,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,july1 #ahib ,no4 #a4 ,,the ,,kansas ,,university ,,quarterly ,,committee ,,of ,,publication ,e4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,bailey ,f4 ,w4 ,,blackmar ,w4 ,h4 ,,carruth ,c4 ,g4 ,,dunlap ,e4 ,,miller ,s4 ,w4 ,,williston ,v4 ,l4 ,,kellogg1 ,managing ,editor ,,contents ,,kansas ,,pterodactyls1 ,,part ,i4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston ,,kansas ,,mosasaurs1 ,,part ,i4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston and ,e4 ,c4 ,case ,,notes ,,and ,,descriptions ,,of ,,syrphidae1 ,w4 ,a4 ,snow ,,notes ,,on ,,melitera ,,dentata ,,grote1 ,v4 ,l4 ,kellogg ,,diptera ,,brasiliana1 ,,part ,,ii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,university ,,lawrence1 ,,kansas ,price of this number1 #ej cents ,entered at the ,post-office in ,lawrence as ,second-class matter ,,journal ,,publishing ,,house1 ,,lawrence1 ,,kansas4 #ahib4 ,,kansas ,,pterodactyls4 ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,williston4 ,,part ,i1 ,,with ,,plate ,i4 ,the first ,american species of the singular group of extinct ,mesozoic reptiles variously know as ,ornithosaurs1 ,pterosaurs or ,pterodactyls was described by ,marsh from a fragmentary specimen obtained in #ahgj1 by the ,yale ,college ,expedition in ,wallace ,county1 ,kansas4 ,about a dozen other specimens were obtained by a similar expedition the following year in charge of ,professor ,marsh1 or by ,professor ,cope1 and were described by these authors shortly afterward4 ,by far the largest number of known specimens1 however1 other than those in the ,kansas ,university ,museum1 were obtained during the years #ahgd1 '#ge1 '#gf and '#gg by parties of which ,professor ,mudge1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,brous1 ,e4 ,w4 ,guild1 ,george ,cooper and myself were the members1 and it was from these specimens that most of the published characters were derived4 ,many of these specimens are necessarily fragmentary ones1 still the material now in the ,yale ,college ,museum is ample to elucidate everything of interest concerning these animals4 ,during the past few years1 the ,museum of ,kansas ,university has been enriched by a series of excellent specimens of these animals1 obtained from the same regions1 specimens that permit the solution of most of the doubtful characters and throw not a little light on the affinities of the ,kansas forms4 ,the species hitherto named are as follows3 ,,pteranodon4 ,pteranodon ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahgf2 and xii1 p4 #dgi1 ,dec4 #ahgf2 xxiii1 p4 #bec1 ,april1 #ahhb2 xxvii1 p4 #dbc1 ,may1 #ahha2 ,williston1 ,amer4 ,naturalist1 xxv1 p4 #aagd1 ,dec4 #ahia ,pteranodon occidentalis4 ,pterodactylus ,oweni ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 i1 p4 #dgb1 ,june #ahga1 ,sep4 p4 #af 7nom4 preoc74 ,pterodactylus occidentalis ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 iii1 p4 #bdb1 ,april #ahgb1 ,sep4 p4 #a2 ,cope1 ,cretac4 ,vert4 p4 #fh1 pl4 vii1 ff4 #e1 #f4 ,ornithocheirus harpyia ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahgb1 p4 #dga 7,cope74 ,this species was originally based upon the distal end of two wing-metacarpals1 and teeth4 ,in the following year1 a fuller description was given of additional remains referred to the same species and renamed ,p4 occidentalis4 ,pteranodon ingens4 ,pterodactylus ingens ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ ,sci4 iii1 p4 #bdf1 ,april #ahgb1 ,sep4 p4 #f4 ,pteranodon ingens ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahgf4 ,this species is based upon various bones of the wing-finger of several individuals1 and three teeth4 ,pteranodon umbrosus4 ,ornithocheirus umbrosus ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahgb1 p4 #dga4 ,pterodactylus umbrosus ,cope1 ,cret4 ,vert4 p4 #fe1 pl4 vii1 ff4 #a-d4 ,marsh 7,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xii1 p4 #dhj1 ,dec4 #ahgf7 says this name is a synonym of ,p4 ingens1 published two days earlier4 ,as this synonymy is not certain1 and as ,cope's species has been figured1 ,i am not ready to accept his views4 ,pteranodon velox4 ,pterodactylus velox ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 iii1 p4 #bdg1 ,april #ahgb1 ,sep4 p4 #h4 ,based upon the distal end of the right metacarpal of the wing-finger1 and the proximal extremity of the adjoining first phalanx1 two uncharacteristic parts of the skeleton1 ,marsh to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,it is doubtful whether the direct comparison of the types will suffice to determine the species with certainty4 8,both of the bones are somewhat distorted by pressure40 ,pteranodon longiceps4 ,pteranodon longiceps ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahge2 xxvii1 p4 #dbd1 pl4 xv1 ,may #ahhd4 ,based upon a somewhat defective skull1 without other bones4 ,there is no evidence whatever that the species is distinct from the preceding4 ,pteranodon comptus4 ,pteranodon comptus ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #eji1 ,june #ahgf4 ,based upon wing-bones of three individuals4 ,the description is meagre4 ,pteranodon nanus4 ,pteranodon nanus ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #cdc1 ,april #ahha4 ,based upon various remains of one individual2 the humerus1 alone1 is recognizably described4 ,,nyctodactylus4 ,nyctosaurus ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xii1 p4 #dhj1 ,dec4 #ahgf4 7nomen preoc4#a74 ,nyctodactylus ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #cdc1 ,april #ahha3 ibid4 xxvii1 p4 #dbc1 ,may #ahhd4 #a ,this preoccupation rests1 so far as ,i am aware1 upon ,marsh's statement4 ,i can find no evidence of the name having been previously used4 ,nyctodactylus gracilis4 ,pteranodon gracilis ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xi1 p4 #ejh1 ,june #ahgf4 ,nyctosaurus gracilis ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xii1 p4 #dhj1 ,dec4 #ahgf4 ,nyctodactylus gracilis ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #cdc1 ,april #ahha4 ,,pteranodon4 ,skull4 ,fragmentary portions of the skull of ,pteranodon are not at all rare in the ,kansas chalk2 but it is exceedingly seldom that a complete1 or even approximately complete specimen is found4 ,their great length and slenderness1 together with the extensive pneumaticity of the bones1 render their preservation1 as a whole1 a thing of great rarity4 ,probably the most nearly perfect one yet known is now in the ,museum of ,kansas ,university4 ,it was discovered the past summer by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case1 a member of the ,university ,geological ,expedition4 ,the specimen was carefully cleaned on its upper surface1 as it lay in the chalk1 and then imbedded in plaster before removal4 ,the surface now exposed was the under one1 which surface is1 almost invariably1 better preserved and less distorted than the upper one in these animals4 ,a figure of this specimen is given in ,plate ,i4 ,the only portion restored is that indicated by the line in the lower jaw2 it is possible that this part of the symphysis may not be exactly as it is drawn4 ,other1 incomplete1 specimens in the ,museum confirm the outlines1 except in the occipital crest1 which is not present4 ,as stated by me in the ,american ,naturalist 7l4 c471 the type specimen of ,pteranodon1 also collected by myself1 was incomplete1 and the figures of it1 as given by ,marsh1 are faulty4 ,the elements of the skull are all so firmly united that they can not be distinguished4 ,there are no indications whatever of a horny sheath enclosing the jaw1 and it is improbable that the covering of these parts was essentially different from that in the slender jawed ,pterodactylidae4 ,in texture1 the maxillaries are fine-grained1 and wholly without the vascular foramina found in the corresponding bones of birds4 ,the bones are composed of two thin and firm plates1 separated by cavities which are bounded by irregular walls of bony tissue4 ,in the compression from which all the ,pterodactyl bones have suffered more or less1 the greater resistance of these walls has caused irregularities upon both the outer and the inner surfaces4 ,at the borders of the bones1 where the thickness has been greater1 the roughening is not observed4 ,seen from above1 the skull is narrow1 as stated by ,marsh2 but1 contrary to his statement1 there is not a sharp ridge extending along the upper border4 ,this border is obtuse and rounded1 and in the frontal region1 flattened4 ,the sagittal crest is large1 but not nearly so large as it is figured by ,marsh1 the restored outline of whose figure is undoubtedly wrong4 ,the texture of the bone forming the crest is materially different from that of the remaining bones of the skull4 ,the bone is more roughened1 and less firm4 ,there is a well-developed ring of sclerotic ossifications4 ,in the specimen figured1 the separate plates measure from six to eight millimeters in diameter4 ,they were not imbricated1 as in the ,pythonomorpha1 but have a similar dense texture4 ,there is a superior temporal arch1 bridging over a small opening leading downward to the inferior temporal fossa4 ,the following measurements will give the principal dimensions of this specimen4 ,length from tip of premaxillary to occipital condyle #fhj millim4 ,extreme length of skull #ghj ,extent of crest beyond orbit #ade ,greatest diameter of orbit #fe ,antero-posterior diameter of nasal opening #ace ,length of quadrate #abj ,width of lower jaw at articulation #bb ,pubis4 ,in a previous paper on the anatomy of ,pteranodon1#b ,i stated that ,i had never seen the so-called 8prepubic bones40 ,since that time1 however1 an excellent specimen of them has been discovered among our material4 ,the specimen of which they are a part consists of the larger portion of the skeleton1 and is perhaps conspecific with the one to which the described pelvis belongs4 ,the figure given herewith will convey a good idea of their shape4 ,the bones of the two sides are firmly co-ossified1 and have been pressed nearly flat2 the figure represents them as they are spread out in one plane4 ,the bone is very thin throughout1 with a slight thickening at the ischial 7a7 attachment only4 ,lying contiguous with the anterior projection1 is a slender ventral rib 7b74 ,it is possible that the curvature of this bone may be inward1 rather than outward4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 #b ,amer4 ,naturalist1 ,dec4 #ahia1 p4 #aabd4 ,in this article the description of the foot-phalanges should read3 8,all are slender1 except the second one in the third toe1 and the second and third in the fourth toe1 where they are scarcely longer than wide40 ,this peculiar structure of the pubis 7,i believe it represents the pubis1 and not the prepubis71 seems to be quite similar to that which obtains in the genus ,rhamphorhynchus1 and1 perhaps also1 in ,pterodactylus suevicus 7,cycnorhamphus ,seeley71 and very different from that found in other species of ,pterodactylus4 ,the principal measurements of the above described specimen are as follows3 ,antero-posterior expansion #dj millim4 ,length of symphysis #ad ,expanse of the united bones1 as flattened #ij ,width of ischial process #aa ,,nyctodactylus4 ,the type species of this genus was described as follows by its author 7loc4 cit4 supra73 8,one of the smallest ,american species yet found is represented in the ,yale ,museum by several bones of the wing1 a number of vertebrae and the nearly complete pelvis4 ,the wing-bones preserved are elongated and very slender4 ,the pelvis is unusually small1 and there are five vertebrae in the sacrum4 ,the last of the series indicates that the tail was short4 ,the following are the principal measurements of this specimen3 ,length of ulna #ahg millim4 ,length of metacarpal of wing-finger #cjj ,antero-posterior diameter of outer condyle at distal end #ae ,transverse diameter of shaft1 above condyles #ac ,length of first phalanx of wing-finger #cdg ,extent of five vertebrae of sacrum #eg ,this species1 which may be called ,pteranodon gracilis1 was about two-thirds the size of ,p4 velox ,marsh4 ,it probably measured about ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings40 ,in the ,december number of the same volume of the ,american ,journal of ,science1 he described the genus as follows3 8,a second genus of ,american ,pterodactyls is represented in the ,yale ,museum by several well preserved specimens4 ,this genus is nearly related to ,pteranodon1 but may be readily distinguished from it by the scapular arch1 in which the coracoid is not co-ossified with the scapula4 ,the latter bone1 moreover1 has no articulation at its distal end1 which is comparatively thin and expanded4 ,the type of this species is ,pteranodon gracilis ,marsh1 which may now be called ,nyctosaurus gracilis4 ,it was a ,pterodactyl of medium size1 measuring about eight to ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings40 ,the specific description of this species rests solely upon the measurements2 the other characters given are not only vague1 but are also common to all the known species4 ,the generic description1 as it is seen1 is based upon the structure of the coraco-scapula4 ,it will also be observed that the characters are not drawn from the type specimen1 as that did not include this part of the skeleton1 according to the author's statement4 ,of these two characters1 the non-ossification of the coracoid and scapula is a somewhat doubtful one1 as the same character may or may not occur in allied species1 as1 for example1 in the species of ,rhamphorhyncus 7,r4 ,muensteri ,goldf47 described by the author himself4 ,so incomplete and unsatisfactory are the characters thus given that ,zittel1 in his ,handbuch1 dismisses the genus with the brief remark1 8noch unbeschrieben40 ,nevertheless1 from the peculiar form of the scapula1 and from my recollection of the specimens upon which the genus was based1 ,i believe ,i have determined with certainty an excellent specimen in the ,snow ,museum of ,kansas ,university as a member of it1 and here give a sufficiently complete description to place the genus on a more secure foundation4 ,this specimen was collected by ,professor ,e4 ,e4 ,slosson1 of ,wyoming ,university1 while a member of my party in western ,kansas the past season4 ,it was partly exposed upon a gently sloping surface of firm yellow chalk on the ,smoky ,hill river1 in the vicinity of ,monument ,rocks4 ,originally1 the nearly complete skeleton must have been preserved1 but a number of the bones had been either wholly or partially washed away1 in some cases leaving their imprint in the chalk4 ,the bones uncovered1 and now lying upon the chalk slab nearly in their natural relations1 are a humerus1 both radii and ulnae1 a pteroid1 the two carpals of one wrist1 both wing metacarpals1 a first and a last wing phalanx1 both coraco-scapulae1 the posterior part of the lower jaws1 ilium1 femur1 sternum1 numerous ribs and vertebrae4 ,the two coraco-scapulae lie with their scapular ends nearly touching1 and their coracoid ends separated by a space equivalent to the width of the sternal articulation4 ,the two elements appear to have been imperfectly united and were probably not co-ossified4 ,the inferior border of the coracoid1 near the humeral articulation1 has a greater expansion than is found in ,pteranodon2 its shaft is more rounded and less rugose1 lacking especially the strong muscular markings upon the external surface4 ,the articular surface does not appear to differ materially from that in ,pteranodon4 ,the scapula is of nearly the same length as the coracoid1 but is much less stout4 ,it is a thin1 spatulate bone1 slightly expanded at the distal extremity1 where the margin is rounded1 and without the characteristic oblique articular facet4 ,it has no supra-glenoid expansion or process on the posterior proximal border1 but has its margin nearly straight or gently concave from the articulation to its extremity4 ,the space included between the bones of the two sides as they lie is a nearly regular1 oval one1 measuring ninety-five millimeters in its greater1 forty-five in its lesser diameter4 ,the sternum lies at a little distance from the coraco-scapulae4 ,it is an extremely thin bone1 with a stout anterior1 styliform projection1 at the base of which1 on either side1 looking upward and outward1 is the articular1 trochlea-like surface for the sternal end of the coracoid4 ,the width between these articular surfaces measures fifteen millimeters2 the length of the process in front of the articulations is twenty-five millimeters4 ,immediately posterior to the articular surfaces1 the bone expands nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis to a width of about sixty millimeters4 ,the thin lateral margins are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis1 and show three shallow emarginations between the four costal articular projections4 ,the hind angles are nearly rectangular4 ,the bone1 as preserved1 is only shallowly concave1 and shows no true keel1 though a more pronounced median convexity towards the front doubtless subserved the function of a carina in part4 ,the left humerus lies in position1 and is especially characterized by its enormous deltoid crest 7radial crest of ,marsh71 though otherwise slender4 ,this crest is further removed from the head of the bone than is the case in species of ,pteranodon4 ,it is directed somewhat downward1 and has its distal1 gently convex1 border about twenty-five millimeters in extent1 while the width of the process midway between the extremity and the base measures but sixteen millimeters4 ,the bicipital crest is also prominent4 ,the bone is relatively shorter than in ,pteranodon4 ,the humerus1 as will be seen from the above description1 and from the measurements given below1 is remarkably like the same bone in ,pteranodon nanus1 as described by ,marsh 7l4 c4 supra71 and but a little larger4 ,in ,p4 nanus1 however1 the coracoid and scapula are said to be firmly co-ossified1 and the scapula has of course a different structure4 ,the skull has been1 unfortunately1 almost wholly washed away1 a fragment of the cranial wall and the posterior part of the lower jaws alone remaining4 ,it is impossible1 hence1 to say much concerning this part of the anatomy4 ,the lower jaws show a different structure from that in ,pteranodon4 ,as they lie in their natural position1 the width at the condyles is about twenty-four millimeters4 ,the angular is less produced posterior to the articulation than in ,pteranodon1 indicating a less elongated and less powerful mandibular portion1 an indication further borne out by the slenderness of the rami4 ,the impression in the chalk shows the symphysis to begin ninety millimeters from the articulation4 ,the width at this place could not have exceeded sixteen millimeters2 and the entire length of the lower jaws could hardly have been more than one hundred and twenty-five millimeters4 ,in the parts preserved1 measuring seventy-five millimeters1 there are no indications of teeth2 yet it is not impossible that there may have been teeth in the anterior portion of the dentary1 as in some species of ,pterodactylus4 ,i hardly think it probable1 however4 ,there are seven cervical vertebrae preserved1 apparently the full complement1 as in ,pteranodon and other members of the order4 ,they differ in no especial respect from the corresponding vertebrae of ,pteranodon1 and1 apparently1 of ,pterodactylus4 ,the imperfectly anchylosed1 possibly free1 atlas shows three pieces1 the odontoid process and the two slender lateral pieces4 ,the lateral pieces are entirely free1 with a thickened base and a slender1 curved upper portion4 ,the odontoid is gently concave in front1 and seems to be imperfectly ossified with the axis2 it occupies the lower part of the articulation1 corresponding to the hypapophysis of the ,pythonomorpha4 ,the axis is the shortest of the remaining vertebrae1 and has a well developed spine4 ,the centrum is strongly convex behind1 as are the remaining centra of the series4 ,the following five vertebrae decrease gradually in length4 ,the anterior ones have only a thin ridge or plate for the neural spine2 the seventh1 however1 has a neurapophysis of some length4 ,they are all1 as is usually the case1 somewhat distorted from pressure4 ,the under side is flattened1 apparently gently concave longitudinally1 and with a lateral ridge terminating in an obtuse hypapophysis at each inferior hind angle4 ,in his discussion of the ,pterosauria1 ,zittel says concerning the vertebrae3 8zwischen oberen ,bogen und ,centrum ist keine ,sutur zu bemerken40 ,handbuch1 iii1 p4 #ggf4 ,in this he is in error1 so far as the ,american forms are concerned4 ,it is usually the case in the ,kansas specimens of both genera that the neural arch of the post-cervical vertebrae is wholly or in part detached from the centrum1 showing a sutural1 and not anchylosed union in life4 ,the centra of twelve vertebrae are preserved1 in the present specimen1 from the region back of the neck2 in only five of them are the neural arches in any way attached4 ,three of these are evidently anterior thoracic1 judging from their structure and the position in which they lie4 ,the shortest of them1 to which was attached a very large rib1 and which was lying in front of the scapulae1 may represent the first thoracic vertebra 7a74 ,its centrum is fully as wide as long1 is flat on the under surface1 and has a large1 stout1 horizontal parapophysis near the anterior end4 ,just above this process for the attachment of the head of the rib1 and separated by a deep notch1 is a much more elongated1 horizontal diapophysis for the tuberculum4 ,the cup of the centrum is shallowly concave2 the transverse1 shallowly ,u-shaped ball is only a little convex4 ,two other vertebrae 7b71 found close by the one just described1 and possibly one or the other contiguous with it1 differ remarkably in having no1 or a rudimentary1 parapophysial process1 and in having the diapophyses much shorter4 ,it is not impossible that a slight expansion at the lateral margins of the ball may represent small parapophyses4 ,in ,pteranodon there are at least four vertebrae with dia- and parapophyses4 ,in the other vertebrae from this region the diapophyses are yet shorter and the neural spine stouter and broader4 ,the other centra preserved are all shaped somewhat like the half of a cylinder1 and are a little longer than broad4 ,they have no distinct cup or ball4 ,in two of them there is a very long1 recurved parapophysial process1 as though formed by an anchylosed rib1 on each side2 they are probably lumbar vertebrae4 ,most of the ribs are very slender2 a few are moderately thickened2 one only is very stout2 its measurements are given below4 ,length of lateral pieces of the atlas #g millim4 ,diameter of lateral pieces at the base #c ,width of odontoid #d ,height of odontoid #c ,length of axis #h ,height of axis #ae ,length of third cervical vertebra #ba ,length of fourth cervical vertebra #bj ,length of fifth cervical vertebra #ai ,length of sixth cervical vertebra #ah ,length of seventh cervical vertebra #ag ,height of seventh cervical 7about7 #ae ,length of centrum1 anterior thoracic vertebra 7a7 #f ,width of ball 7a7 #h ,expanse of parapophyses 7a7 #ad ,expanse of diapophyses 7a7 #bf ,width of neural canal 7a7 #c ,length of centrum1 anterior thoracic vertebra 7b7 #h ,width of ball 7b7 #aj ,expanse of diapophyses 7b7 #ag ,height of neural spine 7b7 #bj ,width of neural spine 7b7 #e ,length of rib 7c7 #de ,width of shaft 7c7 #e ,distance from center of capitulum to center of tubercle 7c7 #aj ,length of coracoid #ej ,antero-posterior diameter1 sternal extremity #i ,length of scapula #de ,width of scapula at distal end #ae ,length of humerus #hj ,width through deltoid crest #bd ,least diameter of shaft of humerus #ac ,length of ulna #acc ,width of ulna at distal extremity #bb ,length of radius #acj ,width of radius distally #ae ,length of wing-finger metacarpal #bbj ,width of same metacarpal at proximal end #bj ,diameter through condyles #ae ,transverse diameter of shaft above condyles #aj ,length of first phalanx1 wing-finger #bfc ,width of same phalanx at proximal end #bd ,width of same phalanx at distal end #ae ,width of sternum #fg ,length of rib borders #be ,length of femur #ge ,diameter of head of femur #e ,diameter of femur through condyles #ab ,length of pteroid bone #hh ,the principal dimensions of this species can be got at with considerable certainty4 ,although two of the wing-phalanges and the bones of the foot are wanting1 yet the relative proportions of those present agree so closely with those of the corresponding bones in ,pteranodon1 that there can be but little possibility of error in assuming the same proportions for the missing ones4 ,the position of the ilium and femur1 as also the ribs1 show that they hold their natural relations to the pectoral arch4 ,the tail1 alone1 can not be got at4 ,extreme expanse of wing-bones #bdjj mm4 #g ft4 #aj in4 ,expanse of wings in life1 approximated #bjjj #f #f ,length of head1 estimated #aej #f ,length of neck #abh #e ,length of trunk #afe #f ,length of leg and foot1 outstretched #bge #aa ,but one species has been described from the ,american ,cretaceous smaller than the present one1 ,pteranodon nanus ,marsh1 in which the expanse of wings is given as not more than three or four feet4 ,in this estimate the author is certainly in error4 ,the size of the humerus1 as given1 is rather more than three-fourths that of the present species1 and the expanse1 hence1 must be nearly five feet in life1 or six feet as the bones lie outstretched4 ,as regards the specific determination of the present specimen1 there must necessarily be some doubt until the species already named have been recognizably described4 ,but three of the existing species can be taken into account1 ,n4 gracilis1 ,p4 comptus and ,p4 nanus4 ,that it can not be the last1 has already been shown4 ,in size1 it agrees well with ,p4 comptus1 but the other characters throw no light upon the identity4 ,the measurements given of the type specimen of ,n4 gracilis show the size to be materially greater1--a character1 however1 of subordinate value--greater slenderness1 and a relatively shorter first wing-phalanx4 ,the relative lengths of wing-metacarpals1 wing-phalanx and ulna in ,n4 gracilis and the present specimen may be expressed as follows3 ,length of wing-metacarpal #ajj #ajj ,length of first wing-phalanx #aae4f #aai4e ,length of ulna #fb4c #fj4d ,it will be seen that not a single character has yet been given to distinguish the genus from ,pterodactylus1 and it is not at all impossible that it may prove to be the same2 its location among the ,pteranodontidae rests solely on the assumed absence of teeth1 and that is a character yet wholly unknown4 ,the material now in the museum permits a fuller discussion of the relations and characters of this group of reptiles than has been hitherto attempted4 ,originally1 they were described as constituting a new order1 a view still held by its author and no one else4 ,lydekker1 in his ,paleontology and ,catalogue gives them a subordinal value2 ,zittel only a family value1 though expressing doubt as to their subordinal rank4 ,it seems very probable that the genus ,nyctodactylus has no teeth in the jaws2 it agrees in every other respect with the genus ,pterodactylus1 so far as known4 ,if the genus has teeth it must be united with ,pterodactylus4 ,now1 in not a few species of this genus1 the teeth are confined to the anterior end of the jaws1 and their entire absence1 unaccompanied by other structural differences1 will hardly constitute an order1 or even family4 ,but1 leaving aside ,nyctodactylus1 it is very much of a question whether the differences between ,pterodactylus and ,pteranodon are sufficient to locate them in different families1 let alone different suborders4 ,the two genera have the following in common3 ,tail short4 ,skull with more or less elongated1 pointed jaws1 and very small upper and lower temporal fossae4 ,narial opening large1 confluent with the pre-orbital foramen4 ,cervical vertebrae elongated1 with rudimentary spinous processes4 ,fore and hind extremities1 quite alike4 ,pteranodon differs from ,pterodactylus1 so far as that genus is known1 in the united coracoscapulae and pubes1 both of which characters are found in ,rhamphorhynchus4 ,the sole family characters remaining then1 for ,pteranodon1 are1 absence of teeth1 a supra-occipital crest1 and the articulation of the upper end of the scapula4 ,now it seems evident that to place the pteranodonts in a group equivalent to all the other pterosaurs is unwarranted1 and any classification that will not show the more pronounced relationships with ,pterodactylus is faulty4 ,i would1 therefore1 propose the following3 ,order ,pterosauria4 ,family ,pterodactylidae1 subfamilies ,pteranodontinae1 ,pterodactylinae4 ,family ,rhamphorhynchidae4 ,family ,ornithocheiridae4 ,as regards the geographical distribution of the ,pteranodonts1 they have hitherto been recognized only from ,kansas1 but ,i am firmly of the opinion that they occur in ,europe1 and1 if so1 it is very probable that the name ,pteranodon must be eventually given up4 ,in fact1 a toothless form of ,pterodactyl was described by ,seeley as long ago as #ahga1 under the name of ,ornithostoma4 ,i cannot refer to his description at present1 and can1 therefore1 give no opinion as to their identity4 ,it seems certain that the peculiar form of the scapulae and their vertebral articulation#c occur among some of the ,european forms1 which would strengthen the belief that ,pteranodon is also an ,european genus4 #c ,the specimens in which ,i have seen the vertebral articulation show no co-ossification of the vertebrae3 the facet for articulation being placed above the spines1 and apparently formed by ossified ligaments4 ,in view of the above1 the practice of the ,american text-books in ,geology in introducing generic names of characteristic fossils as names of the geological horizons whence they come1 is very reprehensible1 in my opinion4 ,even the late edition of ,leconte's ,elements contains a long list of such names1 the greater portion of which have been relegated to the limbo of synonymy by paleontologists4 ,it is greatly to be desired that the name 8,pteranodon ,beds0 shall not become established1 so long as there is the least doubt of the validity of the name itself4 ,,kansas ,,mosasaurs4 ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,williston ,,and ,e4 ,c4 ,,case4 ,,part ,i1 ,,clidastes1 ,,with ,,plates ,,ii-,,vi4 ,the group of extinct ,cretaceous reptiles known as the ,mosasaurs or ,pythonomorpha was defined by ,cope1 8to whom ,science is so largely indebted for its present knowledge of this interesting order of reptiles0 7,marsh71 in #ahfi4d ,although some of the characters assigned by him to the order have since been shown to be inapplicable1 and the group to have less value1 yet his name1 ,pythonomorpha1 has been generally retained4 ,lydekker and ,zittel have assigned to the group a subordinal value1 as has also ,marsh1 though under a different name4 ,owen rejected it entirely1 and ,baur1 more recently1#e has united it with the ,varanidae to form a super-family1 as follows3 ,suborder ,platynota4 ,super-family ,varanoidea4 ,families ,mosasauridae1 ,varanidae4 ,super-family ,helodermatoidea4 ,family ,helodermatidae4 ,the group1 whatever may be its rank or position1 includes1 so far1 the following genera3 ,mosasaurus ,conyb41 ,liodon ,owen1 ,platecarpus ,cope1 ,clidastes ,cope1 ,baptosaurus ,marsh1 ,sironectes ,cope1 ,plioplatecarpus ,dollo and ,hainosaurus ,dollo4 ,pterycollasaurus ,dollo1 founded upon ,mosasaurus maximilianus ,goldf41 is omitted as doubtful4 ,all of these genera1 save ,plioplatecarpus and ,hainosaurus1 have been recorded from ,north ,america1 ,clidastes1 ,baptosaurus and ,sironectes being peculiar to this country4 ,of these latter three genera1 however1 ,clidastes alone is well known2 but this genus is suspected by ,lydekker of being the same as the imperfectly known ,european ,geosaurus ,cuvier4 ,thus it seems that the genera1 or at least the most of them1 have a wide distribution2 ,platecarpus1 in fact1 is said to occur in ,new ,zealand4 #d ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 p4 #bec4 #e ,science1 xvi1 p4 #bfb1 ,nov4 #g1 #ahij4 ,in ,america1 members of the group have been discovered in the ,cretaceous deposits of ,new ,jersey1 ,alabama1 ,north ,carolina1 the upper ,missouri region1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas and ,new ,mexico4 ,probably nineteen-twentieths of all the known specimens1 however1 have been obtained in western ,kansas4 ,the material now in the ,university ,museum1 all from ,kansas1 comprises several hundred specimens of these animals1 including1 probably1 the best ones known4 ,it is upon this material that the following preliminary studies are chiefly based4 ,the genus ,clidastes1 as first described by ,cope1 was based upon two dorsal vertebrae of ,c4 iguanavus1 the type species1 from ,new ,jersey4 ,shortly afterward1 however1 he gave a full and careful generic description1 as derived from an unusually good specimen of an allied species1 ,c4 propython1 from ,alabama4 ,only a little later1 ,marsh described a genus1 which he called ,edestosaurus1 from ,kansas1 but without giving any real1 distinctive differences from ,clidastes1 following the very reprehensible practice of naming supposed new forms in the hopes that future distinctive characters might be found4 ,the genus ,edestosaurus has been rejected by nearly all save the authors of the ,american text-books in ,geology4 ,it seems hardly necessary to point out the identity4 ,the only distinctive character the author gave for his genus was the insertion of the pterygoid teeth1 and even this character he modified later--8,palatine 7sic7 teeth more or less pleurodont40#f #f ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 iii1 ,june #ahgb4 ,this character1 even were it real1 is of very slight value2 indeed it cannot be used to distinguish the species even4 ,clidastes is1 without doubt1 one of the most highly specialized genera in the group1 and1 what is very interesting1 is one of the latest4 ,it occurs in ,kansas in the uppermost part of the ,niobrara beds1 in the horizon so markedly characterized by the toothed birds4 ,both ,platecarpus and ,liodon occur1 though in diminished numbers1 almost to the very lowest portion1 but ,clidastes has never been found except towards the top4 ,from measurements made the past season1 the thickness of the beds in which these saurians occur cannot be less than six hundred feet4 ,the following species have been found in ,kansas3 none of them are known to occur elsewhere4 ,,mosasauridae4 ,mosasauridae ,conybeare1 in ,cuvier1 ,ossem4 ,foss41 #bnd ed41 p4 #cch1 #ahbd4 ,clidastidae ,cope1 ,extinct ,batr4 ,rept4 and ,aves of ,n4 ,amer41 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc4 xiv1 p4 #ej1 #ahgj4 ,edestosauridae ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xxi1 p4 #ei1 ,july #ahgh4 ,,clidastes4 8 ,geosaurus ,cuvier1 ,ossem4 ,foss4 #bnd ed41 #cbh1 #ahbd1 7fide ,lydekker47 ,clidastes ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phil4 #ahfh1 p4 #bcc2 ,ext4 ,batr4 etc41 p4 #ba1 #ahgj4 ,edestosaurus ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 i1 p4 #dag1 ,june1 #ahga4 ,c4 cineriarum4 ,clidastes cineriarum ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahgj1 p4 #ehc2 ,cret4 ,vert4 etc4 pp4 #acg1 #bff1 pl4 xxi1 ff4 #ad-ag2 ,bullet4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,hayden1 iii1 p4 #ehc4 ,c4 dispar4 ,edestosaurus dispar ,marsh1 op4 cit4 i1 p4 #ddg1 ,june #ahga2 iii1 pl4 xi41 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,c4 velox4 ,edestosaurus velox ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 i4 p4 #dej1 ,june1 #ahga4 ,edestosaurus pumilus ,marsh1 ibid4 p4 #deb4 8 ,clidastes affinis ,leidy1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahgj1 p4 #d2 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,hayden1 vol4 i1 p4 #bhc1 #ahgc4 8 ,edestosaurus dispar ,marsh1 op4 cit4 xix1 pl4 i1 f4 #a1 ,jan41 #ahhj4 ,c4 ,wymani4 ,clidastes ,wymani ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 i1 p4 #dea1 ,june1 #ahga2 iii1 p4 #bjb1 ,april1 #ahgb4 ,edestosaurus ,wymani ,marsh1 op4 cit4 iii1 p4 #dfd1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,c4 tortor4 ,edestosaurus tortor ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,dec41 #ahga2 ,marsh1 op4 cit4 iii1 p4 #dfd1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,clidastes tortor ,cope1 ,cret4 ,vert4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,hayden1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dh1 #aca1 #bfe1 pls4 iv1 f4 i2 xiv1 f4 i2 xvi1 ff4 #b1 #c2 xvii1 f4 #a2 xix1 ff4 #a-aj2 xxxvi1 f4 #c2 xxxvii1 f4 #b2 ,bullet4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,hayden1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ehc4 ,c4 stenops4 ,edestosaurus stenops ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc4 p4 #ccj1 #ahga3 ,marsh1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 iii1 p4 #dfd1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,clidastes stenops ,cope1 ,cret4 ,vert4 etc4 pp4 #acc1 #bff1 pls4 xiv1 ff4 #d1 #e2 xvii1 f4 #g1 #h2 xviii1 ff4 #a-e2 xxxvi1 f4 #d2 xxxvii1 f4 #c2 xxxviii1 f4 #c4 ,c4 rex4 ,edestosaurus rex ,marsh1 op4 cit4 iii1 p4 #dfb1 pl4 xxii1 f4 #a1 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,c4 planifrons4 ,clidastes planifrons ,cope1 ,bullet4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ca1 #ahgd2 ,cret4 ,vert4 etc4 pp4 #ace1 #bfe1 pls4 xxii1 xxiii4 ,c4 ,westii4 ,c4 ,westii ,williston1 n4 sp4 infra4 ,,clidastes ,,velox4 ,a remarkably complete specimen1 referred with considerable certainty to this species1 was obtained by ourselves in western ,kansas1 7,butte ,creek7 in the summer of #ahia4 ,a brief preliminary description of the specimen was given by the senior author in ,science1 ,december #h1 #ahia4 ,a more complete description is here given1 which1 it is believed1 will be of service4 ,the specimen is an unusually perfect one1 being very nearly complete1 and1 as now mounted1 shows the bones nearly all in the position in which they were found4 ,the vertebral column is continuous1 except in one place1 where the tail had been bent up over the back2 and complete1 save at the very tip of the tail4 ,the skull is complete1 or very nearly complete1 and has been restored nearly to the condition in life4 ,figures have been made of this portion of the skeleton1 and will be given in a future communication4 ,at present1 it may be mentioned that the lacrymals are small1 roughly irregular bones1 and pointed at either extremity4 ,there are no indications of transverse bones1 as there are none in any other skull in the collection4 ,cervical vertebrae4 ,,atlas4 ,the intercentrum is a small bone with three sides of nearly equal extent4 ,the two upper1 articular surfaces are gently concave1 and meet in a rounded margin2 the inferior surface is convex1 both antero-posteriorly and transversely1 with a roughened prominence in the middle4 ,the lateral pieces have indistinctly separated facets for articulation with the odontoid1 the intercentrum and the occipital condyle4 ,the rather short1 flattened lamina extends upward1 backward and inward1 approaching1 but not reaching its fellow of the opposite side2 it is somewhat dilated distally4 ,directed outwards and forwards1 there is a stout styliform process4 ,,axis4 ,the neural spine of the axis is elongated antero-posteriorly4 ,it is thin on the anterior portion1 but stouter and longer at the posterior part4 ,the large1 stout odontoid process is united suturally1 as is also the well-developed atlantar hypapophysis1 which forms the anterior1 inferior portion of the bone4 ,the diapophyses are the smallest of the costiferous series1 with only a small articular facet for the rib4 ,the ball is strongly and evenly convex1 with its greater diameter transversely4 ,the hypapophysis is the largest of the series2 it is suturally united with the stout1 exogenous process of the centrum1 and projects downward and backward2 its distal extremity is roughened for ligamentous attachments4 ,the third cervical vertebra shows a well-developed zygosphenal articulation1 and stout articular processes4 ,the transverse process is small1 only a little larger than that of the axis1 though1 unlike that1 it is strengthened by a ridge continued from the anterior zygapophyses4 ,the hypapophysis is smaller than that of the axis1 but1 like that1 is directed downward and backward4 ,the spine may be distinguished from that of any other vertebra by its stout1 trihedral shape2 it is directed rather more obliquely backward than in the following vertebrae4 ,the fourth cervical vertebra differs from the third in having stouter transverse processes2 in the hypapophysis being directed more nearly downward1 and in its smaller size2 and in the spine being flattened antero-posteriorly toward the base4 ,the fifth cervical vertebra differs from the fourth in the broader spine1 in the stouter transverse processes1 and the smaller hypapophysis4 ,in the sixth cervical vertebra1 the hypapophysis is reduced to a small ossification1 scarcely longer than broad1 directed downward4 ,the spine has reached nearly the full width of those of the following vertebrae1 though somewhat stouter above4 ,the transverse processes are yet stouter4 ,in the seventh1 or last1 cervical vertebra the hypapophysis is wanting1 or very rudimentary4 ,the under part of the centrum shows a rounded ridge or carina1 with a slight projection corresponding to the hypapophysis4 ,,measurements ,,of ,,the ,,cervical ,,vertebrae4 #a4 ,antero-posterior diameter of intercentrum of atlas #ad millim4 ,transverse diameter of intercentrum #be ,antero-posterior diameter of lateral piece #bj ,vertical extent of articular surface #ag ,extent of lateral piece #ce ,width of lamina above #af #b4 ,length of axis #dc ,transverse diameter of ball #ah ,vertical diameter of ball #ag ,expanse of transverse processes #bh ,elevation of spine above floor of neural canal #cd ,antero-posterior extent of spine #ej #c4 ,length of third cervical vertebra #cg ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #cf ,depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal #cd #d4 ,length of fourth cervical vertebra #cg ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #ci ,depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal #ce #e4 ,length of fifth cervical vertebra #cg ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #db ,depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal #cc ,transverse diameter of ball #ag ,vertical diameter of ball #ah #f4 ,length of sixth cervical vertebra #cg ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #db ,depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal #cj ,width of spinous process #bf #g4 ,length of seventh cervical vertebra #cg ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #df ,transverse diameter of ball #ai ,vertical diameter of ball #bj ,width of spinous process #bg ,dorsal vertebrae4 ,there are thirty-five vertebrae between the cervicals and the first non-rib-bearing vertebra1 to which the pelvis was1 evidently1 attached4 ,the distinction between the cervicals and thoracics cannot be made from any characters they possess1 as the seventh vertebra does not bear a distinct hypapophysis4 ,neither can it be said with certainty from this specimen which is the first thoracic vertebra1 as the cervical ribs had1 unfortunately1 been displaced in the collection and preparation of the specimen4 ,in another specimen1 referred to ,c4 pumilus1 and which1 as will be seen later1 cannot be specifically distinguished from the present species1 short cervical ribs were found attached to six vertebrae posterior to the atlas4 ,that the eighth vertebra is a thoracic one is shown by the relation of the ribs in this specimen4 ,posteriorly there is no distinction1 also1 between the true thoracic vertebrae and those of the lumbar region4 ,all the vertebrae anterior to the pelvis bear ribs1 and will all be considered as dorsal vertebrae1 the true thoracic vertebrae being restricted to those of which the ribs are elongated1 and1 probably1 connected with the sternum4 ,in the anterior vertebrae of the series1 the centra are subcarinate below1 the obtuse1 rounded ridge becoming less and less apparent until no indications of the keel can be seen1 before the middle of the series4 ,the transverse processes are stoutest1 with a more elongated1 sigmoid articular surface1 with little or no constriction1 and projecting only slightly beyond the stout articulating processes1 in the anterior vertebrae4 ,in the tenth or eleventh1 the articular surface has become markedly smaller1 more vertical1 and less sigmoid in outline4 ,thence to the last1 the articular surface for the ribs remains nearly the same4 ,the process itself1 however1 becomes gradually more prominent and constricted1 as the zygapophyses becomes smaller4 ,the spinous processes increase slightly in length and breadth1 and are only slightly oblique throughout4 ,in length1 the centra increase gradually4 ,the vertical diameter of the ball increases gradually1 while the transverse diameter remains more nearly the same4 ,,measurements ,,of ,,the ,,dorsal ,,vertebrae4 #a4 ,length of centrum to rim of ball #ch millim4 ,transverse diameter of ball #bj ,vertical diameter of ball #ai ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #dh ,extent of articular surface of transverse process #cj ,width of spine #bh #d4 ,length of centrum to rim of ball #da ,transverse diameter of ball #bj ,vertical diameter of ball #bj ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #dh #aa4 ,length of centrum to rim of ball #da ,vertical diameter of ball #bb ,extent of articular surface of transverse process #af ,width of spine #cb #ae4 ,length of centrum to rim of ball #da ,transverse diameter of ball #ba ,vertical diameter of ball #bd #bj4 ,length of centrum to rim of ball #db ,vertical diameter of ball #be ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #eh #bd4 ,length to rim of ball #da ,transverse diameter of ball #bb ,vertical diameter of ball #bc ,height of spine #di #bh4 ,length to rim of ball #dj ,vertical diameter of ball #bd ,transverse diameter of ball #bc ,height of spine #ed #cb4 ,length to rim of ball #ch ,vertical diameter of ball #be ,transverse diameter of ball #bd #ce4 ,length to rim of ball #cg ,caudal vertebrae4 ,immediately following the thirty-fifth rib-bearing vertebra there is an abrupt change1 the tubercular process for the rib giving place to an elongated transverse process4 ,from the position of the pelvis1 it is evident that the ilia were attached to the first pair of these4 ,precisely this relation of pelvis to the vertebrae is found in such lizards as the ,monitor and ,iguana1 and it is probable that such is the relation in all the ,pythonomorpha4 ,it will thus be seen that there are no distinctively lumbar vertebrae1 if by such are meant free1 non-costiferous1 pre-sacral vertebrae4 ,the vertebrae of these animals that have been so designated by writers are in reality basal caudal4 ,a distinctive term for them--those with transverse1 non-costiferous processes and without chevrons--is needed1 and we propose1 provisionally1 the term pygial4 ,there are seven in the present series1 all characterized by elongated transverse processes1 and not differing much from each other4 ,the vertebrae lie in the matrix with the ventral aspect uppermost1 concealing the spine and upper parts4 ,the under surface is somewhat flattened1 and1 as in the preceding vertebrae1 is gently concave antero-posteriorly4 ,the transverse processes are elongate1 stout towards the base1 apparently all of nearly equal length1 and directed gently backwards and downwards4 ,in the anterior vertebrae the processes spring from near the front part3 as the centra become shorter they arise from near the middle4 ,in the last one of the series there are minute indications of chevrons4 ,,measurements ,,of ,,the ,,pygial ,,caudal ,,vertebrae4 #a4 ,length to rim of ball #cf millim4 ,width of ball #be ,expanse of transverse processes #acj ,width of transverse process near base #ag #b4 ,length to rim of ball #cc #c4 ,length to rim of ball #ca #d4 ,length to rim of ball #bi #e4 ,length to rim of ball #bh #f4 ,length to rim of ball #bg ,expanse of transverse processes #acj ,width of ball #bd #g4 ,length to rim of ball #bg ,the centra of those caudal vertebrae which have chevrons do not differ much in shape4 ,they become less constricted1 and1 back of the middle of the series1 are smoothly cylindrical in shape4 ,the transverse processes decrease gradually in length1 disappearing entirely in the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth4 ,the spinous processes are more or less incompletely preserved in the anterior vertebrae4 ,they increase only gradually in length for the first twenty of the series1 and are markedly oblique1 with the posterior border stout1 and the anterior border alate4 ,with the twenty-sixth they begin to increase more rapidly in length1 and have become more nearly vertical in position1 and are thinner at each margin4 ,in the thirty-fifth or thirty-sixth they attain their greatest length1 and are here directed slightly forwards4 ,thence to the end of the tail1 the length decreases gradually1 and1 in position1 they are directed more and more obliquely backward4 ,the chevrons are strongly oblique throughout the series and are firmly co-ossified with the centrum4 ,the tail1 it is thus seen1 has a broad1 vertical1 fin-like extremity1 which1 doubtless1 aided much in the propulsion of the animal through the water4 ,there are sixty-seven vertebrae with chevrons present in the specimen1 all continuous1 except in one place4 ,the last one is less than one-fourth of an inch in diameter1 and shows that there had been yet another1 possibly several more4 ,toward the base of the series the tail has been bent forwards over the back1 and it is possible that1 where the break occurs1 there has been a vertebra lost4 ,the measurements1 however1 do not seem to indicate any loss4 ,the entire series of vertebrae was not less than sixty-eight1 and probably not more than seventy1 making for the entire vertebral series one hundred and seventeen to twenty4 ,,measurements ,,of ,,the ,,chevron-,,bearing ,,caudal ,,vertebrae4 #a4 ,length to rim of ball #bf millim4 #e4 ,length to rim of ball #bd ,vertical diameter of ball #ba ,transverse diameter of ball #bd #aj4 ,length to rim of ball #bd #ae4 ,length to rim of ball #bd ,height of spine above floor of neural canal #dj ,length of chevron #de #bj4 ,length to rim of ball #bc ,vertical diameter of ball #ba ,transverse diameter of ball #bb #be4 ,length to rim of ball #bj ,height of spine #dd ,width of spine at base #ai ,width of spine at distal end #aj ,length of chevron #he ,altitude of tail #aab #cj4 ,length to rim of ball #ah ,vertical diameter of ball #ag ,height of spine #eg ,width of spine at base #ai ,width of spine at distal end #i ,length of chevron #ii ,altitude of tail #bj #ce4 ,length to rim of ball #af ,vertical diameter of ball #af ,height of spine #fa ,length of chevron #ig ,altitude of tail #abb #dj4 ,length to rim of ball #ae ,vertical diameter of ball #ae ,height of spine #ed ,length of chevron #gj ,altitude of tail #aaj #de4 ,length to rim of ball #ad ,vertical diameter of ball #ad ,height of spine #dj ,length of spine #ej ,length of chevron #eh ,altitude of tail #ic #ej4 ,length to rim of ball #ac ,length of spine #dc ,length of chevron #ee ,altitude of tail #gc #ee4 ,length to rim of ball #ab ,length of spine #ch ,length of chevron #db ,altitude of tail #fc #fj4 ,length to rim of ball #i ,length of spine #df ,length of chevron #be ,altitude of tail #ej #ff4 ,length to rim of ball #g ,length of chevron #aj ,altitude of tail #bj #fg4 ,length #f ,ribs4 ,as has already been stated1 the cervical ribs were displaced in the present specimen1 and measurements of them cannot be given4 ,in a smaller specimen1 specifically indistinguishable from the present one1 the entire cervical series is preserved with the ribs attached4 ,the first1 that articulating with the axis1 is very short4 ,the following ones are stouter1 but increase only moderately in length1 that of the sixth measuring only thirty-five millimeters1 while that of the seventh is but a little longer4 ,in the specimen of ,c4 velox described1 there is a detached cervical rib sixty-five millimeters in length2 it probably belongs with the seventh4 ,the thoracic ribs are simple1 somewhat flattened rods1 moderately expanded at the proximal end4 ,the greatest convexity is shown about the middle of the series1 where the versedsine of the curvature is forty millimeters1 the chord being one hundred and sixty4 ,posteriorly1 the short ribs are only gently curved4 ,lying by the side of the vertebral column1 and between the ribs1 as they have been pressed down1 are a number of flattened1 soft1 punctulate bones1 which are evidently the costal cartilages4 ,posteriorly four rows of them are seen1 lying closely side by side1 some of them eight or ten inches in length4 ,the sternum1 composed of the same material1 has been so crushed and crumpled that its shape cannot be made out4 ,the whole structure here1 whether of ribs1 cartilages or sternum1 reminds one very strongly of such lizards as the ,iguana or ,monitor4 ,there is no indication1 however1 in any specimen1 of an episternum4 ,,measurements ,,of ,,ribs4 ,length1 first thoracic rib1 7chord7 #bjj millim4 ,length1 eleventh thoracic rib1 7chord7 #ade ,length1 thirteenth dorsal rib #fh ,length1 eighteenth dorsal rib #fd ,length1 thirty-fourth dorsal rib #eb ,the lengths of the different regions1 as they lie in their natural relations1 are as follows3 ,skull #j4dbj meters4 ,neck #j4bbe ,trunk #a4cfj ,tail #a4dfj ,total #c4dfe #aa ft4 #g in4 ,the measurements of an excellent specimen of ,c4 tortor are as follows3 ,skull #j4fcj meters4 ,neck #j4cfj ,trunk1 7thirty-three vertebrae preserved7 #b4cgj ,a very complete specimen of a ,liodon in the ,museum1 in which the complete vertebral column is present1 numbering one hundred and seventeen vertebrae1 gives the following measurements4 ,the skull is complete1 save the most anterior portion4 ,skull 7approximated within narrow limits7 #j4gjj meters4 ,neck #j4dcj ,trunk #a4gfj ,tail #c4dbj ,total #f4caj #bj ft4 #h in4 ,the vertebral series in this specimen is composed of seven cervicals1 twenty-three dorsals1 seven pygials1 and eighty chevron-caudals4 ,the relative proportions of the different regions in the two genera1 as shown by the two specimens of ,clidastes and ,liodon1 may be represented as follows4 ,the first column is for ,clidastes4 ,skull #ab4a #aa4a ,neck #f4e #f4h ,trunk #ci4b #bh4j ,tail #db4c #ed4a ,limbs4 ,the figures in plates ,,ii and ,,iii will give a sufficiently good idea of the limbs in this specimen4 ,they are figured as they were lying1 showing the outer sides of the coracoid1 scapula and pelvic bones1 and the palmar or plantar surface of the remaining bones4 ,coracoid4 ,it will be observed in plates ,,ii and ,,iv that there are two very different types of coracoid1 one with a deep emargination1 the other without the slightest indication of such4 ,the same non-emarginate form occurs in ,c4 tortor1 as specimens in our ,museum show1 in ,c4 propython ,cope 7,ext4 ,batr4 etc4 pl4 xii1 f4 #af17 and in ,c4 dispar1 as figured by ,marsh#g1 and as stated by him in the same paper 78,there is certainly no emargination in the coracoid of ,clidastes1 ,edestosaurus and ,baptosaurus1 as specimens in the ,yale ,museum conclusively prove407 ,it is true that ,marsh in a later paper#h figured a specimen with emarginate coracoid under the name of ,edestosaurus dispar1 but it is certain that his identification of his own species was wrong1 as will be seen by comparing his figures4 ,from the senior author's memory of the specimen with the emarginate coracoid figured1 and from the figure itself he feels confident that the second specimen is ,c4 velox4 #g ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 iii1 pl4 xi1 f4 #a1 ,june1 #ahgb4 #h ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci4 xix1 pl4 i1 fig4 #a1 ,jan41 #ahhj4 ,that the emargination was overlooked by the author seems strange1 as in the same paper in which this figure is given occurs the description of ,holosaurus1 founded upon that very character4 ,if the emargination is sufficiently important to base a genus in the one case1 then it should be in the other1 and the character could not be applied to ,edestosaurus1 based upon characters which it hardly seems possible that the author himself could seriously consider1 for ,e4 dispar was the type of ,edestosaurus4 ,it will be observed1 further1 that the figured coracoids differ very materially in size1 those with the emargination pertaining to a small species1 while ,c4 dispar is one of the largest4 ,in our ,museum there are three specimens with the emarginate coracoid1 all of them small or very small1 the described specimen of ,c4 velox being the largest4 ,the point of chief interest in this relation is the value that can be given to this character4 ,is it individual1 specific or generic8 ,marsh has called it generic1 but we think an examination of the two very complete specimens of ,c4 tortor and ,c4 velox in our ,museum will convince any unprejudiced student that he is in error4 ,a comparison of the figures herewith given of the paddles will show their great resemblance1 and these two forms of paddles have been figured because the species are the most unlike of any that we know in the genus4 ,as all the small specimens seem to possess this character1 and as they cannot be called immature specimens1 we believe the character is a specific one4 ,as ,marsh says1 typically both ,clidastes and ,edestosaurus have a non-emarginate coracoid1 so that neither name could apply to the emarginate form1 were it generically distinct4 ,our ,museum also contains both forms of the coracoid pertaining to the genus ,platecarpus1 of which ,holosaurus is a synonym4 ,while studying the specimen above described1 a striking similarity was observed to several other specimens already determined with confidence as ,c4 pumilus ,marsh4 ,a more careful comparison failed to bring out any real differences beyond size1 and even this was shown to be very inconstant4 ,the following comparison of the descriptions given by ,marsh will be of interest4 ,c4 pumilus4 ,,teeth4 ,nearly round at base somewhat curved and with smooth enamel4 ,,quadrate4 ,the rugose knob near the distal end of the quadrate is similar to that in ,c4 ,wymani 7just below the posterior superior process is a prominent rugose knob with a deep pit under it71 but has no articular pit under it4 ,the hook is comparatively short and has a free compressed extremity4 ,the articular margin is not deflected toward the meatus4 ,,cervical ,,vertebrae4 ,articular face nearly vertical1 and having a broad transverse outline with faint superior emargination4 ,the hypapophysis stout and transversely triangular4 ,c4 velox4 ,premaxillary and maxillary teeth smooth and subcompressed4 ,the great ala less curved than in ,e4 dispar1 concave transversely on both surfaces4 ,the alar process has its articular process very narrow in its extension over the great ala4 ,no notch in posterior margin of external angle4 ,on the ridge below the angle and nearly opposite the meatal pit is a strong rugosity which is rudimentary or wanting in ,c4 dispar4 ,the posterior margin of the hook is only a narrow tongue projecting towards the meatal pit1 instead of a broad articular surface4 ,articular face transverse4 ,the description1 otherwise1 shows no discrepancies of importance4 ,the chief difference given by the author is the size1 and this character we think our specimens show to be of little specific value4 8,it is a question of some importance how far difference in size among the ,mosasauroids may be a test of difference in species4 ,among the numerous remains of these animals which have been discovered ,i have never yet observed any which presented any evidence relative to age4 99 99 99 ,in this view of the case1 some of the many described species of ,mosasauroids may have been founded on different sizes of the same40#i #i ,leidy1 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,hayden1 vol4 i1 p4 #bhd4 ,the length of the cervical vertebrae in the specimen above described is thirty-seven or thirty-eight millimeters4 ,the cervical vertebrae in two specimens referred to ,c4 pumilus have lengths respectively of twenty-two and thirty millimeters4 ,in the type specimen of ,c4 velox they must have had a length of at least forty-two millimeters4 ,it thus appears that1 between the smallest specimen1 which1 in life1 could have hardly exceeded eight feet in length1 our specimens1 indistinguishable anatomically1 represent forms of ten and twelve feet1 while the type itself was about fifteen feet in length4 ,of the material originally referred to ,c4 pumilus1 there are in the collection five or more specimens1 which1 altogether1 furnish nearly every part of the skeleton4 ,they present no tangible differences from the skeleton of ,c4 velox described above4 ,there can be1 hence1 little or no doubt but that the name ,c4 pumilus is a synonym4 ,it is hardly possible to say with certainty that ,c4 affinis ,leidy is or is not the same as ,c4 velox1 but1 so far as the description goes1 we can find few differences4 ,the type is of about the same size as the type of ,c4 velox1 and the figures agree well with the bones of the skeleton described4 ,although the description was not published till #ahgc1 the author makes no mention of the species of ,marsh's4 ,leidy describes the back teeth as having the enamel strongly striated1 with the surface presenting evidences of subdivision into narrow planes4 ,in this respect1 only1 it disagrees with the specimen4 ,plioplatecarpus ,dollo is described by its author as having a sacrum of two conjoined vertebrae1#aj by reason of which it is placed in a separate family from the rest of the ,pythonomorpha4 ,it may be presumptuous to express a doubt of the genuineness of the sacrum1 and yet1 save from the fact that the author found two specimens quite alike1 one might doubt it strongly4 ,it is not very rare that two1 or even three vertebrae are found united from injury in these animals1 and such would readily account for the consolidation as figured and described by ,dollo1 except for the coincidence of the second specimen4 ,a stronger reason for doubt is the statement that the consolidated vertebrae belong to the posterior 8lumbar0 region1 and that the last vertebrae had small tubercles indicative of chevrons4 ,in the reptiles which we have examined1 the chevrons do not begin immediately behind the pelvis1 but are separated by a longer or shorter region in which the vertebrae bear elongated diapophyses alone4 ,if the conjoined vertebrae figured by ,dollo are in reality sacral1 it would appear that the animal is an exception to ,clidastes and such lizards as we have examined4 ,furthermore1 the pelvis must have been of a different structure from that in the ,kansas genera of the ,pythonomorpha1 for1 in these1 it is evident that the ilium had an oblique position1 and could have been attached to but a single diapophysis4 #aj ,bull4 ,su4 ,mus4 ,roy4 ,s4 ,hist4 ,nat4 d4 ,belg4 i1 p4 #h1 #ahhb4 ,,clidastes ,,westii1 ,n4 ,,sp4 ,a specimen of much interest in the ,university collection differs so markedly from the other forms represented by specimens1 as also from the descriptions of the known species1 that we are constrained to regard it as new4 ,it was collected by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,sternberg from the uppermost of the ,niobrara beds1 in the vicinity of the old town of ,sheridan4 ,the character of the associated invertebrate fossils seems to indicate a different geological horizon1 either the ,fox ,hills group1 or transition beds to that group4 ,the specimen consists of a complete lower jaw1 quadrate1 portions of the skull1 the larger part of the vertebral column1 and the incomplete hind and fore paddles4 ,the vertebrae preserved are in two series1 the one1 numbering thirty-three1 continuous with the skull2 the other1 sixty-three in number1 all chevron caudals4 ,the terminal caudals preserved indicate that there were several more in life1 perhaps five or ten2 the first of the series was evidently among the first of those which bore chevrons4 ,altogether the tail may have had seventy-five chevron caudals4 ,the lengths of the two series are respectively seventy-one and seventy-two inches4 ,assuming that there was the same number of precaudal vertebrae as in ,c4 velox1 the entire vertebral column would have measured in life fifteen feet and four inches4 ,the lower jaw shows the skull to have been very nearly twenty-four inches in length1 making1 for the animal when alive1 a length of seventeen and one-half feet4 ,this is one of the largest species1 and it is interesting to observe that the real size here1 as usually elsewhere among fossil vertebrates1 is less than supposed4 ,it is doubtful whether there is a ,clidastes known that exceeded twenty feet in length4 ,while the skeleton was only about one half longer than the specimen of ,c4 velox described in the foregoing pages1 or of about the same length as a very complete specimen of ,c4 tortor in the museum1 the proportions of the animal were very much stouter4 ,the figures given in plate ,,vi of the twenty-fifth1 or eighteenth dorsal1 vertebra will show the relations between length and breadth3 it is upon these remarkably stout proportions1 and the shape of the articular faces1 as indicated by the figures and by the measurements appended1 that the species is chiefly based4 ,the articular surfaces of the basal caudal vertebrae are remarkably triangular in shape1 with the angles rounded1 and the sides of nearly equal length4 ,this triangular shape is persistent for the first twenty of the series as they are preserved4 ,the paddles1 as shown in plates ,,iv and ,v1 show much stouter proportions than in either ,c4 velox or ,c4 tortor4 ,the species comes nearest to ,c4 stenops ,cope1 but it seems hardly the same4 ,it is1 also1 evidently allied to ,c4 dispar ,marsh4 ,from these and other described species1 the following1 extracted from the original descriptions1 will serve to show the differences1 in comparison with the specimen of ,c4 ,westii4 ,c4 dispar4 ,the articular faces in the cervicals are a broad transverse oval1 faintly emarginated above for the neural canal4 ,in the dorsals and lumbars the cup continues transverse1 and the emargination is deeper1 but in the anterior caudals the outline becomes a vertical oval4 ,there appears to have been thirteen mandibular teeth4 ,length of axis with odontoid process #cb lines #ajj ,width between diapophyses #bf4h #ajc ,length from edge of cup to end of ball in eleventh vertebra #be #ajj ,width of ball #ad #ef ,depth of ball #ab #dc ,c4 ,wymani4 ,in the cervical vertebrae1 the outline of the articular faces is transversely cordate4 ,the centra of the anterior dorsals are elongate1 and much constricted behind the diapophyses4 ,in the anterior caudals1 the articular faces are a broad vertical oval4 ,length of axis with odontoid process #ai lines #ajj ,width between diapophyses #ag #hi4d ,width of ball #h #db4a ,depth of ball #g #cf4g ,length of sixth cervical1 without ball #ac #ajj ,width of cup #i #fi4a ,c4 rex4 ,the cervical vertebrae have very broad1 transversely oval faces1 with indications of emargination4 ,the dorsals are elongated1 with transverse faces1 and a distinct superior excavation for neural canal4 ,the articular ends of the anterior caudals are vertically oval4 ,length of posterior cervical vertebrae #dd mm #ajj ,vertical diameter of ball #bd #ed4e ,transverse diameter #bi4e #fg ,length of a dorsal vertebra #eb ,c4 stenops4 ,the anterior caudals possess wide diapophyses4 ,their articular faces are a vertical oval1 a little contracted above1 sometimes a straight outline4 ,they present a peculiarly elongate form4 ,length of axis 7alone7 #fj mm #ajj ,vertical diameter of ball #bg #de ,transverse diameter of ball #bg #de ,length of the mandible #gbj #ajj ,depth at coronoid process #aej #bj4i ,,measurements ,,of ,,clidastes ,,westii4 ,length of dentary #djj millim4 ,depth opposite the first tooth #bj ,depth opposite last tooth #fb ,entire extent of mandible #fcj ,greatest depth at coronoid process #ie #b4 ,length of axis with odontoid process #hj ,length of axis without odontoid process #gj ,vertical diameter of ball #bd ,transverse diameter of ball #cc #d4 ,length of fourth cervical vertebra to rim of ball #di ,expanse of diapophyses #hb #e4 ,length of fifth cervical to rim of ball #di ,transverse diameter of ball #ce ,vertical diameter of ball #bh ,expanse of diapophyses #ij #h4 ,length of eighth vertebra to rim of ball #ec ,expanse of diapophyses #ij #ad4 ,length to rim of ball #ed ,transverse diameter of ball #dj ,vertical diameter of ball #cc ,expanse of diapophyses #ajj #ah4 ,length to rim of ball #ej ,transverse diameter of ball #dj ,vertical diameter of ball #cf ,expanse of diapophyses #ajj #bc4 ,length to rim of ball #ej ,transverse diameter of ball #da ,expanse of diapophyses #ajj #be4 ,length to rim of ball #eb ,transverse diameter of ball #dc ,vertical diameter of ball #dc ,expanse of diapophyses #ajj #cj4 ,length to rim of ball #ed ,transverse diameter of ball #df ,this species is named in memory of ,judge ,e4 ,p4 ,west1 lately deceased1 to whom our ,museum owes so much for his long1 diligent and faithful labors in the collection and preparation of the geological material4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erratum3 ,p4 #ag1 line #ae1 for 8,edestosaurus10 read ,clidastes1 and in next line1 strike out 8,proc4 ,acad40 etc4 ,notes and ,descriptions of ,syrphidae4 ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,snow4 ,,with ,,plate ,,vii4 ,among the insects obtained by ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,snow in a recent trip to ,colorado1 is an excellent representative collection of the ,diptera4 ,the material for the following notes on ,syrphidae is chiefly drawn from this collection4 ,that such a collection affords so many points of interest in this1 one of the best studied families of ,north ,american ,diptera1 is an evidence of the rich field that is presented by this important and little-studied order of insects4 ,,callicera4 ,callicera ,panzer1 ,fauna ,germanica1 #ahjf4 ,callicera is a small genus hitherto supposed to be peculiar to ,europe4 ,the species are found in the high mountains1 where the males are often taken while hovering in the air4 ,the present collection includes numerous specimens of a species taken near the summit of ,mt4 ,deception1 in ,manitou ,park1 ,colorado1 at an altitude of nine thousand feet4 ,the occurrence of members of this genus in the western part of the ,united ,states is a fact of especial interest and further substantiates the rule that ,american forms common to ,europe are more apt to occur in the western regions4 ,arctophila flagrans ,osten ,sacken1 is a case precisely similar to the present one1 belonging as it does to a small ,european genus of mountain flies1 and described from ,colorado4 ,as the genus is a new one to our fauna1 ,i here give an amended transcription of the generic characters from ,schiner's ,fauna ,austriaca1 to include the new species1 which differs only in unimportant details4 ,callicera4 ,rather large1 stout1 green or black species with metallic lustre and abundant1 long pile4 ,head hemispherical1 somewhat broader than the thorax4 ,antennae porrect1 longer than the head1 somewhat remote at their base1 inserted upon a protuberance of the front2 first joint sometimes elongate2 second joint shorter than1 or as long as1 the first joint2 third joint one to three times the length of the first two joints taken together1 with a short1 terminal style4 ,face broad1 under the antennae concave in profile2 an obtuse tubercle below the middle2 on the sides thickly covered with pile4 ,proboscis rather prominent1 with broad labella4 ,eyes hairy1 holoptic in the male4 ,abdomen elliptical1 as long or longer than the thorax4 ,legs moderately strong4 ,third longitudinal vein straight1 first posterior cell distally short petiolate2 marginal cell open2 cross-vein situated near the middle of the discal cell1 oblique4 ,callicera montensis1 n4 sp41 ,plate vii1 f4 #d4 ,,male4 ,black1 densely golden red pilose4 ,frontal triangle1 face and cheeks deep black1 shining1 covered thickly with black pile1 save a median facial stripe4 ,antennae black1 basal third of third joint on the under side red2 first joint short2 second joint not more than half as long as the first2 third joint three times as long as the first and second joints taken together2 gradually broadened for a third of its length1 and then attenuated2 style white4 ,eyes thickly clothed with golden pile4 ,thorax and abdomen covered everywhere with long golden red pile4 ,legs black2 tarsal joints below and at their articulations reddish4 ,wings nearly hyaline1 brownish on the anterior basal portion2 stigma yellow4 ,length #aa millimeters4 ,three specimens1 ,colorado4 ,the genus may be distinguished from ,pelecocera1 in ,williston's dichotomic table of the genera of ,north ,american ,syrphidae1 by the pilose eyes4 ,microdon megalogaster1 n4 sp41 ,plate vii1 f4 #a4 ,,male4 ,large1 yellowish pilose species1 in shape globose4 ,antennae reddish black1 the first joint about as long as the following two together2 second joint not one-third as long as the third4 ,face dark metallic green1 shining1 thickly covered with golden yellow pile4 ,front black1 with similar pile1 narrowed in the middle4 ,eyes bare4 ,thorax and scutellum deep metallic green1 with long1 thick1 golden pile2 scutellum gently emarginate1 the small obtuse tubercles approximate4 ,abdomen short and broad1 black1 moderately shining2 first two segments and the hypopygium somewhat green2 pile at base yellow1 elsewhere short1 black4 ,legs black1 with black pile2 front tibiae and their metatarsi1 on the inner side1 with short golden pile2 hind metatarsi incrassate and longer than the three following joints taken together4 ,wings uniformly subinfuscate2 veins at the outer part of the first posterior and discal cells sinuous and rounded4 ,length #ab millimeters4 ,one specimen4 ,chrysotoxum derivatum ,walker4 ,eight specimens from ,colorado1 which vary not a little from each other and from ,williston's description4 ,they seem to belong here1 however1 better than elsewhere4 ,in one specimen1 the second joint of the antennae is shorter than the first1 and only one-fourth the length of the third4 ,in five examples the second abdominal cross-band is not interrupted2 in the others it is distinctly parted4 ,in two1 the third band does not reach the yellow of the broad hind margin2 in two others it barely touches it2 in five1 the two bands broadly coalesce4 ,the yellow of the fifth segment1 in four specimens1 incloses a black1 inverted ,v2 in two others an inverted ,y4 ,paragus bicolor ,fabr4 ,three specimens1 ,colorado4 ,these may be located under ,schiner's variety taeniatus4 ,melanostoma stegnum ,say4 ,syrphus stegnus ,say1 ,journ4 ,acad4 ,phil4 vi1 p4 #afc4 ,melanostoma tigrina ,osten ,sacken1 ,western ,diptera1 p4 #cbc4 ,melanostoma stegnum ,williston1 ,biol4 ,centr4-,amer4 ,diptera1 iii1 p4 #aj4 ,eleven specimens1 ,colorado1 which answer well to the descriptions4 ,the metallic band of the fourth abdominal segment is sometimes interrupted1 and there is usually a triangular opaque black spot near the anterior border of the fifth segment4 8,the female1 hitherto unknown1 has the front broad above1 pollinose1 except on the upper part1 and with black pile2 the thorax more shining metallic blue2 the tibiae yellow1 and on the third and fourth abdominal segments there is a narrow shining stripe1 bisecting the black1 as in the fourth segment of the male4 ,the male has some long black hairs on the outer side of the front and middle tibiae1 which are inconspicuous in the female4 ,it is evident1 from the lighter color of the tibiae1 that ,say's specimens were females40 ,williston1 l4 c4 ,melanostoma mellinum ,linne4 ,a single female specimen from ,manitou ,park4 ,melanostoma1 n4 sp48 ,,male4 ,face and front dark metallic blue1 shining1 thinly covered with light-colored pollen2 tubercle and epistoma black1 shining1 the former small4 ,antennae black1 third joint yellowish red below1 oblong4 ,pile of frontal and vertical triangles dusky4 ,thorax bronze-black1 shining1 sometimes bluish black1 the pubescence white4 ,halteres yellowish4 ,abdomen long and narrow1 with almost parallel sides2 first segment metallic blue1 shining2 second segment opaque1 or subopaque1 black1 with a light metallescent scallop on the sides1 reaching to the distal third of the segment2 third and fourth segments similar1 marked anteriorly by a wide1 interrupted1 or subinterrupted blue fascia1 deeply and widely emarginated1 or concave behind2 hind border of the third1 and sometimes of the second segment1 narrowly brown2 fifth segment and the hypopygium metallic bluish green2 sides of the abdomen with silvery white pile1 longest and thickest at the base2 the blue marking are whitish pruinose4 ,femora1 except the tip1 a broad ring on the tibiae1 and the four posterior tarsi1 black2 elsewhere brownish or yellowish4 ,wings hyaline1 stigma yellowish4 ,length #g-h millimeters4 ,eupeodes volucris1 ,osten ,sacken4 ,numerous specimens1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus arcuatus ,fallen4 ,four specimens1 ,colorado4 ,these specimens vary not a little from each other1 and somewhat from the descriptions4 ,one female is very small1 not over seven millimeters in length1 and with the spots on the third and fourth abdominal segments hardly oblique4 ,one male has the hind femora black as far as the tip1 while in three females the black does not extend beyond the middle4 ,syrphus disjectus ,williston4 ,a single female specimen1 from ,colorado1 agrees well with the description drawn from males4 ,the pile of the thorax is more whitish than orange-yellow1 and there are light colored lateral margins on the anterior part of the thorax4 ,syrphus ruficauda1 n4 sp41 ,plate vii1 f4 #c4 ,,male4 ,eyes bare4 ,face greenish yellow on the sides1 yellow in the middle2 a rather broad black line marks the border of the mouth and is lost in the black of the cheeks4 ,frontal triangle yellow1 with long black pile4 ,antennae dark brown1 more or less reddish below4 ,pile of occiput light yellow4 ,dorsum of thorax deep metallic green1 the scutellum olivaceous yellow2 both with light yellow pile4 ,first segment of the abdomen shining black2 second segment opaque black1 with the lateral margins and hind border shining1 and with a broad1 yellow1 interrupted band1 not reaching the lateral margins2 third segment similar1 but with the yellow band somewhat wider1 interrupted or subinterrupted and slightly bilaterally oblique2 fourth and fifth segments orange-red1 the sides narrowly black2 the fourth segment shows indistinctly a broad interrupted band of a somewhat lighter color1 corresponding to the yellow bands of the preceding segments4 ,legs light brown2 basal third of the front and middle femora and basal half of the hind femora black4 ,wings hyaline1 stigma yellowish4 ,,female4 ,head wanting4 ,thorax purplish brown4 ,the yellow band on the second abdominal segment narrower1 the second band straight1 narrower and interrupted4 ,legs light brown1 except the proximal end of the femora1 which is black4 ,length #i millimeters4 ,three males and one female1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus pauxillus ,williston4 ,two specimens from ,colorado undoubtedly come here4 ,the species was described from a single male specimen4 ,a female specimen offers the following differences or additions3 ,length nine millimeters1 mesonotum more greenish black or bronze1 the pile obscure whitish2 fifth abdominal segment without yellow spots on the anterior angles2 legs yellow1 with the basal half of the front and middle femora1 the hind femora except the tip1 a broad band on the hind tibiae1 and the hind tarsi1 black4 ,syrphus ribesii ,linne4 ,five specimens1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus americanus ,wiedemann4 ,numerous specimens1 ,colorado4 ,syrphus umbellatarum ,schiner4 ,five female specimens1 ,colorado4 ,the only western locality heretofore given is ,arizona 7,williston74 ,allograpta obliqua ,say4 ,five specimens1 ,colorado4 ,mesogramma marginatum ,say4 ,numerous specimens from ,colorado1 showing very great variation4 ,sphaerophoria cylindrica ,say4 ,twenty specimens1 ,colorado4 ,i think the specimens belong here1 though a positive identification is hardly possible at present4 ,rhingia nasica ,say4 ,one specimen1 ,colorado4 ,this is the first time that this species has been recorded from beyond the ,mississippi4 ,copestylum marginatum ,say4 ,two specimens1 ,colorado1 representing the extremes of variation in the species4 ,the male corresponds to ,c4 lentum ,williston4 ,specimens of this species were bred from ,opuntia missouriensis1 in company with others of ,volucella fasciata ,macq4 ,sericomyia militaris ,walker4 ,sixteen specimens from ,minnesota and ,colorado vary in the markings of the second abdominal segment1 and in the color of the legs4 ,some have no spots at all on the second segment2 in others the two yellow dots are conspicuous1 approaching1 in size and shape1 the markings of the third segment4 ,the tibiae vary from light yellow to reddish brown4 ,brachyopa cynops1 n4 sp41 plate vii1 f4 #b4 ,head light yellowish brown1 largely concealed beneath light glistening pollen2 the shining ground color shows just above the antennae and in a stripe on the cheeks1 extending from the eye to the mouth opening4 ,antennae wanting4 ,dorsum of thorax brown1 covered with grayish pollen2 anteriorly with two approximated1 linear1 blackish stripes2 laterally with a broad1 interrupted stripe4 ,scutellum light brown1 with yellowish pollen4 ,abdomen but little longer than broad2 yellowish gray pollinose2 second segment with a circular brown spot in the anterior corners2 the two following segments are marked with corresponding elliptical spots1 and1 in the middle of the anterior border with a triangular spot2 on the fifth segment are two small round spots4 ,legs uniformly reddish brown1 with light colored pollen and short whitish pile4 ,wing hyaline1 distinctly clouded at anterior cross-vein1 on the veins at the anterior outer corner of the discal cell and on the ultimate section of the fourth vein2 posterior cross-vein about as long as the penultimate section of the fourth vein1 the included angle obtuse4 ,length #e millimeters4 ,one specimen1 ,colorado4 ,eristalis latifrons ,loew4 ,numerous specimens1 ,colorado4 ,the commonest ,syrphid of the mountain meadows4 ,some specimens have very indistinct brownish spots on the second abdominal segment1 and1 when this is the case1 the middle of the wing generally shows a brown spot1 and brown clouds along the anterior veins between the spot and the base of the wing4 ,eristalis brousi ,williston4 ,one male specimen1 ,colorado4 ,helophilus latifrons ,loew4 ,numerous specimens1 ,colorado4 ,xylota flavitibia ,bigot4 ,eight specimens1 ,colorado4 ,the glistening pile of the face and front varies from white to a golden yellow4 ,on the dorsum of the thorax purplish stripes are distinctly visible4 ,the fourth segment of the male abdomen is often red1 as in the female abdomen4 ,syritta pipiens ,linne4 ,eight specimens1 ,colorado4 ,criorrhina umbratilis ,williston4 ,a single1 male specimen1 collected by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,coleman1 at ,lawrence1 and agreeing exactly with the description4 ,the only other known specimen of this species is the type1 at ,washington1 from ,connecticut4 ,spilomyia quadrifasciata ,say4 ,seven specimens1 ,lawrence1 ,kansas1 7,f4 ,h4 ,snow and ,e4 ,s4 ,tucker74 ,the species has not hitherto been recorded west of ,new ,york4 ,notes on ,melitera ,dentata ,grote4 ,,by ,,vernon ,l4 ,,kellogg4 ,,with ,,plate ,,viii4 ,at the meeting of the ,entomological ,club of the ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 held in ,august1 #ahia1 at ,washington1 ,dr4 ,riley called attention to the habits of ,melitera prodenialis ,walker4 ,the larvae burrow into and feed upon the fleshy leaves of the prickly pear1 ,opuntia4 ,dr4 ,riley's specimens came from ,florida4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smith has recently bred the moth from the prickly pear in ,new ,jersey4 ,his notes were presented at the same meeting of the ,club1 and the brief references to the interesting notes of ,doctors ,riley and ,smith1 made in the ,canadian ,entomologist 7v4 xxiii1 num4 #aa1 pp4 #bdb and #bef71 suggest the presentation of the following notes on ,melitera dentata ,grote1 the western species of this ,phycitid genus4 ,chancellor ,f4 ,h4 ,snow1 of this ,university1 while investigating a grasshopper 8outbreak0 7,dissosteira longipennis7 in eastern ,colorado in ,july1 #ahia1 noted the withered and dying condition of many leaves of the common prickly pear cactus 7,opuntia missouriensis71 and on examining the leaves found in them certain large1 naked1 bluish larvae4 ,the larvae were imbedded in the fleshy leaves1 eating away the soft inner tissue4 ,the hollowed-out spaces were nearly filled with irregularly spherical1 yellowish1 translucent casts4 ,the attacked leaves were withered and brown without4 ,prof4 ,snow took a few leaves and larvae on ,july #af1 near ,arriba1 ,colorado1 and brought them to the laboratory4 ,the larvae were put into breeding-cage on ,july #ah4 ,on ,july #bh one larva had spun up and pupated in a corner of the cage behind a small porcelain dish4 ,another had made a cocoon in a broken1 empty pupa-case of ,eacles imperialis1 but died before pupating4 ,on ,august ---- the adults appeared1 and have been determined by ,prof4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smith as ,m4 dentata1 ,grote4 ,as ,i am aware of no description of the earlier stages of this species1 ,i record the following notes of description3 ,,egg4 ,about #a-a4b millimeters in diameter1 surface with broad1 meridian-like furrows from one pole for about one-third of the distance to the other pole4 ,color1 creamy white4 ,,larva4 ,food plant1 ,opuntia missouriensis1 prickly pear cactus1 burrowing into the fleshy leaves and eating the soft1 succulent1 inner tissues4 ,length1 #dj millimeters4 ,five pairs of prolegs4 ,color1 one specimen1 ultramarine blue2 skin1 semi-transparent and shining anteriorly1 dead blue on dorsum2 second specimen1 buffy with a bluish suffusion1 blue between segments1 prolegs bluish1 and last abdominal segment blue1 especially below2 skin more opaque than in first specimen4 ,no pronounced markings of skin2 spiracles shining black and present on first thoracic and first to tenth abdominal segments4 ,head flattened1 slightly narrower than first thoracic segment1 umber4 ,prothoracic shield well marked1 brownish black2 anal shield1 smoky brownish4 ,clothing1 limited to tubercled hairs sparsely distributed as follows3 a subdorsal line of small tubercles1 two tubercles to a segment1 each tubercle bearing three short1 fine hairs2 a supra-stigmatic line1 one tubercle to each segment1 each tubercle bearing three to four fine hairs2 a similar infra-stigmatic line2 a sub-ventral line of tubercles1 bearing usually four fine hairs1 the tubercles of the three thoracic segments in this line situated at base of legs outside1 and similarly as to the prolegs on the third to sixth abdominal segments4 ,the tubercles in all the lines are faintly smoky4 ,the larva is rather heavy1 and rotund in form1 tapering toward both head and posterior segment4 ,it moves with a lumbering gait1 but rather rapidly4 ,,chrysalis4 ,length1 #bj millimeters2 in cocoon of silk1 loosely covered with small dirt-masses4 ,as made in the breeding cage the cocoons were above ground1 but concealed under or in available objects4 ,,adult4 ,the adults obtained from the breeding cage1 7there are no others in our collection71 are easily distinguished from prodenialis ,wlk41 by the much stronger dentations of the outer line of the primaries4 ,prof4 ,smith kindly sent a specimen of prodenialis taken at ,ocean ,grove1 ,new ,jersey1 for comparison4 ,the row of marginal black spots on the primaries which ,hulst 7,tran4 ,am4 ,ent4 ,soc41 v4 xvii1 p4 #agb7 mentions as distinctive of dentata is as pronounced in ,prof4 ,smith's specimen of prodenialis as in our dentata4 ,the much lighter color of the primaries1 head and thorax in dentata as mentioned by ,hulst is characteristic4 ,an interesting feature in the venation of the hind wings in our bred specimens of dentata is the considerable coalescence of the sub-costal and costal veins4 ,vein five is wanting1 as mentioned by ,hulst4 ,in addition1 there is further departure from a normal venation1 in that vein seven after rising with six from its stem1 7,hulst says3 8,six short stemmed with seven071 coalesces for a short distance with eight and then runs free to the margin4 ,behind the forking of seven and six the stem 7remnant of sub-costal7 unites with the costal1 and its basal portion is wholly merged with the forward vein4 ,this partial disappearance of the sub-costal seems to be shared by prodenialis and is probably characteristic of the genus4 ,prof4 ,smith1 as recorded in the ,canadian ,naturalist1 v4 viii1 p4 #bdb1 7#ahia71 bred several specimens of ,volucella fasciata1 a ,syrphid fly1 from the same prickly pear leaves in which the ,melitera larvae were living4 ,it is interesting to note that pupariae and later1 adults of ,volucella fasciata and ,copestylum marginatum1 a closely allied ,syrphid1 were noted in the ,opuntia leaves from which ,m4 dentata was bred4 7,see note by ,dr4 ,williston1 ,entomological ,news1 v4 ii1 p4 #afe1 #ahia74 ,diptera ,brasiliana4 ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,williston4 ,,part ,,ii4#aa #aa ,see ,trans4 ,amer4 ,entom4 ,soc4 xv1 p4 #bdc1 for ,part ,i4 ,,conops4 #a4 ,first basal cell hyaline #b ,first basal cell clouded throughout #f #b4 ,third joint of the antennae as long as the first two together2 small species parvus1 n4 sp4 ,third joint of the antennae but little if any longer than the second joint #c #c4 ,first posterior cell hyaline #d ,first posterior cell more or less clouded #e #d4 ,cheeks yellow angustifrons1 n4 sp4 ,cheeks black ornatus1 n4 sp4 #e4 ,face black in ground-color argentifacies1 n4 sp4 ,face yellow1 large species grandis1 n4 sp4 #f4 ,red species2 front red rufus1 n4 sp4 ,black species2 front black #g #g4 ,face and cheeks black in ground-color magnus1 n4 sp4 ,face and cheeks yellow inornatus1 n4 sp4 #a4 ,conops magnus1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,front black1 shining1 the vertical callosity somewhat reddish4 ,face and cheeks yellowish brown1 the orbits silvery pollinose4 ,antennae brownish black2 second and third joints subequal1 first joint about two-thirds the length of the second2 third joint of the style with a long bristly extremity4 ,thorax shining black2 pleurae lightly whitish pollinose4 ,abdomen deep black1 opaque2 lightly whitish pollinose posteriorly2 ventral process of the fifth segment large4 ,wings deep brown in front1 extending through the two basal cells1 and the basal part of the discal cell2 outer part of the first posterior cell subhyaline1 as also behind the streak corresponding to the spurious vein of the ,syrphidae4 ,legs black2 base of the femora1 of the tibiae1 and of the tarsi1 somewhat yellowish4 ,length #ba-bd millimeters4 ,six specimens1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 #b4 ,conops grandis1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,front black1 the lower margin of the vertical callosity reddish2 just below the callosity opaque1 elsewhere shining4 ,antennae black2 the second and third joints of nearly equal length2 the first joint about two-thirds the length of the second joint2 style with a long bristly extremity4 ,face and cheeks light yellow1 the orbital margins of the former silvery or light golden pollinose4 ,thorax black1 the mesonotum shining1 the pleurae lightly whitish pollinose4 ,abdomen deep black2 posteriorly lightly pollinose4 ,wings brown in front2 first posterior cell and the space behind the streak corresponding to the spurious vein of the ,syrphidae in the first posterior cell1 pure hyaline2 outer part of the first posterior cell subhyaline2 a brown streak in front of the fifth vein4 ,legs black2 the tibiae and basal joints of the tarsi in large part reddish or yellowish2 pulvilli light yellow2 ventral process of the fifth segment extraordinarily large2 seventh segment as long as the three preceding together4 ,,male4 ,abdomen in ground-color black1 either wholly so1 or more or less1 or rarely entirely1 red2 the ground color1 save at the base1 however1 is almost wholly obscured by reddish brown pollen4 ,length #ai-bc millimeters4 ,six specimens1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 #c4 ,conops rufus1 n4 sp4 ,,male1 ,,female4 ,head red2 face in the depression yellow1 on the sides with a silvery sheen4 ,antennae black2 first joint red1 more than half of the length of the second joint2 second joint sometimes reddish at the base2 third joint about as long as the second joint1 stout2 third joint of the style suddenly attenuated into a moderately long bristly extremity4 ,thorax red2 mesonotum with a median black stripe1 and an oval1 more or less distinct spot on either side2 a golden pollinose spot on the inner side of each humerus4 ,abdomen red1 lightly pollinose1 the median segments more or less black2 ventral process in the female large2 the sixth segment in the same sex about as long as the two preceding together4 ,legs red1 the tarsi a little darker1 the pulvilli and the ungues1 save their black tip1 yellow4 ,wings brown in front1 the brown extending to the fifth vein in the basal part of the discal cell2 the space behind the spurious vein in the first posterior cell hyaline2 the outer part of the same cell subhyaline4 ,length #af-ag millimeters4 ,two specimens1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 #d4 ,conops angustifrons1 n4 sp4 ,,male4 ,front much longer than wide2 black1 shining at the vertex and below2 an opaque band below the vertical callosity4 ,antennae black1 the third joint somewhat reddish below towards the base2 the first joint about half of the length of the third joint2 third joint distinctly shorter than the second1 rather broad at the base2 style small1 attenuate4 ,face1 cheeks and the lower part of the occiput wholly light yellow4 ,thorax opaque black2 a whitish pollinose spot on the inner side of each humerus2 vertical pleural pollinose spot not distinctly limited above2 a row of dorso-pleural1 at least two prescutellar1 and four scutellar1 well-developed bristles4 ,abdomen subopaque black2 second segment yellow at the base2 sixth segment opaque golden yellow pollinose4 ,wings brownish before the third longitudinal vein1 the first basal and the first posterior cells wholly hyaline2 a streak before the fifth vein4 ,legs deep brown2 the base of all the tibiae1 the large pulvilli1 and the claws 7except their tips7 yellow4 ,length #ab millimeters4 ,one specimen1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 ,this species is peculiar in its narrow front1 bristles of the thorax1 and hyaline first posterior cell4 #e4 ,conops nobilis1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,head black2 front1 below the vertical callosity1 except a crescentic space above the base of the antennae1 opaque2 face1 on the sides and in the depression1 with a conspicuous1 light yellowish silvery reflection2 in an oblique light from above the ground-color wholly concealed4 ,antennae black2 the reddish first joint about two-thirds the length of the third joint2 the third joint about two-thirds of the length of the slender second joint2 third joint of the style with a short bristly extremity4 ,thorax black1 lightly pollinose1 opaque2 on the front margin1 and near the humeri1 velvety2 in the middle in front distinctly whitish when seen from behind4 ,abdomen black1 subshining2 second segment deep opaque black1 save on the anterior part1 where it is whitish pollinose2 ventral process of the fifth segment small4 ,legs black2 the tarsi and claws 7save their extreme tips7 light yellow2 pulvilli very large1 yellow2 the tarsi dilated4 ,wings unequally brown in front1 scarcely extending beyond the third vein1 save in the first posterior cell2 the costal cell and the outer part of the wing in front of the third vein of a lighter color4 ,length #ab millimeters4 ,one specimen1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 #f4 ,conops inornatus1 n4 sp4 ,,male4 ,front black1 shining1 the vertical callosity reddish4 ,face yellow1 with golden pollen on the sides extending up on the lower part of the front4 ,cheeks wholly yellow4 ,thorax black1 shining1 lightly pollinose2 margins of the thorax and of the scutellum with moderately large bristles4 ,abdomen slender1 black1 shining2 the narrow hind margins of the third and fourth segments1 the fifth on the sides and behind1 and the sixth nearly wholly1 light golden pollinose4 ,legs brown2 base of tibiae yellow2 basal joints of the tarsi yellowish4 ,wings subhyaline1 without distinct picture1 though the color is more intense in front2 yellow in the costal cell4 ,,female4 ,wings distinctly brown before the third vein and in the basal cells and proximal portion of the discal cell4 ,abdomen diffusely whitish pollinose behind2 the second segment largely reddish2 ventral process of the fifth segment small4 ,length #aj millimeters4 ,two specimens1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 #g4 ,conops ornatus1 n4 sp4 ,,male4 ,vertical callosity reddish2 below it an opaque black band1 connected in the middle with a ,v-shaped spot about the base of the antennae2 the front elsewhere1 and the face for the greater part1 light yellow1 the sides of the latter with a broad silvery sheen4 ,cheeks black4 ,antennae red2 the first joint a little shorter than the third joint2 second joint about twice the length of the first2 style short1 thick4 ,thorax black1 opaque2 near the humeri and behind1 as also on the scutellum1 thickly golden pollinose2 pleurae diffusely pollinose4 ,abdomen opaque black2 the hind margin of the first three segments1 and the remainder of the abdomen1 save spots on the sides of the fourth and fifth segments1 thickly light golden pollinose4 ,legs reddish brown1 the base of the tibiae and the basal joints of the tarsi yellowish4 ,the brown of the wings extends to the third vein and through the middle of the first posterior cell2 costal and subcostal cells lighter colored4 ,length #aa millimeters4 ,two specimens1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 #h4 ,conops parvus1 n4 sp4 ,,female4 ,closely allied to ,c4 sylvosus ,williston1 but differs in the lighter colored antennae and their more elongated third joint1 which is as long as the first two joints together2 in the wings being wholly grayish hyaline1 save a quadrate brown spot in front a little beyond the middle2 and in the lighter colored legs and abdomen4 ,the proboscis is as long as the antennae2 the legs are brown or brownish yellow4 ,length #h millimeters4 ,two specimens1 ,chapada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 ,explanation of ,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,skull of ,pteranodon sp41 one-fifth natural size4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,left front paddle of ,clidastes velox ,marsh1 two-thirds natural size4 ,c1 coracoid2 ,s1 scapula2 ,h1 humerus2 ,i1 first digit2 ,v1 fifth digit4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,left hind paddle of ,clidastes velox ,marsh1 two-thirds natural size4 ,il1 ilium2 ,p1 pubis2 ,is1 ischium2 ,f1 femur2 ,t1 tibia2 ,fb1 fibula2 ,i1 first metatarsal4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,right front paddle of ,clidastes ,westii ,williston1 one-third natural size4 ,s1 scapula2 ,c1 coracoid2 ,h1 humerus2 ,r1 radius2 ,u1 ulna2 ,i1 ,,iv1 first1 fourth digits4 ,,plate ,v4 ,right hind paddle of ,clidastes ,westii ,williston1 one-half natural size4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,eighteenth dorsal vertebra of ,clidastes ,westii ,williston1 natural size4 ,fig4 #a1 centrum from behind2 fig4 #b1 from below4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a1 ,microdon megalogaster ,snow2 fig4 #b1 ,brachyopa cynops ,snow2 fig4 #c1 ,syrphus ruficauda ,snow2 fig4 #d1 ,callicera montensis ,snow2 fig4 #e1 ,tropidomyia bimaculata ,williston2 fig4 #f1 ,rhingiopsis rostrata ,roeder2 fig4 #g1 ,ancanthina hieroglyphica ,wiedemann4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,melitera dentata4 ,adult1 silken cocoon and outer layer of dirt-masses held together by silken threads2 larva 7shaded72 larva in outline showing position and number of tubercled hairs2 hind wing of adult showing venation4 ,,plate ,i4 ,skull of ,pteranodon sp41 one-fifth natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,kan4 ,,univ4 ,,quart4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,plate ,i4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,left front paddle of ,clidastes velox ,marsh1 two-thirds natural size4 ,c1 coracoid2 ,s1 scapula2 ,h1 humerus2 ,i1 first digit2 ,v1 fifth digit4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,left hind paddle of ,clidastes velox ,marsh1 two-thirds natural size4 ,il1 ilium2 ,p1 pubis2 ,is1 ischium2 ,f1 femur2 ,t1 tibia2 ,fb1 fibula2 ,i1 first metatarsal4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,right front paddle of ,clidastes ,westii ,williston1 one-third natural size4 ,s1 scapula2 ,c1 coracoid2 ,h1 humerus2 ,r1 radius2 ,u1 ulna2 ,i1 ,,iv1 first1 fourth digits4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,v4 ,right hind paddle of ,clidastes ,westii ,williston1 one-half natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,eighteenth dorsal vertebra of ,clidastes ,westii ,williston1 natural size4 ,fig4 #a1 centrum from behind2 fig4 #b1 from below4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a1 ,microdon megalogaster ,snow4 ,fig4 #b1 ,brachyopa cynops ,snow4 ,fig4 #c1 ,syrphus ruficauda ,snow4 ,fig4 #d1 ,callicera montensis ,snow4 ,fig4 #e1 ,tropidomyia bimaculata ,williston4 ,fig4 #f1 ,promerisana nasuta ,macq4 ,fig4 #g1 ,ancanthina hieroglyphica ,wiedemann4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,mary ,wellman and ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 ad nat4 del4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,melitera dentata ,grote2 adult1 silken cocoon and outer layer of dirt-masses held together by silken threads2 larva 7shaded72 larva in outline showing position and number of tubercled hairs2 hind wing of adult showing venation4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,mary ,wellman1 ad nat4 del4 ,,prospectus4 ,the ,,kansas ,,university ,,quarterly is established by the ,university of ,kansas1 and will be maintained by it as a medium for the publication of the results of original research by members of the ,university4 ,papers will be published only upon recommendation by the ,committee of ,publication4 ,contributed articles should be in the hands of the ,committee at least one month prior to the date of publication4 ,a limited number of author's separata will be furnished free to contributors4 ,the ,,quarterly will be issued regularly1 as indicated by its title4 ,each number will contain fifty or more pages of reading matter1 with necessary illustrations4 ,the four numbers of each year will constitute a volume4 ,the price of subscription is two dollars a volume1 single numbers varying in price with cost of publication4 ,exchanges are solicited4 ,communications should be addressed to ,v4 ,l4 ,,kellogg1 ,university of ,kansas1 ,lawrence4