,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,july1 #ahib ,no4 #a4 ,,! ,,kansas ,,univ]sity ,,qu>t]ly ,,committee ,,( ,,publication ,e4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,bailey ,f4 ,w4 ,,blackm> ,w4 ,h4 ,,c>ru? ,c4 ,g4 ,,dunlap ,e4 ,,mill] ,s4 ,w4 ,,willi/on ,v4 ,l4 ,,kellogg1 ,manag+ ,editor ,,cont5ts ,,kansas ,,pt]odactyls1 ,,"p ,i4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on ,,kansas ,,mosasaurs1 ,,"p ,i4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on & ,e4 ,c4 ,case ,,notes ,,& ,,descriptions ,,( ,,syrphidae1 ,w4 ,a4 ,sn[ ,,notes ,,on ,,melit]a ,,d5tata ,,grote1 ,v4 ,l4 ,kellogg ,,dipt]a ,,brasiliana1 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,lawr5ce1 ,,kansas ,price ( ?is numb]1 #ej c5ts ,ent]$ at ! ,po/-(fice 9 ,lawr5ce z ,second-class matt] ,,j\rnal ,,publi%+ ,,h\se1 ,,lawr5ce1 ,,kansas4 #ahib4 ,,kansas ,,pt]odactyls4 ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,willi/on4 ,,"p ,i1 ,,) ,,plate ,i4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican species ( ! s+ul> gr\p ( ext9ct ,mesozoic reptiles v>i\sly "k z ,orni?osaurs1 ,pt]osaurs or ,pt]odactyls 0 describ$ by ,m>% f a fragm5t>y specim5 obta9$ 9 #ahgj1 by ! ,yale ,college ,exp$ition 9 ,wallace ,c\nty1 ,kansas4 ,ab\t a doz5 o!r specim5s 7 obta9$ by a simil> exp$ition ! foll[+ ye> 9 *>ge ( ,pr(essor ,m>%1 or by ,pr(essor ,cope1 & 7 describ$ by ^! au?ors %ortly aft]w>d4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( kn[n specim5s1 h[ev]1 o!r ?an ^? 9 ! ,kansas ,univ]sity ,museum1 7 obta9$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahgd1 '#ge1 '#gf & '#gg by p>ties ( :i* ,pr(essor ,mudge1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,br\s1 ,e4 ,w4 ,guild1 ,george ,coop] & myself 7 ! memb]s1 & x 0 f ^! specim5s t mo/ ( ! publi%$ *>act]s 7 d]iv$4 ,_m ( ^! specim5s are necess>ily fragm5t>y ones1 /ill ! mat]ial n[ 9 ! ,yale ,college ,museum is ample to elucidate ev]y?+ ( int]e/ conc]n+ ^! animals4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 ! ,museum ( ,kansas ,univ]sity has be5 enri*$ by a s]ies ( excell5t specim5s ( ^! animals1 obta9$ f ! same regions1 specim5s t p]mit ! solution ( mo/ ( ! d\btful *>act]s & ?r[ n a little light on ! aff9ities ( ! ,kansas =ms4 ,! species hi!rto nam$ are z foll[s3 ,,pt]anodon4 ,pt]anodon ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahgf2 & xii1 p4 #dgi1 ,dec4 #ahgf2 xxiii1 p4 #bec1 ,april1 #ahhb2 xxvii1 p4 #dbc1 ,may1 #ahha2 ,willi/on1 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 xxv1 p4 #aagd1 ,dec4 #ahia ,pt]anodon occid5talis4 ,pt]odactylus ,ow5i ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 i1 p4 #dgb1 ,june #ahga1 ,sep4 p4 #af 7nom4 preoc74 ,pt]odactylus occid5talis ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 iii1 p4 #bdb1 ,april #ahgb1 ,sep4 p4 #a2 ,cope1 ,cretac4 ,v]t4 p4 #fh1 pl4 vii1 ff4 #e1 #f4 ,orni?o*eirus h>pyia ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahgb1 p4 #dga 7,cope74 ,?is species 0 orig9ally bas$ ^u ! di/al end ( two w+-metac>pals1 & tee?4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 a full] description 0 giv5 ( additional rema9s ref]r$ to ! same species & r5am$ ,p4 occid5talis4 ,pt]anodon +5s4 ,pt]odactylus +5s ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn ,sci4 iii1 p4 #bdf1 ,april #ahgb1 ,sep4 p4 #f4 ,pt]anodon +5s ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahgf4 ,?is species is bas$ ^u v>i\s bones ( ! w+-f+] ( sev]al individuals1 & ?ree tee?4 ,pt]anodon umbrosus4 ,orni?o*eirus umbrosus ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahgb1 p4 #dga4 ,pt]odactylus umbrosus ,cope1 ,cret4 ,v]t4 p4 #fe1 pl4 vii1 ff4 #a-d4 ,m>% 7,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xii1 p4 #dhj1 ,dec4 #ahgf7 says ?is "n is a synonym ( ,p4 +5s1 publi%$ two days e>li]4 ,z ?is synonymy is n c]ta91 & z ,cope's species has be5 figur$1 ,i am n ready to accept 8 views4 ,pt]anodon velox4 ,pt]odactylus velox ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 iii1 p4 #bdg1 ,april #ahgb1 ,sep4 p4 #h4 ,bas$ ^u ! di/al end ( ! "r metac>pal ( ! w+-f+]1 & ! proximal extremity ( ! adjo9+ fir/ phalanx1 two un*>act]i/ic p>ts ( ! skeleton1 ,m>% to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! direct comp>ison ( ! types w suffice to det]m9e ! species ) c]ta9ty4 8,bo? ( ! bones are some:at di/ort$ by pressure40 ,pt]anodon longiceps4 ,pt]anodon longiceps ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahge2 xxvii1 p4 #dbd1 pl4 xv1 ,may #ahhd4 ,bas$ ^u a some:at defective skull1 )\t o!r bones4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] t ! species is di/9ct f ! prec$+4 ,pt]anodon comptus4 ,pt]anodon comptus ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #eji1 ,june #ahgf4 ,bas$ ^u w+-bones ( ?ree individuals4 ,! description is meagre4 ,pt]anodon nanus4 ,pt]anodon nanus ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #cdc1 ,april #ahha4 ,bas$ ^u v>i\s rema9s ( "o individual2 ! hum]us1 alone1 is recognizably describ$4 ,,nyctodactylus4 ,nyctosaurus ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xii1 p4 #dhj1 ,dec4 #ahgf4 7nom5 preoc4#a74 ,nyctodactylus ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #cdc1 ,april #ahha3 ibid4 xxvii1 p4 #dbc1 ,may #ahhd4 #a ,?is preoccupation re/s1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ^u ,m>%'s /atem5t4 ,i c f9d no evid5ce ( ! "n hav+ be5 previ\sly us$4 ,nyctodactylus gracilis4 ,pt]anodon gracilis ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahgf4 ,nyctosaurus gracilis ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xii1 p4 #dhj1 ,dec4 #ahgf4 ,nyctodactylus gracilis ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #cdc1 ,april #ahha4 ,,pt]anodon4 ,skull4 ,fragm5t>y portions ( ! skull ( ,pt]anodon are n at all r>e 9 ! ,kansas *alk2 b x is exce$+ly seldom t a complete1 or ev5 approximately complete specim5 is f\nd4 ,_! great l5g? & sl5d]ness1 toge!r ) ! ext5sive pneumaticity ( ! bones1 r5d] _! pres]vation1 z a :ole1 a ?+ ( great r>ity4 ,probably ! mo/ ne>ly p]fect "o yet kn[n is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,kansas ,univ]sity4 ,x 0 discov]$ ! pa/ summ] by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case1 a memb] ( ! ,univ]sity ,geological ,exp$ition4 ,! specim5 0 c>efully clean$ on its upp] surface1 z x lay 9 ! *alk1 & !n imb$d$ 9 pla/] be=e removal4 ,! surface n[ expos$ 0 ! "u "o1 :i* surface is1 almo/ inv>iably1 bett] pres]v$ & less di/ort$ ?an ! upp] "o 9 ^! animals4 ,a figure ( ?is specim5 is giv5 9 ,plate ,i4 ,! only portion re/or$ is t indicat$ by ! l9e 9 ! l[] jaw2 x is possible t ?is "p ( ! symphysis may n be exactly z x is drawn4 ,o!r1 incomplete1 specim5s 9 ! ,museum confirm ! outl9es1 except 9 ! occipital cre/1 :i* is n pres5t4 ,z /at$ by me 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/ 7l4 c471 ! type specim5 ( ,pt]anodon1 also collect$ by myself1 0 incomplete1 & ! figures ( x1 z giv5 by ,m>%1 are faulty4 ,! elem5ts ( ! skull are all s firmly unit$ t !y c n be di/+ui%$4 ,!re are no indications :atev] ( a horny %ea? enclos+ ! jaw1 & x is improbable t ! cov]+ ( ^! p>ts 0 ess5tially diff]5t f t 9 ! sl5d] jaw$ ,pt]odactylidae4 ,9 texture1 ! maxill>ies are f9e-gra9$1 & :olly )\t ! vascul> =am9a f\nd 9 ! correspond+ bones ( birds4 ,! bones are compos$ ( two ?9 & firm plates1 sep>at$ by cavities :i* are b\nd$ by irregul> walls ( bony tissue4 ,9 ! compression f :i* all ! ,pt]odactyl bones h suff]$ m or less1 ! great] resi/ance ( ^! walls has caus$ irregul>ities ^u bo? ! out] & ! inn] surfaces4 ,at ! bord]s ( ! bones1 :]e ! ?ickness has be5 great]1 ! r\gh5+ is n obs]v$4 ,se5 f above1 ! skull is n>r[1 z /at$ by ,m>%2 b1 contr>y to 8 /atem5t1 !re is n a %>p ridge ext5d+ along ! upp] bord]4 ,?is bord] is obtuse & r\nd$1 & 9 ! frontal region1 flatt5$4 ,! sagittal cre/ is l>ge1 b n ne>ly s l>ge z x is figur$ by ,m>%1 ! re/or$ outl9e ( ^: figure is und\bt$ly wrong4 ,! texture ( ! bone =m+ ! cre/ is mat]ially diff]5t f t ( ! rema9+ bones ( ! skull4 ,! bone is m r\gh5$1 & less firm4 ,!re is a well-develop$ r+ ( scl]otic ossifications4 ,9 ! specim5 figur$1 ! sep>ate plates measure f six to eight millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 n imbricat$1 z 9 ! ,py?onomorpha1 b h a simil> d5se texture4 ,!re is a sup]ior temporal ar*1 bridg+ ov] a small op5+ lead+ d[nw>d to ! inf]ior temporal fossa4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts w give ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ?is specim54 ,l5g? f tip ( premaxill>y to occipital condyle #fhj millim4 ,extreme l5g? ( skull #ghj ,ext5t ( cre/ beyond orbit #ade ,greate/ diamet] ( orbit #fe ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( nasal op5+ #ace ,l5g? ( quadrate #abj ,wid? ( l[] jaw at articulation #bb ,pubis4 ,9 a previ\s pap] on ! anatomy ( ,pt]anodon1#b ,i /at$ t ,i _h nev] se5 ! s-call$ 8prepubic bones40 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 an excell5t specim5 ( !m has be5 discov]$ among our mat]ial4 ,! specim5 ( :i* !y are a "p consi/s ( ! l>g] portion ( ! skeleton1 & is p]haps conspecific ) ! "o to :i* ! describ$ pelvis belongs4 ,! figure giv5 h]e) w convey a good idea ( _! %ape4 ,! bones ( ! two sides are firmly co-ossifi$1 & h be5 press$ ne>ly flat2 ! figure repres5ts !m z !y are spread out 9 "o plane4 ,! bone is v ?9 ?r\gh\t1 ) a slight ?ick5+ at ! is*ial 7a7 atta*m5t only4 ,ly+ contigu\s ) ! ant]ior projection1 is a sl5d] v5tral rib 7b74 ,x is possible t ! curvature ( ?is bone may be inw>d1 r ?an outw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 #b ,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,dec4 #ahia1 p4 #aabd4 ,9 ?is article ! description ( ! foot-phalanges %\ld read3 8,all are sl5d]1 except ! second "o 9 ! ?ird toe1 & ! second & ?ird 9 ! f\r? toe1 :]e !y are sc>cely long] ?an wide40 ,?is peculi> /ructure ( ! pubis 7,i believe x repres5ts ! pubis1 & n ! prepubis71 seems to be q simil> to t :i* obta9s 9 ! g5us ,rhamphorhyn*us1 &1 p]haps also1 9 ,pt]odactylus suevicus 7,cycnorhamphus ,seeley71 & v diff]5t f t f\nd 9 o!r species ( ,pt]odactylus4 ,! pr9cipal measurem5ts ( ! above describ$ specim5 are z foll[s3 ,ant]o-po/]ior expansion #dj millim4 ,l5g? ( symphysis #ad ,expanse ( ! unit$ bones1 z flatt5$ #ij ,wid? ( is*ial process #aa ,,nyctodactylus4 ,! type species ( ?is g5us 0 describ$ z foll[s by its au?or 7loc4 cit4 supra73 8,"o ( ! smalle/ ,am]ican species yet f\nd is repres5t$ 9 ! ,yale ,museum by sev]al bones ( ! w+1 a numb] ( v]tebrae & ! ne>ly complete pelvis4 ,! w+-bones pres]v$ are elongat$ & v sl5d]4 ,! pelvis is unusually small1 & !re are five v]tebrae 9 ! sacrum4 ,! la/ ( ! s]ies indicates t ! tail 0 %ort4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal measurem5ts ( ?is specim53 ,l5g? ( ulna #ahg millim4 ,l5g? ( metac>pal ( w+-f+] #cjj ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( out] condyle at di/al end #ae ,transv]se diamet] ( %aft1 above condyles #ac ,l5g? ( fir/ phalanx ( w+-f+] #cdg ,ext5t ( five v]tebrae ( sacrum #eg ,?is species1 :i* may be call$ ,pt]anodon gracilis1 0 ab\t two-?irds ! size ( ,p4 velox ,m>%4 ,x probably measur$ ab\t t5 feet betwe5 ! tips ( ! exp&$ w+s40 ,9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! same volume ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 he describ$ ! g5us z foll[s3 8,a second g5us ( ,am]ican ,pt]odactyls is repres5t$ 9 ! ,yale ,museum by sev]al well pres]v$ specim5s4 ,?is g5us is ne>ly relat$ to ,pt]anodon1 b may be readily di/+ui%$ f x by ! scapul> ar*1 9 :i* ! coracoid is n co-ossifi$ ) ! scapula4 ,! latt] bone1 moreov]1 has no articulation at its di/al end1 :i* is comp>atively ?9 & exp&$4 ,! type ( ?is species is ,pt]anodon gracilis ,m>%1 :i* may n[ be call$ ,nyctosaurus gracilis4 ,x 0 a ,pt]odactyl ( m$ium size1 measur+ ab\t eight to t5 feet betwe5 ! tips ( ! exp&$ w+s40 ,! specific description ( ?is species re/s solely ^u ! measurem5ts2 ! o!r *>act]s giv5 are n only vague1 b are also common to all ! kn[n species4 ,! g5]ic description1 z x is se51 is bas$ ^u ! /ructure ( ! coraco-scapula4 ,x w also be obs]v$ t ! *>act]s are n drawn f ! type specim51 z t did n include ?is "p ( ! skeleton1 accord+ to ! au?or's /atem5t4 ,( ^! two *>act]s1 ! non-ossification ( ! coracoid & scapula is a some:at d\btful "o1 z ! same "* may or may n occur 9 alli$ species1 z1 = example1 9 ! species ( ,rhamphorhyncus 7,r4 ,mu5/]i ,goldf47 describ$ by ! au?or himself4 ,s incomplete & unsatisfactory are ! *>act]s ?us giv5 t ,zittel1 9 8 ,h&bu*1 dismisses ! g5us ) ! brief rem>k1 8no* unbes*rieb540 ,nev]!less1 f ! peculi> =m ( ! scapula1 & f my recollection ( ! specim5s ^u :i* ! g5us 0 bas$1 ,i believe ,i h det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty an excell5t specim5 9 ! ,sn[ ,museum ( ,kansas ,univ]sity z a memb] ( x1 & "h give a suffici5tly complete description to place ! g5us on a m secure f\ndation4 ,?is specim5 0 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,slosson1 ( ,wyom+ ,univ]sity1 :ile a memb] ( my p>ty 9 we/]n ,kansas ! pa/ season4 ,x 0 p>tly expos$ ^u a g5tly slop+ surface ( firm yell[ *alk on ! ,smoky ,hill riv]1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,monum5t ,rocks4 ,orig9ally1 ! ne>ly complete skeleton mu/ h be5 pres]v$1 b a numb] ( ! bones _h be5 ei!r :olly or p>tially wa%$ away1 9 "s cases leav+ _! impr9t 9 ! *alk4 ,! bones uncov]$1 & n[ ly+ ^u ! *alk slab ne>ly 9 _! natural relations1 are a hum]us1 bo? radii & ulnae1 a pt]oid1 ! two c>pals ( "o wri/1 bo? w+ metac>pals1 a fir/ & a la/ w+ phalanx1 bo? coraco-scapulae1 ! po/]ior "p ( ! l[] jaws1 ilium1 femur1 /]num1 num]\s ribs & v]tebrae4 ,! two coraco-scapulae lie ) _! scapul> ends ne>ly t\*+1 & _! coracoid ends sep>at$ by a space equival5t to ! wid? ( ! /]nal articulation4 ,! two elem5ts appe> to h be5 imp]fectly unit$ & 7 probably n co-ossifi$4 ,! inf]ior bord] ( ! coracoid1 ne> ! hum]al articulation1 has a great] expansion ?an is f\nd 9 ,pt]anodon2 its %aft is m r\nd$ & less rugose1 lack+ especially ! /rong muscul> m>k+s ^u ! ext]nal surface4 ,! articul> surface does n appe> to diff] mat]ially f t 9 ,pt]anodon4 ,! scapula is ( ne>ly ! same l5g? z ! coracoid1 b is mu* less /\t4 ,x is a ?91 spatulate bone1 slightly exp&$ at ! di/al extremity1 :]e ! m>g9 is r\nd$1 & )\t ! *>act]i/ic oblique articul> facet4 ,x has no supra-gl5oid expansion or process on ! po/]ior proximal bord]1 b has its m>g9 ne>ly /raight or g5tly concave f ! articulation to its extremity4 ,! space includ$ betwe5 ! bones ( ! two sides z !y lie is a ne>ly regul>1 oval "o1 measur+ n9ety-five millimet]s 9 its great]1 =ty-five 9 its less] diamet]4 ,! /]num lies at a little di/ance f ! coraco-scapulae4 ,x is an extremely ?9 bone1 ) a /\t ant]ior1 /yli=m projection1 at ! base ( :i*1 on ei!r side1 look+ upw>d & outw>d1 is ! articul>1 tro*lea-l surface = ! /]nal end ( ! coracoid4 ,! wid? betwe5 ^! articul> surfaces measures fifte5 millimet]s2 ! l5g? ( ! process 9 front ( ! articulations is tw5ty-five millimet]s4 ,imm$iately po/]ior to ! articul> surfaces1 ! bone exp&s ne>ly at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis to a wid? ( ab\t sixty millimet]s4 ,! ?9 lat]al m>g9s are ne>ly p>allel ) ! longitud9al axis1 & %[ ?ree %all[ em>g9ations betwe5 ! f\r co/al articul> projections4 ,! h9d angles are ne>ly rectangul>4 ,! bone1 z pres]v$1 is only %all[ly concave1 & %[s no true keel1 ?\gh a m pron\nc$ m$ian convexity t[>ds ! front d\btless subs]v$ ! function ( a c>9a 9 "p4 ,! left hum]us lies 9 position1 & is especially *>act]iz$ by its enorm\s deltoid cre/ 7radial cre/ ( ,m>%71 ?\gh o!rwise sl5d]4 ,?is cre/ is fur!r remov$ f ! head ( ! bone ?an is ! case 9 species ( ,pt]anodon4 ,x is direct$ some:at d[nw>d1 & has its di/al1 g5tly convex1 bord] ab\t tw5ty-five millimet]s 9 ext5t1 :ile ! wid? ( ! process midway betwe5 ! extremity & ! base measures b sixte5 millimet]s4 ,! bicipital cre/ is also prom95t4 ,! bone is relatively %ort] ?an 9 ,pt]anodon4 ,! hum]us1 z w be se5 f ! above description1 & f ! measurem5ts giv5 bel[1 is rem>kably l ! same bone 9 ,pt]anodon nanus1 z describ$ by ,m>% 7l4 c4 supra71 & b a little l>g]4 ,9 ,p4 nanus1 h[ev]1 ! coracoid & scapula are said to be firmly co-ossifi$1 & ! scapula has ( c\rse a diff]5t /ructure4 ,! skull has be51 un=tunately1 almo/ :olly wa%$ away1 a fragm5t ( ! cranial wall & ! po/]ior "p ( ! l[] jaws alone rema9+4 ,x is impossible1 h5ce1 to say mu* conc]n+ ?is "p ( ! anatomy4 ,! l[] jaws %[ a diff]5t /ructure f t 9 ,pt]anodon4 ,z !y lie 9 _! natural position1 ! wid? at ! condyles is ab\t tw5ty-f\r millimet]s4 ,! angul> is less produc$ po/]ior to ! articulation ?an 9 ,pt]anodon1 indicat+ a less elongat$ & less p[]ful m&ibul> portion1 an indication fur!r borne out by ! sl5d]ness ( ! rami4 ,! impression 9 ! *alk %[s ! symphysis to beg9 n9ety millimet]s f ! articulation4 ,! wid? at ?is place c\ld n h exce$$ sixte5 millimet]s2 & ! entire l5g? ( ! l[] jaws c\ld h>dly h be5 m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five millimet]s4 ,9 ! p>ts pres]v$1 measur+ sev5ty-five millimet]s1 !re are no indications ( tee?2 yet x is n impossible t !re may h be5 tee? 9 ! ant]ior portion ( ! d5t>y1 z 9 "s species ( ,pt]odactylus4 ,i h>dly ?9k x probable1 h[ev]4 ,!re are sev5 c]vical v]tebrae pres]v$1 app>5tly ! full complem5t1 z 9 ,pt]anodon & o!r memb]s ( ! ord]4 ,!y diff] 9 no especial respect f ! correspond+ v]tebrae ( ,pt]anodon1 &1 app>5tly1 ( ,pt]odactylus4 ,! imp]fectly an*ylos$1 possibly free1 atlas %[s ?ree pieces1 ! odontoid process & ! two sl5d] lat]al pieces4 ,! lat]al pieces are entirely free1 ) a ?ick5$ base & a sl5d]1 curv$ upp] portion4 ,! odontoid is g5tly concave 9 front1 & seems to be imp]fectly ossifi$ ) ! axis2 x occupies ! l[] "p ( ! articulation1 correspond+ to ! hypapophysis ( ! ,py?onomorpha4 ,! axis is ! %orte/ ( ! rema9+ v]tebrae1 & has a well develop$ sp9e4 ,! c5trum is /rongly convex beh9d1 z are ! rema9+ c5tra ( ! s]ies4 ,! foll[+ five v]tebrae decrease gradually 9 l5g?4 ,! ant]ior ones h only a ?9 ridge or plate = ! neural sp9e2 ! sev5?1 h[ev]1 has a neurapophysis ( "s l5g?4 ,!y are all1 z is usually ! case1 some:at di/ort$ f pressure4 ,! "u side is flatt5$1 app>5tly g5tly concave longitud9ally1 & ) a lat]al ridge t]m9at+ 9 an obtuse hypapophysis at ea* inf]ior h9d angle4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! ,pt]osauria1 ,zittel says conc]n+ ! v]tebrae3 8zwis*5 ob]5 ,bog5 und ,c5trum i/ ke9e ,sutur zu bem]k540 ,h&bu*1 iii1 p4 #ggf4 ,9 ?is he is 9 error1 s f> z ! ,am]ican =ms are conc]n$4 ,x is usually ! case 9 ! ,kansas specim5s ( bo? g5]a t ! neural ar* ( ! po/-c]vical v]tebrae is :olly or 9 "p deta*$ f ! c5trum1 %[+ a sutural1 & n an*ylos$ union 9 life4 ,! c5tra ( twelve v]tebrae are pres]v$1 9 ! pres5t specim51 f ! region back ( ! neck2 9 only five ( !m are ! neural ar*es 9 any way atta*$4 ,?ree ( ^! are evid5tly ant]ior ?oracic1 judg+ f _! /ructure & ! position 9 :i* !y lie4 ,! %orte/ ( !m1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a v l>ge rib1 & :i* 0 ly+ 9 front ( ! scapulae1 may repres5t ! fir/ ?oracic v]tebra 7a74 ,its c5trum is fully z wide z long1 is flat on ! "u surface1 & has a l>ge1 /\t1 horizontal p>apophysis ne> ! ant]ior end4 ,j above ?is process = ! atta*m5t ( ! head ( ! rib1 & sep>at$ by a deep not*1 is a mu* m elongat$1 horizontal diapophysis = ! tub]culum4 ,! cup ( ! c5trum is %all[ly concave2 ! transv]se1 %all[ly ,u-%ap$ ball is only a little convex4 ,two o!r v]tebrae 7b71 f\nd close by ! "o j describ$1 & possibly "o or ! o!r contigu\s ) x1 diff] rem>kably 9 hav+ no1 or a rudim5t>y1 p>apophysial process1 & 9 hav+ ! diapophyses mu* %ort]4 ,x is n impossible t a slight expansion at ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! ball may repres5t small p>apophyses4 ,9 ,pt]anodon !re are at lea/ f\r v]tebrae ) dia- & p>apophyses4 ,9 ! o!r v]tebrae f ?is region ! diapophyses are yet %ort] & ! neural sp9e /\t] & broad]4 ,! o!r c5tra pres]v$ are all %ap$ some:at l ! half ( a cyl9d]1 & are a little long] ?an broad4 ,!y h no di/9ct cup or ball4 ,9 two ( !m !re is a v long1 recurv$ p>apophysial process1 z ?\gh =m$ by an an*ylos$ rib1 on ea* side2 !y are probably lumb> v]tebrae4 ,mo/ ( ! ribs are v sl5d]2 a few are mod]ately ?ick5$2 "o only is v /\t2 its measurem5ts are giv5 bel[4 ,l5g? ( lat]al pieces ( ! atlas #g millim4 ,diamet] ( lat]al pieces at ! base #c ,wid? ( odontoid #d ,height ( odontoid #c ,l5g? ( axis #h ,height ( axis #ae ,l5g? ( ?ird c]vical v]tebra #ba ,l5g? ( f\r? c]vical v]tebra #bj ,l5g? ( fif? c]vical v]tebra #ai ,l5g? ( six? c]vical v]tebra #ah ,l5g? ( sev5? c]vical v]tebra #ag ,height ( sev5? c]vical 7ab\t7 #ae ,l5g? ( c5trum1 ant]ior ?oracic v]tebra 7a7 #f ,wid? ( ball 7a7 #h ,expanse ( p>apophyses 7a7 #ad ,expanse ( diapophyses 7a7 #bf ,wid? ( neural canal 7a7 #c ,l5g? ( c5trum1 ant]ior ?oracic v]tebra 7b7 #h ,wid? ( ball 7b7 #aj ,expanse ( diapophyses 7b7 #ag ,height ( neural sp9e 7b7 #bj ,wid? ( neural sp9e 7b7 #e ,l5g? ( rib 7c7 #de ,wid? ( %aft 7c7 #e ,di/ance f c5t] ( capitulum to c5t] ( tub]cle 7c7 #aj ,l5g? ( coracoid #ej ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet]1 /]nal extremity #i ,l5g? ( scapula #de ,wid? ( scapula at di/al end #ae ,l5g? ( hum]us #hj ,wid? ?r\gh deltoid cre/ #bd ,lea/ diamet] ( %aft ( hum]us #ac ,l5g? ( ulna #acc ,wid? ( ulna at di/al extremity #bb ,l5g? ( radius #acj ,wid? ( radius di/ally #ae ,l5g? ( w+-f+] metac>pal #bbj ,wid? ( same metac>pal at proximal end #bj ,diamet] ?r\gh condyles #ae ,transv]se diamet] ( %aft above condyles #aj ,l5g? ( fir/ phalanx1 w+-f+] #bfc ,wid? ( same phalanx at proximal end #bd ,wid? ( same phalanx at di/al end #ae ,wid? ( /]num #fg ,l5g? ( rib bord]s #be ,l5g? ( femur #ge ,diamet] ( head ( femur #e ,diamet] ( femur ?r\gh condyles #ab ,l5g? ( pt]oid bone #hh ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ?is species c be got at ) consid]able c]ta9ty4 ,al?\gh two ( ! w+-phalanges & ! bones ( ! foot are want+1 yet ! relative proportions ( ^? pres5t agree s closely ) ^? ( ! correspond+ bones 9 ,pt]anodon1 t !re c be b little possibility ( error 9 assum+ ! same proportions = ! miss+ ones4 ,! position ( ! ilium & femur1 z also ! ribs1 %[ t !y hold _! natural relations to ! pectoral ar*4 ,! tail1 alone1 c n be got at4 ,extreme expanse ( w+-bones #bdjj mm4 #g ft4 #aj 94 ,expanse ( w+s 9 life1 approximat$ #bjjj #f #f ,l5g? ( head1 e/imat$ #aej #f ,l5g? ( neck #abh #e ,l5g? ( trunk #afe #f ,l5g? ( leg & foot1 out/ret*$ #bge #aa ,b "o species has be5 describ$ f ! ,am]ican ,cretace\s small] ?an ! pres5t "o1 ,pt]anodon nanus ,m>%1 9 :i* ! expanse ( w+s is giv5 z n m ?an ?ree or f\r feet4 ,9 ?is e/imate ! au?or is c]ta9ly 9 error4 ,! size ( ! hum]us1 z giv51 is r m ?an ?ree-f\r?s t ( ! pres5t species1 & ! expanse1 h5ce1 mu/ be ne>ly five feet 9 life1 or six feet z ! bones lie out/ret*$4 ,z reg>ds ! specific det]m9ation ( ! pres5t specim51 !re mu/ necess>ily be "s d\bt until ! species already nam$ h be5 recognizably describ$4 ,b ?ree ( ! exi/+ species c be tak5 into acc\nt1 ,n4 gracilis1 ,p4 comptus & ,p4 nanus4 ,t x c n be ! la/1 has already be5 %[n4 ,9 size1 x agrees well ) ,p4 comptus1 b ! o!r *>act]s ?r[ no light ^u ! id5tity4 ,! measurem5ts giv5 ( ! type specim5 ( ,n4 gracilis %[ ! size to be mat]ially great]1--a "*1 h[ev]1 ( subord9ate value--great] sl5d]ness1 & a relatively %ort] fir/ w+-phalanx4 ,! relative l5g?s ( w+-metac>pals1 w+-phalanx & ulna 9 ,n4 gracilis & ! pres5t specim5 may be express$ z foll[s3 ,l5g? ( w+-metac>pal #ajj #ajj ,l5g? ( fir/ w+-phalanx #aae4f #aai4e ,l5g? ( ulna #fb4c #fj4d ,x w be se5 t n a s+le "* has yet be5 giv5 to di/+ui% ! g5us f ,pt]odactylus1 & x is n at all impossible t x may prove to be ! same2 its location among ! ,pt]anodontidae re/s solely on ! assum$ abs5ce ( tee?1 & t is a "* yet :olly unkn[n4 ,! mat]ial n[ 9 ! museum p]mits a full] discussion ( ! relations & *>act]s ( ?is gr\p ( reptiles ?an has be5 hi!rto attempt$4 ,orig9ally1 !y 7 describ$ z con/itut+ a new ord]1 a view /ill held by its au?or & no "o else4 ,lydekk]1 9 8 ,paleontology & ,catalogue gives !m a subord9al value2 ,zittel only a family value1 ?\gh express+ d\bt z to _! subord9al rank4 ,x seems v probable t ! g5us ,nyctodactylus has no tee? 9 ! jaws2 x agrees 9 e o!r respect ) ! g5us ,pt]odactylus1 s f> z kn[n4 ,if ! g5us has tee? x mu/ be unit$ ) ,pt]odactylus4 ,n[1 9 n a few species ( ?is g5us1 ! tee? are conf9$ to ! ant]ior end ( ! jaws1 & _! entire abs5ce1 unaccompani$ by o!r /ructural diff]5ces1 w h>dly con/itute an ord]1 or ev5 family4 ,b1 leav+ aside ,nyctodactylus1 x is v mu* ( a "q :e!r ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,pt]odactylus & ,pt]anodon are suffici5t to locate !m 9 diff]5t families1 let alone diff]5t subord]s4 ,! two g5]a h ! foll[+ 9 common3 ,tail %ort4 ,skull ) m or less elongat$1 po9t$ jaws1 & v small upp] & l[] temporal fossae4 ,n>ial op5+ l>ge1 conflu5t ) ! pre-orbital =am54 ,c]vical v]tebrae elongat$1 ) rudim5t>y sp9\s processes4 ,=e & h9d extremities1 q alike4 ,pt]anodon diff]s f ,pt]odactylus1 s f> z t g5us is kn[n1 9 ! unit$ coracoscapulae & pubes1 bo? ( :i* *>act]s are f\nd 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,! sole family *>act]s rema9+ !n1 = ,pt]anodon1 are1 abs5ce ( tee?1 a supra-occipital cre/1 & ! articulation ( ! upp] end ( ! scapula4 ,n[ x seems evid5t t to place ! pt]anodonts 9 a gr\p equival5t to all ! o!r pt]osaurs is unw>rant$1 & any classification t w n %[ ! m pron\nc$ relation%ips ) ,pt]odactylus is faulty4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 propose ! foll[+3 ,ord] ,pt]osauria4 ,family ,pt]odactylidae1 subfamilies ,pt]anodont9ae1 ,pt]odactyl9ae4 ,family ,rhamphorhyn*idae4 ,family ,orni?o*eiridae4 ,z reg>ds ! geographical di/ribution ( ! ,pt]anodonts1 !y h hi!rto be5 recogniz$ only f ,kansas1 b ,i am firmly ( ! op9ion t !y occur 9 ,europe1 &1 if s1 x is v probable t ! "n ,pt]anodon mu/ be ev5tually giv5 up4 ,9 fact1 a too?less =m ( ,pt]odactyl 0 describ$ by ,seeley z long ago z #ahga1 "u ! "n ( ,orni?o/oma4 ,i _c ref] to 8 description at pres5t1 & c1 !re=e1 give no op9ion z to _! id5tity4 ,x seems c]ta9 t ! peculi> =m ( ! scapulae & _! v]tebral articulation#c occur among "s ( ! ,european =ms1 :i* w\ld /r5g!n ! belief t ,pt]anodon is also an ,european g5us4 #c ,! specim5s 9 :i* ,i h se5 ! v]tebral articulation %[ no co-ossification ( ! v]tebrae3 ! facet = articulation be+ plac$ above ! sp9es1 & app>5tly =m$ by ossifi$ ligam5ts4 ,9 view ( ! above1 ! practice ( ! ,am]ican text-books 9 ,geology 9 introduc+ g5]ic names ( *>act]i/ic fossils z names ( ! geological horizons :5ce !y come1 is v repreh5sible1 9 my op9ion4 ,ev5 ! late edition ( ,leconte's ,elem5ts conta9s a long li/ ( su* names1 ! great] portion ( :i* h be5 relegat$ to ! limbo ( synonymy by paleontologi/s4 ,x is greatly to be desir$ t ! "n 8,pt]anodon ,b$s0 %all n become e/abli%$1 s long z !re is ! lea/ d\bt ( ! validity ( ! "n itself4 ,,kansas ,,mosasaurs4 ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,willi/on ,,& ,e4 ,c4 ,,case4 ,,"p ,i1 ,,clida/es1 ,,) ,,plates ,,ii-,,vi4 ,! gr\p ( ext9ct ,cretace\s reptiles kn[n z ! ,mosasaurs or ,py?onomorpha 0 def9$ by ,cope1 8to :om ,sci5ce is s l>gely indebt$ = its pres5t k ( ?is int]e/+ ord] ( reptiles0 7,m>%71 9 #ahfi4d ,al?\gh "s ( ! *>act]s assign$ by him to ! ord] h s9ce be5 %[n to be inapplicable1 & ! gr\p to h less value1 yet 8 "n1 ,py?onomorpha1 has be5 g5]ally reta9$4 ,lydekk] & ,zittel h assign$ to ! gr\p a subord9al value1 z has also ,m>%1 ?\gh "u a diff]5t "n4 ,ow5 reject$ x entirely1 & ,baur1 m rec5tly1#e has unit$ x ) ! ,v>anidae to =m a sup]-family1 z foll[s3 ,subord] ,platynota4 ,sup]-family ,v>anoidea4 ,families ,mosasauridae1 ,v>anidae4 ,sup]-family ,helod]matoidea4 ,family ,helod]matidae4 ,! gr\p1 :atev] may be its rank or position1 includes1 s f>1 ! foll[+ g5]a3 ,mosasaurus ,conyb41 ,liodon ,ow51 ,platec>pus ,cope1 ,clida/es ,cope1 ,baptosaurus ,m>%1 ,sironectes ,cope1 ,plioplatec>pus ,dollo & ,ha9osaurus ,dollo4 ,pt]ycollasaurus ,dollo1 f\nd$ ^u ,mosasaurus maximilianus ,goldf41 is omitt$ z d\btful4 ,all ( ^! g5]a1 save ,plioplatec>pus & ,ha9osaurus1 h be5 record$ f ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,clida/es1 ,baptosaurus & ,sironectes be+ peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,( ^! latt] ?ree g5]a1 h[ev]1 ,clida/es alone is well kn[n2 b ?is g5us is suspect$ by ,lydekk] ( be+ ! same z ! imp]fectly kn[n ,european ,geosaurus ,cuvi]4 ,?us x seems t ! g5]a1 or at lea/ ! mo/ ( !m1 h a wide di/ribution2 ,platec>pus1 9 fact1 is said to occur 9 ,new ,zeal&4 #d ,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 p4 #bec4 #e ,sci5ce1 xvi1 p4 #bfb1 ,nov4 #g1 #ahij4 ,9 ,am]ica1 memb]s ( ! gr\p h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,cretace\s deposits ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,alabama1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! upp] ,miss\ri region1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas & ,new ,mexico4 ,probably n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( all ! kn[n specim5s1 h[ev]1 h be5 obta9$ 9 we/]n ,kansas4 ,! mat]ial n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum1 all f ,kansas1 comprises sev]al hundr$ specim5s ( ^! animals1 includ+1 probably1 ! be/ ones kn[n4 ,x is ^u ?is mat]ial t ! foll[+ prelim9>y /udies are *iefly bas$4 ,! g5us ,clida/es1 z fir/ describ$ by ,cope1 0 bas$ ^u two dorsal v]tebrae ( ,c4 iguanavus1 ! type species1 f ,new ,j]sey4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 he gave a full & c>eful g5]ic description1 z d]iv$ f an unusually good specim5 ( an alli$ species1 ,c4 propy?on1 f ,alabama4 ,only a little lat]1 ,m>% describ$ a g5us1 :i* he call$ ,ede/osaurus1 f ,kansas1 b )\t giv+ any real1 di/9ctive diff]5ces f ,clida/es1 foll[+ ! v repreh5sible practice ( nam+ suppos$ new =ms 9 ! hopes t future di/9ctive *>act]s might be f\nd4 ,! g5us ,ede/osaurus has be5 reject$ by ne>ly all save ! au?ors ( ! ,am]ican text-books 9 ,geology4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to po9t out ! id5tity4 ,! only di/9ctive "* ! au?or gave = 8 g5us 0 ! ins]tion ( ! pt]ygoid tee?1 & ev5 ?is "* he modifi$ lat]--8,palat9e 7sic7 tee? m or less pleurodont40#f #f ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 iii1 ,june #ahgb4 ,?is "*1 ev5 7 x real1 is ( v slight value2 inde$ x _c be us$ to di/+ui% ! species ev54 ,clida/es is1 )\t d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ highly specializ$ g5]a 9 ! gr\p1 &1 :at is v int]e/+1 is "o ( ! late/4 ,x occurs 9 ,kansas 9 ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! ,niobr>a b$s1 9 ! horizon s m>k$ly *>act]iz$ by ! too!d birds4 ,bo? ,platec>pus & ,liodon occur1 ?\gh 9 dim9i%$ numb]s1 almo/ to ! v l[e/ portion1 b ,clida/es has nev] be5 f\nd except t[>ds ! top4 ,f measurem5ts made ! pa/ season1 ! ?ickness ( ! b$s 9 :i* ^! saurians occur _c be less ?an six hundr$ feet4 ,! foll[+ species h be5 f\nd 9 ,kansas3 none ( !m are kn[n to occur else:]e4 ,,mosasauridae4 ,mosasauridae ,conybe>e1 9 ,cuvi]1 ,ossem4 ,foss41 #bnd ed41 p4 #cch1 #ahbd4 ,clida/idae ,cope1 ,ext9ct ,batr4 ,rept4 & ,aves ( ,n4 ,am]41 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 xiv1 p4 #ej1 #ahgj4 ,ede/osauridae ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #ei1 ,july #ahgh4 ,,clida/es4 8 ,geosaurus ,cuvi]1 ,ossem4 ,foss4 #bnd ed41 #cbh1 #ahbd1 7fide ,lydekk]47 ,clida/es ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phil4 #ahfh1 p4 #bcc2 ,ext4 ,batr4 etc41 p4 #ba1 #ahgj4 ,ede/osaurus ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 i1 p4 #dag1 ,june1 #ahga4 ,c4 c9]i>um4 ,clida/es c9]i>um ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahgj1 p4 #ehc2 ,cret4 ,v]t4 etc4 pp4 #acg1 #bff1 pl4 xxi1 ff4 #ad-ag2 ,bullet4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,hayd51 iii1 p4 #ehc4 ,c4 disp>4 ,ede/osaurus disp> ,m>%1 op4 cit4 i1 p4 #ddg1 ,june #ahga2 iii1 pl4 xi41 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,c4 velox4 ,ede/osaurus velox ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 i4 p4 #dej1 ,june1 #ahga4 ,ede/osaurus pumilus ,m>%1 ibid4 p4 #deb4 8 ,clida/es aff9is ,leidy1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahgj1 p4 #d2 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 vol4 i1 p4 #bhc1 #ahgc4 8 ,ede/osaurus disp> ,m>%1 op4 cit4 xix1 pl4 i1 f4 #a1 ,jan41 #ahhj4 ,c4 ,wymani4 ,clida/es ,wymani ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 i1 p4 #dea1 ,june1 #ahga2 iii1 p4 #bjb1 ,april1 #ahgb4 ,ede/osaurus ,wymani ,m>%1 op4 cit4 iii1 p4 #dfd1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,c4 tortor4 ,ede/osaurus tortor ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,dec41 #ahga2 ,m>%1 op4 cit4 iii1 p4 #dfd1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,clida/es tortor ,cope1 ,cret4 ,v]t4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,hayd51 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dh1 #aca1 #bfe1 pls4 iv1 f4 i2 xiv1 f4 i2 xvi1 ff4 #b1 #c2 xvii1 f4 #a2 xix1 ff4 #a-aj2 xxxvi1 f4 #c2 xxxvii1 f4 #b2 ,bullet4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,hayd51 vol4 iii1 p4 #ehc4 ,c4 /5ops4 ,ede/osaurus /5ops ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 p4 #ccj1 #ahga3 ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 iii1 p4 #dfd1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,clida/es /5ops ,cope1 ,cret4 ,v]t4 etc4 pp4 #acc1 #bff1 pls4 xiv1 ff4 #d1 #e2 xvii1 f4 #g1 #h2 xviii1 ff4 #a-e2 xxxvi1 f4 #d2 xxxvii1 f4 #c2 xxxviii1 f4 #c4 ,c4 rex4 ,ede/osaurus rex ,m>%1 op4 cit4 iii1 p4 #dfb1 pl4 xxii1 f4 #a1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,c4 planifrons4 ,clida/es planifrons ,cope1 ,bullet4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ca1 #ahgd2 ,cret4 ,v]t4 etc4 pp4 #ace1 #bfe1 pls4 xxii1 xxiii4 ,c4 ,we/ii4 ,c4 ,we/ii ,willi/on1 n4 sp4 infra4 ,,clida/es ,,velox4 ,a rem>kably complete specim51 ref]r$ ) consid]able c]ta9ty to ?is species1 0 obta9$ by ourselves 9 we/]n ,kansas1 7,butte ,creek7 9 ! summ] ( #ahia4 ,a brief prelim9>y description ( ! specim5 0 giv5 by ! s5ior au?or 9 ,sci5ce1 ,decemb] #h1 #ahia4 ,a m complete description is "h giv51 :i*1 x is believ$1 w be ( s]vice4 ,! specim5 is an unusually p]fect "o1 be+ v ne>ly complete1 &1 z n[ m\nt$1 %[s ! bones ne>ly all 9 ! position 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd4 ,! v]tebral column is cont9u\s1 except 9 "o place1 :]e ! tail _h be5 b5t up ov] ! back2 & complete1 save at ! v tip ( ! tail4 ,! skull is complete1 or v ne>ly complete1 & has be5 re/or$ ne>ly to ! condition 9 life4 ,figures h be5 made ( ?is portion ( ! skeleton1 & w be giv5 9 a future communication4 ,at pres5t1 x may be m5tion$ t ! lacrymals are small1 r\ghly irregul> bones1 & po9t$ at ei!r extremity4 ,!re are no indications ( transv]se bones1 z !re are none 9 any o!r skull 9 ! collection4 ,c]vical v]tebrae4 ,,atlas4 ,! int]c5trum is a small bone ) ?ree sides ( ne>ly equal ext5t4 ,! two upp]1 articul> surfaces are g5tly concave1 & meet 9 a r\nd$ m>g92 ! inf]ior surface is convex1 bo? ant]o-po/]iorly & transv]sely1 ) a r\gh5$ prom95ce 9 ! middle4 ,! lat]al pieces h indi/9ctly sep>at$ facets = articulation ) ! odontoid1 ! int]c5trum & ! occipital condyle4 ,! r %ort1 flatt5$ lam9a ext5ds upw>d1 backw>d & inw>d1 approa*+1 b n rea*+ its fell[ ( ! opposite side2 x is some:at dilat$ di/ally4 ,direct$ outw>ds & =w>ds1 !re is a /\t /yli=m process4 ,,axis4 ,! neural sp9e ( ! axis is elongat$ ant]o-po/]iorly4 ,x is ?9 on ! ant]ior portion1 b /\t] & long] at ! po/]ior "p4 ,! l>ge1 /\t odontoid process is unit$ suturally1 z is also ! well-develop$ atlant> hypapophysis1 :i* =ms ! ant]ior1 inf]ior portion ( ! bone4 ,! diapophyses are ! smalle/ ( ! co/if]\s s]ies1 ) only a small articul> facet = ! rib4 ,! ball is /rongly & ev5ly convex1 ) its great] diamet] transv]sely4 ,! hypapophysis is ! l>ge/ ( ! s]ies2 x is suturally unit$ ) ! /\t1 exog5\s process ( ! c5trum1 & projects d[nw>d & backw>d2 its di/al extremity is r\gh5$ = ligam5t\s atta*m5ts4 ,! ?ird c]vical v]tebra %[s a well-develop$ zygosph5al articulation1 & /\t articul> processes4 ,! transv]se process is small1 only a little l>g] ?an t ( ! axis1 ?\gh1 unlike t1 x is /r5g!n$ by a ridge cont9u$ f ! ant]ior zygapophyses4 ,! hypapophysis is small] ?an t ( ! axis1 b1 l t1 is direct$ d[nw>d & backw>d4 ,! sp9e may be di/+ui%$ f t ( any o!r v]tebra by its /\t1 trih$ral %ape2 x is direct$ r m obliquely backw>d ?an 9 ! foll[+ v]tebrae4 ,! f\r? c]vical v]tebra diff]s f ! ?ird 9 hav+ /\t] transv]se processes2 9 ! hypapophysis be+ direct$ m ne>ly d[nw>d1 & 9 its small] size2 & 9 ! sp9e be+ flatt5$ ant]o-po/]iorly t[>d ! base4 ,! fif? c]vical v]tebra diff]s f ! f\r? 9 ! broad] sp9e1 9 ! /\t] transv]se processes1 & ! small] hypapophysis4 ,9 ! six? c]vical v]tebra1 ! hypapophysis is r$uc$ to a small ossification1 sc>cely long] ?an broad1 direct$ d[nw>d4 ,! sp9e has rea*$ ne>ly ! full wid? ( ^? ( ! foll[+ v]tebrae1 ?\gh some:at /\t] above4 ,! transv]se processes are yet /\t]4 ,9 ! sev5?1 or la/1 c]vical v]tebra ! hypapophysis is want+1 or v rudim5t>y4 ,! "u "p ( ! c5trum %[s a r\nd$ ridge or c>9a1 ) a slight projection correspond+ to ! hypapophysis4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,c]vical ,,v]tebrae4 #a4 ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( int]c5trum ( atlas #ad millim4 ,transv]se diamet] ( int]c5trum #be ,ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( lat]al piece #bj ,v]tical ext5t ( articul> surface #ag ,ext5t ( lat]al piece #ce ,wid? ( lam9a above #af #b4 ,l5g? ( axis #dc ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #ah ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ag ,expanse ( transv]se processes #bh ,elevation ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #cd ,ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ( sp9e #ej #c4 ,l5g? ( ?ird c]vical v]tebra #cg ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #cf ,dep? ( hypapophysis bel[ floor ( neural canal #cd #d4 ,l5g? ( f\r? c]vical v]tebra #cg ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #ci ,dep? ( hypapophysis bel[ floor ( neural canal #ce #e4 ,l5g? ( fif? c]vical v]tebra #cg ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #db ,dep? ( hypapophysis bel[ floor ( neural canal #cc ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #ag ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ah #f4 ,l5g? ( six? c]vical v]tebra #cg ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #db ,dep? ( hypapophysis bel[ floor ( neural canal #cj ,wid? ( sp9\s process #bf #g4 ,l5g? ( sev5? c]vical v]tebra #cg ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #df ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #ai ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bj ,wid? ( sp9\s process #bg ,dorsal v]tebrae4 ,!re are ?irty-five v]tebrae betwe5 ! c]vicals & ! fir/ non-rib-be>+ v]tebra1 to :i* ! pelvis 01 evid5tly1 atta*$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! c]vicals & ?oracics _c be made f any *>act]s !y possess1 z ! sev5? v]tebra does n be> a di/9ct hypapophysis4 ,nei!r c x be said ) c]ta9ty f ?is specim5 :i* is ! fir/ ?oracic v]tebra1 z ! c]vical ribs _h1 un=tunately1 be5 displac$ 9 ! collection & prep>ation ( ! specim54 ,9 ano!r specim51 ref]r$ to ,c4 pumilus1 & :i*1 z w be se5 lat]1 _c be specifically di/+ui%$ f ! pres5t species1 %ort c]vical ribs 7 f\nd atta*$ to six v]tebrae po/]ior to ! atlas4 ,t ! eigh? v]tebra is a ?oracic "o is %[n by ! relation ( ! ribs 9 ?is specim54 ,po/]iorly !re is no di/9ction1 also1 betwe5 ! true ?oracic v]tebrae & ^? ( ! lumb> region4 ,all ! v]tebrae ant]ior to ! pelvis be> ribs1 & w all be consid]$ z dorsal v]tebrae1 ! true ?oracic v]tebrae be+ re/rict$ to ^? ( :i* ! ribs are elongat$1 &1 probably1 connect$ ) ! /]num4 ,9 ! ant]ior v]tebrae ( ! s]ies1 ! c5tra are subc>9ate bel[1 ! obtuse1 r\nd$ ridge becom+ less & less app>5t until no indications ( ! keel c be se51 be=e ! middle ( ! s]ies4 ,! transv]se processes are /\te/1 ) a m elongat$1 sigmoid articul> surface1 ) little or no con/riction1 & project+ only slightly beyond ! /\t articulat+ processes1 9 ! ant]ior v]tebrae4 ,9 ! t5? or elev5?1 ! articul> surface has become m>k$ly small]1 m v]tical1 & less sigmoid 9 outl9e4 ,!nce to ! la/1 ! articul> surface = ! ribs rema9s ne>ly ! same4 ,! process itself1 h[ev]1 becomes gradually m prom95t & con/rict$1 z ! zygapophyses becomes small]4 ,! sp9\s processes increase slightly 9 l5g? & bread?1 & are only slightly oblique ?r\gh\t4 ,9 l5g?1 ! c5tra increase gradually4 ,! v]tical diamet] ( ! ball increases gradually1 :ile ! transv]se diamet] rema9s m ne>ly ! same4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,dorsal ,,v]tebrae4 #a4 ,l5g? ( c5trum to rim ( ball #ch millim4 ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ai ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #dh ,ext5t ( articul> surface ( transv]se process #cj ,wid? ( sp9e #bh #d4 ,l5g? ( c5trum to rim ( ball #da ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bj ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #dh #aa4 ,l5g? ( c5trum to rim ( ball #da ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bb ,ext5t ( articul> surface ( transv]se process #af ,wid? ( sp9e #cb #ae4 ,l5g? ( c5trum to rim ( ball #da ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #ba ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bd #bj4 ,l5g? ( c5trum to rim ( ball #db ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #be ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #eh #bd4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #da ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bb ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bc ,height ( sp9e #di #bh4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #dj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bd ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bc ,height ( sp9e #ed #cb4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ch ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #be ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bd #ce4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #cg ,caudal v]tebrae4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! ?irty-fif? rib-be>+ v]tebra !re is an abrupt *ange1 ! tub]cul> process = ! rib giv+ place to an elongat$ transv]se process4 ,f ! position ( ! pelvis1 x is evid5t t ! ilia 7 atta*$ to ! fir/ pair ( ^!4 ,precisely ?is relation ( pelvis to ! v]tebrae is f\nd 9 su* liz>ds z ! ,monitor & ,iguana1 & x is probable t su* is ! relation 9 all ! ,py?onomorpha4 ,x w ?us be se5 t !re are no di/9ctively lumb> v]tebrae1 if by su* are meant free1 non-co/if]\s1 pre-sacral v]tebrae4 ,! v]tebrae ( ^! animals t h be5 s designat$ by writ]s are 9 reality basal caudal4 ,a di/9ctive t]m = !m--^? ) transv]se1 non-co/if]\s processes & )\t *evrons--is ne$$1 & we propose1 provisionally1 ! t]m pygial4 ,!re are sev5 9 ! pres5t s]ies1 all *>act]iz$ by elongat$ transv]se processes1 & n diff]+ mu* f ea* o!r4 ,! v]tebrae lie 9 ! matrix ) ! v5tral aspect upp]mo/1 conceal+ ! sp9e & upp] p>ts4 ,! "u surface is some:at flatt5$1 &1 z 9 ! prec$+ v]tebrae1 is g5tly concave ant]o-po/]iorly4 ,! transv]se processes are elongate1 /\t t[>ds ! base1 app>5tly all ( ne>ly equal l5g?1 & direct$ g5tly backw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! ant]ior v]tebrae ! processes spr+ f ne> ! front "p3 z ! c5tra become %ort] !y arise f ne> ! middle4 ,9 ! la/ "o ( ! s]ies !re are m9ute indications ( *evrons4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,pygial ,,caudal ,,v]tebrae4 #a4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #cf millim4 ,wid? ( ball #be ,expanse ( transv]se processes #acj ,wid? ( transv]se process ne> base #ag #b4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #cc #c4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ca #d4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bi #e4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bh #f4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bg ,expanse ( transv]se processes #acj ,wid? ( ball #bd #g4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bg ,! c5tra ( ^? caudal v]tebrae :i* h *evrons d n diff] mu* 9 %ape4 ,!y become less con/rict$1 &1 back ( ! middle ( ! s]ies1 are smoo?ly cyl9drical 9 %ape4 ,! transv]se processes decrease gradually 9 l5g?1 disappe>+ entirely 9 ! tw5ty-fif? or tw5ty-six?4 ,! sp9\s processes are m or less incompletely pres]v$ 9 ! ant]ior v]tebrae4 ,!y increase only gradually 9 l5g? = ! fir/ tw5ty ( ! s]ies1 & are m>k$ly oblique1 ) ! po/]ior bord] /\t1 & ! ant]ior bord] alate4 ,) ! tw5ty-six? !y beg9 to increase m rapidly 9 l5g?1 & h become m ne>ly v]tical 9 position1 & are ?9n] at ea* m>g94 ,9 ! ?irty-fif? or ?irty-six? !y atta9 _! greate/ l5g?1 & are "h direct$ slightly =w>ds4 ,!nce to ! end ( ! tail1 ! l5g? decreases gradually1 &1 9 position1 !y are direct$ m & m obliquely backw>d4 ,! *evrons are /rongly oblique ?r\gh\t ! s]ies & are firmly co-ossifi$ ) ! c5trum4 ,! tail1 x is ?us se51 has a broad1 v]tical1 f9-l extremity1 :i*1 d\btless1 aid$ mu* 9 ! propulsion ( ! animal ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,!re are sixty-sev5 v]tebrae ) *evrons pres5t 9 ! specim51 all cont9u\s1 except 9 "o place4 ,! la/ "o is less ?an "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & %[s t !re _h be5 yet ano!r1 possibly sev]al m4 ,t[>d ! base ( ! s]ies ! tail has be5 b5t =w>ds ov] ! back1 & x is possible t1 :]e ! break occurs1 !re has be5 a v]tebra lo/4 ,! measurem5ts1 h[ev]1 d n seem to indicate any loss4 ,! entire s]ies ( v]tebrae 0 n less ?an sixty-eight1 & probably n m ?an sev5ty1 mak+ = ! entire v]tebral s]ies "o hundr$ & sev5te5 to tw5ty4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,*evron-,,be>+ ,,caudal ,,v]tebrae4 #a4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bf millim4 #e4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bd ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ba ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bd #aj4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bd #ae4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bd ,height ( sp9e above floor ( neural canal #dj ,l5g? ( *evron #de #bj4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bc ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ba ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bb #be4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #bj ,height ( sp9e #dd ,wid? ( sp9e at base #ai ,wid? ( sp9e at di/al end #aj ,l5g? ( *evron #he ,altitude ( tail #aab #cj4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ah ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ag ,height ( sp9e #eg ,wid? ( sp9e at base #ai ,wid? ( sp9e at di/al end #i ,l5g? ( *evron #ii ,altitude ( tail #bj #ce4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #af ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #af ,height ( sp9e #fa ,l5g? ( *evron #ig ,altitude ( tail #abb #dj4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ae ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ae ,height ( sp9e #ed ,l5g? ( *evron #gj ,altitude ( tail #aaj #de4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ad ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #ad ,height ( sp9e #dj ,l5g? ( sp9e #ej ,l5g? ( *evron #eh ,altitude ( tail #ic #ej4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ac ,l5g? ( sp9e #dc ,l5g? ( *evron #ee ,altitude ( tail #gc #ee4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ab ,l5g? ( sp9e #ch ,l5g? ( *evron #db ,altitude ( tail #fc #fj4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #i ,l5g? ( sp9e #df ,l5g? ( *evron #be ,altitude ( tail #ej #ff4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #g ,l5g? ( *evron #aj ,altitude ( tail #bj #fg4 ,l5g? #f ,ribs4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! c]vical ribs 7 displac$ 9 ! pres5t specim51 & measurem5ts ( !m _c be giv54 ,9 a small] specim51 specifically indi/+ui%able f ! pres5t "o1 ! entire c]vical s]ies is pres]v$ ) ! ribs atta*$4 ,! fir/1 t articulat+ ) ! axis1 is v %ort4 ,! foll[+ ones are /\t]1 b increase only mod]ately 9 l5g?1 t ( ! six? measur+ only ?irty-five millimet]s1 :ile t ( ! sev5? is b a little long]4 ,9 ! specim5 ( ,c4 velox describ$1 !re is a deta*$ c]vical rib sixty-five millimet]s 9 l5g?2 x probably belongs ) ! sev5?4 ,! ?oracic ribs are simple1 some:at flatt5$ rods1 mod]ately exp&$ at ! proximal end4 ,! greate/ convexity is %[n ab\t ! middle ( ! s]ies1 :]e ! v]s$s9e ( ! curvature is =ty millimet]s1 ! *ord be+ "o hundr$ & sixty4 ,po/]iorly1 ! %ort ribs are only g5tly curv$4 ,ly+ by ! side ( ! v]tebral column1 & betwe5 ! ribs1 z !y h be5 press$ d[n1 are a numb] ( flatt5$1 s(t1 punctulate bones1 :i* are evid5tly ! co/al c>tilages4 ,po/]iorly f\r r[s ( !m are se51 ly+ closely side by side1 "s ( !m eight or t5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! /]num1 compos$ ( ! same mat]ial1 has be5 s cru%$ & crumpl$ t its %ape _c be made out4 ,! :ole /ructure "h1 :e!r ( ribs1 c>tilages or /]num1 rem9ds "o v /rongly ( su* liz>ds z ! ,iguana or ,monitor4 ,!re is no indication1 h[ev]1 9 any specim51 ( an epi/]num4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,ribs4 ,l5g?1 fir/ ?oracic rib1 7*ord7 #bjj millim4 ,l5g?1 elev5? ?oracic rib1 7*ord7 #ade ,l5g?1 ?irte5? dorsal rib #fh ,l5g?1 eighte5? dorsal rib #fd ,l5g?1 ?irty-f\r? dorsal rib #eb ,! l5g?s ( ! diff]5t regions1 z !y lie 9 _! natural relations1 are z foll[s3 ,skull #j4dbj met]s4 ,neck #j4bbe ,trunk #a4cfj ,tail #a4dfj ,total #c4dfe #aa ft4 #g 94 ,! measurem5ts ( an excell5t specim5 ( ,c4 tortor are z foll[s3 ,skull #j4fcj met]s4 ,neck #j4cfj ,trunk1 7?irty-?ree v]tebrae pres]v$7 #b4cgj ,a v complete specim5 ( a ,liodon 9 ! ,museum1 9 :i* ! complete v]tebral column is pres5t1 numb]+ "o hundr$ & sev5te5 v]tebrae1 gives ! foll[+ measurem5ts4 ,! skull is complete1 save ! mo/ ant]ior portion4 ,skull 7approximat$ )9 n>r[ limits7 #j4gjj met]s4 ,neck #j4dcj ,trunk #a4gfj ,tail #c4dbj ,total #f4caj #bj ft4 #h 94 ,! v]tebral s]ies 9 ?is specim5 is compos$ ( sev5 c]vicals1 tw5ty-?ree dorsals1 sev5 pygials1 & eighty *evron-caudals4 ,! relative proportions ( ! diff]5t regions 9 ! two g5]a1 z %[n by ! two specim5s ( ,clida/es & ,liodon1 may be repres5t$ z foll[s4 ,! fir/ column is = ,clida/es4 ,skull #ab4a #aa4a ,neck #f4e #f4h ,trunk #ci4b #bh4j ,tail #db4c #ed4a ,limbs4 ,! figures 9 plates ,,ii & ,,iii w give a suffici5tly good idea ( ! limbs 9 ?is specim54 ,!y are figur$ z !y 7 ly+1 %[+ ! out] sides ( ! coracoid1 scapula & pelvic bones1 & ! palm> or plant> surface ( ! rema9+ bones4 ,coracoid4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 plates ,,ii & ,,iv t !re are two v diff]5t types ( coracoid1 "o ) a deep em>g9ation1 ! o!r )\t ! slighte/ indication ( su*4 ,! same non-em>g9ate =m occurs 9 ,c4 tortor1 z specim5s 9 our ,museum %[1 9 ,c4 propy?on ,cope 7,ext4 ,batr4 etc4 pl4 xii1 f4 #af17 & 9 ,c4 disp>1 z figur$ by ,m>%#g1 & z /at$ by him 9 ! same pap] 78,!re is c]ta9ly no em>g9ation 9 ! coracoid ( ,clida/es1 ,ede/osaurus & ,baptosaurus1 z specim5s 9 ! ,yale ,museum conclusively prove407 ,x is true t ,m>% 9 a lat] pap]#h figur$ a specim5 ) em>g9ate coracoid "u ! "n ( ,ede/osaurus disp>1 b x is c]ta9 t 8 id5tification ( 8 own species 0 wrong1 z w be se5 by comp>+ 8 figures4 ,f ! s5ior au?or's memory ( ! specim5 ) ! em>g9ate coracoid figur$1 & f ! figure itself he feels confid5t t ! second specim5 is ,c4 velox4 #g ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 iii1 pl4 xi1 f4 #a1 ,june1 #ahgb4 #h ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 xix1 pl4 i1 fig4 #a1 ,jan41 #ahhj4 ,t ! em>g9ation 0 ov]look$ by ! au?or seems /range1 z 9 ! same pap] 9 :i* ?is figure is giv5 occurs ! description ( ,holosaurus1 f\nd$ ^u t v "*4 ,if ! em>g9ation is suffici5tly important to base a g5us 9 ! "o case1 !n x %\ld be 9 ! o!r1 & ! "* c\ld n be appli$ to ,ede/osaurus1 bas$ ^u *>act]s :i* x h>dly seems possible t ! au?or himself c\ld s]i\sly consid]1 = ,e4 disp> 0 ! type ( ,ede/osaurus4 ,x w be obs]v$1 fur!r1 t ! figur$ coracoids diff] v mat]ially 9 size1 ^? ) ! em>g9ation p]ta9+ to a small species1 :ile ,c4 disp> is "o ( ! l>ge/4 ,9 our ,museum !re are ?ree specim5s ) ! em>g9ate coracoid1 all ( !m small or v small1 ! describ$ specim5 ( ,c4 velox be+ ! l>ge/4 ,! po9t ( *ief int]e/ 9 ?is relation is ! value t c be giv5 to ?is "*4 ,is x individual1 specific or g5]ic8 ,m>% has call$ x g5]ic1 b we ?9k an exam9ation ( ! two v complete specim5s ( ,c4 tortor & ,c4 velox 9 our ,museum w conv9ce any unprejudic$ /ud5t t he is 9 error4 ,a comp>ison ( ! figures h]e) giv5 ( ! paddles w %[ _! great resemblance1 & ^! two =ms ( paddles h be5 figur$ because ! species are ! mo/ unlike ( any t we "k 9 ! g5us4 ,z all ! small specim5s seem to possess ?is "*1 & z !y _c be call$ immature specim5s1 we believe ! "* is a specific "o4 ,z ,m>% says1 typically bo? ,clida/es & ,ede/osaurus h a non-em>g9ate coracoid1 s t nei!r "n c\ld apply to ! em>g9ate =m1 7 x g5]ically di/9ct4 ,our ,museum also conta9s bo? =ms ( ! coracoid p]ta9+ to ! g5us ,platec>pus1 ( :i* ,holosaurus is a synonym4 ,:ile /udy+ ! specim5 above describ$1 a /rik+ simil>ity 0 obs]v$ to sev]al o!r specim5s already det]m9$ ) confid5ce z ,c4 pumilus ,m>%4 ,a m c>eful comp>ison fail$ to br+ out any real diff]5ces beyond size1 & ev5 ?is 0 %[n to be v incon/ant4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison ( ! descriptions giv5 by ,m>% w be ( int]e/4 ,c4 pumilus4 ,,tee?4 ,ne>ly r\nd at base some:at curv$ & ) smoo? enamel4 ,,quadrate4 ,! rugose knob ne> ! di/al end ( ! quadrate is simil> to t 9 ,c4 ,wymani 7j bel[ ! po/]ior sup]ior process is a prom95t rugose knob ) a deep pit "u x71 b has no articul> pit "u x4 ,! hook is comp>atively %ort & has a free compress$ extremity4 ,! articul> m>g9 is n deflect$ t[>d ! meatus4 ,,c]vical ,,v]tebrae4 ,articul> face ne>ly v]tical1 & hav+ a broad transv]se outl9e ) fa9t sup]ior em>g9ation4 ,! hypapophysis /\t & transv]sely triangul>4 ,c4 velox4 ,premaxill>y & maxill>y tee? smoo? & subcompress$4 ,! great ala less curv$ ?an 9 ,e4 disp>1 concave transv]sely on bo? surfaces4 ,! al> process has its articul> process v n>r[ 9 its ext5sion ov] ! great ala4 ,no not* 9 po/]ior m>g9 ( ext]nal angle4 ,on ! ridge bel[ ! angle & ne>ly opposite ! meatal pit is a /rong rugosity :i* is rudim5t>y or want+ 9 ,c4 disp>4 ,! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! hook is only a n>r[ tongue project+ t[>ds ! meatal pit1 in/ead ( a broad articul> surface4 ,articul> face transv]se4 ,! description1 o!rwise1 %[s no discrepancies ( importance4 ,! *ief diff]5ce giv5 by ! au?or is ! size1 & ?is "* we ?9k our specim5s %[ to be ( little specific value4 8,x is a "q ( "s importance h[ f> diff]5ce 9 size among ! ,mosasauroids may be a te/ ( diff]5ce 9 species4 ,among ! num]\s rema9s ( ^! animals :i* h be5 discov]$ ,i h nev] yet obs]v$ any :i* pres5t$ any evid5ce relative to age4 99 99 99 ,9 ?is view ( ! case1 "s ( ! _m describ$ species ( ,mosasauroids may h be5 f\nd$ on diff]5t sizes ( ! same40#i #i ,leidy1 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,hayd51 vol4 i1 p4 #bhd4 ,! l5g? ( ! c]vical v]tebrae 9 ! specim5 above describ$ is ?irty-sev5 or ?irty-eight millimet]s4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae 9 two specim5s ref]r$ to ,c4 pumilus h l5g?s respectively ( tw5ty-two & ?irty millimet]s4 ,9 ! type specim5 ( ,c4 velox !y mu/ h _h a l5g? ( at lea/ =ty-two millimet]s4 ,x ?us appe>s t1 betwe5 ! smalle/ specim51 :i*1 9 life1 c\ld h h>dly exce$$ eight feet 9 l5g?1 our specim5s1 indi/+ui%able anatomically1 repres5t =ms ( t5 & twelve feet1 :ile ! type itself 0 ab\t fifte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,( ! mat]ial orig9ally ref]r$ to ,c4 pumilus1 !re are 9 ! collection five or m specim5s1 :i*1 altoge!r1 furni% ne>ly e "p ( ! skeleton4 ,!y pres5t no tangible diff]5ces f ! skeleton ( ,c4 velox describ$ above4 ,!re c be1 h5ce1 little or no d\bt b t ! "n ,c4 pumilus is a synonym4 ,x is h>dly possible to say ) c]ta9ty t ,c4 aff9is ,leidy is or is n ! same z ,c4 velox1 b1 s f> z ! description goes1 we c f9d few diff]5ces4 ,! type is ( ab\t ! same size z ! type ( ,c4 velox1 & ! figures agree well ) ! bones ( ! skeleton describ$4 ,al?\gh ! description 0 n publi%$ till #ahgc1 ! au?or makes no m5tion ( ! species ( ,m>%'s4 ,leidy describes ! back tee? z hav+ ! enamel /rongly /riat$1 ) ! surface pres5t+ evid5ces ( subdivision into n>r[ planes4 ,9 ?is respect1 only1 x disagrees ) ! specim54 ,plioplatec>pus ,dollo is describ$ by its au?or z hav+ a sacrum ( two conjo9$ v]tebrae1#aj by reason ( :i* x is plac$ 9 a sep>ate family f ! re/ ( ! ,py?onomorpha4 ,x may be presumptu\s to express a d\bt ( ! g5u95ess ( ! sacrum1 & yet1 save f ! fact t ! au?or f\nd two specim5s q alike1 "o might d\bt x /rongly4 ,x is n v r>e t two1 or ev5 ?ree v]tebrae are f\nd unit$ f injury 9 ^! animals1 & su* w\ld readily acc\nt = ! consolidation z figur$ & describ$ by ,dollo1 except = ! co9cid5ce ( ! second specim54 ,a /rong] reason = d\bt is ! /atem5t t ! consolidat$ v]tebrae belong to ! po/]ior 8lumb>0 region1 & t ! la/ v]tebrae _h small tub]cles indicative ( *evrons4 ,9 ! reptiles :i* we h exam9$1 ! *evrons d n beg9 imm$iately beh9d ! pelvis1 b are sep>at$ by a long] or %ort] region 9 :i* ! v]tebrae be> elongat$ diapophyses alone4 ,if ! conjo9$ v]tebrae figur$ by ,dollo are 9 reality sacral1 x w\ld appe> t ! animal is an exception to ,clida/es & su* liz>ds z we h exam9$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pelvis mu/ h be5 ( a diff]5t /ructure f t 9 ! ,kansas g5]a ( ! ,py?onomorpha1 =1 9 ^!1 x is evid5t t ! ilium _h an oblique position1 & c\ld h be5 atta*$ to b a s+le diapophysis4 #aj ,bull4 ,su4 ,mus4 ,roy4 ,s4 ,hi/4 ,nat4 d4 ,belg4 i1 p4 #h1 #ahhb4 ,,clida/es ,,we/ii1 ,n4 ,,sp4 ,a specim5 ( mu* int]e/ 9 ! ,univ]sity collection diff]s s m>k$ly f ! o!r =ms repres5t$ by specim5s1 z also f ! descriptions ( ! kn[n species1 t we are con/ra9$ to reg>d x z new4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,/]nb]g f ! upp]mo/ ( ! ,niobr>a b$s1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! old t[n ( ,%]idan4 ,! "* ( ! associat$ inv]tebrate fossils seems to indicate a diff]5t geological horizon1 ei!r ! ,fox ,hills gr\p1 or transition b$s to t gr\p4 ,! specim5 consi/s ( a complete l[] jaw1 quadrate1 portions ( ! skull1 ! l>g] "p ( ! v]tebral column1 & ! incomplete h9d & =e paddles4 ,! v]tebrae pres]v$ are 9 two s]ies1 ! "o1 numb]+ ?irty-?ree1 cont9u\s ) ! skull2 ! o!r1 sixty-?ree 9 numb]1 all *evron caudals4 ,! t]m9al caudals pres]v$ indicate t !re 7 sev]al m 9 life1 p]haps five or t52 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies 0 evid5tly among ! fir/ ( ^? :i* bore *evrons4 ,altoge!r ! tail may h _h sev5ty-five *evron caudals4 ,! l5g?s ( ! two s]ies are respectively sev5ty-"o & sev5ty-two in*es4 ,assum+ t !re 0 ! same numb] ( precaudal v]tebrae z 9 ,c4 velox1 ! entire v]tebral column w\ld h measur$ 9 life fifte5 feet & f\r in*es4 ,! l[] jaw %[s ! skull to h be5 v ne>ly tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 mak+1 = ! animal :5 alive1 a l5g? ( sev5te5 & "o-half feet4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ species1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! real size "h1 z usually else:]e among fossil v]tebrates1 is less ?an suppos$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re is a ,clida/es kn[n t exce$$ tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,:ile ! skeleton 0 only ab\t "o half long] ?an ! specim5 ( ,c4 velox describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 or ( ab\t ! same l5g? z a v complete specim5 ( ,c4 tortor 9 ! museum1 ! proportions ( ! animal 7 v mu* /\t]4 ,! figures giv5 9 plate ,,vi ( ! tw5ty-fif?1 or eighte5? dorsal1 v]tebra w %[ ! relations betwe5 l5g? & bread?3 x is ^u ^! rem>kably /\t proportions1 & ! %ape ( ! articul> faces1 z indicat$ by ! figures & by ! measurem5ts app5d$1 t ! species is *iefly bas$4 ,! articul> surfaces ( ! basal caudal v]tebrae are rem>kably triangul> 9 %ape1 ) ! angles r\nd$1 & ! sides ( ne>ly equal l5g?4 ,?is triangul> %ape is p]si/5t = ! fir/ tw5ty ( ! s]ies z !y are pres]v$4 ,! paddles1 z %[n 9 plates ,,iv & ,v1 %[ mu* /\t] proportions ?an 9 ei!r ,c4 velox or ,c4 tortor4 ,! species comes ne>e/ to ,c4 /5ops ,cope1 b x seems h>dly ! same4 ,x is1 also1 evid5tly alli$ to ,c4 disp> ,m>%4 ,f ^! & o!r describ$ species1 ! foll[+1 extract$ f ! orig9al descriptions1 w s]ve to %[ ! diff]5ces1 9 comp>ison ) ! specim5 ( ,c4 ,we/ii4 ,c4 disp>4 ,! articul> faces 9 ! c]vicals are a broad transv]se oval1 fa9tly em>g9at$ above = ! neural canal4 ,9 ! dorsals & lumb>s ! cup cont9ues transv]se1 & ! em>g9ation is deep]1 b 9 ! ant]ior caudals ! outl9e becomes a v]tical oval4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 ?irte5 m&ibul> tee?4 ,l5g? ( axis ) odontoid process #cb l9es #ajj ,wid? betwe5 diapophyses #bf4h #ajc ,l5g? f edge ( cup to end ( ball 9 elev5? v]tebra #be #ajj ,wid? ( ball #ad #ef ,dep? ( ball #ab #dc ,c4 ,wymani4 ,9 ! c]vical v]tebrae1 ! outl9e ( ! articul> faces is transv]sely cordate4 ,! c5tra ( ! ant]ior dorsals are elongate1 & mu* con/rict$ beh9d ! diapophyses4 ,9 ! ant]ior caudals1 ! articul> faces are a broad v]tical oval4 ,l5g? ( axis ) odontoid process #ai l9es #ajj ,wid? betwe5 diapophyses #ag #hi4d ,wid? ( ball #h #db4a ,dep? ( ball #g #cf4g ,l5g? ( six? c]vical1 )\t ball #ac #ajj ,wid? ( cup #i #fi4a ,c4 rex4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae h v broad1 transv]sely oval faces1 ) indications ( em>g9ation4 ,! dorsals are elongat$1 ) transv]se faces1 & a di/9ct sup]ior excavation = neural canal4 ,! articul> ends ( ! ant]ior caudals are v]tically oval4 ,l5g? ( po/]ior c]vical v]tebrae #dd mm #ajj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bd #ed4e ,transv]se diamet] #bi4e #fg ,l5g? ( a dorsal v]tebra #eb ,c4 /5ops4 ,! ant]ior caudals possess wide diapophyses4 ,_! articul> faces are a v]tical oval1 a little contract$ above1 sometimes a /raight outl9e4 ,!y pres5t a peculi>ly elongate =m4 ,l5g? ( axis 7alone7 #fj mm #ajj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bg #de ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #bg #de ,l5g? ( ! m&ible #gbj #ajj ,dep? at coronoid process #aej #bj4i ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,clida/es ,,we/ii4 ,l5g? ( d5t>y #djj millim4 ,dep? opposite ! fir/ too? #bj ,dep? opposite la/ too? #fb ,entire ext5t ( m&ible #fcj ,greate/ dep? at coronoid process #ie #b4 ,l5g? ( axis ) odontoid process #hj ,l5g? ( axis )\t odontoid process #gj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bd ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #cc #d4 ,l5g? ( f\r? c]vical v]tebra to rim ( ball #di ,expanse ( diapophyses #hb #e4 ,l5g? ( fif? c]vical to rim ( ball #di ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #ce ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #bh ,expanse ( diapophyses #ij #h4 ,l5g? ( eigh? v]tebra to rim ( ball #ec ,expanse ( diapophyses #ij #ad4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ed ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #dj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #cc ,expanse ( diapophyses #ajj #ah4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ej ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #dj ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #cf ,expanse ( diapophyses #ajj #bc4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ej ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #da ,expanse ( diapophyses #ajj #be4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #eb ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #dc ,v]tical diamet] ( ball #dc ,expanse ( diapophyses #ajj #cj4 ,l5g? to rim ( ball #ed ,transv]se diamet] ( ball #df ,?is species is nam$ 9 memory ( ,judge ,e4 ,p4 ,we/1 lately deceas$1 to :om our ,museum owes s mu* = 8 long1 dilig5t & fai?ful labors 9 ! collection & prep>ation ( ! geological mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erratum3 ,p4 #ag1 l9e #ae1 = 8,ede/osaurus10 read ,clida/es1 & 9 next l9e1 /rike out 8,proc4 ,acad40 etc4 ,notes & ,descriptions ( ,syrphidae4 ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,sn[4 ,,) ,,plate ,,vii4 ,among ! insects obta9$ by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 ,sn[ 9 a rec5t trip to ,colorado1 is an excell5t repres5tative collection ( ! ,dipt]a4 ,! mat]ial = ! foll[+ notes on ,syrphidae is *iefly drawn f ?is collection4 ,t su* a collection af=ds s _m po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ?is1 "o ( ! be/ /udi$ families ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,dipt]a1 is an evid5ce ( ! ri* field t is pres5t$ by ?is important & little-/udi$ ord] ( insects4 ,,callic]a4 ,callic]a ,panz]1 ,fauna ,g]manica1 #ahjf4 ,callic]a is a small g5us hi!rto suppos$ to be peculi> to ,europe4 ,! species are f\nd 9 ! high m\nta9s1 :]e ! males are (t5 tak5 :ile hov]+ 9 ! air4 ,! pres5t collection includes num]\s specim5s ( a species tak5 ne> ! summit ( ,mt4 ,deception1 9 ,manit\ ,p>k1 ,colorado1 at an altitude ( n9e ?\s& feet4 ,! occurr5ce ( memb]s ( ?is g5us 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a fact ( especial int]e/ & fur!r sub/antiates ! rule t ,am]ican =ms common to ,europe are m apt to occur 9 ! we/]n regions4 ,arctophila flagrans ,o/5 ,sack51 is a case precisely simil> to ! pres5t "o1 belong+ z x does to a small ,european g5us ( m\nta9 flies1 & describ$ f ,colorado4 ,z ! g5us is a new "o to our fauna1 ,i "h give an am5d$ transcription ( ! g5]ic *>act]s f ,s*9]'s ,fauna ,au/riaca1 to include ! new species1 :i* diff]s only 9 unimportant details4 ,callic]a4 ,r l>ge1 /\t1 gre5 or black species ) metallic lu/re & abundant1 long pile4 ,head hemisph]ical1 some:at broad] ?an ! ?orax4 ,ant5nae porrect1 long] ?an ! head1 some:at remote at _! base1 ins]t$ ^u a protub]ance ( ! front2 fir/ jo9t sometimes elongate2 second jo9t %ort] ?an1 or z long z1 ! fir/ jo9t2 ?ird jo9t "o to ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! fir/ two jo9ts tak5 toge!r1 ) a %ort1 t]m9al /yle4 ,face broad1 "u ! ant5nae concave 9 pr(ile2 an obtuse tub]cle bel[ ! middle2 on ! sides ?ickly cov]$ ) pile4 ,proboscis r prom95t1 ) broad labella4 ,eyes hairy1 holoptic 9 ! male4 ,abdom5 elliptical1 z long or long] ?an ! ?orax4 ,legs mod]ately /rong4 ,?ird longitud9al ve9 /raight1 fir/ po/]ior cell di/ally %ort petiolate2 m>g9al cell op52 cross-ve9 situat$ ne> ! middle ( ! discal cell1 oblique4 ,callic]a mont5sis1 n4 sp41 ,plate vii1 f4 #d4 ,,male4 ,black1 d5sely gold5 r$ pilose4 ,frontal triangle1 face & *eeks deep black1 %9+1 cov]$ ?ickly ) black pile1 save a m$ian facial /ripe4 ,ant5nae black1 basal ?ird ( ?ird jo9t on ! "u side r$2 fir/ jo9t %ort2 second jo9t n m ?an half z long z ! fir/2 ?ird jo9t ?ree times z long z ! fir/ & second jo9ts tak5 toge!r2 gradually broad5$ = a ?ird ( its l5g?1 & !n att5uat$2 /yle :ite4 ,eyes ?ickly clo!d ) gold5 pile4 ,?orax & abdom5 cov]$ ev]y:]e ) long gold5 r$ pile4 ,legs black2 t>sal jo9ts bel[ & at _! articulations r$di%4 ,w+s ne>ly hyal9e1 br[ni% on ! ant]ior basal portion2 /igma yell[4 ,l5g? #aa millimet]s4 ,?ree specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,! g5us may be di/+ui%$ f ,pelecoc]a1 9 ,willi/on's di*otomic table ( ! g5]a ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,syrphidae1 by ! pilose eyes4 ,microdon megaloga/]1 n4 sp41 ,plate vii1 f4 #a4 ,,male4 ,l>ge1 yell[i% pilose species1 9 %ape globose4 ,ant5nae r$di% black1 ! fir/ jo9t ab\t z long z ! foll[+ two toge!r2 second jo9t n "o-?ird z long z ! ?ird4 ,face d>k metallic gre51 %9+1 ?ickly cov]$ ) gold5 yell[ pile4 ,front black1 ) simil> pile1 n>r[$ 9 ! middle4 ,eyes b>e4 ,?orax & scutellum deep metallic gre51 ) long1 ?ick1 gold5 pile2 scutellum g5tly em>g9ate1 ! small obtuse tub]cles approximate4 ,abdom5 %ort & broad1 black1 mod]ately %9+2 fir/ two segm5ts & ! hypopygium some:at gre52 pile at base yell[1 else:]e %ort1 black4 ,legs black1 ) black pile2 front tibiae & _! metat>si1 on ! inn] side1 ) %ort gold5 pile2 h9d metat>si incrassate & long] ?an ! ?ree foll[+ jo9ts tak5 toge!r4 ,w+s uni=mly sub9fuscate2 ve9s at ! out] "p ( ! fir/ po/]ior & discal cells s9u\s & r\nd$4 ,l5g? #ab millimet]s4 ,"o specim54 ,*rysotoxum d]ivatum ,walk]4 ,eight specim5s f ,colorado1 :i* v>y n a little f ea* o!r & f ,willi/on's description4 ,!y seem to belong "h1 h[ev]1 bett] ?an else:]e4 ,9 "o specim51 ! second jo9t ( ! ant5nae is %ort] ?an ! fir/1 & only "o-f\r? ! l5g? ( ! ?ird4 ,9 five examples ! second abdom9al cross-b& is n int]rupt$2 9 ! o!rs x is di/9ctly p>t$4 ,9 two1 ! ?ird b& does n rea* ! yell[ ( ! broad h9d m>g92 9 two o!rs x b>ely t\*es x2 9 five1 ! two b&s broadly coalesce4 ,! yell[ ( ! fif? segm5t1 9 f\r specim5s1 incloses a black1 inv]t$ ,v2 9 two o!rs an inv]t$ ,y4 ,p>agus bicolor ,fabr4 ,?ree specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,^! may be locat$ "u ,s*9]'s v>iety ta5iatus4 ,melano/oma /egnum ,say4 ,syrphus /egnus ,say1 ,j\rn4 ,acad4 ,phil4 vi1 p4 #afc4 ,melano/oma tigr9a ,o/5 ,sack51 ,we/]n ,dipt]a1 p4 #cbc4 ,melano/oma /egnum ,willi/on1 ,biol4 ,c5tr4-,am]4 ,dipt]a1 iii1 p4 #aj4 ,elev5 specim5s1 ,colorado1 :i* answ] well to ! descriptions4 ,! metallic b& ( ! f\r? abdom9al segm5t is sometimes int]rupt$1 & !re is usually a triangul> opaque black spot ne> ! ant]ior bord] ( ! fif? segm5t4 8,! female1 hi!rto unkn[n1 has ! front broad above1 poll9ose1 except on ! upp] "p1 & ) black pile2 ! ?orax m %9+ metallic blue2 ! tibiae yell[1 & on ! ?ird & f\r? abdom9al segm5ts !re is a n>r[ %9+ /ripe1 bisect+ ! black1 z 9 ! f\r? segm5t ( ! male4 ,! male has "s long black hairs on ! out] side ( ! front & middle tibiae1 :i* are inconspicu\s 9 ! female4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! light] color ( ! tibiae1 t ,say's specim5s 7 females40 ,willi/on1 l4 c4 ,melano/oma mell9um ,l9ne4 ,a s+le female specim5 f ,manit\ ,p>k4 ,melano/oma1 n4 sp48 ,,male4 ,face & front d>k metallic blue1 %9+1 ?9ly cov]$ ) light-color$ poll52 tub]cle & epi/oma black1 %9+1 ! =m] small4 ,ant5nae black1 ?ird jo9t yell[i% r$ bel[1 oblong4 ,pile ( frontal & v]tical triangles dusky4 ,?orax bronze-black1 %9+1 sometimes blui% black1 ! pubesc5ce :ite4 ,halt]es yell[i%4 ,abdom5 long & n>r[1 ) almo/ p>allel sides2 fir/ segm5t metallic blue1 %9+2 second segm5t opaque1 or subopaque1 black1 ) a light metallesc5t scallop on ! sides1 rea*+ to ! di/al ?ird ( ! segm5t2 ?ird & f\r? segm5ts simil>1 m>k$ ant]iorly by a wide1 int]rupt$1 or sub9t]rupt$ blue fascia1 deeply & widely em>g9at$1 or concave beh9d2 h9d bord] ( ! ?ird1 & sometimes ( ! second segm5t1 n>r[ly br[n2 fif? segm5t & ! hypopygium metallic blui% gre52 sides ( ! abdom5 ) silv]y :ite pile1 longe/ & ?icke/ at ! base2 ! blue m>k+ are :iti% pru9ose4 ,femora1 except ! tip1 a broad r+ on ! tibiae1 & ! f\r po/]ior t>si1 black2 else:]e br[ni% or yell[i%4 ,w+s hyal9e1 /igma yell[i%4 ,l5g? #g-h millimet]s4 ,eupeodes volucris1 ,o/5 ,sack54 ,num]\s specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus arcuatus ,fall54 ,f\r specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,^! specim5s v>y n a little f ea* o!r1 & some:at f ! descriptions4 ,"o female is v small1 n ov] sev5 millimet]s 9 l5g?1 & ) ! spots on ! ?ird & f\r? abdom9al segm5ts h>dly oblique4 ,"o male has ! h9d femora black z f> z ! tip1 :ile 9 ?ree females ! black does n ext5d beyond ! middle4 ,syrphus disjectus ,willi/on4 ,a s+le female specim51 f ,colorado1 agrees well ) ! description drawn f males4 ,! pile ( ! ?orax is m :iti% ?an orange-yell[1 & !re are light color$ lat]al m>g9s on ! ant]ior "p ( ! ?orax4 ,syrphus ruficauda1 n4 sp41 ,plate vii1 f4 #c4 ,,male4 ,eyes b>e4 ,face gre5i% yell[ on ! sides1 yell[ 9 ! middle2 a r broad black l9e m>ks ! bord] ( ! m\? & is lo/ 9 ! black ( ! *eeks4 ,frontal triangle yell[1 ) long black pile4 ,ant5nae d>k br[n1 m or less r$di% bel[4 ,pile ( occiput light yell[4 ,dorsum ( ?orax deep metallic gre51 ! scutellum olivace\s yell[2 bo? ) light yell[ pile4 ,fir/ segm5t ( ! abdom5 %9+ black2 second segm5t opaque black1 ) ! lat]al m>g9s & h9d bord] %9+1 & ) a broad1 yell[1 int]rupt$ b&1 n rea*+ ! lat]al m>g9s2 ?ird segm5t simil>1 b ) ! yell[ b& some:at wid]1 int]rupt$ or sub9t]rupt$ & slightly bilat]ally oblique2 f\r? & fif? segm5ts orange-r$1 ! sides n>r[ly black2 ! f\r? segm5t %[s indi/9ctly a broad int]rupt$ b& ( a some:at light] color1 correspond+ to ! yell[ b&s ( ! prec$+ segm5ts4 ,legs light br[n2 basal ?ird ( ! front & middle femora & basal half ( ! h9d femora black4 ,w+s hyal9e1 /igma yell[i%4 ,,female4 ,head want+4 ,?orax purpli% br[n4 ,! yell[ b& on ! second abdom9al segm5t n>r[]1 ! second b& /raight1 n>r[] & int]rupt$4 ,legs light br[n1 except ! proximal end ( ! femora1 :i* is black4 ,l5g? #i millimet]s4 ,?ree males & "o female1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus pauxillus ,willi/on4 ,two specim5s f ,colorado und\bt$ly come "h4 ,! species 0 describ$ f a s+le male specim54 ,a female specim5 (f]s ! foll[+ diff]5ces or additions3 ,l5g? n9e millimet]s1 mesonotum m gre5i% black or bronze1 ! pile obscure :iti%2 fif? abdom9al segm5t )\t yell[ spots on ! ant]ior angles2 legs yell[1 ) ! basal half ( ! front & middle femora1 ! h9d femora except ! tip1 a broad b& on ! h9d tibiae1 & ! h9d t>si1 black4 ,syrphus ribesii ,l9ne4 ,five specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus am]icanus ,wi$emann4 ,num]\s specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus umbellat>um ,s*9]4 ,five female specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,! only we/]n locality h]et(ore giv5 is ,arizona 7,willi/on74 ,allograpta obliqua ,say4 ,five specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,mesogramma m>g9atum ,say4 ,num]\s specim5s f ,colorado1 %[+ v great v>iation4 ,spha]ophoria cyl9drica ,say4 ,tw5ty specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,i ?9k ! specim5s belong "h1 ?\gh a positive id5tification is h>dly possible at pres5t4 ,rh+ia nasica ,say4 ,"o specim51 ,colorado4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t ?is species has be5 record$ f beyond ! ,mississippi4 ,cope/ylum m>g9atum ,say4 ,two specim5s1 ,colorado1 repres5t+ ! extremes ( v>iation 9 ! species4 ,! male corresponds to ,c4 l5tum ,willi/on4 ,specim5s ( ?is species 7 br$ f ,opuntia miss\ri5sis1 9 company ) o!rs ( ,volucella fasciata ,macq4 ,s]icomyia milit>is ,walk]4 ,sixte5 specim5s f ,m9nesota & ,colorado v>y 9 ! m>k+s ( ! second abdom9al segm5t1 & 9 ! color ( ! legs4 ,"s h no spots at all on ! second segm5t2 9 o!rs ! two yell[ dots are conspicu\s1 approa*+1 9 size & %ape1 ! m>k+s ( ! ?ird segm5t4 ,! tibiae v>y f light yell[ to r$di% br[n4 ,bra*yopa cynops1 n4 sp41 plate vii1 f4 #b4 ,head light yell[i% br[n1 l>gely conceal$ b5ea? light gli/5+ poll52 ! %9+ gr\nd color %[s j above ! ant5nae & 9 a /ripe on ! *eeks1 ext5d+ f ! eye to ! m\? op5+4 ,ant5nae want+4 ,dorsum ( ?orax br[n1 cov]$ ) grayi% poll52 ant]iorly ) two approximat$1 l9e>1 blacki% /ripes2 lat]ally ) a broad1 int]rupt$ /ripe4 ,scutellum light br[n1 ) yell[i% poll54 ,abdom5 b little long] ?an broad2 yell[i% gray poll9ose2 second segm5t ) a circul> br[n spot 9 ! ant]ior corn]s2 ! two foll[+ segm5ts are m>k$ ) correspond+ elliptical spots1 &1 9 ! middle ( ! ant]ior bord] ) a triangul> spot2 on ! fif? segm5t are two small r\nd spots4 ,legs uni=mly r$di% br[n1 ) light color$ poll5 & %ort :iti% pile4 ,w+ hyal9e1 di/9ctly cl\d$ at ant]ior cross-ve91 on ! ve9s at ! ant]ior out] corn] ( ! discal cell & on ! ultimate section ( ! f\r? ve92 po/]ior cross-ve9 ab\t z long z ! p5ultimate section ( ! f\r? ve91 ! includ$ angle obtuse4 ,l5g? #e millimet]s4 ,"o specim51 ,colorado4 ,eri/alis latifrons ,loew4 ,num]\s specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,! commone/ ,syrphid ( ! m\nta9 mead[s4 ,"s specim5s h v indi/9ct br[ni% spots on ! second abdom9al segm5t1 &1 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! middle ( ! w+ g5]ally %[s a br[n spot1 & br[n cl\ds along ! ant]ior ve9s betwe5 ! spot & ! base ( ! w+4 ,eri/alis br\si ,willi/on4 ,"o male specim51 ,colorado4 ,helophilus latifrons ,loew4 ,num]\s specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,xylota flavitibia ,bigot4 ,eight specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,! gli/5+ pile ( ! face & front v>ies f :ite to a gold5 yell[4 ,on ! dorsum ( ! ?orax purpli% /ripes are di/9ctly visible4 ,! f\r? segm5t ( ! male abdom5 is (t5 r$1 z 9 ! female abdom54 ,syritta pipi5s ,l9ne4 ,eight specim5s1 ,colorado4 ,criorrh9a umbratilis ,willi/on4 ,a s+le1 male specim51 collect$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,coleman1 at ,lawr5ce1 & agree+ exactly ) ! description4 ,! only o!r kn[n specim5 ( ?is species is ! type1 at ,wa%+ton1 f ,connecticut4 ,spilomyia quadrifasciata ,say4 ,sev5 specim5s1 ,lawr5ce1 ,kansas1 7,f4 ,h4 ,sn[ & ,e4 ,s4 ,tuck]74 ,! species has n hi!rto be5 record$ we/ ( ,new ,york4 ,notes on ,melit]a ,d5tata ,grote4 ,,by ,,v]non ,l4 ,,kellogg4 ,,) ,,plate ,,viii4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,entomological ,club ( ! ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 held 9 ,augu/1 #ahia1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,dr4 ,riley call$ att5tion to ! habits ( ,melit]a prod5ialis ,walk]4 ,! l>vae burr[ into & fe$ ^u ! fle%y leaves ( ! prickly pe>1 ,opuntia4 ,dr4 ,riley's specim5s came f ,florida4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smi? has rec5tly br$ ! mo? f ! prickly pe> 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,8 notes 7 pres5t$ at ! same meet+ ( ! ,club1 & ! brief ref]5ces to ! int]e/+ notes ( ,doctors ,riley & ,smi?1 made 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/ 7v4 xxiii1 num4 #aa1 pp4 #bdb & #bef71 sugge/ ! pres5tation ( ! foll[+ notes on ,melit]a d5tata ,grote1 ! we/]n species ( ?is ,phycitid g5us4 ,*ancellor ,f4 ,h4 ,sn[1 ( ?is ,univ]sity1 :ile inve/igat+ a gras%opp] 8outbreak0 7,disso/eira longip5nis7 9 ea/]n ,colorado 9 ,july1 #ahia1 not$ ! )]$ & dy+ condition ( _m leaves ( ! common prickly pe> cactus 7,opuntia miss\ri5sis71 & on exam9+ ! leaves f\nd 9 !m c]ta9 l>ge1 nak$1 blui% l>vae4 ,! l>vae 7 imb$d$ 9 ! fle%y leaves1 eat+ away ! s(t inn] tissue4 ,! holl[$-out spaces 7 ne>ly fill$ ) irregul>ly sph]ical1 yell[i%1 transluc5t ca/s4 ,! attack$ leaves 7 )]$ & br[n )\t4 ,pr(4 ,sn[ took a few leaves & l>vae on ,july #af1 ne> ,arriba1 ,colorado1 & br\ght !m to ! laboratory4 ,! l>vae 7 put into bre$+-cage on ,july #ah4 ,on ,july #bh "o l>va _h spun up & pupat$ 9 a corn] ( ! cage beh9d a small porcela9 di%4 ,ano!r _h made a cocoon 9 a brok51 empty pupa-case ( ,eacles imp]ialis1 b di$ be=e pupat+4 ,on ,augu/ ---- ! adults appe>$1 & h be5 det]m9$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smi? z ,m4 d5tata1 ,grote4 ,z ,i am aw>e ( no description ( ! e>li] /ages ( ?is species1 ,i record ! foll[+ notes ( description3 ,,egg4 ,ab\t #a-a4b millimet]s 9 diamet]1 surface ) broad1 m]idian-l furr[s f "o pole = ab\t "o-?ird ( ! di/ance to ! o!r pole4 ,color1 creamy :ite4 ,,l>va4 ,food plant1 ,opuntia miss\ri5sis1 prickly pe> cactus1 burr[+ into ! fle%y leaves & eat+ ! s(t1 succul5t1 inn] tissues4 ,l5g?1 #dj millimet]s4 ,five pairs ( prolegs4 ,color1 "o specim51 ultram>9e blue2 sk91 semi-transp>5t & %9+ ant]iorly1 dead blue on dorsum2 second specim51 buffy ) a blui% suffusion1 blue betwe5 segm5ts1 prolegs blui%1 & la/ abdom9al segm5t blue1 especially bel[2 sk9 m opaque ?an 9 fir/ specim54 ,no pron\nc$ m>k+s ( sk92 spiracles %9+ black & pres5t on fir/ ?oracic & fir/ to t5? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,head flatt5$1 slightly n>r[] ?an fir/ ?oracic segm5t1 umb]4 ,pro?oracic %ield well m>k$1 br[ni% black2 anal %ield1 smoky br[ni%4 ,clo?+1 limit$ to tub]cl$ hairs sp>sely di/ribut$ z foll[s3 a subdorsal l9e ( small tub]cles1 two tub]cles to a segm5t1 ea* tub]cle be>+ ?ree %ort1 f9e hairs2 a supra-/igmatic l9e1 "o tub]cle to ea* segm5t1 ea* tub]cle be>+ ?ree to f\r f9e hairs2 a simil> infra-/igmatic l9e2 a sub-v5tral l9e ( tub]cles1 be>+ usually f\r f9e hairs1 ! tub]cles ( ! ?ree ?oracic segm5ts 9 ?is l9e situat$ at base ( legs outside1 & simil>ly z to ! prolegs on ! ?ird to six? abdom9al segm5ts4 ,! tub]cles 9 all ! l9es are fa9tly smoky4 ,! l>va is r heavy1 & rotund 9 =m1 tap]+ t[>d bo? head & po/]ior segm5t4 ,x moves ) a lumb]+ gait1 b r rapidly4 ,,*rysalis4 ,l5g?1 #bj millimet]s2 9 cocoon ( silk1 loosely cov]$ ) small dirt-masses4 ,z made 9 ! bre$+ cage ! cocoons 7 above gr\nd1 b conceal$ "u or 9 available objects4 ,,adult4 ,! adults obta9$ f ! bre$+ cage1 7!re are no o!rs 9 our collection71 are easily di/+ui%$ f prod5ialis ,wlk41 by ! mu* /rong] d5tations ( ! out] l9e ( ! prim>ies4 ,pr(4 ,smi? k9dly s5t a specim5 ( prod5ialis tak5 at ,ocean ,grove1 ,new ,j]sey1 = comp>ison4 ,! r[ ( m>g9al black spots on ! prim>ies :i* ,hul/ 7,tran4 ,am4 ,ent4 ,soc41 v4 xvii1 p4 #agb7 m5tions z di/9ctive ( d5tata is z pron\nc$ 9 ,pr(4 ,smi?'s specim5 ( prod5ialis z 9 our d5tata4 ,! mu* light] color ( ! prim>ies1 head & ?orax 9 d5tata z m5tion$ by ,hul/ is *>act]i/ic4 ,an int]e/+ feature 9 ! v5ation ( ! h9d w+s 9 our br$ specim5s ( d5tata is ! consid]able coalesc5ce ( ! sub-co/al & co/al ve9s4 ,ve9 five is want+1 z m5tion$ by ,hul/4 ,9 addition1 !re is fur!r dep>ture f a normal v5ation1 9 t ve9 sev5 aft] ris+ ) six f its /em1 7,hul/ says3 8,six %ort /emm$ ) sev5071 coalesces = a %ort di/ance ) eight & !n runs free to ! m>g94 ,beh9d ! =k+ ( sev5 & six ! /em 7remnant ( sub-co/al7 unites ) ! co/al1 & its basal portion is :olly m]g$ ) ! =w>d ve94 ,?is p>tial disappe>ance ( ! sub-co/al seems to be %>$ by prod5ialis & is probably *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us4 ,pr(4 ,smi?1 z record$ 9 ! ,canadian ,naturali/1 v4 viii1 p4 #bdb1 7#ahia71 br$ sev]al specim5s ( ,volucella fasciata1 a ,syrphid fly1 f ! same prickly pe> leaves 9 :i* ! ,melit]a l>vae 7 liv+4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t pup>iae & lat]1 adults ( ,volucella fasciata & ,cope/ylum m>g9atum1 a closely alli$ ,syrphid1 7 not$ 9 ! ,opuntia leaves f :i* ,m4 d5tata 0 br$4 7,see note by ,dr4 ,willi/on1 ,entomological ,news1 v4 ii1 p4 #afe1 #ahia74 ,dipt]a ,brasiliana4 ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,willi/on4 ,,"p ,,ii4#aa #aa ,see ,trans4 ,am]4 ,entom4 ,soc4 xv1 p4 #bdc1 = ,"p ,i4 ,,conops4 #a4 ,fir/ basal cell hyal9e #b ,fir/ basal cell cl\d$ ?r\gh\t #f #b4 ,?ird jo9t ( ! ant5nae z long z ! fir/ two toge!r2 small species p>vus1 n4 sp4 ,?ird jo9t ( ! ant5nae b little if any long] ?an ! second jo9t #c #c4 ,fir/ po/]ior cell hyal9e #d ,fir/ po/]ior cell m or less cl\d$ #e #d4 ,*eeks yell[ angu/ifrons1 n4 sp4 ,*eeks black ornatus1 n4 sp4 #e4 ,face black 9 gr\nd-color arg5tifacies1 n4 sp4 ,face yell[1 l>ge species gr&is1 n4 sp4 #f4 ,r$ species2 front r$ rufus1 n4 sp4 ,black species2 front black #g #g4 ,face & *eeks black 9 gr\nd-color magnus1 n4 sp4 ,face & *eeks yell[ inornatus1 n4 sp4 #a4 ,conops magnus1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,front black1 %9+1 ! v]tical callosity some:at r$di%4 ,face & *eeks yell[i% br[n1 ! orbits silv]y poll9ose4 ,ant5nae br[ni% black2 second & ?ird jo9ts subequal1 fir/ jo9t ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! second2 ?ird jo9t ( ! /yle ) a long bri/ly extremity4 ,?orax %9+ black2 pleurae lightly :iti% poll9ose4 ,abdom5 deep black1 opaque2 lightly :iti% poll9ose po/]iorly2 v5tral process ( ! fif? segm5t l>ge4 ,w+s deep br[n 9 front1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! two basal cells1 & ! basal "p ( ! discal cell2 out] "p ( ! fir/ po/]ior cell subhyal9e1 z also beh9d ! /reak correspond+ to ! spuri\s ve9 ( ! ,syrphidae4 ,legs black2 base ( ! femora1 ( ! tibiae1 & ( ! t>si1 some:at yell[i%4 ,l5g? #ba-bd millimet]s4 ,six specim5s1 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #b4 ,conops gr&is1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,front black1 ! l[] m>g9 ( ! v]tical callosity r$di%2 j bel[ ! callosity opaque1 else:]e %9+4 ,ant5nae black2 ! second & ?ird jo9ts ( ne>ly equal l5g?2 ! fir/ jo9t ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! second jo9t2 /yle ) a long bri/ly extremity4 ,face & *eeks light yell[1 ! orbital m>g9s ( ! =m] silv]y or light gold5 poll9ose4 ,?orax black1 ! mesonotum %9+1 ! pleurae lightly :iti% poll9ose4 ,abdom5 deep black2 po/]iorly lightly poll9ose4 ,w+s br[n 9 front2 fir/ po/]ior cell & ! space beh9d ! /reak correspond+ to ! spuri\s ve9 ( ! ,syrphidae 9 ! fir/ po/]ior cell1 pure hyal9e2 out] "p ( ! fir/ po/]ior cell subhyal9e2 a br[n /reak 9 front ( ! fif? ve94 ,legs black2 ! tibiae & basal jo9ts ( ! t>si 9 l>ge "p r$di% or yell[i%2 pulvilli light yell[2 v5tral process ( ! fif? segm5t extraord9>ily l>ge2 sev5? segm5t z long z ! ?ree prec$+ toge!r4 ,,male4 ,abdom5 9 gr\nd-color black1 ei!r :olly s1 or m or less1 or r>ely entirely1 r$2 ! gr\nd color1 save at ! base1 h[ev]1 is almo/ :olly obscur$ by r$di% br[n poll54 ,l5g? #ai-bc millimet]s4 ,six specim5s1 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #c4 ,conops rufus1 n4 sp4 ,,male1 ,,female4 ,head r$2 face 9 ! depression yell[1 on ! sides ) a silv]y %e54 ,ant5nae black2 fir/ jo9t r$1 m ?an half ( ! l5g? ( ! second jo9t2 second jo9t sometimes r$di% at ! base2 ?ird jo9t ab\t z long z ! second jo9t1 /\t2 ?ird jo9t ( ! /yle sudd5ly att5uat$ into a mod]ately long bri/ly extremity4 ,?orax r$2 mesonotum ) a m$ian black /ripe1 & an oval1 m or less di/9ct spot on ei!r side2 a gold5 poll9ose spot on ! inn] side ( ea* hum]us4 ,abdom5 r$1 lightly poll9ose1 ! m$ian segm5ts m or less black2 v5tral process 9 ! female l>ge2 ! six? segm5t 9 ! same sex ab\t z long z ! two prec$+ toge!r4 ,legs r$1 ! t>si a little d>k]1 ! pulvilli & ! ungues1 save _! black tip1 yell[4 ,w+s br[n 9 front1 ! br[n ext5d+ to ! fif? ve9 9 ! basal "p ( ! discal cell2 ! space beh9d ! spuri\s ve9 9 ! fir/ po/]ior cell hyal9e2 ! out] "p ( ! same cell subhyal9e4 ,l5g? #af-ag millimet]s4 ,two specim5s1 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #d4 ,conops angu/ifrons1 n4 sp4 ,,male4 ,front mu* long] ?an wide2 black1 %9+ at ! v]tex & bel[2 an opaque b& bel[ ! v]tical callosity4 ,ant5nae black1 ! ?ird jo9t some:at r$di% bel[ t[>ds ! base2 ! fir/ jo9t ab\t half ( ! l5g? ( ! ?ird jo9t2 ?ird jo9t di/9ctly %ort] ?an ! second1 r broad at ! base2 /yle small1 att5uate4 ,face1 *eeks & ! l[] "p ( ! occiput :olly light yell[4 ,?orax opaque black2 a :iti% poll9ose spot on ! inn] side ( ea* hum]us2 v]tical pleural poll9ose spot n di/9ctly limit$ above2 a r[ ( dorso-pleural1 at lea/ two prescutell>1 & f\r scutell>1 well-develop$ bri/les4 ,abdom5 subopaque black2 second segm5t yell[ at ! base2 six? segm5t opaque gold5 yell[ poll9ose4 ,w+s br[ni% be=e ! ?ird longitud9al ve91 ! fir/ basal & ! fir/ po/]ior cells :olly hyal9e2 a /reak be=e ! fif? ve94 ,legs deep br[n2 ! base ( all ! tibiae1 ! l>ge pulvilli1 & ! claws 7except _! tips7 yell[4 ,l5g? #ab millimet]s4 ,"o specim51 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 ,?is species is peculi> 9 its n>r[ front1 bri/les ( ! ?orax1 & hyal9e fir/ po/]ior cell4 #e4 ,conops nobilis1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,head black2 front1 bel[ ! v]tical callosity1 except a cresc5tic space above ! base ( ! ant5nae1 opaque2 face1 on ! sides & 9 ! depression1 ) a conspicu\s1 light yell[i% silv]y reflection2 9 an oblique light f above ! gr\nd-color :olly conceal$4 ,ant5nae black2 ! r$di% fir/ jo9t ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! ?ird jo9t2 ! ?ird jo9t ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! sl5d] second jo9t2 ?ird jo9t ( ! /yle ) a %ort bri/ly extremity4 ,?orax black1 lightly poll9ose1 opaque2 on ! front m>g91 & ne> ! hum]i1 velvety2 9 ! middle 9 front di/9ctly :iti% :5 se5 f beh9d4 ,abdom5 black1 sub%9+2 second segm5t deep opaque black1 save on ! ant]ior "p1 :]e x is :iti% poll9ose2 v5tral process ( ! fif? segm5t small4 ,legs black2 ! t>si & claws 7save _! extreme tips7 light yell[2 pulvilli v l>ge1 yell[2 ! t>si dilat$4 ,w+s unequally br[n 9 front1 sc>cely ext5d+ beyond ! ?ird ve91 save 9 ! fir/ po/]ior cell2 ! co/al cell & ! out] "p ( ! w+ 9 front ( ! ?ird ve9 ( a light] color4 ,l5g? #ab millimet]s4 ,"o specim51 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #f4 ,conops inornatus1 n4 sp4 ,,male4 ,front black1 %9+1 ! v]tical callosity r$di%4 ,face yell[1 ) gold5 poll5 on ! sides ext5d+ up on ! l[] "p ( ! front4 ,*eeks :olly yell[4 ,?orax black1 %9+1 lightly poll9ose2 m>g9s ( ! ?orax & ( ! scutellum ) mod]ately l>ge bri/les4 ,abdom5 sl5d]1 black1 %9+2 ! n>r[ h9d m>g9s ( ! ?ird & f\r? segm5ts1 ! fif? on ! sides & beh9d1 & ! six? ne>ly :olly1 light gold5 poll9ose4 ,legs br[n2 base ( tibiae yell[2 basal jo9ts ( ! t>si yell[i%4 ,w+s subhyal9e1 )\t di/9ct picture1 ?\gh ! color is m int5se 9 front2 yell[ 9 ! co/al cell4 ,,female4 ,w+s di/9ctly br[n be=e ! ?ird ve9 & 9 ! basal cells & proximal portion ( ! discal cell4 ,abdom5 diffusely :iti% poll9ose beh9d2 ! second segm5t l>gely r$di%2 v5tral process ( ! fif? segm5t small4 ,l5g? #aj millimet]s4 ,two specim5s1 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #g4 ,conops ornatus1 n4 sp4 ,,male4 ,v]tical callosity r$di%2 bel[ x an opaque black b&1 connect$ 9 ! middle ) a ,v-%ap$ spot ab\t ! base ( ! ant5nae2 ! front else:]e1 & ! face = ! great] "p1 light yell[1 ! sides ( ! latt] ) a broad silv]y %e54 ,*eeks black4 ,ant5nae r$2 ! fir/ jo9t a little %ort] ?an ! ?ird jo9t2 second jo9t ab\t twice ! l5g? ( ! fir/2 /yle %ort1 ?ick4 ,?orax black1 opaque2 ne> ! hum]i & beh9d1 z also on ! scutellum1 ?ickly gold5 poll9ose2 pleurae diffusely poll9ose4 ,abdom5 opaque black2 ! h9d m>g9 ( ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts1 & ! rema9d] ( ! abdom51 save spots on ! sides ( ! f\r? & fif? segm5ts1 ?ickly light gold5 poll9ose4 ,legs r$di% br[n1 ! base ( ! tibiae & ! basal jo9ts ( ! t>si yell[i%4 ,! br[n ( ! w+s ext5ds to ! ?ird ve9 & ?r\gh ! middle ( ! fir/ po/]ior cell2 co/al & subco/al cells light] color$4 ,l5g? #aa millimet]s4 ,two specim5s1 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #h4 ,conops p>vus1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,closely alli$ to ,c4 sylvosus ,willi/on1 b diff]s 9 ! light] color$ ant5nae & _! m elongat$ ?ird jo9t1 :i* is z long z ! fir/ two jo9ts toge!r2 9 ! w+s be+ :olly grayi% hyal9e1 save a quadrate br[n spot 9 front a little beyond ! middle2 & 9 ! light] color$ legs & abdom54 ,! proboscis is z long z ! ant5nae2 ! legs are br[n or br[ni% yell[4 ,l5g? #h millimet]s4 ,two specim5s1 ,*apada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smi?4 ,explanation ( ,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,skull ( ,pt]anodon sp41 "o-fif? natural size4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,left front paddle ( ,clida/es velox ,m>%1 two-?irds natural size4 ,c1 coracoid2 ,s1 scapula2 ,h1 hum]us2 ,i1 fir/ digit2 ,v1 fif? digit4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,left h9d paddle ( ,clida/es velox ,m>%1 two-?irds natural size4 ,il1 ilium2 ,p1 pubis2 ,is1 is*ium2 ,f1 femur2 ,t1 tibia2 ,fb1 fibula2 ,i1 fir/ metat>sal4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,"r front paddle ( ,clida/es ,we/ii ,willi/on1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,s1 scapula2 ,c1 coracoid2 ,h1 hum]us2 ,r1 radius2 ,u1 ulna2 ,i1 ,,iv1 fir/1 f\r? digits4 ,,plate ,v4 ,"r h9d paddle ( ,clida/es ,we/ii ,willi/on1 "o-half natural size4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,eighte5? dorsal v]tebra ( ,clida/es ,we/ii ,willi/on1 natural size4 ,fig4 #a1 c5trum f beh9d2 fig4 #b1 f bel[4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a1 ,microdon megaloga/] ,sn[2 fig4 #b1 ,bra*yopa cynops ,sn[2 fig4 #c1 ,syrphus ruficauda ,sn[2 fig4 #d1 ,callic]a mont5sis ,sn[2 fig4 #e1 ,tropidomyia bimaculata ,willi/on2 fig4 #f1 ,rh+iopsis ro/rata ,ro$]2 fig4 #g1 ,ancan?9a hi]oglyphica ,wi$emann4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,melit]a d5tata4 ,adult1 silk5 cocoon & out] lay] ( dirt-masses held toge!r by silk5 ?reads2 l>va 7%ad$72 l>va 9 outl9e %[+ position & numb] ( tub]cl$ hairs2 h9d w+ ( adult %[+ v5ation4 ,,plate ,i4 ,skull ( ,pt]anodon sp41 "o-fif? natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kan4 ,,univ4 ,,qu>t4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,plate ,i4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,left front paddle ( ,clida/es velox ,m>%1 two-?irds natural size4 ,c1 coracoid2 ,s1 scapula2 ,h1 hum]us2 ,i1 fir/ digit2 ,v1 fif? digit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,left h9d paddle ( ,clida/es velox ,m>%1 two-?irds natural size4 ,il1 ilium2 ,p1 pubis2 ,is1 is*ium2 ,f1 femur2 ,t1 tibia2 ,fb1 fibula2 ,i1 fir/ metat>sal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,"r front paddle ( ,clida/es ,we/ii ,willi/on1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,s1 scapula2 ,c1 coracoid2 ,h1 hum]us2 ,r1 radius2 ,u1 ulna2 ,i1 ,,iv1 fir/1 f\r? digits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,v4 ,"r h9d paddle ( ,clida/es ,we/ii ,willi/on1 "o-half natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,eighte5? dorsal v]tebra ( ,clida/es ,we/ii ,willi/on1 natural size4 ,fig4 #a1 c5trum f beh9d2 fig4 #b1 f bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a1 ,microdon megaloga/] ,sn[4 ,fig4 #b1 ,bra*yopa cynops ,sn[4 ,fig4 #c1 ,syrphus ruficauda ,sn[4 ,fig4 #d1 ,callic]a mont5sis ,sn[4 ,fig4 #e1 ,tropidomyia bimaculata ,willi/on4 ,fig4 #f1 ,prom]isana nasuta ,macq4 ,fig4 #g1 ,ancan?9a hi]oglyphica ,wi$emann4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,m>y ,wellman & ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,melit]a d5tata ,grote2 adult1 silk5 cocoon & out] lay] ( dirt-masses held toge!r by silk5 ?reads2 l>va 7%ad$72 l>va 9 outl9e %[+ position & numb] ( tub]cl$ hairs2 h9d w+ ( adult %[+ v5ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,m>y ,wellman1 ad nat4 del4 ,,prospectus4 ,! ,,kansas ,,univ]sity ,,qu>t]ly is e/abli%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 & w be ma9ta9$ by x z a m$ium = ! publication ( ! results ( orig9al rese>* by memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,pap]s w be publi%$ only ^u recomm5dation by ! ,committee ( ,publication4 ,contribut$ articles %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ! ,committee at lea/ "o mon? prior to ! date ( publication4 ,a limit$ numb] ( au?or's sep>ata w be furni%$ free to contributors4 ,! ,,qu>t]ly w be issu$ regul>ly1 z indicat$ by its title4 ,ea* numb] w conta9 fifty or m pages ( read+ matt]1 ) necess>y illu/rations4 ,! f\r numb]s ( ea* ye> w con/itute a volume4 ,! price ( subscription is two doll>s a volume1 s+le numb]s v>y+ 9 price ) co/ ( publication4 ,ex*anges are solicit$4 ,communications %\ld be address$ to ,v4 ,l4 ,,kellogg1 ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 ,lawr5ce4