,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,monthly ,magazine ,devoted to the ,promotion of ,true ,culture4 ,organ of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,,volume ,v4 ,,from ,,october1 #ahhd1 ,,to ,,july1 #ahhe4 ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,d4,d41 ,editor and ,proprietor4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,press1 ,,meadville1 ,,pa4 ,,copyrighted ,,by ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,,in ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,librarian ,,of ,,congress1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhd-e4 ,,index ,,to ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,air ,,has ,,been ,,liquefied1 ,how4 ,j4 ,jamin4 #egi4 ,,animal ,,biology1 ,easy ,lessons in4 #che1 #dde1 #eji4 ,,animals ,feign ,death1 ,do8 ,m4 ,romanes4 #aej4 ,,apples4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #aid4 ,,arbor ,,day4 ,hon4 ,b4 ,g4 ,northrop1 ,,ll4,d4 #dji4 ,,aristotle4 ,william ,c4 ,wilkinson4 #cgc4 ,,art1 ,american ,decorative4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop4 #ehb4 ,,bancroft1 ,george4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gist4 #ebf4 ,,barley4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #acg4 ,,beets4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #caf4 ,,beverages1 ,household4 #bfj4 ,,blackberries4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #aid4 ,,blunders1 ,a ,chapter of4 #bdb4 ,,books1 ,paragraphs from ,new4 #cga1 #dca1 #eee4 ,,books ,,received4 #fa1 #aba1 #cje1 #cgj1 #dib1 #eeg1 #faa4 ,,books1 ,talk ,about4 #abj1 #aha1 #bdd1 #cje1 #cfi1 #dcb1 #dia1 #eef1 #faa4 ,,borneo1 ,natural ,history and ,people of4 ,wm4 ,t4 ,hornaday4 #ecc4 ,,bread4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing4 #hd4 ,,buckwheat4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #acg4 ,,cabbages4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #caf4 ,,canada ,,of ,,to-,,day4 ,m4 ,victor du ,bled4 #ebi4 ,,carrots4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #caf4 ,,castle ,,garden4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop4 #bd4 ,,catlin ,,paintings1 ,the4 ,o4 ,t4 ,mason4 #ebd4 ,,chautauqua--#ahhe4 #dic4 ,glimpses of the ,program4 #eib4 ,in ,japan4 ,wm4 ,d4 ,bridge4 #fab4 ,intermediate ,class of '#hd4 #abb4 ,school of ,languages for #ahhe4 #eeh4 ,school of ,liberal ,arts4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #cdh4 ,the ,inner4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #bbj4 ,the ,upper4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #bhd4 ,the ,trustees ,reorganize4 #ceh4 ,university4 ,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes4 #fj1 #aai1 #agj1 #bca1 #bie1 #dcc1 #edg4 ,words from4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #de4 ,,chautauquans ,,at ,,home4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #ajj4 ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics1 ,home ,studies in4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,edwards1 ,d4,d4 #e1 #fh1 #ada1 #aii1 #beb1 #cbc1 #cge1 #ddj1 #ejj4 ,,chocolate4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #beg4 ,,christmas1 ,dangers and ,christmas ,hints4 ,helen ,campbell4 #adg4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,at ,,the ,,assemblies4 #cc4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,classes3-- ,class of '#he4 #ej1 #ajf1 #afg1 #bbg1 #bia1 #cef1 #dai1 #dha1 #ede1 #fjj4 ,class of '#hf4 #afg1 #bbg1 #bib1 #cef1 #dai1 #edf1 #fjj4 ,class of '#hg4 #ej1 #ajg1 #bbg1 #bib1 #dai1 #dhb1 #edf1 #fja4 ,class of '#hh4 #afh1 #bic1 #cef1 #dbj1 #dhb1 #edg1 #fjb4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,column1 ,our4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #eia4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,graduates1 ,class of '#hd4 #cjf4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,how to ,help the4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #aeh4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,important to ,members of4 #eeh4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings4 #ee1 #aae1 #agf1 #bch1 #cja1 #cfe1 #dbg1 #dhh1 #eec4 ,,coffee4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #beg4 ,,corn4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #hb4 ,,correspondence ,,schools1 ,the4 ,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,a4,m4 #bca4 ,,course ,,of ,,reading ,,for #ahhe-hf4 #eed4 ,,crete1 ,neb4 #dd1 #fjd4 ,,criticism4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #ecg4 ,,custom ,,house1 ,the ,new ,york4 ,coleman ,e4 ,bishop4 #bae4 ,,damascene ,,pictures1 ,some4 ,bishop ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #eei4 ,,dreams1 ,a ,trip to the ,land of4 ,robert ,r4 ,doherty4 #ccc4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 #ec1 #aac1 #agd1 #bce1 #bii1 #cfb1 #dbe1 #dhf1 #eea1 #fji4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook3-- ,about1 ,edmond4 #cfb4 ,art in the ,united ,states4 #dbe4 ,chautauqua at ,new ,orleans4 #cfj4 ,chautauqua ,plan1 ,the4 #ea4 ,chautauqua ,year1 ,a ,review of4 #eej4 ,cholera1 ,the4 #edi4 ,circles1 ,a ,danger for ,local4 #aga4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,books--,practical ,loyalty4 #bcc4 ,councils at ,baltimore1 ,the4 #big4 ,course of ,reading for #ahhe-hf4 #fjh4 ,criminals1 ,reformed4 #bii4 ,diplomat1 ,an ,american4 #edi4 ,dramatists1 ,the ,great ,greek4 #cfj4 ,electing a ,chief ,magistrate4 #agb4 ,fairbairn's ,lectures1 ,principal4 #agc4 ,grant's ,illness1 ,general #dhc4 ,health and ,pleasure1 ,summer4 #fjg4 ,hugo1 ,victor4 #fjf4 ,liberty ,enlightening the ,world4 #eej4 ,lighting of ,towns1 ,the4 #dhe4 ,morals1 ,minor4 #bif4 ,motor1 ,a ,poor ,man's4 #bih4 ,oratory1 ,the ,decline of4 #aaa4 ,outlook from the ,plainfield ,office4 #aaj4 ,pole1 ,the ,secret of4 #eb4 ,presidential ,election4 #ea4 ,prices1 ,the ,fall in4 #bcd4 ,public ,men in ,literature4 #dbc4 ,reading for #ahhe-hf1 ,the ,course of4 #fjh4 ,reading of the ,periodical ,press1 ,judicious4 #aab4 ,repudiation1 ,the ,dishonesty of4 #bcc4 ,science and ,practical ,life4 #fjh4 ,senate1 ,the ,united ,states4 #dhd4 ,shaksperean ,anniversary4 #dbd4 ,soldier1 ,the ,modern ,treatment of4 #dhe4 ,spirituality in the ,church1 ,the ,decline of4 #dbc4 ,summer ,amusements4 #dhd4 8,that10 ,the ,relative ,pronoun4 #cfa4 ,testament1 ,old1 ,the ,revised4 #fjf4 ,winter ,sports in ,canada4 #cfa4 ,world's ,fair1 ,the ,new ,orleans4 #aaa4 ,,education1 ,national ,aid to4 ,gen4 ,john ,a4 ,logan4 #bga1 #cbi4 ,,education1 ,popular4 #fb4 ,,england ,,and ,,islam4 ,pres4 ,d4 ,h4 ,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #djb4 ,,english1 ,a ,universal ,language4 ,pres4 ,d4 ,h4 ,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #dce4 ,,english1 ,differs from other ,languages1 ,how4 ,richard ,grant ,white4 #bdg4 ,,english ,,language1 ,the ,mechanism of4 ,pres4 ,d4 ,h4 ,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #dig4 ,,english1 ,notes on ,popular4 ,isaac ,todhunter4 #cde4 ,,english1 ,what is4 ,richard ,grant ,white4 #abc4 ,,english1 ,why we ,speak4 ,richard ,grant ,white4 #a4 ,,eyes1 ,the1 ,busy on ,things ,about ,us4 ,josephine ,pollard4 #ddc4 ,,fish ,,culture1 ,the ,art of4 ,prof4 ,g4 ,brown ,goode4 #djd1 #dgj4 ,,florida ,,chautauqua1 ,the4 #dif4 ,,foreign ,,service1 ,the ,machinery of our4 ,hon4 ,eugene ,schuyler4 #dee4 ,,forestry1 ,a ,bird's-,eye ,view of4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,powell4 #dfd4 ,,fortress1 ,palace and ,prison4 ,edith ,sessions ,tupper4 #cig4 ,,framingham1 ,mass4 #da1 #fjb4 ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens4 ,chancellor ,m4 ,b4 ,goff4 #bi1 #ib1 #aee1 #bgi1 #cdb1 #djj1 #dfj1 #ebj1 #egh4 ,,george ,,eliot1 ,the ,life of4 #djg4 ,,germany1 ,some ,modern ,literary ,men of4 #ehe4 ,,greek ,,life1 ,glimpses of ,ancient4 ,abridged from ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy4 #ac1 #gc1 #abi1 #ahg4 ,,greek ,,mythology4 #ae1 #gf1 #aca1 #aij4 ,,heart1 ,the1 ,busy with ,things ,about ,us4 ,josephine ,pollard4 #ejf4 ,,honesty ,,in ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #dgc4 ,,house1 ,the ,homelike4 ,susan ,hayes ,ward4 #bjc1 #bfh1 #cce1 #dfa4 ,,how ,,to ,,win4 ,frances ,e4 ,willard4 #cdc1 #cif1 #dej1 #eba4 ,,how ,,to ,,work ,,alone4 ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #daa4 ,,huxley ,,on ,,science4 #bfa4 ,,institutions1 ,the ,merciful1 of ,pennsylvania4 ,prof4 ,c4 ,j4 ,little1 ,ph4,d4 #cj4 ,,island ,,park1 ,indiana4 #dc1 #fjc4 ,,jews ,,in ,,southern ,,russia1 ,the ,christian ,revolt of4 ,bishop ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #bah4 ,,kitchen1 ,common ,sense in ,american4 ,laura ,loraine4 #ig4 ,,kitchen ,,science ,,and ,,art1 ,studies in4 #h1 #hb1 #acg1 #aid1 #beg1 #caf4 ,,lake ,d',,funiak1 ,florida4 #de4 ,,lake ,,grove1 ,auburn1 ,maine4 #dd1 #fjf4 ,,lakeside1 ,ohio4 #dc1 #fjd4 ,,local ,,circles1 ,the4 ,lewis ,c4 ,peake4 #afb4 ,,local ,,circles1 ,how to ,organize4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 #afa4 ,,local ,,circles4 #ajb1 #afc1 #bbb1 #bhf1 #cea1 #dac1 #dge1 #edj1 #eic4 ,,long ,,beach1 ,southern ,california4 #dd4 ,,madura ,,and ,,its ,,pagoda4 ,bishop ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #deh4 ,m',,cauley1 ,jerry1 and his ,work4 ,coleman ,e4 ,bishop4 #cij4 ,,melrose ,,and ,,holyrood4 ,edith ,sessions ,tupper4 #ic4 ,,mexico4 #cch4 ,,milton1 as ,the ,poet's ,poet4 ,prof4 ,william ,cleaver ,wilkinson4 #aed4 ,,minerals1 ,the ,life of4 ,m4 ,j4 ,thoulet4 #dec4 ,,mohammedan ,,university ,,at ,,cairo4 ,bishop ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #cbg4 ,,monona ,,lake1 ,wis4 #dc1 #fje4 ,,monteagle1 ,tennessee4 #dd1 #fjc4 ,,monterey1 ,california4 #da1 #fjc4 ,,mountain ,,lake ,,park1 ,maryland4 #de1 #fje4 ,,mummies1 ,a ,group of4 ,o4 ,t4 ,mason4 #egb4 ,,museums1 ,some ,american4 ,clarence ,cook4 #eca4 ,,museum1 of ,fine ,arts1 ,boston4 ,clarence ,cook4 #efb4 ,,nature1 ,the ,hospitalities of4 ,rev4 ,hugh ,macmillan1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,l4 ,e4 #ba4 ,,new ,,orleans4 ,geo4 ,alfred ,townsend4 #bhj4 ,,new ,,orleans1 ,world's ,exposition4 ,bishop ,w4 ,f4 ,mallalieu1 ,d4,d4 #cdj4 ,,new ,,zealand4 ,m4 ,emile ,blanchard4 #baa4 ,,niagara1 ,historic4 ,edith ,sessions ,tupper4 #ehf4 ,,nicaragua ,,and ,,panama ,,routes ,,to ,,the ,,pacific4 ,felix ,l4 ,oswald1 ,m4,d4 #eah4 ,,normal ,,graduating ,,class ,,of #ahhd1 ,sunday-school4 #bdf4 ,,norway1 ,the ,liberal ,upheaval in4 ,bishop ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #aeg4 ,,oats4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #acg4 ,,onions4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #caf4 ,,ottawa1 ,kansas4 #db1 #fjd4 ,,pauper ,,problem1 ,the1 ,in ,germany4 ,bishop ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #hg4 ,,pay1 ,will it4 ,charles ,barnard4 #egg4 ,,peaches4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #aid4 ,,people1 ,learn to ,enjoy4 ,margaret ,meredith4 #eag4 ,,poets1 ,the ,laureate4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,winship4 #if1 #add1 #bab4 ,,poisons1 ,two ,fashionable4 ,m4 ,p4 ,regnard4 #ehi4 ,,potato4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #h4 ,,potato1 ,the1 ,methods of ,cooking4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing4 #i4 ,,program1 ,weekly1 of ,local ,circle ,work4 #di1 #aja1 #afj1 #bba1 #bhf1 #cej1 #dac1 #dgd1 #eci4 ,,program ,,of ,,popular ,,exercises4 #fac4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin4 #df1 #ajg1 #afh1 #bbi1 #bic1 #ceg1 #dbj4 ,,required ,,readings1 ,outline of4 #di1 #aja1 #afj1 #bba1 #bhe1 #cej1 #dac1 #dgd1 #eci4 ,,rice4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #acg4 ,,romance ,,versus ,,reality4 ,frances ,e4 ,willard4 #hh4 ,,round ,,lake1 ,new ,york4 #dd1 #fje4 ,,rye4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #hb4 ,,sciences1 ,the ,circle of4 #bfd1 #cbj1 #cgh4 ,,shasta1 ,mt41 ,a ,trip to4 #egc4 ,,smithsonian ,,institution4 ,g4 ,brown ,goode4 #bge4 ,,special ,,notes4 #fb1 #abb1 #ahb1 #bde1 #cjf1 #cgb1 #dcd1 #dif1 #eeg1 #faf4 ,,speech1 ,the ,bonds of4 ,richard ,grant ,white4 #fc4 ,,strawberries4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #aid4 ,,summer ,,homes ,,for ,,the ,,city ,,poor4 ,helen ,campbell4 #ead4 ,,summer ,,resorts1 ,sanitary ,condition of4 ,hon4 ,b4 ,g4 ,northrop1 ,,ll4,d4 #efd4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,selected by ,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 #aa1 #ga1 #abg1 #ahf1 #bej1 #cad1 #chb1 #dch1 #ejd1 #egj4 ,,tea4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #beg4 ,,temperance ,,teachings ,,of ,,science4 ,felix ,l4 ,oswald1 ,m4,d4 #ag1 #gi1 #acd1 #ahc1 #bee1 #caa4 ,,turnips4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #caf4 ,,vegetables1 ,the ,preparation of4 #cah4 ,,vesper ,,and ,,praise ,,service1 ,people's ,christmas4 #ahj4 ,,war ,,department1 ,the4 ,oliver ,w4 ,longan4 #aea4 ,,warren1 to the ,class of #ahhd1 ,bishop4 #aja4 ,,waseca1 ,minn4 #dc1 #fje4 ,,wayside ,,homes4 ,helen ,campbell4 #efg4 ,,weather ,,bureau4 ,oliver ,w4 ,longan4 #cic4 ,,what-,,to-,,do ,,club1 ,the4 #ecf4 ,,wheat4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,sc4,d4 #hb4 ,,women1 ,government ,employment for4 ,mrs4 ,pattie ,l4 ,collins4 #bg1 #dfg4 ,,yale ,,college ,,and ,,yale ,,customs4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent4 #bjh4 ,,yosemite1 ,a ,trip to the4 ,miss ,frances ,e4 ,willard4 #bj4 ,,poetry4 ,a ,,prayer ,,by ,,the ,,sea4 ,sarah ,doudney4 #bjf4 ,,alone ,,with ,,my ,,conscience4 #bf4 ,,as ,,seeing ,,the ,,invisible4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee4 #cbi4 ,,consider ,,the ,,lilies4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,n4 ,evans4 #dfc4 ,,ein ,,feste ,,burg ,,ist ,,unser ,,gott4 #cib4 ,,he ,,maketh ,,all ,,things ,,new4 ,mary ,lowe ,dickenson4 #hf4 ,,how ,,perseus ,,began ,,to ,,be ,,great4 ,elizabeth ,p4 ,allan4 #ebi4 8,,invincible0--,class of #ahhe4 ,phebe ,a4 ,holder4 #bcb4 ,,our ,,ladies ,,of ,,sorrow4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,matthews4 #eag4 ,,perplexities4 #bc4 ,,reassurement4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #egf4 ,,the ,,bells ,,of ,,notre ,,dame4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #bae4 ,,the ,,parson',s ,,comforter4 ,frederick ,langbridge4 #bgd4 ,,the ,,poet',s ,,vision4 ,mary ,a4 ,lathbury4 #bfg4 ,,the ,,spell ,,of ,,the ,,halcyon4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,n4 ,evans4 #adf4 ,,two ,,seas4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #cci4 ,,we ,,salute ,,thee1 ,,and ,,live4 ,mary ,mathews-,smith4 #ega4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,october1 #ahhd4 ,no4 #a4 ,officers of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,counselors1 ,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d42 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,contents ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of contents of this periodical was created for the ,,html version to aid the reader4 ,,required ,,reading ,why ,we ,speak ,english #a ,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics ,i4--,chemistry of ,water #e ,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art ,i4-- ,the ,potato #h ,methods of ,cooking the ,potato #i ,sunday ,readings ,october #e #aa ,october #ab #ab ,october #ai #ab ,october #bf #ac ,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek ,life #ac ,greek ,mythology #ae ,temperance ,teachings of ,science3 or1 the ,poison ,problem ,chapter ,i4--,the ,secret of the ,alcohol ,habit #ag ,a ,trip to the ,yosemite #bj ,the ,hospitalities of ,nature #ba ,perplexities #bc ,castle ,garden #bd ,alone ,with ,my ,conscience #bf ,government ,employment for ,women #bg ,geography of the ,heavens #bi ,the ,merciful ,institutions of ,pennsylvania #cj ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at the ,assemblies #cc ,words from ,chautauqua #de ,questions and ,answers #df ,outline of ,required ,readings #di ,weekly ,program for ,local ,circle ,work #di ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,classes #ej ,editor's ,outlook #ea ,editor's ,note-,book #ec ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on ,required ,readings for ,october #ee ,notes on ,required ,readings in 8,the ,chautauquan0 #ei ,the ,chautauqua ,university #fj ,books ,received #fa ,special ,notes #fa ,popular ,education #fb ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,october4 ,,why ,,we ,,speak ,,english4 ,,by ,,richard ,,grant ,,white4 ,learning the reason of anything1 by which we generally mean the cause of it1 is a process the instructive benefit of which is not limited by the subject immediately under consideration4 ,to trace the relation of cause and effect is a very great and very important part of true education2 of which1 it needs hardly here to be said1 book-learning is only a help and adjunct4 ,indeed1 this learning or finding of causes is an education or discipline which for those who give themselves to intellectual pursuits1 continues all their lives4 ,it is the chief occupation of philosophers1 of men of science1 of investigators1 of all real students4 ,virgil--who was not a very great poet1 being of the second1 or even of the third rank1 because of his moderate creative power1 his lack of vividness of imagination and liveliness of fancy1 but who is remarkable for a broad and serene thoughtfulness--said3 8,happy is he who is able to discover the causes of things40,a ,and indeed this process of finding causes is one of the most delightful and fascinating1 and1 to the soul of man1 most profitable1 in which man can engage4 ,of which the chief reason is the close and intimate relation that exists between all facts and thoughts and things4 ,isolation and independence are conditions hardly discoverable4 ,men can not be independent of each other1 as we all find very early in life1 if we observe and think4 ,but yet1 a man may isolate himself upon the top of a pillar2 or he may build himself a hut in the woods1 and give himself up to contemplation2 thinking that in this way he will discover or evolve something that otherwise would be concealed4 ,the discoveries and the evolutions in these cases1 however1 do not prove of much value1 either to the individuals or to mankind4 ,an isolated man1 although monstrous1 abnormal1 unnatural1 is possible1 but not an isolated fact4 ,an isolated fact is almost1 if not quite1 a contradiction in terms2 for a fact implies conditions and causes from which it can not be separated4 ,we shall thus find that the inquiry into the cause of such a simple1 every-day fact as our speaking ,english will lead us through1 although not over1 the whole range of the history1 known and conjectured1 of that great family of the human race to which the people of ,europe and of civilized ,america belong4 ,to follow the steps of this inquiry will not be difficult1 and1 ,i hope1 not uninteresting to the least learned reader of this magazine4 ,why1 then1 do we in the ,united ,states of ,america speak ,english8 ,because that language is the speech of the ,english1 or the so-called1 ,anglo-,saxon people8 ,because our forefathers came from ,england8 ,partly so4 ,these facts have certain relations with that into the causes of which we are inquiring1 but they do not wholly account for it4 ,for although we are1 in the main1 an ,english people1 and the forefathers of most of us did come from ,england1 there are now many1 although comparatively few1 of us who are of ,irish or of ,german blood4 ,moreover1 in ,ireland there are millions of ,irishmen1 ,celts1 who hate 8the ,saxon0 7that is the ,english71 but who speak ,english1 and whose forefathers have spoken it for many generations4 ,now1 the first reason why those ,irishmen speak1 and so long have spoken ,english1 is a very simple1 bald and cogent one1 and it is the very reason of our speaking that language4 ,it is1 necessity3 nothing more4 ,the ,celtic ,irishman whose race-tongue was ,erse1 spoke ,english for the very reason that we1 whose race-tongue it is1 speak it2 because he must speak it to be understood2 for no other reason4 ,but how came this necessity about8 ,how came ,english speech into ,ireland or into ,america1 or1 for that matter1 into ,england8 ,language is a mere instrument of man's convenience2 as much so as a spade or a knife1 or any other tool4 ,he uses it for the purpose of communicating with those by whom he is surrounded2 and he must give to things and thoughts the names which they give them1 or he might as well be dumb4 ,if they call a certain animal a horse1 it will not do for him to call it a cheval2 and if they call it un cheval1 it will not do for him to call it ung shovel1 as many persons have found in ,france to their surprise and inconvenience4 ,and if he is born and bred in ,france1 no matter how thoroughly ,english or ,irish he may be in blood1 he will call it un cheval1 without effort and without thought4 ,these are obvious facts2 but for our present purpose they are not trite1 nor is the consideration of them trifling4 ,they have bearing upon the very common belief1 or assumption1 that language is a product of race2 that there is some mysterious and inevitable connection between man's physical and mental constitution and the language that he speaks4 ,there is no such connection4 ,manner of speech and style of writing are peculiar in various peoples1 as their manner and their style in other things and acts are peculiar4 ,there is a ,french style of speaking1 as there is an ,italian1 an ,irish1 and an ,english1 which pertains to those various peoples1 and which is a product of their national spirit1 their genius1 as we say4 ,but there is no such influence of national spirit1 or of physiological traits or conditions upon the substance of language--words4 ,the ,irish did not speak ,erse1 because ,erse was a natural product of the ,irish physical or mental constitution4 ,so with the ,english2 so with all peoples4 ,an ,english1 a ,german or a ,french boy1 born and brought up in ,russia1 would speak ,russian2 and 7personal peculiarities apart7 they all would speak it alike1 and without the least modification dependent upon their respective ,english1 ,german1 and ,french physical and mental constitution4 ,if1 however1 their mothers were with them1 and their mothers could speak no ,russian1 each of those boys would speak two languages1 ,english and ,russian1 or ,german and ,russian1 or ,french and ,russian1 and1 accidents apart1 each of them would speak his two equally well1 and with equal freedom4 ,he would think with equal freedom in both4 ,some of my readers must know1 from their own observation1 that this is true2 and yet ,i do not doubt that even of these there are not a few who have never thought of it as evidence that1 although certain languages are spoken by certain races1 this is not because there is any natural and peculiar fitness of the words of any one language to the character or the spirit of any one people4 ,the language used by any and every people has a historical origin2 and the peculiar forms of its words are the product of time1 of circumstance1 and probably1 in a certain very moderate measure1 of climate1 and of physiological conditions4 ,the sun and the moon received their names for good reasons2 the former because it is the creator 7light and heat being the causes of inorganic life71 and the latter because it was the first measurer of time2 and these names they have borne for at least four thousand years--we do not know how much longer4 ,but now those words have become mere names2 mere sounds which are the vocal indications of the objects to which they are applied1 so that if by some wizardry we were all1 with one exception1 to wake up to-morrow calling the light which rules the day1 moon1 and that which rules the night1 sun1 we should be perfectly satisfied1 and find in it no inconvenience2 and moreover we should look upon him who used the words in the converse senses1 that we had forgotten1 as a madman4 ,words however have1 with very few exceptions1 a real meaning1 or at least a reason for their use1 as sun and moon have4 ,the words without such meaning may be all told upon the fingers4 ,two words of scientific origin1 but very common use1 are illustrative examples--chloroform and gas1 both of which are of recent1 the former of very recent1 fabrication4 ,chloroform is so called because it is1 or is supposed to be1 a chloride of formyl1 which is the base of formic acid1 a fluid found in red ants2 formica being the ,latin for ant4 ,it was desirable to have a convenient name for this substance1 and the name was made by uniting the first syllable of chloride1 or chlorine1 with the first syllable of formyl2 whence we have chloro-form4 ,the name gas was invented1 we know not why or wherefore1 by a ,dutch chemist1 some two hundred and fifty years ago1 for all those compressible1 air-like fluids to which it is now applied4 ,it was convenient and came first into scientific and then into general use1 so that now it is one of the commonest words1 even in a sarcastic1 metaphorical sense1 in the speech of all civilized peoples4 ,now nearly all words have a significant origin1 like chloroform4 ,those which are without inherent significance1 like gas1 are very few indeed4 ,words like these1 and like oxygen 7which is only about one hundred and fifty years old1 and means acid-maker71 are called coined words1 because they were recently and deliberately made4 ,the words which form the bulk of language are of very remote origin1 and1 until lately1 of untraced growth4 ,the tracing of the growth of words which has been scientifically--that is1 historically and logically--prosecuted for a little more than fifty years1 has brought to light the important fact--a fact the discovery of which is second in importance only to that of the discovery of the law of gravitation--that all the languages of the civilized peoples of ,europe and ,america1 together with some in ,asia1 have a common origin4 ,at one time there was no ,english1 no ,french1 no ,german1 no ,russian language1 no ,erse or ,glic1 no ,latin1 no ,greek2 but at that time the germ of all these languages1 and of others which need not be mentioned1 existed in a tongue which for more than four thousand years has been unspoken1 but which from the people who spoke it has been called ,aryan 7pronounced ,ahrian74 ,this discovery was sure to have been made in one way or another2 but the immediate cause of it was the presence in ,hindostan of the ,british ,east ,india ,company4 ,in #aggf1 ,n4 ,b4 ,halhed1 a servant of that company1 who had been an early friend of ,sheridan1 the orator and dramatist1 published a ,bengali grammar1 in which he mentions as very remarkable1 8the similitude of ,sanskrit words with those of ,persian and ,arabic 7871 and even of ,latin and ,greek2 and these not in technical and metaphorical terms1 which the mutation of refined arts and improved manners might have occasionally introduced1 but in the main groundwork of the language1 in monosyllables1 in the names of numbers1 and the appellations of such things as would be first discriminated on the first dawn of civilization40 ,soon afterward1 in #aghf1 ,sir ,william ,jones1 who had gone to ,bengal as a judge1 in a paper in 8,asiatic ,researches10 expressed a like opinion more strongly and in more comprehensive terms4 8,the ,sanskrit language10 he says1 8whatever may be its antiquity is of a wonderful structure1 more perfect than the ,greek1 more copious than the ,latin1 and more exquisitely refined than either1 yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity1 both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar,b than could have been produced by accident1 so strong that no philologer could examine all the three without believing them to have sprung from one common source1 which perhaps no longer exists4 ,there is a similar reason1 though not quite so forcible1 for supposing that both the ,gothic and the ,celtic1 though blended with a different idiom1 had the same origin with the ,sanskrit4 ,the old ,persian may be added to the same family40 ,what ,halhed and ,jones put forth as strong probability was ere long found1 was clearly proved1 to be the truth4 ,persian1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,gothic1 ,celtic1 and of course all languages derived from them1 were discovered to be identical in origin with ,sanskrit4 ,now1 what was this ,sanskrit1 this wonderful language which so suddenly and so surely unlocked the mystery of the world's speech1 and revealed the source of all the languages of civilized ,europe1 and some of those of ,asia8 ,sanskrit1 7the name means worked-together1 elaborated1 highly finished17 is the sacred language of the ,brahmans1 in which was preserved the religious teachings and legends of the people of ,india1 whom we call ,hindoos4 ,it is quite four thousand years old in its existing form4 ,for a very long time it was unwritten1 the ,brahmans having no letters2 and the sacred books 7so we must call them7 were transmitted orally1 but with such veneration not only for their doctrine and their story1 but their phraseology in its minutest particulars1 that among the ,brahmans grammar became a religion1 and the slightest variation from the text of the ,vedas--this was the name of the sacred books--was regarded as a sin4 ,punctilio in this respect was carried so far that when letters were borrowed from the ,west1 and an alphabet was formed1 and the ,vedas were written1 it was protested against by the conservatives as a sacrilege4 ,common sense and convenience1 however1 carried the day4 ,sanskrit is the most elaborate1 the most minutely divided1 the most elaborately inflected speech known to man4 ,the sight of a ,sanskrit grammar is appalling to the common sense of our day4 ,there are ten conjugations of verbs2 and a verb has ten tenses2 and each one of these tenses has three numbers1 singular1 dual and plural2 and each tense has two sets of terminations4 ,nouns1 adjectives and pronouns are singular1 dual and plural1 and have eight cases4 ,inflections of all words are distracting for multitude and intricacy4 ,yet this elaborately intricate language was spoken in what we think of as the wilds of ,asia long before the history of the human race is known2 at least four thousand years ago4 ,a ,frenchman named de ,chsy learned ,sanskrit from a ,british officer named ,hamilton1 who1 on his way from ,india1 was detained in ,france1 and taught it1 as he says1 to ,franz ,bopp1 a ,german philologist1 who made use of it in a work on the system of conjugation1 and thus became1 unintentionally1 a ,columbus-like discoverer of the great science of ,comparative ,philology4 ,for ,bopp 8builded better than he knew40 ,his purpose was merely to work out his system of conjugation2 but in doing this he revealed and established the unity of speech in all the ,aryan or ,indo-,european peoples4 ,this he himself afterward elaborated in his 8,comparative ,grammar0 of the chief ,aryan languages4 ,then came another great ,german philologist1 ,jacob ,grimm1 who discovered the law1 or method1 according to which words changed their forms2 and the great end was accomplished4 ,this happened in #ahaf-ai2 and since that time ,comparative ,philology has worked upon the lines indicated by ,bopp and ,grimm4 ,bopp's great 8,comparative ,grammar10 however1 did not appear until #ahcc4 ,one of the most important1 if not the most important of the results of the discovery of ,sanskrit1 and the consequent prosecution of the study of language upon the historical and comparative method--the only safe method for the study of any subject--is the revelation of the origin1 and to a certain and very remarkable degree1 of the early unrecorded history of the ,aryan or ,indo-,european peoples2 that race which has received the latter name because it occupies1 and for two thousand years and more has occupied1 all ,india and ,europe4 ,let us glance at this history as it is thus revealed1 for it is very much to our present purpose4 ,take a good map of ,asia1 one which shows the eastern confines of ,europe1 and turn your attention to the country now called ,joorkistan1 lying between the ,caspian ,sea and the western boundary of the ,chinese ,empire4 ,there1 some five or six thousand years ago1 7it will not do to be too particular1 all the more because we can not1 if we would17 about the foot of the ,hindoo ,kosh1 and around the sources of the ,oxus1 there lived1 we have good reason to believe1 a people who called themselves ,aryan4 ,they were a white race2 much fairer1 at least1 than the people who were then occupying ,europe and the other parts of ,asia4 ,they were strong of body1 intelligent and enterprising4 ,they did not live only by hunting and herding1 like the nomadic peoples1 their neighbors1 but cultivated the ground4 ,their name1 ,aryan1 means honorable1 noble2 and there is some reason for believing that it is connected with their agricultural pursuits and distinction4 ,for reasons which of course we do not know1 but probably from the pressure of population1 more than four thousand years ago this people began to send out bodies of emigrants4 ,they moved westward1 toward the ,caspian ,sea1 of the existence of which they were probably ignorant4 ,they had used boats upon the ,oxus1 but the history of their language shows that they knew nothing of what we call navigation4 ,their progress seems to have been slow1 but continuous1 one body of emigrants being ere long followed by another4 ,we may be sure that they had to fight their way4 ,so late as eight hundred years ago all emigration was armed4 ,the strong took the land red-handed from the weak1 or at least from those who were not so strong and so numerous as they were themselves4 ,the ,aryans reached the ,caspian ,sea2 and took possession of the country lying south of it1 since known as ,persia4 ,after a time1 we know not how long1 emigration began again from this point4 ,but here the advancing people divided4 ,some of them moved in a south-westerly direction2 and this stream of emigration continued until it overflowed all the vast territory now known as ,afghanistan1 ,belochistan and ,hindostan4 ,another stream moved westward and northward1 and passed through ,turkey in ,asia into ,europe4 ,we have reason for believing that up to the time when this division took place in the country south of the ,caspian ,sea1 the ,aryan people spoke one language2 but sufficient time had already elapsed for a considerable change to have taken place in the tongue which was spoken on the plains at the foot of the ,hindoo ,kosh4 ,language changes rapidly among people in a low state of civilization1 without literature1 without letters which are the landmarks and conservators of speech4 ,but this point of time and of place is that of a great division in the speech of the ,aryan people4 ,of the language of those who moved westward into ,europe there are no remains which date within many centuries of this period2 but of the language of those who moved south into ,hindostan1 we have in the existing ,sanskrit a representative which is of almost indefinable antiquity1 and the perfect preservation of which is marvelous4 ,it is no rude1 ruinous relic1 but complete1 elaborate1 and finished to the highest point of perfection in its kind4 ,it will be seen 7and this must be constantly borne in mind7 that ,sanskrit is not the original ,aryan language1 but only the oldest existing offshoot from that language4 ,the great1 the inestimable value of the discovery of ,sanskrit was not that we find in it the source of other languages1 not that in it was the origin of the words spoken by the various peoples of ,europe2 but that it furnished evidence of the most important fact in the history of language1 one of the most important facts in the history of the world4 ,it had been assumed that the countless words which were similar in the language of the ,european peoples1 and the many which were identical1 were derived one from another2 that they were adopted by one people from the language of another2 that they were the product of neighborhood1 of intercourse1 of imitation1 of convection--that is that they were carried from one country and people into another4 ,the discovery and the study of ,sanskrit proved that these words1 or most of them1 came into the various languages in which they are found1 not by any or by all of these methods1 but by direct descent from a speech which was at one time common to the forefathers of all the peoples in ,india1 in ,persia1 and in ,europe4 ,of these various languages ,sanskrit is not only the oldest1 but so very much the oldest that it carries us up very far toward the original speech of the ,aryan or ,indo-,european race2 so far that we are not without reasonable hope that philological science may elaborate by its help a proximate form of the elements of the original ,aryan speech4 ,it is worthy of remark that the ,european language most like the ,sanskrit1 most like it in substance1 and notably most like it in grammatical structure1 is the ,greek2 the language of the people nearest ,asia1 nearest the point of the division of the ,aryan people into two great streams of emigration4,c ,and here1 too1 it may well be remarked that the book of ,genesis1 in one of those ethnological passages which reveal a knowledge of prehistoric man so perfectly in accordance with the results of modern historical inquiry and scientific investigation that it would seem that they must have been a revelation from ,omniscience1 makes the confusion of tongues and the consequent dispersion of nations take place upon the plains of ,shinar1 in the very region1 at least1 where the ,aryan dispersion began4 ,to resume our brief story of the ,aryan advance to take possession of the world2 for we are no longer concerned with what went on in ,india or the ,east4 ,many centuries had now elapsed1 and the ,aryan people had multiplied into many millions of men1 and had formed themselves into nations or peoples ignorant of their common origin1 and regarding each other as all peoples then regarded each other1 as enemies1 rivals in the possession of the earth and its products4 ,the emigration continued2 those in advance being driven and pushed on by those who followed4 ,europe once entered1 there was again a division of the stream of advancing1 conquering men4 ,the dispersion was doubtless greater than before1 but again there were two main bodies1 one keeping to the south along the northern shores of the ,mediterranean ,sea1 the other moving northward1 toward the ,baltic4 ,the former has been designated from the principal peoples involved in it1 or resulting from it1 the ,italo-,grco-,celtic strain2 the latter is the ,gothic4 ,it is with this that we are chiefly1 but by no means exclusively1 concerned4 ,we are ,goths4 ,it has just been said that those who were in the advance in this great emigration were pushed on by those who followed4 ,who were the advance of this westward movement1 the first ,aryans who entered ,europe8 ,there is no reasonable doubt that they were the ,celts1 the people who1 some thirteen hundred years ago1 were in absolute and complete possession of the islands of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 and a small part of the northwestern coast of what is now1 but was not then1 ,france4 ,these people1 this head of the ,aryan column1 passed through southern ,europe1 7we know it by the names they left behind them1 given to places during their temporary1 but not short occupation of the soil17 and coming to the ocean1 went northward1 then crossed the ,english channel1 and took possession of ,britain and ,ireland4 ,there they stopped simply because they could go no farther4 ,but they were still pushed by those who followed4 ,the invasion of ,britain by the ,romans1 and yet more1 the after invasion and occupation of it by the so-called ,anglo-,saxons1 our forefathers1 were a mere continuation of the ,aryan emigration which had begun at the foot of the ,hindoo ,kosh1 in ,asia1 thousands of years before4 ,these ,celts who went first were followed by the people who1 in close connection with them as to time and affiliation of blood1 became the ,latin races 7old ,romans1 ,italians1 ,spaniards1 ,french71 and the ,greeks4 ,it was natural that the first stream of ,aryan emigration into ,europe should take its course through the countries of these peoples1 because they lie at the south1 on the borders of the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,men never go northward to find homes amid snows and ice one half the year1 if they can find land of more genial clime unoccupied or occupyable4 ,the leading bodies of the ,celts having reached the ocean in the southern part of ,europe1 and being pushed on by the steady flow from behind1 moved northward1 and as we have already seen1 at last left the continent1 and rested in ,britain and ,ireland4 ,here1 from their insular position1 they were able to maintain their footing firmly1 if not undisturbed1 for many centuries4 ,they were not displaced in ,britain until about thirteen centuries ago2 and then they were not driven onward1 as before they had been driven2 for there was no place whither to drive them4 ,they were1 in the words of an old adage1 perhaps as old as this very time1 8between the devil and the deep sea20 and most of them were slain to make room for their fellow ,aryans1 their far-away kindred1 whom they knew not1 and had no reason to know1 and whom they hated with good reason4 ,the ,goths1 of whose race we are1 and from whom we directly come1 moved northwestward from the western shores of the ,black ,sea1 where they are first heard of4 ,their language1 in its original form1 is lost like the great original ,aryan tongue2 but as in the case of that tongue1 a very early offshoot of it has been happily preserved4 ,this is the ,mso-,gothic1 into which ,ulphilas1 a bishop of the ,mso-,goths1 who had become ,christians1 translated the ,new ,testament and part of the ,old about one thousand five hundred years ago4 ,of the former a very considerable part remains4 ,it is written in large silver letters1 on parchment of a beautiful purple tint4 ,this work shows us all of the structure and much of the substance of the ,mso-,gothic language2 and in the former even more than in the latter affords1 like the ,greek1 evidence of an origin identical with that of ,sanskrit4 ,the ,gothic people pushed1 and were pushed1 northward1 and began1 in their turn1 to divide and to disperse1 and soon to be unable to understand each other's speech1 and to regard each other as foreigners and enemies4 ,for it must be remembered that these migrations were slow1 extending through centuries2 that they consisted of alternate movement and settlement2 settlement for many generations in one place2 so that the mountains and streams and forests still retain evidences of this residence1 in the names given to them by these tribes or sub-tribes of the ,aryan people4 ,it must be remembered1 too1 that in these remote times1 at that early stage of civilization1 when there were no books1 except a few manuscripts on parchment1 no strongly built towns1 no stability of government1 and when inter-communication was slow1 difficult and dangerous1 an interval of a hundred years was quite as long as one of five hundred of the years last passed1 in its effect of separation and isolation of peoples1 in its dividing families into tribes1 and tribes into strange and hostile little nations4 ,from the ,goths there was now a new offshoot1 one destined to power and preminence in the future of the human race4 ,while the greater number of them remained in the country which for some eighteen centuries has been loosely called ,germany1 a large body of them moved northward and took possession of the countries now known as ,denmark1 ,sweden and ,norway1 with the neighboring islands4 ,these people are known ethnologically as the ,scandinavians2 and it is from them1 and from some very near neighbors of theirs1 also of ,gothic race1 who settled in the country in and about the lower part of ,jutland 7the old name of ,denmark71 that the ,english people1 of whom we are a part1 are descended4,d ,it so happened that in the continuance of the westward movement of the ,aryan people there was a union on the island of ,great ,britain1 of emigrants from ,denmark and the neighboring country on the continent1 and from the western part of the great northern ,scandinavian peninsula 7,norway72 and the result of that union1 which was some eight centuries in forming1 was the ,english people1 by whom chiefly this country was settled only some two hundred and fifty years ago1 and by whom its laws1 its religion1 its manners and customs and its language were determined and established4 ,it is with the last of these1 language1 that we are here concerned4 ,what that language is1 and how it became what it is1 will be the subject of our next paper4 ,a 8,felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas40 ,georgicon ,,ii1 #dij4 ,b ,the grammar1 it is to be said1 is far more like that of the ,greek than like that of the ,latin language4 ,c ,there is a language1 the ,lithuanian1 spoken by a ,leth-,slavonic people1 northwest of the ,baltic1 near ,poland1 which has preserved in a remarkable and unique manner forms of the old ,aryan speech which are extinct in other ,european tongues4 ,but it is the language of a small1 rude1 unimportant people1 without a literature1 and indeed was not written until the sixteenth century4 ,it is of great interest to the student of comparative philology1 but of none to us at present4 ,d ,the ,scandinavians1 and all the peoples who are loosely called ,german tribes1 ,high-,german1 ,low-,german1 and what-not1 are generally regarded as branches of a great ,aryan stem1 which is called the ,teutonic race2 and some of my philological readers1 should any such honor these unpretending papers with their attention1 may be surprised1 and even offended1 at my omission of any mention of the great ,teutonic family4 ,as to this1 my only defense1 or rather my only excuse1 is that ,i have been unable to convince myself of the existence of any such branch as the ,teutonic1 antecedent to the ,gothic1 of which the ,mso-,goths were an early offshoot4 ,i can not see that the ,teutones of the ,roman historians represent an elder1 dominant1 or parent branch of the ,aryan race of which the ,goths were a younger and minor4 ,as to the word ,german1 and its use in 8,german tribes10 8,german dialects10 every scholar knows that it is not an indigenous name1 but that it was imposed from without1 by strangers1 upon the people who bear it1 who call themselves ,deutch2 and that this name was in effect territorial1 meaning all the people1 of whatever race1 who lived within or beyond certain boundaries4 ,as to the identity of origin in ,deu-tch and ,teu-ton1 that seems to me to be by no means clearly made out4 ,for ,teutonic race ,i would substitute ,gothic4 ,the question from the present point of view is happily not of serious or intrinsic importance4 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,edwards1 ,d4,d4 ,director of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,experimental ,science4 ,in our day science invades the kitchen4 ,knowledge knocks at the sitting room door4 ,literature and art visit the parlor of even our humble homes4 ,to do anything in furtherance of popular education is a delight4 ,mine be the task of making the laboratory and the home better acquainted4 ,the limitations of an article for ,,the ,,chautauquan cause the first embarrassment4 ,one must at once become an eclectic1 and select wisely the best from a wide field4 ,the next difficulty is to give coherency and classification to the truths selected4 ,upon what golden cord shall we arrange the shining truths8 ,let us use an ancient1 though incorrect classification of elements3 ,water1 air1 earth1 fire1 adding another1 organisms4 ,indeed1 this is about the division of matter which the common people make to-day1 although chemists tell us that neither of these is an element1 and that the simple1 indivisible substances in nature are sixty-six in number4 ,as chemistry and physics are so closely related1 we shall consider each of these topics from the standpoint of both these sciences4 ,this will call for ten articles1 on the following subjects3 ,chemistry of ,water2 ,physics of ,water2 ,chemistry of ,air2 ,physics of ,air2 ,chemistry of ,fire2 ,physics of ,fire2 ,chemistry of ,earth2 ,physics of ,earth2 ,chemistry of ,organisms2 ,physics of ,organisms4 ,,chemistry ,,of ,,water4 ,h,o4 ,illustration3 ,,forms ,,of ,,water ,,crystallized4 ,do not be disturbed by these cabalistic symbols2 they are simply the chemist's name for water2 a most expressive name1 too1 as we shall presently discover4 ,some names are misnomers4 ,abel ,blackman may be both weak and a white man4 ,our letters can not mislead4 ,they abbreviate1 show the class of each substance1 the elements that form it1 and their proportions4 ,berzelius devised this mode of naming4 7,who was ,berzelius87 ,on the table stands a glass of water4 ,how beautiful it is6 ,even diamonds1 costliest of gems1 are valued in proportion as they possess its marvelous clearness1 those of the 8first water0 being most highly prized4 ,we are now to speak of some of the chemical properties of water2 hereafter we shall consider the physical characteristics4 ,,distinction ,,between ,,atoms ,,and ,,molecules4 ,see6 ,i have dipped my pencil into the goblet1 and brought up a drop of water4 ,what force binds together the pencil and the drop8 ,what holds the drop to other drops8 ,why is not this ice instead of water8 ,if ,i shake the pencil in what direction does the drop fall8 ,if the drop were larger than the world1 which way would the world go8 ,what other force is there in it which1 according to ,faraday1 is equal to that in a flash of lightning8 ,here are1 then1 five great forces in a drop of water1 yet none of them changes its nature4 ,it is still ,h,o4 ,let us place this drop of water in the upright tube of an atomizer4 ,apply air4 ,see1 the drop has broken into thousands of particles4 ,now1 suppose we could take one of these and place it in a flask4 ,apply heat1 and we should separate the little particle into thousands of particles of steam1 but each of these1 and any lesser division of these1 would still be ,h,o4 ,the minutest division of the water possible would be called a molecule1 yet it would still be water1 and composed of two parts of hydrogen and one of oxygen4 ,the old ocean itself contains the same4 ,the ,cracow beds of salt are made of chlorine and sodium1 and the minutest dust from one of its crystals would be found to contain the same elements1 and in the same proportion1 both by weight and measure4 ,molecules1 then1 combined1 make only masses of the same nature4 ,but molecules are composed of atoms1 and whenever atoms of two or more different substances are combined they always form something different from either of these4 ,the force that unites them is called chemical affinity1 or sometimes the chemical force4 ,for example1 tenacious iron unites with a gas and forms a brittle1 red substance1 rust4 ,chlorine is a poisonous gas1 and sodium will burn on water1 both deadly2 united they give us salt2 absolutely essential to life4 ,hydrogen is the best substance in the world to burn1 and oxygen the best supporter of combustion4 ,when united they form water1 which is universally employed to extinguish fire4 ,blue vitriol is blue1 as the name implies1 yet it is composed of four elements1 two of which1 ,h and ,o1 are colorless1 copper1 which is red1 and sulphur1 which is yellow4 ,sulphur has little or no odor1 and hydrogen has none1 but when united they form a gas which has the odor of spoiled eggs4 ,white sugar is nothing but black charcoal and water4 ,it will thus be seen that here is a source of new things in nature4 ,whatever chemical affinity touches is changed4 ,and so we have found another force in our drop of water taken from the goblet1 more wonderful than any yet named1 a mighty1 transforming energy which has but one worthy rival in the work of creating new things1 the vital principle1 and even that must yield at last to this all conquering power4 ,if our goblet was large1 and held a pound of water1 7about a pint17 we should find that to pull the molecules apart1 that is1 make it into steam1 would require a force which would raise four tons to the height of one hundred feet4 ,but more wonderful still1 to separate the pound of water into two chemical constituents would require1 according to ,prof4 ,cooke1 an energy which would raise #e1cad1bjj pounds one foot4 ,our pint of water would then occupy #ahjj times its present volume4 ,let us now give a striking and beautiful illustration of chemical affinity4 ,we will throw into this tumbler a piece of potassium 7symbol ,k7 half as large as a pea4 ,this interesting metal was discovered by ,davy in #ahjg4 ,its affinity for ,o is very great4 ,as soon as it falls upon the water it abstracts oxygen and forms potassium oxide 7potash71 while the hydrogen and a small amount of volatilized ,k escape and are burned with a brilliant violet flame1 on account of the heat evolved by the energetic chemical action4 ,illustration3 ,,potassium ,,burning ,,by ,,combining ,,with ,,the ,,oxygen ,,of ,,water4 ,,important ,,dates4 ,the composition of water was discovered about one hundred years ago4 ,cavendish found hydrogen in #aggf1 and ,priestly discovered oxygen in #aggd1 ,august #ast1 a date which some one says 8may almost be accepted as the birthday of modern chemistry40 ,is it not remarkable that four of the brightest 8red letter days0 in the history of this science should be embraced within two decades1 from #aged to #aggd8 ,in #aged ,joseph ,black discovered carbonic acid gas2 in #agff ,dr4 ,cavendish found hydrogen2 in #aggb ,dr4 ,rutherford discovered nitrogen1 and in #aggd ,dr4 ,priestly found the ,king of the ,elements1 oxygen4 ,until then mankind were ignorant of the existence of a substance which composes in the aggregate one half the earth4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,water4 ,returning to our glass1 let us suppose that the bottom has been so perforated that two little strips of platinum wire can be inserted side by side1 at the distance of half an inch from each other1 and so as to leave the tumbler water-tight4 ,now attach the lower ends of these wires to wires connected with the poles of an ordinary galvanic battery4 ,small bubbles will be seen to rise immediately around the wires in the water4 ,fill two glass tubes 7closed at one end7 with water1 and having placed a little piece of paper over the top1 hold the finger on the paper1 and quickly invert the tubes over the wires4 ,the escaping gases will thus be secured4 ,the electric current is counteracting the affinity of the two elements that form water1 and they are collecting in the tubes4 ,you will soon find that the ,h gathers more rapidly than the ,o1 and upon measuring them there will be twice as much of the former as of the latter4 ,weigh them1 and the ,o outweighs the former eight times4 ,if1 then1 one atom of ,o weighs eight times as much as two atoms of ,h 7,h,o is the symbol for water1 remember17 then one atom of ,o weighs sixteen times as much as one atom of ,h2 or1 in other words1 ,h is sixteen times lighter than ,o1 and is the lightest substance known4 ,place the ,o and ,h in a eudiometer over mercury1 and send an electric spark through them2 the gases will disappear1 with a loud explosion1 and there1 resting on the quicksilver1 will be seen the original drops of water which we decomposed4 ,we have now shown the composition of water1 both by analysis and synthesis4 ,,hydrogen4 ,an atom of ,h is the chemist's unit4 ,this is a colorless1 odorless1 tasteless gas1 fourteen times lighter than air4 ,when burned it produces a more intense heat than any other substance4 ,iron burns in its flame like paper4 ,when united with ,o1 and a piece of lime is inserted in the flame1 the latter becomes exceedingly brilliant1 forming the ,drummond light1 which has been seen at the distance of one hundred miles in the daytime4 ,so diffusive is ,h that if a sheet of paper or gold-leaf be placed over an escaping jet of the gas1 it will pass directly through the paper1 and may be lighted on the upper side4 ,h is easily prepared1 and many interesting experiments may be performed with it1 some of which it may be well to mention4 ,take up on a pointed wire or needle or with tweezers1 a piece of the metal sodium1 quickly insert it under a tube filled with water and invert in a glass of water2 the sodium will at once take the ,o and leave the ,h to displace the water in the tube4 ,remove the tube1 still holding it with opening downward2 apply lighted match and a slight explosion will follow4 ,what two properties of ,h have you shown by your experiment8 ,illustration3 ,,collecting ,,hydrogen ,,evolved ,,from ,,water ,,by ,,sodium4 ,take a bottle holding one or two pints1 fit a cork to it1 through which pass a glass or metallic tube1 the end of which is drawn out so as to leave a small aperture at the top4 ,place in the bottle a few pieces of zinc1 and some sulphuric acid1 diluted with water1 in the proportions of one part of acid to six of water1 then insert the cork4 ,you will immediately see bubbles of ,h rising4 ,the explanation of this is as follows3 ,the zinc takes ,o from the water1 thus liberating ,h2 the ,o forms an oxide on the surface of the metal1 which would prevent further action1 did not the acid dissolve the oxide1 thus leaving a fresh surface to take the ,o1 and continue liberating ,h until the metal disappears4 ,after the ,h has been forming for two or three minutes1 hold over the tube an inverted tumbler for a moment1 remove the tumbler and then apply a match to the contents of tumbler4 ,when the bottle has become filled with ,h you can light the gas at the top of the tube1 and thus have a steady flame4 ,be careful not to attempt to ignite the gas until all of the air has been forced out of the bottle1 as air mixed with ,h produces an explosive mixture4 ,in the intense heat of the faint flame you can melt metals or glass4 ,by placing a larger glass tube1 open at both ends1 over the flame1 you may be able to produce the celebrated acoustic tones1 varying in pitch and intensity with the size and length of the tube used4 ,a hydrogen gun can easily be made by taking a tin tube five or six inches long 7closed at one end71 from one half inch to an inch in diameter2 make a small aperture near the closed end2 then invert the tube for a moment over the escaping ,h1 keeping the small hole closed with the finger1 place a cork in the open end1 and apply a match to the hole4 ,the cork will be forced out with a loud explosion4 ,what compound is always produced when ,h is burned8 ,let us see4 ,invert a cold1 dry tumbler over a burning jet1 and you will always observe moisture gathering on its surface4 ,another pretty experiment may be performed with ,h by inserting the stem of a common clay pipe in a piece of rubber tubing1 slip the other end of the tubing over the gas jet1 prepare some strong soap suds1 and with a little care you can blow beautiful soap bubbles with your pipe1 which1 by a skillful movement may be detached1 and they will rise in the air like miniature balloons2 by placing a burning match under them they will explode4 ,strike a bell in a large jar filled with ,h1 and it has a squeaky sound4 ,our whole art and science of music would be changed if ,h should be mixed with the air to any great extent4 ,nicely balance a flask or jar containing air2 fill the same flask with ,h1 and the beam will at once be seen to rise4 ,let us find the antipodes of weight4 ,iridium1 hammered to increase its density1 is twenty-three times heavier than water2 water is about eight hundred times heavier than air1 and air is fourteen times heavier than ,h3 #bchjjadbeg1fjj2 that is1 one quart of ,ir would balance #beg1fjj quarts of ,h4 ,,oxygen4 ,there are four kings among chemical substances3 ,oxygen1 king of all the elements2 gold1 king of the metals2 oil of vitriol1 king of the acids1 and potash1 king of the bases4 ,illustration3 ,,preparation ,,of ,,oxygen ,,from ,,mercuric ,,oxide--,,materials ,,used ,,by ,,dr4 ,,priestly4 ,this term of distinction is given to oxygen because of its marvellous activity and range of powers2 it unites with all elements save one1 fluorine4 ,its grasping disposition is often resisted by man2 he keeps it from destroying his house by painting it2 from gnawing at the quivering nerves of his teeth by filling them2 from devouring his fruits by canning them2 and ,monsieur ,goffart has now taught us to save green food for our cattle1 from its ravages by excluding ,o from our silos4 ,in spite of its destroying power we can not live without it4 ,the light and warmth in our homes are produced by its rapid union with fuel4 ,every moment we breathe we are absorbing it into our bodies1 where it unites with waste matter1 producing heat and energy1 and removing that which would clog and poison the system4 ,there is nothing in nature more beautiful than the plan by which the animal and vegetable kingdoms mutually sustain each other by the interchange of ,o4 ,look at this little aquarium2 here are two or three shiners1 some goldfish1 and a few water plants4 ,in this little world we may see exactly what goes on in the great world4 ,that goldfish is inhaling ,o1 which is conveyed into the capillaries1 unites there with the carbon1 forming ,,co1 which is exhaled1 seized upon by the plant1 and in the wonderful laboratory of its cells1 the ,c is separated from the poisonous gas1 and retained1 while the ,o is thrown off1 again to be used by the fish4 ,upon the nice adjustment of the plants to the animals1 and vice versa1 depends the life of both4 ,while upon this subject we might note another interesting evidence of beneficent design in the provision made for both fish and plants4 ,water absorbs gases with great readiness--some of them it takes more readily than others2 for example1 a pint of water will absorb seven hundred pints of ammonia gas4 ,it will take but its own volume of carbonic anhydride under one pressure of the atmosphere4 ,the descending rain drops absorb these two gases and convey them to the rootlets of the plant1 for food4 ,more wonderful still1 the ,almighty has arranged that water should remove ,o from the air more readily than it does nitrogen2 consequently the rain carries down the ,o to the fish in river1 lake and ocean1 adding its life-giving principle to the air1 which is always contained in water4 ,it is a pretty sight to watch the breathing of a fish as he sends the rapid currents of water through his gills in the act of arating the blood1 which1 as it passes through1 gives them a crimson color4 ,it may easily be proved that plants throw off ,o1 by submerging any vigorous growing plant in a jar of water2 in a short time little bubbles will be seen clinging to the leaves2 now fill a bottle with water1 invert1 and touch the little globules gently1 when they will detach themselves and pass up into the bottle1 displacing the water1 and may afterward be used in experimentation4 ,perhaps some of you1 while drinking at the brook1 have noted these bubbles of ,o on the leaves of the graceful water plants below4 ,this is the only place in nature where you can see ,o free1 and indeed you do not see it here1 for ,o is a colorless1 tasteless1 odorless substance2 what you do see is the thin sphere of water which contains it4 ,o is held by many substances so tenaciously that we can not liberate it2 this gives us 8terra firma40 ,sand1 and many rocks consist of ,o and silicon1 but the greatest heat and heaviest blows can not separate them4 ,there are materials1 however1 which readily yield their ,o4 ,dr4 ,priestly first found it by heating with a burning glass a compound known now as red oxide of mercury4 ,the ,o went off1 leaving the shining quicksilver4 ,you may repeat this historic experiment by placing the material in a test tube and heating it over an alcohol lamp4 ,another substance used for this purpose is black oxide of manganese 7,mn,o71 but that which is now generally employed is a white salt1 kept by every druggist1 and usually called chlorate of potash 7,h,cl,o74 ,illustration3 ,,preparation ,,of ,,oxygen ,,from ,a ,,mixture ,,of ,,potassic ,,chlorate 7,,chlorate ,,of ,,potash7 ,,and ,,manganese ,,di-,,oxide4 ,place a small amount of this1 mixed with an equal quantity of the manganese1 in a test tube1 or flask1 and heat over a flame4 ,the ,o will be liberated1 and may be bottled for use4 ,a strange thing about this operation is that the ,mn,o yields none of the ,o1 but comes out of the flask just as it went in4 ,such action1 by mere presence1 is called catalysis4 ,we can not explain it1 but have some such phenomena in social life1 perhaps1 when two people with an affinity for each other are having a delightful1 confidential chat1 and a third person joins the group1 immediately producing silence--a plain case of catalysis6 ,having secured several jars of ,o we are now ready to test some of its interesting properties4 ,extinguish a candle and suddenly plunge it into a jar of ,o4 ,it is relighted4 ,a better way is to make a taper of waxed thread4 ,this will keep the live coal better1 and may be relighted many times4 ,attach to a wire a piece of charcoal bark4 ,ignite and place in another jar4 ,beautiful scintillations fill the jar1 star like in form4 ,take a watch spring1 heat one end and bend4 ,split a match and attach to the spring1 light and place in the jar4 ,it burns with great brilliancy4 ,whittle out a little cup of chalk1 or crayon1 and place phosphorus in it4 ,touch the ,p with a hot wire and lower the cup1 with a wire1 into a jar of ,o4 ,a beautiful combustion follows4 ,in like manner sulphur may be burned1 and produces a bright blue light4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,taper ,,or ,,candle ,,burning ,,in ,,oxygen4 ,a little ingenuity will supply all apparatus needed for these and other experiments with ,h and ,o4 ,for example1 a common pail with a wooden shelf in it two or three inches from the top makes an excellent pneumatic trough for transferring or gathering gases1 and if the shelf can not be procured1 two or three bricks in the pail will serve the purpose4 ,before dismissing our glass of water we must remark that no matter where it may be found1 in the depths of the sea or on the mountain2 as a dew drop1 or sparkling as spray2 in lake ,nyanza1 or lake ,chautauqua1 the chemical constituents of water are just the same4 ,almighty care and wisdom weighs the atoms1 even as 8he weighs the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance40 ,the apparent character of water1 as to color1 form1 hardness1 saltness1 and so on1 is often varied by mixing with it other substances1 but the changes produced are not chemical1 and belong more properly to the domain of physics4 ,,note4--,the illustrations in this article are from 8,the ,young ,chemist0 of ,prof4 ,john ,howard ,appleton4 ,we can heartily recommend to the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 all of ,prof4 ,appleton's admirable works on ,chemistry4 ,,studies ,,in ,,kitchen ,,science ,,and ,,art4 ,i4 ,,the ,,potato4 ,,by ,,byron ,d4 ,,halsted4 ,the potato is undoubtedly the leading addition which the ,new ,world has made to the list of garden vegetables4 ,its importance as a food plant may be judged from the fact that during the year #ahhj over one hundred and sixty-nine million bushels of potatoes were raised in the ,united ,states4 ,if we could obtain the total yield in all countries for a single year1 the figures would express only the simple fact of vastness4 ,it only need be said that potatoes furnish the larger part of the food for many millions of people4 ,think of ,ireland1 for example1 deprived of her annual crop of potatoes2 it means famine and all its attendant ills4 ,the common1 or ,irish potato1 as distinguished from the sweet potato1 bears the botanical name of ,solanum ,tuberosum1 and belongs to the natural order ,solanace4 ,this group or family of plants is characterized by rank scented herbage1 often abounding in narcotic poison4 ,the flowers are regular1 parts usually in fives1 and the ovaries mostly two-celled and many-seeded4 ,among the more important members of the family are the tomato1 egg-plant1 cayenne pepper1 and tobacco4 ,belladonna1 hyoscyamus1 and stramonium are better examples of the poisonous and medicinal properties of the plants in the order1 which gives us so wholesome a food as the potato1 and so vile a weed as tobacco4 ,the herbage of the potato plant is not unlike that of its first and second cousins1 but by means of these narcotic leaves and stems the plant is enabled to transform crude materials into starch and other valuable substances which are afterwards stored up in a suitable form for the use of man4 ,the potato itself1 which nearly all persons relish when well prepared for the table1 is not a thick root1 as many have supposed1 but an enlarged underground stem1 called a tuber4 ,these thickened subterranean stems bear small leaves1 reduced to mere scales1 under which are buds1 better known as eyes4 ,a potato is as much a stem as the tender and delicious shoots of early spring asparagus4 ,the potato plant has three kinds of stems3 those bearing the foliage1 those bearing the flowers and the underground stems which may be styled starch-bearing4 ,the early history of the potato is very obscure4 ,it is doubtless a native of ,south ,america1 where it has been frequently found in the wild state4 ,the ,spaniards are given the credit of first introducing the potato into ,europe in the early part of the sixteenth century4 ,it passed from ,spain into ,france1 and from there on into ,germany and other countries of ,europe4 ,the first potatoes to reach ,england were those carried by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh on his return from ,virginia in #aehd4 8,in the time of ,james the ,first they were so rare as to cost two shillings 7sterling7 a pound1 and are mentioned in #afai among the articles provided for the royal household40 ,the culture of the potato was encouraged by the ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 ,since #agfj it has become an established garden and field crop1 and one it would be a calamity to lose4 ,the chemical composition of the potato tuber varies greatly according to the conditions under which it has been grown1 namely3 soil1 weather1 manure1 etc4 ,it contains about seventy-five per cent4 of water4 ,the composition of the twenty-five per cent4 of dry substance is as follows3 protein1 #b per cent42 fat1 4#jc2 starch and other carb-hydrates1 #bj4g2 fibre1 #a4a2 ash1 4#ji4 ,by protein is understood the various compounds containing nitrogen1 like the gluten of wheat1 white of egg1 etc4 ,this is considered the flesh-forming part of a food4 ,lean flesh is made up largely of protein compounds1 or albuminoids1 as they are sometimes called4 ,the carb-hydrates contain no nitrogen1 and are compounds of carbon1 hydrogen and oxygen4 ,among the most familiar of this class are starch1 sugar1 and gums4 ,the carb-hydrates1 in contrast with the flesh-forming protein compounds are frequently called heat producing substances4 ,this classification aids in giving a general idea of the part the two groups play in the animal economy4 ,both classes of foods are required1 the amount of each depending upon the wear and tear of the body and the conditions of temperature1 etc41 under which the animal lives4 ,a man who is working hard needs more of the protein compounds to build up the muscles than the person of leisure4 ,when exposed to severe cold1 an increase of the starchy substance is demanded to make good the losses caused by the excess of animal heat produced4 ,from the average of many chemical analyses given above1 it is seen that the potato is a heat-producing food1 and not a muscle-forming food4 ,the fat in foods--of which there is very little in the potato--is used both as fuel and to build up the fatty substance of the body4 ,the proteins or albuminoids are the most expensive portions of any food2 the fats come next1 and the carb-hydrates last4 7,in this way a chemist is able to compute the nutritive value of a food from the per cent4 of the classes of constituents found present by analysis47 ,wheat contains about eleven per cent4 of protein1 and seventy per cent4 of carb-hydrates4 ,there is far less water1 but more than that1 it has a higher ratio of protein4 ,it is a richer food4 ,corn has the same per cent4 of starchy matter1 but only nine per cent4 of the albuminoids4 ,it is not so rich a food as wheat4 ,beans and peas have about fifty per cent4 of oil and starch and twenty-five per cent4 of the flesh-formers4 ,this is a very high protein ratio1 and those grains approach closely to the composition of meats1 and may replace them to a large extent4 ,this is all to show that both chemistry and culinary experience do not rank the potato as a rich food4 ,it serves the animal economy best when eaten with some other substance far richer in protein4 ,thus we have meat and potatoes as a wholesome and complete food4 ,the potato thrives in an open1 warm1 deep1 mellow and rich soil4 ,if the soil is not naturally fertile it needs to be supplied with well rotted manure2 or if this is not available in sufficient quantities1 supplement with some good commercial fertilizer4 ,thorough tillage1 that is1 frequent plowing and harrowing1 will supply two other essentials1 namely3 depth and mellowness4 ,drainage may be necessary to remove the excess of water1 the presence of which shuts out the air1 and renders the soil cold and unfit for growing plants4 ,a soil that will grow a good crop of corn will usually yield a paying crop of potatoes4 ,both corn and potatoes grow for only a short season1 and have no time to wait for plant food4 ,the roots need to have all the plant food they can absorb close within reach4 ,as a rule1 land can not be made too rich for potatoes4 ,there is a wide difference of opinion as to the size and manner of cutting the 8seed0 potatoes4 ,if we will remember that a potato is a stem it will be seen that planting potatoes is virtually setting out cuttings2 as much so as when portions of a grape vine or a currant cane are placed in the ground4 ,the potato to serve as 8seed0 should be well matured and carefully kept through the winter4 ,it is poor economy to plant small and half matured tubers4 ,as much care should be taken with the 8seed0 potatoes as in the selection of scions1 with which to engraft a tree4 ,this leads to another very important point in potato growing4 ,be sure and plant good varieties4 ,the list of names of the varieties of potatoes would fill a volume4 ,the ,early ,rose has been for several years the type of excellence4 ,the ,beauty of ,hebron takes a front rank for quality and productiveness4 ,the ,peach ,blow has long been a favorite1 though now less grown4 ,the ,white ,elephant1 ,snow ,flake1 and ,burbank are three of the better sorts4 ,the point of growth in a potato is the bud or 8eye10 and the substance of the tuber around this eye furnishes it with nourishment for its initial growth4 ,the results of experiments uphold the deductions of science that it is best to cut large potatoes to single 8eyes10 guiding the knife so that each bud shall have an abundance of surrounding substance4 ,the cut pieces may be planted in hills two and one-half feet each way1 or in drills4 ,a rapid and satisfactory method is to drop the pieces fifteen inches apart in the furrows made by a light plow4 ,if placed in every third furrow1 the rows will be wide enough for horse cultivation4 ,in this way the plow prepares the place for the 8seed10 and afterward covers it4 ,when the potato plants are just coming through the ground1 the surface may be stirred with the back of an ordinary harrow4 ,this loosens up the soil and kills the young weeds4 ,the further culture consists in frequently passing the cultivator between the rows to keep the surface soil open and free from weeds4 ,the soil may be thrown toward the vines after they have attained considerable size4 ,the potato has met with some serious enemies4 ,the worst pest of late years is the ,colorado beetle4 ,this is now so wide spread and well known that a description is unnecessary4 ,the remedies are numerous1 but ,paris green and ,london purple are the most effective4 ,these arsenical compounds are applied in both the dry state and mixed with water4 ,the latter is generally considered the better method4 ,a teaspoonful of either the 8green0 or 8purple0 is stirred in a watering-pot and applied to the infested foliage through a fine nozzle4 ,this voracious beetle has a natural enemy in the shape of a mite that sometimes occurs so abundantly as to completely cover the victim4 ,other insect enemies are the stalk borer and the large potato worm4 ,burn the vines infested with the former1 and pinch off and crush the latter4 ,the wet rot1 so destructive some seasons1 is caused by a minute parasitic fungus which grows within the substance of the potato leaves and stems1 and afterward descends to the tubers and causes them to decay4 ,wet and hot weather are particularly favorable for the development of this mould4 ,nothing has been successfully used to stay its ravages4 ,this rot has swept over ,europe1 ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 at different times1 bringing great distress to all the inhabitants1 but especially to the lower classes1 whose daily food is made up largely of the potato4 ,the tubers should be dug so soon as the fungus is found to have 8struck0 the foliage4 ,in this way they may be removed before the rot has invaded them4 ,store the potatoes in a dry and uniformly cool place4 ,as the rot does not come until midsummer1 it is best to plant quick maturing varieties1 and plant these early4 ,in this way some of the insect enemies may also be avoided4 ,take it altogether1 the potato is an easy and profitable crop to raise4 ,,methods ,,of ,,cooking ,,the ,,potato4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,emma ,p4 ,,ewing4 ,there are only seven distinct methods of cooking potatoes1 namely3 roasting1 baking1 boiling1 steaming1 stewing1 frying1 and broiling4 ,but the culinary possibilities of this simple esculent are so illimitable it can be served in about as many different ways as there are days in the year1 and be acceptable in all of them1 if properly done2 for no member of the vegetable kingdom returns a richer reward for the care bestowed upon it than the potato4 ,,roasted ,,potatoes4--,the primitive method of roasting potatoes under1 or among the ashes of a wood fire1 is an excellent one4 ,bury the potatoes in hot ashes to the depth of two or three inches1 cover with live coals1 and leave undisturbed for half an hour1 or until thoroughly roasted4 ,as soon as done1 which can be ascertained by taking one of them from its bed and testing it1 remove1 brush clean1 break tenderly1 place in a dish1 and serve4 ,the starch in a potato will absorb moisture when the starch cells are broken by heat1 and unless roasted or baked potatoes are cracked as soon as cooked1 and the steam allowed to escape1 they will become sodden1 dark colored1 and rank in flavor4 ,after being broken they can be kept for a considerable length of time1 without much deterioration4 ,,baked ,,potatoes4--,potatoes can be baked by placing them in the oven of a stove or range1 either in a pan or on the grate4 ,to bake a potato just right1 it should be washed clean1 wiped dry1 put in an oven at a moderate temperature1 and subjected to a gradually increasing heat until the skin assumes a light brown color1 and becomes firm4 ,the white flesh inside will then be well cooked and mealy1 and will possess the exquisite aroma and delicious flavor of a perfectly roasted potato4 ,if the oven is at the proper temperature1 potatoes will bake in from forty to sixty minutes1 according to size1 and like those roasted under the ashes1 should1 as soon as done1 be removed and broken4 ,if the flesh is scooped out of partly baked potatoes1 mashed1 mixed with sausage meat1 seasoned1 replaced in the scooped-out shells1 and re-baked1 they are called ,german potatoes2 if it is mixed with grated cheese1 bread crumbs and other ingredients1 and similarly treated1 they are called stuffed potatoes4 ,potatoes are nice when pared and baked with fowl or meat of any kind4 ,wash1 pare1 parboil1 and place them in the pan containing the fowl1 or meat4 ,turn over when partly cooked1 that they may brown evenly4 ,they can be baked in drippings1 without meat1 and also without being parboiled4 ,kentucky potatoes are potatoes pared1 sliced1 put in layers in a baking dish1 moistened with milk1 seasoned with salt1 pepper1 etc41 and baked in a quick oven4 ,if they are moistened with broth or other liquid1 and the seasoning varied somewhat1 each variation will produce a slightly different dish1 and each can1 without impropriety1 be named after one of the different ,states of the ,union4 ,,boiled ,,potatoes4--,very few people know how to boil a potato so it will be dry1 mealy and fine flavored4 ,to prepare potatoes for boiling unpared1 or in their jackets1 wash well in lukewarm water with a brush1 and rinse in cold water4 ,to prepare for boiling without their jackets1 wash1 pare1 remove all the eyes and dark spots1 and soak well in cold water4 ,to boil either pared or unpared1 put the potatoes1 when prepared1 in a liberal allowance of slightly salted boiling water1 let them boil gently until tender enough to be easily pierced with a fork1 then drain1 cover with a folded towel1 and set back on the range1 or near the fire1 to dry off4 ,if treated in this manner1 they will1 when served1 be tender and mealy--perfect powdery snow balls in appearance--and will be apt to tempt even the most fastidious4 ,scooped potatoes are made by scooping balls of the required size from pared potatoes1 with a vegetable scoop1 boiling them1 and serving with a sauce or gravy of some kind4 ,old potatoes treated in this manner are quite frequently mistaken for new ones1 even by professed epicures4 ,,steamed ,,potatoes4--,prepare as for boiling1 and cook in a steamer over a pot or kettle of boiling water4 ,when only a few potatoes are wanted1 a small sized steamer should be used1 but by placing a folded towel or cloth over the potatoes to prevent the escape of steam1 even two or three can be nicely cooked1 without inconvenience1 in almost any sized steamer4 ,this is an excellent mode of cooking potatoes1 and should be more generally adopted4 ,,stewed ,,potatoes4--,cut pared potatoes in slices about an eighth of an inch in thickness1 put in salted boiling water1 cook gently until moderately tender1 then drain off the water1 add milk1 and season with salt and pepper4 ,use cream and butter1 instead of milk1 in its preparation1 and plain stewed potato is converted into potato la crme4 ,a little minced parsley1 if liked1 can be added in either case4 ,,fried ,,potatoes4--,slice raw pared potatoes very thin1 soak well in cold water1 drain the slices in a colander or sieve1 dry them on towels by rolling and tumbling from one towel to another1 separate them1 and drop into a kettle of boiling grease4 ,as soon as they assume a light brown color1 lift with a skimmer1 drain on a sieve1 sprinkle with salt1 and serve4 ,the browning will be facilitated if the slices1 when partly cooked1 are taken from the kettle1 exposed to the air a few seconds1 and then returned to the boiling grease4 ,these are the famous ,saratoga potatoes1 or ,saratoga chips4 ,if a crimped knife1 instead of a plain one1 is used for slicing the potatoes1 they will1 when fried1 be ,julienne potatoes4 ,if1 instead of being sliced1 the potatoes are cut in balls with a vegetable spoon or scoop1 they will1 when fried1 be ,parisienne potatoes1 etc41 etc4 ,potatoes cut in thin slices in long strips1 in globular1 angular1 rhomboidal1 and other irregular shapes1 and fried in a kettle with a quantity of grease1 are served as ,saratoga1 ,julienne1 ,parisienne1 and so on1 while those fried in a spider or skillet in a smaller quantity of grease are served as potato la ,franais1 potato la ,provenale1 potato la ,barigoule1 etc41 etc4 ,but however varied the styles and however fanciful the names under which potatoes cooked in grease are made to do duty1 they are all simply fried potatoes2 and the important feature of their preparation is to have the grease in which they are to be fried--whether lard1 butter1 oil1 or drippings--boiling hot when they are put into it1 and to keep it so during the entire process of cooking4 ,it is generally supposed that fried potatoes to be at all eatable must be served the moment they are taken from the fire2 but if kept moderately warm1 and at an even temperature1 any of the above varieties--although not so delicious as when freshly cooked and hot--will remain in quite nice condition a considerable length of time4 ,,broiled ,,potatoes4--,parboil potatoes1 cut in slices about half an inch in thickness1 place in a wire gridiron1 and broil over a slow fire until well browned on both sides1 then season with salt and pepper1 and serve hot1 with a little melted butter poured over them4 ,cold boiled potatoes are very nice broiled in the same manner4 ,,mashed ,,potato4--,special attention should be given to the preparation of such a universally favorite dish as mashed potato4 ,boil or steam pared potatoes till well cooked1 drain1 dry off1 mash till fine and free from lumps1 in a warm kettle or pan1 stir in a little warm milk--unless the potato is preferred dry--add a small lump of butter1 season with salt and pepper1 and beat until light1 with a wooden spoon or potato masher4 ,the secret of making nice mashed potato consists in mashing the potato until very smooth before1 and beating it until very light after1 it has been seasoned4 ,cream potato is made by stirring cream into nicely mashed potato until of the desired consistency--snow potato by rubbing the potato through a colander or sieve1 and allowing it to pile up in the dish in a snowy mass1 and curly potato by rubbing it through a colander1 letting it fall in long1 white curls1 in a pyramidal form1 on the dish in which it is to be served1 and then putting it in a hot oven till the surface is crisped4 ,potato croquettes are made by enriching mashed potato with beaten egg yolk1 seasoning with salt1 pepper1 nutmeg or other condiments1 forming into little balls or rolls1 dipping in egg and bread crumbs1 and frying in boiling grease4 ,duchesse potato is made by adding beaten egg to mashed potato1 squeezing it through a pastry bag1 or cutting in narrow strips two or three inches in length1 and browning in the oven4 ,,rewarmed ,,potatoes4--,cold potato should never be thrown away4 ,it should all be saved and utilized4 ,there are numerous ways in which cold potato can be rewarmed1 and in many of them it is almost as good as when first cooked4 ,much of the potato served up at leading hotels in fanciful styles and with foreign names1 is merely rewarmed potato1 and can be prepared readily and inexpensively in any private kitchen4 ,to stew cold potato4--,slice cold boiled potatoes1 put in a stew pan with cold gravy of any kind1 season with salt and pepper1 stew gently for ten minutes1 or until thoroughly heated1 and then serve4 ,dust potato1 heated in this style1 with bread crumbs1 grated cheese1 etc41 and brown in the oven1 and it becomes potato au gratin4 ,stir together in a sauce pan over the fire1 a little butter and flour1 add some milk1 stew cold sliced potato in it1 and the product1 when seasoned with salt1 pepper1 lemon juice and chopped parsley1 will be maitre d'hotel potato4 ,omit the seasoning from potato thus warmed1 and pour caper sauce over it1 and it will be transformed into potato polonaise4 ,to fry cold potato4--,cut cold boiled potatoes in slices1 dredge lightly with flour1 and fry brown in butter1 lard or drippings--or1 fry without dredging--or1 hash fine1 season with salt and pepper and fry4 ,cut cold boiled potatoes in little balls1 fry1 with an onion1 in oil1 butter1 lard or drippings1 and it will be potato la ,provenale4 ,cut them in the shape of olives1 fry in olive oil1 with a spoonful of chopped herbs1 and it will be potato la ,barigoule4 ,potato ,hash4--,melt some butter or drippings in a spider or skillet1 pour in a little sweet milk1 season with salt and pepper1 add cold boiled potato hashed1 cover closely1 and set where it will simmer slowly until the potato is thoroughly heated4 ,potato and ,meat ,hash4--,mix well1 in about equal proportions1 finely minced cold meat of any kind1 and cold potato1 moisten with milk1 gravy1 or soup stock1 season with salt and pepper1 make into a roll1 or shape into cakes1 put in a greased pan and bake in the oven4 ,potato ,fish ,balls4--,mix two parts of mashed potato with one part of finely picked up fish of any kind1 season to taste1 form into balls or cakes1 and fry brown4 ,the grease in which fish balls are to be fried should be boiling hot before they are put into it4 ,freshly cooked potato is considered best for making fish balls1 but cold answers very nicely4 ,potato ,soup4--,mix together over the fire an ounce each of butter and flour until the mixture begins to bubble1 then add gradually a quart of boiling milk1 season with salt and pepper1 and stir in half a pint of mashed potato that has been rubbed through a sieve4 ,the quantity of potato can be varied to suit the taste1 and1 if liked1 a little minced may be added4 ,this is sometimes called potato pure1 and sometimes potage ,parmentier--after the man who introduced the potato into ,france4 ,potato ,cakes4--,mash cold potato to a smooth paste with a little milk1 season to taste1 form into cakes half an inch in thickness1 and either fry or bake4 ,potato ,biscuit4--,add a cup of milk to a quart of mashed potato1 stir in sufficient flour to make it the proper consistency1 mold into biscuit half an inch thick1 and bake on a griddle or floured pan4 ,potato ,souffl4--,put a quart of mashed potato in a saucepan over the fire1 add an ounce of butter1 season to taste1 pour in gradually half a pint of milk1 stir till the mixture begins to thicken1 then turn into a baking dish1 smooth the surface with a knife1 put in a quick oven and brown lightly4 ,potato ,pie4--,cover the bottom of a baking dish with cold roast meat of any kind cut in small pieces1 add a layer of cold sliced potatoes1 then meat and potatoes in alternate layers till the dish is full4 ,add a little gravy or soup stock1 or a lump of butter1 season with salt and pepper1 cover with a crust and bake4 ,potato ,fritters4--,to a pint of milk add the yolks of three eggs1 half a dozen medium sized cold1 boiled potatoes grated1 or finely mashed1 and flour enough to make a batter the proper consistency for ordinary fritters--add the beaten whites of the eggs1 and a little salt1 and fry in boiling lard4 ,potato ,puffs4--,to two cups cold mashed potatoes add two tablespoonfuls of butter1 two beaten eggs1 a cup of milk1 and a little salt4 ,stir well together1 pour into a baking dish1 and bake in a quick oven4 ,with a lively imagination1 a liberal supply of potatoes1 and a few other ingredients1 one can go on and multiply almost indefinitely the different styles in which potatoes can be prepared for the table2 but through all the variations the seven cardinal methods of cooking them remain unchanged1 and cover and include all the styles of serving1 whether designated by plain unassuming names or dignified with pretentious1 aristocratic titles4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,october #e4 ,,the ,,strange ,,bargain4--,in a well known city there lived two merchants--one of them a skillful arithmetician1 and generally an able man2 the other1 inexperienced in figures1 and by no means a match for the former in talent4 ,they made the following bargain3 ,the first sold a horse to the second2 but instead of fixing a definite sum of money as the price1 they agreed that it should be regulated by the thirty-two nails with which the four shoes were fastened to the animal's hoofs1 and should be paid in millet1 one grain being given for the first nail1 two for the second1 four for the third1 eight for the fourth1 and so on2 that is1 doubling the number at every nail4 ,the buyer was at first delighted at purchasing a fine charger for what he fancied a very moderate price2 but1 when the account came to be settled1 he found that the quantity of grain which1 by the terms of the agreement1 he was required to pay1 was enormous4 ,in fact1 he would have been reduced to beggary1 if some sensible friends had not interposed and procured a dissolution of the bargain4 ,gotthold1 who heard the story1 observed3 8,well does it exemplify the wiles of ,satan4 ,by promising merry hours and temporal gain1 he persuades and seduces man at first into what he calls venial faults1 and labors to keep them in these until they have grown into a habit4 ,afterwards he advances by geometrical progression4 ,sin grows from sin1 and one transgression follows another1 the new being always the double of the old2 and so the increase proceeds1 until at last the base pleasure which has been bought1 can be paid for only with that which is above all price1 namely1 the immortal soul2 unless1 indeed1 ,god mercifully interpose in time with his holy spirit1 opening the sinner's eyes1 convincing him of the deception1 and inducing him to revoke the bargain1 and implore help and deliverance from his ,savior1 ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is therefore best to keep one's self aloof in every way from ,satan and his concerns1 and to regard no sin as venial and small4 ,how can it be that1 when it is committed in opposition to the holy will of the ,most ,high ,god80 ,my ,god6 teach me to reckon every sin great1 so long as ,i live2 but oh1 let me look upon the very greatest sins as little1 when ,i die6 ,,the ,,lock4--,a lock was shown to ,gotthold1 constructed of rings1 which were severally inscribed with certain letters1 and could be turned round until the letters represented the name ,jesus4 ,it was only when the rings were disposed in this manner that the lock could be opened4 ,the invention pleased him beyond measure1 and he exclaimed3 ,oh that ,i could put such a lock as this upon my heart6 ,our hearts are already locked1 no doubt1 but generally with a lock of quite another kind4 ,many need only to hear the words ,gain1 ,honor1 ,pleasure1 ,riches1 ,revenge1 and their heart opens in a moment1 whereas1 to the ,savior and to his holy name it continues shut4 ,lord ,jesus1 engrave thou thy name with thine own finger upon my heart1 that it may remain closed to worldly joy and to worldly pleasure1 self-interest1 fading honor and low revenge1 and open only to thee6 ,,the ,,fruitful ,,tree4--,passing a garden1 ,gotthold observed a pear tree whose branches were bending to the ground1 as if they would break with the weight of the fruit4 ,on asking a friend1 who was with him1 8,what do you think it is which this tree needs80 he was answered3 8,a prop or two to support the overloaded boughs40 8,no10 rejoined ,gotthold1 8but hands to pluck1 and baskets to contain the fruit4 ,it presents to us a beautiful emblem of the ,lord ,jesus1 our beloved ,savior4 ,he needs me1 and ,i him2 and so we suit each other1 nor think it strange when ,i say that the ,lord ,jesus needs me1 ,i mean that he needs me as this tree does baskets1 or as the widow's cruse1 which ,god had blessed1 needed empty vessels to contain the oil4''' ,love constrains the ,lord to seek me1 as my wants do me to seek him4 ,he possesses all things--heaven1 earth1 and all which they contain2 but these he does not need4 ,what he needs is souls and hearts to replenish with his grace and spirit1 and bless with his salvation4 ,o mighty love1 tender compassion1 and mercy of our ,savior6 ,he1 who needs nothing else1 can not do without sinful and wretched man40 ,,the ,,child ,,at ,,play4--,a little boy was running about in an apartment1 amusing himself as children are accustomed to do4 ,his money was potsherds1 his house bits of wood1 his horse a stick1 and his child a doll4 ,in the same apartment sat his father1 at a table1 occupied with important matters of business1 which he noted and arranged for the future benefit of his young companion4 ,the child frequently ran to him1 asked many foolish questions1 and begged one thing after another as necessary for his diversion4 ,the father answered briefly1 did not intermit his work1 but all the time kept a watchful eye over the child to save him from any serious fall or injury4 ,gotthold was a spectator of the scene1 and thought with himself3 8,how beautiful an adumbration of the fatherly care of ,god6 ,we1 too1 who are old children1 course about in the world1 and often play at games which are much more foolish than those of our little ones2 we collect and scatter1 build and demolish1 plant and pluck up1 ride and drive1 eat and drink1 sing and play1 and fancy that we are performing great exploits1 well worthy of ,god's special attention4 ,meanwhile1 however1 the ,omniscient is sitting by1 and writing our days in his book4 ,he orders and executes all that is to befall us1 overruling it for our best interests in time and in eternity2 and yet his eye never ceases to watch over us1 and the childish sports in which we are engaged1 that we may meet with no deadly mischief40 8,my ,god6 such knowledge is too wonderful for me4 ,it is high1 and ,i can not attain unto it2 but ,i shall thank and praise thee for it4 ,o1 my ,father6 withhold not from me thy care and inspection1 and1 above all1 at those times when1 perhaps1 like this little one1 ,i am playing the fool60--,from ,gotthold's 8,emblems40 ,october #ab4 ,thus all history is swallowed up in boundless sorrow and remorse for that he is still laden with his boundless infirmity4 ,but he hath delight and joy in that he seeth that the goodness of ,god is as great as his necessities1 so that his life may well be called a dying life1 by reason of such his griefs and joys1 which are conformable and like unto the life of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 which from beginning to end was always made up of mingled grief and joy4 ,grief in that he left his heavenly throne and came down into this world2 joy in that he was not severed from the glory and honor of the ,father4 ,grief in that he was the son of man2 joy in that he nevertheless was and remained the ,son of ,god4 ,grief1 because he took upon him the form of a servant2 joy in that he was nevertheless a great ,lord4 ,grief1 because in human nature he was mortal1 and died upon the cross2 joy1 because he was immortal1 according to his godhead4 ,grief in his birth1 in that he was once born of his mother2 joy1 in that he is the only begotten of ,god's heart from everlasting to everlasting4 ,grief1 because he became in time subject to time2 joy1 because he was eternal before all time1 and shall be so forever4 ,grief1 in that the word was born into the flesh1 and hath dwelt in us2 joy1 in that the word was in the beginning with ,god1 and ,god himself was the word4 ,grief1 in that it behooved him to be baptized1 like any human sinner1 by ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 in the ,jordan2 joy1 in that the voice of his heavenly ,father said of him3 8,this is my beloved ,son1 in whom ,i am well pleased40 ,grief1 in that1 like others1 sinners1 he was tempted of the enemy2 joy1 in that the angels came and ministered unto him4 ,grief1 in that he ofttimes endured hunger and thirst2 joy1 because he is himself the food of men and angels4 ,grief1 in that he was often wearied with his labors2 joy1 because he is the rest of all loving hearts and blessed spirits4 ,grief1 forasmuch as his holy life and sufferings should remain in vain for so many human beings2 joy1 because he should thereby save his friends4 ,grief1 in that he must needs ask to drink water of the heathen woman at the well2 joy1 in that he gave to that same woman to drink of living water1 so that she should never thirst again4 ,grief1 in that he was wont to sail in ships over the sea2 joy1 because he was wont to walk dry shod upon the waves4 ,grief1 in that he wept with ,martha and ,mary1 over ,lazarus2 joy1 in that he raised their brother ,lazarus from the dead4 ,grief1 in that he was nailed to the cross with nails2 joy1 in that he promised paradise to the thief by his side4 ,grief1 in that he thirsted when hanging on the cross2 joy1 in that he should thereby redeem his elect from eternal thirst4 ,grief1 when he said1 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 why hast thou forsaken me20 joy1 in that he would1 with these words1 comfort all sad hearts4 ,grief1 in that his soul was parted from his body1 and he died and was buried2 joy1 because on the third day he rose again from the dead1 with a glorified body4 ,thus was all his life1 from the manger to the cross1 a mingled web of grief and joy4 ,which life he hath left as a sacred testament to his followers in this present time1 who are converted unto his dying life1 that they may remember him when they drink of his cup1 and walk as he hath walked6 ,may ,god help us so to do6 ,amen4--,from ,tauler4 ,october #ai4 ,i count it the most grievous offense which the honor of ,christianity has to sustain1 that some of its ostentatious disciples confine their piety to the ,sabbath and its ordinances1 and banish ,god from the week-day employment of ordinary business4 ,whence that disgusting censoriousness which spreads the tincture of gall over so many a religious conversation8 ,whence that low tone of honesty and truth1 which ''' is so often found to accompany the uniform appearance1 and ,i believe1 too1 the occasional reality1 of zeal in matters of religion8 ,whence1 in fact1 that separation of religious from social duty we so often meet with1 not merely in their conception1 but in their example and practice8''' ,alas6 against them1 too1 we can prefer the charge of not 8doing all things10 and we can substantiate it4 ,with the mark of godliness upon their forehead1 their conduct for the great majority of their time says3 8,we will not have ,god to rule over us40 ,he is only their occasional ,god4 ,the easy offering of their prayers in the family1 or of their attendance in the church and at the table1 is ever in readiness4 ,but the living sacrifice of the whole body1 soul1 and spirit1 is withheld from him4 ,he is deposed from his right and sovereignty over every minute of their existence2 and instead of his law reaching to all their concerns1 and bringing the whole man under its obedience1 we see that in the vast majority of their doings they cast him off1 and are as much the slaves of their own temper1 and inclination1 and interest1 as if ,god had not a will for them at all times to obey1 and as if ,christ had never set an example before them to study and to imitate4 ,hold1 ye hypocrites6 who talk of this as the season that is given to the love of ,christ and to the memorial of his atonement6 ,did not ,christ order away a disciple from his altar8--and upon what errand8 ,upon what you1 it seems1 would call the very worldly and unsuitable employment of making up a quarrel with a neighbor8 ,did not ,christ say1 8,if ye love me1 keep my commandments80 ,and yet the minister who expounds these commandments1 and presses their observance upon you1 is looked upon as preaching another gospel than what ,christ left behind him4 ,oh6 when will men cease to put asunder what ,god hath joined2 and taking their lesson from the ,bible1 as little children1 submit to it without a murmur1 in all its parts1 and in all its varieties6 ,but let the minister of ,god be gentle with all men1 and humble under the feeling of his own infirmities4 ,let him1 however zealous for the truth as it is in ,jesus1 learn that there is nothing in the purity of his own practice to justify a tone of indignant superiority to others4 ,it is easy to see and to approve that which is excellent2 but how shall we compass the doing of it8 ,it is easy to expatiate on the frailties and the delusions of men2 but how shall he manage for himself1 when told by his own melancholy experience that he shares in them8 ,it is easy to acknowledge the right and the sovereignty of ,god in all things1 and to press his earnest assurances upon you1 that you are wrong1 if you suffer not the word of exhortation urging you to the daily walk and duties of the ,christian2 but to what refuge can he fly1 when he finds that he is himself a defaulter1 and that after having warmed his heart at the inconsistency of others1 and penned his sentences against it1 he mingles in the business of his work and his family1 and forgetting that the eye of his ,god follows him there1 falls a helpless victim to the imbecilities of our ruined nature8--,from ,dr4 ,chalmers4 ,october #bf4 ,the ,christian minister needs often to be reminded of this great end of his office1 the perfection of the human character4 ,he is too apt to rest in low attainments himself1 and to be satisfied with low attainments in others4 ,he ought never to forget the great distinction and glory of the gospel--that it is designed to perfect human nature4 ,all the precepts of this divine system are marked by a sublime character4 ,it demands that our piety be fervent1 our benevolence unbounded1 and our thirst for righteousness strong and insatiable4 ,it enjoins a virtue which does not stop at what is positively prescribed1 but which is prodigal of service to ,god and to mankind4 ,the gospel enjoins inflexible integrity1 fearless sincerity1 fortitude which despises pain and tramples pleasure under foot in the pursuit of duty1 and an independence of spirit which no scorn can deter and no example seduce from asserting truth and adhering to the cause which conscience approves4 ,with this spirit of martyrs1 this hardness and intrepidity of soldiers of the cross1 the gospel calls us to unite the mildest and weakest virtues2 a sympathy which melts over others' woes2 a disinterestedness which finds pleasure in toil1 and labors for others' good2 a humility which loves to bless unseen1 and forgets itself in the performance of the noblest deeds4 ,to this perfection of social duty1 the gospel commands us to join a piety which refers every event to the providence of ,god1 and every action to his will2 a love which counts no service hard1 and a penitence which esteems no judgment severe2 a gratitude which offers praise even in adversity2 a holy trust unbroken by protracted suffering1 and a hope triumphant over death4 ,in one word1 it enjoins that1 living and confiding in ,jesus ,christ1 we make his spotless character1 his heavenly life1 the model of our own4 ,such is the sublimity of character which the gospel demands1 and such the end to which our preaching should ever be directed4 ''' ,we need to feel more deeply that we are entrusted with a religion which is designed to ennoble human nature2 which recognizes in man the capacities of all that is great1 good and excellent1 and which offers every encouragement and aid to the pursuit of perfection4 ,the ,christian minister should often recollect that man1 through prepense to evil1 has yet power and faculties which may be exalted and refined to angelic glory2 that he is called by the gospel to prepare for the community of angels2 that he is formed for unlimited progress in intellectual and moral excellence and felicity4 ,he should often recollect that in ,jesus ,christ our nature has been intimately united with the divine1 and that in ,jesus it is already enthroned in heaven4 ,familiarized to these generous conceptions1 the ,christian preacher1 whilst he faithfully unfolds to men their guilt and danger1 should also unfold their capacities for greatness2 should reveal the splendor of that destiny to which they are called by ,christ2 should labor to awaken within them aspirations after a nobler character and a higher existence1 and to inflame them with the love of all the graces and virtues with which ,jesus came to enrich and adorn the human soul4 ,in this way he will prove that he understands the true and great design of the gospel and the ministry--which is nothing less than the perfection of the human character4--,from ,channing4 ,,glimpses ,,of ,,ancient ,,greek ,,life4 ,selected from ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy's 8,old ,greek ,life40 ,i4--,,the ,,greek ,,town ,,and ,,house4 ,whereas modern life is very much a country life1 and we see all our plains and hills studded with farmsteads and well kept houses1 it was seldom so with ancient1 as it is never so with modern1 ,greece4 ,in old days the fear of pirates and plunderers1 in later days the taste for talking and for politics1 kept men from staying in the country1 and brought them into the towns1 where they found safety and society4 ,the tyrants alone insisted upon country life4 ,thus we find in ,homer that outlying farms belonging to the nobles were managed by trusty slaves1 who grazed cattle1 and stall-fed them for city use4 ,in ,hesiod's time it was the poor farmer only who dwelt in the country2 fashionable and idle people always came together in the towns4 ,the very same facts meet us when we read the ,greek novels of the latest age1 such as the ,story of ,daphnis and ,chloe4 ,there the rich citizens of ,mitylene only come out rarely1 like many ,irish landlords1 to visit their tenants and their flocks4 ,there are only two large instances of ,greek gentry living from choice in the country4 ,the first is that of the old ,attic gentry1 whom ,thucydides and ,aristophanes describe as living luxuriously on their estates1 and coming seldom to ,athens4 ,the second is that of the gentry of ,elis1 who were often1 ,polybius says1 complete strangers for generations to the town4 ,this was so because ,attica was protected by her forts and fleets from sudden attack in these early days1 and because the ,greeks by common consent respected the land of ,elis as sacred on account of the ,olympic games4 ,accordingly1 ,xenophon1 who was a sportsman1 settled in this country when he retired from his wars4 ,but we must pay our chief attention to city life as the almost universal form of ,greek society4 ,the older ,greek towns were usually some miles from the sea1 because many pirates went about the coasts4 ,these towns grew out from a castle1 or ,acropolis1 which at first had been the only fortified refuge for the neighboring people in times of danger4 ,of this we have a remarkable example in the very old ruins of ,tiryns on the plain of ,argos4 ,when the population increased1 they built their towns round this fort1 and walled them in4 ,but the ,acropolis or hill fort1 generally on some steep crag1 was of course the strongest and safest part of the town4 ,it was also the seat of the oldest temples1 and of the god who took the town under his special charge4 ,hence it was often a sacred place altogether1 and not occupied with common houses4 ,if the town prospered1 there grew up at the nearest harbor a roadstead or seaport town1 where merchants and sailors carried on their trade4 ,thus ,athens with its ,acropolis is three miles from the nearest sea1 and more than four miles from the ,peirus1 which became its port because the harbor was so excellent4 ,the same may be said of ,argos1 ,megara1 and other towns4 ,thus ,corinth had even two ports1 one on either sea1 and both at some miles distance from the great rock on which its citadel1 the ,acrocorinthus1 was situate4 ,sparta alone had no citadel1 because the passes into its plain were very difficult and easily defended4 ,it had not even walls1 but looked like a few mean villages close together4 ,this was a remarkable exception4 ,the citadel was defended by walls1 wherever the natural rock was not steep enough1 and supplied with tanks for water1 except in such rare cases as that of ,corinth which has a rich fountain on the top of its great rock4 ,if you looked down from any of these great citadels upon the town beneath1 the most striking objects were always the temples and other public buildings which were meant to be admired from without1 whereas the private houses were externally poor and shabby4 ,so also the public squares and markets were large and imposing1 often surrounded by colonnades and porticoes where people lay in the sun1 or even slept at night4 ,these colonnades were adorned with rows of statues2 but the streets were narrow and dirty4 ,the great contrast to any modern city must have been first of all the absence of all spires and pinnacles1 as all ,greek architecture loved flat roofs1 and never built even in many stories4 ,then the forest of modern chimneys was also absent--an advantage which may be held fully to make up for the absence of even splendid steeples4 ,all private houses were flat and insignificant1 for the ,greek never intended his house to be admired from without1 he merely meant to shut out the noise and the thoroughfare of the street1 and spent all his care on inner comforts4 ,while we build our houses facing the street1 with most of their ornament intended to be seen by those who pass by1 the ,greek did all he could to shut out completely all connection with the street4 ,he never had ground floor windows facing the street1 and his house looked like a dead wall with a strong door in it1 furnished with a knocker and a handle4 ,this door opened outward1 which made it safer for those within1 but when they were coming out they used to knock inside lest passers-by might be thrown down when the door was pushed open4 ,richer houses did not open directly on the street1 but on a porch which was not regarded as part of the house4 ,directly inside the hall door was a narrow hall with a porter's lodge opening off it1 in which a slave sat1 who was put to that work or to that of attending boys1 when not useful for anything else4 ,you passed through the hall or passage into an open square court1 which was the center of the house1 and was surrounded by a covered colonnade or cloister4 ,the various men's rooms and the dining room opened upon this cloister4 ,the same general plan was adopted by the ,romans1 and inherited by the modern ,italians1 so that most ,italian palaces in ,genoa1 ,florence1 and elsewhere are built in this way4 ,opposite the entrance was a second door1 which led from the court into the women's apartments1 and here was situated the bed chamber of the master and mistress of the house4 ,in richer houses the women's rooms were built round a second court like the first4 ,but more commonly they did not occupy so much room1 and were often placed on a second story1 raised over the first at the back part of the building1 with a staircase going up from the court4 ,the ,greeks preferred living on the ground floor1 and their houses were not lofty blocks1 like those of our streets4 ,the bed rooms and sitting rooms round the court were usually small and dark1 being mostly lighted only through their door into the cloister4 ,the upper story had windows4 ,the roof1 which was tiled1 like ours1 was so flat as to allow people to walk upon it4 ,the pantries and store rooms were generally at the back of the house1 and near them the kitchen1 which alone was supplied with a chimney4 ,the other rooms seldom required a fire1 and1 if necessary1 were heated with braziers of hot coke1 or charcoal4 ,the covered way upon which they opened made them cool in summer4 ,of course the palaces of early kings and the country houses of the rich ,attic nobles had larger rooms and courtyards than ordinary city houses1 but their plan was not different4 ,homer describes their halls as ornamented by plates of bright metal on the walls--a fashion preserved in the house of ,phocion at ,athens1 and of which we still have traces in the so-called treasure house of ,atreus1 near ,mycen4 ,fresco painting and rich coloring on the walls did not come into fashion till the fourth century ,b4 ,c41 and then became so common that we find almost all the houses in ,pompeii1 which was really a ,greek town1 though in ,italy1 ornamented in this way4 ,there are large panels of black1 scarlet1 or yellow1 surrounded with the borders of flowers1 and in the center of the panel there are figures painted1 when the owner could afford it4 ,the same style of ornament1 with far better execution1 may be seen in the chambers of the palace now excavated on the ,palatine at ,rome4 ,as the ,greek citizen lived chiefly in the open air1 and in public1 and regarded his house merely as a safe and convenient place to keep his family and store his goods1 it was not to be expected that his furniture should be expensive or elaborate4 ,the small size of the rooms and the dislike of the ,greeks for large entertainments also tended to the same economy4 ,besides1 the low valuations of furniture alluded to in several speeches made in the law courts of ,athens prove it clearly as a general rule in earlier days1 though some cities1 such as the rich ,sybaris1 may have formed exceptions4 ,in later days1 with the decay of public spirit1 greater luxury prevailed in private life4 ,we must therefore consider early ,greek household furniture to have been cheap and simple1 but remarkable for a grace of design and beauty of form which have never since been rivalled4 ,and these were combined with a diligent attention to comfort and to practical use4 ,thus the ,greek chair which is often drawn on vases1 and which is reproduced in marble in the front row of the theater at ,athens1 as we still see it1 is the most comfortable and practical chair yet designed4 ,so also the pots and pitchers and vases which have been discovered in endless variety1 are equally beautiful and convenient4 ,the chief articles of which we hear are chairs1 stools and couches made in ornamental wood work1 with loose cushions 7unlike our modern upholstery72 there were also high-backed arm-chairs1 and folding stools often carried after their masters by slaves4 ,though men of ruder ages and poorer classes were content to sleep between rugs and skins on the ground1 and a shake down for a sudden guest was always such 7and is so still72 yet the ,greeks had beds of woolen mattresses stretched on girths4 ,tables were only used for eating1 and were then brought in1 and laid loosely upon their legs4 ,in early days each guest had a separate table for himself4 ,this absence of solid tables must have been the most marked contrast between a ,greek room and ours4 ,people wrote either on their knees 7as they now do in the ,east7 or upon the arm of a couch4 ,whatever ornaments they kept in their rooms seem to have been placed on tripods1 which often carried a vase of precious metal and of elegant workmanship4 ,the wonderful variety and beauty of their lamps must also have been a remarkable feature4 ,they possessed all manner of cups1 bowls1 jars1 and flasks for wine1 and water1 and oil1 and we have long lists of names for kitchen utensils1 probably not very different from those found at ,pompeii4 ,they used plates and dishes1 and sometimes knives and spoons at meals1 but never forks4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,greek--,,his ,,day ,,and ,,his ,,dress4 ,the ,greeks learned the division of the day into twelve hours from ,babylon1 and ,plato is said to have invented a water clock marking the hours of the night in the same way4 ,but in ordinary life1 according to the old fashion1 a night and the following day were regarded as one whole and divided into seven parts4 ,there were three for the night1 one when the lamps were lit1 the next the dead hours of the night1 and then the dawn1 when the cocks begin to crow4 ,the day was divided into four3 early morning1 the forenoon1 when the market place began to fill1 the midday heat1 and the late afternoon4 ,as in all southern countries now-a-days1 where midday is a time of sleep or idleness1 so in old times the ,greek rose very early1 generally at the dawn of day4 ,his ablutions were but scanty1 and there is no trace of any bath in the morning4 ,indeed the general cleanliness of the ,greeks must rather be compared with that of other modern nations than with ours4 ,in older days the hair was worn long1 and elaborately dressed1 as we can see from coins1 so that this must have cost some trouble4 ,but shaving the beard did not come in as a general fashion till ,alexander's time1 and even then shaving often and having very white teeth are mentioned as rather foppish4 ,when dressed1 the ,greek took a very slight meal1 corresponding to the coffee now taken in ,greece and elsewhere upon getting up1 and merely intended to stave off hunger till late breakfast4 ,it is said to have consisted of bread and wine4 ,he then went to call on such friends as he wished to see on business1 before they left their houses4 ,the same fashion prevailed at ,rome4 ,when this was done1 he went for a morning walk or ride1 and if a townsman1 to see his farms and crops1 and give directions to his country steward4 ,but if he lived in the country1 he must start early to be in the city when the market place filled4 ,for if there was important public business the assembly met very early1 and in any case he there met all his friends1 visited the markets and shops1 and if a merchant1 was practically on ',change at this hour4 ,at noon all business stopped1 and the public places were deserted1 when he returned to his breakfast4 ,the modern ,greeks1 in country parts1 still spend half the day in this way before they breakfast4 ,the poorer classes who dined early in the afternoon1 and who probably had eaten something more at early breakfast1 spent their midday hours1 without going home1 in barber's shops1 in porticoes1 and other places of meeting1 where they either slept or gossiped1 as their fancy led them4 ,law-suits1 at which speeches were made and evidence taken1 must have been carried on during this part of the day also4 ,the breakfast of the better classes was a substantial meal1 probably serving as dinner for the children1 and consisted1 like the modern ,greek breakfast1 of hot dishes and wine4 ,it was1 however1 thought luxurious to eat two heavy meals in the day1 and much wine drinking before dinner was regarded with the same aversion as tippling is now-a-days4 ,when the day became cooler1 men went out again1 partly to practice gymnastics1 which ended in later times with a warm bath1 partly to see others so occupied and talk to their friends4 ,toward sunset they returned home to their dinner1 the principal meal of the day1 and the only one at which the ,greek entertained his friends4 ,if not a very studious man1 or a leading politician1 he devoted the evening to conversation and music1 either in his family circle1 or among his friends4 ,in the former case1 he went to bed early2 in the latter he was often up all night1 and sometimes went from his first feast in company with his noisy friends to knock up other banqueters and enjoy their hospitality unasked4 ,there were no clubs or public houses open at night in the old ,greek towns4 ,it should be added that the hours of meals got gradually later1 as luxury advanced4 ,the dress of a ,greek gentleman was simple both in form and color4 ,he wore a shirt or under garment of wool called chiton1 without sleeves1 and drawn tight with a girdle round the waist4 ,as luxury increased1 the ,athenians adopted linen instead of wool1 the ,ionians wore the chiton down to the feet1 and sleeves were frequently added4 ,trousers were also considered a foreign dress4 ,over the chiton was thrown a large cloak shaped something like a ,scotch shawl1 but squarer1 which was wrapped about the figure so as to have only the right shoulder and head free4 ,this was regarded as the principal garment1 for while it was not thought polite to throw it open1 and a man without it1 though in his chiton1 was called stripped1 on the other hand a man wrapped in his cloak without any under garment was thought perfectly dressed4 ,most of the portrait statues of celebrated men which have reached us are indeed represented in this very way4 ,white was the full dress color for both garments1 but other colors1 especially various shades of red1 dark blue1 and green1 were not unfrequently worn4 ,the cloak was also doubled1 when men were actively employed1 and fastened on the shoulder with a clasp or pin4 ,this was done in imitation of the smaller but thicker cloaks1 some of which were of semicircular shape1 and borrowed from ,macedonia4 ,these were worn in war and on journeys4 ,as to head dress1 the ,greeks seem to have usually gone about their cities bareheaded4 ,in case of bad weather1 they put on a fur or leather cap fitting closely to the head1 and this was commonly worn by slaves4 ,they also used in traveling1 to keep off the sun's heat1 broad-brimmed felt hats1 very like our 8wide-awakes0 in form4 ,they were often barefooted1 but also wore ornamented slippers at home1 and in the streets sandals strapped with elegant thongs4 ,in hunting or war1 buskins of various kinds1 reaching high on the leg1 were adopted4 ,if we add a walking stick1 which up to the time of ,demosthenes was even obligatory at ,athens1 and was always carried at ,sparta1 and a seal ring1 we complete our picture of the ,greek gentleman's dress4 ,in ,socrates' day a tunic cost ten drachm1 a cloak sixteen to twenty1 a pair of shoes eight4 ,lower class people1 such as farm laborers and slaves1 wore the inner garment alone1 but with sleeves1 or 7in the country7 clothed themselves in tanned skins4 ,the general colors of a ,greek crowd must have been a dull woollen white1 relieved with patches of crimson and dark greens and blues4 ,,greek ,,mythology4 ,before introducing1 as is proposed1 condensed excerpta from our available sources of information on ,greek ,mythology1 it may be important for a large class of readers to define the term1 and also to show some of the advantages arising from well directed mythological studies4 ,mythology is a compound ,greek word1 meaning the science of--or1 more literally1 discourse respecting--myths4 ,what is a myth8 ,no exact definition of the word can be given1 because there are many varieties of myths1 and the term has been used in several distinct senses4 ,in the ,new ,testament it occurs five times1 and is in every instance used in an evil1 or severely disparaging sense4 ,in our ,english version it is translated 8fables10 not such as have been invented to convey and illustrate the truth1 but cunningly devised fictions1 used to convey ethical notions in themselves false4 ,no such condemnation can be pronounced against the ,grecian myths in general1 many of which1 like those of ,plato1 are charming figurative representations of important ideas1 the splendidly imaginative embodiment of subjective truths1 and1 like the inimitable parables of our ,lord1 claim no credence for themselves1 only as media for conveying the lessons taught4 ,such myths are not only free from any just reproach1 but are commended1 as a proper and effective method of teaching1 analogous to allegories1 fables and parables1 and often found in the writings of the wisest and best of mankind4 ,if in this way falsehood has been embellished1 we may repudiate their false doctrines1 though we admire the mythological dress in which they are presented4 ,conscious that the best verbal definitions that can be given fail to define or precisely indicate the generally accepted character of the ,grecian myth1 we unconsciously multiply words and amplify their meanings1 till the attempt becomes rather descriptive than definitive4 ,others1 however acute and discerning1 have had the same difficulty4 ,in his attempt to tell us just what a myth is1 ,dr4 ,mc,clintock says3 8,it is best described as a spontaneous product of the youthful imagination of mankind--the natural form under which the infant race expressed its conceptions and convictions about supernatural relations1 and prehistoric events4 ,it is neither fiction1 ordinary history1 nor philosophy2 it is a spoken poetry1 an uncritical and child-like history1 a sincere and self-believing romance4 ,it does not invent1 but simply imagines and repeats2 it may err1 but it never lies4 ,it is a narration1 generally marvelous1 which no one consciously or scientifically invents1 and which every one unintentionally falsifies40 8,it is10 says ,mr4 ,grote1 8the natural effusion of the unlettered1 imaginative1 believing man40 8,it belongs to an age in which the mind was credulous1 or confiding1 the imagination full of vigor and vivacity1 the passions earnest and intense4 ,its very essence consists in the projection of thought into the sphere of facts2 and it arises partly from the unconscious and gradual objectizing of the subjective1 or the confusing of mental processes with external realities2 that is1 from imaginatively attributing to external nature the feelings and qualities which exist only in the percipient soul40 ,myths1 then1 belong to that period of human progress in which the untaught mind regards 8history as all a fairy tale40 ,before the dawn of science1 and the increase of knowledge by the general dissemination of books1 men's fancies respecting the past1 and the uncertain conjectures of their nascent philosophy could be preserved only by these traditional and semi-poetical tales of the mythologists4 ,to borrow the fine expression of ,tacitus--,fingunt simul creduntque--8,they at once fabricate and believe40 8,the real and the ideal10 again says ,mr4 ,grote1 8were blended together in the primitive conceptions4''' ,the myth passed unquestioned from the fact of its currency1 and its harmony with existing sentiments and preconceptions40 ,so to the intensity of a fresh1 undisciplined imagination1 and the paucity of terms in the language yet in its extreme adolescence1 the origin of a vast number of myths can easily be traced4 8,in those early days men looked at all things with the large open eyes of childish wonderment1 and much of what they saw was incapable of any other than a metaphorical description at their hands4 ,they had no words for the purpose1 and if the language had been richer it would have responded less accurately to their thoughts1 since they transferred their own feelings and sentiments to the world about them1 and made themselves the measure of all things40 8,thus10 says one1 8the hunter regarded the moon which glanced rapidly along the clouded heavens1 as a beaming goddess with her nymphs10 and ,sunbeams upon distant hills1 ,gilding space with shadows in their train1 ,might1 with small help from fancy1 be transferred ,into fleet ,oreads1 sporting visibly4--,wordsworth4 ,among a race of unlettered1 but intellectually active1 stalwart men1 on whose path science shed but a dim1 uncertain light1 even natural phenomena so imperfectly understood1 and many things in the realm of the spiritual and unseen being imaginatively conceived1 and described in metaphors1 myths must abound4 ,nor is it wonderful that those belonging to a remote prehistoric age are sometimes shrouded in a veil of impenetrable mystery4 ,we may not be able to reach their true meaning1 since when personifications are so manifold1 it is often impossible for us to tell just what was regarded as fancy and what was believed to be fact4 ,it is worthy of remark that the same is as true of the grotesque incredible legends current among semi-barbarian tribes at the present day1 as in the earliest ,grecian myths4 ,in many of them there is a substratum of facts1 of which there was some rather shadowy knowledge2 after some progress1 and the introduction of letters among them1 their guesses and imaginings that were uttered in metaphorical expressions not fully understood1 are in a manner evaporated1 or crystallize into dogmas that are accepted as parts of the tribal faith4 ,so the more ancient narratives1 that are called mythological1 as we will hereafter see1 when collected1 systematized and written by masters in the art1 have a value not only as indicating the incipient1 though imperfect development of the race1 but in most cases1 after the winnowing processes applied have driven away the chaff1 some kernels of truth will remain1 more than enough to repay those who mostly study them as interesting relics of a primitive society1 the earnest1 impassioned deliverances of nature's children1 yet unsophisticated by 8philosophy falsely so called40 ,we will a little further extend1 and corroborate these views by another quotation from a high authority on the subject4 8,myths10 he says1 8are figurative representations of events or ideas in the garb of history2 they develop themselves spontaneously1 and unartificially in the consciousness of a primitive people2 instead of being products of design and invention1 they symbolize the forces of nature under whose influence they are formed1 and have an essentially religious character40 ,the same authority further says3 8,the myth proceeds from an idea1 either true or false2 the legend proceeds from facts1 more or less clearly apprehended1 in which the idea was discovered4 ,the one transforms poetry1 religion or philosophy into history2 the other modifies history with reference to conceptions of poetry1 religion and philosophy40 ,all persons interested in classical studies1 and having given much attention to comparative philology1 find in the early history of mankind an age in which words were very few--mostly names of things1 and not used to express abstract ideas1 or any other than those things necessary to the simplest modes of life4 ,as words increased in number1 some were introduced expressive of qualities1 relations and acts4 ,they are found variously related1 phrases and brief sentences appear1 the language becomes organic1 and the first elements of its grammar are discovered4 ,in a second period1 as in the ,aryan and ,semitic tongues1 language is found advanced to a more systematic1 grammatical development1 and invites us to a more critical study and analysis of its forms4 ,as yet there were neither abstract nor collective nouns1 and every name designated a definite individual object4 ,all these names of things had terminations suggestive of sex4 ,neuter nouns were yet unknown4 ,of course it was impossible for them to speak of any object1 though inanimate1 without ascribing to it something of an active1 individual1 sexual1 personal character2 and for this reason1 if for no other1 personification is a special characteristic of all languages in their earlier stages of development1 and it is found to have a close correspondence with the mythical conceptions in the development of thought in those remote ages4 ,there was then nothing prosaic in men's thinking or speaking4 ,their language was a kind of unconscious poetry1 every word a poem1 every phrase embracing the germs of something metaphorical1 or sparkling with the scintillations of some bright conceptions4 ,verbs1 too1 were strongly expressive of the mind's various moods and emotions1 and needed few auxiliaries that are employed in more abstract prose4 ,thus sunset was described as the sun growing old1 decaying1 dying2 the sunrise as night giving birth to a brilliant1 beautiful child4 ,spring was ,sol greeting the happy earth with a warm embrace1 and showering his treasures into the lap of nature4 ,rivers1 fountains1 grottoes1 forests1 mountains1 rain1 storm1 the ocean1 fire1 thunder clouds and the heavenly bodies were all clothed with the attributes of living beings1 and all descriptions of them were myths4 ,volumes have been written1 and much more might here be said explanatory of the general subject1 and to remove prejudice against mythological studies as useless or misleading in their tendency4 ,some well meaning persons ask how ,christians who know the truth and rejoice in it can be either pleased or profited by communing with the thoughts or fancies of those on whom the sun did not shine1 and who had none to lead them4 ,it is important for all such to distinguish the point of view in which mythological narratives were contemplated by the ancients1 by mythologists themselves1 and that in which we are to regard them4 ,to them they were in many respects realities closely connected with their national history and their religious faith4 ,to us they are unreal1 but affording evidence of the little nature taught them or that was acquired by merely intellectual processes1 and their evident1 but often vaguely felt1 need of supernatural manifestations4 ,classical study and literature are regarded as so important in education1 and a knowledge of ,greek mythology is so obviously necessary to a full understanding of the best ,greek authors1 that many works have been published on the subject4 ,the writers have either merely stated the fables as reported among the ancients1 or in addition have sought to trace them to their origin1 either by making conjectures of allegorical1 historical and physical meanings in the stories1 or deriving them from the events of the early ages1 recorded in the ,bible4 ,but as these traditions themselves arose in various ways1 and often accidentally1 there of course must be error in every system which attempts to refer them to a common cause and purpose4 ,the foundation of very many of the fictions of mythology is laid in ideas that arose from the simplicity and inexperience of persons conversant only with objects of sense4 ,wherever an unusual fact or appearance was observed it was ascribed to a distinct being or existence1 operating directly or immediately4 ,this creation by them of personal existences out of natural phenomena1 this ever ready personification of physical objects and events1 was1 in all probability1 one of the most fruitful sources of fable and of idolatry1 for which the stars and the elements seem to have furnished the most common occasion4 8,one source of fable10 says an able writer1 8is the perversion or alteration of facts in sacred history2 and indeed this is its earliest and principal source4 ,the family of ,noah1 perfectly instructed by him in religious matters1 preserved for a considerable time the worship of the true ,god in all its purity4 ,but when the members of this family were separated and scattered over different countries1 diversity of language and abode was soon followed by a change of worship4 ,truth1 which had hitherto been intrusted to the single channel of oral communication1 subject to a thousand variations1 and which had not yet become fixed by the use of writing1 that surer guardian of facts1 became obscured by an infinite number of fables which greatly increased the darkness that had enveloped it40 ,the advantages of an acquaintance with mythology are many4 ,they have been admirably shown by ,rollin1 from whom we quote3 #a4 ,it apprises us how much we are indebted to ,jesus ,christ the ,savior1 who had rescued us from the power of darkness and introduced us into the wonderful light of the ,gospel4 ,before his time what was the real character of men8 ,even the wisest and most upright men--those celebrated philosophers1 those great politicians1 those renowned legislators of ,greece1 those grave senators of ,rome8 ,in a word1 what were all the nations of the world1 the most polished and the most enlightened8 ,fable informs us they were the blind worshipers of some demon1 and bowed the knee before gods of gold1 silver and marble4 ,they offered incense and prayers to statues1 deaf and mute4 ,they recognized as gods animals1 reptiles1 and even plants4 ,they did not blush to adore an adulterous ,mars1 a prostituted ,venus1 an incestuous ,juno1 a ,jupiter blackened by every kind of crime1 and worthy for that reason to hold the first rank among the gods4 ,see what our fathers were1 and what we ourselves should have been1 had not the light of the ,gospel dissipated our darkness6 ,each story in fable1 every circumstance in the life of the gods1 ought at once to fill us with confusion1 admiration and gratitude4 #b4 ,another advantage from the study of fable is that1 by discovering to us the absurd ceremonies and impious maxims of paganism1 it may inspire us with new respect for the majesty of the ,christian religion1 and for the sanctity of its morals4 ,ecclesiastical history informs us that a ,christian bishop 7,theophilus of ,alexandria71 to render idolatry odious in the minds of the faithful1 brought forth to the light and exposed to the eyes of the public1 all which was found in the interior of a temple that had been demolished2 bones of men1 limbs of infants immolated to demons1 and many other vestiges of the sacrilegious worship which pagans render to their deities4 ,this is nearly the effect which the study of fable must produce on the mind of every sensible person2 and this is the use to which it has been put by the holy fathers and all the defenders of the ,christian religion4 ,the great work of ,st4 ,augustin1 entitled 8,the ,city of ,god10 which has conferred such honor upon the ,church1 is at the same time a proof of what ,i now advance1 and a perfect model of the manner in which profane studies ought to be sanctified4 #c4 ,still another benefit of great importance may be realized in the understanding of authors either in ,greek1 ,latin1 or even ,french1 in reading which a person is often stopped short if ignorant of mythology4 ,i speak now of the poets1 merely1 whose natural language is fable2 it is often employed also by orators1 and it furnishes them frequently with the happiest illustrations1 and with strains the most sprightly and eloquent4 #d4 ,there is another class of works whose meaning and beauty are illustrated by a knowledge of fable1 viz41 paintings1 coins1 statues1 and the like4 ,these are so many enigmas to persons ignorant of mythology1 which is often the only key to their interpretation4 ,,temperance ,,teachings ,,of ,,science2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,poison ,,problem4 ,,by ,,felix ,l4 ,,oswald1 ,m4,d4 ,,chapter ,i4--,,the ,,secret ,,of ,,the ,,alcohol ,,habit4 8,consistency is the ,test of ,truth40--,,wilberforce4 ,among the strange legends of the ,middle ,ages there are certain traditions which have evidently a figurative significance1 and whose origin has often been traced to the allegorical mythology of an earlier age4 ,an allegory of that sort is the legend of the 8,marvel of ,nikolsburg10 near ,vienna2 a miraculous image that appeared always an inch higher than the person standing before it4 8,it overtopped a giant1 and all but condescended to the stature of a dwarf10 says the tradition4 ,that image is a symbol of nature4 ,the lowest savage must dimly recognize the fact that man can not measure his cunning against the wisdom of the ,creator1 and the highest development of science has only revealed its own incompetence to imitate1 or even comprehend1 the structural perfection of the simplest living organism4 ,the ,author of life deals only in masterpieces2 the marvelous fitness of his contrivances is as infinite in his smallest as in his greatest works1 and the apparent exceptions from that rule can nearly all be traced to the influence of abnormal circumstances4 ,our own interference with the order of nature has caused the discords in the harmony of creation which furnish the chief arguments of pessimism4 ,the winter torrents which devastate the valleys of southern ,france with a fury which ,condorcet calls the 8truculence of a vainly worshiped heaven10 flowed in harmless brooks till the hand of man destroyed the protecting forests that absorbed and equalized the drainage of the ,alpine slopes1 the same imprudence has turned the gardens of the ,east into deserts and obstructed with sandbars the channels of once navigable rivers4 ,the wanton extermination of woodbirds has revenged itself by insect plagues4 ,consumption1 that cruel scourge of the human race1 is the direct consequence of the folly which makes us prefer the miasma of our tenement-prisons to the balm of ,god's free air4 ,we are too apt to confound the results of our sins against nature with the original arrangements of ,providence4 ,but the strangest instance of that mistake is the fallacy which has long biased our dealings with the curse of the alcohol habit4 ,drunkards plead their inability to resist the promptings of an imperious appetite4 ,their friends lament the antagonism of nature and duty1 the weakness of the flesh frustrating the resolves of a willing spirit4 ,even temperance orators dwell on the dangers of 8worldly temptations10 of 8selfish1 sensual indulgences10 as if the alcohol habit were the result of an innate propensity--deplorable in its collateral consequences1 but withal entitled to the compromising concessions which ascetic virtue owes to the cravings of an impetuous natural instinct4 ,in other words1 we palliate a flagrant crime against the physical laws of ,god1 as if nature herself had lured us to our ruin2 the votaries of alcohol plead their ignorance1 as if the ,providence that warns us against the sting of a tiny insect and teaches the eye to protect itself against a mote of dust1 had provided no adequate safeguards against the greatest danger to health and happiness4 ,and yet those safeguards would abundantly answer their protective purpose if persistent vice had not almost deadened the faculty of understanding the monitions of our physical conscience4 ,it is true that the stimulant-thirst of the confirmed drunkard far exceeds the urgency of the most impetuous instincts1 but by that very excessiveness and persistence the far-gone development of the alcohol habit proves what the mode of its incipience establishes beyond the possibility of a doubt1 namely1 the radical difference of its characteristics from those of a natural appetite4 ,for1 #a4 ,,under ,,normal ,,circumstances ,,the ,,attractiveness ,,of ,,alimentary ,,substances ,,is ,,proportioned ,,to ,,the ,,degree ,,of ,,their ,,healthfulness ,,and ,,their ,,nutritive ,,value4--,to the children of nature all hurtful things are repulsive1 all beneficial things attractive4 ,providence has endowed our species with a liberal share of the protective instinct that teaches our dumb fellow-creatures to select their proper food1 and even in this age of far-gone degeneration the dietetic predilections of children and primitive men might furnish the criteria of a general food reform4 ,no creature is misled by an innate craving for unwholesome food1 nor by an instinctive aversion to wholesome substances4 ,our natural repugnance to nearly all kinds of 8medicines10 i4 e41 virulent stimulants1 has already begun to be recognized as a suggestive illustration of that rule4 ,a child's hankering after sweetmeats is only an apparent exception1 for1 as ,dr4 ,schrodt observes1 the conventional diet of our children is so deficient in saccharine elements that instinct constantly strives to supply an unsatisfied want4 ,human beings fed chiefly on fruit syrups would instinctively hanker after farinaceous substances4 ,the savages of our northwestern prairies are as fond of honey as their grizzly neighbors4 ,nurslings1 deprived of their mothers' milk1 instinctively appreciate the proper component parts of artificial surrogates4 ,sailors in the tropics thirst after fruit1 after refrigerating fluids1 after fresh vegetables4 ,in the arctic seas they crave calorific food--oil or fat4 ,but in no climate of this earth is man afflicted with an instinctive hankering after alcohol4 ,to the palate of an unseduced boy rum is as repulsive as corrosive sublimate4 ,i do not speak only of the sons of nature-abiding parents1 but of the children of vice1 left to the guidance of their enfeebled1 but not intentionally perverted1 instincts4 ,the intuitive bias even of such is in the direction of total abstinence from all noxious stimulants1 for nature has willed that all her creatures should begin the pilgrimage of life from beyond the point where the roads of purity and vice diverge4 ,in their projects for the abolition of the stimulant habit1 temperance people are1 indeed1 rather inclined to underrate the difficulties of a total cure of a confirmed poison vice1 but equally apt to overrate the difficulty of total prevention4 ,the supposed effects of an innate predisposition can generally be traced to the direct influence of a vicious education4 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau expressed his conviction that a fondness for intoxicating liquors is nearly always contracted in the years of immaturity1 when the deference to social precedents is apt to overcome the warnings of instinct1 but that those who have escaped or not yielded to the temptations of that period would ever afterward be safe4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 too1 admits that 8home influences are too often mistaken for hereditary influences40 ,and boy topers are not always voluntary converts4 ,the year before ,i left my native town 7,brussels71 ,i found a drunken lad on the platform of the railway depot and carried him to the house of a medical friend1 who put him to bed and turned him over to a policeman the next morning4 ,the little fellow was recognized as an old offender1 but when the court was going to send him to a house of correction my friend offered to take him back1 and1 on condition of keeping him away from his parents1 was permitted to take care of him1 and finally made him his office-boy4 ,his parents were ascertained to be both habitual drunkards1 but their son 7t4 #aa71 showed no inclination to follow their example1 and voluntarily abstained from the light wines which now and then made their appearance on the doctor's table--though he never missed an opportunity to rejoin his old playmates1 and1 as his patron expressed it1 8was a dangerous deal too smart to be entrusted with the collection of bills40 ,six months after his last scrape ,i found him alone in the doctor's office1 where he had collected a private library of picture papers and illustrated almanacs4 8,what made you get so drunk last ,easter80 ,i asked him1 8are you so fond of brandy80 8,nenni1 mais ,pa m'en fit prendre10 he replied--8father made me drink it40 #b4 ,,the ,,instinctive ,,aversion ,,to ,,any ,,kind ,,of ,,poison ,,can ,,be ,,perverted ,,into ,,an ,,unnatural ,,craving ,,after ,,the ,,same ,,substance4--,poisons are either repulsive or insipid4 ,arsenic1 sugar of lead1 and antimony1 belong to the latter class4 ,to the first-born children of earth certain mineral poisons were decidedly out of the way substances1 against which nature apparently thought it less necessary to provide special safeguards4 ,but1 though less repulsive than other poisons1 such substances are never positively attractive1 and often 7like verdigris1 potassium1 etc471 perceptibly nauseous4 ,vegetable poisons are either nauseous or intensely bitter4 ,hasheesh is more unattractive than turpentine4 ,opium is acrid caustic4 ,absinthe 7wormwood extract7 is as bitter as gall4 ,instinct resists the incipience of an insidious second nature4 ,but that instinct is plastic4 ,if the warnings of our physical conscience remain unheeded1 if the offensive substance is again and again forced upon the unwilling stomach1 nature at last chooses the alternative of compromising the evil1 and1 true to her supreme law1 of preserving existence at any cost1 prolongs even a wretched life by adapting the organism to the exigencies of an abnormal habit4 ,she still continues her protest in the feeling of exhaustion which follows every poison-debauch1 but permits each following dose of the insidious drug to act as a temporary re-invigorant1 or at least as a spur to the functional activity of the exhausted organism1 for the apparent return of vital vigor is1 in fact1 nothing but a symptom of the morbid energy exerted by the system in its efforts to rid itself of a deadly intruder1 for each new application of the stimulus is as regularly followed by a distressing reaction4 ,and only then the slave of the unnatural habit becomes conscious of that peculiar craving which is entirely distinct from the promptings of a healthy appetite--a craving uncompromisingly directed toward a special--once repulsive--substance1 a craving defying the limiting instincts which indicate the proper quantum of wholesome foods and drinks1 a craving which each gratification makes more irresistible1 though for the time being each indulgence is followed by a depressing reaction4 ,the appetite for wholesome substances--however palatable--is never exclusive4 ,a child may become passionately fond of ice cream1 yet accept cold water and fruit cake as a welcome substitute4 ,a predilection for honey1 strawberries1 or sweet tree fruits will not tempt the admirers of such dainties to commit forgery and highway robbery to indulge their penchant--as long as their kitchen affords a supply of savory vegetables4 ,unnatural appetites have no natural limits2 but the art of the best pastry cook would hardly induce his customers to stupefy and bestialize themselves with his compounds4 ,there are no milk topers1 no suicidal potato eaters1 no victims of a chronic porridge passion4 ,in spite of occasional surfeits the craving for alimentary substances increases and decreases with the needs of the organism1 while that of the poison drinker yields only to the temporary extinction of consciousness4 ,in a state of nature every normal function is associated with a pleasurable sensation1 and instead of resulting in agonizing reactions a feast of wholesome food is followed by a state of considerable physical comfort--8the beatific consciousness of perfect digestion10 as ,baron ,brisse describes the pleasures of the after dinner hour4 ,but no length of practice will ever save the poison slave from the penalties of his sins against nature4 ,each full indulgence is followed by a full measure of woful retributions1 while a half indulgence results in a half depression to the verge of world-weary despondency1 or fails to satisfy the lingering thirst after a larger dose of the same stimulant4 ,and every poison known to modern chemistry can beget that specific craving4 8,entirely accidental circumstances1 the accessibility of special drugs1 imitativeness and the intercourse of commercial nations1 the mere whims of fashion1 the authority of medical recommendations1 have often decided the first choice of a special stimulant1 destined to become a national beverage0 and a national curse4 ,the contemporaries of the ,veda writers fuddled with soma-wine1 the juice of a narcotic plant of the ,himalaya foothills4 ,their neighbors1 the pastoral ,tartars1 get drunk on ,koumiss1 or fermented mare's milk1 an abomination which in ,eastern ,europe threatens to increase the list of imported poisons1 while opium is gaining ground in our ,pacific ,states as fast as lager beer1 chloral and patent 8bitters0 on the ,atlantic slope4 ,the ,french have added absinthe to their wines and liquors1 the ,turks hasheesh and opiates to strong coffee4 ,north ,america has adopted tea from ,china1 coffee from ,arabia 7or originally from ,ceylon71 tobacco from the ,caribbean savages1 highwines from ,france and ,spain1 and may possibly learn to drink ,mexican aloe-sap1 or chew the coca leaves of the ,south ,american ,indians4 ,arsenic has its votaries in the southern ,alps4 ,cinnebar and acetate of copper victimize the miners of the ,peruvian ,sierras4 ,the ,ashantees are so fond of sorghum beer that their chieftains have to keep special bamboo cages for the benefit of quarrelsome drunkards4 ,the pastor of a ,swiss colony in the ,mexican ,state of ,oaxaca told me that the mountaineers of that neighborhood befuddle themselves with cicuta syrup1 the inspissated juice of a kind of hemlock that first excites and then depresses the cerebral functions1 excessive garrulity being the principal symptom of the exalted stage of intoxication4 ,a decoction of the common fly toadstool 7agaricus maculatus7 inflames the passions of the ,kamschatka natives1 makes them pugnacious1 disputative1 but eventually splenetic 7,chamisso's 8,reisen10 p4 #cbb74 ,the ,abyssinians use a preparation of dhurra-corn that causes more quarrels than gambling4 ,it is a favorite beverage at festivals1 and is vaunted as a remedy for various complaints1 though ,belzoni mentions that it makes its votaries more subject to the attacks of the ,nile fever4 ,according to ,professor ,vamberg1 the ,syrian ,druses pray1 though apparently in vain1 to be delivered from the temptation of foxglove tea4 ,comparative pathology has multiplied these analogies till1 in spite of the arguments of a thousand specious advocates1 there is no valid reason to doubt that the alleged innate craving for the stimulus of fermented or distilled beverages is wholly abnormal1 and that the alcohol habit is characterized by all the peculiarities of a poison vice4 #c4 ,,all ,,poison ,,habits ,,are ,,progressive4--,there is a deep significance in that term of our language which describes an unnatural habit as growing upon its devotees1 for we find1 indeed1 a striking analogy between the development of the stimulant habit and that of a parasitical plant1 which1 sprouting from tiny seeds1 fastens upon1 preys upon1 and at last strangles its victims4 ,the seductiveness of every stimulant habit gains strength with each new indulgence1 and it is a curious fact that that power is proportioned to the original repulsiveness of the poison4 ,the tonic influence of ,chinese tea is due to the presence of a stimulating ingredient known as thene1 in its concentrated form a strong narcotic poison1 but forming only a minute percentage of the component parts of common green tea4 ,on the ,pacific coast of our country thousands of ,chinese immigrants carry their thrift to the degree of renouncing their favorite beverage1 but neither considerations of economy nor of self-preservation will induce the same exiles to break the fetters of the opium habit4 ,not one hasheesh-eater in a hundred can hope to emancipate himself from the thraldom of his vice4 ,the guests of ,king ,alcohol1 too1 would make their reckoning without their host in hoping to take in the fun of intoxication as a votary of pleasure would engage in a transient pastime3 his palace is an ,armida castle1 that rarely dismisses a visitor4 8,in describing the effects of the alcohol habit10 says ,dr4 ,isaac ,jennings1 8,i want to impress the reader with another feature of it--its perpetuity4 ,it can never be put off during the lifetime of the individual2 it may be covered up to appearance1 but it can not be effaced4''' ,it seems to be a common impression that alcohol circulates through the body1 excites the action of the heart and liver1 quickens and enlivens the animal spirits1 and then passes off1 and leaves no trace of its visitation1 or at most only a temporary loss of power1 which is soon restored by a self-moved power pump4 ,this is a great and fundamental error4 ,every drop of alcohol that enters the stomach inflicts an injury that will continue as long as the old stock lasts1 and reach even to the young sprouts4 ,it may not be enstamped on them in precisely the same way1 but it will affect essentially the same parts40 78,medical ,reform10 pp4 #agc-age47 8,if a man was sent to hell10 says ,dr4 ,rush1 8and kept there for a thousand years as a punishment for drinking1 and then returned1 his first cry would be1 #8,give me rum1 give me rum6'0 8,the infernal powers blindfold the victims of their altars10 says ,lessing1 and the stimulant vice seems1 in fact1 to weaken not only the physical constitution of its votaries1 but their moral power of resistance1 and often even the faculty of realizing the perils of their practice1 as if the poison had struck its roots into the very souls of its victims4 ,but the alcohol habit grows outward1 as well as inward4 ,we have seen that each gratification of the poison vice is followed by a depressing reaction4 ,but his feeling of exhaustion is steadily progressive1 and the correspondingly increased craving for a repetition of the stimulant dose forces its victim either to increase the quantity of the wonted tonic1 or else to resort to a stronger poison4 ,the experience of individual drunkards probably corresponds to the international development of the alcohol habit4 ,its first devotees contented themselves with moderate quantities of the milder stimulants3 must1 hydromel and light beer4 ,but such tonics soon began to pall1 and the jaded appetite of the toper soon resorted to strong wines1 to hard cider1 and finally to brandy and rum4 ,others increased the quantity1 and learned to drink horse-pails full of beer1 in which 8diluted and harmless form0 many ,german students manage to absorb a quart of alcohol per day4 8,people sometimes wonder10 says ,dr4 ,jennings1 8why such and such men1 possessing great intellectual power and firmness of character in other respects1 can not drink moderately and not give themselves up to drunkenness4 ,they become drunkards by law--fixed1 immutable law4 ,let a man with a constitution as perfect as ,adam's undertake to drink alcohol1 moderately and perseveringly1 with all the caution and deliberate determination that he can command1 and if he could live long enough he would just as certainly become a drunkard--get to a point where he could not refrain from drinking to excess--as he would go over ,niagara ,falls when placed in a canoe in the river above the falls and left to the natural operation of the current4 ,and proportionally as he descended the stream would his alcoholic attraction for it increase1 so that he would find it more and more difficult to get ashore1 until he reached a point where escape was impossible40 78,medical ,reform10 p4 #agf47 ,now and then the votaries of the stimulant habit exchange their tonic for a stronger poison4 ,claude ,bernard1 the famous ,french pathologist1 noticed that the opium vice recruits its female victims chiefly from the ranks of the veteran coffee drinkers4 ,in ,turkey1 too1 strong coffee has prepared the way for tobacco and opium2 in ,switzerland arsenic eaters have exchanged their kirschwasser for a more potent tonic2 many ,french and ,russian hard drinkers have learned to prefer ether to brandy4 ,but no poison vice can be cured by milder stimulants4 ,the ,beelzebub of alcohol does not yield to weaker spirits2 hence the fallacy of the antidote plan4 ,nothing was formerly more common with temperance people of the compromise school than to comfort converted drunkards with stimulating drugs and strong coffee1 in the hope that the organism might somehow be induced to acquiesce in the quid pro quo4 ,that hope is a delusion4 ,the surrogate may bring a temporary relief1 but it can not satisfy the thirst for the stronger tonic1 and only serves to perpetuate the stimulant diathesis--the poison hunger which will sooner or later revert to the wonted object of its passion4 ,unswerving loyalty to the pledge of the total abstinence plan is not at first the easiest1 but eventually the surest way4 ,for even after weeks of successful resistance to the importunities of the tempter1 a mere spark may rekindle the smothered flames4 8,what takes place in the stomach of a reformed drunkard80 says ,dr4 ,sewall--8the individual who abandons the use of all intoxicating drinks8 ,the stomach by that extraordinary self-restorative power of nature gradually resumes its natural appearance4 ,its engorged blood-vessels become reduced to their original size1 and a few weeks or months will accomplish this renovation1 after which the individual has no longer any suffering or desire for alcohol4 ,it is nevertheless true1 and should ever be borne in mind1 that such is the sensibility of the stomach of the reformed drunkard that a repetition of the use of alcohol1 in the slightest degree1 and in any form1 under any circumstances1 revives the appetite2 the blood vessels again become dilated1 and the morbid sensibility of the organ is reproduced40 ,the use of any stimulating drug may rewaken the dormant propensity1 and it will not change the result if the stimulant has been administered in the form of a medical prescription4 ,strong drink is a mocker1 in disease as well as in health1 and the road to the rum shop leads through the dispensary as often as through the beer garden4 ,the logical conclusion of all these premises thus reveals the two-fold secret of the alcohol habit3 the anomaly of its attractiveness and the necessity of its progressiveness1 and we at last recognize the truth that the road to intemperance is paved with mild stimulants1 and that the only safe1 consistent and effective plan of reform is total abstinence from all stimulating poisons4 ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,the ,,yosemite4 ,,by ,,miss ,,frances ,e4 ,,willard1 ,president of ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,the famous ,san ,joaquin ,valley is as large as the ,state of ,ohio4 ,it opens into the ,sacramento ,valley1 and the two are about six hundred miles long4 ,a plow could go the length of both and never touch a stone4 ,in the ,san ,joaquin they have a ranche where the gang plow starts in the morning1 goes on a straight line all day1 turns back and plows its twin furrow the next1 having thus retraversed the length of one ,california farm4 ,it was through seven hours by rail of this valley that we went1 in a southeasterly direction1 from ,san ,francisco to ,madera1 where two coaches were waiting to carry us over the one hundred miles in a northeasterly direction that still separated us from the wonderland ruled by 8,el ,capitan40 ,there were twenty-three of us1 and 8none smoked or chewed1 or drank or swore10 as ,i was credibly informed by our 8,el ,capitan10 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,briggs4 ,by the way1 if ,chautauqua wants a first class attraction let this name go on the list4 ,we traveled rapidly4 ,i counted thirty different horses on our coach in one day4 ,we killed rattlesnakes1 that is1 the ,dr4 did1 marching squarely forward and whacking them unmercifully with his stout cane1 while we women1 securely perched on our high seats in the coach1 really enjoyed the sight4 ,we saw horse-shoes enough for wholesale good luck1 scattered along the road4 ,we believe1 and always shall1 that we perceived a bear track1 and wondered if it was made by famous 8,club ,foot ,joe0--whose annals are they not in all the ,tourist's ,chronicles8 ,we told stories all strictly true4 ,there was no ,baron ,mnchausen amongst us1 though had prosaic ,easterners been within earshot of our driver they might perhaps have promulgated a different declaration4 ,we did not fear robbers1 for 8a count0 developed the fact that in our coach--chiefly inhabited by ministers1 their wives1 and sundry visiting philanthropists--gold watches were the only 8plunder10 and these were all inscribed 8,presented by0 to that degree that no well regulated 8road agent0 would have wished such a 8free advertisement0 of his base conduct1 as these trophies must have furnished4 ,we sang old songs of the fireside and sanctuary1 talked of the ,chautauquas east and west1 8marked0 our favorite trees in 8the ample forest of ,bishop timber0 7to be revealed after next ,general ,conference71 and regulated the affairs of the nation generally4 ,we fitted ourselves out with a 8local government0 administered on the everlasting principles of justice and equality1 i4 e41 we counted the women in1 not out4 ,i copy our rules from the log book of the expedition3 #a4 ,unquestioned submission to constituted authority4 #b4 ,silence when entering the valley4 #c4 ,wives1 be obedient to your husbands4--,the ,chaplain4 #d4 ,wives1 don't you do it4--,the ,chaplain's wife4 #e4 ,whenever a dispute arises1 the vote of every woman shall count two4--,a widower4 #f4 ,eat dinner often4--,little ,walter ,bland4 #g4 ,no one shall be required to speak grammatically on this trip4--,f4 ,e4 ,w4 ,all of which were unanimously adopted except the one about 8counting two10 which evoked a loud dissent4 ,the first day we rode seventy-two miles1 stopping at ,clark's hospitable caravansary1 and kindly permitting sweet sleep to knit up the raveled sleeve of care4 ,decoration ,day 7,may #cjth7 came next1 and with patriotic intent we had made out a program1 intending to 8celebrate0 in the chapel built for ,dr4 ,vincent when he conducted a miniature 8,chautauqua ,assembly0 in the ,yosemite a few years since4 ,but when1 after a mountain ride of half a day1 surrounded by inclined planes of evergreens1 each of which would have been a world's wonder1 at the ,east1 with superb curves in the road evermore opening fresh vistas of illimitable height1 verdure and beauty1 we rounded ,,inspiration ,,point1 8there was no more spirit in us40 ,nay1 rather the spirit of beauty and divinity so possessed us that 8plans0 and 8programs0 sunk into oblivion4 ,word-pauperism oppresses one upon this height as nothing else on earth4 ,there is in ,europe a single revelation of art which has power to silence the chatter even of fashion's devotees1 and that is ,raphael's ,sistine ,madonna4 ,i have been in its seraphic presence for hours at a time1 but never heard a vocal comment4 ,the foamiest natures are not silenced by ,niagara1 by ,mt4 ,blanc1 by the ,jungfrau's awful purity1 or the terrors of ,vesuvius for their flippant tones have smitten me in all these sacred places4 ,but from the little child in our midst--a bright faced boy of four--to the rough1 kind hearted driver1 not one word was spoken by our party as ,,the ,,heavenly ,,vision framed in fleecy1 flying clouds1 greeted our thoughtful eyes and spoke of ,god to our hushed souls4 ,except beside the dying bed of my beloved ,i have never felt the veil so thin between me and the world ineffable--supernal4 ,what was it like8 ,let no pen less lofty than that of ,milton1 less atune with nature's purest mood than that of ,wordsworth1 hope to 8express unblamed0 the awful and ethereal beauty of what we saw4 8,earth with her thousand voices praises ,god10 sang the great heart of ,coleridge1 from the vale of ,chamouni1 but here1 the divine chorus includes both earth and heaven1 for ,el ,capitan rears his head into the sky1 ,sentinel1 ,cathedral ,rocks and sky-climbing clouds rest while the symphony of eighteen waterfalls rounds out the diapason4 8,the rolling year is full of ,thee1 ,forth in the gentle spring ,thy beauty walks1 ,thy tenderness and love40 ,these tuneful words of ,thompson's 8,seasons0 express the milder mood of nature1 but who can fitly tell of the condensed impressions about ,god made by a valley only six miles long1 one mile wide1 and half a mile high1 wherein every form of solemn1 majestic and pastoral beauty are combined4 ,a holy awe rested upon us1 and tears were in all eyes4 ,at last the sacred silence was broken by a rich voice1 beloved by me for many a year1 as ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,bentley lead the 8,gloria in ,excelsis10 in which the jubilant soprano harmonized with the melodious bass of humanity's united utterance of praise4 8,o come1 let us worship and bow down1 let us kneel before the ,lord1 our ,maker10 these inspired words leaped to our lips1 and we found that beyond all poets was the fitness of dear old words1 our mothers taught us from the book of ,god1 in this supreme moment of our experience4 8,the ,lord is in his holy temple1 let all the earth keep silence before ,him10 8,what is man that ,thou art mindful of him10 8,stand in awe and sin not30 these were the first words that came to us1 and ,i believe we shall be better men and women always for that vision of eternity from which the curtain of mystery was for a moment drawn aside4 ,we learned afterward that as our coaches rolled on into the valley a third rounded 8,inspiration ,point10 and ,judge of ,sydney1 ,ohio1 a dear old gentleman1 rose to his feet1 clasped his hands as if in prayer1 and exclaimed 8,mercy6 mercy6 ,have ,i lived seventy-six years that ,i might see this glory6 ,god made it all60 and he lifted up his voice and wept4 ,such a scene as that is once for a life time4 ,we saw the valley from an hundred points of view afterward1 we waved our good-bye to it a week later from this very point1 but the first remains the unmatched view--its like will never greet our eyes again--not in this world4 ,as we sped onward into the valley one of us said3 8,i never felt before such pity for the blind40 ,,the ,,hospitalities ,,of ,,nature4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,hugh ,,macmillan1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,some objects are repellant and exclusive4 ,they give no shelter or support to any created thing4 ,they suffice for themselves1 and stand out clearly defined in their distinct and independent existence4 ,the surface of the snow is barren2 the chilly glacier has no communion with the mountain glen through which it passes4 ,the clear1 sharp-cut crystal harbors no stain from earth or sky to show its sympathy with the materials out of which it sprang4 ,the marble rock1 like the snow1 does not invite the green things of the soil around it to share its existence with it1 and give to and take from it an element of picturesqueness and beauty4 ,and yet1 as in human society1 when social laws overbear private plans1 and the social design is fulfilled in spite of selfish opposition1 so in nature the substances that seek to exclude others are made to contribute to the general harmony and the beautiful balancing of creation4 ,the very snow is made to be friendly and hospitable1 for it nourishes on its stainless bosom a simple1 one-celled plant which grows with such rapidity and in such marvelous profusion that it gives to whole fields of polar and alpine snow a deep crimson hue1 as if a creature's blood had dyed them4 ,in the shallow parts of water melted on the surface of the glacier by the hot noonday sun may be seen jelly-like masses of vegetation2 while under the stones which the rocks around hurl down upon it1 as if in anger at its hostility1 may be found lively colonies of the small black glacier flea4 ,nature will not allow this cold1 frigid substance to maintain a separate existence2 for beside bowlders from the rocks1 she persists in soiling its surface with dirt-bands and masses of dbris from the crumbling mountain-side1 so that a line of demarcation between ice and earth can not be drawn1 and the glacier blends with the rest of the mountain2 while the sky claims kindred with the deep cerulean blue that shines in the crevasses4 ,marble1 too1 takes on the warm golden tint of the sunset1 and is stained by time with a russet hue that brings it into partnership with the common rocks1 with which all things make friends--the mosses1 the lichens1 the vines and birds4 ,even the hardest crystals and precious stones have occasional cavities filled with fluids1 which indicate their origin4 ,nay1 so anxious is nature to assimilate every object1 that on the thatch of man's lowly cottages she plants her tufted mosses2 on the slates of his statelier roofs she paints her frescoes of golden lichens2 and even on his windows she produces not only the iridescence of age1 but also a growth of curious1 minute alg4 ,on his dark unsightly cinder-walks1 which seem like spots of ink disfiguring nature's fair page1 she makes her dandelions to open their sunshine2 and on the raw new walls which he builds around his possessions1 to separate them from nature's wastes1 she spreads her hoary nebul of vegetation4 ,man's works are thus made kindred to the earth and the elements2 and nature1 by her hospitalities1 makes them at home in every situation4 ,some objects are more hospitable than others4 ,the beech1 of all trees1 is perhaps the most self-contained4 ,it fills out its trunk so thoroughly2 its bark is so hard and stuffed and rounded with its wood1 that it has not a rift nor a crevice in which any living thing might find refuge4 ,no moss forms a green tuft upon it2 no leafy or shrubby lichen finds a foothold on its smooth bark4 ,and even the crustaceous species that consist of a mere film of gray matter grow thinner on its hard repellant surface than on the rock itself4 ,they cling so closely that they can not be separated4 ,no botanist would go to the beech expecting to find on its trunk the wealth of lowly plants in which he delights4 ,to the entomologist it is equally uninteresting1 the number of insects that frequent it being exceedingly few4 ,nor is it chosen usually by birds to build their nests on its boughs4 ,darwin mentions that worms hardly ever make their curious castings under its shade4 ,the ground beneath it nourishes no green grasses1 and only its brown mast and polished1 three-cornered nuts carpet the soil4 ,why is the beech so inhospitable8 ,why does it thus stand alone1 apart from the rest of creation1 and proudly maintain its own self-sufficient existence8 ,it is indeed one of the grandest of our forest trees4 ,nothing can be lovelier than its translucent foliage in spring1 making1 as ,coleridge says1 8the level sunshine glimmer with green light40 ,nothing can be more splendid than its blaze of amber tints lighting up the woodland in autumn like a pillar of fire4 ,its shade is ample2 its leaves are sweet and tender2 its nuts pleasant and nutritious4 ,and yet all creatures1 with the exception of the pig1 which feeds upon its nuts1 seem to shun it2 and hardly any moss or lichen ornaments its trunk and arms with its quaint jewelry4 ,it stands in the inanimate world of pictures around us as a type of a thoroughly selfish and unsocial nature4 ,only the lover seeks it to carve upon its smooth1 hard bark the name of the beloved one1 fondly hoping that it may long retain1 clear and sharp as if cut in stone1 the cherished inscription4 ,but even this tender secret it refuses to keep2 its trunk swells1 and the letters become dilated and distorted1 and in a few years a new growth smooths out and obliterates the name1 without leaving a trace on its callous wood4 ,perhaps this smoothness and hardness of the bark and wood1 as well as the dryness of its shade--for no other woods are so free from damp and so pleasant to walk in as beech woods--may be the reason why it shelters so little dependent life4 ,even the raindrops refuse to linger about it1 and though the sunbeams may play through the green meshes of its transparent foliage and tremble on the lines of silky hairs that project from the margins of its young leaves 8like eyelashes from the margin of the eyelid10 yet without moisture the light can favor no growth of fern or moss or lichen1 which loves a damp atmosphere2 and without these lowly plants no insect or bird life can flourish4 ,another inhospitable tree is the pine4 ,its degree of selfishness varies with the species1 some being much more tolerant of alien life than others2 the common larch being1 perhaps1 the least exclusive1 and the aurucaria the most4 ,the trunk and branches of the larch are covered from head to foot with tufts and rosettes of hoary lichens1 which cling specially to this tree and give it a most venerable appearance2 but the aurucaria surrounds itself with an impenetrable armor of vegetable spears and daggers1 within whose formidable circle no living thing dare intrude4 ,i once saw a squirrel skipping along a lawn1 and suddenly stopping at the foot of a tall1 wide-spreading aurucaria1 it looked up at the bristling trunk and branches with evident astonishment1 as if it had never seen anything of the kind before2 and with an expression of disappointment and fear that was almost human1 and certainly was exceedingly comical1 it turned away and climbed up a more propitious looking species of pine near at hand4 ,but whatever may be the case in regard to individual trees1 the pine tribe in its social character is decidedly inhospitable4 ,a pine wood is one of the loneliest scenes in nature1 not merely as regards the intrusion of man1 but as regards the intrusion of any other living thing4 ,nothing breaks up its uniformity and monotony4 ,it has none of the rich variety of life that characterizes other woods4 ,the seasons themselves make no impression upon it1 for it is dressed in perennial green1 and it retains its shade alike in summer's heat and winter's desolation4 ,it prevents all undergrowth2 no brambles dare to stretch their long1 trailing1 thorny arms--like the feelers of some creature of prey--within its guarded enclosure4 ,no wild roses can open their trembling petals white with fear1 or crimson with blushes1 in its solemn sanctuary4 ,no hazel bush will drop there its ringlets of smoking catkins in spring1 or its ruddy clusters of nuts in autumn4 ,no mimic sunshine of primrose tufts1 no pale star-beams of anemone or sorrel will light up its gloom4 ,no glimpses of blue sky are let into it by hyacinths1 or bluebells1 or violets4 ,to all the lowly plants that find refuge in other woods1 and in turn adorn and beautify their hosts1 the pine trees in their dignified independence refuse admission4 ,no song of bird or hum of insect is heard beneath their boughs4 ,and on the ground below1 strewn deep with a carpet of brown needles and emptied cones that have silently dropped in the course of long years from overhead1 and are slow to decay1 only a few yellow toadstools and one or two splendid scarlet mushrooms make up for the painful dearth of vegetation4 ,it seems as if the balsamic breath of the pines1 which is so wholesome to human life--guarding off all fevers and infectious diseases--were as deadly as the upas shade to other forms of life4 ,how widely different is it with the oak6 ,this of all trees--of all living things--is the most hospitable2 and in this respect it is well chosen as the badge of ,england1 which has the proud distinction of affording a refuge to every political outcast and victim of ecclesiastical tyranny throughout the world1 and fosters by its love of freedom and constitutional government1 every type and variety of human life4 ,a whole book might easily be written upon the multitude of living things that obtain food and shelter from the oak4 ,the natural history of its inmates and boarders is like that of a garden1 or1 indeed1 a county4 ,some creatures are peculiar to it1 and find their home nowhere else2 and to many more that are free to come and go1 it extends a kindly welcome4 ,were it to perish altogether from off the face of the earth1 many insects and plants would disappear utterly4 ,the insect population alone of the oak tree1 including beetles1 butterflies1 and a great variety of tiny creeping things which none but a naturalist cares for1 or is aware of1 would furnish materials for study of a most interesting and absorbing kind for many summer weeks together4 ,when we do not see themselves1 we see the evidence of the existence and working of the insects in the great variety of curious galls which they produce upon the trunk and branches3 oak apples that hang on the twigs like some mysterious unknown fruit1 and are as wondrously fashioned1 although excrescences and abortions of the vital sap1 as the legitimate acorn cups and eggs themselves2 and beautiful golden-brown spangles that crowd all the under-surface of the withering leaves in autumn like the seeds1 or the 8fairy's money10 as it is called1 on the back of the ferns1 thus linking the oak leaf and the fern leaf--the highest and the lowest type of vegetation--together in the wondrous unity of nature by a strange similitude of appearance4 ,but it is among the plants that we find the most beautiful occupants of the oak tree4 ,the ivy climbs up its trunk1 which affords admirable support for its myriads of little feet1 and changes its glossy leaves1 as it creeps higher and higher1 from the deeply-cut angular pattern to the oval and pointed one2 and at the top it waves its airy sprays among the oak leaves1 and produces beside the acorns at the extremities of the branches1 the light-green flowers that blossom only when the plant has nothing to cling to and must shift for itself2 as if nature were taking care that when the life of the individual was in danger1 the life of the race should at least be made sure4 ,then there is the mystic mistletoe1 with all its dim and sacred associations with the ,druid-worship of our remote ancestors4 ,it clings still closer to the oak1 for it is not an epiphyte like the ivy--merely making use of the tree for support--and finding its food independently from the soil and air--but a partial parasite that strikes its root into the substance of the oak1 and while to some extent feeding upon its prepared juices1 is capable of showing a little independent spirit and working for its own support1 as is evident from the fact of its having green leaves1 which1 however pale1 can still decompose1 to some extent1 the sunshine into materials of growth4 ,the mistletoe is thus a partial boarder of the oak2 it gets1 so to speak1 its principal meal from it1 while for its lighter refreshment it is dependent upon its own resources4 ,a beautiful emblem truly it is1 thus growing on our royal ,english tree4 ,according to the suggestive mythology of our ancestors1 which had1 indeed1 much in it of the deeply philosophical1 as well as of the practical and religious1 the oak was ,hesus1 the god best and greatest1 strongest and ever-during2 and the mistletoe was man weak and poor1 but living in him and clinging to his everlasting arms4 ,it would be almost impossible to enumerate the various kinds of mosses1 lichens1 and ferns1 that show a preference for the oak1 and share its grand and liberal hospitality4 ,its trunk seems as if made to harbor those lowly lilliputian members of the vegetable kingdom1 whose quaint forms and curious properties harmonize so well with the fairy scenery of midsummer night's dreams4 ,unlike the smooth bark of the beech1 made to keep all visitors aloof1 the bark of the oak is full of furrows1 crevices1 irregularities1 porches and outbuildings as it were1 where wandering seeds find lodgement1 and first tender growths can secure their hold against scorching sunbeam and cruel wind4 ,the huge patriarch1 hoary with years1 whose lifetime bridges across the whole history of ,england1 allows the tiny imps of vegetation that are but of yesterday--the perpetual infants1 so to speak1 of plant life1 freely to clamber over its roots and arms1 and hang upon its rugged bosses which time has used so cruelly1 reducing them almost to bone and muscle1 their emerald bracelets of moss1 their plumes of polypody ferns1 and their rosettes of lichen1 adorning the magnificent old grandfather of the woods with the ornaments of youth and beauty6 ,what a wonderful picturesqueness do these lowly forms of life1 crowding around the oak as it grows in years and in size1 give to it6 ,they richly repay the hospitality they receive in the added charm they impart to the forest patriarch4 ,they show an exquisite sympathy even with its weaknesses1 hiding its defects by their fairy sprays1 and covering its dead members with a lovely pall of vegetable velvet4 ,it teaches us thus the touching lesson that the grandest things in nature may be made more beautiful and picturesque by the simplest--as the greatest man may be indebted for his chief happiness to the smiles and prattle of the little children that climb on his knee4 ,and how open to all the flowers and shrubs of the wild wood are its wide-spreading arms6 ,the grass may grow up to the very foot of its trunk unreproved by any dark frowning shadow cast by its leaves4 ,the hyacinth may make a fragrant mist of blue about its roots1 and the primrose need not blanch its sunny cheek as it creeps up to its venerable bole4 ,royal as it is1 its dignity consists in its hospitality2 and its nobility is indicated by its freeness of access and kindly generous welcome to all that may hold within it the sacred principle of life4 ,the gates of its hospitality1 like the ,bukharian nobleman's1 are 8nailed open40 ,sturdy and independent as it is1 there is thus no object that is more closely linked with the genial life of nature1 that blends more harmoniously with the operations which different creatures carry on for their own advantage1 and makes of them one genial system of mutual benefit4--,london ,sunday ,magazine4 ,,perplexities4 8,nothing can possibly fail1 because the sole true end or object is redemption of man2 and this is attained ever and for ever1 with no exception1 in good and evil1 in each largest and most trivial thing40--,,james ,,hinton4 ,how crooked is our life6 ,its ins and outs ,we can not scan2 ,how often do we say1 8,that's just too late ,and spoils our plan40 ,how often we perplex ourselves1 because ,of efforts vain1 ,and try1 without success1 to make things come ,round right again4 ,how disappointment will not let us hold ,the course we would1 ,but throws us off from every hoped-for boon ,that we think good4 ,how little things perplex our onward path ,from day to day1 ,seeming to render futile all our work1 ,stopping our way4 ,oh6 could this crooked life be straightened out1 ,and every bit ,met fairly by another1 point to point ,in sequence fit2 ,the difficulties then were not so hard ,to meet and bear1 ,were there a carrying on of some wise plan1 ,and purpose fair4 ,what if the ,master's plan be utter good1 ,too vast1 in sooth1 ,for us to grasp it with our puny powers8 ,in this grand truth1 ,for such it is--although things look not so ,to our weak sight-- ,lies the true meaning of these crooked things ,if read aright4 ,the source of all the discord that we feel1 ,is that our will ,is not made one with ,god's1 and so we strive ,to make life still ,a thing that we call good--a little good ,that we can know2 ,instead of in our ignorance content ,god's way to go4 ,,castle ,,garden4 ,,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,bishop4 ,a song was popular about forty years ago1 in which was couched an invitation to every nation to come along and make no delay1 as 8,uncle ,sam is rich enough to give you all a farm40 ,at ,castle ,garden1 since that invitation1 respondent aliens to the number of over seven and a half million have 8come along10 and ,uncle ,sam has redeemed the promise to all who applied4 ,yet1 munificent as is this bounty1 the ,state of ,new ,york bestows a more liberal hospitality1 and a more beneficent care on the immigrant4 ,during a discussion in a ,new ,york club lately of the question 8,what does this country owe to other nations80 a gentleman vehemently protested against the assumption couched in the question4 8,when a subject of another nation lands on our shores10 he said1 8we meet him with food and raiment1 find him occupation1 and give him a farm4 ,talk about our owing other people anything6 ,the obligation is all on the other side40 ,the speaker did not half recite the obligation that the ,empire ,state assumes on behalf of the stranger4 ,it reaches out arms of protection to him1 like a mother yearning across seas1 almost from the time he sets sail4 ,it meets the ship at the ,lower ,bay of ,new ,york1 inspects its sanitary condition and that of the passenger2 hears his complaints1 and if he have any grievance1 tries to remedy it4 ,it receives him at ,castle ,garden1 helps him to secure and check his baggage and buy a passage ticket to any point at lowest rates4 ,it gives him his mail1 if he have any waiting2 telegraphs or writes the news of his arrival to his friends1 if he have any in this country1 and sends him and his baggage to them if his destination be in or near the city4 ,it gives him food if he be hungry2 medicine and nursing if he be ill2 a ,bible if he can read2 sends him to an asylum1 if he be non compos mentis1 or back to ,europe if he be a pauper4 ,it changes his foreign coin into ,american on terms of equal value1 and gives him a piece of paper with the whole transaction figured out so he can ponder over it and come back for explanations or corrections1 if need be4 ,it finds him a hotel1 if he want one1 the proprietor of which is under heavy bonds to kindly entreat the stranger and not overcharge him2 it stands guard with big clubs to keep off biped wolves1 and if1 notwithstanding1 in the exercise of his new-found liberty1 he walk into pitfalls1 it sends a detective or a policeman to secure him restitution4 ,it finds him immediate occupation at prices that sound fabulous by the side of his old-time pittance2 it furnishes interpreters1 guides and guardians--in a word1 exercises over him a wiser and more helpful paternalism of government than he has ever known4 ,and all this paternal care it extends to him not only when he arrives2 it stands ready to renew the guardianship at any time within a year thereafter if he return to ,castle ,garden and ask it4 ,most of this it does without charge to the immigrant2 all of it is free if he have no money to pay withal4 ,not so much is done for any other visitor--not even for the titled and wealthy stranger4 ,nay1 the opera singer or the champion pugilist receives less consideration4 ,really1 the only 8distinguished arrivals0 in this country are the steerage passengers4 ,the ,state of ,new ,york stands guardian to the whole ,united ,states in this matter4 ,its little timely aid and provision of employment1 its security extended to those destined inland1 as well as the care it takes to prohibit entirely the landing of paupers and helpless ones1 prevent many from becoming a public expense in other states4 ,perhaps you are ready to give it credit1 in all this1 for ,christian philanthropy4 ,not at all4 ,it is enlightened self-interest on the part of the ,state4 ,she is simply guarding the chief city of the country1 which happens to be within her borders1 from the peril and cost of unregulated immigration4 ,and she takes care to make some one else pay all the bills1 my friend4 ,the expense of doing all this is chiefly met by a tax on the steamship lines1 called 8head-money20 a tax of two dollars a head1 for all steerage passengers4 ,and besides that she makes the steamship company1 at its own expense1 carry back to the old country any emigrant who has no money or friends in this4 ,in collecting the head-money tax and in enforcing the restrictions against pauper immigration the ,state has indirectly the powerful aid of the ,united ,states government--a plain recognition of the fact that the whole duty properly belongs to the latter4 ,the regulation of immigration by states is one of the anomalies of our government4 ,it is a relic of the early conflicts between the powers of state and nation4 ,after the infant ,yankee nation had outgrown its first constitution--that absurd1 distrustful experiment of setting up a nation and denying it all governmental powers--the matter of imposing and collecting duties on imports of merchandise1 etc41 which had formed one of the chief bones of contention between states1 was taken from state authority entirely1 and given in charge of the general government4 ,but at the same time the regulation of the more important human importations was left with the states1 and to this day the general government assumes no control in the matter of what is strictly an international interest1 and concerns the welfare of all the states4 ,thus it came about that the states in which are immigration ports acquired a large control over the character of the population1 and hence over the prosperity of other states4 ,that a business so much international and interstate in character should have been left to local governments is a curious illustration of the lack of foresight on the part of the founders of the constitution1 as well as one of the many evidences that they were not at heart democratic enough to thoroughly believe in and understand the common people4 ,had they anticipated that the time would ever come when human cargoes should disbark upon our shores to the number of half a million in a year1 of people unused to our institutions and uneducated in self-government1 they doubtless would have devised a protective tariff which would have prevented an invasion so threatening1 as they might think1 to our peace and stability4 ,it is often well that statesmen are not more prescient4 ,legislating for the future in the light of the present1 they would most certainly go wrong1 especially in legislating for a country of such rapidly changing conditions as have followed each other here4 ,those adopted citizens who raise the cry against the ,chinese and demand protection against imported labor1 may thank their stars that the same spirit did not seize the prophetic minds of the earlier law-makers of the country4 ,castle ,garden1 on the ,battery1 gives on the loveliest and healthiest park of ,new ,york and the noblest harbor in the world4 ,the main structure is old ,castle ,clinton1 a large circular fort built early in the century for the protection of the city4 ,now it is converted to the uses of peace1 to welcome invaders instead of repelling them1 but still to protect the city1 and the state and the nation4 ,the open central space has been roofed over and converted into a great rotunda2 while the embrasures and casemates designed for great cannon and magazines are used for baggage rooms and various apartments4 ,this is better than hammering swords into plow-shares1 this using forts to welcome ploughmen to our broad acres4 ,wooden excrescences around the wall provide offices1 hospitals1 insane asylums1 labor bureaus1 and various other departments4 ,the rotunda and fort walls can accommodate #c1jjj immigrants and their baggage--and do you know all that the words1 immigrant's baggage1 implies8 ,on this little amphitheater of war is daily held a ,congress of ,all ,nations4 ,if you want to see ,europe1 come to ,castle ,garden1 not go abroad4 ,there is nothing left over there but the houses and the superfluous nobility and wealthy4 ,men are ,europe1 and the manhood of ,europe is being skimmed off for ,america's use4 ,a gentleman told me that when he traveled in ,circassia he looked in vain through the mass of awe-inspiring female ugliness for the famous types of ,circassian beauty4 8,where are the beautiful women80 he asked4 8,in ,constantinople1 all10 was the answer4 ,so1 he said1 it is with the manliness of ,europe--it goes to ,america4 ,not the most cultured1 intelligent and favored4 ,it would be small merit in them to break away and come to ,america2 that they do not proves that they are too contented1 fat and selfish for our use4 ,but a man who1 being born and trained to a life of subjection and dependence2 rooted to the spot on which generations of his fathers have lived and died2 who hardly knows whether his native hills or city streets bound the world or not--when one of these tears up his roots and sets out three thousand miles in search of a chance to breathe and grow1 be sure1 be very sure there is a spark in him of something that is wanted in this country4 ,there is the germ of an ,american citizen2 the growth of it will appear in a few generations4 ,it is this surviving1 vital spark of character that enables this nation to assimilate so much crude human material and convert the so-called 8offscourings of ,europe0 into elements of national prosperity and strength4 ,what could we have done in forty years with seven and a half million foreign aristocrats and capitalists8 ,what would have become of us if they had come to us6 ,a few of them have come lately1 and they are already trying to build here a landed aristocracy1 and on stolen land at that4 ,men should be estimated by the abuses and disadvantages they have survived1 as well as by what they are4 ,the courage1 independence and aspiration that outlive centuries of subjection in sufficient force to carry a man half around the world into terra incognita are the elements of empire4 ,a ship load of six or ten hundred does not make a very big caucus in this rotunda of the world's congress1 but it makes the scene picturesque1 as to costumes1 more so as to goods and chattels--the latter seeming to include women and children4 ,all the family heir-looms1 such as pots1 pans1 feather-beds and nondescript furniture came along4 ,i can believe in all the dozen ship loads of 8traps0 that 8came over in the #8,mayflower1'0 since seeing one load of later immigrants debouch4 ,and they come1 like a lot of wealthy bankrupts1 with all their property on their wives' backs4 ,the loads on these biped beasts of burden make one think of the loads of hay on small donkeys in ,spain1 or those mountains packed on camels in the ,east4 ,at the head of the family caravan marches the pater familias loaded down with a shot-gun1 half a dozen canes1 a long-tailed pipe or some queer fiddle-looking instrument4 ,well1 he has never been able to stand upright and hold up his head in the presence of anybody but his wife4 ,a man must rise superior to something4 ,one of these years1 mayhap1 the order of superiority will be reversed1 and some of the daughters of this flock be advocating1 or at least thinking1 women's rights at ,chautauqua4 ,housewives can tell you how soon some of the daughters of these subjugated women learn a goodly degree of independence4 ,i anticipate this result more for the girls than the boys1 because when the caravan files before the clerk's desk for registration these 8beasts of burden0 are often the only ones self-possessed enough to give the names1 ages and intentions of the family4 ,often the lord and master has forgotten the names1 generally the ages of his children1 and not infrequently he has to refer to his chattel for his own name and age4 ,there is a scared look in all eyes4 ,i don't wonder1 after such an uprooting and hegira1 that they look dazed1 and that some go clean daft--as they do4 ,one naturally looks here for the queer in dress1 action or design1 and there is plenty to gratify the curiosity4 ,far across are two men who look like ,digger ,indians in queer costumes--dirty red1 long sacks and short laced leggings4 ,they are squatty1 swarthy1 sluggish1 and outwardly uncanny-looking4 ,we go across the wide rotunda and find that each of these unpromising delegates has a ,bible1 and that one of them is writing the fly-leaf over with much small1 neat chirography--a language which no one here can interpret4 ,they are ,russian ,finns4 ,despise nothing you see here1 my friend4 ,you would look a trifle out of condition1 and mayhap your 8plug hat0 would excite a smile after a steerage journey to ,finland4 ,i doubt if1 arrived there1 you would settle to as intelligent and philosophical an occupation as writing a commentary on the ,bible4 ,then come a more canny couple--two manny-clad1 bright-faced boys1 ,scotch bairns1 as their pretty dialect reveals4 ,one is ten and the other eleven years old2 and these bit laddies are making the journey all the way alone from ,loch ,lomond to ,loch ,michigan2 billed and ticketed to their widower father in ,chicago4 ,it is a picnic to them1 you can see1 yet in their childish faces there is a sedate gravity1 such as belongs to the earnest race of the ,covenanters4 ,nearly six hundred children last year came thus alone 8over the back of the round sea0 to seek parents or friends4 ,there are in the ,united ,states ,senate1 in gubernatorial chairs1 at the head of great industries1 in leading positions of all kinds1 other boys who in other years came thus alone to the land of promise4 ,so we despise not the day of small things at ,castle ,garden1 says our attentive chaperon4 ,the most out-of-place delegate that ,i saw here was a ,bedouin ,arab4 8,what sought he thus afar60 ,very tall and slender and sinewy2 swarthy skin1 black1 close-cropped hair1 intensely black stubbed beard1 behind and amidst which his white teeth1 constantly exposed like a bull-dog's1 shine like a battery behind a bristling chevaux de frise4 ,his head is raised1 his nostrils dilated1 his black1 piercing eyes look far away over the unseen crowds2 he moves restlessly with a swift1 cat-like tread and an undulatory motion of his long1 lithe body1 like that of a tiger4 ,he seems a veritable wild beast at bay1 and ,i watch from a respectful distance to see him pounce down on some unsuspecting emigrant4 ,yet might not this animal some day turn up an alderman in a 8growing city10 having first studied law8 ',twere not to consider too curiously to consider so2 no1 faith1 not a jot4 ,i admit it were some time a paradox1 but now our time gives it proof4 ,plenty of romances and not a few tragedies are enacted or consummated here4 ,if the re-unions that take place in this old fort consecrate it to humanity1 and make it a temple of affection1 its disappointments make it a theater for melodramas and tragedies in reality4 ,last year one hundred and fifty-three emigrants were sent to the insane asylum on ,ward's ,island1 ,east ,river1 a large proportion of whom were young people1 and a majority women4 ,they come over to find their mates1 and either do not meet them1 or worse1 find they have lost them indeed4 ,thence they become aliens to the whole universe and find their only home in the ,fantastic ,realm4 ,melancholia is the prevalent form of aberration4 ,the shock of transplanting and the excitement of new scenes upon simple and undeveloped natures are also a pregnant cause of mental overthrow4 ,a little negro boot black1 contemplating the insane asylum1 said to me reflectively1 8,i think anybody is foolish to go crazy40 ,as three-fourths of the crazy ones here are unmarried1 it might seem foolish to expose themselves when so simple a remedy is so available as marriage is here4 ,for ,castle ,garden is a famous place for weddings4 ,romances begun in the old country or on shipboard1 and eke runaway matches to this distant ,gretna ,green find fusion here4 ,plenty of girls also come to ,america to unanticipated homes4 ,a curious feature of the supply agency of the bureau is its match-making offices4 ,the commissioners are applied to by men in this country for wives--perhaps on the principle that if a man marries he will be compelled to support a ,german or ,irish girl anyway1 so he might as well marry one and have done with trouble on that score4 ,sometimes1 also1 a man sends by mail his request1 as who should say1 8,please forward to my address in good order1 upon approval1 one 7#a7 wife1 per express40 ,the original of the following letter was shown me at the superintendent's office3 8,,fort ,c,,ur ,d',,alene1 ,,idaho ,,territory4 8,,dear ,,sir3--,having noticed in the columns of some ,new ,york papers that some young men have procured good wives at the ,castle ,garden1 and as ,i presume that the demand is not equal to the supply1 ,i am desirous of having a good1 honest woman for a wife and would make an offer of a comfortable home to a deserving woman4 ,of course the lady must be consulted about taking her chances in coming out this far1 but ,i am making this offer in good faith and would like an answer as soon as your convenience will permit4 ,my reasons for sending so far are--,i am keeping a hotel1 stables and ranch on one of the few routes to the newly discovered ,cur d',alene gold fields1 am doing a fair business1 am a young bachelor not yet thirty-two1 and can't find a girl of any use to me inside of three hundred miles4 ,so ,i thought ,i1 being a ,new ,yorker myself1 would send and have you try and procure me a life-partner4 ,hoping this may meet with kind favor ,i am1 yours1 etc41 8,m4 ,e4 ,l40 ,there is never any difficulty in making up these improvised matches1 but the wooers1 like young ,lochinvar1 have to come out from the ,west and make their own selections4 ,so far as reported1 these matches result happily1 which goes to show that connubial felicity does not always follow the law of natural selection4 ,perhaps the matches that are made in ,castle ,garden are different from those reputed to have been made in heaven4 ,somewhat too much of incident4 ,is there in all history a human migratory movement like this8 ,men have always been1 like poor ,joe1 moving on1 but generally for conquest or subjugation of other races4 ,no such fusion of bloods has ever before taken place--the nearest approach to it being the amalgamation of races through which the modern ,englishman came4 ,but that commingling was always the result of conquest and subjugation1 and the antagonistic nature of the union delayed the peaceful fusion and left its impress of belligerency on the resultant race characteristic4 ,in this last ,anabasis of ,liberty1 however1 everybody is welcome1 all elements are assimilated1 everything converted to the uses of empire and the work of peopling a continent with an entirely new race of men--new in blood1 thought and aim4 ,whether as a result of the varied forces of heredity or the unprecedented influences of environment1 it is evident that here a new people is being created for a new purpose4 ,the future ,greene who shall essay the writing of 8,the ,making of ,america10 will find in the mutual reaction of race characteristics on each other1 in the influence of material surroundings and in the stimulus of free institutions1 the profound study of the origin and evolution of the ,american citizen4 ,,alone ,,with ,,my ,,conscience4 ,the following poem was read by ,dr4 ,vincent on the morning of ,august #be1 #ahhd1 at the closing exercises of the ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,this poem ,dr4 ,vincent has read at the close of several ,assemblies1 and always with marked effect4 ,i sat alone with my conscience1 ,in a place where time had ceased1 ,and we talked of my former living ,in the land where the years increased2 ,and felt ,i should have to answer ,the question it put to me1 ,and to face the answer and question1 ,throughout an eternity4 ,the ghost of forgotten actions ,came floating before my sight1 ,and things that ,i thought were dead things ,were alive with a terrible might2 ,and the vision of all my past life ,was an awful thing to face1 ,alone with my conscience sitting ,in that solemnly silent place4 ,and ,i thought of a far-away warning ,of a sorrow that was to be mine1 ,in a land that there was the future1 ,but now is the present time2 ,and ,i thought of my former thinking1 ,of the judgment day to be2 ,but sitting alone with my conscience ,seemed judgment enough for me4 ,and ,i wondered if there was a future ,to this land1 beyond the grave2 ,but no one gave me an answer1 ,and no one came to save4 ,then ,i felt that the future was present1 ,and the present would never go by1 ,for it was the thought of my past life ,grown into eternity4 ,then ,i woke from my timely dreaming ,and the vision passed away4 ,and ,i pray that ,i may not forget it ,in this land before the grave2 ,that ,i may not cry in the future1 ,and no one come to save4 ,and so ,i have learned a lesson ,which ,i ought to have known before1 ,and which1 though ,i learned it dreaming1 ,i hope to forget no more4 ,so ,i sit alone with my conscience1 ,in the place where the years increase1 ,and ,i try to remember the future ,in the land where time will cease4 ,and ,i know of the future judgment1 ,how dreadful soe'er it may be1 ,that to sit alone with my conscience ,will be judgment enough for me4 ,,government ,,employment ,,for ,,women4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,pattie ,l4 ,,collins4 ,no other issue of the day has absorbed me like the ever vexed problem of woman's work4 ,i have read at various times many learned dissertations upon women's duties1 women's spheres and women's capabilities2 her few successes and countless failures2 most of them from the pens of men1 and a few from her own sex1 but the first have1 as a class1 been almost purely theoretical1 and the second incomplete1 one sided and argumentative rather than instructive4 ,a certain popular author wisely observes that 8,everything depends upon the point of view40 ,it is scarcely possible for a man from his standpoint to take in the difficulties and intricacies that lie all along the path of the gentle sex in the pursuit of work1 and after having obtained it1 its successful accomplishment at a salary not at all commensurate with its value4 ,and the task is equally difficult for a woman1 since misfortune begets the most disagreeable and unreasonable form of egotism1 and the burden of her grievance demoralizes her logic and vitiates the force of her statements4 ,i am distinctly conscious of all this as ,i approach the subject1 and only a long and crucial experience has given me the courage of opinions4 ,one fact seems to be lost sight of in the ceaseless clamor concerning 8women's rights10 viz43 that most of them have more 8rights0 than they enjoy1 and conspicuous among them1 the privilege of earning their own living4 ,the avenues of remunerative employment are only too few1 and each is filled to repletion with a hungry multitude4 ,there are those1 the achievements of whose genius have lifted them beyond all praise or blame and given them a rich and well merited reward1 but it is not to these exceptional cases that the ordinary laws of the great struggling masses can apply4 ,the world has known but one ,mrs4 ,browning1 one ,george ,eliot1 one ,patti1 one ,nilsson1 but the example of these daughters of the sky soaring and basking in the sunlight has only served to accentuate the gloom and toil of the dwellers in the valleys below4 ,spirits such as these must ever remain apart from the constant1 harassing struggle of average women1 and this is the class for which ,i write4 ,i have often thought that it was the shadow of the curse of slavery still resting upon our land that prevents1 even in the wide and generous light of the present day1 a proper recognition of the true majesty of labor4 ,unfortunately1 the term is still regarded as synonymous with servitude1 not precisely degraded servitude1 but certainly something so near akin to it that it could never be confused with badges of the ,legion of ,honor6 ,sewing1 for a woman1 means starvation1 or slow death by torture2 factories and shops tell their own pitiful stories2 the paths of music1 art1 literature1 and the drama1 are strewn with dismal failures2 and when ,i come to teaching1 that worst abused vocation of all1 language fails me4 ,in ,boston1 ,i have heard it said that a faithful teacher can support the burden of existence only about seven years4 ,i can well believe it2 but on the other hand1 to one such worker there are ten thousand drones4 ,the first impulse of every gentlewoman1 thrown upon her own resources1 seems to be to teach2 as to what or how1 she is nebulous1 delightfully vague1 the only point settled being the choice of occupation4 ,governesses are engaged1 to whom the entire charge of children is given1 who receive the treatment and wages of servants4 ,in our public schools the felicitous standard of excellence is a high percentage in examination1 while the far more important considerations of adaptability1 patience and self-control are disregarded4 ,the evil effects of such a system are visited upon defenseless children4 ,women1 as a rule1 regard their work1 whatever it may be1 as only a temporary makeshift2 the hope of something better lures them like the ignis fatuus2 the dim and uncertain prospect of a distant future imparts a half-hearted exertion to the present1 and this fact touches the key-note of a large proportion of their failures4 ,if all of them could be brought to a thorough realization that we are a surplus quantity1 an unwelcome factor1 yet one that can not be eliminated1 the answer to these problems which confront us might still be hidden1 but we should at least stand upon the threshold4 ,on the other hand1 ,i have known women of singleness of purpose1 of unalterable resolution1 and the courage of heroes arrayed in the ranks of the breadwinners4 ,true1 they belonged to a hopeless minority1 but this only served to render their virtues the more conspicuous4 ,long observation and thorough investigation have led me to the conclusion that the government departments at ,washington afford the best field for female labor now open to the sex4 ,best1 because the hours are not unreasonable1 and the compensation fair2 best1 because there are no three months' vacations to be tided over without pay1 and also1 on account of the certainty of retention unless just cause can be shown for removal4 ,it has been now nearly a quarter of a century since it was decided that women were eligible to these positions1 being1 ,i believe1 during the late war that the first appointments were made4 ,small experimental beginnings have crystallized into wonderful results4 ,hundreds of women through the liberality and enlightenment of our government are enabled to maintain themselves and those dependent on them in comfort and respectability1 and each of them holds her office by the same tenure that their superiors hold theirs1 so that she is equally independent and fearless1 owing her allegiance not to them1 but to the government which claims absolute fidelity over a solemn oath4 ,our public service has been much and justly criticised2 it is still very far from invulnerable1 but within the last two years it has made more than creditable progress in the right direction4 ,that there have been1 at various times1 ignorant1 careless and corrupt abuses of the appointing power can not be denied4 ,for many years the sole power behind the throne was political influence1 and thousands of appointments of both men and women have doubtless been made without reference either to the educational qualifications or moral character of the appointee4 ,sometimes it was a case that appealed only to the sympathies1 as a needy widow1 or a wounded soldier2 or sometimes the unscrupulous tool of a more unscrupulous politician2 not unfrequently a poor relation--all of these were made pensioners upon the treasury of the nation4 ,liberal pay for conscientious1 intelligent labor scarcely constituted one plank in the departmental platform1 but a pernicious sentiment looking toward a minimum of work and a maximum of pay exerted a wide influence4 ,in view of the heterogeneous clerical assortment this is scarcely a matter of surprise4 ,there are comparatively few natures so strong that they unflinchingly continue to do right simply because it is right4 ,even so recently as five years ago1 no clerk1 not even the most capable and faithful1 could possess the assurance for a single day that his or her dismissal might not be demanded to make a vacancy for some one commanding stronger political influence4 ,inevitably1 this knowledge had an injurious effect4 ,another circumstance3 the salaries being similarly apportioned1 it often chanced that a clerk doing five times the amount of work1 and of infinitely better quality than his neighbor1 received the same pay2 and in the course of events a promotion would come to the idle and inefficient employe1 while the competent and industrious one toiled on at the old salary4 ,the ,treasury1 the ,interior1 the ,bureau of ,printing and ,engraving1 the ,postoffice ,department1 the ,pension ,office1 and the ,government ,printing ,office1 all employ a large proportion of female clerks4 ,the average rate of compensation is #ijj per annum4 ,for some years it was much lower1 but the end came1 and the reward1 as it usually does to those who patiently labor and patiently wait4 ,it has proven another verification of the old adage 8,a work well begun is half done40 ,the progress has been very slow1 but all prejudice is obstinate and difficult to remove2 every reform fights for its foothold inch by inch2 the gates of light ever unclose reluctantly4 ,the legislative halls of the nation have not been wanting in men who have vehemently maintained that no government clerkship should be filled by a woman4 ,not on account of mental1 moral or physical lack1 but because these places were their legitimate spoils1 which they prostituted their high offices to unworthily bestow4 ,and on the other side1 there have been great and generous spirits that have emphatically declared that all of these offices should be given to females1 unless1 indeed1 the charge of bureaus requiring an unusual degree of executive ability4 ,many women are skillful accountants1 neat and rapid copyists1 and accomplished linguists1 and these are what government work demands4 ,their accuracy and rapidity in counting money is marvelous4 ,beyond and far above their intellectual or mechanical capabilities1 ,i should mention honesty4 ,the peculations and defalcations of male employes have been legion1 but no woman has ever been known to betray her official trust4 ,a former ,secretary has affirmed that in his opinion this unfailing honesty was attributable to cowardice2 that they were not too good to steal1 only that they were afraid6 ,well1 let the honorable gentleman have his way4 ,no matter how low the motive1 the fact remains1 and the result is favorable to the national exchequer4 ,even with the odium of this ungenerous construction1 they will probably continue to enjoy a pardonable pride in this bit of departmental record4 ,the creation of a ,civil ,service ,commission has drawn a broad line of demarkation between the abuses of the past and the reforms of the future4 ,it would be difficult to over-estimate the good already accomplished4 ,in the first place1 it has destroyed the incentive for removal1 since the vacancy can no longer be filled save by the wholly disinterested and impartial ,commission4 ,secondly1 an employe may now indulge a reasonable expectation1 if his services warrant it1 of advancement from grade to grade as opportunities occur2 in any event he will no longer be subjected to the mortification of seeing a wholly unworthy person passed directly over his head to a position to which he was entitled by every law of right and justice4 ,but one of the very best features of this ,commission is1 the outer wall1 the bulwark itself that they have reared1 i4 e41 the examination4 ,it is thorough and comprehensive1 and need not be tampered with1 or even approached1 by the illiterate1 since only ignominious failure could result4 ,there is no escape from the ordeal4 ,it is the one narrow path that leads to the inner courts1 and there is no avoiding nor evading its labyrinths4 ,it is by no means uncommon to hear complaints and repinings over their hard lot and small salary1 from clerks of both sexes1 who receive a far greater amount for their services than they could possibly obtain elsewhere4 ,to use the mildest language1 it comes with a very bad grace from women who could not earn twenty-five cents per day scrubbing door steps1 and men whose highest occupation outside would probably be driving a dray4 ,this class is now effectually shut out4 ,henceforth none but the intelligent laborer need apply4 ,i do not mean to say that liberal culture1 or even a very superior order of education is necessary for the performance of ordinary clerical work--it is not--but a decent1 rudimentary knowledge is indispensable1 and this the government has a right to demand4 ,even this1 unfortunately1 is but one of the requirements that go toward making up a desirable clerk4 ,the more highly educated are often inefficient1 while those of moderate attainments attain an enviable standard of excellence4 ,acute perception and rapid and accurate performance1 an ability to use instantaneously whatever knowledge possessed1 a ready and retentive memory1 conscientious and never flagging industry--these make up the model clerk4 ,i bear willing and glad testimony that there are many such2 those who have an honest pride in their work1 who do it well1 because it would be impossible for them to do anything carelessly1 who do not look forward to 8pay-day0 for their reward1 but find it every day and every hour in the consciousness of duty done4 ,i once heard a chief say to one of his subordinates3 8,whenever ,i give you anything to do ,i am satisfied that it will be right4 ,i no longer have any sense of responsibility in regard to it4 ,i am sure of you40 ,this seemed to me a compliment of the best order1 for1 alas6 the number is very small of whom we can be perfectly 8sure40 ,emerson says of the working classes that 8finishers0 such as these are very rare1 but that the world is blessed in having even a few4 ,to those whose desires or ambitions lead toward this branch of national service1 ,i would say1 the channel for all information is the ,commission1 with its headquarters at ,washington4 ,neither the member of ,congress from your own district1 nor even your powerful ,senator can now pronounce an 8open sesame40 ,nor can a political force from ,california make an appointment from ,maryland and accredit the appointee to his own ,state1 while ,florida grapples with the rights of ,oregon1 and ,maine and ,texas are inextricably mixed4 ,such measures as these have been of frequent occurrence1 but the despoilers are now themselves despoiled4 ,each state has always been nominally entitled to its quota1 but practically the law was of no avail4 ,henceforth a just distribution of favors will be demanded4 ,the ,english ,civil ,service1 which is the perpetual boast of our cousins across the water1 even so late as the time of ,trollope's experiences1 was in a deplorable condition2 the evils of ours are not of such ancient and stubborn growth1 and the remedies lie near at hand4 ,we have taken no half way measures2 the treatment is heroic1 and the cure is to come from the ground up4 ,we may in time arrive at the ideal arrangement of retiring and pensioning these public servants as ,france does her postal employes1 but this will probably be much later on1 since our ,republic is not modeled after ,plato's6 ,this article is designed specially for women4 ,i have wished to give my fellow laborers not familiar with this particular vineyard some general ideas in regard to these positions1 how they are obtained1 what qualifications are necessary1 and lastly the salaries4 ,as ,i said before1 the average salary for women is #ijj per annum1 but there are many who receive #a1jjj and #a1bjj1 while a more limited number are paid #a1djj and #a1fjj4 ,leave of absence for thirty days during the year is granted1 with pay4 ,absence1 other than this1 must be without pay1 unless on account of sickness4 ,of course the departments are closed on legal holidays4 ,the hours are from nine until four1 with thirty minutes intermission at noon for luncheon4 ,the offices1 are well heated1 well ventilated1 and furnished with the best desks1 chairs1 stationery1 pens and ink2 every appliance and convenience that could be desired is liberally supplied4 ,certainly the last vice of which ,uncle ,sam could be accused is niggardliness4 ,payment of salaries takes place on the #aeth and #cjth of each month4 ,many employes draw their salaries only on the #cjth1 but all who wish can do so at both the dates mentioned4 ,one strong argument against the employment of women has been that they lose much more time than men from sickness4 ,this is lamentably true2 whether it comes from an abnormal state of existence1 the forcing of weak hands to strong work1 and the necessary out-door exposure to heat and cold1 rain and snow1 ,i can not say2 it may be that the answer is found in the sad and homely saying that 8,a woman's work is never done40 ,too many1 alas6 turn from their desks only to a change of labor at home2 to bake and brew1 to patch and darn1 to nurse the sick1 to answer and instruct eager1 tireless1 little questioners2 to be1 in a word1 father1 mother and servant1 to an entire household4 ,i can not apply this palliation without a great deal of discrimination4 ,i will generously say that it perhaps covers the cause of one half of the absenteeism attributed to sickness4 ,that there are many conscienceless ones who take advantage of every pretext to remain away from their duties and make false representations in regard to their absence can not be doubted2 and naturally in making up the general percentage the innocent suffer for the guilty1 but as this injustice has prevailed throughout human affairs from the beginning of time1 it will probably continue4 ,on the other side1 ,i will say that in the important bureau with whose workings ,i am most familiar1 ,i believe the most careful and painstaking work is done by the female clerks1 and the compensation to male clerks is correspondingly much greater4 ,the doctrine of 8,equal work1 equal pay10 is not yet enforced1 but the chances are better and the prospects brighter in this direction than in any other4 ,in conclusion1 let me add1 that ,i have made this impartial exposition of a dry subject in behalf of such of my readers as stand face to face with that dragon of the century--the unending struggle for food and raiment4 ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens4 ,,by ,,chancellor ,m4 ,b4 ,,goff1 ,western ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,,the ,,sun1 ,while affording such accurate methods of determining time1 does not directly furnish that by which we are accustomed to be guided1 so that astronomers are wont to speak of solar time1 as mean solar time1 and apparent solar time1 the former being that kept by our clocks and the latter that from which the former is estimated4 ,if the earth moved around the sun at an unvarying rate1 then each time the sun threw the shadow of a vertical rod directly north 7in the northern hemisphere7 would indicate noon at the point where the rod was located2 and the interval between two such successive shadows would be exactly one day1 and we could divide the time into twenty-four equal spaces and call each space one hour4 ,now1 this is what we imagine the earth to do2 or rather1 for the sake of convenience1 and because the results are the same in either case1 we conceive the sun to move around the earth1 and make a mean or mock sun1 move around the earth in a day of twenty-four hours of equal unvarying length1 and call this a mean solar day4 ,but the true or apparent solar day is considerably different from this1 being sometimes less and sometimes more than twenty-four hours in length1 the true sun reaching the meridian as much as #af minutes before or after the mean sun1 both reaching it together only four times each year1 viz43 ,on ,april #a1 ,june #ae1 ,september #a1 and ,december #bd4 ,of course it would be impossible to construct a time-piece that would keep pace with the true sun4 ,indeed1 it is difficult enough to construct one that will keep with the mean sun4 ,but all difficulty is obviated by making clocks whose rate of error can be determined4 ,this rate being known it is easy to estimate the correction1 and thus obtain exact time4 ,for example1 suppose a clock to gain #j4bd of a second per day1 then in two days it will gain two times #j4bd of a second1 and in three days three times #j4bd of a second1 etc4 ,these amounts subtracted from the noon-time of the clock would give the correct noon4 ,for any other hour1 a part of the #j4bd depending on the number of hours after noon must be subtracted4 ,if the clock loses1 then in a similar manner the proportioned loss must be added4 ,in actual practice1 we may say that even the best chronometers do not keep exact time2 and every one has to be 8corrected0 in the manner indicated4 ,to obtain mean time from apparent time we apply to apparent time a correction called the equation of time4 ,thus1 at noon1 on ,october #ast1 in ,washington1 the equation of time is minus #aj minutes #cd4ehs41 which means that if from #ab hours we subtract #ajm4 #cd4ehs4 we shall have #aa;h4 #dim4 #be4dbs41 the mean time of apparent noon1 or noon as indicated by the north shadow of the vertical rod4 ,or1 if at #ajm4 #cd4ehs4 after the sun crosses the meridian we set our watch at #ab o'clock1 we shall have exact mean time4 ,on the #cast of ,october the real sun will be #afm4 #ag4efs4 ahead of the mean sun1 while on the #cast of ,december it will be #cm4 #ch4aas4 behind the mean2 that is1 will reach the meridian at #ab;h4 #cm4 #ch4aas4 p4 m4 mean time4 ,beside the ordinary clocks1 the chronometers used by navigators keep mean solar time1 and family almanacs usually in some form give the 8equation of time0 under the headings1 8clock slow0 or 8fast10 or 8sun south40 ,astronomers use also another kind of time called 8sidereal10 of which we may have something to say in the future4 ,on the #ast1 #afth and #cast of this month the sun rises at #e3eg1 #f3ac and #f3cj a4 m41 and sets on the same days at #e3db1 #e3ah and #d3eh p4 m4 respectively1 showing a decrease of one hour and seventeen minutes in thirty days1 or at an average rate of #bm4 #cds4 per day4 ,on the #ahth and #aith the sun will be eclipsed1 entering the moon's shadow at #aj3bj p4 m4 on the #ahth in longitude #acb #j4f east1 and in latitude #fc #cj4e north2 and leaving it at #b3ae a4 m4 on the #aith in longitude #acd #bb4g west1 and in latitude #cc #be north4 ,greatest eclipse occurs at #ab3ah a4 m4 on the #aith4 ,magnitude1 #j4fch4 ,as the entire eclipse is during our night1 it will of course be invisible to us1 but can be seen by the inhabitants of the northeastern part of ,asia and the northwestern portion of ,north ,america4 ,,the ,,moon ,will be eclipsed on the #dth1 beginning at #c3jg p4 m4 and ending at #f3da p4 m41 ,washington mean time4 ,the beginning of totality will be at #d3jg p4 m41 and the ending at #e3dj p4 m42 the middle at #d3ec p4 m4 ,magnitude1 #a4ecc4 ,as the moon in this section does not rise till about #e3bj1 only the latter half of the eclipse will be visible4 ,on the #afth1 the moon rises at #c3de a4 m42 on the #ast1 sets at #b3ba a4 m41 and on the #cast at #c3aa a4 m4 ,on the #dth1 at #d3eb p4 m41 full2 on the #aath1 at #i3ba a4 m41 enters upon its last quarter2 on the #ahth1 at #g3bc p4 m41 new moon2 and on the #bfth1 at #aa3df p4 m41 enters upon its first quarter4 ,is nearest to the earth on the #gth1 at #h3dh a4 m41 and farthest away on the #bc;d1 at #g3dh a4 m4 ,,mercury ,presents himself as an object of interest for a few mornings before and after the #eth1 the day on which he reaches his greatest western elongation1 #ag #eh from the sun2 and as he rises nearly an hour and a half earlier than the latter body1 may with a little care be clearly distinguished4 ,his times of rising are as follows3 ,on the #ast at #d3cc2 #afth1 at #e3ab2 and #cast1 at #f3bb a4 m4 ,his motion is direct and amounts to #dc #df4 ,as he moves away from the sun1 after #f3jj a4 m4 on the #c;d1 his diameter diminishes from #g4d to #d4f4 ,on the #agth1 at #g3eh p4 m41 he is #b #a north of the moon4 ,,venus ,remains a morning star during this month1 shining1 toward its close1 with somewhat decreased brilliancy4 ,her motion is altogether eastwardly1 and amounts to #cc #ab #df1 diameter changing from #ba4f on the #ast to #ag4f on the #cast4 ,on the #ast1 she will rise at #b3ac2 on the #afth1 at #b3ce2 and on the #cast1 at #c3ja a4 m4 ,on the morning of the #gth the trio1 ,jupiter1 ,venus and ,alpha ,leonis 7,regulus7 will give an exhibition worth much more than all the trouble it costs to obtain the view4 ,jupiter rises first at #b3cj2 a few minutes later1 and to the south1 ,venus appears1 and almost at the same time a little northward1 ,regulus3 the three presenting a combination rarely witnessed4 ,on the #fth1 at #aa3jj a4 m41 ,venus will be #a #ae south of ,jupiter2 on the #gth1 at #g3jj p4 m41 #ee south of ,regulus2 and on the #aeth1 at #b3dh a4 m41 #c #ce north of the moon4 ,,mars1 ,though accounted an evening star1 will be above the horizon in the day time most of the month1 on the #ast rising at #h3ee a4 m4 and setting at #g3ja p4 m42 on the #afth1 rising at #h3ej a4 m4 and setting at #f3cb p4 m42 and on the #cast1 rising at #h3df a4 m41 and setting at #f3jh p4 m4 ,its declination on the #cast is #ba #cd south4 ,motion for month direct and amounting to #bb #bh4 ,diameter decreases from #d4f to #d4d4 ,on the #bast1 at #f3ae a4 m41 #d #aj south of the moon4 ,,jupiter 7,together with ,venus7 makes this month's mornings brilliant4 ,rising on the #ast at #b3bf1 on the #afth at #a3dd1 and on the #cast at #ab3eg a4 m42 and his diameter increasing from #ca to #cb4b1 makes each stay appear longer and each return brighter4 ,his motion is direct and equals #d #ef #ea4 ,on the #fth1 at #aa3jj a4 m4 he is #a #ae north of ,venus2 and on the #adth1 at #aa3eg a4 m41 #d #db north of the moon4 ,,saturn ,rises on the #ast at #i3bi p4 m41 and sets on the #bnd at #ab3ji p4 m42 rises on the #afth at #h3bi p4 m41 and sets on the #agth at #aa3ji a4 m42 rises on the #cast at #g3bi p4 m41 sets #aj3jb a4 m4 on ,november #ast4 ,his motion1 #db #bf1 is retrograde4 ,diameter increases from #ag4h to #ah4h4 ,on the #eth1 at #h3jj a4 m4 is stationary2 and on the #ith1 at #c3ej p4 m41 #c #cj north of the moon4 ,,uranus ,will be morning star throughout the month1 moving eastwardly #a #dj #de2 diameter increasing about one-tenth of a second4 ,on the #hth1 at #c3jj a4 m4 will be #a #aj south of ,mercury2 on the #afth1 at #g3ai p4 m41 #b #e north of the moon4 ,its times of rising are as follows3 ,on the #ast1 #e3ac a4 m42 on the #afth1 #d3ai a4 m42 on the #cast1 #c3bd a4 m4 ,,neptune',s ,motion for the month is #dd #bb retrograde2 diameter1 #b4f4 ,on the #gth1 at #aa3dd a4 m41 he is #a #cc north of the moon4 ,his night ascension on the #cast is #c;h4 #bam4 #bc4es41 and declination #af #cf north1 about #a;h4 #hm4 west of ,aldebaran in the constellation ,taurus4 ,he rises on the #ast1 at #g3ch2 on the #afth1 at #f3ci1 and on the #cast1 at #e3ci p4 m4 ,,the ,,merciful ,,institutions ,,of ,,pennsylvania4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,chas4 ,j4 ,,little1 ,,ph4,d41 ,state ,librarian of ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,state of ,pennsylvania makes generous provision for her poor--or1 since one half of the inmates of her alms-houses are foreign born1 it will be better to say1 for the poor within her borders4 ,in the twenty counties of the state in which there are no alms-houses1 and where the poor are cared for under the township system1 there are expended perhaps #cjj1jjj annually4 ,how the poor are cared for under this wretched system1 it were perhaps better not to inquire too curiously4 ,in the remaining counties of the state there are sixty-one alms-houses1 the total cost of maintaining which amounted in the year #ahhc to #a1bif1ide4 ,in addition to this sum1 these same counties spend a quarter of a million of dollars in what is called 8out-door relief40 ,much of this latter expenditure is1 judging from the report of the ,commissioners of ,public ,charities1 sheer waste4 ,these sixty-one alms-houses of the state shelter #h1fcj inmates1 of whom #b1cbh are women1 and #a1jbd children4 ,in the year #ahhc1 #a1gci inmates of the alms-houses were reported insane4 ,by act of the last legislature children over two years of age are excluded from the county alms-houses1 and insane persons are ordered to be removed to the state hospitals4 ,unfortunately1 the legislature neglected to appropriate the money necessary to carrying out this reform1 and as a consequence1 there has been serious trouble1 and probably not a little suffering throughout the state4 ,it would not do to speak of all these sixty-one alms-houses as merciful institutions4 ,some of them are branded by the ,commissioners of ,public ,charities as abodes of cruelty2 others1 as breeding places of vice and immorality2 others still as utterly inadequate1 both in building and management1 to the purposes of their existence4 ,among those thus branded are the alms-houses of two of the richest counties of the state--,chester and ,cumberland4 ,on the other hand1 many of these institutions are worthy of all praise1 the taxpayers having spared no expense in the erection and equipment of the buildings1 and the management being intrusted to conscientious men and women4 ,in addition to this provision which the state has made for the poor within its limits1 there are numerous private institutions for the care and comfort of the adult poor4 ,there is1 for instance1 in ,reading1 a 8,home for ,aged ,widows and ,single ,women10 which1 at present1 contains eleven inmates1 its full capacity4 ,many more seek the benefits of this institution than can be accommodated in the two story brick dwelling which has been built expressly for its purposes4 ,in ,philadelphia there is a 8,home for ,aged ,couples10 containing twelve inmates2 an 8,old ,man's ,home0 in ,west ,philadelphia1 containing #fe inmates2 the 8,penn ,asylum for ,indigent ,widows and ,single ,women20 the 8,maypother ,home for ,women20 a 8,home for ,infirm ,colored ,men and ,women20 and the 8,edwin ,forrest ,home for ,aged and ,infirm ,actors40 ,these are undenominational4 ,they are supported1 partly by admission fees1 which are required of those receiving the benefits of the various homes2 partly by the property conveyed to the homes by the inmates1 but chiefly by contributions and bequests of benevolent individuals4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church supports1 through the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd1 8,saint ,ann's ,widow's ,asylum10 to which widows over fifty years of age are admitted2 they also have a 8,home for the ,aged ,poor10 under the care of the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 which has at present some three hundred inmates4 ,christ ,church1 ,philadelphia1 has a 8,home for ,aged ,women10 as have also ,saint ,luke's ,church1 in ,philadelphia1 and ,saint ,luke's ,church1 ,germantown4 ,there is also in ,philadelphia1 a 8,home for ,aged and ,infirm ,methodists10 with accommodations for one hundred men and women4 ,under the ,constitution of #ahgc1 the legislature is forbidden to appropriate any monies to denominational or sectarian institutions1 no matter how large their scope1 or how unsectarian may be their benevolence4 ,but there is nothing to forbid generous appropriations to such homes for the aged and infirm as are not under denominational control2 yet the managers of such institutions should bear in mind that in order to secure any help from the state1 they should make report of their workings to the ,state ,board of ,public ,charities4 ,next to the institutions for the adult poor1 it will be best to consider the large provision which has been made both by the state and by private individuals for the care of children2 especially for the care of orphans4 ,first of all stands that magnificent network of charities which covers the entire state-- ,,the ,,soldiers' ,,orphans' ,,schools4 ,for these the total appropriations have been1 in round numbers1 eight millions of dollars4 ,they were begun in #ahfe1 and have therefore been in operation nearly twenty years4 ,these homes may be divided into two classes3 first1 the ,soldiers' ,orphans' ,schools and homes1 of which there are twelve--three in ,philadelphia1 and the remainder in other parts of the state2 and secondly1 homes which have undertaken the education of soldiers' orphans1 but which are not exclusively devoted to that work4 ,there have been admitted to these schools since the establishment of the system1 #ac1jaa children2 and there were in school on the #cast of ,may1 #ahhc1 #d1fcj children1 of whom #a1ica were girls4 ,in the report of ,john ,w4 ,sayers1 special inspector and examiner of orphan schools1 it is stated that 8the schools are fully up to all reasonable expectations2 splendid work has been done1 and is still being accomplished for the best interests of the scholars40 ,by the ,extension ,act of #ahhc1 these schools will be continued until ,june #ast1 #ahij1 at which time ,pennsylvania may rest satisfied that she has discharged some of her debt toward her deceased soldiers in no ungenerous fashion4 ,the schools will1 by that time1 have cost the state nearly ten millions of dollars2 a sum which no citizen of the ,commonwealth will begrudge to the children of the men whose bones are scattered from ,gettysburg to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,next in order to the ,soldiers' ,orphans' ,schools is the magnificent charity of ,stephen ,girard1 known throughout ,pennsylvania1 and throughout ,america1 as 8,girard ,college40 ,this institution1 in its buildings1 in its general equipment1 in its corps of teachers1 is one of the most remarkable in the world4 ,the buildings were erected at an expense of two millions of dollars2 subsequent additions have largely increased this original outlay4 ,but the property and funds now in the hands of the ,girard ,trust amounts to nearly ten millions of dollars1 and is administered with great care and intelligence4 ,the gross revenue of the ,girard estate in #ahhc amounted to #ica1bie4 ,by the will of ,mr4 ,girard this college is for the benefit of poor white male orphan children4 ,the first preference being given to orphans born in the city of ,philadelphia1 the second to those born in other parts of ,pennsylvania1 the third to those born in the city of ,new ,york1 and the fourth to those born in the city of ,new ,orleans4 ,no child can be admitted before the age of six1 nor after the age of ten4 ,at present the institution contains #a1ajd pupils4 ,under the will of ,mr4 ,girard no attempt can be made to give these boys what is sometimes spoken of as 8higher education20 the shrewd old merchant thinking it much wiser that they should be apprenticed to trades than that they should be turned into the world without capital to make a living by their wits4 ,mrs4 ,eliza ,burd1 of ,philadelphia1 in the year #ahdh founded a home for girls1 which was handsomely provided for in her last will and testament4 ,this institution1 which is under the care of ,saint ,stephen's ,episcopal ,church1 of which ,mrs4 ,burd was a member1 is situated in ,west ,philadelphia1 and is one of the finest charities of the city4 ,the grounds are extensive1 the buildings are very fine1 and the results thus far achieved have been of a most satisfactory character4 ,in addition to these orphan schools there are in ,philadelphia nineteen asylums for orphans and abandoned children4 ,some of these1 like the ,northern ,home and ,southern ,home for ,friendless ,children1 are undenominational4 ,others of them1 like the ,methodist1 ,baptist1 ,lutheran1 and ,jewish orphanages1 are sectarian1 and thus excluded from state aid4 ,perhaps the ,roman ,catholic ,church has more homes of this character in different parts of ,pennsylvania1 than all other denominations taken together4 ,in ,philadelphia alone they have 8,saint ,joseph's ,female ,orphan ,asylum10 in charge of the ,sisters of ,charity1 8,saint ,john's ,orphan ,asylum10 in charge of the ,sisters of ,saint ,joseph1 8,st4 ,vincent's ,orphan ,asylum10 at ,tacony1 an 8,asylum for ,italian ,orphan ,children10 8,the ,catholic ,home for ,destitute ,orphan ,girls10 8,st4 ,vincent's ,home10 which cares for children who are under five years of age1 and two magnificent orphanages in ,west ,philadelphia4 ,indeed1 it is difficult to know the exact extent of ,roman ,catholic charities of this kind in our state4 ,excluded by law1 as are all sectarian institutions1 from any participation in the public funds1 they make no reports to the public authorities1 and not accustomed to appealing to the general public for aid1 their workings are known only to the members of their own communion4 ,in the city of ,pittsburgh the ,roman ,catholic ,church has four ,orphan ,asylums1 the ,united ,presbyterian ,church has an ,orphan ,home1 the ,episcopal ,church has a ,home for ,orphan ,children and ,aged ,women4 ,there is also a ,protestant ,orphan ,asylum1 and a ,colored ,orphan ,asylum in the same city4 ,there are homes for orphans in ,beaver1 in ,berks1 in ,huntingdon1 in ,lancaster1 in ,perry1 in ,schuylkill1 in ,susquehanna1 in ,luzerne1 and in ,york counties1 other than those which are maintained by the ,roman ,catholics4 ,a third kind of provision for the poor is ,,the ,,temporary ,,home4 ,some of these are for friendless girls1 for the time without occupation and without roof to shelter them2 some of them are for those who have strayed from the paths of virtue1 and who require the special care of those who have the courage and the ,christian faith to deal with this phase of human wretchedness4 ,of the first class we may mention3 8,the ,western ,temporary ,home10 which is a shelter for those too weak to go to work1 8,the ,boarding ,home for ,young ,women10 and a 8,home for the ,homeless20 and of the second1 8,the ,howard ,institution10 under the care of an association of women ,friends1 for furnishing shelter1 food and clothing to poor outcast women1 and 8,the ,midnight ,mission10 which has for its object the rescue and salvation of fallen women4 ,here might be included the ,inebriate ,asylums1 such as 8,the ,franklin ,reformatory10 whose object is the recovery of drunkards to decent society4 ,a peculiar charity of this kind is a 8,temporary ,home for ,children10 which is designed to lighten the burden of parents whose circumstances are such as to prevent the proper care of their offspring4 ,the number of children in this home is at present sixty-one2 and the institution seems to be accomplishing a good work4 ,allegheny ,city has a 8,home for the ,friendless10 somewhat similar to the one just described4 ,in this home one hundred and twenty-five children are receiving care and support at the present time4 ,it is impossible to do justice to the charities of ,pennsylvania1 in an article of limited extent2 many of them can not be enumerated at all2 some of them can only be mentioned2 and hence ,i shall make no attempt to estimate either the cost of these charities or the value of their results4 ,and much1 in any event1 would of necessity remain untold4 ,no record is possible--at least1 no earthly record--of the prayers1 the anxieties1 the thoughtfulness1 the patient persistence of the men1 and especially of the women1 who sustain these charities with their energies and their love4 ,whilst others are helplessly bemoaning the evils of large cities1 these faithful servants of him who went about doing good are quietly1 but efficiently1 working to rescue and save a soul from darkness1 and a body from pollution4 ,every large city has its devouring eddies into which drift hundreds of thoughtless and ignorant creatures every year4 ,every large city in this state1 let us thank ,god1 has also its brave and earnest ,christian souls who are ready to run no small risks1 and to make no small sacrifices1 if1 peradventure1 they may save a soul4 ,,provisions ,,for ,,the ,,insane4 ,there are five ,insane ,hospitals in the ,state of ,pennsylvania1 under the control of the state1 located respectively at ,harrisburg1 ,danville1 ,dixmont1 ,norristown and ,warren4 ,the total expenditures of these five hospitals for #ahhc amounted to #gaa1fff4 ,in addition to these there are 8,the ,pennsylvania ,hospital for the ,insane10 8,philadelphia ,hospital for the ,insane10 8,the ,friends' ,asylum for the ,insane10 located at ,frankford1 near ,philadelphia1 and the 8,training ,school for ,feeble ,minded ,children20 the four latter involving an annual expenditure of nearly #djj1jjj4 ,the total number of insane confined in these institutions is #e1cch1 of whom #d1cfa are indigent patients supported at the expense of the state4 ,when the act of the legislature1 already alluded to1 shall have taken full effect1 the total number of insane patients in these hospitals will reach at least #g1jjj4 8,the ,pennsylvania ,state ,lunatic ,hospital0 at ,harrisburg was founded in the year #ahdh1 and since that time the total amount appropriated by the state is #a1aaj1ibi4 ,the district entitled to the benefit of this hospital is composed of sixteen counties1 with a population of nearly one million2 and the capacity of the hospital is only sufficient for twenty-seven per cent4 of the insane persons resident in the district4 8,the ,western ,pennsylvania ,hospital10 at ,dixmont1 was founded in #ahee4 ,the total amount appropriated by the state since that time is #a1jbb1abh4 ,in addition to what it has received from the state1 this hospital owns #cgc acres of land1 which were paid for entirely by private contributions4 ,the district in which this hospital is located is composed of thirteen counties1 with a population of #ijj1jjj2 and the hospital has accommodations for only twenty-two per cent4 of the insane residents within the district4 8,the ,state ,hospital for the ,insane0 at ,danville was founded in #ahfh1 and has received in appropriations from the state1 #a1djh1ijj4 ,the district in which it is located is composed of twenty-one counties1 with a population of #hjj1jjj2 and the present capacity of the hospital for seven hundred patients1 is sufficient for fifty-four per cent4 of the insane residents within the district4 8,the ,state ,hospital for the ,insane0 at ,warren was founded in #ahgc4 ,the total amount appropriated by the state since that time is #a1abe1jjj4 ,the district in which it is located is composed of ten counties1 with a population of about #djj1jjj inhabitants4 ,its present capacity is six hundred1 which is eighty-seven per cent4 of the insane residents of the district4 8,the ,state ,hospital for the ,insane0 at ,norristown was founded in #ahgf4 ,the amount appropriated by the state since that time is #i1faf1hdf4 ,the district within which it is located is composed of seven counties1 with a population of #a1cjj1jjj4 ,its present capacity is eight hundred and four2 that is for only thirty four per cent4 of the insane residents of the district4 8,the ,pennsylvania ,hospital for the ,insane0 is located in ,west ,philadelphia1 the hospital grounds covering #aac acres1 upon which are erected two buildings1 one the department for males1 and the other the department for females4 ,this is the institution which has become known throughout the country by the name of its long-time chief physician and superintendent--,dr4 ,thomas ,s4 ,kirkbride4 ,although it has frequently received aid from the state1 it is not a state institution4 ,from the opening of this hospital up to #ahhb1 the number of patients admitted was #h1fgc4 ,of these1 #g1jeb were residents of ,pennsylvania1 the remainder coming from all parts of the ,united ,states1 ,central and ,south ,america1 and some few from ,europe4 ,the total annual expenditures for both departments during #ahhb was #ahb1jjj4 8,the ,friends' ,asylum10 at ,frankford1 has long been known in the eastern part of the state as a well conducted and generously managed institution4 ,it has at present about one hundred patients1 all of whom are supported by their friends4 8,the ,philadelphia ,hospital0 contains #fag patients1 of whom #ccb are female4 ,under what is known as 8,the ,hoyt ,lunacy ,act0 of #ahhc1 the supervision of hospitals for the insane1 both public and private1 will be much stricter than it has ever been heretofore4 ,that act was intended to remedy many of the evils which are constantly occurring in the treatment of these sorely afflicted people4 ,a special committee of the ,board of ,public ,charities is charged with its execution1 which committee is composed at present of ,philip ,c4 ,garrett1 ,henry ,m4 ,hoyt1 ,thomas ,g4 ,morton1 ,e4 ,coppee ,mitchell and ,w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,davis1 whose names are a guarantee that the insane of ,pennsylvania will be treated with scrupulous care1 and that no sane man or woman need any longer dread that one form of incarceration which is worse to the healthy minded than either the prison or the grave--incarceration among maniacs4 ,akin to these institutions for the insane is the ,training ,school for ,feeble ,minded ,children1 located at ,media4 ,this institution was founded in #ahec1 and has received from the state since that time the sum of #gbc1dih4 ,it also receives contributions from neighboring states1 in return for which the children of contributing states are admitted to its benefits4 ,the number of pupils now in the school is #dbh1 of which about #bjj are from the ,state of ,pennsylvania4 ,the total annual expenditure of this school amounts to #aji1hbi4 ,,hospitals ,,for ,,the ,,blind ,,and ,,the ,,deaf ,,and ,,dumb4 ,the most noted of these is 8,the ,institution for the ,instruction of the ,blind10 located in ,philadelphia4 ,the buildings of this institution are valued at #ahc1jjj2 its funds and investments at #bff1ggc4 ,the average number of pupils in the institution for #ahhc was #agh2 and the average number of state beneficiaries #ade1 for which the state granted the sum of #dc1ejj4 ,there are also located in ,philadelphia two working homes for the blind--one for men and one for women--into which are received many of the graduates of the ,institution for the ,instruction of the ,blind4 ,in the home for men there are eighty-five beneficiaries2 in the home for women there are forty4 ,the purpose of these institutions is1 as far as possible1 to offer employment and not alms2 to make its inmates independent1 so far as their disability shall permit4 ,there is an ,institute for the ,deaf and ,dumb located in ,philadelphia1 and a ,western ,pennsylvania ,institution for the ,deaf and ,dumb1 located about twelve miles east of ,pittsburgh4 ,in the former of these institutions there are about #cjj pupils2 in the latter about #ajb4 ,to the former the state appropriates #gh1jjj annually4 ,for some reason1 unknown to me1 the appropriation of #dj1jjj asked from the legislature by the latter last session was not granted4 ,,hospitals ,,for ,,the ,,sick ,,and ,,the ,,injured4 ,the one purely state hospital in ,pennsylvania is 8,the ,anthracite ,hospital10 located at ,ashland4 ,this is intended for the coal and mining regions1 in which injuries are of such frequent occurrence4 ,unfortunately1 this was not opened for the reception of patients until ,november1 #ahhc2 but already upward of forty-one patients have been admitted1 and are receiving the benefit of medical care and treatment4 ,of institutions not under the control of the state1 the most famous is probably 8,the ,pennsylvania ,hospital10 located in ,philadelphia4 ,round this have grown up a number almost as famous--the splendid 8,university ,hospital0 in ,west ,philadelphia1 8,the ,orthopedic ,hospital0 for the treatment of nervous diseases1 the ,presbyterian and ,episcopalian ,hospitals1 the ,jewish ,hospital1 the new ,stewart ,hospital1 founded by a distinguished ,methodist physician of ,philadelphia1 the ,wills ,hospital for diseases of the eye1 the ,howard ,hospital for ,incurables1 and the ,children's ,hospital for the relief of sick and suffering children4 ,in addition to these are the 8,preston ,retreat10 one of the most touching charities of ,philadelphia1 and the 8,maternity ,hospital10 which has been founded to rescue unfortunate women in the terrible extremity into which their sin has driven them4 ,outside of ,philadelphia there is the splendid hospital recently opened at ,harrisburg1 8,the ,western ,pennsylvania ,hospital10 8,the ,mercy ,hospital0 of ,pittsburgh1 the ,hospital of ,wilkes-barre1 the ,hospital of ,scranton1 the ,reading ,hospital1 8,the ,st4 ,joseph's ,hospital0 of the same city1 the 8,st4 ,luke's ,hospital0 of ,bethlehem1 and the 8,york ,hospital10 of ,york1 ,pa4 ,the work of these hospitals it would be impossible to describe within the limits of an article like this4 ,the patients within their walls not unfrequently receive1 gratuitous1 treatment equal to that for which the rich must pay enormous prices4 ,but it should be mentioned in this connection that in ,philadelphia there are two ,homes for the ,training of ,nurses1 physicians having long since discovered that their skill and industry is frequently thwarted by the ignorance and incompetence of ordinary nurses4 ,the women who are admitted as pupils to these homes must pledge themselves to the work for which they are prepared4 ,they are taught by lectures1 and by actual work in the sick room1 how to handle and care for the sick2 and when their education is completed their names are placed upon a register1 so that those desiring trained nurses may secure them by application to the matrons of these establishments4 ,a more important charity hardly exists within the state4 ,this article may be fitly closed by reference to those institutions which are founded for the care of children afflicted with that which is worse than disease--with a tendency to crime4 ,of these there are two now in operation--the ,house of ,refuge in the city of ,philadelphia1 and the ,reform ,school at ,morganza1 ,washington county1 ,pa4 ,the ,house of ,refuge expends annually about #acj1jjj1 and the ,reform ,school about #aij1jjj4 ,the total number of inmates in the ,house of ,refuge is #fga1 and of the ,morganza ,school #cci1 making an aggregate of #a1jaj4 ,perhaps there is no sadder chapter in the report of the ,board of ,public ,charities than that relating to these schools4 ,the statistics deserve careful study1 and show how unwarranted are many of the assertions constantly made about the criminal classes4 ,for instance1 nearly one-half of these children are of ,american parentage1 and of the #dij children committed1 only #bd could read and write well2 whereas only #abe were absolutely illiterate4 ,two hundred and eighty-five were committed for that which is set down in the statistics as 8incorrigibility40 ,it would be curious to know just what this means1 and whether1 after all1 the real fault was not chargeable to the parents rather than to the child4 ,i can conceive of nothing more terrible than that which ,i fear lurks underneath this item4 ,there is now being erected at ,huntingdon an ,,industrial ,,reformatory ,to which all male criminals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five1 sentenced for the first time1 shall be committed4 ,the purpose of this ,reformatory is1 if possible1 to save to society youthful criminals4 ,the jail and the penitentiary only harden the offender1 and turn him forth hopeless1 helpless1 revengeful1 and in his own terrible language1 8,to get even with the society which has punished and destroyed him40 ,ex-,governor ,hoyt1 whose large mind and generous heart are only fully known to those who have close personal intercourse with him1 was strongly impressed during his administration with the defects of our treatment of the criminal classes4 ,he made himself a thorough master of the literature bearing upon this subject1 and became an ardent1 even enthusiastic advocate of the reformatory system2 and during his administration1 and since his administration1 has done his utmost1 in public and private1 to further the completion and the opening of this institution1 which1 it is hoped1 may be ready for occupancy at an early day4 ,pennsylvania1 which spends such large sums for its poor1 which pours out its thousands for its insane1 its sick and its afflicted1 may well afford to spend even millions for the reformation of its criminals1 many of whom are quite as much sinned against as sinning4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,at ,,the ,,assemblies4 ,,chautauqua1 ,,new ,,york4 ,the summer vacation which the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 allows1 is characterized by one particularly strong and profitable feature1 a feature peculiar1 too1 to this organization4 ,it is the system of summer meetings4 ,these meetings are not idling times for holiday excursions1 nor are they outings even4 ,they are serious assemblies for serious purposes1 and are marked by original and charming methods of work4 ,though the dozen or more assemblies which have sprung from the ,chautauqua ,assembly all introduce these ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 methods1 it is at ,chautauqua that we naturally find them in their original form4 ,with the work of one year over and the work of another approaching1 it is the plan of the counselors to save rather than kill the time of the interval2 to spend it in carefully examining the work done1 in comparing plans1 listening to and weighing criticisms1 in devising new ideas for the future1 in short1 in taking an inventory of stock now on hand1 and in laying in new goods for the coming year4 ,most successfully was this accomplished at ,chautauqua this year during the months of ,july and ,august4 ,the ,round-,table was1 of course1 the gathering through which most was done4 ,before this season the ,round-,tables have been held during the ,august meetings only1 but ,july found so large a number of the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,chautauqua that the five o'clock hour was set aside from the first1 and during the entire season at least three afternoons of the week found the 8,white-,pillared ,hall0 filled4 ,these assemblies had some peculiarly attractive points1 striking even to the idler1 who1 strolling by1 stopped to look and listen4 ,perhaps one of the first attractions was the charm which the ,hall and ,grove never failed to exercise1 a charm which always contributed to the success and enjoyment of ,round-,tables1 ,vesper ,services and ,vigils4 ,the rustling trees1 the long rays of golden light1 the fair vistas of sky and water and sun-lit foliage which one catches through the frame-work of white pillars produce that strong sympathy1 that oneness with the life of nature which elevates the heart1 invigorates the mind1 and for the time1 at least1 raises one above mere earth life4 ,without exception the five o'clock hour was one of rare beauty4 ,many remarked during the summer3 8,is it not strange that we always have a pleasant evening for our ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 meetings80 ,the very weather seemed to breathe a benediction4 ,the ,round-,tables were uniformly characterized by earnestness4 ,the people who met had serious purposes written on their faces1 and in all the deliberations it was evident that the best good of the great ,circle was at heart4 ,the 8best plan0 not 8my plan0 seemed the desire of each4 ,this earnestness was accompanied by the greatest eagerness4 ,a lecturer before the 8,teachers' ,retreat0 remarked3 8,these ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 people completely nonplus me4 ,i never saw folks so eager to learn40 ,it was true2 they were eager1 anxious1 determined to learn4 ,they sought the best and truest methods of work1 the strongest thoughts on all subjects1 and the newest facts in each branch of knowledge4 ,the ,round-,tables brought together the very people at ,chautauqua who were most deeply imbued with this energy4 ,the unity of spirit was remarkably strong4 ,at one of the most impressive meetings of the season this oneness in feeling was thoroughly proven4 ,some one had suggested in a note to the leader that a plan should be introduced into the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 by which the religious readings of the course might be made denominational2 the secular readings being kept alike for all1 but several courses of religious readings being prepared so that each reader might use books setting forth the doctrines of his own church4 ,the feeling aroused against this measure was intense4 ,most emphatically did the members express the opinion that any plan which should divide the readings of the ,circle even on one point should be rejected4 ,we have never seen any expression of opinion on the part of the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 which so plainly said3 8,this is a brotherhood in which we will not be divided by creed1 doctrine or difference40 ,in all the serious work done there was a tender thoughtfulness and care for those who were serving the ,circle1 which was most touching4 ,it was shown in many ways3 in greetings of flowers and kind messages sent to the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 in the willing spirit which every one showed in helping to carry on the work1 but never more beautifully than in the testimonial of books sent to ,chautauqua's bell-ringer1 with the following resolution1 adopted at the ,round-,table of ,august #bc3 8,resolved1 ,that the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 here present join in a most heartfelt appreciation of the fidelity of our beloved bell-ringer1 ,father ,skellie1 in his labors of love during the years1 ringing regularly the ,bryant bell on all memorial days in the interest of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 near and far1 and showing a deep and abiding interest by word and deed in all the general well-being of our beloved ,chautauqua2 and we hereby present to him the accompanying testimonial of our love and esteem40 ,the vesper services filled the five o'clock hour each ,sabbath4 ,they were marked by the same earnestness and brotherly feeling which was so strong in the ,round-,tables and hallowed by a deep religious spirit4 ,these meetings were thoroughly spiritual4 ,an influence pervaded them which could not fail to touch an observer4 ,the great interest in the vesper services at ,chautauqua this season ought to lead to a wide observance of these services during the year by local circles4 ,social life was by no means neglected1 but promoted by some charming devices4 ,among the most enjoyable reunions were the vigils held in the ,hall of ,philosophy in the weird light of the ,athenian watch-fires4 ,the strangeness of the scene gave a peculiar charm to these gatherings4 ,in fact the novelty of all the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 entertainments at ,chautauqua gave them a certain esprit du corps which was very captivating4 ,adding to this the strong class feeling which prevailed1 and we have the very best elements for enjoyable social affairs4 ,each class was thoroughly organized1 and planned for its members excursions1 reunions1 banquets1 camp-fires and vigils without number4 ,it would be very hard to say which class had the most enjoyable season4 ,it was certain1 however1 that they all learned to know each other better1 and the hours spent in chatting around the camp-fire or in listening to pleasant and witty speeches from their members at the reunions in the ,temple1 or in steaming around the lovely lake1 were among the most profitable as well as enjoyable spent at ,chautauqua4 ,of course the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work had its climax in the commencement season1 which was opened on ,sunday1 ,august #ag1 by the baccalaureate sermon delivered by ,rev4 ,herrick ,johnson1 of ,chicago4 ,practical and strong1 this sermon was a fitting preparation for the exercises of ,tuesday1 the #aith of ,august1 the graduating day of the ,class of #ahhd4 ,this event1 so full of meaning to the members of the class1 had a setting as beautiful as ever blessed the graduation of any one4 ,it was a perfect ,august day1 the air flooded with a wealth of sunshine1 but its heat tempered by a delightful breeze4 ,the imposing ceremonies began promptly4 ,early in the morning the long processions consisting of the ,trustees of the ,assembly1 professors and students from the ,c4 ,s4 ,l4 ,c41 the classes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and the friends of the graduates1 were formed4 ,while these lines were gathering1 the ,class of #ahhd entered the ,gate to ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 marched under the arches1 and was received at the ,hall of ,philosophy1 where the solemn recognition services were performed4 ,there the members of the ,class of #ahhd who had completed the prescribed course of reading were accepted and approved as graduates of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 and were pronounced entitled to membership in the 8,society of the ,hall in the ,grove40 ,no one who saw this scene can ever forget the solemn ceremonies4 ,when it was over the class marched between the open ranks of the long processions formed to do them honor and filed into the ,amphitheater where the graduation services were held4 ,after the opening exercises of song1 prayer and readings1 ,counselor ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d41 of ,tarrytown1 ,n4 ,y41 delivered the following commencement oration3 ,,literature ,,as ,a ,,good ,,of ,,life4 ,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle is founded1 at least in part1 upon the idea that literature is a true good of life4 ,is it8 ,that is the question which ,i raise for discussion to-day4 ,a strange time of day1 ,i hear some of you exclaim1 for that question to be raised4 ,are we not nearing the end of the nineteenth century of the ,christian era8 ,may we not take a few things for settled1 and is not the worth of literature one of those few8 ,but there is a ,french saying that it is the unexpected which happens4 ,so it is the out-of-season that is opportune--sometimes4 ,and this seemingly out-of-season topic1 this anachronism1 the question of the value of literature1 is perhaps exactly the thing that will prove timely to-day4 ,for1 incredible as it should seem1 the real value of literature1 the validity of the claim of literature to be regarded as a substantial human good1 has of late been brought seriously into question4 ,it is the men of science--not all of them1 but some of them--that begin to challenge to literature its hitherto conceded title to be considered one of the great interests of mankind4 ,these men say literature has had its day4 ,a long day it has been1 too long in fact1 but the day is done now and literature must disappear4 ,the future--such is their language--the future belongs to science4 ,science is the true great good of the human race4 ,science1 they go on to represent1 science can do for us what we really need to have done4 ,literature1 on the other hand1 can supply no real want of mankind4 ,the great vogue that literature has enjoyed in the past1 is due to an illusion--an illusion that with the broadening light of science1 a light brightening and broadening every moment1 dissolves and vanishes4 ,more and more we are having done with the traditional and conventional4 ,and anything more entirely traditional and conventional than the claim of literature on the attention and reverence of men does not exist4 ,what we really need1 and what we are going henceforth to insist on having1 is substance1 not shadow4 ,literature is shadow4 ,it affords no satisfaction except to the sentiment4 ,it makes nobody stronger1 healthier1 richer1 more comfortable4 ,it does not help us travel faster or travel more safely4 ,it does not carry messages for us4 ,it does not build our houses1 or ventilate them1 or warm them4 ,it does not plant1 or cultivate1 or reap4 ,it does not bind1 or thresh1 or grind1 or cook4 ,it does not invent any of the conveniences of life4 ,we do not owe the sewing machine to literature1 or the telegraph1 or the telephone1 or even the printing press itself1 which so serves literature4 ,literature is a drone and an idler4 ,science works and produces4 ,science has done for us all the things enumerated1 with many things beside1 too many for enumeration1 in which literature has had no useful part at all4 ,literature is a fine gentleman1 a fine lady1 sitting by with folded hands1 hands folded and too delicate1 far too delicate1 for any productive employment4 ,we can get along without this ornament to our civilization--the delight1 the luxury of a few1 a burden which the many must drudge to support4 ,science1 on the contrary1 is the servant equally of all4 ,her hands are not afraid of soil and toil4 ,she loves to work4 ,give her henceforward the chance that literature had1 abundantly had1 and neglected4 ,endow schools for science1 encourage her1 cheer her2 in short1 let science have the place that literature has enjoyed too long4 ,such1 ,i say1 is the bold language in disparagement of literature1 and in comparative exaltation of science1 that we find some scientists1 or perhaps ,i ought to say some literary men1 self-constituted spokesmen for scientists1 holding in these days concerning the just claim of literature to be regarded as one of the true goods of human life4 ,now ,i propose that we entertain candidly the question thus raised4 ,let us not treat it as a question to which the answer is foregone4 ,let us put aside prepossession1 and ask ourselves freshly and freely and frankly1 quite as if our conclusion were doubtful1 what are the rational grounds on which we may rest the title of literature to share with science1 at least equally1 the attention and the cultivation of mankind4 ,share with science1 ,i say1 and at least equally share4 ,more than this ,i do not claim4 ,certainly ,i should not claim more than this in presence of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,you are a circle or society of literature indeed4 ,but no less you are a society of science4 ,you embrace both ideas1 both interests1 with impartial regard4 ,you would not listen favorably to me were ,i to decry science4 ,but ,i have no such disposition4 ,i love science1 honor her1 applaud her1 bid her ,god-speed4 ,i wish ,i knew more of what science could teach me4 ,i wish ,i could do more to help science on4 ,but at least1 with all good heart1 ,i say1 ,god make her prosper6 ,and this breadth of sympathy1 in my mind and my heart1 ,i owe largely to literature4 ,literature1 as ,i understand her spirit1 is catholic and generous4 ,if ,i have myself any capacity of liberal love for human progress in whatever sphere1 ,i have derived that capacity in no small degree from the inspiration of literature4 ,i should wrong my own client1 ,i should grieve her1 ,i should earn rejection at her hands1 if ,i stood here1 or elsewhere1 in the name of literature1 to say aught1 as if on her behalf1 against a sister that she loves4 ,for literature loves science1 and will contentedly hear nothing to her harm4 ,what1 then1 ,i ask1 are the sound and substantial reasons1 the reasons valid in the court of common sense1 why we should stand by literature as one of our great goods of life8 ,the reasons that ,i find are of two sorts3 ,first1 those that respect the number of the persons benefited2 and1 second1 those that respect the degree to which these are benefited--in other words1 first those that respect the quantity1 and second those that respect the quality of the benefit bestowed4 ,first1 then1 as regards the breadth1 the diffusiveness1 of the blessing that literature ministers to mankind4 ,but since the present comparison is naturally between literature and science1 it may be well1 at this point1 that we pause to take our bearings4 ,what is literature8 ,and what is science8 ,let us clearly understand the terms and ideas with which we deal4 ,literature then may be defined as the record of what men have thought1 felt1 fancied1 done1 in the world4 ,science is reasoned and classified knowledge respecting the facts and laws of nature or the physical universe4 ,our question is not1 ,which is the greater good1 literature or science8 ,our question is1 ,is not literature1 as compared with science1 at least an equal good8 ,now we1 that is1 men and women in general1 who ask this question1 may have either one or the other of two quite different relations to literature or to science4 ,these two different relations we may name and distinguish4 ,in the first place1 you--any man or any woman1 ,i mean--may be either1 on the one hand a producer of literature1 or a promoter of science2 or1 on the other hand1 you may be simply one to enjoy literature or to reap the fruits of science4 ,since1 however1 those who make literature also enjoy literature1 and those who advance science also reap the fruits of science1 we may as well disregard entirely the productive relation which belongs in either case to the few1 and consider only the fruitional relation1 which belongs in both cases to the many--in fact1 to all4 ,just here1 however1 ,i am met with a warning4 ,i am bidden take heed4 ,i am told that exactly because literature is not to all a good1 but a good only to the select and favored few1 because literature is aristocratic1 not democratic2 because it is a luxury1 not a necessity2 because it concerns not the average man1 but the picked man1 one in a thousand1 not the thousand--exactly because of this1 ,i am told1 it is that literature has got to give way and let science1 which is a universal interest1 take its too long usurped place4 ,well1 ,i stop to answer this challenge4 ,i admit at once that1 if such be the fact1 if literature be a monopoly1 and not a common good1 then ,i lose my case4 ,and ,i say more1 then ,i ought to lose my case1 and ,i am glad to lose my case4 ,for ,i avow myself a democrat in this matter4 ,i go with the people4 ,i belong with the majority4 ,i stand up for the benefit of the most4 ,but is it true that literature is an exclusive1 a seclusive thing8 ,is it true that the many can not enjoy it1 do not enjoy it8 ,is not literature a general1 a diffusive good8 ,if not1 then however great a good it may be to a few1 ,i am not here to defend its cause4 ,we are a popular association1 this ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 or we are nothing4 ,if ,i did not believe literature to be a thing for everybody1 ,i1 as one among the ,counselors of this organization1 should favor a dismissal of literature from our plan and plead for the substitution of something else in its place that should be a thing for everybody4 ,what is the fact8 ,why1 the fact is that literature is the very atmosphere1 the intellectual atmosphere1 in which we all1 not some of us1 but all of us1 live and breathe and have our being4 ,we drew in this air as soon as we began to think4 ,long before we could read for ourselves1 before even we could listen understandingly to the reading of others1 we felt unconsciously1 but most really1 and most profoundly1 the effect1 the beneficial effect of literature4 ,the home in which you were reared1 the character and the spirit of the mother that gave you birth1 that nurtured and tended your infancy--these were different1 and they were better1 because literature had done something to make them and mold them4 ,and were they not literature1 those lullabies that quieted us in our cradle1 the fairy tales that fed the fancy of our wondering childhood1 the stories from the ,bible that expanded our infant minds to embrace the idea of a ,god1 of a ,savior1 of a future life1 of heaven1 and of hell8 ,those men seem not to know what their words mean2 those men who talk of expunging literature1 and bringing up the new generations of mankind on science4 ,really to do what they say1 but what surely they never could intelligently mean1 would be to destroy for the whole civilized race of mankind the very grace and glory of life4 ,i know very well that comparatively few out of any human generation ever become widely or deeply conversant with literature4 ,it is but the one person out of ten1 or a hundred1 or out of a thousand it may be1 that reads books4 ,this ,i freely acknowledge4 ,nay1 this ,i loudly proclaim4 ,it is because this is so that the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle exists--because this is so1 and because it ought not to be so1 and because there are at least a few of us that do not mean to have it continue to be so4 ,such1 however1 is undeniably at present the fact4 ,readers of books1 take the civilized world at large1 are few and far between4 ,but no matter for that4 ,what ,i have maintained is nevertheless true4 ,literature is a universal good4 ,how many of you spend time in gazing heavenward at the sun8 ,but you see by the light of the sun none the less4 ,the sun lights the world in thousands and ten thousands of places where he does not directly shine4 ,and literature is a sun4 ,it blazes high in the heavens and spreads its beneficent illumination everywhere abroad among the haunts of civilized mankind4 ,there are coverts1 it is true1 into which its rays can not immediately pierce4 ,but even into such coverts its rays enter4 ,there is such a thing as diffusion of light by refraction and reflection and transmission4 ,in this way literature becomes a light that lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 ,a light1 ,i say--for ,i use those sacred words with reverence4 ,,one is the light that lighteth every man4 ,and1 by the way1 let us remember that it is greatly through literature1 that is1 through a book1 the book1 the ,bible1 that ,jesus himself shines hither1 across seas and continents of space and across centuries of time1 to light us here as in a city in the wilderness to-day4 ,of the hundreds of thousands of ,englishmen of the present generation that have from time to time listened to the noble eloquence of that great orator1 ,john ,bright1 perhaps not one in a hundred has ever read1 for example1 the 8,paradise ,lost0 of ,milton4 ,but does it therefore follow that to these of the overwhelming majority the 8,paradise ,lost0 of ,milton is nothing8 ,far from it4 ,john ,bright has acknowledged his vast debt to the poetry of ,milton for the enrichment of his own gift of speech2 and through ,john ,bright1 ,milton's poetry has thus become a real1 an appreciable good to all the hundreds of thousands of men that have fed on ,john ,bright's eloquence1 though they may never have read for themselves a line of ,milton's magnificent and inspiring verse4 ,this is but a single1 and it is of course a very inadequate illustration4 ,every sermon you hear1 every lecture1 every speech1 every newspaper you read1 owes something1 and something that it could by no means spare1 to the beneficence of literature4 ,take away the light of literature from the world of mind--why1 it would be like putting out the sun in the heavens4 ,the very men who talk of such a vandalism1 such an unspeakable1 such an anachronistic vandalism1 these very men would grope as in ,cimmerian darkness4 ,i will tell you what the effect would be like4 ,it would be like suddenly annihilating all the civilized inhabitants of the world and endowing the unreclaimed savages of waste and wild with the powers and appliances that centuries of science have accumulated for the service of mankind4 ,imagine1 if you can1 the ,hottentots and ,caffirs and ,ojibways remaining uncivilized in character1 but equipped with the material apparatus of civilization4 ,would you like to live among them8 ,what sort of use1 think you1 would they be likely to make of their magnificent acquisitions8 ,but a thought like this is associated rather with the second than with the first of our reasons for regarding literature as a true good of human life4 ,to this second reason we presently make our transition2 first1 however1 let us fix it firmly in our thought that literature is no narrow1 no exclusive interest1 but an interest as broad and as expansive as is civilization itself4 ,the fact that literature is in character such1 is capable of being made clear by additional illustration4 ,the city of ,new ,york is supplied with water from the ,croton river4 ,every inhabitant of the city enjoys the benefit of this water supply4 ,there is a system of aqueducts ramifying from ,croton river to every street1 to every dwelling1 to almost every room1 in the great metropolis4 ,you have but to apply your hand1 and instantly at that silent sign1 ,croton river flows to meet your demand4 ,for it is not water simply1 it is ,croton river that is brought thus within the reach of every one that will have of it4 ,so it is with the distribution of effect from literature4 ,the conduits of literature run everywhere4 ,the current flows to every mind within the bounds of civilization4 ,men may not know this1 but they share the blessing all the same without knowing it4 ,there are1 ,i suppose1 plenty of people in ,new ,york1 who1 when they turn the faucet to their water-pipe1 not once dream that the fountain which they see springing as if by magic under their touch1 is a true river brought from forty miles away4 ,but true river it is nevertheless4 ,certainly not one in a hundred thousand of ,new ,yorkers has ever tasted of ,croton river where it flows in its natural bed4 ,but they taste ,croton river for all that1 every time they drink water in ,new ,york4 ,and thus it is that1 however little men think of it1 they still do share the benefits of literature with almost every breath of larger intellectual life that they draw4 ,to the original sources of literature1 the great books1 ancient or modern1 they may never have directly resorted1 never even have seen them from afar1 nay1 never so much as heard of them2 but they drink from them all the same1 every time they take in a thought or a fancy1 however brought within their reach1 that once sprang up first in some great human brain1 and was then immortalized in a tale1 an essay1 a history1 a poem4 ,thus much for the extent or quantity of the influence for good to men exerted by literature4 ,it certainly is not too much to claim for literature that it is an interest broad enough in its range and reach of power to be called a general1 if not a universal interest of civilized mankind4 ,we have next and last to consider the kind or quality of this expansive influence4 ,as ,i have said1 it is not to most men a material good4 ,only to those who live by literature1 to those who make books1 to our men and women of letters distinctively so-called1 is literature a material interest4 ,to the vast majority of us all1 literature is chiefly a spiritual1 an intellectual1 a sentimental good4 ,this ,i fully admit4 ,but ,i am far from admitting that because this is so1 therefore literature is less a real good than anything else whatever1 no matter what1 the most solidly material interest of mankind that you can name4 ,for what is our life8 ,it is no doubt partly animal4 ,we need1 first of all1 to subsist somehow1 and then1 if possible1 to subsist comfortably4 ,beyond these two ends1 subsistence and comfort1 our animal nature has little or no craving4 ,give us a chance to go on living1 and living with comfort1 and we as animals ask nothing more4 ,science greatly helps us to accomplish these ends1 and for so much we owe to science a large debt4 ,but beyond this limit what does science do for us1 for us1 ,i mean1 the generality of mankind8 ,i wish to be perfectly candid and to concede to the claim of science everything that is justly hers4 ,but what1 ,i ask1 beyond helping us live1 and helping us live comfortably1 does science even aim or aspire to do for the majority of the human race8 ,for the scientists themselves1 ,i acknowledge1 for that comparatively small number of men who engage in the pursuits of science as a business of their life1 science does much more4 ,for these men science affords a means to vast enlargement and ennoblement of mind4 ,the brilliant hypotheses1 the bold speculations1 the broad generalizations1 the stimulating guesses1 the expansive conceptions1 with which science deals--what can be thought of more fitted to feed the imagination and reason of man and advance him to the strength and stature of angels than is such occupation of mind as these afford8 ,and then no doubt also1 mere patient observation for the collection of facts is a work more humble1 indeed1 yet worthy to be reckoned a true discipline and reflection of the intellectual nature4 ,but then we are to remember that these relations to science are for the few and not for the many4 ,the many simply enjoy the material fruit without enjoying the glorious intellectual quest that finds the fruit1 do you say8 ,yes1 but the many may enjoy the ennobling effect upon the intellect of those large conclusions to which science leads the scientific man4 ,this1 ,i concede1 is to some extent true1 but it is not true to any very considerable extent4 ,and to the extent to which it is true1 literature is largely the means through which the effect is produced4 ,the great results of science1 satisfying1 inspiring as they are to those who first come at them1 and to those others who really appreciate them as literature1 by eminence1 presenting them in her own admirable ways1 is able to make them appreciated--these great results1 ,i say1 of science1 tend when taught as lessons in the text-books of the schools1 to become mere lifeless commonplaces of knowledge and of thought--mainly barren of force to quicken and fructify the mind4 ,it has been said1 and truly said1 that the average ,american school-boy of to-day knows at twelve more true science than the wisest philosopher of ,greek or ,roman antiquity could ever by possibility have learned4 ,but1 as has been replied1 and truly replied1 it by no means thence follows that such a school-boy is wiser than was ,plato or ,aristotle4 ,it is not what you know1 it is what you are1 that chiefly signifies4 ,and what you are1 in that which is most central and most important1 literature does more1 far more1 to make you than lies within the utmost reach of science2 that is1 if you are an average man1 if you are one of the majority1 and not one of the elect few who follow science as the vocation of a life4 ,this is what ,i claim for literature1 and this my claim for literature ,i acknowledge myself under obligation to make good by something beyond mere confident assertion of the fact4 ,i do not undervalue comfort4 ,i like to be comfortable4 ,i like to see people comfortable4 ,but there are two sorts of comfort--one is comfort of the body1 and one is comfort of the mind4 ,these two kinds of comfort react mutually on each other4 ,that is1 bodily comfort tends to create comfort for the mind1 as also does comfort of mind to create bodily comfort4 ,but of the two kinds of comfort one is a great deal closer to us1 and a great deal more durable than the other4 ,if ,i had to choose between them ,i should not hesitate a moment4 ,i should say1 give me a mind at ease4 ,the mind is master after all4 ,who has not seen men and women stretched helpless and hopeless on the rack of bodily pain1 but triumphing nevertheless into peace and joy8 ,that was the victory of mind4 ,it makes far more difference to us1 for our comfort1 for our happiness1 what is the course of our thoughts1 our fancies1 our affections1 than what is the course of our bodily sensations4 ,a sweet thought1 a sovereign affection1 a ravishing vision of fancy may make a man forget hunger1 thirst1 fatigue1 pain4 ,but no amount of physical comfort can ease you of anguish fastened upon your mind4 ,that clings and stings in spite of all1 and poisons all4 ,science can do much for me to promote my comfort of body4 ,true1 however much she does1 ,i am so constituted that immediately ,i want a little more4 ,comfort might perhaps be well enough defined as perfect balance between desire and supply4 ,only there never is in bodily concerns any such balance4 ,we always want something more than we have4 ,this sense of need constantly surpassing supply is the very spring of progress in civilization4 ,civilization has been wittily said to consist in the multiplication of artificial wants together with a corresponding multiplication of artificial supplies for those wants4 ,but in view of the fact that want forever outruns supply1 a change might not inaptly be made in this ,french definition of civilization4 ,we might say that civilization is an endless process of multiplying wants and of then multiplying appliances that never will satisfy these wants4 ,now1 ,i am in favor of material progress4 ,i am not one of those who think that the simplicity of savagery is better than the artificiality of civilization4 ,no1 ,i say1 let us be as civilized as possible4 ,let us make all the progress we can4 ,let us go endlessly on in finding out ,god's great universe1 and so realizing that mastery once divinely bestowed on man over the powers and capacities of nature4 ,let us do all this with heart and hope1 but let us at the same time recognize the fact that never so shall we obtain immortality1 never so obtain exemption from ill4 ,our world will still be a world of human infirmity and human suffering1 however much the physical framework of things is put by science under our control4 ,in truth1 it may well be doubted whether of real comfort1 the sum is greater to men now1 over and above all deduction1 than it was a century or centuries ago4 ,the appliances and means of comfort are more now1 perhaps a hundred fold4 ,but so too are the needs that must be met4 ,and the difference of real comfort in favor of these times would not be found great4 ,i repeat that ,i am not a reactionist4 ,i want no retrograde movement1 but1 on the contrary1 only advance1 and ever advance4 ,still1 whatever the advance1 there will be1 proceeding from that advance1 no corresponding advance in solid human comfort and happiness4 ,the reason is that human comfort and happiness depend in the main on conditions that science can not supply4 ,they depend on the state of the mind within4 ,they depend on the habitual or prevalent course of thought and feeling in the soul4 ,what we chiefly need is not easier and more comfortable subsistence--though this too is good and desirable--but a released and victorious mind4 ,we shall never escape our physical conditions1 and these will always be more or less unsatisfactory4 ,we shall rub against the bars1 we shall press against the pricks of our material environment and suffer4 ,this is inevitable4 ,but there is for us something better than escape from physical limitation would be1 were such escape possible4 ,we can live a life of the mind that shall be1 to a great degree1 independent of the life of the body1 and ascendent over it4 ,even let our hands be filled with mean and sordid tasks1 we may1 as ,mrs4 ,browning puts it in her verse1 keep our souls 8singing at a work apart40 ,the mind is its own place--and its own environment4 ,in this fact lies our hope4 ,and here is the great chance of literature4 ,literature comes to us in our prison1 and brings deliverance that is more than deliverance4 ,it brings large thoughts to us1 solvent affections1 free fancies4 ,we forget our bondage and our pain4 ,we live a life of the mind that soars1 as the bird soars1 above the ground where else we should crouch and grovel4 ,and ,i say that this is a real1 a solid1 a substantial good4 ,sentimental it is--yes1 but our most true life is sentiment4 ,morton did for us1 ,i suppose1 a valuable service when he discovered the use of ether as an ansthetic4 ,that discovery has mitigated many a physical pang4 ,but it is to me certain that ,longfellow's poetry1 for example1 has done not less to bring comfort to men4 ,pasteur1 the great ,french savant1 has1 it is said1 found a specific by inoculation for hydrophobia4 ,that is a vast boon to our kind4 ,the same great scientist explored the disease that was destroying the silk worm in ,france1 and applied an effective remedy4 ,he performed a similar service in the rescue of the cattle from a widespread and destructive malady4 ,pasteur1 by such achievements as these1 has added untold millions on millions of dollars to the material wealth of the world4 ,i glory and joy in these beneficent results of science4 ,human existence is blessed thereby4 ,but blessed not less is human existence by the great literary gift of such a body of poetry as ,tennyson's4 ,you can not count in millions of dollars the wealth of the world received from ,tennyson1 but ,god can count it in heart-throbs1 and in stirrings of the brain1 too costly and too precious for countless millions of dollars to buy4 ,blessed1 ,i have said1 is human existence in the beneficent results of science4 ,but how blessed8 ,what are we rich for8 ,why is it a good that we should possess a surplus beyond the necessities of subsistence1 of subsistence in material comfort8 ,that we need not work so hard to live1 that we may have some privilege of leisure8 ,but how is leisure a blessing to our race8 ,by giving us a chance to be idle1 to be lazy8 ,i trow not4 ,leisure is a good to us when we use it well1 not otherwise4 ,it is not using leisure well to spend the time and the strength saved to us through science from the sordid demands of mere subsistence--getting1 in accumulating appliances of pleasure4 ,we may indeed accumulate the appliances so1 but we shall never so accumulate the pleasure4 ,god has planned it for us otherwise4 ,comfort turned into luxury ceases to be comfort4 ,what then shall we do with our leisure when1 at the gift of wealth through science1 we have gained our leisure8 ,we must not squander it in luxurious ease4 ,wealth so used would be not a blessing1 but a curse4 ,no1 wealth is a blessing to us only when we say within ourselves1 now that we need not work all the time to keep soul and body together1 now that our body is sufficiently well served1 go to1 let us see what we can do for our soul4 ,i am not preaching to-day1 and ,i utter not a word about religion for the soul4 ,but1 apart from religion1 what is there that you can do for your soul1 that is1 for your self1 better worth doing than to feed it with thought1 with reason1 with emotion1 with imagination8 ,what does your release from drudgery signify to you1 if it does not signify opportunity to live freely a life higher than the life of a brute8 ,the good that science accomplishes for us is in itself an imperfect good4 ,it is merely means to an end4 ,we are defeated if we stop with the means4 ,we must go on by the means to the end4 ,science is chiefly good as science makes way for literature4 ,let literature come in through the door that science opens4 ,make free and wide your mind to the expanding and ennobling influence of literature4 ,every time you read a great book1 you grow4 ,and growth is life1 and life is power1 and power is joy4 ,literary culture is a process of intellectual annexation4 ,you read1 and you annex province after province of thought and of experience to the realm that was yours before4 ,there is no limit to this expansion of empire4 ,it is not simply during the intervals while you are reading that you establish new currents of intellectual life within you4 ,what you read remains a permanent possession4 ,do not say1 ,no1 my memory is poor1 ,i can not retain what ,i read4 ,but you do retain it--in effect4 ,it has gone into the substance of your mind4 ,your mind is now of a different texture4 ,your horizon is extended4 ,before1 you dwelt low in a valley shut in by narrowing hills4 ,you saw only what was immediately around you4 ,you have a higher point of outlook now4 ,your landscape is wider1 more various4 ,but there are yet higher heights to be won4 ,go on and up4 ,what an inspiring thing it is to stand in the ,alps1 where there is nothing visible to overtop you but the sky itself6 ,toward such an experience1 in the realm of mind1 literature invites you4 ,there is no exclusiveness1 no monopoly here4 ,you are all invited4 ,homer1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 ,milton--these are not for one1 or for a few1 but for all4 ,socrates will talk with you1 and ,plato and ,aristotle4 ,demosthenes will repeat his peerless eloquence for you1 and ,cicero1 and ,chatham1 and ,webster4 ,it is a glorious fellowship4 ,here are schylus and ,sophocles and ,euripides1 here are ,herodotus1 ,thucydides and ,xenophon1 here are ,horace and ,juvenal1 ,livy and ,tacitus4 ,all ages and all races are yours4 ,you may be wise with the wisdom of time4 ,who would be content to live his own individual life alone1 when1 to each one of us all it is open to live1 as it were1 the whole life of mankind8 ,and this is the gift of literature4 ,let us be thankful that it is impossible for them to take away from us the 8,iliad10 the 8neid10 the 8,divina ,commedia10 the 8,pilgrim's ,progress10 the 8,paradise ,lost40 ,these great works and their fellows are ours forever4 ,and there are more and ever more such works to be created and enjoyed4 ,literature is indestructible4 ,they may depress it1 but they can not destroy it4 ,always1 however much we may enjoy knowing nature1 we shall at least as much enjoy knowing man4 ,and it is in literature that man speaks to man4 ,and never will come a time when there shall not be souls that must speak1 and souls1 too1 in still greater number1 that can not but listen4 ,literature1 then1 is a true good of human life1 both because1 first or last1 it addresses all1 and because it speaks to that in all which is highest1 most permanent1 most controlling4 ,did ,i say ,i would claim for literature nothing more than equality of place with science8 ,let me unsay that4 ,science is knowledge1 literature is wisdom4 ,as wisdom is better than knowledge1 so greater than science is literature4 ,,the ,,afternoon ,,services4 ,in the afternoon the presentation of diplomas took place in the ,amphitheater4 ,the services were most interesting1 many excellent addresses being delivered4 ,a very interesting feature was the presentation of a ,class ,memorial by the '#hds4 ,this memorial is to adorn the walls of the new ,hall of ,philosophy1 and consisted of the portraits of ,president ,lewis ,miller and ,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,after the unveiling of the portraits ,president ,miller was introduced and said3 ,chautauquans1 and especially the ,class of '#hd3--,the name ,chautauqua is now among classical words1 and various definitions of it have been given1 and1 until its meaning is fully known1 definitions will be given4 ,you will therefore allow me to give a few definitions1 so that this classical word may fix itself upon your minds and hearts1 and its spirit may ever be with you4 ,what does it mean8 ,in its crude form ,i will not say1 but in these last few years1 and since this ,assembly began1 it has come to mean a place where ,god is all and in all2 it means a place where caste1 sectarianism and denominationalism are unknown2 a place for formulating all kinds of moral forces2 a place of rest1 of proper rest1 and physical development2 a place to inspire mental culture--in short1 a place for the consecration of all of man's possibilities for good1 and to prepare men to go out to the world to do good4 ,these are some of the definitions1 and you do not wonder1 when you are here1 how various and how broad the outlook is1 an outlook so broad that ,i fear many times we become discouraged because of its breadth1 and give up in despair4 ,i am glad to see this afternoon that there are many here who have not given up4 ,now1 for your encouragement1 let me say a few words4 ,suppose that the world should stand still for sixty years1 and you had no more teachers for the young1 that all teaching stopped1 and those who now have the ability to teach1 those who now have the skill to work in the mechanical arts1 or to take that scientific field we heard of this morning1 passed away1 and there should be no more students or apprentices for sixty years1 what would be the result8 ,taking this country as a guide1 we would have but one million people who are in any vocation4 ,this is an astonishing fact1 taken from the census of the ,united ,states1 as ,i gathered it some time ago for another occasion4 ,now1 take the other fact3 in #ahhj1 twenty-six millions of the ,american people--more than one half of the inhabitants of the ,united ,states--were below twenty-one years of age1 and had not taken up any vocation or any purpose in life4 ,chautauqua puts within your reach a privilege4 ,i saw a man among your number this morning who was eighty-four years old4 ,with that exception1 few of you are sixty4 ,there are not so many gray hairs here as there were this morning4 ,in sixty years many of you will have gone2 most of the men you find here on this platform will have gone1 and you will have the privilege of taking their places4 ,we sometimes think we have no place1 there is no use trying to become anything because all these places are filled1 but before you are sixty years old you will have the privilege of coming up through these avenues and taking any place you are able to fill4 ,these avenues will be open to you4 ,see what privileges you will have4 ,i will give you the figures4 ,you will have sixty-four thousand chances to take the rostrum or the pulpit2 you will have eighty-five thousand chances to take a place in medicine2 you will have two hundred and twenty-seven thousand chances to be teachers or scientists4 ,all others will have given way before you4 ,now1 do you think it worth while to struggle to become something8 ,we can not all go through the schools1 but by this new ,chautauqua ,idea we can gather together1 and put our hearts together1 and in this way gather some ability that will be consecrated for good4 ,dr4 ,vincent then announced ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 one of the ,counselors of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 who spoke as follows3 ,,address ,,of ,,rev4 ,,lyman ,,abbott1 ,d4,d4 ,mr4 ,chairman and ,fellow-,chautauquans3--,the ,circle1 you know1 is symbolic for the conception of perfection4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 stands1 therefore1 by its very title1 for an inclusion of all knowledge4 ,dr4 ,wilkinson this morning dealt with one half of that ,circle1 literature4 ,there is nothing to be added to what he said this morning1 for certainly ,i would not detract anything from what he said1 if ,i could4 ,the praise that he awarded to literature as a means of education was well deserved1 as it was well given4 ,i thank him for having left us for this afternoon the other half of the subject1 and ,i want to say something to you about science4 ,and ,i approach it from the side of ignorance1 not as a scientific man1 but as one whose education in youth1 and ever since1 has been neglected on the scientific side1 and who looks at science from the point of view of desire and aspiration1 not from the standpoint of satisfaction and achievement4 ,certainly science has done a great deal for us in the mere physical and material realm1 and of that aspect ,dr4 ,wilkinson spoke this morning4 ,it has enlarged1 if not our comforts1 certainly the material of our comforts4 ,it has enlarged1 if not our satisfaction1 at all events our content4 ,it is to science we owe the fact that we have so largely increased the facilities also for our learning4 ,science has made for us voyaging and travel easy2 science has bound the different parts of our nation together with iron bands2 science enables us readily and quickly to communicate with one another2 science has formed our houses1 preserving us from cold2 science has illuminated our houses1 and redeemed from darkness and night the hours that can be given to social intercourse and study4 ,in innumerable ways1 science has added to our material and moral well-being4 ,but it is of science as an educator that the words ,i have to speak this afternoon are to be directed4 ,i am sure nature has another aspect than that of a mere servitor1 and is a material educator4 ,so science has another aspect than that of adding to our mere material and bodily comfort4 ,science ministers also to our intellect and our spirit1 like literature4 ,i shall not undertake to put these in the balance1 each over against the other1 and see which is the better of the two4 ,now1 it is scarcely necessary for me to point this to you who are pursuing both literature and science1 that both of these develop the mind4 ,science as well as literature develops the soul and the spirit of man1 the inner life4 ,science is teaching us to observe4 ,it is teaching us other things1 but that is all ,i wish to say to you this afternoon4 ,it is teaching us to observe--how to use our eyes4 ,it is astonishing how many men and women there are in this world who do not know how to use their eyes4 ,science is making us observant of the minuter as well as of the grander of ,god's works4 ,the motto of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 stands on the wall before you1 8,we study the ,word and the ,works of ,god40 ,the word written in man's heart1 that literature opens to us2 the works that are written on all nature1 that science opens to us4 ,i go out for a walk on the ,catskills2 ,i look off1 ,i see the view1 the trees1 the ,june aspect4 ,but there is a scientist who walks by my side4 ,he points out to me the little scratches in the rock1 and tells me it is the path of the glacier1 that here where ,i am walking the glacier in the centuries long gone by made its march1 and that there were higher mountains here then than now1 and there was a sea in the valley below1 and here are the marks1 the footprints of it4 ,he takes his hammer1 breaks a rock1 and points out to me a trilobite4 ,he tells me that all these rocks are rich in the remains of animal life1 they are filled with the remains of those animals which have disappeared4 ,he is seeing what ,i did not see1 what ,i did not know1 he has learned to use his eyes1 he is teaching me that ,i am as one who1 having eyes1 sees not4 ,one does not need great apparatus to become in some small measure at least1 a scientific observer4 ,i was brought up as a boy to think1 whether my teacher's fault or my own ,i do not know1 that the only use of my eyes was to read books1 and ,i read them4 ,but the great book in the midst of which ,i was living ,i never read4 ,i know of some boys in my home who have furnished themselves with some naturalists' pins1 some cork1 one of those boxes of drawers made to hold spools such as you see in any dry goods store1 and which you can get for a 8thank you20 they have provided themselves with a pole and a net1 and now1 when they go out into the woods1 it is not for frolic1 or waste of time4 ,they see a bug or butterfly1 they out with the pole and catch it4 ,they are filling a museum4 ,when they catch their butterfly1 they come home with more questions about him1 where he comes from1 than ,i can answer4 ,whether their museum comes to much or not ,i do not care4 ,they are learning to read that literature that comes before all books1 the literature that ,god has written in the clouds1 in the rocks1 in the mountains1 and in the flying things4 ,but science teaches us more than that4 ,it teaches us not merely to observe with our eyes1 but with our inward nature4 ,we do not simply see works4 8,the earth is the ,lord's1 and the fullness thereof40 ,you do not know a library because you know the names of the books that are printed on the backs of them1 and you have not begun to know science because you have begun to gather a few isolated facts out of the heaven above1 or the rocks beneath1 or the trees4 ,not until you have learned what is in the books do you know literature2 not until you know what is the truth that lies behind nature and palpitates within it1 do you know science4 ,the crown that is upon the brow of science is composed of stars1 every one of which is a star from ,god's own heavens1 and the hieroglyphic roll she has in her hands1 which we strive to read1 is ,god's own words1 no less than the printed book1 from which we study of his word and his works4 ,science and religion stand at the door of ,god's great temple1 beckoning with one hand to those who stand without1 and with the other pointing to ,him who sits upon the throne within4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,vincent then read the following letter from ,counselor ,gibson1 of ,england3 ,,london1 #aeth ,july1 #ahhd4 ,,my ,,dear ,,fellow ,,students3--,the pressure of engagements1 which is usually at its height in the month of ,may1 and begins to relax as ,june advances1 has this year continued much longer than usual1 and threatens now to traverse the month of ,july2 but ,i must not again disappoint my dear brother1 ,dr4 ,vincent1 by postponing my letter till too late1 as ,i unhappily did last year1 for which ,i ask his pardon1 and yours4 ,i congratulate you1 with all my heart1 on the work of the year1 and on the wonderful growth of our ,circle4 ,how speedily has the little one become a thousand1 and many thousands6 ,i can not say that the ,chautauqua ,idea1 pure and simple1 has as yet taken root in ,england2 but there are approximations to it1 and the principles of which it is an embodiment are everywhere gaining ground4 ,to my mind ,chautauqua stands for the keeping together of many things which ,god hath joined1 and which men are too apt to put asunder4 ,first1 ,i think of holiday recreation and wholesome study which many imagine to be mutually destructive1 whereas our experience proves them to be mutually helpful4 ,well1 the people here are beginning to appreciate this4 ,in connection with the great 8,fisheries ,exhibition10 which was the chief novelty of the ,london season1 last year1 courses of useful instruction were organized2 and this year1 as an important part of 8,the ,health ,exhibition10 which has taken its place1 lecture courses1 bearing on important branches of sanitary science1 have been delivered1 and a number of useful little manuals1 like those with which we have become familiar in our ,chautauqua course1 have been issued1 one of them by ,mrs4 ,gladstone4 ,then1 ,i think of secular and sacred culture1 which there has been quite too much disposition in our day to separate1 and which are1 in my opinion1 so happily combined in our studies4 ,here ,i am reminded of the recent great ,sunday-school meeting at ,exeter ,hall1 which ,i had the privilege of addressing1 where the chair was occupied by the ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,mundella1 who manages with such ability and energy the educational department of the government4 ,mr4 ,mundella1 who has risen from a very humble position1 had the foundation of his education laid in the ,sunday-school1 and a night school connected with it1 and when very young1 received much stimulus and encouragement by the presentation of a ,bible for proficiency in his ,sunday-school lessons4 ,he does not forget his obligation1 and his speech that evening from the chair was eminently hearty and satisfactory4 ,i am reminded1 also1 in the same connection1 of an important meeting held recently in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 a private meeting1 from which reporters were excluded1 and which1 therefore1 ,i must not report to you further than to say that it was a representative gathering of leading men of all denominations1 including some distinguished ,roman ,catholics1 7one of whom1 by the by1 made the finest speech of the evening71 to consider the question whether it was possible under a system of ,state ,education in a country like ,england satisfactorily to combine secular and religious instruction4 ,and this suggests another of our pleasing combinations at ,chautauqua1 the drawing together1 not only in fraternal feeling1 but also in important work1 of ,christians of different denominations4 ,i need not say that the current of the times still sets in the same direction4 ,the meeting in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 above referred to1 is an illustration of it2 and as a farther indication ,i may refer to the fact that recently the rector of ,st4 ,paul's1 ,cheswick1 after due announcement1 preached and conducted divine service for ,mr4 ,mc,leod1 successor to ,dr4 ,cumming1 of ,crown ,court4 ,he did it with the full knowledge that it might get him into trouble2 but he was willing to have the question tested at his expense4 ,considerable notice has been taken of it in various ways1 but no one has ventured to make any complaint4 ,i take it that one prominent feature of the ,chautauqua movement is the desire and endeavor to bring those privileges which have been hitherto to a large extent the possession of the few1 within reach of as large a circle as possible--the attempt to bring the scholarship of the scholarly into far closer relations with the wants of the people4 ,and here ,i am reminded of the new ,oxford movement1 of which you have no doubt heard--the resolution of a large number of young ,oxonians to devote themselves to work in the ,east ,end of ,london for the educational and social amelioration of its wretched poor4 ,the plan involves residences among the people and brotherly intercourse with them4 ,it remains to be seen1 whether1 without those high ,christian motives which have always been found necessary in the past1 but so far are not at all acknowledged1 there will be that 8patient continuance in well-doing10 without which nothing worthy can be accomplished4 ,but whatever may be thought as to the probable success and permanence of the movement1 it is certainly a most gratifying sign of the times4 ,but ,i am allowing myself to drift into a treatise de omnibus rebus et quibus dam aliis1 and must therefore call a halt1 and come to a period1 which ,i do with renewed congratulations for the past and hearty good wishes and earnest prayers for a happy holiday season1 and a prosperous and fruitful year of work4 ,i shall not sign myself your ,counselor1 though you honor me with the title1 for ,i am sure that any counsel ,i can give at this vast distance is of very small account1 but ,i do heartily call myself your sincere friend1 ,,john ,,monro ,,gibson4 ,many kind letters of greeting and encouragement were read4 ,no one stirred a deeper sympathy than that from ,mrs4 ,abbey ,gough1 of ,westfield1 ,n4 ,y41 the senior graduate of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c43 8,although ,i am too feeble to be with you to-day1 and although ,i am nearly eighty-four years old1 ,i am with you in spirit4 ,god bless the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and ,god bless the ,class of '#hb40 ,dr4 ,vincent said3 8,this dear woman marched in through the gate when eighty-two years of age2 her son of over fifty1 or about fifty1 behind her2 his daughter of twenty1 perhaps1 behind him2 three generations in that ,class of '#hb4 ,she still lives1 at the age of eighty-four1 to give greeting on this glad day40 ,the letters were followed by the reports from the assemblies1 after which ,dr4 ,vincent addressed the ,class of '#hd as follows3 ,,address ,,of ,,dr4 ,,vincent4 ,to the members of the ,class of '#hd1 a few words4 ,i have watched your progress during the four years with peculiar interest4 ,you have gained to yourselves a reputation as a class noted for zeal and earnest work in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,you are known as 8,the ,irrepressibles40 ,you have been characterized by an ingenuity in devising methods4 ,in making up the history of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 there are several things that may be traced to you4 ,you number in your roll some distinguished names4 ,you have throughout the entire extent of the ,circle labored with peculiar diligence and fidelity for its general good4 ,i am sure that the ,class of '#hb1 and the ,class of '#hc1 whose experience made it possible for you to be what you have been1 will not complain of the tribute which at this time ,i seek to pay to you4 ,i know that the other classes will follow your lead1 and be glad if they can have the good reputation which attaches to your name1 the name of the ,class of '#hd1 the 8,irrepressibles0 of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,there are some of you who are young1 in the freshness and brightness of life1 with youth's outlook4 ,may it be a long time before the grave folds its arms about you4 ,may you do valiant service not only in the cause of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4--that were a little thing--but1 using it as a platform1 may you accomplish large things and worthy in the homes you represent1 in the community of which you are a part1 in the branch of the ,church of the living ,god with which you may be connected1 and may your impress be felt on the national life4 ,above all1 may you do good work in ,god's way1 by the divine process in your own lives1 that as the years go by you may build up character that shall shine as a light on the world1 character that shall endure through the eternities4 ,some of you are in middle life4 ,aches1 and pain1 and signs of breaking down once in awhile1 make you stop and think4 ,you wish that you could recuperate1 and get back some of the old power4 ,probably you will4 ,you have yet ten years1 twenty years1 thirty years1 in which you may do splendid service4 ,may ,god's blessing through this ministry enrich these remaining years1 and make you glad1 and your friends glad1 through every succeeding year1 that you were ever identified with our ,circle4 ,some of you are old4 ,you do not like to have that stated2 or do you8 ,you do not feel old3 eighty-four years is nothing4 ,may the venerable members of our ,circle1 who count from--where does old age begin--from eighty-four and above1 may you live until the new century shall dawn1 and may your last days be your brightest and your best days4 ,you do not know1 you men and women of advanced years1 how it warms our hearts to see you in this presence and engaged in these services4 ,we have for all time glorified childhood4 ,i can never allow a youngster to pass me without a salutation4 ,there is only one place where ,i do not like to hear a child's voice1 and that is when it interrupts a public service4 ,i take great delight in these little fellows whom we meet in the streets1 at the front doors1 and in all ,american homes everywhere4 ,but ,i think we have glorified the possibilities of childhood to such an extent that men and women full-grown have come to think that all the possibilities of life are hidden in the earliest years4 ,when we see men and women of advanced age coming to this place to receive the reward of four years' work1 with ambition for years to come remaining1 we feel that the possibilities of this life are not limited at all4 ,and when we remember1 as the poet says1 that death is 8but a gray eve between two shining days10 there is no limitation to man4 ,therefore1 work on1 work forever4 ,god help us to begin in this life1 that we shall make everlasting progress as we enjoy the fellowship of the saints in the presence of ,god4 ,so1 then1 my young friends of eighty-four years and under1 ,i bid you welcome to-day to this place1 and as ,president ,miller shall authorize the distribution of the diplomas which you have won1 we shall take pleasure in handing them to you4 ,we expect one of these days to see them glittering with seals1 new seals freshly won1 placed on the pyramid4 ,when you are asleep in the long sleep1 the diploma shall hang on the wall--a tribute to your ambition and faithfulness4 ,the class song of '#hd was sung1 the diplomas were distributed to the graduates1 and the ,commencement services of the ,class of '#hd were at an end4 ,,framingham1 ,,massachusetts4 ,there is no part of the world where the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 thermometer runs higher than in ,new ,england1 notwithstanding the current opinion as to the general iciness of that region4 ,the members of the circle in the six ,eastern ,states are as enthusiastic in their loyalty1 and as ardent in their manifestation of it1 as any other section on the planet4 ,this was abundantly shown at the fifth session of the ,new ,england ,sunday-school ,assembly1 held at ,framingham1 ,mass41 from ,july #af to #bf1 under the direction of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vincent1 assisted by ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning and ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 ,the work under the auspices of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was most promising4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is a circle with several centers1 hence no one will be surprised to learn that at ,framingham there was more than one headquarters4 ,at a modest little cottage with one room1 ,rev4 and ,mrs4 ,o4 ,s4 ,baketel conducted the business of the ,circle1 enrolled names1 received fees1 distributed circulars1 furnished badges1 and answered questions innumerable4 ,but besides this1 every class had its own headquarters1 where the class register was kept and where members met for acquaintance and conversation4 ,of course the ,irrepressible '#hd trimmed up its tent1 and attracted general notice2 but its example was soon followed1 and it was hard to say which of the classes kept itself most prominently before the eyes of the people4 ,the ,round-,table was held in ,normal ,hall1 which was crowded with members at every session1 and brilliant with badges1 for at ,framingham every ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 wears the colors of his class4 ,at the opening ,round-,table ,dr4 ,vincent presided1 and a spicy discussion on the question 8,what is ,education80 was participated in by many speakers4 ,the second meeting1 in the ,superintendent's absence1 was conducted by ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 who wrote on the blackboard the words1 8,what good is the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 doing80 ,a rattling fire of answers1 fifty in number1 was shot off from the seats faster than the nimble pen of the reporter could take them down4 ,perhaps in some future article we may present some of them to the readers of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 as handy arguments for use in working up an interest in the cause4 ,other ,round-,tables were held1 alike in the enthusiasm and the interest1 though differing in their subjects4 ,new ,england is a land where everybody speaks in the town-meeting1 and the ,round-,table of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is no exception to the general rule4 ,the camp-fire was more systematically conducted than is usual at assemblies4 ,on the evening appointed1 each class met at its headquarters and marched to the ,normal ,pavilion4 ,here the procession was formed in order of classes1 with the venerable veterans of '#hb in the advance1 and the infants of '#hh1 organized on that very day as the 8,plymouth ,rock ,class0 as last in the line4 ,the army1 five hundred strong1 marched through the darkness to a natural amphitheater in the edge of the encampment1 where a gigantic bonfire had been already kindled4 ,here a circle was formed1 the members in front1 and a few thousand spectators peeping over their shoulders1 and wishing that they were there4 ,songs were sung1 and speeches were made by representatives of each class1 beginning with the youngest1 for which ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning spoke1 and ending with ,rev4 ,o4 ,s4 ,baketel for '#hb1 after which ,dr4 ,vincent gave a few warm1 uplifting words4 ,then two circles were formed1 clasping hands around the dying embers4 ,within stood the class of '#hd1 about to graduate1 and around them their companions of the other classes1 all joining hands1 while 8,blest be the tie0 was sung with deep feeling1 a prayer was offered1 and the benediction was spoken4 ,this camp-fire was one where mirth1 sentiment1 thoughtfulness and religion were mingled in happy proportions4 ,the class anniversaries formed a prominent feature in the ,assembly4 ,every class had its organization2 its headquarters was a place where social reunions were in progress nearly all the time2 and in addition1 each class1 from '#hb to '#hg1 held its own anniversary1 generally in ,normal ,hall1 where speeches were made1 poems were read1 histories recited1 prophecies predicted1 songs sung1 and the merits1 general and specific1 of each class in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 over all the other classes1 were duly presented to its own delight4 ,middle aged men and women showed all the enthusiasm of young collegians in the esprit du corps for their class organization4 ,the ,recognition ,services were attended by nearly a thousand members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 and twice as many outside listeners4 ,the procession1 marshaled by ,prof4 ,sherwin and headed by ,dr4 ,vincent1 8the distinguished guests10 and the band1 marched around the grounds to the ,auditorium4 ,here the heroes of the day1 the class of '#hd1 occupied the platform1 while the graduate and undergraduate classes filled the reserved seats in front4 ,the ,commencement oration was delivered by ,president ,julius ,r4 ,seelye1 of ,amherst1 on 8,the ,power of ,ideas40 ,he was followed by ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,gough1 in a few remarks both witty and wise4 ,then ,dr4 ,vincent1 with a brief address to the graduating class1 presented the diplomas to those present1 one hundred and eighty-eight in number4 ,we are conscious that our brief paragraph is a cold rsum of one of the most enthusiastic and glowing services ever held in ,new ,england4 ,we must not forget to state that the ,new ,england ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have resolved to erect a ,hall of ,philosophy on the topmost summit of the hill in the ,assembly ground4 ,it is to be modeled after the classic building in ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 dear to all ,chautauquans1 and will gleam from far1 with its columns and white roof1 inviting the passers by to climb the heights of knowledge by the paths of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,monterey1 ,,california4 ,the fifth annual ,pacific ,coast ,assembly convened at ,monterey1 ,california1 on ,monday evening1 ,june #cj1 #ahhd4 ,the president1 ,dr4 ,stratton1 was not able to be present at the opening of the ,assembly1 and ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 of ,santa ,cruz1 vice president1 took the chair and made the opening address4 ,it was an admirable review of the studies of the year1 a cordial greeting to all present1 and an enthusiastic explanation of the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,his audience was a large and intelligent one4 ,the hall was beautifully decorated with evergreens1 flags1 bunting1 and the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 mottoes4 ,the evening was one of rare beauty1 and altogether the ,assembly lacked nothing but the genial presence of a few of its usual leaders4 ,the summer was unusually cool1 and consequently there were fewer people at the coast than last year1 but the ,chautauquans turned out well1 and there was a perceptible increase in the daily attendance over that of last year4 ,the musical department was under the excellent management of ,mrs4 ,r4 ,l4 ,higgins1 of ,san ,jos1 and was a matter of great pleasure and congratulation during the whole session4 ,various clergymen were in attendance1 and a brief devotional exercise opened each meeting4 ,there is not space here for extended notice of the ten days' literary feast1 but we will briefly recapitulate the points of interest4 ,miss ,lucy ,washburn1 of the ,state ,normal ,school1 gave two admirable talks upon the 8,circulation of the ,blood10 and two others upon 8,methods of ,bible ,study10 all of which were precisely what the audience liked to hear1 and were as profitable as they were pleasant4 ,professor ,moses1 of the ,berkeley ,state ,university1 gave three historical lectures of great value1 upon that period of ,roman history during which ,christianity became the religion of the empire4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,lean1 of ,oakland1 gave a brilliant description of a recent trip to the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,perkins1 of ,san ,francisco1 talked wisely and wittily of 8,methods of ,historical ,investigation40 ,mr4 ,adley ,cummins lectured eloquently upon 8,what the ,orient has done for us40 ,mr4 ,clee1 of ,berkeley1 talked interestingly of the 8,date ,palm40 ,mr4 ,matthew ,cook1 of ,sacramento1 lectured upon 8,entomology40 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vance1 of ,carlisle1 ,penn41 read a charming paper upon 8,africa40 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,field1 of ,san ,jos1 had two papers1 one upon 8,holy ,george ,herbert10 and the other upon the 8,women of ,ancient ,greece40 ,miss ,jessica ,thompson1 of ,san ,jos1 also had two beautiful literary papers1 one upon ,shakspere's 8,as ,you ,like ,it10 and the other upon ,tennyson's 8,princess40 ,mr4 ,joel ,bean told of the 8,council of ,nice10 and ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson unfolded the marvels which lie in 8,a ,drop of ,water40 ,dr4 ,stratton gave the closing lecture--a most noble one--on 8,potential ,ideas40 ,the ,sabbath included in the session was devoted to ,temperance1 under the excellent management of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 of ,california4 ,there was a glorious sermon in the morning by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,briggs1 of ,san ,francisco1 upon 8,woman's ,work10 a grand children's meeting in the afternoon1 and a women's mass meeting in the evening1 when ,mrs4 ,mc,call1 of ,san ,jos1 read an excellent paper upon 8,temperance ,education40 ,mrs4 ,browne1 of ,san ,francisco1 the ,state ,president of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 made a grand address1 and others made brief remarks4 ,beautiful weather prevailed during the entire ,assembly1 and the utmost good fellowship4 ,the regular business meeting was held on the afternoon of the #ajth4 ,the reports of the secretaries and treasurer were read1 and an election of officers held4 ,the old officers were reinstated1 and various committees appointed4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stratton is again president2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 ,dr4 ,wythe1 and ,professor ,h4 ,b4 ,norton1 vice presidents2 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,field1 general secretary2 ,miss ,m4 ,s4 ,bowman1 ,assembly secretary2 ,mrs4 ,eloise ,dawson1 treasurer4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day was the closing day of the ,assembly4 ,it was as bright and sunny as could be desired1 and all things were propitious4 ,the ,chautauquans gathered in the parlors1 each distinguished by an oak leaf badge1 and then marched two and two in long procession over to the ,assembly ,hall4 ,there were but eight graduates present4 ,four graduating essays were read1 all of marked merit4 ,the general secretary read some clippings from her note book4 ,dr4 ,stratton made a brief address4 ,mrs4 ,mc,call read a beautiful memorial paper on ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,mc,kee1 of ,san ,jos1 one of last year's graduates1 and a most efficient and brilliant member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the diplomas were presented1 and then the ,assembly adjourned to meet in the afternoon on ,chautauqua ,beach for a ,round-,table talk and a mussel-roast4 ,the names of the graduates present were3 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal42 ,mrs4 ,helen ,dryden1 ,gilroy1 ,cal42 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,whitney1 ,gilroy1 ,cal42 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,shuey1 ,brentwood1 ,cal42 ,miss ,gussie ,h4 ,wilcox1 ,sacramento1 ,cal42 ,mrs4 ,eloise ,dawson1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,p4 ,baily and ,mrs4 ,eliza ,mantz1 ,san ,jos1 ,cal4 ,there are thirty others who have completed the course but who were prevented from coming to ,monterey4 ,the ,round-,table on the beach was a lively affair4 ,some fifteen or twenty circles were represented1 and all reported their respective circles as wide-awake and pursuing their readings with unabated zeal4 ,after this exchange of experiences the ,assembly laid aside its dignity and gave animated attention to the steaming mussels which were generously passed around by 8the muscular committee40 ,the tempting bivalves had been gathered by the bushel in the early morning1 and at precisely the right hour laid upon great beds of coals in full sight of the ,round-,table gathering4 ,a bevy of young ladies assisted in serving the multitude1 and a merry feast it proved4 ,the ,california mussel-roast and the down-east clam-bake are convivial cousins4 ,the ,monterey ,assembly closed its fifth meeting in peace and good will1 and with the hope of many and many another summer school by the sunset sea4 ,,the ,,pacific ,,grove ,,retreat1 #ahhd4 ,,by ,,joel ,,bean4 ,god of our lives--past1 and to be1 ,god of the earth1 the land and sea1 ,with all ,thy works1 we worship ,thee4 ,in humble faith our souls would bear ,to ,thee our every weight of care1 ,and all the burden of our prayer4 ,but with what language can we raise ,a fitting tribute to ,thy praise1 ,and celebrate ,thy works and ways8 ,fresh blessings1 countless as the sand1 ,flow as perpetual from ,thy hand ,as do the waves upon the strand4 ,more deep and boundless than the sea1 ,thy love from all eternity ,sides every inlet full and free4 ,on this ,pacific shore we meet1 ,this ,temple-,grove our pilgrim feet ,draws to its sacred calm retreat4 ,make us to feel ,thy presence near1 ,and with ,thy goodness crown the year ,whose harvest fruits are offered here4 ,our 8,feast of ,tabernacles0 bless1 ,hallow these tents and cottages ,with peace1 and joy1 and righteousness4 ,a host from many a church and land1 ,we would1 with loyal heart and hand1 ,for ,christ our ,king united stand4 ,thou who hast led us all our days1 ,o'er fertile plains and desert ways1 ,be here an altar to ,thy praise6 ,,ottawa1 ,,kansas4 ,the ,inter-,state ,assembly of ,kansas1 ,missouri1 and the surrounding states1 was held at ,ottawa1 ,kansas1 from ,june #bdth to ,july #dth1 under the superintendence of ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 ,it was a large meeting1 some estimating the aggregate attendance at fifty thousand different people1 during the eleven days2 and in every way successful1 whether viewed as to the interest of its exercises1 the thoroughness of the work done in its classes 7which are the backbone of an ,assembly71 or the financial receipts1 which are needful to maintain the institution4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is somewhat new at this ,assembly1 as it was first recognized in #ahhc1 when only about twenty members were present at the camp-fire4 ,this year witnessed a great increase in the interest4 ,several ,round-,tables were held1 and reports were received from twenty-eight local circles1 aggregating over four hundred members1 all of which were represented by members present4 ,at the ,round-,table discussions were held upon topics such as these3 8,what are the advantages of the local circle80 8,how may the local circles be made interesting as well as profitable80 8,how shall they be organized80 beside endless inquiries concerning the subject of 8seals0 which not even ,dr4 ,vincent himself could always have answered had he been present4 ,the camp-fire was held on ,tuesday evening1 ,july #a1 and was a great success1 since it not only gave delight to the members1 but awakened an interest among the public present1 and was followed by forty new members who joined the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 the next day1 the advance guard of the class of #ahhh4 ,after the evening lecture the members gathered in procession1 marched around the encampment1 and formed in a circle around the fire4 ,here the songs were sung1 and addresses1 brief and pointed1 some grave and others gay1 were made by ,rev4 ,d4 ,c4 ,milner1 of '#hb1 the president of the ,assembly1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,hatch1 7the member of '#hd who was present71 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 secretary1 of ,kansas ,city1 ,rev4 ,duncan ,brown1 of ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo41 ,mr4 ,a4 ,zartman1 of ,kansas ,city1 7a place which boasts of seven circles and two hundred members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c471 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,spring1 our ,chautauqua sculptor1 and ,professor ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 who belongs to all the classes4 ,at the close the hand-clasping circle was formed by the members1 seventy-three in number1 and a prayer was offered by the superintendent of the ,assembly4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 tide is rising at the ,inter-,state ,assembly1 and next year we hope to count our members by the hundreds4 ,one minister1 who with his wife had been reading the course alone1 went home from the ,assembly and organized a circle of forty members1 ready for the fall campaign2 and there are more to follow4 ,it is proposed next year to hold a ,recognition ,service1 and confer the diplomas upon such members of the graduating class as live between the ,mississippi and the ,rocky ,mountains1 and can be present at ,ottawa4 ,,waseca1 ,,minnesota4 ,while the opening exercises of the ,inter-,state ,assembly at ,ottawa1 ,kansas1 were in progress a similar service was being held for the first time in a large pavilion on the grounds of the ,maplewood ,park ,assembly near ,waseca1 ,minn4 ,the location of this new ,assembly is delightful4 ,it is on the high lands of ,central ,minnesota1 about sixty miles south of the great cities of the ,northwest1 ,st4 ,paul and ,minneapolis1 and central to a large and wealthy agricultural region1 in which within easy reach of the grounds are a number of thriving villages4 ,the grounds consist of a peninsula putting out into ,waseca lake and covered by a heavy growth of maple1 beech and elm forest trees4 ,the nucleus of a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 organization existed in a local circle in the village of ,waseca4 ,during the ten days of the ,assembly several meetings were held1 the plans of the ,home ,college explained1 converts made1 and on the evening of ,july #ast the first camp-fire was kindled in the presence of a large audience4 ,addresses were delivered by ,reverends ,levi ,gilbert1 ,h4 ,c4 ,jinnings1 ,john ,stafford1 ,dr4 ,emory ,miller and others4 ,the meetings were pronounced successful1 and the prediction of still larger successes volunteered4 ,,island ,,park1 ,,indiana4 ,at ,island ,park ,assembly1 located near ,rome ,city1 ,indiana1 interest in the work and delightful associations of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 began with the observance of the ,sunday vesper hour on the ,sunday preceding the opening of the ,assembly4 ,from that the enthusiasm and interest grew1 reaching a climax on ,chautauqua ,day4 ,a new hall had been erected on a beautiful point of land projecting into the lake1 through the open window of which came the glint of sunset light and the rippling of wavelets on the beach to mingle with the voice of 8,evening ,praise40 ,the ,sunday evening vespers were among the most delightful and helpful religious influences of the ,assembly4 ,at the daily ,round-,tables a series of brief lectures were delivered1 three by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,blackburn on 8,english ,history10 two on 8,biology0 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,yocum1 one on the 8,study of ,literature0 by ,wallace ,bruce1 and three on 8,astronomy0 by ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,baily4 8,chautauqua ,day0 was the red letter day of the ,assembly4 ,early in the morning people began to gather1 each train reinforcing the crowd1 all eager to see and hear the 8,commencement exercises40 ,the ,tabernacle was beautifully decorated with flags1 bunting1 flowers1 oak leaf wreaths and festoons1 the mottoes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 monograms and other devices4 ,on the edge of the platform stood a representation of the 8,golden ,gate10 under the arch of which the members of the class of '#hd1 present to receive their diplomas1 passed to their seats on the platform4 ,the procession was of imposing proportions1 the largest ever seen at ,island ,park4 ,the oration was delivered by ,counselor ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d41 and his eloquent words of counsel will not soon be forgotten4 ,sixteen members of '#hd received their diplomas4 ,in the evening1 after the ,chautauqua vesper service1 the night procession was formed and escorted along the illuminated way under arches on which the legends1 8,religion10 8,art10 8,science10 8,history10 8,literature0 and 8,philosophy0 could be read1 to the place of the camp-fire4 ,here by the light of a magnificent fire an hour was spent in singing ,chautauqua songs1 listening to bright and witty speeches1 brief recitations and reminiscences of similar fires at ,chautauqua1 closing with the 8,night ,song0 and prayer for light and blessing on members of the ,circle present and absent4 ,,monona ,,lake1 ,,wisconsin4 ,monona ,lake ,assembly promises to be one of the more important centers of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work4 ,the grounds are situated on the banks of one of the four lakes surrounding the capital city of the ,state of ,wisconsin1 and within a mile of it4 ,seventy-five passenger trains go and come each day1 making the grounds accessible from all directions4 ,in spite of rainy weather and low temperature the attendance this past season was large and enthusiastic4 ,daily ,round-,tables were held and though often interfered with by other meetings and lack of a suitable and permanent place of meeting1 were well attended and proved very interesting4 ,thursday1 ,july #cast1 was ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day1 and about three hundred and fifty members participated in the ,recognition ,service4 ,the oration was delivered by ,bishop ,cyrus ,d4 ,foss1 ,d4,d41 the theme selected1 8,the ,true ,education0 was ably discussed and a source of encouragement to many members of the circle4 ,the camp-fire was lit on the highest point of land on the grounds1 and the spot thus dedicated was tendered by the ,board of ,directors as the site for a new ,chautauqua ,hall4 ,a vigorous canvass of the ,state will be made in the interest of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and it is expected that a new and commodious hall will be erected in time for our next annual gathering4 ,,lakeside1 ,,ohio4 ,this flourishing gathering of students1 religious and secular1 was preceded this past summer by a large assembling of the teachers of ,ohio and vicinity1 and the people were already admirably prepared for the direct work of the ,assembly4 ,the program was the finest ever enjoyed by the patrons of this place4 ,in lectures and miscellaneous entertainments1 as well as normal class and children's class work1 it was not behind the best in every feature of such gatherings1 and the promises for future years are most encouraging4 ,neither is ,lakeside a whit behind its 8old mother0 of the fair ,chautauqua ,lake in enthusiasm on the subject of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 although it necessarily lacks in numbers1 and in the distinction which comes of being the great 8head-center20 a distinction belonging1 of course1 to but the one place4 ,but that all the people who have interests at ,lakeside1 and who come under the influence of its work1 shall have something to do with this great reading circle1 and get a measure of its benefits1 is one of the intense desires and energetic aims of the ,lakeside authorities4 ,in accord with this purpose a day was set apart1 as usual1 at the summer session of #ahhd1 for the recognition of as many members of the class of '#hd as might be present4 ,chancellor ,vincent was on hand and delighted the audience in the forenoon of the day with his lecture on 8,our ,minister10 and in the afternoon held the special ,recognition ,services1 delivering one of his characteristic addresses on this theme so near his heart1 and moving his large company of hearers to increasing zeal in behalf of the movement4 ,quite a representation of the class were formally graduated4 ,a large distribution of circulars relating to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was made1 and hundreds of people who had not before come into direct knowledge of the subject were stirred into interest1 and doubtless many are thereby now at wholesome work4 ,several ,round-,tables were held during the ,assembly1 one by ,dr4 ,vincent1 on the evening of the ,special day1 another by ,s4 ,a4 ,wildman1 ,esq41 and still another by ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent1 the superintendent of the ,assembly4 ,at these there was much interest manifested1 and much more promoted1 and evidences of good work within the patronizing territory of ,lakeside were given4 ,it is confidently expected that there will be a large representation of the ,class of #ahhe at the ,recognition ,services which are provided for in the outline of the program for the next year4 ,and while1 of course1 all who can go to ,chautauqua and graduate under the brilliant circumstances which attend the ,commencement day there1 will gladly do so1 yet it will be in some degree a delight1 if that is not possible1 to graduate at this nearer point4 ,,crete1 ,,nebraska4 ,the ,nebraska ,sunday-school ,assembly1 held in ,august1 at ,crete1 twenty miles west of ,lincoln1 ,neb41 aroused much interest in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a paper was read on the 8,history and ,aims of the ,circle10 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,dada1 of ,stanton1 ,neb4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 of ,boston1 president of the class of '#hh1 followed with most encouraging words4 ,thirty-five persons gave their names as members of the new class4 ,badges were secured1 and the freshman class is full-fledged for action4 ,there were also a few representatives of the classes of '#hd1 '#he1 '#hf and '#hg present4 ,three ,round-,tables were held and many questions asked and answered4 ,the interest seemed to deepen as the session advanced4 ,on ,august #bc all the members of the different classes took a boat ride on the ,blue ,river1 and on ,thursday evening1 ,august #bfth1 held a grand camp-fire on the grounds of the ,assembly1 around which able speeches were made1 cheering words spoken1 and ,chautauqua songs sung4 ,after the exercises the ,chautauqua salute was given in honor of ,mr4 ,f4 ,i4 ,foss1 of ,crete1 who the night before publicly gave the ,assembly a clear title deed to all the grounds which it occupies1 one hundred and nine acres1 valued at #g1ejj1 a gift most noble and generous1 accompanied with a condition as a spur for others to lend a helping hand1 namely3 that #aj1jjj be raised for buildings and improvements4 ,the next day the citizens of ,crete generously subscribed nearly #e1jjj4 ,thus we have a young ,chautauqua out here in the far west1 an infant child of but two years1 but with the promise of a glorious future4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 is to be managing conductor next year4 ,,monteagle1 ,,tennessee4 ,monteagle is about midway between the east and the west ends of ,tennessee1 on the south side4 ,it is about #b1djj feet above the sea4 ,the ,assembly grounds are on the top of a plateau1 and comprise about three hundred and fifty acres4 ,on one side they are bounded by a precipitous bluff which goes straight down nearly a thousand feet4 ,monteagle is two years old4 ,they have their ,amphitheater1 and they have a ,hall of ,philosophy1 the pillars being the natural trunks of trees4 ,there was present there this summer a mass of representatives from the ,southern ,states4 ,electricity seemed to be in the air1 and they gave salutes in a manner never excelled4 ,on ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day ,rev4 ,frank ,russell delivered an address showing the design of the great ,circle4 ,in ,mr4 ,russell's report at ,chautauqua of the work done there he gives a pleasant description of the decorations1 the gate and arches4 8,the ,hall of ,philosophy was not quite completed4 ,the arrangement of the arches and the gate was a little crude4 ,i visited the spot some time ,saturday morning1 and directed the carpenters how to make the gate4 ,i regretted that it was not a golden gate1 and that there was no time to gild it4 ,the ladies said they would fix that4 ,they took the #8golden rod1' which grows so profusely all around there1 and when we went there in the afternoon in the mixed procession for the graduating class of '#hd1 the gate was upholstered and really quilted in golden rod4 ,it was a golden gate4 ,we had the complete procession1 and the children with the flowers4 ,the diplomas were given and the ,hall was dedicated40 ,one thing must be especially interesting to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 there1 and that is that the ,assembly at ,monteagle was not put to a dollar of expense for the building or any of the lectures before the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,they collected the money themselves1 and their treasurer disposed of it4 ,when they completed the ,hall of ,philosophy there was a little money left in the treasury4 ,in the evening they had a camp-fire at the end of the ,hall4 ,it was a beautiful cone of flame which stood until it was all consumed4 ,the speeches were of a high character1 without preparation1 thoroughly spontaneous4 ,,round ,,lake1 ,,new ,,york4 ,round ,lake is located very near ,saratoga ,springs1 twenty-five miles north of ,albany4 ,in #ahgh ,dr4 ,vincent inaugurated ,sunday-school ,assembly work there1 and since that1 with one exception1 it has been kept up4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work has spread over the eastern part of the country very rapidly4 ,its tidal wave caught the ,round ,lake people and bore them on to high tide1 and has kept them there ever since4 ,they have thrown much energy into their labors4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is a one-idea ism4 ,on ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day at ,round ,lake they were fortunate in having ,counselor ,wilkinson present4 ,his address was able4 ,they are planning to do better and better1 and expect to stir that whole section by another year4 ,,long ,,beach1 ,,southern ,,california4 ,to accommodate the growing circles of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 a regular ,chautauqua ,assembly has been established at ,long ,beach1 ,southern ,california4 ,this locality1 after deliberation1 was chosen as being central and accessible4 ,it is twenty-two miles from ,los ,angeles by rail1 on a splendid ocean beach ten miles long1 where tourists and invalids may enjoy surf bathing the year round1 with all the accommodations of civilization1 in a mild climate1 tempered by the ocean in winter and summer4 ,six months ago ,long ,beach was little more than a sheep ranch4 ,now it has a great hotel1 and lesser ones1 forty cottages1 and over a hundred tents4 ,artesian water is brought three miles and delivered in iron pipes on many streets4 ,on the #bast we had a regular field day1 and good audiences4 ,at #aj a4 m4 a lecture on the 8,chautauqua ,idea0 was delivered by ,dr4 ,clark ,whittier1 of ,riverside1 and other speakers4 ,at #c p4 m4 a regular ,round-,table was held by ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,fleming1 of ,ontario1 ,california1 and a masterly lecture by ,prof4 ,g4 ,f4 ,bovard1 of the ,university of ,southern ,california1 followed4 ,at this meeting a committee on permanent organization was formed1 and ,dr4 ,clark ,whittier was elected president4 ,plans are made to organize1 if possible1 a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in every pastoral charge1 school district1 mine1 and ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 in the seven southern counties of ,california4 ,we mean aggressive work on the borders of the great ,pacific4 ,a ,,local ,,circle ,,assembly4 ,the first ,local ,circle ,assembly of which we have heard was held on ,june #cjth1 at ,lake ,grove1 ,auburn1 ,me4 ,six different circles in the towns of ,lewiston1 ,auburn1 and ,new ,gloucester were represented1 and with their invited guests made a gathering of several hundred people4 ,this was the first out-of-door ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,assembly ever held in ,maine4 ,the occasion was one of great interest4 ,a program of delightful exercises was carried out4 ,there was a grand banquet and a long list of witty and entertaining after-dinner speeches4 ,among the pleasant features of the occasion was the following kindly letter from ,dr4 ,vincent to the ,assembly3 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn41 ,june #ahth1 #ahhd4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir ,,and ,,brother3--,through you ,i desire to salute the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to assemble at ,lake ,grove4 ,nothing but official engagements of an imperative character could keep me from the fellowship of the six circles on the #cjth inst4 ,i hail with joy all these movements which tend to develop the social life of our members1 and to create within the circle something of the class and society spirit which characterizes the college4 ,an important factor of school life is the association of students and the sympathy growing out of similar aims and experience4 ,the delight which accompanies the development and play of such sentiments is not limited to the early years of life1 nor are the relief1 the recreation and the inspiration which it furnishes alone needed by youthful students4 ,full grown men need and can appreciate the same2 and it is the object of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to promote it by our class spirit1 by our annual and class songs1 by the mottoes1 often repeated1 by the sundry devices which tend to make the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 a union of hearts4 ,accept my hearty salutations4 ,may ,i exhort you all to be diligent missionaries of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,idea8 ,enlist as many members as you can in the class of #ahhh2 and where it is impracticable to enlist members as members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 present to them with strong argument1 the scheme of the 8,spare ,minute ,course10 which will sooner or later result in larger work proposed by the older society4 ,praying that our ,heavenly ,father may be in the midst1 that you may continue to study his word and works1 and in all these you may never be discouraged1 ,i remain your affectionate fellow-student1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,supt4 ,instr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,haskell1 ,pres4 ,auburn ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it is hoped that a summer school will follow in the train of this first meeting4 ,,lake ,d',,funiak1 ,,florida4 ,during the past year plans have been matured for holding an ,assembly at ,lake ,d',funiak1 ,florida4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 will1 of course1 be the great feature of the gathering4 ,as the ,assembly meets in ,february we may hope to report its work in the present volume of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,mountain ,,lake ,,park1 ,,maryland4 ,beautiful for situation in one of the many lovely glades of the ,alleghenies1 nearly #c1jjj feet above the sea1 in the very midst of grand and imposing mountain scenery1 and where the freshness and crispness of the air itself gives inspiration1 ,mountain ,lake ,park1 ,garrett ,co41 ,maryland1 although but in the third year of its existence1 owing to the facility with which it is reached from the ,mississippi ,valley and the ,atlantic slope1 and to its increasing celebrity as a delightful and healthful summer resort1 already numbers about eighty cottages and four or five hotels or boarding houses1 which in the height of the season are inadequate to accommodate the guests who desire to avail themselves of its many advantages4 ,the ,mountain ,lake ,park ,assembly commenced its second annual meeting here on ,august #adth1 under the most favorable auspices4 ,the lecture course was an unusually brilliant one4 ,the names of ,revs4 ,d4 ,h4 ,muller1 ,d4,d41 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,washington ,gladden1 ,d4,d41 of ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,jesse ,bowman ,young1 ,a4 ,m41 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 ,j4 ,b4 ,van ,meter1 ,d4,d41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,prof4 ,charles ,j4 ,little1 ,ph4,d41 ,state ,librarian of ,pa41 and others are themselves a sufficient assurance of the very high character of the literary feast provided for the deeply interested and discriminating audiences who daily listened to them4 ,the ,chautauqua ,sunday-school ,normal ,course was one of the marked features of interest during the ,assembly1 the instructors being ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,judd1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa41 president of the ,assembly1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,b4 ,young1 ,philadelphia1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,frysinger1 ,baltimore1 and ,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,lindsay1 ,carlisle1 ,pa4 ,after passing a written examination1 diplomas of the ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 were granted to ,rev4 ,l4 ,e4 ,peters1 ,clarksburg1 ,w4 ,va41 ,dr4 ,robert ,w4 ,armstrong and ,miss ,laura ,rice1 of ,baltimore1 ,maryland4 ,thursday1 ,august #bh1 was ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day4 ,the members of the circle1 the officers of the ,assembly1 and the president and directors of ,mountain ,lake ,park ,association assembled at #aa a4 m41 at a designated place in the grove4 ,the marshal of the day1 ,c4 ,o',brien ,mettee1 ,esq41 of ,baltimore1 formed the line of procession1 which was headed by a number of little girls bearing flowers to strew the path of the graduate1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,rodgers1 of ,baltimore1 who followed immediately with her escort of four maids of honor4 ,the officers of the ,assembly and of the ,association1 with the members of the circle1 and other ,chautauquans present1 each wearing a sprig of golden rod as a badge1 brought up the rear of the line4 ,while marching from the ,grove to the ,auditorium the procession united in singing ,chautauqua ,hymn ,no4 #a1 8,we gather here a pilgrim band10 after which1 while the members and invited guests took the seats reserved for them1 ,rev4 ,jesse ,b4 ,young1 ,a4 ,m41 made the ,commencement address1 after which all joined in the responsive service appropriate to the second motto1 8,let us keep our heavenly ,father in the midst10 and in the ,chautauqua ,hymn of ,greeting4 ,the president of the ,mountain ,lake ,park ,association1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,van ,meter1 of ,baltimore1 made the salutatory address1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,baldwin1 of ,cumberland1 ,md41 offered a few words1 and ,president ,judd then made a brief but eloquent and suggestive address1 concluding with the presentation of the ,chautauqua diploma to the graduate1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,rodgers1 of ,baltimore4 ,at a meeting of the circle on ,august #bi1 a unanimous vote of thanks was tendered to ,president ,judd1 8for the able and kindly manner in which he had presided over its sessions and in various ways furthered its interests40 ,the secretary was instructed to furnish a copy of his report to ,,the ,,chautauquan for publication4 ,the closing meeting of the ,assembly was held at night1 followed by a general illumination1 camp-fire1 corn-roast1 stump speeches1 and a general hand-shake good-bye4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,judd was unanimously relected as president for the ensuing year1 and ,dr4 ,robert ,w4 ,armstrong1 of ,baltimore1 was elected secretary1 in place of ,miss ,jennie ,jones1 resigned4 ,between twenty and thirty new members were added to the circle4 ,,words ,,from ,,chautauqua4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,superintendent of ,instruction4 ,the season is over4 ,the crowds have gone4 ,the classic groves are again quiet4 ,the silent lake lies by a silent shore1 reflecting the lovely verdure of trees and terraces1 and the deep blue of overarching heavens4 ,the ,temple1 busy scene for all these weeks1 is solitary now as a deserted abbey4 ,the huge amphitheater with its capacious concave1 its chairless orchestra and sealed up organ1 seems awful in its vast emptiness1 and sacred with haunting memories of eloquence and song1 and of surging1 enraptured1 applauding multitudes4 ,palestine is deserted4 ,jerusalem is solitary4 ,the waters of the ,dead ,sea have backed up until ,jordan has far overflown its banks4 ,the fountains have ceased their play1 the electric light no more vies with moon and stars1 the walks are well-nigh forsaken1 and again in the primeval forest one walks alone1 and undisturbed meditates in the temple of nature4 ,one spot is doubly sacred since the crowds have gone4 ,it is the ,hall of ,philosophy4 ,in impressive majesty it crowns the hill4 ,its white columns present a fine contrast with the brown and gray trunks1 and the now changing foliage of the trees in ,st4 ,paul's ,grove4 ,the vesper song has ceased4 ,the voices of query and counsel1 raillery1 jest and melody1 are no more heard4 ,the earnest souls who hither came with love and zeal1 with hope and desire1 have passed forth into a busy world1 with memories not soon to be forgotten1 joys never to be wholly extinguished1 and resolutions which reach out towards the higher1 larger plane of human aspiration1 to find their end and crown in ,god4 ,there is to me an ineffable charm about this dear old ,hall4 ,in it nature dwells and ,god reigns4 ,in it many a burdened soul has found in earnest thoughtfulness1 freedom and rest4 ,many an unsyllabled vow1 without human sign to mark it1 has here brought peace and strength out of the silent but all-encompassing heavens1 to prepare human souls for human and divine service in far away homes1 and in coming days of struggle and sorrow4 ,the most sacred center of the whole ,chautauqua world is the 8,hall in the ,grove40 ,it is not far thence to heaven4 ,as ,i linger a few days in these silent and sacred sanctuaries after the multitudes have gone1 to rest myself and prepare for severer duties out in the world1 ,i think1 of course1 of the great and goodly company of readers and students in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 over this and other lands1 and ,i know you will receive a few words of advice that spring from the grasses and drop from the trees1 and steal out of the silences as enthusiasm turns a listening ear to what the unembodied spirit of ,chautauqua may say to the sons and daughters of ,chautauqua everywhere4 #a4 ,first of all let me say that enthusiasm1 enkindled by solemn services such as we have here enjoyed1 needs to be incarnated and exercised in plain1 straight-forward1 everyday doing through the whole year4 ,songs and raptures1 longings and covenants1 must be transformed into heroisms of a plain and practical type in the unsentimental and homely fields to which stern duty may lead us4 ,the ,chautauqua fervor must become fidelity4 ,the ,hall of ,philosophy must help shop1 kitchen1 school-room and parlor4 ,emotion must go into motive and muscle4 ,songs in ,august must make sinews for ,october and ,may4 #b4 ,our work must be more regular and steady4 ,spasmodic reading 8to catch up0 are not as useful as everyday readings with plenty of time to think over what one has read4 ,system demands will-power4 ,in resoluteness is discipline4 ,we retain and appropriate more effectually what we read without a sense of hurry4 ,a feeling of regret and of anxiety must hinder the best action of mind4 ,therefore let us get into the way of doing a little every day4 ,overcome the apparent or real difficulty in your way4 ,resolve and then work your resolve1 until it is worked out into action4 ,make up your mind to this and keep it made up4 #c4 ,don't wait for local circles to be organized4 ,be your own local circle till others become a part of you4 ,don't regulate your life by the plans1 purposes1 or whims of your neighbors4 ,be1 and let your simple being stir up other people to be and to do4 #d4 ,go after other people4 ,talk to them4 ,tell them what this ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 movement means4 ,put 8circulars0 in their way4 ,send messages and ambassadors to them4 ,don't 8bore0 them exactly1 but bear on them till they at least examine the claims of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 8,day is dying in the ,west10 and it is time for closing words4 ,very soon autumn leaves will strew the ground1 and very soon the glory of autumn will be hidden by the crystal splendors of winter4 ,the blessed reunions of this summer will have passed into history1 and our scattered fraternity be engaged in the conflicts of this weary and busy1 but after all1 glorious world4 ,in the strife and the weariness and the work let us remember every inspiring service of the past1 and gather strength also from our look of faith into the future1 the future that is nearest1 and the future that is very far off--a future in which we shall be the glad children of a good ,father--that father a great ,king1 and that ,king immortal1 invisible1 eternal1 who has wonderful things for us which one day he will give to us when he gives to us himself4 ,,chautauqua1 ,september1 #ahhd4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,,one ,,hundred ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,greece0 ,,and 8,,preparatory ,,greek ,,course ,,in ,,english40 ,,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,martin1 ,general ,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4--,,fifty ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,greece40 #a4 ,q4 ,so far as we know where did the history of ,europe begin8 ,a4 ,in ,greece4 #b4 ,q4 ,who first settled the country1 and who first conquered the land8 ,a4 ,the ,pelasgians1 a simple agricultural people1 were the first to settle the country4 ,next1 the ,hellenes1 a warlike race1 conquered the land4 #c4 ,q4 ,to what did the blending of the ,pelasgians and the ,hellenes give rise8 ,a4 ,to the ,grecian language and civilization4 #d4 ,q4 ,what were two great 8holding-points0 for all the ,greeks8 ,a4 ,the half-yearly meeting of the ,amphictyonic ,council1 and the national games or festivals4 #e4 ,q4 ,what are the subjects of four of the early legends in the history of ,greece8 ,a4 ,the ,argonautic ,expedition in search of the ,golden ,fleece1 the ,twelve ,labors of ,hercules1 the ,siege of ,troy1 and the ,hunt of the ,caledonian ,boar4 #f4 ,q4 ,what was one of the first clearly defined events of ,grecian history8 ,a4 ,the ,dorian migration4 ,the ,dorians descended from the mountains1 moved south1 conquered the ,achans in the ,peloponnesus1 and occupied the chief cities--,argos1 ,corinth1 and ,sparta4 #g4 ,q4 ,what two races came to be the leading ones in ,greece1 and what rival cities represented their opposing traits8 ,a4 ,the ,dorians and the ,ionians4 ,sparta represented the ,dorians and ,athens the ,ionians4 #h4 ,q4 ,who finally crystallized into a constitution all the peculiarities of the ,spartan character8 ,a4 ,lycurgus1 a member of the royal family4 #i4 ,q4 ,what are some of the regulations ,lycurgus prescribed in his aim to make the ,spartans a race of soldiers8 ,a4 ,trade and travel were prohibited4 ,no money was allowed1 except cumbrous iron coins4 ,most property was held in common4 ,boys were educated and cared for by the state4 #aj4 ,q4 ,what conquest made ,sparta dominant in the ,peloponnesus8 ,a4 ,the conquest of ,messenia in two long1 bloody wars4 #aa4 ,q4 ,according to the legends1 what did ,cecrops1 the first ,king of ,athens1 teach the people of ,attica8 ,a4 ,navigation1 marriage1 and the culture of the olive4 #ab4 ,q4 ,after the death of ,codrus1 the last monarch1 how was ,athens governed8 ,a4 ,by archons1 who first ruled for life1 then for ten years1 and finally for one year4 #ac4 ,q4 ,what was the character of a code of laws prepared by ,draco for the government of ,athens8 ,a4 ,they were said to have been written in blood1 every offence being punished with death4 #ad4 ,q4 ,who drew a new constitution1 repealing the harsh edicts of ,draco1 and what was the effect upon ,athens8 ,a4 ,solon4 ,athens prospered under his wise management4 #ae4 ,q4 ,what tyrants subsequently governed ,athens8 ,a4 ,pisistratus1 and his sons1 ,hippias and ,hipparchus4 #af4 ,q4 ,after the assassination of ,hipparchus and the banishment of ,hippias1 what form of government was established in ,athens by ,cleisthenes as archon8 ,a4 ,a democracy4 #ag4 ,q4 ,what brought about the ,persian wars near the beginning of the fifth century8 ,a4 ,the attempt of ,cyrus1 the ,king of ,persia1 to punish ,athens for assisting the ,ionian cities of ,asia ,minor in throwing off the ,persian yoke4 #ah4 ,q4 ,what was the result of the first expedition against ,greece1 sent out under ,mardonius1 the son-in-law of ,darius8 ,a4 ,the land troops were defeated in ,thrace1 and the fleet was shattered while rounding ,mount ,athos4 #ai4 ,q4 ,in what famous battle were the ,persians defeated on a second expedition against ,greece8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,marathon1 the victorious forces being commanded by ,miltiades4 #bj4 ,q4 ,after the death of ,miltiades what two generals associated with him at ,marathon came to be the leading men in ,athens8 ,a4 ,themistocles and ,aristides4 #ba4 ,q4 ,under whom was the third invasion of ,greece by the ,persians attempted8 ,a4 ,under ,xerxes1 the son and successor of ,darius1 with over a million soldiers4 #bb4 ,q4 ,at what place were the ,persian hosts held in check by a small band of ,greeks under ,leonidas1 a ,spartan8 ,a4 ,at the pass of ,thermopyl4 #bc4 ,q4 ,on the third day1 a traitor having pointed out a mountain path by which the ,persians gained the rear of the ,greeks1 what was the fate of ,leonidas8 ,a4 ,he1 with three hundred ,spartans and seven hundred ,thespians1 perished1 fighting to the last4 #bd4 ,q4 ,what leading city of ,greece did the army of ,xerxes burn8 ,a4 ,athens4 #be4 ,q4 ,in what naval contest were the ,persians soon after totally defeated8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,salamis4 #bf4 ,q4 ,on the same day of the battle of ,salamis what contest occurred at the island of ,sicily8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,himera1 in which the ,carthaginian forces under ,hamilcar were utterly routed by ,gelo1 the tyrant of ,syracuse4 #bg4 ,q4 ,in the following year what land and what naval battles gave the final death blow to the ,persian rule in ,europe8 ,a4 ,plata and ,mycale4 #bh4 ,q4 ,what league was formed to keep the ,persians out of the gean8 ,a4 ,a league called the ,confederation of ,delos1 the different states annually contributing to ,athens a certain number of ships1 or a fixed sum of money for the support of the navy4 #bi4 ,q4 ,after the banishment of ,themistocles and the death of ,aristides1 who were the leading men at ,athens8 ,a4 ,pericles and ,cimon4 #cj4 ,q4 ,to all students of ,grecian literature1 who must always appear as the central figure of ,grecian history8 ,a4 ,pericles4 #ca4 ,q4 ,what is the period during which ,pericles ruled ,athens called8 ,a4 ,the ,age of ,pericles4 #cb4 ,q4 ,during the latter part of the life of ,pericles what war broke out in ,greece1 which lasted twenty-seven years8 ,a4 ,the ,peloponnesian war in which nearly all the states of ,greece took part1 ,athens and ,sparta being on opposite sides4 #cc4 ,q4 ,what was the plan for the conduct of the war on either side8 ,a4 ,the ,spartan plan was to invade and desolate ,attica1 while that of ,athens was to ravage the coast of the ,peloponnesus with its fleet4 #cd4 ,q4 ,while the citizens of ,attica were seeking protection within the walls of ,athens1 what leader died during the pestilence that followed8 ,a4 ,pericles4 #ce4 ,q4 ,who was chief among the demagogues that now arose in ,athens8 ,a4 ,cleon1 a cruel1 arrogant boaster1 who gained power by flattering the populace4 #cf4 ,q4 ,what was the fate of ,plata during this war8 ,a4 ,it was besieged by the ,spartans1 and when those defending the city surrendered every man was put to death and the city razed to the ground4 #cg4 ,q4 ,after peace had been established1 by the influence of what demagogue was the bloody contest renewed8 ,a4 ,by the influence of ,alcibiades1 a young nobleman1 the nephew of ,pericles and pupil of ,socrates4 #ch4 ,q4 ,what naval expedition was fitted out at the instance of ,alcibiades1 and with what result8 ,a4 ,an expedition against ,sicily4 ,the ,athenian ships were defeated1 and the troops attempting to flee by land were overtaken and forced to surrender4 #ci4 ,q4 ,before the final defeat of the expedition1 to what rival city had ,alcibiades given his support upon being summoned to ,athens to answer charges that had been brought against him8 ,a4 ,to ,sparta4 #dj4 ,q4 ,how was the ,peloponnesian war ended8 ,a4 ,by the surrender of ,athens and her fleet1 and the destruction of her long walls4 #da4 ,q4 ,by whom was ,athens now for a time ruled8 ,a4 ,an oligarchy of thirty persons4 ,after they had ruled only eight months the ,athenian exiles returned in arms1 overthrew the tyrants1 and re-established a democratic government4 #db4 ,q4 ,what is meant by the 8,retreat of the ,ten ,thousand0 in ,grecian history8 ,a4 ,the march of ten thousand ,greeks from the heart of the ,persian empire through a hostile country back to ,greece4 #dc4 ,q4 ,what battle1 under what general resulted in the overthrow of ,spartan rule1 and made ,thebes the chief city in ,greece8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,leuctra1 the ,theban army being led by ,epaminondas4 #dd4 ,q4 ,at what place did ,epaminondas fight his last battle and die in the moment of victory8 ,a4 ,at ,mantinea4 #de4 ,q4 ,when ,philip came to the throne of ,macedon1 to what end did he bend every energy of his mind8 ,a4 ,to becoming the head of all ,greece4 #df4 ,q4 ,what wars grew out of ,philip's scheme8 ,a4 ,the ,sacred wars4 #dg4 ,q4 ,at what battle did the ,macedonian phalanx annihilate the armies of ,thebes and ,athens8 ,a4 ,the battle of ,chronea4 #dh4 ,q4 ,what befell ,philip as he was preparing to lead an army into ,persia8 ,a4 ,he was assassinated at his daughter's marriage feast4 #di4 ,q4 ,who succeeded ,philip1 and by his conquests established a vast empire in ,asia8 ,a4 ,his son1 ,alexander4 #ej4 ,q4 ,soon after the death of ,alexander1 among whom was his empire divided8 ,a4 ,among his principal generals4 ,,ii4--,,fifty ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,preparatory ,,greek ,,course ,,in ,,english10 ,,from ,,commencement ,,of ,,book ,,to ,,page #hg4 #ea4 ,q4 ,what is the specific object of the 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english80 ,a4 ,to put into the hands of readers the means of accomplishing1 so far as this can be done in ,english1 the same course of study in ,greek as that prescribed for those who are preparing to enter college4 #eb4 ,q4 ,of what three most famous peoples in the world are the ,greeks one8 ,a4 ,the ,jews1 the ,greeks1 and the ,romans4 #ec4 ,q4 ,by what name did the ,greeks speak of themselves1 and what was their name for the land in which they lived8 ,a4 ,hellenes1 and ,hellas was their name for the land in which they lived4 #ed4 ,q4 ,when trustworthy history begins1 what were the three chief divisions of the ,hellenic stock8 ,a4 ,the ,dorians1 the olians1 and the ,ionians4 #ee4 ,q4 ,for what two things is the literature of ,greece equally remarkable8 ,a4 ,for its matter and for its form4 #ef4 ,q4 ,what is there remarkable about the form of ,greek literature8 ,a4 ,there never has been elsewhere in the world so much written approaching so nearly to ideal perfection in form as among the ,greeks4 #eg4 ,q4 ,in what department of literature do we without reserve have to acknowledge the supremacy of the ,greeks8 ,a4 ,in eloquence1 and in the literature of rhetoric1 of taste1 and of criticism4 #eh4 ,q4 ,what is the golden age of ,greek literature1 ,greek art1 and ,greek arms8 ,a4 ,the age of ,pericles4 #ei4 ,q4 ,what do we know of the pronunciation of their language by the ancient ,greeks8 ,a4 ,nobody knows with certainty exactly how the ancient ,greeks pronounced their language4 #fj4 ,q4 ,what has been the general rule for scholars in the pronunciation of ,greek8 ,a4 ,to pronounce somewhat according to the analogy of their own vernacular4 #fa4 ,q4 ,what attempt1 only partially successful1 has recently been made to introduce uniformity in the pronunciation of ,greek8 ,a4 ,to secure the common adoption of the pronunciation prevalent in ,greece at the present day4 #fb4 ,q4 ,what four ,greek grammars are mentioned as perhaps the best8 ,a4 ,hadley's1 ,goodwin's1 ,crosby's and ,sophocles'4 #fc4 ,q4 ,to what source of ,greek learning do all these manuals acknowledge their indebtedness8 ,a4 ,to ,german sources of ,greek learning4 #fd4 ,q4 ,who is the most recent of the great ,german authorities in ,greek grammar8 ,a4 ,curtius4 #fe4 ,q4 ,in what dialect are the books chiefly written from which the selections are taken in making up ,greek readers8 ,a4 ,the ,attic dialect4 #ff4 ,q4 ,how many chief dialects were there of the ,greek language1 and how were they created8 ,a4 ,there were three--the ,ionic1 the ,doric and the ,attic--created in part by differences of age1 and in part by difference of country4 #fg4 ,q4 ,in whose writings is the ,ionic dialect exemplified1 and how is it characterized8 ,a4 ,in the writings of ,homer and ,herodotus1 and is characterized by fluent sweetness to the ear4 #fh4 ,q4 ,in what dialect were the most of the greatest works in ,greek literature composed8 ,a4 ,the ,attic4 #fi4 ,q4 ,what are some of the distinguishing features of the ,attic dialect8 ,a4 ,it is the neatest1 most cultivated and most elegant of all the varieties of ,greek speech4 #gj4 ,q4 ,to whom are the fables commonly attributed that are generally found in ,greek readers8 ,a4 ,to sop4 #ga4 ,q4 ,who made the collection of fables that go under sop's name8 ,a4 ,they are mainly the collection of a monk of the fourteenth century4 #gb4 ,q4 ,what are the names of some of the eminent persons about whom anecdotes are usually related in the collections found in ,greek readers8 ,a4 ,diogenes1 ,plato1 ,zeno1 ,solon1 ,alexander1 and ,philip of ,macedon4 #gc4 ,q4 ,what ,greek writer of the second century after ,christ is more or less quoted from in the ordinary ,greek reader8 ,a4 ,lucian4 #gd4 ,q4 ,what famous dialogues did he write8 ,a4 ,dialogues of the dead4 #ge4 ,q4 ,of what have these dialogues been the original8 ,a4 ,of several justly admired imitations4 #gf4 ,q4 ,in what direction did ,lucian exercise his wit8 ,a4 ,in ridiculing paganism4 #gg4 ,q4 ,what are some of the kinds of other matter that goes to make up the ,greek reader8 ,a4 ,bits of natural history and fragments of mythology4 #gh4 ,q4 ,from what work of ,xenophon do ,greek readers often embrace extracts8 ,a4 ,his 8,memorabilia of ,socrates40 #gi4 ,q4 ,what was the design of this work8 ,a4 ,to vindicate the memory of ,socrates from the charges of impiety and of corrupting influence exerted on the ,athenian youth1 under which he had suffered the penalty of death4 #hj4 ,q4 ,what is the plan of the work largely8 ,a4 ,to relate what ,socrates did actually teach4 #ha4 ,q4 ,what work by a ,christian writer did pagan ,socrates in large part anticipate8 ,a4 8,natural ,theology10 by ,paley4 #hb4 ,q4 ,what was the chief characteristic trait of the method of ,socrates in teaching8 ,a4 ,his art in asking questions4 #hc4 ,q4 ,what is the book usually adopted in sequel to the reader for giving students their ,greek preparation to enter college8 ,a4 ,xenophon's 8,anabasis40 #hd4 ,q4 ,in what two respects is this work highly interesting8 ,a4 ,first1 as a specimen of literary art1 and second1 as strikingly illustrative of the ,greek spirit and character4 #he4 ,q4 ,what is the meaning of the word 8,anabasis80 ,a4 8,a march upward10 that is1 from the sea4 #hf4 ,q4 ,of what is the book an account8 ,a4 ,of an expedition by ,cyrus the ,younger into ,central ,asia1 and the retreat of the ,greek part of his army4 #hg4 ,q4 ,who accompanied ,cyrus on this expedition8 ,a4 ,an oriental army of about #ajj1jjj1 and a body of ,greeks numbering about #ac1jjj4 #hh4 ,q4 ,what was the object of this invasion on the part of ,cyrus8 ,a4 ,to obtain possession of the ,persian throne1 occupied by his brother1 ,artaxerxes4 #hi4 ,q4 ,in what does the main interest of the ,anabasis as a narrative lie8 ,a4 ,rather in the retreat than in the advance4 #ij4 ,q4 ,from what does the whole matter of the famous advance and retreat of the ten thousand derive grave secondary importance8 ,a4 ,from the fact that it resulted in revealing to ,greece the essential weakness and vulnerability of the imposing ,persian empire4 #ia4 ,q4 ,when was ,xenophon1 the author1 born1 and with whom was he not far from contemporary8 ,a4 ,he was born about #dca ,b4 ,c41 being thus not far from contemporary with the ,hebrew prophet ,malachi4 #ib4 ,q4 ,what did ,xenophon's presence of mind and practical wisdom give him in the retreat8 ,a4 ,a kind of leadership which he maintained until a prosperous issue was reached on the shores of ,greece4 #ic4 ,q4 ,among the other chief works of ,xenophon what one is prominent8 ,a4 ,the 8,cyropdia40 #id4 ,q4 ,what was the starting point of the expedition related in the ,anabasis8 ,a4 ,sardis4 #ie4 ,q4 ,during the march what city did the army plunder where four hundred years later the ,apostle ,paul was born8 ,a4 ,tarsus4 #if4 ,q4 ,when they reached the river ,euphrates what did ,cyrus openly tell the ,greek captains as to the object of the expedition8 ,a4 ,that he was marching to ,babylon against the great king ,artaxerxes4 #ig4 ,q4 ,what was the result of this disclosure when made to the men8 ,a4 ,they felt1 or feigned1 much displeasure1 but by lavish promises the majority were prevailed upon to adhere to ,cyrus4 #ih4 ,q4 ,what ,persian commander among the forces proved a traitor and met with a tragic death8 ,a4 ,orentes4 #ii4 ,q4 ,where did the armies of ,cyrus and ,artaxerxes finally encounter each other8 ,a4 ,at ,cunaxa4 #ajj4 ,q4 ,in what way did ,cyrus meet with his death8 ,a4 ,while engaged in a personal contest with ,artaxerxes ,cyrus was struck with a javelin under the eye and slain4 ,,outline ,,of ,,required ,,readings4 ,,october1 #ahhd4 ,first ,week 7ending ,october #h74--a4 ,barnes' 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from page #a to 8,the ,civilization10 page #df4 #b4 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from chapter i4 to chapter v41 page #ba4 #c4 8,why we ,speak ,english10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,october #e1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,week 7ending ,october #ae74--a4 ,barnes' 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from page #df to 8,readings in ,greek ,history10 page #ic4 #b4 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english10 from chapter v4 page #ba1 to 8,lucian10 page #dc4 #c4 ,readings in ,chemistry1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 8,how to ,make ,home ,beautiful10 in ,our ,alma ,mater4 #e4 ,sunday ,readings for ,october #ab1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,third ,week 7ending ,october #bc74--a4 ,barnes' 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from page #ic to 8,life of ,socrates10 page #adc4 #b4 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english10 from 8,lucian10 page #dc1 to 8,first ,book10 page #fe4 #c4 8,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 8,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek ,life10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #e4 ,sunday ,readings for ,october #ai1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourth ,week 7ending ,october #ca74--a4 ,barnes' 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 from 8,life of ,socrates10 page #adc1 to end of volume4 #b4 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english10 from 8,first ,book10 page #fe1 to 8,second ,book10 page #hg4 #c4 ,the 8,temperance ,teachings of ,science10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 8,greek ,mythology10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #e4 ,sunday ,readings for ,october #bf1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,weekly ,,program ,,for ,,local ,,circle ,,work4 ,it often happens that local circles are deterred from much of the good work which they might do because they have no systematic plans4 ,lack of time1 or1 perhaps1 sometimes1 a not quite clear understanding of how to arrange weekly programs prevents leaders from laying out the work in attractive and practical ways4 ,to supply this need we introduce into ,,the ,,chautauquan weekly programs of literary exercises for local circle use4 ,these programs are simply suggestive4 ,no one is expected to follow them in toto1 or even to follow them at all unless they shall choose to do so4 ,they can be re-arranged1 added to1 or selected from1 to suit the needs of a particular circle4 ,if in any case helpful hints shall be gleaned their object will be attained4 ,the exercises presented will be arranged to correspond to the reading of the week to which the program belongs4 ,when a ,memorial day occurs the weekly program will be dropped and a typical program for memorial exercises inserted4 ,plans for monthly public meetings will also be inserted from time to time4 ,,program ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,week ,,of ,,october4 ,roll-call--,responded to by quotations from ,greek authors4 #a4 ,a talk on the geography of ,greece4 #b4 ,fifteen minutes quiz on 8,why we ,speak ,english40 ,music4 #c4 ,written rsum of the events of the past month4 #d4 ,essay--,the ,climate of ,greece4 ,music4 #e4 ,map exercise--,tracing of the ,aryan ,migration4 #f4 ,question drawer4 ,,second ,,week ,,of ,,october4 ,music4 #a4 ,written answers to questions handed in at previous meeting4 #b4 ,select ,reading4 #c4 ,essay--,greek ,civilization4 ,music4 #d4 ,thirty minutes in ,chemistry--performing of the experiments described in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #e4 ,pronouncing match on ,greek names4 ,,third ,,week ,,in ,,october4 ,roll-call4--,responded to by quotations4 #a4 ,brief outlines of the week's readings4 #b4 ,essay--,the ,athens of ,to-day4 ,music4 #c4 ,a ,talk on the ,potato4 #d4 ,essay--,the ,battlefields of the ,persian ,war4 ,music4 #e4 ,an ,ancient ,greek ,house--explained by diagrams drawn from the explanations given in readings1 and illustrated by the pictures and relics which are accessible4 ,,fourth ,,week ,,in ,,october4 ,music4 #a4 ,essay--,modern ,greece and the ,modern ,greeks4 #b4 ,general review of 8,questions and ,answers on the ,required ,readings40 ,for this review a large society may be divided into two divisions1 exactly as for an old fashioned spelling school1 and the questions given out to the sides as words are given to spell4 8,missing0 puts one out1 and the person who stands up until the questions are exhausted wins the match4 ,this often proves both a profitable and amusing exercise4 ,music4 #c4 ,essay--,the ,battle ,fields of the ,persian ,war4 ,music4 #d4 ,debate4--,resolved that the use of alcohol as a medicine is not justifiable4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,classes4 ,,class ,,of #ahhe4 ,,by ,c4 ,m4 ,,nichols4 8,press on1 reaching after those things which are before40 99 99 99 99 99 8,,the ,,outlook40--,the ,class of '#hd printed a handsome and ably conducted quarterly sheet1 called ,the ,outlook1 but the class of '#he decided1 after full consideration1 to accept the offer of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 of the use of a page or more each month in the official organ of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it was believed that through this department of ,,the ,,chautauquan all the members of the ,class could be promptly reached2 that all the purposes of the ,class could be promoted efficiently in the department1 and that1 through it1 the members of the entire fraternity--the alumni as well as the members of '#hf1 '#hg and '#hh1 could be advised each month of what the ,invincibles were about4 ,accordingly1 with this number we begin a class page for the '#hes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,invincibles ,,at ,,chautauqua ,,in #ahhd4--,the ,class of #ahhe 8come out strong0--as the late ,mr4 ,mark ,tapley would say--at ,framingham1 this year1 and there was also a good representation of its members at ,chautauqua4 ,a delightfully fraternal feeling was manifested on the several occasions when class meetings were held4 ,president ,underwood improved on acquaintance and showed himself to be a lively and pleasant gentleman1 as well as an industrious and efficient officer--to such an extent and to such universal acceptance and approval that he was relected to his honorable position by the unanimous voice of the members present4 ,mrs4 ,philomena ,downs1 of ,burlington1 ,iowa1 being in ill-health and not able to be present this year1 sent in her resignation as vice president and insisted on its acceptance1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,nichols was elected in her place4 ,miss ,carrie ,hart1 of ,aurora1 ,indiana1 who had proved especially serviceable as treasurer1 was relected1 and ,miss ,n4 ,m4 ,schenck1 of ,osage ,city1 ,kansas1 feeling that her remoteness from the ,chautauqua center was a feature of inconvenience1 desired a successor appointed1 and ,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 of the ,third ,auditor's office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 was chosen secretary in her place4 ,these persons compose the executive committee4 ,the ,commencement orator for #ahhe will be selected by ,chancellor ,vincent4 ,by unanimous vote of the class1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard1 of ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 was selected to write the class song for #ahhe1 and ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 of the ,boston ,conservatory of ,music1 was asked to set it to music4 ,chancellor ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 was asked to preach the baccalaureate sermon for #ahhe1 and he has kindly consented to do so4 ,it has been decided by the class to ask each member to send twenty-five cents to the treasurer1 ,miss ,carrie ,hart1 ,aurora1 ,ind41 as a contribution to the class fund for #ahhe4 ,it is important that these contributions should be sent early1 and that they should constitute1 in the aggregate1 a good round sum4 ,the ,class of '#he is indebted to the ,class of '#hd for a pleasant excursion by steamer1 from ,chautauqua to ,lakewood4 ,badges for the ,class of #ahhe may be had of the president1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,underwood1 or of the secretary4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hart1 of ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 has been selected to prepare the stationery for the ,class of '#he1 and those wishing note paper and envelopes can order them of him4 ,the design is a heliotrope1 with the word 8,invincible0 over the figures 8'#he10 with the motto of the class4 ,the envelopes are to match and the price of a box of the note sheets and envelopes will be only fifty cents4 ,it is thought they will be very neat and tasteful4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,fall ,,in60--,those members of the ,class of #ahhd--the 8,irrepressibles10--who 8failed to connect0 at the ,golden ,gate1 on ,commencement day1 are cordially invited 78by these presents07 to fall into the ranks of the 8,invincibles0 and march with them to victory4 ,,class ,,of #ahhg--,,the ,,pansies4 ,this column is devoted to the ,class of '#hg4 ,items of interest1 facts and incidents will appear each month1 and we hope occasionally to have something from 8,pansy40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first meeting of the ,class of '#hg held at ,chautauqua this year was called at the request of members present1 in the ,hall of ,philosophy1 ,rev4 ,frank ,russell presiding4 ,it was decided there that the officers elected last year were chosen for four years1 and they were requested to continue in the service of the class4 ,at a subsequent meeting in the ,temple one member said that he had good authority for stating that any member of the class who was behind and would make up the reading for the year could do so and hand in the memoranda this year or any time during the four years4 ,the numbers of the class could still be increased by looking up former members of other classes who had read one year or more and dropped out4 ,all were urged to become helpers in this respect4 ,it was also advised in the interest of our alma mater that we should use our efforts to increase the ,class of '#hh1 which is now being formed1 and bring the new members into local circles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the members of the class enjoyed a social hour with ,mrs4 ,alden in the grove at ,chautauqua the past summer4 ,many written questions were presented to her which were promptly and wisely answered4 ,to the question1 8,will ,mrs4 ,alden write a book1 dedicated to the ,pansy ,class80 she replied1 8,yes1 if every one present will write me a four page letter of incident relating to ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work40 ,all most heartily voted to do this4 ,these letters must be in her hand 7,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden1 ,carbondale1 ,pa417 before ,february #ast1 #ahhe4 ,of course ,mrs4 ,alden will be happy to receive letters of incident in the work from members of the class that were not present4 ,it goes without the saying that every member is delighted with the promised book1 and who of our #ah1jjj will not peruse with delight the gifted author's words of wisdom when they shall appear4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our class has over #ah1jjj names on the two great books at the office in ,plainfield4 ,it is a great privilege as well as an honor to be one of such an army of all ages and conditions and in all lands1 who are vieing with each other to improve the passing moments in training body and soul for highest interests for this life and the life to come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is it too much to expect that a round ten thousand of the ,pansy ,class shall graduate1 and that one-half of them shall receive their diplomas at ,chautauqua8 ,think of every seat in our vast ,amphitheater being filled with the graduating class in ,august1 #ahhg6 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,plan4 ,the eleventh ,assembly has wrought its work1 and it is safe to say no ,assembly ever made more converts to the ,chautauqua ,plan4 ,among the number1 too1 were many of the best thinkers and ablest educators in the country4 ,many left ,chautauqua this summer convinced of the possibilities in the work1 and resolved to spread its influence4 ,one of these1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,livermore1 president of the ,unitarian ,theological ,school at ,meadville1 ,pa41 a man widely known as a ripe scholar1 has published an article analyzing the ,chautauqua plan4 ,this article explains most clearly the strong features of the work4 ,after describing the enthusiastic ,commencement the writer says of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c43 8,college education1 as it has been hitherto carried on1 has been largely a forced concern2 students have been sent to school1 rather than gone on their free and spontaneous will4 ,the pupils of ,chautauqua are voluntary agents1 and engage in their work with a will4 ,it is the difference between task work and love work4 ,almost all schools and colleges are handicapped by the compulsion necessary to bring their pupils up to the mark4 ,but here all goes like clock work4 ,there is a vim and abandon which argue the best results4 ,not knowledge1 but the love of knowledge1 is the best of accomplishments1 and that is breathed into the ,chautauquan graduates4 8,the religious element is made a leading principle in the ,chautauqua education1 and it is the true one4 ,intellect for intellect1 taste for taste1 study for study1 lacks the genuine inspiration1 but put on the annex of religious faith in ,god1 ,christ and immortality1 and you have got an effective leverage to raise the whole nature of man4 ,the ,chautauqua ,idea is not so much to make specialists2 as for example1 engineers1 editors1 ministers1 doctors1 lawyers1 but well instructed men and women4 ,human nature is a diamond in the rough1 and it is worth polishing and setting for its own sake4 ,god having bestowed such a magnificent treasure on man1 he is guilty who does not put it to its intended purpose1 and return it to its author improved and developed to its best extent4 8,another fine idea of the ,chautauqua ,university is to educate people at their homes4 ,massing students together in great monastic institutions is dangerous business4 ,humanity heats and moulds and corrupts when put into crowded institutions1 be they prisons or colleges4 ,some of the worst disorders perpetrated in society take place in schools and universities where young people are herded together in great numbers with the restraints of home and society largely thrown off4 ,this scheme is to carry on the work at the fireside1 on the farm1 at the shop1 by the work bench4 ,carry education to the people1 instead of carrying the people to education4 ,and still further it is the idea not to take people from their usual occupations after they are educated1 not to take farmers1 mechanics1 housewives from their present callings and put them in the learned professions1 but to leave them still where they are1 and start them on a course of mental and moral improvement which they can conduct all their lifetime at their homes1 and while still engaged in their several industries4 ,this is a capital merit of the system1 and deserves especial commendation4 8,so planned and so engineered1 ,chautauqua is the university of the common people1 of the great middle class that constitute the strength and glory of every country1 and especially of ours4 ,its numbers are prodigious1 its extent is world wide4 ,it sets a splendid example for all nations4 ,it strikes the keynote for the education eventually of the whole human race4 ,in our land it is destined to do more for the perpetuation of our free institutions than many another time-honored school or college that limits its benefits to some privileged class1 sex1 color or section4 ,chautauqua blows a trumpet to every quarter of the compass1 and says to all1 #8,come ye and buy wine and milk without money and without price4'0 ,,the ,,presidential ,,election4 ,is there not ample room for non-partisan comment on partisan struggles8 ,we are in the midst of a political conflict which inevitably takes up a large part of the general attention2 surely there must be some suggestions which a non-partisan can profitably make4 ,for example1 look at the fact1 new in important points1 that personal scandal affecting candidates occupies a conspicuous place in the contest4 ,we have been in the habit of reasoning that such an element must be demoralizing4 ,is it such in the present instance8 ,we think not4 ,we further think that some very good results may follow such a political campaign4 ,the prominence given to questions of personal purity1 in public life and in private life1 is itself a good sign4 ,it means that the people are keenly alive to moral issues1 that these issues cannot be evaded1 that the public demand for purity has risen without the special notice of the quick-witted managers of politics4 ,nor are the discussions having any unfavorable effect on sound morals4 ,the people insist upon the moral element1 and by so doing prove that they are sounder1 truer1 more religiously patriotic than they were supposed to be4 ,we see also the better uses of the press in more favorable lights4 ,when a scandal is not merely mud1 but involves plain matters of fact in the life of a candidate1 the press is put on its good behavior to tell the story with decorum1 and prove it with good evidence4 ,we never have seen a cleaner campaign1 though we never saw one with such conspicuous challenging of private character4 ,a wise man said long ago that the ,american people are always grave in grave circumstances4 ,the present occasion proves the rule4 ,the solemnity of the challenge of character has given an air of sobriety to the campaign which is as satisfactory as it was unexpected4 ,another thing which seems to us quite in our way to say is that the political contest has an uncommonly large humanitarian element in the center of the field4 ,we probably have readers who believe that the interests of the ,american workmen are not specially concerned in the result4 ,it is not that question of fact which we now raise1 but the fact of the solicitude for the workmen which is conspicuous4 ,we are witnessing1 at this point1 not so much a discussion about the tariff--for so far there has not been much of that--as a discussion over the permanent welfare of a large and growing section of our population4 ,this discussion is not carried on by them so much as on behalf of them4 ,granted that a great party sees in their welfare an opportunity2 what is it that makes the opportunity8 ,it is surely not any incidents of the last ,congress1 or any opinions of candidates4 ,these would be insufficient to create the discussion in its serious form4 ,is it not true that the philanthropy which freed the slave is thinking and feeling for the men in mills1 and their wives and little ones8 ,it would be easy to show that the politicians would have passed this matter by if they could4 ,but we have become a manufacturing country4 ,the laborer has become a great fact4 ,he is a citizen1 a social element1 a man with a soul1 and the head of a family4 ,the social instinct in us took alarm some years ago4 ,outside of parties it has worked out into humanitarian feeling1 and is ripening into purpose4 ,the workman is likely for some decades to fashion for us the spirit of our politics and the ends sought by our statesmanship4 ,no matter how much or little it may influence the results of this struggle for the control of the government1 the question of the workman's well-being has come among us to stay4 ,it touches our life at all points4 ,it challenges our institutions4 ,it says to us3 8,solve me or ,i will dissolve you40 ,are we to have a distinctly depressed class doing our work8 ,is the 8white slave0 to live1 suffer and die under our feet8 ,there are persons who say1 8it is inevitable4 ,older societies have sifted down to the bottom these forlorn and hopeless elements by force of a natural necessity1 by a law of human society40 ,no good and strenuous ,american believes such a doctrine4 ,the country we live in exists in our thought1 to make life fairer1 sweeter1 more equally gracious for all the members of the national household4 ,our ideal is challenged by the specter of a degraded mass of laborers4 ,we can not see this ghost of the old world without a shiver of apprehension4 ,it may be that tariff questions do not touch the main question2 that is for others to consider4 ,what we note is that the whole of this labor question1 with its complicated relations to all other questions1 looms large on the horizon4 ,a third suggestion is that the only practicable mode of dealing successfully with issues which concern morals1 philanthropy and sobriety1 is to get them a place in the one general contest which is waged for the control of the government4 ,two parties1 one contest--that is the system of the ,republic4 ,all others than the two parties are participants in the one battle1 and on one side or the other4 ,a man in society has to accept the sun and rain1 the social order1 the general constitutional order4 ,his third1 fourth1 fifth parties are related by the usages of the country to the real contest between the two parties4 ,he must and really does choose which of the two he prefers for the victor4 ,he might as well reject the showers of summer and say he will have none of them as to say he will have neither party4 ,he must have one or the other2 he will have one or the other2 he will contribute to the victory of one or the other4 ,it is possibly hard to choose2 but when it is easy to do so1 and one really wishes to defeat his own party1 it is best to deal it a blow in front with both fists4 ,providence has arranged a system of mathematics which counts the men in the ,cave of ,adullam on one side or the other in the engagement of the battle-field4 ,it is a good thing to put #bjj1jjj temperance men in line in a state2 but a little column of #e1jjj or #bj1jjj of the same army demonstrating by itself really weakens the cause1 because it is so small a part of the army4 ,workingmen's parties are no better4 ,they are made up of men whose interests are in the hands of the great parties1 one or the other of which must take the administration of affairs4 ,the rule is that this truth of social mathematics grows clear to most men as the campaign proceeds2 and in the end the great body of voters vote directly for the side they prefer4 ,the stubborn fact is that only one man can be president at a time1 and that the people must choose one of two men for the office4 ,that is the law of ,american politics which no one of us can change4 ,there is not even any relief from it afforded by dispersing the electoral votes among several men and leaving the ,house of ,representatives to choose4 ,that body is in existence with a distinct political complexion--to give the election to it is to choose one of the two candidates4 ,that is not a chance fact of to-day2 it is a rule of our political system4 ,the political preference of the ,house of ,representatives is always known when the presidential vote is cast4 ,we are simply shut up1 all of us1 to promoting1 directly or indirectly1 the election of one of two men to the office of ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,,the ,,secret ,,of ,,the ,,pole4 ,the rescue of the ,greely party of ,arctic explorers 7a few days too late7 has given the public two extraordinary sensations4 ,the first exciting incidents were those of the rescue of a party of men who had gone a few miles nearer to the ,pole4 ,we were allowed two weeks of satisfaction and rejoicing over the rescue and the scientific gains of the ,greely expedition4 ,then came a sickening revelation of cannibalism among the starved and dying explorers4 ,the sensational press never seemed so hateful as it did when it went prying into the horrors of the last month of that struggle for life4 ,the cap-sheaf was put on indecency by a pictorial paper which gave a picture of one of the dead men1 and printed under it that1 after he was dead his comrades ate his flesh4 ,the shamelessness of such journalism can not be rebuked2 civilized language has no adequate terms4 ,it is1 however1 no longer possible to deny that cannibalism is one of the remote possibilities of ,arctic exploration4 ,the fact may or may not temporarily arrest the efforts to uncover the secrets of the frozen ,north4 ,we do not perceive a sufficient reason in the fact4 ,we know that horrors hang around all histories of such discovery--this among them4 ,but this is only a more disgusting fact4 ,we know that the circumpolar battles between man and nature cost human life1 rich and costly life1 vast sufferings and cruel disappointments4 ,it would be a strange thing if the full exposure of a revolting fact which is not new to the initiated few1 should raise a murmur among the many now for the first time enlightened--a murmur so strong as to restrain governments from further explorations4 ,we doubt if public opinion can in that way get a leverage under the scientific enthusiasm and overthrow it4 ,the main question recurs3 ,what is the use of ,arctic exploration8 ,in general terms1 it may be said that there are few1 if any1 unsolved problems of science on which ,northern discovery might not shed light1 and it may be said with equal truth that there is apparently nothing to be found out at the ,pole1 but the location of frozen hills and frozen seas among which life is impossible4 ,there are chances that hints towards the solution of many problems may be gained in that world of frost2 there is no certainty1 not even any high probability that we shall be any wiser when we have beaten the ,ice ,king and successfully traversed his dominions4 ,our readers know that the original impulse to these dangerous voyages was the hope of finding a northwest passage to ,india4 ,when hope vanished new thoughts took the place of the old notion of going to ,india by the ,north ,atlantic4 ,questions of ocean currents1 of northern forms of vegetable and animal life1 of the aurora borealis1 of the phenomena of the ,ice ,age of the earth1 of divers other eagerly studied questions of the world and man have arisen to stimulate discovery4 ,the scientific man kept on in the lines which the trader had given over in despair4 ,besides1 our blood was up4 ,to be beaten by frost is not to be consented to by courageous humanity4 ,and so the struggle has gone on4 ,fruitlessly8 ,no1 a considerable amount of precious knowledge has been gained4 ,each ten years adds some stretches of land and sea to our maps4 ,the total result is probably richly worth the life and treasure expended4 ,if in a battle a cause can claim ten thousand lives1 who may say that in the pursuit of knowledge a few hundred shall be grudged8 ,besides1 the world needs a moral gymnasium--a field in which courage1 endurance1 heroism1 may be trained4 ,the ,north is a better gymnasium than the field of war4 ,it has fewer horrors and a more thorough discipline4 ,examples of manliness1 devotion1 self-denial abound in these stories of ,arctic discovery4 ,the examples tell on society at large much more effectively than military exploits4 ,every nation is interested in every heroic incident of the frozen seas4 ,the attempt to call a halt in these enterprises will probably fail2 and perhaps after all we should wish them to fail4 ,every life is well spent whose loss tells on general character1 and we have no chapters of secular life that are richer in inspiration than those of ,polar enterprise4 ,lives are lost2 but our ,lord's rule is good always that lost lives may be better lost than saved4 ,the ,north may yet yield up precious secrets2 it is safe to prophesy that if it has any under its winding sheet of ice man will discover it4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,the ,required ,reading in ,,the ,,chautauquan for the month of ,october ends on page #bj1 with the article on 8,temperance ,teachings of ,science40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,henry ,bergh1 who has done a good work for horses in ,new ,york1 and tried to do a good deal of work not absolutely good for other animals 7cats for instance71 has one quality of a successful reformer2 he can use strong language4 ,he denounces ,m4 ,pasteur as 8,a ,jenner in ,france who now crawls to the earth's surface and begins the fiend-like and disgusting work of polluting the bodies and flesh of the lower animals40 ,mr4 ,bergh does not believe in inoculation for small-pox4 ,it is a pity he does not confine his benevolence to horses and their sorrows1 a subject which he understands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,constant gains characterize the uses of electricity4 ,recently a message was sent from ,australia to ,england in twenty-three minutes1 over #ac1cah miles of wire4 ,french experiments in the use of electricity as a motor are making rapid progress4 ,telephone messages have been sent #a1bjj miles1 from ,cincinnati to ,baltimore1 and we are not certain that this is the best record4 ,bulwer's 8,coming ,race0 did everything by just touching buttons and setting automata at work4 ,perhaps that race is really 8coming0 after all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is in a name8 ,the cholera is no worse1 nor any more curable1 by calling its cause a microbe 7literally minute life1 meaning microscopic insect74 ,it does help us1 however1 to emphasize old truth4 ,the diseased are usually victims1 ,dr4 ,koch says1 of the microbes4 ,if the digestive organs are impaired1 the microbe attacks them with more success4 ,still1 we are thus far not very much wiser for the terms microbe and bacillus4 ,meanwhile1 ,dr4 ,koch's first practical rule1 that 8dry heat is fatal to the microbe10 is contradicted by the well-known fact that cholera in ,asia is very much at home in the dryest heat known on the globe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the papers report that a colored man having married a white woman in ,indiana has been tried for the crime and sentenced to five years in the penitentiary4 ,we can not discover any use in such proceedings4 ,as we have remarked once before1 the mixture of races is not brought about by legitimate relations of the sexes1 but by illegitimate4 ,indiana punishes the wrong people4 ,for one mulatto born in marriage there are a thousand born out of wedlock4 ,besides1 it has not been proved that the moral quality of a crime attaches to marriage by persons of different races4 ,it is highly speculative morals1 at all events4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,new ,york financial troubles of ,may have1 as we anticipated1 led to no general disaster4 ,in ,new ,york the business community is well over the panic1 stocks have recovered astonishingly1 and general trade is active and good4 ,credit lines are closer than they were2 but this is a good result4 ,a large harvest gives the people assurance of cheap food1 and stimulates enterprise4 ,the shock in ,may has proved a blessing4 ,we need to be reminded often that honesty1 diligence and prudence are necessary to business success1 individually and collectively4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do not play with it2 in the language of the boys1 8it's loaded40 ,we refer to the theory that impure private life is something relatively unimportant in public life4 ,vote as you judge proper2 but don't corrupt public morals by public apologies for lechery in any form2 it is dangerous business4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a respectably-sized body of unrespectable ,americans have recently emigrated to ,canada--made up of defaulting bank officers and other trust-breakers4 ,there is a defect which ought to be remedied in the extradition laws4 ,canada does not wish to be colonized by this class of thieves1 and we prefer to house and feed the rascals in appropriate residences at home4 ,it is1 in fact1 a scandal to civilization that this class of thieves can escape punishment by crossing the suspension bridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it has settled into custom for the ,president of the ,united ,states to take a long vacation in the summer4 ,we owe the custom1 a wholesome one1 to ,general ,grant4 ,it was criticised severely when he as ,president began to travel about in the summer4 ,his successors have improved the practice by roving more widely and extending their acquaintance among their fellow-citizens4 ,president ,arthur has traveled a good deal in an unostentatious way this summer1 and we have not seen a word of criticism4 ,it is good for the ,president's health1 it extends his knowledge of the country and the people1 and it gives his fellow-citizens an opportunity to see and know him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the cholera in ,europe drove ,americans home this year in midsummer1 and gave us an unusually large contingent of the ,english tourist1 who1 shut off from the ,alps1 has been trying our ,rockies and the ,yosemite4 ,a new feature of our own summer travel is a considerable stream of pleasuring flowing toward ,alaska4 ,perhaps when the seals are killed off ,alaska may pay as a summer resort4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the new blossoms of the 8,chautauqua ,idea0 is a summer school maintained by the 8,south ,end0 churches of ,boston4 ,our correspondent1 the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 is one of the active managers4 ,its session this year lasted six weeks1 and was devoted to popular instruction in kindergarten and housekeeping subjects4 ,the aim is to help the poor to knowledge in practical matters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the world's stock of wit is increasing4 ,we ,americans are the principal inventors of it1 and are especially strong in the hyperbolical variety4 ,a recent specimen worth preserving is the story that a ,florida man recently killed an alligator1 in whose stomach he found a hen sitting on a dozen eggs4 ,the exaggeration turns upon the capacity of an alligator for swallowing1 and the equanimity of the sitting hen4 ,another example is the statement that ,puget ,sound oysters often weigh sixty pounds apiece1 and are not served on the half shell1 since 8nothing less than a flatboat will answer the purpose40 ,a good collection of ,american hyperboles would make a very marketable book4 8,turning a howitzer loose on a ,june bug0 is a fresh specimen which we find in a daily newspaper4 ,a 8funny editor0 having to report that locomotives have fallen from #ae1jjj to #h1jjj1 adds3 8,we would not advise our readers to lay in their winter stock of locomotives just yet2 they may go lower40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the preachers who indulge in vacations are not allowed any peace4 ,the ,new ,york ,examiner has found a new tender spot to thrust a pin into4 ,a resting pastor1 it thinks1 has no business to work or study4 ,he is defrauding his church if he does4 ,but then the ,examiner rubs the sore spot it has made by the more athletic remark that it is a sin to grind all the year through4 ,yes1 fifty-two days of rest are required of us all4 ,it is pleasant1 by the way1 to read that 8the pastors are returning to their flocks10 a statement which lets out the fact that the flocks did not take a vacation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new thing under the sun this year is the meeting of the great ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science on ,american soil4 ,the ,montreal meeting was still further novel in the presence and participation of distinguished ,united ,states ,americans4 8,greater ,britain0 will doubtless more and more take part in these annual gatherings of ,british science4 ,the success of the ,montreal meeting will provoke the emulation of ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 and ,british ,india and ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vegetarians object to eating meat because animals must be killed to supply such food4 ,one of our quick-witted exchanges has discovered a counter argument1 or rather an ad hominem of the you're another variety4 8,according to some scientists vegetables feel and perhaps think40 ,the ,london ,graphic suggests that 8the blushing carrot is susceptible of tender emotions1 and that the retiring ways of the truffle are due to a well-reasoned aversion to the wickedness which is to be witnessed above ground40 8,perhaps0 this is rather speculative4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it has been a dry summer1 but it has rained financial scandals4 ,the heaviest part of the clearing-off shower--we hope it is clearing off--fell on ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 where first the cashier and next the president of a bank committed suicide in the midst of the ruin they had wrought4 ,that is awful1 but it is morally more satisfactory and healing than the flight into ,canada4 ,when financial wreckers are hurt to the point of remorse and suicide1 the horrors of the crime of genteel stealing will begin to be realized4 ,that sin is dangerous1 too4 ,let us thank ,god and take courage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh has been re-visiting the ,old ,world1 and at a breakfast party in ,belfast stated an interesting fact4 8,in my early life10 he said1 8,i applied for many positions which ,i did not get2 but ,i never applied for the positions which ,i have since held40 ,there is plenty of good wholesome use for the motto3 8,let the place seek the man40 ,it is the rule for the good places1 as the case of ,dr4 ,mc,cosh shows4 ,perhaps it is more generally the rule for other places than men suppose it to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,john ,bright continues to excel in strong quotable phrases and descriptions4 ,the ,house of ,lords being once more in the way of reform1 ,mr4 ,bright declares that ,house to be filled with 8the spawn of the blunders1 the wars and the corruption of the dark ages of our history4 ,they have entered the temple of honor1 not through the temple of merit1 but through the sepulchres of their ancestors40 ,the last clause will probably be as lasting as his 8,cave of ,adullam40 99 99 99 99 99 ,a notable saying easily forgets its parentage4 ,it is too much trouble for a busy world to remember who said this or that first4 ,an expression passes into currency1 and after that it is no matter who coined it4 ,it was1 we are now told1 a ,harvard professor who said not of ,edward ,everett1 but of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,huntington1 that his prayers were the most eloquent ever addressed to a ,boston audience4 ,the ,dr4 ,huntington referred to was then a ,unitarian of ,boston1 but is now ,protestant ,episcopal ,bishop of ,central ,new ,york4 ,the ,christian at ,work is our authority for the precise facts4 ,we do not advise any one to try to remember them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,french have brought about a state of war in ,china1 by a series of aggressive measures which seek the aggrandizement of ,france at the expense of the territorial rights of the ,chinese empire4 ,there is not the least justification for these proceedings2 nor can we hope that good will come of it4 ,the ,french are successful at home and failures abroad4 ,the ,french cry out that ,england has done even the same2 but that charge1 if true1 would not excuse ,france4 ,england has1 in all recent instances1 had the protection of ,englishmen or some other fair pretext4 ,even the jingoism of ,beaconsfield could make some respectable covering for its brutality4 ,the ,french simply want some land and mines in ,tonquin 8for the glory of ,france40 99 99 99 99 99 ,science gets a footing everywhere4 ,the loss of the ,united ,states steamship 8,tallapoosa10 by collision with a schooner1 has led to an investigation to ascertain whether the officers and men on duty are afflicted with color blindness4 ,we have a notion that in this case the old-fashioned word carelessness is more scientific than any term used by optical learning4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the fine points of superfine theology is that ,adam was the first member of the ,christian ,church1 and was taken in immediately after the fall4 ,we see it--the fine point reproduced in a religious paper4 ,it is a pity that theology should be strained in men's eyes by such uses--especially in view of the pressing wants of the living descendants of ,adam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the making of mortgages is one of the most fascinating of employments4 ,it is like picking up gold in chunks4 ,paying mortgages is another affair1 a most refined species of torture which takes away and returns nothing4 ,but people who do not expect to pay have all the pleasure and none of the pain4 ,the semi-civilized government which owns ,panama proposes to mortgage its share of the earnings of the ,panama ,canal for #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,considering that the canal may never be finished1 and that it may never earn anything at all1 it must be pure fun to make that mortgage4 ,public debts grow large easily because no particular person expects to pay any one of them4 ,selling such mortgages is picking up nuggets of gold--getting without effort--hence public borrowing needs conscience as a restraint4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is a satisfaction to know that the best horses have been taken out of the hands of gamblers4 ,mr4 ,vanderbilt recently sold the queen of horses to ,mr4 ,bonner1 editor of the ,new ,york ,ledger4 ,on this side of the ,atlantic1 at least1 fast horses are improving in reputation by keeping good human company4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the cholera of ,asia is in ,europe again after a long absence--since #ahfh4 ,it has been a topic of great interest all summer1 but its ravages have been comparatively insignificant4 ,after a short period of general prevalence in ,marseilles and ,toulon1 the unwelcome visitor went on its travels in search of dirty places in ,france and ,italy--finding some good food in the latter country4 ,dirt is the delight of this scourge4 ,sanitary science easily handles it1 keeps it within moderate limits1 and stamps it out after brief duration4 ,a renewal of the epidemic in the savage forms of #ahcb and #ahdh is not to be feared4 ,the world is cleaner4 ,the cholera has raged fiercely in ,italy1 especially in ,naples1 because sanitary reforms have made slow progress there4 ,the people change their habits there with great reluctance1 and all travelers know that ,naples is the filthiest city in ,europe4 ,wherever good sanitation prevails1 cholera is checked with comparative ease4 ,a fine use of royalty is shown by the visit of ,king ,humbert to the afflicted towns and their hospitals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,new ,york ,evening ,post irreverently refers to the ,emersonian philosophy as a 8mixed ,american drink40 ,it is more prosaic in suggesting that the ,concord ,school of ,philosophy is not a school1 and has no philosophy of a clear type1 but is a continuation in summer of the winter lecture platform--a summer lyceum4 ,we suspect that the ,emersonians will not accept the amended title4 99 99 99 99 99 ,switzerland has investigated the liquor question and found that more alcohol per head is consumed by the ,swiss than by any other people in ,europe4 ,that little country spends #cj1jjj1jjj for drink1 and yet the commission which reports these facts1 also declines to advise any restrictive legislation and makes a fervid eulogy of the habit of social drinking4 8,public houses10 they say1 8foster intellectual activity1 and are a remedy against misanthropy1 vanity and egotism40 ,this report is probably the most remarkable document ever produced by a committee4 ,it gives the size of the evil in bold lines and then splashes on the gay colors with reckless prodigality4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,october4 ,,preparatory ,,greek ,,course ,,in ,,english4 ,instead of indicating the sounds of the vowels in the ,greek and ,latin names given in the notes1 we follow the plan of ,webster's ,unabridged ,dictionary1 giving rules for pronouncing the vowels and consonants4 ,as the two principal marks 7 7 are in ,greek and ,latin used differently from what they are in ,english1 indicating the quantity instead of quality1 it will be found less confusing to adopt this method4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,vowels4 #a4 ,any vowel at the end of an accented syllable1 and e1 o1 and u1 at the end of an unaccented syllable1 have the long ,english sound4 #b4 ,a1 ending an unaccented syllable1 has the sound of a in father1 or in last4 #c4 ,i1 ending a final syllable1 has the long sound4 ,at the end of an initial unaccented syllable it varies between i long and i short 7like i in pin74 ,in all other cases i1 ending an unaccented syllable1 is short4 #d4 ,y is like i in the same situation4 #e4 and like e in the same situation4 #f4 ,if a syllable end in a consonant the vowel has the short ,english sound4 #g4 ,e1 in final es1 like e in ,andes4 ,,rules ,,for ,,consonants4 #a4 ,c1 before e1 i1 y1 1 1 is pronounced like s2 before a1 o1 and u1 and before consonants1 like k4 #b4 ,g1 before e1 i1 y1 1 and 1 or another g followed by e1 has the sound of j2 before a1 o and u1 and consonants other than g1 the hard sound4 #c4 ,ch is like k1 but is silent before a mute at the beginning of a word4 #d4 ,initial x is like z4 #e4 ,t1 s and c1 before ia1 ie1 ii1 io1 iv1 and ev1 preceded immediately by the accent1 change into sh and zh2 but when the t follows s1 t1 or z1 or when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following1 the consonant preserves its pure sound4 #f4 ,initial ph1 before a mute1 is silent4 #g4 ,s has generally the sound of s in this4 #h4 ,when two consonants like mn1 nm1 etc41 occur at the beginning of a word1 they are to be pronounced with the first consonant mute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 #i4--8,voltaire10 vol-tr 7#afid-aggh74 ,french author4 ,p4 #aa4--8,mycen40 ,a city of ,argos 7see map in ,history of ,greece71 said to have been the leading city of ,greece during the time of the ,trojan war4 ,its remains are most interesting4 ,the walls and the 8gate of lions10 supposed to belong to the ancient acropolis1 and two immense subterranean chambers1 the walls of which contain some of the largest blocks found in the walls of buildings1 are among its antiquities4 8,cyclopean40 ,pertaining to a class of giants1 who had but one eye in the middle of the forehead4 ,they were said to inhabit ,sicily1 and to be assistants in the workshops of ,vulcan1 fabled to be under ,mt4 ,etna4 8,schliemann40 ,a ,german antiquarian and traveler1 who claims to have discovered the genuine home of ,ulysses1 and also to have unearthed ancient ,troy4 ,the latter he locates on the plateau of ,hisarlik4 8,arcadia10 ar-cadi-a4 ,the central country of the ,peloponnesus4 ,it received its name of 8the ,switzerland of ,greece0 from the mountains which surround it on all sides1 and traverse its surface in every direction4 ,p4 #ac4--8,laconisms10 lco-nsms4 ,a laconism2 a brief pointed sentence2 an expression in the laconic brief style of a ,lacedmonian or ,spartan4 ,the word is derived from ,laconia1 the name of the country4 8,pelopidas40 ,a ,theban noble of great fortune4 ,he was a firm friend of ,epaminondas1 assisting him in driving the ,spartans from ,thebes and being present at the battle of ,leuctra4 ,many important civil and military affairs were entrusted to him4 ,in #cfd ,pelopidas was sent to assist the ,thessalonians against ,alexander1 but at the battle of ,cynoscephal1 7see 8,history of ,greece10 p4 #afb17 he was slain while pursuing ,alexander1 whose army he had driven from the battle field4 8,miltiades40 ,in early life ,miltiades had been made tyrant of the ,chersonesus4 ,he had engaged in many wars and taken from the ,persians some of their possessions4 ,these later conquests brought on him the hostility of ,darius of ,persia1 and ,miltiades was obliged to flee to ,athens1 where1 on the approach of the ,persians1 he was made one of the ten generals who commanded the ,athenian army4 ,after the battle he obtained seventy ships1 ostensibly to continue hostilities1 but in reality he used them to satisfy a private enmity against the island of ,paros4 ,he was unsuccessful in this and wounded4 ,on his return he was tried and cast into prison where he died from the effects of his wounds4 ,p4 #af4--8;,ichthyologist10 chthy-lo-gist4 ,one who understands the classification of fishes4 ,p4 #ai4--8,longinus40 7#bac8-bgc47 ,the most distinguished adherent of the ,platonic philosophy in the third century4 ,his learning was so great that he was called 8a living library40 ,he taught many years at ,athens1 but at last left to go to ,palmyra1 as the teacher of ,zenobia4 ,when she was afterward defeated by the ,romans and captured1 ,longinus was put to death4 ,p4 #bj4--8;,chrysostom40 7#cdg-djg47 ,the 8golden mouthed10 so called because of his eloquence4 ,in #cig he was made ,bishop of ,constantinople4 8,isocrates40 7#dcf-cch ,b4 ,c47 ,one of the ten ,attic orators4 ,his style was artificial and labored1 but exercised immense influence upon oratory at ,athens4 8,renascence10 re-nscence4 ,a springing up4 ,a becoming alive again4 ,p4 #ce4--8;,academe10 aca-deme4 ,originally the name of a public pleasure ground situate in the ,ceramicus1 said to have belonged in the time of the ,trojan war to ,academus1 a local hero4 ,in the fifth century ,b4 ,c4 this land belonged to ,cimon1 who on his death gave it to the citizens as a public pleasure ground4 ,here ,socrates talked1 and ,plato taught his philosophy until his school was named the ,academic1 and the ,platonists the ,academists4 ,a school started by one of these philosophers was called an ,academy4 8,hymettus10 hy-mettus4 ,a mountain about three miles south of ,athens famous for its honey and its marble4 ,p4 #cf4--8;,ilissus10 i-lissus4 ,a river of ,attica rising on ,mount ,hymettus1 flowing through the eastern part of the city1 and disappearing in the marshy plains outside4 8,lyceum40 ,the principal gymnasium of ,athens4 ,it received the name ,lyceum from its nearness to the temple of ,apollo ,lyceios1 or ,apollo the wolf slayer4 ,here ,aristotle 7to whom reference is made in the preceding line of the verse7 taught his philosophy4 ,see p4 #fd of 8,brief ,history of ,greece40 8,stoa40 ,the stoa1 or portico1 was a place enclosed by a colonnade or arcade1 and used for walking in4 ,there were several in ,athens4 ,the ,encyclopdia ,britannica says3 8,it is probable that some of the porticoes in the ,agora were built by ,cimon2 at all events the most beautiful one among them was reared by ,pisianax1 his brother-in-law1 and the paintings with which ,polygnotus1 his sister's lover1 adorned it 7representing scenes from the military history of ,athens1 legendary and historical71 made it ever famous as the #8painted portico4'0 8,melesigenes10 mele-sige-nes4 ,meles-born4 ,a name sometimes given to ,homer4 ,one of the traditions of his birthplace is that he was born on the banks of the ,meles1 in ,ionia4 8,phbus40 ,the bright or pure4 ,an epithet given to ,apollo 7see 8,history of ,greece10 p4 #gb7 by ,homer4 ,when ,apollo became connected with the sun this name was given to him as the sun-god4 ,p4 #ch4--8,memorabilia10 mmo-ra-bli-a4 ,things to be remembered4 ,p4 #ci4--8,planudes40 ,a ,byzantine monk of the fourteenth century4 ,he was the editor of the ,greek ,anthology1 the author of works on theology and natural history1 as well as the collector of the fables mentioned here1 and the author of sop's biography4 ,p4 #dj4--8,pessimism10 pessi-mism4 ,the doctrine of those who believe everything to be at the worst4 ,p4 #db4--8,parmenio40 ,a general of ,philip and ,alexander4 ,he was second in command in ,alexander's ,persian campaign1 and did much to secure the great victories4 ,his son being accused of being privy to a plot against the king's life in #ccj ,b4 ,c41 confessed himself guilty1 and involved his father4 ,both were put to death4 ,p4 #dc4--8,lucan40 7#ci8-fe47 ,a ,roman poet4 ,p4 #dd4--8,lyttelton40 ,lord ,george4 7#agji-aggc47 ,an ,englishman of noble family4 ,he held various official positions1 and in #agef was raised to the peerage4 ,the last ten years of his life were spent in literary pursuits4 ,beside his 8,dialogues of the ,dead10 he wrote a history of ,henry ,,ii41 and a work on ,st4 ,paul4 8,fenelon10 faneh-lon4 7#afea-agae47 ,a ,french prelate and author4 ,his most famous works1 8,dialogues of the ,dead10 8,directions for the ,conscience of a ,king10 and 8,the ,adventures of ,telemachus10 were written for the use of the grandsons of ,louis ,,xiv41 of whom he had been appointed preceptor4 8,landor40 7#agge-ahfd47 ,an ,english author4 ,his works were very voluminous1 including poems1 satires1 dramas1 etc4 ,the work here referred to was called 8,imaginary ,conversations10 being a series of dialogues between persons of past and present times4 ,it was said to have greatly increased the author's literary reputation4 8,erasmus10 e-rzms4 7#adfg-aecf47 ,a ,dutch classical scholar of wide reputation4 ,at the time that ,luther advanced the tenets of the reformers ,erasmus would not adopt these extreme views4 ,luther ridiculed and denounced the scholar1 and ,erasmus retorted by turning his wit against the monastic habits and scholastic dignity4 ,p4 #de4--8,phidias10 phidi-as4 7,b4 ,c4 #dij8-dcb47 ,the greatest of ,grecian sculptors4 ,his chief works were the ,athene of the ,acropolis1 the ,zeus at ,olympus1 and the decorations of the ,parthenon1 in which he was assisted by his pupils4 8,alcamenes10 al-came-nes4 7,b4 ,c4 #ddd-djj47 ,a pupil of ,phidias4 ,his greatest work was a statue of ,venus4 8,myron40 ,a ,botian sculptor1 born about #dhj ,b4 ,c4 ,his masterpieces were all in bronze4 ,the ,quoit-player and the ,cow are most famous4 ,myron excelled in animals and figures in action4 8,euphranor40 ,a sculptor and painter of ,athens who flourished about #cfj ,b4 ,c4 ,his finest statue was a ,paris1 and his best paintings adorned a porch in the ,ceramicus4 ,he also wrote on proportion and colors4 ,p4 #df4--8,polycleitus10 poly-cleitus4 ,a ,greek sculptor who lived about #dcj ,b4 ,c4 ,his statues of men are said to have surpassed those of ,phidias4 ,the ,spear-bearer was a statue so perfectly proportioned that it was called the canon or rule4 8,bendis10 bendis2 8,atthis10 atthis2 8,men40 ,local deities among the ,egyptians4 8,anubis40 ,one of the ,egyptian deities1 the son of ,osiris4 ,he was represented in the form of a man with a dog's head1 or as a dog4 ,his name meant gilded1 and his images were of solid gold4 8,lysippus40 ,the favorite sculptor of ,alexander the ,great4 ,his statues were all in bronze1 and it is said reached the number of #a1ejj4 8,pentelicus40 ,a mount in ,attica celebrated for its marble4 8,praxiteles40 ,born at ,athens ,b4 ,c4 #cib4 ,he worked in both marble and bronze4 ,about fifty different works by him are mentioned4 ,first in fame stands the ,cnidian ,venus1 8one of the most famous art creations of antiquity40 ,apollo as the lizard-killer1 his ,faun1 and a representation of ,eros are probably best known4 ,p4 #dg4--8;,colossus of ,rhodes40 ,a bronze statue of the sun which stood at the entrance of the harbor of ,rhodes4 ,it was one hundred and five feet in height1 cost three hundred talents1 and was twelve years in erecting4 ,the ,colossus was designed by ,chares4 8,pnyx10 nks4 ,the place of public assembly in ,athens4 ,p4 #dh4--8,philippics40 ,the orations delivered by ,demosthenes against ,philip of ,macedon4 ,p4 #ej4--8,paley10 ,william4 7#agdc-ahje47 ,an ,english theologian4 ,the author of several valuable works4 ,in the 8,natural ,theology0 here referred to he attempts to demonstrate the existence and perfect character of ,god from the evidences of design in nature4 ,p4 #ea4--8;,helvetius10 hl-veesh-us4 ,claude ,adrien4 7#agae-agga47 ,a ,french philosopher4 ,the author of a famous work on the materialistic philosophy4 8,mellanippides10 mela-nippi-des4 ,a celebrated poet of ,melos who lived about ,b4 ,c4 #ddj4 8,zeuxis40 ,a painter who lived in the latter part of the fifth century ,b4 ,c4 ,part of his life was spent in the practice of his art in ,macedonia1 thence he went to ,magna ,grca1 where at ,croton he painted his masterpiece1 a ,helen4 ,zeuxis made a great fortune by his painting4 ,p4 #fa4--8;,diogenes40 ,he came from ,larte1 in ,cilicia1 and probably lived in the second century ,a4 ,d4 ,he is the author of 8,the ,lives of the ,philosophers10 a work in ten books4 ,almost nothing is known of his life4 ,p4 #fb4--8,tacitus10 taci-tus4 7,a4 ,d4 #ee-aag47 ,a ,roman historian4 ,his histories of the condition and customs of the ,britains and ,germans are trustworthy accounts1 written in a clear and concise style4 ,a history of ,rome is his most ambitious work4 ,the 8,germania0 mentioned was a history of the origin1 customs1 situation and peoples of ,germany4 ,p4 #gj4--8;,darics10 dric4 ,the word is derived from ,darius1 and applied to an ancient ,persian coin weighing about #abh grains1 and bearing on one side the figure of an archer4 ,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,p4 #b4--8;,freeman10 ,edward4 7#ahbc-47 ,an ,english historian1 the author of several valuable works4 ,p4 #c4--8;,amphictyonic10 am-phicty-nic4 8,nabanasser10 na-bon-nasser4 ,a king of ,babylon1 the date of whose accession was fixed by the ,babylonian astronomers as the era from which they reckoned4 ,it began ,february #bf1 ,b4 ,c4 #gdg4 8,medea10 me-dea4 ,the daughter of the king of ,colchi by the aid of whose charms 7she was a powerful sorceress7 ,jason obtained the fleece4 8,alcmene10 alc-mene4 ,the daughter of the king of ,mycen4 ,her promised husband being absent1 ,jupiter assumed his form and under this disguise married her4 8,eurystheus10 eu-rysthe-us4 ,p4 #d4--8,meleager10 mele-ager2 8,theseus10 these-us2 8,calydon10 caly-don4 ,an ancient city of tolia 7see map of ,greece74 8,menelaus10 mene-laus2 8,agamemnon10 aga-memnon4 8,achilles10 a-chilles4 ,p4 #e4--8,odyssey10 dys-sey2 8,ulysses10 u-lysses4 8,ithaca10 itha-ca4 ,a small island in the ,ionian ,sea off the coast of ,epirus4 8,penelope10 pe-nelo-pe4 8,pelops10 pelops4 ,fabled to have been the son of ,jupiter4 ,the king of ,pisa in ,elis from whom the peninsula of ,greece1 the ,peloponnesus1 took its name4 ,p4 #f4--8;,cyrene10 cy-rene2 8,massilia10 mas-sili-a4 ,p4 #i4--8,messenia10 mes-seni-a4 ,for these wars see page #ig of ,history4 8,cecrops10 cecrops2 8,codrus10 codrus4 ,p4 #aj4--8;,areopagus10 r-e-pa-gs4 ,p4 #aa4--8;,hippias10 hippi-as2 8,hipparchus10 hip-parchus4 8,alcmonid10 alcm-oni-d2 8,megacles10 mega-cles4 ,p4 #ac4--8;,ahura ,mazda10 or ,ormuzd1 a-hura mazda4 ,the supreme deity of the ancient ,persians4 ,p4 #ad4--8,mardonius10 mar-doni-us2 8,athos10 athos4 ,p4 #ae4--8,phidippides10 phi-dippi-des4 ,p4 #af4--8;,dionysiac10 di-o-nysi-ac4 ,see page #ge of ,history4 8,pan40 ,the god of flocks and shepherds among the ,greeks4 ,p4 #ah4--8;,demaratus10 dema-ratus4 ,p4 #bj4--8,simonides10 si-moni-des4 ,p4 #ba4--8;,himera10 hime-ra4 ,see map in ,history4 8,gelo10 gelo2 8,pausanius10 pau-sani-as2 8,en route10 ,on the way4 ,p4 #bb4--8;,diodorus10 di-o-dorus4 ,a historian of the time of ,augustus ,csar4 ,p4 #bd4--8;,eurymedon10 eu-ryme-don4 ,a small river in ,pamphylia4 ,p4 #be4--8;,ephialtes10 ephi-altes4 ,an ,athenian statesman1 the friend of ,pericles4 ,p4 #bg4--8,melos10 melos2 8,thera10 thera2 8,corcyra10 cor-cyra2 8,zacynthus10 za-cynthus2 8,chios10 chios2 8,naupactus10 nau-pactus2 8,acarnania10 acar-nani-a2 8,ambracia10 am-braci-a2 8,anactorium10 an-ac-tori-um4 ,p4 #bh4--8;,archidamus10 archi-damus4 8,colonus10 co-lonus4 ,a demus of ,attica lying about a mile northwest of ,athens4 8,acharn10 a-charn4 ,the chief demus of ,attica1 nearly seven miles north of ,athens4 ,its people were warlike1 and its land fertile4 ,p4 #bi4--8,paralus10 para-lus4 ,p4 #ca4--8;,alcibiades10 al-ci-bia-des2 8,nicias10 nici-as4 ,p4 #cb4--8;,gylippus10 gy-lippus2 8,deceleia10 dece-leia4 ,p4 #cd4--8;,antalcidas10 an-talci-das4 ,a ,spartan statesman1 through whose diplomacy this treaty was brought about4 ,p4 #ce4--8,megalopolis10 meg-a-lopo-lis4 ,p4 #cf4--8,mantinea10 manti-nea4 ,p4 #cg4--8;,chronea10 chr-o-nea4 ,p4 #ch4--8,tetradrachm10 ttra-dram4 ,four drachmas4 ,an ancient silver coin1 worth about #gi cents4 8,illyrians10 il-lyri-ans4 ,the inhabitants of ,illyria1 a country west of ,macedon4 8,temple of ,diana40 ,the ,ephesian ,diana personified the fructifying power of nature1 and was represented as the goddess of many breasts4 ,of the temple the 8,american ,encyclopdia0 says3 8,its 7,ephesus7 chief glory was its magnificent temple of ,diana1 and the city did not decay until the ,goths destroyed the temple4 ,the ,ionian colonists found the worship of ,diana established and the foundations of the temple laid40 8,gordium40 ,the ancient capital of ,phrygia1 named from ,gordius4 ,see page #agh of ,greek ,history4 8,callisthenes10 cal-listhe-nes4 ,p4 #ci4--8;,granicus10 gra-nicus2 8,issus10 issus2 8,arbela10 ar-bela2 8,persepolis10 per-sepo-lis4 ,p4 #dj4--8;,gedrosia10 ge-drosi-a2 8,roxana10 rox-ana2 8,hydaspes10 hy-daspes4 ,the northernmost of the five great tributaries of the ,indus4 ,p4 #da4--8,rawlinson10 ,george4 7#ahae-47 ,an ,english historian and orientalist4 ,p4 #db4--8,rameses10 ra-meses4 ,the ,egyptian kings of the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties1 who ruled for nearly three hundred and fifty years1 beginning about #adfj ,b4 ,c4 8,pharos40 ,a lofty tower built for a light-house upon a small island off the ,mediterranean coast of ,egypt4 ,the name of the island was ,pharos1 and was given to the tower4 8,ptolemy10 tle-m4 ,sator 7the savior7 was a title given him by the inhabitants of ,rhodes1 whom he had saved from a siege4 8,philadelphus40 ,distinguished for brotherly love4 ,ptolemy had taken this title to signalize his love for his sister whom he had married1 a union which ,egyptian law allowed4 8,euergetes10 eu-erge-tes4 ,benefactor4 ,this surname was given him by the ,egyptians when from a campaign into ,syria he brought back the idols which ,cambyses had carried off to ,persia4 8,septuagint10 sptu-a-gnt4 8,so called because it was said to have been the work of seventy1 or rather of seventy-two1 interpreters40 ,p4 #dc4--8;,archimedes10 r-k-mdz4 7,b4 ,c4 #bhg8-bab47 ,a famous mathematician of ,syracuse4 8,hero10 or ,heron1 hero4 ,a ,greek mathematician of the third century4 8,apelles10 a-pelles4 ,the most famous of ,grecian painters4 ,a friend of ,alexander's1 and the only painter he allowed to take his portrait4 8,hipparchus10 hip-parchus4 ,called the father of astronomy4 ,a ,greek who lived at ,rhodes and ,alexandria4 8,ptolemy40 ,a celebrated mathematician1 astronomer and geographer4 ,of his history we know nothing1 but still have a large number of his treatises on a great variety of subjects4 8,euclid10 yooklid4 ,the mathematician who gave his name to the science of geometry4 ,nothing is known of his history4 8,eratosthenes10 era-tosthe-nes4 ,one of the most learned men of his day4 ,he cultivated astronomy1 geography1 history1 philosophy1 grammar and logic4 ,but fragments of his writings remain4 8,strabo40 ,a native of ,pontus4 ,lived during the reign of ,augustus4 ,he wrote a historical work now lost1 and a famous treatise on geography1 in seventeen books4 ,this latter is nearly all extant4 8,manetho10 mane-tho4 ,an ,egyptian priest who lived in the reign of ,ptolemy ,i4 ,he wrote in ,greek a history of ,egypt from which we have the dynasties of ,egypt's rulers saved1 though the work is lost1 and an account of the religion of his country4 8,aristophanes10 aris-topha-nes4 ,a native of ,byzantium4 ,he lived in the reigns of ,ptolemy ,,ii4 and ,,iii41 and had control of the library of ,alexander4 8,apollonius10 apol-loni-us4 ,a native of ,alexandria1 sometimes called 8the ,rhodian10 as he was honored with franchise by ,rhodes1 where he taught rhetoric successfully4 ,his greatest poem1 still extant1 was a description of the ,argonautic expedition4 8,sosigenes10 so-sige-nes4 ,a peripatetic philosopher of ,alexandria4 8,origen10 ori-gen4 7#ahe8-bed87 ,one of the most voluminous of early ,christian writers4 8,athanasius10 atha-nasi-us4 7#bif8-cgc47 ,a native of ,alexandria1 made archbishop of the city in #cbf4 ,he was subject to great persecution from the ,arians who held that ,christ was a being inferior to ,god1 while ,athanasius held to the orthodox belief4 8,antiochus10 an-tio-chus2 8,seleucid10 se-leuci-d4 ,p4 #dd4--8;,eumenes10 eume-nes2 8,arsacid10 ar-saci-d2 8,brennus10 brennus4 ,p4 #de4--8;,justinian10 jus-tini-an4 ,byzantine emperor4 8,antiochus10 an-tio-chus4 ,of ,ascalon4 ,the founder of the ,fifth ,academy1 and the teacher of ,cicero while he studied at ,athens4 ,he had a school at ,alexandria1 and one in ,syria also4 8,ptolemum10 ptole-mum4 ,a large gymnasium built by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 8,dipylum40 ,a gate on the northwestern side of the city wall4 ,so called because consisting of two gates4 ,it is the only one whose site is absolutely certain4 8,speusippus10 speu-sippus4 ,an ,athenian philosopher4 ,a nephew of ,plato1 whom he succeeded as president of the ,first ,academy4 8,xenocrates10 xe-nocra-tes4 7#cif-cad ,b4 ,c47 ,a philosopher who succeeded ,speusippus as president of the ,academy4 8,polemon10 pole-mon4 ,the ,athenian philosopher who succeeded ,xenocrates as president of the ,academy4 ,p4 #df4--8;,autochthon10 au-tokthon2 8,phratries10 phrtres2 8,apollo ,patrus10 pa-trus4 8,ion10 ion4 ,fabled to have been the ancestor of the ,ionians1 from whom they took their name4 ,p4 #dh4--8,lucian10 lshan4 ,see page #fe of ,history4 8,menippus10 me-nippus2 8,strepsiades10 strep-sia-des4 ,p4 #ej4--8;,ion40 ,of ,ephesus4 ,one of ,plato's dialogues is named from him4 ,p4 #ea4--8,tyrtus10 tyr-tus4 ,p4 #eb4--8,lesbian10 lesbi-an4 ,from ,lesbos4 ,a large island off the coast of ,asia ,minor4 8,alcus10 al-cus2 8,anacreon10 a-nacre-on4 8,christopher ,north40 ,the nom de plume of ,john ,wilson1 a ,scottish author4 7#aghe-ahed47 8,dionysos10 di-o-nysus4 ,p4 #ec4--8,thespis10 thespis2 8,trilogy10 trlo-gy4 ,p4 #ed4--8,prometheus10 pro-methe-us4 ,p4 #ee4--8;,jocasta10 jo-casta4 ,p4 #ei4--8;,halicarnassus10 hali-car-nassus4 ,see map4 ,p4 #fb4--8,thales10 thales2 8,anaximander10 a-naxi-mander2 8,anaxagoras10 anax-ago-ras2 8,hippocrates10 hip-pocra-tes2 8,pythagoras10 py-thago-ras2 8,crotona10 cro-tona4 ,p4 #fc4--8,marsyas10 marsy-as4 ,a satyr who had found a flute discarded by ,athene1 which emitted beautiful sounds of its own accord4 ,elated he challenged ,apollo to a musical contest1 but was defeated4 ,apollo flayed him alive for his presumption in contesting with him4 ,p4 #fe4--8;,antisthenes10 an-tisthe-nes4 8,ceramicus10 cera-micus4 ,a district of ,athens1 so called from ,ceramus1 the son of ,bacchus1 some say1 but more probably from the potter's art invented there4 ,p4 #fi4--8;,alpheus10 al-pheus4 ,the chief river of the ,peloponnesus4 ,see map4 8,choragic10 cho-rgic2 8,lysicrates10 ly-sicra-tes4 ,in #cee ,b4 ,c4 ,lysicrates was chosen choragus 7p4 #gf7 and took the prize4 ,in honor of this event he erected this monument4 8,callimachus10 cal-lima-chus4 ,an architect and statuary1 who probably lived about #djj ,b4 ,c4 ,very little is known of his life4 ,p4 #gj4--8,propylea10 propy-lea2 8,apollodorus10 a-pollo-dorus 7#ddj ,b4 ,c472 8,rembrandt10 rmbrnt 7#afjg-affi74 ,a famous ,dutch painter4 8,parrhasius10 par-rhasi-us 7#djj ,b4 ,c474 ,p4 #ga4--8,protogenes10 pro-toge-nes 7#ccj ,b4 ,c472 8,nicias10 nici-as 7#cbj ,b4 ,c472 8,pausias10 pausi-as 7#cfj ,b4 ,c472 8,scopas10 scopas 7#cie-cej ,b4 ,c474 8,niobe10 nio-be4 ,the subject is the vengeance of ,apollo and ,artemis upon the ,theban ,queen ,niobe1 who boasted that because of her fourteen children she was superior to ,leda1 who had but two4 ,as a punishment all her children were destroyed4 8,mausoleum10 mau-so-lum4 ,a monument built over the remains of ,mausolus1 king of ,caria1 by his wife ,artemesia4 ,p4 #gb4--8,poseidon10 po-seidon2 8,demeter10 de-meter2 8,hestia10 hestia2 8,hephstos10 he-phstos2 8,aphrodite10 aphro-dite4 ,p4 #gc4--8;,ariadne10 a-ri-adne2 8,hesperides10 hes-peri-des2 8,mnemosyne10 mne-mosy-ne2 8,parnassus10 par-nassus2 8,clio10 clio2 8,melpomene10 mel-pome-ne2 8,thalia10 thali-a2 8,calliope10 cal-lio-pe2 8,urania10 u-rani-a2 8,euterpe10 eu-terpe2 8,polyhymnia10 poly-hymni-a2 8,erato10 era-to2 8,terpsichore10 terp-sicho-re4 8,dodona10 do-dona4 ,in ,epirus4 ,p4 #ge4--8,panathenaia10 pan-athe-naia4 8,erechtheium10 erech-theium4 ,so called because ,erechtheus1 a former king of ,athens1 was said to have been buried there4 8,athene ,polias40 ,the name given to ,athene when she was represented as protectress of the state4 ,p4 #gg4--8,kallirho10 kal-lirho-4 ,a famous well of ,athens1 still called by its ancient name4 ,p4 #gh4--8,obolus10 bo-ls4 ,a small silver coin1 worth about three cents4 8,cinerary10 ciner-a-ry4 ,the word means pertaining to ashes1 and was applied to those urns used by the ancients to hold the ashes of the dead4 ,p4 #hj4--8;,gizeh10 jeezeh1 or geezeh4 ,a village of ,egypt three miles from ,cairo4 ,the three great pyramids are but five miles from ,gizeh4 8,labyrinth40 ,the one here referred to was at ,arsino1 in ,egypt4 ,p4 #ha4--8;,hippodrome10 hippo-drome2 8,platanist10 plat-a-nist2 8,eurytus10 eury-tus2 8,aristodemus10 a-risto-demus4 ,p4 #hb4--8;,cynosarges10 cyno-sarges4 ,a gymnasium built for ,athenians born of foreign mothers4 8,antisthenes10 an-tisthe-nes4 8,lycabettus10 lyc-a-bettus4 ,a mountain northeast of ,athens and close to the wall4 ,p4 #ic4--8;,epidaurus10 epi-daurus2 8,trzen10 tr-zen2 8,phlius10 phlius2 8,sicyon10 sishi-on2 8,malea10 ma-lea2 8,pheidon10 phidon4 ,p4 #id4--8;,eurysthenes10 eu-rysthe-nes4 8,procles10 procles4 ,p4 #if4--8;,carystus10 ca-rystus4 ,a town on the southern coast of ,euba4 8,diagorids10 di-ago-rids4 ,so called from ,diagoras1 of ,rhodes1 the first of the family who distinguished himself in the ,grecian games4 8,aristomenes10 ar-is-tome-nes4 ,see page #ii of ,history4 ,p4 #ig4--8,prytaneum10 pryta-num4 8,a public hall in ,athens regarded as the home of the city1 in which the duties of hospitality were exercised on behalf of the city to its own citizens and strangers40 ,p4 #ih4--8;,amphia10 am-phia2 8,ithome10 i-thome2 8,theopompus10 theo-pompus4 ,p4 #ii4--8,stenyclaros10 steny-claros4 ,p4 #ajj4--8;,ceadas10 cea-das2 8,rhegium10 rhegi-um4 8,bacchiad40 ,so called from ,bacchis1 king of ,corinth4 ,they had held the supreme power for a long time4 ,p4 #aja4--8;,etion10 e-eti-on4 8,lapith10 lapi-th4 ,so called from their ancestor1 ,lapithes4 ,they were inhabitants of ,thessaly1 and are fabled to have fought with the ,centaurs and defeated them4 8,cypselus10 cypse-lus4 ,p4 #ajb4--8,thrasybulus10 thrasy-bulus2 8,lycophron10 lyco-phron4 ,p4 #ajc4--8,sancho ,panza10 snko pnza4 ,the esquire of ,don ,quixote4 8,eupatrids10 epa-trd4 ,p4 #ajd4--8,stadium10 stdi-m4 ,a ,greek measure of length of a little over six hundred feet4 8,theagenes10 the-age-nes4 ,p4 #aje4--8;,diasia10 di-asi-a4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek word for god and means pertaining to the god4 8,prytanes10 pryta-nes4 ,a member of one of the ten sections into which the senate was divided4 ,p4 #ajf4--8;,eumenides10 eu-meni-des4 ,the avenging deities1 or the ,furies4 8,geomori10 ge-omo-ri4 ,p4 #aji4--8;,hyperakrians10 hyper-akri-ans4 8,pediaian10 ped-iai-an2 8,paralian10 par-ali-an4 ,p4 #aaj4--8,lygdamis10 lygda-mis2 8,aristogiton10 a-risto-giton2 8,harmodius10 har-modi-us4 ,p4 #aaa4--8,sigeion10 or ,sigeum1 si-geion4 ,a promontory of ,asia ,minor at the entrance to the ,hellespont4 8,lampsacene10 lampsa-ce-ne4 ,so called from ,lampsacus1 a city of ,asia ,minor on the coast of the ,hellespont4 ,p4 #aab4--8,phaleron10 pha-leron4 ,the most easterly of the harbors of ,athens4 8,cleomenes10 cle-ome-nes4 ,p4 #aaf4--8;,diences10 di-ences4 ,p4 #aah4--8;,iacchus10 i-acchus4 ,a name given to ,bacchus in the ,eleusinian ,mysteries4 ,on the sixth day of the festival occurred this procession4 8acid10 -aci-d4 ,the descendants of acus1 among whom were ,peleus1 ,achilles and ,pyrrhus4 ,p4 #aai4--8;galeos10 -gale-os4 ,p4 #abj4--8,psyttalea10 psytta-lea4 8,munychia10 mu-nychi-a4 ,artemis1 or ,diana1 had a temple on a hill called ,munychia1 in the peninsula of ,pirus4 ,p4 #abb4--8;,ecclesia10 ec-clsi-a4 ,the public legislative assembly of the ,athenians4 8,dicastery10 d-caste-ry4 ,the assembly of the jurymen3 a court of justice4 ,p4 #abe4--8,timocreon10 ti-mocre-on4 ,a lyric poet of ,rhodes4 ,p4 #abg4--8;,eion10 e-ion2 8,strymon10 strymon4 8,cyclades10 cycla-des4 ,a group of islands in the gean ,sea4 ,so called because they lay in a circle around ,delos1 the most important of them4 ,p4 #acj4--8,mounychia10 written1 also1 ,munychia4 ,one of the three harbors of the ,pirus4 8,sounion10 souni-on1 also written ,sunium4 ,the promontory at the southern extremity of ,attica4 ,p4 #acc4--8,sybota10 sybo-ta4 ,a number of small islands off the coast of ,epirus1 opposite ,corcyra4 ,p4 #ach4--8;,clazomen10 cla-zome-n4 ,a city of ,asia ,minor4 ,see map4 ,p4 #adj4--8;,andocides10 an-doci-des4 7,b4 ,c4 #dfg-cic87 ,one of the ten ,attic orators4 8,adonia10 a-doni-a4 ,an annual festival held in honor of ,adonis1 a beautiful youth loved by ,venus1 who was killed by a wound received while on the chase4 ,p4 #ada4--8,theramenes10 the-rame-nes2 8,critias10 criti-as4 ,p4 #adb4--8;,dracontides10 dra-conti-des4 ,p4 #adc4--8;,anytus10 any-tus2 8,meletus10 me-letus2 8,lycon10 lycon4 8,argimis10 argi-mis4 ,three small islands opposite ,mytilene in ,lesbos4 ,the ,athenians defeated the ,lacedmonians there in ,b4 ,c4 #djf4 ,p4 #aed4--8;,cardouchian10 car-douchi-an4 ,see map1 p4 #fd1 of ,preparatory ,greek ,course4 ,p4 #aee4--8;,cheirisophos10 chei-riso-phos2 8,taochi10 tao-chi4 ,see same map as preceding4 ,p4 #aeh4--8,orchomenians10 orchom-eni-ans4 ,inhabitants of ,orchomenus1 a city of ,arcadia4 ,p4 #afj4--8;,itonian10 i-toni-an4 ,a name of ,athene1 derived from the town of ,iton1 in ,thessaly1 where she had a temple4 ,p4 #afe4--8,polibius10 po-lb-us4 7,b4 ,c4 #bjd8-abb87 ,greek historian4 ,p4 #ahd4--8,kurdistan10 koor-dis-tn2 8,gangamela10 ganga-mela4 ,p4 #ahh4--8;,bessos10 besos4 ,the satrap of ,bachia who put ,darius to death1 in ,b4 ,c4 #ccj1 and assumed the title of king4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,in 8,,the ,,chautauquan40 ,,why ,,we ,,speak ,,english4 ,p4 #b1 c4 #b4--8;,erse10 erish4 ,a ,celtic language1 properly called the ,glic1 but by the ,scotch ,highlanders called ,erse4 8,bengali10 ben-galee4 ,the dialect spoken in ,bengal4 8,brahmans10 brhmans4 ,the priests who officiated in the ,hindoo ceremonials4 ,the devotees and worshipers sometimes received this name4 8,vedas10 vdas4 8,punctilio10 punc-tlyo4 ,exactness in forms1 conduct or ceremony4 ,p4 #c1 c4 #a4--8;,de ,chsy10 deh shaze4 7#aggc-ahcb47 ,he was an orientalist of some renown4 8,bopp40 7#agia-ahfg47 ,a ,german professor of oriental languages in the ,university of ,berlin during most of his life4 8,grimm40 7#aghe-ahfc47 ,a ,german philologist and voluminous writer4 8,joorkistan10 joor-kis-tan4 8,hindoo ,kosh40 ,also spelled ,kush1 ,koosh1 or ,kusch4 ,a range of mountains in ,central ,asia4 8,oxus10 oxus4 ,called also the ,amoo1 the ,gihon1 or ,jehoon4 ,p4 #c1 c4 #b4--8,lithuanian10 lithu-ni-an4 ,p4 #d1 c4 #b4--8,mso-,goths40 ,msia1 or ,mysia1 was a country of ,europe occupying about the same territory as do ,servia and ,bulgaria to-day4 ,it was occupied by the ,goths in the fourth century4 ,they were called ,mso or ,mso-,goths4 8,ulphilas10 or ,ulfilas1 lfi-las4 7#caj-cha47 ,the family of ,ulfilas were ,christians supposed to have been carried away by the ,goths4 ,in #cda he became the bishop of these people and soon induced a number of them to leave their warlike life to settle a colony in ,msia4 ,here he cultivated the arts of peace1 doing much to civilize the people4 ,he introduced an alphabet of twenty-four letters1 and translated all of the ,bible except the book of ,kings4 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,p4 #e1 c4 #a4--8;,cabalistic10 cba-listc4 ,anything consisting of symbols which have a hidden meaning is called cabalistic4 8,berzelius10 ber-zeel-us4 7#aggi-ahdh47 ,a ,swedish chemist4 ,p4 #e1 c4 #b4--8;,faraday10 fra-da4 7#agia-ahfg47 ,an ,english chemist and natural philosopher4 8,cracow40 ,the former capital of ,poland4 ,the 8beds0 referred to are the ,wieliczha 7we-litchka7 salt mines a few miles from the city4 8,davy10 dv4 ,sir ,humphrey4 7#aggh-ahbi47 ,an ,english chemist of whom it has been said that 8since the days of ,sir ,isaac ,newton the history of ,british science has recorded no discoveries of equal importance with those of ,sir ,humphrey ,davy40 ,p4 #f1 c4 #a4--8;,cavendish40 7#agcj-ahaj47 ,an ,english chemist and mathematician4 ,the discoverer of hydrogen1 of the composition of water1 and the founder of pneumatic chemistry4 8,priestly10 preestle1 ,joseph4 7#aghc-ahjd47 ,an ,english chemist and theologian4 8,black40 7#agbh-agii47 ,a chemist and physician of ,edinburgh4 ,his chief researches were set forth in his experiments on 8,magnesia1 ,quicklime and other ,alkaline ,substances40 ,he also originated the theory of latent heat4 8,rutherford10 rther-ford4 7#agdi-ahai47 ,a ,scottish physician and botanist4 8,eudiometer10 edi-ome-ter4 ,an instrument for measuring the amount of oxygen contained in a given bulk of elastic fluid4 8,drummond ,light40 ,so called from ,thomas ,drummond4 7#agig-ahdj47 ,a ,british naval officer1 the inventor of the light4 ,p4 #f1 c4 #b4--8;,iridium10 -rdi-m4 ,one of the metallic elements4 ,p4 #g1 c4 #a4--8;,fluorine10 flor-ne4 8,monsieur ,goffart10 mo-seer goffr4 8,silos10 slos4 ,a subterranean pit for keeping grain4 8,carbonic ,anhydride10 car-bnic an-hydride4 ,the term anhydride means that the substance to which it is applied is derived from an acid by the removal of the water4 ,that is1 in this case carbonic anhydride is carbonic acid minus the water4 ,p4 #g1 c4 #b4--8,terra-firma40 ,the ,latin for firm land4 8,manganese10 mnga-nse4 8,catalysis10 ca-tly-sis4 ,a dissolution into parts4 ,p4 #h1 c4 #b4--8,pneumatic trough10 pne-matic4 ,a trough used for experiments with gases4 ,,studies ,,in ,,kitchen ,,science ,,and ,,art4 ,p4 #h1 c4 #a4--8,solanum ,tuberosum10 s-lnum t-be-rosum4 ,a night-shade bearing tubers4 8,solanace10 sla-nce-4 ,the family of night-shades4 8,belladonna10 blla-dnna4 ,deadly night-shade4 ,the name means 8fine lady40 ,so called because formerly used as a cosmetic4 8,hyoscyamus10 hos-cia-mus4 ,henbane4 8,stramonium10 stra-mni-um4 ,commonly called ,jamestown weed1 or thorn apple4 ,p4 #h1 c4 #b4--8,protein10 prten4 8,carb-hydrates40 ,compounds of carbon and water4 ,p4 #aj1 c4 #a--8;,a la crme10 l crm4 ,with cream4 8,julienne10 zhle-en2 8,parisienne10 p-rze-n4 ,parisian4 8,a la ,franais10 l frns4 ,in the ,french fashion4 8,a la ,provenale10 l prvnsl4 ,in the provincial style4 8,a la ,barigoule10 bre-gool4 ,p4 #aj1 c4 #b4--8,maitre d'hotel10 matrd-tel4 ,literally the head master of the hotel4 8,polonaise10 plo-naz4 ,polish4 ,p4 #aa1 c4 #a4--8,pure10 pur4 ,soup4 8,potage ,parmentier10 ptg pr-monte-4 ,parmentier's soup4 ,,glimpses ,,of ,,ancient ,,greek ,,life4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #a4--8;,daphnis and ,chloe10 daphnis1 kl4 ,p4 #ac1 c4 #b4--8,tiryns10 tiryns2 8,acrocorinthus10 acro-co-rinthus4 ,,temperance ,,teachings ,,of ,,science4 ,p4 #ag1 c4 #b4--8;,condorcet10 kondorsa4 7#agdc-agid47 ,french metaphysician4 ,p4 #ah1 c4 #b4--8,rousseau10 roos4 7#afgj-agda47 ,a ,french lyric poet4 8,hasheesh10 hsheesh4 ,a gum-resin in hemp4 ,it is produced by boiling the leaves and flowers of the common hemp with a little butter4 8,absinthe10 ab-snthe4 ,made from brandy flavored with wormwood4 ,p4 #ai1 c4 #a4--8;,brisse10 brs2 8soma10 sma2 8koumiss10 koumiss4 8,aloe10 lo4 ,a genus of trees belonging to warm climates4 8,cinnabar10 cnn-bar4 ,a compound of sulphur and mercury4 8,acetate10 e-tte4 ,a compound formed of acetic acid 7the acid which we find diluted in vinegar7 and copper4 8,ashantee10 a-shantee4 ,a savage tribe on the west coast of ,africa4 8,oaxaca10 w-hk4 8,chamisso10 sh-miso4 7#agha-ahch47 ,a ,german naturalist1 poet and traveler4 ,his ,travels 7,reisen7 are among his important works4 8,dhurra10 durra4 ,indian millet or ,guinea corn1 cultivated in ,asia and southern ,europe4 8,belzoni10 bel-znee4 7#aggh8-ahbc47 ,an ,italian traveler and explorer4 8,druses40 ,a people living on ,mount ,lebanon4 ,they have a religion peculiar to themselves and of which little is known4 ,p4 #ai1 c4 #b4--8;,armida10 ar-meed4 ,armida is one of the most prominent female characters in ,tasso's 8,jerusalem ,delivered40 ,the poet tells us that when the crusaders reached the holy city1 ,satan held a council to devise some means of distracting the plans of the ,christian warriors1 and ,armida1 a very beautiful sorceress1 was employed to seduce ,rinaldo and other crusaders4 ,rinaldo was conducted by the sorceress to a remote island1 where in her splendid castle1 surrounded by delightful gardens and pleasure grounds he quite forgot his vows and the great object to which he had devoted his life4 ,p4 #bj1 c4 #a4--8;,bernard10 brnr4 7#ahac-ahgj47 8,kirschwasser10 keershws-ser4 ,cherry water4 ,made by fermenting the small black cherry4 8,diathesis10 di-the-ss4 ,the peculiar constitution of a man which predisposes him to a particular disease4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,university4 ,the ,chautauqua ,university1 7projected several years ago71 was incorporated by act of the ,legislature of the ,state of ,new ,york in the spring of #ahhc4 ,the section of the act giving its object reads as follows3 8,the leading object of said corporation shall be to promote liberal and practical education1 especially among the masses of the people2 to teach the sciences1 arts1 languages and literature2 to prepare its patrons for their several pursuits and professions in life1 and to fit them for the duties which devolve upon them as members of society2 such instruction to embrace all departments of culture which the board of trustees may deem useful and proper40 ,in further elucidation of the idea1 the ,chancellor of the ,university1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 has said3 ,the design of ,the ,chautauqua ,university is to aid the following persons in the acquisition of a liberal and practical education3 7#a7 ,worthy young people not able to go to college2 7#b7 those who1 having begun a college course1 have been compelled to abandon it by circumstances beyond their control2 7#c7 a class of more mature men and women who1 at the maximum of their mental power1 desire to make amends for the educational omissions of the earlier years4 ,the wisdom of the men who have devised this plan is apparent to any observer4 ,the proportion of those who are able to reap the advantages of a college education is small1 and of these there are two distinctly marked classes4 ,first1 are those who1 from choice and natural taste1 with means to gratify that taste1 seek a higher education1 giving to the pursuit an earnest and untiring devotion4 ,from this class come the scholars1 professors and specialists of the hour4 ,second1 are those who are put within the sphere of college training by external influences1 and who are carried to the completion of their prescribed duties only under authority4 ,outside of the small number embraced in these two classes is the vast multitude of our citizens--elderly men1 in active life1 who look backward with regret to the unimproved opportunities of early days2 middle aged men1 longing to drink at the fountain of eternal youth which sends forth its delightsome streams through the fields of knowledge2 young men1 with aspirations and throbbings of conscious power if only opportunity can be found to give their endowments play2 boys on farms1 behind counters and in shops1 who look with half concealed envy at their more fortunate play-fellows of the earlier years1 who are in school1 academy or college1 while for them1 daily toil with scanty remuneration is the price of support for daily life2 matrons sighing over life's burdens1 and mourning over the fate which has shut to them the doors of education2 young women1 whose fingers1 guided by a gifted brain1 might have wrought marvels in art if only they had been taught how2 and who long even yet to know--only to know4 ,of all such the world is full1 and they can not go to college4 ,again must 8,mahomet go to the mountain40 ,as they can not go to the university1 say the incorporators of this ,chautauqua ,university1 the university shall go to them4 ,we will make a people's university which shall cover the widest possible scheme of study4 ,we will make it eclectic1 so that each seeker for knowledge can work in lines best suited to his own endowments4 ,we will make it possible for the man who has been taken out of his college course before its completion1 to finish it to his own satisfaction1 in his own way1 and in the station where ,providence has placed him4 ,we will enter every open door with our fireside college4 ,we will make no restriction as to age or sex4 ,we will make no limitation as to the time occupied in the completion of the work which we demand4 ,we will make a ,universal ,university4 ,the ,chautauqua ,university thus outlined is as an institution unique4 ,its local habitation is an office in the city of ,plainfield1 ,new ,jersey4 ,its name is as given above4 ,new ,england mountain ranges1 the fertile hills and valleys of the ,middle ,states1 the prairies1 the caons and ranches of the broad ,west and the wide-spreading plantations of the ,south1 are its campus4 ,its dormitories are the homes of the land2 its chapel the ,church of ,christ1 in its most catholic spirit and form2 its curriculum is as wide and comprehensive as are the fields of knowledge2 its text-books are standards1 whether in the department of classics1 ancient or modern1 mathematics or science1 art1 or the humanities2 its chairs are filled by specialists1 men of ability in their respective realms2 its library is the most magnificent in the wide world1 being the aggregate of all the books of all the homes out of which our students shall come1 and all public and private libraries to which they have access4 ,its examinations will be as thorough1 rigid1 critical and impartial as the severest scholarship can wish4 ,its diploma will be awarded only after a successful passing of all the examinations prescribed1 and will be a well-earned guerdon of conscientious labor--a diploma which will be an honor to its holder1 and will command the respect of even the highest of the already established universities4 ,such is the non-resident ,chautauqua ,university2 a university complete in all its purposes1 perfect in its plan of organization1 its constituency the largest in the world1 its dome the o'erarching blue1 its center ,chautauqua1 the grandest educational outgrowth of the century4 ,the means by which advancement in the ,chautauqua ,university shall be attained is correspondence4 ,this idea1 though not entirely new1 nor confined exclusively to ,chautauqua1 is yet recent enough in its ,american adaptations1 to come as a novelty to the majority of those who will become students in this university1 and will through university channels achieve a practical realization1 which will make ,chautauqua the home of its adoption4 ,this correspondence presupposes earnest1 unflagging1 indefatigable study4 ,the class-room finds its chief work to be the testing of results--the detection of false methods of investigation2 the correction of faulty application of principles1 and the stimulation to better efforts in the light of better information4 ,the part thus assigned to the class-room can be performed with equal worth by the correspondence system1 and the only proviso for the largest success is in the regular1 systematic1 daily devotion to study of a fixed portion of time1 and such a student1 though he may never look into his teacher's face1 may become in the lines which he has chosen as successful and eminent as his more fortunate neighbor1 whose privilege it may be to sit day by day in the presence of the same teacher in his distant college class-room4 ,the means by which this correspondence and inter-communication is to be accomplished is the central office of the ,university at ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,students desiring to avail themselves of its privileges1 upon the simple stating of the fact by letter addressed to ,the ,chautauqua ,university1 will receive full details of the courses of study1 the books required1 the essential particulars of the workings of the institution1 and all information necessary to matriculation4 ,when the student has been once fully entered in the ,university course he is put into communication with one or more professors1 for the beginning of his work4 ,from that time his progress will depend solely upon the nature of his own efforts4 ,the department professor will furnish directions for study1 with instructions how to use the required books1 outline memoranda which shall be filled and returned to the professor1 and lesson papers for occasional and free interchange1 by which an exact record of progress can be obtained4 ,the office of the ,university will be in charge of a registrar1 part of whose duty shall be to keep an accurate knowledge of the advancement and proficiency of each student1 to develop the university spirit among the students1 and to bring the different departments into harmonious and concurrent relations4 ,what we have written will1 of necessity1 come under the eye of every member of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,to each of you we appeal4 ,give to this preliminary statement as wide a currency as possible4 ,representatives of the classes we have described are in every community where the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 exists4 ,bring this article to the notice of such4 ,let the ,chautauqua spirit1 to which you are debtor1 through you be communicated to those around you1 and thereby aid in the work of a broader and better culture for the nation4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,holmes1 ,registrar ,chautauqua ,university4 ,,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 ,september1 #ahhd4 ,,books ,,received4 ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 and ,hygiene3 ,a ,manual for the use of ,colleges1 ,schools1 and ,general ,readers4 ,by ,jerome ,walker1 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,lovell ,co4 #ahhd4 ,practical ,work in the ,school ,room4 ,part ,i4 ,a ,transcript of the ,object ,lessons on the ,human ,body ,given in ,primary ,department1 ,grammar ,school ,no4 #di1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,lovell ,co4 #ahhd4 ,harry's ,vacation2 or1 ,philosophy at ,home4 ,by ,william ,c4 ,richards1 ,a4 ,m4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhd4 ,essentials of ,english for ,schools1 ,colleges1 and ,private ,study4 ,by ,alfred ,h4 ,welsh1 ,a4 ,m4 ,chicago3 ,l4 ,c4 ,griggs ,co4 #ahhd4 ,stories by ,american ,authors4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhd4 ,echoes from the ,valley4 ,by ,rob ,roy ,mc,gregor ,parrish4 ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,himes1 ,printer and ,publisher4 #ahhc4 ,cookery for ,beginners4 ,a ,series of ,familiar ,lessons for ,young ,housekeepers4 ,by ,marion ,harland4 ,boston3 ,d4 ,lothrop ,co4 ,a ,golden ,inheritance4 ,by ,reese ,rockwell4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 #ahhd4 ,a ,dictionary of ,miracles4 ,imitative1 ,realistic1 and ,dogmatic4 ,by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,cobham ,brewer1 ,,ll4,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahhd4 ,which3 ,right or ,wrong8 ,by ,m4 ,l4 ,moreland4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard1 ,publishers4 #ahhc4 ,a ,mother's ,souvenir4 ,by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,w4 ,t4 ,sayers4 ,indianapolis3 ,wm4 ,b4 ,burford4 #ahhd4 ,the ,king's ,men4 ,a ,tale of ,to-morrow4 ,by ,robert ,grant1 ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly1 ,j4 ,s4 of ,dale1 and ,john ,t4 ,wheelwright4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhd4 ,college ,greek ,course in ,english4 ,by ,william ,cleaver ,wilkinson4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhd4 ,spiritual ,life2 ,its ,nature1 ,urgency1 and ,crowning ,excellence4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,potts1 ,a4 ,m4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhd4 ,christina2 or1 ,the ,persecuted ,family4 ,a ,tale of ,sorrow and ,suffering4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,dillon4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhd4 ,one ,little ,rebel4 ,by ,julia ,b4 ,smith4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhd4 ,centenary ,thoughts for the ,pew and ,pulpit of ,methodism1 in ,eighteen ,hundred and ,eighty-four4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,foster1 one of the ,bishops of the ,m4 ,e4 ,church4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhd4 ,queer ,stories for ,boys and ,girls4 ,by ,edward ,eggleston4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhd4 ,,special ,,notes4 ,all business correspondence relating to ,chautauqua or the ,hotel ,athenum should be addressed to ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 should remember that ,appleton's 8,chemistry10 published by the ,providence ,lithograph ,company is the one used in the ,required ,readings for #ahhd-he4 ,appleton's 8,young ,chemist0 can not be substituted for it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one favor is granted by ,professor ,hall1 of the department of microscopy in the ,chautauqua ,university1 to the twenty circles of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 who make early applications4 ,he will give instruction in microscopy1 and will loan twenty boxes1 six slides each1 of specimens1 the circles to procure a thirty dollar instrument1 such as he has recommended1 and to pay the postage on the slides both ways4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of the ,new ,england ,assembly have decided to erect a hall on the hill at the ,new ,england ,assembly1 ,south ,framingham1 ,mass41 corresponding to the ,hall of ,philosophy at ,chautauqua4 ,new ,england members who desire to contribute to this most worthy enterprise should send their subscriptions to ,rev4 ,webster ,woodbury1 ,foxboro1 ,mass42 ,rev4 ,william ,full1 ,south ,framingham1 ,mass42 ,rev4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a4 ,evans1 ,leominster1 ,mass42 ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,lovejoy1 ,franklin1 ,mass42 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,fullerton1 ,hopkinton1 ,mass42 ,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,white1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,rev4 ,n4 ,b4 ,fisk1 ,woburn1 ,mass4 ,send subscriptions to any member of the committee1 but send the cash to the treasurer1 ,rev4 ,n4 ,b4 ,fisk1 ,woburn1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,question4--,do undergraduate members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have to pay an extra fee for the ,white ,seal in connection with each year of the regular course8 ,answer4--,no4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson writes us to state to members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 that the whole of pages #afh1 #afi1 of 8,preparatory ,latin ,course in ,english10 condemning ,plutarch of carelessness are hereby expunged4 ,the necessary correction will be made in future editions of the book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presidents or secretaries of local circles in ,canada are particularly requested to send to ,lewis ,c4 ,peake1 drawer #beei1 ,toronto1 ,canada1 the name and location of their circle1 names of officers1 number of members1 times of meeting1 and any other matters of interest concerning the work of the circle4 ,he will be glad to furnish any quantity of circulars1 forms of application for membership1 and general information4 ,now is the time for a grand missionary effort all along the line1 and local circles and individual members must lead the way4 ,,popular ,,education4 ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,president--,lewis ,miller4 ,superintendent of ,instruction--,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,counselors--,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d42 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d4 ,office ,secretary--,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball4 ,general ,secretary--,a4 ,m4 ,martin4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle is a school at home--a school after school--a college for one's own house1 by which he may become acquainted in a general way with the school and college world1 into which so many of our young people go1 about which their parents know so little1 and the benefits of which college people themselves need to recall in their later years4 ,it is for busy people1 who left school years ago1 and who desire to pursue some systematic course of instruction4 ,it is for high school and college graduates1 for people who never entered either high school or college1 for merchants1 mechanics1 apprentices1 mothers1 busy housekeepers1 farmer boys1 shop girls1 and for people of leisure and wealth who do not know what to do with their time4 ,college graduates1 ministers1 lawyers1 physicians1 accomplished ladies1 are taking the course4 ,they find the required books entertaining and useful1 giving them a pleasant review of studies long ago laid aside4 ,several of our members are over eighty years of age4 ,very few are under eighteen4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,course requires about forty minutes' time a day for the term of four years4 ,it need not be done every day1 although this is a desirable way to carry on the work4 ,the readings are comprehensive1 clear1 simple1 and entertaining4 ,they vary1 of course1 in interest according to the taste of the reader4 ,more than sixty thousand names are enrolled in this so-called 8,people's ,university40 ,although not a ,university at all1 it has put educational influence1 atmosphere and ambition into the homes of the people1 which will lead many thousands of youth to seek the education which colleges and universities supply4 ,it is an easy thing to join the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,no preliminary examination is required2 indeed1 no examination is required at any time4 ,members are expected to fill out certain simple memoranda year after year1 and forward them to the central office of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 at ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,but this is no task at all4 ,a careful reading of the books is all that is necessary in order to graduate4 ,the following is the distribution of the subjects and books of the regular course through the year3 ,october4 ,brief ,history of ,greece4 7,barnes47 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english4 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,no4 #e4 ,greek ,history4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek ,life40 8,greek ,mythology40 8,the ,temperance ,teachings of ,science40 8,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,our ,alma ,mater--8,lessons in ,every-,day ,speech40 ,november4 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english4 7,continued47 ,art of ,speech4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek ,life40 8,greek ,mythology40 8,the ,temperance ,teachings of ,science40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,december4 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english4 7,concluded47 ,cyrus and ,alexander4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek ,life40 8,greek ,mythology40 8,the ,temperance ,teachings of ,science40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,our ,alma ,mater--8,lessons in ,every-,day ,speech40 ,january4 ,college ,greek ,course in ,english4 ,the ,character of ,jesus4 7,bushnell47 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,glimpses of ,ancient ,greek ,life40 8,greek ,mythology40 8,the ,temperance ,teachings of ,science40 8,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,february4 ,college ,greek ,course in ,english4 ,beginner's ,hand-,book of ,chemistry4 ,how to ,help the ,poor4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,the ,circle of the ,sciences40 8,huxley on ,science40 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,our ,alma ,mater--8,lessons in ,household ,decoration40 ,march4 ,college ,greek ,course in ,english4 7,concluded47 ,beginner's ,hand-,book of ,chemistry4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,the ,circle of the ,sciences40 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry40 8,talks ,about ,good ,english40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,april4 ,hurst's ,history of the ,reformation4 ,beginner's ,hand-,book of ,chemistry4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,the ,circle of the ,sciences40 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry40 8,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology40 8,talks about ,good ,english40 8,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,our ,alma ,mater--8,lessons in ,self-,discipline40 ,may4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology40 8,talks ,about ,good ,english40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,june4 ,in ,,the ,,chautauquan3 8,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology40 8,talks ,about ,good ,english40 8,sunday ,readings40 ,review ,full ,year's ,course4 ,,initiation ,,fee4 ,to defray the expenses of correspondence1 memoranda1 etc41 an annual fee of fifty cents is required4 ,this amount should be forwarded to ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 by ,new ,york or ,philadelphia draft1 ,postoffice order1 or ,postal note on ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,do not send postage-stamps if you can possibly avoid it4 ,n4 ,b4--,in sending your fee1 be sure to state to which class you belong1 whether #ahhe1 #ahhf1 #ahhg1 or #ahhh4 ,,application ,,for ,,membership4 ,persons desiring to unite with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 should forward answers to the following questions to ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the class graduating in #ahhh should begin the study of the lessons required ,october1 #ahhd4 ,they may begin as late as ,january #a1 #ahhe4 #a4 ,give your name in full4 #b4 ,your post-office address1 with county and ,state4 #c4 ,are you married or single8 #d4 ,what is your age8 ,are you between twenty and thirty1 or thirty and forty1 or forty and fifty1 or fifty and sixty1 etc48 #e4 ,if married1 how many children living under the age of sixteen years8,e #f4 ,what is your occupation8 #g4 ,with what religious denomination are you connected8 ,,attendance ,,at ,,chautauqua4 ,persons should be present to enjoy the annual meetings at ,chautauqua1 but attendance there is not necessary to graduation in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,persons who have never visited ,chautauqua may enjoy the advantages1 diploma1 and honors of the 8,circle40 ,the ,daily ,assembly ,herald is published on the grounds during the ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,send #a for the ,daily ,herald to ,t4 ,l4 ,,flood1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,e ,we ask this question to ascertain the possible future intellectual and moral influence of this 8,circle0 on your homes4 ,,for #ahhd-ahhe4 ,the ,chautauqua ,periodicals4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,vol4 ,v4 #ahhd-ahhe4 ,the fifth volume of ,,the ,,chautauquan begins with the present issue4 ,the magazine has a new and improved make-up4 ,a corps of the ablest writers in the country supply its columns4 ,one-half of the ,required ,readings of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are published in its pages4 ,the ,special ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,departments will be more full and entertaining than ever4 ,among its contributors are3 ,richard ,grant ,white1 ,dr4 ,felix ,l4 ,oswald1 ,bishop ,hurst1 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 ,miss ,susan ,hayes ,ward1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing1 ,mr4 ,byron ,d4 ,halsted1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,h4 ,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,miss ,ida ,m4 ,tarbell1 ,a4,m41 ,miss ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,clark1 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,,ll4,d41 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d41 ,mrs4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hall1 ,d4,d41 ,prof4 ,g4 ,browne ,goode1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,edwards1 ,d4,d41 ,prof4 ,w4 ,g4 ,williams1 ,a4,m4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald1 ,,for #ahhd1 ,,now ,,ready4 ,complete sets of the eleventh volume of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald are now ready4 ,this paper1 published in nineteen numbers1 in ,august of this year1 on the grounds at the great ,chautauqua ,assembly1 offers a unique and invaluable collection of lectures not to be found elsewhere in print4 ,the present volume contains about eighty lectures1 selected from the ,chautauqua program for #ahhd4 ,,an ,,invaluable ,,course ,,of ,,lectures1 ,delivered by ,principal ,a4 ,m4 ,,fairbairn1 of ,england1 on ,philosophy1 also appears in this volume of ,,the ,,assembly ,,herald1 on the following subjects3 8,locke and ,berkeley10 8,hume10 8,the ,mills10 8,positivism10 8,herbert ,spencer10 8,science and the ,problem of ,thought40 ,this series of lectures is alone worth the price of the volume4 ,,the ,,youth',s ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,something ,new for the ,young ,people4 ,a ,children's ,daily ,paper1 ,published on the ,grounds at ,chautauqua in ,august4 ,,the ,,youth',s ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is a fresh and entertaining sheet1 published in the interests of the ,chautauqua ,boys and ,girls4 ,volume ,i4 contains twelve numbers4 ,it is printed on heavy paper1 and beautifully illustrated from designs by our ,special ,artist4 ,its pages are enriched by contributions from ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,,pansy1 ,,miss ,,minnie ,,barney1 ,,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,,vincent1 ,,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,,starkweather1 ,,prof4 ,,lummis1 ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,,beard1 ,,wallace ,,bruce1 ,,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,,bemus4 ,the set gives a ,picture of the ,children's ,world at ,chautauqua4 ,complete sets of ,vol4 ,i4 now ready4 ,it makes an invaluable and beautiful gift for the children in the ,primary ,department of the ,sunday-school4 ,,subscription ,,price3 ,,the ,,chautauquan #a4ej ,,the ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald #a4jj ,,the ,,youth',s ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 4#ej ,,in ,,clubs ,,of ,,five ,,or ,,more3 ,,the ,,chautauquan1 each #a4ce ,,the ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald1 each 4#ij ,,the ,,youth',s ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 each 4#dj ,,combination ,,offer3 ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald1 #b4be ,,the ,,chautauquan1 ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald1 #b4gj ,,the ,,chautauquan1 ,,the ,,youth',s ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,address1 ,,dr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,,flood1 ,,meadville1 ,,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #h1 author's name changed from 8,,halstead0 to 8,,halsted0 ,page #i1 8cions0 changed to 8scions0 7the selection of scions1 with which7 ,page #i1 8decends0 changed to 8descends0 7and afterward descends to the tubers7 ,page #aj1 8pototoes0 changed to 8potatoes0 7,parisienne potatoes7 ,page #ab1 repeated word 8that0 removed 7in that the voice of his heavenly ,father7 ,page #ae1 8repesented0 changed to 8represented0 7are indeed represented in this very way7 ,page #ae1 8analagous0 changed to 8analogous0 7analogous to allegories1 fables and parables7 ,page #af1 8,semetic0 changed to 8,semitic0 7the ,aryan and ,semitic tongues7 ,page #ag1 8affordng0 changed to 8affording0 7affording evidence of the little nature taught them7 ,page #ai1 8favorate0 changed to 8favorite0 7renouncing their favorite beverage7 ,page #be1 8gentlemen0 changed to 8gentleman0 7,a gentleman told me7 ,page #db1 8,hawaian0 changed to 8,hawaiian0 7a recent trip to the ,hawaiian ,islands7 ,page #dc1 8beach0 changed to 8beech0 7maple1 beech and elm forest7 ,page #ed1 8anthing0 changed to 8anything0 7it may never earn anything at all7