) t bright & beautiful /> :i* at "s seasons ( ! ye> prec$es ! ris+ ( ! sun1 & leads on ! day4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,is4 xiv4 #ab4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to t /> z ! h>b+] ( day2 & ! mean+ ( ! ,savi\r is1 t he su/a9s a relation to a d>k _w simil> to ?is beautiful />4 ,at "o "t he is inde$ comp>$ ) ! sun itself 9 giv+ light to ! _w2 "h he is comp>$ ) t morn+ /> r ) ref]5ce to its beauty ?an its light4 ,may x n also h be5 "o object 9 ?is comp>ison to lead u1 :5 we look on t />1 to ?9k ( ! ,savi\r8 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful object 9 nature2 x succe$s ! d>kness ( ! night2 x br+s on ! day& z x m+les ) ! fir/ rays ( ! morn+1 x seems to be s joy\s1 *e]ful1 exult+1 bright1 t no?+ c be bett] adapt$ to rem9d u ( ,him :o came to lead on et]nal day4 ,its place! fir/ ?+ t arre/s ! eye 9 ! morn+might s]ve to rem9d u t ! ,savi\r %\ld be ! fir/ object t %\ld draw ! eye & ! he>t on ! return ( ea* day4 ,9 ea* trialea* sc5e ( sorr[let u ?9k ( ! bright /> ( ! morn+ z x rises on ! d>kness ( ! nightemblem ( ! ,savi\r ris+ on our sorr[ & our gloom4 #ag ,& ! ,_s & #fid! bride say1 #fie;,come4 ,& let him t he>e? say1 ,come4 ,& #fiflet him t is a?ir/ come3 & :osoev] w1 let him take ! wat] ( life freely4 #ag4 ,& ! ,_s & ! bride say1 ,come4 ,t is1 come to ! ,savi\r2 come & p>take ( ! bless+s ( ! gospel2 come & be sav$4 ,! con/ruction dem&s ?is int]pretation1 z ! latt] "p ( ! v]se %[s4 ,! design ( ?is :ole v]se is1 evid5tly1 to %[ ! fre5ess ( ! (f]s ( ! gospel2 to cond5se 9 a summ>y mann] all ! invitations ( m]cy to mank9d2 & to leave on ! m9d at ! close ( ! book a deep impression ( ! ample provision :i* has be5 made = ! salvation ( a fall5 race4 ,no?+1 x is cle>1 c\ld be m appropriate at ! close ( ?is book1 & at ! close ( ! :ole volume ( reveal$ tru?1 ?an to ann\nce1 9 ! mo/ cle> & attract+ =m1 t salvation is free to all1 & t :osoev] w may be sav$4 ,! ,_s4 ,! ,holy ,_s4 ,he entreats all to come4 ,?is he does 7a7 9 all ! record$ invitations 9 ! ,bible= x is by ! inspiration ( t ,_s t ^! invitations are record$2 7b7 by all 8 influ5ces on ! und]/&+s1 ! consci5ces1 & ! he>ts ( m52 7c7 by all ! proclamations ( m]cy made by ! prea*+ ( ! gospel1 & by ! appeal :i* fri5d makes to fri5d1 & neighb\r to neighb\r1 & /rang] to /rang]= all ^! are me?ods 9 :i* ! ,_s invites m5 to come to ! ,savi\r4 ,& ! bride4 ,! *ur*4 ,see ,notes1 *4 xxi4 #b1 #i4 ,t is1 ! *ur* invites all to come & be sav$4 ,?is x does 7a7 by its m9i/]s1 ^: ma9 bus9ess x is to ext5d ?is invitation to mank9d2 7b7 by its ord9ancescon/antly sett+ =? ! fre5ess ( ! gospel2 7c7 by ! lives ( its consi/5t memb]s%[+ ! excell5cy & ! desirabl5ess ( true religion2 7d7 by all its ef=ts to d good 9 ! _w2 7e7 by ! example ( #dfb ^? :o are br\ght into ! *ur*%[+ t all1 :atev] may h be5 _! =m] "*1 may be sav$2 & 7f7 by ! direct appeals ( its individual memb]s4 ,?us a ,*ri/ian p>5t invites 8 *ildr52 a bro!r invites a si/]1 & a si/] invites a bro!r2 a neighb\r invites 8 neighb\r1 & a /rang] a /rang]2 ! ma/] invites 8 s]vant1 & ! s]vant 8 ma/]4 ,! *ur* on e>? & ! *ur* 9 heav5 unite 9 ! invitation1 say+1 ,come4 ,! liv+ fa!r1 pa/or1 fri5d1 invites& ! voice ( ! dep>t$ fa!r1 pa/or1 fri5d1 n[ 9 heav51 is he>d re-e*o+ ! invitation4 ,! once-lov$ "m t has gone to ! skies /ill invites h] *ildr5 to come2 & ! sweet-smil+ babe t has be5 tak5 up to ! ,savi\r /ret*es out its arms f heav51 & says to its "m,come4 ,say1 ,come4 ,t is1 come to ! ,savi\r2 come into ! *ur*2 come to heav54 ,& let him t he>e? say1 ,come4 ,:oev] he>s ! gospel1 let him g & invite o!rs to come4 ,no?+ c\ld m /rik+ly set =? ! fre5ess ( ! invitation ( ! gospel ?an ?is4 ,! au?ority to make ! invitation is n limit$ to ! m9i/]s ( religion2 x is n ev5 conf9$ to ^? :o accept x !mselves4 ,all p]sons1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld n accept ( x1 are au?oriz$ to tell o!rs t !y may be sav$4 ,"o imp5it5t s9n] may g & tell ano!r imp5it5t s9n] t if he w he may f9d m]cy & ent] heav54 ,h[ c\ld ! (f] ( salvation be made m freely to mank9d8 ,& let him t is a?ir/ come4 ,:oev] desires salvation1 z ! we>y pilgrim desires a cool+ f\nta9 to allay 8 ?ir/1 let him come z freely to ! gospel z t ?ir/y man w\ld /oop d[n at ! f\nta9 & dr9k4 ,see ,notes on ,is4 lv4 #a4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,mat4 v4 #f2 ,jn4 vii4 #cg2 ,re4 xxi4 #f4 ,& :osoev] w1 let him take ! wat] ( life freely4 ,*4 xxi4 #f4 ,e "o t is dispos$ to come1 t has any s9c]e wi% to be sav$1 is assur$ t he may live4 ,no matt] h[ unwor?y he is2 no matt] :at 8 pa/ life has be52 no matt] h[ old or h[ "y1 h[ ri* or h[ poor2 no matt] :e!r sick or well1 a freeman or a slave2 no matt] :e!r educat$ or ignorant2 no matt] :e!r clo!d 9 purple or 9 ragsrid+ 9 /ate or laid at ! gate ( a ri* man full ( sores1 ! invitation is freely made to all to come & be sav$4 ,) :at m appropriate tru? c\ld a revelation f heav5 be clos$8 #ah ,= ,i te/ify unto e man t he>e? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book1 #fig;,if any man %all add unto ^! ?+s1 ,god %all add unto him ! plagues t are writt5 9 ?is book3 #ah4 ,= ,i te/ify4 ,! writ] does n specify :o is meant by ! ^w 8,i0 9 ?is place4 ,! mo/ natural con/ruction is to ref] x to ! writ] himself1 & n to ! angel1 or ! ,savi\r4 ,! mean+ is1 8,i be> ?is solemn witness1 or make ?is solemn affirmation1 9 conclusion40 ,! object is to gu>d 8 book aga9/ be+ corrupt$ by any int]polation or *ange4 ,x w\ld seem n improbable1 f ?is1 t z e>ly z ! "t ( ,john1 books 7 liable to be corrupt$ by additions or omissions1 or t at lea/ !re 0 felt to be great dang] t mi/akes might be made by ! c>elessness ( transcrib]s4 ,aga9/ ?is dang]1 ,john w\ld gu>d ?is book 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]4 ,p]haps he felt1 too1 t z ?is book w\ld be necess>ily reg>d$ z obscure f ! fact t symbols 7 s mu* us$1 !re 0 great dang] t *anges w\ld be made by well-mean+ p]sons ) a view to make x appe> m pla94 ,unto e man t he>e? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book4 ,! ^w 8he>e?0 seems "h to be us$ 9 a v g5]al s5se4 ,p]haps 9 mo/ cases p]sons w\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! book by he>+ x read 9 ! *ur*es2 b /ill ! _s ( ! decl>ation mu/ include all me?ods ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) x4 ,if any man %all add unto ^! ?+s4 ,) a view to furni% a m full & complete revelation2 or ) a pr(ession t new tru? _h be5 communicat$ by inspiration4 ,! ref]5ce "h is to ! book ( ,revelation only= at t "t ! books t n[ con/itute :at we call ! ,bible 7 n collect$ into a s+le volume4 ,?is #dfc passage1 !re=e1 %\ld n be adduc$ z ref]r+ to ! :ole ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,/ill1 ! pr9ciple is "o t is ?us applicable2 = x is obvi\s t no "o has a "r to *ange any "p ( a revelation :i* ,god makes to man2 to presume to add to x1 or to take f x1 or 9 any way to modify x4 ,comp4 ,notes1 #b ,ti4 iii4 #af4 ,god %all add unto him ! plagues t are writt5 9 ?is book4 ,^! 8plagues0 ref] to ! num]\s me?ods describ$ 9 ?is book z ^? 9 :i* ,god w\ld br+ sev]e judgm5t ^u ! p]secutors ( ! *ur* & ! corrupt]s ( religion4 ,! mean+ is1 t su* a p]son w\ld be reg>d$ z an enemy ( 8 religion1 & w\ld %>e ! fe>ful doom ( all su* enemies4 #ai ,& if any man %all take away f ! words ( ! book ( ?is prophecy1 #fih;,god %all take away 8 "p #fiiout ( ! book ( life1 & out ( ! holy city1 & f ! ?+s :i* are writt5 9 ?is book4 #ai4 ,& if any man %all take away f ! words ( ! book ( ?is prophecy4 ,if he %all reject ! book altoge!r2 if he %all1 9 transcrib+ x1 design$ly /rike any "p ( x out4 ,x is conceivable t1 f ! rem>kable nature ( ! communications made 9 ?is book1 & ! fact t !y seem$ to be un9telligible1 ,john suppos$ !re might be ^? :o w\ld be incl9$ to omit "s portions z improbable1 or t he appreh5d$ t :5 ! portions :i* describe ,anti*ri/ 7 fulfill$ 9 di/ant ages1 ^? to :om ^? portions appli$ w\ld be dispos$ to /rike !m f ! sacr$ volume1 or to corrupt !m4 ,he ?\ght prop] to gu>d aga9/ ?is by ?is solemn decl>ation ( ! consequ5ce :i* w\ld foll[ su* an act4 ,! :ole book 0 to be receiv$) all its fe>ful tru?sz a revelation f ,god2 & h[ev] obscure x might seem1 9 due "t x w\ld be made pla92 h[ev] fai?fully x might depict a fe>ful apo/asy1 x 0 important1 bo? to %[ ! tru? ( div9e inspiration & to save ! *ur*1 t ^! disclosures %\ld be 9 _! native purity 9 ! possession ( ! p ( ,god4 ,god %all take away 8 "p out ( ! book ( life4 ,p]haps !re is "h an intimation t ?is w\ld be mo/ likely to be done by ^? :o pr(ess$ to be ,*ri/ians1 & :o suppos$ t _! names 7 9 ! book ( life4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( ! corruptions ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures h be5 attempt$ by ^? :o h pr(ess$ "s =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,infidels h b little int]e/ 9 attempt+ su* *anges1 & b little influ5ce to make !m receiv$ by ! *ur*4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t = !m1 z x is mo/ agreeable to _! feel+s1 to reject ! ,bible altoge!r4 ,:5 x said "h t 8,god w\ld take away 8 "p out ( ! book ( life10 ! mean+ is n t 8 "n _h be5 writt5 9 t book1 b t he w\ld take away ! "p :i* he might h _h1 or :i* he pr(ess$ to h 9 t book4 ,su* corruption ( ! div9e oracles w\ld %[ t !y _h no true religion1 & w\ld be exclud$ f heav54 ,on ! phrase 8book ( life10 see ,notes on *4 iii4 #e4 ,& out ( ! holy city4 ,describ$ 9 *4 xxi4 ,he w\ld n be p]mitt$ to ent] t city2 he w\ld h no "p among ! r$eem$4 ,& f ! ?+s :i* are writt5 9 ?is book4 ,! promises t are made2 ! glories t are describ$4 #bj ,he :i* te/ifie? ^! ?+s sai?1 #gjj,surely ,i come quickly2 ,am54 ,ev5#gja s1 come1 ,"l ,jesus4 #bj4 ,he :i* te/ifie? ^! ?+s4 ,! ,"l ,jesus2 = he x 0 t _h1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! angel1 borne ?is solemn witness to ! tru? ( ^! ?+s1 & ?is book 0 to be reg>d$ z 8 revelation to mank9d4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #a2 xxii4 #af4 ,he "h speaks ( himself1 & v\*es = ! tru? & reality ( ^! ?+s by say+ t he 8te/ifies0 ( !m1 or be>s witness to !m4 ,comp4 ,jn4 xviii4 #cg4 ,! fact t ,jesus himself v\*es = ! tru? ( :at is "h reveal$1 %[s ! propriety ( :at ,john _h said 9 ! previ\s v]ses ab\t add+ to x1 or tak+ f x4 ,sai?1 ,surely ,i come quickly4 ,t is1 ! developm5t ( ^! ev5ts w soon beg9?\gh _! consummation may ext5d into f> di/ant ages1 or into et]nity4 ,see ,notes on *4 i4 #a1 #c2 xxii4 #g1 #aj4 ,am54 ,a ^w ( solemn affirmation or ass5t4 ,see ,notes on ,mat4 vi4 #ac4 ,"h x is to be reg>d$ z ! expression ( ,john1 signify+ 8 solemn & *e]ful ass5t to :at ! ,savi\r _h said1 t he #dfd w\ld come quickly4 ,x is ! utt]ance ( a /rong desire t x might be s4 ,he long$ = 8 appe>+4 ,ev5 s4 ,^!1 too1 are ! words ( ,john1 & are a response to :at ! ,savi\r _h j said4 ,9 ! orig9al1 x is a response 9 ! same language :i* ! ,savi\r _h us$1 & ! beauty ( ! passage is m>r$ by ! translation 8,ev5 s40 ,! orig9al is1 8,he :i* te/ifie? to ^! ?+s sai?1 ,yea,i come quickly4 ,am54 ,yeacome1 ,"l ,jesus40 ,x is ! utt]ance ( desire 9 ! precise language :i* ! ,savi\r _h us$he>t respond+ to he>t4 ,come1 ,"l ,jesus4 ,t is1 z "h int5d$1 8,come 9 ! mann] & = ! objects ref]r$ to 9 ?is book40 ,! language1 h[ev]1 is expressive ( ! feel+ ( piety 9 a m ext5d$ s5se1 & may be us$ to d5ote a desire t ! ,"l ,jesus w\ld come 9 any & e mann]2 t he w\ld come to imp>t to u ! tok5s ( 8 pres5ce2 t he w\ld come to bless 8 tru? & to revive 8 "w 9 ! *ur*es2 t he w\ld come to conv]t s9n]s1 & to build up 8 p 9 hol9ess2 t he w\ld come to su/a9 u 9 affliction1 & to def5d u 9 temptation2 t he w\ld come to put a p]iod to idolatry1 sup]/ition1 & error1 & to ext5d ! k ( 8 tru? 9 ! _w2 t he w\ld come to set up 8 k+dom on ! e>?1 & to rule 9 ! he>ts ( m52 t he w\ld come to receive u to 8 pres5ce1 & to ga!r 8 r$eem$ p into 8 ev]la/+ k+dom4 ,x 0 appropriate to ! ag$ ,john1 suff]+ exile 9 a lonely isl&1 to pray t ! ,"l ,jesus w\ld spe$ily come to take him to himself2 & !re c\ld h be5 no m suitable close ( ?is m>vell\s book ?an ! utt]ance ( su* a desire4 ,& x is appropriate = u z we f9i% its contemplation1 disclos+ s mu* ( ! glories ( ! heav5ly _w1 & ! bless$ness ( ! r$eem$ 9 _! f9al /ate1 :5 we ?9k ( ! e>?1 ) its sorr[s1 trials1 & c>es1 to respond to ! pray]1 & to say1 8,come1 ,"l ,jesus1 come quickly40 ,= t glori\s com+ ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :5 he %all ga!r 8 r$eem$ p to himself1 may all :o read ^! ,notes be f9ally prep>$4 ,am54 #ba ,!#gjb grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be ) y all4 ,am54 #ba4 ,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be ) y all4 ,am54 ,! usual b5$iction ( ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,see ,notes on ,ro4 xvi4 #bj4 ,,glasg[3 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blackie ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,villafield4 ,footnotes4 #a - 8,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 or ,prophecy ( ! ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,fall ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 ! ,inquisition2 ! ,revolution 9 ,france2 a ,univ]sal ,w>1 & ! f9al triumph ( ,*ri/ianity3 be+ a new int]pretation1 by ! ,rev4 ,george ,croly1 ,a4,m41 ,h4,r4,s4,l40 #b - ,p4 #aib4 #c - ,moses ,/u>t4 #d - ,see ,supplem5t>y ,notes on ,heb4 vii4 #e - ,au?or's ,preface1 p4 vi4 #f - ,/u>t on ,apocalypse1 p4 #agj1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdg4 #g - ,?is view ( ! great philologi/ has des]v$ly met ) indignant c5sure1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica4 8,we confess10 says ,dr4 ,bee*] ( ,bo/on1 8t ?is :ole ef=t to =ce ,n]o into *ap4 xvii4 z ! w\nd$ bea/1 sav\rs too mu* ( t ,g]man infidelity t reg>ds ,john z little bett] ?an a soo?say] himself1 & does n hesitate to affirm t he believes ! rum\rs conc]n+ ,n]o4 ,pr(essor ,/u>t ( c\rse ab&ons ?is gr\nd1 & yet he av]s t ,john spoke z if he believ$ x4 ,?is !ory is p]fectly consi/5t 9 ! h&s ( "o :o d5ies ! inspiration ( ,john1 b x _c be s graft$ on ! tree ( true ,*ri/ian int]pretation z to appe> l "o ( its true & g5u9e bran*es0 7,bib4 ,repos41 #ahdg1 p4 #bif74 ,s also ,elliott ) /ill great] sev]ity1 vol4 iv4 p4 #edh4 #h - 8,! fir/ ( ^! two c\nt] s*emes is ! ,pret]i/s'1 :i* w\ld h ! prophecy /op altoge!r %ort ( ! ,pop$om1 expla9+ x ( ! cata/rophes1 "o or bo?1 ( ! ,jewi% nation & ,pagan ,rome2 ! second1 ! ,futuri/s'1 :i* w\ld h x all %oot ov] ! head ( ! ,pop$om into times yet future0 7,elliott1 iv4 #ebi74 ,! fir/ ( ^! s*emes orig9at$ ) ! ,jesuit ,alcass> 9 ,a4,d4 #afad2 ! o!r ) ! ,jesuit ,rib]a 9 ,a4,d4 #aehe2 & x is n a little rem>kable1 t bo? orig9at$ 9 ! necessities ( ! ,papal cause1 oppress$ by ,prote/ant int]pret]s4 #i - ,hi]ophant1 p4 #bdb4 #aj - ,comp>e ,/u>t on ,apocalypse1 ,excursus v41 ) ,davidson's ,introduction1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #eac1 #ead4 ,dr4 ,d4 ju/ly compla9s 9 8 preface ( be+ *>g$ by ,mr4 ,elliott ) ! s9 ( copy+ ,/u>t4 ,besides ! diff]5ce m5tion$ above1 !re is betwe5 ! two a diff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! entire s*eme ( int]pretation1 ,dr4 ,d4 condemn+ ! ,pret]i/ s*eme1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,/u>t is p]haps ! able/ support]4 ,! !ory :i* ! latt] has put =? on ! witnesses meets ) unequivocal condemnation 9 ! pages ( ! =m]4 ,dr4 ,d4 himself1 9 ! meantime1 seems to h no s*eme ( int]pretation4 ,aft] rem>k+ on ! ,pret]i/1 ,cont9u\s1 & ,futuri/ s*eme1 he says v c&idly1 8we feel dis9cl9$ to support any ( ! rival hypo!ses till !y be bett] support$0 7vol4 iii4 p4 #fbg74 #aa - ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by ,samuel ,davidson1 ,d4,d41 vol4 iii4 p4 #eac4 #ab - ,elliott1 iv4 #dai4 #ac - ,h>du91 ix4 #ahjh2 9 ,elliott1 ii4 p4 #hc4 #ad - ,p4 #dbd1 et seq4 #ae - ,hi]ophant1 p4 #bde4 #af - ,reply to ,cunn+hame4 #ag - ,g54 xl41 xli4 #ah - ,davidson's ,introduction1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ebj4 #ai - ,p4 #cdc4 #bj - ,comm5t>y on ,apocalypse1 p4 #gij1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdh2 :]e also are cit$ ! foll[+ passages expressly f ! prophetic books3 ,ezek4 xxix4 #aa1 #ab2 ,jonah iii4 #d2 ,isa4 vii4 #h2 xvi4 #d2 ,j]4 xxvii41 xxix4 #ba - ,/u>t's ,apocalypse1 p4 #gia4 #bb - ,dan4 x4 #b1 #c4 #bc - ,hi]ophant1 p4 #beb4 #bd - ,elliott1 h[ev]1 refuses to except ! 8sev5 times0 specifi$ 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s vision f ! category ( *ronological prophecies to :i* ! ,ye>-day pr9ciple is to be appli$4 ,he reg>ds ! mon>* z ! my/ical repres5tative ( ! ,assyrian empire1 & ,babylon1 gov]n$ by him4 8,= my own "p10 says he1 8consid]+ ! extraord9>y nature ( ! judgm5t! fact ( its be+ s fully record$ by ,daniel! circum/ance ( ,nebu*adnezz> be+ address$ on occasion ( ano!r prophecy z ! repres5tative ( 8 nation 7#8?\ art t head ( gold'71 & t ( ! symbolic tree1 :5 cut d[n1 be+ b\nd ) a b& ( brass & iron1 ! metals significant ( ! ,greek & ,roman empires1 :i* = ages held sway ov] ! pro/rate region ( ,babylon2 all ^! consid]ations1 unit$ ) t ( ! pr$iction t ,assyria specifically is to recov] 9 ! latt] day f its apo/asy 7,isa4 xix4 #bd1 #be71 induce me to believe t ,nebu*adnezz>'s insanity & degradation typifi$ t ( 8 empire 9 its apo/asy f ,god2 & ! sev5 times #cfj days t pass$ ov] him 9 t /ate1 ! sev5 times #cfj1 or #bebj ye>s t w\ld h to be complet$1 ere ,assyria's recov]y to a s\nd m9d1 at ! t]m9ation ( ! times ( ! ,g5tiles40 ,at ! same "t ,mr4 ,elliott does n d5y ! application ( ! pr$iction to ,nebu*adnezz> z an individual1 & rem>ks1 t x is n an uncommon circum/ance 8= an individual p]son to be made ! subject ( a prefigurative vision1 & yet himself to prefigure 9 t v action or "* some?+ future40 ,if1 !n1 we admit ! tru? ( ?is repres5tation1 & set aside ,dan4 x4 #b1 #c z n a pr$iction at all1 bo? ! passages insi/$ on by ,pr(essor ,/u>t are 9 ?is way remov$ f ! li/ ( exceptions4 #be - ,elem5ts ( ,prophecy1 p4 #cge1 & ,hor ,apocalyp41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bej4 #bf - ,*ap4 xiii4 #be2 xiv4 #cd4 #bg - ,introduction1 p4 #eah4 #bh - ,ezek4 iv4 #df4 #bi - ,/u>t's ,h9ts on ! ,int]pretation ( ,prophecy1 pp4 #gf1 #gh2 ,apocalypse1 ,excursus v4 #cj - ,davidson's ,introduction1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eai4 #ca - ,hi]ophant1 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh4 #cb - ,*ap4 xx4 #b1 #c4 #cc - ,davidson's ,introduction1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ebb4 #cd - ,j4 ,a4 ,alex&]1 9 loco4 #ce - ,see ! ,critici ,sacri1 ,scott1 ,b>nes1 ,alex&]1 c4 #cf - ,dan4 ix4 #bdbg4 #cg - ,tyso1 ,govett1 & ,todd4 #ch - ,h9ts on ! ,int]pretation ( ,prophecy1 p4 #gi4 #ci - ,hi]ophant1 p4 #bej4 #dj - ,davidson's ,introduction1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eae4 #da - ,m$e's ,works1 book iii4 *ap4 ix4 p4 #eii4 #db - ,g54 xxix4 #bg1 #bh2 ,lev4 xii4 #e2 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #bb2 ,deut4 xvi4 #i1 twice1 & #aj2 ,j]4 v4 #bd2 ,deut4 xvi4 #af2 #b ,*ron4 viii4 #ac2 ,num4 xxviii4 #bf4 #dc - ,ges5ius' ,lexicon4 #dd - ,see m>g94 #de - ,*ap4 ix4 #eaj4 #df - ,*ap4 ix4 #ae4 #dg - ,hor ,apocalyp41 vol4 i4 p4 #dhi4 #dh - ,*ap4 xi4 #b4 #di - ,*ap4 xi4 #c1 #aa4 #ej - ,*ap4 xii4 #f1 #ad4 #ea - ,elem5ts ( ,prophecy1 p4 #chb4 #eb - ,*ap4 xiii4 #e4 #ec - ,comp>e *ap4 xiii4 ) xix4 #ai1 #bj4 #ed - vii4 #be2 xii4 #g4 #ee - ,/u>t's ,comm5t>y4 #ef - ,/u>t1 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 pp4 #cec1 #ced4 #eg - ,lu4 #aa3bh4 #eh - ,ja4 #e3h1 #i2 #a ,pe4 #d3g4 #ei - v]4 #aa4 #fj - v]4 #h4 #fa - *4 #c3a2 #d3e2 ,zec4 #d3aj4 #fb - ,jn4 #h3ad4 #fc - ,col4 #a3ah4 #fd - ,jn4 #ac3a4 #fe - ,he4 #i3ad4 #ff - ,ex4 #ai3f2 #a ,pe4 #b3ei4 #fg - ,he4 #ac3ba4 #fh - ,da4 #g3ac2 ,mat4 #bf3fd4 #fi - ,zec4 #ab3aj4 #gj - ,mat4 #bd3cj4 #ga - *4 #bb3bj4 #gb - ,is4 #da3d4 #gc - ,is4 #i3f4 #gd - #b ,co4 #ab3b4 #ge - ,jn4 #bj3bf2 ,ac4 #bj3g2 #a ,co4 #af3b4 #gf - *4 #b3a4 #gg - *4 #b3h4 #gh - *4 #b3ab4 #gi - *4 #b3ah4 #hj - *4 #c3a4 #ha - *4 #c3g4 #hb - *4 #c3ad4 #hc - ,ex4 #be3cg2 ,zec4 #d3b4 #hd - ,eze4 #a3bfbh2 ,da4 #g3i1 #ac2 #aj3e1 #f4 #he - *4 #b3ah2 #ai3ab4 #hf - ,eze4 #a3g4 #hg - ,eze4 #dc3b4 #hh - ,is4 #di3b2 ,he4 #d3ab4 #hi - *4 #aj3a2 ,ac4 #bf3ac4 #ij - ,ro4 #f3i4 #ia - *4 #bj3a1 #b2 ,ps4 #fh3bj4 #ib - v]4 #af4 #ic - ,mat4 #e3ae1 #af4 #id - *4 #a3af1 #bj4 #ie - v]4 #i1 #ac1 #ai2 *4 #c3a1 #h1 #ae2 ,ps4 #a3f4 #if - #a ,jn4 #d3a4 #ig - #b ,co4 #aa3ac4 #ih - ,ga4 #f3i4 #ii - ,je4 #b3b1 #c4 #ajj - ,mat4 #ba3da1 #dc4 #aja - v]4 #ae4 #ajb - v]4 #aa1 #ag1 #bi2 ,mat4 #aa3ae4 #ajc - *4 #bb3b1 #ad2 ,ge4 #b3i4 #ajd - *4 #a3h1 #ag4 #aje - #a ,ti4 #f3ah4 #ajf - ,ro4 #b3bh1 #bi4 #ajg - *4 #c3i4 #ajh - ,mat4 #aj3bb4 #aji - ,ja4 #a3ab4 #aaj - *4 #bj3ad4 #aaa - *4 #a3af4 #aab - v]4 #i4 #aac - #b ,ti4 #b3ab4 #aad - ,nu4 #ca3af4 #aae - ,ac4 #ae3bi4 #aaf - #a ,co4 #f3ac1 #ah4 #aag - ,is4 #aa3d4 #aah - v]4 #g2 *4 #c3f1 #ac1 #bb4 #aai - ,ps4 #be3ad4 #abj - *4 #c3ab2 #ai3ab1 #ac2 ,is4 #ef3d1 #e2 #fe3ae4 #aba - #a ,co4 #b3ad4 #abb - *4 #a3ad1 #ae4 #abc - v]4 #b4 #abd - #a ,ki4 #af3ca4 #abe - ,ex4 #cd3ae2 #a ,co4 #aj3bj1 #bh4 #abf - ,ro4 #b3d2 #b ,pe4 #c3i4 #abg - *4 #i3bj4 #abh - ,eze4 #af3cg2 #bc3bi4 #abi - *4 #f3h4 #acj - ,zep4 #a3aa4 #aca - #a ,*4 #bh3i2 #b ,*4 #f3cj2 ,ps4 #g3i2 ,je4 #ag3aj4 #acb - ,ps4 #fb3ab4 #acc - #b ,?4 #b3iab4 #acd - *4 #c3aa4 #ace - v]4 #g1 #aa1 #ag2 *4 #c3e1 #ab1 #ba2 #ba3g4 #acf - ,jn4 #f3bi2 ,ja4 #b3bj4 #acg - ,ps4 #di3ad2 #adi3ei4 #ach - ,ps4 #b3i4 #aci - *4 #bb3af4 #adj - *4 #e3f4 #ada - *4 #b3b1 c4 #adb - #a ,ti4 #e3f4 #adc - *4 #b3e4 #add - ,da4 #e3bg4 #ade - ,he4 #b3a4 #adf - v]4 #ai4 #adg - *4 #af3ae4 #adh - *4 #g3i2 #ai3h4 #adi - *4 #ag3h4 #aej - ,lu4 #ab3h4 #aea - ,ac4 #c3ad4 #aeb - #a ,jn4 #e3bj4 #aec - ,is4 #bb3bb4 #aed - ,job #ab3ad4 #aee - #a ,co4 #af3i4 #aef - *4 #b3i4 #aeg - ,is4 #fj3ad4 #aeh - #b ,pe4 #b3i4 #aei - ,zep4 #a3ad4 #afj - v]4 #c4 #afa - *4 #ba3b1 #aj4 #afb - or1 9 ,laodicea4 #afc - ,is4 #fe3af4 #afd - #a ,ki4 #ah3ba4 #afe - ,ho4 #ab3h4 #aff - ,is4 #ee3a4 #afg - *4 #af3ae4 #afh - ,he4 #ab3e1 #f4 #afi - ,ca4 #e3b2 ,lu4 #ab3cf4 #agj - ,jn4 #ad3bc4 #aga - *4 #ab3aa2 #a ,jn4 #e3d1 #e4 #agb - ,lu4 #bb3cj4 #agc - ,jn4 #af3cc4 #agd - *4 #b3g4 #age - *4 #a3aj4 #agf - *4 #aa3ab4 #agg - *4 #ag3c2 #ba3aj2 ,eze4 #c3abad4 #agh - ,is4 #f3a2 ,je4 #ag3ab2 ,eze4 #a3bf1 #bh4 #agi - ,da4 #g3i2 ,he4 #h3a4 #ahj - *4 #aa3af4 #aha - *4 #c3d1 #e4 #ahb - v]4 #aj4 #ahc - *4 #h3e2 #af3ah4 #ahd - ,ge4 #ae3ag2 ,ex4 #cg3bc2 ,zec4 #d3b4 #ahe - *4 #a3d4 #ahf - *4 #ae3b4 #ahg - ,eze4 #a3e1 c42 #aj3ad4 #ahh - ,is4 #f3b1 c4 #ahi - h no re/4 #aij - *4 #e3ad4 #aia - v]4 #d4 #aib - *4 #e3ab4 #aic - ,col4 #a3af4 #aid - ,eze4 #b3i1 #aj4 #aie - ,is4 #bi3aa4 #aif - ,ge4 #di3i1 #aj2 ,nu4 #bd3i2 ,he4 #g3ad4 #aig - *4 #bb3af2 ,is4 #aa3a1 #aj4 #aih - ,is4 #ec3g2 ,jn4 #a3bi1 #cf4 #aii - ,zec4 #d3aj4 #bjj - *4 #d3d1 #h1 #aj4 #bja - *4 #ae3b4 #bjb - or1 inc5se4 #bjc - ,ps4 #ada3b4 #bjd - *4 #ad3c4 #bje - ,ac4 #bj3bh2 ,ep4 #a3g2 ,he4 #i3ab2 #a ,pe4 #a3ah1 #ai4 #bjf - *4 #g3i4 #bjg - *4 #a3f4 #bjh - *4 #bb3e4 #bji - ,da4 #g3aj2 ,he4 #ab3bb4 #baj - *4 #d3aa4 #baa - ,phi4 #b3aj4 #bab - #a ,*4 #bi3aa2 #a ,ti4 #f3af2 #a ,pe4 #d3aa4 #bac - *4 #ai3d4 #bad - *4 #e3e4 #bae - ,zec4 #f3c1 c4 #baf - ,ps4 #de3ce4 #bag - ,! ^w *nix signifie? a measure conta9+ "o w9e qu>t1 & ! twelf? "p ( a qu>t4 #bah - *4 #i3d4 #bai - or1 to him4 #bbj - ,eze4 #ad3ba4 #bba - *4 #h3c4 #bbb - *4 #bj3d4 #bbc - *4 #a3i2 #ab3ag4 #bbd - ,zec4 #a3ab4 #bbe - *4 #aa3ah2 ,de4 #cb3dadc4 #bbf - *4 #g3i1 #ad4 #bbg - *4 #ad3ac4 #bbh - ,he4 #aa3dj4 #bbi - *4 #af3ah4 #bcj - ,joel #b3aj1 #ca2 #c3ae4 #bca - *4 #h3aj4 #bcb - or1 gre54 #bcc - ,ps4 #ajb3bf2 ,is4 #cd3d4 #bcd - *4 #af3bj2 ,je4 #d3bc1 #bd2 ,hab4 #c3f1 #aj4 #bce - ,is4 #b3ai4 #bcf - *4 #i3f2 ,ho4 #aj3h2 ,lu4 #bc3cj4 #bcg - *4 #af3ad2 ,is4 #ac3f1 c42 ,zep4 #a3ad1 c4 #bch - ,ps4 #gf3g4 #bci - ,da4 #g3b4 #bdj - #b ,ti4 #b3ai4 #bda - *4 #f3f4 #bdb - ,eze4 #i3d4 #bdc - *4 #bb3d4 #bdd - *4 #ad3a4 #bde - *4 #e3i2 ,ro4 #aa3be4 #bdf - *4 #f3aa4 #bdg - ,le4 #bc3dj4 #bdh - ,zec4 #d3g4 #bdi - *4 #ai3a2 ,is4 #dc3aa4 #bej - *4 #e3ac1 #ad2 ,jude #be4 #bea - *4 #f3i2 ,jn4 #af3cc4 #beb - #a ,co4 #f3aa2 ,he4 #i3ad4 #bec - *4 #a3e2 #a ,jn4 #a3g4 #bed - *4 #ba3c1 #d4 #bee - ,is4 #di3aj4 #bef - ,ps4 #aba3f2 ,is4 #d3f4 #beg - ,ps4 #bc3a1 #b1 #e2 #cf3h2 ,is4 #dj3aa4 #beh - ,is4 #be3h4 #bei - *4 #e3a4 #bfj - ,lu4 #a3ai4 #bfa - #b ,*4 #bi3bebh4 #bfb - or1 add x to4 #bfc - *4 #e3h4 #bfd - *4 #f3i4 #bfe - ,ex4 #cj3a4 #bff - or1 ^u4 #bfg - *4 #af3ah4 #bfh - #b ,sa4 #bb3h4 #bfi - ,eze4 #ch3bb4 #bgj - ,is4 #b3ac4 #bga - ,+5tem mem9it p>vo qui g]m9e qu]cum quvumque videt cons5uisse nemus4 ,a neighb\r+ wood born ) himself he sees ,& loves 8 old contempor>y trees4,,c[ley4 #bgb - ,je4 #ea3be4 #bgc - ,am4 #g3d4 #bgd - *4 #af3c1 c42 ,ex4 #g3aiba4 #bge - *4 #i3a2 ,is4 #ad3ab4 #bgf - ,de4 #bi3ah2 ,am4 #e3g2 ,he4 #ab3ae4 #bgg - ,ex4 #ae3bc2 ,j]4 #i3ae2 #bc3ae4 #bgh - ,is4 #ac3aj2 ,je4 #d3bc2 ,eze4 #cb3g1 #h2 ,joel #b3aj2 ,am4 #h3i4 #bgi - 8,if we 7 call$ on to fix a p]iod mo/ calamit\s1 x w\ld be t f ! dea? 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"n ( ,m>t91 _h writt5 ! foll[+ confession1 :i* he _h plac$ 9 a wood5 box1 & inclos$ 9 a hole :i* he _h made 9 ! wall ( 8 cell1 :]e x 0 f\nd38,o mo/ m]ciful ,god1 ,i "k t ,i c only be sav$1 & satisfy ?y righte\sness1 by ! m]it1 ! innoc5t suff]+1 & dea? ( ?y well-belov$ ,son4 ,holy ,jesus6 my salvation is 9 ?y h&s4 ,?\ can/ n )draw ! h&s ( ?y love f me2 = !y h creat$ & r$eem$ me4 ,?\ ha/ inscrib$ my "n ) a p5 ( iron 9 ri* m]cy1 & s z no?+ c efface x1 on ?y side1 ?y h&s1 & ?y feet10 c4 #cic - ,is4 #ei3ai4 #cid - ,ge4 #c3ae4 #cie - ,da4 #g3b1 c4 #cif - *4 #ab3c2 #ag3c1 #i1 #ab4 #cig - or1 names4 #cih - ,da4 #g3dg4 #cii - *4 #ab3i4 #djj - *4 #af3aj4 #dja - sla94 #djb - *4 #ag3h4 #djc - *4 #ag3ad4 #djd - ,da4 #g3h1 #aa1 #be2 #aa3cf4 #dje - make w>4 #djf - *4 #aa3b1 #c2 #ab3f4 #djg - ,col4 #b3i2 ,he4 #i3aa1 #bd4 #djh - ,he4 #ab3bb1 #bc4 #dji - *4 #aa3g2 #ab3ag2 ,da4 #g3ba4 #daj - ,lu4 #d3f4 #daa - *4 #ba3bg2 ,da4 #ab3a4 #dab - *4 #ag3h4 #dac - ,is4 #cc3a4 #dad - ,ge4 #i3f4 #dae - ,he4 #f3ab4 #daf - *4 #aa3g4 #dag - v]4 #c4 #dah - ,mat4 #bd3bd2 #b ,?4 #b3i1 #aj4 #dai - v]4 #c1 #ab4 #dbj - brea?4 #dba - *4 #af3b #dbb - give !m4 #dbc - ,among ! ,romans1 slaves 7 /igmatiz$ ) ! ma/]'s "n or m>k on _! =eheads4 ,s ,val]ius ,maximus speaks ( ! cu/om = slaves1 8lit]>um notis inuri20 & ,plautus calls ! slave 8lit]atus40 ,ambrose 7,de ,obit4 ,val5t947 says1 ,*>act]e ,dom9i inscribuntur s]vuli4 ,petronius m5tions ! =ehead z ! place ( ! m>k2 ,s]vitia ecce 9 frontibus c]nitis4 ,9 _m cases1 soldi]s bore ! emp]or's "n or m>k impr9t$ on ! h&4 ,actius says1 ,/igmata vocant qu 9 facie1 vel 9 ali p>te corporis1 inscribuntur2 qualia sunt militum 9 manibus4 ,s ,ambrose says1 ,nom9e imp]atoris signantur milites4 ,comp4 ,notes on ,gal4 vi4 #ag4 #dbd - *4 #ae3b4 #dbe - *4 #e3ab4 #dbf - *4 #g3d4 #dbg - *4 #c3ab4 #dbh - *4 #ai3f4 #dbi - *4 #e3h1 #i4 #dcj - *4 #ae3c4 #dca - v]4 #a4 #dcb - ,ca4 #a3c2 #f3h2 #b ,co4 #aa3b4 #dcc - ,jn4 #aj3bg4 #dcd - b\ght1 #a ,co4 #f3bj4 #dce - ,ja4 #a3ah4 #dcf - ,ps4 #cb3b4 #dcg - ,ep4 #e3bg2 ,jude #bd4 #dch - #b ,sa4 #bc3e2 ,is4 #dj3h4 #dci - ,ep4 #c3i4 #ddj - *4 #ae3d4 #dda - *4 #ah3b1 #c2 ,is4 #ba3i2 ,je4 #ea3g1 #h4 #ddb - *4 #ac3adaf4 #ddc - ,ps4 #ge3h4 #ddd - *4 #ai3bj4 #dde - ,is4 #cd3aj4 #ddf - ,is4 #eg3bj1 #ba4 #ddg - #a ,?4 #d3ad1 #af4 #ddh - or1 f h5ce=? sai? ! ,_s1 ,yea4 #ddi - ,eze4 #a3bf2 ,da4 #g3ac4 #dej - ,joel #c3ac4 #dea - ,je4 #ea3cc2 ,mat4 #ac3ci4 #deb - or1 dri$4 #dec - v]4 #ae4 #ded - *4 #ai3ae4 #dee - ,is4 #fc3c4 #def - ,he4 #ac3aa1 #ab4 #deg - ,is4 #cd3g4 #deh - *4 #ai3ad4 #dei - *4 #ad3aj4 #dfj - *4 #d3f4 #dfa - ,is4 #d3d1 #e4 #dfb - *4 #ac3aeag4 #dfc - *4 #ad3b4 #dfd - ,ex4 #ae3aai2 ,de4 #cb3adc4 #dfe - *4 #ad3c4 #dff - ,ho4 #ad3i4 #dfg - or1 nations1 or ages1 *4 #ag3ad4 #dfh - ,je4 #aj3g4 #dfi - #a ,sa4 #b3b4 #dgj - ,is4 #de3bc4 #dga - *4 #aa3ai4 #dgb - ,is4 #f3d4 #dgc - ,ps4 #bi3i4 #dgd - *4 #ae3a1 #g4 #dge - *4 #h3g4 #dgf - ,ex4 #i3haa4 #dgg - *4 #ac3aeag4 #dgh - *4 #h3h4 #dgi - ,ex4 #g3agbj4 #dhj - *4 #h3aj4 #dha - v]4 #g4 #dhb - ,de4 #cb3db1 #dc2 ,is4 #di3bf4 #dhc - *4 #ae3c2 #ai3b4 #dhd - *4 #h3ab4 #dhe - *4 #i3ag4 #dhf - or1 burn$4 #dhg - v]4 #aa1 #ba4 #dhh - *4 #i3bj2 ,da4 #e3bb1 #bc4 #dhi - *4 #ac3bd4 #dij - *4 #i3b4 #dia - v]4 #b4 #dib - ,9 ?is connection1 ,i may ins]t "h ! rem>kable calculation ( ,rob]t ,flem+1 9 8 "w1 entitl$1 ,apocalyptical ,key1 or ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,vials1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agja4 ,x is 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! fif? vial 7v]4 #aj1 #aa71 :i* is to be p\r$ out on ! seat ( ! bea/1 or ! dom9ions :i* m imm$iately belong to1 & dep5d on1 ! ,roman see2 t1 ,i say1 ?is judgm5t w probably beg9 ab\t ! ye> #agid1 & expire ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahdh2 or t ! duration ( x ^u ?is supposition w be ! space ( fifty-f\r ye>s4 ,= ,i d suppose t1 see+ ! pope receiv$ ! title ( ,supreme ,bi%op no soon] ?an ,a4,d4 #fjf1 he _c be suppos$ to h any vial p\r$ ^u 8 seat imm$iately 7s z to ru9 8 au?ority s signally z ?is judgm5t mu/ be suppos$ to d7 until ! ye> #ahdh1 :i* is ! date ( ! twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s 9 prophetical acc\nt1 :5 !y are reckon$ f ,a4,d4 #fjf4 ,b yet we are n to imag9e t ?is w totally de/roy ! ,papacy 7?\gh x w exce$+ly weak5 x71 = we f9d t /ill 9 be+ & alive :5 ! next vial is p\r$ out0 pp4 #abd1 #abe1 ,cobb9's edition4 ,x is a circum/ance rem>kably 9 accordance ) ?is calculation1 t 9 ! ye> #ahdh ! pope 0 actually driv5 away to ,gaeta1 & t at ! pres5t "t 7#ahea7 he is re/or$1 ?\gh evid5tly ) dim9i%$ p[]4 #dic - *4 #i3ad4 #did - ,is4 #db3ae2 ,je4 #ej3ch2 #ea3cf4 #die - *4 #ab3c1 #i4 #dif - *4 #ac3b4 #dig - *4 #ai3bj4 #dih - #a ,ti4 #d3a4 #dii - #b ,?4 #b3i4 #ejj - #a ,jn4 #e3ai4 #eja - *4 #ai3ai4 #ejb - #b ,pe4 #c3aj4 #ejc - *4 #c3d1 #ah4 #ejd - *4 #ba3f4 #eje - *4 #aa3ac4 #ejf - ,da4 #ab3a4 #ejg - *4 #ad3h4 #ejh - ,is4 #ea3ag1 #bc2 ,je4 #be3ae1 #af4 #eji - *4 #f3ad4 #eaj - *4 #aa3ai4 #eaa - *4 #ai3b2 ,na4 #c3d4 #eab - ,je4 #ea3ac4 #eac - *4 #ah3c4 #ead - *4 #ab3c4 #eae - *4 #ac3a4 #eaf - gild$4 #eag - ,je4 #ea3g4 #eah - #b ,?4 #b3g4 #eai - or1 =nications4 #ebj - *4 #af3f4 #eba - v]4 #a4 #ebb - v]4 #c4 #ebc - *4 #aa3g4 #ebd - v]4 #aa4 #ebe - *4 #ac3c1 #h4 #ebf - *4 #ac3a4 #ebg - ,da4 #g3bj2 ,zec4 #a3ahba4 #ebh - *4 #ai3ai4 #ebi - ,je4 #ej3dd4 #ecj - *4 #ai3af2 ,de4 #aj3ag2 #a ,ti4 #f3ae4 #eca - ,mi4 #e3h1 #i4 #ecb - ,ro4 #h3cj1 #cg4 #ecc - ,jn4 #ae3af4 #ecd - *4 #b3aj4 #ece - v]4 #a2 ,is4 #h3g4 #ecf - *4 #ac3g4 #ecg - ,je4 #ej3da1 #db4 #ech - ,eze4 #af3cgdd4 #eci - *4 #ah3h1 #ah4 #edj - ,ac4 #d3bg1 #bh4 #eda - *4 #aj3g4 #edb - *4 #af3ai4 #edc - ,eze4 #dc3b4 #edd - *4 #ad3h2 ,is4 #ac3ai2 #ba3i2 ,je4 #ea3h4 #ede - *4 #ag3b2 ,is4 #cd3aa1 #ad2 ,je4 #ej3ci2 #ea3cg4 #edf - ,is4 #dg3ae4 #edg - v]4 #aa1 #ae4 #edh - or1 p[]4 #edi - ,is4 #dh3bj2 #eb3aa2 ,je4 #ej3h2 #ea3f1 #de2 #b ,co4 #f3ag4 #eej - ,je4 #ea3i4 #eea - *4 #af3ai4 #eeb - ,ps4 #acg3h2 ,je4 #ej3ae1 #bi4 #eec - ,is4 #dg3gaa2 ,zep4 #b3ae4 #eed - *4 #ag3af4 #eee - ,ps4 #fb3aa2 ,je4 #ej3cd4 #eef - ,eze4 #bf3af1 #ag4 #eeg - v]4 #ag1 #ai4 #eeh - ,eze4 #bg3bgcf4 #eei - *4 #ag3d4 #efj - or1 sweet4 #efa - or1 bodies4 #efb - ,eze4 #bg3ac4 #efc - ,lu4 #af3ai1 c4 #efd - ,is4 #bc3ad4 #efe - ,je4 #ea3cg4 #eff - ,jos4 #g3f2 ,job #b3ab2 ,eze4 #bg3cj4 #efg - ,je4 #ea3dh4 #efh - *4 #ai3b2 ,de4 #cb3dc2 ,lu4 #ah3g1 #h4 #efi - ,je4 #ea3fd4 #egj - ,je4 #be3aj4 #ega - ,je4 #g3cd2 #af3i2 #cc3aa4 #egb - ,is4 #bc3h4 #egc - #b ,ki4 #i3bb2 ,na4 #c3d4 #egd - ,je4 #ea3di4 #ege - *4 #aa3ae4 #egf - v]4 #c1 #d1 #f4 #egg - *4 #g3aj1 #ab4 #egh - *4 #af3g4 #egi - *4 #ah3bj4 #ehj - *4 #ah3i1 #ah2 ,is4 #cd3aj4 #eha - ,ps4 #ace3a4 #ehb - ,ps4 #ig3a1 #ab4 #ehc - ,mat4 #be3aj4 #ehd - ,is4 #eb3a4 #ehe - *4 #c3d2 ,is4 #fa3aj4 #ehf - or1 bright4 #ehg - ,ps4 #acb3i4 #ehh - ,lu4 #ad3ae4 #ehi - *4 #c3bj4 #eij - *4 #bb3f4 #eia - *4 #bb3h1 #i4 #eib - ,ac4 #aj3dc2 #a ,pe4 #a3aj1 #aa4 #eic - *4 #f3b4 #eid - *4 #c3ad4 #eie - ,ps4 #de3c1 #d2 ,is4 #aa3d4 #eif - *4 #a3ad2 #b3ah4 #eig - *4 #f3b2 ,ca4 #c3aa2 ,is4 #fb3c2 ,zec4 #i3af2 ,he4 #b3i4 #eih - *4 #c3ab4 #eii - ,jn4 #a3a4 #fjj - ,mat4 #bh3c4 #fja - *4 #a3af4 #fjb - ,ps4 #b3i4 #fjc - ,is4 #fc3c4 #fjd - *4 #ag3ad4 #fje - ,eze4 #ci3agbj4 #fjf - *4 #af3ad1 #af4 #fjg - *4 #af3ac1 #ad4 #fjh - *4 #bj3aj2 ,da4 #g3aa4 #fji - v]4 #ae2 *4 #a3af4 #faj - v]4 #ag1 #ah4 #faa - *4 #a3ah2 #i3a4 #fab - *4 #ab3i4 #fac - #b ,pe4 #b3d2 ,jude #f4 #fad - ,da4 #f3ag4 #fae - ,da4 #g3i1 #bb1 #bg2 ,lu4 #bb3cj4 #faf - #a ,co4 #f3b1 #c4 #fag - *4 #f3i4 #fah - *4 #e3aj4 #fai - *4 #b3aa2 #ba3h4 #fbj - *4 #a3f2 ,is4 #fa3f4 #fba - ,i h slightly abridg$ ?is passage1 b h reta9$ ! s5se4 #fbb - ,eze4 #ch3b2 #ci3a4 #fbc - *4 #af3ad4 #fbd - ,is4 #h3h2 ,eze4 #ch3i1 #af4 #fbe - *4 #ai3bj4 #fbf - #b ,pe4 #c3aj1 #ab4 #fbg - ,da4 #g3aj4 #fbh - *4 #ba3bg2 ,da4 #ab3a4 #fbi - ,je4 #cb3ai2 ,mat4 #af3bg4 #fcj - ! grave4 #fca - ,ho4 #ac3ad2 #a ,co4 #ae3bf1 #ed4 #fcb - ,mat4 #be3da4 #fcc - ,is4 #fe3agai2 #ff3bb2 #b ,pe4 #c3ac4 #fcd - ,is4 #eb3a2 ,he4 #aa3aj2 #ab3bb4 #fce - ,is4 #ed3e4 #fcf - ,ps4 #de3iad4 #fcg - #b ,co4 #f3af4 #fch - ,zec4 #h3h4 #fci - *4 #g3ag2 ,is4 #be3h4 #fdj - #a ,co4 #ae3bf1 #ed4 #fda - ,is4 #ce3aj4 #fdb - *4 #af3ag4 #fdc - *4 #a3h2 #bb3a4 #fdd - *4 #bb3ag2 ,is4 #ee3a2 ,jn4 #d3aj1 #ad2 #g3cg4 #fde - or1 ^!4 #fdf - ,lu4 #ab3di4 #fdg - #a ,jn4 #e3d1 #aj4 #fdh - #a ,co4 #f3i1 #aj4 #fdi - #a ,jn4 #c3ae4 #fej - ,he4 #ac3d4 #fea - ,mal4 #c3e4 #feb - #a ,co4 #aj3bj1 #ba4 #fec - *4 #bb3ae2 ,pr4 #ai3e1 #i4 #fed - *4 #ae3a1 #f1 #g4 #fee - *4 #ai3g4 #fef - ,eze4 xl4xlviii4 #feg - ,is4 #fj3a1 #b4 #feh - ,eze4 #dh3cacd4 #fei - ,ep4 #b3bj4 #ffj - *4 #aa3a2 ,eze4 #dj3c2 ,zec4 #b3a4 #ffa - ,is4 #ed3aa4 #ffb - *4 #bb3e2 ,is4 #fj3ai1 #bj4 #ffc - ,jn4 #a3d4 #ffd - ,is4 #fj3caa2 #ff3ajab4 #ffe - ,ps4 #gb3aa4 #fff - ,zec4 #ad3g4 #ffg - ,is4 #ce3h2 #eb3a2 #fj3ba2 ,joel #c3ag2 ,mat4 #ac3da2 #a ,co4 #f3i1 #aj2 ,ga4 #e3aiba2 ,ep4 #e3e2 ,he4 #ab3ad4 #ffh - *4 #ac3h4 #ffi - ,eze4 #dg3a1 #ab4 #fgj - *4 #ba3ba4 #fga - *4 #b3g4 #fgb - ,zec4 #ad3aa4 #fgc - ,eze4 #dh3ce4 #fgd - *4 #g3ae4 #fge - ,mat4 #e3h2 ,jn4 #ab3bf2 #ag4 #bd2 #a ,co4 #ac3ab2 #a ,jn4 #c3b4 #fgf - *4 #c3ab4 #fgg - *4 #ba3bc1 #be4 #fgh - ,ps4 #cf3i4 #fgi - ,ro4 #e3ag4 #fhj - ,devil1 9 ,,ms41 b x mu/ h be5 pron\nc$ ,scotic1 8deil40 #fha - ,mus+1 9 ,,ms4 #fhb - *4 #a3a4 #fhc - v]4 #aj1 #ab1 #bj4 #fhd - ,da4 #h3bf4 #fhe - ,pr4 #a3bdcc2 ,ec4 #aa3c2 ,mat4 #be3aj2 #b ,ti4 #c3ac4 #fhf - ,pr4 #d3ah2 ,mat4 #e3f4 #fhg - ,zep4 #a3ad4 #fhh - *4 #bj3ab4 #fhi - ,is4 #dd3f4 #fij - ,lu4 #ab3cg1 #ch4 #fia - *4 #ba3h1 #bg4 #fib - ,phi4 #c3b4 #fic - *4 #e3e4 #fid - *4 #ba3b1 #i4 #fie - ,is4 #b3e4 #fif - *4 #ba3f4 #fig - ,pr4 #cj3f4 #fih - *4 #c3e4 #fii - or1 f ! tree4 #gjj - v]4 #g1 #ab4 #gja - ,he4 #i3bh2 ,is4 #be3i4 #gjb - #b ,?4 #c3ah4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made 9 ! text3 ,page iv3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,map ( ,n4 ,italy4444 - ,publi%] includ$ ?is entry 9 ! li/ b did no include ! map 9 ! book4 ,page xlviii3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,x is kn[n t ,john4444 - #8l' replac$ ) #8life' 7! lat] ye>s ( 8 life7 ,page #dj3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,x is rem>kable t4444 - #8incriptions' replac$ ) #8inscriptions' 7passages 9 hea!n inscriptions7 ,page #aij2 v]se #h4 #a3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,,& :5 he _h op5$4444 - #8&' replac$ ) #8an' 7space ( half an h\r47 ,page #bag3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,! only ?+ :i* !y h4444 - #8sub-sub/ance' replac$ ) #8sub/ance' 7a h>d bony sub/ance7 ,page #bhj3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,t is1 !re w\ld be4444 - #8suff]r$' replac$ ) #8suff]$' 7%[n to ! dead if !y 7 n suff]$ to be7 ,page #cbc3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,x 0 ! policy ( rul]s4444 - #8viceg]5ts' replac$ ) #8vic]eg5ts' 7!y 7 ! vic]eg5ts ( heav57 ,page #cff3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,all t is repres5t$ "h4444 - duplicat$ ^w remov$ #8to' 7prelim9>y to t f9al7 ,page #chd3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,our translators h adopt$4444 - #8app>r5tly' replac$ ) #8app>5tly' 7app>5tly = ! sole purpose7 ,page #dag3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,! ma9 purpose 0 to4444 - #8*u*' replac$ ) #8*ur*' 7hi/ory ( ! *ur*7 ,page #dej3 ,s5t5ce />t+3 ,x is commonly apple-gre54444 - #8inf]or' replac$ ) #8inf]ior' 7little inf]ior to fl9t7