,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,plato ,,j[ett ,london ,,h5ry ,,fr[de ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,w>eh\se ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,plato ,,translat$ ,,into ,,engli% ,,) ,,introduction1 ,,analysis ,,m>g9al ,,analysis1 ,,& ,,index ,,by ,b4 ,,j[ett1 ,m4,a4 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,balliol ,,college ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,doctor ,,9 ,,!ology ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,correct$ ,,?r\gh\t ,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press ,m ,,dccc ,,lxxxviii ,all rights res]v$ ,,to ,,my ,,=m] ,,pupils ,,9 ,,balliol ,,college ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1 ,,:o ,,dur+ ,,=ty-,,six ,,ye>s ,,h ,,be5 ,,! ,,be/ ,,( ,,fri5ds ,,to ,,me1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,inscrib$1 ,,9 ,,grateful ,,recognition ,,( ,,_! ,,nev] ,,fail+ ,,atta*m5t4 ,,preface4 ,,9 publi%+ a ?ird edition ( ! ,republic ( ,plato 7orig9ally includ$ 9 my edition ( ,plato's works71 ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance ( sev]al fri5ds1 especially ( my secret>y1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,knight1 n[ resid+ = 8 heal? at ,davs1 & ( ,mr4 ,frank ,flet*]1 ,exhibition] ( ,balliol ,college4 ,to _! accuracy & s*ol>%ip ,i am "u great obligations4 ,! excell5t index1 9 :i* are conta9$ ref]5ces to ! o!r dialogues z well z to ! ,republic1 is entirely ! "w ( ,mr4 ,knight4 ,i am also consid]ably indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mackail1 ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 :o read ov] ! :ole book 9 ! previ\s edition1 & not$ sev]al inaccuracies4 ,! additions & alt]ations bo? 9 ! introduction & 9 ! text1 affect at lea/ a ?ird ( ! "w4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! ext5t ( ^! alt]ations1 & to ! annoyance :i* is felt by ! own] ( a book at ! possession ( x 9 an inf]ior =m1 & /ill m ke5ly by ! writ] himself1 :o mu/ always desire to be read z he is at 8 be/1 ,i h ?\ght t "s p]sons might l to ex*ange = ! new edition ! sep>ate edition ( ! ,republic publi%$ 9 #ahha1 to :i* ?is pres5t volume is ! successor4 ,i h !re=e arrang$ t ^? :o desire to make ?is ex*ange1 on deposit+ a p]fect copy ( ! =m] sep>ate edition ) any ag5t ( ! ,cl>5don ,press1 %all be entitl$ to receive ! new edition at half-price4 ,x is my hope to issue a revis$ edition ( ! rema9+ ,dialogues 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,,introduction ,,& ,,analysis4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic4 ,introduction4 ,,! ,republic ( ,plato is ! longe/ ( 8 works ) ! exception ( ! ,laws1 & is c]ta9ly ! greate/ ( !m4 ,!re are ne>] approa*es to mod]n metaphysics 9 ! ,philebus & 9 ! ,sophi/2 ! ,politicus or ,/atesman is m ideal2 ! =m & in/itutions ( ! ,/ate are m cle>ly drawn out 9 ! ,laws2 z works ( art1 ! ,symposium & ! ,protagoras are ( high] excell5ce4 ,b no o!r ,dialogue ( ,plato has ! same l>g5ess ( view & ! same p]fection ( /yle2 no o!r %[s an equal k ( ! _w1 or conta9s m ( ^? ?\ghts :i* are new z well z old1 & n ( "o age only b ( all4 ,n[h]e 9 ,plato is !re a deep] irony or a great] weal? ( hum\r or imag]y1 or m dramatic p[]4 ,nor 9 any o!r ( 8 writ+s is ! attempt made to int]weave life & speculation1 or to connect politics ) philosophy4 ,! ,republic is ! c5tre ar\nd :i* ! o!r ,dialogues may be gr\p$2 "h philosophy rea*es ! highe/ po9t 7cp4 especially 9 ,books ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii7 to :i* anci5t ?9k]s ev] atta9$4 ,plato among ! ,greeks1 l ,bacon among ! mod]ns1 0 ! fir/ :o conceiv$ a me?od ( k1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m always di/+ui%$ ! b>e outl9e or =m f ! sub/ance ( tru?2 & bo? ( !m _h to be cont5t ) an ab/raction ( sci5ce :i* 0 n yet realiz$4 ,he 0 ! greate/ metaphysical g5ius :om ! _w has se52 & 9 him1 m ?an 9 any o!r anci5t ?9k]1 ! g]ms ( future k are conta9$4 ,! sci5ces ( logic & psy*ology1 :i* h suppli$ s _m in/rum5ts ( ?\ght to aft]-ages1 are bas$ ^u ! analyses ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,! pr9ciples ( def9ition1 ! law ( contradiction1 ! fallacy ( argu+ 9 a circle1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ess5ce & accid5ts ( a ?+ or notion1 betwe5 means & ends1 betwe5 causes & conditions2 also ! division ( ! m9d into ! rational1 concupisc5t1 & irascible elem5ts1 or ( pleasures & desires into necess>y & unnecess>y--^! ii & o!r great =ms ( ?\ght are all ( !m to be f\nd 9 ! ,republic1 & 7 probably fir/ inv5t$ by ,plato4 ,! greate/ ( all logical tru?s1 & ! "o ( :i* writ]s on philosophy are mo/ apt to lose sight1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 words & ?+s1 has be5 mo/ /r5u\sly insi/$ on by him 7cp4 ,rep4 #ded ,a2 ,polit4 #bfa ,e2 ,cratyl4 #dce1 #dcf ff471 al?\gh he has n always avoid$ ! confusion ( !m 9 8 own writ+s 7e4g4 ,rep4 #dfc ,e74 ,b he does n b9d up tru? 9 logical =mulae1--logic is /ill veil$ 9 metaphysics2 & ! sci5ce :i* he imag9es to 'contemplate all tru? & all exi/5ce' is v unlike ! doctr9e ( ! syllogism :i* ,ari/otle claims to h discov]$ 7,soph4 ,el5*i #cc4 #ah74 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t ! ,republic is b ! ?ird "p ( a /ill l>g] design :i* 0 to h includ$ an ideal hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 z well z a political & physical philosophy4 ,! fragm5t ( ! ,critias has giv5 bir? to a _w-fam\s fiction1 second only 9 importance to ! tale ( ,troy & ! leg5d ( ,ar?ur2 & is said z a fact to h inspir$ "s ( ! e>ly navigators ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is my?ical tale1 ( :i* ! subject 0 a hi/ory ( ! w>s ( ! ,a!nians aga9/ ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis1 is suppos$ to be f\nd$ ^u an unf9i%$ poem ( ,solon1 to :i* x w\ld h /ood 9 ! same relation z ! writ+s ( ! logograph]s to ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,x w\ld h told ( a /ruggle = ,lib]ty 7cp4 ,tim4 #be ,c71 int5d$ to repres5t ! conflict ( ,p]sia & ,hellas4 ,we may judge f ! noble comm5cem5t ( ! ,timaeus1 f ! fragm5t ( ! ,critias itself1 & f ! ?ird book ( ! ,laws1 9 :at mann] ,plato w\ld h treat$ ?is high argum5t4 ,we c only guess :y ! great design 0 ab&on$2 p]haps because ,plato became s5sible ( "s incongruity 9 a fictiti\s hi/ory1 or because he _h lo/ 8 int]e/ 9 x1 or because advanc+ ye>s =bade ! completion ( x2 & we may please ourselves ) ! fancy t _h ?is imag9>y n>rative ev] be5 f9i%$1 we %\ld h f\nd ,plato himself sympa?is+ ) ! /ruggle = ,hell5ic indep5d5ce 7cp4 ,laws iii4 #fih ff471 s++ a hymn ( triumph ov] ,m>a?on & ,salamis1 p]haps mak+ ! reflection ( ,h]odotus :]e he contemplates ! gr[? ( ! ,a!nian empire--',h[ brave a ?+ is fre$om ( spee*1 iii :i* has made ! ,a!nians s f> exce$ e o!r /ate ( ,hellas 9 greatness6' or1 m probably1 attribut+ ! victory to ! anci5t good ord] ( ,a!ns & to ! fav\r ( ,apollo & ,a!ne 7cp4 ,introd4 to ,critias74 ,aga91 ,plato may be reg>d$ z ! 'capta9' 7,greek3 a7r*g_/s7 or lead] ( a goodly b& ( foll[]s2 = 9 ! ,republic is to be f\nd ! orig9al ( ,cic]o's ,de ,republica1 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god1 ( ! ,utopia ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 & ( ! num]\s o!r imag9>y ,/ates :i* are fram$ ^u ! same model4 ,! ext5t to :i* ,ari/otle or ! ,ari/otelian s*ool 7 indebt$ to him 9 ! ,politics has be5 little recognis$1 & ! recognition is ! m necess>y because x is n made by ,ari/otle himself4 ,! two philosoph]s _h m 9 common ?an !y 7 consci\s (2 & probably "s elem5ts ( ,plato rema9 /ill undetect$ 9 ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,engli% philosophy too1 _m aff9ities may be trac$1 n only 9 ! works ( ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s1 b 9 great orig9al writ]s l ,b]keley or ,col]idge1 to ,plato & 8 ideas4 ,t !re is a tru? high] ?an exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ! m9d be>s witness to h]self1 is a conviction :i* 9 our own g5]ation has be5 en?usia/ically ass]t$1 & is p]haps ga9+ gr\nd4 ,( ! ,greek au?ors :o at ! ,r5aissance br\ght a new life into ! _w ,plato has _h ! greate/ influ5ce4 ,! ,republic ( ,plato is also ! fir/ treatise ^u education1 ( :i* ! writ+s ( ,milton & ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,paul1 & ,goe! are ! legitimate desc5dants4 ,l ,dante or ,bunyan1 he has a revelation ( ano!r life2 l ,bacon1 he is pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! unity ( k2 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* he ex]cis$ a real influ5ce on !ology1 & at ! ,revival ( ,lit]ature on politics4 ,ev5 ! fragm5ts ( 8 words :5 'repeat$ at second-h&' 7,symp4 #bae ,d7 h 9 all ages ravi%$ ! he>ts ( m51 :o h se5 reflect$ 9 !m _! own high] nature4 ,he is ! fa!r ( idealism 9 philosophy1 9 politics1 9 lit]ature4 ,& _m ( ! late/ conceptions ( mod]n ?9k]s & /atesm51 su* z ! unity ( k1 ! reign ( law1 & ! equality ( ! sexes1 h be5 anticipat$ 9 a dream by him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! argum5t ( ! ,republic is ! se>* aft] ,ju/ice1 ! nature ( :i* is fir/ h9t$ at by ,cephalus1 ! j & blameless iv old man--!n discuss$ on ! basis ( prov]bial morality by ,socrates & ,polem>*us--!n c>icatur$ by ,?rasyma*us & p>tially expla9$ by ,socrates--r$uc$ to an ab/raction by ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 & hav+ become invisible 9 ! individual reappe>s at l5g? 9 ! ideal ,/ate :i* is con/ruct$ by ,socrates4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! rul]s is to be education1 ( :i* an outl9e is drawn aft] ! old ,hell5ic model1 provid+ only = an improv$ religion & morality1 & m simplicity 9 music & gymna/ic1 a manli] /ra9 ( poetry1 & great] h>mony ( ! individual & ! ,/ate4 ,we are ?us l$ on to ! conception ( a high] ,/ate1 9 :i* 'no man calls any?+ 8 own1' & 9 :i* !re is nei!r 'm>ry+ nor giv+ 9 m>riage1' & 'k+s are philosoph]s' & 'philosoph]s are k+s2' & !re is ano!r & high] education1 intellectual z well z moral & religi\s1 ( sci5ce z well z ( art1 & n ( y\? only b ( ! :ole ( life4 ,su* a ,/ate is h>dly to be realiz$ 9 ?is _w & quickly deg5]ates4 ,to ! p]fect ideal succe$s ! gov]nm5t ( ! soldi] & ! lov] ( hon\r1 ?is aga9 decl9+ into democracy1 & democracy into tyranny1 9 an imag9>y b regul> ord] hav+ n mu* resemblance to ! actual facts4 ,:5 '! :eel has come full circle' we d n beg9 aga9 ) a new p]iod ( human life2 b we h pass$ f ! be/ to ! wor/1 & !re we end4 ,! subject is !n *ang$ & ! old qu>rel ( poetry & philosophy :i* _h be5 m lightly treat$ 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,republic is n[ resum$ & f\ght out to a conclusion4 ,poetry is discov]$ to be an imitation ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 & ,hom]1 z well z ! dramatic poets1 hav+ be5 condemn$ z an imitator1 is s5t into bani%m5t along ) !m4 ,& ! idea ( ! ,/ate is supplem5t$ by ! revelation ( a future life4 ,! division into books1 l all simil> divisions1#a is probably lat] ?an ! age ( ,plato4 ,! natural divisions are five 9 numb]2--7#a7 ,book ,i & ! fir/ half ( ,book ,,ii d[n to ! p>agraph beg9n+1 ',i _h always admir$ ! g5ius ( ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1' :i* is introductory2 ! fir/ book conta9+ a refutation ( ! popul> & sophi/ical notions ( ju/ice1 & conclud+1 l "s ( ! e>li] ,dialogues1 )\t arriv+ at any def9ite result4 ,to ?is is app5d$ a re/atem5t ( ! nature ( ju/ice v accord+ to common op9ion1 & an answ] is dem&$ to ! "q--,:at is ju/ice1 /ripp$ ( appe>ances8 ,! second division 7#b7 includes ! rema9d] ( ! second & ! :ole ( ! ?ird & f\r? books1 :i* are ma9ly occupi$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ ,/ate & ! fir/ education4 ,! ?ird division 7#c7 consi/s ( ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? books1 9 :i* philosophy r ?an ju/ice is ! subject ( enquiry1 & ! second ,/ate is con/ruct$ on pr9ciples ( communism & rul$ by philosoph]s1 & ! contemplation ( ! idea ( good takes ! place ( ! social & political virtues4 ,9 ! eigh? & n9? books 7#d7 ! p]v]sions ( ,/ates & ( ! individuals :o correspond to !m are review$ 9 succession2 & ! nature ( pleasure & ! pr9ciple ( tyranny are fur!r analys$ 9 ! individual man4 ,! t5? book 7#e7 is ! conclusion ( ! :ole1 9 :i* ! relations ( philosophy to poetry are f9ally det]m9$1 & ! happ9ess ( ! citiz5s 9 ?is life1 :i* has n[ be5 assur$1 is cr[n$ by ! vision ( ano!r4 ,footnote #a3 ,cp4 ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis 9 ! ,classical ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #a4 ,or a m g5]al division into two p>ts may be adopt$2 ! fir/ 7,books ,i-,,iv7 conta9+ ! description ( a ,/ate fram$ g5]ally 9 accordance ) ,hell5ic notions ( religion & morality1 :ile 9 ! second 7,books ,v-,x7 ! ,hell5ic ,/ate is trans=m$ into an ideal k+dom ( philosophy1 ( :i* all o!r gov]nm5ts are ! p]v]sions4 ,^! two po9ts ( view are really oppos$1 & ! opposition is only veil$ by ! g5ius ( ,plato4 ,! ,republic1 l ! ,pha$rus 7see ,introduction to ,pha$rus71 is an imp]fect :ole2 ! high] light ( philosophy breaks ?r\gh ! regul>ity ( ! ,hell5ic temple1 :i* at la/ fades away into ! heav5s 7#eib ,b74 ,:e!r ?is imp]fection ( /ructure arises f an enl>gem5t ( ! plan2 or f ! imp]fect reconcilem5t 9 ! writ]'s own m9d ( ! /ruggl+ elem5ts ( ?\ght :i* are n[ fir/ br\ght toge!r by him2 or1 p]haps1 f ! composition ( ! "w at diff]5t times--are que/ions1 l ! simil> "q ab\t ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 :i* are wor? ask+1 b :i* _c h a di/9ct answ]4 ,9 ! age ( ,plato !re 0 no regul> mode ( publication1 & an au?or w\ld h ! less scruple 9 alt]+ or add+ to a "w :i* 0 kn[n only to a few ( 8 fri5ds4 ,!re is no absurdity 9 suppos+ t he may h laid 8 lab\rs aside = a "t1 or turn$ f "o "w to vi ano!r2 & su* int]ruptions w\ld be m likely to occur 9 ! case ( a long ?an ( a %ort writ+4 ,9 all attempts to det]m9e ! *ronological ord] ( ! ,platonic writ+s on int]nal evid5ce1 ?is unc]ta9ty ab\t any s+le ,dialogue be+ compos$ at "o "t is a di/urb+ elem5t1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ to affect long] works1 su* z ! ,republic & ! ,laws1 m ?an %ort] ones4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! seem+ discrepancies ( ! ,republic may only arise out ( ! discordant elem5ts :i* ! philosoph] has attempt$ to unite 9 a s+le :ole1 p]haps )\t be+ himself able to recognise ! inconsi/5cy :i* is obvi\s to u4 ,= !re is a judgm5t ( aft] ages :i* few great writ]s h ev] be5 able to anticipate = !mselves4 ,!y d n p]ceive ! want ( connexion 9 _! own writ+s1 or ! gaps 9 _! sy/ems :i* are visible en\gh to ^? :o come aft] !m4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( lit]ature & philosophy1 amid ! fir/ ef=ts ( ?\ght & language1 m inconsi/5cies occur ?an n[1 :5 ! pa?s ( speculation are well worn & ! mean+ ( words precisely def9$4 ,= consi/5cy1 too1 is ! gr[? ( "t2 & "s ( ! greate/ creations ( ! human m9d h be5 want+ 9 unity4 ,tri$ by ?is te/1 sev]al ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 accord+ to our mod]n ideas1 appe> to be defective1 b ! defici5cy is no pro( t !y 7 compos$ at diff]5t times or by diff]5t h&s4 ,& ! supposition t ! ,republic 0 writt5 un9t]rupt$ly & by a cont9u\s ef=t is 9 "s degree confirm$ by ! num]\s ref]5ces f "o "p ( ! "w to ano!r4 ,! second title1 ',conc]n+ ,ju/ice1' is n ! "o by :i* ! ,republic is quot$1 ei!r by ,ari/otle or g5]ally 9 antiquity1 &1 l ! o!r second titles ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 may !re=e be assum$ to be ( lat] date4 ,morg5/]n & o!rs h ask$ :e!r ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! pr(ess$ aim1 or ! con/ruction ( ! ,/ate is ! pr9cipal argum5t ( ! "w4 ,! answ] is1 t ! two bl5d 9 "o1 & are two faces ( ! same tru?2 = ju/ice is ! ord] ( ! ,/ate1 & ! ,/ate is ! visible embodim5t ( ju/ice "u ! conditions ( human society4 ,! "o is ! s\l & ! o!r is ! body1 & ! ,greek ideal ( ! ,/ate1 z ( ! individual1 is a fair m9d 9 a fair body4 ,9 ,hegelian phraseology ! /ate is ! reality ( vii :i* ju/ice is ! idea4 ,or1 describ$ 9 ,*ri/ian language1 ! k+dom ( ,god is )91 & yet developes into a ,*ur* or ext]nal k+dom2 '! h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s1' is r$uc$ to ! proportions ( an e>?ly build+4 ,or1 to use a ,platonic image1 ju/ice & ! ,/ate are ! w>p & ! wo( :i* run ?r\gh ! :ole texture4 ,& :5 ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate is complet$1 ! conception ( ju/ice is n dismiss$1 b reappe>s "u ! same or diff]5t names ?r\gh\t ! "w1 bo? z ! inn] law ( ! individual s\l1 & f9ally z ! pr9ciple ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ano!r life4 ,! virtues are bas$ on ju/ice1 ( :i* common hone/y 9 buy+ & sell+ is ! %ad[1 & ju/ice is bas$ on ! idea ( good1 :i* is ! h>mony ( ! _w1 & is reflect$ bo? 9 ! in/itutions ( /ates & 9 motions ( ! heav5ly bodies 7cp4 ,tim4 #dg74 ,! ,timaeus1 :i* takes up ! political r ?an ! e?ical side ( ! ,republic1 & is *iefly occupi$ ) hypo!ses conc]n+ ! outw>d _w1 yet conta9s _m indications t ! same law is suppos$ to reign ov] ! ,/ate1 ov] nature1 & ov] man4 ,too mu*1 h[ev]1 has be5 made ( ?is "q bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,!re is a /age ( criticism 9 :i* all works1 :e!r ( nature or ( art1 are ref]r$ to design4 ,n[ 9 anci5t writ+s1 & inde$ 9 lit]ature g5]ally1 !re rema9s (t5 a l>ge elem5t :i* 0 n compreh5d$ 9 ! orig9al design4 ,= ! plan gr[s "u ! au?or's h&2 new ?\ghts occur to him 9 ! act ( writ+2 he has n work$ out ! argum5t to ! end be=e he beg9s4 ,! read] :o seeks to f9d "s "o idea "u :i* ! :ole may be conceiv$1 mu/ necess>ily seize on ! vague/ & mo/ g5]al4 ,?us ,/allbaum1 :o is dissatisfi$ ) ! ord9>y explanations ( ! argum5t ( ! ,republic1 imag9es himself to h f\nd ! true argum5t '9 ! repres5tation ( human life 9 a ,/ate p]fect$ by ju/ice1 & gov]n$ accord+ to ! idea ( good4' ,!re may be "s use 9 su* g5]al descriptions1 b !y c h>dly be said to express ! design ( ! writ]4 ,! tru? is1 t we may z well speak ( _m designs z ( "o2 nor ne$ any?+ be exclud$ f ! plan ( a great "w to :i* ! m9d is naturally l$ by ! association ( ideas1 & :i* does n int]f]e ) ! g5]al purpose4 ,:at k9d or degree ( viii unity is to be s\ght aft] 9 a build+1 9 ! pla/ic arts1 9 poetry1 9 prose1 is a problem :i* has to be det]m9$ relatively to ! subject-matt]4 ,to ,plato himself1 ! enquiry ':at 0 ! int5tion ( ! writ]1' or ':at 0 ! pr9cipal argum5t ( ! ,republic' w\ld h be5 h>dly intelligible1 & !re=e _h bett] be at once dismiss$ 7cp4 ! ,introduction to ! ,pha$rus1 vol4 i474 ,is n ! ,republic ! vehicle ( ?ree or f\r great tru?s :i*1 to ,plato's own m9d1 are mo/ naturally repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ! ,/ate8 ,j z 9 ! ,jewi% prophets ! reign ( ,messiah1 or '! day ( ! ,"l1' or ! suff]+ ,s]vant or p ( ,god1 or ! ',sun ( righte\sness ) heal+ 9 8 w+s' only convey1 to u at lea/1 _! great spiritual ideals1 s ?r\gh ! ,greek ,/ate ,plato reveals to u 8 own ?\ghts ab\t div9e p]fection1 :i* is ! idea ( good--l ! sun 9 ! visible _w2--ab\t human p]fection1 :i* is ju/ice--ab\t education beg9n+ 9 y\? & cont9u+ 9 lat] ye>s--ab\t poets & sophi/s & tyrants :o are ! false tea*]s & evil rul]s ( mank9d--ab\t '! _w' :i* is ! embodim5t ( !m--ab\t a k+dom :i* exi/s n[h]e ^u e>? b is laid up 9 heav5 to be ! patt]n & rule ( human life4 ,no su* inspir$ creation is at unity ) itself1 any m ?an ! cl\ds ( heav5 :5 ! sun pi]ces ?r\gh !m4 ,e %ade ( light & d>k1 ( tru?1 & ( fiction :i* is ! veil ( tru?1 is all[able 9 a "w ( philosophical imag9ation4 ,x is n all on ! same plane2 x easily passes f ideas to my?s & fancies1 f facts to figures ( spee*4 ,x is n prose b poetry1 at lea/ a great "p ( x1 & ought n to be judg$ by ! rules ( logic or ! probabilities ( hi/ory4 ,! writ] is n fa%ion+ 8 ideas into an arti/ic :ole2 !y take possession ( him & are too mu* = him4 ,we h no ne$ !re=e to discuss :e!r a ,/ate su* z ,plato has conceiv$ is practicable or n1 or :e!r ! outw>d =m or ! inw>d life came fir/ into ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,= ! practicability ( 8 ideas has no?+ to d ) _! tru? 7v4 #dgb ,d72 & ! highe/ ?\ghts to :i* he atta9s may be truly said to be> ! greate/ 'm>ks ( design'--ju/ice m ?an ! ext]nal frame-"w ( ! ,/ate1 ! idea ( good m ?an ju/ice4 ,! great sci5ce ( dialectic or ! organisation ( ideas has no real cont5t2 b is only a type ( ! me?od or ix _s 9 :i* ! high] k is to be pursu$ by ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce4 ,x is 9 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? books t ,plato rea*es ! 'summit ( speculation1' & ^!1 al?\gh !y fail to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( a mod]n ?9k]1 may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important1 z !y are also ! mo/ orig9al1 portions ( ! "w4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss at l5g? a m9or "q :i* has be5 rais$ by ,boeckh1 respect+ ! imag9>y date at :i* ! conv]sation 0 held 7! ye> #daa ,b4,c4 :i* is propos$ by him w d z well z any o!r72 = a writ] ( fiction1 & especially a writ] :o1 l ,plato1 is notori\sly c>eless ( *ronology 7cp4 ,rep4 i4 #ccf1 ,symp4 #aic ,a1 etc471 only aims at g5]al probability4 ,:e!r all ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 ! ,republic c\ld ev] h met at any "o "t is n a difficulty :i* w\ld h occurr$ to an ,a!nian read+ ! "w =ty ye>s lat]1 or to ,plato himself at ! "t ( writ+ 7any m ?an to ,%akespe>e respect+ "o ( 8 own dramas72 & ne$ n greatly tr\ble u n[4 ,yet ?is may be a "q hav+ no answ] ':i* is /ill wor? ask+1' because ! inve/igation %[s t we _c argue hi/orically f ! dates 9 ,plato2 x w\ld be useless !re=e to wa/e "t 9 inv5t+ f>-fet*$ reconcilem5ts ( !m 9 ord] to avoid *ronological difficulties1 su*1 = example1 z ! conjecture ( ,c4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 t ,glaucon & ,adeimantus are n ! bro!rs b ! uncles ( ,plato 7cp4 ,apol4 #cd ,a71 or ! fancy ( ,/allbaum t ,plato int5tionally left ana*ronisms indicat+ ! dates at :i* "s ( 8 ,dialogues 7 writt54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! ,republic are ,cephalus1 ,polem>*us1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,socrates1 ,glaucon1 & ,adeimantus4 ,cephalus appe>s 9 ! introduction only1 ,polem>*us drops at ! end ( ! fir/ argum5t1 & ,?rasyma*us is r$uc$ to sil5ce at ! close ( ! fir/ book4 ,! ma9 discussion is c>ri$ on by ,socrates1 ,glaucon1 & ,adeimantus4 ,among ! company are ,lysias 7! orator7 & ,eu?ydemus1 ! sons ( ,cephalus & bro!rs ( ,polem>*us1 an unkn[n ,*>mantides--^! are mute auditors2 also !re is ,cleitophon1 :o once int]rupts 7#cdj ,a71 :]e1 z 9 ! ,dialogue :i* be>s 8 "n1 he appe>s z ! fri5d & ally ( ,?rasyma*us4 x ,cephalus1 ! patri>* ( ! h\se1 has be5 appropriately engag$ 9 (f]+ a sacrifice4 ,he is ! patt]n ( an old man :o has almo/ done ) life1 & is at peace ) himself & ) all mank9d4 ,he feels t he is draw+ ne>] to ! _w bel[1 & seems to l+] ar\nd ! memory ( ! pa/4 ,he is eag] t ,socrates %\ld come to visit him1 fond ( ! poetry ( ! la/ g5]ation1 happy 9 ! consci\sness ( a well-sp5t life1 glad at hav+ escap$ f ! tyranny ( y\?ful lu/s4 ,8 love ( conv]sation1 8 affection1 8 indiff]5ce to ri*es1 ev5 8 g>rulity1 are int]e/+ traits ( "*4 ,he is n "o ( ^? :o h no?+ to say1 because _! :ole m9d has be5 absorb$ 9 mak+ money4 ,yet he ackn[l$ges t ri*es h ! advantage ( plac+ m5 above ! temptation to di%one/y or falsehood4 ,! respectful att5tion %[n to him by ,socrates1 ^: love ( conv]sation1 no less ?an ! mission impos$ ^u him by ! ,oracle1 leads him to ask que/ions ( all m51 "y & old alike 7cp4 i4 #cbh ,a71 %\ld also be not$4 ,:o bett] suit$ to raise ! "q ( ju/ice ?an ,cephalus1 ^: life might seem to be ! expression ( x8 ,! mod]ation ) :i* old age is pictur$ by ,cephalus z a v tol]able portion ( exi/5ce is *>act]i/ic1 n only ( him1 b ( ,greek feel+ g5]ally1 & contra/s ) ! exagg]ation ( ,cic]o 9 ! ,de ,s5ectute4 ,! ev5+ ( life is describ$ by ,plato 9 ! mo/ expressive mann]1 yet ) ! fewe/ possible t\*es4 ,z ,cic]o rem>ks 7,ep4 ad ,attic4 iv4 #af71 ! ag$ ,cephalus w\ld h be5 out ( place 9 ! discussion :i* foll[s1 & :i* he c\ld nei!r h und]/ood nor tak5 "p 9 )\t a violation ( dramatic propriety 7cp4 ,lysima*us 9 ! ,la*es1 #hi74 ,8 'son & heir' ,polem>*us has ! frankness & impetu\sness ( y\?2 he is = deta9+ ,socrates by =ce 9 ! op5+ sc5e1 & w n 'let him (f' 7v4 #ddi ,b7 on ! subject ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,l ,cephalus1 he is limit$ 9 8 po9t ( view1 & repres5ts ! prov]bial /age ( morality :i* has rules ( life r ?an pr9ciples2 & he quotes ,simonides 7cp4 ,ari/oph4 ,cl\ds1 #acee ff47 z 8 fa!r _h quot$ ,p9d>4 ,b aft] ?is he has no m to say2 ! answ]s :i* he makes are only elicit$ f him by ! dialectic ( ,socrates4 ,he has n yet exp]i5c$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,sophi/s l ,glaucon & xi ,adeimantus1 nor is he s5sible ( ! necessity ( refut+ !m2 he belongs to ! pre-,socratic or pre-dialectical age4 ,he is incapable ( argu+1 & is bewild]$ by ,socrates to su* a degree t he does n "k :at he is say+4 ,he is made to admit t ju/ice is a ?ief1 & t ! virtues foll[ ! analogy ( ! arts4 ,f 8 bro!r ,lysias 7contra ,erato/h4 p4 #aba7 we le>n t he fell a victim to ! ,?irty ,tyrants1 b no allusion is "h made to 8 fate1 nor to ! circum/ance t ,cephalus & 8 family 7 ( ,syracusan orig91 & _h migrat$ f ,?urii to ,a!ns4 ,! ',*alc$onian giant1' ,?rasyma*us1 ( :om we h already he>d 9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bfg ,d71 is ! p]sonification ( ! ,sophi/s1 accord+ to ,plato's conception ( !m1 9 "s ( _! wor/ *>act]i/ics4 ,he is va9 & blu/]+1 refus+ to disc\rse unless he is paid1 fond ( mak+ an oration1 & hop+ !reby to escape ! inevitable ,socrates2 b a m]e *ild 9 argum5t1 & unable to =esee t ! next 'move' 7to use a ,platonic expression7 w '%ut him up' 7vi4 #dhg ,b74 ,he has rea*$ ! /age ( fram+ g5]al notions1 & 9 ?is respect is 9 advance ( ,cephalus & ,polem>*us4 ,b he is incapable ( def5d+ !m 9 a discussion1 & va9ly tries to cov] 8 confusion ) bant] & insol5ce4 ,:e!r su* doctr9es z are attribut$ to him by ,plato 7 really held ei!r by him or by any o!r ,sophi/ is unc]ta92 9 ! infancy ( philosophy s]i\s errors ab\t morality might easily gr[ up--!y are c]ta9ly put into ! m\?s ( speak]s 9 ,?ucydides2 b we are conc]n$ at pres5t ) ,plato's description ( him1 & n ) ! hi/orical reality4 ,! inequality ( ! conte/ adds greatly to ! hum\r ( ! sc5e4 ,! pomp\s & empty ,sophi/ is utt]ly helpless 9 ! h&s ( ! great ma/] ( dialectic1 :o kn[s h[ to t\* all ! spr+s ( vanity & weakness 9 him4 ,he is greatly irritat$ by ! irony ( ,socrates1 b 8 noisy & imbecile rage only lays him m & m op5 to ! ?ru/s ( 8 assailant4 ,8 det]m9ation to cram d[n _! ?roats1 or put 'bodily into _! s\ls' 8 own words1 elicits a cry ( horror f ,socrates4 ,! /ate ( 8 temp] is q z wor?y ( rem>k z ! process ( ! argum5t4 ,no?+ is m amus+ ?an 8 complete submission :5 he has be5 once ?or\ghly beat54 ,at fir/ he seems to cont9ue xii ! discussion ) reluctance1 b soon ) app>5t good-w1 & he ev5 te/ifies 8 int]e/ at a lat] /age by "o or two occasional rem>ks 7v4 #dej ,a1 ,b74 ,:5 attack$ by ,glaucon 7vi4 #dhi ,c1 ,d7 he is humor\sly protect$ by ,socrates 'z "o :o has nev] be5 8 enemy & is n[ 8 fri5d4' ,f ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian & f ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric 7iii4 i4 #g2 ii4 #bc1 #bi7 we le>n t ! ,sophi/ :om ,plato has made s ridicul\s 0 a man ( note ^: writ+s 7 pres]v$ 9 lat] ages4 ,! play on 8 "n :i* 0 made by 8 contempor>y ,h]odicus 7,aris4 ,rhet4 ii4 #bc1 #bi71 '?\ wa/ ev] bold 9 battle1' seems to %[ t ! description ( him is n devoid ( v]isimilitude4 ,:5 ,?rasyma*us has be5 sil5c$1 ! two pr9cipal respond5ts1 ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 appe> on ! sc5e3 "h1 z 9 ,greek trag$y 7cp4 ,introd4 to ,pha$o71 ?ree actors are introduc$4 ,at fir/ sight ! two sons ( ,ari/on may seem to we> a family lik5ess1 l ! two fri5ds ,simmias & ,cebes 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,b on a ne>] exam9ation ( !m ! simil>ity vani%es1 & !y are se5 to be di/9ct *>act]s4 ,glaucon is ! impetu\s y\? :o c 'j nev] h en\gh ( fet*+' 7cp4 ! "* ( him 9 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #f72 ! man ( pleasure :o is acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( love 7v4 #dgd ,d72 ! 'juv5is qui gaudet canibus1' & :o improves ! bre$ ( animals 7v4 #dei ,a72 ! lov] ( art & music 7iii4 #cih ,d1 ,e7 :o has all ! exp]i5ces ( y\?ful life4 ,he is full ( quickness & p5etration1 pi]c+ easily bel[ ! clumsy platitudes ( ,?rasyma*us to ! real difficulty2 he turns out to ! light ! seamy side ( human life1 & yet does n lose fai? 9 ! j & true4 ,x is ,glaucon :o seizes :at may be t]m$ ! ludicr\s relation ( ! philosoph] to ! _w1 to :om a /ate ( simplicity is 'a city ( pigs1' :o is always prep>$ ) a je/ 7iii4 #cih ,c1 #djg ,a2 v4 #dej1 #dea1 #dfh ,c2 vi4 #eji ,c2 ix4 #ehf7 :5 ! argum5t (f]s him an opportunity1 & :o is ev] ready to second ! hum\r ( ,socrates & to appreciate ! ridicul\s1 :e!r 9 ! connoisseurs ( music 7vii4 #eca ,a71 or 9 ! lov]s ( !atricals 7v4 #dge ,d71 or 9 ! fanta/ic behavi\r ( ! citiz5s ( democracy 7viii4 #eeg foll474 ,8 weaknesses are sev]al times allud$ to by ,socrates 7iii4 #djb ,e2 v4 #dgd ,d1 #dge ,e71 :o1 h[ev]1 w n all[ him to be attack$ by 8 bro!r ,adeimantus 7viii4 #edh ,d1 ,e74 ,he is a soldi]1 &1 l ,adeimantus1 has be5 xiii di/+ui%$ at ! battle ( ,meg>a 7#cfh ,a1 anno #def87444 ,! "* ( ,adeimantus is deep] & grav]1 & ! pr(\nd] objections are commonly put into 8 m\?4 ,glaucon is m demon/rative1 & g5]ally op5s ! game4 ,adeimantus pursues ! argum5t fur!r4 ,glaucon has m ( ! livel9ess & quick sympa?y ( y\?2 ,adeimantus has ! matur] judgm5t ( a gr[n-up man ( ! _w4 ,9 ! second book1 :5 ,glaucon insi/s t ju/ice & inju/ice %all be consid]$ )\t reg>d to _! consequ5ces1 ,adeimantus rem>ks t !y are reg>d$ by mank9d 9 g5]al only = ! sake ( _! consequ5ces2 & 9 a simil> ve9 ( reflection he urges at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? book t ,socrates fails 9 mak+ 8 citiz5s happy1 & is answ]$ t happ9ess is n ! fir/ b ! second ?+1 n ! direct aim b ! indirect consequ5ce ( ! good gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate4 ,9 ! discussion ab\t religion & my?ology1 ,adeimantus is ! respond5t 7iii4 #cgf-cih71 b ,glaucon breaks 9 ) a slight je/1 & c>ries on ! conv]sation 9 a light] tone ab\t music & gymna/ic to ! end ( ! book4 ,x is ,adeimantus aga9 :o volunte]s ! criticism ( common s5se on ! ,socratic me?od ( argum5t 7vi4 #dhg ,b71 & :o refuses to let ,socrates pass lightly ov] ! "q ( wom5 & *ildr5 7v4 #ddi74 ,x is ,adeimantus :o is ! respond5t 9 ! m argum5tative1 z ,glaucon 9 ! light] & m imag9ative portions ( ! ,dialogue4 ,= example1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! six? book1 ! causes ( ! corruption ( philosophy & ! conception ( ! idea ( good are discuss$ ) ,adeimantus4 ,at p4 #ejf ,c1 ,glaucon resumes 8 place ( pr9cipal respond5t2 b he has a difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ! high] education ( ,socrates1 & makes "s false hits 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion 7#ebf ,d1 #ebg ,d74 ,once m ,adeimantus returns 7viii4 #edh7 ) ! allusion to 8 bro!r ,glaucon :om he comp>es to ! cont5ti\s ,/ate2 9 ! next book 7ix4 #egf7 he is aga9 sup]s$$1 & ,glaucon cont9ues to ! end 7x4 #fba ,b74 ,?us 9 a succession ( *>act]s ,plato repres5ts ! successive /ages ( morality1 beg9n+ ) ! ,a!nian g5tleman ( ! old5 "t1 :o is foll[$ by ! practical man ( t day regulat+ 8 life by prov]bs & saws2 to him succe$s ! wild g5]alization ( ! ,sophi/s1 & la/ly come ! "y disciples ( ! great tea*]1 :o "k ! sophi/ical argum5ts xiv b w n be conv9c$ by !m1 & desire to g deep] into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,^! too1 l ,cephalus1 ,polem>*us1 ,?rasyma*us1 are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,republic1 nor 9 any o!r ,dialogue ( ,plato1 is a s+le "* repeat$4 ,! del9eation ( ,socrates 9 ! ,republic is n :olly consi/5t4 ,9 ! fir/ book we h m ( ! real ,socrates1 su* z he is depict$ 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 9 ! e>lie/ ,dialogues ( ,plato1 & 9 ! ,apology4 ,he is ironical1 provok+1 que/ion+1 ! old enemy ( ! ,sophi/s1 ready to put on ! mask ( ,sil5us z well z to argue s]i\sly4 ,b 9 ! six? book 8 enmity t[>ds ! ,sophi/s abates2 he ackn[l$ges t !y are ! repres5tatives r ?an ! corrupt]s ( ! _w 7vi4 #dib ,a74 ,he also becomes m dogmatic & con/ructive1 pass+ beyond ! range ei!r ( ! political or ! speculative ideas ( ! real ,socrates4 ,9 "o passage 7vi4 #ejf ,c7 ,plato himself seems to intimate t ! "t _h n[ come = ,socrates1 :o _h pass$ 8 :ole life 9 philosophy1 to give 8 own op9ion & n to be always repeat+ ! notions ( o!r m54 ,!re is no evid5ce t ei!r ! idea ( good or ! conception ( a p]fect /ate 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! ,socratic tea*+1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly dwelt on ! nature ( ! univ]sal & ( f9al causes 7cp4 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #d2 ,pha$o #ig72 & a deep ?9k] l him1 9 8 ?irty or =ty ye>s ( public tea*+1 c\ld h>dly h fail$ to t\* on ! nature ( family relations1 = :i* !re is also "s positive evid5ce 9 ! ,memorabilia 7,mem4 i4 #b1 #ea foll474 ,! ,socratic me?od is nom9ally reta9$2 & e inf]5ce is ei!r put into ! m\? ( ! respond5t or repres5t$ z ! common discov]y ( him & ,socrates4 ,b any "o c see t ?is is a m]e =m1 ( :i* ! affectation gr[s we>isome z ! "w advances4 ,! me?od ( enquiry has pass$ into a me?od ( tea*+ 9 :i* by ! help ( int]locutors ! same !sis is look$ at f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,! nature ( ! process is truly *>act]iz$ by ,glaucon1 :5 he describes himself z a companion :o is n good = mu* 9 an inve/igation1 b c see :at he is %[n 7iv4 #dcb ,c71 & may1 p]haps1 give ! answ] to a "q m flu5tly ?an ano!r 7v4 #dgd ,a2 cp4 #chi ,a74 ,nei!r c we be absolutely c]ta9 t ,socrates himself xv taught ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* is unkn[n to 8 disciple ,glaucon 9 ! ,republic 7x4 #fjh ,d2 cp4 vi4 #dih ,d1 ,e2 ,apol4 #dj1 #da72 nor is !re any reason to suppose t he us$ my?s or revelations ( ano!r _w z a vehicle ( in/ruction1 or t he w\ld h bani%$ poetry or h d5\nc$ ! ,greek my?ology4 ,8 fav\rite oa? is reta9$1 & a slight m5tion is made ( ! daemonium1 or int]nal sign1 :i* is allud$ to by ,socrates z a ph5om5on peculi> to himself 7vi4 #dif ,c74 ,a real elem5t ( ,socratic tea*+1 :i* is m prom95t 9 ! ,republic ?an 9 any ( ! o!r ,dialogues ( ,plato1 is ! use ( example & illu/ration 7,greek3 ta phortika au7t prosphe_/rontes1 iv4 #ddb ,e73 ',let u apply ! te/ ( common in/ances4' ',y1' says ,adeimantus1 ironically1 9 ! six? book1 'are s unaccu/om$ to speak 9 images4' ,& ?is use ( examples or images1 ?\gh truly ,socratic 9 orig91 is enl>g$ by ! g5ius ( ,plato into ! =m ( an allegory or p>able1 :i* embodies 9 ! concrete :at has be5 already describ$1 or is ab\t to be describ$1 9 ! ab/ract4 ,?us ! figure ( ! cave 9 ,book ,,vii is a recapitulation ( ! divisions ( k 9 ,book ,,vi4 ,! composite animal 9 ,book ,,ix is an allegory ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,! noble capta9 & ! %ip & ! true pilot 9 ,book ,,vi are a figure ( ! relation ( ! p to ! philosoph]s 9 ! ,/ate :i* has be5 describ$4 ,o!r figures1 su* z ! dog 7ii4 #cge ,a1 ,d2 iii4 #djd ,a1 #daf ,a2 v4 #dea ,d71 or ! m>riage ( ! portionless maid5 7vi4 #die1 #dif71 or ! drones & wasps 9 ! eigh? & n9? books1 also =m l9ks ( connexion 9 long passages1 or are us$ to recall previ\s discussions4 ,plato is mo/ true to ! "* ( 8 ma/] :5 he describes him z 'n ( ?is _w4' ,& ) ?is repres5tation ( him ! ideal /ate & ! o!r p>adoxes ( ! ,republic are q 9 accordance1 ?\gh !y _c be %[n to h be5 speculations ( ,socrates4 ,to him1 z to o!r great tea*]s bo? philosophical & religi\s1 :5 !y look$ upw>d1 ! _w seem$ to be ! embodim5t ( error & evil4 ,! common s5se ( mank9d has revolt$ aga9/ ?is view1 or has only p>tially admitt$ x4 ,& ev5 9 ,socrates himself ! /]n] judgem5t ( ! multitude at times passes into a sort ( ironical pity or love4 ,m5 9 g5]al are incapable ( philosophy1 & are !re=e at enmity ) ! philosoph]2 b _! misund]/&+ ( him xvi is unavoidable 7vi4 #did foll42 ix4 #ehi ,d73 = !y h nev] se5 him z he truly is 9 8 own image2 !y are only acqua9t$ ) artificial sy/ems possess+ no native =ce ( tru?--words :i* admit ( _m applications4 ,_! lead]s h no?+ to measure )1 & are !re=e ignorant ( _! own /ature4 ,b !y are to be piti$ or laugh$ at1 n to be qu>rell$ )2 !y mean well ) _! no/rums1 if !y c\ld only le>n t !y are cutt+ (f a ,hydra's head 7iv4 #dbf ,d1 ,e74 ,?is mod]ation t[>ds ^? :o are 9 error is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ,socrates 9 ! ,republic 7vi4 #dii-ejb74 ,9 all ! diff]5t repres5tations ( ,socrates1 :e!r ( ,x5ophon or ,plato1 & amid ! diff]5ces ( ! e>li] or lat] ,dialogues1 he always reta9s ! "* ( ! unwe>i$ & dis9t]e/$ seek] aft] tru?1 )\t :i* he w\ld h ceas$ to be ,socrates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,leav+ ! *>act]s we may n[ analyse ! cont5ts ( ! ,republic1 & !n proce$ to consid] 7#a7 ,! g5]al aspects ( ?is ,hell5ic ideal ( ! ,/ate1 7#b7 ,! mod]n lights 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( ,plato may be read4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,i4 ,! ,republic op5s ) a truly ,greek sc5e--a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! goddess ,b5dis :i* is held 9 ! ,piraeus2 to ?is is add$ ! promise ( an eque/rian tor*-race 9 ! ev5+4 ,! :ole "w is suppos$ to be recit$ by ,socrates on ! day aft] ! fe/ival to a small p>ty1 consi/+ ( ,critias1 ,timaeus1 ,h]mocrates1 & ano!r2 ?is we le>n f ! fir/ words ( ! ,timaeus4 ,:5 ! rhetorical advantage ( recit+ ! ,dialogue has be5 ga9$1 ! att5tion is n di/ract$ by any ref]5ce to ! audi5ce2 nor is ! read] fur!r rem9d$ ( ! extraord9>y l5g? ( ! n>rative4 ,( ! num]\s company1 ?ree only take any s]i\s "p 9 ! discussion2 nor are we in=m$ :e!r 9 ! ev5+ !y w5t to ! tor*-race1 or talk$1 z 9 ! ,symposium1 ?r\gh ! night4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! conv]sation has aris5 is describ$ 99,/ephanus #cbg99 z foll[s3--,socrates & 8 companion ,glaucon are ab\t to leave ! fe/ival :5 !y are deta9$ by a message f ,polem>*us1 :o spe$ily appe>s accompani$ by ,adeimantus1 ! bro!r ( ,glaucon1 & ) playful viol5ce compels !m to rema91 promis+ !m n only xvii ! tor*-race1 99#cbh99 b ! pleasure ( conv]sation ) ! "y1 :i* to ,socrates is a f> great] attraction4 ,!y return to ! h\se ( ,cephalus1 ,polem>*us' fa!r1 n[ 9 extreme old age1 :o is f\nd sitt+ ^u a cu%ion$ seat cr[n$ = a sacrifice4 ',y %\ld come to me (t5]1 ,socrates1 = ,i am too old to g to y2 & at my "t ( life1 hav+ lo/ o!r pleasures1 ,i c>e ! m = conv]sation4' 99#cbi99 ,socrates asks him :at he ?9ks ( age1 to :i* ! old man replies1 t ! sorr[s & discont5ts ( age are to be attribut$ to ! temp]s ( m51 & t age is a "t ( peace 9 :i* ! tyranny ( ! passions is no long] felt4 ,yes1 replies ,socrates1 b ! _w w say1 ,cephalus1 t y are happy 9 old age because y are ri*4 ',& !re is some?+ 9 :at !y say1 ,socrates1 b n s mu* z !y imag9e-- 99#ccj99 z ,!mi/ocles repli$ to ! ,s]iphian1 ,nei!r y1 if y _h be5 an ,a!nian1 nor ,i1 if ,i _h be5 a ,s]iphian1 w\ld ev] h be5 fam\s1 ,i might 9 l mann] reply to y1 ,nei!r a good poor man c be happy 9 age1 nor yet a bad ri* man4' ,socrates rem>ks t ,cephalus appe>s n to c>e ab\t ri*es1 a quality :i* he ascribes to 8 hav+ inh]it$1 n acquir$ !m1 & w\ld l to "k :at he consid]s to be ! *ief advantage ( !m4 ,cephalus answ]s t :5 y are old ! belief 9 ! _w bel[ gr[s ^u y1 & !n to h done ju/ice & nev] to h be5 compell$ to d inju/ice ?r\gh pov]ty1 99#cca99 & nev] to h deceiv$ anyone1 are felt to be unspeakable bless+s4 ,socrates1 :o is evid5tly prep>+ = an argum5t1 next asks1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'ju/ice'8 ,to tell ! tru? & pay y\r debts8 ,no m ?an ?is8 ,or mu/ we admit exceptions8 ,ought ,i1 = example1 to put back into ! h&s ( my fri5d1 :o has gone mad1 ! sword :i* ,i borr[$ ( him :5 he 0 9 8 "r m9d8 ',!re mu/ be exceptions4' ',& yet1' says ,polem>*us1 '! def9ition :i* has be5 giv5 has ! au?ority ( ,simonides4' ,"h ,cephalus retires to look aft] ! sacrifices1 & bequea?s1 z ,socrates faceti\sly rem>ks1 ! possession ( ! argum5t to 8 heir1 ,polem>*us4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,introduction4 ,! description ( old age is f9i%$1 & ,plato1 z 8 mann] is1 has t\*$ ! key-note ( ! :ole "w 9 ask+ = ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 fir/ sugge/+ ! "q :i* ,glaucon aft]w>ds pursues respect+ ext]nal goods1 & prep>+ = xviii ! conclud+ my?us ( ! _w bel[ 9 ! slight allusion ( ,cephalus4 ,! portrait ( ! j man is a natural frontispiece or introduction to ! long disc\rse :i* foll[s1 & may p]haps imply t 9 all our p]plexity ab\t ! nature ( ju/ice1 !re is no difficulty 9 disc]n+ ':o is a j man4' ,! fir/ explanation has be5 support$ by a say+ ( ,simonides2 & n[ ,socrates has a m9d to %[ t ! resolution ( ju/ice into two unconnect$ precepts1 :i* h no common pr9ciple1 fails to satisfy ! dem&s ( dialectic4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,analysis4 444 99#ccb99 ,he proce$s3 ,:at did ,simonides mean by ?is say+ ( 88 ,did he mean t ,i 0 to give back arms to a madman8 ',no1 n 9 t case1 n if ! p>ties are fri5ds1 & evil w\ld result4 ,he meant t y 7 to d :at 0 prop]1 good to fri5ds & h>m to enemies4' ,e act does some?+ to somebody2 & foll[+ ?is analogy1 ,socrates asks1 ,:at is ?is due & prop] ?+ :i* ju/ice does1 & to :om8 ,he is answ]$ t ju/ice does good to fri5ds & h>m to enemies4 ,b 9 :at way good or h>m8 ',9 mak+ alliances ) ! "o1 & go+ to w> ) ! o!r4' ,!n 9 "t ( peace :at is ! good ( ju/ice8 99#ccc99 ,! answ] is t ju/ice is ( use 9 contracts1 & contracts are money p>tn]%ips4 ,yes2 b h[ 9 su* p>tn]%ips is ! j man ( m use ?an any o!r man8 ',:5 y want to h money safely kept & n us$4' ,!n ju/ice w be useful :5 money is useless4 ,& !re is ano!r difficulty3 ju/ice1 l ! art ( w> or any o!r art1 mu/ be ( opposites1 99#ccd99 good at attack z well z at def5ce1 at /eal+ z well z at gu>d+4 ,b !n ju/ice is a ?ief1 ?\gh a h]o not)/&+1 l ,autolycus1 ! ,hom]ic h]o1 :o 0 'excell5t above all m5 9 !ft & p]jury'--to su* a pass h y & ,hom] & ,simonides br\ght u2 ?\gh ,i d n =get t ! ?iev+ mu/ be = ! good ( fri5ds & ! h>m ( enemies4 ,& /ill !re arises ano!r "q3 ,are fri5ds to be int]pret$ z real or seem+2 enemies z real or seem+8 99#cce99 ,& are our fri5ds to be only ! good1 & our enemies to be ! evil8 ,! answ] is1 t we mu/ d good to our seem+ & real good fri5ds1 & evil to our seem+ & real evil enemies--good to ! good1 evil to ! evil4 ,b ought we to r5d] evil = evil at all1 :5 to d s w only make m5 m evil8 ,c ju/ice produce inju/ice any m ?an ! art ( horseman%ip xix c make bad horsem51 or heat produce cold8 ,! f9al conclusion is1 t no sage or poet ev] said t ! j return evil = evil2 ?is 0 a maxim ( "s ri* & mighty man1 ,p]i&]1 99#ccf99 ,p]diccas1 or ,ism5ias ! ,!ban 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #cih-cha74444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,introduction4 ,?us ! fir/ /age ( aphori/ic or unconsci\s morality is %[n to be inadequate to ! wants ( ! age2 ! au?ority ( ! poets is set aside1 & ?r\gh ! w9d+ mazes ( dialectic we make an approa* to ! ,*ri/ian precept ( =giv5ess ( injuries4 ,simil> words are appli$ by ! ,p]sian my/ic poet to ! ,div9e be+ :5 ! que/ion+ _s is /irr$ )9 him3--',if because ,i d evil1 ,?\ puni%e/ me by evil1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,!e & me8' ,9 ?is bo? ,plato & ,khyam rise above ! level ( _m ,*ri/ian 787 !ologians4 ,! fir/ def9ition ( ju/ice easily passes into ! second2 = ! simple words 'to speak ! tru? & pay y\r debts' is sub/itut$ ! m ab/ract 'to d good to y\r fri5ds & h>m to y\r enemies4' ,ei!r ( ^! explanations gives a suffici5t rule ( life = pla9 m51 b !y bo? fall %ort ( ! precision ( philosophy4 ,we may note 9 pass+ ! antiquity ( casui/ry1 :i* n only arises out ( ! conflict ( e/abli%$ pr9ciples 9 p>ticul> cases1 b also out ( ! ef=t to atta9 !m1 & is prior z well z po/]ior to our fundam5tal notions ( morality4 ,! 'int]rogation' ( moral ideas2 ! appeal to ! au?ority ( ,hom]2 ! conclusion t ! maxim1 ',d good to y\r fri5ds & h>m to y\r enemies1' be+ errone\s1 c\ld n h be5 ! ^w ( any great man 7cp4 ii4 #chj ,a1 ,b71 are all ( !m v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,platonic ,socrates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,analysis4 444 ,"h ,?rasyma*us1 :o has made sev]al attempts to int]rupt1 b has hi!rto be5 kept 9 ord] by ! company1 takes advantage ( a pause & ru%es into ! ar5a1 beg9n+1 l a savage animal1 ) a ro>4 ',socrates1' he says1 ':at folly is ?is8--,:y d y agree to be vanqui%$ by "o ano!r 9 a pret5d$ argum5t8' ,he !n prohibits all ! ord9>y def9itions ( ju/ice2 99#ccg99 to :i* ,socrates replies t he _c tell h[ _m twelve is1 if he is =bidd5 to say #b x #f1 or #c x #d1 or #f x #b1 or #d x #c4 ,at fir/ ,?rasyma*us is reluctant to argue2 b at l5g?1 99#cch99 ) a promise ( paym5t on ! "p ( xx ! company & ( praise f ,socrates1 he is induc$ to op5 ! game4 ',li/51' he says1 'my answ] is t might is "r1 ju/ice ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]3 n[ praise me4' ,let me und]/& y fir/4 ,d y mean t because ,polydamas ! wre/l]1 :o is /rong] ?an we are1 f9ds ! eat+ ( beef = 8 int]e/1 ! eat+ ( beef is also = our int]e/1 :o are n s /rong8 ,?rasyma*us is indignant at ! illu/ration1 & 9 pomp\s words1 app>5tly int5d$ to re/ore dignity to ! argum5t1 he expla9s 8 mean+ to be t ! rul]s make laws = _! own int]e/s4 99#cci99 ,b suppose1 says ,socrates1 t ! rul] or /rong] makes a mi/ake--!n ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] is n 8 int]e/4 ,?rasyma*us is sav$ f ?is spe$y d[nfall by 8 disciple ,cleitophon1 :o introduces ! ^w '?9ks2' 99#cdj99 --n ! actual int]e/ ( ! rul]1 b :at he ?9ks or :at seems to be 8 int]e/1 is ju/ice4 ,! contradiction is escap$ by ! unmean+ evasion3 = ?\gh 8 real & app>5t int]e/s may diff]1 :at ! rul] ?9ks to be 8 int]e/ w always rema9 :at he ?9ks to be 8 int]e/4 ,( c\rse ?is 0 n ! orig9al ass]tion1 nor is ! new int]pretation accept$ by ,?rasyma*us himself4 ,b ,socrates is n dispos$ to qu>rel ab\t words1 if1 z he significantly ins9uates1 8 adv]s>y has *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,9 :at foll[s ,?rasyma*us does 9 fact )draw 8 admission t ! rul] may make a mi/ake1 = he affirms t ! rul] z a rul] is infallible4 99#cda99 ,socrates is q ready to accept ! new position1 :i* he equally turns aga9/ ,?rasyma*us by ! help ( ! analogy ( ! arts4 99#cdb99 ,e art or sci5ce has an int]e/1 b ?is int]e/ is to be di/+ui%$ f ! accid5tal int]e/ ( ! arti/1 & is only conc]n$ ) ! good ( ! ?+s or p]sons :i* come "u ! art4 ,& ju/ice has an int]e/ :i* is ! int]e/ n ( ! rul] or judge1 b ( ^? :o come "u 8 sway4 ,?rasyma*us is on ! br9k ( ! inevitable conclusion1 :5 he makes a bold div]sion4 99#cdc99 ',tell me1 ,socrates1' he says1 'h y a nurse8' ,:at a "q6 ,:y d y ask8 ',because1 if y h1 %e neglects y & lets y g ab\t drivell+1 & has n ev5 taught y to "k ! %eph]d f ! %eep4 ,= y fancy t %eph]ds & rul]s nev] ?9k ( _! own int]e/1 b only ( _! %eep or subjects1 xxi :]eas ! tru? is t !y fatt5 !m = _! use1 %eep & subjects alike4 ,& exp]i5ce proves t 9 e relation ( life ! j man is ! los] & ! unju/ ! ga9]1 99#cdd99 especially :]e inju/ice is on ! gr& scale1 :i* is q ano!r ?+ f ! petty rogu]ies ( sw9dl]s & burgl>s & robb]s ( temples4 ,! language ( m5 proves ?is--our 'graci\s' & 'bless$' tyrant & ! l--all :i* t5ds to %[ 7#a7 t ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]2 & 7#b7 t inju/ice is m pr(itable & also /rong] ?an ju/ice4' ,?rasyma*us1 :o is bett] at a spee* ?an at a close argum5t1 hav+ delug$ ! company ) words1 has a m9d to escape4 99#cde99 ,b ! o!rs w n let him g1 & ,socrates adds a humble b e>ne/ reque/ t he w n des]t !m at su* a crisis ( _! fate4 ',& :at c ,i d m = y8' he says2 'w\ld y h me put ! words bodily into y\r s\ls8' ,god =bid6 replies ,socrates2 b we want y to be consi/5t 9 ! use ( t]ms1 & n to employ 'physician' 9 an exact s5se1 & !n aga9 '%eph]d' or 'rul]' 9 an inexact1--if ! words are /rictly tak51 ! rul] & ! %eph]d look only to ! good ( _! p or flocks & n to _! own3 :]eas y insi/ t rul]s are solely actuat$ by love ( (fice4 ',no d\bt ab\t x1' replies ,?rasyma*us4 99#cdf99 ,!n :y are !y paid8 ,is n ! reason1 t _! int]e/ is n compreh5d$ 9 _! art1 & is !re=e ! conc]n ( ano!r art1 ! art ( pay1 :i* is common to ! arts 9 g5]al1 & !re=e n id5tical ) any "o ( !m8 99#cdg99 ,nor w\ld any man be a rul] unless he 7 induc$ by ! hope ( rew>d or ! fe> ( puni%m5t2--! rew>d is money or hon\r1 ! puni%m5t is ! necessity ( be+ rul$ by a man worse ?an himself4 ,& if a ,/ate 7or ,*ur*7 7 compos$ entirely ( good m51 !y w\ld be affect$ by ! la/ motive only2 & !re w\ld be z mu* 'nolo episcop>i' z !re is at pres5t ( ! opposite4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,introduction4 ,! satire on exi/+ gov]nm5ts is height5$ by ! simple & app>5tly incid5tal mann] 9 :i* ! la/ rem>k is introduc$4 ,!re is a simil> irony 9 ! argum5t t ! gov]nors ( mank9d d n l be+ 9 (fice1 & t !re=e !y dem& pay4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,analysis4 444 ,en\gh ( ?is3 ! o!r ass]tion ( ,?rasyma*us is f> xxii m important--t ! unju/ life is m ga9ful ?an ! j4 99#cdh99 ,n[1 z y & ,i1 ,glaucon1 are n conv9c$ by him1 we mu/ reply to him2 b if we try to comp>e _! respective ga9s we %all want a judge to decide = u2 we _h bett] !re=e proce$ by mak+ mutual admissions ( ! tru? to "o ano!r4 ,?rasyma*us _h ass]t$ t p]fect inju/ice 0 m ga9ful ?an p]fect ju/ice1 & aft] a little hesitation he is induc$ by ,socrates 99#cdi99 to admit ! /ill great] p>adox t inju/ice is virtue & ju/ice vice4 ,socrates praises 8 frankness1 & assumes ! attitude ( "o ^: only wi% is to und]/& ! mean+ ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,at ! same "t he is weav+ a net 9 :i* ,?rasyma*us is f9ally enclos$4 ,! admission is elicit$ f him t ! j man seeks to ga9 an advantage ov] ! unju/ only1 b n ov] ! j1 :ile ! unju/ w\ld ga9 an advantage ov] ei!r4 ,socrates1 9 ord] to te/ ?is /atem5t1 employs once m ! fav\rite analogy ( ! arts4 99#cej99 ,! musician1 doctor1 skill$ arti/ ( any sort1 does n seek to ga9 m ?an ! skill$1 b only m ?an ! unskill$ 7t is to say1 he works up to a rule1 /&>d1 law1 & does n exce$ x71 :]eas ! unskill$ makes r&om ef=ts at excess4 ,?us ! skill$ falls on ! side ( ! good1 & ! unskill$ on ! side ( ! evil1 & ! j is ! skill$1 & ! unju/ is ! unskill$4 ,!re 0 great difficulty 9 br++ ,?rasyma*us to ! po9t2 ! day 0 hot & he 0 /ream+ ) p]spiration1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life he 0 se5 to blu%4 ,b 8 o!r !sis t inju/ice 0 /rong] ?an ju/ice has n yet be5 refut$1 & ,socrates n[ proce$s to ! consid]ation ( ?is1 :i*1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,?rasyma*us1 he hopes to cle> up2 ! latt] is at fir/ *urli%1 b 9 ! judici\s h&s ( ,socrates is soon re/or$ to good hum\r3 99#cea99 ,is !re n hon\r among ?ieves8 ,is n ! /r5g? ( inju/ice only a remnant ( ju/ice8 ,is n absolute inju/ice absolute weakness also8 99#ceb99 ,a h\se t is divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&2 two m5 :o qu>rel detract f "o ano!r's /r5g?1 & he :o is at w> ) himself is ! enemy ( himself & ! gods4 ,n wick$ness !re=e1 b semi-wick$ness fl\ri%es 9 /ates1--a remnant ( good is ne$$ 9 ord] to make union 9 action possible1--!re is no k+dom ( evil 9 ?is _w4 xxiii ,ano!r "q has n be5 answ]$3 ,is ! j or ! unju/ ! happi]8 ,to ?is we reply1 t e art has an end & an excell5ce or virtue by :i* ! end is accompli%$4 ,& is n ! end ( ! s\l happ9ess1 & ju/ice ! excell5ce ( ! s\l by :i* happ9ess is atta9$8 99#ced99 ,ju/ice & happ9ess be+ ?us %[n to be insep>able1 ! "q :e!r ! j or ! unju/ is ! happi] has disappe>$4 ,?rasyma*us replies3 ',let ?is be y\r ent]ta9m5t1 ,socrates1 at ! fe/ival ( ,b5dis4' ,yes2 & a v good ent]ta9m5t ) :i* y\r k9dness has suppli$ me1 n[ t y h left (f scold+4 ,& yet n a good ent]ta9m5t--b t 0 my own fault1 = ,i ta/$ ( too _m ?+s4 ,fir/ ( all ! nature ( ju/ice 0 ! subject ( our enquiry1 & !n :e!r ju/ice is virtue & wisdom1 or evil & folly2 & !n ! comp>ative advantages ( j & unju/3 & ! sum ( all is t ,i "k n :at ju/ice is2 h[ !n %all ,i "k :e!r ! j is happy or n8444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,introduction4 ,?us ! sophi/ical fabric has be5 demoli%$1 *iefly by appeal+ to ! analogy ( ! arts4 ',ju/ice is l ! arts 7#a7 9 hav+ no ext]nal int]e/1 & 7#b7 9 n aim+ at excess1 & 7#c7 ju/ice is to happ9ess :at ! implem5t ( ! workman is to 8 "w4' ,at ?is ! mod]n read] is apt to /umble1 because he =gets t ,plato is writ+ 9 an age :5 ! arts & ! virtues1 l ! moral & intellectual faculties1 7 /ill undi/+ui%$4 ,among e>ly enquir]s into ! nature ( human action ! arts help$ to fill up ! void ( speculation2 & at fir/ ! comp>ison ( ! arts & ! virtues 0 n p]ceiv$ by !m to be fallaci\s4 ,!y only saw ! po9ts ( agreem5t 9 !m & n ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,virtue1 l art1 mu/ take means to an end2 good mann]s are bo? an art & a virtue2 "* is naturally describ$ "u ! image ( a /atue 7ii4 #cfa ,d2 vii4 #edj ,c72 & !re are _m o!r figures ( spee* :i* are readily transf]r$ f art to morals4 ,! next g5]ation cle>$ up ^! p]plexities2 or at lea/ suppli$ aft] ages ) a fur!r analysis ( !m4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,plato 7 9 a /ate ( transition1 & _h n yet fully realiz$ ! common-s5se di/9ction ( ,ari/otle1 t 'virtue is conc]n$ ) action1 art ) production' 7,nic4 ,e?4 vi4 #d71 or t 'virtue implies int5tion & con/ancy ( purpose1' xxiv :]eas 'art requires k only' 7,nic4 ,e?4 vi4 #c74 ,& yet 9 ! absurdities :i* foll[ f "s uses ( ! analogy 7cp4 i4 #ccc ,e1 #ccd ,b71 !re seems to be an intimation convey$ t virtue is m ?an art4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! r$uctio ad absurdum t 'ju/ice is a ?ief1' & 9 ! dissatisfaction :i* ,socrates expresses at ! f9al result4 ,! expression 'an art ( pay' 7i4 #cdf ,b7 :i* is describ$ z 'common to all ! arts' is n 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y use ( language4 ,nor is x employ$ else:]e ei!r by ,plato or by any o!r ,greek writ]4 ,x is sugge/$ by ! argum5t1 & seems to ext5d ! conception ( art to do+ z well z mak+4 ,ano!r flaw or inaccuracy ( language may be not$ 9 ! words 7i4 #cce ,c7 'm5 :o are injur$ are made m unju/4' ,= ^? :o are injur$ are n necess>ily made worse1 b only h>m$ or ill-treat$4 ,! second ( ! ?ree argum5ts1 't ! j does n aim at excess1' has a real mean+1 ?\gh wrapp$ up 9 an enigmatical =m4 ,t ! good is ( ! nature ( ! f9ite is a peculi>ly ,hell5ic s5tim5t1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! language ( ^? mod]n writ]s :o speak ( virtue z fitness1 & ( fre$om z ob$i5ce to law4 ,! ma!matical or logical notion ( limit easily passes into an e?ical "o1 & ev5 f9ds a my?ological expression 9 ! conception ( envy 7,greek3 ph?o_/nos74 ,ideas ( measure1 equality1 ord]1 unity1 proportion1 /ill l+] 9 ! writ+s ( morali/s2 & ! true _s ( ! f9e arts is bett] convey$ by su* t]ms ?an by sup]latives4 ',:5 workm5 /rive to d bett] ?an well1 ,!y d conf\nd _! skill 9 covet\sness4' 7,k+ ,john1 ,act iv4 ,sc4 #b47 ,! h>mony ( ! s\l & body 7iii4 #djb ,d71 & ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l ) "o ano!r 7iv4 #ddb ,c71 a h>mony 'fair] ?an t ( musical notes1' is ! true ,hell5ic mode ( conceiv+ ! p]fection ( human nature4 ,9 :at may be call$ ! epilogue ( ! discussion ) ,?rasyma*us1 ,plato argues t evil is n a pr9ciple ( /r5g?1 b ( discord & dissolution1 j t\*+ ! "q :i* has be5 (t5 treat$ 9 mod]n times by !ologians & philosoph]s1 ( ! negative nature ( evil 7cp4 on ! o!r h& x4 #faj74 ,9 ! la/ argum5t we trace ! g]m ( ! xxv ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( an end & a virtue direct$ t[>ds ! end1 :i* aga9 is sugge/$ by ! arts4 ,! f9al reconcilem5t ( ju/ice & happ9ess & ! id5tity ( ! individual & ! ,/ate are also intimat$4 ,socrates reassumes ! "* ( a '"k-no?+2' at ! same "t he appe>s to be n :olly satisfi$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! argum5t has be5 conduct$4 ,no?+ is conclud$2 b ! t5d5cy ( ! dialectical process1 "h z always1 is to enl>ge our conception ( ideas1 & to wid5 _! application to human life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ii4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,?rasyma*us is pacifi$1 99#ceg99 b ! intrepid ,glaucon insi/s on cont9u+ ! argum5t4 ,he is n satisfi$ ) ! indirect mann] 9 :i*1 at ! end ( ! la/ book1 ,socrates _h dispos$ ( ! "q ',:e!r ! j or ! unju/ is ! happi]4' ,he beg9s by divid+ goods into ?ree classes3--fir/1 goods desirable 9 !mselves2 secondly1 goods desirable 9 !mselves & = _! results2 ?irdly1 goods desirable = _! results only4 ,he !n asks ,socrates 9 :i* ( ! ?ree classes he w\ld place ju/ice4 99#ceh99 ,9 ! second class1 replies ,socrates1 among goods desirable = !mselves & also = _! results4 ',!n ! _w 9 g5]al are ( ano!r m9d1 = !y say t ju/ice belongs to ! tr\blesome class ( goods :i* are desirable = _! results only4' ,socrates answ]s t ?is is ! doctr9e ( ,?rasyma*us :i* he rejects4 ,glaucon ?9ks t ,?rasyma*us 0 too ready to li/5 to ! voice ( ! *>m]1 & proposes to consid] ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice 9 !mselves & ap>t f ! results & rew>ds ( !m :i* ! _w is always d9n+ 9 8 e>s4 ,he w fir/ ( all speak ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice2 secondly1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* m5 view ju/ice z a necessity & n a good2 & ?irdly1 he w prove ! reasonabl5ess ( ?is view4 ',to d inju/ice is said to be a good2 to suff] inju/ice an evil4 ,z ! evil is discov]$ by exp]i5ce to be great] ?an ! good1 99#cei99 ! suff]]s1 :o _c also be do]s1 make a compact t !y w h nei!r1 & ?is compact or mean is call$ ju/ice1 b is really ! impossibility ( do+ inju/ice4 ,no "o w\ld obs]ve su* a compact if he 7 n oblig$4 ,let u suppose t ! j & unju/ h two r+s1 l t ( ,gyges xxvi 9 ! well-kn[n /ory1 :i* make !m invisible1 99#cfj99 & !n no diff]5ce w appe> 9 !m1 = e "o w d evil if he c4 ,& he :o ab/a9s w be reg>d$ by ! _w z a fool = 8 pa9s4 ,m5 may praise him 9 public out ( fe> = !mselves1 b !y w laugh at him 9 _! he>ts4 7,cp4 ,gorgias1 #dhc ,b47 ',& n[ let u frame an ideal ( ! j & unju/4 ,imag9e ! unju/ man to be ma/] ( 8 craft1 seldom mak+ mi/akes & easily correct+ !m2 hav+ gifts ( money1 spee*1 /r5g?-- 99#cfa99 ! greate/ villa9 be>+ ! highe/ "*3 & at 8 side let u place ! j 9 8 nobl5ess & simplicity--be+1 n seem+--)\t "n or rew>d--clo!d 9 8 ju/ice only--! be/ ( m5 :o is ?\ght to be ! wor/1 & let him die z he has liv$4 ,i might add 7b ,i w\ld r put ! re/ into ! m\? ( ! panegyri/s ( inju/ice--!y w tell y7 t ! j man w be sc\rg$1 rack$1 b\nd1 w h 8 eyes put out1 & w at la/ be crucifi$ lit]ally impal$--& all ?is because he ought to h pref]r$ seem+ to be+4 99#cfb99 ,h[ diff]5t is ! case ( ! unju/ :o cl+s to appe>ance z ! true reality6 ,8 high "* makes him a rul]2 he c m>ry :]e he likes1 trade :]e he likes1 help 8 fri5ds & hurt 8 enemies2 hav+ got ri* by di%one/y he c wor%ip ! gods bett]1 & w !re=e be m lov$ by !m ?an ! j4' ,i 0 ?9k+ :at to answ]1 :5 ,adeimantus jo9$ 9 ! already unequal fray4 ,he consid]$ t ! mo/ important po9t ( all _h be5 omitt$3--',m5 are taught to be j = ! sake ( rew>ds2 99#cfc99 p>5ts & gu>dians make reputation ! inc5tive to virtue4 ,& o!r advantages are promis$ by !m ( a m solid k9d1 su* z weal?y m>riages & high (fices4 ,!re are ! pictures 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod ( fat %eep & heavy fleeces1 ri* corn-fields & trees toppl+ ) fruit1 :i* ! gods provide 9 ?is life = ! j4 ,& ! ,orphic poets add a simil> picture ( ano!r4 ,! h]oes ( ,musaeus & ,eumolpus lie on c\*es at a fe/ival1 ) g>l&s on _! heads1 enjoy+ z ! me$ ( virtue a p>adise ( immortal drunk5ness4 ,"s g fur!r1 & speak ( a fair po/]ity 9 ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,b ! wick$ !y bury 9 a sl\gh & make !m c>ry wat] 9 a sieve3 & 9 ?is life !y xxvii attribute to !m ! infamy :i* ,glaucon 0 assum+ to be ! lot ( ! j :o are suppos$ to be unju/4 99#cfd99 ',take ano!r k9d ( argum5t :i* is f\nd bo? 9 poetry & prose3--,virtue1 z ,hesiod says1 is hon\rable b difficult1 vice is easy & pr(itable4 ,y may (t5 see ! wick$ 9 great prosp]ity & ! righte\s afflict$ by ! w ( heav54 ,& m5dicant prophets knock at ri* m5's doors1 promis+ to atone = ! s9s ( !mselves or _! fa!rs 9 an easy fa%ion ) sacrifices & fe/ive games1 or ) *>ms & invocations to get rid ( an enemy good or bad by div9e help & at a small *>ge2--!y appeal to books pr(ess+ to be writt5 by ,musaeus & ,orpheus1 & c>ry away ! m9ds ( :ole cities1 & promise to get s\ls out ( purgatory2 & if we refuse to li/5 to !m1 99#cfe99 no "o kn[s :at w happ5 to u4 ',:5 a lively-m9d$ +5u\s y\? he>s all ?is1 :at w be 8 conclusion8 ,w he1 9 ! language ( ,p9d>1 make ju/ice 8 high t[]1 or =tify himself ) crook$ deceit8 ,ju/ice1 he reflects1 )\t ! appe>ance ( ju/ice1 is mis]y & ru92 inju/ice has ! promise ( a glori\s life4 ,appe>ance is ma/] ( tru? & "l ( happ9ess4 ,to appe>ance !n ,i w turn1--,i w put on ! %[ ( virtue & trail beh9d me ! fox ( ,ar*ilo*us4 ,i he> "s "o say+ t wick$ness is n easily conceal$1 to :i* ,i reply t no?+ great is easy4 ,union & =ce & rhetoric w d mu*2 & if m5 say t !y _c prevail ov] ! gods1 /ill h[ d we "k t !re are gods8 ,only f ! poets1 :o ackn[l$ge t !y may be appeas$ by sacrifices4 99#cff99 ,!n :y n s9 & pay = indulg5ces out ( y\r s98 ,= if ! righte\s are only unpuni%$1 /ill !y h no fur!r rew>d1 :ile ! wick$ may be unpuni%$ & h ! pleasure ( s9n+ too4 ,b :at ( ! _w bel[8 ,nay1 says ! argum5t1 !re are aton+ p[]s :o w set t matt] "r1 z ! poets1 :o are ! sons ( ! gods1 tell u2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ',h[ c we resi/ su* argum5ts 9 fav\r ( inju/ice8 ,add good mann]s1 &1 z ! wise tell u1 we %all make ! be/ ( bo? worlds4 ,:o t is n a mis]able caitiff w refra9 f smil+ at ! praises ( ju/ice8 ,ev5 if a man kn[s ! bett] "p he w n be angry ) o!rs2 = he kn[s also t xxviii m ?an human virtue is ne$$ to save a man1 & t he only praises ju/ice :o is incapable ( inju/ice4 ',! orig9 ( ! evil is t all m5 f ! beg9n+1 h]oes1 poets1 in/ructors ( y\?1 h always ass]t$ ! temporal disp5sation1 ! hon\rs & pr(its ( ju/ice4 99#cfg99 ,_h we be5 taught 9 e>ly y\? ! p[] ( ju/ice & inju/ice inh]5t 9 ! s\l1 & unse5 by any human or div9e eye1 we %\ld n h ne$$ o!rs to be our gu>dians1 b e "o w\ld h be5 ! gu>dian ( himself4 ,?is is :at ,i want y to %[1 ,socrates2--o!r m5 use argum5ts :i* r t5d to /r5g!n ! position ( ,?rasyma*us t might is "r2 b f y ,i expect bett] ?+s4 ,& please1 z ,glaucon said1 to exclude reputation2 let ! j be ?\ght unju/ & ! unju/ j1 & d y /ill prove to u ! sup]iority ( ju/ice4'444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ii4 ,introduction4 ,! !sis1 :i* = ! sake ( argum5t has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,glaucon1 is ! conv]se ( t ( ,?rasyma*us--n "r is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 b "r is ! necessity ( ! weak]4 ,/>t+ f ! same premises he c>ries ! analysis ( society a /ep fur!r back2--might is /ill "r1 b ! might is ! weakness ( ! _m comb9$ aga9/ ! /r5g? ( ! few4 ,!re h be5 !ories 9 mod]n z well z 9 anci5t times :i* h a family lik5ess to ! speculations ( ,glaucon2 e4g4 t p[] is ! f\ndation ( "r2 or t a mon>* has a div9e "r to gov]n well or ill2 or t virtue is self-love or ! love ( p[]2 or t w> is ! natural /ate ( man2 or t private vices are public b5efits4 ,all su* !ories h a k9d ( plausibility f _! p>tial agreem5t ) exp]i5ce4 ,= human nature oscillates betwe5 good & evil1 & ! motives ( actions & ! orig9 ( in/itutions may be expla9$ to a c]ta9 ext5t on ei!r hypo!sis accord+ to ! "* or po9t ( view ( a p>ticul> ?9k]4 ,! obligation ( ma9ta9+ au?ority "u all circum/ances & sometimes by r que/ionable means is felt /rongly & has become a sort ( in/9ct among civiliz$ m54 ,! div9e "r ( k+s1 or m g5]ally ( gov]nm5ts1 is "o ( ! =ms "u :i* ?is natural feel+ is express$4 ,nor aga9 is !re any evil :i* has n "s accompanim5t ( good or pleasure2 nor any good xxix :i* is free f "s alloy ( evil2 nor any noble or g5]\s ?\ght :i* may n be att5d$ by a %ad[ or ! gho/ ( a %ad[ ( self-int]e/ or ( self-love4 ,we "k t all human actions are imp]fect2 b we d n !re=e attribute !m to ! worse r ?an to ! bett] motive or pr9ciple4 ,su* a philosophy is bo? fooli% & false1 l t op9ion ( ! clev] rogue :o assumes all o!r m5 to be l himself 7iii4 #dji ,c74 ,& !ories ( ?is sort d n repres5t ! real nature ( ! ,/ate1 :i* is bas$ on a vague s5se ( "r gradually correct$ & enl>g$ by cu/om & law 7al?\gh capable also ( p]v]sion71 any m ?an !y describe ! orig9 ( society1 :i* is to be s\ght 9 ! family & 9 ! social & religi\s feel+s ( man4 ,nor d !y repres5t ! av]age "* ( individuals1 :i* _c be expla9$ simply on a !ory ( evil1 b has always a c\nt]act+ elem5t ( good4 ,& z m5 become bett] su* !ories appe> m & m untru?ful to !m1 because !y are m consci\s ( _! own dis9t]e/$ness4 ,a little exp]i5ce may make a man a cynic2 a great deal w br+ him back to a tru] & k9dli] view ( ! mix$ nature ( himself & 8 fell[ m54 ,! two bro!rs ask ,socrates to prove to !m t ! j is happy :5 !y h tak5 f him all t 9 :i* happ9ess is ord9>ily suppos$ to consi/4 ,n t !re is 7#a7 any absurdity 9 ! attempt to frame a notion ( ju/ice ap>t f circum/ances4 ,= ! ideal mu/ always be a p>adox :5 comp>$ ) ! ord9>y conditions ( human life4 ,nei!r ! ,/oical ideal nor ! ,*ri/ian ideal is true z a fact1 b !y may s]ve z a basis ( education1 & may ex]cise an ennobl+ influ5ce4 ,an ideal is none ! worse because '"s "o has made ! discov]y' t no su* ideal 0 ev] realiz$4 7,cp4 v4 #dgb ,d47 ,& 9 a few exceptional individuals :o are rais$ above ! ord9>y level ( humanity1 ! ideal ( happ9ess may be realiz$ 9 dea? & mis]y4 ,?is may be ! /ate :i* ! reason delib]ately approves1 & :i* ! utilit>ian z well z e o!r morali/ may be b\nd 9 c]ta9 cases to pref]4 ,nor aga91 7#b7 mu/ we =get t ,plato1 ?\gh he agrees g5]ally ) ! view impli$ 9 ! argum5t ( ! two bro!rs1 is n express+ 8 own f9al conclusion1 b r xxx seek+ to dramatize "o ( ! aspects ( e?ical tru?4 ,he is develop+ 8 idea gradually 9 a s]ies ( positions or situations4 ,he is exhibit+ ,socrates = ! fir/ "t und]go+ ! ,socratic int]rogation4 ,la/ly1 7#c7 ! ^w 'happ9ess' involves "s degree ( confusion because associat$ 9 ! language ( mod]n philosophy ) consci\s pleasure or satisfaction1 :i* 0 n equally pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,glaucon has be5 draw+ a picture ( ! mis]y ( ! j & ! happ9ess ( ! unju/1 to :i* ! mis]y ( ! tyrant 9 ,book ,,ix is ! answ] & p>allel4 ,& /ill ! unju/ mu/ appe> j2 t is '! homage :i* vice pays to virtue4' ,b n[ ,adeimantus1 tak+ up ! h9t :i* _h be5 already giv5 by ,glaucon 7ii4 #ceh ,c71 proce$s to %[ t 9 ! op9ion ( mank9d ju/ice is reg>d$ only = ! sake ( rew>ds & reputation1 & po9ts out ! advantage :i* is giv5 to su* argum5ts z ^? ( ,?rasyma*us & ,glaucon by ! conv5tional morality ( mank9d4 ,he seems to feel ! difficulty ( 'ju/ify+ ! ways ( ,god to man4' ,bo? ! bro!rs t\* ^u ! "q1 :e!r ! morality ( actions is det]m9$ by _! consequ5ces 7cp4 iv4 #dbj foll472 & bo? ( !m g beyond ! position ( ,socrates1 t ju/ice belongs to ! class ( goods n desirable = !mselves only1 b desirable = !mselves & = _! results1 to :i* he recalls !m4 ,9 _! attempt to view ju/ice z an int]nal pr9ciple1 & 9 _! condemnation ( ! poets1 !y anticipate him4 ,! common life ( ,greece is n en\gh = !m2 !y mu/ p5etrate deep] into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x has be5 object$ t ju/ice is hone/y 9 ! s5se ( ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 b is tak5 by ,socrates to mean all virtue4 ,may we n m truly say t ! old-fa%ion$ notion ( ju/ice is enl>g$ by ,socrates1 & becomes equival5t to univ]sal ord] or well-be+1 fir/ 9 ! ,/ate1 & secondly 9 ! individual8 ,he has f\nd a new answ] to 8 old "q 7,protag4 #cbi71 ':e!r ! virtues are "o or _m1' viz4 t "o is ! ord]+ pr9ciple ( ! ?ree o!rs4 ,9 seek+ to e/abli% ! purely int]nal nature ( ju/ice1 he is met by ! fact t man is a social be+1 & he tries to h>monise ! two opposite !ses z well z he c4 ,!re is no m inconsi/5cy 9 ?is ?an 0 inevitable 9 8 age & c\ntry2 xxxi !re is no use 9 turn+ ^u him ! cross lights ( mod]n philosophy1 :i*1 f "s o!r po9t ( view1 w\ld appe> equally inconsi/5t4 ,plato does n give ! f9al solution ( philosophical que/ions = u2 nor c he be judg$ ( by our /&>d4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,republic is develop$ out ( ! "q ( ! sons ( ,ari/on4 ,?ree po9ts are des]v+ ( rem>k 9 :at imm$iately foll[s3--,fir/1 t ! answ] ( ,socrates is altoge!r indirect4 ,he does n say t happ9ess consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( ! idea ( ju/ice1 & /ill less w he be tempt$ to affirm ! ,/oical p>adox t ! j man c be happy on ! rack4 ,b fir/ he dwells on ! difficulty ( ! problem & insi/s on re/or+ man to 8 natural condition1 be=e he w answ] ! "q at all4 ,he too w frame an ideal1 b 8 ideal compreh5ds n only ab/ract ju/ice1 b ! :ole relations ( man4 ,"u ! fanciful illu/ration ( ! l>ge lett]s he implies t he w only look = ju/ice 9 society1 & t f ! ,/ate he w proce$ to ! individual4 ,8 answ] 9 sub/ance am\nts to ?is1--t "u fav\rable conditions1 i4e4 9 ! p]fect ,/ate1 ju/ice & happ9ess w co9cide1 & t :5 ju/ice has be5 once f\nd1 happ9ess may be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,t he falls into "s degree ( inconsi/5cy1 :5 9 ! t5? book 7#fab ,a7 he claims to h got rid ( ! rew>ds & hon\rs ( ju/ice1 may be admitt$2 = he has left ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! p]fect ,/ate4 ,& ! philosoph] ':o retires "u ! %elt] ( a wall' 7vi4 #dif7 c h>dly h be5 e/eem$ happy by him1 at lea/ n 9 ?is _w4 ,/ill he ma9ta9s ! true attitude ( moral action4 ,let a man d 8 duty fir/1 )\t ask+ :e!r he w be happy or n1 & happ9ess w be ! insep>able accid5t :i* att5ds him4 ',seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4' ,secondly1 x may be rem>k$ t ,plato pres]ves ! g5u9e "* ( ,greek ?\ght 9 beg9n+ ) ! ,/ate & 9 go+ on to ! individual4 ,fir/ e?ics1 !n politics--?is is ! ord] ( ideas to u2 ! rev]se is ! ord] ( hi/ory4 ,only aft] _m /ruggles ( ?\ght does ! individual ass]t 8 "r z a moral be+4 ,9 e>ly ages he is n "o1 b "o ( _m1 ! citiz5 ( a ,/ate :i* is prior to him2 & he xxxii has no notion ( good or evil ap>t f ! law ( 8 c\ntry or ! cre$ ( 8 *ur*4 ,& to ?is type he is con/antly t5d+ to rev]t1 :5ev] ! influ5ce ( cu/om1 or ( p>ty _s1 or ! recollection ( ! pa/ becomes too /rong = him4 ,?irdly1 we may obs]ve ! confusion or id5tification ( ! individual & ! ,/ate1 ( e?ics & politics1 :i* p]vades e>ly ,greek speculation1 & ev5 9 mod]n times reta9s a c]ta9 degree ( influ5ce4 ,! subtle diff]5ce betwe5 ! collective & individual action ( mank9d seems to h escap$ e>ly ?9k]s1 & we too are sometimes 9 dang] ( =gett+ ! conditions ( unit$ human action1 :5ev] we ei!r elevate politics into e?ics1 or l[] e?ics to ! /&>d ( politics4 ,! good man & ! good citiz5 only co9cide 9 ! p]fect ,/ate2 & ?is p]fection _c be atta9$ by legislation act+ ^u !m f )\t1 b1 if at all1 by education fa%ion+ !m f )94 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ii4 ,analysis4 444 ,socrates praises ! sons ( ,ari/on1 99#cfh99 'inspir$ (fspr+ ( ! r5[n$ h]o1' z ! elegiac poet t]ms !m2 b he does n und]/& h[ !y c argue s eloqu5tly on behalf ( inju/ice :ile _! "* %[s t !y are un9flu5c$ by _! own argum5ts4 ,he kn[s n h[ to answ] !m1 al?\gh he is afraid ( des]t+ ju/ice 9 ! h\r ( ne$4 ,he !re=e makes a condition1 t hav+ weak eyes he %all be all[$ to read ! l>ge lett]s fir/ & !n g on to ! small]1 t is1 he mu/ look = ju/ice 9 ! ,/ate fir/1 & w !n proce$ to ! individual4 99#cfi99 ,accord+ly he beg9s to con/ruct ! ,/ate4 ,society arises out ( ! wants ( man4 ,8 fir/ want is food2 8 second a h\se2 8 ?ird a coat4 ,! s5se ( ^! ne$s & ! possibility ( satisfy+ !m by ex*ange1 draw individuals toge!r on ! same spot2 & ?is is ! beg9n+ ( a ,/ate1 :i* we take ! lib]ty to inv5t1 al?\gh necessity is ! real inv5tor4 ,!re mu/ be fir/ a husb&man1 secondly a build]1 ?irdly a weav]1 to :i* may be add$ a cobbl]4 ,f\r or five citiz5s at lea/ are requir$ to make a city4 99#cgj99 ,n[ m5 h diff]5t natures1 & "o man w d "o ?+ bett] ?an _m2 & bus9ess waits = no man4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be a division ( lab\r into diff]5t employm5ts2 into :olesale & retail trade2 into work]s1 & mak]s ( workm5's xxxiii tools2 into %eph]ds & husb&m54 ,a city :i* includes all ?is w h f> exce$$ ! limit ( f\r or five1 & yet n be v l>ge4 99#cga99 ,b !n aga9 imports w be requir$1 & imports necessitate exports1 & ?is implies v>iety ( produce 9 ord] to attract ! ta/e ( pur*as]s2 also m]*ants & %ips4 ,9 ! city too we mu/ h a m>ket & money & retail trades2 o!rwise buy]s & sell]s w nev] meet1 & ! valuable "t ( ! produc]s w be wa/$ 9 va9 ef=ts at ex*ange4 ,if we add hir$ s]vants ! ,/ate w be complete4 ,& we may guess t 99#cgb99 some:]e 9 ! int]c\rse ( ! citiz5s ) "o ano!r ju/ice & inju/ice w appe>4 ,"h foll[s a ru/ic picture ( _! way ( life4 ,!y sp5d _! days 9 h\ses :i* !y h built = !mselves2 !y make _! own clo!s & produce _! own corn & w9e4 ,_! pr9cipal food is meal & fl\r1 & !y dr9k 9 mod]ation4 ,!y live on ! be/ ( t]ms ) ea* o!r1 & take c>e n to h too _m *ildr54 ',b1' said ,glaucon1 int]pos+1 'are !y n to h a reli%8' ,c]ta9ly2 !y w h salt & olives & *eese1 vegetables & fruits1 & *e/nuts to roa/ at ! fire4 '',tis a city ( pigs1 ,socrates4' ,:y1 ,i repli$1 :at d y want m8 ',only ! com=ts ( life1--s(as & tables1 also sauces & sweets4' ,i see2 y want n only a ,/ate1 b a luxuri\s ,/ate2 & possibly 9 ! m complex frame we may soon] f9d ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,!n 99#cgc99 ! f9e arts mu/ g to "w--e conceivable in/rum5t & ornam5t ( luxury w be want$4 ,!re w be danc]s1 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 musicians1 cooks1 b>b]s1 tire-wom51 nurses1 arti/s2 sw9eh]ds & nea!rds too = ! animals1 & physicians to cure ! disord]s ( :i* luxury is ! s\rce4 ,to fe$ all ^! sup]flu\s m\?s we %all ne$ a "p ( our neighb\r's l&1 & !y w want a "p ( ours4 ,& ?is is ! orig9 ( w>1 :i* may be trac$ to ! same causes z o!r political evils4 99#cgd99 ,our city w n[ require ! slight addition ( a camp1 & ! citiz5 w be conv]t$ into a soldi]4 ,b !n aga9 our old doctr9e ( ! division ( lab\r mu/ n be =gott54 ,! art ( w> _c be le>n$ 9 a day1 & !re mu/ be a natural aptitude = milit>y duties4 ,!re w be "s w>like natures 99#cge99 :o h ?is aptitude--dogs ke5 ( sc5t1 swift ( foot to pursue1 & /rong ( limb to fight4 ,& xxxiv z _s is ! f\ndation ( c\rage1 su* natures1 :e!r ( m5 or animals1 w be full ( _s4 ,b ^! spirit$ natures are apt to bite & dev\r "o ano!r2 ! union ( g5tl5ess to fri5ds & fi]c5ess aga9/ enemies appe>s to be an impossibility1 & ! gu>dian ( a ,/ate requires bo? qualities4 ,:o !n c be a gu>dian8 ,! image ( ! dog sugge/s an answ]4 99#cgf99 ,= dogs are g5tle to fri5ds & fi]ce to /rang]s4 ,y\r dog is a philosoph] :o judges by ! rule ( kn[+ or n kn[+2 & philosophy1 :e!r 9 man or bea/1 is ! p>5t ( g5tl5ess4 ,! human wat*dogs mu/ be philosoph]s or lov]s ( le>n+ :i* w make !m g5tle4 ,& h[ are !y to be le>n$ )\t education8 ,b :at %all _! education be8 ,is any bett] ?an ! old-fa%ion$ sort :i* is compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( music & gymna/ic8 99#cgg99 ,music includes lit]ature1 & lit]ature is ( two k9ds1 true & false4 ',:at d y mean8' he said4 ,i mean t *ildr5 he> /ories be=e !y le>n gymna/ics1 & t ! /ories are ei!r untrue1 or h at mo/ "o or two gra9s ( tru? 9 a bu%el ( falsehood4 ,n[ e>ly life is v impressible1 & *ildr5 ought n to le>n :at !y w h to unle>n :5 !y gr[ up2 we mu/ !re=e h a c5sor%ip ( nurs]y tales1 bani%+ "s & keep+ o!rs4 ,"s ( !m are v improp]1 z we may see 9 ! great in/ances ( ,hom] & ,hesiod1 :o n only tell lies b bad lies2 /ories ab\t ,uranus & ,saturn1 99#cgh99 :i* are immoral z well z false1 & :i* %\ld nev] be spok5 ( to "y p]sons1 or inde$ at all2 or1 if at all1 !n 9 a my/]y1 aft] ! sacrifice1 n ( an ,eleus9ian pig1 b ( "s unprocurable animal4 ,%all our y\? be enc\rag$ to beat _! fa!rs by ! example ( ,zeus1 or our citiz5s be incit$ to qu>rel by he>+ or see+ repres5tations ( /rife among ! gods8 ,%all !y li/5 to ! n>rative ( ,hephae/us b9d+ 8 "m1 & ( ,zeus s5d+ him fly+ = help+ h] :5 %e 0 beat58 ,su* tales may possibly h a my/ical int]pretation1 b ! "y are incapable ( und]/&+ allegory4 99#cgi99 ,if any "o asks :at tales are to be all[$1 we w answ] t we are legislators & n book-mak]s2 we only lay d[n ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* books are to be writt52 to write !m is ! duty ( o!rs4 xxxv ,& our fir/ pr9ciple is1 t ,god mu/ be repres5t$ z he is2 n z ! au?or ( all ?+s1 b ( good only4 ,we w n suff] ! poets to say t he is ! /ew>d ( good & evil1 or t he has two casks full ( de/9ies2--or t ,a!ne & ,zeus incit$ ,p&>us to break ! treaty2 or t 99#chj99 ,god caus$ ! suff]+s ( ,niobe1 or ( ,pelops1 or ! ,trojan w>2 or t he makes m5 s9 :5 he wi%es to de/roy !m4 ,ei!r ^! 7 n ! actions ( ! gods1 or ,god 0 j1 & m5 7 ! bett] = be+ puni%$4 ,b t ! de$ 0 evil1 & ,god ! au?or1 is a wick$1 suicidal fiction :i* we w all[ no "o1 old or "y1 to utt]4 ,?is is our fir/ & great pr9ciple--,god is ! au?or ( good only4 ,& ! second pr9ciple is l unto x3--,) ,god is no v>iabl5ess or *ange ( =m4 ,reason tea*es u ?is2 = if we suppose a *ange 9 ,god1 he mu/ be *ang$ ei!r by ano!r or by himself4 ,by ano!r8--b ! be/ works ( nature & art 99#cha99 & ! noble/ qualities ( m9d are lea/ liable to be *ang$ by any ext]nal =ce4 ,by himself8--b he _c *ange = ! bett]2 he w h>dly *ange = ! worse4 ,he rema9s = ev] faire/ & be/ 9 8 own image4 ,!re=e we refuse to li/5 to ! poets :o tell u ( ,"h begg+ 9 ! lik5ess ( a prie/ess or ( o!r deities :o pr[l ab\t at night 9 /range disguises2 all t blasphem\s nons5se ) :i* mo!rs fool ! manhood out ( _! *ildr5 mu/ be suppress$4 99#chb99 ,b "s "o w say t ,god1 :o is himself un*angeable1 may take a =m 9 relation to u4 ,:y %\ld he8 ,= gods z well z m5 hate ! lie 9 ! s\l1 or pr9ciple ( falsehood2 & z = any o!r =m ( ly+ :i* is us$ = a purpose & is reg>d$ z innoc5t 9 c]ta9 exceptional cases--:at ne$ h ! gods ( ?is8 ,= !y are n ignorant ( antiquity l ! poets1 nor are !y afraid ( _! enemies1 nor is any madman a fri5d ( !irs4 99#chc99 ,god !n is true1 he is absolutely true2 he *anges n1 he deceives n1 by day or night1 by ^w or sign4 ,?is is our second great pr9ciple--,god is true4 ,away ) ! ly+ dream ( ,agamemnon 9 ,hom]1 & ! accusation ( ,!tis aga9/ ,apollo 9 ,aes*ylus4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ii4 ,introduction4 ,9 ord] to give cle>ness to 8 conception ( ! ,/ate1 ,plato proce$s to trace ! fir/ pr9ciples ( mutual ne$ & ( xxxvi division ( lab\r 9 an imag9>y community ( f\r or five citiz5s4 ,gradually ?is community increases2 ! division ( lab\r ext5ds to c\ntries2 imports necessitate exports2 a m$ium ( ex*ange is requir$1 & retail]s sit 9 ! m>ket-place to save ! "t ( ! produc]s4 ,^! are ! /eps by :i* ,plato con/ructs ! fir/ or primitive ,/ate1 introduc+ ! elem5ts ( political economy by ! way4 ,z he is go+ to frame a second or civiliz$ ,/ate1 ! simple naturally comes be=e ! complex4 ,he indulges1 l ,r\sseau1 9 a picture ( primitive life--an idea :i* has inde$ (t5 _h a p[]ful influ5ce on ! imag9ation ( mank9d1 b he does n s]i\sly mean to say t "o is bett] ?an ! o!r 7cp4 ,politicus1 p4 #bgb72 nor c any inf]5ce be drawn f ! description ( ! fir/ /ate tak5 ap>t f ! second1 su* z ,ari/otle appe>s to draw 9 ! ,politics1 iv4 #d1 #ab 7cp4 aga9 ,politicus1 #bgb74 ,we %\ld n int]pret a ,platonic dialogue any m ?an a poem or a p>able 9 too lit]al or matt]-(-fact a /yle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we comp>e ! lively fancy ( ,plato ) ! dri$-up ab/ractions ( mod]n treatises on philosophy1 we are compell$ to say ) ,protagoras1 t ! 'my?us is m int]e/+' 7,protag4 #cbj ,d74 ,sev]al int]e/+ rem>ks :i* 9 mod]n times w\ld h a place 9 a treatise on ,political ,economy are scatt]$ up & d[n ! writ+s ( ,plato3 cp4 especially ,laws1 v4 #gdj1 ,population2 viii4 #hdg1 ,free ,trade2 xi4 #iaf-g1 ,adult]ation2 #ibc-d1 ,wills & ,beque/s2 #icj1 ,begg+2 ,eryxias1 7?\gh n ,plato's71 ,value & ,dem&2 ,republic1 ii4 #cfi ff41 ,division ( ,lab\r4 ,! la/ subject1 & also ! orig9 ( ,retail ,trade1 is treat$ ) admirable lucidity 9 ! second book ( ! ,republic4 ,b ,plato nev] comb9$ 8 economic ideas into a sy/em1 & nev] seems to h recogniz$ t ,trade is "o ( ! great motive p[]s ( ! ,/ate & ( ! _w4 ,he w\ld make retail trad]s only ( ! inf]ior sort ( citiz5s 7,rep4 ii4 #cga2 cp4 ,laws1 viii4 #hdg71 ?\gh he rem>ks1 qua9tly en\gh 7,laws1 ix4 #iah ,d71 t 'if only ! be/ m5 & ! be/ wom5 ev]y:]e 7 compell$ to keep tav]ns = a "t or to c>ry on retail trade1 etc41 !n we %\ld knew h[ pleasant & agreeable all ^! ?+s are4' ,! disappo9tm5t ( ,glaucon at ! 'city ( pigs1' ! ludicr\s description ( ! m9i/]s ( luxury 9 ! m ref9$ xxxvii ,/ate1 & ! aft]?\ght ( ! necessity ( doctors1 ! illu/ration ( ! nature ( ! gu>dian tak5 f ! dog1 ! desirabl5ess ( (f]+ "s almo/ unprocurable victim :5 impure my/]ies are to be celebrat$1 ! behavi\r ( ,zeus to 8 fa!r & ( ,hephae/us to 8 "m1 are t\*es ( hum\r :i* h also a s]i\s mean+4 ,9 speak+ ( education ,plato r />tles u by affirm+ t a *ild mu/ be tra9$ 9 falsehood fir/ & 9 tru? aft]w>ds4 ,yet ?is is n v diff]5t f say+ t *ildr5 mu/ be taught ?r\gh ! m$ium ( imag9ation z well z reason2 t _! m9ds c only develope gradually1 & t !re is mu* :i* !y mu/ le>n )\t und]/&+ 7cp4 iii4 #djb ,a74 ,?is is also ! sub/ance ( ,plato's view1 ?\gh he mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to h drawn ! l9e some:at diff]5tly f mod]n e?ical writ]s1 respect+ tru? & falsehood4 ,to u1 economies or accommodations w\ld n be all[able unless !y 7 requir$ by ! human faculties or necess>y = ! communication ( k to ! simple & ignorant4 ,we %\ld insi/ t ! ^w 0 insep>able f ! int5tion1 & t we mu/ n be 'falsely true1' i4e4 speak or act falsely 9 support ( :at 0 "r or true4 ,b ,plato w\ld limit ! use ( fictions only by requir+ t !y %\ld h a good moral effect1 & t su* a dang]\s weapon z falsehood %\ld be employ$ by ! rul]s alone & = great objects4 ,a ,greek 9 ! age ( ,plato atta*$ no importance to ! "q :e!r 8 religion 0 an hi/orical fact4 ,he 0 j beg9n+ to be consci\s t ! pa/ _h a hi/ory2 b he c\ld see no?+ beyond ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,:e!r _! n>ratives 7 true or false did n s]i\sly affect ! political or social life ( ,hellas4 ,m5 only began to suspect t !y 7 fictions :5 !y recognis$ !m to be immoral4 ,& s 9 all religions3 ! consid]ation ( _! morality comes fir/1 aft]w>ds ! tru? ( ! docum5ts 9 :i* !y are record$1 or ( ! ev5ts natural or sup]natural :i* are told ( !m4 ,b 9 mod]n times1 & 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries p]haps m ?an 9 ,ca?olic1 we h be5 too mu* incl9$ to id5tify ! hi/orical ) ! moral2 & "s h refus$ to believe 9 religion at all1 unless a sup]human accuracy 0 disc]nible 9 e "p ( ! record4 ,! facts ( an anci5t xxxviii or religi\s hi/ory are among/ ! mo/ important ( all facts2 b !y are frequ5tly unc]ta91 & we only le>n ! true lesson :i* is to be ga!r$ f !m :5 we place ourselves above !m4 ,^! reflections t5d to %[ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato & ourselves1 ?\gh n unimportant1 is n s great z might at fir/ sight appe>4 ,= we %\ld agree ) him 9 plac+ ! moral be=e ! hi/orical tru? ( religion2 &1 g5]ally1 9 disreg>d+ ^? errors or mis/atem5ts ( fact :i* necess>ily occur 9 ! e>ly /ages ( all religions4 ,we "k also t *anges 9 ! traditions ( a c\ntry _c be made 9 a day2 & are !re=e tol]ant ( _m ?+s :i* sci5ce & criticism w\ld condemn4 ,we note 9 pass+ t ! allegorical int]pretation ( my?ology1 said to h be5 fir/ introduc$ z e>ly z ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ by ,!ag5es ( ,rhegium1 0 well e/abli%$ 9 ! age ( ,plato1 & "h1 z 9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bbi-cj71 ?\gh = a diff]5t reason1 0 reject$ by him4 ,t ana*ronisms :e!r ( religion or law1 :5 m5 h rea*$ ano!r /age ( civilization1 %\ld be got rid ( by fictions is 9 accordance ) univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,great is ! art ( int]pretation2 & by a natural process1 :i* :5 once discov]$ 0 always go+ on1 :at c\ld n be alt]$ 0 expla9$ away4 ,& s )\t any palpable inconsi/5cy !re exi/$ side by side two =ms ( religion1 ! tradition inh]it$ or inv5t$ by ! poets & ! cu/om>y wor%ip ( ! temple2 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 ! religion ( ! philosoph]1 :o 0 dwell+ 9 ! heav5 ( ideas1 b did n !re=e refuse to (f] a cock to sculapius1 or to be se5 say+ 8 pray]s at ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,at l5g? ! antagonism betwe5 ! popul> & philosophical religion1 nev] s great among ! ,greeks z 9 our own age1 disappe>$1 & 0 only felt l ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! religion ( ! educat$ & un$ucat$ among ourselves4 ,! ,zeus ( ,hom] & ,hesiod easily pass$ into ! 'royal m9d' ( ,plato 7,philebus1 #bh72 ! giant ,h]acles became ! knight-errant & b5efactor ( mank9d4 ,^! & /ill m wond]ful trans=mations 7 readily effect$ by ! +5uity ( ,/oics & neo-,platoni/s 9 ! two or ?ree c5turies be=e & aft] ,*ri/4 ,! ,greek & ,roman religions 7 gradually p]meat$ by ! _s ( philosophy2 hav+ lo/ _! xxxix anci5t mean+1 !y 7 resolv$ into poetry & morality2 & probably 7 nev] pur] ?an at ! "t ( _! decay1 :5 _! influ5ce ov] ! _w 0 wan+4 ,a s+ul> conception :i* occurs t[>ds ! end ( ! book is ! lie 9 ! s\l2 ?is is connect$ ) ! ,platonic & ,socratic doctr9e t involunt>y ignorance is worse ?an volunt>y4 ,! lie 9 ! s\l is a true lie1 ! corruption ( ! highe/ tru?1 ! deception ( ! highe/ "p ( ! s\l1 f :i* he :o is deceiv$ has no p[] ( deliv]+ himself4 ,= example1 to repres5t ,god z false or immoral1 or1 accord+ to ,plato1 z delud+ m5 ) appe>ances or z ! au?or ( evil2 or aga91 to affirm ) ,protagoras t 'k is s5sation1' or t 'be+ is becom+1' or ) ,?rasyma*us 't might is "r1' w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by ,plato z a lie ( ?is hateful sort4 ,! greate/ unconsci\sness ( ! greate/ untru?1 e4g4 if1 9 ! language ( ! ,gospels 7,john iv4 #da71 'he :o 0 bl9d' 7 to say ',i see1' is ano!r aspect ( ! /ate ( m9d :i* ,plato is describ+4 ,! lie 9 ! s\l may be fur!r comp>$ ) ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,luke xii4 #aj71 all[+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek & ,*ri/ian modes ( speak+4 ,to ?is is oppos$ ! lie 9 words1 :i* is only su* a deception z may occur 9 a play or poem1 or allegory or figure ( spee*1 or 9 any sort ( accommodation1--:i* ?\gh useless to ! gods may be useful to m5 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,socrates is "h answ]+ ! "q :i* he _h himself rais$ 7i4 #cca ,c7 ab\t ! propriety ( deceiv+ a madman2 & he is also contra/+ ! nature ( ,god & man4 ,= ,god is ,tru?1 b mank9d c only be true by appe>+ sometimes to be p>tial1 or false4 ,res]v+ = ano!r place ! great] que/ions ( religion or education1 we may note fur!r1 7#a7 ! approval ( ! old traditional education ( ,greece2 7#b7 ! prep>ation :i* ,plato is mak+ = ! attack on ,hom] & ! poets2 7#c7 ! prep>ation :i* he is also mak+ = ! use ( economies 9 ! ,/ate2 7#d7 ! contemptu\s & at ! same "t euphemi/ic mann] 9 :i* "h z bel[ 7iii4 #cij7 he alludes to ! ,*ronique ,sc&aleuse ( ! gods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iii4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,iii4 99#chf99 ,!re is ano!r motive 9 purify+ religion1 :i* is to bani% fe>2 = no man c be c\rage\s :o is xl afraid ( dea?1 or :o believes ! tales :i* are repeat$ by ! poets conc]n+ ! _w bel[4 ,!y mu/ be g5tly reque/$ n to abuse hell2 !y may be rem9d$ t _! /ories are bo? untrue & disc\rag+4 ,nor mu/ !y be angry if we expunge obnoxi\s passages1 su* z ! depress+ words ( ,a*illes--',i w\ld r be a s]v+-man ?an rule ov] all ! dead2' & ! v]ses :i* tell ( ! squalid mansions1 ! s5seless %ad[s1 ! flitt+ s\l m\rn+ ov] lo/ /r5g? & y\?1 99#chg99 ! s\l ) a gibb] go+ b5ea? ! e>? l smoke1 or ! s\ls ( ! suitors :i* flutt] ab\t l bats4 ,! t]rors & horrors ( ,cocytus & ,/yx1 gho/s & sapless %ades1 & ! re/ ( _! ,t>t>ean nom5clature1 mu/ vani%4 ,su* tales may h _! use2 b !y are n ! prop] food = soldi]s4 ,z little c we admit ! sorr[s & sympa?ies ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes3--,a*illes1 ! son ( ,!tis1 9 te>s1 ?r[+ a%es on 8 head1 or pac+ up & d[n ! sea-%ore 9 di/raction2 or ,priam1 ! c\s9 ( ! gods1 cry+ al\d1 roll+ 9 ! mire4 ,a good man is n pro/rat$ at ! loss ( *ildr5 or =tune4 ,nei!r is dea? t]rible to him2 & !re=e lam5tations ov] ! dead %\ld n be practis$ by m5 ( note2 99#chh99 !y %\ld be ! conc]n ( inf]ior p]sons only1 :e!r wom5 or m54 ,/ill worse is ! attribution ( su* weakness to ! gods2 z :5 ! goddesses say1 ',alas6 my travail6' & wor/ ( all1 :5 ! k+ ( heav5 himself lam5ts 8 inability to save ,hector1 or sorr[s ov] ! imp5d+ doom ( 8 de> ,s>p$on4 ,su* a "* ( ,god1 if n ridicul$ by our "y m51 is likely to be imitat$ by !m4 ,nor %\ld our citiz5s be giv5 to excess ( laught]--',su* viol5t delights' are foll[$ by a viol5t re-action4 ,! description 9 ! ,iliad ( ! gods %ak+ _! sides at ! clums9ess ( ,hephae/us w n be admitt$ by u4 ',c]ta9ly n4' ,tru? %\ld h a high place among ! virtues1 = falsehood1 z we 7 say+1 is useless to ! gods1 & only useful to m5 z a m$ic9e4 ,b ?is employm5t ( falsehood mu/ rema9 a privilege ( /ate2 ! common man mu/ n 9 return tell a lie to ! rul]2 any m ?an ! pati5t w\ld tell a lie to 8 physician1 or ! sailor to 8 capta94 ,9 ! next place our y\? mu/ be temp]ate1 & temp]ance consi/s 9 self-control & ob$i5ce to au?ority4 ,t is a xli lesson :i* ,hom] tea*es 9 "s places3 ',! ,a*aeans m>*$ on brea?+ pr[ess1 9 sil5t awe ( _! lead]s2'--b a v diff]5t "o 9 o!r places3 ',o heavy ) w9e1 :o ha/ ! eyes ( a dog1 b ! he>t ( a /ag4' 99#cij99 ,language ( ! latt] k9d w n impress self-control on ! m9ds ( y\?4 ,! same may be said ab\t 8 praises ( eat+ & dr9k+ & 8 dread ( />vation2 also ab\t ! v]ses 9 :i* he tells ( ! raptur\s loves ( ,zeus & ,"h1 or ( h[ ,hephae/us once deta9$ ,ares & ,aphrodite 9 a net on a simil> occasion4 ,!re is a nobl] /ra9 he>d 9 ! words3--',endure1 my s\l1 ?\ ha/ endur$ worse4' ,nor mu/ we all[ our citiz5s to receive bribes1 or to say1 ',gifts p]suade ! gods1 gifts rev]5d k+s2' or to applaud ! ignoble advice ( ,pho5ix to ,a*illes t he %\ld get money out ( ! ,greeks be=e he assi/$ !m2 or ! meanness ( ,a*illes himself 9 tak+ gifts f ,agamemnon2 99#cia99 or 8 requir+ a ransom = ! body ( ,hector2 or 8 curs+ ( ,apollo2 or 8 insol5ce to ! riv]-god ,scam&]2 or 8 d$ication to ! dead ,patroclus ( 8 own hair :i* _h be5 already d$icat$ to ! o!r riv]-god ,sp]*eius2 or 8 cruelty 9 dragg+ ! body ( ,hector r\nd ! walls1 & slay+ ! captives at ! pyre3 su* a comb9ation ( meanness & cruelty 9 ,*eiron's pupil is inconceivable4 ,! amatory exploits ( ,peiri?\s & ,!seus are equally unwor?y4 ,ei!r ^! s-call$ sons ( gods 7 n ! sons ( gods1 or !y 7 n su* z ! poets imag9e !m1 any m ?an ! gods !mselves are ! au?ors ( evil4 ,! y\? :o believes t su* ?+s are done by 99#cib99 ^? :o h ! blood ( heav5 fl[+ 9 _! ve9s w be too ready to imitate _! example4 ,en\gh ( gods & h]oes2--:at %all we say ab\t m58 ,:at ! poets & /ory-tell]s say--t ! wick$ prosp] & ! righte\s are afflict$1 or t ju/ice is ano!r's ga98 ,su* misrepres5tations _c be all[$ by u4 ,b 9 ?is we are anticipat+ ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 & _h !re=e bett] def] ! enquiry4 ,! subjects ( poetry h be5 suffici5tly treat$2 next foll[s /yle4 ,n[ all poetry is a n>rative ( ev5ts pa/1 pres5t1 or to come2 & n>rative is ( ?ree k9ds1 ! simple1 ! imitative1 & a composition ( ! two4 ,an in/ance w xlii make my mean+ cle>4 99#cic99 ,! fir/ sc5e 9 ,hom] is ( ! la/ or mix$ k9d1 be+ p>tly description & p>tly dialogue4 ,b if y ?r[ ! dialogue into ! 'oratio obliqua1' ! passage w run ?us3 99#cid99 ,! prie/ came & pray$ ,apollo t ! ,a*aeans might take ,troy & h a safe return if ,agamemnon w\ld only give him back 8 daught]2 & ! o!r ,greeks ass5t$1 b ,agamemnon 0 wro?1 & s on--,! :ole !n becomes descriptive1 & ! poet is ! only speak] left2 or1 if y omit ! n>rative1 ! :ole becomes dialogue4 ,^! are ! ?ree /yles--:i* ( !m is to be admitt$ into our ,/ate8 ',d y ask :e!r trag$y & com$y are to be admitt$8' ,yes1 b also some?+ m--,is x n d\btful :e!r our gu>dians are to be imitators at all8 ,or r1 has n ! "q be5 already answ]$1 = we h decid$ t "o man _c 9 8 life play _m p>ts1 any m ?an 99#cie99 he c act bo? trag$y & com$y1 or be rhapsodi/ & actor at once8 ,human nature is co9$ into v small pieces1 & z our gu>dians h _! own bus9ess already1 :i* is ! c>e ( fre$om1 !y w h en\gh to d )\t imitat+4 ,if !y imitate !y %\ld imitate1 n any meanness or bas5ess1 b ! good only2 = ! mask :i* ! actor we>s is apt to become 8 face4 ,we _c all[ m5 to play ! p>ts ( wom51 qu>rell+1 weep+1 scold+1 or boa/+ aga9/ ! gods1--lea/ ( all :5 mak+ love or 9 lab\r4 ,!y mu/ n repres5t slaves1 or bullies1 or 99#cif99 c[>ds1 drunk>ds1 or madm51 or blacksmi?s1 or neigh+ horses1 or bell[+ bulls1 or s\nd+ riv]s1 or a rag+ sea4 ,a good or wise man w be will+ to p]=m good & wise actions1 b he w be a%am$ to play an inf]ior "p :i* he has nev] practis$2 & he w pref] to employ ! descriptive /yle ) z little imitation z possible4 99#cig99 ,! man :o has no self-respect1 on ! contr>y1 w imitate anybody & any?+2 s\nds ( nature & cries ( animals alike2 8 :ole p]=mance w be imitation ( ge/ure & voice4 ,n[ 9 ! descriptive /yle !re are few *anges1 b 9 ! dramatic !re are a great _m4 ,poets & musicians use ei!r1 or a comp\nd ( bo?1 & ?is comp\nd is v attractive to y\? & _! tea*]s z well z to ! vulg>4 ,b our ,/ate 9 :i* "o man plays "o "p only is n adapt$ = complexity4 99#cih99 ,& :5 "o ( ^! polyphon\s pantomimic g5tlem5 (f]s to exhibit xliii himself & 8 poetry we w %[ him e obs]vance ( respect1 b at ! same "t tell him t !re is no room = 8 k9d 9 our ,/ate2 we pref] ! r\gh1 hone/ poet1 & w n dep>t f our orig9al models 7ii4 #cgi foll42 cp4 ,laws1 vii4 #hag74 ,next z to ! music4 ,a song or ode has ?ree p>ts1--! subject1 ! h>mony1 & ! rhy?m2 ( :i* ! two la/ are dep5d5t ^u ! fir/4 ,z we bani%$ /ra9s ( lam5tation1 s we may n[ bani% ! mix$ ,lydian h>monies1 :i* are ! h>monies ( lam5tation2 & z our citiz5s are to be temp]ate1 we may also bani% convivial h>monies1 su* z ! ,ionian & pure ,lydian4 99#cii99 ,two rema9--! ,dorian & ,phrygian1 ! fir/ = w>1 ! second = peace2 ! "o expressive ( c\rage1 ! o!r ( ob$i5ce or in/ruction or religi\s feel+4 ,& z we reject v>ieties ( h>mony1 we %all also reject ! _m-/r+$1 v>i\sly-%ap$ in/rum5ts :i* give utt]ance to !m1 & 9 p>ticul> ! flute1 :i* is m complex ?an any ( !m4 ,! lyre & ! h>p may be p]mitt$ 9 ! t[n1 & ! ,pan's-pipe 9 ! fields4 ,?us we h made a purgation ( music1 & w n[ make a purgation ( metres4 99#djj99 ,^! %\ld be l ! h>monies1 simple & suitable to ! occasion4 ,!re are f\r notes ( ! tetra*ord1 & !re are ?ree ratios ( metre1 #c_/b1 #b_/b1 #b_/a1 :i* h all _! *>act]i/ics1 & ! feet h diff]5t *>act]i/ics z well z ! rhy?ms4 ,b ab\t ?is y & ,i mu/ ask ,damon1 ! great musician1 :o speaks1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 ( a m>tial measure z well z ( dactylic1 tro*aic1 & iambic rhy?ms1 :i* he arranges s z to equalize ! syllables ) "o ano!r1 assign+ to ea* ! prop] quantity4 ,we only v5ture to affirm ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! /yle is to con=m to ! subject & ! metre to ! /yle2 & t ! simplicity & h>mony ( ! s\l %\ld be reflect$ 9 !m all4 ,?is pr9ciple ( simplicity has to be le>nt by e "o 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 99#dja99 & may be ga!r$ any:]e1 f ! creative & con/ructive arts1 z well z f ! =ms ( plants & animals4 ,o!r arti/s z well z poets %\ld be w>n$ aga9/ meanness or unseeml9ess4 ,sculpture & pa9t+ equally ) music mu/ con=m to ! law ( simplicity4 ,he :o violates x _c be all[$ to "w 9 our city1 & to corrupt ! ta/e ( our citiz5s4 ,= our gu>dians mu/ gr[ up1 n amid images ( xliv de=mity :i* w gradually poison & corrupt _! s\ls1 b 9 a l& ( heal? & beauty :]e !y w dr9k 9 f e object sweet & h>moni\s influ5ces4 ,& ( all ^! influ5ces ! greate/ is ! education giv5 by music1 :i* f9ds a way into ! inn]mo/ s\l & 99#djb99 imp>ts to x ! s5se ( beauty & ( de=mity4 ,at fir/ ! effect is unconsci\s2 b :5 reason arrives1 !n he :o has be5 ?us tra9$ welcomes h] z ! fri5d :om he always knew4 ,z 9 le>n+ to read1 fir/ we acquire ! elem5ts or lett]s sep>ately1 & aft]w>ds _! comb9ations1 & _c recognize reflections ( !m until we "k ! lett]s !mselves2--9 l mann] we mu/ fir/ atta9 ! elem5ts or ess5tial =ms ( ! virtues1 & !n trace _! comb9ations 9 life & exp]i5ce4 ,!re is a music ( ! s\l :i* answ]s to ! h>mony ( ! _w2 & ! faire/ object ( a musical s\l is ! fair m9d 9 ! fair body4 ,"s defect 9 ! latt] may be excus$1 b n 9 ! =m]4 99#djc99 ,true love is ! daught] ( temp]ance1 & temp]ance is utt]ly oppos$ to ! madness ( bodily pleasure4 ,en\gh has be5 said ( music1 :i* makes a fair end+ ) love4 ,next we pass on to gymna/ics2 ab\t :i* ,i w\ld rem>k1 t ! s\l is relat$ to ! body z a cause to an effect1 & !re=e if we educate ! m9d we may leave ! education ( ! body 9 h] *>ge1 & ne$ only give a g5]al outl9e ( ! c\rse to be pursu$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! gu>dians mu/ ab/a9 f /rong dr9k1 = !y %\ld be ! la/ p]sons to lose _! wits4 99#djd99 ,:e!r ! habits ( ! palae/ra are suitable to !m is m d\btful1 = ! ord9>y gymna/ic is a sleepy sort ( ?+1 & if left (f sudd5ly is apt to endang] heal?4 ,b our w>rior a?letes mu/ be wide-awake dogs1 & mu/ also be inur$ to all *anges ( food & climate4 ,h5ce !y w require a simpl] k9d ( gymna/ic1 ak9 to _! simple music2 & = _! diet a rule may be f\nd 9 ,hom]1 :o fe$s 8 h]oes on roa/ meat only1 & gives !m no fi% al?\gh !y are liv+ at ! sea-side1 nor boil$ meats :i* involve an app>atus ( pots & pans2 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 he n[h]e m5tions sweet sauces4 ,sicilian cook]y & ,attic confections & ,cor9?ian c\rtezans1 :i* are to gymna/ic :at ,lydian & ,ionian melodies are to music1 mu/ be =bidd54 99#dje99 ,:]e gluttony & intemp]ance prevail ! t[n quickly fills xlv ) doctors & plead]s2 & law & m$ic9e give !mselves airs z soon z ! freem5 ( a ,/ate take an int]e/ 9 !m4 ,b :at c %[ a m disgraceful /ate ( education ?an to h to g abroad = ju/ice because y h none ( y\r own at home8 ,& yet !re is a worse /age ( ! same disease--:5 m5 h le>n$ to take a pleasure & pride 9 ! twi/s & turns ( ! law2 n consid]+ h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be = !m s to ord] _! lives z to h no ne$ ( a nodd+ ju/ice4 ,& !re is a l disgrace 9 employ+ a physician1 n = ! cure ( w\nds or epidemic disord]s1 b because a man has by laz9ess & luxury contract$ diseases :i* 7 unkn[n 9 ! days ( ,asclepius4 ,h[ simple is ! ,hom]ic practice ( m$ic9e4 ,eurypylus aft] he has be5 w\nd$ 99#djf99 dr9ks a posset ( ,pramnian w9e1 :i* is ( a heat+ nature2 & yet ! sons ( ,asclepius blame nei!r ! damsel :o gives him ! dr9k1 nor ,patroclus :o is att5d+ on him4 ,! tru? is t ?is mod]n sy/em ( nurs+ diseases 0 introduc$ by ,h]odicus ! tra9]2 :o1 be+ ( a sickly con/itution1 by a comp\nd ( tra9+ & m$ic9e tortur$ fir/ himself & !n a good _m o!r p1 & liv$ a great deal long] ?an he _h any "r4 ,b ,asclepius w\ld n practise ?is art1 because he knew t ! citiz5s ( a well-ord]$ ,/ate h no leisure to be ill1 & !re=e he adopt$ ! 'kill or cure' me?od1 :i* artisans & lab\r]s employ4 ',!y mu/ be at _! bus9ess1' !y say1 '& h no "t = coddl+3 if !y recov]1 well2 if !y don't1 !re is an end ( !m4' 99#djg99 ,:]eas ! ri* man is suppos$ to be a g5tleman :o c af=d to be ill4 ,d y "k a maxim ( ,phocylides--t ':5 a man beg9s to be ri*' 7or1 p]haps1 a little soon]7 'he %\ld practise virtue'8 ,b h[ c excessive c>e ( heal? be inconsi/5t ) an ord9>y occupation1 & yet consi/5t ) t practice ( virtue :i* ,phocylides inculcates8 ,:5 a /ud5t imag9es t philosophy gives him a heada*e1 he nev] does any?+2 he is always unwell4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y ,asclepius & 8 sons practis$ no su* art4 ,!y 7 act+ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! public1 & did n wi% to pres]ve useless lives1 or raise up a puny (fspr+ to wret*$ sires4 99#djh99 ,hone/ diseases !y hone/ly cur$2 & if a man 0 w\nd$1 !y appli$ ! prop] rem$ies1 & !n let him eat & dr9k :at he lik$4 ,b xlvi !y decl9$ to treat intemp]ate & wor?less subjects1 ev5 ?\gh !y might h made l>ge =tunes out ( !m4 ,z to ! /ory ( ,p9d>1 t ,asclepius 0 sla9 by a ?und]bolt = re/or+ a ri* man to life1 t is a lie--foll[+ our old rule we mu/ say ei!r t he did n take bribes1 or t he 0 n ! son ( a god4 ,glaucon !n asks ,socrates :e!r ! be/ physicians & ! be/ judges w n be ^? :o h _h sev]ally ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( diseases & ( crimes4 ,socrates draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! two pr(essions4 ,! physician %\ld h _h exp]i5ce ( disease 9 8 own body1 = he cures ) 8 m9d & n ) 8 body4 99#dji99 ,b ! judge controls m9d by m9d2 & !re=e 8 m9d %\ld n be corrupt$ by crime4 ,:]e !n is he to ga9 exp]i5ce8 ,h[ is he to be wise & also innoc5t8 ,:5 "y a good man is apt to be deceiv$ by evil-do]s1 because he has no patt]n ( evil 9 himself2 & !re=e ! judge %\ld be ( a c]ta9 age2 8 y\? %\ld h be5 innoc5t1 & he %\ld h acquir$ insight into evil n by ! practice ( x1 b by ! obs]vation ( x 9 o!rs4 ,?is is ! ideal ( a judge2 ! crim9al turn$ detective is wond]fully suspici\s1 b :5 9 company ) good m5 :o h exp]i5ce1 he is at fault1 = he fooli%ly imag9es t e "o is z bad z himself4 ,vice may be kn[n ( virtue1 b _c "k virtue4 ,?is is ! sort ( m$ic9e & ?is ! sort ( law :i* w prevail 9 our ,/ate2 99#daj99 !y w be heal+ arts to bett] natures2 b ! evil body w be left to die by ! "o1 & ! evil s\l w be put to dea? by ! o!r4 ,& ! ne$ ( ei!r w be greatly dim9i%$ by good music :i* w give h>mony to ! s\l1 & good gymna/ic :i* w give heal? to ! body4 ,n t ?is division ( music & gymna/ic really corresponds to s\l & body2 = !y are bo? equally conc]n$ ) ! s\l1 :i* is tam$ by ! "o & ar\s$ & su/a9$ by ! o!r4 ,! two toge!r supply our gu>dians ) _! tw(old nature4 ,! passionate disposition :5 x has too mu* gymna/ic is h>d5$ & brutaliz$1 ! g5tle or philosophic temp] :i* has too mu* music becomes en]vat$4 99#daa99 ,:ile a man is all[+ music to p\r l wat] ?r\gh ! funnel ( 8 e>s1 ! edge ( 8 s\l gradually we>s away1 & ! passionate or spirit$ elem5t is melt$ out ( him4 ,too little xlvii _s is easily exhau/$2 too mu* quickly passes into n]v\s irritability4 ,s1 aga91 ! a?lete by fe$+ & tra9+ has 8 c\rage d\bl$1 b he soon gr[s /upid2 he is l a wild bea/1 ready to d ev]y?+ by bl[s & no?+ by c\nsel or policy4 ,!re are two pr9ciples 9 man1 reason & passion1 & to ^!1 99#dab99 n to ! s\l & body1 ! two arts ( music & gymna/ic correspond4 ,he :o m+les !m 9 h>moni\s concord is ! true musician1--he %all be ! presid+ g5ius ( our ,/ate4 ,! next "q is1 ,:o are to be our rul]s8 ,fir/1 ! eld] mu/ rule ! y\ng]2 & ! be/ ( ! eld]s w be ! be/ gu>dians4 ,n[ !y w be ! be/ :o love _! subjects mo/1 & ?9k t !y h a common int]e/ ) !m 9 ! welf>e ( ! /ate4 ,^! we mu/ select2 b !y mu/ be wat*$ at e epo* ( life to see :e!r !y h reta9$ ! same op9ions & held out aga9/ =ce & en*antm5t4 99#dac99 ,= "t & p]suasion & ! love ( pleasure may en*ant a man into a *ange ( purpose1 & ! =ce ( grief & pa9 may compel him4 ,& !re=e our gu>dians mu/ be m5 :o h be5 tri$ by _m te/s1 l gold 9 ! ref9]'s fire1 & h be5 pass$ fir/ ?r\gh dang]1 !n ?r\gh pleasure1 & at e age h come out ( su* trials victori\s & )\t /a91 9 full comm& ( !mselves & _! pr9ciples2 hav+ all _! faculties 9 h>moni\s ex]cise = _! c\ntry's good4 ,^! %all receive ! highe/ hon\rs bo? 9 life & dea?4 99#dad99 7,x w\ld p]haps be bett] to conf9e ! t]m 'gu>dians' to ?is select class3 ! y\ng] m5 may be call$ 'auxili>ies4'7 ,& n[ = "o magnific5t lie1 9 ! belief ( :i*1 ,oh t we c\ld tra9 our rul]s6--at any rate let u make ! attempt ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,:at ,i am go+ to tell is only ano!r v]sion ( ! leg5d ( ,cadmus2 b our unbeliev+ g5]ation w be sl[ to accept su* a /ory4 ,! tale mu/ be imp>t$1 fir/ to ! rul]s1 !n to ! soldi]s1 la/ly to ! p4 ,we w in=m !m t _! y\? 0 a dream1 & t dur+ ! "t :5 !y seem$ to be und]go+ _! education !y 7 really be+ fa%ion$ 9 ! e>?1 :o s5t !m up :5 !y 7 ready2 & t !y mu/ protect & *]i% h] ^: *ildr5 !y are1 & reg>d xlviii ea* o!r z bro!rs & si/]s4 ',i d n wond] at y\r be+ a%am$ to prop\nd su* a fiction4' ,!re is m beh9d4 99#dae99 ,^! bro!rs & si/]s h diff]5t natures1 & "s ( !m ,god fram$ to rule1 :om he fa%ion$ ( gold2 o!rs he made ( silv]1 to be auxili>ies2 o!rs aga9 to be husb&m5 & craftsm51 & ^! 7 =m$ by him ( brass & iron4 ,b z !y are all sprung f a common /ock1 a gold5 p>5t may h a silv] son1 or a silv] p>5t a gold5 son1 & !n !re mu/ be a *ange ( rank2 ! son ( ! ri* mu/ desc5d1 & ! *ild ( ! artisan rise1 9 ! social scale2 = an oracle says 't ! ,/ate w come to an end if gov]n$ by a man ( brass or iron4' ,w our citiz5s ev] believe all ?is8 ',n 9 ! pres5t g5]ation1 b 9 ! next1 p]haps1 ,yes4' ,n[ let ! e>?born m5 g =? "u ! comm& ( _! rul]s1 & look ab\t & pit* _! camp 9 a high place1 :i* w be safe aga9/ enemies f )\t1 & likewise aga9/ insurrections f )94 ,!re let !m sacrifice & set up _! t5ts2 99#daf99 = soldi]s !y are to be & n %opkeep]s1 ! wat*dogs & gu>dians ( ! %eep2 & luxury & av>ice w turn !m into wolves & tyrants4 ,_! habits & _! dwell+s %\ld correspond to _! education4 ,!y %\ld h no prop]ty2 _! pay %\ld only meet _! exp5ses2 & !y %\ld h common meals4 ,gold & silv] we w tell !m t !y h f ,god1 & ?is div9e gift 9 _! s\ls !y mu/ n 99#dag99 alloy ) t e>?ly dross :i* passes "u ! "n ( gold4 ,!y only ( ! citiz5s may n t\* x1 or be "u ! same ro( ) x1 or dr9k f x2 x is ! accurs$ ?+4 ,%\ld !y ev] acquire h\ses or l&s or money ( _! own1 !y w become h\sehold]s & tradesm5 in/ead ( gu>dians1 enemies & tyrants in/ead ( help]s1 & ! h\r ( ru91 bo? to !mselves & ! re/ ( ! ,/ate1 w be at h&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iii4 ,introduction4 ,! religi\s & e?ical aspect ( ,plato's education w h]eaft] be consid]$ "u a sep>ate head4 ,"s less] po9ts may be m conv5i5tly notic$ 9 ?is place4 #a4 ,! con/ant appeal to ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 :om1 ) grave irony1 ,plato1 aft] ! mann] ( 8 age1 summons z a xlix witness ab\t e?ics & psy*ology1 z well z ab\t diet & m$ic9e2 attempt+ to di/+ui% ! bett] lesson f ! worse 7#cij71 sometimes alt]+ ! text f design 7#chh1 &1 p]haps1 #chi72 m ?an once quot+ or allud+ to ,hom] inaccurately 7#cia1 #djf71 aft] ! mann] ( ! e>ly logograph]s turn+ ! ,iliad into prose 7#cic71 & delight+ to draw f>-fet*$ inf]5ces f 8 words1 or to make ludicr\s applications ( !m4 ,he does n1 l ,h]acleitus1 get into a rage ) ,hom] & ,ar*ilo*us 7,h]acl4 ,frag4 #aai1 ed4 ,bywat]71 b uses _! words & expressions z vehicles ( a high] tru?2 n on a sy/em l ,!ag5es ( ,rhegium or ,metrodorus1 or 9 lat] times ! ,/oics1 b z fancy may dictate4 ,& ! conclusions drawn f !m are s\nd1 al?\gh ! premises are fictiti\s4 ,^! fanciful appeals to ,hom] add a *>m to ,plato's /yle1 & at ! same "t !y h ! effect ( a satire on ! follies ( ,hom]ic int]pretation4 ,to u 7& probably to himself71 al?\gh !y take ! =m ( argum5ts1 !y are really figures ( spee*4 ,!y may be comp>$ ) mod]n citations f ,scripture1 :i* h (t5 a great rhetorical p[] ev5 :5 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! words is entirely lo/ sight (4 ,! real1 l ! ,platonic ,socrates1 z we ga!r f ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 0 fond ( mak+ simil> adaptations 7i4 #b1 #eh2 ii4 #f1 #aa74 ,great 9 all ages & c\ntries1 9 religion z well z 9 law & lit]ature1 has be5 ! art ( int]pretation4 #b4 ',! /yle is to con=m to ! subject & ! metre to ! /yle4' ,not)/&+ ! fasc9ation :i* ! ^w 'classical' ex]cises ov] u1 we c h>dly ma9ta9 t ?is rule is obs]v$ 9 all ! ,greek poetry :i* has come d[n to u4 ,we _c d5y t ! ?\ght (t5 exce$s ! p[] ( lucid expression 9 s*ylus & ,p9d>2 or t rhetoric gets ! bett] ( ! ?\ght 9 ! ,sophi/-poet ,euripides4 ,only p]haps 9 ,sophocles is !re a p]fect h>mony ( ! two2 9 him alone d we f9d a grace ( language l ! beauty ( a ,greek /atue1 9 :i* !re is no?+ to add or to take away2 at lea/ ?is is true ( s+le plays or ( l>ge portions ( !m4 ,! connection 9 ! ,tragic ,*oruses & 9 ! ,greek lyric poets is n unfrequ5tly a tangl$ ?read :i* 9 an age be=e logic ! poet 0 unable to draw out4 ,_m ?\ghts & feel+s m+l$ 9 8 m9d1 & he _h no p[] ( dis5gag+ or l arrang+ !m4 ,= !re is a subtle influ5ce ( logic :i* requires to be transf]r$ f prose to poetry1 j z ! music & p]fection ( language are infus$ by poetry into prose4 ,9 all ages ! poet has be5 a bad judge ( 8 own mean+ 7,apol4 #bb ,b72 = he does n see t ! ^w :i* is full ( associations to 8 own m9d is difficult & unmean+ to t ( ano!r2 or t ! sequ5ce :i* is cle> to himself is puzzl+ to o!rs4 ,!re are _m passages 9 "s ( our greate/ mod]n poets :i* are f> too obscure2 9 :i* !re is no proportion betwe5 /yle & subject1 9 :i* any half-express$ figure1 any h>% con/ruction1 any di/ort$ collocation ( words1 any remote sequ5ce ( ideas is admitt$2 & !re is no voice 'com+ sweetly f nature1' or music add+ ! expression ( feel+ to ?\ght4 ,z if !re c\ld be poetry )\t beauty1 or beauty )\t ease & cle>ness4 ,! obscurities ( e>ly ,greek poets arose necess>ily out ( ! /ate ( language & logic :i* exi/$ 9 _! age4 ,!y are n examples to be foll[$ by u2 = ! use ( language ought 9 e g5]ation to become cle>] & cle>]4 ,l ,%akespe>e1 !y 7 great 9 spite1 n 9 consequ5ce1 ( _! imp]fections ( expression4 ,b !re is no reason = return+ to ! necess>y obscurity :i* prevail$ 9 ! infancy ( lit]ature4 ,! ,engli% poets ( ! la/ c5tury 7 c]ta9ly n obscure2 & we h no excuse = los+ :at !y _h ga9$1 or = go+ back to ! e>li] or transitional age :i* prec$$ !m4 ,! ?\ght ( our own times has n out-/ripp$ language2 a want ( ,plato's 'art ( measur+' is ! real cause ( ! disproportion betwe5 !m4 #c4 ,9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,republic a ne>] approa* is made to a !ory ( art ?an any:]e else 9 ,plato4 ,8 views may be summ$ up z foll[s3--,true art is n fanciful & imitative1 b simple & ideal1--! expression ( ! highe/ moral en]gy1 :e!r 9 action or repose4 ,to live among works ( pla/ic art :i* are ( ?is noble & simple "*1 or to li/5 to su* /ra9s1 is ! be/ ( influ5ces1--! true ,greek atmosph]e1 9 :i* y\? %\ld be br\ght up4 ,t is ! way to create 9 !m a natural good ta/e1 :i* w h a feel+ ( tru? & beauty 9 all ?+s4 ,= ?\gh ! poets are to be expell$1 /ill art is recogniz$ z ano!r aspect ( li reason--l love 9 ! ,symposium1 ext5d+ ov] ! same sph]e1 b conf9$ to ! prelim9>y education1 & act+ ?r\gh ! p[] ( habit 7vii4 #ebb ,a72 & ?is conception ( art is n limit$ to /ra9s ( music or ! =ms ( pla/ic art1 b p]vades all nature & has a wide k9dr$ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,republic ( ,plato1 l ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles1 has an arti/ic z well z a political side4 ,!re is h>dly any m5tion 9 ,plato ( ! creative arts2 only 9 two or ?ree passages does he ev5 allude to !m 7cp4 ,rep4 iv4 #dbj2 ,soph4 #bcf ,a74 ,he is n lo/ 9 rapture at ! great works ( ,phidias1 ! ,p>!non1 ! ,propylea1 ! /atues ( ,zeus or ,a!ne4 ,he w\ld probably h reg>d$ any ab/ract tru? ( numb] or figure 7#ebi ,e7 z high] ?an ! greate/ ( !m4 ,yet x is h>d to suppose t "s influ5ce1 su* z he hopes to inspire 9 y\?1 did n pass into 8 own m9d f ! works ( art :i* he saw ar\nd him4 ,we are liv+ ^u ! fragm5ts ( !m1 & f9d 9 a few brok5 /ones ! /&>d ( tru? & beauty4 ,b 9 ,plato ?is feel+ has no expression2 he n[h]e says t beauty is ! object ( art2 he seems to d5y t wisdom c take an ext]nal =m 7,pha$rus1 #bej ,e72 he does n di/+ui% ! f9e f ! me*anical arts4 ,:e!r or no1 l "s writ]s1 he felt m ?an he express$1 x is at any rate rem>kable t ! greate/ p]fection ( ! f9e arts %\ld co9cide ) an almo/ entire sil5ce ab\t !m4 ,9 "o v /rik+ passage he tells u t a "w ( art1 l ! ,/ate1 is a :ole2 & ?is conception ( a :ole & ! love ( ! newly-born ma!matical sci5ces may be reg>d$1 if n z ! inspir+1 at any rate z ! regulat+ pr9ciples ( ,greek art 7cp4 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #aj4 #f2 & ,sophi/1 #bce1 #bcf74 #d4 ,plato makes ! true & subtle rem>k t ! physician _h bett] n be 9 robu/ heal?2 & %\ld h kn[n :at illness is 9 8 own p]son4 ,b ! judge ought to h _h no simil> exp]i5ce ( evil2 he is to be a good man :o1 hav+ pass$ 8 y\? 9 innoc5ce1 became acqua9t$ late 9 life ) ! vices ( o!rs4 ,& !re=e1 accord+ to ,plato1 a judge %\ld n be "y1 j z a "y man accord+ to ,ari/otle is n fit to be a he>] ( moral philosophy4 ,! bad1 on ! o!r h&1 h a k ( vice1 b no k lii ( virtue4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is tra9 ( reflection is well f\nd$4 ,9 a rem>kable passage ( ! ,laws 7xii4 #iej ,b7 x is ackn[l$g$ t ! evil may =m a correct e/imate ( ! good4 ,! union ( g5tl5ess & c\rage 9 ,book ii4 at fir/ seem$ to be a p>adox1 yet 0 aft]w>ds asc]ta9$ to be a tru?4 ,& ,plato might also h f\nd t ! intuition ( evil may be consi/5t ) ! abhorr5ce ( x 7cp4 infra1 ix4 #ehb74 ,!re is a directness ( aim 9 virtue :i* gives an insight into vice4 ,& ! k ( "* is 9 "s degree a natural s5se indep5d5t ( any special exp]i5ce ( good or evil4 #e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable conceptions ( ,plato1 because un-,greek & also v diff]5t f any?+ :i* exi/$ at all 9 8 age ( ! _w1 is ! transposition ( ranks4 ,9 ! ,sp>tan /ate !re _h be5 enfran*isem5t ( ,helots & degradation ( citiz5s "u special circum/ances4 ,& 9 ! anci5t ,greek ari/ocracies1 m]it 0 c]ta9ly recogniz$ z "o ( ! elem5ts on :i* gov]nm5t 0 bas$4 ,! f\nd]s ( /ates 7 suppos$ to be _! b5efactors1 :o 7 rais$ by _! great actions above ! ord9>y level ( humanity2 at a lat] p]iod1 ! s]vices ( w>riors & legislators 7 held to entitle !m & _! desc5dants to ! privileges ( citiz5%ip & to ! fir/ rank 9 ! /ate4 ,& al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( an ideal ari/ocracy is sl5d]ly prov5 f ! rema9s ( e>ly ,greek hi/ory1 & we h a difficulty 9 ascrib+ su* a "*1 h[ev] ! idea may be def9$1 to any actual ,hell5ic /ate--or inde$ to any /ate :i* has ev] exi/$ 9 ! _w--/ill ! rule ( ! be/ 0 c]ta9ly ! aspiration ( philosoph]s1 :o probably accommodat$ a good deal _! views ( primitive hi/ory to _! own notions ( good gov]nm5t4 ,plato fur!r insi/s on apply+ to ! gu>dians ( 8 /ate a s]ies ( te/s by :i* all ^? :o fell %ort ( a fix$ /&>d 7 ei!r remov$ f ! gov]n+ body1 or n admitt$ to x2 & ?is 'academic' discipl9e did to a c]ta9 ext5t prevail 9 ,greek /ates1 especially 9 ,sp>ta4 ,he also indicates t ! sy/em ( ca/e1 :i* exi/$ 9 a great "p ( ! anci5t1 & is by no means ext9ct 9 ! mod]n ,european _w1 %\ld be set aside f "t to "t 9 fav\r ( m]it4 ,he is aw>e h[ deeply ! great] "p ( liii mank9d res5t any int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( society1 & !re=e he proposes 8 novel idea 9 ! =m ( :at he himself calls a 'mon/r\s fiction4' 7,comp>e ! c]emony ( prep>ation = ! two 'great waves' 9 ,book v47 ,two pr9ciples are indicat$ by him3 fir/1 t !re is a di/9ction ( ranks dep5d5t on circum/ances prior to ! individual3 second1 t ?is di/9ction is & ought to be brok5 ?r\gh by p]sonal qualities4 ,he adapts my?ology l ! ,hom]ic poems to ! wants ( ! /ate1 mak+ '! ,pho5ician tale' ! vehicle ( 8 ideas4 ,e ,greek /ate _h a my? respect+ its own orig92 ! ,platonic republic may also h a tale ( e>?born m54 ,! gravity & v]isimilitude ) :i* ! tale is told1 & ! analogy ( ,greek tradition1 are a suffici5t v]ification ( ! 'mon/r\s falsehood4' ,anci5t poetry _h spok5 ( a gold & silv] & brass & iron age succe$+ "o ano!r1 b ,plato supposes ^! diff]5ces 9 ! natures ( m5 to exi/ toge!r 9 a s+le /ate4 ,my?ology supplies a figure "u :i* ! lesson may be taught 7z ,protagoras says1 '! my? is m int]e/+'71 & also enables ,plato to t\* lightly on new pr9ciples )\t go+ into details4 ,9 ?is passage he %ad[s =? a g5]al tru?1 b he does n tell u by :at /eps ! transposition ( ranks is to be effect$4 ,inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,republic he all[s ! l[] ranks to fade into ! di/ance4 ,we d n "k :e!r !y are to c>ry arms1 & :e!r 9 ! fif? book !y are or are n includ$ 9 ! communi/ic regulations respect+ prop]ty & m>riage4 ,nor is !re any use 9 argu+ /rictly ei!r f a few *ance words1 or f ! sil5ce ( ,plato1 or 9 draw+ inf]5ces :i* 7 beyond 8 vision4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 criticism on ! position ( ! l[] classes1 does n p]ceive t ! poetical creation is 'l ! air1 invuln]able1' & _c be p5etrat$ by ! %afts ( 8 logic 7,pol4 #b1 #e1 #ah foll474 #f4 ,two p>adoxes :i* /rike ! mod]n read] z 9 ! highe/ degree fanciful & ideal1 & :i* sugge/ to him _m reflections1 are to be f\nd 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,republic3 fir/1 ! great p[] ( music1 s mu* beyond any influ5ce :i* is exp]i5c$ by u 9 mod]n times1 :5 ! art or sci5ce has be5 f> m develop$1 & has f\nd liv ! secret ( h>mony1 z well z ( melody2 secondly1 ! indef9ite & almo/ absolute control :i* ! s\l is suppos$ to ex]cise ov] ! body4 ,9 ! fir/ we suspect "s degree ( exagg]ation1 su* z we may also obs]ve among c]ta9 ma/]s ( ! art1 n unkn[n to u1 at ! pres5t day4 ,) ?is natural en?usiasm1 :i* is felt by a few only1 !re seems to m+le 9 ,plato a sort ( ,py?agorean rev]5ce = numb]s & num]ical proportion to :i* ,ari/otle is a /rang]4 ,int]vals ( s\nd & numb] are to him sacr$ ?+s :i* h a law ( _! own1 n dep5d5t on ! v>iations ( s5se4 ,!y rise above s5se1 & become a connect+ l9k ) ! _w ( ideas4 ,b x is evid5t t ,plato is describ+ :at to him appe>s to be also a fact4 ,! p[] ( a simple & *>act]i/ic melody on ! impressible m9d ( ! ,greek is m ?an we c easily appreciate4 ,! effect ( national airs may be> "s comp>ison ) x4 ,&1 besides all ?is1 !re is a confusion betwe5 ! h>mony ( musical notes & ! h>mony ( s\l & body1 :i* is s pot5tly inspir$ by !m4 ,! second p>adox leads up to "s curi\s & int]e/+ que/ions--,h[ f> c ! m9d control ! body8 ,is ! relation betwe5 !m "o ( mutual antagonism or ( mutual h>mony8 ,are !y two or "o1 & is ei!r ( !m ! cause ( ! o!r8 ,may we n at times drop ! opposition betwe5 !m1 & ! mode ( describ+ !m1 :i* is s famili> to u1 & yet h>dly conveys any precise mean+1 & try to view ?is composite creature1 man1 9 a m simple mann]8 ,mu/ we n at any rate admit t !re is 9 human nature a high] & a l[] pr9ciple1 divid$ by no di/9ct l9e1 :i* at times break asund] & take up arms aga9/ "o ano!r8 ,or aga91 !y are reconcil$ & move toge!r1 ei!r unconsci\sly 9 ! ord9>y "w ( life1 or consci\sly 9 ! pursuit ( "s noble aim1 to be atta9$ n )\t an ef=t1 & = :i* e ?\ght & n]ve are /ra9$4 ,& !n ! body becomes ! good fri5d or ally1 or s]vant or in/rum5t ( ! m9d4 ,& ! m9d has (t5 a wond]ful & almo/ sup]human p[] ( bani%+ disease & weakness & call+ out a hidd5 /r5g?4 ,reason & ! desires1 ! intellect & ! s5ses are br\ght into h>mony & ob$i5ce s z to =m a lv s+le human be+4 ,!y are ev] p>t+1 ev] meet+2 & ! id5tity or div]sity ( _! t5d5cies or op]ations is = ! mo/ "p unnotic$ by u4 ,:5 ! m9d t\*es ! body ?r\gh ! appetites1 we ackn[l$ge ! responsibility ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 u :i* says ',dr9k4' ,!re is ano!r :i* says1 ',d n dr9k2 x is n good = y4' ,& we all ( u "k :i* is ! rightful sup]ior4 ,we are also responsible = our heal?1 al?\gh into ?is sph]e !re ent] "s elem5ts ( necessity :i* may be beyond our control4 ,/ill ev5 9 ! managem5t ( heal?1 c>e & ?\ght1 cont9u$ ov] _m ye>s1 may make u almo/ free ag5ts1 if we d n exact too mu* ( ourselves1 & if we ackn[l$ge t all human fre$om is limit$ by ! laws ( nature & ( m9d4 ,we are disappo9t$ to f9d t ,plato1 9 ! g5]al condemnation :i* he passes on ! practice ( m$ic9e prevail+ 9 8 own day1 depreciates ! effects ( diet4 ,he w\ld l to h diseases ( a def9ite "* & capable ( receiv+ a def9ite treatm5t4 ,he is afraid ( invalidism int]f]+ ) ! bus9ess ( life4 ,he does n recognize t "t is ! great heal] bo? ( m5tal & bodily disord]s2 & t rem$ies :i* are gradual & proce$ little by little are saf] ?an ^? :i* produce a sudd5 cata/rophe4 ,nei!r does he see t !re is no way 9 :i* ! m9d c m surely influ5ce ! body ?an by ! control ( eat+ & dr9k+2 or any o!r action or occasion ( human life on :i* ! high] fre$om ( ! w c be m simple or truly ass]t$4 #g4 ,less] matt]s ( /yle may be rem>k$4 7#a7 ,! affect$ ignorance ( music1 :i* is ,plato's way ( express+ t he is pass+ lightly ov] ! subject4 7#b7 ,! t5tative mann] 9 :i* "h1 z 9 ! second book1 he proce$s ) ! con/ruction ( ! ,/ate4 7#c7 ,! description ( ! ,/ate sometimes z a reality 7#chi ,d2 #daf ,b71 & !n aga9 z a "w ( imag9ation only 7cp4 #ecd ,c2 #eib ,b72 ^! are ! arts by :i* he su/a9s ! read]'s int]e/4 7#d7 ,connect+ l9ks 7e4g4 #djh ,c ) #cgi71 or ! prep>ation 7#cid ,d7 = ! entire expulsion ( ! poets 9 ,book x4 7#e7 ,! companion pictures ( ! lov] ( litigation & ! valetud9>ian 7#dje71 ! satirical je/ ab\t ! maxim ( ,phocylides 7#djg71 ! mann] 9 :i* lvi ! image ( ! gold & silv] citiz5s is tak5 up into ! subject 7#daf ,e71 & ! argum5t f ! practice ( ,asclepius 7#djg71 %\ld n escape notice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,iv4 99#dai99 ,adeimantus said3 ',suppose a p]son to argue1 ,socrates1 t y make y\r citiz5s mis]able1 & ?is by _! own free-w2 !y are ! lords ( ! city1 & yet in/ead ( hav+1 l o!r m51 l&s & h\ses & money ( _! own1 !y live z m]c5>ies & are always m\nt+ gu>d4' 99#dbj99 ,y may add1 ,i repli$1 t !y receive no pay b only _! food1 & h no money to sp5d on a j\rney or a mi/ress4 ',well1 & :at answ] d y give8' ,my answ] is1 t our gu>dians may or may n be ! happie/ ( m51--,i %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d 9 ! long-run t !y 71--b ?is is n ! aim ( our con/itution1 :i* 0 design$ = ! good ( ! :ole & n ( any "o "p4 ,if ,i w5t to a sculptor & blam$ him = hav+ pa9t$ ! eye1 :i* is ! noble/ feature ( ! face1 n purple b black1 he w\ld reply3 ',! eye mu/ be an eye1 & y %\ld look at ! /atue z a :ole4' ',n[ ,i c well imag9e a fool's p>adise1 9 :i* ev]ybody is eat+ & dr9k+1 clo!d 9 purple & f9e l951 & pott]s lie on s(as & h _! :eel at h&1 t !y may "w a little :5 !y please2 99#dba99 & cobbl]s & all ! o!r classes ( a ,/ate lose _! di/9ctive "*4 ,& a ,/ate may get on )\t cobbl]s2 b :5 ! gu>dians deg5]ate into boon companions1 !n ! ru9 is complete4 ,rememb] t we are n talk+ ( peasants keep+ holiday1 b ( a ,/ate 9 :i* e man is expect$ to d 8 own "w4 ,! happ9ess resides n 9 ?is or t class1 b 9 ! ,/ate z a :ole4 ,i h ano!r rem>k to make3--,a middle condition is be/ = artisans2 !y %\ld h money en\gh to buy tools1 & n en\gh to be indep5d5t ( bus9ess4 ,& w n ! same condition be be/ = our citiz5s8 ,if !y are poor1 !y w be mean2 99#dbb99 if ri*1 luxuri\s & lazy2 & 9 nei!r case cont5t$4 ',b !n h[ w our poor city be able to g to w> aga9/ an enemy :o has money8' ,!re may be a difficulty 9 fight+ aga9/ "o enemy2 aga9/ two !re w be none4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! conte/ w be lvii c>ri$ on by tra9$ w>riors aga9/ well-to-d citiz5s3 & is n a regul> a?lete an easy mat* = two /\t oppon5ts at lea/8 ,suppose also1 t be=e engag+ we s5d ambassadors to "o ( ! two cities1 say+1 ',silv] & gold we h n2 d y help u & take our %>e ( ! spoil2'--:o w\ld fight aga9/ ! lean1 wiry dogs1 :5 !y might jo9 ) !m 9 prey+ ^u ! fatt$ %eep8 ',b if _m /ates jo9 _! res\rces1 %all we n be 9 dang]8' ,i am amus$ to he> y use ! ^w '/ate' ( any b our own ,/ate4 99#dbc99 ,!y are '/ates1' b n 'a /ate'--_m 9 "o4 ,= 9 e /ate !re are two ho/ile nations1 ri* & poor1 :i* y may set "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,b our ,/ate1 :ile %e rema9s true to h] pr9ciples1 w be 9 v de$ ! mightie/ ( ,hell5ic /ates4 ,to ! size ( ! /ate !re is no limit b ! necessity ( unity2 x mu/ be nei!r too l>ge nor too small to be "o4 ,?is is a matt] ( second>y importance1 l ! pr9ciple ( transposition :i* 0 intimat$ 9 ! p>able ( ! e>?born m54 ,! mean+ !re impli$ 0 t e man %\ld d t = :i* he 0 fitt$1 & be at "o ) himself1 & !n ! :ole city w\ld be unit$4 ,b all ^! ?+s are second>y1 if education1 :i* is ! great matt]1 be duly reg>d$4 99#dbd99 ,:5 ! :eel has once be5 set 9 motion1 ! spe$ is always increas+2 & ea* g5]ation improves ^u ! prec$+1 bo? 9 physical & moral qualities4 ,! c>e ( ! gov]nors %\ld be direct$ to pres]ve music & gymna/ic f innovation2 alt] ! songs ( a c\ntry1 ,damon says1 & y w soon end by alt]+ its laws4 ,! *ange appe>s innoc5t at fir/1 & beg9s 9 play2 b ! evil soon becomes s]i\s1 work+ secretly ^u ! *>act]s ( individuals1 !n ^u social & comm]cial relations1 & la/ly ^u ! in/itutions ( a /ate2 & !re is ru9 & confusion ev]y:]e4 99#dbe99 ,b if education rema9s 9 ! e/abli%$ =m1 !re w be no dang]4 ,a re/orative process w be always go+ on2 ! _s ( law & ord] w raise up :at has fall5 d[n4 ,nor w any regulations be ne$$ = ! less] matt]s ( life--rules ( deportm5t or fa%ions ( dress4 ,l invites l = good or = evil4 ,education w correct defici5cies & supply ! p[] ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,f> be x f u to ent] into ! lviii p>ticul>s ( legislation2 let ! gu>dians take c>e ( education1 & education w take c>e ( all o!r ?+s4 ,b )\t education !y may pat* & m5d z !y please2 !y w make no progress1 any m ?an a pati5t :o ?9ks to cure himself by "s fav\rite rem$y & w n give up 8 luxuri\s mode ( liv+4 99#dbf99 ,if y tell su* p]sons t !y mu/ fir/ alt] _! habits1 !n !y gr[ angry2 !y are *>m+ p4 ',*>m+1--nay1 ! v rev]se4' ,evid5tly ^! g5tlem5 are n 9 y\r good graces1 nor ! /ate :i* is l !m4 ,& su* /ates !re are :i* fir/ orda9 "u p5alty ( dea? t no "o %all alt] ! con/itution1 & !n suff] !mselves to be flatt]$ into & out ( any?+2 & he :o indulges !m & fawns ^u !m1 is _! lead] & savi\r4 ',yes1 ! m5 are z bad z ! /ates4' ,b d y n admire _! clev]ness8 ',nay1 "s ( !m are /upid en\gh to believe :at ! p tell !m4' ,& :5 all ! _w is tell+ a man t he is six feet high1 & he has no measure1 h[ c he believe any?+ else8 ,b don't get into a passion3 to see our /atesm5 try+ _! no/rums1 99#dbg99 & fancy+ t !y c cut (f at a bl[ ! ,hydra-l rogu]ies ( mank9d1 is z good z a play4 ,m9ute enactm5ts are sup]flu\s 9 good /ates1 & are useless 9 bad ones4 ,& n[ :at rema9s ( ! "w ( legislation8 ,no?+ = u2 b to ,apollo ! god ( ,delphi we leave ! ord]+ ( ! greate/ ( all ?+s--t is to say1 religion4 ,only our ance/ral deity sitt+ ^u ! c5tre & navel ( ! e>? w be tru/$ by u if we h any s5se1 9 an affair ( su* magnitude4 ,no =eign god %all be supreme 9 our realms4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,introduction4 ,"h1 z ,socrates w\ld say1 let u 'reflect on' 7,greek3 skopm57 :at has prec$$3 ?us f> we h spok5 n ( ! happ9ess ( ! citiz5s1 b only ( ! well-be+ ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y may be ! happie/ ( m51 b our pr9cipal aim 9 f\nd+ ! ,/ate 0 n to make !m happy4 ,!y 7 to be gu>dians1 n holiday-mak]s4 ,9 ?is pleasant mann] is pres5t$ to u ! fam\s "q bo? ( anci5t & mod]n philosophy1 t\*+ ! relation ( duty to happ9ess1 ( "r to utility4 ,fir/ duty1 !n happ9ess1 is ! natural ord] ( our moral ideas4 ,! utilit>ian pr9ciple is valuable z a corrective ( lix error1 & %[s to u a side ( e?ics :i* is apt to be neglect$4 ,x may be admitt$ fur!r t "r & utility are co-ext5sive1 & t he :o makes ! happ9ess ( mank9d 8 object has "o ( ! highe/ & noble/ motives ( human action4 ,b utility is n ! hi/orical basis ( morality2 nor ! aspect 9 :i* moral & religi\s ideas commonly occur to ! m9d4 ,! greate/ happ9ess ( all is1 z we believe1 ! f>-(f result ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,! greate/ happ9ess ( ! individual is c]ta9ly to be f\nd 9 a life ( virtue & goodness4 ,b we seem to be m assur$ ( a law ( "r ?an we c be ( a div9e purpose1 t 'all mank9d %\ld be sav$2' & we inf] ! "o f ! o!r4 ,& ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! individual may be ! rev]se ( ! greate/ happ9ess 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 & may be realis$ 9 a life ( pa91 or 9 a volunt>y dea?4 ,fur!r1 ! ^w 'happ9ess' has sev]al ambiguities2 x may mean ei!r pleasure or an ideal life1 happ9ess subjective or objective1 9 ?is _w or 9 ano!r1 ( ourselves only or ( our neighb\rs & ( all m5 ev]y:]e4 ,by ! mod]n f\nd] ( ,utilit>ianism ! self-reg>d+ & dis9t]e/$ motives ( action are includ$ "u ! same t]m1 al?\gh !y are commonly oppos$ by u z b5evol5ce & self-love4 ,! ^w happ9ess has n ! def9it5ess or ! sacr$ness ( 'tru?' & '"r'2 x does n equally appeal to our high] nature1 & has n sunk into ! consci5ce ( mank9d4 ,x is associat$ too mu* ) ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( life2 too little ) '! goods ( ! s\l :i* we desire = _! own sake4' ,9 a great trial1 or dang]1 or temptation1 or 9 any great & h]oic action1 x is sc>cely ?\ght (4 ,= ^! reasons '! greate/ happ9ess' pr9ciple is n ! true f\ndation ( e?ics4 ,b ?\gh n ! fir/ pr9ciple1 x is ! second1 :i* is l unto x1 & is (t5 ( easi] application4 ,= ! l>g] "p ( human actions are nei!r "r nor wrong1 except 9 s f> z !y t5d to ! happ9ess ( mank9d 7cp4 ,introd4 to ,gorgias & ,philebus74 ,! same "q reappe>s 9 politics1 :]e ! useful or exp$i5t seems to claim a l>g] sph]e & to h a great] au?ority4 ,= conc]n+ political measures1 we *iefly ask3 ,h[ w !y affect ! happ9ess ( mank9d8 ,yet "h too we may obs]ve t :at we t]m exp$i5cy is m]ely ! law ( lx "r limit$ by ! conditions ( human society4 ,"r & tru? are ! highe/ aims ( gov]nm5t z well z ( individuals2 & we ought n to lose sight ( !m because we _c directly en=ce !m4 ,!y appeal to ! bett] m9d ( nations2 & sometimes !y are too mu* = m]ely temporal int]e/s to resi/4 ,!y are ! wat*words :i* all m5 use 9 matt]s ( public policy1 z well z 9 _! private deal+s2 ! peace ( ,europe may be said to dep5d ^u !m4 ,9 ! mo/ comm]cial & utilit>ian /ates ( society ! p[] ( ideas rema9s4 ,& all ! high] class ( /atesm5 h 9 !m some?+ ( t idealism :i* ,p]icles is said to h ga!r$ f ! tea*+ ( ,anaxagoras4 ,!y recognise t ! true lead] ( m5 mu/ be above ! motives ( ambition1 & t national "* is ( great] value ?an mat]ial com=t & prosp]ity4 ,& ?is is ! ord] ( ?\ght 9 ,plato2 fir/1 he expects 8 citiz5s to d _! duty1 & !n "u fav\rable circum/ances1 t is to say1 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate1 _! happ9ess is assur$4 ,t he 0 f> f exclud+ ! mod]n pr9ciple ( utility 9 politics is suffici5tly evid5t f o!r passages2 9 :i* '! mo/ b5eficial is affirm$ to be ! mo/ hon\rable' 7v4 #deg ,b71 & also '! mo/ sacr$' 7v4 #deh ,e74 ,we may note 7#a7 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! objection ( ,adeimantus "h1 z 9 ii4 #ceg foll41 #cfc2 vi4 ad init41 etc41 is design$ to draw out & deep5 ! argum5t ( ,socrates4 7#b7 ,! conception ( a :ole z ly+ at ! f\ndation bo? ( politics & ( art1 9 ! latt] supply+ ! only pr9ciple ( criticism1 :i*1 "u ! v>i\s names ( h>mony1 symmetry1 measure1 proportion1 unity1 ! ,greek seems to h appli$ to works ( art4 7#c7 ,! requirem5t t ! ,/ate %\ld be limit$ 9 size1 aft] ! traditional model ( a ,greek /ate2 z 9 ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle 7vii4 #d1 etc471 ! fact t ! cities ( ,hellas 7 small is conv]t$ into a pr9ciple4 7#d7 ,! humor\s pictures ( ! lean dogs & ! fatt$ %eep1 ( ! light active box] upsett+ two /\t g5tlem5 at lea/1 ( ! '*>m+' pati5ts :o are always mak+ !mselves worse2 or aga91 ! playful assumption t !re is no ,/ate b our own2 or ! grave irony ) :i* ! /atesman is excus$ :o believes t he is six feet high because he is told s1 & hav+ no?+ to measure ) is to be p>don$ = 8 ignorance--he is too lxi amus+ = u to be s]i\sly angry ) him4 7#e7 ,! light & sup]ficial mann] 9 :i* religion is pass$ ov] :5 provision has be5 made = two great pr9ciples1--fir/1 t religion %all be bas$ on ! highe/ conception ( ! gods 7ii4 #cgg foll471 secondly1 t ! true national or ,hell5ic type %all be ma9ta9$4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,analysis4 ,socrates proce$s3 ,b :]e amid all ?is is ju/ice8 ,son ( ,ari/on1 tell me :]e4 ,light a c&le & se>* ! city1 & get y\r bro!r & ! re/ ( our fri5ds to help 9 seek+ = h]4 ',t won't d1' repli$ ,glaucon1 'y y\rself promis$ to make ! se>* & talk$ ab\t ! impiety ( des]t+ ju/ice4' ,well1 ,i said1 ,i w lead ! way1 b d y foll[4 ,my notion is1 t our ,/ate be+ p]fect w conta9 all ! f\r virtues--wisdom1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 ju/ice4 99#dbh99 ,if we elim9ate ! ?ree fir/1 ! unkn[n rema9d] w be ju/ice4 ,fir/ !n1 ( wisdom3 ! ,/ate :i* we h call$ into be+ w be wise because politic4 ,& policy is "o among _m k9ds ( skill1--n ! skill ( ! c>p5t]1 or ( ! work] 9 metal1 or ( ! husb&man1 b ! skill ( him :o advises ab\t ! int]e/s ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,( su* a k9d is ! skill ( ! gu>dians1 99#dbi99 :o are a small class 9 numb]1 f> small] ?an ! blacksmi?s2 b 9 !m is conc5trat$ ! wisdom ( ! ,/ate4 ,& if ?is small rul+ class h wisdom1 !n ! :ole ,/ate w be wise4 ,our second virtue is c\rage1 :i* we h no difficulty 9 f9d+ 9 ano!r class--t ( soldi]s4 ,c\rage may be def9$ z a sort ( salvation--! nev]-fail+ salvation ( ! op9ions :i* law & education h prescrib$ conc]n+ dang]s4 ,y "k ! way 9 :i* dy]s fir/ prep>e ! :ite gr\nd & !n lay on ! dye ( purple or ( any o!r col\r4 ,col\rs dy$ 9 ?is way become fix$1 & no soap or lye w ev] wa% !m out4 99#dcj99 ,n[ ! gr\nd is education1 & ! laws are ! col\rs2 & if ! gr\nd is prop]ly laid1 nei!r ! soap ( pleasure nor ! lye ( pa9 or fe> w ev] wa% !m out4 ,?is p[] :i* pres]ves "r op9ion ab\t dang] ,i w\ld ask y to call 'c\rage1' add+ ! epi!t 'political' or 'civiliz$' 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f m]e animal c\rage & f a high] c\rage :i* may h]eaft] be discuss$4 lxii ,two virtues rema92 temp]ance & ju/ice4 ,m ?an ! prec$+ virtues 99#dca99 temp]ance sugge/s ! idea ( h>mony4 ,"s light is ?r[n ^u ! nature ( ?is virtue by ! popul> description ( a man z 'ma/] ( himself'--:i* has an absurd s\nd1 because ! ma/] is also ! s]vant4 ,! expression really means t ! bett] pr9ciple 9 a man ma/]s ! worse4 ,!re are 9 cities :ole classes--wom51 slaves & ! l--:o correspond to ! worse1 & a few only to ! bett]2 & 9 our ,/ate ! =m] class are held "u control by ! latt]4 ,n[ to :i* ( ^! classes does temp]ance belong8 ',to bo? ( !m4' ,& our ,/ate if any w be ! abode ( temp]ance2 & we 7 "r 9 describ+ ?is virtue z a h>mony :i* is diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole1 99#dcb99 mak+ ! dwell]s 9 ! city to be ( "o m9d1 & attun+ ! upp] & middle & l[] classes l ! /r+s ( an in/rum5t1 :e!r y suppose !m to diff] 9 wisdom1 /r5g? or weal?4 ,& n[ we are ne> ! spot2 let u draw 9 & surr\nd ! cov] & wat* ) all our eyes1 le/ ju/ice %\ld slip away & escape4 ,tell me1 if y see ! ?icket move fir/4 ',nay1 ,i w\ld h y lead4' ,well !n1 (f] up a pray] & foll[4 ,! way is d>k & difficult2 b we mu/ pu% on4 ,i beg9 to see a track4 ',good news4' ,:y1 ,glaucon1 our dulness ( sc5t is q ludicr\s6 ,:ile we are /ra9+ our eyes into ! di/ance1 ju/ice is tumbl+ out at our feet4 ,we are z bad z p look+ = a ?+ :i* !y h 9 _! h&s4 ,h y =gott5 our old 99#dcc99 pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r1 or ( e man do+ 8 own bus9ess1 conc]n+ :i* we spoke at ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ate--:at b ?is 0 ju/ice8 ,is !re any o!r virtue rema9+ :i* c compete ) wisdom & temp]ance & c\rage 9 ! scale ( political virtue8 ,= 'e "o hav+ 8 own' is ! great object ( gov]nm5t2 99#dcd99 & ! great object ( trade is t e man %\ld d 8 own bus9ess4 ,n t !re is mu* h>m 9 a c>p5t] try+ to be a cobbl]1 or a cobbl] trans=m+ himself into a c>p5t]2 b great evil may arise f ! cobbl] leav+ 8 la/ & turn+ into a gu>dian or legislator1 or :5 a s+le individual is tra9]1 w>rior1 legislator1 all 9 "o4 ,& ?is evil is inju/ice1 or e man do+ ano!r's bus9ess4 ,i d n say t z yet we are 9 a condition to arrive at a f9al conclusion4 ,= ! lxiii def9ition :i* we believe to hold good 9 /ates has /ill to be te/$ by ! individual4 ,hav+ read ! l>ge lett]s we w n[ come back to ! small4 ,f ! two toge!r a brilliant light may be /ruck out4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,introduction4 ,socrates proce$s to discov] ! nature ( ju/ice by a me?od ( residues4 ,ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree virtues corresponds to "o ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! s\l & "o ( ! ?ree classes 9 ! ,/ate1 al?\gh ! ?ird1 temp]ance1 has m ( ! nature ( a h>mony ?an ! fir/ two4 ,if !re be a f\r? virtue1 t c only be s\ght = 9 ! relation ( ! ?ree p>ts 9 ! s\l or classes 9 ! ,/ate to "o ano!r4 ,x is obvi\s & simple1 & = t v reason has n be5 f\nd out4 ,! mod]n logician w be incl9$ to object t ideas _c be sep>at$ l *emical sub/ances1 b t !y run into "o ano!r & may be only diff]5t aspects or names ( ! same ?+1 & su* 9 ?is in/ance appe>s to be ! case4 ,= ! def9ition "h giv5 ( ju/ice is v]bally ! same z "o ( ! def9itions ( temp]ance giv5 by ,socrates 9 ! ,*>mides 7#afb ,a71 :i* h[ev] is only provisional1 & is aft]w>ds reject$4 ,& s f> f ju/ice rema9+ ov] :5 ! o!r virtues are elim9at$1 ! ju/ice & temp]ance ( ! ,republic c ) difficulty be di/+ui%$4 ,temp]ance appe>s to be ! virtue ( a "p only1 & "o ( ?ree1 :]eas ju/ice is a univ]sal virtue ( ! :ole s\l4 ,yet on ! o!r h& temp]ance is also describ$ z a sort ( h>mony1 & 9 ?is respect is ak9 to ju/ice4 ,ju/ice seems to diff] f temp]ance 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d2 :]eas temp]ance is ! h>mony ( discordant elem5ts1 ju/ice is ! p]fect ord] by :i* all natures & classes d _! own bus9ess1 ! "r man 9 ! "r place1 ! division & co-op]ation ( all ! citiz5s4 ,ju/ice1 aga91 is a m ab/ract notion ?an ! o!r virtues1 & !re=e1 f ,plato's po9t ( view1 ! f\ndation ( !m1 to :i* !y are ref]r$ & :i* 9 idea prec$es !m4 ,! proposal to omit temp]ance is a m]e trick ( /yle int5d$ to avoid monotony 7cp4 vii4 #ebh74 ,!re is a fam\s "q discuss$ 9 "o ( ! e>li] ,dialogues ( ,plato 7,protagoras1 #cbi1 #ccj2 cp4 ,ari/4 ,nic4 ,e?ics1 vi4 #ac4 #f71 ',:e!r ! virtues are "o or _m8' ,?is receives an answ] :i* is to ! effect t !re are f\r c>d9al virtues lxiv 7n[ = ! fir/ "t br\ght toge!r 9 e?ical philosophy71 & "o supreme ov] ! re/1 :i* is n l ,ari/otle's conception ( univ]sal ju/ice1 virtue relative to o!rs1 b ! :ole ( virtue relative to ! p>ts4 ,to ?is univ]sal conception ( ju/ice or ord] 9 ! fir/ education & 9 ! moral nature ( man1 ! /ill m univ]sal conception ( ! good 9 ! second education & 9 ! sph]e ( speculative k seems to succe$4 ,bo? might be equally describ$ by ! t]ms 'law1' 'ord]1' 'h>mony2' b :ile ! idea ( good embraces 'all "t & all exi/5ce1' ! conception ( ju/ice is n ext5d$ beyond man4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,analysis4 444 ,socrates is n[ go+ to id5tify ! individual & ! ,/ate4 ,b fir/ he mu/ prove t !re are ?ree p>ts ( ! individual s\l4 ,8 argum5t is z foll[s3--,quantity makes no diff]5ce 9 quality4 ,! ^w 'j1' :e!r appli$ to ! individual or to ! ,/ate1 has ! same mean+4 ,& ! t]m 'ju/ice' impli$ t ! same ?ree pr9ciples 9 ! ,/ate & 9 ! individual 7 do+ _! own bus9ess4 ,b are !y really ?ree or "o8 ,! "q is difficult1 & "o :i* c h>dly be solv$ by ! me?ods :i* we are n[ us+2 b ! tru] & long] way w\ld take up too mu* ( our "t4 ',! %ort] w satisfy me4' ,well !n1 y w\ld admit t ! qualities ( /ates mean ! qualities ( ! individuals :o compose !m8 ,! ,scy?ians & ,?racians are passionate1 our own race intellectual1 99#dcf99 & ! ,egyptians & ,pho5icians covet\s1 because ! individual memb]s ( ea* h su* & su* a "*2 ! difficulty is to det]m9e :e!r ! sev]al pr9ciples are "o or ?ree2 :e!r1 t is to say1 we reason ) "o "p ( our nature1 desire ) ano!r1 are angry ) ano!r1 or :e!r ! :ole s\l comes into play 9 ea* sort ( action4 ,?is enquiry1 h[ev]1 requires a v exact def9ition ( t]ms4 ,! same ?+ 9 ! same relation _c be affect$ 9 two opposite ways4 ,b !re is no impossibility 9 a man /&+ /ill1 yet mov+ 8 arms1 or 9 a top :i* is fix$ on "o spot go+ r\nd ^u its axis4 ,!re is no necessity to m5tion all ! possible exceptions2 99#dcg99 let u provisionally assume t opposites _c d or be or suff] opposites 9 ! same relation4 ,& to ! class ( opposites belong ass5t & diss5t1 desire & avoidance4 ,& "o =m lxv ( desire is ?ir/ & hung]3 & "h arises a new po9t--?ir/ is ?ir/ ( dr9k1 hung] is hung] ( food2 n ( w>m dr9k or ( a p>ticul> k9d ( food1 99#dch99 ) ! s+le exception ( c\rse t ! v fact ( our desir+ any?+ implies t x is good4 ,:5 relative t]ms h no attributes1 _! correlatives h no attributes2 :5 !y h attributes1 _! correlatives also h !m4 ,= example1 ! t]m 'great]' is simply relative to 'less1' & k ref]s to a subject ( k4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 a p>ticul> k is ( a p>ticul> subject4 ,aga91 e sci5ce has a di/9ct "*1 :i* is def9$ by an object2 m$ic9e1 = example1 is ! sci5ce ( heal?1 al?\gh n to be conf\nd$ ) heal?4 99#dci99 ,hav+ cle>$ our ideas ?us f>1 let u return to ! orig9al in/ance ( ?ir/1 :i* has a def9ite object--dr9k4 ,n[ ! ?ir/y s\l may feel two di/9ct impulses2 ! animal "o say+ ',dr9k2' ! rational "o1 :i* says ',d n dr9k4' ,! two impulses are contradictory2 & !re=e we may assume t !y spr+ f di/9ct pr9ciples 9 ! s\l4 ,b is passion a ?ird pr9ciple1 or ak9 to desire8 ,!re is a /ory ( a c]ta9 ,leontius :i* ?r[s "s light on ?is "q4 ,he 0 com+ up f ! ,piraeus outside ! nor? wall1 & he pass$ a spot :]e !re 7 dead bodies ly+ by ! execution]4 ,he felt a long+ desire to see !m & also an abhorr5ce ( !m2 at fir/ he turn$ away & %ut 8 eyes1 !n1 99#ddj99 sudd5ly te>+ !m op51 he said1--',take y\r fill1 ye wret*es1 ( ! fair sight4' ,n[ is !re n "h a ?ird pr9ciple :i* is (t5 f\nd to come to ! assi/ance ( reason aga9/ desire1 b nev] ( desire aga9/ reason8 ,?is is passion or _s1 ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( :i* we may fur!r conv9ce ourselves by putt+ ! foll[+ case3--,:5 a man suff]s ju/ly1 if he be ( a g5]\s nature he is n indignant at ! h>d%ips :i* he und]goes3 b :5 he suff]s unju/ly1 8 indignation is 8 great support2 hung] & ?ir/ _c tame him2 ! _s )9 him mu/ d or die1 until ! voice ( ! %eph]d1 t is1 ( reason1 bidd+ 8 dog b>k no m1 is he>d )94 ,?is %[s t passion is ! ally ( reason4 99#dda99 ,is passion !n ! same ) reason8 ,no1 = ! =m] exi/s 9 *ildr5 & brutes2 & ,hom] af=ds a pro( ( ! di/9ction betwe5 !m :5 he says1 ',he smote 8 brea/1 & ?us rebuk$ 8 s\l4' lxvi ,& n[1 at la/1 we h rea*$ firm gr\nd1 & are able to inf] t ! virtues ( ! ,/ate & ( ! individual are ! same4 ,= wisdom & c\rage & ju/ice 9 ! ,/ate are sev]ally ! wisdom & c\rage & ju/ice 9 ! individuals :o =m ! ,/ate4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree classes w d ! "w ( its own class 9 ! ,/ate1 & ea* "p 9 ! individual s\l2 reason1 ! sup]ior1 & passion1 ! inf]ior1 99#ddb99 w be h>moniz$ by ! influ5ce ( music & gymna/ic4 ,! c\nsellor & ! w>rior1 ! head & ! arm1 w act toge!r 9 ! t[n ( ,mans\l1 & keep ! desires 9 prop] subjection4 ,! c\rage ( ! w>rior is t quality :i* pres]ves a "r op9ion ab\t dang]s 9 spite ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,! wisdom ( ! c\nsellor is t small "p ( ! s\l :i* has au?ority & reason4 ,! virtue ( temp]ance is ! fri5d%ip ( ! rul+ & ! subject pr9ciples1 bo? 9 ! ,/ate & 9 ! individual4 ,( ju/ice we h already spok52 & ! notion already giv5 ( x may be confirm$ by common in/ances4 ,w ! j /ate or ! j individual 99#ddc99 /eal1 lie1 commit adult]y1 or be guilty ( impiety to gods & m58 ',no4' ,& is n ! reason ( ?is t ! sev]al pr9ciples1 :e!r 9 ! /ate or 9 ! individual1 d _! own bus9ess8 ,& ju/ice is ! quality :i* makes j m5 & j /ates4 ,moreov]1 our old division ( lab\r1 :i* requir$ t !re %\ld be "o man = "o use1 0 a dream or anticipation ( :at 0 to foll[2 & t dream has n[ be5 realiz$ 9 ju/ice1 :i* beg9s by b9d+ toge!r ! ?ree *ords ( ! s\l1 & !n acts h>moni\sly 9 e relation ( life4 99#ddd99 ,& inju/ice1 :i* is ! insubord9ation & disob$i5ce ( ! inf]ior elem5ts 9 ! s\l1 is ! opposite ( ju/ice1 & is inh>moni\s & unnatural1 be+ to ! s\l :at disease is to ! body2 = 9 ! s\l z well z 9 ! body1 good or bad actions produce good or bad habits4 ,& virtue is ! heal? & beauty & well-be+ ( ! s\l1 & vice is ! disease & weakness & de=mity ( ! s\l4 99#dde99 ,aga9 ! old "q returns ^u u3 ,is ju/ice or inju/ice ! m pr(itable8 ,! "q has become ridicul\s4 ,= inju/ice1 l mortal disease1 makes life n wor? hav+4 ,come up ) me to ! hill :i* ov]hangs ! city & look d[n ^u ! s+le =m ( virtue1 & ! inf9ite =ms ( vice1 lxvii among :i* are f\r special ones1 *>act]i/ic bo? ( /ates & ( individuals4 ,& ! /ate :i* corresponds to ! s+le =m ( virtue is t :i* we h be5 describ+1 :]e9 reason rules "u "o ( two names--mon>*y & ari/ocracy4 ,?us !re are five =ms 9 all1 bo? ( /ates & ( s\ls4444 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,introduction4 ,9 attempt+ to prove t ! s\l has ?ree sep>ate faculties1 ,plato takes occasion to discuss :at makes diff]5ce ( faculties4 ,& ! crit]ion :i* he proposes is diff]5ce 9 ! work+ ( ! faculties4 ,! same faculty _c produce contradictory effects4 ,b ! pa? ( e>ly reason]s is beset by ?orny entanglem5ts1 & he w n proce$ a /ep )\t fir/ cle>+ ! gr\nd4 ,?is leads him into a tiresome digression1 :i* is int5d$ to expla9 ! nature ( contradiction4 ,fir/1 ! contradiction mu/ be at ! same "t & 9 ! same relation4 ,secondly1 no extrane\s ^w mu/ be introduc$ into ei!r ( ! t]ms 9 :i* ! contradictory proposition is express$3 = example1 ?ir/ is ( dr9k1 n ( w>m dr9k4 ,he implies1 :at he does n say1 t if1 by ! advice ( reason1 or by ! impulse ( ang]1 a man is re/ra9$ f dr9k+1 ?is proves t ?ir/1 or desire "u :i* ?ir/ is includ$1 is di/9ct f ang] & reason4 ,b suppose t we all[ ! t]m '?ir/' or 'desire' to be modifi$1 & say an 'angry ?ir/1' or a 'rev5geful desire1' !n ! two sph]es ( desire & ang] ov]lap & become confus$4 ,?is case !re=e has to be exclud$4 ,& /ill !re rema9s an exception to ! rule 9 ! use ( ! t]m 'good1' :i* is always impli$ 9 ! object ( desire4 ,^! are ! discussions ( an age be=e logic2 & any "o :o is we>i$ by !m %\ld rememb] t !y are necess>y to ! cle>+ up ( ideas 9 ! fir/ developm5t ( ! human faculties4 ,! psy*ology ( ,plato ext5ds no fur!r ?an ! division ( ! s\l into ! rational1 irascible1 & concupisc5t elem5ts1 :i*1 z f> z we "k1 0 fir/ made by him1 & has be5 reta9$ by ,ari/otle & succe$+ e?ical writ]s4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ?is e>ly analysis ( ! m9d is to def9e exactly ! place ( ! irascible faculty 7,greek3 ?umo_/s71 :i* may be v>i\sly describ$ "u ! t]ms righte\s indignation1 _s1 passion4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( c\rage1 :i* includes 9 ,plato lxviii moral c\rage1 ! c\rage ( endur+ pa91 & ( surm\nt+ intellectual difficulties1 z well z ( meet+ dang]s 9 w>4 ,?\gh irrational1 x incl9es to side ) ! rational3 x _c be ar\s$ by puni%m5t :5 ju/ly inflict$3 x sometimes takes ! =m ( an en?usiasm :i* su/a9s a man 9 ! p]=mance ( great actions4 ,x is ! 'lion he>t' ) :i* ! reason makes a treaty 7ix4 #ehi ,b74 ,on ! o!r h& x is negative r ?an positive2 x is indignant at wrong or falsehood1 b does n1 l ,love 9 ! ,symposium & ,pha$rus1 aspire to ! vision ( ,tru? or ,good4 ,x is ! p]emptory milit>y _s :i* prevails 9 ! gov]nm5t ( hon\r4 ,x diff]s f ang] 7,greek3 o7rg_/71 ?is latt] t]m hav+ no accessory notion ( righte\s indignation4 ,al?\gh ,ari/otle has reta9$ ! ^w1 yet we may obs]ve t 'passion' 7,greek3 ?umo_/s7 has ) him lo/ its aff9ity to ! rational & has become indi/+ui%able f 'ang]' 7,greek3 o7rg_/74 ,& to ?is v]nacul> use ,plato himself 9 ! ,laws seems to rev]t 7ix4 #hcf ,b71 ?\gh n always 7v4 #gca ,a74 ,by mod]n philosophy too1 z well z 9 our ord9>y conv]sation1 ! words ang] or passion are employ$ almo/ exclusively 9 a bad s5se2 !re is no connotation ( a j or reasonable cause by :i* !y are ar\s$4 ,! feel+ ( 'righte\s indignation' is too p>tial & accid5tal to admit ( our reg>d+ x z a sep>ate virtue or habit4 ,we are tempt$ also to d\bt :e!r ,plato is "r 9 suppos+ t an (f5d]1 h[ev] ju/ly condemn$1 c\ld be expect$ to ackn[l$ge ! ju/ice ( 8 s5t5ce2 ?is is ! _s ( a philosoph] or m>tyr r ?an ( a crim9al4 ,we may obs]ve 7p4 #ddd ,d1 ,e7 h[ ne>ly ,plato approa*es ,ari/otle's fam\s !sis1 t 'good actions produce good habits4' ,! words 'z heal?y practices 7,greek3 e7pitdeu_/mata7 produce heal?1 s d j practices produce ju/ice1' h a s\nd v l ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,b we note also t an incid5tal rem>k 9 ,plato has become a f>-rea*+ pr9ciple 9 ,ari/otle1 & an insep>able "p ( a great ,e?ical sy/em4 ,!re is a difficulty 9 und]/&+ :at ,plato meant by '! long] way' 7#dce ,d2 cp4 infra1 vi4 #ejd73 he seems to intimate "s metaphysic ( ! future :i* w n be satisfi$ ) argu+ f ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,9 ! six? & sev5? books 7comp>e ,sophi/ & ,p>m5ides7 he has giv5 lxix u a sket* ( su* a metaphysic2 b :5 ,glaucon asks = ! f9al revelation ( ! idea ( good1 he is put (f ) ! decl>ation t he has n yet /udi$ ! prelim9>y sci5ces4 ,h[ he w\ld h fill$ up ! sket*1 or argu$ ab\t su* que/ions f a high] po9t ( view1 we c only conjecture4 ,p]haps he hop$ to f9d "s a priori me?od ( develop+ ! p>ts out ( ! :ole2 or he might h ask$ :i* ( ! ideas conta9s ! o!r ideas1 & possibly h /umbl$ on ! ,hegelian id5tity ( ! 'ego' & ! 'univ]sal4' ,or he may h imag9$ t ideas might be con/ruct$ 9 "s mann] analog\s to ! con/ruction ( figures & numb]s 9 ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 & necess>y tru? 0 to ,plato ! univ]sal2 & to ?is he 0 always seek+ to ref] all k or op9ion1 j z 9 mod]n times we seek to re/ !m on ! opposite pole ( induction & exp]i5ce4 ,! aspirations ( metaphysicians h always t5d$ to pass beyond ! limits ( human ?\ght & language3 !y seem to h rea*$ a height at :i* !y are 'mov+ ab\t 9 worlds unrealiz$1' & _! conceptions1 al?\gh pr(\ndly affect+ _! own m9ds1 become invisible or un9telligible to o!rs4 ,we are n !re=e surpriz$ to f9d t ,plato himself has n[h]e cle>ly expla9$ 8 doctr9e ( ideas2 or t 8 s*ool 9 a lat] g5]ation1 l 8 contempor>ies ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 7 unable to foll[ him 9 ?is region ( speculation4 ,9 ! ,sophi/1 :]e he is refut+ ! scepticism :i* ma9ta9$ ei!r t !re 0 no su* ?+ z pr$ication1 or t all might be pr$icat$ ( all1 he arrives at ! conclusion t "s ideas comb9e ) "s1 b n all ) all4 ,b he makes only "o or two /eps =w>d on ?is pa?2 he n[h]e atta9s to any connect$ sy/em ( ideas1 or ev5 to a k ( ! mo/ elem5t>y relations ( ! sci5ces to "o ano!r 7see infra74 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,v4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,v4 99#ddi99 ,i 0 go+ to enum]ate ! f\r =ms ( vice or decl9e 9 /ates1 :5 ,polem>*us--he 0 sitt+ a little f>!r f me ?an ,adeimantus--tak+ him by ! coat & lean+ t[>ds him1 said some?+ 9 an und]tone1 ( :i* ,i only caught ! words1 ',%all we let him (f8' ',c]ta9ly n1' said ,adeimantus1 rais+ 8 voice4 ,:om1 ,i said1 are y lxx n go+ to let (f8 ',y1' he said4 ,:y8 ',because we ?9k t y are n deal+ fairly ) u 9 omitt+ wom5 & *ildr51 ( :om y h slily dispos$ "u ! g5]al =mula t fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common4' ,& 0 ,i n "r8 ',yes1' he repli$1 'b !re are _m sorts ( communism or community1 & we want to "k :i* ( !m is "r4 ,! company1 z y h j he>d1 are resolv$ to h a fur!r explanation4' 99#dej99 ,?rasyma*us said1 ',d y ?9k t we h come hi!r to dig = gold1 or to he> y disc\rse8' ,yes1 ,i said2 b ! disc\rse %\ld be ( a reasonable l5g?4 ,glaucon add$1 ',yes1 ,socrates1 & !re is reason 9 sp5d+ ! :ole ( life 9 su* discussions2 b pray1 )\t m ado1 tell u h[ ?is community is to be c>ri$ out1 & h[ ! int]val betwe5 bir? & education is to be fill$ up4' ,well1 ,i said1 ! subject has sev]al difficulties--,:at is possible8 is ! fir/ "q4 ,:at is desirable8 is ! second4 ',fe> n1' he repli$1 '= y are speak+ among fri5ds4' ,t1 ,i repli$1 is a sorry consolation2 ,i %all de/roy my fri5ds z well z myself4 99#dea99 ,n t ,i m9d a little innoc5t laught]2 b he :o kills ! tru? is a murd]]4 ',!n1' said ,glaucon1 laugh+1 '9 case y %\ld murd] u we w acquit y be=eh&1 & y %all be held free f ! guilt ( deceiv+ u4' ,socrates proce$s3--,! gu>dians ( our /ate are to be wat*-dogs1 z we h already said4 ,n[ dogs are n divid$ into hes & %es--we d n take ! mascul9e g5d] out to hunt & leave ! females at home to look aft] _! puppies4 ,!y h ! same employm5ts--! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t ! "o sex is /rong] & ! o!r weak]4 ,b if wom5 are to h ! same employm5ts z m51 !y mu/ h ! same education--!y mu/ be taught music & gymna/ics1 & ! art ( w>4 99#deb99 ,i "k t a great joke w be made ( _! rid+ on horseback & c>ry+ weapons2 ! sight ( ! nak$ old wr9kl$ wom5 %[+ _! agility 9 ! palae/ra w c]ta9ly n be a vision ( beauty1 & may be expect$ to become a fam\s je/4 ,b we mu/ n m9d ! wits2 !re 0 a "t :5 !y might h laugh$ at our pres5t gymna/ics4 ,all is habit3 p h at la/ f\nd out t ! exposure is bett] ?an ! concealm5t ( ! lxxi p]son1 & n[ !y laugh no m4 ,evil only %\ld be ! subject ( ridicule4 99#dec99 ,! fir/ "q is1 :e!r wom5 are able ei!r :olly or p>tially to %>e 9 ! employm5ts ( m54 ,& "h we may be *>g$ ) inconsi/5cy 9 mak+ ! proposal at all4 ,= we />t$ orig9ally ) ! division ( lab\r2 & ! div]sity ( employm5ts 0 bas$ on ! diff]5ce ( natures4 ,b is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom58 ,nay1 are !y n :olly diff]5t8 ,!re 0 ! difficulty1 ,glaucon1 :i* made me unwill+ to speak ( family relations4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a man is out ( 8 dep?1 :e!r 9 a pool or 9 an ocean1 he c only swim = 8 life2 & we mu/ try to f9d a way ( escape1 if we c4 99#ded99 ,! argum5t is1 t diff]5t natures h diff]5t uses1 & ! natures ( m5 & wom5 are said to diff]4 ,b ?is is only a v]bal opposition4 ,we d n consid] t ! diff]5ce may be purely nom9al & accid5tal2 = example1 a bald man & a hairy man are oppos$ 9 a s+le po9t ( view1 b y _c inf] t because a bald man is a cobbl] a hairy man ought n to be a cobbl]4 ,n[ :y is su* an inf]5ce errone\s8 ,simply because ! opposition betwe5 !m is p>tial only1 l ! diff]5ce betwe5 a male physician & a female physician1 n runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole nature1 l ! diff]5ce betwe5 a physician & a c>p5t]4 ,& if ! diff]5ce ( ! sexes is only t ! "o beget & ! o!r be> *ildr51 ?is does n prove t !y ought to h di/9ct educations4 99#dee99 ,admitt+ t wom5 diff] f m5 9 capacity1 d n m5 equally diff] f "o ano!r8 ,has n nature scatt]$ all ! qualities :i* our citiz5s require indiff]5tly up & d[n among ! two sexes8 & ev5 9 _! peculi> pursuits1 are n wom5 (t51 ?\gh 9 "s cases sup]ior to m51 ridicul\sly en\gh surpass$ by !m8 ,wom5 are ! same 9 k9d z m51 & h ! same aptitude or want ( aptitude = m$ic9e or gymna/ic or w>1 99#def99 b 9 a less degree4 ,"o woman w be a good gu>dian1 ano!r n2 & ! good mu/ be *os5 to be ! colleagues ( our gu>dians4 ,if h[ev] _! natures are ! same1 ! inf]5ce is t _! education mu/ also be ! same2 !re is no long] any?+ unnatural or impossible 9 a woman le>n+ music lxxii & gymna/ic4 ,& ! education :i* we give !m w be ! v be/1 f> sup]ior to t ( cobbl]s1 & w tra9 up ! v be/ wom51 & no?+ c be m advantage\s to ! ,/ate ?an ?is4 99#deg99 ,!re=e let !m /rip1 clo!d 9 _! *a/ity1 & %>e 9 ! toils ( w> & 9 ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry2 he :o laughs at !m is a fool = 8 pa9s4 ,! fir/ wave is pa/1 & ! argum5t is compell$ to admit t m5 & wom5 h common duties & pursuits4 ,a second & great] wave is roll+ 9--community ( wives & *ildr52 is ?is ei!r exp$i5t or possible8 ,! exp$i5cy ,i d n d\bt2 ,i am n s sure ( ! possibility4 ',nay1 ,i ?9k t a consid]able d\bt w be ent]ta9$ on bo? po9ts4' ,i meant to h escap$ ! tr\ble ( prov+ ! fir/1 b z y h detect$ ! little /ratagem ,i mu/ ev5 submit4 99#deh99 ,only all[ me to fe$ my fancy l ! solit>y 9 8 walks1 ) a dream ( :at might be1 & !n ,i w return to ! "q ( :at c be4 ,9 ! fir/ place our rul]s w en=ce ! laws & make new ones :]e !y are want$1 & _! allies or m9i/]s w obey4 ,y1 z legislator1 h already select$ ! m52 & n[ y %all select ! wom54 ,aft] ! selection has be5 made1 !y w dwell 9 common h\ses & h _! meals 9 common1 & w be br\ght toge!r by a necessity m c]ta9 ?an t ( ma!matics4 ,b !y _c be all[$ to live 9 lic5ti\sness2 t is an unholy ?+1 :i* ! rul]s are det]m9$ to prev5t4 ,= ! avoidance ( ?is1 99#dei99 holy m>riage fe/ivals w be in/itut$1 & _! hol9ess w be 9 proportion to _! usefulness4 ,& "h1 ,glaucon1 ,i %\ld l to ask 7z ,i "k t y are a bre$] ( birds & animals71 ,d y n take ! greate/ c>e 9 ! mat+8 ',c]ta9ly4' ,& !re is no reason to suppose t less c>e is requir$ 9 ! m>riage ( human be+s4 ,b !n our rul]s mu/ be skilful physicians ( ! ,/ate1 = !y w (t5 ne$ a /rong dose ( falsehood 9 ord] to br+ ab\t desirable unions betwe5 _! subjects4 ,! good mu/ be pair$ ) ! good1 & ! bad ) ! bad1 & ! (fspr+ ( ! "o mu/ be re>$1 & ( ! o!r de/roy$2 9 ?is way ! flock w be pres]v$ 9 prime condition4 99#dfj99 ,hym5eal fe/ivals w be celebrat$ at times fix$ ) an eye to population1 & ! brides & bridegrooms w lxxiii meet at !m2 & by an +5i\s sy/em ( lots ! rul]s w contrive t ! brave & ! fair come toge!r1 & t ^? ( inf]ior bre$ are pair$ ) inf]iors--! latt] w ascribe to *ance :at is really ! inv5tion ( ! rul]s4 ,& :5 *ildr5 are born1 ! (fspr+ ( ! brave & fair w be c>ri$ to an enclosure 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! city1 & !re att5d$ by suitable nurses2 ! re/ w be hurri$ away to places unkn[n4 ,! mo!rs w be br\ght to ! fold & w suckle ! *ildr52 c>e h[ev] mu/ be tak5 t none ( !m recognise _! own (fspr+2 & if necess>y o!r nurses may also be hir$4 ,! tr\ble ( wat*+ & gett+ up at night w be transf]r$ to att5dants4 ',!n ! wives ( our gu>dians w h a f9e easy "t :5 !y are hav+ *ildr54' ,& q "r too1 ,i said1 t !y %\ld4 ,! p>5ts ought to be 9 ! prime ( life1 :i* = a man may be reckon$ at ?irty ye>s--f tw5ty-five1 99#dfa99 :5 he has 'pass$ ! po9t at :i* ! spe$ ( life is greate/1' to fifty-five2 & at tw5ty ye>s = a woman--f tw5ty to =ty4 ,any "o above or bel[ ^? ages :o p>takes 9 ! hym5eals %all be guilty ( impiety2 also e "o :o =ms a m>riage connexion at o!r times )\t ! cons5t ( ! rul]s4 ,?is latt] regulation applies to ^? :o are )9 ! specifi$ ages1 aft] :i* !y may range at w1 provid$ !y avoid ! prohibit$ degrees ( p>5ts & *ildr51 or ( bro!rs & si/]s1 :i* la/1 h[ev]1 are n absolutely prohibit$1 if a disp5sation be procur$4 ',b h[ %all we "k ! degrees ( aff9ity1 :5 all ?+s are common8' ,! answ] is1 t bro!rs & si/]s are all su* z are born sev5 or n9e mon?s aft] ! esp\sals1 & _! p>5ts ^? :o are !n esp\s$1 99#dfb99 & e "o w h _m *ildr5 & e *ild _m p>5ts4 ,socrates proce$s3 ,i h n[ to prove t ?is s*eme is advantage\s & also consi/5t ) our entire polity4 ,! greate/ good ( a ,/ate is unity2 ! greate/ evil1 discord & di/raction4 ,& !re w be unity :]e !re are no private pleasures or pa9s or int]e/s--:]e if "o memb] suff]s all ! memb]s suff]1 if "o citiz5 is t\*$ all are quickly s5sitive2 & ! lea/ hurt to ! little f+] ( ! ,/ate runs ?r\gh ! :ole body & vibrates to ! s\l4 ,= ! true lxxiv ,/ate1 l an individual1 is injur$ z a :ole :5 any "p is affect$4 99#dfc99 ,e ,/ate has subjects & rul]s1 :o 9 a democracy are call$ rul]s1 & 9 o!r ,/ates ma/]s3 b 9 our ,/ate !y are call$ savi\rs & allies2 & ! subjects :o 9 o!r ,/ates are t]m$ slaves1 are by u t]m$ nurtur]s & payma/]s1 & ^? :o are t]m$ comrades & colleagues 9 o!r places1 are by u call$ fa!rs & bro!rs4 ,& :]eas 9 o!r ,/ates memb]s ( ! same gov]nm5t reg>d "o ( _! colleagues z a fri5d & ano!r z an enemy1 9 our ,/ate no man is a /rang] to ano!r2 = e citiz5 is connect$ ) e o!r by ties ( blood1 & ^! names & ?is way ( speak+ w h a correspond+ reality--bro!r1 fa!r1 si/]1 "m1 repeat$ f infancy 9 ! e>s ( *ildr51 w n be m]e words4 99#dfd99 ,!n aga9 ! citiz5s w h all ?+s 9 common1 9 hav+ common prop]ty !y w h common pleasures & pa9s4 ,c !re be /rife & cont5tion among ^? :o are ( "o m9d2 or lawsuits ab\t prop]ty :5 m5 h no?+ b _! bodies :i* !y call _! own2 or suits ab\t viol5ce :5 e "o is b\nd to def5d himself8 99#dfe99 ,! p]mission to /rike :5 insult$ w be an 'antidote' to ! knife & w prev5t di/urbances 9 ! ,/ate4 ,b no y\ng] man w /rike an eld]2 rev]5ce w prev5t him f lay+ h&s on 8 k9dr$1 & he w fe> t ! re/ ( ! family may retaliate4 ,moreov]1 our citiz5s w be rid ( ! less] evils ( life2 !re w be no flatt]y ( ! ri*1 no sordid h\sehold c>es1 no borr[+ & n pay+4 ,comp>$ ) ! citiz5s ( o!r ,/ates1 ours w be ,olympic victors1 & cr[n$ ) bless+s great] /ill--!y & _! *ildr5 hav+ a bett] ma9t5ance dur+ life1 & aft] dea? an hon\rable burial4 99#dff99 ,nor has ! happ9ess ( ! individual be5 sacrific$ to ! happ9ess ( ! ,/ate 7cp4 iv4 #dai ,e72 our ,olympic victor has n be5 turn$ into a cobbl]1 b he has a happ9ess beyond t ( any cobbl]4 ,at ! same "t1 if any conceit$ y\? beg9s to dream ( appropriat+ ! ,/ate to himself1 he mu/ be rem9d$ t 'half is bett] ?an ! :ole4' ',i %\ld c]ta9ly advise him to /ay :]e he is :5 he has ! promise ( su* a brave life4' ,b is su* a community possible8--z among ! animals1 s lxxv also among m52 & if possible1 9 :at way possible8 ,ab\t w> !re is no difficulty2 ! pr9ciple ( communism is adapt$ to milit>y s]vice4 ,p>5ts w take _! *ildr5 to look on at a battle1 99#dfg99 j z pott]s' boys are tra9$ to ! bus9ess by look+ on at ! :eel4 ,& to ! p>5ts !mselves1 z to o!r animals1 ! sight ( _! "y ones w prove a great inc5tive to brav]y4 ,"y w>riors mu/ le>n1 b !y mu/ n run into dang]1 al?\gh a c]ta9 degree ( risk is wor? incurr+ :5 ! b5efit is great4 ,! "y creatures %\ld be plac$ "u ! c>e ( exp]i5c$ vet]ans1 & !y %\ld h w+s--t is to say1 swift & tractable /e$s on :i* !y may fly away & escape4 99#dfh99 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be done is to tea* a y\? to ride4 ,c[>ds & des]t]s %all be degrad$ to ! class ( husb&m52 g5tlem5 :o all[ !mselves to be tak5 prison]s1 may be pres5t$ to ! enemy4 ,b :at %all be done to ! h]o8 ,fir/ ( all he %all be cr[n$ by all ! y\?s 9 ! army2 secondly1 he %all receive ! "r h& ( fell[%ip2 & ?irdly1 d y ?9k t !re is any h>m 9 8 be+ kiss$8 ,we h already det]m9$ t he %all h m wives ?an o!rs1 9 ord] t he may h z _m *ildr5 z possible4 ,& at a fea/ he %all h m to eat2 we h ! au?ority ( ,hom] = hon\r+ brave m5 ) 'long *9es1' :i* is an appropriate complim5t1 because meat is a v /r5g!n+ ?+4 ,fill ! b[l !n1 & give ! be/ seats & meats to ! brave--may !y d !m good6 ,& he :o dies 9 battle w be at once decl>$ to be ( ! gold5 race1 & w1 z we believe1 become "o ( ,hesiod's gu>dian angels4 99#dfi99 ,he %all be wor%ipp$ aft] dea? 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by ! oracle2 & n only he1 b all o!r b5efactors ( ! ,/ate :o die 9 any o!r way1 %all be admitt$ to ! same hon\rs4 ,! next "q is1 ,h[ %all we treat our enemies8 ,%all ,hell5es be enslav$8 ,no2 = !re is too great a risk ( ! :ole race pass+ "u ! yoke ( ! b>b>ians4 ,or %all ! dead be despoil$8 ,c]ta9ly n2 = t sort ( ?+ is an excuse = skulk+1 & has be5 ! ru9 ( _m an army4 ,!re is meanness & fem99e malice 9 mak+ an enemy ( ! dead body1 :5 ! s\l :i* 0 ! own] has fl$-- lxxvi l a dog :o _c rea* 8 assailants1 & qu>rels ) ! /ones :i* are ?r[n at him in/ead4 ,aga91 ! arms ( ,hell5es %\ld n be (f]$ up 9 ! temples ( ! ,gods2 99#dgj99 !y are a pollution1 = !y are tak5 f bre?r54 ,& on simil> gr\nds !re %\ld be a limit to ! deva/ation ( ,hell5ic t]ritory--! h\ses %\ld n be burnt1 nor m ?an ! annual produce c>ri$ (f4 ,= w> is ( two k9ds1 civil & =eign2 ! fir/ ( :i* is prop]ly t]m$ 'discord1' & only ! second 'w>2' & w> betwe5 ,hell5es is 9 reality civil w>--a qu>rel 9 a family1 :i* is ev] to be reg>d$ z unpatriotic & unnatural1 99#dga99 & ought to be prosecut$ ) a view to reconciliation 9 a true phil-,hell5ic _s1 z ( ^? :o w\ld *a/5 b n utt]ly enslave4 ,! w> is n aga9/ a :ole nation :o are a fri5dly multitude ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 b only aga9/ a few guilty p]sons2 :5 !y are puni%$ peace w be re/or$4 ,t is ! way 9 :i* ,hell5es %\ld w> aga9/ "o ano!r--& aga9/ b>b>ians1 z !y w> aga9/ "o ano!r n[4 ',b1 my de> ,socrates1 y are =gett+ ! ma9 "q3 ,is su* a ,/ate possible8 ,i grant all & m ?an y say ab\t ! bless$ness ( be+ "o family--fa!rs1 bro!rs1 mo!rs1 daught]s1 go+ out to w> toge!r2 b ,i want to asc]ta9 ! possibility ( ?is ideal ,/ate4' ,y are too unm]ciful4 99#dgb99 ,! fir/ wave & ! second wave ,i h h>dly escap$1 & n[ y w c]ta9ly dr[n me ) ! ?ird4 ,:5 y see ! t[]+ cre/ ( ! wave1 ,i expect y to take pity4 ',n a :it4' ,well1 !n1 we 7 l$ to =m our ideal polity 9 ! se>* aft] ju/ice1 & ! j man answ]$ to ! j ,/ate4 ,is ?is ideal at all ! worse = be+ impracticable8 ,w\ld ! picture ( a p]fectly beautiful man be any ! worse because no su* man ev] liv$8 ,c any reality come up to ! idea8 ,nature w n all[ words to be fully realiz$2 99#dgc99 b if ,i am to try & realize ! ideal ( ! ,/ate 9 a measure1 ,i ?9k t an approa* may be made to ! p]fection ( :i* ,i dream by "o or two1 ,i d n say slight1 b possible *anges 9 ! pres5t con/itution ( ,/ates4 ,i w\ld r$uce !m to a s+le "o--! great wave1 z ,i call x4 ,until1 !n1 k+s are philosoph]s1 or philosoph]s are k+s1 cities w nev] cease f ill3 no1 nor ! lxxvii human race2 nor w our ideal polity ev] come into be+4 ,i "k t ?is is a h>d say+1 :i* few w be able to receive4 ',socrates1 all ! _w w take (f 8 coat & ru% ^u y ) /icks & /ones1 99#dgd99 & !re=e ,i w\ld advise y to prep>e an answ]4' ,y got me into ! scrape1 ,i said4 ',& ,i 0 "r1' he repli$2 'h[ev]1 ,i w /& by y z a sort ( d-no?+1 well-mean+ ally4' ,hav+ ! help ( su* a *ampion1 ,i w d my be/ to ma9ta9 my position4 ,& fir/1 ,i mu/ expla9 ( :om ,i speak & :at sort ( natures ^! are :o are to be philosoph]s & rul]s4 ,z y are a man ( pleasure1 y w n h =gott5 h[ indiscrim9ate lov]s are 9 _! atta*m5ts2 !y love all1 & turn blemi%es into beauties4 ,! snub-nos$ y\? is said to h a w9n+ grace2 ! beak ( ano!r has a royal look2 ! featureless are faultless2 ! d>k are manly1 ! fair angels2 ! sickly h a new t]m ( ende>m5t inv5t$ expressly = !m1 :i* is 'honey-pale4' 99#dge99 ,lov]s ( w9e & lov]s ( ambition also desire ! objects ( _! affection 9 e =m4 ,n[ "h comes ! po9t3--,! philosoph] too is a lov] ( k 9 e =m2 he has an insatiable curiosity4 ',b w curiosity make a philosoph]8 ,are ! lov]s ( sights & s\nds1 :o let out _! e>s to e *orus at ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals1 to be call$ philosoph]s8' ,!y are n true philosoph]s1 b only an imitation4 ',!n h[ are we to describe ! true8' ,y w\ld ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( ab/ract ideas1 99#dgf99 su* z ju/ice1 beauty1 good1 evil1 :i* are sev]ally "o1 yet 9 _! v>i\s comb9ations appe> to be _m4 ,^? :o recognize ^! realities are philosoph]s2 :]eas ! o!r class he> s\nds & see col\rs1 & und]/& _! use 9 ! arts1 b _c atta9 to ! true or wak+ vision ( absolute ju/ice or beauty or tru?2 !y h n ! light ( k1 b ( op9ion1 & :at !y see is a dream only4 ,p]haps he ( :om we say ! la/ w be angry ) u2 c we pacify him )\t reveal+ ! disord] ( 8 m9d8 ,suppose we say t1 if he has k we rejoice to he> x1 b k mu/ be ( some?+ :i* is1 z ignorance is ( some?+ :i* is n2 99#dgg99 & !re is a ?ird ?+1 :i* bo? is & is n1 & is matt] ( op9ion only4 ,op9ion & k1 !n1 hav+ di/9ct objects1 mu/ also be di/9ct faculties4 ,& lxxviii by faculties ,i mean p[]s unse5 & di/+ui%able only by ! diff]5ce 9 _! objects1 z op9ion & k diff]1 s9ce ! "o is liable to err1 b ! o!r is un]r+ & is ! mightie/ ( all our faculties4 ,if be+ is ! object ( k1 99#dgh99 & n-be+ ( ignorance1 & ^! are ! extremes1 op9ion mu/ lie betwe5 !m1 & may be call$ d>k] ?an ! "o & bright] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is int]m$iate or cont+5t matt] is & is n at ! same "t1 & p>takes bo? ( exi/5ce & ( non-exi/5ce4 99#dgi99 ,n[ ,i w\ld ask my good fri5d1 :o d5ies ab/ract beauty & ju/ice1 & affirms a _m beautiful & a _m j1 :e!r ev]y?+ he sees is n 9 "s po9t ( view diff]5t--! beautiful ugly1 ! pi\s impi\s1 ! j unju/8 ,is n ! d\ble also ! half1 & are n heavy & light relative t]ms :i* pass into "o ano!r8 ,ev]y?+ is & is n1 z 9 ! old riddle--',a man & n a man %ot & did n %oot a bird & n a bird ) a /one & n a /one4' ,! m9d _c be fix$ on ei!r alt]native2 & ^! ambigu\s1 int]m$iate1 err+1 half-light$ objects1 :i* h a disord]ly movem5t 9 ! region betwe5 be+ & n-be+1 are ! prop] matt] ( op9ion1 99#dhj99 z ! immutable objects are ! prop] matt] ( k4 ,& he :o grovels 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & has only ?is unc]ta9 p]ception ( ?+s1 is n a philosoph]1 b a lov] ( op9ion only4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,v4 ,introduction4 ,! fif? book is ! new beg9n+ ( ! ,republic1 9 :i* ! community ( prop]ty & ( family are fir/ ma9ta9$1 & ! transition is made to ! k+dom ( philosoph]s4 ,= bo? ( ^! ,plato1 aft] 8 mann]1 has be5 prep>+ 9 "s *ance words ( ,book ,,iv 7#dbd ,a71 :i* fall unp]ceiv$ on ! read]'s m9d1 z !y are suppos$ at fir/ to h fall5 on ! e> ( ,glaucon & ,adeimantus4 ,! 'p>adoxes1' z ,morg5/]n t]ms !m1 ( ?is book ( ! ,republic w be res]v$ = ano!r place2 a few rem>ks on ! /yle1 & "s explanations ( difficulties1 may be briefly add$4 ,fir/1 !re is ! image ( ! waves1 :i* s]ves = a sort ( s*eme or plan ( ! book4 ,! fir/ wave1 ! second wave1 ! ?ird & greate/ wave come roll+ 91 & we he> ! ro> ( !m4 ,all t c be said ( ! extravagance ( ,plato's proposals is anticipat$ by himself4 ,no?+ is m admirable ?an ! lxxix hesitation ) :i* he proposes ! solemn text1 ',until k+s are philosoph]s1' c42 or ! reaction f ! sublime to ! ridicul\s1 :5 ,glaucon describes ! mann] 9 :i* ! new tru? w be receiv$ by mank9d4 ,"s defects & difficulties may be not$ 9 ! execution ( ! communi/ic plan4 ,no?+ is told u ( ! application ( communism to ! l[] classes2 nor is ! table ( prohibit$ degrees capable ( be+ made out4 ,x is q possible t a *ild born at "o hym5eal fe/ival may m>ry "o ( its own bro!rs or si/]s1 or ev5 "o ( its p>5ts1 at ano!r4 ,plato is afraid ( ince/u\s unions1 b at ! same "t he does n wi% to br+ be=e u ! fact t ! city w\ld be divid$ into families ( ^? born sev5 & n9e mon?s aft] ea* hym5eal fe/ival4 ,if x 7 wor? :ile to argue s]i\sly ab\t su* fancies1 we might rem>k t :ile all ! old aff9ities are aboli%$1 ! newly prohibit$ aff9ity re/s n on any natural or rational pr9ciple1 b only ^u ! accid5t ( *ildr5 hav+ be5 born 9 ! same mon? & ye>4 ,nor does he expla9 h[ ! lots c\ld be s manipulat$ by ! legislature z to br+ toge!r ! faire/ & be/4 ,! s+ul> expression 7#dfj ,e7 :i* is employ$ to describe ! age ( five-&-tw5ty may p]haps be tak5 f "s poet4 ,9 ! del9eation ( ! philosoph]1 ! illu/rations ( ! nature ( philosophy d]iv$ f love are m suit$ to ! appreh5sion ( ,glaucon1 ! ,a!nian man ( pleasure1 ?an to mod]n ta/es or feel+s 7cp4 v4 #dgd1 #dge74 ,!y are p>tly faceti\s1 b also conta9 a g]m ( tru?4 ,t sci5ce is a :ole1 rema9s a true pr9ciple ( inductive z well z ( metaphysical philosophy2 & ! love ( univ]sal k is /ill ! *>act]i/ic ( ! philosoph] 9 mod]n z well z 9 anci5t times4 ,at ! end ( ! fif? book ,plato introduces ! figm5t ( cont+5t matt]1 :i* has ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce bo? on ! ,e?ics & ,!ology ( ! mod]n _w1 & :i* occurs "h = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,he did n rem>k t ! degrees ( k 9 ! subject h no?+ correspond+ to !m 9 ! object4 ,) him a ^w mu/ answ] to an idea2 & he c\ld n conceive ( an op9ion :i* 0 an op9ion ab\t no?+4 ,! influ5ce ( analogy l$ him to inv5t 'p>allels & conjugates' & to ov]look facts4 ,to u lxxx "s ( 8 difficulties are puzzl+ only f _! simplicity3 we d n p]ceive t ! answ] to !m 'is tumbl+ out at our feet4' ,to ! m9d ( e>ly ?9k]s1 ! conception ( n-be+ 0 d>k & my/]i\s 7,sophi/1 #bed ,a72 !y did n see t ?is t]rible app>ition :i* ?reat5$ de/ruction to all k 0 only a logical det]m9ation4 ,! common t]m "u :i*1 ?r\gh ! accid5tal use ( language1 two entirely diff]5t ideas 7 includ$ 0 ano!r s\rce ( confusion4 ,?us ?r\gh ! ambiguity ( ,greek3 dokein1 phai_/netai1 e7_/oik51 k4t4l41 ,plato1 attempt+ to introduce ord] into ! fir/ *aos ( human ?\ght1 seems to h confus$ p]ception & op9ion1 & to h fail$ to di/+ui% ! cont+5t f ! relative4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus ! fir/ ( ^! difficulties beg9s to cle> up2 9 ! ,sophi/ ! second2 & = ?is1 z well z = o!r reasons1 bo? ^! dialogues are probably to be reg>d$ z lat] ?an ! ,republic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,vi4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,vi4 99#dhd99 ,hav+ det]m9$ t ! _m h no k ( true be+1 & h no cle> patt]ns 9 _! m9ds ( ju/ice1 beauty1 tru?1 & t philosoph]s h su* patt]ns1 we h n[ to ask :e!r !y or ! _m %all be rul]s 9 our ,/ate4 ,b :o c d\bt t philosoph]s %\ld be *os51 if !y h ! o!r qualities :i* are requir$ 9 a rul]8 99#dhe99 ,= !y are lov]s ( ! k ( ! et]nal & ( all tru?2 !y are hat]s ( falsehood2 _! mean] desires are absorb$ 9 ! int]e/s ( k2 !y are spectators ( all "t & all exi/5ce2 99#dhf99 & 9 ! magnific5ce ( _! contemplation ! life ( man is z no?+ to !m1 nor is dea? fe>ful4 ,also !y are ( a social1 graci\s disposition1 equally free f c[>dice & arrogance4 ,!y le>n & rememb] easily2 !y h h>moni\s1 well-regulat$ m9ds2 tru? fl[s to !m sweetly by nature4 ,c ! god ( ,jeal\sy himself 99#dhg99 f9d any fault ) su* an assemblage ( good qualities8 ,"h ,adeimantus int]poses3--',no man c answ] y1 ,socrates2 b e man feels t ?is is ow+ to 8 own defici5cy 9 argum5t4 ,he is driv5 f "o position to ano!r1 until he has no?+ m to say1 j z an unskilful play] at draughts is r$uc$ to 8 la/ move by a m skill$ oppon5t4 ,& yet all ! "t he may be "r4 lxxxi ,he may "k1 9 ?is v in/ance1 t ^? :o make philosophy ! bus9ess ( _! lives1 g5]ally turn out rogues if !y are bad m51 & fools if !y are good4 ,:at d y say8' ,i %\ld say t he is q "r4 ',!n h[ is su* an admission reconcileable ) ! doctr9e t philosoph]s %\ld be k+s8' 99#dhh99 ,i %all answ] y 9 a p>able :i* w also let y see h[ poor a h& ,i am at ! inv5tion ( allegories4 ,! relation ( good m5 to _! gov]nm5ts is s peculi>1 t 9 ord] to def5d !m ,i mu/ take an illu/ration f ! _w ( fiction4 ,conceive ! capta9 ( a %ip1 tall] by a head & %\ld]s ?an any ( ! crew1 yet a little deaf1 a little bl9d1 & r ignorant ( ! seaman's art4 ,! sailors want to /e]1 al?\gh !y "k no?+ ( ! art2 & !y h a !ory t x _c be le>n$4 ,if ! helm is refus$ !m1 !y drug ! capta9's posset1 b9d him h& & foot1 & take possession ( ! %ip4 ,he :o jo9s 9 ! mut9y is t]m$ a good pilot & :at n2 !y h no conception t ! true pilot mu/ obs]ve ! w9ds & ! />s1 & mu/ be _! ma/]1 :e!r !y l x or n2--su* an "o w\ld be call$ by !m fool1 prat]1 />-gaz]4 99#dhi99 ,?is is my p>able2 :i* ,i w beg y to int]pret = me to ^? g5tlem5 :o ask :y ! philosoph] has su* an evil "n1 & to expla9 to !m t n he1 b ^? :o w n use him1 are to blame = 8 uselessness4 ,! philosoph] %\ld n beg ( mank9d to be put 9 au?ority ov] !m4 ,! wise man %\ld n seek ! ri*1 z ! prov]b bids1 b e man1 :e!r ri* or poor1 mu/ knock at ! door ( ! physician :5 he has ne$ ( him4 ,n[ ! pilot is ! philosoph]--he :om 9 ! p>able !y call />-gaz]1 & ! mut9\s sailors are ! mob ( politicians by :om he is r5d]$ useless4 ,n t ^! are ! wor/ enemies ( philosophy1 :o is f> m di%on\r$ by h] own pr(ess+ sons :5 !y are corrupt$ by ! _w4 99#dij99 ,ne$ ,i recall ! orig9al image ( ! philosoph]8 ,did we n say ( him j n[1 t he lov$ tru? & hat$ falsehood1 & t he c\ld n re/ 9 ! multiplicity ( ph5om5a1 b 0 l$ by a sympa?y 9 8 own nature to ! contemplation ( ! absolute8 ,all ! virtues z well z tru?1 :o is ! lead] ( !m1 took up _! abode 9 8 s\l4 ,b z y 7 obs]v+1 if we turn aside to view ! reality1 we see lxxxii t ! p]sons :o 7 ?us describ$1 ) ! exception ( a small & useless class1 are utt] rogues4 ,! po9t :i* has to be consid]$1 is ! orig9 ( ?is corruption 9 nature4 99#dia99 ,e "o w admit t ! philosoph]1 9 our description ( him1 is a r>e be+4 ,b :at numb]less causes t5d to de/roy ^! r>e be+s6 ,!re is no good ?+ :i* may n be a cause ( evil--heal?1 weal?1 /r5g?1 rank1 & ! virtues !mselves1 :5 plac$ "u unfav\rable circum/ances4 ,= z 9 ! animal or vegetable _w ! /ronge/ se$s mo/ ne$ ! accompanim5t ( good air & soil1 s ! be/ ( human *>act]s turn out ! wor/ :5 !y fall ^u an unsuitable soil2 :]eas weak natures h>dly ev] d any consid]able good or h>m2 !y are n ! /uff out ( :i* ei!r great crim9als or great h]oes are made4 99#dib99 ,! philosoph] foll[s ! same analogy3 he is ei!r ! be/ or ! wor/ ( all m54 ,"s p]sons say t ! ,sophi/s are ! corrupt]s ( y\?2 b is n public op9ion ! real ,sophi/ :o is ev]y:]e pres5t--9 ^? v p]sons1 9 ! assembly1 9 ! c\rts1 9 ! camp1 9 ! applauses & hisses ( ! !atre re-e*o$ by ! surr\nd+ hills8 ,w n a "y man's he>t leap amid ^! discordant s\nds8 & w any education save him f be+ c>ri$ away by ! torr5t8 ,nor is ?is all4 ,= if he w n yield to op9ion1 !re foll[s ! g5tle compulsion ( exile or dea?4 ,:at pr9ciple ( rival ,sophi/s or anybody else c ov]come 9 su* an unequal conte/8 ,*>act]s !re may be m ?an human1 99#dic99 :o are exceptions--,god may save a man1 b n 8 own /r5g?4 ,fur!r1 ,i w\ld h y consid] t ! hirel+ ,sophi/ only gives back to ! _w _! own op9ions2 he is ! keep] ( ! mon/]1 :o kn[s h[ to flatt] or ang] him1 & obs]ves ! mean+ ( 8 in>ticulate grunts4 ,good is :at pleases him1 evil :at he dislikes2 tru? & beauty are det]m9$ only by ! ta/e ( ! brute4 ,su* is ! ,sophi/'s wisdom1 & su* is ! condition ( ^? :o make public op9ion ! te/ ( tru?1 :e!r 9 art or 9 morals4 ,! curse is laid ^u !m ( be+ & do+ :at x approves1 & :5 !y attempt fir/ pr9ciples ! failure is ludicr\s4 ,?9k ( all ?is & ask y\rself :e!r ! _w is m likely to be a believ] 9 ! unity ( ! idea1 or 9 ! multiplicity ( ph5om5a4 ,& ! _w if n a believ] lxxxiii 9 ! idea _c be a philosoph]1 99#did99 & mu/ !re=e be a p]secutor ( philosoph]s4 ,!re is ano!r evil3--! _w does n l to lose ! gift$ nature1 & s !y flatt] ! "y ,alcibiades into a magnific5t op9ion ( 8 own capacity2 ! tall1 prop] y\? beg9s to exp&1 & is dream+ ( k+doms & empires4 ,if at ?is in/ant a fri5d :isp]s to him1 ',n[ ! gods light5 !e2 ?\ art a great fool' & mu/ be educat$--d y ?9k t he w li/58 ,or suppose a bett] sort ( man :o is attract$ t[>ds philosophy1 w !y n make ,h]culean ef=ts to spoil & corrupt him8 99#die99 ,are we n "r 9 say+ t ! love ( k1 no less ?an ri*es1 may div]t him8 ,m5 ( ?is class ,critias (t5 become politicians--!y are ! au?ors ( great mis*ief 9 /ates1 & sometimes also ( great good4 ,& ?us philosophy is des]t$ by h] natural protectors1 & o!rs ent] 9 & di%on\r h]4 ,vulg> little m9ds see ! l& op5 & ru% f ! prisons ( ! arts into h] temple4 ,a clev] me*anic hav+ a s\l co>se z 8 body1 ?9ks t he w ga9 ca/e by becom+ h] suitor4 ,= philosophy1 ev5 9 h] fall5 e/ate1 has a dignity ( h] own--& he1 l a bald little blacksmi?'s appr5tice z he is1 hav+ made "s money & got out ( durance1 wa%es & dresses himself z a bridegroom & m>ries 8 ma/]'s daught]4 99#dif99 ,:at w be ! issue ( su* m>riages8 ,w !y n be vile & ba/>d1 devoid ( tru? & nature8 ',!y w4' ,small1 !n1 is ! remnant ( g5u9e philosoph]s2 !re may be a few :o are citiz5s ( small /ates1 9 :i* politics are n wor? ?9k+ (1 or :o h be5 deta9$ by ,!ages' bridle ( ill heal?2 = my own case ( ! oracul> sign is almo/ unique1 & too r>e to be wor? m5tion+4 ,& ^! few :5 !y h ta/$ ! pleasures ( philosophy1 & h tak5 a look at t d5 ( ?ieves & place ( wild bea/s1 :i* is human life1 w /& aside f ! /orm "u ! %elt] ( a wall1 & try to pres]ve _! own innoc5ce & to dep>t 9 peace4 ',a great "w1 too1 w h be5 accompli%$ by !m4' ,great1 yes1 b n ! greate/2 = man is a social be+1 & c only atta9 8 highe/ developm5t 9 ! society :i* is be/ suit$ to him4 99#dig99 ,en\gh1 !n1 ( ! causes :y philosophy has su* an evil "n4 ,ano!r "q is1 ,:i* ( exi/+ /ates is suit$ to h]8 ,n "o ( !m2 at pres5t %e is l "s exotic se$ lxxxiv :i* deg5]ates 9 a /range soil2 only 9 h] prop] /ate w %e be %[n to be ( heav5ly gr[?4 ',& is h] prop] /ate ours or "s o!r8' ,ours 9 all po9ts b "o1 :i* 0 left undet]m9$4 ,y may rememb] our say+ t "s liv+ m9d or witness ( ! legislator 0 ne$$ 9 /ates4 ,b we 7 afraid to ent] ^u a subject ( su* difficulty1 & n[ ! "q recurs & has n gr[n easi]3--,h[ may philosophy be safely /udi$8 ,let u br+ h] into ! light ( day1 & make an end ( ! inquiry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i say boldly t no?+ c be worse ?an ! pres5t mode ( /udy4 99#dih99 ,p]sons usually pick up a little philosophy 9 e>ly y\?1 & 9 ! int]vals ( bus9ess1 b !y nev] ma/] ! real difficulty1 :i* is dialectic4 ,lat]1 p]haps1 !y occasionally g to a lecture on philosophy4 ,ye>s advance1 & ! sun ( philosophy1 unlike t ( ,h]acleitus1 sets nev] to rise aga94 ,?is ord] ( education %\ld be rev]s$2 x %\ld beg9 ) gymna/ics 9 y\?1 & z ! man /r5g!ns1 he %\ld increase ! gymna/ics ( 8 s\l4 ,!n1 :5 active life is ov]1 let him f9ally return to philosophy4 ',y are 9 e>ne/1 ,socrates1 b ! _w w be equally e>ne/ 9 )/&+ y--no m ?an ,?rasyma*us4' ,d n make a qu>rel betwe5 ,?rasyma*us & me1 :o 7 nev] enemies & are n[ good fri5ds en\gh4 ,& ,i %all d my be/ to conv9ce him & all mank9d ( ! tru? ( my words1 or at any rate to prep>e = ! future :51 9 ano!r life1 we may aga9 take "p 9 simil> discussions4 ',t w be a long "t h5ce4' ,n long 9 comp>ison ) et]nity4 ,! _m w probably rema9 incr$ul\s1 = !y h nev] se5 ! natural unity ( ideas1 b only artificial juxtapositions2 n free & g5]\s ?\ghts1 b tricks ( controv]sy & quips ( law2-- 99#dii99 a p]fect man rul+ 9 a p]fect /ate1 ev5 a s+le "o !y h n kn[n4 ,& we =esaw t !re 0 no *ance ( p]fection ei!r 9 /ates or individuals until a necessity 0 laid ^u philosoph]s--n ! rogues1 b ^? :om we call$ ! useless class--( hold+ (fice2 or until ! sons ( k+s 7 inspir$ ) a true love ( philosophy4 ,:e!r 9 ! inf9ity ( pa/ "t !re has be51 or is 9 "s di/ant l&1 or ev] w be h]eaft]1 an ideal su* z we h describ$1 we /\tly ma9ta9 t !re has be51 is1 & lxxxv w be su* a /ate :5ev] ! ,muse ( philosophy rules4 99#ejj99 ,w y say t ! _w is ( ano!r m9d8 ,o1 my fri5d1 d n revile ! _w6 ,!y w soon *ange _! op9ion if !y are g5tly entreat$1 & are taught ! true nature ( ! philosoph]4 ,:o c hate a man :o loves him8 ,or be jeal\s ( "o :o has no jeal\sy8 ,consid]1 aga91 t ! _m hate n ! true b ! false philosoph]s--! pret5d]s :o =ce _! way 9 )\t invitation1 & are always speak+ ( p]sons & n ( pr9ciples1 :i* is unlike ! _s ( philosophy4 ,= ! true philosoph] despises e>?ly /rife2 8 eye is fix$ on ! et]nal ord] 9 accordance ) :i* he m\lds himself into ! ,div9e image 7& n himself only1 b o!r m571 & is ! creator ( ! virtues private z well z public4 ,:5 mank9d see t ! happ9ess ( /ates is only to be f\nd 9 t image1 w !y be angry ) u = attempt+ to del9eate x8 ',c]ta9ly n4 ,b :at w be ! process ( del9eation8' 99#eja99 ,! arti/ w d no?+ until he has made a tabula rasa2 on ?is he w inscribe ! con/itution ( a /ate1 glanc+ (t5 at ! div9e tru? ( nature1 & f t d]iv+ ! godlike among m51 m+l+ ! two elem5ts1 rubb+ out & pa9t+ 91 until !re is a p]fect h>mony or fusion ( ! div9e & human4 ,b p]haps ! _w w d\bt ! exi/5ce ( su* an arti/4 ,:at w !y d\bt8 ,t ! philosoph] is a lov] ( tru?1 hav+ a nature ak9 to ! be/8--& if !y admit ?is w !y /ill qu>rel ) u = mak+ philosoph]s our k+s8 ',!y w be less dispos$ to qu>rel4' 99#ejb99 ,let u assume !n t !y are pacifi$4 ,/ill1 a p]son may hesitate ab\t ! probability ( ! son ( a k+ be+ a philosoph]4 ,& we d n d5y t !y are v liable to be corrupt$2 b yet surely 9 ! c\rse ( ages !re might be "o exception--& "o is en\gh4 ,if "o son ( a k+ 7 a philosoph]1 & _h ob$i5t citiz5s1 he might br+ ! ideal polity into be+4 ,h5ce we conclude t our laws are n only ! be/1 b t !y are also possible1 ?\gh n free f difficulty4 ,i ga9$ no?+ by evad+ ! tr\blesome que/ions :i* arose conc]n+ wom5 & *ildr54 ,i w be wis] n[ & ackn[l$ge t we mu/ g to ! bottom ( ano!r "q3 ,:at is to be ! education ( our gu>dians8 ,x 0 lxxxvi agre$ t !y 7 to be lov]s ( _! c\ntry1 99#ejc99 & 7 to be te/$ 9 ! ref9]'s fire ( pleasures & pa9s1 & ^? :o came =? pure & rema9$ fix$ 9 _! pr9ciples 7 to h hon\rs & rew>ds 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,b at ?is po9t1 ! argum5t put on h] veil & turn$ into ano!r pa?4 ,i hesitat$ to make ! ass]tion :i* ,i n[ haz>d1--t our gu>dians mu/ be philosoph]s4 ,y rememb] all ! contradictory elem5ts1 :i* met 9 ! philosoph]--h[ difficult to f9d !m all 9 a s+le p]son6 ,intellig5ce & _s are n (t5 comb9$ ) /ead9ess2 ! /olid1 fe>less1 nature is av]se to intellectual toil4 ,& yet ^! opposite elem5ts are all necess>y1 & !re=e1 z we 7 say+ be=e1 ! aspirant mu/ be te/$ 9 pleasures & dang]s2 & also1 z we mu/ n[ fur!r add1 99#ejd99 9 ! highe/ bran*es ( k4 ,y w rememb]1 t :5 we spoke ( ! virtues m5tion 0 made ( a long] road1 :i* y 7 satisfi$ to leave unexplor$4 ',en\gh seem$ to h be5 said4' ,en\gh1 my fri5d2 b :at is en\gh :ile any?+ rema9s want+8 ,( all m5 ! gu>dian mu/ n fa9t 9 ! se>* aft] tru?2 he mu/ be prep>$ to take ! long] road1 or he w nev] rea* t high] region :i* is above ! f\r virtues2 & ( ! virtues too he mu/ n only get an outl9e1 b a cle> & di/9ct vision4 7,/range t we %\ld be s precise ab\t trifles1 s c>eless ab\t ! highe/ tru?s67 ',& :at are ! highe/8' 99#eje99 ,y to pret5d unconsci\sness1 :5 y h s (t5 he>d me speak ( ! idea ( good1 ab\t :i* we "k s little1 & )\t :i* ?\gh a man ga9 ! _w he has no pr(it ( x6 ,"s p imag9e t ! good is wisdom2 b ?is involves a circle1--! good1 !y say1 is wisdom1 wisdom has to d ) ! good4 ,accord+ to o!rs ! good is pleasure2 b !n comes ! absurdity t good is bad1 = !re are bad pleasures z well z good4 ,aga91 ! good mu/ h reality2 a man may desire ! appe>ance ( virtue1 b he w n desire ! appe>ance ( good4 ,ought our gu>dians !n to be ignorant ( ?is supreme pr9ciple1 99#ejf99 ( :i* e man has a pres5tim5t1 & )\t :i* no man has any real k ( any?+8 ',b1 ,socrates1 :at is ?is supreme pr9ciple1 k or pleasure1 or :at8 ,y may ?9k me tr\blesome1 b ,i say t y h no bus9ess to be always lxxxvii repeat+ ! doctr9es ( o!rs in/ead ( giv+ u y\r own4' ,c ,i say :at ,i d n "k8 ',y may (f] an op9ion4' ,& w ! bl9dness & crook$ness ( op9ion cont5t y :5 y might h ! light & c]ta9ty ( sci5ce8 ',i w only ask y to give su* an explanation ( ! good z y h giv5 already ( temp]ance & ju/ice4' ,i wi% t ,i c\ld1 b 9 my pres5t mood ,i _c rea* to ! height ( ! k ( ! good4 99#ejg99 ,to ! p>5t or pr9cipal ,i _c introduce y1 b to ! *ild begott5 9 8 image1 :i* ,i may comp>e ) ! int]e/ on ! pr9cipal1 ,i w4 7,audit ! acc\nt1 & d n let me give y a false /atem5t ( ! debt47 ,y rememb] our old di/9ction ( ! _m beautiful & ! "o beautiful1 ! p>ticul> & ! univ]sal1 ! objects ( sight & ! objects ( ?\ght8 ,did y ev] consid] t ! objects ( sight imply a faculty ( sight :i* is ! mo/ complex & co/ly ( our s5ses1 requir+ n only objects ( s5se1 b also a m$ium1 :i* is light2 )\t :i* ! sight w n di/+ui% betwe5 col\rs & all w be a blank8 99#ejh99 ,= light is ! noble bond betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ faculty & ! ?+ p]ceiv$1 & ! god :o gives u light is ! sun1 :o is ! eye ( ! day1 b is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! eye ( man4 ,?is eye ( ! day or sun is :at ,i call ! *ild ( ! good1 /&+ 9 ! same relation to ! visible _w z ! good to ! intellectual4 ,:5 ! sun %9es ! eye sees1 & 9 ! intellectual _w :]e tru? is1 !re is sight & light4 ,n[ t :i* is ! sun ( intellig5t natures1 is ! idea ( good1 ! cause ( k & tru?1 yet o!r & fair] ?an !y are1 99#eji99 & /&+ 9 ! same relation to !m 9 :i* ! sun /&s to light4 ,o inconceivable height ( beauty1 :i* is above k & above tru?6 7',y _c surely mean pleasure1' he said4 ,peace1 ,i repli$47 ,& ?is idea ( good1 l ! sun1 is also ! cause ( gr[?1 & ! au?or n ( k only1 b ( be+1 yet great] f> ?an ei!r 9 dignity & p[]4 ',t is a rea* ( ?\ght m ?an human2 b1 pray1 g on ) ! image1 = ,i suspect t !re is m beh9d4' ,!re is1 ,i said2 & be>+ 9 m9d our two suns or pr9ciples1 imag9e fur!r _! correspond+ worlds--"o ( ! visible1 ! o!r ( ! intelligible2 y may assi/ y\r fancy by figur+ ! di/9ction "u ! image lxxxviii ( a l9e divid$ into two unequal p>ts1 & may aga9 subdivide ea* "p into two less] segm5ts repres5tative ( ! /ages ( k 9 ei!r sph]e4 ,! l[] portion ( ! l[] or visible sph]e w consi/ ( %ad[s & reflections1 99#eaj99 & its upp] & small] portion w conta9 real objects 9 ! _w ( nature or ( art4 ,! sph]e ( ! intelligible w also h two divisions1--"o ( ma!matics1 9 :i* !re is no asc5t b all is desc5t2 no inquir+ into premises1 b only draw+ ( inf]5ces4 ,9 ?is division ! m9d works ) figures & numb]s1 ! images ( :i* are tak5 n f ! %ad[s1 b f ! objects1 al?\gh ! tru? ( !m is se5 only ) ! m9d's eye2 & !y are us$ z hypo!ses )\t be+ analys$4 99#eaa99 ,:]eas 9 ! o!r division reason uses ! hypo!ses z /ages or /eps 9 ! asc5t to ! idea ( good1 to :i* %e fa/5s !m1 & !n aga9 desc5ds1 walk+ firmly 9 ! region ( ideas1 & ( ideas only1 9 h] asc5t z well z desc5t1 & f9ally re/+ 9 !m4 ',i p>tly und]/&1' he repli$2 'y mean t ! ideas ( sci5ce are sup]ior to ! hypo!tical1 metaphorical conceptions ( geometry & ! o!r arts or sci5ces1 :i*ev] is to be ! "n ( !m2 & ! latt] conceptions y refuse to make subjects ( pure intellect1 because !y h no fir/ pr9ciple1 al?\gh :5 re/+ on a fir/ pr9ciple1 !y pass into ! high] sph]e4' ,y und]/& me v well1 ,i said4 ,& n[ to ^? f\r divisions ( k y may assign f\r correspond+ faculties--pure intellig5ce to ! highe/ sph]e2 active intellig5ce to ! second2 to ! ?ird1 fai?2 to ! f\r?1 ! p]ception ( %ad[s--& ! cle>ness ( ! sev]al faculties w be 9 ! same ratio z ! tru? ( ! objects to :i* !y are relat$4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,vi4 ,introduction4 ,l ,socrates1 we may recapitulate ! virtues ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 language :i* seems to rea* beyond ! horizon ( t age & c\ntry1 he is describ$ z '! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce4' ,he has ! noble/ gifts ( nature1 & makes ! highe/ use ( !m4 ,all 8 desires are absorb$ 9 ! love ( wisdom1 :i* is ! love ( tru?4 ,none ( ! graces ( a beautiful s\l are want+ 9 him2 nei!r c he fe> dea?1 or ?9k mu* ( human life4 ,! ideal ( mod]n lxxxix times h>dly reta9s ! simplicity ( ! antique2 !re is n ! same orig9ality ei!r 9 tru? or error :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,greeks4 ,! philosoph] is no long] liv+ 9 ! unse51 nor is he s5t by an oracle to conv9ce mank9d ( ignorance2 nor does he reg>d k z a sy/em ( ideas lead+ upw>ds by regul> /ages to ! idea ( good4 ,! eag]ness ( ! pursuit has abat$2 !re is m division ( lab\r & less ( compreh5sive reflection ^u nature & human life z a :ole2 m ( exact obs]vation & less ( anticipation & inspiration4 ,/ill1 9 ! alt]$ conditions ( k1 ! p>allel is n :olly lo/2 & !re may be a use 9 translat+ ! conception ( ,plato into ! language ( our own age4 ,! philosoph] 9 mod]n times is "o :o fixes 8 m9d on ! laws ( nature 9 _! sequ5ce & connexion1 n on fragm5ts or pictures ( nature2 on hi/ory1 n on controv]sy2 on ! tru?s :i* are ackn[l$g$ by ! few1 n on ! op9ions ( ! _m4 ,he is aw>e ( ! importance ( 'classify+ accord+ to nature1' & w try to 'sep>ate ! limbs ( sci5ce )\t break+ !m' 7,pha$r4 #bfe ,e74 ,!re is no "p ( tru?1 :e!r great or small1 :i* he w di%on\r2 & 9 ! lea/ ?+s he w disc]n ! greate/ 7,p>m54 #acj ,c74 ,l ! anci5t philosoph] he sees ! _w p]vad$ by analogies1 b he c also tell ':y 9 "s cases a s+le in/ance is suffici5t = an induction' 7,mill's ,logic1 #c1 #c1 #c71 :ile 9 o!r cases a ?\s& examples w\ld prove no?+4 ,he inquires into a portion ( k only1 because ! :ole has gr[n too va/ to be embrac$ by a s+le m9d or life4 ,he has a cle>] conception ( ! divisions ( sci5ce & ( _! relation to ! m9d ( man ?an 0 possible to ! anci5ts4 ,l ,plato1 he has a vision ( ! unity ( k1 n z ! beg9n+ ( philosophy to be atta9$ by a /udy ( elem5t>y ma!matics1 b z ! f>-(f result ( ! work+ ( _m m9ds 9 _m ages4 ,he is aw>e t ma!matical /udies are prelim9>y to almo/ e o!r2 at ! same "t1 he w n r$uce all v>ieties ( k to ! type ( ma!matics4 ,he too mu/ h a nobility ( "*1 )\t :i* g5ius loses ! bett] half ( greatness4 ,reg>d+ ! _w z a po9t 9 imm5sity1 & ea* individual z a l9k 9 a nev]-end+ *a9 ( exi/5ce1 he w n ?9k mu* ( 8 own life1 or be greatly afraid ( dea?4 xc ,adeimantus objects fir/ ( all to ! =m ( ! ,socratic reason+1 ?us %[+ t ,plato is aw>e ( ! imp]fection ( 8 own me?od4 ,he br+s ! accusation aga9/ himself :i* might be br\ght aga9/ him by a mod]n logician--t he extracts ! answ] because he kn[s h[ to put ! "q4 ,9 a long argum5t words are apt to *ange _! mean+ slightly1 or premises may be assum$ or conclusions inf]r$ ) r too mu* c]ta9ty or univ]sality2 ! v>iation at ea* /ep may be unobs]v$1 & yet at la/ ! div]g5ce becomes consid]able4 ,h5ce ! failure ( attempts to apply ari?metical or algebraic =mulae to logic4 ,! imp]fection1 or r ! high] & m ela/ic nature ( language1 does n all[ words to h ! precision ( numb]s or ( symbols4 ,& ?is quality 9 language impairs ! =ce ( an argum5t :i* has _m /eps4 ,! objection1 ?\gh fairly met by ,socrates 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 may be reg>d$ z imply+ a reflection ^u ! ,socratic mode ( reason+4 ,& "h1 z z at p4 #ejf ,b1 ,plato seems to intimate t ! "t _h come :5 ! negative & int]rogative me?od ( ,socrates mu/ be sup]s$$ by a positive & con/ructive "o1 ( :i* examples are giv5 9 "s ( ! lat] dialogues4 ,adeimantus fur!r argues t ! ideal is :olly at v>iance ) facts2 = exp]i5ce proves philosoph]s to be ei!r useless or rogues4 ,contr>y to all expectation 7cp4 p4 #dig = a simil> surprise7 ,socrates has no hesitation 9 admitt+ ! tru? ( ?is1 & expla9s ! anomaly 9 an allegory1 fir/ *>act]i/ically depreciat+ 8 own inv5tive p[]s4 ,9 ?is allegory ! p are di/+ui%$ f ! pr(essional politicians1 &1 z else:]e1 are spok5 ( 9 a tone ( pity r ?an ( c5sure "u ! image ( '! noble capta9 :o is n v quick 9 8 p]ceptions4' ,! uselessness ( philosoph]s is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t mank9d w n use !m4 ,! _w 9 all ages has be5 divid$ betwe5 contempt & fe> ( ^? :o employ ! p[] ( ideas & "k no o!r weapons4 ,conc]n+ ! false philosoph]1 ,socrates argues t ! be/ is mo/ liable to corruption2 & t ! f9] nature is m likely to suff] f ali5 conditions4 ,we too obs]ve t !re are "s k9ds xci ( excell5ce :i* spr+ f a peculi> delicacy ( con/itution2 z is evid5tly true ( ! poetical & imag9ative temp]am5t1 :i* (t5 seems to dep5d on impressions1 & h5ce c only brea! or live 9 a c]ta9 atmosph]e4 ,! man ( g5ius has great] pa9s & great] pleasures1 great] p[]s & great] weaknesses1 & (t5 a great] play ( "* ?an is to be f\nd 9 ord9>y m54 ,he c assume ! disguise ( virtue or dis9t]e/$ness )\t hav+ !m1 or veil p]sonal enmity 9 ! language ( patriotism & philosophy1--he c say ! ^w :i* all m5 are ?9k+1 he has an insight :i* is t]rible into ! follies & weaknesses ( 8 fell[-m54 ,an ,alcibiades1 a ,mirabeau1 or a ,napoleon ! ,fir/1 are born ei!r to be ! au?ors ( great evils 9 /ates1 or '( great good1 :5 !y are drawn 9 t direction4' ,yet ! !sis1 'corruptio optimi pessima1' _c be ma9ta9$ g5]ally or )\t reg>d to ! k9d ( excell5ce :i* is corrupt$4 ,! ali5 conditions :i* are corrupt+ to "o nature1 may be ! elem5ts ( culture to ano!r4 ,9 g5]al a man c only receive 8 highe/ developm5t 9 a cong5ial /ate or family1 among fri5ds or fell[-work]s4 ,b also he may sometimes be /irr$ by adv]se circum/ances to su* a degree t he rises up aga9/ !m & re=ms !m4 ,& :ile weak] or co>s] *>act]s w extract good out ( evil1 say 9 a corrupt /ate ( ! *ur* or ( society1 & live on happily1 all[+ ! evil to rema91 ! f9] or /rong] natures may be cru%$ or spoil$ by surr\nd+ influ5ces--may become misan?rope & philan?rope by turns2 or 9 a few in/ances1 l ! f\nd]s ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 or ! ,re=m]s1 ow+ to "s peculi>ity 9 !mselves or 9 _! age1 may break away entirely f ! _w & f ! *ur*1 sometimes into great good1 sometimes into great evil1 sometimes into bo?4 ,& ! same holds 9 ! less] sph]e ( a conv5t1 a s*ool1 a family4 ,plato w\ld h u consid] h[ easily ! be/ natures are ov]p[]$ by public op9ion1 & :at ef=ts ! re/ ( mank9d w make to get possession ( !m4 ,! _w1 ! *ur*1 _! own pr(ession1 any political or p>ty organization1 are always c>ry+ !m (f _! legs & tea*+ !m to apply high & holy names to _! own prejudices & int]e/s4 xcii ,! 'mon/]' corporation to :i* !y belong judges "r & tru? to be ! pleasure ( ! community4 ,! individual becomes "o ) 8 ord]2 or1 if he resi/s1 ! _w is too mu* = him1 & w soon] or lat] be rev5g$ on him4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 a "o-sid$ b n :olly untrue picture ( ! maxims & practice ( mank9d :5 !y 'sit d[n toge!r at an assembly1' ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times4 ,:5 ! high] natures are corrupt$ by politics1 ! l[] take possession ( ! vacant place ( philosophy4 ,?is is describ$ 9 "o ( ^? cont9u\s images 9 :i* ! argum5t1 to use a ,platonic expression1 'veils h]self1' & :i* is dropp$ & reappe>s at int]vals4 ,! "q is ask$1--,:y are ! citiz5s ( /ates s ho/ile to philosophy8 ,! answ] is1 t !y d n "k h]4 ,& yet !re is also a bett] m9d ( ! _m2 !y w\ld believe if !y 7 taught4 ,b hi!rto !y h only kn[n a conv5tional imitation ( philosophy1 words )\t ?\ghts1 sy/ems :i* h no life 9 !m2 a div9e p]son utt]+ ! words ( beauty & fre$om1 ! fri5d ( man hold+ communion ) ! ,et]nal1 & seek+ to frame ! /ate 9 t image1 !y h nev] kn[n4 ,! same d\ble feel+ respect+ ! mass ( mank9d has always exi/$ among m54 ,! fir/ ?\ght is t ! p are ! enemies ( tru? & "r2 ! second1 t ?is only arises out ( an accid5tal error & confusion1 & t !y d n really hate ^? :o love !m1 if !y c\ld be educat$ to "k !m4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? book1 ?ree que/ions h to be consid]$3 #a/1 ! nature ( ! long] & m circuit\s way1 :i* is contra/$ ) ! %ort] & m imp]fect me?od ( ,book ,,iv2 #bnd1 ! heav5ly patt]n or idea ( ! /ate2 #crd1 ! relation ( ! divisions ( k to "o ano!r & to ! correspond+ faculties ( ! s\l4 #a4 ,( ! high] me?od ( k 9 ,plato we h only a glimpse4 ,nei!r "h nor 9 ! ,pha$rus or ,symposium1 nor yet 9 ! ,philebus or ,sophi/1 does he give any cle> explanation ( 8 mean+4 ,he w\ld probably h describ$ 8 me?od z proce$+ by regul> /eps to a sy/em ( univ]sal k1 :i* inf]r$ ! p>ts f ! :ole r ?an ! :ole f ! p>ts4 ,?is ideal logic is n practis$ by him xciii 9 ! se>* aft] ju/ice1 or 9 ! analysis ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l2 !re1 l ,ari/otle 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 he argues f exp]i5ce & ! common use ( language4 ,b at ! end ( ! six? book he conceives ano!r & m p]fect me?od1 9 :i* all ideas are only /eps or grades or mom5ts ( ?\ght1 =m+ a connect$ :ole :i* is self-support+1 & 9 :i* consi/5cy is ! te/ ( tru?4 ,he does n expla9 to u 9 detail ! nature ( ! process4 ,l _m o!r ?9k]s bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times 8 m9d seems to be fill$ ) a vacant =m :i* he is unable to realize4 ,he supposes ! sci5ces to h a natural ord] & connexion 9 an age :5 !y c h>dly be said to exi/4 ,he is ha/5+ on to ! 'end ( ! intellectual _w' )\t ev5 mak+ a beg9n+ ( !m4 ,9 mod]n times we h>dly ne$ to be rem9d$ t ! process ( acquir+ k is "h confus$ ) ! contemplation ( absolute k4 ,9 all sci5ce a priori & a po/]iori tru?s m+le 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,! a priori "p is t :i* is d]iv$ f ! mo/ univ]sal exp]i5ce ( m51 or is univ]sally accept$ by !m2 ! a po/]iori is t :i* gr[s up ar\nd ! m g5]al pr9ciples & becomes imp]ceptibly "o ) !m4 ,b ,plato errone\sly imag9es t ! syn!sis is sep>able f ! analysis1 & t ! me?od ( sci5ce c anticipate sci5ce4 ,9 ent]ta9+ su* a vision ( a priori k he is suffici5tly ju/ifi$1 or at lea/ 8 mean+ may be suffici5tly expla9$ by ! simil> attempts ( ,desc>tes1 ,kant1 ,hegel1 & ev5 ( ,bacon himself1 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,anticipations or div9ations1 or prophetic glimpses ( tru?s :e!r conc]n+ man or nature1 seem to /& 9 ! same relation to anci5t philosophy :i* hypo!ses be> to mod]n inductive sci5ce4 ,^! 'guesses at tru?' 7 n made at r&om2 !y arose f a sup]ficial impression ( uni=mities & fir/ pr9ciples 9 nature :i* ! g5ius ( ! ,greek1 contemplat+ ! expanse ( heav5 & e>?1 seem$ to recognize 9 ! di/ance4 ,nor c we d5y t 9 anci5t times k mu/ h /ood /ill1 & ! human m9d be5 depriv$ ( ! v in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 if philosophy _h be5 /rictly conf9$ to ! results ( exp]i5ce4 xciv #b4 ,plato supposes t :5 ! tablet has be5 made blank ! arti/ w fill 9 ! l9eam5ts ( ! ideal /ate4 ,is ?is a patt]n laid up 9 heav51 or m]e vacancy on :i* he is suppos$ to gaze ) wond]+ eye8 ,! answ] is1 t su* ideals are fram$ p>tly by ! omission ( p>ticul>s1 p>tly by imag9ation p]fect+ ! =m :i* exp]i5ce supplies 7,pha$o1 #gd74 ,plato repres5ts ^! ideals 9 a figure z belong+ to ano!r _w2 & 9 mod]n times ! idea w sometimes seem to prec$e1 at o!r times to co-op]ate ) ! h& ( ! arti/4 ,z 9 sci5ce1 s also 9 creative art1 !re is a syn!tical z well z an analytical me?od4 ,"o man w h ! :ole 9 8 m9d be=e he beg9s2 to ano!r ! processes ( m9d & h& w be simultane\s4 #c4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ t ,plato's divisions ( k are bas$1 fir/1 on ! fundam5tal anti!sis ( s5sible & intellectual :i* p]vades ! :ole pre-,socratic philosophy2 9 :i* is impli$ also ! opposition ( ! p]man5t & transi5t1 ( ! univ]sal & p>ticul>4 ,b ! age ( philosophy 9 :i* he liv$ seem$ to require a fur!r di/9ction2--numb]s & figures 7 beg9n+ to sep>ate f ideas4 ,! _w c\ld no long] reg>d ju/ice z a cube1 & 0 le>n+ to see1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 t ! ab/ractions ( s5se 7 di/9ct f ! ab/ractions ( m9d4 ,betwe5 ! ,eleatic be+ or ess5ce & ! %ad[s ( ph5om5a1 ! ,py?agorean pr9ciple ( numb] f\nd a place1 & 01 z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 a conduct+ m$ium f "o to ! o!r4 ,h5ce ,plato is l$ to introduce a ?ird t]m :i* _h n hi!rto ent]$ into ! s*eme ( 8 philosophy4 ,he _h obs]v$ ! use ( ma!matics 9 education2 !y 7 ! be/ prep>ation = high] /udies4 ,! subjective relation betwe5 !m fur!r sugge/$ an objective "o2 al?\gh ! passage f "o to ! o!r is really imag9>y 7,metaph4 #a1 #f1 #d74 ,= metaphysical & moral philosophy has no connexion ) ma!matics2 numb] & figure are ! ab/ractions ( "t & space1 n ! expressions ( purely intellectual conceptions4 ,:5 dive/$ ( metaphor1 a /raight l9e or a squ>e has no m to d ) "r & ju/ice ?an a crook$ l9e ) vice4 ,! figurative association 0 mi/ak5 = a real "o2 & ?us ! ?ree latt] divisions ( ! ,platonic proportion 7 con/ruct$4 xcv ,!re is m difficulty 9 compreh5d+ h[ he arriv$ at ! fir/ t]m ( ! s]ies1 :i* is n[h]e else m5tion$1 & has no ref]5ce to any o!r "p ( 8 sy/em4 ,nor inde$ does ! relation ( %ad[s to objects correspond to ! relation ( numb]s to ideas4 ,probably ,plato has be5 l$ by ! love ( analogy 7,timaeus1 p4 #cb ,b7 to make f\r t]ms in/ead ( ?ree1 al?\gh ! objects p]ceiv$ 9 bo? divisions ( ! l[] sph]e are equally objects ( s5se4 ,he is also prep>+ ! way1 z 8 mann] is1 = ! %ad[s ( images at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? book1 & ! imitation ( an imitation 9 ! t5?4 ,! l9e may be reg>d$ z rea*+ f unity to inf9ity1 & is divid$ into two unequal p>ts1 & subdivid$ into two m2 ea* l[] sph]e is ! multiplication ( ! prec$+4 ,( ! f\r faculties1 fai? 9 ! l[] division has an int]m$iate position 7cp4 = ! use ( ! ^w fai? or belief1 ,greek3 pi_//is1 ,timaeus1 #bi ,c1 #cg ,b71 contra/+ equally ) ! vagu5ess ( ! p]ception ( %ad[s 7,greek3 ei7kasi_/a7 & ! high] c]ta9ty ( und]/&+ 7,greek3 dia_/noia7 & reason 7,greek3 n\s74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 und]/&+ & m9d or reason 7,greek3 n\s7 is analog\s to ! diff]5ce betwe5 acquir+ k 9 ! p>ts & ! contemplation ( ! :ole4 ,true k is a :ole1 & is at re/2 consi/5cy & univ]sality are ! te/s ( tru?4 ,to ?is self-evid5c+ k ( ! :ole ! faculty ( m9d is suppos$ to correspond4 ,b !re is a k ( ! und]/&+ :i* is incomplete & 9 motion always1 because unable to re/ 9 ! subord9ate ideas4 ,^? ideas are call$ bo? images & hypo!ses--images because !y are clo!d 9 s5se1 hypo!ses because !y are assumptions only1 until !y are br\ght into connexion ) ! idea ( good4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( ! passage #ejh-eaa1 s f> z ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 x admits ( be+ translat$ into ! t]ms ( mod]n philosophy1 may be describ$ or expla9$ z foll[s3--,!re is a tru?1 "o & self-exi/5t1 to :i* by ! help ( a ladd] let d[n f above1 ! human intellig5ce may asc5d4 ,?is unity is l ! sun 9 ! heav5s1 ! light by :i* all ?+s are se51 ! be+ by :i* !y are creat$ & su/a9$4 ,x is ! idea ( good4 ,& ! /eps ( ! ladd] lead+ up to ?is highe/ or univ]sal exi/5ce are ! ma!matical xcvi sci5ces1 :i* also conta9 9 !mselves an elem5t ( ! univ]sal4 ,^!1 too1 we see 9 a new mann] :5 we connect !m ) ! idea ( good4 ,!y !n cease to be hypo!ses or pictures1 & become ess5tial p>ts ( a high] tru? :i* is at once _! fir/ pr9ciple & _! f9al cause4 ,we _c give any m precise mean+ to ?is rem>kable passage1 b we may trace 9 x sev]al rudim5ts or ve/iges ( ?\ght :i* are common to u & to ,plato3 su* z 7#a7 ! unity & correlation ( ! sci5ces1 or r ( sci5ce1 = 9 ,plato's "t !y 7 n yet p>t$ (f or di/+ui%$2 7#b7 ! exi/5ce ( a ,div9e ,p[]1 or life or idea or cause or reason1 n yet conceiv$ or no long] conceiv$ z 9 ! ,timaeus & else:]e "u ! =m ( a p]son2 7#c7 ! recognition ( ! hypo!tical & conditional "* ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 & 9 a measure ( e sci5ce :5 isolat$ f ! re/2 7#d7 ! conviction ( a tru? :i* is invisible1 & ( a law1 ?\gh h>dly a law ( nature1 :i* p]meates ! intellectual r ?an ! visible _w4 ,! me?od ( ,socrates is hesitat+ & t5tative1 await+ ! full] explanation ( ! idea ( good1 & ( ! nature ( dialectic 9 ! sev5? book4 ,! imp]fect intellig5ce ( ,glaucon1 & ! reluctance ( ,socrates to make a beg9n+1 m>k ! difficulty ( ! subject4 ,! allusion to ,!ages' bridle1 & to ! int]nal oracle1 or demonic sign1 ( ,socrates1 :i* "h1 z always 9 ,plato1 is only prohibitory2 ! rem>k t ! salvation ( any remnant ( good 9 ! pres5t evil /ate ( ! _w is due to ,god only2 ! ref]5ce to a future /ate ( exi/5ce1 #dih ,d1 :i* is unkn[n to ,glaucon 9 ! t5? book1 #fjh ,d1 & 9 :i* ! discussions ( ,socrates & 8 disciples w\ld be resum$2 ! surprise 9 ! answ]s at #dhg ,e & #dig ,b2 ! fanciful irony ( ,socrates1 :]e he pret5ds t he c only describe ! /range position ( ! philosoph] 9 a figure ( spee*2 ! orig9al obs]vation t ! ,sophi/s1 aft] all1 are only ! repres5tatives & n ! lead]s ( public op9ion2 ! picture ( ! philosoph] /&+ aside 9 ! %[] ( sleet "u a wall2 ! figure ( '! great bea/' foll[$ by ! expression ( good-w t[>ds ! common p :o w\ld n h reject$ ! philosoph] if !y _h kn[n him2 ! '"r noble ?\ght' t ! highe/ xcvii tru?s dem& ! greate/ exactness2 ! hesitation ( ,socrates 9 return+ once m to 8 well-worn !me ( ! idea ( good2 ! ludicr\s e>ne/ness ( ,glaucon2 ! comp>ison ( philosophy to a des]t$ maid5 :o m>ries b5ea? h]--are "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *>act]i/ics ( ! six? book4 ,yet a few m words may be add$1 on ! old !me1 :i* 0 s (t discuss$ 9 ! ,socratic circle1 ( :i* we1 l ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 w\ld fa91 if possible1 h a cle>] notion4 ,l !m1 we are dissatisfi$ :5 we are told t ! idea ( good c only be reveal$ to a /ud5t ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 & we are incl9$ to ?9k t nei!r we nor !y c\ld h be5 l$ along t pa? to any satisfactory goal4 ,= we h le>n$ t diff]5ces ( quantity _c pass into diff]5ces ( quality1 & t ! ma!matical sci5ces c nev] rise above !mselves into ! sph]e ( our high] ?\ghts1 al?\gh !y may sometimes furni% symbols & expressions ( !m1 & may tra9 ! m9d 9 habits ( ab/raction & self-conc5tration4 ,! illusion :i* 0 natural to an anci5t philosoph] has ceas$ to be an illusion to u4 ,b if ! process by :i* we are suppos$ to arrive at ! idea ( good be really imag9>y1 may n ! idea itself be also a m]e ab/raction8 ,we rem>k1 fir/1 t 9 all ages1 & especially 9 primitive philosophy1 words su* z be+1 ess5ce1 unity1 good1 h ex]t$ an extraord9>y influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,! meagr5ess or negativ5ess ( _! cont5t has be5 9 an inv]se ratio to _! p[]4 ,!y h become ! =ms "u :i* all ?+s 7 compreh5d$4 ,!re 0 a ne$ or in/9ct 9 ! human s\l :i* !y satisfi$2 !y 7 n ideas1 b gods1 & to ?is new my?ology ! m5 ( a lat] g5]ation began to atta* ! p[]s & associations ( ! eld] deities4 ,! idea ( good is "o ( ^? sacr$ words or =ms ( ?\ght1 :i* 7 beg9n+ to take ! place ( ! old my?ology4 ,x meant unity1 9 :i* all "t & all exi/5ce 7 ga!r$ up4 ,x 0 ! tru? ( all ?+s1 & also ! light 9 :i* !y %one =?1 & became evid5t to intellig5ces human & div9e4 ,x 0 ! cause ( all ?+s1 ! p[] by :i* !y 7 br\ght into be+4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal reason dive/$ ( a human p]sonality4 ,x 0 ! life z well z ! xcviii light ( ! _w1 all k & all p[] 7 compreh5d$ 9 x4 ,! way to x 0 ?r\gh ! ma!matical sci5ces1 & ^! too 7 dep5d5t on x4 ,to ask :e!r ,god 0 ! mak] ( x1 or made by x1 w\ld be l ask+ :e!r ,god c\ld be conceiv$ ap>t f goodness1 or goodness ap>t f ,god4 ,! ,god ( ! ,timaeus is n really at v>iance ) ! idea ( good2 !y are aspects ( ! same1 diff]+ only z ! p]sonal f ! imp]sonal1 or ! mascul9e f ! neut]1 ! "o be+ ! expression or language ( my?ology1 ! o!r ( philosophy4 ,?is1 or some?+ l ?is1 is ! mean+ ( ! idea ( good z conceiv$ by ,plato4 ,ideas ( numb]1 ord]1 h>mony1 developm5t may also be said to ent] into x4 ,! p>aphrase :i* has j be5 giv5 ( x goes beyond ! actual words ( ,plato4 ,we h p]haps arriv$ at ! /age ( philosophy :i* enables u to und]/& :at he is aim+ at1 bett] ?an he did himself4 ,we are beg9n+ to realize :at he saw d>kly & at a di/ance4 ,b if he c\ld h be5 told t ?is1 or "s conception ( ! same k9d1 b high] ?an ?is1 0 ! tru? at :i* he 0 aim+1 & ! ne$ :i* he s\ght to supply1 he w\ld gladly h recogniz$ t m 0 conta9$ 9 8 own ?\ghts ?an he himself knew4 ,z 8 words are few & 8 mann] retic5t & t5tative1 s mu/ ! /yle ( 8 int]pret] be4 ,we %\ld n approa* 8 mean+ m ne>ly by attempt+ to def9e x fur!r4 ,9 translat+ him into ! language ( mod]n ?\ght1 we might ins5sibly lose ! _s ( anci5t philosophy4 ,x is rem>kable t al?\gh ,plato speaks ( ! idea ( good z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( tru? & be+1 x is n[h]e m5tion$ 9 8 writ+s except 9 ?is passage4 ,nor did x reta9 any hold ^u ! m9ds ( 8 disciples 9 a lat] g5]ation2 x 0 probably un9telligible to !m4 ,nor does ! m5tion ( x 9 ,ari/otle appe> to h any ref]5ce to ?is or any o!r passage 9 8 extant writ+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,vii4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,vii4 99#ead99 ,& n[ ,i w describe 9 a figure ! enlight5m5t or un5light5m5t ( our nature3--,imag9e human be+s liv+ 9 an und]gr\nd d5 :i* is op5 t[>ds ! light2 !y h be5 !re f *ildhood1 hav+ _! necks & legs *a9$1 & c only see into ! d54 xcix ,at a di/ance !re is a fire1 & betwe5 ! fire & ! prison]s a rais$ way1 & a l[ wall is built along ! way1 l ! scre5 ov] :i* m>ionette play]s %[ _! puppets4 99#eae99 ,beh9d ! wall appe> mov+ figures1 :o hold 9 _! h&s v>i\s works ( art1 & among !m images ( m5 & animals1 wood & /one1 & "s ( ! pass]s-by are talk+ & o!rs sil5t4 ',a /range p>able1' he said1 '& /range captives4' ,!y are ourselves1 ,i repli$2 & !y see only ! %ad[s ( ! images :i* ! fire ?r[s on ! wall ( ! d52 to ^! !y give names1 & if we add an e*o :i* returns f ! wall1 ! voices ( ! pass5g]s w seem to proce$ f ! %ad[s4 ,suppose n[ t y sudd5ly turn !m r\nd & make !m look ) pa9 & grief to !mselves at ! real images2 w !y believe !m to be real8 ,w n _! eyes be dazzl$1 & w !y n try to get away f ! light to some?+ :i* !y are able to behold )\t bl9k+8 99#eaf99 ,& suppose fur!r1 t !y are dragg$ up a /eep & rugg$ asc5t into ! pres5ce ( ! sun himself1 w n _! sight be d>k5$ ) ! excess ( light8 ,"s "t w pass be=e !y get ! habit ( p]ceiv+ at all2 & at fir/ !y w be able to p]ceive only %ad[s & reflections 9 ! wat]2 !n !y w recognize ! moon & ! />s1 & w at l5g? behold ! sun 9 8 own prop] place z he is4 ,la/ ( all !y w conclude3--,?is is he :o gives u ! ye> & ! seasons1 & is ! au?or ( all t we see4 ,h[ w !y rejoice 9 pass+ f d>kness to light6 ,h[ wor?less to !m w seem ! hon\rs & glories ( ! d56 ,b n[ imag9e fur!r1 t !y desc5d into _! old habitations2--9 t und]gr\nd dwell+ !y w n see z well z _! fell[s1 99#eag99 & w n be able to compete ) !m 9 ! measurem5t ( ! %ad[s on ! wall2 !re w be _m jokes ab\t ! man :o w5t on a visit to ! sun & lo/ 8 eyes1 & if !y f9d anybody try+ to set free & enlight5 "o ( _! numb]1 !y w put him to dea?1 if !y c cat* him4 ,n[ ! cave or d5 is ! _w ( sight1 ! fire is ! sun1 ! way upw>ds is ! way to k1 & 9 ! _w ( k ! idea ( good is la/ se5 & ) difficulty1 b :5 se5 is inf]r$ to be ! au?or ( good & "r--p>5t ( ! "l ( light 9 ?is _w1 & ( tru? & und]/&+ 9 ! o!r4 c ,he :o atta9s to ! beatific vision is always go+ upw>ds2 he is unwill+ to desc5d into political assemblies & c\rts ( law2 = 8 eyes are apt to bl9k at ! images or %ad[s ( images :i* !y behold 9 !m--he _c ent] into ! ideas ( ^? :o h nev] 9 _! lives und]/ood ! relation ( ! %ad[ to ! sub/ance4 99#eah99 ,b bl9dness is ( two k9ds1 & may be caus$ ei!r by pass+ out ( d>kness into light or out ( light into d>kness1 & a man ( s5se w di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 & w n laugh equally at bo? ( !m1 b ! bl9dness :i* arises f fulness ( light he w deem bless$1 & pity ! o!r2 or if he laugh at ! puzzl$ s\l look+ at ! sun1 he w h m reason to laugh ?an ! inhabitants ( ! d5 at ^? :o desc5d f above4 ,!re is a fur!r lesson taught by ?is p>able ( ours4 ,"s p]sons fancy t in/ruction is l giv+ eyes to ! bl9d1 b we say t ! faculty ( sight 0 always !re1 & t ! s\l only requires to be turn$ r\nd t[>ds ! light4 ,& ?is is conv]sion2 o!r virtues are almo/ l bodily habits1 & may be acquir$ 9 ! same mann]1 b intellig5ce has a div9] life1 & is inde/ructible1 turn+ ei!r to good or evil accord+ to ! direction giv54 99#eai99 ,did y nev] obs]ve h[ ! m9d ( a clev] rogue pe]s out ( 8 eyes1 & ! m cle>ly he sees1 ! m evil he does8 ,n[ if y take su* an "o1 & cut away f him ^? lead5 weights ( pleasure & desire :i* b9d 8 s\l to e>?1 8 intellig5ce w be turn$ r\nd1 & he w behold ! tru? z cle>ly z he n[ disc]ns 8 mean] ends4 ,& h we n decid$ t our rul]s mu/ nei!r be s un$ucat$ z to h no fix$ rule ( life1 nor s ov]-educat$ z to be unwill+ to leave _! p>adise = ! bus9ess ( ! _w8 ,we mu/ *oose out !re=e ! natures :o are mo/ likely to asc5d to ! light & k ( ! good2 b we mu/ n all[ !m to rema9 9 ! region ( light2 !y mu/ be =c$ d[n aga9 among ! captives 9 ! d5 to p>take ( _! lab\rs & hon\rs4 ',w !y n ?9k ?is a h>d%ip8' ,y %\ld rememb] t our purpose 9 fram+ ! ,/ate 0 n t our citiz5s %\ld d :at !y l1 b t !y %\ld s]ve ! ,/ate = ! common good ( all4 99#ebj99 ,may we n fairly say to our philosoph]1--,fri5d1 we d y no wrong2 = 9 o!r ci ,/ates philosophy gr[s wild1 & a wild plant owes no?+ to ! g>d5]1 b y h be5 tra9$ by u to be ! rul]s & k+s ( our hive1 & !re=e we mu/ insi/ on y\r desc5d+ into ! d54 ,y mu/1 ea* ( y1 take y\r turn1 & become able to use y\r eyes 9 ! d>k1 & ) a little practice y w see f> bett] ?an ^? :o qu>rel ab\t ! %ad[s1 ^: k is a dream only1 :il/ y\rs is a wak+ reality4 ,x may be t ! sa9t or philosoph] :o is be/ fitt$1 may also be ! lea/ incl9$ to rule1 b necessity is laid ^u him1 & he mu/ no long] live 9 ! heav5 ( ideas4 99#eba99 ,& ?is w be ! salvation ( ! ,/ate4 ,= ^? :o rule mu/ n be ^? :o are desir\s to rule2 &1 if y c (f] to our citiz5s a bett] life ?an t ( rul]s g5]ally is1 !re w be a *ance t ! ri*1 n only 9 ?is _w's goods1 b 9 virtue & wisdom1 may be> rule4 ,& ! only life :i* is bett] ?an ! life ( political ambition is t ( philosophy1 :i* is also ! be/ prep>ation = ! gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate4 ,!n n[ comes ! "q1--,h[ %all we create our rul]s2 :at way is !re f d>kness to light8 ,! *ange is effect$ by philosophy2 x is n ! turn+ ov] ( an oy/]-%ell1 b ! conv]sion ( a s\l f night to day1 f becom+ to be+4 ,& :at tra9+ w draw ! s\l upw>ds8 ,our =m] education _h two bran*es1 gymna/ic1 :i* 0 occupi$ ) ! body1 & music1 ! si/] art1 :i* infus$ 99#ebb99 a natural h>mony into m9d & lit]ature2 b nei!r ( ^! sci5ces gave any promise ( do+ :at we want4 ,no?+ rema9s to u b t univ]sal or prim>y sci5ce ( :i* all ! arts & sci5ces are p>tak]s1 ,i mean numb] or calculation4 ',v true4' ,includ+ ! art ( w>8 ',yes1 c]ta9ly4' ,!n !re is some?+ ludicr\s ab\t ,palam$es 9 ! trag$y1 com+ 9 & say+ t he _h inv5t$ numb]1 & _h c\nt$ ! ranks & set !m 9 ord]4 ,= if ,agamemnon c\ld n c\nt 8 feet 7& )\t numb] h[ c\ld he87 he mu/ h be5 a pretty sort ( g5]al inde$4 ,no man %\ld be a soldi] :o _c c\nt1 & inde$ he is h>dly to be call$ a man4 ,b ,i am n speak+ ( ^! practical applications ( ari?metic1 99#ebc99 = numb]1 9 my view1 is r to be reg>d$ z a conductor to ?\ght & be+4 ,i w expla9 cii :at ,i mean by ! la/ expression3--,?+s s5sible are ( two k9ds2 ! "o class invite or /imulate ! m9d1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! m9d acquiesces4 ,n[ ! /imulat+ class are ! ?+s :i* sugge/ contra/ & relation4 ,= example1 suppose t ,i hold up to ! eyes ?ree f+]s--a =e f+]1 a middle f+]1 a little f+]--! sight equally recognizes all ?ree f+]s1 b )\t numb] _c fur!r di/+ui% !m4 ,or aga91 suppose two objects to be relatively great & small1 ^! ideas ( greatness & smallness are suppli$ n by ! s5se1 b by ! m9d4 99#ebd99 ,& ! p]ception ( _! contra/ or relation quick5s & sets 9 motion ! m9d1 :i* is puzzl$ by ! confus$ intimations ( s5se1 & has rec\rse to numb] 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r ! ?+s indicat$ are "o or m ?an "o4 ,numb] replies t !y are two & n "o1 & are to be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,aga91 ! sight beholds great & small1 b only 9 a confus$ *aos1 & n until !y are di/+ui%$ does ! "q arise ( _! respective natures2 we are ?us l$ on to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! visible & intelligible4 ,t 0 :at ,i meant :5 ,i spoke ( /imulants to ! intellect2 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( ! contradictions :i* arise 9 p]ception4 ,! idea ( unity1 = example1 l t ( a f+]1 does n ar\se ?\ght unless involv+ "s conception ( plurality2 99#ebe99 b :5 ! "o is also ! opposite ( "o1 ! contradiction gives rise to reflection2 an example ( ?is is af=d$ by any object ( sight4 ,all numb] has also an elevat+ effect2 x raises ! m9d out ( ! foam & flux ( g5]ation to ! contemplation ( be+1 hav+ less] milit>y & retail uses also4 ,! retail use is n requir$ by u2 b z our gu>dian is to be a soldi] z well z a philosoph]1 ! milit>y "o may be reta9$4 ,& to our high] purpose no sci5ce c be bett] adapt$2 b x mu/ be pursu$ 9 ! _s ( a philosoph]1 n ( a %opkeep]4 ,x is conc]n$1 n ) visible objects1 b ) ab/ract tru?2 = numb]s are pure ab/ractions--! true ari?metician indignantly d5ies t 8 unit is capable ( division4 99#ebf99 ,:5 y divide1 he insi/s t y are only multiply+2 8 '"o' is n mat]ial or resolvable into fractions1 b an unv>y+ & absolute equality2 & ?is proves ! purely intellectual "* ( 8 /udy4 ,note also ! great p[] :i* ari?metic has ( %>p5+ ! wits2 no o!r discipl9e is equally ciii sev]e1 or an equal te/ ( g5]al ability1 or equally improv+ to a /upid p]son4 ,let our second bran* ( education be geometry4 ',i c easily see1' repli$ ,glaucon1 't ! skill ( ! g5]al w be d\bl$ by 8 k ( geometry4' ,t is a small matt]2 ! use ( geometry1 to :i* ,i ref]1 is ! assi/ance giv5 by x 9 ! contemplation ( ! idea ( good1 & ! compell+ ! m9d to look at true be+1 & n at g5]ation only4 ,yet ! pres5t mode ( pursu+ ^! /udies1 z any "o :o is ! lea/ ( a ma!matician is aw>e1 is mean & ridicul\s2 !y are made to look d[nw>ds to ! arts1 & n upw>ds to et]nal exi/5ce4 99#ebg99 ,! geomet] is always talk+ ( squ>+1 subt5d+1 appos+1 z if he _h 9 view action2 :]eas k is ! real object ( ! /udy4 ,x %\ld elevate ! s\l1 & create ! m9d ( philosophy2 x %\ld raise up :at has fall5 d[n1 n to speak ( less] uses 9 w> & milit>y tactics1 & 9 ! improvem5t ( ! faculties4 ,%all we propose1 z a ?ird bran* ( our education1 a/ronomy8 ',v good1' repli$ ,glaucon2 '! k ( ! heav5s is necess>y at once = husb&ry1 navigation1 milit>y tactics4' ,i l y\r way ( giv+ useful reasons = ev]y?+ 9 ord] to make fri5ds ( ! _w4 ,& !re is a difficulty 9 prov+ to mank9d t education is n only useful in=mation b a purification ( ! eye ( ! s\l1 :i* is bett] ?an ! bodily eye1 = by ?is alone is tru? se54 99#ebh99 ,n[1 w y appeal to mank9d 9 g5]al or to ! philosoph]8 or w\ld y pref] to look to y\rself only8 ',e man is 8 own be/ fri5d4' ,!n take a /ep backw>d1 = we are out ( ord]1 & ins]t ! ?ird dim5sion :i* is ( solids1 aft] ! second :i* is ( planes1 & !n y may proce$ to solids 9 motion4 ,b solid geometry is n popul> & has n ! patronage ( ! ,/ate1 nor is ! use ( x fully recogniz$2 ! difficulty is great1 & ! vot>ies ( ! /udy are conceit$ & impati5t4 ,/ill ! *>m ( ! pursuit w9s ^u m51 &1 if gov]nm5t w\ld l5d a little assi/ance1 !re might be great progress made4 ',v true1' repli$ ,glaucon2 'b d ,i und]/& y n[ to beg9 ) plane geometry1 & to place next geometry ( solids1 & ?irdly1 a/ronomy1 or ! motion ( solids8' ,yes1 ,i said2 my ha/9ess has only h9d]$ u4 civ ',v good1 & n[ let u proce$ to a/ronomy1 ab\t :i* ,i am will+ to speak 9 y\r l(ty /ra94 99#ebi99 ,no "o c fail to see t ! contemplation ( ! heav5s draws ! s\l upw>ds4' ,i am an exception1 !n2 a/ronomy z /udi$ at pres5t appe>s to me to draw ! s\l n upw>ds1 b d[nw>ds4 ,/>-gaz+ is j look+ up at ! ceil+--no bett]2 a man may lie on 8 back on l& or on wat]--he may look up or look d[n1 b !re is no sci5ce 9 t4 ,! vision ( k ( :i* ,i speak is se5 n ) ! eyes1 b ) ! m9d4 ,all ! magnific5ce ( ! heav5s is b ! embroid]y ( a copy :i* falls f> %ort ( ! div9e ,orig9al1 & tea*es no?+ ab\t ! absolute h>monies or motions ( ?+s4 ,_! beauty is l ! beauty ( figures drawn by ! h& ( ,da$alus or any o!r great arti/1 :i* may be us$ = illu/ration1 99#ecj99 b no ma!matician w\ld seek to obta9 f !m true conceptions ( equality or num]ical relations4 ,h[ ridicul\s !n to look = ^! 9 ! map ( ! heav5s1 9 :i* ! imp]fection ( matt] comes 9 ev]y:]e z a di/urb+ elem5t1 m>r+ ! symmetry ( day & night1 ( mon?s & ye>s1 ( ! sun & />s 9 _! c\rses4 ,only by problems c we place a/ronomy on a truly sci5tific basis4 ,let ! heav5s alone1 & ex]t ! intellect4 ,/ill1 ma!matics admit ( o!r applications1 z ! ,py?agoreans say1 & we agree4 ,!re is a si/] sci5ce ( h>monical motion1 adapt$ to ! e> z a/ronomy is to ! eye1 & !re may be o!r applications also4 ,let u inquire ( ! ,py?agoreans ab\t !m1 n =gett+ t we h an aim high] ?an !irs1 :i* is ! relation ( ^! sci5ces to ! idea ( good4 ,! error :i* p]vades a/ronomy also p]vades h>monics4 99#eca99 ,! musicians put _! e>s 9 ! place ( _! m9ds4 ',yes1' repli$ ,glaucon1 ',i l to see !m lay+ _! e>s alongside ( _! neighb\rs' faces--"s say+1 ,t's a new note1 o!rs decl>+ t ! two notes are ! same4' ,yes1 ,i said2 b y mean ! empirics :o are always twi/+ & tortur+ ! /r+s ( ! lyre1 & qu>rell+ ab\t ! temp]s ( ! /r+s2 ,i am ref]r+ r to ! ,py?agorean h>moni/s1 :o are almo/ equally 9 error4 ,= !y inve/igate only ! numb]s ( ! consonances :i* are he>d1 & asc5d no high]1--( ! true num]ical h>mony :i* is unhe>d1 & is only to be f\nd 9 problems1 !y h n ev5 a conception4 cv ',t la/1' he said1 'mu/ be a m>vell\s ?+4' ,a ?+1 ,i repli$1 :i* is only useful if pursu$ ) a view to ! good4 ,all ^! sci5ces are ! prelude ( ! /ra91 & are pr(itable if !y are reg>d$ 9 _! natural relations to "o ano!r4 ',i d>e say1 ,socrates1' said ,glaucon2 'b su* a /udy w be an endless bus9ess4' ,:at /udy d y mean--( ! prelude1 or :at8 ,= all ^! ?+s are only ! prelude1 & y surely d n suppose t a m]e ma!matician is also a dialectician8 ',c]ta9ly n4 99#ecb99 ,i h h>dly ev] kn[n a ma!matician :o c\ld reason4' ,& yet1 ,glaucon1 is n true reason+ t hymn ( dialectic :i* is ! music ( ! intellectual _w1 & :i* 0 by u comp>$ to ! ef=t ( sight1 :5 f behold+ ! %ad[s on ! wall we arriv$ at la/ at ! images :i* gave ! %ad[s8 ,ev5 s ! dialectical faculty )draw+ f s5se arrives by ! pure intellect at ! contemplation ( ! idea ( good1 & nev] re/s b at ! v end ( ! intellectual _w4 ,& ! royal road out ( ! cave into ! light1 & ! bl9k+ ( ! eyes at ! sun & turn+ to contemplate ! %ad[s ( reality1 n ! %ad[s ( an image only--?is progress & gradual acquisition ( a new faculty ( sight by ! help ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 is ! elevation ( ! s\l to ! contemplation ( ! highe/ ideal ( be+4 ',s f>1 ,i agree ) y4 ,b n[1 leav+ ! prelude1 let u proce$ to ! hymn4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! nature ( dialectic1 & :at are ! pa?s :i* lead ?i!r8' 99#ecc99 ,de> ,glaucon1 y _c foll[ me "h4 ,!re c be no revelation ( ! absolute tru? to "o :o has n be5 discipl9$ 9 ! previ\s sci5ces4 ,b t !re is a sci5ce ( absolute tru?1 :i* is atta9$ 9 "s way v diff]5t f ^? n[ practis$1 ,i am confid5t4 ,= all o!r arts or sci5ces are relative to human ne$s & op9ions2 & ! ma!matical sci5ces are b a dream or hypo!sis ( true be+1 & nev] analyse _! own pr9ciples4 ,dialectic alone rises to ! pr9ciple :i* is above hypo!ses1 conv]t+ & g5tly lead+ ! eye ( ! s\l out ( ! b>b>\s sl\gh ( ignorance into ! light ( ! upp] _w1 ) ! help ( ! sci5ces :i* we h be5 describ+--sci5ces1 z !y are (t5 t]m$1 al?\gh !y require "s o!r "n1 imply+ great] cle>ness ?an op9ion & less cle>ness ?an sci5ce1 & ?is 9 our previ\s sket* cvi 0 und]/&+4 ,& s we get f\r names--two = intellect1 & two = op9ion1--reason or m9d1 und]/&+1 fai?1 p]ception ( %ad[s-- 99#ecd99 :i* make a proportion--be+ 3 becom+ 33 intellect 3 op9ion--& sci5ce 3 belief 33 und]/&+3 p]ception ( %ad[s4 ,dialectic may be fur!r describ$ z t sci5ce :i* def9es & expla9s ! ess5ce or be+ ( ea* nature1 :i* di/+ui%es & ab/racts ! good1 & is ready to d battle aga9/ all oppon5ts 9 ! cause ( good4 ,to him :o is n a dialectician life is b a sleepy dream2 & _m a man is 9 8 grave be=e 8 is well wak$ up4 ,& w\ld y h ! future rul]s ( y\r ideal ,/ate intellig5t be+s1 or /upid z po/s8 ',c]ta9ly n ! latt]4' ,!n y mu/ tra9 !m 9 dialectic1 :i* w tea* !m to ask & answ] que/ions1 & is ! cop+-/one ( ! sci5ces4 99#ece99 ,i d>e say t y h n =gott5 h[ our rul]s 7 *os52 & ! process ( selection may be c>ri$ a /ep fur!r3--,z be=e1 !y mu/ be con/ant & valiant1 good-look+1 & ( noble mann]s1 b n[ !y mu/ also h natural ability :i* education w improve2 t is to say1 !y mu/ be quick at le>n+1 capable ( m5tal toil1 ret5tive1 solid1 dilig5t natures1 :o comb9e intellectual ) moral virtues2 n lame & "o-sid$1 dilig5t 9 bodily ex]cise & indol5t 9 m9d1 or conv]sely2 n a maim$ s\l1 :i* hates falsehood & yet 99#ecf99 un9t5tionally is always wall[+ 9 ! mire ( ignorance2 n a ba/>d or feeble p]son1 b s\nd 9 w9d & limb1 & 9 p]fect condition = ! great gymna/ic trial ( ! m9d4 ,ju/ice h]self c f9d no fault ) natures su* z ^!2 & !y w be ! savi\rs ( our ,/ate2 disciples ( ano!r sort w\ld only make philosophy m ridicul\s ?an %e is at pres5t4 ,=give my en?usiasm2 ,i am becom+ excit$2 b :5 ,i see h] trampl$ und]foot1 ,i am angry at ! au?ors ( h] disgrace4 ',i did n notice t y 7 m excit$ ?an y ought to h be54' ,b ,i felt t ,i 04 ,n[ d n let u =get ano!r po9t 9 ! selection ( our disciples--t !y mu/ be "y & n old4 ,= ,solon is mi/ak5 9 say+ t an old man c be always le>n+2 y\? is ! "t ( /udy1 & "h we mu/ rememb] t ! m9d is free & da9ty1 &1 unlike ! body1 mu/ n be made to "w aga9/ ! gra94 99#ecg99 ,le>n+ %\ld be at fir/ a sort ( play1 9 :i* ! natural b5t is cvii detect$4 ,z 9 tra9+ !m = w>1 ! "y dogs %\ld at fir/ only ta/e blood2 b :5 ! necess>y gymna/ics are ov] :i* dur+ two or ?ree ye>s divide life betwe5 sleep & bodily ex]cise1 !n ! education ( ! s\l w become a m s]i\s matt]4 ,at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 a selection mu/ be made ( ! m promis+ disciples1 ) :om a new epo* ( education w beg94 ,! sci5ces :i* !y h hi!rto le>n$ 9 fragm5ts w n[ be br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r & ) true be+2 = ! p[] ( comb9+ !m is ! te/ ( speculative & dialectical ability4 ,& aft]w>ds at ?irty a fur!r selection %all be made ( ^? :o are able to )draw f ! _w ( s5se into ! ab/raction ( ideas4 ,b at ?is po9t1 judg+ f pres5t exp]i5ce1 !re is a dang] t dialectic may be ! s\rce ( _m evils4 ,! dang] may be illu/rat$ by a p>allel case3--,imag9e a p]son :o has be5 br\ght up 9 weal? & luxury amid a cr[d ( flatt]]s1 & :o is sudd5ly in=m$ t he is a supposititi\s son4 99#ech99 ,he has hi!rto hon\r$ 8 reput$ p>5ts & disreg>d$ ! flatt]]s1 & n[ he does ! rev]se4 ,?is is j :at happ5s ) a man's pr9ciples4 ,!re are c]ta9 doctr9es :i* he le>nt at home & :i* ex]cis$ a p>5tal au?ority ov] him4 ,pres5tly he f9ds t imputations are ca/ ^u !m2 a tr\blesome qu]i/ comes & asks1 ',:at is ! j & good8' or proves t virtue is vice & vice virtue1 & 8 m9d becomes unsettl$1 & he ceases to love1 hon\r1 & obey !m z he has hi!rto done4 99#eci99 ,he is s$uc$ into ! life ( pleasure1 & becomes a lawless p]son & a rogue4 ,! case ( su* speculators is v pitiable1 &1 9 ord] t our ?irty ye>s' old pupils may n require ?is pity1 let u take e possible c>e t "y p]sons d n /udy philosophy too e>ly4 ,= a "y man is a sort ( puppy :o only plays ) an argum5t2 & is reason$ into & out ( 8 op9ions e day2 he soon beg9s to believe no?+1 & br+s himself & philosophy into discr$it4 ,a man ( ?irty does n run on 9 ?is way2 he w argue & n m]ely contradict1 & adds new hon\r to philosophy by ! sobriety ( 8 conduct4 ,:at "t %all we all[ = ?is second gymna/ic tra9+ ( ! s\l8--say1 twice ! "t requir$ = ! gymna/ics ( ! body2 six1 or p]haps five ye>s1 to comm5ce at ?irty1 & !n = fifte5 cviii ye>s let ! /ud5t g d[n into ! d51 & comm& armies1 & ga9 exp]i5ce ( life4 99#edj99 ,at fifty let him return to ! end ( all ?+s1 & h 8 eyes uplift$ to ! idea ( good1 & ord] 8 life aft] t patt]n2 if necess>y1 tak+ 8 turn at ! helm ( ,/ate1 & tra9+ up o!rs to be 8 successors4 ,:5 8 "t comes he %all dep>t 9 peace to ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,he %all be hon\r$ ) sacrifices1 & receive su* wor%ip z ! ,py?ian oracle approves4 ',y are a /atu>y1 ,socrates1 & h made a p]fect image ( our gov]nors4' ,yes1 & ( our gov]nesses1 = ! wom5 w %>e 9 all ?+s ) ! m54 ,& y w admit t our ,/ate is n a m]e aspiration1 b may really come into be+ :5 !re %all arise philosoph]-k+s1 "o or m1 :o w despise e>?ly vanities1 & w be ! s]vants ( ju/ice only4 ',& h[ w !y beg9 _! "w8' 99#eda99 ,_! fir/ act w be to s5d away into ! c\ntry all ^? :o are m ?an t5 ye>s ( age1 & to proce$ ) ^? :o are left4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,vii4 ,introduction4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! six? book1 ,plato anticipat$ 8 explanation ( ! relation ( ! philosoph] to ! _w 9 an allegory1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r passages1 foll[+ ! ord] :i* he prescribes 9 education1 & proce$+ f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ,book ,,vii1 "u ! figure ( a cave hav+ an op5+ t[>ds a fire & a way upw>ds to ! true light1 he returns to view ! divisions ( k1 exhibit+ famili>ly1 z 9 a picture1 ! result :i* _h be5 h>dly won by a great ef=t ( ?\ght 9 ! previ\s discussion2 at ! same "t ca/+ a glance onw>d at ! dialectical process1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! way lead+ f d>kness to light4 ,! %ad[s1 ! images1 ! reflection ( ! sun & />s 9 ! wat]1 ! />s & sun !mselves1 sev]ally correspond1--! fir/1 to ! realm ( fancy & poetry1--! second1 to ! _w ( s5se1--! ?ird1 to ! ab/ractions or univ]sals ( s5se1 ( :i* ! ma!matical sci5ces furni% ! type1--! f\r? & la/ to ! same ab/ractions1 :5 se5 9 ! unity ( ! idea1 f :i* !y d]ive a new mean+ & p[]4 ,! true dialectical process beg9s ) ! contemplation ( ! real />s1 & n m]e reflections ( !m1 cix & ends ) ! recognition ( ! sun1 or idea ( good1 z ! p>5t n only ( light b ( w>m? & gr[?4 ,to ! divisions ( k ! /ages ( education p>tly answ]3--fir/1 !re is ! e>ly education ( *ildhood & y\? 9 ! fancies ( ! poets1 & 9 ! laws & cu/oms ( ! ,/ate2--!n !re is ! tra9+ ( ! body to be a w>rior a?lete1 & a good s]vant ( ! m9d2--& ?irdly1 aft] an int]val foll[s ! education ( lat] life1 :i* beg9s ) ma!matics & proce$s to philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,!re seem to be two great aims 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato1--fir/1 to realize ab/ractions2 secondly1 to connect !m4 ,accord+ to him1 ! true education is t :i* draws m5 f becom+ to be+1 & to a compreh5sive survey ( all be+4 ,he desires to develop 9 ! human m9d ! faculty ( see+ ! univ]sal 9 all ?+s2 until at la/ ! p>ticul>s ( s5se drop away & ! univ]sal alone rema9s4 ,he !n seeks to comb9e ! univ]sals :i* he has dis5gag$ f s5se1 n p]ceiv+ t ! correlation ( !m has no o!r basis b ! common use ( language4 ,he nev] und]/&s t ab/ractions1 z ,hegel says1 are 'm]e ab/ractions'--( use :5 employ$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( facts1 b add+ no?+ to ! sum ( k :5 pursu$ ap>t f !m1 or ) ref]5ce to an imag9>y idea ( good4 ,/ill ! ex]cise ( ! faculty ( ab/raction ap>t f facts has enl>g$ ! m9d1 & play$ a great "p 9 ! education ( ! human race4 ,plato appreciat$ ! value ( ?is faculty1 & saw t x might be quick5$ by ! /udy ( numb] & relation4 ,all ?+s 9 :i* !re is opposition or proportion are sugge/ive ( reflection4 ,! m]e impression ( s5se evokes no p[] ( ?\ght or ( m9d1 b :5 s5sible objects ask to be comp>$ & di/+ui%$1 !n philosophy beg9s4 ,! sci5ce ( ari?metic fir/ sugge/s su* di/9ctions4 ,!re foll[ 9 ord] ! o!r sci5ces ( pla9 & solid geometry1 & ( solids 9 motion1 "o bran* ( :i* is a/ronomy or ! h>mony ( ! sph]es1--to ?is is app5d$ ! si/] sci5ce ( ! h>mony ( s\nds4 ,plato seems also to h9t at ! possibility ( o!r applications ( ari?metical or ma!matical proportions1 su* z we employ 9 *emi/ry & natural philosophy1 su* z ! ,py?agoreans & ev5 ,ari/otle make use ( 9 ,e?ics cx & ,politics1 e4g4 8 di/9ction betwe5 ari?metical & geometrical proportion 9 ! ,e?ics 7,book ,v71 or betwe5 num]ical & proportional equality 9 ! ,politics 7iii4 #h1 iv4 #ab1 c474 ,! mod]n ma!matician w readily sympa?ise ) ,plato's delight 9 ! prop]ties ( pure ma!matics4 ,he w n be dis9cl9$ to say ) him3--,let alone ! heav5s1 & /udy ! beauties ( numb] & figure 9 !mselves4 ,he too w be apt to depreciate _! application to ! arts4 ,he w obs]ve t ,plato has a conception ( geometry1 9 :i* figures are to be disp5s$ )2 ?us 9 a di/ant & %ad[y way seem+ to anticipate ! possibility ( work+ geometrical problems by a m g5]al mode ( analysis4 ,he w rem>k ) int]e/ on ! backw>d /ate ( solid geometry1 :i*1 alas6 0 n enc\rag$ by ! aid ( ! ,/ate 9 ! age ( ,plato2 & he w recognize ! grasp ( ,plato's m9d 9 8 ability to conceive ( "o sci5ce ( solids 9 motion includ+ ! e>? z well z ! heav5s1--n =gett+ to notice ! intimation to :i* allusion has be5 already made1 t besides a/ronomy & h>monics ! sci5ce ( solids 9 motion may h o!r applications4 ,/ill m w he be /ruck ) ! compreh5siv5ess ( view :i* l$ ,plato1 at a "t :5 ^! sci5ces h>dly exi/$1 to say t !y mu/ be /udi$ 9 relation to "o ano!r1 & to ! idea ( good1 or common pr9ciple ( tru? & be+4 ,b he w also see 7& p]haps )\t surprise7 t 9 t /age ( physical & ma!matical k1 ,plato has fall5 into ! error ( suppos+ t he c con/ruct ! heav5s a priori by ma!matical problems1 & det]m9e ! pr9ciples ( h>mony irrespective ( ! adaptation ( s\nds to ! human e>4 ,! illusion 0 a natural "o 9 t age & c\ntry4 ,! simplicity & c]ta9ty ( a/ronomy & h>monics seem$ to contra/ ) ! v>iation & complexity ( ! _w ( s5se2 h5ce ! circum/ance t !re 0 "s elem5t>y basis ( fact1 "s measurem5t ( di/ance or "t or vibrations on :i* !y mu/ ultimately re/1 0 ov]look$ by him4 ,! mod]n pr$ecessors ( ,newton fell into errors equally great2 & ,plato c h>dly be said to h be5 v f> wrong1 or may ev5 claim a sort ( prophetic insight into ! subject1 :5 we consid] t ! great] "p ( a/ronomy at ! pres5t day consi/s ( ab/ract dynamics1 cxi by ! help ( :i* mo/ a/ronomical discov]ies h be5 made4 ,! metaphysical philosoph] f 8 po9t ( view recognizes ma!matics z an in/rum5t ( education1--:i* /r5g!ns ! p[] ( att5tion1 developes ! s5se ( ord] & ! faculty ( con/ruction1 & enables ! m9d to grasp "u simple =mulae ! quantitative diff]5ces ( physical ph5om5a4 ,b :ile ackn[l$g+ _! value 9 education1 he sees also t !y h no connexion ) our high] moral & intellectual ideas4 ,9 ! attempt :i* ,plato makes to connect !m1 we easily trace ! influ5ces ( anci5t ,py?agorean notions4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t he is speak+ ( ! ideal numb]s at p4 #ebe ,e2 b he is describ+ numb]s :i* are pure ab/ractions1 to :i* he assigns a real & sep>ate exi/5ce1 :i*1 z '! tea*]s ( ! art' 7mean+ probably ! ,py?agoreans7 w\ld h affirm$1 repel all attempts at subdivision1 & 9 :i* unity & e o!r numb] are conceiv$ ( z absolute4 ,! tru? & c]ta9ty ( numb]s1 :5 ?us dis5gag$ f ph5om5a1 gave !m a k9d ( sacr$ness 9 ! eyes ( an anci5t philosoph]4 ,nor is x easy to say h[ f> ideas ( ord] & fix$ness may h _h a moral & elevat+ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( m51 ':o1' 9 ! words ( ! ,timaeus1 'might le>n to regulate _! err+ lives accord+ to !m' 7#dg ,c74 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! old ,py?agorean e?ical symbols /ill exi/ z figures ( spee* among ourselves4 ,& ^? :o 9 mod]n times see ! _w p]vad$ by univ]sal law1 may also see an anticipation ( ?is la/ ^w ( mod]n philosophy 9 ! ,platonic idea ( good1 :i* is ! s\rce & measure ( all ?+s1 & yet only an ab/raction4 7,cp4 ,philebus sub f9474 ,two passages seem to require m p>ticul> explanations4 ,fir/1 t :i* relates to ! analysis ( vision4 ,! difficulty 9 ?is passage may be expla9$1 l _m o!rs1 f diff]5ces 9 ! modes ( conception prevail+ among anci5t & mod]n ?9k]s4 ,to u1 ! p]ceptions ( s5se are insep>able f ! act ( ! m9d :i* accompanies !m4 ,! consci\sness ( =m1 col\r1 di/ance1 is indi/+ui%able f ! simple s5sation1 :i* is ! m$ium ( !m4 ,:]eas to ,plato s5se is ! ,h]aclitean flux ( s5se1 n cxii ! vision ( objects 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y actually pres5t !mselves to ! exp]i5c$ sight1 b z !y may be imag9$ to appe> confus$ & blurr$ to ! half-awak5$ eye ( ! infant4 ,! fir/ action ( ! m9d is ar\s$ by ! attempt to set 9 ord] ?is *aos1 & ! reason is requir$ to frame di/9ct conceptions "u :i* ! confus$ impressions ( s5se may be arrang$4 ,h5ce arises ! "q1 ',:at is great1 :at is small8' & ?us beg9s ! di/9ction ( ! visible & ! intelligible4 ,! second difficulty relates to ,plato's conception ( h>monics4 ,?ree classes ( h>moni/s are di/+ui%$ by him3--fir/1 ! ,py?agoreans1 :om he proposes to consult z 9 ! previ\s discussion on music he 0 to consult ,damon--!y are ackn[l$g$ to be ma/]s 9 ! art1 b are altoge!r defici5t 9 ! k ( its high] import & relation to ! good2 secondly1 ! m]e empirics1 :om ,glaucon appe>s to confuse ) !m1 & :om bo? he & ,socrates ludicr\sly describe z exp]im5t+ by m]e auscultation on ! int]vals ( s\nds4 ,bo? ( ^! fall %ort 9 diff]5t degrees ( ! ,platonic idea ( h>mony1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ 9 a purely ab/ract way1 fir/ by ! me?od ( problems1 & secondly z a "p ( univ]sal k 9 relation to ! idea ( good4 ,! allegory has a political z well z a philosophical mean+4 ,! d5 or cave repres5ts ! n>r[ sph]e ( politics or law 7cp4 ! description ( ! philosoph] & lawy] 9 ! ,!aetetus1 #agb-agf71 & ! light ( ! et]nal ideas is suppos$ to ex]cise a di/urb+ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( ^? :o return to ?is l[] _w4 ,9 o!r words1 _! pr9ciples are too wide = practical application2 !y are look+ f> away into ! pa/ & future1 :5 _! bus9ess is ) ! pres5t4 ,! ideal is n easily r$uc$ to ! conditions ( actual life1 & may (t5 be at v>iance ) !m4 ,& at fir/1 ^? :o return are unable to compete ) ! inhabitants ( ! d5 9 ! measurem5t ( ! %ad[s1 & are d]id$ & p]secut$ by !m2 b aft] a :ile !y see ! ?+s bel[ 9 f> tru] proportions ?an ^? :o h nev] asc5d$ into ! upp] _w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! politician turn$ into a philosoph] & ! philosoph] turn$ into a politician1 is symboliz$ by ! two k9ds ( disord]$ eyesight1 cxiii ! "o :i* is exp]i5c$ by ! captive :o is transf]r$ f d>kness to day1 ! o!r1 ( ! heav5ly mess5g] :o volunt>ily = ! good ( 8 fell[-m5 desc5ds into ! d54 ,9 :at way ! bright] light is to dawn on ! inhabitants ( ! l[] _w1 or h[ ! idea ( good is to become ! guid+ pr9ciple ( politics1 is left unexpla9$ by ,plato4 ,l ! nature & divisions ( dialectic1 ( :i* ,glaucon impati5tly dem&s to be in=m$1 p]haps he w\ld h said t ! explanation c\ld n be giv5 except to a disciple ( ! previ\s sci5ces4 7,comp>e ,symposium #baj ,a47 ,_m illu/rations ( ?is "p ( ! ,republic may be f\nd 9 mod]n ,politics & 9 daily life4 ,= among ourselves1 too1 !re h be5 two sorts ( ,politicians or ,/atesm51 ^: eyesight has become disord]$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,fir/1 !re h be5 great m5 :o1 9 ! language ( ,burke1 'h be5 too mu* giv5 to g5]al maxims1' :o1 l ,j4 ,s4 ,mill or ,burke himself1 h be5 !ori/s or philosoph]s be=e !y 7 politicians1 or :o1 hav+ be5 /ud5ts ( hi/ory1 h all[$ "s great hi/orical p>allel1 su* z ! ,engli% ,revolution ( #afhh1 or possibly ,a!nian democracy or ,roman ,imp]ialism1 to be ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y view$ contempor>y ev5ts4 ,or p]haps ! long project+ %ad[ ( "s exi/+ in/itution may h d>k5$ _! vision4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! future1 ! ,commonweal? ( ! future1 ! ,society ( ! future1 h s absorb$ _! m9ds1 t !y are unable to see 9 _! true proportions ! ,politics ( to-day4 ,!y h be5 intoxicat$ ) great ideas1 su* z lib]ty1 or equality1 or ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 or ! bro!rhood ( humanity1 & !y no long] c>e to consid] h[ ^! ideas mu/ be limit$ 9 practice or h>moniz$ ) ! conditions ( human life4 ,!y are full ( light1 b ! light to !m has become only a sort ( lum9\s mi/ or bl9dness4 ,almo/ e "o has kn[n "s en?usia/ic half-educat$ p]son1 :o sees ev]y?+ at false di/ances1 & 9 errone\s proportions4 ,) ?is disord] ( eyesight may be contra/$ ano!r--( ^? :o see n f> into ! di/ance1 b :at is ne> only2 :o h be5 engag$ all _! lives 9 a trade or a pr(ession2 :o are limit$ to a set or sect ( _! own4 ,m5 ( ?is k9d cxiv h no univ]sal except _! own int]e/s or ! int]e/s ( _! class1 no pr9ciple b ! op9ion ( p]sons l !mselves1 no k ( affairs beyond :at !y pick up 9 ! /reets or at _! club4 ,suppose !m to be s5t into a l>g] _w1 to und]take "s high] call+1 f be+ tradesm5 to turn g5]als or politicians1 f be+ s*oolma/]s to become philosoph]s3--or imag9e !m on a sudd5 to receive an inw>d light :i* reveals to !m = ! fir/ "t 9 _! lives a high] idea ( ,god & ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual _w1 by ?is sudd5 conv]sion or *ange is n _! daily life likely to be upset2 & on ! o!r h& w n _m ( _! old prejudices & n>r[nesses /ill adh]e to !m long aft] !y h begun to take a m compreh5sive view ( human ?+s8 ,f famili> examples l ^! we may le>n :at ,plato meant by ! eyesight :i* is liable to two k9ds ( disord]s4 ,nor h we any difficulty 9 draw+ a p>allel betwe5 ! "y ,a!nian 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ :o became unsettl$ by new ideas1 & ! /ud5t ( a mod]n ,univ]sity :o has be5 ! subject ( a simil> 'aufklrung4' ,we too obs]ve t :5 "y m5 beg9 to criticise cu/om>y beliefs1 or to analyse ! con/itution ( human nature1 !y are apt to lose hold ( solid pr9ciple 7,greek3 a7_/pan to be_/baion au7tn e7xoi_/*etai74 ,!y are l trees :i* h be5 frequ5tly transplant$4 ,! e>? ab\t !m is loose1 & !y h no roots rea*+ f> into ! soil4 ,!y 'light ^u e fl[]1' foll[+ _! own wayw>d wills1 or because ! w9d bl[s !m4 ,!y cat* op9ions1 z diseases are caught--:5 !y are 9 ! air4 ,borne hi!r & ?i!r1 '!y spe$ily fall into beliefs' ! opposite ( ^? 9 :i* !y 7 br\ght up4 ,!y h>dly reta9 ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong2 !y seem to ?9k "o ?+ z good z ano!r4 ,!y suppose !mselves to be se>*+ aft] tru? :5 !y are play+ ! game ( 'foll[ my lead]4' ,!y fall 9 love 'at fir/ sight' ) p>adoxes respect+ morality1 "s fancy ab\t art1 "s novelty or ecc5tricity 9 religion1 & l lov]s !y are s absorb$ = a "t 9 _! new notion t !y c ?9k ( no?+ else4 ,! resolution ( "s philosophical or !ological "q seems to !m m int]e/+ & important ?an any sub/antial k ( cxv lit]ature or sci5ce or ev5 ?an a good life4 ,l ! y\? 9 ! ,philebus1 !y are ready to disc\rse to any "o ab\t a new philosophy4 ,!y are g5]ally ! disciples ( "s em95t pr(essor or sophi/1 :om !y r imitate ?an und]/&4 ,!y may be c\nt$ happy if 9 lat] ye>s !y reta9 "s ( ! simple tru?s :i* !y acquir$ 9 e>ly education1 & :i* !y may1 p]haps1 f9d to be wor? all ! re/4 ,su* is ! picture :i* ,plato draws & :i* we only reproduce1 p>tly 9 8 own words1 ( ! dang]s :i* beset y\? 9 times ( transition1 :5 old op9ions are fad+ away & ! new are n yet firmly e/abli%$4 ,_! condition is +5i\sly comp>$ by him to t ( a supposititi\s son1 :o has made ! discov]y t 8 reput$ p>5ts are n 8 real ones1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !y h lo/ _! au?ority ov] him4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ma!matician & ! dialectician is also noticeable4 ,plato is v well aw>e t ! faculty ( ! ma!matician is q di/9ct f ! high] philosophical s5se :i* recognizes & comb9es fir/ pr9ciples 7#eca ,e74 ,! contempt :i* he expresses at p4 #ecc = di/9ctions ( words1 ! dang] ( involunt>y falsehood1 ! apology :i* ,socrates makes = 8 e>ne/ness ( spee*1 are highly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,platonic /yle & mode ( ?\ght4 ,! qua9t notion t if ,palam$es 0 ! inv5tor ( numb] ,agamemnon c\ld n h c\nt$ 8 feet2 ! art by :i* we are made to believe t ?is ,/ate ( ours is n a dream only2 ! gravity ) :i* ! fir/ /ep is tak5 9 ! actual creation ( ! ,/ate1 namely1 ! s5d+ out ( ! city all :o _h arriv$ at t5 ye>s ( age1 9 ord] to exp$ite ! bus9ess ( education by a g5]ation1 are also truly ,platonic4 7,= ! la/1 comp>e ! passage at ! end ( ! ?ird book 7#dae ,d71 9 :i* he expects ! lie ab\t ! e>?born m5 to be believ$ 9 ! second g5]ation47 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,viii4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,viii4 99#edc99 ,& s we h arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t 9 ! p]fect ,/ate wives & *ildr5 are to be 9 common2 & ! education & pursuits ( m5 & wom51 bo? 9 w> & peace1 are to be common1 & k+s are to be philosoph]s & w>riors1 & ! soldi]s ( ! ,/ate are to live toge!r1 cxvi hav+ all ?+s 9 common2 & !y are to be w>rior a?letes1 receiv+ no pay b only _! food1 f ! o!r citiz5s4 ,n[ let u return to ! po9t at :i* we digress$4 ',t is easily done1' he repli$3 ',y 7 speak+ ( ! ,/ate :i* y _h con/ruct$1 & ( ! individual :o answ]$ to ?is1 bo? ( :om y affirm$ to be good2 99#edd99 & y said t ( inf]ior ,/ates !re 7 f\r =ms & f\r individuals correspond+ to !m1 :i* al?\gh defici5t 9 v>i\s degrees1 7 all ( !m wor? inspect+ ) a view to det]m9+ ! relative happ9ess or mis]y ( ! be/ or wor/ man4 ,!n ,polem>*us & ,adeimantus int]rupt$ y1 & ?is l$ to ano!r argum5t1--& s "h we are4' ,suppose t we put ourselves aga9 9 ! same position1 & d y repeat y\r "q4 ',i %\ld l to "k ( :at con/itutions y 7 speak+8' ,besides ! p]fect ,/ate !re are only f\r ( any note 9 ,hellas3--fir/1 ! fam\s ,lac$aemonian or ,cretan commonweal?2 secondly1 olig>*y1 a ,/ate full ( evils2 ?irdly1 democracy1 :i* foll[s next 9 ord]2 f\r?ly1 tyranny1 :i* is ! disease or dea? ( all gov]nm5t4 ,n[1 ,/ates are n made ( 'oak & rock1' b ( fle% & blood2 & !re=e z !re are five ,/ates !re mu/ be five human natures 9 individuals1 :i* correspond to !m4 ,& fir/1 !re is ! ambiti\s nature1 99#ede99 :i* answ]s to ! ,lac$aemonian ,/ate2 secondly1 ! olig>*ical nature2 ?irdly1 ! democratical2 & f\r?ly1 ! tyrannical4 ,?is la/ w h to be comp>$ ) ! p]fectly j1 :i* is ! fif?1 t we may "k :i* is ! happi]1 & !n we %all be able to det]m9e :e!r ! argum5t ( ,?rasyma*us or our own is ! m conv9c+4 ,& z be=e we began ) ! ,/ate & w5t on to ! individual1 s n[1 beg9n+ ) timocracy1 let u g on to ! timocratical man1 & !n proce$ to ! o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & ! individuals :o answ] to !m4 ,b h[ did timocracy arise out ( ! p]fect ,/ate8 ,pla9ly1 l all *anges ( gov]nm5t1 f division 9 ! rul]s4 ,b :5ce came division8 ',s+1 heav5ly ,muses1' z ,hom] says2--let !m condesc5d to answ] u1 z if we 7 *ildr51 to :om !y put on a solemn face 9 je/4 ',& :at w !y say8' 99#edf99 ,!y w say t human ?+s are fat$ to decay1 & ev5 ! p]fect ,/ate w n escape f ?is law ( de/9y1 cxvii :5 '! :eel comes full circle' 9 a p]iod %ort or long4 ,plants or animals h times ( f]tility & /]ility1 :i* ! intellig5ce ( rul]s because alloy$ by s5se w n enable !m to asc]ta91 & *ildr5 w be born out ( season4 ,= :]eas div9e creations are 9 a p]fect cycle or numb]1 ! human creation is 9 a numb] :i* decl9es f p]fection1 & has f\r t]ms & ?ree int]vals ( numb]s1 increas+1 wan+1 assimilat+1 dissimilat+1 & yet p]fectly comm5surate ) ea* o!r4 ,! base ( ! numb] ) a f\r? add$ 7or :i* is #c 3 #d71 multipli$ by five & cub$1 gives two h>monies3--! fir/ a squ>e numb]1 :i* is a hundr$ times ! base 7or a hundr$ times a hundr$72 ! second1 an oblong1 be+ a hundr$ squ>es ( ! rational diamet] ( a figure ! side ( :i* is five1 subtract+ "o f ea* squ>e or two p]fect squ>es f all1 & add+ a hundr$ cubes ( ?ree4 ,?is entire numb] is geometrical & conta9s ! rule or law ( g5]ation4 ,:5 ?is law is neglect$ m>riages w be unpropiti\s2 ! inf]ior (fspr+ :o are !n born w 9 "t become ! rul]s2 ! ,/ate w decl9e1 & education fall into decay2 gymna/ic w be pref]r$ to music1 & ! gold & silv] & brass & iron w =m a *aotic mass-- 99#edg99 ?us division w arise4 ,su* is ! ,muses' answ] to our "q4 ',& a true answ]1 ( c\rse3--b :at m h !y to say8' ,!y say t ! two races1 ! iron & brass1 & ! silv] & gold1 w draw ! ,/ate diff]5t ways2--! "o w take to trade & moneymak+1 & ! o!rs1 hav+ ! true ri*es & n c>+ = money1 w resi/ !m3 ! conte/ w end 9 a compromise2 !y w agree to h private prop]ty1 & w enslave _! fell[-citiz5s :o 7 once _! fri5ds & nurtur]s4 ,b !y w reta9 _! w>like "*1 & w be *iefly occupi$ 9 fight+ & ex]cis+ rule4 ,?us arises timocracy1 :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ari/ocracy & olig>*y4 ,! new =m ( gov]nm5t resembles ! ideal 9 ob$i5ce to rul]s & contempt = trade1 & hav+ common meals1 & 9 devotion to w>like & gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,b corruption has crept into philosophy1 & simplicity ( "*1 :i* 0 once h] note1 is n[ look$ = only 9 ! milit>y class4 99#edh99 ,arts ( w> beg9 to prevail ov] arts ( peace2 ! rul] is no long] a cxviii philosoph]2 z 9 olig>*ies1 !re spr+s up among !m an extravagant love ( ga9--get ano!r man's & save y\r own1 is _! pr9ciple2 & !y h d>k places 9 :i* !y ho>d _! gold & silv]1 = ! use ( _! wom5 & o!rs2 !y take _! pleasures by /eal?1 l boys :o are runn+ away f _! fa!r--! law2 & _! education is n inspir$ by ! ,muse1 b impos$ by ! /rong arm ( p[]4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,/ate is p>ty _s & ambition4 ,& :at mann] ( man answ]s to su* a ,/ate8 ',9 love ( cont5tion1' repli$ ,adeimantus1 'he w be l our fri5d ,glaucon4' ,9 t respect1 p]haps1 b n 9 o!rs4 ,he is self-ass]t+ & ill-educat$1 99#edi99 yet fond ( lit]ature1 al?\gh n himself a speak]1--fi]ce ) slaves1 b ob$i5t to rul]s1 a lov] ( p[] & hon\r1 :i* he hopes to ga9 by de$s ( arms1--fond1 too1 ( gymna/ics & ( hunt+4 ,z he advances 9 ye>s he gr[s av>ici\s1 = he has lo/ philosophy1 :i* is ! only savi\r & gu>dian ( m54 ,8 orig9 is z foll[s3--,8 fa!r is a good man dwell+ 9 an ill-ord]$ ,/ate1 :o has retir$ f politics 9 ord] t he may lead a quiet life4 ,8 "m is angry at h] loss ( prec$5ce among o!r wom52 %e is disgu/$ at h] husb&'s selfi%ness1 & %e expatiates to h] son on ! unmanl9ess & indol5ce ( 8 fa!r4 ,! old family s]vant takes up ! tale1 & says to ! y\?3--',:5 y gr[ up y mu/ be m ( a man ?an y\r fa!r4' 99#eej99 ,all ! _w are agre$ t he :o m9ds 8 own bus9ess is an idiot1 :ile a busybody is highly hon\r$ & e/eem$4 ,! "y man comp>es ?is _s ) 8 fa!r's words & ways1 & z he is naturally well dispos$1 al?\gh he has suff]$ f evil influ5ces1 he re/s at a middle po9t & becomes ambiti\s & a lov] ( hon\r4 ,& n[ let u set ano!r city ov] aga9/ ano!r man4 ,! next =m ( gov]nm5t is olig>*y1 9 :i* ! rule is ( ! ri* only2 nor is x difficult to see h[ su* a ,/ate arises4 ,! decl9e beg9s ) ! possession ( gold & silv]2 illegal modes ( exp5diture are inv5t$2 "o draws ano!r on1 & ! multitude are infect$2 ri*es outweigh virtue2 99#eea99 lov]s ( money take ! place ( lov]s ( hon\r2 mis]s ( cxix politicians2 &1 9 "t1 political privileges are conf9$ by law to ! ri*1 :o d n %r9k f viol5ce 9 ord] to effect _! purposes4 ,?us mu* ( ! orig91--let u next consid] ! evils ( olig>*y4 ,w\ld a man :o want$ to be safe on a voyage take a bad pilot because he 0 ri*1 or refuse a good "o because he 0 poor8 ,& does n ! analogy apply /ill m to ! ,/ate8 ,& !re are yet great] evils3 two nations are /ruggl+ toge!r 9 "o--! ri* & ! poor2 & ! ri* d>e n put arms into ! h&s ( ! poor1 & are unwill+ to pay = def5d]s out ( _! own money4 ,& h we n already condemn$ t ,/ate 99#eeb99 9 :i* ! same p]sons are w>riors z well z %opkeep]s8 ,! greate/ evil ( all is t a man may sell 8 prop]ty & h no place 9 ! ,/ate2 :ile !re is "o class :i* has enorm\s weal?1 ! o!r is entirely de/itute4 ,b obs]ve t ^! de/itutes _h n really any m ( ! gov]n+ nature 9 !m :5 !y 7 ri* ?an n[ t !y are poor2 !y 7 mis]able sp5d?rifts always4 ,!y are ! drones ( ! hive2 only :]eas ! actual drone is unprovid$ by nature ) a /+1 ! two-legg$ ?+s :om we call drones are "s ( !m )\t /+s & "s ( !m h dreadful /+s2 9 o!r words1 !re are paup]s & !re are rogues4 ,^! are nev] f> ap>t2 & 9 olig>*ical cities1 :]e ne>ly ev]ybody is a paup] :o is n a rul]1 y w f9d abundance ( bo?4 ,& ?is evil /ate ( society orig9ates 9 bad education & bad gov]nm5t4 99#eec99 ,l ,/ate1 l man1--! *ange 9 ! latt] beg9s ) ! repres5tative ( timocracy2 he walks at fir/ 9 ! ways ( 8 fa!r1 :o may h be5 a /atesman1 or g5]al1 p]haps2 & pres5tly he sees him 'fall5 f 8 high e/ate1' ! victim ( in=m]s1 dy+ 9 prison or exile1 or by ! h& ( ! execution]4 ,! lesson :i* he ?us receives1 makes him cauti\s2 he leaves politics1 represses 8 pride1 & saves p5ce4 ,av>ice is en?ron$ z 8 bosom's "l1 & assumes ! /yle ( ! ,great ,k+2 ! rational & spirit$ elem5ts sit humbly on ! gr\nd at ei!r side1 ! "o imm]s$ 9 calculation1 ! o!r absorb$ 9 ! admiration ( weal?4 ,! love ( hon\r turns to love ( money2 ! conv]sion is in/antane\s4 ,! cxx man is mean1 sav+1 toil+1 99#eed99 ! slave ( "o passion :i* is ! ma/] ( ! re/3 ,is he n ! v image ( ! ,/ate8 ,he has _h no education1 or he w\ld nev] h all[$ ! bl9d god ( ri*es to lead ! dance )9 him4 ,& be+ un$ucat$ he w h _m slavi% desires1 "s begg>ly1 "s knavi%1 bre$+ 9 8 s\l4 ,if he is ! tru/ee ( an orphan1 & has ! p[] to defraud1 he w soon prove t he is n )\t ! w1 & t 8 passions are only re/ra9$ by fe> & n by reason4 ,h5ce he leads a divid$ exi/5ce2 9 :i* ! bett] desires mo/ly prevail4 99#eee99 ,b :5 he is cont5d+ = prizes & o!r di/9ctions1 he is afraid to incur a loss :i* is to be repaid only by b>r5 hon\r2 9 "t ( w> he fights ) a small "p ( 8 res\rces1 & usually keeps 8 money & loses ! victory4 ,next comes democracy & ! democratic man1 out ( olig>*y & ! olig>*ical man4 ,insatiable av>ice is ! rul+ passion ( an olig>*y2 & !y enc\rage exp5sive habits 9 ord] t !y may ga9 by ! ru9 ( extravagant y\?4 ,?us m5 ( family (t5 lose _! prop]ty or rights ( citiz5%ip2 b !y rema9 9 ! city1 full ( hatr$ aga9/ ! new own]s ( _! e/ates & ripe = revolution4 ,! usur] ) /oop+ walk pret5ds n to see !m2 he passes by1 & leaves 8 /+--t is1 8 money--9 "s o!r victim2 & _m a man has to pay ! p>5t or pr9cipal sum multipli$ into a family ( *ildr51 99#eef99 & is r$uc$ into a /ate ( dronage by him4 ,! only way ( dim9i%+ ! evil is ei!r to limit a man 9 8 use ( 8 prop]ty1 or to insi/ t he %all l5d at 8 own risk4 ,b ! rul+ class d n want rem$ies2 !y c>e only = money1 & are z c>eless ( virtue z ! poore/ ( ! citiz5s4 ,n[ !re are occasions on :i* ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$ meet toge!r1--at fe/ivals1 on a j\rney1 voyag+ or fight+4 ,! /urdy paup] f9ds t 9 ! h\r ( dang] he is n despis$2 he sees ! ri* man puff+ & pant+1 & draws ! conclusion :i* he privately imp>ts to 8 companions1--'t our p are n good = mu*2' & z a sickly frame is made ill by a m]e t\* f )\t1 or sometimes )\t ext]nal impulse is ready to fall to pieces ( itself1 s f ! lea/ cause1 or ) none at all1 ! city falls ill & fights a battle = life or dea?4 99#eeg99 ,& democracy comes into cxxi p[] :5 ! poor are ! victors1 kill+ "s & exil+ "s1 & giv+ equal %>es 9 ! gov]nm5t to all ! re/4 ,! mann] ( life 9 su* a ,/ate is t ( democrats2 !re is fre$om & pla9ness ( spee*1 & e man does :at is "r 9 8 own eyes1 & has 8 own way ( life4 ,h5ce arise ! mo/ v>i\s developm5ts ( "*2 ! ,/ate is l a piece ( embroid]y ( :i* ! col\rs & figures are ! mann]s ( m51 & !re are _m :o1 l wom5 & *ildr51 pref] ?is v>iety to real beauty & excell5ce4 ,! ,/ate is n "o b _m1 l a baza> at :i* y c buy any?+4 ,! great *>m is1 t y may d z y l2 y may gov]n if y l1 let x alone if y l2 g to w> & make peace if y feel dispos$1 99#eeh99 & all q irrespective ( anybody else4 ,:5 y condemn m5 to dea? !y rema9 alive all ! same2 a g5tleman is desir$ to g into exile1 & he /alks ab\t ! /reets l a h]o2 & nobody sees him or c>es = him4 ,obs]ve1 too1 h[ gr&ly ,democracy sets h] foot ^u all our f9e !ories ( education1--h[ little %e c>es = ! tra9+ ( h] /atesm56 ,! only qualification :i* %e dem&s is ! pr(ession ( patriotism4 ,su* is democracy2--a pleas+1 lawless1 v>i\s sort ( gov]nm5t1 di/ribut+ equality to equals & unequals alike4 ,let u n[ inspect ! individual democrat2 & fir/1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,/ate1 we w trace 8 antec$5ts4 ,he is ! son ( a mis]ly olig>*1 & has be5 taught by him to re/ra9 ! love ( unnecess>y pleasures4 ,p]haps ,i ought to expla9 ?is latt] t]m3-- 99#eei99 ,necess>y pleasures are ^? :i* are good1 & :i* we _c d )\t2 unnecess>y pleasures are ^? :i* d no good1 & ( :i* ! desire might be eradicat$ by e>ly tra9+4 ,= example1 ! pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+ are necess>y & heal?y1 up to a c]ta9 po9t2 beyond t po9t !y are alike hurtful to body & m9d1 & ! excess may be avoid$4 ,:5 9 excess1 !y may be rightly call$ exp5sive pleasures1 9 opposition to ! useful ones4 ,& ! drone1 z we call$ him1 is ! slave ( ^! unnecess>y pleasures & desires1 :]eas ! mis]ly olig>* is subject only to ! necess>y4 ,! olig>* *anges into ! democrat 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! y\? :o has _h a mis]ly br++ up1 gets cxxii a ta/e ( ! drone's honey2 he meets ) wild companions1 :o introduce him to e new pleasure4 ,z 9 ! ,/ate1 s 9 ! individual1 !re are allies on bo? sides1 temptations f )\t & passions f )92 !re is reason also & ext]nal influ5ces ( p>5ts & fri5ds 9 alliance ) ! olig>*ical pr9ciple2 99#efj99 & ! two factions are 9 viol5t conflict ) "o ano!r4 ,sometimes ! p>ty ( ord] prevails1 b !n aga9 new desires & new disord]s arise1 & ! :ole mob ( passions gets possession ( ! ,acropolis1 t is to say1 ! s\l1 :i* !y f9d void & ungu>d$ by true words & works4 ,falsehoods & illusions asc5d to take _! place2 ! prodigal goes back into ! c\ntry ( ! ,lotophagi or drones1 & op5ly dwells !re4 ,& if any (f] ( alliance or p>ley ( individual eld]s comes f home1 ! false spirits %ut ! gates ( ! ca/le & p]mit no "o to ent]1--!re is a battle1 & !y ga9 ! victory2 & /raightway mak+ alliance ) ! desires1 !y bani% mode/y1 :i* !y call folly1 & s5d temp]ance ov] ! bord]4 ,:5 ! h\se has be5 swept & g>ni%$1 !y dress up ! exil$ vices1 &1 cr[n+ !m ) g>l&s1 br+ !m back "u new names4 ,insol5ce !y call good bre$+1 an>*y fre$om1 wa/e magnific5ce1 impud5ce c\rage4 99#efa99 ,su* is ! process by :i* ! y\? passes f ! necess>y pleasures to ! unnecess>y4 ,aft] a :ile he divides 8 "t imp>tially betwe5 !m2 & p]haps1 :5 he gets old] & ! viol5ce ( passion has abat$1 he re/ores "s ( ! exiles & lives 9 a sort ( equilibrium1 indulg+ fir/ "o pleasure & !n ano!r2 & if reason comes & tells him t "s pleasures are good & hon\rable1 & o!rs bad & vile1 he %akes 8 head & says t he c make no di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,?us he lives 9 ! fancy ( ! h\r2 sometimes he takes to dr9k1 & !n he turns ab/a9]2 he practises 9 ! gymnasium or he does no?+ at all2 !n aga9 he w\ld be a philosoph] or a politician2 or aga91 he w\ld be a w>rior or a man ( bus9ess2 he is ',e ?+ by />ts & no?+ long4' 99#efb99 ,!re rema9s /ill ! f9e/ & faire/ ( all m5 & all ,/ates--tyranny & ! tyrant4 ,tyranny spr+s f democracy mu* z democracy spr+s f olig>*y4 ,bo? arise cxxiii f excess2 ! "o f excess ( weal?1 ! o!r f excess ( fre$om4 ',! great natural good ( life1' says ! democrat1 'is fre$om4' ,& ?is exclusive love ( fre$om & reg>dlessness ( ev]y?+ else1 is ! cause ( ! *ange f democracy to tyranny4 ,! ,/ate dem&s ! /rong w9e ( fre$om1 & unless h] rul]s give h] a pl5tiful draught1 puni%es & insults !m2 equality & frat]nity ( gov]nors & gov]n$ is ! approv$ pr9ciple4 ,an>*y is ! law1 n ( ! ,/ate only1 b ( private h\ses1 & ext5ds ev5 to ! animals4 99#efc99 ,fa!r & son1 citiz5 & =eign]1 tea*] & pupil1 old & "y1 are all on a level2 fa!rs & tea*]s fe> _! sons & pupils1 & ! wisdom ( ! "y man is a mat* = ! eld]1 & ! old imitate ! jaunty mann]s ( ! "y because !y are afraid ( be+ ?\ght morose4 ,slaves are on a level ) _! ma/]s & mi/resses1 & !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,nay1 ! v animals 9 a democratic ,/ate h a fre$om :i* is unkn[n 9 o!r places4 ,! %e-dogs are z good z _! %e-mi/resses1 & horses & asses m>* along ) dignity & run _! noses aga9/ anybody :o comes 9 _! way4 ',t has (t5 be5 my exp]i5ce4' ,at la/ ! citiz5s become s s5sitive t !y _c endure ! yoke ( laws1 writt5 or unwritt52 !y w\ld h no man call himself _! ma/]4 ,su* is ! glori\s beg9n+ ( ?+s out ( :i* tyranny spr+s4 ',glori\s1 inde$2 b :at is to foll[8' ,! ru9 ( olig>*y is ! ru9 ( democracy2 99#efd99 = !re is a law ( contr>ies2 ! excess ( fre$om passes into ! excess ( slav]y1 & ! great] ! fre$om ! great] ! slav]y4 ,y w rememb] t 9 ! olig>*y 7 f\nd two classes--rogues & paup]s1 :om we comp>$ to drones ) & )\t /+s4 ,^! two classes are to ! ,/ate :at phlegm & bile are to ! human body2 & ! ,/ate-physician1 or legislator1 mu/ get rid ( !m1 j z ! bee-ma/] keeps ! drones out ( ! hive4 ,n[ 9 a democracy1 too1 !re are drones1 b !y are m num]\s & m dang]\s ?an 9 ! olig>*y2 !re !y are in]t & unpractis$1 "h !y are full ( life & animation2 & ! ke5] sort speak & act1 :ile ! o!rs buzz ab\t ! bema & prev5t _! oppon5ts f be+ he>d4 ,& !re is ano!r class 9 democratic ,/ates1 cxxiv ( respectable1 ?riv+ individuals1 :o c be squeez$ :5 ! drones h ne$ ( _! possessions2 99#efe99 !re is moreov] a ?ird class1 :o are ! lab\r]s & ! artisans1 & !y make up ! mass ( ! p4 ,:5 ! p meet1 !y are omnipot5t1 b !y _c be br\ght toge!r unless !y are attract$ by a little honey2 & ! ri* are made to supply ! honey1 ( :i* ! demagogues keep ! great] "p !mselves1 giv+ a ta/e only to ! mob4 ,_! victims attempt to resi/2 !y are driv5 mad by ! /+s ( ! drones1 & s become d[nright olig>*s 9 self-def5ce4 ,!n foll[ in=mations & convictions = treason4 ,! p h "s protector :om !y nurse into greatness1 & f ?is root ! tree ( tyranny spr+s4 ,! nature ( ! *ange is indicat$ 9 ! old fable ( ! temple ( ,zeus ,lycaeus1 :i* tells h[ he :o ta/es human fle% mix$ up ) ! fle% ( o!r victims w turn into a wolf4 ,ev5 s ! protector1 :o ta/es human blood1 & slays "s & exiles o!rs ) or )\t law1 :o h9ts at abolition ( debts & division ( l&s1 99#eff99 mu/ ei!r p]i% or become a wolf--t is1 a tyrant4 ,p]haps he is driv5 out1 b he soon comes back f exile2 & !n if 8 enemies _c get rid ( him by lawful means1 !y plot 8 assass9ation4 ,!reupon ! fri5d ( ! p makes 8 well-kn[n reque/ to !m = a body-gu>d1 :i* !y readily grant1 ?9k+ only ( 8 dang] & n ( _! own4 ,n[ let ! ri* man make to himself w+s1 = he w nev] run away aga9 if he does n d s !n4 ,& ! ,great ,protector1 hav+ cru%$ all 8 rivals1 /&s pr\dly erect 9 ! *>iot ( ,/ate1 a full-bl[n tyrant3 ,let u enquire into ! nature ( 8 happ9ess4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( 8 tyranny he smiles & beams ^u ev]ybody2 he is n a 'dom9us1' no1 n he3 he has only come to put an end to debt & ! monopoly ( l&4 ,hav+ got rid ( =eign enemies1 99#efg99 he makes himself necess>y to ! ,/ate by always go+ to w>4 ,he is ?us enabl$ to depress ! poor by heavy taxes1 & s keep !m at "w2 & he c get rid ( bold] spirits by h&+ !m ov] to ! enemy4 ,!n comes unpopul>ity2 "s ( 8 old associates h ! c\rage to oppose him4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t he has to make a purgation ( ! ,/ate2 b1 unlike ! physician :o purges cxxv away ! bad1 he mu/ get rid ( ! high-spirit$1 ! wise & ! weal?y2 = he has no *oice betwe5 dea? & a life ( %ame & di%on\r4 ,& ! m hat$ he is1 ! m he w require tru/y gu>ds2 b h[ w he obta9 !m8 ',!y w come flock+ l birds--= pay4' ,w he n r obta9 !m on ! spot8 ,he w take ! slaves f _! own]s & make !m 8 body-gu>d2 99#efh99 ^! are 8 tru/$ fri5ds1 :o admire & look up to him4 ,are n ! tragic poets wise :o magnify & exalt ! tyrant1 & say t he is wise by association ) ! wise8 ,& are n _! praises ( tyranny alone a suffici5t reason :y we %\ld exclude !m f our ,/ate8 ,!y may g to o!r cities1 & ga!r ! mob ab\t !m ) f9e words1 & *ange commonweal?s into tyrannies & democracies1 receiv+ hon\rs & rew>ds = _! s]vices2 b ! high] !y & _! fri5ds asc5d con/itution hill1 ! m _! hon\r w fail & become 'too a/hmatic to m\nt4' ,to return to ! tyrant--,h[ w he support t r>e army ( 88 ,fir/1 by robb+ ! temples ( _! treasures1 :i* w enable him to light5 ! taxes2 !n he w take all 8 fa!r's prop]ty1 & sp5d x on 8 companions1 male or female4 ,n[ 8 fa!r is ! demus1 & if ! demus gets angry1 99#efi99 & says t a great hulk+ son ought n to be a burd5 on 8 p>5ts1 & bids him & 8 riot\s crew begone1 !n w ! p>5t "k :at a mon/] he has be5 nurtur+1 & t ! son :om he w\ld fa9 expel is too /rong = him4 ',y d n mean to say t he w beat 8 fa!r8' ,yes1 he w1 aft] hav+ tak5 away 8 arms4 ',!n he is a p>ricide & a cruel1 unnatural son4' ,& ! p h jump$ f ! fe> ( slav]y into slav]y1 out ( ! smoke into ! fire4 ,?us lib]ty1 :5 out ( all ord] & reason1 passes into ! wor/ =m ( s]vitude4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,viii4 ,introduction4 ,9 ! previ\s books ,plato has describ$ ! ideal ,/ate2 n[ he returns to ! p]v]t$ or decl9+ =ms1 on :i* he _h lightly t\*$ at ! end ( ,book iv4 ,^! he describes 9 a succession ( p>allels betwe5 ! individuals & ! ,/ates1 trac+ ! orig9 ( ei!r 9 ! ,/ate or individual :i* has prec$$ !m4 ,he beg9s by ask+ ! po9t at :i* he digress$2 & is ?us l$ %ortly to recapitulate ! sub/ance cxxvi ( ! ?ree =m] books1 :i* also conta9 a p>allel ( ! philosoph] & ! ,/ate4 ,( ! fir/ decl9e he gives no intelligible acc\nt2 he w\ld n h lik$ to admit ! mo/ probable causes ( ! fall ( 8 ideal ,/ate1 :i* to u w\ld appe> to be ! impracticability ( communism or ! natural antagonism ( ! rul+ & subject classes4 ,he ?r[s a veil ( my/]y ov] ! orig9 ( ! decl9e1 :i* he attributes to ignorance ( ! law ( population4 ,( ?is law ! fam\s geometrical figure or numb] is ! expression4 ,l ! anci5ts 9 g5]al1 he _h no idea ( ! gradual p]fectibility ( man or ( ! education ( ! human race4 ,8 ideal 0 n to be atta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 b 0 to spr+ 9 full arm\r f ! head ( ! legislator4 ,:5 good laws _h be5 giv51 he ?\ght only ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 likely to be corrupt$1 or ( h[ !y might be fill$ up 9 detail or re/or$ 9 accordance ) _! orig9al _s4 ,he appe>s n to h reflect$ ^u ! full mean+ ( 8 own words1 ',9 ! brief space ( human life1 no?+ great c be accompli%$' 7x4 #fjh ,b72 or aga91 z he aft]w>ds says 9 ! ,laws 7iii4 #fgf71 ',inf9ite "t is ! mak] ( cities4' ,! ord] ( con/itutions :i* is adopt$ by him repres5ts an ord] ( ?\ght r ?an a succession ( "t1 & may be consid]$ z ! fir/ attempt to frame a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! fir/ ( ^! decl9+ ,/ates is timocracy1 or ! gov]nm5t ( soldi]s & lov]s ( hon\r1 :i* answ]s to ! ,sp>tan ,/ate2 ?is is a gov]nm5t ( =ce1 9 :i* education is n inspir$ by ! ,muses1 b impos$ by ! law1 & 9 :i* all ! f9] elem5ts ( organization h disappe>$4 ,! philosoph] himself has lo/ ! love ( tru?1 & ! soldi]1 :o is ( a simpl] & hone/] nature1 rules 9 8 /ead4 ,! individual :o answ]s to timocracy has "s noticeable qualities4 ,he is describ$ z ill educat$1 b1 l ! ,sp>tan1 a lov] ( lit]ature2 & al?\gh he is a h>% ma/] to 8 s]vants he has no natural sup]iority ov] !m4 ,8 "* is bas$ ^u a reaction aga9/ ! circum/ances ( 8 fa!r1 :o 9 a tr\bl$ city has retir$ f politics2 & 8 "m1 :o is dissatisfi$ at h] own position1 is always urg+ him t[>ds ! life ( political ambition4 ,su* a "* may h _h ?is orig91 & inde$ ,livy attributes ! ,lic9ian laws to a cxxvii fem99e jeal\sy ( a simil> k9d 7vii4 #cd74 ,b !re is obvi\sly no connection betwe5 ! mann] 9 :i* ! timocratic ,/ate spr+s out ( ! ideal1 & ! m]e accid5t by :i* ! timocratic man is ! son ( a retir$ /atesman4 ,! two next /ages 9 ! decl9e ( con/itutions h ev5 less hi/orical f\ndation4 ,= !re is no trace 9 ,greek hi/ory ( a polity l ! ,sp>tan or ,cretan pass+ into an olig>*y ( weal?1 or ( ! olig>*y ( weal? pass+ into a democracy4 ,! ord] ( hi/ory appe>s to be diff]5t2 fir/1 9 ! ,hom]ic times !re is ! royal or patri>*al =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* a c5tury or two lat] 0 succe$$ by an olig>*y ( bir? r ?an ( weal?1 & 9 :i* weal? 0 only ! accid5t ( ! h]$it>y possession ( l& & p[]4 ,sometimes ?is olig>*ical gov]nm5t gave way to a gov]nm5t bas$ ^u a qualification ( prop]ty1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ari/otle's mode ( us+ words1 w\ld h be5 call$ a timocracy2 & ?is 9 "s cities1 z at ,a!ns1 became ! conduct+ m$ium to democracy4 ,b su* 0 n ! necess>y ord] ( succession 9 ,/ates2 nor1 inde$1 c any ord] be disc]n$ 9 ! endless fluctuation ( ,greek hi/ory 7l ! tides 9 ! ,euripus71 except1 p]haps1 9 ! almo/ uni=m t5d5cy f mon>*y to ari/ocracy 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,at fir/ sight !re appe>s to be a simil> inv]sion 9 ! la/ /ep ( ! ,platonic succession2 = tyranny1 in/ead ( be+ ! natural end ( democracy1 9 e>ly ,greek hi/ory appe>s r z a /age lead+ to democracy2 ! reign ( ,peisi/ratus & 8 sons is an episode :i* comes betwe5 ! legislation ( ,solon & ! con/itution ( ,clei/h5es2 & "s secret cause common to !m all seems to h l$ ! great] "p ( ,hellas at h] fir/ appe>ance 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory1 e4g4 ,a!ns1 ,argos1 ,cor9?1 ,sicyon1 & ne>ly e ,/ate ) ! exception ( ,sp>ta1 ?r\gh a simil> /age ( tyranny :i* end$ ei!r 9 olig>*y or democracy4 ,b !n we mu/ rememb] t ,plato is describ+ r ! contempor>y gov]nm5ts ( ! ,sicilian ,/ates1 :i* alt]nat$ betwe5 democracy & tyranny1 ?an ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,a!ns or ,cor9?4 ,! portrait ( ! tyrant himself is j su* z ! lat] ,greek delight$ to draw ( ,phal>is & ,dionysius1 9 :i*1 z 9 ! lives ( m$iaeval sa9ts or my?ic h]oes1 ! conduct & actions cxxviii ( "o 7 attribut$ to ano!r 9 ord] to fill up ! outl9e4 ,!re 0 no enormity :i* ! ,greek 0 n today to believe ( !m2 ! tyrant 0 ! negation ( gov]nm5t & law2 8 assass9ation 0 glori\s2 !re 0 no crime1 h[ev] unnatural1 :i* might n ) probability be attribut$ to him4 ,9 ?is1 ,plato 0 only foll[+ ! common ?\ght ( 8 c\ntrym51 :i* he embelli%$ & exagg]at$ ) all ! p[] ( 8 g5ius4 ,!re is no ne$ to suppose t he drew f life2 or t 8 k ( tyrants is d]iv$ f a p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,dionysius4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he speaks ( !m w\ld r t5d to r5d] d\btful 8 ev] hav+ 'consort$' ) !m1 or ent]ta9$ ! s*emes1 :i* are attribut$ to him 9 ! ,epi/les1 ( reg5]at+ ,sicily by _! help4 ,plato 9 a hyp]bolical & s]io-comic ve9 exagg]ates ! follies ( democracy :i* he also sees reflect$ 9 social life4 ,to him democracy is a /ate ( individualism or dissolution2 9 :i* e "o is do+ :at is "r 9 8 own eyes4 ,( a p animat$ by a common _s ( lib]ty1 ris+ z "o man to repel ! ,p]sian ho/1 :i* is ! lead+ idea ( democracy 9 ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides1 he nev] seems to ?9k4 ,b if he is n a believ] 9 lib]ty1 /ill less is he a lov] ( tyranny4 ,8 deep] & m s]i\s condemnation is res]v$ = ! tyrant1 :o is ! ideal ( wick$ness & also ( weakness1 & :o 9 8 utt] helplessness & suspici\sness is lead+ an almo/ impossible exi/5ce1 )\t t remnant ( good :i*1 9 ,plato's op9ion1 0 requir$ to give p[] to evil 7,book i4 p4 #ceb74 ,?is ideal ( wick$ness liv+ 9 helpless mis]y1 is ! rev]se ( t o!r portrait ( p]fect inju/ice rul+ 9 happ9ess & spl5d\r1 :i* fir/ ( all ,?rasyma*us1 & aft]w>ds ! sons ( ,ari/on _h drawn1 & is also ! rev]se ( ! k+ ^: rule ( life is ! good ( 8 subjects4 ,ea* ( ^! gov]nm5ts & individuals has a correspond+ e?ical gradation3 ! ideal ,/ate is "u ! rule ( reason1 n ext+ui%+ b h>moniz+ ! passions1 & tra9+ !m 9 virtue2 9 ! timocracy & ! timocratic man ! con/itution1 :e!r ( ! ,/ate or ( ! individual1 is bas$1 fir/1 ^u c\rage1 & secondly1 ^u ! love ( hon\r2 ?is latt] virtue1 cxxix :i* is h>dly to be e/eem$ a virtue1 has sup]s$$ all ! re/4 ,9 ! second /age ( decl9e ! virtues h altoge!r disappe>$1 & ! love ( ga9 has succe$$ to !m2 9 ! ?ird /age1 or democracy1 ! v>i\s passions are all[$ to h free play1 & ! virtues & vices are imp>tially cultivat$4 ,b ?is fre$om1 :i* leads to _m curi\s extravagances ( "*1 is 9 reality only a /ate ( weakness & dissipation4 ,at la/1 "o mon/] passion takes possession ( ! :ole nature ( man--?is is tyranny4 ,9 all ( !m excess--! excess fir/ ( weal? & !n ( fre$om1 is ! elem5t ( decay4 ,! eigh? book ( ! ,republic ab\nds 9 pictures ( life & fanciful allusions2 ! use ( metaphorical language is c>ri$ to a great] ext5t ?an any:]e else 9 ,plato4 ,we may rem>k1 7#a71 ! description ( ! two nations 9 "o1 :i* become m & m divid$ 9 ! ,greek ,republics1 z 9 feudal times1 & p]haps also 9 our own2 7#b71 ! notion ( democracy express$ 9 a sort ( ,py?agorean =mula z equality among unequals2 7#c71 ! free & easy ways ( m5 & animals1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( lib]ty1 z =eign m]c5>ies & univ]sal mi/ru/ are ( ! tyrant2 7#d71 ! proposal t m]e debts %\ld n be recov]able by law is a speculation :i* has (t5 be5 ent]ta9$ by re=m]s ( ! law 9 mod]n times1 & is 9 h>mony ) ! t5d5cies ( mod]n legislation4 ,debt & l& 7 ! two great difficulties ( ! anci5t lawgiv]3 9 mod]n times we may be said to h almo/1 if n q1 solv$ ! fir/ ( ^! difficulties1 b h>dly ! second4 ,/ill m rem>kable are ! correspond+ portraits ( individuals3 !re is ! family picture ( ! fa!r & "m & ! old s]vant ( ! timocratical man1 & ! outw>d respectability & inh]5t meanness ( ! olig>*ical2 ! uncontroll$ lic5ce & fre$om ( ! democrat1 9 :i* ! "y ,alcibiades seems to be depict$1 do+ "r or wrong z he pleases1 & :o at la/1 l ! prodigal1 goes into a f> c\ntry 7note "h ! play ( language by :i* ! democratic man is himself repres5t$ "u ! image ( a ,/ate hav+ a citadel & receiv+ embassies72 & !re is ! wild-bea/ nature1 :i* breaks loose 9 8 successor4 ,! hit ab\t ! tyrant be+ a p>ricide2 ! repres5tation ( ! tyrant's life z cxxx an obsc5e dream2 ! rhetorical surprise ( a m mis]able ?an ! mo/ mis]able ( m5 9 ,book ix2 ! h9t to ! poets t if !y are ! fri5ds ( tyrants !re is no place = !m 9 a con/itutional ,/ate1 & t !y are too clev] n to see ! propriety ( _! own expulsion2 ! cont9u\s image ( ! drones :o are ( two k9ds1 swell+ at la/ into ! mon/] drone hav+ w+s 7see infra1 ,book ix71--are among ,plato's happie/ t\*es4 ,!re rema9s to be consid]$ ! great difficulty ( ?is book ( ! ,republic1 ! s-call$ numb] ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is is a puzzle almo/ z great z ! ,numb] ( ! ,bea/ 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation1 & ?\gh app>5tly kn[n to ,ari/otle1 is ref]r$ to by ,cic]o z a prov]b ( obscurity 7,ep4 ad ,att4 vii4 #ac1 #e74 ,& "s h imag9$ t !re is no answ] to ! puzzle1 & t ,plato has be5 practis+ ^u 8 read]s4 ,b su* a deception z ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,ari/otle speaks ( ! numb] 7,pol4 v4 #ab1 #g71 & w\ld h be5 ridicul\s to any read] ( ! ,republic :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ,greek ma!matics4 ,z little reason is !re = suppos+ t ,plato int5tionally us$ obscure expressions2 ! obscurity arises f our want ( famili>ity ) ! subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plato himself indicates t he is n altoge!r s]i\s1 & 9 describ+ 8 numb] z a solemn je/ ( ! ,muses1 he appe>s to imply "s degree ( satire on ! symbolical use ( numb]4 7,cp4 ,cratylus passim2 ,protag4 #cdb ff47 ,our hope ( und]/&+ ! passage dep5ds pr9cipally on an accurate /udy ( ! words !mselves2 on :i* a fa9t light is ?r[n by ! p>allel passage 9 ! n9? book4 ,ano!r help is ! allusion 9 ,ari/otle1 :o makes ! important rem>k t ! latt] "p ( ! passage 7f ,greek3 7n e7pi_/tritos pu?mn1 k4t4l47 describes a solid figure4 ,"s fur!r clue may be ga!r$ f ! appe>ance ( ! ,py?agorean triangle1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e1 & 9 :i*1 z 9 e "r-angl$ cxxxi triangle1 ! squ>es ( ! two less] sides equal ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use 7#cb #db #eb1 or #i #af #be74 ,footnote #b3 ,pol4 v4 #ab1 #h3--';,he only says t no?+ is abid+1 b t all ?+s *ange 9 a c]ta9 cycle2 & t ! orig9 ( ! *ange is a base ( numb]s :i* are 9 ! ratio ( #d 3 #c2 & ?is :5 comb9$ ) a figure ( five gives two h>monies2 he means :5 ! numb] ( ?is figure becomes solid4' ,plato beg9s by speak+ ( a p]fect or cyclical numb] 7cp4 ,tim4 #ci ,d71 i4e4 a numb] 9 :i* ! sum ( ! divisors equals ! :ole2 ?is is ! div9e or p]fect numb] 9 :i* all less] cycles or revolutions are complete4 ,he also speaks ( a human or imp]fect numb]1 hav+ f\r t]ms & ?ree int]vals ( numb]s :i* are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 c]ta9 proportions2 ^! he conv]ts into figures1 & f9ds 9 !m :5 !y h be5 rais$ to ! ?ird p[] c]ta9 elem5ts ( numb]1 :i* give two 'h>monies1' ! "o squ>e1 ! o!r oblong2 b he does n say t ! squ>e numb] answ]s to ! div9e1 or ! oblong numb] to ! human cycle2 nor is any intimation giv5 t ! fir/ or div9e numb] repres5ts ! p]iod ( ! _w1 ! second ! p]iod ( ! /ate1 or ( ! human race z ,zell] supposes2 nor is ! div9e numb] aft]w>ds m5tion$ 7cp4 ,ari/474 ,! second is ! numb] ( g5]ations or bir?s1 & presides ov] !m 9 ! same my/]i\s mann] 9 :i* ! />s preside ov] !m1 or 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 opportunity1 ju/ice1 m>riage1 are repres5t$ by "s numb] or figure4 ,?is is probably ! numb] #baf4 ,! explanation giv5 9 ! text supposes ! two h>monies to make up ! numb] #hjjj4 ,?is explanation d]ives a c]ta9 plausibility f ! circum/ance t #hjjj is ! anci5t numb] ( ! ,sp>tan citiz5s 7,h]od4 vii4 #cd71 & w\ld be :at ,plato might h call$ 'a numb] :i* ne>ly conc]ns ! population ( a city' 7#ehh ,a72 ! my/]i\s disappe>ance ( ! ,sp>tan population may possibly h sugge/$ to him ! fir/ cause ( 8 decl9e ( ,/ates4 ,! less] or squ>e 'h>mony1' ( #djj1 might be a symbol ( ! gu>dians1--! l>g] or oblong 'h>mony1' ( ! p1 & ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e might ref] respectively to ! ?ree ord]s 9 ! ,/ate or p>ts ( ! s\l1 ! f\r virtues1 ! five =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,! h>mony ( ! musical scale1 :i* is else:]e us$ z a symbol ( ! h>mony ( ! /ate 7,rep4 iv4 #ddc ,d71 is also indicat$4 ,= ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e1 :i* repres5t ! sides ( ! ,py?agorean triangle1 also d5ote ! int]vals ( ! scale4 ,! t]ms us$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ! problem may be cxxxii expla9$ z foll[s4 ,a p]fect numb] 7,greek3 te_/leios a7ri?mo_/s71 z already /at$1 is "o :i* is equal to ! sum ( its divisors4 ,?us #f1 :i* is ! fir/ p]fect or cyclical numb]1 #a #b #c4 ,! words ,greek3 o7_/roi1 't]ms' or 'notes1' & ,greek3 a7po/a_/seis1 'int]vals1' are applicable to music z well z to numb] & figure4 ,greek3 ,pr_/t is ! 'base' on :i* ! :ole calculation dep5ds1 or ! 'l[e/ t]m' f :i* x c be work$ out4 ,! words ,greek3 duna_/m5ai_/ te kai duna/euo_/m5oi h be5 v>i\sly translat$--'squ>$ & cub$' 7,donaldson71 'equall+ & equall$ 9 p[]' 7,web]71 'by involution & evolution1' i4e4 by rais+ ! p[] & extract+ ! root 7z 9 ! translation74 ,numb]s are call$ 'l & unlike' 7,greek3 o7moi\nte_/s te kai a7nomoi\ntes7 :5 ! factors or ! sides ( ! planes & cubes :i* !y repres5t are or are n 9 ! same ratio3 e4g4 #h & #bg #bc & #cc2 & conv]sely4 ',wax+' 7,greek3 au7_/xontes7 numb]s1 call$ also 'increas+' 7,greek3 u7p]teleis7 are ^? :i* are exce$$ by ! sum ( _! divisors3 e4g4 #ab & #ah are less ?an #af & #ba4 ',wan+' 7,greek3 ph?i_/nontes7 numb]s1 call$ also 'decreas+' 7,greek3 e7llipeis7 are ^? :i* succe$ ! sum ( _! divisors3 e4g4 #h & #bg exce$ #g & #ac4 ,! words translat$ 'comm5surable & agreeable to "o ano!r' 7,greek3 pros_/gora kai r7ta_/7 seem to be diff]5t ways ( describ+ ! same relation1 ) m or less precision4 ,!y are equival5t to 'expressible 9 t]ms hav+ ! same relation to "o ano!r1' l ! s]ies #h1 #ab1 #ah1 #bg1 ea* ( :i* numb]s is 9 ! relation ( #a & #a_/b to ! prec$+4 ,! 'base1' or 'fundam5tal numb]1 :i* has #a_/c add$ to x' 7#a & #a_/c7 #d_/c or a musical f\r?4 ,greek3 ,a7rmoni_/a is a 'proportion' ( numb]s z ( musical notes1 appli$ ei!r to ! p>ts or factors ( a s+le numb] or to ! relation ( "o numb] to ano!r4 ,! fir/ h>mony is a 'squ>e' numb] 7,greek3 i7_/sn i7sa_/kis72 ! second h>mony is an 'oblong' numb] 7,greek3 prom_/k71 i4e4 a numb] repres5t+ a figure ( :i* ! opposite sides only are equal4 ,greek3 ,a7ri?moi a7po diame_/trn 'numb]s squ>$ f' or '^u diamet]s'2 ,greek3 r7tn 'rational1' i4e4 omitt+ fractions1 ,greek3 a7r7r7_/tn1 'irrational1' i4e4 includ+ fractions2 e4g4 #di is a squ>e ( ! rational diamet] ( a figure ! side ( :i* #e3 #ej1 ( an irrational diamet] ( ! same4 ,= sev]al ( ! explanations "h giv5 & = a good deal besides ,i am indebt$ to an excell5t article on ! ,platonic ,numb] by ,dr4 ,donaldson 7,proc4 ( ! ,philol4 ,society1 vol4 i4 p4 #ha ff474 cxxxiii ,! conclusions :i* he draws f ^! data are summ$ up by him z foll[s4 ,hav+ assum$ t ! numb] ( ! p]fect or div9e cycle is ! numb] ( ! _w1 & ! numb] ( ! imp]fect cycle ! numb] ( ! /ate1 he proce$s3 ',! p]iod ( ! _w is def9$ by ! p]fect numb] #f1 t ( ! /ate by ! cube ( t numb] or #baf1 :i* is ! product ( ! la/ pair ( t]ms 9 ! ,platonic ,tetractys#c2 & if we take ?is z ! basis ( our computation1 we %all h two cube numb]s 7,greek3 au7x_/seis duna_/m5ai_/ te kai duna/euo_/m5ai71 viz4 #h & #bg2 & ! mean proportionals betwe5 ^!1 viz4 #ab & #ah1 w furni% ?ree int]vals & f\r t]ms1 & ^! t]ms & int]vals /& relat$ to "o ano!r 9 ! sesqui-alt]a ratio1 i4e4 ea* t]m is to ! prec$+ z #c_/b4 ,n[ if we rememb] t ! numb] #baf #h x #bg #cc #dc #ec1 & #cb #db #eb1 we mu/ admit t ?is numb] implies ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e1 to :i* musicians atta* s mu* importance4 ,& if we comb9e ! ratio #d_/c ) ! numb] #e1 or multiply ! ratios ( ! sides by ! hypot5use1 we %all by fir/ squ>+ & !n cub+ obta9 two expressions1 :i* d5ote ! ratio ( ! two la/ pairs ( t]ms 9 ! ,platonic ,tetractys1 ! =m] multipli$ by ! squ>e1 ! latt] by ! cube ( ! numb] #aj1 ! sum ( ! fir/ f\r digits :i* con/itute ! ,platonic ,tetractys4' ,! two ,greek3 a7rmoni_/ai he else:]e expla9s z foll[s3 ',! fir/ ,greek3 a7rmoni_/a is ,greek3 i7_/sn i7sa_/kis e7katon tosauta_/kis1 9 o!r words 7#d_/c x #e7b #ajj x #bb_/cb4 ,! second ,greek3 a7rmoni_/a1 a cube ( ! same root1 is describ$ z #ajj multipli$ 7,greek3 a7 by ! rational diamet] ( #e dim9i%$ by unity1 i4e41 z %[n above1 #dh3 7,greek3 b7 by two incomm5surable diamet]s1 i4e4 ! two fir/ irrationals1 or #b & #c3 & 7,greek3 g7 by ! cube ( #c1 or #bg4 ,?us we h 7#dh #e #bg7 #ajj #ajjj x #bc4 ,?is second h>mony is to be ! cube ( ! numb] ( :i* ! =m] h>mony is ! squ>e1 & !re=e mu/ be divid$ by ! cube ( #c4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole expression w be3 7#a71 = ! fir/ h>mony1 #djj_/i3 7#b71 = ! second h>mony1 #hjjj_/bg4' ,footnote #c3 ,! ,platonic ,tetractys consi/$ ( a s]ies ( sev5 t]ms1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #i1 #h1 #bg4 ,! reasons :i* h incl9$ me to agree ) ,dr4 ,donaldson & also ) ,s*lei]ma*] 9 suppos+ t #baf is ! ,platonic numb] ( bir?s are3 7#a7 t x co9cides ) ! description ( ! numb] giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! passage 7,greek3 e7n 7 pr_/t 444 cxxxiv a7pe_/phsan73 7#b7 t ! numb] #baf ) its p]mutations w\ld h be5 famili> to a ,greek ma!matician1 ?\gh unfamili> to u3 7#c7 t #baf is ! cube ( #f1 & also ! sum ( #cc1 #dc1 #ec1 ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e repres5t+ ! ,py?agorean triangle1 ( :i* ! sides :5 squ>$ equal ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use 7#cb #db #eb73 7#d7 t x is also ! p]iod ( ! ,py?agorean ,metempsy*osis3 7#e7 ! ?ree ultimate t]ms or bases 7#c1 #d1 #e7 ( :i* #baf is compos$ answ] to ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif? 9 ! musical scale3 7#f7 t ! numb] #baf is ! product ( ! cubes ( #b & #c1 :i* are ! two la/ t]ms 9 ! ,platonic ,tetractys3 7#g7 t ! ,py?agorean triangle is said by ,plut>* 7de ,is4 et ,osir41 #cgc ,e71 ,proclus 7sup] prima ,eucl4 iv4 p4 #aaa71 & ,qu9tilian 7de ,musica iii4 p4 #aeb7 to be conta9$ 9 ?is passage1 s t ! tradition ( ! s*ool seems to po9t 9 ! same direction3 7#h7 t ! ,py?agorean triangle is call$ also ! figure ( m>riage 7,greek3 gam_/lion dia_/gramma74 ,b ?\gh agree+ ) ,dr4 ,donaldson ?us f>1 ,i see no reason = suppos+1 z he does1 t ! fir/ or p]fect numb] is ! _w1 ! human or imp]fect numb] ! /ate2 nor has he giv5 any pro( t ! second h>mony is a cube4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ,greek3 a7r7r7_/tn de duein c mean 'two incomm5surables1' :i* he arbitr>ily assumes to be #b & #c1 b r1 z ! prec$+ clause implies1 ,greek3 duein a7ri?moin a7po a7r7r7_/tn diame_/trn pempa_/dos1 i4e4 two squ>e numb]s bas$ ^u irrational diamet]s ( a figure ! side ( :i* is #e #ej x #b4 ,! greate/ objection to ! translation is ! s5se giv5 to ! words ,greek3 e7pi_/tritos pu?m_/n k4t4l41 'a base ( ?ree ) a ?ird add$ to x1 multipli$ by #e4' ,9 ?is some:at =c$ mann] ,plato introduces once m ! numb]s ( ! ,py?agorean triangle4 ,b ! co9cid5ces 9 ! numb]s :i* foll[ are 9 fav\r ( ! explanation4 ,! fir/ h>mony ( #djj1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 probably repres5ts ! rul]s2 ! second & oblong h>mony ( #gfjj1 ! p4 ,& "h we take leave ( ! difficulty4 ,! discov]y ( ! riddle w\ld be useless1 & w\ld ?r[ no light on anci5t ma!matics4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ is t ,plato %\ld h us$ su* a symbol1 & t s mu* ( ! ,py?agorean _s %\ld h prevail$ 9 him4 ,8 g5]al mean+ is t div9e creation is p]fect1 & is repres5t$ or presid$ cxxxv ov] by a p]fect or cyclical numb]2 human g5]ation is imp]fect1 & repres5t$ or presid$ ov] by an imp]fect numb] or s]ies ( numb]s4 ,! numb] #ejdj1 :i* is ! numb] ( ! citiz5s 9 ! ,laws1 is expressly bas$ by him on utilit>ian gr\nds1 namely1 ! conv5i5ce ( ! numb] = division2 x is also made up ( ! fir/ sev5 digits multipli$ by "o ano!r4 ,! contra/ ( ! p]fect & imp]fect numb] may h be5 easily sugge/$ by ! corrections ( ! cycle1 :i* 7 made fir/ by ,meton & secondly by ,callippus2 7! latt] is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,plato74 ,( ! degree ( importance or ( exactness to be attribut$ to ! problem1 ! numb] ( ! tyrant 9 ,book ix4 7#gbi #cfe x #b71 & ! slight correction ( ! error 9 ! numb] #ejdj_/ab 7,laws1 #gga ,c71 may furni% a crit]ion4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! circum/ance t ^? :o 7 seek+ = ord] 9 nature & _h f\nd ord] 9 numb]1 %\ld h imag9$ "o to give law to ! o!r4 ,plato believes 9 a p[] ( numb] f> beyond :at he c\ld see realiz$ 9 ! _w ar\nd him1 & he kn[s ! great influ5ce :i* '! little matt] ( #a1 #b1 #c' 7vii4 #ebb ,c7 ex]cises ^u education4 ,he may ev5 be ?\ght to h a prophetic anticipation ( ! discov]ies ( ,quetelet & o!rs1 t numb]s dep5d ^u numb]s2 e4g4--9 population1 ! numb]s ( bir?s & ! respective numb]s ( *ildr5 born ( ei!r sex1 on ! respective ages ( p>5ts1 i4e4 on o!r numb]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ix4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,,ix4 99#ega99 ,la/ ( all comes ! tyrannical man1 ab\t :om we h to enquire1 ,:5ce is he1 & h[ does he live--9 happ9ess or 9 mis]y8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a previ\s "q ( ! nature & numb] ( ! appetites1 :i* ,i %\ld l to consid] fir/4 ,"s ( !m are unlawful1 & yet admit ( be+ *a/5$ & weak5$ 9 v>i\s degrees by ! p[] ( reason & law4 ',:at appetites d y mean8' ,i mean ^? :i* are awake :5 ! reason+ p[]s are asleep1 :i* get up & walk ab\t nak$ )\t any self-respect or %ame2 & !re is no conceivable folly or crime1 h[ev] cruel or unnatural1 ( :i*1 9 imag9ation1 !y may n be guilty4 ',true1' he said2 'v true4' ,b :5 a man's pulse beats temp]ately2 & he has supp$ on a fea/ ( reason & come to a k ( himself cxxxvi be=e go+ to re/1 99#egb99 & has satisfi$ 8 desires j en\gh to prev5t _! p]turb+ 8 reason1 :i* rema9s cle> & lum9\s1 & :5 he is free f qu>rel & heat1--! visions :i* he has on 8 b$ are lea/ irregul> & abnormal4 ,ev5 9 good m5 !re is su* an irregul> wild-bea/ nature1 :i* pe]s out 9 sleep4 ,to return3--,y rememb] :at 0 said ( ! democrat2 t he 0 ! son ( a mis]ly fa!r1 :o enc\rag$ ! sav+ desires & repress$ ! ornam5tal & exp5sive ones2 pres5tly ! y\? got into f9e company1 & began to ent]ta9 a dislike to 8 fa!r's n>r[ ways2 & be+ a bett] man ?an ! corrupt]s ( 8 y\?1 he came to a mean1 & l$ a life1 n ( lawless or slavi% passion1 b ( regul> & successive indulg5ce4 ,n[ imag9e t ! y\? has become a fa!r1 & has a son :o is expos$ to ! same temptations1 & has companions :o lead him into e sort ( iniquity1 & p>5ts & fri5ds :o try to keep him "r4 99#egc99 ,! c\nsellors ( evil f9d t _! only *ance ( reta9+ him is to implant 9 8 s\l a mon/] drone1 or love2 :ile o!r desires buzz ar\nd him & my/ify him ) sweet s\nds & sc5ts1 ?is mon/] love takes possession ( him1 & puts an end to e true or mode/ ?\ght or wi%4 ,love1 l drunk5ness & madness1 is a tyranny2 & ! tyrannical man1 :e!r made by nature or habit1 is j a dr9k+1 lu/+1 furi\s sort ( animal4 ,& h[ does su* an "o live8 ',nay1 t y mu/ tell me4' ,well !n1 ,i fancy t he w live amid revelries & h>lotries1 & love w be ! "l & ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,_m desires require mu* money1 & s he sp5ds all t he has & borr[s m2 & :5 he has no?+ ! "y rav5s are /ill 9 ! ne/ 9 :i* !y 7 hat*$1 cry+ = food4 99#egd99 ,love urges !m on2 & !y mu/ be gratifi$ by =ce or fraud1 or if n1 !y become pa9ful & tr\blesome2 & z ! new pleasures succe$ ! old ones1 s w ! son take possession ( ! goods ( 8 p>5ts2 if !y %[ signs ( refus+1 he w defraud & deceive !m2 & if !y op5ly resi/1 :at !n8 ',i c only say1 t ,i %\ld n mu* l to be 9 _! place4' ,b1 ,o heav5s1 ,adeimantus1 to ?9k t = "s new-fangl$ & unnecess>y love he w give up 8 old fa!r & "m1 be/ & de>e/ ( fri5ds1 or enslave !m to ! fancies ( ! h\r6 cxxxvii ,truly a tyrannical son is a bless+ to 8 fa!r & "m6 ,:5 !re is no m to be got out ( !m1 he turns burgl> or pickpocket1 or robs a temple4 ,love ov]ma/]s ! ?\ghts ( 8 y\?1 & he becomes 9 sob] reality ! mon/] t he 0 sometimes 9 sleep4 99#ege99 ,he waxes /rong 9 all viol5ce & lawlessness2 & is ready = any de$ ( d>+ t w supply ! wants ( 8 rabble-r\t4 ,9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate !re are only a few su*1 & ^! 9 "t ( w> g out & become ! m]c5>ies ( a tyrant4 ,b 9 "t ( peace !y /ay at home & d mis*ief2 !y are ! ?ieves1 footpads1 cut-purses1 man-/eal]s ( ! community2 or if !y are able to speak1 !y turn false-witnesses & in=m]s4 ',no small catalogue ( crimes truly1 ev5 if ! p]petrators are few4' ,yes1 ,i said2 b small & great are relative t]ms1 & no crimes :i* are committ$ by !m approa* ^? ( ! tyrant1 :om ?is class1 gr[+ /rong & num]\s1 create out ( !mselves4 ,if ! p yield1 well & good1 b1 if !y resi/1 !n1 z be=e he beat 8 fa!r & "m1 s n[ he beats 8 fa!rl& & mo!rl&1 & places 8 m]c5>ies ov] !m4 ,su* m5 9 _! e>ly days live ) flatt]]s1 & !y !mselves flatt] o!rs1 9 ord] to ga9 _! ends2 99#egf99 b !y soon disc>d _! foll[]s :5 !y h no long] any ne$ ( !m2 !y are always ei!r ma/]s or s]vants1--! joys ( fri5d%ip are unkn[n to !m4 ,& !y are utt]ly trea*]\s & unju/1 if ! nature ( ju/ice be at all und]/ood by u4 ,!y realize our dream2 & he :o is ! mo/ ( a tyrant by nature1 & leads ! life ( a tyrant = ! longe/ "t1 w be ! wor/ ( !m1 & be+ ! wor/ ( !m1 w also be ! mo/ mis]able4 ,l man1 l ,/ate1--! tyrannical man w answ] to tyranny1 :i* is ! extreme opposite ( ! royal ,/ate2 = "o is ! be/ & ! o!r ! wor/4 ,b :i* is ! happi]8 ,great & t]rible z ! tyrant may appe> en?ron$ amid 8 satellites1 let u n be afraid to g 9 & ask2 & ! answ] is1 t ! mon>*ical is ! happie/1 & ! tyrannical ! mo/ mis]able ( ,/ates4 99#egg99 ,& may we n ask ! same "q ab\t ! m5 !mselves1 reque/+ "s "o to look into !m :o is able to p5etrate ! inn] nature ( man1 & w n be panic-/ruck by ! va9 pomp ( tyranny8 ,i w suppose t he cxxxviii is "o :o has liv$ ) him1 & has se5 him 9 family life1 or p]haps 9 ! h\r ( tr\ble & dang]4 ,assum+ t we ourselves are ! imp>tial judge = :om we seek1 let u beg9 by comp>+ ! individual & ,/ate1 & ask fir/ ( all1 :e!r ! ,/ate is likely to be free or enslav$--,w !re n be a little fre$om & a great deal ( slav]y8 ,& ! fre$om is ( ! bad1 & ! slav]y ( ! good2 & ?is applies to ! man z well z to ! ,/ate2 = 8 s\l is full ( meanness & slav]y1 & ! bett] "p is enslav$ to ! worse4 ,he _c d :at he w\ld1 & 8 m9d is full ( confusion2 he is ! v rev]se ( a freeman4 99#egh99 ,! ,/ate w be poor & full ( mis]y & sorr[2 & ! man's s\l w also be poor & full ( sorr[s1 & he w be ! mo/ mis]able ( m54 ,no1 n ! mo/ mis]able1 = !re is yet a m mis]able4 ',:o is t8' ,! tyrannical man :o has ! mis=tune also to become a public tyrant4 ',!re ,i suspect t y are "r4' ,say r1 ',i am sure2' conjecture is out ( place 9 an enquiry ( ?is nature4 ,he is l a weal?y own] ( slaves1 only he has m ( !m ?an any private individual4 ,y w say1 ',! own]s ( slaves are n g5]ally 9 any fe> ( !m4' ,b :y8 ,because ! :ole city is 9 a league :i* protects ! individual4 ,suppose h[ev] t "o ( ^! own]s & 8 h\sehold is c>ri$ (f by a god into a wild]ness1 :]e !re are no freem5 to help him--w he n be 9 an agony ( t]ror8-- 99#egi99 w he n be compell$ to flatt] 8 slaves & to promise !m _m ?+s sore aga9/ 8 w8 ,& suppose ! same god :o c>ri$ him (f 7 to surr\nd him ) neighb\rs :o decl>e t no man ought to h slaves1 & t ! own]s ( !m %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?4 ',/ill worse & worse6 ,he w be 9 ! mid/ ( 8 enemies4' ,& is n our tyrant su* a captive s\l1 :o is torm5t$ by a sw>m ( passions :i* he _c indulge2 liv+ indoors always l a woman1 & jeal\s ( ^? :o c g out & see ! _w8 ,hav+ s _m evils1 w n ! mo/ mis]able ( m5 be /ill m mis]able 9 a public /ation8 ,ma/] ( o!rs :5 he is n ma/] ( himself2 l a sick man :o is compell$ to be an a?lete2 ! meane/ ( slaves & ! mo/ abject ( flatt]]s2 want+ all ?+s1 & nev] able to satisfy 8 desires2 always 9 fe> & di/raction1 l ! ,/ate ( :i* he is ! repres5tative4 99#ehj99 cxxxix ,8 jeal\s1 hateful1 fai?less temp] gr[s worse ) comm&2 he is m & m fai?less1 envi\s1 unrighte\s1--! mo/ wret*$ ( m51 a mis]y to himself & to o!rs4 ,& s let u h a f9al trial & proclamation2 ne$ we hire a h]ald1 or %all ,i proclaim ! result8 ',make ! proclamation y\rself4' ,! son ( ,ari/on 7! be/7 is ( op9ion t ! be/ & ju/e/ ( m5 is also ! happie/1 & t ?is is he :o is ! mo/ royal ma/] ( himself2 & t ! unju/ man is he :o is ! greate/ tyrant ( himself & ( 8 ,/ate4 ,& ,i add fur!r--'se5 or unse5 by gods or m54' ,?is is our fir/ pro(4 ,! second is d]iv$ f ! ?ree k9ds ( pleasure1 :i* answ] to ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! s\l--reason1 passion1 desire2 99#eha99 "u :i* la/ is compreh5d$ av>ice z well z s5sual appetite1 :ile passion includes ambition1 p>ty-feel+1 love ( reputation4 ,reason1 aga91 is solely direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 & c>eless ( money & reputation4 ,9 accordance ) ! diff]5ce ( m5's natures1 "o ( ^! ?ree pr9ciples is 9 ! asc5dant1 & !y h _! sev]al pleasures correspond+ to !m4 ,int]rogate n[ ! ?ree natures1 & ea* "o w be f\nd prais+ 8 own pleasures & depreciat+ ^? ( o!rs4 ,! money-mak] w contra/ ! vanity ( k ) ! solid advantages ( weal?4 ,! ambiti\s man w despise k :i* br+s no hon\r2 :]eas ! philosoph] w reg>d only ! fruition ( tru?1 & w call o!r pleasures necess>y r ?an good4 99#ehb99 ,n[1 h[ %all we decide betwe5 !m8 ,is !re any bett] crit]ion ?an exp]i5ce & k8 ,& :i* ( ! ?ree has ! true/ k & ! wide/ exp]i5ce8 ,! exp]i5ce ( y\? makes ! philosoph] acqua9t$ ) ! two k9ds ( desire1 b ! av>ici\s & ! ambiti\s man nev] ta/e ! pleasures ( tru? & wisdom4 ,hon\r he has equally ) !m2 !y are 'judg$ ( him1' b he is 'n judg$ ( !m1' = !y nev] atta9 to ! k ( true be+4 ,& 8 in/rum5t is reason1 :]eas _! /&>d is only weal? & hon\r2 & if by reason we are to judge1 8 good w be ! true/4 ,& s we arrive at ! result t ! pleasure ( ! rational "p ( ! s\l1 & a life pass$ 9 su* pleasure is ! pleasante/4 99#ehc99 ,he :o has a "r to judge judges ?us4 ,next comes ! life ( ambition1 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ( money-mak+4 cxl ,twice has ! j man ov]?r[n ! unju/--once m1 z 9 an ,olympian conte/1 fir/ (f]+ up a pray] to ! savi\r ,zeus1 let him try a fall4 ,a wise man :isp]s to me t ! pleasures ( ! wise are true & pure2 all o!rs are a %ad[ only4 ,let u exam9e ?is3 ,is n pleasure oppos$ to pa91 & is !re n a mean /ate :i* is nei!r8 ,:5 a man is sick1 no?+ is m pleasant to him ?an heal?4 ,b ?is he nev] f\nd out :ile he 0 well4 ,9 pa9 he desires only to cease f pa92 on ! o!r h&1 :5 he is 9 an ec/asy ( pleasure1 re/ is pa9ful to him4 ,?us re/ or cessation is bo? pleasure & pa94 ,b c t :i* is nei!r become bo?8 ,aga91 pleasure & pa9 are motions1 & ! abs5ce ( !m is re/2 99#ehd99 b if s1 h[ c ! abs5ce ( ei!r ( !m be ! o!r8 ,?us we are l$ to inf] t ! contradiction is an appe>ance only1 & wit*]y ( ! s5ses4 ,& ^! are n ! only pleasures1 = !re are o!rs :i* h no prec$+ pa9s4 ,pure pleasure !n is n ! abs5ce ( pa91 nor pure pa9 ! abs5ce ( pleasure2 al?\gh mo/ ( ! pleasures :i* rea* ! m9d ?r\gh ! body are reliefs ( pa91 & h n only _! reactions :5 !y dep>t1 b _! anticipations be=e !y come4 ,!y c be be/ describ$ 9 a simile4 ,!re is 9 nature an upp]1 l[]1 & middle region1 & he :o passes f ! l[] to ! middle imag9es t he is go+ up & is already 9 ! upp] _w2 & if he 7 tak5 back aga9 w\ld ?9k1 & truly ?9k1 t he 0 desc5d+4 ,all ?is arises out ( 8 ignorance ( ! true upp]1 middle1 & l[] regions4 ,& a l confusion happ5s ) pleasure & pa91 & ) _m o!r ?+s4 99#ehe99 ,! man :o comp>es grey ) black1 calls grey :ite2 & ! man :o comp>es abs5ce ( pa9 ) pa91 calls ! abs5ce ( pa9 pleasure4 ,aga91 hung] & ?ir/ are inanitions ( ! body1 ignorance & folly ( ! s\l2 & food is ! satisfaction ( ! "o1 k ( ! o!r4 ,n[ :i* is ! pur] satisfaction--t ( eat+ & dr9k+1 or t ( k8 ,consid] ! matt] ?us3 ,! satisfaction ( t :i* has m exi/5ce is tru] ?an ( t :i* has less4 ,! inv>iable & immortal has a m real exi/5ce ?an ! v>iable & mortal1 & has a correspond+ measure ( k & tru?4 ,! s\l1 aga91 has m exi/5ce & tru? & k ?an ! body1 & is !re=e m really satisfi$ & has a m cxli natural pleasure4 99#ehf99 ,^? :o fea/ only on e>?ly food1 are always go+ at r&om up to ! middle & d[n aga92 b !y nev] pass into ! true upp] _w1 or h a ta/e ( true pleasure4 ,!y are l fatt$ bea/s1 full ( gluttony & s5suality1 & ready to kill "o ano!r by reason ( _! insatiable lu/2 = !y are n fill$ ) true be+1 & _! vessel is leaky 7cp4 ,gorgias1 #bdc ,a1 foll474 ,_! pleasures are m]e %ad[s ( pleasure1 mix$ ) pa91 col\r$ & int5sifi$ by contra/1 & !re=e int5sely desir$2 & m5 g fight+ ab\t !m1 z ,/esi*orus says t ! ,greeks f\ght ab\t ! %ad[ ( ,hel5 at ,troy1 because !y "k n ! tru?4 ,! same may be said ( ! passionate elem5t3--! desires ( ! ambiti\s s\l1 z well z ( ! covet\s1 h an inf]ior satisfaction4 ,only :5 "u ! guidance ( reason d ei!r ( ! o!r pr9ciples d _! own bus9ess 99#ehg99 or atta9 ! pleasure :i* is natural to !m4 ,:5 n atta9+1 !y compel ! o!r p>ts ( ! s\l to pursue a %ad[ ( pleasure :i* is n !irs4 ,& ! m di/ant !y are f philosophy & reason1 ! m di/ant !y w be f law & ord]1 & ! m illusive w be _! pleasures4 ,! desires ( love & tyranny are ! f>!/ f law1 & ^? ( ! k+ are ne>e/ to x4 ,!re is "o g5u9e pleasure1 & two spuri\s ones3 ! tyrant goes beyond ev5 ! latt]2 he has run away altoge!r f law & reason4 ,nor c ! measure ( 8 inf]iority be told1 except 9 a figure4 ,! tyrant is ! ?ird remov$ f ! olig>*1 & has !re=e1 n a %ad[ ( 8 pleasure1 b ! %ad[ ( a %ad[ only4 ,! olig>*1 aga91 is ?rice remov$ f ! k+1 & ?us we get ! =mula #c x #c1 :i* is ! numb] ( a surface1 repres5t+ ! %ad[ :i* is ! tyrant's pleasure1 & if y l to cube ?is 'numb] ( ! bea/1' y w f9d t ! measure ( ! diff]5ce am\nts to #gbi2 ! k+ is #gbi times m happy ?an ! tyrant4 ,& ?is extraord9>y numb] is ne>ly equal to ! numb] ( days & nights 9 a ye> 7#cfe x #b #gcj72 & is !re=e conc]n$ ) human life4 99#ehh99 ,?is is ! int]val betwe5 a good & bad man 9 happ9ess only3 :at mu/ be ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 comel9ess ( life & virtue6 ,p]haps y may rememb] "s "o say+ at ! beg9n+ ( our discussion t ! unju/ man 0 pr(it$ if he _h ! cxlii reputation ( ju/ice4 ,n[ t we "k ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 let u make an image ( ! s\l1 :i* w p]sonify 8 words4 ,fir/ ( all1 fa%ion a multitud9\s bea/1 hav+ a r+ ( heads ( all mann] ( animals1 tame & wild1 & able to produce & *ange !m at pleasure4 ,suppose n[ ano!r =m ( a lion1 & ano!r ( a man2 ! second small] ?an ! fir/1 ! ?ird ?an ! second2 jo9 !m toge!r & cov] !m ) a human sk91 9 :i* !y are completely conceal$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 let u tell ! support] ( inju/ice 99#ehi99 t he is fe$+ up ! bea/s & />v+ ! man4 ,! ma9ta9] ( ju/ice1 on ! o!r h&1 is try+ to /r5g!n ! man2 he is n\ri%+ ! g5tle pr9ciple )9 him1 & mak+ an alliance ) ! lion he>t1 9 ord] t he may be able to keep d[n ! _m-head$ hydra1 & br+ all into unity ) ea* o!r & ) !mselves4 ,?us 9 e po9t ( view1 :e!r 9 relation to pleasure1 hon\r1 or advantage1 ! j man is "r1 & ! unju/ wrong4 ,b n[1 let u reason ) ! unju/1 :o is n int5tionally 9 error4 ,is n ! noble t :i* subjects ! bea/ to ! man1 or r to ! ,god 9 man2 ! ignoble1 t :i* subjects ! man to ! bea/8 ,& if s1 :o w\ld receive gold on condition t he 0 to degrade ! noble/ "p ( himself "u ! wor/8--:o w\ld sell 8 son or daught] into ! h&s ( brutal & evil m51 = any am\nt ( money8 ,& w he sell 8 own fair] & div9] "p )\t any compunction to ! mo/ godless & f\l8 99#eij99 ,w\ld he n be worse ?an ,eriphyle1 :o sold h] husb&'s life = a necklace8 ,& intemp]ance is ! lett+ loose ( ! multi=m mon/]1 & pride & sull5ness are ! gr[? & increase ( ! lion & s]p5t elem5t1 :ile luxury & effem9acy are caus$ by a too great relaxation ( _s4 ,flatt]y & meanness aga9 arise :5 ! spirit$ elem5t is subject$ to av>ice1 & ! lion is habituat$ to become a monkey4 ,! real disgrace ( h&icraft arts is1 t ^? :o are engag$ 9 !m h to flatt]1 in/ead ( ma/]+ _! desires2 !re=e we say t !y %\ld be plac$ "u ! control ( ! bett] pr9ciple 9 ano!r because !y h none 9 !mselves2 n1 z ,?rasyma*us imag9$1 to ! injury ( ! subjects1 b = cxliii _! good4 ,& our int5tion 9 educat+ ! "y1 is to give !m self-control2 99#eia99 ! law desires to nurse up 9 !m a high] pr9ciple1 & :5 !y h acquir$ ?is1 !y may g _! ways4 ',:at1 !n1 %all a man pr(it1 if he ga9 ! :ole _w' & become m & m wick$8 ,or :at %all he pr(it by escap+ discov]y1 if ! concealm5t ( evil prev5ts ! cure8 ,if he _h be5 puni%$1 ! brute )9 him w\ld h be5 sil5c$1 & ! g5tl] elem5t lib]at$2 & he w\ld h unit$ temp]ance1 ju/ice1 & wisdom 9 8 s\l--a union bett] f> ?an any comb9ation ( bodily gifts4 ,! man ( und]/&+ w hon\r k above all2 9 ! next place he w keep "u 8 body1 n only = ! sake ( heal? & /r5g?1 b 9 ord] to atta9 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony ( body & s\l4 ,9 ! acquisition ( ri*es1 too1 he w aim at ord] & h>mony2 he w n desire to heap up weal? )\t measure1 b he w fe> t ! increase ( weal? w di/urb ! con/itution ( 8 own s\l4 ,= ! same reason 99#eib99 he w only accept su* hon\rs z w make him a bett] man2 any o!rs he w decl9e4 ',9 t case1' said he1 'he w nev] be a politician4' ,yes1 b he w1 9 8 own city2 ?\gh probably n 9 8 native c\ntry1 unless by "s div9e accid5t4 ',y mean t he w be a citiz5 ( ! ideal city1 :i* has no place ^u e>?4' ,b 9 heav51 ,i repli$1 !re is a patt]n ( su* a city1 & he :o wi%es may ord] 8 life aft] t image4 ,:e!r su* a /ate is or ev] w be matt]s n2 he w act accord+ to t patt]n & no o!r44444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ix4 ,introduction4 ,! mo/ noticeable po9ts 9 ! #i? ,book ( ! ,republic are3--7#a7 ! acc\nt ( pleasure2 7#b7 ! numb] ( ! int]val :i* divides ! k+ f ! tyrant2 7#c7 ! patt]n :i* is 9 heav54 #a4 ,plato's acc\nt ( pleasure is rem>kable = mod]ation1 & 9 ?is respect contra/s ) ! lat] ,platoni/s & ! views :i* are attribut$ to !m by ,ari/otle4 ,he is n1 l ! ,cynics1 oppos$ to all pleasure1 b r desires t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! s\l %all h _! natural satisfaction2 he ev5 agrees ) ! ,epicureans 9 describ+ pleasure cxliv z some?+ m ?an ! abs5ce ( pa94 ,?is is prov$ by ! circum/ance t !re are pleasures :i* h no antec$5t pa9s 7z he also rem>ks 9 ! ,philebus71 su* z ! pleasures ( smell1 & also ! pleasures ( hope & anticipation4 ,9 ! previ\s book 7pp4 #eeh1 #eei7 he _h made ! di/9ction betwe5 necess>y & unnecess>y pleasure1 :i* is repeat$ by ,ari/otle1 & he n[ obs]ves t !re are a fur!r class ( 'wild bea/' pleasures1 correspond+ to ,ari/otle's ,greek3 ?rio_/ts4 ,he dwells ^u ! relative & unreal "* ( s5sual pleasures & ! illusion :i* arises out ( ! contra/ ( pleasure & pa91 po9t+ out ! sup]iority ( ! pleasures ( reason1 :i* are at re/1 ov] ! fleet+ pleasures ( s5se & emotion4 ,! pre-em95ce ( royal pleasure is %[n by ! fact t reason is able to =m a judgm5t ( ! l[] pleasures1 :ile ! two l[] p>ts ( ! s\l are incapable ( judg+ ! pleasures ( reason4 ,?us1 9 8 treatm5t ( pleasure1 z 9 _m o!r subjects1 ! philosophy ( ,plato is 'sawn up into quantities' by ,ari/otle2 ! analysis :i* 0 orig9ally made by him became 9 ! next g5]ation ! f\ndation ( fur!r te*nical di/9ctions4 ,bo? 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle we note ! illusion "u :i* ! anci5ts fell ( reg>d+ ! transi5ce ( pleasure z a pro( ( its unreality1 & ( conf\nd+ ! p]man5ce ( ! intellectual pleasures ) ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! k f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,nei!r d we l to admit t ! pleasures ( k1 ?\gh m elevat+1 are n m la/+ ?an o!r pleasures1 & are almo/ equally dep5d5t on ! accid5ts ( our bodily /ate 7cp4 ,introduction to ,philebus74 #b4 ,! numb] ( ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! k+ f ! tyrant1 & royal f tyrannical pleasures1 is #gbi1 ! cube ( #i4 ,:i* ,plato *>act]i/ically designates z a numb] conc]n$ ) human life1 because ne>ly equival5t to ! numb] ( days & nights 9 ! ye>4 ,he is desir\s ( proclaim+ t ! int]val betwe5 !m is immeasurable1 & inv5ts a =mula to give expression to 8 idea4 ,^? :o spoke ( ju/ice z a cube1 ( virtue z an art ( measur+ 7,prot4 #ceg ,a71 saw no inappropriat5ess 9 conceiv+ ! s\l "u ! figure ( a l9e1 or ! pleasure ( ! tyrant z sep>at$ f ! cxlv pleasure ( ! k+ by ! num]ical int]val ( #gbi4 ,& 9 mod]n times we sometimes use metaphorically :at ,plato employ$ z a philosophical =mula4 ',x is n easy to e/imate ! loss ( ! tyrant1 except p]haps 9 ?is way1' says ,plato4 ,s we might say1 t al?\gh ! life ( a good man is n to be comp>$ to t ( a bad man1 yet y may measure ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m by valu+ "o m9ute ( ! "o at an h\r ( ! o!r 7',"o day 9 ?y c\rts is bett] ?an a ?\s&'71 or y might say t '!re is an inf9ite diff]5ce4' ,b ?is is n s mu* z say+1 9 homely phrase1 ',!y are a ?\s& miles asund]4' ,& accord+ly ,plato f9ds ! natural vehicle ( 8 ?\ghts 9 a progression ( numb]s2 ?is ari?metical =mula he draws out ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness1 & bo? "h & 9 ! numb] ( g5]ation seems to f9d an additional pro( ( ! tru? ( 8 speculation 9 =m+ ! numb] into a geometrical figure2 j z p]sons 9 our own day are apt to fancy t a /atem5t is v]ifi$ :5 x has be5 only ?r[n into an ab/ract =m4 ,9 speak+ ( ! numb] #gbi z prop] to human life1 he probably int5d$ to intimate t "o ye> ( ! tyrannical #ab h\rs ( ! royal life4 ,! simple obs]vation t ! comp>ison ( two simil> solids is effect$ by ! comp>ison ( ! cubes ( _! sides1 is ! ma!matical gr\ndwork ( ?is fanciful expression4 ,!re is "s difficulty 9 expla9+ ! /eps by :i* ! numb] #gbi is obta9$2 ! olig>* is remov$ 9 ! ?ird degree f ! royal & ari/ocratical1 & ! tyrant 9 ! ?ird degree f ! olig>*ical2 b we h to arrange ! t]ms z ! sides ( a squ>e & to c\nt ! olig>* twice ov]1 ?us reckon+ !m n z #e b z #i4 ,! squ>e ( #i is pass$ lightly ov] z only a /ep t[>ds ! cube4 #c4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ,republic1 ,plato seems to be m & m conv9c$ ( ! ideal "* ( 8 own speculations4 ,at ! end ( ! #i? ,book ! patt]n :i* is 9 heav5 takes ! place ( ! city ( philosoph]s on e>?4 ,! vision :i* has receiv$ =m & sub/ance at 8 h&s1 is n[ discov]$ to be at a di/ance4 ,& yet ?is di/ant k+dom is also ! rule ( man's life 7,bk4 vii4 #edj ,e74 7',say n lo6 "h1 or lo6 !re1 = ! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4'7 ,?us a note is /ruck :i* prep>es = ! revelation ( a future cxlvi life 9 ! foll[+ ,book4 ,b ! future life is pres5t /ill2 ! ideal ( politics is to be realiz$ 9 ! individual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,x4 ,analysis4 ,,book ,x4 99#eie99 ,_m ?+s pleas$ me 9 ! ord] ( our ,/ate1 b !re 0 no?+ :i* ,i lik$ bett] ?an ! regulation ab\t poetry4 ,! division ( ! s\l ?r[s a new light on our exclusion ( imitation4 ,i d n m9d tell+ y 9 confid5ce t all poetry is an outrage on ! und]/&+1 unless ! he>]s h t balm ( k :i* heals error4 ,i h lov$ ,hom] ev] s9ce ,i 0 a boy1 & ev5 n[ he appe>s to me to be ! great ma/] ( tragic poetry4 ,b mu* z ,i love ! man1 ,i love tru? m1 & !re=e ,i mu/ speak out3 & fir/ ( all1 w y expla9 :at is imitation1 = really ,i d n und]/&8 ',h[ likely !n t ,i %\ld und]/&6' 99#eif99 ,t might v well be1 = ! dull] (t5 sees bett] ?an ! ke5] eye4 ',true1 b 9 y\r pres5ce ,i c h>dly v5ture to say :at ,i ?9k4' ,!n suppose t we beg9 9 our old fa%ion1 ) ! doctr9e ( univ]sals4 ,let u assume ! exi/5ce ( b$s & tables4 ,!re is "o idea ( a b$1 or ( a table1 :i* ! mak] ( ea* _h 9 8 m9d :5 mak+ !m2 he did n make ! ideas ( b$s & tables1 b he made b$s & tables accord+ to ! ideas4 ,& is !re n a mak] ( ! works ( all workm51 :o makes n only vessels b plants & animals1 himself1 ! e>? & heav51 & ?+s 9 heav5 & "u ! e>?8 ,he makes ! ,gods also4 ',he mu/ be a wiz>d inde$6' ,b d y n see t !re is a s5se 9 :i* y c\ld d ! same8 ,y h only to take a mirror1 & cat* ! reflection ( ! sun1 & ! e>?1 or any?+ else--!re n[ y h made !m4 ',yes1 b only 9 appe>ance4' ,exactly s2 & ! pa9t] is su* a creator z y are ) ! mirror1 & he is ev5 m unreal ?an ! c>p5t]2 al?\gh nei!r ! c>p5t] 99#eig99 nor any o!r arti/ c be suppos$ to make ! absolute b$4 ',n if philosoph]s may be believ$4' ,nor ne$ we wond] t 8 b$ has b an imp]fect relation to ! tru?4 ,reflect3--,"h are ?ree b$s2 "o 9 nature1 :i* is made by ,god2 ano!r1 :i* is made by ! c>p5t]2 & ! ?ird1 by ! pa9t]4 ,god only made "o1 nor c\ld he h made m ?an "o2 = if !re _h be5 two1 !re cxlvii w\ld always h be5 a ?ird--m absolute & ab/ract ?an ei!r1 "u :i* !y w\ld h be5 includ$4 ,we may !re=e conceive ,god to be ! natural mak] ( ! b$1 & 9 a l[] s5se ! c>p5t] is also ! mak]2 b ! pa9t] is r ! imitator ( :at ! o!r two make2 he has to d ) a creation :i* is ?rice remov$ f reality4 ,& ! tragic poet is an imitator1 &1 l e o!r imitator1 is ?rice remov$ f ! k+ & f ! tru?4 ,! pa9t] imitates n ! orig9al b$1 99#eih99 b ! b$ made by ! c>p5t]4 ,& ?is1 )\t be+ really diff]5t1 appe>s to be diff]5t1 & has _m po9ts ( view1 ( :i* only "o is caught by ! pa9t]1 :o repres5ts ev]y?+ because he repres5ts a piece ( ev]y?+1 & t piece an image4 ,& he c pa9t any o!r arti/1 al?\gh he kn[s no?+ ( _! arts2 & ?is ) suffici5t skill to deceive *ildr5 or simple p4 ,suppose n[ t somebody came to u & told u1 h[ he _h met a man :o knew all t ev]ybody kn[s1 & bett] ?an anybody3--%\ld we n inf] him to be a simpleton :o1 hav+ no disc]nm5t ( tru? & falsehood1 _h met ) a wiz>d or en*ant]1 :om he fanci$ to be all-wise8 ,& :5 we he> p]sons say+ t ,hom] & ! trag$ians "k all ! arts & all ! virtues1 mu/ we n inf] t !y are "u a simil> delusion8 99#eii99 !y d n see t ! poets are imitators1 & t _! creations are only imitations4 ',v true4' ,b if a p]son c\ld create z well z imitate1 he w\ld r leave "s p]man5t "w & n an imitation only2 he w\ld r be ! receiv] ?an ! giv] ( praise8 ',yes1 = !n he w\ld h m hon\r & advantage4' ,let u n[ int]rogate ,hom] & ! poets4 ,fri5d ,hom]1 say ,i to him1 ,i am n go+ to ask y ab\t m$ic9e1 or any art to :i* y\r poems incid5tally ref]1 b ab\t _! ma9 subjects--w>1 milit>y tactics1 politics4 ,if y are only twice & n ?rice remov$ f ! tru?--n an imitator or an image-mak]1 please to in=m u :at good y h ev] done to mank9d8 ,is !re any city :i* pr(esses to h receiv$ laws f y1 z ,sicily & ,italy h f ,*>ondas1 99#fjj99 ,sp>ta f ,lycurgus1 ,a!ns f ,solon8 ,or 0 any w> ev] c>ri$ on by y\r c\nsels8 or is any inv5tion attribut$ to y1 z !re is to ,?ales & ,ana*>sis8 ,or is !re any cxlviii ,hom]ic way ( life1 su* z ! ,py?agorean 01 9 :i* y in/ruct$ m51 & :i* is call$ aft] y8 ',no1 inde$2 & ,creophylus ,fle%-*ild 0 ev5 m un=tunate 9 8 bre$+ ?an he 0 9 8 "n1 if1 z tradition says1 ,hom] 9 8 lifetime 0 all[$ by him & 8 o!r fri5ds to />ve4' ,yes1 b c\ld ?is ev] h happ5$ if ,hom] _h really be5 ! educator ( ,hellas8 ,w\ld he n h _h _m devot$ foll[]s8 ,if ,protagoras & ,prodicus c p]suade _! contempor>ies t no "o c manage h\se or ,/ate )\t !m1 is x likely t ,hom] & ,hesiod w\ld h be5 all[$ to g ab\t z begg>s--,i mean if !y _h really be5 able to d ! _w any good8--w\ld n m5 h compell$ !m to /ay :]e !y 71 or h foll[$ !m ab\t 9 ord] to get education8 ,b !y did n2 & !re=e we may inf] t ,hom] & all ! poets are only imitators1 :o d b imitate ! appe>ances ( ?+s4 99#fja99 ,= z a pa9t] by a k ( figure & col\r c pa9t a cobbl] )\t any practice 9 cobbl+1 s ! poet c del9eate any art 9 ! col\rs ( language1 & give h>mony & rhy?m to ! cobbl] & also to ! g5]al2 & y "k h[ m]e n>ration1 :5 depriv$ ( ! ornam5ts ( metre1 is l a face :i* has lo/ ! beauty ( y\? & nev] _h any o!r4 ,once m1 ! imitator has no k ( reality1 b only ( appe>ance4 ,! pa9t] pa9ts1 & ! artific] makes a bridle & re9s1 b nei!r und]/&s ! use ( !m--! k ( ?is is conf9$ to ! horseman2 & s ( o!r ?+s4 ,?us we h ?ree arts3 "o ( use1 ano!r ( inv5tion1 a ?ird ( imitation2 & ! us] furni%es ! rule to ! two o!rs4 ,! flute-play] w "k ! good & bad flute1 & ! mak] w put fai? 9 him2 b 99#fjb99 ! imitator w nei!r "k nor h fai?--nei!r sci5ce nor true op9ion c be ascrib$ to him4 ,imitation1 !n1 is devoid ( k1 be+ only a k9d ( play or sport1 & ! tragic & epic poets are imitators 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,& n[ let u enquire1 :at is ! faculty 9 man :i* answ]s to imitation4 ,all[ me to expla9 my mean+3 ,objects are diff]5tly se5 :5 9 ! wat] & :5 out ( ! wat]1 :5 ne> & :5 at a di/ance2 & ! pa9t] or juggl] makes use ( ?is v>iation to impose ^u u4 ,& cxlix ! art ( measur+ & weigh+ & calculat+ comes 9 to save our bewild]$ m9ds f ! p[] ( appe>ance2 =1 z we 7 say+1 99#fjc99 two contr>y op9ions ( ! same ab\t ! same & at ! same "t1 _c bo? ( !m be true4 ,b :i* ( !m is true is det]m9$ by ! art ( calculation2 & ?is is alli$ to ! bett] faculty 9 ! s\l1 z ! arts ( imitation are to ! worse4 ,& ! same holds ( ! e> z well z ( ! eye1 ( poetry z well z pa9t+4 ,! imitation is ( actions volunt>y or involunt>y1 9 :i* !re is an expectation ( a good or bad result1 & pres5t exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa94 ,b is a man 9 h>mony ) himself :5 he is ! subject ( ^! conflict+ influ5ces8 ,is !re n r a contradiction 9 him8 ,let me fur!r ask1 :e!r 99#fjd99 he is m likely to control sorr[ :5 he is alone or :5 he is 9 company4 ',9 ! latt] case4' ,feel+ w\ld lead him to indulge 8 sorr[1 b reason & law control him & enjo9 pati5ce2 s9ce he _c "k :e!r 8 affliction is good or evil1 & no human ?+ is ( any great consequ5ce1 :ile sorr[ is c]ta9ly a h9drance to good c\nsel4 ,= :5 we /umble1 we %\ld n1 l *ildr51 make an upro>2 we %\ld take ! measures :i* reason prescribes1 n rais+ a lam5t1 b f9d+ a cure4 ,& ! bett] "p ( u is ready to foll[ reason1 :ile ! irrational pr9ciple is full ( sorr[ & di/raction at ! recollection ( our tr\bles4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?is latt] furni%es ! *ief mat]ials ( ! imitative arts4 ,:]eas reason is ev] 9 repose & _c easily be display$1 especially to a mix$ multitude :o h no exp]i5ce ( h]4 99#fje99 ,?us ! poet is l ! pa9t] 9 two ways3 fir/ he pa9ts an inf]ior degree ( tru?1 & secondly1 he is conc]n$ ) an inf]ior "p ( ! s\l4 ,he indulges ! feel+s1 :ile he enfeebles ! reason2 & we refuse to all[ him to h au?ority ov] ! m9d ( man2 = he has no measure ( great] & less1 & is a mak] ( images & v f> gone f tru?4 ,b we h n yet m5tion$ ! heavie/ c\nt 9 ! indictm5t--! p[] :i* poetry has ( injuri\sly excit+ ! feel+s4 ,:5 we he> "s passage 9 :i* a h]o lam5ts 8 suff]+s at t$i\s l5g?1 y "k t we sympa?ize ) him & praise ! poet2 & yet 9 our own cl sorr[s su* an exhibition ( feel+ is reg>d$ z effem9ate & unmanly 7cp4 ,ion1 #ece ,e74 ,n[1 ought a man to feel pleasure 9 see+ ano!r d :at he hates & abom9ates 9 himself8 99#fjf99 ,is he n giv+ way to a s5tim5t :i* 9 8 own case he w\ld control8--he is (f 8 gu>d because ! sorr[ is ano!r's2 & he ?9ks t he may indulge 8 feel+s )\t disgrace1 & w be ! ga9] by ! pleasure4 ,b ! inevitable consequ5ce is t he :o beg9s by weep+ at ! sorr[s ( o!rs1 w end by weep+ at 8 own4 ,! same is true ( com$y1--y may (t5 laugh at buffoon]y :i* y w\ld be a%am$ to utt]1 & ! love ( co>se m]rim5t on ! /age w at la/ turn y into a buffoon at home4 ,poetry fe$s & wat]s ! passions & desires2 %e lets !m rule in/ead ( rul+ !m4 ,& !re=e1 :5 we he> ! encomia/s ( ,hom] affirm+ t he is ! educator ( ,hellas1 99#fjg99 & t all life %\ld be regulat$ by 8 precepts1 we may all[ ! excell5ce ( _! int5tions1 & agree ) !m 9 ?9k+ ,hom] a great poet & trag$ian4 ,b we %all cont9ue to prohibit all poetry :i* goes beyond hymns to ! ,gods & praises ( fam\s m54 ,n pleasure & pa91 b law & reason %all rule 9 our ,/ate4 ,^! are our gr\nds = expell+ poetry2 b le/ %e %\ld *>ge u ) disc\rtesy1 let u also make an apology to h]4 ,we w rem9d h] t !re is an anci5t qu>rel betwe5 poetry & philosophy1 ( :i* !re are _m traces 9 ! writ+s ( ! poets1 su* z ! say+ ( '! %e-dog1 yelp+ at h] mi/ress1' & '! philosoph]s :o are ready to circumv5t ,zeus1' & '! philosoph]s :o are paup]s4' ,nev]!less we be> h] no ill-w1 & w gladly all[ h] to return ^u condition t %e makes a def5ce ( h]self 9 v]se2 & h] support]s :o are n poets may speak 9 prose4 ,we confess h] *>ms2 b if %e _c %[ t %e is useful z well z delightful1 l rational lov]s1 we mu/ r5\nce our love1 ?\gh ende>$ to u by e>ly associations4 99#fjh99 ,hav+ come to ye>s ( discretion1 we "k t poetry is n tru?1 & t a man %\ld be c>eful h[ he introduces h] to t /ate or con/itution :i* he himself is2 = !re is a mighty issue at /ake--no less ?an ! good or evil ( a human s\l4 ,& x is n wor? :ile to =sake ju/ice & virtue cli = ! attractions ( poetry1 any m ?an = ! sake ( hon\r or weal?4 ',i agree ) y4' ,& yet ! rew>ds ( virtue are great] f> ?an ,i h describ$4 ',& c we conceive ?+s great] /ill8' ,n1 p]haps1 9 ?is brief span ( life3 b %\ld an immortal be+ c>e ab\t any?+ %ort ( et]nity8 ',i d n und]/& :at y mean8' ,d y n "k t ! s\l is immortal8 ',surely y are n prep>$ to prove t8' ,inde$ ,i am4 ',!n let me he> ?is argum5t1 ( :i* y make s light4' 99#fji99 ,y w\ld admit t ev]y?+ has an elem5t ( good & ( evil4 ,9 all ?+s !re is an inh]5t corruption2 & if ?is _c de/roy !m1 no?+ else w4 ,! s\l too has h] own corrupt+ pr9ciples1 :i* are inju/ice1 intemp]ance1 c[>dice1 & ! l4 ,b none ( ^! de/roy ! s\l 9 ! same s5se t disease de/roys ! body4 ,! s\l may be full ( all iniquities1 b is n1 by reason ( !m1 br\ght any ne>] to dea?4 ,no?+ :i* 0 n de/roy$ f )9 ev] p]i%$ by ext]nal affection ( evil4 ,! body1 :i* is "o ?+1 99#faj99 _c be de/roy$ by food1 :i* is ano!r1 unless ! badness ( ! food is communicat$ to ! body4 ,nei!r c ! s\l1 :i* is "o ?+1 be corrupt$ by ! body1 :i* is ano!r1 unless %e h]self is infect$4 ,& z no bodily evil c infect ! s\l1 nei!r c any bodily evil1 :e!r disease or viol5ce1 or any o!r de/roy ! s\l1 unless x c be %[n to r5d] h] unholy & unju/4 ,b no "o w ev] prove t ! s\ls ( m5 become m unju/ :5 !y die4 ,if a p]son has ! audacity to say ! contr>y1 ! answ] is--,!n :y d crim9als require ! h& ( ! execution]1 & n die ( !mselves8 ',truly1' he said1 'inju/ice w\ld n be v t]rible if x br\ght a cessation ( evil2 b ,i r believe t ! inju/ice :i* murd]s o!rs may t5d to quick5 & /imulate ! life ( ! unju/4' ,y are q "r4 ,if s9 :i* is h] own natural & inh]5t evil _c de/roy ! s\l1 h>dly w any?+ else de/roy h]4 99#faa99 ,b ! s\l :i* _c be de/roy$ ei!r by int]nal or ext]nal evil mu/ be immortal & ev]la/+4 ,& if ?is be true1 s\ls w always exi/ 9 ! same numb]4 ,!y _c dim9i%1 because !y _c be de/roy$2 nor yet increase1 = ! increase ( ! immortal mu/ come f some?+ clii mortal1 & s all w\ld end 9 immortality4 ,nei!r is ! s\l v>iable & div]se2 = t :i* is immortal mu/ be ( ! faire/ & simple/ composition4 ,if we w\ld conceive h] truly1 & s behold ju/ice & inju/ice 9 _! own nature1 %e mu/ be view$ by ! light ( reason pure z at bir?1 or z %e is reflect$ 9 philosophy :5 hold+ conv]se ) ! div9e & immortal & et]nal4 ,9 h] pres5t condition we see h] only l ! sea-god ,glaucus1 bruis$ & maim$ 9 ! sea :i* is ! _w1 99#fab99 & cov]$ ) %ells & /ones :i* are incru/$ ^u h] f ! ent]ta9m5ts ( e>?4 ,?us f>1 z ! argum5t requir$1 we h said no?+ ( ! rew>ds & hon\rs :i* ! poets attribute to ju/ice2 we h cont5t$ ourselves ) %[+ t ju/ice 9 h]self is be/ = ! s\l 9 h]self1 ev5 if a man %\ld put on a ,gyges' r+ & h ! helmet ( ,hades too4 ,& n[ y %all repay me :at y borr[$2 & ,i w enum]ate ! rew>ds ( ju/ice 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,i grant$1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 z y w rememb]1 t evil might p]haps escape ! k ( ,gods & m51 al?\gh ?is 0 really impossible4 ,& s9ce ,i h %[n t ju/ice has reality1 y mu/ grant me also t %e has ! palm ( appe>ance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! j man is kn[n to ! ,gods1 99#fac99 & he is !re=e ! fri5d ( ! ,gods1 & he w receive at _! h&s e good1 always except+ su* evil z is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( =m] s9s4 ,all ?+s end 9 good to him1 ei!r 9 life or aft] dea?1 ev5 :at appe>s to be evil2 = ! ,gods h a c>e ( him :o desires to be 9 _! lik5ess4 ,& :at %all we say ( m58 ,is n hone/y ! be/ policy8 ,! clev] rogue makes a great />t at fir/1 b breaks d[n be=e he rea*es ! goal1 & sl9ks away 9 di%on\r2 :]eas ! true runn] p]sev]es to ! end1 & receives ! prize4 ,& y mu/ all[ me to repeat all ! bless+s :i* y attribut$ to ! =tunate unju/--!y be> rule 9 ! city1 !y m>ry & give 9 m>riage to :om !y w2 & ! evils :i* y attribut$ to ! un=tunate j1 d really fall 9 ! end on ! unju/1 al?\gh1 z y impli$1 _! suff]+s are bett] veil$ 9 sil5ce4 99#fad99 ,b all ! bless+s ( ?is pres5t life are z no?+ :5 cliii comp>$ ) ^? :i* await good m5 aft] dea?4 ',i %\ld l to he> ab\t !m4' ,come1 !n1 & ,i w tell y ! /ory ( ,er1 ! son ( ,arm5ius1 a valiant man4 ,he 0 suppos$ to h di$ 9 battle1 b t5 days aft]w>ds 8 body 0 f\nd unt\*$ by corruption & s5t home = burial4 ,on ! twelf? day he 0 plac$ on ! fun]al pyre & !re he came to life aga91 & told :at he _h se5 9 ! _w bel[4 ,he said t 8 s\l w5t ) a great company to a place1 9 :i* !re 7 two *asms ne> toge!r 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 & two correspond+ *asms 9 ! heav5 above4 ,& !re 7 judges sitt+ 9 ! int]m$iate space1 bidd+ ! j asc5d by ! heav5ly way on ! "r h&1 hav+ ! seal ( _! judgm5t set ^u !m be=e1 :ile ! unju/1 hav+ ! seal beh9d1 7 bidd5 to desc5d by ! way on ! left h&4 ,him !y told to look & li/51 z he 0 to be _! mess5g] to m5 f ! _w bel[4 ,& he beheld & saw ! s\ls dep>t+ aft] judgm5t at ei!r *asm2 "s :o came f e>?1 7 worn & travel-/a9$2 o!rs1 :o came f heav51 7 clean & bright4 ,!y seem$ glad to meet & re/ a:ile 9 ! mead[2 "h !y disc\rs$ ) "o ano!r ( :at !y _h se5 9 ! o!r _w4 99#fae99 ,^? :o came f e>? wept at ! remembrance ( _! sorr[s1 b ! spirits f above spoke ( glori\s sights & heav5ly bliss4 ,he said t = e evil de$ !y 7 puni%$ t5fold--n[ ! j\rney 0 ( a ?\s& ye>s' duration1 because ! life ( man 0 reckon$ z a hundr$ ye>s--& ! rew>ds ( virtue 7 9 ! same proportion4 ,he add$ some?+ h>dly wor? repeat+ ab\t infants dy+ almo/ z soon z !y 7 born4 ,( p>ricides & o!r murd]]s he _h tortures /ill m t]rible to n>rate4 ,he 0 pres5t :5 "o ( ! spirits ask$--,:]e is ,ardiaeus ! ,great8 7,?is ,ardiaeus 0 a cruel tyrant1 :o _h murd]$ 8 fa!r1 & 8 eld] bro!r1 a ?\s& ye>s be=e47 ,ano!r _s answ]$1 ',he comes n hi!r1 & w nev] come4 ,& ,i myself1' he add$1 'actually saw ?is t]rible sight4 ,at ! entrance ( ! *asm1 z we 7 ab\t to reasc5d1 ,ardiaeus appe>$1 & "s o!r s9n]s--mo/ ( :om _h be5 tyrants1 b n all--& j z !y fanci$ t !y 7 return+ to life1 ! *asm gave a ro>1 99#faf99 & !n wild1 fi]y-look+ m5 :o knew ! cliv mean+ ( ! s\nd1 seiz$ him & sev]al o!rs1 & b\nd !m h& & foot & ?rew !m d[n1 & dragg$ !m along at ! side ( ! road1 lac]at+ !m & c>d+ !m l wool1 & expla9+ to ! pass]s-by1 t !y 7 go+ to be ca/ into hell4' ,! greate/ t]ror ( ! pilgrims asc5d+ 0 le/ !y %\ld he> ! voice1 & :5 !re 0 sil5ce "o by "o !y pass$ up ) joy4 ,to ^! suff]+s !re 7 correspond+ delights4 ,on ! eigh? day ! s\ls ( ! pilgrims resum$ _! j\rney1 & 9 f\r days came to a spot :5ce !y look$ d[n ^u a l9e ( light1 9 col\r l a ra9b[1 only bright] & cle>]4 ,"o day m br\ght !m to ! place1 & !y saw t ?is 0 ! column ( light :i* b9ds toge!r ! :ole univ]se4 ,! ends ( ! column 7 fa/5$ to heav51 & f !m hung ! di/aff ( ,necessity1 on :i* all ! heav5ly bodies turn$--! hook & sp9dle 7 ( adamant1 & ! :orl ( a mix$ sub/ance4 ,! :orl 0 9 =m l a numb] ( boxes fitt+ into "o ano!r ) _! edges turn$ upw>ds1 mak+ toge!r a s+le :orl :i* 0 pi]c$ by ! sp9dle4 ,! out]mo/ _h ! rim broade/1 & ! inn] :orls 7 small] & small]1 & _h _! rims n>r[]4 ,! l>ge/ 7! fix$ />s7 0 spangl$--! sev5? 7! sun7 0 brighte/--! eigh? 7! moon7 %one by ! light ( ! sev5?-- 99#fag99 ! second & fif? 7,saturn & ,m]cury7 7 mo/ l "o ano!r & yell[] ?an ! eigh?--! ?ird 7,jupit]7 _h ! :ite/ light--! f\r? 7,m>s7 0 r$--! six? 7,v5us7 0 9 :it5ess second4 ,! :ole _h "o motion1 b :ile ?is 0 revolv+ 9 "o direction ! sev5 inn] circles 7 mov+ 9 ! opposite1 ) v>i\s degrees ( swiftness & sl[ness4 ,! sp9dle turn$ on ! knees ( ,necessity1 & a ,sir5 /ood hymn+ ^u ea* circle1 :ile ,la*esis1 ,clo?o1 & ,atropos1 ! daught]s ( ,necessity1 sat on ?rones at equal int]vals1 s++ ( pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 responsive to ! music ( ! ,sir5s2 ,clo?o f "t to "t guid+ ! out] circle ) a t\* ( h] "r h&2 ,atropos ) h] left h& t\*+ & guid+ ! inn] circles2 ,la*esis 9 turn putt+ =? h] h& f "t to "t to guide bo? ( !m4 ,on _! arrival ! pilgrims w5t to ,la*esis1 & !re 0 an int]pret] :o arrang$ !m1 & tak+ f h] clv knees lots1 & samples ( lives1 got up into a pulpit & said3 ',mortal s\ls1 he> ! words ( ,la*esis1 ! daught] ( ,necessity4 ,a new p]iod ( mortal life has begun1 & y may *oose :at div9ity y please2 ! responsibility ( *oos+ is ) y--,god is blameless4' 99#fah99 ,aft] speak+ ?us1 he ca/ ! lots among !m & ea* "o took up ! lot :i* fell ne> him4 ,he !n plac$ on ! gr\nd be=e !m ! samples ( lives1 _m m ?an ! s\ls pres5t2 & !re 7 all sorts ( lives1 ( m5 & ( animals4 ,!re 7 tyrannies end+ 9 mis]y & exile1 & lives ( m5 & wom5 fam\s = _! diff]5t qualities2 & also mix$ lives1 made up ( weal? & pov]ty1 sickness & heal?4 ,"h1 ,glaucon1 is ! great risk ( human life1 & !re=e ! :ole ( education %\ld be direct$ to ! acquisition ( su* a k z w tea* a man to refuse ! evil & *oose ! good4 ,he %\ld "k all ! comb9ations :i* occur 9 life--( beauty ) pov]ty or ) weal?1--( k ) ext]nal goods1--& at la/ *oose ) ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! s\l1 reg>d+ t only z ! bett] life :i* makes m5 bett]1 & leav+ ! re/4 ,& 99#fai99 a man mu/ take ) him an iron s5se ( tru? & "r into ! _w bel[1 t !re too he may rema9 undazzl$ by weal? or ! allurem5ts ( evil1 & be det]m9$ to avoid ! extremes & *oose ! mean4 ,= ?is1 z ! mess5g] report$ ! int]pret] to h said1 is ! true happ9ess ( man2 & any "o1 z he proclaim$1 may1 if he *oose ) und]/&+1 h a good lot1 ev5 ?\gh he come la/4 ',let n ! fir/ be c>eless 9 8 *oice1 nor ! la/ despair4' ,he spoke2 & :5 he _h spok51 he :o _h drawn ! fir/ lot *ose a tyranny3 he did n see t he 0 fat$ to dev\r 8 own *ildr5--& :5 he discov]$ 8 mi/ake1 he wept & beat 8 brea/1 blam+ *ance & ! ,gods & anybody r ?an himself4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o _h come f heav51 & 9 8 previ\s life _h be5 a citiz5 ( a well-ord]$ ,/ate1 b he _h only habit & no philosophy4 ,l _m ano!r1 he made a bad *oice1 because he _h no exp]i5ce ( life2 :]eas ^? :o came f e>? & _h se5 tr\ble 7 n 9 su* a hurry to *oose4 ,b if a man _h foll[$ philosophy :ile ^u e>?1 & _h be5 mod]ately =tunate 9 8 lot1 he might n only be happy "h1 b 8 pilgrimage bo? f & clvi to ?is _w w\ld be smoo? & heav5ly4 ,no?+ 0 m curi\s ?an ! spectacle ( ! *oice1 at once sad & laughable & wond]ful2 mo/ ( ! s\ls only seek+ to avoid _! own condition 9 a previ\s life4 99#fbj99 ,he saw ! s\l ( ,orpheus *ang+ into a swan because he w\ld n be born ( a woman2 !re 0 ,?amyras becom+ a night+ale2 musical birds1 l ! swan1 *oos+ to be m52 ! tw5tie? s\l1 :i* 0 t ( ,ajax1 pref]r+ ! life ( a lion to t ( a man1 9 remembrance ( ! inju/ice :i* 0 done to him 9 ! judgm5t ( ! arms2 & ,agamemnon1 f a l enmity to human nature1 pass+ into an eagle4 ,ab\t ! middle 0 ! s\l ( ,atalanta *oos+ ! hon\rs ( an a?lete1 & next to h] ,epeus tak+ ! nature ( a workwoman2 among ! la/ 0 ,!rsites1 :o 0 *ang+ himself into a monkey4 ,?i!r1 ! la/ ( all1 came ,odysseus1 & s\ght ! lot ( a private man1 :i* lay neglect$ & despis$1 & :5 he f\nd x he w5t away rejoic+1 & said t if he _h be5 fir/ in/ead ( la/1 8 *oice w\ld h be5 ! same4 ,m51 too1 7 se5 pass+ into animals1 & wild & tame animals *ang+ into "o ano!r4 ,:5 all ! s\ls _h *os5 !y w5t to ,la*esis1 :o s5t ) ea* ( !m _! g5ius or att5dant to fulfil _! lot4 ,he fir/ ( all br\ght !m "u ! h& ( ,clo?o1 & drew !m )9 ! revolution ( ! sp9dle impell$ by h] h&2 f h] !y 7 c>ri$ to ,atropos1 :o made ! ?reads irrev]sible2 99#fba99 :5ce1 )\t turn+ r\nd1 !y pass$ b5ea? ! ?rone ( ,necessity2 & :5 !y _h all pass$1 !y mov$ on 9 scor*+ heat to ! pla9 ( ,=getfulness & re/$ at ev5+ by ! riv] ,unm9dful1 ^: wat] c\ld n be reta9$ 9 any vessel2 ( ?is !y _h all to dr9k a c]ta9 quantity--"s ( !m drank m ?an 0 requir$1 & he :o drank =got all ?+s4 ,er himself 0 prev5t$ f dr9k+4 ,:5 !y _h gone to re/1 ab\t ! middle ( ! night !re 7 ?und]/orms & e>?quakes1 & sudd5ly !y 7 all driv5 div]s ways1 %oot+ l />s to _! bir?4 ,conc]n+ 8 return to ! body1 he only knew t awak+ sudd5ly 9 ! morn+ he f\nd himself ly+ on ! pyre4 ,?us1 ,glaucon1 ! tale has be5 sav$1 & w be our salvation1 if we believe t ! s\l is immortal1 & hold fa/ to ! clvii heav5ly way ( ,ju/ice & ,k4 ,s %all we pass undefil$ ov] ! riv] ( ,=getfulness1 & be de> to ourselves & to ! ,gods1 & h a cr[n ( rew>d & happ9ess bo? 9 ?is _w & also 9 ! mill5nial pilgrimage ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,x4 ,introduction4 ,! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,republic ( ,plato falls into two divisions3 fir/1 resum+ an old ?read :i* has be5 int]rupt$1 ,socrates assails ! poets1 :o1 n[ t ! nature ( ! s\l has be5 analyz$1 are se5 to be v f> gone f ! tru?2 & secondly1 hav+ %[n ! reality ( ! happ9ess ( ! j1 he dem&s t appe>ance %all be re/or$ to him1 & !n proce$s to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! argum5t1 z 9 ! ,pha$o & ,gorgias1 is supplem5t$ by ! vision ( a future life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y ,plato1 :o 0 himself a poet1 & ^: dialogues are poems & dramas1 %\ld h be5 ho/ile to ! poets z a class1 & especially to ! dramatic poets2 :y he %\ld n h se5 t tru? may be embodi$ 9 v]se z well z 9 prose1 & t !re are "s indef9able lights & %ad[s ( human life :i* c only be express$ 9 poetry--"s elem5ts ( imag9ation :i* always entw9e ) reason2 :y he %\ld h suppos$ epic v]se to be insep>ably associat$ ) ! impurities ( ! old ,hell5ic my?ology2 :y he %\ld try ,hom] & ,hesiod by ! unfair & prosaic te/ ( utility1--are que/ions :i* h always be5 debat$ among/ /ud5ts ( ,plato4 ,?\gh unable to give a complete answ] to !m1 we may %[--fir/1 t 8 views arose naturally out ( ! circum/ances ( 8 age2 & secondly1 we may elicit ! tru? z well z ! error :i* is conta9$ 9 !m4 ,he is ! enemy ( ! poets because poetry 0 decl9+ 9 8 own lifetime1 & a !atrocracy1 z he says 9 ! ,laws 7iii4 #gja ,a71 _h tak5 ! place ( an intellectual ari/ocracy4 ,euripides exhibit$ ! la/ phase ( ! tragic drama1 & 9 him ,plato saw ! fri5d & apologi/ ( tyrants1 & ! ,sophi/ ( trag$y4 ,! old com$y 0 almo/ ext9ct2 ! new _h n yet aris54 ,dramatic & lyric poetry1 l e o!r bran* ( ,greek lit]ature1 0 fall+ "u ! p[] ( rhetoric4 ,!re 0 no 'second or ?ird' to s*ylus & clviii ,sophocles 9 ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ !m4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 "o ( 8 lat] com$ies 7,frogs1 #hi foll471 speaks ( '?\s&s ( trag$y-mak+ prattl]s1' ^: attempts at poetry he comp>es to ! *irp+ ( swall[s2 '_! g>rulity w5t f> beyond ,euripides1'--'!y appe>$ once ^u ! /age1 & !re 0 an end ( !m4' ,to a man ( g5ius :o _h a real appreciation ( ! godlike s*ylus & ! noble & g5tle ,sophocles1 ?\gh disagree+ ) "s p>ts ( _! '!ology' 7,rep4 ii4 #chj71 ^! 'm9or poets' mu/ h be5 contemptible & intol]able4 ,!re is no feel+ /rong] 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato ?an a s5se ( ! decl9e & decay bo? 9 lit]ature & 9 politics :i* m>k$ 8 own age4 ,nor c he h be5 expect$ to look ) fav\r on ! lic5ce ( ,ari/ophanes1 n[ at ! end ( 8 c>e]1 :o _h begun by satiriz+ ,socrates 9 ! ,cl\ds1 & 9 a simil> _s =ty ye>s aft]w>ds _h satiriz$ ! f\nd]s ( ideal commonweal?s 9 8 ,eccleziazusae1 or ,female ,p>liam5t 7cp4 x4 #fjf ,c1 & ,laws ii4 #feh ff42 #hag74 ,!re 7 o!r reasons = ! antagonism ( ,plato to poetry4 ,! pr(ession ( an actor 0 reg>d$ by him z a degradation ( human nature1 = '"o man 9 8 life' _c 'play _m p>ts2' ! *>act]s :i* ! actor p]=ms seem to de/roy 8 own "*1 & to leave no?+ :i* c be truly call$ himself4 ,nei!r c any man live 8 life & act x4 ,! actor is ! slave ( 8 art1 n ! ma/] ( x4 ,tak+ ?is view ,plato is m decid$ 9 8 expulsion ( ! dramatic ?an ( ! epic poets1 ?\gh he mu/ h kn[n t ! ,greek trag$ians af=d$ noble lessons & examples ( virtue & patriotism1 to :i* no?+ 9 ,hom] c be comp>$4 ,b great dramatic or ev5 great rhetorical p[] is h>dly consi/5t ) firmness or /r5g? ( m9d1 & dramatic tal5t is (t5 incid5tally associat$ ) a weak or dissolute "*4 ,9 ! ,t5? ,book ,plato introduces a new s]ies ( objections4 ,fir/1 he says t ! poet or pa9t] is an imitator1 & 9 ! ?ird degree remov$ f ! tru?4 ,8 creations are n te/$ by rule & measure2 !y are only appe>ances4 ,9 mod]n times we %\ld say t art is n m]ely imitation1 b r ! expression ( ! ideal 9 =ms ( s5se4 ,ev5 adopt+ ! humble image ( ,plato1 f :i* 8 argum5t d]ives a col\r1 we %\ld ma9ta9 t ! arti/ clix may ennoble ! b$ :i* he pa9ts by ! folds ( ! drap]y1 or by ! feel+ ( home :i* he introduces2 & !re h be5 mod]n pa9t]s :o h imp>t$ su* an ideal int]e/ to a blacksmi?'s or a c>p5t]'s %op4 ,! eye or m9d :i* feels z well z sees c give dignity & pa?os to a ru9$ mill1 or a /raw-built %$ ,rembr&t1 to ! hull ( a vessel 'go+ to its la/ home' ,turn]4 ,/ill m w\ld ?is apply to ! greate/ works ( art1 :i* seem to be ! visible embodim5t ( ! div9e4 ,_h ,plato be5 ask$ :e!r ! ,zeus or ,a!ne ( ,pheidias 0 ! imitation ( an imitation only1 w\ld he n h be5 compell$ to admit t some?+ m 0 to be f\nd 9 !m ?an 9 ! =m ( any mortal2 & t ! rule ( proportion to :i* !y con=m$ 0 'high] f> ?an any geometry or ari?metic c\ld express8' 7,/atesman1 #beg ,a47 ,aga91 ,plato objects to ! imitative arts t !y express ! emotional r ?an ! rational "p ( human nature4 ,he does n admit ,ari/otle's !ory1 t trag$y or o!r s]i\s imitations are a purgation ( ! passions by pity & fe>2 to him !y appe> only to af=d ! opportunity ( indulg+ !m4 ,yet we mu/ ackn[l$ge t we may sometimes cure disord]$ emotions by giv+ expression to !m2 & t !y (t5 ga9 /r5g? :5 p5t up )9 our own brea/4 ,x is n e indulg5ce ( ! feel+s :i* is to be condemn$4 ,= !re may be a gratification ( ! high] z well z ( ! l[]--?\ghts :i* are too deep or too sad to be express$ by ourselves1 may f9d an utt]ance 9 ! words ( poets4 ,e "o w\ld ackn[l$ge t !re h be5 times :5 !y 7 consol$ & elevat$ by beautiful music or by ! sublimity ( ar*itecture or by ! peacefulness ( nature4 ,plato has himself admitt$1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,republic1 t ! arts might h ! effect ( h>moniz+ z well z ( en]vat+ ! m9d2 b 9 ! ,t5? ,book he reg>ds !m ?r\gh a ,/oic or ,puritan m$ium4 ,he asks only ',:at good h !y done8' & is n satisfi$ ) ! reply1 t ',!y h giv5 innoc5t pleasure to mank9d4' ,he tells u t he rejoices 9 ! bani%m5t ( ! poets1 s9ce he has f\nd by ! analysis ( ! s\l t !y are conc]n$ ) ! inf]ior faculties4 ,he means to say t clx ! high] faculties h to d ) univ]sals1 ! l[] ) p>ticul>s ( s5se4 ,! poets are on a level ) _! own age1 b n on a level ) ,socrates & ,plato2 & he 0 well aw>e t ,hom] & ,hesiod c\ld n be made a rule ( life by any process ( legitimate int]pretation2 8 ironical use ( !m is 9 fact a d5ial ( _! au?ority2 he saw1 too1 t ! poets 7 n critics--z he says 9 ! ,apology1 ',any "o 0 a bett] int]pret] ( _! writ+s ?an !y 7 !mselves' 7#bb ,c74 ,he himself ceas$ to be a poet :5 he became a disciple ( ,socrates2 ?\gh1 z he tells u ( ,solon1 'he might h be5 "o ( ! greate/ ( !m1 if he _h n be5 det]r$ by o!r pursuits' 7,tim4 #ba ,c7 ,?us f _m po9ts ( view !re is an antagonism betwe5 ,plato & ! poets1 :i* 0 =e%ad[$ to him 9 ! old qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & poetry4 ,! poets1 z he says 9 ! ,protagoras 7#caf ,e71 7 ! ,sophi/s ( _! day2 & 8 dislike ( ! "o class is reflect$ on ! o!r4 ,he reg>ds !m bo? z ! enemies ( reason+ & ab/raction1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ,euripides m ) ref]5ce to 8 immoral s5tim5ts ab\t tyrants & ! l4 ,= ,plato is ! prophet :o 'came into ! _w to conv9ce m5'--fir/ ( ! fallibility ( s5se & op9ion1 & secondly ( ! reality ( ab/ract ideas4 ,:atev] /rang5ess !re may be 9 mod]n times 9 oppos+ philosophy to poetry1 :i* to u seem to h s _m elem5ts 9 common1 ! /rang5ess w disappe> if we conceive ( poetry z alli$ to s5se1 & ( philosophy z equival5t to ?\ght & ab/raction4 ,un=tunately ! v ^w 'idea1' :i* to ,plato is expressive ( ! mo/ real ( all ?+s1 is associat$ 9 our m9ds ) an elem5t ( subjectiv5ess & unreality4 ,we may note also h[ he diff]s f ,ari/otle :o decl>es poetry to be tru] ?an hi/ory1 = ! opposite reason1 because x is conc]n$ ) univ]sals1 n l hi/ory1 ) p>ticul>s 7,poet4 c4 #i1 #c74 ,! ?+s :i* are se5 are oppos$ 9 ,scripture to ! ?+s :i* are unse5--!y are equally oppos$ 9 ,plato to univ]sals & ideas4 ,to him all p>ticul>s appe> to be float+ ab\t 9 a _w ( s5se2 !y h a ta9t ( error or ev5 ( evil4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ t ?is is an illusion2 = !re is no m error or v>iation 9 an individual man1 horse1 clxi b$1 etc41 ?an 9 ! class man1 horse1 b$1 etc42 nor is ! tru? :i* is display$ 9 individual in/ances less c]ta9 ?an t :i* is convey$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ideas4 ,b ,plato1 :o is deeply impress$ ) ! real importance ( univ]sals z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 attributes to !m an ess5tial tru? :i* is imag9>y & unreal2 = univ]sals may be (t5 false & p>ticul>s true4 ,_h he atta9$ to any cle> conception ( ! individual1 :i* is ! syn!sis ( ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>2 or _h he be5 able to di/+ui% betwe5 op9ion & s5sation1 :i* ! ambiguity ( ! words ,greek3 d_/xa1 phai_/ne/hai1 ei7kos & ! l1 t5d$ to confuse1 he w\ld n h d5i$ tru? to ! p>ticul>s ( s5se4 ,b ! poets are also ! repres5tatives ( falsehood & feign+ 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life & k1 l ! sophi/s & rhetoricians ( ! ,gorgias & ,pha$rus2 !y are ! false prie/s1 false prophets1 ly+ spirits1 en*ant]s ( ! _w4 ,!re is ano!r c\nt put into ! indictm5t aga9/ !m by ,plato1 t !y are ! fri5ds ( ! tyrant1 & bask 9 ! sun%9e ( 8 patronage4 ,despotism 9 all ages has _h an app>atus ( false ideas & false tea*]s at its s]vice--9 ! hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,europe z well z ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,= no gov]nm5t ( m5 dep5ds solely ^u =ce2 )\t "s corruption ( lit]ature & morals--"s appeal to ! imag9ation ( ! masses--"s pret5ce to ! fav\r ( heav5--"s elem5t ( good giv+ p[] to evil 7cp4 i4 #ceb71 tyranny1 ev5 = a %ort "t1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,! ,greek tyrants 7 n ins5sible to ! importance ( awak5+ 9 _! cause a ,pseudo-,hell5ic feel+2 !y 7 pr\d ( successes at ! ,olympic games2 !y 7 n devoid ( ! love ( lit]ature & art4 ,plato is ?9k+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( ,greek poets :o _h grac$ ! c\rts ( ,dionysius or ,ar*elaus3 & ! old _s ( fre$om is r\s$ )9 him at _! pro/itution ( ! ,tragic ,muse 9 ! praises ( tyranny4 ,b 8 prophetic eye ext5ds beyond !m to ! false tea*]s ( o!r ages :o are ! creatures ( ! gov]nm5t "u :i* !y live4 ,he comp>es ! corruption ( 8 contempor>ies ) ! idea ( a p]fect society1 & ga!rs up into "o mass ( evil ! evils & errors ( mank9d2 to him !y are p]sonifi$ 9 ! clxii rhetoricians1 sophi/s1 poets1 rul]s :o deceive & gov]n ! _w4 ,a fur!r objection :i* ,plato makes to poetry & ! imitative arts is t !y excite ! emotions4 ,"h ! mod]n read] w be dispos$ to introduce a di/9ction :i* appe>s to h escap$ him4 ,= ! emotions are nei!r bad nor good 9 !mselves1 & are n mo/ likely to be controll$ by ! attempt to eradicate !m1 b by ! mod]ate indulg5ce ( !m4 ,& ! vocation ( art is to pres5t ?\ght 9 ! =m ( feel+1 to enli/ ! feel+s on ! side ( reason1 to inspire ev5 = a mom5t c\rage or resignation2 p]haps to sugge/ a s5se ( inf9ity & et]nity 9 a way :i* m]e language is incapable ( atta9+4 ,true1 ! same p[] :i* 9 ! pur] age ( art embodies gods & h]oes only1 may be made to express ! voluptu\s image ( a ,cor9?ian c\rtezan4 ,b ?is only %[s t art1 l o!r outw>d ?+s1 may be turn$ to good & also to evil1 & is n m closely connect$ ) ! high] ?an ) ! l[] "p ( ! s\l4 ,all imitative art is subject to c]ta9 limitations1 & !re=e necess>ily p>takes ( ! nature ( a compromise4 ,some?+ ( ideal tru? is sacrific$ = ! sake ( ! repres5tation1 & some?+ 9 ! exactness ( ! repres5tation is sacrific$ to ! ideal4 ,/ill1 works ( art h a p]man5t elem5t2 !y idealize & deta9 ! pass+ ?\ght1 & are ! int]m$iates betwe5 s5se & ideas4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( ! human m9d1 poetry & o!r =ms ( fiction may c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a good4 ,b we c also imag9e ! exi/5ce ( an age 9 :i* a sev]] conception ( tru? has ei!r bani%$ or trans=m$ !m4 ,at any rate we mu/ admit t !y hold a diff]5t place at diff]5t p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,9 ! infancy ( mank9d1 poetry1 ) ! exception ( prov]bs1 is ! :ole ( lit]ature1 & ! only in/rum5t ( intellectual culture2 9 mod]n times %e is ! %ad[ or e*o ( h] =m] self1 & appe>s to h a prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,milton 9 8 day d\bt$ :e!r an epic poem 0 any long] possible4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ rememb]1 t :at ,plato w\ld h call$ ! *>ms ( poetry h be5 p>tly transf]r$ clxiii to prose2 he himself 7,/atesman #cjd7 admits rhetoric to be ! h&maid5 ( ,politics1 & proposes to f9d 9 ! /ra9 ( law 7,laws vii4 #haa7 a sub/itute = ! old poets4 ,among ourselves ! creative p[] seems (t5 to be gr[+ weak]1 & sci5tific fact to be m engross+ & ov]p[]+ to ! m9d ?an =m]ly4 ,! illusion ( ! feel+s commonly call$ love1 has hi!rto be5 ! inspir+ influ5ce ( mod]n poetry & romance1 & has ex]cis$ a humaniz+ if n a /r5g!n+ influ5ce on ! _w4 ,b may n ! /imulus :i* love has giv5 to fancy be "s day exhau/$8 ,! mod]n ,engli% novel :i* is ! mo/ popul> ( all =ms ( read+ is n m ?an a c5tury or two old3 w ! tale ( love a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 aft] s _m ?\s& v>iations ( ! same !me1 be /ill receiv$ ) unabat$ int]e/8 ,art _c claim to be on a level ) philosophy or religion1 & may (t5 corrupt !m4 ,x is possible to conceive a m5tal /ate 9 :i* all arti/ic repres5tations are reg>d$ z a false & imp]fect expression1 ei!r ( ! religi\s ideal or ( ! philosophical ideal4 ,! faire/ =ms may be revolt+ 9 c]ta9 moods ( m9d1 z is prov$ by ! fact t ! ,mahometans1 & _m sects ( ,*ri/ians1 h r5\nc$ ! use ( pictures & images4 ,! beg9n+ ( a great religion1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,g5tile1 has n be5 'wood or /one1' b a _s mov+ 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,! disciples h met 9 a l>ge upp] room or 9 'holes & caves ( ! e>?'2 9 ! second or ?ird g5]ation1 !y h _h mosques1 temples1 *ur*es1 mona/]ies4 ,& ! revival or re=m ( religions1 l ! fir/ revelation ( !m1 has come f )9 & has g5]ally disreg>d$ ext]nal c]emonies & accompanim5ts4 ,b poetry & art may also be ! expression ( ! highe/ tru? & ! pure/ s5tim5t4 ,plato himself seems to wav] betwe5 two opposite views--:51 z 9 ! ?ird ,book1 he insi/s t y\? %\ld be br\ght up amid :olesome imag]y2 & aga9 9 ,book x1 :5 he bani%es ! poets f 8 ,republic4 ,admitt+ t ! arts1 :i* "s ( u almo/ deify1 h fall5 %ort ( _! high] aim1 we mu/ admit on ! o!r h& t to bani% imag9ation :olly w\ld be suicidal clxiv z well z impossible4 ,= nature too is a =m ( art2 & a brea? ( ! fre% air or a s+le glance at ! v>y+ l&scape w\ld 9 an in/ant revive & reillum9e ! ext+ui%$ sp>k ( poetry 9 ! human brea/4 ,9 ! l[] /ages ( civilization imag9ation m ?an reason di/+ui%es man f ! animals2 & to bani% art w\ld be to bani% ?\ght1 to bani% language1 to bani% ! expression ( all tru?4 ,no religion is :olly devoid ( ext]nal =ms2 ev5 ! ,mahometan :o r5\nces ! use ( pictures & images has a temple 9 :i* he wor%ips ! ,mo/ ,high1 z solemn & beautiful z any ,greek or ,*ri/ian build+4 ,feel+ too & ?\ght are n really oppos$2 = he :o ?9ks mu/ feel be=e he c execute4 ,& ! highe/ ?\ghts1 :5 !y become famili>iz$ to u1 are always t5d+ to pass into ! =m ( feel+4 ,plato does n s]i\sly int5d to expel poets f life & society4 ,b he feels /rongly ! unreality ( _! writ+s2 he is prote/+ aga9/ ! deg5]acy ( poetry 9 8 own day z we might prote/ aga9/ ! want ( s]i\s purpose 9 mod]n fiction1 aga9/ ! unseeml9ess or extravagance ( "s ( our poets or noveli/s1 aga9/ ! "t-s]v+ ( prea*]s or public writ]s1 aga9/ ! reg>dlessness ( tru? :i* to ! eye ( ! philosoph] seems to *>act]ize ! great] "p ( ! _w4 ,= we too h reason to compla9 t our poets & noveli/s 'pa9t inf]ior tru?' & 'are conc]n$ ) ! inf]ior "p ( ! s\l'2 t ! read]s ( !m become :at !y read & are injuri\sly affect$ by !m4 ,& we look 9 va9 = t heal?y atmosph]e ( :i* ,plato speaks1--'! beauty :i* meets ! s5se l a breeze & imp]ceptibly draws ! s\l1 ev5 9 *ildhood1 into h>mony ) ! beauty ( reason4' ,= !re might be a poetry :i* w\ld be ! hymn ( div9e p]fection1 ! h>mony ( goodness & tru? among m53 a /ra9 :i* %\ld r5ew ! y\? ( ! _w1 & br+ back ! ages 9 :i* ! poet 0 man's only tea*] & be/ fri5d1--:i* w\ld f9d mat]ials 9 ! liv+ pres5t z well z 9 ! romance ( ! pa/1 & might subdue to ! faire/ =ms ( spee* & v]se ! intractable mat]ials ( mod]n civilisation1--:i* might elicit ! simple pr9ciples1 or1 z ,plato clxv w\ld h call$ !m1 ! ess5tial =ms1 ( tru? & ju/ice out ( ! v>iety ( op9ion & ! complexity ( mod]n society1--:i* w\ld pres]ve all ! good ( ea* g5]ation & leave ! bad unsung1--:i* %\ld be bas$ n on va9 long+s or fa9t imag9+s1 b on a cle> insight into ! nature ( man4 ,!n ! tale ( love might beg9 aga9 9 poetry or prose1 two 9 "o1 unit$ 9 ! pursuit ( k1 or ! s]vice ( ,god & man2 & feel+s ( love might /ill be ! inc5tive to great ?\ghts & h]oic de$s z 9 ! days ( ,dante or ,petr>*2 & _m types ( manly & womanly beauty might appe> among u1 ris+ above ! ord9>y level ( humanity1 & _m lives :i* 7 l poems 7,laws vii4 #hag ,b71 be n only writt51 b liv$ by u4 ,a few su* /ra9s h be5 he>d among m5 9 ! trag$ies ( es*ylus & ,sophocles1 :om ,plato quotes1 n1 z ,hom] is quot$ by him1 9 irony1 b ) deep & s]i\s approval1--9 ! poetry ( ,milton & ,wordswor?1 & 9 passages ( o!r ,engli% poets1--fir/ & above all 9 ! ,hebrew prophets & psalmi/s4 ,%akespe>e has taught u h[ great m5 %\ld speak & act2 he has drawn *>act]s ( a wond]ful purity & dep?2 he has ennobl$ ! human m9d1 b1 l ,hom] 7,rep4 x4 #eii foll471 he 'has left no way ( life4' ,! next greate/ poet ( mod]n times1 ,goe!1 is conc]n$ ) 'a l[] degree ( tru?'2 he pa9ts ! _w z a /age on :i* 'all ! m5 & wom5 are m]ely play]s'2 he cultivates life z an art1 b he furni%es no ideals ( tru? & action4 ,! poet may rebel aga9/ any attempt to set limits to 8 fancy2 & he may argue truly t moraliz+ 9 v]se is n poetry4 ,possibly1 l ,mephi/opheles 9 ,fau/1 he may retaliate on 8 adv]s>ies4 ,b ! philosoph] w /ill be ju/ifi$ 9 ask+1 ',h[ may ! heav5ly gift ( poesy be devot$ to ! good ( mank9d8' ,return+ to ,plato1 we may obs]ve t a simil> mixture ( tru? & error appe>s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! argum5t4 ,he is aw>e ( ! absurdity ( mank9d fram+ _! :ole lives accord+ to ,hom]2 j z 9 ! ,pha$rus he intimates ! absurdity ( int]pret+ my?ology ^u rational pr9ciples2 bo? ^! 7 ! mod]n t5d5cies ( 8 own age1 :i* he des]v$ly ridicules4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 argum5t t clxvi ,hom]1 if he _h be5 able to tea* mank9d any?+ wor? kn[+1 w\ld n h be5 all[$ by !m to g ab\t begg+ z a rhapsodi/1 is bo? false & contr>y to ! _s ( ,plato 7cp4 ,rep4 vi4 #dhi ,a foll474 ,x may be comp>$ ) ^? o!r p>adoxes ( ! ,gorgias1 t ',no /atesman 0 ev] unju/ly put to dea? by ! city ( :i* he 0 ! head'2 & t ',no ,sophi/ 0 ev] defraud$ by 8 pupils' 7,gorg4 #eai foll47444444 ,! argum5t = immortality seems to re/ on ! absolute dualism ( s\l & body4 ,admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 we "k ( no =ce :i* is able to put an end to h]4 ,vice is h] own prop] evil2 & if %e _c be de/roy$ by t1 %e _c be de/roy$ by any o!r4 ,yet ,plato has ackn[l$g$ t ! s\l may be s ov]gr[n by ! incru/ations ( e>? z to lose h] orig9al =m2 & 9 ! ,timaeus he recognizes m /rongly ?an 9 ! ,republic ! influ5ce :i* ! body has ov] ! m9d1 d5y+ ev5 ! volunt>9ess ( human actions1 on ! gr\nd t !y proce$ f physical /ates 7,tim4 #hf1 #hg74 ,9 ! ,republic1 z else:]e1 he wav]s betwe5 ! orig9al s\l :i* has to be re/or$1 & ! "* :i* is develop$ by tra9+ & education444444 ,! vision ( ano!r _w is ascrib$ to ,er1 ! son ( ,arm5ius1 :o is said by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria to h be5 ,zoroa/]4 ,! tale has c]ta9ly an ori5tal "*1 & may be comp>$ ) ! pilgrimages ( ! s\l 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a 7cp4 ,haug1 ,ave/a1 p4 #aig74 ,b no trace ( acqua9tance ) ,zoroa/] is f\nd else:]e 9 ,plato's writ+s1 & !re is no reason = giv+ him ! "n ( ,er ! ,pamphylian4 ,! philosophy ( ,h]acleitus _c be %[n to be borr[$ f ,zoroa/]1 & /ill less ! my?s ( ,plato4 ,! local arrangem5t ( ! vision is less di/9ct ?an t ( ! ,pha$rus & ,pha$o4 ,a/ronomy is m+l$ ) symbolism & my?ology2 ! great sph]e ( heav5 is repres5t$ "u ! symbol ( a cyl9d] or box1 conta9+ ! sev5 orbits ( ! planets & ! fix$ />s2 ?is is susp5d$ f an axis or sp9dle :i* turns on ! knees ( ,necessity2 ! revolutions ( ! sev5 orbits conta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] are guid$ by ! fates1 & _! h>moni\s motion produces clxvii ! music ( ! sph]es4 ,?r\gh ! inn]mo/ or eigh? ( ^!1 :i* is ! moon1 is pass$ ! sp9dle2 b x is d\btful :e!r ?is is ! cont9uation ( ! column ( light1 f :i* ! pilgrims contemplate ! heav5s2 ! words ( ,plato imply t !y are connect$1 b n ! same4 ,! column itself is cle>ly n ( adamant4 ,! sp9dle 7:i* is ( adamant7 is fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! *a9s :i* ext5d to ! middle ( ! column ( light--?is column is said to hold toge!r ! heav52 b :e!r x hangs f ! sp9dle1 or is at "r angles to x1 is n expla9$4 ,! cyl9d] conta9+ ! orbits ( ! />s is almo/ z mu* a symbol z ! figure ( ,necessity turn+ ! sp9dle2--= ! out]mo/ rim is ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 & no?+ is said ab\t ! int]vals ( space :i* divide ! pa?s ( ! />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,! description is bo? a picture & an orr]y1 & !re=e is necess>ily inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,! column ( light is n ! ,milky ,way--:i* is nei!r /raight1 nor l a ra9b[--b ! imag9>y axis ( ! e>?4 ,?is is comp>$ to ! ra9b[ 9 respect n ( =m b ( col\r1 & n to ! und]gird]s ( a trireme1 b to ! /raight rope runn+ f pr[ to /]n 9 :i* ! und]gird]s meet4 ,! orr]y or picture ( ! heav5s giv5 9 ! ,republic diff]s 9 its mode ( repres5tation f ! circles ( ! same & ( ! o!r 9 ! ,timaeus4 ,9 bo? ! fix$ />s are di/+ui%$ f ! planets1 & !y move 9 orbits )\t !m1 al?\gh 9 an opposite direction3 9 ! ,republic z 9 ! ,timaeus 7#dj ,b7 !y are all mov+ r\nd ! axis ( ! _w4 ,b we are n c]ta9 t 9 ! =m] !y are mov+ r\nd ! e>?4 ,no di/9ct m5tion is made 9 ! ,republic ( ! circles ( ! same & o!r2 al?\gh bo? 9 ! ,timaeus & 9 ! ,republic ! motion ( ! fix$ />s is suppos$ to co9cide ) ! motion ( ! :ole4 ,! relative ?ickness ( ! rims is p]haps design$ to express ! relative di/ances ( ! planets4 ,plato probably int5d$ to repres5t ! e>?1 f :i* ,er & 8 companions are view+ ! heav5s1 z /ation>y 9 place2 b :e!r or n h]self revolv+1 unless ?is is impli$ 9 ! revolution ( ! axis1 is unc]ta9 7cp4 ,timaeus74 ,! spectator clxviii may be suppos$ to look at ! heav5ly bodies1 ei!r f above or bel[4 ,! e>? is a sort ( e>? & heav5 9 "o1 l ! heav5 ( ! ,pha$rus1 on ! back ( :i* ! spectator goes out to take a peep at ! />s & is borne r\nd 9 ! revolution4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! equator & ! ecliptic4 ,b ,plato is no d\bt l$ to imag9e t ! planets h an opposite motion to t ( ! fix$ />s1 9 ord] to acc\nt = _! appe>ances 9 ! heav5s4 ,9 ! description ( ! mead[1 & ! retribution ( ! good & evil aft] dea?1 !re are traces ( ,hom]4 ,! description ( ! axis z a sp9dle1 & ( ! heav5ly bodies z =m+ a :ole1 p>tly arises out ( ! attempt to connect ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies ) ! my?ological image ( ! web1 or weav+ ( ! ,fates4 ,! giv+ ( ! lots1 ! weav+ ( !m1 & ! mak+ ( !m irrev]sible1 :i* are ascrib$ to ! ?ree ,fates--,la*esis1 ,clo?o1 ,atropos1 are obvi\sly d]iv$ f _! names4 ,! elem5t ( *ance 9 human life is indicat$ by ! ord] ( ! lots4 ,b *ance1 h[ev] adv]se1 may be ov]come by ! wisdom ( man1 if he kn[s h[ to *oose aright2 !re is a worse enemy to man ?an *ance2 ?is enemy is himself4 ,he :o 0 mod]ately =tunate 9 ! numb] ( ! lot--ev5 ! v la/ com]--might h a good life if he *ose ) wisdom4 ,& z ,plato does n l to make an ass]tion :i* is unprov51 he m ?an confirms ?is /atem5t a few s5t5ces aft]w>ds by ! example ( ,odysseus1 :o *ose la/4 ,b ! virtue :i* is f\nd$ on habit is n suffici5t to enable a man to *oose2 he mu/ add to virtue k1 if he is to act rightly :5 plac$ 9 new circum/ances4 ,! r\t9e ( good actions & good habits is an inf]ior sort ( goodness2 &1 z ,col]idge says1 ',common s5se is intol]able :i* is n bas$ on metaphysics1' s ,plato w\ld h said1 ',habit is wor?less :i* is n bas$ ^u philosophy4' ,! fre$om ( ! w to refuse ! evil & to *oose ! good is di/9ctly ass]t$4 ',virtue is free1 & z a man hon\rs or di%on\rs h] he w h m or less ( h]4' ,! life ( man is 'r\nd$' by necessity2 !re are circum/ances prior to bir? :i* affect him 7cp4 ,pol4 #bgc ,b74 ,b )9 ! walls ( necessity !re is an op5 space 9 :i* he is 8 own ma/]1 clxix & c /udy = himself ! effects :i* ! v>i\sly comp\nd$ gifts ( nature or =tune h ^u ! s\l1 & act accord+ly4 ,all m5 _c h ! fir/ *oice 9 ev]y?+4 ,b ! lot ( all m5 is good en\gh1 if !y *oose wisely & w live dilig5tly4 ,! v]isimilitude :i* is giv5 to ! pilgrimage ( a ?\s& ye>s1 by ! intimation t ,ardiaeus _h liv$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e2 ! co9cid5ce ( ,er com+ to life on ! twelf? day aft] he 0 suppos$ to h be5 dead ) ! sev5 days :i* ! pilgrims pass$ 9 ! mead[1 & ! f\r days dur+ :i* !y j\rney$ to ! column ( light2 ! precision ) :i* ! s\l is m5tion$ :o *ose ! tw5tie? lot2 ! pass+ rem>ks t !re 0 no def9ite "* among ! s\ls1 & t ! s\ls :i* _h *os5 ill blam$ any "o r ?an !mselves2 or t "s ( ! s\ls drank m ?an 0 necess>y ( ! wat]s ( ,=getfulness1 :ile ,er himself 0 h9d]$ f dr9k+2 ! desire ( ,odysseus to re/ at la/1 unlike ! conception ( him 9 ,dante & ,t5nyson2 ! feign$ ignorance ( h[ ,er return$ to ! body1 :5 ! o!r s\ls w5t %oot+ l />s to _! bir?1--add greatly to ! probability ( ! n>rative4 ,!y are su* t\*es ( nature z ! art ( ,defoe might h introduc$ :5 he wi%$ to w9 cr$ibility = m>vels & app>itions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic4 ,introduction4 ,!re /ill rema9 to be consid]$ "s po9ts :i* h be5 int5tionally res]v$ to ! end3 7,i7 ! ,janus-l "* ( ! ,republic1 :i* pres5ts two faces--"o an ,hell5ic /ate1 ! o!r a k+dom ( philosoph]s4 ,connect$ ) ! latt] ( ! two aspects are 7,,ii7 ! p>adoxes ( ! ,republic1 z !y h be5 t]m$ by ,morg5/]n3 7,greek3 a7 ! community ( prop]ty2 7,greek3 b7 ( families2 7,greek3 g7 ! rule ( philosoph]s2 7,greek3 d7 ! analogy ( ! individual & ! ,/ate1 :i*1 l "s o!r analogies 9 ! ,republic1 is c>ri$ too f>4 ,we may !n proce$ to consid] 7,,iii7 ! subject ( education z conceiv$ by ,plato1 br++ toge!r 9 a g5]al view ! education ( y\? & ! education ( aft]-life2 7,,iv7 we may note fur!r "s ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 anci5t & mod]n politics :i* are sugge/$ by ! ,republic2 clxx 7,v7 we may comp>e ! ,politicus & ! ,laws2 7,,vi7 we may obs]ve ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,plato on 8 imitators2 & 7,,vii7 take occasion to consid] ! nature & value ( political1 & 7,,viii7 ( religi\s ideals4 ,i4 ,plato expressly says t he is int5d+ to f\nd an ,hell5ic ,/ate 7,book v4 #dgj ,e74 ,_m ( 8 regulations are *>act]i/ically ,sp>tan2 su* z ! prohibition ( gold & silv]1 ! common meals ( ! m51 ! milit>y tra9+ ( ! y\?1 ! gymna/ic ex]cises ( ! wom54 ,! life ( ,sp>ta 0 ! life ( a camp 7,laws ii4 #fff ,e71 en=c$ ev5 m rigidly 9 "t ( peace ?an 9 w>2 ! citiz5s ( ,sp>ta1 l ,plato's1 7 =bidd5 to trade--!y 7 to be soldi]s & n %opkeep]s4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,greece 0 ! individual s completely subject$ to ! ,/ate2 ! "t :5 he 0 to m>ry1 ! education ( 8 *ildr51 ! clo!s :i* he 0 to we>1 ! food :i* he 0 to eat1 7 all prescrib$ by law4 ,"s ( ! be/ enactm5ts 9 ! ,republic1 su* z ! rev]5ce to be paid to p>5ts & eld]s1 & "s ( ! wor/1 su* z ! exposure ( de=m$ *ildr51 are borr[$ f ! practice ( ,sp>ta4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( fri5d%ips betwe5 m5 & y\?s1 or ( m5 ) "o ano!r1 z af=d+ inc5tives to brav]y1 is also ,sp>tan2 9 ,sp>ta too a ne>] approa* 0 made ?an 9 any o!r ,greek ,/ate to equality ( ! sexes1 & to community ( prop]ty2 & :ile !re 0 probably less ( lic5ti\sness 9 ! s5se ( immorality1 ! tie ( m>riage 0 reg>d$ m lightly ?an 9 ! re/ ( ,greece4 ,! 'suprema lex' 0 ! pres]vation ( ! family1 & ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate4 ,! co>se /r5g? ( a milit>y gov]nm5t 0 n fav\rable to purity & ref9em5t2 & ! excessive /rictness ( "s regulations seems to h produc$ a reaction4 ,( all ,hell5es ! ,sp>tans 7 mo/ accessible to brib]y2 sev]al ( ! greate/ ( !m might be describ$ 9 ! words ( ,plato z hav+ a 'fi]ce secret long+ aft] gold & silv]4' ,?\gh n 9 ! /rict s5se communi/s1 ! pr9ciple ( communism 0 ma9ta9$ among !m 9 _! division ( l&s1 9 _! common meals1 9 _! slaves1 & 9 ! free use ( "o ano!r's goods4 ,m>riage 0 a public in/itution3 & ! wom5 7 educat$ by ! ,/ate1 & sang & danc$ 9 public ) ! m54 clxxi ,_m traditions 7 pres]v$ at ,sp>ta ( ! sev]ity ) :i* ! magi/rates _h ma9ta9$ ! primitive rule ( music & poetry2 z 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato1 ! new-fangl$ poet 0 to be expell$4 ,hymns to ! ,gods1 :i* are ! only k9d ( music admitt$ into ! ideal ,/ate1 7 ! only k9d :i* 0 p]mitt$ at ,sp>ta4 ,! ,sp>tans1 ?\gh an unpoetical race1 7 nev]!less lov]s ( poetry2 !y _h be5 /irr$ by ! ,elegiac /ra9s ( ,tyrtaeus1 !y _h cr[d$ ar\nd ,hippias to he> 8 recitals ( ,hom]2 b 9 ?is !y resembl$ ! citiz5s ( ! timocratic r ?an ( ! ideal ,/ate 7#edh ,e74 ,! c\ncil ( eld] m5 also corresponds to ! ,sp>tan g]\sia2 & ! fre$om ) :i* !y are p]mitt$ to judge ab\t matt]s ( detail agrees ) :at we are told ( t in/itution4 ,once m1 ! milit>y rule ( n spoil+ ! dead or (f]+ arms at ! temples2 ! mod]ation 9 ! pursuit ( enemies2 ! importance atta*$ to ! physical well-be+ ( ! citiz5s2 ! use ( w>f>e = ! sake ( def5ce r ?an ( aggression--are features probably sugge/$ by ! _s & practice ( ,sp>ta4 ,to ! ,sp>tan type ! ideal ,/ate rev]ts 9 ! fir/ decl9e2 & ! "* ( ! individual timocrat is borr[$ f ! ,sp>tan citiz54 ,! love ( ,lac$aemon n only affect$ ,plato & ,x5ophon1 b 0 %>$ by _m undi/+ui%$ ,a!nians2 !re !y seem$ to f9d a pr9ciple :i* 0 want+ 9 _! own democracy4 ,! ,greek3 eu7kosmi_/a ( ! ,sp>tans attract$ !m1 t is to say1 n ! goodness ( _! laws1 b ! _s ( ord] & loyalty :i* prevail$4 ,fasc9at$ by ! idea1 citiz5s ( ,a!ns w\ld imitate ! ,lac$aemonians 9 _! dress & mann]s2 !y 7 kn[n to ! contempor>ies ( ,plato z '! p]sons :o _h _! e>s bruis$1' l ! ,r\ndheads ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,! love ( ano!r *ur* or c\ntry :5 se5 at a di/ance only1 ! long+ = an imag9>y simplicity 9 civiliz$ times1 ! fond desire ( a pa/ :i* nev] has be51 or ( a future :i* nev] w be1--^! are aspirations ( ! human m9d :i* are (t5 felt among ourselves4 ,su* feel+s meet ) a response 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,b !re are o!r features ( ! ,platonic ,republic1 z1 = example1 ! lit]>y & philosophical education1 & ! grace clxxii & beauty ( life1 :i* are ! rev]se ( ,sp>tan4 ,plato wi%es to give 8 citiz5s a ta/e ( ,a!nian fre$om z well z ( ,lac$aemonian discipl9e4 ,8 individual g5ius is purely ,a!nian1 al?\gh 9 !ory he is a lov] ( ,sp>ta2 & he is some?+ m ?an ei!r--he has also a true ,hell5ic feel+4 ,he is desir\s ( humaniz+ ! w>s ( ,hell5es aga9/ "o ano!r2 he ackn[l$ges t ! ,delphian ,god is ! gr& h]$it>y int]pret] ( all ,hellas4 ,! _s ( h>mony & ! ,dorian mode are to prevail1 & ! :ole ,/ate is to h an ext]nal beauty :i* is ! reflex ( ! h>mony )94 ,b he has n yet f\nd out ! tru? :i* he aft]w>ds enunciat$ 9 ! ,laws 7i4 #fbh ,d7--t he 0 a bett] legislator :o made m5 to be ( "o m9d1 ?an he :o tra9$ !m = w>4 ,! citiz5s1 z 9 o!r ,hell5ic ,/ates1 democratic z well z ari/ocratic1 are really an upp] class2 =1 al?\gh no m5tion is made ( slaves1 ! l[] classes are all[$ to fade away into ! di/ance1 & are repres5t$ 9 ! individual by ! passions4 ,plato has no idea ei!r ( a social ,/ate 9 :i* all classes are h>moniz$1 or ( a f$]ation ( ,hellas or ! _w 9 :i* diff]5t nations or ,/ates h a place4 ,8 city is equipp$ = w> r ?an = peace1 & ?is w\ld seem to be ju/ifi$ by ! ord9>y condition ( ,hell5ic ,/ates4 ,! my? ( ! e>?-born m5 is an embodim5t ( ! or?odox tradition ( ,hellas1 & ! allusion to ! f\r ages ( ! _w is also sanction$ by ! au?ority ( ,hesiod & ! poets4 ,?us we see t ! ,republic is p>tly f\nd$ on ! ideal ( ! old ,greek polis1 p>tly on ! actual circum/ances ( ,hellas 9 t age4 ,plato1 l ! old pa9t]s1 reta9s ! traditional =m1 & l !m he has also a vision ( a city 9 ! cl\ds4 ,!re is yet ano!r ?read :i* is int]wov5 9 ! texture ( ! "w2 = ! ,republic is n only a ,dorian ,/ate1 b a ,py?agorean league4 ,! 'way ( life' :i* 0 connect$ ) ! "n ( ,py?agoras1 l ! ,ca?olic mona/ic ord]s1 %[$ ! p[] :i* ! m9d ( an individual might ex]cise ov] 8 contempor>ies1 & may h naturally sugge/$ to ,plato ! possibility ( reviv+ su* 'm$iaeval in/itutions4' ,! ,py?agoreans1 l ,plato1 en=c$ a rule ( life & a moral & intellectual tra9+4 ,! influ5ce ascrib$ to music1 :i* to clxxiii u seems exagg]at$1 is also a ,py?agorean feature2 x is n to be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! real influ5ce ( music 9 ! ,greek _w4 ,m ne>ly ?an any o!r gov]nm5t ( ,hellas1 ! ,py?agorean league ( ?ree hundr$ 0 an ari/ocracy ( virtue4 ,= once 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d ! philosophy ( ord] or ,greek3 ko_/smos1 express+ & consequ5tly enli/+ on its side ! comb9$ endeav\rs ( ! bett] "p ( ! p1 obta9$ ! managem5t ( public affairs & held possession ( x = a consid]able "t 7until ab\t ,b4,c4 #ejj74 ,probably only 9 ,/ates prep>$ by ,dorian in/itutions w\ld su* a league h be5 possible4 ,! rul]s1 l ,plato's ,greek3 phu_/lakes1 7 requir$ to submit to a sev]e tra9+ 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = ! education ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! community4 ,long aft] ! dissolution ( ! ,ord]1 em95t ,py?agoreans1 su* z ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 reta9$ _! political influ5ce ov] ! cities ( ,magna ,graecia4 ,!re 0 mu* "h t 0 sugge/ive to ! k9dr$ _s ( ,plato1 :o _h d\btless m$itat$ deeply on ! 'way ( life ( ,py?agoras' 7,rep4 x4 #fjj ,b7 & 8 foll[]s4 ,slight traces ( ,py?agoreanism are to be f\nd 9 ! my/ical numb] ( ! ,/ate1 9 ! numb] :i* expresses ! int]val betwe5 ! k+ & ! tyrant1 9 ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 9 ! music ( ! sph]es1 z well z 9 ! great ?\gh second>y importance ascrib$ to ma!matics 9 education4 ,b z 9 8 philosophy1 s also 9 ! =m ( 8 ,/ate1 he goes f> beyond ! old ,py?agoreans4 ,he attempts a task really impossible1 :i* is to unite ! pa/ ( ,greek hi/ory ) ! future ( philosophy1 analog\s to t o!r impossibility1 :i* has (t5 be5 ! dream ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! attempt to unite ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,europe ) ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,no?+ actually exi/+ 9 ! _w at all resembles ,plato's ideal ,/ate2 nor does he himself imag9e t su* a ,/ate is possible4 ,?is he repeats aga9 & aga92 e4g4 9 ! ,republic 7ix4 sub f9471 or 9 ! ,laws 7,book v4 #gci71 :]e1 ca/+ a glance back on ! ,republic1 he admits t ! p]fect /ate ( communism & philosophy 0 impossible 9 8 own age1 ?\gh /ill to be reta9$ z a patt]n4 ,! same d\bt is impli$ 9 ! e>ne/ness ) :i* he argues 9 ! ,republic 7v4 #dgb ,d7 t ideals are none ! worse because !y _c be realiz$ 9 fact1 & clxxiv 9 ! *orus ( laught]1 :i* l a break+ wave w1 z he anticipates1 greet ! m5tion ( 8 proposals2 ?\gh l o!r writ]s ( fiction1 he uses all 8 art to give reality to 8 inv5tions4 ,:5 ask$ h[ ! ideal polity c come into be+1 he answ]s ironically1 ',:5 "o son ( a k+ becomes a philosoph]'2 he designates ! fiction ( ! e>?-born m5 z 'a noble lie'2 & :5 ! /ructure is f9ally complete1 he fairly tells y t 8 ,republic is a vision only1 :i* 9 "s s5se may h reality1 b n 9 ! vulg> "o ( a reign ( philosoph]s ^u e>?4 ,x has be5 said t ,plato flies z well z walks1 b ?is falls %ort ( ! tru?2 = he flies & walks at ! same "t1 & is 9 ! air & on firm gr\nd 9 successive in/ants4 ,niebuhr has ask$ a trifl+ "q1 :i* may be briefly notic$ 9 ?is place--,0 ,plato a good citiz58 ,if by ?is is meant1 ,0 he loyal to ,a!nian in/itutions8--he c h>dly be said to be ! fri5d ( democracy3 b nei!r is he ! fri5d ( any o!r exi/+ =m ( gov]nm5t2 all ( !m he reg>d$ z '/ates ( faction' 7,laws viii4 #hcb ,c72 none atta9$ to 8 ideal ( a volunt>y rule ov] volunt>y subjects1 :i* seems inde$ m ne>ly to describe democracy ?an any o!r2 & ! wor/ ( !m is tyranny4 ,! tru? is1 t ! "q has h>dly any mean+ :5 appli$ to a great philosoph] ^: writ+s are n meant = a p>ticul> age & c\ntry1 b = all "t & all mank9d4 ,! decl9e ( ,a!nian politics 0 probably ! motive :i* l$ ,plato to frame an ideal ,/ate1 & ! ,republic may be reg>d$ z reflect+ ! dep>t+ glory ( ,hellas4 ,z well might we compla9 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ^: great "w ',! ,city ( ,god' orig9at$ 9 a simil> motive1 = n be+ loyal to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,ev5 a ne>] p>allel might be af=d$ by ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 :o _c fairly be *>g$ ) be+ bad citiz5s because1 ?\gh 'subject to ! high] p[]s1' !y 7 look+ =w>d to a city :i* is 9 heav54 ,,ii4 ,! idea ( ! p]fect ,/ate is full ( p>adox :5 judg$ ( accord+ to ! ord9>y notions ( mank9d4 ,! p>adoxes ( "o age h be5 said to become ! commonplaces ( ! next2 b ! p>adoxes ( ,plato are at lea/ z p>adoxical to u z !y 7 to 8 contempor>ies4 ,! clxxv mod]n _w has ei!r sne]$ at !m z absurd1 or d5\nc$ !m z unnatural & immoral2 m5 h be5 pleas$ to f9d 9 ,ari/otle's criticisms ( !m ! anticipation ( _! own good s5se4 ,! weal?y & cultivat$ classes h dislik$ & also dread$ !m2 !y h po9t$ ) satisfaction to ! failure ( ef=ts to realize !m 9 practice4 ,yet s9ce !y are ! ?\ghts ( "o ( ! greate/ ( human intellig5ces1 & ( "o :o _h done mo/ to elevate morality & religion1 !y seem to des]ve a bett] treatm5t at our h&s4 ,we may h to address ! public1 z ,plato does poetry1 & assure !m t we mean no h>m to exi/+ in/itutions4 ,!re are s]i\s errors :i* h a side ( tru? & :i* !re=e may fairly dem& a c>eful consid]ation3 !re are tru?s mix$ ) error ( :i* we may inde$ say1 ',! half is bett] ?an ! :ole4' ,yet '! half' may be an important contribution to ! /udy ( human nature4 7,greek3 a7 ,! fir/ p>adox is ! community ( goods1 :i* is m5tion$ slightly at ! end ( ! ?ird ,book1 & seem+ly1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 is conf9$ to ! gu>dians2 at lea/ no m5tion is made ( ! o!r classes4 ,b ! omission is n ( any real significance1 & probably arises out ( ! plan ( ! "w1 :i* prev5ts ! writ] f ent]+ into details4 ,ari/otle c5sures ! community ( prop]ty mu* 9 ! _s ( mod]n political economy1 z t5d+ to repress indu/ry1 & z do+ away ) ! _s ( b5evol5ce4 ,mod]n writ]s almo/ refuse to consid] ! subject1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 long ago settl$ by ! common op9ion ( mank9d4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sacr$ness ( prop]ty is a notion f> m fix$ 9 mod]n ?an 9 anci5t times4 ,! _w has gr[n old]1 & is !re=e m cons]vative4 ,primitive society (f]$ _m examples ( l& held 9 common1 ei!r by a tribe or by a t[n%ip1 & su* may probably h be5 ! orig9al =m ( l&$ t5ure4 ,anci5t legislators _h inv5t$ v>i\s modes ( divid+ & pres]v+ ! divisions ( l& among ! citiz5s2 accord+ to ,ari/otle !re 7 nations :o held ! l& 9 common & divid$ ! produce1 & !re 7 o!rs :o divid$ ! l& & /or$ ! produce 9 common4 ,! evils ( debt & ! inequality ( prop]ty 7 f> great] 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n clxxvi times1 & ! accid5ts to :i* prop]ty 0 subject f w>1 or revolution1 or taxation1 or o!r legislative int]f]5ce1 7 also great]4 ,all ^! circum/ances gave prop]ty a less fix$ & sacr$ "*4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians are believ$ to h held _! prop]ty 9 common1 & ! pr9ciple is sanction$ by ! words ( ,*ri/ himself1 & has be5 ma9ta9$ z a c\nsel ( p]fection 9 almo/ all ages ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nor h !re be5 want+ in/ances ( mod]n en?usia/s :o h made a religion ( communism2 9 e age ( religi\s excitem5t notions l ,wycliffe's 'inh]itance ( grace' h t5d$ to prevail4 ,a l _s1 b fi]c] & m viol5t1 has appe>$ 9 politics4 ',! prep>ation ( ! ,gospel ( peace' soon becomes ! r$ flag ( ,republicanism4 ,we c h>dly judge :at effect ,plato's views w\ld h ^u 8 own contempor>ies2 !y w\ld p]haps h seem$ to !m only an exagg]ation ( ! ,sp>tan commonweal?4 ,ev5 mod]n writ]s w\ld ackn[l$ge t ! "r ( private prop]ty is bas$ on exp$i5cy1 & may be int]f]$ ) 9 a v>iety ( ways = ! public good4 ,any o!r mode ( ve/+ prop]ty :i* 0 f\nd to be m advantage\s1 w\ld 9 "t acquire ! same basis ( "r2 '! mo/ useful1' 9 ,plato's words1 'w\ld be ! mo/ sacr$4' ,! lawy]s & ecclesia/ics ( =m] ages w\ld h spok5 ( prop]ty z a sacr$ in/itution4 ,b !y only meant by su* language to oppose ! greate/ am\nt ( resi/ance to any invasion ( ! rights ( individuals & ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 we consid] ! "q1 )\t any fe> ( imm$iate application to practice1 9 ! _s ( ,plato's ,republic1 are we q sure t ! receiv$ notions ( prop]ty are ! be/8 ,is ! di/ribution ( weal? :i* is cu/om>y 9 civiliz$ c\ntries ! mo/ fav\rable t c be conceiv$ = ! education & developm5t ( ! mass ( mank9d8 ,c '! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce' be q conv9c$ t "o or two ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 great *anges w n h tak5 place 9 ! rights ( prop]ty1 or ev5 t ! v notion ( prop]ty1 beyond :at is necess>y = p]sonal ma9t5ance1 may n h disappe>$8 ,?is 0 a di/9ction famili> to ,ari/otle1 ?\gh likely to be laugh$ at among ourselves4 ,su* a *ange w\ld n be great] ?an "s o!r *anges ?r\gh clxxvii :i* ! _w has pass$ 9 ! transition f anci5t to mod]n society1 = example1 ! emancipation ( ! s]fs 9 ,russia1 or ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies2 & n s great z ! diff]5ce :i* sep>ates ! ,ea/]n village community f ! ,we/]n _w4 ,to accompli% su* a revolution 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies1 w\ld imply a rate ( progress n m rapid ?an has actually tak5 place dur+ ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s4 ,! k+dom ( ,japan und]w5t m *ange 9 five or six ye>s ?an ,europe 9 five or six hundr$4 ,_m op9ions & beliefs :i* h be5 *]i%$ among ourselves q z /rongly z ! sacr$ness ( prop]ty h pass$ away2 & ! mo/ unt5able propositions respect+ ! "r ( beque/s or entail h be5 ma9ta9$ ) z mu* f]v\r z ! mo/ mod]ate4 ,"s "o w be he>d to ask :e!r a /ate ( society c be f9al 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( ?\s&s are p]ill$ on ! life or "* ( a s+le p]son4 ,& _m w indulge ! hope t our pres5t condition may1 aft] all1 be only transitional1 & may conduct to a high]1 9 :i* prop]ty1 besides m9i/]+ to ! enjoym5t ( ! few1 may also furni% ! means ( ! highe/ culture to all1 & w be a great] b5efit to ! public g5]ally1 & also m "u ! control ( public au?ority4 ,!re may come a "t :5 ! say+1 ',h ,i n a "r to d :at ,i w ) my own8' w appe> to be a b>b>\s relic ( individualism2--:5 ! possession ( a "p may be a great] bless+ to ea* & all ?an ! possession ( ! :ole is n[ to any "o4 ,su* reflections appe> vision>y to ! eye ( ! practical /atesman1 b !y are )9 ! range ( possibility to ! philosoph]4 ,he c imag9e t 9 "s di/ant age or clime1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( "s individual1 ! notion ( common prop]ty may or might h sunk z deep into ! he>t ( a race1 & h become z fix$ to !m1 z private prop]ty is to ourselves4 ,he kn[s t ?is latt] in/itution is n m ?an f\r or five ?\s& ye>s old3 may n ! end rev]t to ! beg9n+8 ,9 our own age ev5 ,utopias affect ! _s ( legislation1 & an ab/ract idea may ex]cise a great influ5ce on practical politics4 ,! objections t w\ld be g5]ally urg$ aga9/ ,plato's community ( prop]ty1 are ! old ones ( ,ari/otle1 t motives clxxviii = ex]tion w\ld be tak5 away1 & t disputes w\ld arise :5 ea* 0 dep5d5t ^u all4 ,e man w\ld produce z little & consume z mu* z he lik$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( civiliz$ nations has hi!rto be5 adv]se to ,socialism4 ,! ef=t is too great = human nature2 m5 try to live 9 common1 b ! p]sonal feel+ is always break+ 94 ,on ! o!r h& x may be d\bt$ :e!r our pres5t notions ( prop]ty are n conv5tional1 = !y diff] 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t /ates ( society4 ,we boa/ ( an individualism :i* is n fre$om1 b r an artificial result ( ! indu/rial /ate ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! individual is nom9ally free1 b he is also p[]less 9 a _w b\nd h& & foot 9 ! *a9s ( economic necessity4 ,ev5 if we _c expect ! mass ( mank9d to become dis9t]e/$1 at any rate we obs]ve 9 !m a p[] ( organization :i* fifty ye>s ago w\ld nev] h be5 suspect$4 ,! same =ces :i* h revolutioniz$ ! political sy/em ( ,europe1 may effect a simil> *ange 9 ! social & indu/rial relations ( mank9d4 ,& if we suppose ! influ5ce ( "s good z well z neutral motives work+ 9 ! community1 !re w be no absurdity 9 expect+ t ! mass ( mank9d hav+ p[]1 & becom+ enlight5$ ab\t ! high] possibilities ( human life1 :5 !y le>n h[ mu* m is atta9able = all ?an is at pres5t ! possession ( a fav\r$ few1 may pursue ! common int]e/ ) an intellig5ce & p]si/5cy :i* mank9d h hi!rto nev] se54 ,n[ t ! _w has once be5 set 9 motion1 & is no long] held fa/ "u ! tyranny ( cu/om & ignorance2 n[ t criticism has pi]c$ ! veil ( tradition & ! pa/ no long] ov]p[]s ! pres5t1--! progress ( civilization may be expect$ to be f> great] & swift] ?an h]et(ore4 ,ev5 at our pres5t rate ( spe$ ! po9t at :i* we may arrive 9 two or ?ree g5]ations is beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation to =esee4 ,!re are =ces 9 ! _w :i* "w1 n 9 an ari?metical1 b 9 a geometrical ratio ( increase4 ,education1 to use ! expression ( ,plato1 moves l a :eel ) an ev]-multiply+ rapidity4 ,nor c we say h[ great may be its influ5ce1 :5 x becomes univ]sal1--:5 x has be5 inh]it$ by _m g5]ations1--:5 x is fre$ f ! trammels clxxix ( sup]/ition & rightly adapt$ to ! wants & capacities ( diff]5t classes ( m5 & wom54 ,nei!r d we "k h[ mu* m ! co-op]ation ( m9ds or ( h&s may be capable ( accompli%+1 :e!r 9 lab\r or 9 /udy4 ,! res\rces ( ! natural sci5ces are n half-develop$ z yet2 ! soil ( ! e>?1 in/ead ( gr[+ m b>r51 may become _m times m f]tile ?an hi!rto2 ! uses ( ma*9]y f> great]1 & also m m9ute ?an at pres5t4 ,new secrets ( physiology may be reveal$1 deeply affect+ human nature 9 its inn]mo/ recesses4 ,! /&>d ( heal? may be rais$ & ! lives ( m5 prolong$ by sanit>y & m$ical k4 ,!re may be peace1 !re may be leisure1 !re may be innoc5t refre%m5ts ( _m k9ds4 ,! ev]-increas+ p[] ( locomotion may jo9 ! extremes ( e>?4 ,!re may be my/]i\s work+s ( ! human m9d1 su* z occur only at great crises ( hi/ory4 ,! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ may meet toge!r1 & all nations may contribute _! ?\ghts & _! exp]i5ce to ! common /ock ( humanity4 ,_m o!r elem5ts ent] into a speculation ( ?is k9d4 ,b x is bett] to make an end ( !m4 ,= su* reflections appe> to ! majority f>-fet*$1 & to m5 ( sci5ce1 commonplace4 7,greek3 b7 ,nei!r to ! m9d ( ,plato nor ( ,ari/otle did ! doctr9e ( community ( prop]ty pres5t at all ! same difficulty1 or appe> to be ! same violation ( ! common ,hell5ic s5tim5t1 z ! community ( wives & *ildr54 ,?is p>adox he prefaces by ano!r proposal1 t ! occupations ( m5 & wom5 %all be ! same1 & t to ?is end !y %all h a common tra9+ & education4 ,male & female animals h ! same pursuits--:y n also ! two sexes ( man8 ,b h we n "h fall5 into a contradiction8 = we 7 say+ t diff]5t natures %\ld h diff]5t pursuits4 ,h[ !n c m5 & wom5 h ! same8 ,& is n ! proposal inconsi/5t ) our notion ( ! division ( lab\r8--,^! objections are no soon] rais$ ?an answ]$2 =1 accord+ to ,plato1 !re is no organic diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom51 b only ! accid5tal "o t m5 beget & wom5 be> *ildr54 ,foll[+ ! analogy ( ! o!r animals1 he cont5ds t all natural gifts are scatt]$ ab\t indiff]5tly among bo? sexes1 ?\gh !re may be a sup]iority ( degree clxxx on ! "p ( ! m54 ,! objection on ! score ( dec5cy to _! tak+ "p 9 ! same gymna/ic ex]cises1 is met by ,plato's ass]tion t ! exi/+ feel+ is a matt] ( habit4 ,t ,plato %\ld h emancipat$ himself f ! ideas ( 8 own c\ntry & f ! example ( ! ,ea/1 %[s a wond]ful indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,he is consci\s t wom5 are half ! human race1 9 "s respects ! m important half 7,laws vi4 #gha ,b72 & = ! sake bo? ( m5 & wom5 he desires to raise ! woman to a high] level ( exi/5ce4 ,he br+s1 n s5tim5t1 b philosophy to be> ^u a "q :i* bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times has be5 *iefly reg>d$ 9 ! light ( cu/om or feel+4 ,! ,greeks _h noble conceptions ( womanhood 9 ! goddesses ,a!ne & ,artemis1 & 9 ! h]o9es ,antigone & ,&roma*e4 ,b ^! ideals _h no c\nt]p>t 9 actual life4 ,! ,a!nian woman 0 9 no way ! equal ( h] husb&2 %e 0 n ! ent]ta9] ( 8 gue/s or ! mi/ress ( 8 h\se1 b only 8 h\sekeep] & ! "m ( 8 *ildr54 ,%e took no "p 9 milit>y or political matt]s2 nor is !re any in/ance 9 ! lat] ages ( ,greece ( a woman becom+ fam\s 9 lit]ature4 ',h]s is ! greate/ glory :o has ! lea/ r5[n among m51' is ! hi/orian's conception ( fem99e excell5ce4 ,a v diff]5t ideal ( womanhood is held up by ,plato to ! _w2 %e is to be ! companion ( ! man1 & to %>e ) him 9 ! toils ( w> & 9 ! c>es ( gov]nm5t4 ,%e is to be simil>ly tra9$ bo? 9 bodily & m5tal ex]cises4 ,%e is to lose z f> z possible ! incid5ts ( mat]nity & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! female sex4 ,! mod]n antagoni/ ( ! equality ( ! sexes w\ld argue t ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom5 are n conf9$ to ! s+le po9t urg$ by ,plato2 t s5sibility1 g5tl5ess1 grace1 are ! qualities ( wom51 :ile en]gy1 /r5g?1 high] intellig5ce1 are to be look$ = 9 m54 ,& ! criticism is j3 ! diff]5ces affect ! :ole nature1 & are n1 z ,plato supposes1 conf9$ to a s+le po9t4 ,b nei!r c we say h[ f> ^! diff]5ces are due to education & ! op9ions ( mank9d1 or physically inh]it$ f ! habits & op9ions ( =m] g5]ations4 ,wom5 h be5 always taught1 n exactly t !y are slaves1 b t !y are 9 an inf]ior clxxxi position1 :i* is also suppos$ to h comp5sat+ advantages2 & to ?is position !y h con=m$4 ,x is also true t ! physical =m may easily *ange 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations ?r\gh ! mode ( life2 & ! weakness or delicacy1 :i* 0 once a matt] ( op9ion1 may become a physical fact4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( sex v>y greatly 9 diff]5t c\ntries & ranks ( society1 & at diff]5t ages 9 ! same individuals4 ,plato may h be5 "r 9 d5y+ t !re 0 any ultimate diff]5ce 9 ! sexes ( man o!r ?an t :i* exi/s 9 animals1 because all o!r diff]5ces may be conceiv$ to disappe> 9 o!r /ates ( society1 or "u diff]5t circum/ances ( life & tra9+4 ,! fir/ wave hav+ be5 pass$1 we proce$ to ! second--community ( wives & *ildr54 ',is x possible8 ,is x desirable8' ,= z ,glaucon intimates1 & z we f> m /rongly insi/1 ',great d\bts may be ent]ta9$ ab\t bo? ^! po9ts4' ,any free discussion ( ! "q is impossible1 & mank9d are p]haps "r 9 n all[+ ! ultimate bases ( social life to be exam9$4 ,few ( u c safely enquire into ! ?+s :i* nature hides1 any m ?an we c dissect our own bodies4 ,/ill1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,plato arriv$ at 8 conclusions %\ld be consid]$4 ,= "h1 z ,mr4 ,grote has rem>k$1 is a wond]ful ?+1 t "o ( ! wise/ & be/ ( m5 %\ld h ent]ta9$ ideas ( morality :i* are :olly at v>iance ) our own4 ,& if we w\ld d ,plato ju/ice1 we mu/ exam9e c>efully ! "* ( 8 proposals4 ,fir/1 we may obs]ve t ! relations ( ! sexes suppos$ by him are ! rev]se ( lic5ti\s3 he seems r to aim at an impossible /rictness4 ,secondly1 he conceives ! family to be ! natural enemy ( ! /ate2 & he ent]ta9s ! s]i\s hope t an univ]sal bro!rhood may take ! place ( private int]e/s--an aspiration :i*1 al?\gh n ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 has possess$ _m noble m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no s5tim5t or imag9ation 9 ! connections :i* m5 & wom5 are suppos$ by him to =m2 human be+s return to ! level ( ! animals1 nei!r exalt+ to heav51 nor yet abus+ ! natural in/9cts4 ,all t _w ( poetry & fancy :i* ! passion ( love has call$ =? 9 mod]n lit]ature & romance w\ld h be5 bani%$ by ,plato4 ,! arrangem5ts clxxxii ( m>riage 9 ! ,republic are direct$ to "o object--! improvem5t ( ! race4 ,9 successive g5]ations a great developm5t bo? ( bodily & m5tal qualities might be possible4 ,! analogy ( animals t5ds to %[ t mank9d c )9 c]ta9 limits receive a *ange ( nature4 ,& z 9 animals we %\ld commonly *oose ! be/ = bre$+1 & de/roy ! o!rs1 s !re mu/ be a selection made ( ! human be+s ^: lives are wor?y to be pres]v$4 ,we />t back horrifi$ f ?is ,platonic ideal1 9 ! belief1 fir/1 t ! high] feel+s ( humanity are f> too /rong to be cru%$ out2 secondly1 t if ! plan c\ld be c>ri$ into execution we %\ld be poorly recomp5s$ by improvem5ts 9 ! bre$ = ! loss ( ! be/ ?+s 9 life4 ,! greate/ reg>d = ! weake/ & meane/ ( human be+s--! infant1 ! crim9al1 ! insane1 ! idiot1 truly seems to u "o ( ! noble/ results ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h le>n$1 ?\gh z yet imp]fectly1 t ! individual man has an endless value 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & t we hon\r ,him :5 we hon\r ! d>k5$ & disfigur$ image ( ,him 7cp4 ,laws xi4 #ica ,a74 ,?is is ! lesson :i* ,*ri/ taught 9 a p>able :5 ,he said1 ',_! angels d always behold ! face ( ,my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54' ,su* lessons are only p>tially realiz$ 9 any age2 !y 7 =eign to ! age ( ,plato1 z !y h v diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? 9 diff]5t c\ntries or ages ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,to ! ,greek ! family 0 a religi\s & cu/om>y in/itution b9d+ ! memb]s toge!r by a tie inf]ior 9 /r5g? to t ( fri5d%ip1 & hav+ a less solemn & sacr$ s\nd ?an t ( c\ntry4 ,! relation%ip :i* exi/$ on ! l[] level ( cu/om1 ,plato imag9$ t he 0 rais+ to ! high] level ( nature & reason2 :ile f ! mod]n & ,*ri/ian po9t ( view we reg>d him z sanction+ murd] & de/roy+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality4 ,! great error 9 ^! & simil> speculations is t ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! animals is =gott5 9 !m4 ,! human be+ is reg>d$ ) ! eye ( a dog- or bird-fanci] 7v4 #dei ,a71 or at be/ ( a slave-own]2 ! high] or human qualities are left out4 ,! bre$] ( animals aims *iefly at size or spe$ or /r5g?2 9 a few cases at c\rage or temp]2 mo/ (t5 ! fitness ( ! animal = food is ! great desid]atum4 clxxxiii ,b mank9d are n br$ to be eat51 nor yet = _! sup]iority 9 fight+ or 9 runn+ or 9 draw+ c>ts4 ,nei!r does ! improvem5t ( ! human race consi/ m]ely 9 ! increase ( ! bones & fle%1 b 9 ! gr[? & enlight5m5t ( ! m9d4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be 'a m>riage ( true m9ds' z well z ( bodies1 ( imag9ation & reason z well z ( lu/s & in/9cts4 ,m5 & wom5 )\t feel+ or imag9ation are ju/ly call$ brutes2 yet ,plato takes away ^! qualities & puts no?+ 9 _! place1 n ev5 ! desire ( a noble (fspr+1 s9ce p>5ts are n to "k _! own *ildr54 ,! mo/ important transaction ( social life1 he :o is ! ideali/ philosoph] conv]ts into ! mo/ brutal4 ,= ! pair are to h no relation to "o ano!r1 except at ! hym5eal fe/ival2 _! *ildr5 are n !irs1 b ! /ate's2 nor is any tie ( affection to unite !m4 ,yet "h ! analogy ( ! animals might h sav$ ,plato f a gigantic error1 if he _h 'n lo/ sight ( 8 own illu/ration' 7ii4 #cge ,d74 ,= ! 'nobl] sort ( birds & bea/s' 7v4 #dei ,a7 n\ri% & protect _! (fspr+ & are fai?ful to "o ano!r4 ,an em95t physiologi/ ?9ks x wor? :ile 'to try & place life on a physical basis4' ,b %\ld n life re/ on ! moral r ?an ^u ! physical8 ,! high] comes fir/1 !n ! l[]1 fir/ ! human & rational1 aft]w>ds ! animal4 ,yet !y are n absolutely divid$2 & 9 times ( sickness or mom5ts ( self-indulg5ce !y seem to be only diff]5t aspects ( a common human nature :i* includes !m bo?4 ,nei!r is ! moral ! limit ( ! physical1 b ! expansion & enl>gem5t ( x1--! highe/ =m :i* ! physical is capable ( receiv+4 ,z ,plato w\ld say1 ! body does n take c>e ( ! body1 & /ill less ( ! m9d1 b ! m9d takes c>e ( bo?4 ,9 all human action n t :i* is common to man & ! animals is ! *>act]i/ic elem5t1 b t :i* di/+ui%es him f !m4 ,ev5 if we admit ! physical basis1 & resolve all virtue into heal? ( body 'la faon que notre sang circule1' /ill on m]ely physical gr\nds we mu/ come back to ideas4 ,m9d & reason & duty & consci5ce1 "u ^! or o!r names1 are always reappe>+4 ,!re _c be heal? ( body )\t heal? ( m9d2 nor heal? ( m9d )\t ! s5se ( duty & ! love ( tru? 7cp4 ,*>m4 #aef ,d1 ,e74 ,t ! greate/ ( anci5t philosoph]s %\ld 9 8 regulations clxxxiv ab\t m>riage h fall5 into ! error ( sep>at+ body & m9d1 does inde$ appe> surpris+4 ,yet ! wond] is n s mu* t ,plato %\ld h ent]ta9$ ideas ( morality :i* to our own age are revolt+1 b t he %\ld h contradict$ himself to an ext5t :i* is h>dly cr$ible1 fall+ 9 an in/ant f ! heav5 ( idealism into ! crude/ animalism4 ,rejoic+ 9 ! newly f\nd gift ( reflection1 he appe>s to h ?\ght out a subject ab\t :i* he _h bett] h foll[$ ! enlight5$ feel+ ( 8 own age4 ,! g5]al s5tim5t ( ,hellas 0 oppos$ to 8 mon/r\s fancy4 ,! old poets1 & 9 lat] "t ! trag$ians1 %[$ no want ( respect = ! family1 on :i* mu* ( _! religion 0 bas$4 ,b ! example ( ,sp>ta1 & p]haps 9 "s degree ! t5d5cy to defy public op9ion1 seems to h misl$ him4 ,he w make "o family out ( all ! families ( ! /ate4 ,he w select ! f9e/ specim5s ( m5 & wom5 & bre$ f ^! only4 ,yet because ! illusion is always return+ 7= ! animal "p ( human nature w f "t to "t ass]t itself 9 ! disguise ( philosophy z well z ( poetry71 & also because any dep>ture f e/abli%$ morality1 ev5 :]e ?is is n int5d$1 is apt to be unsettl+1 x may be wor? :ile to draw out a little m at l5g? ! objections to ! ,platonic m>riage4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hi/ory %[s t :]ev] polygamy has be5 l>gely all[$ ! race has det]iorat$4 ,"o man to "o woman is ! law ( ,god & nature4 ,ne>ly all ! civiliz$ peoples ( ! _w at "s p]iod be=e ! age ( writt5 records1 h become monogami/s2 & ! /ep :5 once tak5 has nev] be5 retrac$4 ,! exceptions occurr+ among ,brahm9s or ,mahometans or ! anci5t ,p]sians1 are ( t sort :i* may be said to prove ! rule4 ,! connexions =m$ betwe5 sup]ior & inf]ior races h>dly ev] produce a noble (fspr+1 because !y are lic5ti\s2 & because ! *ildr5 9 su* cases usually despise ! "m & are neglect$ by ! fa!r :o is a%am$ ( !m4 ,b>b>\s nations :5 !y are introduc$ by ,europeans to vice die out2 polygami/ peoples ei!r import & adopt *ildr5 f o!r c\ntries1 or dw9dle 9 numb]s1 or bo?4 ,dyna/ies & ari/ocracies :i* h disreg>d$ ! laws ( nature h decreas$ 9 numb]s & deg5]at$ 9 clxxxv /ature2 'm>iages de conv5ance' leave _! enfeebl+ /amp on ! (fspr+ ( !m 77cp4 ,k+ ,le>1 ,act i4 ,sc4 #b74 ,! m>riage ( ne> relations1 or ! m>ry+ 9 & 9 ( ! same family t5ds con/antly to weakness or idiocy 9 ! *ildr51 sometimes assum+ ! =m z !y gr[ old] ( passionate lic5ti\sness4 ,! common pro/itute r>ely has any (fspr+4 ,by su* unmi/akable evid5ce is ! au?ority ( morality ass]t$ 9 ! relations ( ! sexes3 & s _m m elem5ts ent] into ?is 'my/]y' ?an are dream$ ( by ,plato & "s o!r philosoph]s4 ,rec5t enquir]s h inde$ arriv$ at ! conclusion t among primitive tribes !re exi/$ a community ( wives z ( prop]ty1 & t ! captive tak5 by ! spe> 0 ! only wife or slave :om any man 0 p]mitt$ to call 8 own4 ,! p>tial exi/5ce ( su* cu/oms among "s ( ! l[] races ( man1 & ! survival ( peculi> c]emonies 9 ! m>riages ( "s civiliz$ nations1 are ?\ght to furni% a pro( ( simil> in/itutions hav+ be5 once univ]sal4 ,!re c be no "q t ! /udy ( an?ropology has consid]ably *ang$ our views respect+ ! fir/ appe>ance ( man ^u ! e>?4 ,we "k m ab\t ! aborig9es ( ! _w ?an =m]ly1 b our increas+ k %[s above all ?+s h[ little we "k4 ,) all ! helps :i* writt5 monum5ts af=d1 we d b fa9tly realize ! condition ( man two ?\s& or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,( :at 8 condition 0 :5 remov$ to a di/ance #bjj1jjj or #cjj1jjj ye>s1 :5 ! majority ( mank9d 7 l[] & ne>] ! animals ?an any tribe n[ exi/+ ^u ! e>?1 we _c ev5 ent]ta9 conjecture4 ,plato 7,laws iii4 #fgf foll47 & ,ari/otle 7,metaph4 xi4 #h1 #ai1 #bj7 may h be5 m "r ?an we imag9e 9 suppos+ t "s =ms ( civilisation 7 discov]$ & lo/ sev]al times ov]4 ,if we _c argue t all b>b>ism is a degrad$ civilization1 nei!r c we set any limits to ! dep? ( degradation to :i* ! human race may s9k ?r\gh w>1 disease1 or isolation4 ,& if we are to draw inf]5ces ab\t ! orig9 ( m>riage f ! practice ( b>b>\s nations1 we %\ld also consid] ! remot] analogy ( ! animals4 ,_m birds & animals1 especially ! c>nivor\s1 h only "o mate1 & ! love & c>e ( (fspr+ :i* seems to be natural is inconsi/5t clxxxvi ) ! primitive !ory ( m>riage4 ,if we g back to an imag9>y /ate 9 :i* m5 7 almo/ animals & ! companions ( !m1 we h z mu* "r to argue f :at is animal to :at is human z f ! b>b>\s to ! civiliz$ man4 ,! record ( animal life on ! globe is fragm5t>y1--! connect+ l9ks are want+ & _c be suppli$2 ! record ( social life is /ill m fragm5t>y & prec>i\s4 ,ev5 if we admit t our fir/ ance/ors _h no su* in/itution z m>riage1 /ill ! /ages by :i* m5 pass$ f out] b>b>ism to ! comp>ative civilization ( ,*9a1 ,assyria1 & ,greece1 or ev5 ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 are :olly unkn[n to u4 ,su* speculations are apt to be unsettl+1 because !y seem to %[ t an in/itution :i* 0 ?\ght to be a revelation f heav51 is only ! gr[? ( hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,we ask :at is ! orig9 ( m>riage1 & we are told t l ! "r ( prop]ty1 aft] _m w>s & conte/s1 x has gradually aris5 out ( ! selfi%ness ( b>b>ians4 ,we /& face to face ) human nature 9 its primitive nak$ness4 ,we are compell$ to accept1 n ! highe/1 b ! l[e/ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( human society4 ,b on ! o!r h& we may truly say t e /ep 9 human progress has be5 9 ! same direction1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( ages ! idea ( m>riage & ( ! family has be5 m & m def9$ & consecrat$4 ,! civiliz$ ,ea/ is immeasurably 9 advance ( any savage tribes2 ! ,greeks & ,romans h improv$ ^u ! ,ea/2 ! ,*ri/ian nations h be5 /rict] 9 _! views ( ! m>riage relation ?an any ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 ?is z 9 s _m o!r ?+s1 in/ead ( look+ back ) regret to ! pa/1 we %\ld look =w>d ) hope to ! future4 ,we mu/ consecrate t :i* we believe to be ! mo/ holy1 & t ':i* is ! mo/ holy w be ! mo/ useful4' ,!re is m reason = ma9ta9+ ! sacr$ness ( ! m>riage tie1 :5 we see ! b5efit ( x1 ?an :5 we only felt a vague religi\s horror ab\t ! violation ( x4 ,b 9 all times ( transition1 :5 e/abli%$ beliefs are be+ und]m9$1 !re is a dang] t 9 ! passage f ! old to ! new we may ins5sibly let g ! moral pr9ciple1 f9d+ an excuse = li/5+ to ! voice ( passion 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( k1 or ! clxxxvii fluctuations ( op9ion4 ,& !re are _m p]sons 9 our own day :o1 enlight5$ by ! /udy ( an?ropology1 & fasc9at$ by :at is new & /range1 "s us+ ! language ( fe>1 o!rs ( hope1 are incl9$ to believe t a "t w come :5 ?r\gh ! self-ass]tion ( wom51 or ! rebelli\s _s ( *ildr51 by ! analysis ( human relations1 or by ! =ce ( outw>d circum/ances1 ! ties ( family life may be brok5 or greatly relax$4 ,!y po9t to societies 9 ,am]ica & else:]e :i* t5d to %[ t ! de/ruction ( ! family ne$ n necess>ily involve ! ov]?r[ ( all morality4 ,:]ev] we may ?9k ( su* speculations1 we c h>dly d5y t !y h be5 m rife 9 ?is g5]ation ?an 9 any o!r2 & :i!r !y are t5d+1 :o c pr$ict8 ,to ! d\bts & qu]ies rais$ by ^! 'social re=m]s' respect+ ! relation ( ! sexes & ! moral nature ( man1 !re is a suffici5t answ]1 if any is ne$$4 ,! diff]5ce ab\t !m & u is really "o ( fact4 ,!y are speak+ ( man z !y wi% or fancy him to be1 b we are speak+ ( him z he is4 ,!y isolate ! animal "p ( 8 nature2 we reg>d him z a creature hav+ _m sides1 or aspects1 mov+ betwe5 good & evil1 /riv+ to rise above himself & to become 'a little l[] ?an ! angels4' ,we also1 to use a ,platonic =mula1 are n ignorant ( ! dissatisfactions & incompatibilities ( family life1 ( ! meannesses ( trade1 ( ! flatt]ies ( "o class ( society by ano!r1 ( ! imp$im5ts :i* ! family ?r[s 9 ! way ( l(ty aims & aspirations4 ,b we are consci\s t !re are evils & dang]s 9 ! backgr\nd great] /ill1 :i* are n appreciat$1 because !y are ei!r conceal$ or suppress$4 ,:at a condition ( man w\ld t be1 9 :i* human passions 7 controll$ by no au?ority1 div9e or human1 9 :i* !re 0 no %ame or dec5cy1 no high] affection ov]com+ or sanctify+ ! natural in/9cts1 b simply a rule ( heal?6 ,is x = ?is t we are ask$ to ?r[ away ! civilization :i* is ! gr[? ( ages8 ,= /r5g? & heal? are n ! only qualities to be desir$2 !re are ! m important consid]ations ( m9d & "* & s\l4 ,we "k h[ human nature may be degrad$2 we d n "k h[ by artificial means any improvem5t 9 ! bre$ c be effect$4 ,! problem is a complex "o1 = if we clxxxviii g back only f\r /eps 7& ^! at lea/ ent] into ! composition ( a *ild71 !re are commonly ?irty prog5itors to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,_m curi\s facts1 r>ely admitt+ ( pro(1 are told u respect+ ! inh]itance ( disease or "* f a remote ance/or4 ,we c trace ! physical resemblances ( p>5ts & *ildr5 9 ! same family-- ',sic oculos1 sic ille manus1 sic ora f]ebat'2 b sc>cely less (t5 ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% *ildr5 bo? f _! p>5ts & f "o ano!r4 ,we are told ( simil> m5tal peculi>ities runn+ 9 families1 & aga9 ( a t5d5cy1 z 9 ! animals1 to rev]t to a common or orig9al /ock4 ,b we h a difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ :at is a true inh]itance ( g5ius or o!r qualities1 & :at is m]e imitation or ! result ( simil> circum/ances4 ,great m5 & great wom5 h r>ely _h great fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,no?+ t we "k ( 9 ! circum/ances ( _! bir? or l9eage w expla9 _! appe>ance4 ,( ! ,engli% poets ( ! la/ & two prec$+ c5turies sc>cely a desc5dant rema9s1--none h ev] be5 di/+ui%$4 ,s deeply has nature hidd5 h] secret1 & s ridicul\s is ! fancy :i* has be5 ent]ta9$ by "s t we might 9 "t by suitable m>riage arrangem5ts or1 z ,plato w\ld h said1 'by an +5i\s sy/em ( lots1' produce a ,%akespe>e or a ,milton4 ,ev5 suppos+ t we c\ld bre$ m5 hav+ ! t5acity ( bulldogs1 or1 l ! ,sp>tans1 'lack+ ! wit to run away 9 battle1' w\ld ! _w be any ! bett]8 ,_m ( ! noble/ specim5s ( ! human race h be5 among ! weake/ physically4 ,tyrtaeus or ,aesop1 or our own ,newton1 w\ld h be5 expos$ at ,sp>ta2 & "s ( ! faire/ & /ronge/ m5 & wom5 h be5 among ! wick$e/ & wor/4 ,n by ! ,platonic device ( unit+ ! /rong & fair ) ! /rong & fair1 reg>dless ( s5tim5t & morality1 nor yet by 8 o!r device ( comb9+ dissimil> natures 7,/atesman #caj ,a71 h mank9d gradually pass$ f ! brutality & lic5ti\sness ( primitive m>riage to m>riage ,*ri/ian & civiliz$4 ,few p]sons w\ld d5y t we br+ into ! _w an inh]itance ( m5tal & physical qualities d]iv$ fir/ f our p>5ts1 or ?r\gh !m f "s remot] ance/or1 clxxxix secondly f our race1 ?irdly f ! g5]al condition ( mank9d into :i* we are born4 ,no?+ is common] ?an ! rem>k1 t ',s & s is l 8 fa!r or 8 uncle'2 & an ag$ p]son may n unfrequ5tly note a resemblance 9 a y\? to a long-=gott5 ance/or1 obs]v+ t ',nature sometimes skips a g5]ation4' ,x may be true also1 t if we knew m ab\t our ance/ors1 ^! simil>ities w\ld be ev5 m /rik+ to u4 ,admitt+ ! facts :i* are ?us describ$ 9 a popul> way1 we may h[ev] rem>k t !re is no me?od ( diff]5ce by :i* !y c be def9$ or e/imat$1 & t !y con/itute only a small "p ( ea* individual4 ,! doctr9e ( h]$ity may seem to take out ( our h&s ! conduct ( our own lives1 b x is ! idea1 n ! fact1 :i* is really t]rible to u4 ,= :at we h receiv$ f our ance/ors is only a fraction ( :at we are1 or may become4 ,! k t drunk5ness or insanity has be5 preval5t 9 a family may be ! be/ safegu>d aga9/ _! recurr5ce 9 a future g5]ation4 ,! p>5t w be mo/ awake to ! vices or diseases 9 8 *ild ( :i* he is mo/ s5sible )9 himself4 ,! :ole ( life may be direct$ to _! prev5tion or cure4 ,! traces ( consumption may become fa9t]1 or be :olly effac$3 ! inh]5t t5d5cy to vice or crime may be eradicat$4 ,& s h]$ity1 f be+ a curse1 may become a bless+4 ,we ackn[l$ge t 9 ! matt] ( our bir?1 z 9 our nature g5]ally1 !re are previ\s circum/ances :i* affect u4 ,b ^u ?is plat=m ( circum/ances or )9 ?is wall ( necessity1 we h /ill ! p[] ( creat+ a life = ourselves by ! in=m+ en]gy ( ! human w4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ! m>riage "q to :i* ,plato is a /rang]4 ,all ! *ildr5 born 9 8 /ate are f\ndl+s4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him t ! great] "p ( !m1 accord+ to univ]sal exp]i5ce1 w\ld h p]i%$4 ,= *ildr5 c only be br\ght up 9 families4 ,!re is a subtle sympa?y betwe5 ! "m & ! *ild :i* _c be suppli$ by o!r mo!rs1 or by '/rong nurses "o or m' 7,laws vii4 #ghi ,e74 ,if ,plato's 'p5' 0 z fatal z ! ,cr*es ( ,p>is1 or ! f\ndl+ hospital ( ,dubl91 m ?an n9e-t5?s ( 8 *ildr5 w\ld h p]i%$4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no ne$ to expose or put out ( ! way ! weakli] *ildr51 = !y w\ld h cxc di$ ( !mselves4 ,s emphatically does nature prote/ aga9/ ! de/ruction ( ! family4 ,:at ,plato _h he>d or se5 ( ,sp>ta 0 appli$ by him 9 a mi/ak5 way to 8 ideal commonweal?4 ,he probably obs]v$ t bo? ! ,sp>tan m5 & wom5 7 sup]ior 9 =m & /r5g? to ! o!r ,greeks2 & ?is sup]iority he 0 dispos$ to attribute to ! laws & cu/oms relat+ to m>riage4 ,he did n consid] t ! desire ( a noble (fspr+ 0 a passion among ! ,sp>tans1 or t _! physical sup]iority 0 to be attribut$ *iefly1 n to _! m>riage cu/oms1 b to _! temp]ance & tra9+4 ,he did n reflect t ,sp>ta 0 great1 n 9 consequ5ce ( ! relaxation ( morality1 b 9 spite ( x1 by virtue ( a political pr9ciple /rong] f> ?an exi/$ 9 any o!r ,grecian /ate4 ,lea/ ( all did he obs]ve t ,sp>ta did n really produce ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! ,greek race4 ,! g5ius1 ! political inspiration ( ,a!ns1 ! love ( lib]ty--all t has made ,greece fam\s ) po/]ity1 7 want+ among ! ,sp>tans4 ,!y _h no ,!mi/ocles1 or ,p]icles1 or ,aes*ylus1 or ,sophocles1 or ,socrates1 or ,plato4 ,! individual 0 n all[$ to appe> above ! /ate2 ! laws 7 fix$1 & he _h no bus9ess to alt] or re=m !m4 ,yet :5ce has ! progress ( cities & nations aris51 if n f rem>kable individuals1 com+ into ! _w we "k n h[1 & f causes ov] :i* we h no control8 ,some?+ too mu* may h be5 said 9 mod]n times ( ! value ( individuality4 ,b we c h>dly condemn too /rongly a sy/em :i*1 in/ead ( fo/]+ ! scatt]$ se$s or sp>ks ( g5ius & "*1 t5ds to smo!r & ext+ui% !m4 ,/ill1 :ile condemn+ ,plato1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t nei!r ,*ri/ianity1 nor any o!r =m ( religion & society1 has hi!rto be5 able to cope ) ?is mo/ difficult ( social problems1 & t ! side f :i* ,plato reg>d$ x is t f :i* we turn away4 ,population is ! mo/ untameable =ce 9 ! political & social _w4 ,d we n f9d1 especially 9 l>ge cities1 t ! greate/ h9drance to ! amelioration ( ! poor is _! improvid5ce 9 m>riage8--a small fault truly1 if n involv+ endless consequ5ces4 ,!re are :ole c\ntries too1 su* z ,india1 or1 ne>] home1 ,irel&1 9 :i* a cxci "r solution ( ! m>riage "q seems to lie at ! f\ndation ( ! happ9ess ( ! community4 ,!re are too _m p on a giv5 space1 or !y m>ry too e>ly & br+ into ! _w a sickly & half-develop$ (fspr+2 or ow+ to ! v conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 !y become emaciat$ & h& on a simil> life to _! desc5dants4 ,b :o c oppose ! voice ( prud5ce to ! 'mightie/ passions ( mank9d' 7,laws viii4 #hce ,c71 especially :5 !y h be5 lic5s$ by cu/om & religion8 ,9 addition to ! influ5ces ( education1 we seem to require "s new pr9ciples ( "r & wrong 9 ^! matt]s1 "s =ce ( op9ion1 :i* may inde$ be already he>d :isp]+ 9 private1 b has nev] affect$ ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,we unavoidably lose sight ( ! pr9ciple ( utility1 j 9 t action ( our lives 9 :i* we h ! mo/ ne$ ( x4 ,! influ5ces :i* we c br+ to be> ^u ?is "q are *iefly indirect4 ,9 a g5]ation or two1 education1 emigration1 improvem5ts 9 agriculture & manufactures1 may h provid$ ! solution4 ,! /ate physician h>dly likes to probe ! w\nd3 x is beyond 8 art2 a matt] :i* he _c safely let alone1 b :i* he d>e n t\*3 ',we d b sk9 & film ! ulc]\s place4' ,:5 aga9 9 private life we see a :ole family "o by "o dropp+ into ! grave "u ! ,ate ( "s inh]it$ malady1 & ! p>5ts p]haps surviv+ !m1 d our m9ds ev] g back sil5tly to t day tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s be=e on :i* "u ! faire/ auspices1 amid ! rejoic+s ( fri5ds & acqua9tances1 a bride & bridegroom jo9$ h&s ) "o ano!r8 ,9 mak+ su* a reflection we are n oppos+ physical consid]ations to moral1 b moral to physical2 we are seek+ to make ! voice ( reason he>d1 :i* drives u back f ! extravagance ( s5tim5talism on common s5se4 ,! late ,dr4 ,combe is said by 8 biograph] to h resi/$ ! temptation to m>riage1 because he knew t he 0 subject to h]$it>y consumption4 ,"o :o des]v$ to be call$ a man ( g5ius1 a fri5d ( my y\?1 0 9 ! habit ( we>+ a black ribbon on 8 wri/1 9 ord] to rem9d him t1 be+ liable to outbreaks ( insanity1 he mu/ n give way to ! natural impulses ( affection3 he di$ unm>ri$ 9 a cxcii lunatic asylum4 ,^! two little facts sugge/ ! reflection t a v few p]sons h done f a s5se ( duty :at ! re/ ( mank9d ought to h done "u l circum/ances1 if !y _h all[$ !mselves to ?9k ( all ! mis]y :i* !y 7 ab\t to br+ into ! _w4 ,if we c\ld prev5t su* m>riages )\t any violation ( feel+ or propriety1 we cle>ly ought2 & ! prohibition 9 ! c\rse ( "t w\ld be protect$ by a 'horror naturalis' simil> to t :i*1 9 all civiliz$ ages & c\ntries1 has prev5t$ ! m>riage ( ne> relations by blood4 ,mank9d w\ld h be5 ! happi]1 if "s ?+s :i* are n[ all[$ _h f ! beg9n+ be5 d5i$ to !m2 if ! sanction ( religion c\ld h prohibit$ practices inimical to heal?2 if sanit>y pr9ciples c\ld 9 e>ly ages h be5 inve/$ ) a sup]/iti\s awe4 ,b1 liv+ z we d f> on 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 we are no long] able to /amp at once ) ! impress ( religion a new prohibition4 ,a free ag5t _c h 8 fancies regulat$ by law2 & ! execution ( ! law w\ld be r5d]$ impossible1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! cases 9 :i* m>riage 0 to be =bidd54 ,:o c weigh virtue1 or ev5 =tune aga9/ heal?1 or moral & m5tal qualities aga9/ bodily8 ,:o c measure probabilities aga9/ c]ta9ties8 ,!re has be5 "s good z well z evil 9 ! discipl9e ( suff]+2 & !re are diseases1 su* z consumption1 :i* h ex]cis$ a ref9+ & s(t5+ influ5ce on ! "*4 ,y\? is too inexp]i5c$ to balance su* nice consid]ations2 p>5ts d n (t5 ?9k ( !m1 or ?9k ( !m too late4 ,!y are at a di/ance & may probably be av]t$2 *ange ( place1 a new /ate ( life1 ! int]e/s ( a home may be ! cure ( !m4 ,s p]sons va9ly reason :5 _! m9ds are already made up & _! =tunes irrevocably l9k$ toge!r4 ,nor is !re any gr\nd = suppos+ t m>riages are to any great ext5t influ5c$ by reflections ( ?is sort1 :i* seem unable to make any head aga9/ ! irresi/ible impulse ( individual atta*m5t4 ,la/ly1 no "o c h obs]v$ ! fir/ ris+ flood ( ! passions 9 y\?1 ! difficulty ( regulat+ !m1 & ! effects on ! :ole m9d & nature :i* foll[ f !m1 ! /imulus :i* is giv5 to !m by ! imag9ation1 )\t feel+ t !re is some?+ unsatisfactory 9 our me?od ( cxciii treat+ !m4 ,t ! mo/ important influ5ce on human life %\ld be :olly left to *ance or %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 & in/ead ( be+ discipl9$ or und]/ood1 %\ld be requir$ to con=m only to an ext]nal /&>d ( propriety--_c be reg>d$ by ! philosoph] z a safe or satisfactory condition ( human ?+s4 ,& /ill ^? :o h ! *>ge ( y\? may f9d a way by wat*fulness1 by affection1 by ! manl9ess & innoc5ce ( _! own lives1 by occasional h9ts1 by g5]al admonitions :i* e "o c apply = himself1 to mitigate ?is t]rible evil :i* eats out ! he>t ( individuals & corrupts ! moral s5tim5ts ( nations4 ,9 no duty t[>ds o!rs is !re m ne$ ( retic5ce & self-re/ra9t4 ,s great is ! dang] le/ he :o w\ld be ! c\nsellor ( ano!r %\ld reveal ! secret prematurely1 le/ he %\ld get ano!r too mu* into 8 p[]2 or fix ! pass+ impression ( evil by dem&+ ! confession ( x4 ,nor is ,plato wrong 9 ass]t+ t family atta*m5ts may int]f]e ) high] aims4 ,if !re h be5 "s :o 'to p>ty gave up :at 0 meant = mank9d1' !re h c]ta9ly be5 o!rs :o to family gave up :at 0 meant = mank9d or = _! c\ntry4 ,! c>es ( *ildr51 ! necessity ( procur+ money = _! support1 ! flatt]ies ( ! ri* by ! poor1 ! exclusiv5ess ( ca/e1 ! pride ( bir? or weal?1 ! t5d5cy ( family life to div]t m5 f ! pursuit ( ! ideal or ! h]oic1 are z l[]+ 9 our own age z 9 t ( ,plato4 ,& if we pref] to look at ! g5tle influ5ces ( home1 ! developm5t ( ! affections1 ! am5ities ( society1 ! devotion ( "o memb] ( a family = ! good ( ! o!rs1 :i* =m "o side ( ! picture1 we mu/ n qu>rel ) him1 or p]haps ought r to be grateful to him1 = hav+ pres5t$ to u ! rev]se4 ,)\t attempt+ to def5d ,plato on gr\nds ( morality1 we may all[ t !re is an aspect ( ! _w :i* has n unnaturally l$ him into error4 ,we h>dly appreciate ! p[] :i* ! idea ( ! ,/ate1 l all o!r ab/ract ideas1 ex]cis$ ov] ! m9d ( ,plato4 ,to u ! ,/ate seems to be built up out ( ! family1 or sometimes to be ! framework 9 :i* family & social life is conta9$4 ,b to ,plato 9 8 pres5t mood ( m9d ! family cxciv is only a di/urb+ influ5ce :i*1 in/ead ( fill+ up1 t5ds to dis>range ! high] unity ( ! ,/ate4 ,no organization is ne$$ except a political1 :i*1 reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 is a milit>y "o4 ,! ,/ate is all-suffic+ = ! wants ( man1 &1 l ! idea ( ! ,*ur* 9 lat] ages1 absorbs all o!r desires & affections4 ,9 "t ( w> ! ?\s& citiz5s are to /& l a ramp>t impregnable aga9/ ! _w or ! ,p]sian ho/2 9 "t ( peace ! prep>ation = w> & _! duties to ! ,/ate1 :i* are also _! duties to "o ano!r1 take up _! :ole life & "t4 ,! only o!r int]e/ :i* is all[$ to !m besides t ( w>1 is ! int]e/ ( philosophy4 ,:5 !y are too old to be soldi]s !y are to retire f active life & to h a second novitiate ( /udy & contemplation4 ,!re is an elem5t ( mona/icism ev5 9 ,plato's communism4 ,if he c\ld h done )\t *ildr51 he might h conv]t$ 8 ,republic into a religi\s ord]4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,laws 7v4 #gci ,b71 :5 ! daylight ( common s5se breaks 9 ^u him1 does he retract 8 error4 ,9 ! /ate ( :i* he w\ld be ! f\nd]1 !re is no m>ry+ or giv+ 9 m>riage3 b because ( ! infirmity ( mank9d1 he condesc5ds to all[ ! law ( nature to prevail4 7,greek3 g7 ,b ,plato has an equal1 or1 9 8 own e/imation1 ev5 great] p>adox 9 res]ve1 :i* is summ$ up 9 ! fam\s text1 ',until k+s are philosoph]s or philosoph]s are k+s1 cities w nev] cease f ill4' ,& by philosoph]s he expla9s himself to mean ^? :o are capable ( appreh5d+ ideas1 especially ! idea ( good4 ,to ! atta9m5t ( ?is high] k ! second education is direct$4 ,?r\gh a process ( tra9+ :i* has already made !m good citiz5s !y are n[ to be made good legislators4 ,we f9d ) "s surprise 7n unlike ! feel+ :i* ,ari/otle 9 a well-kn[n passage describes ! he>]s ( ,plato's lectures z exp]i5c+1 :5 !y w5t to a disc\rse on ! idea ( good1 expect+ to be in/ruct$ 9 moral tru?s1 & receiv$ in/ead ( !m ari?metical & ma!matical =mulae7 t ,plato does n propose = 8 future legislators any /udy ( f9ance or law or milit>y tactics1 b only ( ab/ract ma!matics1 z a prep>ation = ! /ill m ab/ract conception ( good4 ,we ask1 ) ,ari/otle1 ,:at is ! use ( a man kn[+ ! idea ( cxcv good1 if he does n "k :at is good = ?is individual1 ?is /ate1 ?is condition ( society8 ,we _c und]/& h[ ,plato's legislators or gu>dians are to be fitt$ = _! "w ( /atesm5 by ! /udy ( ! five ma!matical sci5ces4 ,we va9ly se>* 9 ,plato's own writ+s = any explanation ( ?is seem+ absurdity4 ,! discov]y ( a great metaphysical conception seems to ravi% ! m9d ) a prophetic consci\sness :i* takes away ! p[] ( e/imat+ its value4 ,no metaphysical enquir] has ev] fairly criticis$ 8 own speculations2 9 8 own judgm5t !y h be5 above criticism2 nor has he und]/ood t :at to him seem$ to be absolute tru? may reappe> 9 ! next g5]ation z a =m ( logic or an in/rum5t ( ?\ght4 ,& po/]ity h also sometimes equally misappreh5d$ ! real value ( 8 speculations4 ,!y appe> to !m to h contribut$ no?+ to ! /ock ( human k4 ,! idea ( good is apt to be reg>d$ by ! mod]n ?9k] z an unmean+ ab/raction2 b he =gets t ?is ab/raction is wait+ ready = use1 & w h]eaft] be fill$ up by ! divisions ( k4 ,:5 mank9d d n z yet "k t ! _w is subject to law1 ! introduction ( ! m]e conception ( law or design or f9al cause1 & ! f>-(f anticipation ( ! h>mony ( k1 are great /eps onw>d4 ,ev5 ! crude g5]alization ( ! unity ( all ?+s leads m5 to view ! _w ) diff]5t eyes1 & may easily affect _! conception ( human life & ( politics1 & also _! own conduct & "* 7,tim4 #ij ,a74 ,we c imag9e h[ a great m9d l t ( ,p]icles might d]ive elevation f 8 int]c\rse ) ,anaxagoras 7,pha$r4 #bgj ,a74 ,to be /ruggl+ t[>ds a high] b unatta9able conception is a m fav\rable intellectual condition ?an to re/ satisfi$ 9 a n>r[ portion ( asc]ta9$ fact4 ,& ! e>li]1 :i* h sometimes be5 ! great] ideas ( sci5ce1 are (t5 lo/ sight ( at a lat] p]iod4 ,h[ r>ely c we say ( any mod]n enquir] 9 ! magnific5t language ( ,plato1 t ',he is ! spectator ( all "t & ( all exi/5ce6' ,nor is !re any?+ unnatural 9 ! ha/y application ( ^! va/ metaphysical conceptions to practical & political life4 ,9 ! fir/ en?usiasm ( ideas m5 are apt to see !m cxcvi ev]y:]e1 & to apply !m 9 ! mo/ remote sph]e4 ,!y d n und]/& t ! exp]i5ce ( ages is requir$ to enable !m to fill up '! int]m$iate axioms4' ,plato himself seems to h imag9$ t ! tru?s ( psy*ology1 l ^? ( a/ronomy & h>monics1 w\ld be arriv$ at by a process ( d$uction1 & t ! me?od :i* he has pursu$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 ( inf]r+ !m f exp]i5ce & ! use ( language1 0 imp]fect & only provisional4 ,b :51 aft] hav+ arriv$ at ! idea ( good1 :i* is ! end ( ! sci5ce ( dialectic1 he is ask$1 ,:at is ! nature1 & :at are ! divisions ( ! sci5ce8 ,he refuses to answ]1 z if int5d+ by ! refusal to intimate t ! /ate ( k :i* !n exi/$ 0 n su* z w\ld all[ ! philosoph] to ent] into 8 f9al re/4 ,! previ\s sci5ces mu/ fir/ be /udi$1 & w1 we may add1 cont9ue to be /udi$ till ! end ( "t1 al?\gh 9 a s5se diff]5t f any :i* ,plato c\ld h conceiv$4 ,b we may obs]ve1 t :ile he is aw>e ( ! vacancy ( 8 own ideal1 he is full ( en?usiasm 9 ! contemplation ( x4 ,look+ into ! orb ( light1 he sees no?+1 b he is w>m$ & elevat$4 ,! ,hebrew prophet believ$ t fai? 9 ,god w\ld enable him to gov]n ! _w2 ! ,greek philosoph] imag9$ t contemplation ( ! good w\ld make a legislator4 ,!re is z mu* to be fill$ up 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 & ! "o mode ( conception is to ! ,israelite :at ! o!r is to ! ,greek4 ,bo? f9d a repose 9 a div9e p]fection1 :i*1 :e!r 9 a m p]sonal or imp]sonal =m1 exi/s )\t !m & indep5d5tly ( !m1 z well z )9 !m4 ,!re is no m5tion ( ! idea ( good 9 ! ,timaeus1 nor ( ! div9e ,creator ( ! _w 9 ! ,republic2 & we are naturally l$ to ask 9 :at relation !y /& to "o ano!r4 ,is ,god above or bel[ ! idea ( good8 ,or is ! ,idea ( ,good ano!r mode ( conceiv+ ,god8 ,! latt] appe>s to be ! tru] answ]4 ,to ! ,greek philosoph] ! p]fection & unity ( ,god 0 a f> high] conception ?an 8 p]sonality1 :i* he h>dly f\nd a ^w to express1 & :i* to him w\ld h seem$ to be borr[$ f my?ology4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian1 on ! o!r h&1 or to ! mod]n ?9k] 9 cxcvii g5]al1 x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to atta* reality to :at he t]ms m]e ab/raction2 :ile to ,plato ?is v ab/raction is ! true/ & mo/ real ( all ?+s4 ,h5ce1 f a diff]5ce 9 =ms ( ?\ght1 ,plato appe>s to be re/+ on a creation ( 8 own m9d only4 ,b if we may be all[$ to p>aphrase ! idea ( good by ! words 'intellig5t pr9ciple ( law & ord] 9 ! univ]se1 embrac+ equally man & nature1' we beg9 to f9d a meet+-po9t betwe5 him & ourselves4 ,! "q :e!r ! rul] or /atesman %\ld be a philosoph] is "o t has n lo/ int]e/ 9 mod]n times4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe & ,asia !re has be5 "s "o 9 ! c\rse ( ages :o has truly unit$ ! p[] ( comm& ) ! p[] ( ?\ght & reflection1 z !re h be5 also _m false comb9ations ( ^! qualities4 ,"s k9d ( speculative p[] is necess>y bo? 9 practical & political life2 l ! rhetorician 9 ! ,pha$rus1 m5 require to h a conception ( ! v>ieties ( human "*1 & to be rais$ on great occasions above ! commonplaces ( ord9>y life4 ,yet ! idea ( ! philosoph]-/atesman has nev] be5 popul> ) ! mass ( mank9d2 p>tly because he _c take ! _w into 8 confid5ce or make !m und]/& ! motives f :i* he acts2 & also because !y are jeal\s ( a p[] :i* !y d n und]/&4 ,! revolution :i* human nature desires to effect /ep by /ep 9 _m ages is likely to be precipitat$ by him 9 a s+le ye> or life4 ,!y are afraid t 9 ! pursuit ( 8 great] aims he may disreg>d ! common feel+s ( humanity1 he is too apt to be look+ into ! di/ant future or back into ! remote pa/1 & unable to see actions or ev5ts :i*1 to use an expression ( ,plato's 'are tumbl+ out at 8 feet4' ,besides1 z ,plato w\ld say1 !re are o!r corruptions ( ^! philosophical /atesm54 ,ei!r '! native hue ( resolution is sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght1' & at ! mom5t :5 action above all ?+s is requir$ he is undecid$1 or g5]al pr9ciples are enunciat$ by him 9 ord] to cov] "s *ange ( policy2 or 8 ignorance ( ! _w has made him m easily fall a prey to ! arts ( o!rs2 or 9 "s cases he has be5 conv]t$ into a c\rti]1 :o enjoys cxcviii ! luxury ( hold+ lib]al op9ions1 b 0 nev] kn[n to p]=m a lib]al action4 ,no wond] t mank9d h be5 9 ! habit ( call+ /atesm5 ( ?is class p$ants1 sophi/]s1 doctr9aires1 vision>ies4 ,=1 z we may be all[$ to say1 a little p>ody+ ! words ( ,plato1 '!y h se5 bad imitations ( ! philosoph]-/atesman4' ,b a man 9 :om ! p[] ( ?\ght & action are p]fectly balanc$1 equal to ! pres5t1 rea*+ =w>d to ! future1 'su* a "o1' rul+ 9 a con/itutional /ate1 '!y h nev] se54' ,b z ! philosoph] is apt to fail 9 ! r\t9e ( political life1 s ! ord9>y /atesman is also apt to fail 9 extraord9>y crises4 ,:5 ! face ( ! _w is beg9n+ to alt]1 & ?und] is he>d 9 ! di/ance1 he is /ill guid$ by 8 old maxims1 & is ! slave ( 8 invet]ate p>ty prejudices2 he _c p]ceive ! signs ( ! times2 in/ead ( look+ =w>d he looks back2 he le>ns no?+ & =gets no?+2 ) 'wise saws & mod]n in/ances' he w\ld /em ! ris+ tide ( revolution4 ,he lives m & m )9 ! circle ( 8 own p>ty1 z ! _w )\t him becomes /rong]4 ,?is seems to be ! reason :y ! old ord] ( ?+s makes s poor a figure :5 confront$ ) ! new1 :y *ur*es c nev] re=m1 :y mo/ political *anges are made bl9dly & convulsively4 ,! great crises 9 ! hi/ory ( nations h (t5 be5 met by an ecclesia/ical positiv5ess1 & a m ob/9ate reass]tion ( pr9ciples :i* h lo/ _! hold ^u a nation4 ,! fix$ ideas ( a reaction>y /atesman may be comp>$ to madness2 !y gr[ ^u him1 & he becomes possess$ by !m2 no judgem5t ( o!rs is ev] admitt$ by him to be weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ 8 own4 7,greek3 d7 ,plato1 lab\r+ "u :at1 to mod]n read]s1 appe>s to h be5 a confusion ( ideas1 assimilates ! /ate to ! individual1 & fails to di/+ui% ,e?ics f ,politics4 ,he ?9ks t to be mo/ ( a /ate :i* is mo/ l "o man1 & 9 :i* ! citiz5s h ! greate/ uni=mity ( "*4 ,he does n see t ! analogy is p>tly fallaci\s1 & t ! w or "* ( a /ate or nation is really ! balance or r ! surplus ( individual wills1 :i* are limit$ by ! condition ( hav+ to act 9 common4 cxcix ,! movem5t ( a body ( m5 c nev] h ! pliancy or facility ( a s+le man2 ! fre$om ( ! individual1 :i* is always limit$1 becomes /ill m /rait5$ :5 transf]r$ to a nation4 ,! p[]s ( action & feel+ are necess>ily weak] & m balanc$ :5 !y are diffus$ ?r\gh a community2 :5ce arises ! (t5 discuss$ "q1 ',c a nation1 l an individual1 h a consci5ce8' ,we hesitate to say t ! *>act]s ( nations are no?+ m ?an ! sum ( ! *>act]s ( ! individuals :o compose !m2 because !re may be t5d5cies 9 individuals :i* react ^u "o ano!r4 ,a :ole nation may be wis] ?an any "o man 9 x2 or may be animat$ by "s common op9ion or feel+ :i* c\ld n equally h affect$ ! m9d ( a s+le p]son1 or may h be5 inspir$ by a lead] ( g5ius to p]=m acts m ?an human4 ,plato does n appe> to h analys$ ! complications :i* arise out ( ! collective action ( mank9d4 ,nei!r is he capable ( see+ t analogies1 ?\gh speci\s z argum5ts1 may (t5 h no f\ndation 9 fact1 or ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at is intelligible or vividly pres5t to ! m9d1 & :at is true4 ,9 ?is respect he is f> bel[ ,ari/otle1 :o is comp>atively seldom impos$ ^u by false analogies4 ,he _c dis5tangle ! arts f ! virtues--at lea/ he is always argu+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,8 notion ( music is transf]r$ f h>mony ( s\nds to h>mony ( life3 9 ?is he is assi/$ by ! ambiguities ( language z well z by ! preval5ce ( ,py?agorean notions4 ,& hav+ once assimilat$ ! /ate to ! individual1 he imag9es t he w f9d ! succession ( /ates p>allel$ 9 ! lives ( individuals4 ,/ill1 ?r\gh ?is fallaci\s m$ium1 a real enl>gem5t ( ideas is atta9$4 ,:5 ! virtues z yet pres5t$ no di/9ct conception to ! m9d1 a great advance 0 made by ! comp>ison ( !m ) ! arts2 = virtue is p>tly art1 & has an outw>d =m z well z an inw>d pr9ciple4 ,! h>mony ( music af=ds a lively image ( ! h>monies ( ! _w & ( human life1 & may be reg>d$ z a spl5did illu/ration :i* 0 naturally mi/ak5 = a real analogy4 ,9 ! same way ! id5tification ( e?ics ) politics has a t5d5cy to give def9it5ess to e?ics1 & also to elevate & ennoble m5's cc notions ( ! aims ( gov]nm5t & ( ! duties ( citiz5s2 = e?ics f "o po9t ( view may be conceiv$ z an idealiz$ law & politics2 & politics1 z e?ics r$uc$ to ! conditions ( human society4 ,!re h be5 evils :i* h aris5 out ( ! attempt to id5tify !m1 & ?is has l$ to ! sep>ation or antagonism ( !m1 :i* has be5 introduc$ by mod]n political writ]s4 ,b we may likewise feel t some?+ has be5 lo/ 9 _! sep>ation1 & t ! anci5t philosoph]s :o e/imat$ ! moral & intellectual wellbe+ ( mank9d fir/1 & ! weal? ( nations & individuals second1 may h a salut>y influ5ce on ! speculations ( mod]n times4 ,_m political maxims orig9ate 9 a reaction aga9/ an opposite error2 & :5 ! errors aga9/ :i* !y 7 direct$ h pass$ away1 !y 9 turn become errors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,plato's views ( education are 9 sev]al respects rem>kable2 l ! re/ ( ! ,republic !y are p>tly ,greek & p>tly ideal1 beg9n+ ) ! ord9>y curriculum ( ! ,greek y\?1 & ext5d+ to aft]-life4 ,plato is ! fir/ writ] :o di/9ctly says t education is to compreh5d ! :ole ( life1 & to be a prep>ation = ano!r 9 :i* education beg9s aga9 7vi4 #dih ,d74 ,?is is ! cont9u\s ?read :i* runs ?r\gh ! ,republic1 & :i* m ?an any o!r ( 8 ideas admits ( an application to mod]n life4 ,he has long giv5 up ! notion t virtue _c be taught2 & he is dispos$ to modify ! !sis ( ! ,protagoras1 t ! virtues are "o & n _m4 ,he is n unwill+ to admit ! s5sible _w into 8 s*eme ( tru?4 ,nor does he ass]t 9 ! ,republic ! involunt>9ess ( vice1 :i* is ma9ta9$ by him 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,sophi/1 & ,laws 7cp4 ,protag4 #cde foll41 #ceb1 #cee2 ,apol4 #be ,e2 ,gorg4 #dfh1 #eji ,e74 ,nor d ! s-call$ ,platonic ideas recov]$ f a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce affect 8 !ory ( m5tal improvem5t4 ,/ill we obs]ve 9 him ! rema9s ( ! old ,socratic doctr9e1 t true k mu/ be elicit$ f )91 & is to be s\ght = 9 ideas1 n 9 p>ticul>s ( s5se4 ,education1 z he says1 w implant a pr9ciple ( intellig5ce :i* is bett] ?an t5 cci ?\s& eyes4 ,! p>adox t ! virtues are "o1 & ! k9dr$ notion t all virtue is k1 are n entirely r5\nc$2 ! fir/ is se5 9 ! supremacy giv5 to ju/ice ov] ! re/2 ! second 9 ! t5d5cy to absorb ! moral virtues 9 ! intellectual1 & to c5tre all goodness 9 ! contemplation ( ! idea ( good4 ,! _w ( s5se is /ill depreciat$ & id5tifi$ ) op9ion1 ?\gh admitt$ to be a %ad[ ( ! true4 ,9 ! ,republic he is evid5tly impress$ ) ! conviction t vice arises *iefly f ignorance & may be cur$ by education2 ! multitude are h>dly to be deem$ responsible = :at !y d 7v4 #dii ,e74 ,a fa9t allusion to ! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce occurs 9 ! ,t5? ,book 7#fba ,a72 b ,plato's views ( education h no m real connection ) a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce ?an our own2 he only proposes to elicit f ! m9d t :i* is !re already4 ,education is repres5t$ by him1 n z ! fill+ ( a vessel1 b z ! turn+ ! eye ( ! s\l t[>ds ! light4 ,he treats fir/ ( music or lit]ature1 :i* he divides into true & false1 & !n goes on to gymna/ics2 ( infancy 9 ! ,republic he takes no notice1 ?\gh 9 ! ,laws he gives sage c\nsels ab\t ! nurs+ ( *ildr5 & ! managem5t ( ! mo!rs1 & w\ld h an education :i* is ev5 prior to bir?4 ,b 9 ! ,republic he beg9s ) ! age at :i* ! *ild is capable ( receiv+ ideas1 & boldly ass]ts1 9 language :i* s\nds p>adoxical to mod]n e>s1 t he mu/ be taught ! false be=e he c le>n ! true4 ,! mod]n & anci5t philosophical _w are n agre$ ab\t tru? & falsehood2 ! "o id5tifies tru? almo/ exclusively ) fact1 ! o!r ) ideas4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ourselves & ,plato1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 p>tly a diff]5ce ( words 7cp4 supra1 p4 xxxviii74 ,= we too %\ld admit t a *ild mu/ receive _m lessons :i* he imp]fectly und]/&s2 he mu/ be taught "s ?+s 9 a figure only1 "s too :i* he c h>dly be expect$ to believe :5 he gr[s old]2 b we %\ld limit ! use ( fiction by ! necessity ( ! case4 ,plato w\ld draw ! l9e diff]5tly2 accord+ to him ! aim ( e>ly education is n tru? z a matt] ( fact1 b tru? z a matt] ( pr9ciple2 ! *ild is to be taught fir/ simple religi\s tru?s1 & !n simple moral tru?s1 & ins5sibly to le>n ! lesson ( good mann]s & good ta/e4 ,he ccii w\ld make an entire re=mation ( ! old my?ology2 l ,x5ophanes & ,h]acleitus he is s5sible ( ! deep *asm :i* sep>ates 8 own age f ,hom] & ,hesiod1 :om he quotes & inve/s ) an imag9>y au?ority1 b only = 8 own purposes4 ,! lu/s & trea*]ies ( ! gods are to be bani%$2 ! t]rors ( ! _w bel[ are to be dispell$2 ! misbehavi\r ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes is n to be a model = y\?4 ,b !re is ano!r /ra9 he>d 9 ,hom] :i* may tea* our y\? endurance2 & some?+ may be le>nt 9 m$ic9e f ! simple practice ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* religion is to be bas$ are two only3 fir/1 t ,god is true2 secondly1 t he is good4 ,mod]n & ,*ri/ian writ]s h (t5 fall5 %ort ( ^!2 !y c h>dly be said to h gone beyond !m4 ,! "y are to be br\ght up 9 happy surr\nd+s1 out ( ! way ( sights or s\nds :i* may hurt ! "* or vitiate ! ta/e4 ,!y are to live 9 an atmosph]e ( heal?2 ! breeze is always to be waft+ to !m ! impressions ( tru? & goodness4 ,c\ld su* an education be realiz$1 or if our mod]n religi\s education c\ld be b\nd up ) tru? & virtue & good mann]s & good ta/e1 t w\ld be ! be/ hope ( human improvem5t4 ,plato1 l ourselves1 is look+ =w>d to *anges 9 ! moral & religi\s _w1 & is prep>+ = !m4 ,he recognizes ! dang] ( unsettl+ "y m5's m9ds by sudd5 *anges ( laws & pr9ciples1 by de/roy+ ! sacr$ness ( "o set ( ideas :5 !re is no?+ else to take _! place4 ,he is afraid too ( ! influ5ce ( ! drama1 on ! gr\nd t x enc\rages false s5tim5t1 & !re=e he w\ld n h 8 *ildr5 tak5 to ! !atre2 he ?9ks t ! effect on ! spectators is bad1 & on ! actors /ill worse4 ,8 idea ( education is t ( h>moni\s gr[?1 9 :i* are ins5sibly le>nt ! lessons ( temp]ance & endurance1 & ! body & m9d develope 9 equal proportions4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple :i* runs ?r\gh all art & nature is simplicity2 ?is also is to be ! rule ( human life4 ,! second /age ( education is gymna/ic1 :i* answ]s to ! p]iod ( muscul> gr[? & developm5t4 ,! simplicity :i* is en=c$ 9 music is ext5d$ to gymna/ic2 ,plato is aw>e t ! tra9+ ( ! body may be inconsi/5t ) ! cciii tra9+ ( ! m9d1 & t bodily ex]cise may be easily ov]done4 ,excessive tra9+ ( ! body is apt to give m5 a heada*e or to r5d] !m sleepy at a lecture on philosophy1 & ?is !y attribute n to ! true cause1 b to ! nature ( ! subject4 ,two po9ts are noticeable 9 ,plato's treatm5t ( gymna/ic3--,fir/1 t ! "t ( tra9+ is entirely sep>at$ f ! "t ( lit]>y education4 ,he seems to h ?\ght t two ?+s ( an opposite & diff]5t nature c\ld n be le>nt at ! same "t4 ,"h we c h>dly agree ) him2 &1 if we may judge by exp]i5ce1 ! effect ( sp5d+ ?ree ye>s betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & sev5te5 9 m]e bodily ex]cise w\ld be f> f improv+ to ! intellect4 ,secondly1 he affirms t music & gymna/ic are n1 z common op9ion is apt to imag9e1 int5d$1 ! "o = ! cultivation ( ! m9d & ! o!r ( ! body1 b t !y are bo? equally design$ = ! improvem5t ( ! m9d4 ,! body1 9 8 view1 is ! s]vant ( ! m9d2 ! subjection ( ! l[] to ! high] is = ! advantage ( bo?4 ,& d\btless ! m9d may ex]cise a v great & p>am\nt influ5ce ov] ! body1 if ex]t$ n at p>ticul> mom5ts & by fits & />ts1 b cont9u\sly1 9 mak+ prep>ation = ! :ole ( life4 ,o!r ,greek writ]s saw ! mis*iev\s t5d5cy ( ,sp>tan discipl9e 7,ari/4 ,pol4 viii4 #d1 #a foll42 ,?uc4 ii4 #cg1 #ci74 ,b only ,plato recogniz$ ! fundam5tal error on :i* ! practice 0 bas$4 ,! subject ( gymna/ic leads ,plato to ! si/] subject ( m$ic9e1 :i* he fur!r illu/rates by ! p>allel ( law4 ,! mod]n disbelief 9 m$ic9e has l$ 9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r dep>tm5ts ( k1 to a dem& = great] simplicity2 physicians are becom+ aw>e t !y (t5 make diseases 'great] & m complicat$' by _! treatm5t ( !m 7,rep4 iv4 #dbf ,a74 ,9 two ?\s& ye>s _! art has made b sl5d] progress2 :at !y h ga9$ 9 ! analysis ( ! p>ts is 9 a great degree lo/ by _! feebl] conception ( ! human frame z a :ole4 ,!y h att5d$ m to ! cure ( diseases ?an to ! conditions ( heal?2 & ! improvem5ts 9 m$ic9e h be5 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! disuse ( regul> tra9+4 ,until lately !y h h>dly ?\ght ( air & wat]1 ! importance ( :i* 0 well und]/ood by ! anci5ts2 z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 ',air & wat]1 be+ ! elem5ts cciv :i* we mo/ use1 h ! greate/ effect ^u heal?' 7,polit4 vii4 #aa1 #d474 ,= ages physicians h be5 "u ! dom9ion ( prejudices :i* h only rec5tly giv5 way2 & n[ !re are z _m op9ions 9 m$ic9e z 9 !ology1 & an equal degree ( scepticism & "s want ( tol]ation ab\t bo?4 ,plato has sev]al good notions ab\t m$ic9e2 accord+ to him1 '! eye _c be cur$ )\t ! re/ ( ! body1 nor ! body )\t ! m9d' 7,*>m4 #aef ,e74 ,no man ( s5se1 he says 9 ! ,timaeus1 w\ld take physic2 & we he>tily sympa?ize ) him 9 ! ,laws :5 he decl>es t '! limbs ( ! ru/ic worn ) toil w d]ive m b5efit f w>m ba?s ?an f ! prescriptions ( a n ov] wise doctor' 7vi4 #gfa ,c74 ,b we c h>dly praise him :51 9 ob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 he depreciates diet1 or approve ( ! inhuman _s 9 :i* he w\ld get rid ( invalid & useless lives by leav+ !m to die4 ,he does n seem to h consid]$ t ! 'bridle ( ,!ages' might be accompani$ by qualities :i* 7 ( f> m value to ! ,/ate ?an ! heal? or /r5g? ( ! citiz5s2 or t ! duty ( tak+ c>e ( ! helpless might be an important elem5t ( education 9 a ,/ate4 ,! physician himself 7?is is a delicate & subtle obs]vation7 %\ld n be a man 9 robu/ heal?2 he %\ld h1 9 mod]n phraseology1 a n]v\s temp]am5t2 he %\ld h exp]i5ce ( disease 9 8 own p]son1 9 ord] t 8 p[]s ( obs]vation may be quick5$ 9 ! case ( o!rs4 ,! p]plexity ( m$ic9e is p>allel$ by ! p]plexity ( law2 9 :i*1 aga91 ,plato w\ld h m5 foll[ ! gold5 rule ( simplicity4 ,great] matt]s are to be det]m9$ by ! legislator or by ! oracle ( ,delphi1 less] matt]s are to be left to ! tempor>y regulation ( ! citiz5s !mselves4 ,plato is aw>e t laissez faire is an important elem5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,! diseases ( a ,/ate are l ! heads ( a hydra2 !y multiply :5 !y are cut (f4 ,! true rem$y = !m is n extirpation b prev5tion4 ,& ! way to prev5t !m is to take c>e ( education1 & education w take c>e ( all ! re/4 ,s 9 mod]n times m5 h (t5 felt t ! only political measure wor? hav+--! only "o :i* w\ld produce any c]ta9 or la/+ effect1 0 a measure ( national education4 ,& 9 our own m ?an 9 any previ\s age ! necessity has be5 ccv recogniz$ ( re/or+ ! ev]-increas+ confusion ( law to simplicity & common s5se4 ,:5 ! tra9+ 9 music & gymna/ic is complet$1 !re foll[s ! fir/ /age ( active & public life4 ,b soon education is to beg9 aga9 f a new po9t ( view4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,f\r? & ,sev5? ,books we h discuss$ ! nature ( k1 & h !nce be5 l$ to =m a high] conception ( :at 0 requir$ ( u4 ,= true k1 accord+ to ,plato1 is ( ab/ractions1 & has to d1 n ) p>ticul>s or individuals1 b ) univ]sals only2 n ) ! beauties ( poetry1 b ) ! ideas ( philosophy4 ,& ! great aim ( education is ! cultivation ( ! habit ( ab/raction4 ,?is is to be acquir$ ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,!y alone are capable ( giv+ ideas ( relation1 & ( ar\s+ ! dormant en]gies ( ?\ght4 ,ma!matics 9 ! age ( ,plato compreh5d$ a v small "p ( t :i* is n[ includ$ 9 !m2 b !y bore a mu* l>g] proportion to ! sum ( human k4 ,!y 7 ! only organon ( ?\ght :i* ! human m9d at t "t possess$1 & ! only measure by :i* ! *aos ( p>ticul>s c\ld be r$uc$ to rule & ord]4 ,! faculty :i* !y tra9$ 0 naturally at w> ) ! poetical or imag9ative2 & h5ce to ,plato1 :o is ev]y:]e seek+ = ab/ractions & try+ to get rid ( ! illusions ( s5se1 ne>ly ! :ole ( education is conta9$ 9 !m4 ,!y seem$ to h an inexhau/ible application1 p>tly because _! true limits 7 n yet und]/ood4 ,^! ,plato himself is beg9n+ to inve/igate2 ?\gh n aw>e t numb] & figure are m]e ab/ractions ( s5se1 he recognizes t ! =ms us$ by geometry are borr[$ f ! s5sible _w 7vi4 #eaj1 #eaa74 ,he seeks to f9d ! ultimate gr\nd ( ma!matical ideas 9 ! idea ( good1 ?\gh he does n satisfactorily expla9 ! connexion betwe5 !m2 & 9 8 conception ( ! relation ( ideas to numb]s1 he falls v f> %ort ( ! def9it5ess attribut$ to him by ,ari/otle 7,met4 i4 #h1 #bd2 ix4 #ag74 ,b if he fails to recognize ! true limits ( ma!matics1 he also rea*es a po9t beyond !m2 9 8 view1 ideas ( numb] become second>y to a high] conception ( k4 ,! dialectician is z mu* above ! ma!matician z ! ma!matician is above ! ord9>y man 7cp4 vii4 #ebf ,d1 ccvi #eca ,e74 ,! "o1 ! self-prov+1 ! good :i* is ! high] sph]e ( dialectic1 is ! p]fect tru? to :i* all ?+s asc5d1 & 9 :i* !y f9ally repose4 ,?is self-prov+ unity or idea ( good is a m]e vision ( :i* no di/9ct explanation c be giv51 relative only to a p>ticul> /age 9 ,greek philosophy4 ,x is an ab/raction "u :i* no individuals are compreh5d$1 a :ole :i* has no p>ts 7cf4 ,ari/41 ,nic4 ,e?41 i4 #d74 ,! vacancy ( su* a =m 0 p]ceiv$ by ,ari/otle1 b n by ,plato4 ,nor did he recognize t 9 ! dialectical process are includ$ two or m me?ods ( inve/igation :i* are at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,he did n see t :e!r he took ! long] or ! %ort] road1 no advance c\ld be made 9 ?is way4 ,& yet su* visions (t5 h an imm5se effect2 = al?\gh ! me?od ( sci5ce _c anticipate sci5ce1 ! idea ( sci5ce1 n z x is1 b z x w be 9 ! future1 is a great & inspir+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ! pursuit ( k we are always press+ =w>d to some?+ beyond u2 & z a false conception ( k1 = example ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 may lead m5 a/ray dur+ _m ages1 s ! true ideal1 ?\gh vacant1 may draw all _! ?\ghts 9 a "r direction4 ,x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r ! g5]al expectation ( k1 z ?is indef9ite feel+ may be t]m$1 is bas$ ^u a s\nd judgm5t4 ,= mank9d may (t5 ent]ta9 a true conception ( :at k ought to be :5 !y h b a sl5d] exp]i5ce ( facts4 ,! correlation ( ! sci5ces1 ! consci\sness ( ! unity ( nature1 ! idea ( classification1 ! s5se ( proportion1 ! unwill+ness to /op %ort ( c]ta9ty or to conf\nd probability ) tru?1 are important pr9ciples ( ! high] education4 ,al?\gh ,plato c\ld tell u no?+1 & p]haps knew t he c\ld tell u no?+1 ( ! absolute tru?1 he has ex]cis$ an influ5ce on ! human m9d :i* ev5 at ! pres5t day is n exhau/$2 & political & social que/ions may yet arise 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( ,plato may be read anew & receive a fre% mean+4 ,! ,idea ( good is s call$ only 9 ! ,republic1 b !re are traces ( x 9 o!r dialogues ( ,plato4 ,x is a cause z well z an idea1 & f ?is po9t ( view may be comp>$ ) ! creator ( ! ,timaeus1 :o out ( 8 goodness creat$ ccvii all ?+s4 ,x corresponds to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! mod]n conception ( a law ( nature1 or ( a f9al cause1 or ( bo? 9 "o1 & 9 ?is reg>d may be connect$ ) ! measure & symmetry ( ! ,philebus4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,symposium "u ! aspect ( beauty1 & is suppos$ to be atta9$ !re by /ages ( initiation1 z "h by regul> gradations ( k4 ,view$ subjectively1 x is ! process or sci5ce ( dialectic4 ,?is is ! sci5ce :i*1 accord+ to ! ,pha$rus1 is ! true basis ( rhetoric1 :i* alone is able to di/+ui% ! natures & classes ( m5 & ?+s2 :i* divides a :ole into ! natural p>ts1 & reunites ! scatt]$ p>ts into a natural or organiz$ :ole2 :i* def9es ! ab/ract ess5ces or univ]sal ideas ( all ?+s1 & connects !m2 :i* pi]ces ! veil ( hypo!ses & rea*es ! f9al cause or fir/ pr9ciple ( all2 :i* reg>ds ! sci5ces 9 relation to ! idea ( good4 ,?is ideal sci5ce is ! highe/ process ( ?\ght1 & may be describ$ z ! s\l conv]s+ ) h]self or hold+ communion ) et]nal tru? & beauty1 & 9 ano!r =m is ! ev]la/+ "q & answ]--! ceaseless int]rogative ( ,socrates4 ,! dialogues ( ,plato are !mselves examples ( ! nature & me?od ( dialectic4 ,view$ objectively1 ! idea ( good is a p[] or cause :i* makes ! _w )\t u correspond ) ! _w )94 ,yet ?is _w )\t u is /ill a _w ( ideas4 ,) ,plato ! inve/igation ( nature is ano!r dep>tm5t ( k1 & 9 ?is he seeks to atta9 only probable conclusions 7cp4 ,timaeus1 #dd ,d74 ,if we ask :e!r ?is sci5ce ( dialectic :i* ,plato only half expla9s to u is m ak9 to logic or to metaphysics1 ! answ] is t 9 8 m9d ! two sci5ces are n z yet di/+ui%$1 any m ?an ! subjective & objective aspects ( ! _w & ( man1 :i* ,g]man philosophy has reveal$ to u4 ,nor has he det]m9$ :e!r 8 sci5ce ( dialectic is at re/ or 9 motion1 conc]n$ ) ! contemplation ( absolute be+1 or ) a process ( developm5t & evolution4 ,mod]n metaphysics may be describ$ z ! sci5ce ( ab/ractions1 or z ! sci5ce ( ! evolution ( ?\ght2 mod]n logic1 :5 pass+ beyond ! b\nds ( m]e ,ari/otelian =ms1 may be def9$ z ! sci5ce ( me?od4 ,! g]m ( ccviii bo? ( !m is conta9$ 9 ! ,platonic dialectic2 all metaphysicians h some?+ 9 common ) ! ideas ( ,plato2 all logicians h d]iv$ some?+ f ! me?od ( ,plato4 ,! ne>e/ approa* 9 mod]n philosophy to ! univ]sal sci5ce ( ,plato1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,hegelian 'succession ( mom5ts 9 ! unity ( ! idea4' ,plato & ,hegel alike seem to h conceiv$ ! _w z ! correlation ( ab/ractions2 & n impossibly !y w\ld h und]/ood "o ano!r bett] ?an any ( _! comm5tators und]/& !m 7,swift's ,voyage to ,laputa1 c4 #hd74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 = :]eas ,hegel is ?9k+ ( all ! m9ds ( m5 z "o m9d1 :i* developes ! /ages ( ! idea 9 diff]5t c\ntries or at diff]5t times 9 ! same c\ntry1 ) ,plato ^! gradations are reg>d$ only z an ord] ( ?\ght or ideas2 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d _h n yet dawn$ ^u him4 ,footnote #d3 ',hav+ a desire to see ^? anci5ts :o 7 mo/ r5[n$ = wit & le>n+1 ,i set ap>t "o day on purpose4 ,i propos$ t ,hom] & ,ari/otle might appe> at ! head ( all _! comm5tators2 b ^! 7 s num]\s t "s hundr$s 7 =c$ to att5d 9 ! c\rt & outw>d rooms ( ! palace4 ,i knew1 & c\ld di/+ui% ^! two h]oes1 at fir/ sight1 n only f ! cr[d1 b f ea* o!r4 ,hom] 0 ! tall] & comeli] p]son ( ! two1 walk$ v erect = "o ( 8 age1 & 8 eyes 7 ! mo/ quick & pi]c+ ,i ev] beheld4 ,ari/otle /oop$ mu*1 & made use ( a /aff4 ,8 visage 0 meagre1 8 hair lank & ?91 & 8 voice holl[4 ,i soon discov]$ t bo? ( !m 7 p]fect /rang]s to ! re/ ( ! company1 & _h nev] se5 or he>d ( !m be=e4 ,& ,i _h a :isp] f a gho/1 :o %all be nameless1 ,t ^! comm5tators always kept 9 ! mo/ di/ant qu>t]s f _! pr9cipals1 9 ! l[] _w1 ?r\gh a consci\sness ( %ame & guilt1 because !y _h s horribly misrepres5t$ ! mean+ ( ^! au?ors to po/]ity4 ,i introduc$ ,didymus & ,eu/a?ius to ,hom]1 & prevail$ on him to treat !m bett] ?an p]haps !y des]v$1 = he soon f\nd !y want$ a g5ius to ent] into ! _s ( a poet4 ,b ,ari/otle 0 out ( all pati5ce ) ! acc\nt ,i gave him ( ,scotus & ,ramus1 z ,i pres5t$ !m to him2 & he ask$ !m :e!r ! re/ ( ! tribe 7 z great dunces z !mselves8' ,_m criticisms may be made on ,plato's !ory ( education4 ,:ile 9 "s respects he unavoidably falls %ort ( mod]n ?9k]s1 9 o!rs he is 9 advance ( !m4 ,he is oppos$ to ! modes ( education :i* prevail$ 9 8 own "t2 b he c h>dly be said to h discov]$ new ones4 ,he does ccix n see t education is relative to ! *>act]s ( individuals2 he only desires to impress ! same =m ( ! /ate on ! m9ds ( all4 ,he has no suffici5t idea ( ! effect ( lit]ature on ! =mation ( ! m9d1 & greatly exagg]ates t ( ma!matics4 ,8 aim is above all ?+s to tra9 ! reason+ faculties2 to implant 9 ! m9d ! _s & p[] ( ab/raction2 to expla9 & def9e g5]al notions1 &1 if possible1 to connect !m4 ,no wond] t 9 ! vacancy ( actual k 8 foll[]s1 & at times ev5 he himself1 %\ld h fall5 away f ! doctr9e ( ideas1 & h return$ to t bran* ( k 9 :i* alone ! relation ( ! "o & _m c be truly se5--! sci5ce ( numb]4 ,9 8 views bo? ( tea*+ & tra9+ he might be /yl$1 9 mod]n language1 a doctr9aire2 aft] ! ,sp>tan fa%ion he w\ld h 8 citiz5s ca/ 9 "o m\ld2 he does n seem to consid] t "s degree ( fre$om1 'a little :olesome neglect1' is necess>y to /r5g!n & develope ! "* & to give play to ! individual nature4 ,8 citiz5s w\ld n h acquir$ t k :i* 9 ! vision ( ,er is suppos$ to be ga9$ by ! pilgrims f _! exp]i5ce ( evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plato is f> 9 advance ( mod]n philosoph]s & !ologians :5 he tea*es t education is to be cont9u$ ?r\gh life & w beg9 aga9 9 ano!r4 ,he w\ld nev] all[ education ( "s k9d to cease2 al?\gh he 0 aw>e t ! prov]bial say+ ( ,solon1 ',i gr[ old le>n+ _m ?+s1' _c be appli$ lit]ally4 ,himself ravi%$ ) ! contemplation ( ! idea ( good1 & delight+ 9 solid geometry 7,rep4 vii4 #ebh71 he has no difficulty 9 imag9+ t a lifetime might be pass$ happily 9 su* pursuits4 ,we :o "k h[ _m m m5 ( bus9ess !re are 9 ! _w ?an real /ud5ts or ?9k]s1 are n equally sangu9e4 ,! education :i* he proposes = 8 citiz5s is really ! ideal life ( ! philosoph] or man ( g5ius1 int]rupt$1 b only = a "t1 by practical duties1--a life n = ! _m1 b = ! few4 ,yet ! ?\ght ( ,plato may n be :olly incapable ( application to our own times4 ,ev5 if reg>d$ z an ideal :i* c nev] be realiz$1 x may h a great effect 9 elevat+ ! *>act]s ( mank9d1 & rais+ !m above ! r\t9e ccx ( _! ord9>y occupation or pr(ession4 ,x is ! be/ =m "u :i* we c conceive ! :ole ( life4 ,nev]!less ! idea ( ,plato is n easily put into practice4 ,= ! education ( aft] life is necess>ily ! education :i* ea* "o gives himself4 ,m5 & wom5 _c be br\ght toge!r 9 s*ools or colleges at =ty or fifty ye>s ( age2 & if !y c\ld ! result w\ld be disappo9t+4 ,! de/9ation ( mo/ m5 is :at ,plato w\ld call '! ,d5' = ! :ole ( life1 & ) t !y are cont5t4 ,nei!r h !y tea*]s or advis]s ) :om !y c take c\nsel 9 rip] ye>s4 ,!re is no 's*oolma/] abroad' :o w tell !m ( _! faults1 or inspire !m ) ! high] s5se ( duty1 or ) ! ambition ( a true success 9 life2 no ,socrates :o w convict !m ( ignorance2 no ,*ri/1 or foll[] ( ,*ri/1 :o w reprove !m ( s94 ,h5ce !y h a difficulty 9 receiv+ ! fir/ elem5t ( improvem5t1 :i* is self-k4 ,! hopes ( y\? no long] /ir !m2 !y r wi% to re/ ?an to pursue high objects4 ,a few only :o h come across great m5 & wom51 or em95t tea*]s ( religion & morality1 h receiv$ a second life f !m1 & h light$ a c&le f ! fire ( _! g5ius4 ,! want ( en]gy is "o ( ! ma9 reasons :y s few p]sons cont9ue to improve 9 lat] ye>s4 ,!y h n ! w1 & d n "k ! way4 ,!y 'nev] try an exp]im5t1' or look up a po9t ( int]e/ = !mselves2 !y make no sacrifices = ! sake ( k2 _! m9ds1 l _! bodies1 at a c]ta9 age become fix$4 ,g5ius has be5 def9$ z '! p[] ( tak+ pa9s'2 b h>dly any "o keeps up 8 int]e/ 9 k ?r\gh\t a :ole life4 ,! tr\bles ( a family1 ! bus9ess ( mak+ money1 ! dem&s ( a pr(ession de/roy ! ela/icity ( ! m9d4 ,! wax5 tablet ( ! memory :i* 0 once capable ( receiv+ 'true ?\ghts & cle> impressions' becomes h>d & cr[d$2 !re is n room = ! accumulations ( a long life 7,!aet4 #aid ff474 ,! /ud5t1 z ye>s advance1 r makes an ex*ange ( k ?an adds to 8 /ores4 ,!re is no press+ necessity to le>n2 ! /ock ( ,classics or ,hi/ory or ,natural ,sci5ce :i* 0 en\gh = a man at tw5ty-five is en\gh = him at fifty4 ,nei!r is x easy to give a def9ite answ] to any "o :o asks h[ he is to improve4 ,= self-education consi/s 9 a ccxi ?\s& ?+s1 commonplace 9 !mselves1--9 add+ to :at we are by nature some?+ ( :at we are n2 9 le>n+ to see ourselves z o!rs see u2 9 judg+1 n by op9ion1 b by ! evid5ce ( facts2 9 seek+ out ! society ( sup]ior m9ds2 9 a /udy ( lives & writ+s ( great m52 9 obs]vation ( ! _w & "*2 9 receiv+ k9dly ! natural influ5ce ( diff]5t times ( life2 9 any act or ?\ght :i* is rais$ above ! practice or op9ions ( mank9d2 9 ! pursuit ( "s new or orig9al enquiry2 9 any ef=t ( m9d :i* calls =? "s lat5t p[]4 ,if any "o is desir\s ( c>ry+ out 9 detail ! ,platonic education ( aft]-life1 "s su* c\nsels z ! foll[+ may be (f]$ to him3--,t he %all *oose ! bran* ( k to :i* 8 own m9d mo/ di/9ctly incl9es1 & 9 :i* he takes ! greate/ delight1 ei!r "o :i* seems to connect ) 8 own daily employm5t1 or1 p]haps1 furni%es ! greate/ contra/ to x4 ,he may /udy f ! speculative side ! pr(ession or bus9ess 9 :i* he is practically engag$4 ,he may make ,hom]1 ,dante1 ,%akespe>e1 ,plato1 ,bacon ! fri5ds & companions ( 8 life4 ,he may f9d opportunities ( he>+ ! liv+ voice ( a great tea*]4 ,he may select = enquiry "s po9t ( hi/ory or "s unexpla9$ ph5om5on ( nature4 ,an h\r a day pass$ 9 su* sci5tific or lit]>y pursuits w furni% z _m facts z ! memory c reta91 & w give him 'a pleasure n to be rep5t$ (' 7,timaeus1 #ei ,d74 ,only let him bew>e ( be+ ! slave ( crot*ets1 or ( runn+ aft] a ,w o' ! ,wisp 9 8 ignorance1 or 9 8 vanity ( attribut+ to himself ! gifts ( a poet or assum+ ! air ( a philosoph]4 ,he %\ld "k ! limits ( 8 own p[]s4 ,bett] to build up ! m9d by sl[ additions1 to creep on quietly f "o ?+ to ano!r1 to ga9 ins5sibly new p[]s & new int]e/s 9 k1 ?an to =m va/ s*emes :i* are nev] de/9$ to be realiz$4 ,b p]haps1 z ,plato w\ld say1 ',?is is "p ( ano!r subject' 7,tim4 #hg ,b72 ?\gh we may also def5d our digression by 8 example 7,!aet4 #gb1 #gg74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,we rem>k ) surprise t ! progress ( nations or ccxii ! natural gr[? ( in/itutions :i* fill mod]n treatises on political philosophy seem h>dly ev] to h attract$ ! att5tion ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! anci5ts 7 famili> ) ! mutability ( human affairs2 !y c\ld moralize ov] ! ru9s ( cities & ! fall ( empires 7cp4 ,plato1 ,/atesman #cja1 #cjb1 & ,sulpicius' ,lett] to ,cic]o1 ,ad ,fam4 iv4 #e72 by !m fate & *ance 7 deem$ to be real p[]s1 almo/ p]sons1 & to h _h a great %>e 9 political ev5ts4 ,! wis] ( !m l ,?ucydides believ$ t ':at _h be5 w\ld be aga91' & t a tol]able idea ( ! future c\ld be ga!r$ f ! pa/4 ,also !y _h dreams ( a ,gold5 ,age :i* exi/$ once ^u a "t & might /ill exi/ 9 "s unkn[n l&1 or might return aga9 9 ! remote future4 ,b ! regul> gr[? ( a /ate enlight5$ by exp]i5ce1 progress+ 9 k1 improv+ 9 ! arts1 ( :i* ! citiz5s 7 educat$ by ! fulfilm5t ( political duties1 appe>s nev] to h come )9 ! range ( _! hopes & aspirations4 ,su* a /ate _h nev] be5 se51 & !re=e c\ld n be conceiv$ by !m4 ,_! exp]i5ce 7cp4 ,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 xi4 #ba2 ,plato1 ,laws iii4 #fgf-i7 l$ !m to conclude t !re _h be5 cycles ( civilization 9 :i* ! arts _h be5 discov]$ & lo/ _m times ov]1 & cities _h be5 ov]?r[n & rebuilt aga9 & aga91 & deluges & volcanoes & o!r natural convulsions _h alt]$ ! face ( ! e>?4 ,tradition told !m ( _m de/ructions ( mank9d & ( ! pres]vation ( a remnant4 ,! _w began aga9 aft] a deluge & 0 recon/ruct$ out ( ! fragm5ts ( itself4 ,also !y 7 acqua9t$ ) empires ( unkn[n antiquity1 l ! ,egyptian or ,assyrian2 b !y _h nev] se5 !m gr[1 & c\ld n imag9e1 any m ?an we c1 ! /ate ( man :i* prec$$ !m4 ,!y 7 puzzl$ & awe/rick5 by ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 ( :i* ! =ms1 z ,plato says1 n 9 a figure1 b lit]ally1 7 t5 ?\s& ye>s old 7,laws ii4 #fef ,e71 & !y contra/$ ! antiquity ( ,egypt ) _! own %ort memories4 ,! e>ly leg5ds ( ,hellas h no real connection ) ! lat] hi/ory3 !y are at a di/ance1 & ! int]m$iate region is conceal$ f view2 !re is no road or pa? :i* leads f "o to ! o!r4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,greek hi/ory1 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! temple1 is se5 /&+ fir/ ( all ! figure ( ccxiii ! legislator1 himself ! int]pret] & s]vant ( ! ,god4 ,! fundam5tal laws :i* he gives are n suppos$ to *ange ) "t & circum/ances4 ,! salvation ( ! /ate is held r to dep5d on ! inviolable ma9t5ance ( !m4 ,!y 7 sanction$ by ! au?ority ( heav51 & x 0 deem$ impiety to alt] !m4 ,! desire to ma9ta9 !m unalt]$ seems to be ! orig9 ( :at at fir/ sight is v surpris+ to u--! intol]ant zeal ( ,plato aga9/ innovators 9 religion or politics 7cp4 ,laws x4 #ijg-i72 al?\gh ) a happy inconsi/5cy he is also will+ t ! laws ( o!r c\ntries %\ld be /udi$ & improvem5ts 9 legislation privately communicat$ to ! ,nocturnal ,c\ncil 7,laws xii4 #iea1 #b74 ,! additions :i* 7 made to !m 9 lat] ages 9 ord] to meet ! increas+ complexity ( affairs 7 /ill ascrib$ by a fiction to ! orig9al legislator2 & ! words ( su* enactm5ts at ,a!ns 7 disput$ ov] z if !y _h be5 ! words ( ,solon himself4 ,plato hopes to pres]ve 9 a lat] g5]ation ! m9d ( ! legislator2 he w\ld h 8 citiz5s rema9 )9 ! l9es :i* he has laid d[n = !m4 ,he w\ld n h>ass !m ) m9ute regulations1 he w\ld h all[$ "s *anges 9 ! laws3 b n *anges :i* w\ld affect ! fundam5tal in/itutions ( ! /ate1 su* = example z w\ld conv]t an ari/ocracy into a timocracy1 or a timocracy into a popul> =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,pass+ f speculations to facts1 we obs]ve t progress has be5 ! exception r ?an ! law ( human hi/ory4 ,& !re=e we are n surpris$ to f9d t ! idea ( progress is ( mod]n r ?an ( anci5t date2 &1 l ! idea ( a philosophy ( hi/ory1 is n m ?an a c5tury or two old4 ,x seems to h aris5 out ( ! impression left on ! human m9d by ! gr[? ( ! ,roman ,empire & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & to be due to ! political & social improvem5ts :i* !y introduc$ into ! _w2 & /ill m 9 our own c5tury to ! idealism ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution & ! triumph ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce2 & 9 a yet great] degree to ! va/ mat]ial prosp]ity & gr[? ( population 9 ,engl& & h] colonies & 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is also to be ascrib$ 9 a measure to ! great] /udy ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! optimi/ temp]am5t ( "s great writ]s has ccxiv assi/$ ! creation ( x1 :ile ! opposite "* has l$ a few to reg>d ! future ( ! _w z d>k4 ,! 'spectator ( all "t & ( all exi/5ce' sees m ( '! increas+ purpose :i* ?r\gh ! ages ran' ?an =m]ly3 b to ! inhabitant ( a small /ate ( ,hellas ! vision 0 necess>ily limit$ l ! valley 9 :i* he dwelt4 ,!re 0 no remote pa/ on :i* 8 eye c\ld re/1 nor any future f :i* ! veil 0 p>tly lift$ up by ! analogy ( hi/ory4 ,! n>r[ness ( view1 :i* to ourselves appe>s s s+ul>1 0 to him natural1 if n unavoidable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,= ! relation ( ! ,republic to ! ,/atesman & ! ,laws1 & ! two o!r works ( ,plato :i* directly treat ( politics1 see ! ,introductions to ! two latt]2 a few g5]al po9ts ( comp>ison may be t\*$ ^u 9 ?is place4 ,& fir/ ( ! ,laws4 7#a7 ,! ,republic1 ?\gh probably writt5 at int]vals1 yet speak+ g5]ally & judg+ by ! indications ( ?\ght & /yle1 may be reasonably ascrib$ to ! middle p]iod ( ,plato's life3 ! ,laws are c]ta9ly ! "w ( 8 decl9+ ye>s1 & "s portions ( !m at any rate seem to h be5 writt5 9 extreme old age4 7#b7 ,! ,republic is full ( hope & aspiration3 ! ,laws be> ! /amp ( failure & disappo9tm5t4 ,! "o is a f9i%$ "w :i* receiv$ ! la/ t\*es ( ! au?or3 ! o!r is imp]fectly execut$1 & app>5tly unf9i%$4 ,! "o has ! grace & beauty ( y\?3 ! o!r has lo/ ! poetical =m1 b has m ( ! sev]ity & k ( life :i* is *>act]i/ic ( old age4 7#c7 ,! mo/ conspicu\s defect ( ! ,laws is ! failure ( dramatic p[]1 :]eas ! ,republic is full ( /rik+ contra/s ( ideas & oppositions ( "*4 7#d7 ,! ,laws may be said to h m ! nature ( a s]mon1 ! ,republic ( a poem2 ! "o is m religi\s1 ! o!r m intellectual4 7#e7 ,_m !ories ( ,plato1 su* z ! doctr9e ( ideas1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by philosoph]s1 are n f\nd 9 ! ,laws2 ! immortality ( ! s\l is fir/ m5tion$ 9 xii4 #iei1 #ifg2 ! p]son ( ,socrates has altoge!r disappe>$4 ,! community ( wom5 & *ildr5 is r5\nc$2 ! in/itution ( common or public meals = wom5 7,laws vi4 #gha7 is = ! fir/ "t introduc$ ccxv 7,ar4 ,pol4 ii4 #f1 #e74 7#f7 ,!re rema9s 9 ! ,laws ! old enmity to ! poets 7vii4 #hag71 :o are ironically salut$ 9 high-fl[n t]ms1 &1 at ! same "t1 are p]emptorily ord]$ out ( ! city1 if !y are n will+ to submit _! poems to ! c5sor%ip ( ! magi/rates 7cp4 ,rep4 iii4 #cih74 7#g7 ,?\gh ! "w is 9 mo/ respects inf]ior1 !re are a few passages 9 ! ,laws1 su* z v4 #gbg ff4 7! hon\r due to ! s\l71 viii4 #hce ff4 7! evils ( lic5ti\s or unnatural love71 ! :ole ( ,book x4 7religion71 xi4 #iah ff4 7! di%one/y ( retail trade71 & #ibc ff4 7beque/s71 :i* come m home to u1 & conta9 m ( :at may be t]m$ ! mod]n elem5t 9 ,plato ?an almo/ any?+ 9 ! ,republic4 ,! relation ( ! two works to "o ano!r is v well giv53 7i7 by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,politics 7ii4 #f1 #a-e7 f ! side ( ! ,laws3-- ',! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 objections apply to ,plato's lat] "w1 ! ,laws1 & !re=e we _h bett] exam9e briefly ! con/itution :i* is !re9 describ$4 ,9 ! ,republic1 ,socrates has def9itely settl$ 9 all a few que/ions only2 su* z ! community ( wom5 & *ildr51 ! community ( prop]ty1 & ! con/itution ( ! /ate4 ,! population is divid$ into two classes--"o ( husb&m51 & ! o!r ( w>riors2 f ?is latt] is tak5 a ?ird class ( c\nsellors & rul]s ( ! /ate4 ,b ,socrates has n det]m9$ :e!r ! husb&m5 & arti/s are to h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & :e!r !y too are to c>ry arms & %>e 9 milit>y s]vice or n4 ,he c]ta9ly ?9ks t ! wom5 ought to %>e 9 ! education ( ! gu>dians1 & to fight by _! side4 ,! rema9d] ( ! "w is fill$ up ) digressions =eign to ! ma9 subject1 & ) discussions ab\t ! education ( ! gu>dians4 ,9 ! ,laws !re is h>dly any?+ b laws2 n mu* is said ab\t ! con/itution4 ,?is1 :i* he _h int5d$ to make m ( ! ord9>y type1 he gradually br+s r\nd to ! o!r or ideal =m4 ,= ) ! exception ( ! community ( wom5 & prop]ty1 he supposes ev]y?+ to be ! same 9 bo? /ates2 !re is to be ! same education2 ! citiz5s ( bo? are to live free f s]vile occupations1 & !re are to be common meals 9 bo?4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 ! ,laws ! common meals are ccxvi ext5d$ to wom51 & ! w>riors numb] ab\t #ejjj1 b 9 ! ,republic only #ajjj4' 7ii7 by ,plato 9 ! ,laws 7,book v4 #gci ,b-,e71 f ! side ( ! ,republic3-- ',! fir/ & highe/ =m ( ! /ate & ( ! gov]nm5t & ( ! law is t 9 :i* !re prevails mo/ widely ! anci5t say+ t ,fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common4 ,:e!r !re is n[1 or ev] w be1 ?is communion ( wom5 & *ildr5 & ( prop]ty1 9 :i* ! private & individual is altoge!r bani%$ f life1 & ?+s :i* are by nature private1 su* z eyes & e>s & h&s1 h become common1 & all m5 express praise & blame1 & feel joy & sorr[1 on ! same occasions1 & ! laws unite ! city to ! utmo/1--:e!r all ?is is possible or n1 ,i say t no man1 act+ ^u any o!r pr9ciple1 w ev] con/itute a /ate m exalt$ 9 virtue1 or tru] or bett] ?an ?is4 ,su* a /ate1 :e!r inhabit$ by ,gods or sons ( ,gods1 w make !m bless$ :o dwell !re92 & !re=e to ?is we are to look = ! patt]n ( ! /ate1 & to cl+ to ?is1 &1 z f> z possible1 to seek = "o :i* is l ?is4 ,! /ate :i* we h n[ 9 h&1 :5 creat$1 w be ne>e/ to immortality & unity 9 ! next degree2 & aft] t1 by ! grace ( ,god1 we w complete ! ?ird "o4 ,& we w beg9 by speak+ ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! second4' ,! comp>atively %ort "w call$ ! ,/atesman or ,politicus 9 its /yle & mann] is m ak9 to ! ,laws1 :ile 9 its idealism x r resembles ! ,republic4 ,z f> z we c judge by v>i\s indications ( language & ?\ght1 x mu/ be lat] ?an ! "o & ( c\rse e>li] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 bo? ! ,republic & ,/atesman a close connection is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ,politics & ,dialectic4 ,9 ! ,/atesman1 enquiries into ! pr9ciples ( ,me?od are int]sp]s$ ) discussions ab\t ,politics4 ,! comp>ative advantages ( ! rule ( law & ( a p]son are consid]$1 & ! decision giv5 9 fav\r ( a p]son 7,ari/4 ,pol4 iii4 #ae1 #af74 ,b mu* may be said on ! o!r side1 nor is ! opposition necess>y2 = a p]son may rule by law1 & law may be s appli$ z to be ! liv+ voice ( ! legislator4 ,z 9 ! ,republic1 !re is a my?1 describ+1 h[ev]1 n a future1 b a =m] exi/5ce ( mank9d4 ,! "q is ccxvii ask$1 ',:e!r ! /ate ( innoc5ce :i* is describ$ 9 ! my?1 or a /ate l our own :i* possesses art & sci5ce & di/+ui%es good f evil1 is ! pref]able condition ( man4' ,to ?is "q ( ! comp>ative happ9ess ( civiliz$ & primitive life1 :i* 0 s (t5 discuss$ 9 ! la/ c5tury & 9 our own1 no answ] is giv54 ,! ,/atesman1 ?\gh less p]fect 9 /yle ?an ! ,republic & ( f> less range1 may ju/ly be reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ ( ,plato's dialogues4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi4 ,o!rs z well z ,plato h *os5 an ideal ,republic to be ! vehicle ( ?\ghts :i* !y c\ld n def9itely express1 or :i* w5t beyond _! own age4 ,! classical writ+ :i* approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ! ,republic ( ,plato is ! ',de ,republica' ( ,cic]o2 b nei!r 9 ?is nor 9 any o!r ( 8 dialogues does he rival ! art ( ,plato4 ,! mann]s are clumsy & inf]ior2 ! h& ( ! rhetorician is app>5t at e turn4 ,yet noble s5tim5ts are con/antly recurr+3 ! true note ( ,roman patriotism--',we ,romans are a great p'--res\nds ?r\gh ! :ole "w4 ,l ,socrates1 ,cic]o turns away f ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s to civil & political life4 ,he w\ld r n discuss ! 'two ,suns' ( :i* all ,rome 0 talk+1 :5 he c conv]se ab\t '! two nations 9 "o' :i* _h divid$ ,rome ev] s9ce ! days ( ! ,grac*i4 ,l ,socrates aga91 speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ,scipio1 he is afraid le/ he %\ld assume too mu* ! "* ( a tea*]1 r ?an ( an equal :o is discuss+ among fri5ds ! two sides ( a "q4 ,he w\ld conf9e ! t]ms ,k+ or ,/ate to ! rule ( reason & ju/ice1 & he w n conc$e t title ei!r to a democracy or to a mon>*y4 ,b "u ! rule ( reason & ju/ice he is will+ to include ! natural sup]ior rul+ ov] ! natural inf]ior1 :i* he comp>es to ! s\l rul+ ov] ! body4 ,he pref]s a mixture ( =ms ( gov]nm5t to any s+le "o4 ,! two portraits ( ! j & ! unju/1 :i* occur 9 ! second book ( ! ,republic1 are transf]r$ to ! /ate--,philus1 "o ( ! int]locutors1 ma9ta9+ aga9/ 8 w ! necessity ( inju/ice z a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ! o!r1 ,laelius1 supports ! opposite !sis4 ,8 views ( language & numb] are d]iv$ ccxviii f ,plato2 l him he d5\nces ! drama4 ,he also decl>es t if 8 life 7 to be twice z long he w\ld h no "t to read ! lyric poets4 ,! picture ( democracy is translat$ by him ^w = ^w1 ?\gh he _h h>dly %[n himself able to 'c>ry ! je/' ( ,plato4 ,he conv]ts into a /ately s5t5ce ! humor\s fancy ab\t ! animals1 :o 'are s imbu$ ) ! _s ( democracy t !y make ! pass]s-by get out ( _! way' 7i4 #db74 ,8 description ( ! tyrant is imitat$ f ,plato1 b is f> inf]ior4 ,! second book is hi/orical1 & claims = ! ,roman con/itution 7:i* is to him ! ideal7 a f\ndation ( fact su* z ,plato probably int5d$ to h giv5 to ! ,republic 9 ! ,critias4 ,8 mo/ rem>kable imitation ( ,plato is ! adaptation ( ! vision ( ,er1 :i* is conv]t$ by ,cic]o into ! ',somnium ,scipionis'2 he has 'romaniz$' ! my? ( ! ,republic1 add+ an argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l tak5 f ! ,pha$rus1 & "s o!r t\*es d]iv$ f ! ,pha$o & ! ,timaeus4 ,?\gh a beautiful tale & conta9+ spl5did passages1 ! ',somnium ,scipionis' is v inf]ior to ! vision ( ,er2 x is only a dream1 & h>dly all[s ! read] to suppose t ! writ] believes 9 8 own creation4 ,:e!r 8 dialogues 7 fram$ on ! model ( ! lo/ dialogues ( ,ari/otle1 z he himself tells u1 or ( ,plato1 to :i* !y be> _m sup]ficial resemblances1 he is /ill ! ,roman orator2 he is n conv]s+1 b mak+ spee*es1 & is nev] able to m\ld ! intractable ,lat9 to ! grace & ease ( ! ,greek ,platonic dialogue4 ,b if he is defective 9 =m1 mu* m is he inf]ior to ! ,greek 9 matt]2 he n[h]e 9 8 philosophical writ+s leaves ^u our m9ds ! impression ( an orig9al ?9k]4 ,plato's ,republic has be5 said to be a *ur* & n a /ate2 & su* an ideal ( a city 9 ! heav5s has always hov]$ ov] ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & is embodi$ 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's ',de ,civitate ,dei1' :i* is sugge/$ by ! decay & fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 mu* 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* we may imag9e ! ,republic ( ,plato to h be5 influ5c$ by ! decl9e ( ,greek politics 9 ! writ]'s own age4 ,! diff]5ce is t 9 ! "t ( ,plato ! deg5]acy1 ?\gh c]ta91 0 gradual & ins5sible3 :]eas ! tak+ ( ,rome by ! ,go?s /irr$ l an e>?quake ! age ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,m5 ccxix 7 incl9$ to believe t ! ov]?r[ ( ! city 0 to be ascrib$ to ! ang] felt by ! old ,roman deities at ! neglect ( _! wor%ip4 ,/4 ,augu/9e ma9ta9s ! opposite !sis2 he argues t ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire is due1 n to ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 b to ! vices ( ,paganism4 ,he w&]s ov] ,roman hi/ory1 & ov] ,greek philosophy & my?ology1 & f9ds ev]y:]e crime1 impiety & falsehood4 ,he comp>es ! wor/ p>ts ( ! ,g5tile religions ) ! be/ elem5ts ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 ,he %[s no?+ ( ! _s :i* l$ o!rs ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs to recognize 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s ! p[] ( ! div9e tru?4 ,he traces ! p>allel ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 t is1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 conta9$ 9 _! scriptures1 & ( ! k+doms ( ! _w1 :i* are f\nd 9 g5tile writ]s1 & pursues !m bo? into an ideal future4 ,x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$ t 8 use bo? ( ,greek & ( ,roman hi/orians & ( ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews is :olly uncritical4 ,! hea!n my?ology1 ! ,sybill9e oracles1 ! my?s ( ,plato1 ! dreams ( ,neo-,platoni/s are equally reg>d$ by him z matt] ( fact4 ,he mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be a /rictly polemical or controv]sial writ] :o makes ! be/ ( ev]y?+ on "o side & ! wor/ ( ev]y?+ on ! o!r4 ,he has no sympa?y ) ! old ,roman life z ,plato has ) ,greek life1 nor has he any idea ( ! ecclesia/ical k+dom :i* 0 to arise out ( ! ru9s ( ! ,roman empire4 ,he is n bl9d to ! defects ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & looks =w>d to a "t :5 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan %all be alike br\ght be=e ! judgm5t-seat1 & ! true ,city ( ,god %all appe>4444 ,! "w ( ,/4 ,augu/9e is a curi\s rep]tory ( antiqu>ian le>n+ & quotations1 deeply p5etrat$ ) ,*ri/ian e?ics1 b %[+ little p[] ( reason+1 & a sl5d] k ( ! ,greek lit]ature & language4 ,he 0 a great g5ius1 & a noble "*1 yet h>dly capable ( feel+ or und]/&+ any?+ ext]nal to 8 own !ology4 ,( all ! anci5t philosoph]s he is mo/ attract$ by ,plato1 ?\gh he is v slightly acqua9t$ ) 8 writ+s4 ,he is incl9$ to believe t ! idea ( creation 9 ! ,timaeus is d]iv$ f ! n>rative 9 ,g5esis2 & he is /rangely tak5 ) ! co9cid5ce 787 ( ,plato's say+ t '! philosoph] ccxx is ! lov] ( ,god1' & ! words ( ! ,book ( ,exodus 9 :i* ,god reveals himself to ,moses 7,exod4 iii4 #ad7 ,he dwells at l5g? on miracles p]=m$ 9 8 own day1 ( :i* ! evid5ce is reg>d$ by him z irresi/ible4 ,he speaks 9 a v int]e/+ mann] ( ! beauty & utility ( nature & ( ! human frame1 :i* he conceives to af=d a =eta/e ( ! heav5ly /ate & ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! book is n really :at to mo/ p]sons ! title ( x w\ld imply1 & belongs to an age :i* has pass$ away4 ,b x conta9s _m f9e passages & ?\ghts :i* are = all "t4 ,! %ort treatise de ,mon>*ia ( ,dante is by f> ! mo/ rem>kable ( m$ival ideals1 & be>s ! impress ( ! great g5ius 9 :om ,italy & ! ,middle ,ages are s vividly reflect$4 ,x is ! vision ( an ,univ]sal ,empire1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! natural & necess>y gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 hav+ a div9e au?ority di/9ct f ! ,papacy1 yet coext5sive ) x4 ,x is n '! gho/ ( ! dead ,roman ,empire sitt+ cr[n$ ^u ! grave !re(1' b ! legitimate heir & successor ( x1 ju/ifi$ by ! anci5t virtues ( ! ,romans & ! b5efic5ce ( _! rule4 ,_! "r to be ! gov]nors ( ! _w is also confirm$ by ! te/imony ( miracles1 & ackn[l$g$ by ,/4 ,paul :5 he appeal$ to ,cs>1 & ev5 m emphatically by ,*ri/ ,himself1 ,:o c\ld n h made atonem5t = ! s9s ( m5 if ,he _h n be5 condemn$ by a div9ely au?oriz$ tribunal4 ,! necessity = ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,univ]sal ,empire is prov$ p>tly by a priori argum5ts su* z ! unity ( ,god & ! unity ( ! family or nation2 p>tly by p]v]sions ( ,scripture & hi/ory1 by false analogies ( nature1 by misappli$ quotations f ! classics1 & by odd scraps & commonplaces ( logic1 %[+ a famili> b by no means exact k ( ,ari/otle 7( ,plato !re is none74 ,b a m conv9c+ argum5t /ill is ! mis]able /ate ( ! _w1 :i* he t\*+ly describes4 ,he sees no hope ( happ9ess or peace = mank9d until all nations ( ! e>? are compreh5d$ 9 a s+le empire4 ,! :ole treatise %[s h[ deeply ! idea ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,n mu* argum5t 0 ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! tru? ( a !ory :i* to 8 own ccxxi contempor>ies seem$ s natural & cong5ial4 ,he speaks1 or r prea*es1 f ! po9t ( view1 n ( ! ecclesia/ic1 b ( ! layman1 al?\gh1 z a good ,ca?olic1 he is will+ to ackn[l$ge t 9 c]ta9 respects ! ,empire mu/ submit to ! ,*ur*4 ,! beg9n+ & end ( all 8 noble reflections & ( 8 argum5ts1 good & bad1 is ! aspiration 't 9 ?is little plot ( e>? belong+ to mortal man life may pass 9 fre$om & peace4' ,s inextricably is 8 vision ( ! future b\nd up ) ! beliefs & circum/ances ( 8 own age4 ,! ',utopia' ( ,sir ,?omas ,m is a surpris+ monum5t ( 8 g5ius1 & %[s a rea* ( ?\ght f> beyond 8 contempor>ies4 ,! book 0 writt5 by him at ! age ( ab\t #cd or #ce1 & is full ( ! g5]\s s5tim5ts ( y\?4 ,he br+s ! light ( ,plato to be> ^u ! mis]able /ate ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,liv+ n long aft] ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 & 9 ! dregs ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 he is indignant at ! corruption ( ! cl]gy1 at ! luxury ( ! nobility & g5try1 at ! suff]+s ( ! poor1 at ! calamities caus$ by w>4 ,to ! eye ( ,m ! :ole _w 0 9 dissolution & decay2 & side by side ) ! mis]y & oppression :i* he has describ$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,utopia1 he places 9 ! ,second ,book ! ideal /ate :i* by ! help ( ,plato he _h con/ruct$4 ,! times 7 full ( /ir & intellectual int]e/4 ,! di/ant murmur ( ! ,re=mation 0 beg9n+ to be he>d4 ,to m9ds l ,m's1 ,greek lit]ature 0 a revelation3 !re _h aris5 an art ( int]pretation1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 beg9n+ to be und]/ood z x _h nev] be5 be=e1 & has n (t5 be5 s9ce1 9 its natural s5se4 ,! life !re depict$ appe>$ to him :olly unlike t ( ,*ri/ian commonweal?s1 9 :i* 'he saw no?+ b a c]ta9 conspiracy ( ri* m5 procur+ _! own commodities "u ! "n & title ( ! ,commonweal?4' ,he ?\ght t ,*ri/1 l ,plato1 'in/itut$ all ?+s common1' = :i* reason1 he tells u1 ! citiz5s ( ,utopia 7 ! m will+ to receive 8 doctr9es#e4 ,! community ( ccxxii prop]ty is a fix$ idea ) him1 ?\gh he is aw>e ( ! argum5ts :i* may be urg$ on ! o!r side#f4 ,we wond] h[ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ?\gh veil$ 9 ano!r language & publi%$ 9 a =eign c\ntry1 su* speculations c\ld h be5 endur$4 ,footnote #e3 ',h[beit1 ,i ?9k ?is 0 no small help & fur!rance 9 ! matt]1 t !y he>d u say t ,*ri/ in/itut$ among 81 all ?+s common1 & t ! same community do? yet rema9 9 ! righte/ ,*ri/ian communities' 7,utopia1 ,engli% ,repr9ts1 p4 #add74 ,footnote #f3 ',^! ?+s 7,i say71 :5 ,i consid] ) myself1 ,i hold well ) ,plato1 & d no?+ m>vel t he w\ld make no laws = !m t refus$ ^? laws1 :]eby all m5 %\ld h & enjoy equal portions ( ri*es & commodities4 ,= ! wise m5 did easily =esee ?is to be ! "o & only way to ! weal? ( a community1 if equality ( all ?+s %\ld be br\ght 9 & e/abli%$' 7,utopia1 ,engli% ,repr9ts1 p4 #fg1 #fh74 ,he is gift$ ) f> great] dramatic inv5tion ?an any "o :o succe$$ him1 ) ! exception ( ,swift4 ,9 ! art ( feign+ he is a wor?y disciple ( ,plato4 ,l him1 />t+ f a small portion ( fact1 he f\nds 8 tale ) admirable skill on a few l9es 9 ! ,lat9 n>rative ( ! voyages ( ,am]igo ,vespucci4 ,he is v precise ab\t dates & facts1 & has ! p[] ( mak+ u believe t ! n>rator ( ! tale mu/ h be5 an eyewitness4 ,we are fairly puzzl$ by 8 mann] ( mix+ up real & imag9>y p]sons2 8 boy ,john ,clem5t & ,pet] ,giles1 citiz5 ( ,antw]p1 ) :om he disputes ab\t ! precise words :i* are suppos$ to h be5 us$ by ! 7imag9>y7 ,portuguese travell]1 ,raphael ,hy?loday4 ',i h ! m cause1' says ,hy?loday1 'to fe> t my words %all n be believ$1 = t ,i "k h[ difficultly & h>dly ,i myself w\ld h believ$ ano!r man tell+ ! same1 if ,i _h n myself se5 x ) m9e own eyes4' ,or aga93 ',if y _h be5 ) me 9 ,utopia1 & _h pres5tly se5 _! fa%ions & laws z ,i did :i* liv$ !re five ye>s & m1 & w\ld nev] h come !nce1 b only to make ! new l& kn[n "h1' etc4 ,m greatly regrets t he =got to ask ,hy?loday 9 :at "p ( ! _w ,utopia is situat$2 he 'w\ld h sp5t no small sum ( money r ?an x %\ld h escap$ him1' & he begs ,pet] ,giles to see ,hy?loday or write to him & obta9 an answ] to ! "q4 ,aft] ?is we are n surpris$ to he> t a ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 7p]haps 'a late fam\s vic> ( ,croydon 9 ,surrey1' z ! translator ?9ks7 is desir\s ( be+ s5t ?i!r z a mission>y by ! ,high ,bi%op1 'yea1 & t he may himself be made ,bi%op ( ,utopia1 no?+ d\bt+ t he mu/ obta9 ?is ,bi%opric ) suit2 & he c\nte? t a godly ccxxiii suit :i* proce$e? n ( ! desire ( hon\r or lucre1 b only ( a godly zeal4' ,! design may h fail$ ?r\gh ! disappe>ance ( ,hy?loday1 conc]n+ :om we h 'v unc]ta9 news' aft] 8 dep>ture4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t he _h told ,m & ,giles ! exact situation ( ! isl&1 b un=tunately at ! same mom5t ,m's att5tion1 z he is rem9d$ 9 a lett] f ,giles1 0 drawn (f by a s]vant1 & "o ( ! company f a cold caught on %ipbo>d c\gh$ s l\d z to prev5t ,giles f he>+4 ,& '! secret has p]i%$' ) him2 to ?is day ! place ( ,utopia rema9s unkn[n4 ,! words ( ,pha$rus 7#bge ,b71 ',o ,socrates1 y c easily inv5t ,egyptians or any?+1' are recall$ to our m9d z we read ?is lifelike fiction4 ,yet ! great] m]it ( ! "w is n ! admirable art1 b ! orig9ality ( ?\ght4 ,m is z free z ,plato f ! prejudices ( 8 age1 & f> m tol]ant4 ,! ,utopians d n all[ him :o believes n 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l to %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! /ate 7cp4 ,laws x4 #ijh foll471 'h[beit !y put him to no puni%m5t1 because !y be p]suad$ t x is 9 no man's p[] to believe :at he li/'2 & 'no man is to be blam$ = reason+ 9 support ( 8 own religion#g4' ,9 ! public s]vices 'no pray]s be us$1 b su* z e man may boldly pron\nce )\t giv+ (f5ce to any sect4' ,he says significantly1 ',!re be t give wor%ip to a man t 0 once ( excell5t virtue or ( fam\s glory1 n only z ,god1 b also ! *iefe/ & highe/ ,god4 ,b ! mo/ & ! wise/ "p1 reject+ all ^!1 believe t !re is a c]ta9 godly p[] unkn[n1 f> above ! capacity & rea* ( man's wit1 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 n 9 bigness1 b 9 virtue & p[]4 ,him !y call ! ,fa!r ( all4 ,to ,him alone !y attribute ! beg9n+s1 ! increas+s1 ! proce$+s1 ccxxiv ! *anges1 & ! ends ( all ?+s4 ,nei!r give !y any div9e hon\rs to any o!r ?an him4' ,s f> 0 ,m f %>+ ! popul> beliefs ( 8 "t4 ,yet at ! end he rem9ds u t he does n 9 all respects agree ) ! cu/oms & op9ions ( ! ,utopians :i* he describes4 ,& we %\ld let him h ! b5efit ( ?is sav+ clause1 & n rudely )draw ! veil beh9d :i* he has be5 pleas$ to conceal himself4 ,footnote #g3 ',"o ( our company 9 my pres5ce 0 %>ply puni%$4 ,he1 z soon z he 0 baptis$1 began1 aga9/ our wills1 ) m e>ne/ affection ?an wisdom1 to reason ( ,*ri/'s religion1 & began to wax s hot 9 8 matt]1 t he did n only pref] our religion be=e all o!r1 b also did despise & condemn all o!r1 call+ !m pr(ane1 & ! foll[]s ( !m wick$ & devili%1 & ! *ildr5 ( ev]la/+ damnation4 ,:5 he _h ?us long reason$ ! matt]1 !y laid hold on him1 accus$ him1 & condemn$ him into exile1 n z a despis] ( religion1 b z a s$iti\s p]son & a rais] up ( diss5sion among ! p' 7p4 #ade74 ,nor is he less 9 advance ( popul> op9ion 9 8 political & moral speculations4 ,he w\ld l to br+ milit>y glory into contempt2 he w\ld set all sorts ( idle p to pr(itable occupation1 includ+ 9 ! same class1 prie/s1 wom51 noblem51 g5tlem51 & '/urdy & valiant begg>s1' t ! lab\r ( all may be r$uc$ to six h\rs a day4 ,8 dislike ( capital puni%m5t1 & plans = ! re=mation ( (f5d]s2 8 dete/ation ( prie/s & lawy]s#h2 8 rem>k t 'al?\gh e "o may he> ( rav5\s dogs & wolves & cruel man-eat]s1 x is n easy to f9d /ates t are well & wisely gov]n$1' are curi\sly at v>iance ) ! notions ( 8 age & inde$ ) 8 own life4 ,!re are _m po9ts 9 :i* he %[s a mod]n feel+ & a prophetic insight l ,plato4 ,he is a sanit>y re=m]2 he ma9ta9s t civiliz$ /ates h a "r to ! soil ( wa/e c\ntries2 he is incl9$ to ! op9ion :i* places happ9ess 9 virtu\s pleasures1 b h]e91 z he ?9ks1 n disagree+ f ^? o!r philosoph]s :o def9e virtue to be a life accord+ to nature4 ,he ext5ds ! idea ( happ9ess s z to include ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 & he argues +5i\sly1 ',all m5 agree t we ought to make o!rs happy2 b if o!rs1 h[ mu* m ourselves6' ,& /ill he ?9ks t !re may be a m excell5t way1 b to ?is no man's reason c atta9 unless heav5 %\ld inspire him ) a high] tru?4 ,8 c]emonies be=e m>riage2 8 humane proposal t w> %\ld be c>ri$ on by assass9at+ ! lead]s ( ! enemy1 may be comp>$ to "s ( ! p>adoxes ( ,plato4 ,he has a *>m+ fancy1 l ! aff9ities ( ,greeks & b>b>ians 9 ! ,timaeus1 t ! ,utopians le>nt ! language ( ! ,greeks ) ! m read9ess because !y 7 orig9ally ( ! same race ) !m4 ,he is p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ,plato1 & quotes or adapts _m ccxxv ?\ghts bo? f ! ,republic & f ! ,timaeus4 ,he pref]s public duties to private1 & is some:at impati5t ( ! importunity ( relations4 ,8 citiz5s h no silv] or gold ( _! own1 b are ready en\gh to pay !m to _! m]c5>ies 7cp4 ,rep4 iv4 #dbb1 #dbc74 ,!re is no?+ ( :i* he is m contemptu\s ?an ! love ( money4 ,gold is us$ = fett]s ( crim9als1 & diamonds & pe>ls = *ildr5's necklaces#i4 ,footnote #h3 ,comp>e 8 satirical obs]vation3 ',!y 7! ,utopians7 h prie/s ( exce$+ hol9ess1 & !re=e v few' 7p4 #aej74 ,footnote #i3 ,:5 ! ambassadors came array$ 9 gold & peacocks' fea!rs 'to ! eyes ( all ! ,utopians except v few1 :i* _h be5 9 o!r c\ntries = "s reasonable cause1 all t gorge\sness ( app>el seem$ %ameful & reproa*ful4 ,9 s mu* t !y mo/ rev]5tly salut$ ! vile/ & mo/ abject ( !m = lords--pass+ ov] ! ambassadors !mselves )\t any hon\r1 judg+ !m by _! we>+ ( gold5 *a9s to be bondm54 ,y %\ld h se5 *ildr5 also1 t _h ca/ away _! pe>ls & preci\s /ones1 :5 !y saw ! l /ick+ ^u ! ambassadors' caps1 dig & pu% _! mo!rs "u ! sides1 say+ ?us to !m--,look1 "m1 h[ great a lubb] do? yet we> pe>ls & preci\s /ones1 z ?\gh he 7 a little *ild /ill4 ,b ! "m2 yea & t also 9 good e>ne/3 ,peace1 son1 sai? %e1 ,i ?9k he be "s ( ! ambassadors' fools' 7p4 #ajb74 ,l ,plato he is full ( satirical reflections on gov]nm5ts & pr9ces2 on ! /ate ( ! _w & ( k4 ,! h]o ( 8 disc\rse 7,hy?loday7 is v unwill+ to become a m9i/] ( /ate1 consid]+ t he w\ld lose 8 indep5d5ce & 8 advice w\ld nev] be he$$#aj4 ,he ridicules ! new logic ( 8 "t2 ! ,utopians c\ld nev] be made to und]/& ! doctr9e ( ,second ,int5tions#aa4 ,he is v sev]e on ! sports ( ! g5try2 ! ,utopians c\nt 'hunt+ ! l[e/1 ! vile/1 & ! mo/ abject "p ( but*]y4' ,he quotes ! words ( ! ,republic 9 :i* ! philosoph] is describ$ '/&+ out ( ! way "u a wall until ! driv+ /orm ( sleet & ra9 be ov]pa/1' :i* admit ( a s+ul> application to ,m's own fate2 al?\gh1 writ+ tw5ty ye>s be=e 7ab\t ! ye> #aead71 ccxxvi he c h>dly be suppos$ to h =ese5 ?is4 ,!re is no t\* ( satire :i* /rikes deep] ?an 8 quiet rem>k t ! great] "p ( ! precepts ( ,*ri/ are m at v>iance ) ! lives ( ord9>y ,*ri/ians ?an ! disc\rse ( ,utopia#ab4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cp4 an exquisite passage at p4 #ce1 ( :i* ! conclusion is z foll[s3 ',& v]ily x is naturally giv5 444 suppress$ & end$4' ,footnote #aa3 ',= !y h n devis$ "o ( all ^? rules ( re/rictions1 amplifications1 & suppositions1 v wittily inv5t$ 9 ! small ,logicals1 :i* "h our *ildr5 9 e place d le>n4 ,fur!rmore1 !y 7 nev] yet able to f9d out ! second int5tions2 insomu* t none ( !m all c\ld ev] see man himself 9 common1 z !y call him1 ?\gh he be 7z y "k7 bigg] ?an 0 ev] any giant1 yea1 & po9t$ to ( u ev5 ) our f+]4' ,footnote #ab3 ',& yet ! mo/ "p ( !m is m dissid5t f ! mann]s ( ! _w n[ a days1 ?an my communication 04 ,b prea*]s1 sly & wily m51 foll[+ y\r c\nsel 7z ,i suppose7 because !y saw m5 evil-will+ to frame _! mann]s to ,*ri/'s rule1 !y h wre/$ & wri$ 8 doctr9e1 &1 l a rule ( lead1 h appli$ x to m5's mann]s1 t by "s means at ! lea/ way1 !y might agree toge!r4' ,! ',new ,atlantis' is only a fragm5t1 & f> inf]ior 9 m]it to ! ',utopia4' ,! "w is full ( +5uity1 b want+ 9 creative fancy1 & by no means impresses ! read] ) a s5se ( cr$ibility4 ,9 "s places ,"l ,bacon is *>act]i/ically diff]5t f ,sir ,?omas ,m1 z1 = example1 9 ! ext]nal /ate :i* he attributes to ! gov]nor ( ,solomon's ,h\se1 ^: dress he m9utely describes1 :ile to ,sir ,?omas ,m su* trapp+s appe> simple ridicul\s4 ,yet1 aft] ?is programme ( dress1 ,bacon adds ! beautiful trait1 't he _h a look z ?\gh he piti$ m54' ,sev]al ?+s are borr[$ by him f ! ,timaeus2 b he has injur$ ! unity ( /yle by add+ ?\ghts & passages :i* are tak5 f ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,! ',city ( ! ,sun' writt5 by ,campanella 7#aefh-afci71 a ,dom9ican fri>1 sev]al ye>s aft] ! ',new ,atlantis' ( ,bacon1 has _m resemblances to ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,! citiz5s h wives & *ildr5 9 common2 _! m>riages are ( ! same tempor>y sort1 & are arrang$ by ! magi/rates f "t to "t4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 adopt 8 sy/em ( lots1 b br+ toge!r ! be/ natures1 male & female1 'accord+ to philosophical rules4' ,! infants until two ye>s ( age are br\ght up by _! mo!rs 9 public temples2 & s9ce individuals = ! mo/ "p educate _! *ildr5 badly1 at ! beg9n+ ( _! ?ird ye> !y are committ$ to ! c>e ( ! ,/ate1 & are taught at fir/1 n out ( books1 b f pa9t+s ( all k9ds1 :i* are emblazon$ on ! walls ( ! city4 ,! city has six int]ior circuits ( walls1 & an out] wall :i* is ! sev5?4 ,on ?is out] wall are pa9t$ ! figures ( legislators & philosoph]s1 & ccxxvii on ea* ( ! int]ior walls ! symbols or =ms ( "s "o ( ! sci5ces are del9eat$4 ,! wom5 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 tra9$1 l ! m51 9 w>like & o!r ex]cises2 b !y h two special occupations ( _! own4 ,aft] a battle1 !y & ! boys soo! & relieve ! w\nd$ w>riors2 also !y enc\rage !m ) embraces & pleasant words 7cp4 ,plato1 ,rep4 v4 #dfh74 ,"s elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian or ,ca?olic religion are pres]v$ among !m4 ,! life ( ! ,apo/les is greatly admir$ by ?is p because !y _h all ?+s 9 common2 & ! %ort pray] :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ taught m5 is us$ 9 _! wor%ip4 ,x is a duty ( ! *ief magi/rates to p>don s9s1 & !re=e ! :ole p make secret confession ( !m to ! magi/rates1 & !y to _! *ief1 :o is a sort ( ,rector ,metaphysicus2 & by ?is means he is well in=m$ ( all t is go+ on 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,aft] confession1 absolution is grant$ to ! citiz5s collectively1 b no "o is m5tion$ by "n4 ,!re also exi/s among !m a practice ( p]petual pray]1 p]=m$ by a succession ( prie/s1 :o *ange e h\r4 ,_! religion is a wor%ip ( ,god 9 ,tr9ity1 t is ( ,wisdom1 ,love & ,p[]1 b )\t any di/9ction ( p]sons4 ,!y behold 9 ! sun ! reflection ( ,8 glory2 m]e grav5 images !y reject1 refus+ to fall "u ! 'tyranny' ( idolatry4 ,_m details are giv5 ab\t _! cu/oms ( eat+ & dr9k+1 ab\t _! mode ( dress+1 _! employm5ts1 _! w>s4 ,campanella looks =w>d to a new mode ( education1 :i* is to be a /udy ( nature1 & n ( ,ari/otle4 ,he w\ld n h 8 citiz5s wa/e _! "t 9 ! consid]ation ( :at he calls '! dead signs ( ?+s4' ,he rem>ks t he :o kn[s "o sci5ce only1 does n really "k t "o any m ?an ! re/1 & insi/s /rongly on ! necessity ( a v>iety ( k4 ,m s*ol>s are turn$ out 9 ! ,city ( ! ,sun 9 "o ye> ?an by contempor>y me?ods 9 t5 or fifte54 ,he evid5tly believes1 l ,bacon1 t h5ce=w>d natural sci5ce w play a great "p 9 education1 a hope :i* seems h>dly to h be5 realiz$1 ei!r 9 our own or 9 any =m] age2 at any rate ! fulfilm5t ( x has be5 long def]r$4 ,!re is a good deal ( +5uity & ev5 orig9ality 9 ?is ccxxviii "w1 & a mo/ enlight5$ _s p]vades x4 ,b x has little or no *>m ( /yle1 & falls v f> %ort ( ! ',new ,atlantis' ( ,bacon1 & /ill m ( ! ',utopia' ( ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,x is full ( inconsi/5cies1 & ?\gh borr[$ f ,plato1 %[s b a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) 8 writ+s4 ,x is a "w su* z "o might expect to h be5 writt5 by a philosoph] & man ( g5ius :o 0 also a fri>1 & :o _h sp5t tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( 8 life 9 a prison ( ! ,inquisition4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! book1 common to ,plato & ,sir ,?omas ,m1 is ! deep feel+ :i* is %[n by ! writ]1 ( ! mis]y & ignorance prevail+ among ! l[] classes 9 8 own "t4 ,campanella takes note ( ,ari/otle's answ] to ,plato's community ( prop]ty1 t 9 a society :]e all ?+s are common1 no individual w\ld h any motive to "w 7,ari/4 ,pol4 ii4 #e1 #f73 he replies1 t 8 citiz5s be+ happy & cont5t$ 9 !mselves 7!y are requir$ to "w only f\r h\rs a day71 w h great] reg>d = _! fell[s ?an exi/s among m5 at pres5t4 ,he ?9ks1 l ,plato1 t if he aboli%es private feel+s & int]e/s1 a great public feel+ w take _! place4 ,o!r writ+s on ideal /ates1 su* z ! ',oceana' ( ,h>r+ton1 9 :i* ! ,"l ,ar*on1 mean+ ,cromwell1 is describ$1 n z he 01 b z he ought to h be52 or ! ',arg5is' ( ,b>clay1 :i* is an hi/orical allegory ( 8 own "t1 are too unlike ,plato to be wor? m5tion+4 ,m int]e/+ ?an ei!r ( ^!1 & f> m ,platonic 9 /yle & ?\ght1 is ,sir ,john ,eliot's ',mon>*y ( ,man1' 9 :i* ! prison] ( ! ,t[]1 no long] able 'to be a politician 9 ! l& ( 8 bir?1' turns away f politics to view 't o!r city :i* is )9 him1' & f9ds on ! v ?re%old ( ! grave t ! secret ( human happ9ess is ! ma/]y ( self4 ,! *ange ( gov]nm5t 9 ! "t ( ! ,engli% ,commonweal? set m5 ?9k+ ab\t fir/ pr9ciples1 & gave rise to _m works ( ?is class4444 ,! great orig9al g5ius ( ,swift owes no?+ to ,plato2 nor is !re any trace 9 ! conv]sation or 9 ! works ( ,dr4 ,johnson ( any acqua9tance ) 8 writ+s4 ,he probably w\ld h refut$ ,plato )\t read+ him1 9 ! same fa%ion 9 :i* he suppos$ himself to h refut$ ,bi%op ,b]keley's !ory ( ! non-exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,if we ccxxix except ! s-call$ ,engli% ,platoni/s1 or r ,neo-,platoni/s1 :o nev] und]/ood _! ma/]1 & ! writ+s ( ,col]idge1 :o 0 to "s ext5t a k9dr$ _s1 ,plato has left no p]man5t impression on ,engli% lit]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii4 ,human life & conduct are affect$ by ideals 9 ! same way t !y are affect$ by ! examples ( em95t m54 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r are imm$iately applicable to practice1 b !re is a virtue fl[+ f !m :i* t5ds to raise individuals above ! common r\t9e ( society or trade1 & to elevate ,/ates above ! m]e int]e/s ( comm]ce or ! necessities ( self-def5ce4 ,l ! ideals ( art !y are p>tly fram$ by ! omission ( p>ticul>s2 !y require to be view$ at a c]ta9 di/ance1 & are apt to fade away if we attempt to approa* !m4 ,!y ga9 an imag9>y di/9ctness :5 embodi$ 9 a ,/ate or 9 a sy/em ( philosophy1 b !y /ill rema9 ! visions ( 'a _w unrealiz$4' ,m /rik+ & obvi\s to ! ord9>y m9d are ! examples ( great m51 :o h s]v$ _! own g5]ation & are rememb]$ 9 ano!r4 ,ev5 9 our own family circle !re may h be5 "s "o1 a woman1 or ev5 a *ild1 9 ^: face has %one =? a goodness m ?an human4 ,! ideal !n approa*es ne>] to u1 & we fondly cl+ to x4 ,! ideal ( ! pa/1 :e!r ( our own pa/ lives or ( =m] /ates ( society1 has a s+ul> fasc9ation = ! m9ds ( _m4 ,too late we le>n t su* ideals _c be recall$1 ?\gh ! recollection ( !m may h a humaniz+ influ5ce on o!r times4 ,b ! ab/ractions ( philosophy are to mo/ p]sons cold & vacant2 !y give light )\t w>m?2 !y are l ! full moon 9 ! heav5s :5 !re are no />s appe>+4 ,m5 _c live by ?\ght alone2 ! _w ( s5se is always break+ 9 ^u !m4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to a corn] ( e>?1 & see b a little way beyond _! own home or place ( abode2 !y 'd n lift up _! eyes to ! hills'2 !y are n awake :5 ! dawn appe>s4 ,b 9 ,plato we h rea*$ a height f :i* a man may look into ! di/ance 7,rep4 iv4 #dde ,c7 & behold ! future ( ! _w & ( philosophy4 ,! ideal ( ! ,/ate & ( ! life ( ! philosoph]2 ! ideal ( an education ccxxx cont9u+ ?r\gh life & ext5d+ equally to bo? sexes2 ! ideal ( ! unity & correlation ( k2 ! fai? 9 good & immortality--are ! vacant =ms ( light on :i* ,plato is seek+ to fix ! eye ( mank9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii4 ,two o!r ideals1 :i* nev] appe>$ above ! horizon 9 ,greek ,philosophy1 float be=e ! m9ds ( m5 9 our own day3 "o se5 m cle>ly ?an =m]ly1 z ?\gh ea* ye> & ea* g5]ation br\ght u ne>] to "s great *ange2 ! o!r almo/ 9 ! same degree retir+ f view beh9d ! laws ( nature1 z if oppress$ by !m1 b /ill rema9+ a sil5t hope ( we "k n :at hidd5 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,! fir/ ideal is ! future ( ! human race 9 ?is _w2 ! second ! future ( ! individual 9 ano!r4 ,! fir/ is ! m p]fect realization ( our own pres5t life2 ! second1 ! abnegation ( x3 ! "o1 limit$ by exp]i5ce1 ! o!r1 transc5d+ x4 ,bo? ( !m h be5 & are p[]ful motives ( action2 !re are a few 9 :om !y h tak5 ! place ( all e>?ly int]e/s4 ,! hope ( a future = ! human race at fir/ sight seems to be ! m dis9t]e/$1 ! hope ( individual exi/5ce ! m egoti/ical1 ( ! two motives4 ,b :5 m5 h le>n$ to resolve _! hope ( a future ei!r = !mselves or = ! _w into ! w ( ,god--'n my w b ,?9e1' ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m falls away2 & !y may be all[$ to make ei!r ( !m ! basis ( _! lives1 accord+ to _! own individual "* or temp]am5t4 ,!re is z mu* fai? 9 ! will+ness to "w = an unse5 future 9 ?is _w z 9 ano!r4 ,nei!r is x inconceivable t "s r>e nature may feel 8 duty to ano!r g5]ation1 or to ano!r c5tury1 almo/ z /rongly z to 8 own1 or t liv+ always 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 he may realize ano!r _w z vividly z he does ?is4 ,! greate/ ( all ideals may1 or r mu/ be conceiv$ by u "u similitudes d]iv$ f human qualities2 al?\gh sometimes1 l ! ,jewi% prophets1 we may da% away ^! figures ( spee* & describe ! nature ( ,god only 9 negatives4 ,^! aga9 by degrees acquire a positive mean+4 ,x w\ld be well1 if :5 m$itat+ on ! high] tru?s ei!r ( ccxxxi philosophy or religion1 we sometimes sub/itut$ "o =m ( expression = ano!r1 le/ ?r\gh ! necessities ( language we %\ld become ! slaves ( m]e words4 ,!re is a ?ird ideal1 n ! same1 b ak9 to ^!1 :i* has a place 9 ! home & he>t ( e believ] 9 ! religion ( ,*ri/1 & 9 :i* m5 seem to f9d a ne>] & m famili> tru?1 ! ,div9e man1 ! ,son ( ,man1 ! ,savi\r ( mank9d1 ,:o is ! fir/-born & head ( ! :ole family 9 heav5 & e>?1 9 ,:om ! ,div9e & human1 t :i* is )\t & t :i* is )9 ! range ( our e>?ly faculties1 are indissolubly unit$4 ,nei!r is ?is div9e =m ( goodness :olly sep>able f ! ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* is said 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to be ',8 body1' or at v>iance ) ^? o!r images ( good :i* ,plato sets be=e u4 ,we see ,him 9 a figure only1 & ( figures ( spee* we select b a few1 & ^? ! simple/1 to be ! expression ( ,him4 ,we behold ,him 9 a picture1 b ,he is n !re4 ,we ga!r up ! fragm5ts ( ,8 disc\rses1 b nei!r d !y repres5t ,him z ,he truly 04 ,8 dwell+ is nei!r 9 heav5 nor e>?1 b 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,?is is t image :i* ,plato saw dimly 9 ! di/ance1 :i*1 :5 exi/+ among m51 he call$1 9 ! language ( ,hom]1 '! lik5ess ( ,god' 7,rep4 vi4 #eja ,b71 ! lik5ess ( a nature :i* 9 all ages m5 h felt to be great] & bett] ?an !mselves1 & :i* 9 endless =ms1 :e!r d]iv$ f ,scripture or nature1 f ! witness ( hi/ory or f ! human he>t1 reg>d$ z a p]son or n z a p]son1 ) or )\t p>ts or passions1 exi/+ 9 space or n 9 space1 is & w always cont9ue to be to mank9d ! ,idea ( ,good4 ,,! ,,republic4 ,,book ,i ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,socrates1 :o is ! n>rator4 ,cephalus4 ,glaucon4 ,?rasyma*us4 ,adeimantus4 ,cleitophon4 ,polem>*us4 ,& o!rs :o are mute auditors4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! h\se ( ,cephalus at ! ,piraeus2 & ! :ole dialogue is n>rat$ by ,socrates ! day aft] x actually took place to ,timaeus1 ,h]mocrates1 ,critias1 & a nameless p]son1 :o are introduc$ 9 ! ,timaeus4 99,ed4 ,/eph4 #cbg99 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,i4 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,meet+ ( ,socrates & ,glaucon ) ,polem>*us at ! ,b5didean fe/ival4 ,i w5t d[n ye/]day to ! ,piraeus ) ,glaucon ! son ( ,ari/on1 t ,i might (f] up my pray]s to ! goddess#a2 & also because ,i want$ to see 9 :at mann] !y w\ld celebrate ! fe/ival1 :i* 0 a new ?+4 ,i 0 delight$ ) ! procession ( ! inhabitants2 b t ( ! ,?racians 0 equally1 if n m1 beautiful4 99#cbg;,b99 ,:5 we _h f9i%$ our pray]s & view$ ! spectacle1 we turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! city2 & at t in/ant ,polem>*us ! son ( ,cephalus *anc$ to cat* sight ( u f a di/ance z we 7 />t+ on our way home1 & told 8 s]vant to run & bid u wait = him4 ,! s]vant took hold ( me by ! cloak beh9d1 & said3 ,polem>*us desires y to wait4 ,footnote #a3 ,b5dis1 ! ,?racian ,artemis4 ,i turn$ r\nd1 & ask$ him :]e 8 ma/] 04 ,!re he is1 said ! y\?1 com+ aft] y1 if y w only wait4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,polem>*us1 ,glaucon1 ,adeimantus1 ,cephalus4 #b 99#cbg;,c99 ,c]ta9ly we w1 said ,glaucon2 & 9 a few m9utes ,polem>*us appe>$1 & ) him ,adeimantus1 ,glaucon's bro!r1 ,nic]atus ! son ( ,nicias1 & sev]al o!rs :o _h be5 at ! procession4 ,polem>*us said to me3 ,i p]ceive1 ,socrates1 t y & y\r companion are already on y\r way to ! city4 ,y are n f> wrong1 ,i said4 ,b d y see1 he rejo9$1 h[ _m we are8 ,( c\rse4 ,& are y /rong] ?an all ^!8 = if n1 y w h to rema9 :]e y are4 ,may !re n be ! alt]native1 ,i said1 t we may p]suade y to let u g8 ,b c y p]suade u1 if we refuse to li/5 to y8 he said4 ,c]ta9ly n1 repli$ ,glaucon4 ,!n we are n go+ to li/52 ( t y may be assur$4 99#cbh;,a99 ,sid5ote3 ,! eque/rian tor*-race4 ,adeimantus add$3 ,has no "o told y ( ! tor*-race on horseback 9 hon\r ( ! goddess :i* w take place 9 ! ev5+8 ,) horses6 ,i repli$3 ,t is a novelty4 ,w horsem5 c>ry tor*es & pass !m "o to ano!r dur+ ! race8 ,yes1 said ,polem>*us1 & n only s1 b a fe/ival w be celebrat$ at night1 :i* y c]ta9ly ought to see4 ,let u rise soon aft] supp] & see ?is fe/ival2 !re w be a ga!r+ ( "y m51 & we w h a good talk4 99#cbh;,b99 ,/ay !n1 & d n be p]v]se4 ,glaucon said3 ,i suppose1 s9ce y insi/1 t we mu/4 ,v good1 ,i repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ga!r+ ( fri5ds at ! h\se ( ,cephalus4 ,accord+ly we w5t ) ,polem>*us to 8 h\se2 & !re we f\nd 8 bro!rs ,lysias & ,eu?ydemus1 & ) !m ,?rasyma*us ! ,*alc$onian1 ,*>mantides ! ,paeanian1 & ,cleitophon ! son ( ,ari/onymus4 ,!re too 0 ,cephalus ! fa!r ( ,polem>*us1 :om ,i _h n se5 = a long "t1 & ,i ?\ght him v mu* ag$4 99#cbh;,c99 ,he 0 seat$ on a cu%ion$ *air1 & _h a g>l& on 8 head1 = he _h be5 sacrific+ 9 ! c\rt2 & !re 7 "s o!r *airs 9 ! room arrang$ 9 a semicircle1 #c ^u :i* we sat d[n by him4 ,he salut$ me eag]ly1 & !n he said3-- ,sid5ote3 ,cephalus1 ,socrates4 ,y don't come to see me1 ,socrates1 z (t5 z y ought3 ,if ,i 7 /ill able to g & see y ,i w\ld n ask y to come to me4 ,b at my age ,i c h>dly get to ! city1 & !re=e y %\ld come (t5] to ! ,piraeus4 99#cbh;,d99 ,= let me tell y1 t ! m ! pleasures ( ! body fade away1 ! great] to me is ! pleasure & *>m ( conv]sation4 ,d n !n d5y my reque/1 b make our h\se y\r resort & keep company ) ^! "y m52 we are old fri5ds1 & y w be q at home ) u4 ,i repli$3 ,!re is no?+ :i* = my "p ,i l bett]1 ,cephalus1 ?an conv]s+ ) ag$ m52 99#cbh;,e99 = ,i reg>d !m z travell]s :o h gone a j\rney :i* ,i too may h to g1 & ( :om ,i ought to enquire1 :e!r ! way is smoo? & easy1 or rugg$ & difficult4 ,& ?is is a "q :i* ,i %\ld l to ask ( y :o h arriv$ at t "t :i* ! poets call ! '?re%old ( old age'--,is life h>d] t[>ds ! end1 or :at report d y give ( x8 99#cbi;,a99 ,sid5ote3 ,old age is n to blame = ! tr\bles ( old m54 ,sid5ote3 ,! excell5t say+ ( ,sophocles4 ,i w tell y1 ,socrates1 he said1 :at my own feel+ is4 ,m5 ( my age flock toge!r2 we are birds ( a fea!r1 z ! old prov]b says2 & at our meet+s ! tale ( my acqua9tance commonly is--,i _c eat1 ,i _c dr9k2 ! pleasures ( y\? & love are fl$ away3 !re 0 a good "t once1 b n[ t is gone1 & life is no long] life4 99#cbi;,b99 ,"s compla9 ( ! slights :i* are put ^u !m by relations1 & !y w tell y sadly ( h[ _m evils _! old age is ! cause4 ,b to me1 ,socrates1 ^! compla9]s seem to blame t :i* is n really 9 fault4 ,= if old age 7 ! cause1 ,i too be+ old1 & e o!r old man1 w\ld h felt z !y d4 ,b ?is is n my own exp]i5ce1 nor t ( o!rs :om ,i h kn[n4 ,h[ well ,i rememb] ! ag$ poet ,sophocles1 :5 9 answ] to ! "q1 99#cbi;,c99 ,h[ does love suit ) age1 ,sophocles1--are y /ill ! man y 78 ,peace1 he repli$2 mo/ gladly h ,i escap$ ! ?+ ( :i* y speak2 ,i feel z if ,i _h escap$ f a mad & furi\s ma/]4 ,8 words h (t5 occurr$ to my m9d s9ce1 & !y seem z good to me n[ z at ! "t :5 he utt]$ !m4 #d ,= c]ta9ly old age has a great s5se ( calm & fre$om2 :5 ! passions relax _! hold1 !n1 z ,sophocles says1 99#cbi;,d99 we are fre$ f ! grasp n ( "o mad ma/] only1 b ( _m4 ,! tru? is1 ,socrates1 t ^! regrets1 & also ! compla9ts ab\t relations1 are to be attribut$ to ! same cause1 :i* is n old age1 b m5's *>act]s & temp]s2 = he :o is ( a calm & happy nature w h>dly feel ! pressure ( age1 b to him :o is ( an opposite disposition y\? & age are equally a burd54 ,sid5ote3 ,x is admitt$ t ! old1 if !y are to be com=table1 mu/ h a fair %>e ( ext]nal goods2 nei!r virtue alone nor ri*es alone c make an old man happy4 ,i li/5$ 9 admiration1 & want+ to draw him out1 t he might g on-- 99#cbi;,e99 ,yes1 ,cephalus1 ,i said3 b ,i r suspect t p 9 g5]al are n conv9c$ by y :5 y speak ?us2 !y ?9k t old age sits lightly ^u y1 n because ( y\r happy disposition1 b because y are ri*1 & weal? is well kn[n to be a great com=t]4 ,y are "r1 he repli$2 !y are n conv9c$3 & !re is some?+ 9 :at !y say2 n1 h[ev]1 s mu* z !y imag9e4 ,i might answ] !m z ,!mi/ocles answ]$ ! ,s]iphian :o 0 abus+ him & say+ t he 0 fam\s1 n = 8 own m]its b because he 99#ccj;,a99 0 an ,a!nian3 ',if y _h be5 a native ( my c\ntry or ,i ( y\rs1 nei!r ( u w\ld h be5 fam\s4' ,& to ^? :o are n ri* & are impati5t ( old age1 ! same reply may be made2 = to ! good poor man old age _c be a light burd51 nor c a bad ri* man ev] h peace ) himself4 ,may ,i ask1 ,cephalus1 :e!r y\r =tune 0 = ! mo/ "p inh]it$ or acquir$ by y8 ,sid5ote3 ,cephalus has inh]it$ r ?an made a =tune2 he is !re=e indiff]5t to money4 ,acquir$6 99#ccj;,b99 ,socrates2 d y want to "k h[ mu* ,i acquir$8 ,9 ! art ( mak+ money ,i h be5 midway betwe5 my fa!r & gr&fa!r3 = my gr&fa!r1 ^: "n ,i be>1 d\bl$ & trebl$ ! value ( 8 patrimony1 t :i* he inh]it$ be+ mu* :at ,i possess n[2 b my fa!r ,lysanias r$uc$ ! prop]ty bel[ :at x is at pres5t3 & ,i %all be satisfi$ if ,i leave to ^! my sons n less b a little m ?an ,i receiv$4 ,t 0 :y ,i ask$ y ! "q1 ,i repli$1 because ,i see t y are indiff]5t ab\t money1 99#ccj;,c99 :i* is a *>act]i/ic r ( ^? :o h inh]it$ _! =tunes ?an ( ^? :o h acquir$ !m2 ! mak]s #e ( =tunes h a second love ( money z a creation ( _! own1 resembl+ ! affection ( au?ors = _! own poems1 or ( p>5ts = _! *ildr51 besides t natural love ( x = ! sake ( use & pr(it :i* is common to !m & all m54 ,& h5ce !y are v bad company1 = !y c talk ab\t no?+ b ! praises ( weal?4 ,t is true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! advantages ( weal?4 99#ccj;,d99 ,yes1 t is v true1 b may ,i ask ano!r "q8--,:at d y consid] to be ! greate/ bless+ :i* y h reap$ f y\r weal?8 ,sid5ote3 ,! fe> ( dea? & ! consci\sness ( s9 become m vivid 9 old age2 & to be ri* frees a man f _m temptations4 ,"o1 he said1 ( :i* ,i c\ld n expect easily to conv9ce o!rs4 ,= let me tell y1 ,socrates1 t :5 a man ?9ks himself to be ne> dea?1 fe>s & c>es ent] into 8 m9d :i* he nev] _h be=e2 ! tales ( a _w bel[ & ! puni%m5t :i* is exact$ !re ( de$s done "h 7 once a laugh+ matt] to him1 99#ccj;,e99 b n[ he is torm5t$ ) ! ?\ght t !y may be true3 ei!r f ! weakness ( age1 or because he is n[ draw+ ne>] to t o!r place1 he has a cle>] view ( ^! ?+s2 suspicions & al>ms cr[d ?ickly ^u him1 & he beg9s to reflect & consid] :at wrongs he has done to o!rs4 ,& :5 he f9ds t ! sum ( 8 transgressions is great he w _m a "t l a *ild />t up 9 8 sleep = fe>1 & he is fill$ ) d>k =ebod+s4 ,b 99#cca;,a99 to him :o is consci\s ( no s91 sweet hope1 z ,p9d> *>m+ly says1 is ! k9d nurse ( 8 age3 ,sid5ote3 ,! admirable /ra9 ( ,p9d>4 ',hope1' he says1 '*]i%es ! s\l ( him :o lives 9 ju/ice & hol9ess1 & is ! nurse ( 8 age & ! companion ( 8 j\rney2--hope :i* is mightie/ to sway ! re/less s\l ( man4' ,h[ admirable are 8 words6 ,& ! great bless+ ( ri*es1 99#cca;,b99 ,i d n say to e man1 b to a good man1 is1 t he has _h no occasion to deceive or to defraud o!rs1 ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally2 & :5 he dep>ts to ! _w bel[ he is n 9 any appreh5sion ab\t (f]+s due to ! gods or debts :i* he owes to m54 ,n[ to ?is peace ( m9d ! possession ( weal? greatly contributes2 & !re=e ,i say1 t1 sett+ "o ?+ aga9/ ano!r1 ( ! _m advantages :i* weal? has to give1 to a man ( s5se ?is is 9 my op9ion ! greate/4 #f ,sid5ote3 ,cephalus1 ,socrates1 ,polem>*us4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice to speak tru? & pay y\r debts4 99#cca;,c99 ,well said1 ,cephalus1 ,i repli$2 b z conc]n+ ju/ice1 :at is x8--to speak ! tru? & to pay y\r debts--no m ?an ?is8 ,& ev5 to ?is are !re n exceptions8 ,suppose t a fri5d :5 9 8 "r m9d has deposit$ arms ) me & he asks = !m :5 he is n 9 8 "r m9d1 ought ,i to give !m back to him8 ,no "o w\ld say t ,i ought or t ,i %\ld be "r 9 do+ s1 any m ?an !y w\ld say t ,i ought always to speak ! tru? to "o :o is 9 8 condition4 99#cca;,d99 ,y are q "r1 he repli$4 ,b !n1 ,i said1 speak+ ! tru? & pay+ y\r debts is n a correct def9ition ( ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is is ! def9ition ( ,simonides4 ,b y ought n on all occasions to d ei!r4 ,:at !n 0 8 mean+8 ,q correct1 ,socrates1 if ,simonides is to be believ$1 said ,polem>*us int]pos+4 ,i fe>1 said ,cephalus1 t ,i mu/ g n[1 = ,i h to look aft] ! sacrifices1 & ,i h& ov] ! argum5t to ,polem>*us & ! company4 ,is n ,polem>*us y\r heir8 ,i said4 ,to be sure1 he answ]$1 & w5t away laugh+ to ! sacrifices4 99#cca;,e99 ,tell me !n1 ,o ?\ heir ( ! argum5t1 :at did ,simonides say1 & accord+ to y truly say1 ab\t ju/ice8 ,he said t ! repaym5t ( a debt is j1 & 9 say+ s he appe>s to me to be "r4 ,i %\ld be sorry to d\bt ! ^w ( su* a wise & inspir$ man1 b 8 mean+1 ?\gh probably cle> to y1 is ! rev]se ( cle> to me4 ,= he c]ta9ly does n mean1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 t ,i ought to return a deposit ( arms or ( any?+ else to "o :o asks = x 99#ccb;,a99 :5 he is n 9 8 "r s5ses2 & yet a deposit _c be d5i$ to be a debt4 ,true4 ,!n :5 ! p]son :o asks me is n 9 8 "r m9d ,i am by no means to make ! return8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,:5 ,simonides said t ! repaym5t ( a debt 0 ju/ice1 he did n mean to include t case8 ,c]ta9ly n2 = he ?9ks t a fri5d ought always to d good to a fri5d & nev] evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,polem>*us4 99#ccb;,b99 ,y mean t ! return ( a deposit ( gold :i* is to ! injury ( ! receiv]1 if ! two p>ties are fri5ds1 is n ! repaym5t ( a debt1--t is :at y w\ld imag9e him to say8 ,yes4 ,& are enemies also to receive :at we owe to !m8 ,to be sure1 he said1 !y are to receive :at we owe !m1 & an enemy1 z ,i take x1 owes to an enemy t :i* is due or prop] to him--t is to say1 evil4 #g ,simonides1 !n1 aft] ! mann] ( poets1 w\ld seem to h spok5 d>kly ( ! nature ( ju/ice2 99#ccb;,c99 = he really meant to say t ju/ice is ! giv+ to ea* man :at is prop] to him1 & ?is he t]m$ a debt4 ,t mu/ h be5 8 mean+1 he said4 ,by heav56 ,i repli$2 & if we ask$ him :at due or prop] ?+ is giv5 by m$ic9e1 & to :om1 :at answ] d y ?9k t he w\ld make to u8 ,he w\ld surely reply t m$ic9e gives drugs & meat & dr9k to human bodies4 ,& :at due or prop] ?+ is giv5 by cook]y1 & to :at8 99#ccb;,d99 ,season+ to food4 ,& :at is t :i* ju/ice gives1 & to :om8 ,if1 ,socrates1 we are to be guid$ at all by ! analogy ( ! prec$+ in/ances1 !n ju/ice is ! art :i* gives good to fri5ds & evil to enemies4 ,t is 8 mean+ !n8 ,i ?9k s4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,& :o is be/ able to d good to 8 fri5ds & evil to 8 enemies 9 "t ( sickness8 ,! physician4 99#ccb;,e99 ,or :5 !y are on a voyage1 amid ! p]ils ( ! sea8 ,! pilot4 ,& 9 :at sort ( actions or ) a view to :at result is ! j man mo/ able to d h>m to 8 enemy & good to 8 fri5d8 ,9 go+ to w> aga9/ ! "o & 9 mak+ alliances ) ! o!r4 ,b :5 a man is well1 my de> ,polem>*us1 !re is no ne$ ( a physician8 #h ,no4 ,& he :o is n on a voyage has no ne$ ( a pilot8 ,no4 ,!n 9 "t ( peace ju/ice w be ( no use8 ,i am v f> f ?9k+ s4 99#ccc;,a99 ,y ?9k t ju/ice may be ( use 9 peace z well z 9 w>8 ,yes4 ,l husb&ry = ! acquisition ( corn8 ,yes4 ,or l %oemak+ = ! acquisition ( %oes1--t is :at y mean8 ,yes4 ,& :at simil> use or p[] ( acquisition has ju/ice 9 "t ( peace8 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice is useful 9 contracts1 ,9 contracts1 ,socrates1 ju/ice is ( use4 ,& by contracts y mean p>tn]%ips8 ,exactly4 99#ccc;,b99 ,b is ! j man or ! skilful play] a m useful & bett] p>tn] at a game ( draughts8 ,! skilful play]4 ,& 9 ! lay+ ( bricks & /ones is ! j man a m useful or bett] p>tn] ?an ! build]8 ,q ! rev]se4 ,!n 9 :at sort ( p>tn]%ip is ! j man a bett] p>tn] ?an ! h>p-play]1 z 9 play+ ! h>p ! h>p-play] is c]ta9ly a bett] p>tn] ?an ! j man8 ,9 a money p>tn]%ip4 ,yes1 ,polem>*us1 b surely n 9 ! use ( money2 = y d n want a j man to be y\r c\nsellor 9 ! pur*ase or sale ( a horse2 a man :o is kn[+ ab\t 99#ccc;,c99 horses w\ld be bett] = t1 w\ld he n8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :5 y want to buy a %ip1 ! %ipwright or ! pilot w\ld be bett]8 ,true4 ,!n :at is t jo9t use ( silv] or gold 9 :i* ! j man is to be pref]r$8 ,sid5ote3 especially 9 ! safe-keep+ ( deposits4 ,:5 y want a deposit to be kept safely4 ,y mean :5 money is n want$1 b all[$ to lie8 #i ,precisely4 ,sid5ote3 ,b n 9 ! use ( money3 & if s1 ju/ice is only useful :5 money or any?+ else is useless4 ,t is to say1 ju/ice is useful :5 money is useless8 99#ccc;,d99 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,& :5 y want to keep a prun+-hook safe1 !n ju/ice is useful to ! individual & to ! /ate2 b :5 y want to use x1 !n ! art ( ! v9e-dress]8 ,cle>ly4 ,& :5 y want to keep a %ield or a lyre1 & n to use !m1 y w\ld say t ju/ice is useful2 b :5 y want to use !m1 !n ! art ( ! soldi] or ( ! musician8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& s ( all o!r ?+s2--ju/ice is useful :5 !y are useless1 & useless :5 !y are useful8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 99#ccc;,e99 ,!n ju/ice is n good = mu*4 ,b let u consid] ?is fur!r po9t3 ,is n he :o c be/ /rike a bl[ 9 a box+ mat* or 9 any k9d ( fight+ be/ able to w>d (f a bl[8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& he :o is mo/ skilful 9 prev5t+ or escap+#b f a disease is be/ able to create "o8 ,footnote #b3 ,read+ ,greek3 phula_/xa/hai kai la!in1 7outos1 ktl4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,a new po9t ( view3 ,is n he :o is be/ able to d good be/ able to d evil8 ,& he is ! be/ gu>d ( a camp :o is be/ able to 99#ccd;,a99 /eal a m>* ^u ! enemy8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n he :o is a good keep] ( any?+ is also a good ?ief8 ,t1 ,i suppose1 is to be inf]r$4 ,!n if ! j man is good at keep+ money1 he is good at /eal+ x4 ,t is impli$ 9 ! argum5t4 ,!n aft] all ! j man has turn$ out to be a ?ief4 ,& ?is is a lesson :i* ,i suspect y mu/ h le>nt out ( ,hom]2 99#ccd;,b99 = he1 speak+ ( ,autolycus1 ! mat]nal gr&fa!r ( ,odysseus1 :o is a fav\rite ( 81 affirms t ',he 0 excell5t above all m5 9 !ft & p]jury4' ,& s1 y & ,hom] & ,simonides are agre$ t #aj ju/ice is an art ( !ft2 to be practis$ h[ev] '= ! good ( fri5ds & = ! h>m ( enemies1'--t 0 :at y 7 say+8 ,no1 c]ta9ly n t1 ?\gh ,i d n n[ "k :at ,i did say2 b ,i /ill /& by ! latt] words4 99#ccd;,c99 ,well1 !re is ano!r "q3 ,by fri5ds & enemies d we mean ^? :o are s really1 or only 9 seem+8 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice an art ( !ft to be practis$ = ! good ( fri5ds & ! h>m ( enemies4 ,b :o are fri5ds & enemies8 ,surely1 he said1 a man may be expect$ to love ^? :om he ?9ks good1 & to hate ^? :om he ?9ks evil4 ,yes1 b d n p]sons (t5 err ab\t good & evil3 _m :o are n good seem to be s1 & conv]sely8 ,t is true4 ,!n to !m ! good w be enemies & ! evil w be _! fri5ds8 ,true4 ,& 9 t case !y w be "r 9 do+ good to ! evil & 99#ccd;,d99 evil to ! good8 ,cle>ly4 ,b ! good are j & w\ld n d an inju/ice8 ,true4 ,!n accord+ to y\r argum5t x is j to injure ^? :o d no wrong8 ,nay1 ,socrates2 ! doctr9e is immoral4 ,!n ,i suppose t we ought to d good to ! j & h>m to ! unju/8 ,i l t bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,mi/akes w sometimes happ54 ,b see ! consequ5ce3--,_m a man :o is ignorant ( human nature has fri5ds :o are bad fri5ds1 99#ccd;,e99 & 9 t case he ought to d h>m to !m2 & he has good enemies :om he ought to b5efit2 b1 if s1 we %all be say+ ! v opposite ( t :i* we affirm$ to be ! mean+ ( ,simonides4 ,v true1 he said3 & ,i ?9k t we _h bett] correct an error into :i* we seem to h fall5 9 ! use ( ! words 'fri5d' & 'enemy4' ,:at 0 ! error1 ,polem>*us8 ,i ask$4 ,we assum$ t he is a fri5d :o seems to be or :o is ?\ght good4 ,sid5ote3 ,correction ( ! def9ition4 ,& h[ is ! error to be correct$8 ,sid5ote3 ,to appe>ance we mu/ add reality4 ,he is a fri5d :o 'is' z well z 'seems' good1 ,& we %\ld d good to our good fri5ds & h>m to our bad enemies4 ,we %\ld r say t he is a fri5d :o is1 z well z #aa seems1 good2 99#cce;,a99 & t he :o seems only1 & is n good1 only seems to be & is n a fri5d2 & ( an enemy ! same may be said4 ,y w\ld argue t ! good are our fri5ds & ! bad our enemies8 ,yes4 ,& in/ead ( say+ simply z we did at fir/1 t x is j to d good to our fri5ds & h>m to our enemies1 we %\ld fur!r say3 ,x is j to d good to our fri5ds :5 !y are good & h>m to our enemies :5 !y are evil8 99#cce;,b99 ,yes1 t appe>s to me to be ! tru?4 ,b ought ! j to injure any "o at all8 ,und\bt$ly he ought to injure ^? :o are bo? wick$ & 8 enemies4 ,sid5ote3 ,to h>m m5 is to injure !m2 & to injure !m is to make !m unju/4 ,b ju/ice _c produce inju/ice4 ,:5 horses are injur$1 are !y improv$ or det]iorat$8 ,! latt]4 ,det]iorat$1 t is to say1 9 ! good qualities ( horses1 n ( dogs8 ,yes1 ( horses4 ,& dogs are det]iorat$ 9 ! good qualities ( dogs1 & n ( horses8 ,( c\rse4 99#cce;,c99 ,& w n m5 :o are injur$ be det]iorat$ 9 t :i* is ! prop] virtue ( man8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t human virtue is ju/ice8 ,to be sure4 ,!n m5 :o are injur$ are ( necessity made unju/8 ,t is ! result4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,b c ! musician by 8 art make m5 unmusical8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or ! horseman by 8 art make !m bad horsem58 ,impossible4 ,& c ! j by ju/ice make m5 unju/1 or speak+ 99#cce;,d99 g5]ally1 c ! good by virtue make !m bad8 ,assur$ly n4 ,any m ?an heat c produce cold8 ,x _c4 ,or dr\ght moi/ure8 #ab ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,polem>*us1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,cle>ly n4 ,nor c ! good h>m any "o8 ,impossible4 ,& ! j is ! good8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n to injure a fri5d or any "o else is n ! act ( a j man1 b ( ! opposite1 :o is ! unju/8 ,i ?9k t :at y say is q true1 ,socrates4 99#cce;,e99 ,!n if a man says t ju/ice consi/s 9 ! repaym5t ( debts1 & t good is ! debt :i* a j man owes to 8 fri5ds1 & evil ! debt :i* he owes to 8 enemies1--to say ?is is n wise2 = x is n true1 if1 z has be5 cle>ly %[n1 ! injur+ ( ano!r c be 9 no case j4 ,i agree ) y1 said ,polem>*us4 ,sid5ote3 ,! say+ h[ev] expla9$ is n to be attribut$ to any good or wise man4 ,!n y & ,i are prep>$ to take up arms aga9/ any "o :o attributes su* a say+ to ,simonides or ,bias or ,pittacus1 or any o!r wise man or se]8 ,i am q ready to d battle at y\r side1 he said4 99#ccf;,a99 ,%all ,i tell y ^: ,i believe ! say+ to be8 ,^:8 ,i believe t ,p]i&] or ,p]diccas or ,x]xes or ,ism5ias ! ,!ban1 or "s o!r ri* & mighty man1 :o _h a great op9ion ( 8 own p[]1 0 ! fir/ to say t ju/ice is 'do+ good to y\r fri5ds & h>m to y\r enemies4' ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b if ?is def9ition ( ju/ice also breaks d[n1 :at o!r c be (f]$8 ,sid5ote3 ,! brutality ( ,?rasyma*us4 99#ccf;,b99 ,sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ,?rasyma*us _h made an attempt to get ! argum5t into 8 own h&s1 & _h be5 put d[n by ! re/ ( ! company1 :o want$ to he> ! end4 ,b :5 ,polem>*us & ,i _h done speak+ & !re 0 a pause1 he c\ld no long] hold 8 peace2 &1 ga!r+ himself up1 he came at u l a wild bea/1 seek+ to dev\r u4 ,we 7 q panic-/rick5 at ! sight ( him4 ,he ro>$ out to ! :ole company3 ,:at folly1 ,socrates1 has tak5 possession ( y all8 99#ccf;,c99 ,& :y1 sillybillies1 d y knock "u to "o ano!r8 ,i say t if y want really to "k :at ju/ice is1 y %\ld n only ask b #ac answ]1 & y %\ld n seek hon\r to y\rself f ! refutation ( an oppon5t1 b h y\r own answ]2 = !re is _m a "o :o c ask & _c answ]4 99#ccf;,d99 ,& n[ ,i w n h y say t ju/ice is duty or advantage or pr(it or ga9 or int]e/1 = ?is sort ( nons5se w n d = me2 ,i mu/ h cle>ness & accuracy4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,i 0 panic-/rick5 at 8 words1 & c\ld n look at him )\t trembl+4 ,inde$ ,i believe t if ,i _h n fix$ my eye ^u him1 ,i %\ld h be5 /ruck dumb3 b :5 ,i saw 8 fury ris+1 ,i look$ at him fir/1 & 0 99#ccf;,e99 !re=e able to reply to him4 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said1 ) a quiv]1 don't be h>d ^u u4 ,polem>*us & ,i may h be5 guilty ( a little mi/ake 9 ! argum5t1 b ,i c assure y t ! error 0 n int5tional4 ,if we 7 seek+ = a piece ( gold1 y w\ld n imag9e t we 7 'knock+ "u to "o ano!r1' & s los+ our *ance ( f9d+ x4 ,& :y1 :5 we are seek+ = ju/ice1 a ?+ m preci\s ?an _m pieces ( gold1 d y say t we are weakly yield+ to "o ano!r & n do+ our utmo/ to get at ! tru?8 ,nay1 my good fri5d1 we are mo/ will+ & anxi\s to d s1 b ! fact is t we _c4 ,& if s1 y p :o "k all ?+s %\ld pity u & n be angry ) u4 99#ccg;,a99 ,h[ *>act]i/ic ( ,socrates6 he repli$1 ) a bitt] laugh2 --t's y\r ironical /yle6 ,did ,i n =esee--h ,i n already told y1 t :atev] he 0 ask$ he w\ld refuse to answ]1 & try irony or any o!r %uffle1 9 ord] t he might avoid answ]+8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates _c give any answ] if all true answ]s are exclud$4 ,sid5ote3 ,?rasyma*us is assail$ ) 8 own weapons4 ,y are a philosoph]1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i repli$1 & well "k t if y ask a p]son :at numb]s make up twelve1 99#ccg;,b99 tak+ c>e to prohibit him :om y ask f answ]+ twice six1 or ?ree times f\r1 or six times two1 or f\r times ?ree1 '= ?is sort ( nons5se w n d = me1'--!n obvi\sly1 if t is y\r way ( putt+ ! "q1 no "o c answ] y4 ,b suppose t he 7 to retort1 ',?rasyma*us1 :at d y mean8 ,if "o ( ^! numb]s :i* y int]dict be ! true answ] to ! "q1 am ,i falsely to say "s o!r numb] :i* is n ! "r "o8--is 99#ccg;,c99 t y\r mean+8'--,h[ w\ld y answ] him8 ,j z if ! two cases 7 at all alike6 he said4 #ad ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,glaucon4 ,:y %\ld !y n be8 ,i repli$2 & ev5 if !y are n1 b only appe> to be s to ! p]son :o is ask$1 ought he n to say :at he ?9ks1 :e!r y & ,i =bid him or n8 ,i presume !n t y are go+ to make "o ( ! int]dict$ answ]s8 ,i d>e say t ,i may1 not)/&+ ! dang]1 if ^u reflection ,i approve ( any ( !m4 99#ccg;,d99 ,b :at if ,i give y an answ] ab\t ju/ice o!r & bett]1 he said1 ?an any ( ^!8 ,:at d y des]ve to h done to y8 ,done to me6--z becomes ! ignorant1 ,i mu/ le>n f ! wise--t is :at ,i des]ve to h done to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sophi/ dem&s paym5t = 8 in/ructions4 ,! company are v will+ to contribute4 ,:at1 & no paym5t6 a pleasant notion6 ,i w pay :5 ,i h ! money1 ,i repli$4 ,b y h1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon3 & y1 ,?rasyma*us1 ne$ be "u no anxiety ab\t money1 = we w all make a contribution = ,socrates4 99#ccg;,e99 ,yes1 he repli$1 & !n ,socrates w d z he always does --refuse to answ] himself1 b take & pull to pieces ! answ] ( "s "o else4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates kn[s little or no?+3 h[ c he answ]8 ,& he is det]r$ by ! int]dict ( ,?rasyma*us4 ,:y1 my good fri5d1 ,i said1 h[ c any "o answ] :o kn[s1 & says t he kn[s1 j no?+2 & :o1 ev5 if he has "s fa9t notions ( 8 own1 is told by a man ( au?ority n to utt] !m8 ,! natural ?+ is1 t 99#cch;,a99 ! speak] %\ld be "s "o l y\rself :o pr(esses to "k & c tell :at he kn[s4 ,w y !n k9dly answ]1 = ! edification ( ! company & ( myself8 ,glaucon & ! re/ ( ! company jo9$ 9 my reque/1 & ,?rasyma*us1 z any "o might see1 0 9 reality eag] to speak2 = he ?\ght t he _h an excell5t answ]1 & w\ld di/+ui% himself4 ,b at fir/ he affect$ to insi/ on my answ]+2 at l5g? he cons5t$ to beg94 99#cch;,b99 ,behold1 he said1 ! wisdom ( ,socrates2 he refuses to tea* himself1 & goes ab\t le>n+ ( o!rs1 to :om he nev] ev5 says ,?ank y4 ,t ,i le>n ( o!rs1 ,i repli$1 is q true2 b t ,i am ungrateful ,i :olly d5y4 ,money ,i h none1 & !re=e ,i pay 9 praise1 :i* is all ,i h2 & h[ ready #ae ,i am to praise any "o :o appe>s to me to speak well y w v soon f9d out :5 y answ]2 = ,i expect t y w answ] well4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( ,?rasyma*us3 ',ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] or rul]4' 99#cch;,c99 ,li/51 !n1 he said2 ,i proclaim t ju/ice is no?+ else ?an ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,& n[ :y d y n praise me8 ,b ( c\rse y won't4 ,let me fir/ und]/& y1 ,i repli$4 ,ju/ice1 z y say1 is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,:at1 ,?rasyma*us1 is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,y _c mean to say t because ,polydamas1 ! pancratia/1 is /rong] ?an we are1 & f9ds ! eat+ ( beef conducive to 8 bodily /r5g?1 t to 99#cch;,d99 eat beef is !re=e equally = our good :o are weak] ?an he is1 & "r & j = u8 ,t's abom9able ( y1 ,socrates2 y take ! words 9 ! s5se :i* is mo/ damag+ to ! argum5t4 ,n at all1 my good sir1 ,i said2 ,i am try+ to und]/& !m2 & ,i wi% t y w\ld be a little cle>]4 ,well1 he said1 h y nev] he>d t =ms ( gov]nm5t diff]2 !re are tyrannies1 & !re are democracies1 & !re are ari/ocracies8 ,yes1 ,i "k4 ,& ! gov]nm5t is ! rul+ p[] 9 ea* /ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates compels ,?rasyma*us to expla9 8 mean+4 99#cch;,e99 ,& ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t make laws democratical1 ari/ocratical1 tyrannical1 ) a view to _! sev]al int]e/s2 & ^! laws1 :i* are made by !m = _! own int]e/s1 are ! ju/ice :i* !y deliv] to _! subjects1 & him :o transgresses !m !y puni% z a break] ( ! law1 & unju/4 ,& t is :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t 9 all /ates !re is ! same pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t2 & 99#cci;,a99 z ! gov]nm5t mu/ be suppos$ to h p[]1 ! only reasonable conclusion is1 t ev]y:]e !re is "o pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,n[ ,i und]/& y1 ,i said2 & :e!r y are "r or n ,i w try to discov]4 ,b let me rem>k1 t 9 def9+ ju/ice y h y\rself us$ ! ^w 'int]e/' :i* y =bade me to use4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t 9 y\r def9ition ! words '( ! /rong]' are add$4 99#cci;,b99 ,a small addition1 y mu/ all[1 he said4 #af ,great or small1 nev] m9d ab\t t3 we mu/ fir/ enquire :e!r :at y are say+ is ! tru?4 ,n[ we are bo? agre$ t ju/ice is int]e/ ( "s sort1 b y g on to say '( ! /rong]'2 ab\t ?is addition ,i am n s sure1 & mu/ !re=e consid] fur!r4 ,proce$4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is dissatisfi$ ) ! explanation2 = rul]s may err4 ,i w2 & fir/ tell me1 ,d y admit t x is j = subjects to obey _! rul]s8 ,i d4 99#cci;,c99 ,b are ! rul]s ( /ates absolutely infallible1 or are !y sometimes liable to err8 ,to be sure1 he repli$1 !y are liable to err4 ,!n 9 mak+ _! laws !y may sometimes make !m rightly1 & sometimes n8 ,true4 ,:5 !y make !m rightly1 !y make !m agreeably to _! int]e/2 :5 !y are mi/ak51 contr>y to _! int]e/2 y admit t8 ,yes4 ,& ! laws :i* !y make mu/ be obey$ by _! subjects1--& t is :at y call ju/ice8 ,d\btless4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !n ! ju/ice :i* makes a mi/ake w turn out to be ! rev]se ( ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 99#cci;,d99 ,!n ju/ice1 accord+ to y\r argum5t1 is n only ob$i5ce to ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] b ! rev]se8 ,:at is t y are say+8 he ask$4 ,i am only repeat+ :at y are say+1 ,i believe4 ,b let u consid]3 ,h we n admitt$ t ! rul]s may be mi/ak5 ab\t _! own int]e/ 9 :at !y comm&1 & also t to obey !m is ju/ice8 ,has n t be5 admitt$8 ,yes4 99#cci;,e99 ,!n y mu/ also h ackn[l$g$ ju/ice n to be = ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 :5 ! rul]s un9t5tionally comm& ?+s to be done :i* are to _! own injury4 ,= if1 z y say1 ju/ice is ! ob$i5ce :i* ! subject r5d]s to _! comm&s1 9 t case1 ,o wise/ ( m51 is !re any escape f ! conclusion t ! weak] are comm&$ to d1 n :at is = ! int]e/1 b :at is = ! injury ( ! /rong]8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,cleitophon1 ,polem>*us1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,no?+ c be cle>]1 ,socrates1 said ,polem>*us4 #ag 99#cdj;,a99 ,yes1 said ,cleitophon1 int]pos+1 if y are all[$ to be 8 witness4 ,b !re is no ne$ ( any witness1 said ,polem>*us1 = ,?rasyma*us himself ackn[l$ges t rul]s may sometimes comm& :at is n = _! own int]e/1 & t = subjects to obey !m is ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,cleitophon tries to make a way ( escape = ,?rasyma*us by ins]t+ ! words '?\ght to be4' ,yes1 ,polem>*us1--,?rasyma*us said t = subjects to d :at 0 comm&$ by _! rul]s is j4 ,yes1 ,cleitophon1 b he also said t ju/ice is ! int]e/ 99#cdj;,b99 ( ! /rong]1 &1 :ile admitt+ bo? ^! propositions1 he fur!r ackn[l$g$ t ! /rong] may comm& ! weak] :o are 8 subjects to d :at is n = 8 own int]e/2 :5ce foll[s t ju/ice is ! injury q z mu* z ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,b1 said ,cleitophon1 he meant by ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] :at ! /rong] ?\ght to be 8 int]e/1--?is 0 :at ! weak] _h to d2 & ?is 0 affirm$ by him to be ju/ice4 ,^? 7 n 8 words1 rejo9$ ,polem>*us4 99#cdj;,c99 ,nev] m9d1 ,i repli$1 if he n[ says t !y are1 let u accept 8 /atem5t4 ,tell me1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said1 did y mean by ju/ice :at ! /rong] ?\ght to be 8 int]e/1 :e!r really s or n8 ,sid5ote3 ,?is evasion is repudiat$ by ,?rasyma*us2 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,d y suppose t ,i call him :o is mi/ak5 ! /rong] at ! "t :5 he is mi/ak58 ,yes1 ,i said1 my impression 0 t y did s1 :5 y admitt$ t ! rul] 0 n infallible b might be sometimes mi/ak54 ,sid5ote3 :o adopts ano!r l9e ( def5ce3 ',no arti/ or rul] is ev] mi/ak5 qua arti/ or rul]4' 99#cdj;,d99 ,y argue l an in=m]1 ,socrates4 ,d y mean1 = example1 t he :o is mi/ak5 ab\t ! sick is a physician 9 t he is mi/ak58 or t he :o errs 9 ari?metic or gramm> is an ari?metician or gramm>ian at ! "t :5 he is mak+ ! mi/ake1 9 respect ( ! mi/ake8 ,true1 we say t ! physician or ari?metician or gramm>ian has made a mi/ake1 b ?is is only a way ( speak+2 = ! fact is t nei!r ! gramm>ian nor any o!r p]son ( skill ev] makes a mi/ake 9 s f> z he is :at 8 "n implies2 !y none ( !m err unless _! skill fails !m1 & !n !y cease to be skill$ arti/s4 #ah ,no arti/ or sage or rul] errs at ! "t :5 he is :at 8 "n implies2 ?\gh he is commonly said to err1 & 99#cdj;,e99 ,i adopt$ ! common mode ( speak+4 ,b to be p]fectly accurate1 s9ce y are su* a lov] ( accuracy1 we %\ld say t ! rul]1 9 s f> z he is a rul]1 is un]r+1 &1 99#cda;,a99 be+ un]r+1 always comm&s t :i* is = 8 own int]e/2 & ! subject is requir$ to execute 8 comm&s2 & !re=e1 z ,i said at fir/ & n[ repeat1 ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,inde$1 ,?rasyma*us1 & d ,i really appe> to y to argue l an in=m]8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,& d y suppose t ,i ask ^! que/ions ) any design ( injur+ y 9 ! argum5t8 ,nay1 he repli$1 'suppose' is n ! ^w--,i "k x2 99#cda;,b99 b y w be f\nd out1 & by %e] =ce ( argum5t y w nev] prevail4 ,i %all n make ! attempt1 my de> man2 b to avoid any misund]/&+ occurr+ betwe5 u 9 future1 let me ask1 9 :at s5se d y speak ( a rul] or /rong] ^: int]e/1 z y 7 say+1 he be+ ! sup]ior1 x is j t ! inf]ior %\ld execute--is he a rul] 9 ! popul> or 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m8 ,9 ! /ricte/ ( all s5ses1 he said4 ,& n[ *eat & play ! in=m] if y c2 ,i ask no qu>t] at y\r h&s4 ,b y nev] w be able1 nev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5tial mean+ ( words di/+ui%$ f _! attributes4 99#cda;,c99 ,& d y imag9e1 ,i said1 t ,i am su* a madman z to try & *eat1 ,?rasyma*us8 ,i might z well %ave a lion4 ,:y1 he said1 y made ! attempt a m9ute ago1 & y fail$4 ,en\gh1 ,i said1 ( ^! civilities4 ,x w be bett] t ,i %\ld ask y a "q3 ,is ! physician1 tak5 9 t /rict s5se ( :i* y are speak+1 a heal] ( ! sick or a mak] ( money8 ,& rememb] t ,i am n[ speak+ ( ! true physician4 ,a heal] ( ! sick1 he repli$4 ,& ! pilot--t is to say1 ! true pilot--is he a capta9 ( sailors or a m]e sailor8 ,a capta9 ( sailors4 #ai 99#cda;,d99 ,! circum/ance t he sails 9 ! %ip is n to be tak5 into acc\nt2 nei!r is he to be call$ a sailor2 ! "n pilot by :i* he is di/+ui%$ has no?+ to d ) sail+1 b is significant ( 8 skill & ( 8 au?ority ov] ! sailors4 ,v true1 he said4 ,n[1 ,i said1 e art has an int]e/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,= :i* ! art has to consid] & provide8 ,yes1 t is ! aim ( art4 ,& ! int]e/ ( any art is ! p]fection ( x--?is & no?+ else8 99#cda;,e99 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean :at ,i may illu/rate negatively by ! example ( ! body4 ,suppose y 7 to ask me :e!r ! body is self-suffic+ or has wants1 ,i %\ld reply3 ,c]ta9ly ! body has wants2 = ! body may be ill & require to be cur$1 & has !re=e int]e/s to :i* ! art ( m$ic9e m9i/]s2 & ?is is ! orig9 & int5tion ( m$ic9e1 z y w ackn[l$ge4 ,am ,i n "r8 99#cdb;,a99 ,q "r1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,art has no imp]fection to be correct$1 & !re=e no extrane\s int]e/4 ,b is ! art ( m$ic9e or any o!r art faulty or defici5t 9 any quality 9 ! same way t ! eye may be defici5t 9 sight or ! e> fail ( he>+1 & !re=e requires ano!r art to provide = ! int]e/s ( see+ & he>+--has art 9 itself1 ,i say1 any simil> liability to fault or defect1 & does e art require ano!r supplem5t>y art to provide = its int]e/s1 & t ano!r & ano!r )\t end8 ,or h ! arts to look only 99#cdb;,b99 aft] _! own int]e/s8 ,or h !y no ne$ ei!r ( !mselves or ( ano!r8--hav+ no faults or defects1 !y h no ne$ to correct !m1 ei!r by ! ex]cise ( _! own art or ( any o!r2 !y h only to consid] ! int]e/ ( _! subject-matt]4 ,= e art rema9s pure & faultless :ile rema9+ true--t is to say1 :ile p]fect & unimpair$4 ,take ! words 9 y\r precise s5se1 & tell me :e!r ,i am n "r4 ,yes1 cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 99#cdb;,c99 ,!n m$ic9e does n consid] ! int]e/ ( m$ic9e1 b ! int]e/ ( ! body8 #bj ,true1 he said4 ,nor does ! art ( horseman%ip consid] ! int]e/s ( ! art ( horseman%ip1 b ! int]e/s ( ! horse2 nei!r d any o!r arts c>e = !mselves1 = !y h no ne$s2 !y c>e only = t :i* is ! subject ( _! art8 ,true1 he said4 ,b surely1 ,?rasyma*us1 ! arts are ! sup]iors & rul]s ( _! own subjects8 ,to ?is he ass5t$ ) a good deal ( reluctance4 ,!n1 ,i said1 no sci5ce or art consid]s or enjo9s ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] or sup]ior1 b only ! int]e/ 99#cdb;,d99 ( ! subject & weak]8 ,he made an attempt to conte/ ?is proposition also1 b f9ally acquiesc$4 ,!n1 ,i cont9u$1 no physician1 9 s f> z he is a physician1 consid]s 8 own good 9 :at he prescribes1 b ! good ( 8 pati5t2 = ! true physician is also a rul] hav+ ! human body z a subject1 & is n a m]e money-mak]2 t has be5 admitt$8 ,yes4 ,& ! pilot likewise1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 is a rul] ( sailors & n a m]e sailor8 99#cdb;,e99 ,t has be5 admitt$4 ,& su* a pilot & rul] w provide & prescribe = ! int]e/ ( ! sailor :o is "u him1 & n = 8 own or ! rul]'s int]e/8 ,he gave a reluctant ',yes4' ,sid5ote3 ,! dis9t]e/$ness ( rul]s4 ,!n1 ,i said1 ,?rasyma*us1 !re is no "o 9 any rule :o1 9 s f> z he is a rul]1 consid]s or enjo9s :at is = 8 own int]e/1 b always :at is = ! int]e/ ( 8 subject or suitable to 8 art2 to t he looks1 & t alone he consid]s 9 ev]y?+ :i* he says & does4 99#cdc;,a99 ,:5 we _h got to ?is po9t 9 ! argum5t1 & e "o saw t ! def9ition ( ju/ice _h be5 completely upset1 ,?rasyma*us1 in/ead ( reply+ to me1 said3 ,tell me1 ,socrates1 h y got a nurse8 ,sid5ote3 ,! impud5ce ( ,?rasyma*us4 ,:y d y ask su* a "q1 ,i said1 :5 y ought r to be answ]+8 ,because %e leaves y to snivel1 & nev] wipes y\r #ba nose3 %e has n ev5 taught y to "k ! %eph]d f ! %eep4 ,:at makes y say t8 ,i repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,?rasyma*us dilates ^u ! advantages ( inju/ice1 ,sid5ote3 especially :5 pursu$ on a great scale4 ,sid5ote3 ,tyranny4 99#cdc;,b99 ,because y fancy t ! %eph]d or nea!rd fatt5s or t5ds ! %eep or ox5 ) a view to _! own good & n to ! good ( himself or 8 ma/]2 & y fur!r imag9e t ! rul]s ( /ates1 if !y are true rul]s1 nev] ?9k ( _! subjects z %eep1 & t !y are n /udy+ _! own advantage day & night4 ,oh1 no2 99#cdc;,c99 & s entirely a/ray are y 9 y\r ideas ab\t ! j & unju/ z n ev5 to "k t ju/ice & ! j are 9 reality ano!r's good2 t is to say1 ! int]e/ ( ! rul] & /rong]1 & ! loss ( ! subject & s]vant2 & inju/ice ! opposite2 = ! unju/ is "l ov] ! truly simple & j3 he is ! /rong]1 & 8 subjects d :at is = 8 int]e/1 & m9i/] to 8 99#cdc;,d99 happ9ess1 :i* is v f> f be+ _! own4 ,consid] fur!r1 mo/ fooli% ,socrates1 t ! j is always a los] 9 comp>ison ) ! unju/4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 private contracts3 :]ev] ! unju/ is ! p>tn] ( ! j y w f9d t1 :5 ! p>tn]%ip is dissolv$1 ! unju/ man has always m & ! j less4 ,secondly1 9 _! deal+s ) ! ,/ate3 :5 !re is an income-tax1 ! j man w pay m & ! unju/ less on ! same am\nt ( income2 & :5 !re is any?+ to be 99#cdc;,e99 receiv$ ! "o ga9s no?+ & ! o!r mu*4 ,obs]ve also :at happ5s :5 !y take an (fice2 !re is ! j man neglect+ 8 affairs & p]haps suff]+ o!r losses1 & gett+ no?+ out ( ! public1 because he is j2 moreov] he is hat$ by 8 fri5ds & acqua9tance = refus+ to s]ve !m 9 unlawful ways4 ,b all ?is is rev]s$ 9 ! case ( ! unju/ man4 ,i am speak+1 z be=e1 99#cdd;,a99 ( inju/ice on a l>ge scale 9 :i* ! advantage ( ! unju/ is mo/ app>5t2 & my mean+ w be mo/ cle>ly se5 if we turn to t highe/ =m ( inju/ice 9 :i* ! crim9al is ! happie/ ( m51 & ! suff]]s or ^? :o refuse to d inju/ice are ! mo/ mis]able--t is to say tyranny1 :i* by fraud & =ce takes away ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 n little by little b :olesale2 compreh5d+ 9 "o1 ?+s sacr$ z well z pr(ane1 99#cdd;,b99 private #bb & public2 = :i* acts ( wrong1 if he 7 detect$ p]petrat+ any "o ( !m s+ly1 he w\ld be puni%$ & incur great disgrace--!y :o d su* wrong 9 p>ticul> cases are call$ robb]s ( temples1 & man-/eal]s & burgl>s & sw9dl]s & ?ieves4 ,b :5 a man besides tak+ away ! money ( ! citiz5s has made slaves ( !m1 !n1 in/ead ( ^! names ( reproa*1 he is 99#cdd;,c99 t]m$ happy & bless$1 n only by ! citiz5s b by all :o he> ( 8 hav+ a*iev$ ! consummation ( inju/ice4 ,= mank9d c5sure inju/ice1 fe>+ t !y may be ! victims ( x & n because !y %r9k f committ+ x4 ,& ?us1 z ,i h %[n1 ,socrates1 inju/ice1 :5 on a suffici5t scale1 has m /r5g? & fre$om & ma/]y ?an ju/ice2 &1 z ,i said at fir/1 ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 :]eas inju/ice is a man's own pr(it & int]e/4 ,sid5ote3 ,?rasyma*us hav+ made 8 spee* wants to run away1 b is deta9$ by ! company4 99#cdd;,d99 ,?rasyma*us1 :5 he _h ?us spok51 hav+1 l a ba?-man1 delug$ our e>s ) 8 words1 _h a m9d to g away4 ,b ! company w\ld n let him2 !y insi/$ t he %\ld rema9 & def5d 8 position2 & ,i myself add$ my own humble reque/ t he w\ld n leave u4 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said to him1 excell5t man1 h[ sugge/ive are y\r rem>ks6 ,& are y go+ to run away be=e y h fairly taught or le>n$ :e!r !y are true or n8 99#cdd;,e99 ,is ! attempt to det]m9e ! way ( man's life s small a matt] 9 y\r eyes--to det]m9e h[ life may be pass$ by ea* "o ( u to ! greate/ advantage8 ,& d ,i diff] f y1 he said1 z to ! importance ( ! enquiry8 ,y appe> r1 ,i repli$1 to h no c>e or ?\ght ab\t u1 ,?rasyma*us--:e!r we live bett] or worse f n kn[+ :at y say y "k1 is to y a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 99#cde;,a99 ,pri!e1 fri5d1 d n keep y\r k to y\rself2 we are a l>ge p>ty2 & any b5efit :i* y conf] ^u u w be amply rew>d$4 ,= my own "p ,i op5ly decl>e t ,i am n conv9c$1 & t ,i d n believe inju/ice to be m ga9ful ?an ju/ice1 ev5 if uncontroll$ & all[$ to h free play4 ,=1 grant+ t !re may be an unju/ man :o is able to commit inju/ice ei!r by fraud or =ce1 /ill ?is does n conv9ce me ( ! #bc sup]ior advantage ( inju/ice1 & !re may be o!rs :o are 9 ! same pr$icam5t ) myself4 ,p]haps we may be wrong2 99#cde;,b99 if s1 y 9 y\r wisdom %\ld conv9ce u t we are mi/ak5 9 pref]r+ ju/ice to inju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,! swagg] ( ,?rasyma*us4 ,& h[ am ,i to conv9ce y1 he said1 if y are n already conv9c$ by :at ,i h j said2 :at m c ,i d = y8 ,w\ld y h me put ! pro( bodily into y\r s\ls8 ,heav5 =bid6 ,i said2 ,i w\ld only ask y to be consi/5t2 or1 if y *ange1 *ange op5ly & let !re be no deception4 ,= ,i mu/ rem>k1 ,?rasyma*us1 if y w 99#cde;,c99 recall :at 0 previ\sly said1 t al?\gh y began by def9+ ! true physician 9 an exact s5se1 y did n obs]ve a l exactness :5 speak+ ( ! %eph]d2 y ?\ght t ! %eph]d z a %eph]d t5ds ! %eep n ) a view to _! own good1 b l a m]e d9] or banquett] ) a view to ! pleasures ( ! table2 or1 aga91 z a trad] = sale 9 ! m>ket1 & n z a %eph]d4 99#cde;,d99 ,yet surely ! art ( ! %eph]d is conc]n$ only ) ! good ( 8 subjects2 he has only to provide ! be/ = !m1 s9ce ! p]fection ( ! art is already ensur$ :5ev] all ! requirem5ts ( x are satisfi$4 ,& t 0 :at ,i 0 say+ j n[ ab\t ! rul]4 ,i conceiv$ t ! art ( ! rul]1 consid]$ z rul]1 :e!r 9 a 99#cde;,e99 /ate or 9 private life1 c\ld only reg>d ! good ( 8 flock or subjects2 :]eas y seem to ?9k t ! rul]s 9 /ates1 t is to say1 ! true rul]s1 l be+ 9 au?ority4 ,?9k6 ,nay1 ,i am sure ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arts h diff]5t functions & are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! art ( paym5t :i* is common to !m all4 ,!n :y 9 ! case ( less] (fices d m5 nev] take !m will+ly )\t paym5t1 unless "u ! idea t 99#cdf;,a99 !y gov]n = ! advantage n ( !mselves b ( o!rs8 ,let me ask y a "q3 ,are n ! sev]al arts diff]5t1 by reason ( _! ea* hav+ a sep>ate function8 ,&1 my de> illu/ri\s fri5d1 d say :at y ?9k1 t we may make a little progress4 ,yes1 t is ! diff]5ce1 he repli$4 ,& ea* art gives u a p>ticul> good & n m]ely a g5]al "o--m$ic9e1 = example1 gives u heal?2 navigation1 safety at sea1 & s on8 ,yes1 he said4 #bd 99#cdf;,b99 ,& ! art ( paym5t has ! special function ( giv+ pay3 b we d n confuse ?is ) o!r arts1 any m ?an ! art ( ! pilot is to be confus$ ) ! art ( m$ic9e1 because ! heal? ( ! pilot may be improv$ by a sea voyage4 ,y w\ld n be incl9$ to say1 w\ld y1 t navigation is ! art ( m$ic9e1 at lea/ if we are to adopt y\r exact use ( language8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or because a man is 9 good heal? :5 he receives pay y w\ld n say t ! art ( paym5t is m$ic9e8 ,i %\ld n4 ,nor w\ld y say t m$ic9e is ! art ( receiv+ pay because a man takes fees :5 he is engag$ 9 heal+8 99#cdf;,c99 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& we h admitt$1 ,i said1 t ! good ( ea* art is specially conf9$ to ! art8 ,yes4 ,!n1 if !re be any good :i* all arti/s h 9 common1 t is to be attribut$ to some?+ ( :i* !y all h ! common use8 ,true1 he repli$4 ,& :5 ! arti/ is b5efit$ by receiv+ pay ! advantage is ga9$ by an additional use ( ! art ( pay1 :i* is n ! art pr(ess$ by him8 ,he gave a reluctant ass5t to ?is4 99#cdf;,d99 ,!n ! pay is n d]iv$ by ! sev]al arti/s f _! respective arts4 ,b ! tru? is1 t :ile ! art ( m$ic9e gives heal?1 & ! art ( ! build] builds a h\se1 ano!r art att5ds !m :i* is ! art ( pay4 ,! v>i\s arts may be do+ _! own bus9ess & b5efit+ t ov] :i* !y preside1 b w\ld ! arti/ receive any b5efit f 8 art unless he 7 paid z well8 ,i suppose n4 99#cdf;,e99 ,b does he !re=e conf] no b5efit :5 he works = no?+8 ,c]ta9ly1 he conf]s a b5efit4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true rul] or arti/ seeks1 n 8 own advantage1 b ! p]fection ( 8 art2 & !re=e he mu/ be paid4 ,!n n[1 ,?rasyma*us1 !re is no long] any d\bt t nei!r arts nor gov]nm5ts provide = _! own int]e/s2 b1 z we 7 be=e say+1 !y rule & provide = ! int]e/s ( _! subjects :o are ! weak] #be & n ! /rong]--to _! good !y att5d & n to ! good ( ! sup]ior4 ,& ?is is ! reason1 my de> ,?rasyma*us1 :y1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 no "o is will+ to gov]n2 because no "o likes to take 9 h& ! re=mation ( evils :i* are n 8 conc]n )\t remun]ation4 99#cdg;,a99 ,=1 9 ! execution ( 8 "w1 & 9 giv+ 8 ord]s to ano!r1 ! true arti/ does n reg>d 8 own int]e/1 b always t ( 8 subjects2 & !re=e 9 ord] t rul]s may be will+ to rule1 !y mu/ be paid 9 "o ( ?ree modes ( paym5t1 money1 or hon\r1 or a p5alty = refus+4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree modes ( pay+ rul]s1 money1 hon\r1 & a p5alty = refus+ to rule4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 said ,glaucon4 ,! fir/ two modes ( paym5t are intelligible en\gh1 b :at ! p5alty is ,i d n und]/&1 or h[ a p5alty c be a paym5t4 ,y mean t y d n und]/& ! nature ( ?is 99#cdg;,b99 paym5t :i* to ! be/ m5 is ! great inducem5t to rule8 ,( c\rse y "k t ambition & av>ice are held to be1 z inde$ !y are1 a disgrace8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p5alty is ! evil ( be+ rul$ by an inf]ior4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 a city compos$ :olly ( good m5 !re w\ld be a great unwill+ness to rule4 ,sid5ote3 ,?rasyma*us ma9ta9s t ! life ( ! unju/ is bett] ?an ! life ( ! j4 ,& = ?is reason1 ,i said1 money & hon\r h no attraction = !m2 good m5 d n wi% to be op5ly dem&+ paym5t = gov]n+ & s to get ! "n ( hirel+s1 nor by secretly help+ !mselves out ( ! public rev5ues to get ! "n ( ?ieves4 ,& n be+ ambiti\s !y d n c>e ab\t hon\r4 ,:]e=e necessity 99#cdg;,c99 mu/ be laid ^u !m1 & !y mu/ be induc$ to s]ve f ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,& ?is1 z ,i imag9e1 is ! reason :y ! =w>dness to take (fice1 in/ead ( wait+ to be compell$1 has be5 deem$ di%on\rable4 ,n[ ! wor/ "p ( ! puni%m5t is t he :o refuses to rule is liable to be rul$ by "o :o is worse ?an himself4 ,& ! fe> ( ?is1 z ,i conceive1 induces ! good to take 99#cdg;,d99 (fice1 n because !y w\ld1 b because !y _c help--n "u ! idea t !y are go+ to h any b5efit or enjoym5t !mselves1 b z a necessity1 & because !y are n able to commit ! task ( rul+ to any "o :o is bett] ?an !mselves1 or inde$ z good4 ,= !re is reason to ?9k t if a city 7 compos$ entirely ( good m51 !n to avoid (fice w\ld be z mu* an object ( cont5tion z to obta9 (fice is at pres5t2 !n we %\ld #bf h pla9 pro( t ! true rul] is n meant by nature to reg>d 8 own int]e/1 b t ( 8 subjects2 & e "o :o knew ?is w\ld *oose r to receive a b5efit f ano!r ?an to h ! tr\ble ( conf]r+ "o4 99#cdg;,e99 ,s f> am ,i f agree+ ) ,?rasyma*us t ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,?is latt] "q ne$ n be fur!r discuss$ at pres5t2 b :5 ,?rasyma*us says t ! life ( ! unju/ is m advantage\s ?an t ( ! j1 8 new /atem5t appe>s to me to be ( a f> m s]i\s "*4 ,:i* ( u has spok5 truly8 ,& :i* sort ( life1 ,glaucon1 d y pref]8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,i = my "p deem ! life ( ! j to be ! m advantage\s1 he answ]$4 99#cdh;,a99 ,did y he> all ! advantages ( ! unju/ :i* ,?rasyma*us 0 rehe>s+8 ,yes1 ,i he>d him1 he repli$1 b he has n conv9c$ me4 ,!n %all we try to f9d "s way ( conv9c+ him1 if we c1 t he is say+ :at is n true8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,if1 ,i said1 he makes a set spee* & we make ano!r rec\nt+ all ! advantages ( be+ j1 & he answ]s & we rejo91 !re mu/ be a numb]+ & measur+ 99#cdh;,b99 ( ! goods :i* are claim$ on ei!r side1 & 9 ! end we %all want judges to decide2 b if we proce$ 9 our enquiry z we lately did1 by mak+ admissions to "o ano!r1 we %all unite ! (fices ( judge & advocate 9 our own p]sons4 ,v good1 he said4 ,& :i* me?od d ,i und]/& y to pref]8 ,i said4 ,t :i* y propose4 ,well1 !n1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said1 suppose y beg9 at ! beg9n+ & answ] me4 ,y say t p]fect inju/ice is m ga9ful ?an p]fect ju/ice8 99#cdh;,c99 ,yes1 t is :at ,i say1 & ,i h giv5 y my reasons4 ,& :at is y\r view ab\t !m8 ,w\ld y call "o ( !m virtue & ! o!r vice8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,i suppose t y w\ld call ju/ice virtue & inju/ice vice8 ,sid5ote3 ,a p>adox /ill m extreme1 t inju/ice is virtue1 ,:at a *>m+ notion6 ,s likely too1 see+ t ,i affirm inju/ice to be pr(itable & ju/ice n4 #bg ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,:at else !n w\ld y say8 ,! opposite1 he repli$4 ,& w\ld y call ju/ice vice8 ,no1 ,i w\ld r say sublime simplicity4 99#cdh;,d99 ,!n w\ld y call inju/ice malignity8 ,no2 ,i w\ld r say discretion4 ,& d ! unju/ appe> to y to be wise & good8 ,yes1 he said2 at any rate ^? ( !m :o are able to be p]fectly unju/1 & :o h ! p[] ( subdu+ /ates & nations2 b p]haps y imag9e me to be talk+ ( cutpurses4 ,ev5 ?is pr(ession if undetect$ has advantages1 ?\gh !y are n to be comp>$ ) ^? ( :i* ,i 0 j n[ speak+4 99#cdh;,e99 ,i d n ?9k t ,i misappreh5d y\r mean+1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i repli$2 b /ill ,i _c he> )\t amazem5t t y class inju/ice ) wisdom & virtue1 & ju/ice ) ! opposite4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d s class !m4 ,n[1 ,i said1 y are on m sub/antial & almo/ unansw]able gr\nd2 = if ! inju/ice :i* y 7 ma9ta9+ to be pr(itable _h be5 admitt$ by y z by o!rs to be vice & de=mity1 an answ] might h be5 giv5 to y on receiv$ pr9ciples2 b n[ ,i p]ceive t 99#cdi;,a99 y w call inju/ice hon\rable & /rong1 & to ! unju/ y w attribute all ! qualities :i* 7 attribut$ by u be=e to ! j1 see+ t y d n hesitate to rank inju/ice ) wisdom & virtue4 ,y h guess$ mo/ infallibly1 he repli$4 ,!n ,i c]ta9ly ought n to %r9k f go+ ?r\gh ) ! argum5t s long z ,i h reason to ?9k t y1 ,?rasyma*us1 are speak+ y\r real m9d2 = ,i d believe t y are n[ 9 e>ne/ & are n amus+ y\rself at our exp5se4 ,i may be 9 e>ne/ or n1 b :at is t to y8--to refute ! argum5t is y\r bus9ess4 ,sid5ote3 refut$ by ! analogy ( ! arts4 99#cdi;,b99 ,v true1 ,i said2 t is :at ,i h to d3 ,b w y be s good z answ] yet "o m "q8 ,does ! j man try to ga9 any advantage ov] ! j8 ,f> o!rwise2 if he did he w\ld n be ! simple amus+ creature :i* he is4 #bh ,& w\ld he try to g beyond j action8 ,he w\ld n4 ,& h[ w\ld he reg>d ! attempt to ga9 an advantage ov] ! unju/2 w\ld t be consid]$ by him z j or unju/8 ,sid5ote3 ,! j tries to obta9 an advantage ov] ! unju/1 b n ov] ! j2 ! unju/ ov] bo? j & unju/4 ,he w\ld ?9k x j1 & w\ld try to ga9 ! advantage2 b he w\ld n be able4 ,:e!r he w\ld or w\ld n be able1 ,i said1 is n to ! po9t4 99#cdi;,c99 ,my "q is only :e!r ! j man1 :ile refus+ to h m ?an ano!r j man1 w\ld wi% & claim to h m ?an ! unju/8 ,yes1 he w\ld4 ,& :at ( ! unju/--does he claim to h m ?an ! j man & to d m ?an is j8 ,( c\rse1 he said1 = he claims to h m ?an all m54 ,& ! unju/ man w /rive & /ruggle to obta9 m ?an ! unju/ man or action1 9 ord] t he may h m ?an all8 ,true4 ,we may put ! matt] ?us1 ,i said--! j does n desire m ?an 8 l b m ?an 8 unlike1 :]eas ! unju/ desires m ?an bo? 8 l & 8 unlike8 99#cdi;,d99 ,no?+1 he said1 c be bett] ?an t /atem5t4 ,& ! unju/ is good & wise1 & ! j is nei!r8 ,good aga91 he said4 ,& is n ! unju/ l ! wise & good & ! j unlike !m8 ,( c\rse1 he said1 he :o is ( a c]ta9 nature1 is l ^? :o are ( a c]ta9 nature2 he :o is n1 n4 ,ea* ( !m1 ,i said1 is su* z 8 l is8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,v good1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said2 & n[ to take ! case ( ! arts3 y w\ld admit t "o man is a musician & 99#cdi;,e99 ano!r n a musician8 ,yes4 ,& :i* is wise & :i* is fooli%8 ,cle>ly ! musician is wise1 & he :o is n a musician is fooli%4 ,& he is good 9 z f> z he is wise1 & bad 9 z f> z he is fooli%8 #bi ,yes4 ,& y w\ld say ! same sort ( ?+ ( ! physician8 ,yes4 ,& d y ?9k1 my excell5t fri5d1 t a musician :5 he adju/s ! lyre w\ld desire or claim to exce$ or g beyond a musician 9 ! tight5+ & loos5+ ! /r+s8 ,i d n ?9k t he w\ld4 ,b he w\ld claim to exce$ ! non-musician8 ,( c\rse4 99#cej;,a99 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! physician8 ,9 prescrib+ meats & dr9ks w\ld he wi% to g beyond ano!r physician or beyond ! practice ( m$ic9e8 ,he w\ld n4 ,b he w\ld wi% to g beyond ! non-physician8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arti/ rema9s )9 ! limits ( 8 art3 ,& ab\t k & ignorance 9 g5]al2 see :e!r y ?9k t any man :o has k ev] w\ld wi% to h ! *oice ( say+ or do+ m ?an ano!r man :o has k4 ,w\ld he n r say or d ! same z 8 l 9 ! same case8 ,t1 ,i suppose1 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,& :at ( ! ignorant8 w\ld he n desire to h 99#cej;,b99 m ?an ei!r ! kn[+ or ! ignorant8 ,i d>e say4 ,& ! kn[+ is wise8 ,yes4 ,& ! wise is good8 ,true4 ,!n ! wise & good w n desire to ga9 m ?an 8 l1 b m ?an 8 unlike & opposite8 ,i suppose s4 ,:]eas ! bad & ignorant w desire to ga9 m ?an bo?8 ,yes4 ,b did we n say1 ,?rasyma*us1 t ! unju/ goes beyond bo? 8 l & unlike8 ,7 n ^! y\r words8 ,!y 74 ,sid5ote3 & simil>ly ! j man does n exce$ ! limits ( o!r j m54 99#cej;,c99 ,& y also said t ! j w n g beyond 8 l b 8 unlike8 #cj ,yes4 ,!n ! j is l ! wise & good1 & ! unju/ l ! evil & ignorant8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,& ea* ( !m is su* z 8 l is8 ,t 0 admitt$4 ,!n ! j has turn$ out to be wise & good & ! unju/ evil & ignorant4 ,sid5ote3 ,?rasyma*us p]spir+ & ev5 blu%+4 ,?rasyma*us made all ^! admissions1 n flu5tly1 z 99#cej;,d99 ,i repeat !m1 b ) extreme reluctance2 x 0 a hot summ]'s day1 & ! p]spiration p\r$ f him 9 torr5ts2 & !n ,i saw :at ,i _h nev] se5 be=e1 ,?rasyma*us blu%+4 ,z we 7 n[ agre$ t ju/ice 0 virtue & wisdom1 & inju/ice vice & ignorance1 ,i proce$$ to ano!r po9t3 ,well1 ,i said1 ,?rasyma*us1 t matt] is n[ settl$2 b 7 we n also say+ t inju/ice _h /r5g?2 d y rememb]8 ,yes1 ,i rememb]1 he said1 b d n suppose t ,i approve ( :at y are say+ or h no answ]2 if h[ev] ,i 7 to answ]1 y w\ld be q c]ta9 to accuse me ( h>angu+2 99#cej;,e99 !re=e ei!r p]mit me to h my say out1 or if y w\ld r ask1 d s1 & ,i w answ] ',v good1' z !y say to /ory-tell+ old wom51 & w nod ',yes' & ',no4' ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i said1 if contr>y to y\r real op9ion4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i w1 to please y1 s9ce y w n let me speak4 ,:at else w\ld y h8 ,no?+ 9 ! _w1 ,i said2 & if y are s dispos$ ,i w ask & y %all answ]4 ,proce$4 ,!n ,i w repeat ! "q :i* ,i ask$ be=e1 9 99#cea;,a99 ord] t our exam9ation ( ! relative nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice may be c>ri$ on regul>ly4 ,a /atem5t 0 made t inju/ice is /rong] & m p[]ful ?an ju/ice1 b n[ ju/ice1 hav+ be5 id5tifi$ ) wisdom & virtue1 is easily %[n to be /rong] ?an inju/ice1 if inju/ice is ignorance2 ?is c no long] be que/ion$ by any "o4 ,b ,i want to view ! matt]1 ,?rasyma*us1 9 a diff]5t way3 99#cea;,b99 ,y w\ld n d5y t a /ate may be #ca unju/ & may be unju/ly attempt+ to enslave o!r /ates1 or may h already enslav$ !m1 & may be hold+ _m ( !m 9 subjection8 ,true1 he repli$2 & ,i w add t ! be/ & mo/ p]fectly unju/ /ate w be mo/ likely to d s4 ,i "k1 ,i said1 t su* 0 y\r position2 b :at ,i w\ld fur!r consid] is1 :e!r ?is p[] :i* is possess$ by ! sup]ior /ate c exi/ or be ex]cis$ )\t ju/ice or only ) ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ?is po9t ! temp] ( ,?rasyma*us beg9s to improve4 ,cp4 #e4 #dej ,a1 #f4 #dih ,c4 99#cea;,c99 ,if y are "r 9 y\r view1 & ju/ice is wisdom1 !n only ) ju/ice2 b if ,i am "r1 !n )\t ju/ice4 ,i am delight$1 ,?rasyma*us1 to see y n only nodd+ ass5t & diss5t1 b mak+ answ]s :i* are q excell5t4 ,t is out ( civility to y1 he repli$4 ,y are v k9d1 ,i said2 & w\ld y h ! goodness also to in=m me1 :e!r y ?9k t a /ate1 or an army1 or a b& ( robb]s & ?ieves1 or any o!r gang ( evil-do]s c\ld act at all if !y injur$ "o ano!r8 99#cea;,d99 ,no inde$1 he said1 !y c\ld n4 ,b if !y ab/a9$ f injur+ "o ano!r1 !n !y might act toge!r bett]8 ,yes4 ,& ?is is because inju/ice creates divisions & hatr$s & fight+1 & ju/ice imp>ts h>mony & fri5d%ip2 is n t true1 ,?rasyma*us8 ,sid5ote3 ,p]fect inju/ice1 :e!r 9 /ate or individuals1 is de/ructive to !m4 ,i agree1 he said1 because ,i d n wi% to qu>rel ) y4 ,h[ good ( y1 ,i said2 b ,i %\ld l to "k also :e!r inju/ice1 hav+ ?is t5d5cy to ar\se hatr$1 :]ev] exi/+1 among slaves or among freem51 w n make !m hate "o ano!r & set !m at v>iance & r5d] !m incapable ( common action8 ,c]ta9ly4 99#cea;,e99 ,& ev5 if inju/ice be f\nd 9 two only1 w !y n qu>rel & fight1 & become enemies to "o ano!r & to ! j8 ,!y w4 ,& suppose inju/ice abid+ 9 a s+le p]son1 w\ld y\r wisdom say t %e loses or t %e reta9s h] natural p[]8 #cb ,let u assume t %e reta9s h] p[]4 ,yet is n ! p[] :i* inju/ice ex]cises ( su* a nature t :]ev] %e takes up h] abode1 :e!r 9 a city1 9 an army1 9 a family1 or 9 any o!r body1 t body is1 99#ceb;,a99 to beg9 )1 r5d]$ incapable ( unit$ action by reason ( s$ition & di/raction2 & does x n become its own enemy & at v>iance ) all t opposes x1 & ) ! j8 ,is n ?is ! case8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,& is n inju/ice equally fatal :5 exi/+ 9 a s+le p]son2 9 ! fir/ place r5d]+ him incapable ( action because he is n at unity ) himself1 & 9 ! second place mak+ him an enemy to himself & ! j8 ,is n t true1 ,?rasyma*us8 ,yes4 ,& ,o my fri5d1 ,i said1 surely ! gods are j8 ,grant$ t !y are4 99#ceb;,b99 ,b if s1 ! unju/ w be ! enemy ( ! gods1 & ! j w be _! fri5d8 ,fea/ away 9 triumph1 & take y\r fill ( ! argum5t2 ,i w n oppose y1 le/ ,i %\ld displease ! company4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation4 ,well !n1 proce$ ) y\r answ]s1 & let me h ! rema9d] ( my repa/4 ,= we h already %[n t ! j are cle>ly wis] & bett] & abl] ?an ! unju/1 & t ! unju/ are incapable ( common action2 99#ceb;,c99 nay m1 t to speak z we did ( m5 :o are evil act+ at any "t vigor\sly toge!r1 is n /rictly true1 = if !y _h be5 p]fectly evil1 !y w\ld h laid h&s ^u "o ano!r2 b x is evid5t t !re mu/ h be5 "s remnant ( ju/ice 9 !m1 :i* enabl$ !m to comb9e2 if !re _h n be5 !y w\ld h injur$ "o ano!r z well z _! victims2 !y 7 b half-villa9s 9 _! ent]prises2 = _h !y be5 :ole villa9s1 & utt]ly unju/1 !y w\ld h be5 utt]ly incapable ( action4 99#ceb;,d99 ,t1 z ,i believe1 is ! tru? ( ! matt]1 & n :at y said at fir/4 ,b :e!r ! j h a bett] & happi] life ?an ! unju/ is a fur!r "q :i* we also propos$ to consid]4 ,i ?9k t !y h1 & = ! reasons :i* ,i h giv52 b /ill #cc ,i %\ld l to exam9e fur!r1 = no light matt] is at /ake1 no?+ less ?an ! rule ( human life4 ,proce$4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations ( ends & excell5ces prep>atory to ! enquiry into ! end & excell5ce ( ! s\l4 ,i w proce$ by ask+ a "q3 ,w\ld y n say t a horse has "s end8 99#ceb;,e99 ,i %\ld4 ,& ! end or use ( a horse or ( any?+ w\ld be t :i* c\ld n be accompli%$1 or n s well accompli%$1 by any o!r ?+8 ,i d n und]/&1 he said4 ,let me expla93 ,c y see1 except ) ! eye8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or he>1 except ) ! e>8 ,no4 ,^! !n may be truly said to be ! ends ( ^! organs8 ,!y may4 99#cec;,a99 ,b y c cut (f a v9e-bran* ) a dagg] or ) a *isel1 & 9 _m o!r ways8 ,( c\rse4 ,& yet n s well z ) a prun+-hook made = ! purpose8 ,true4 ,may we n say t ?is is ! end ( a prun+-hook8 ,we may4 ,!n n[ ,i ?9k y w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ my mean+ :5 ,i ask$ ! "q :e!r ! end ( any?+ w\ld be t :i* c\ld n be accompli%$1 or n s well accompli%$1 by any o!r ?+8 99#cec;,b99 ,i und]/& y\r mean+1 he said1 & ass5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?+s :i* h ends h also virtues & excell5ces by :i* !y fulfil ^? ends4 ,& t to :i* an end is appo9t$ has also an excell5ce8 ,ne$ ,i ask aga9 :e!r ! eye has an end8 ,x has4 ,& has n ! eye an excell5ce8 ,yes4 ,& ! e> has an end & an excell5ce also8 ,true4 ,& ! same is true ( all o!r ?+s2 !y h ea* ( !m an end & a special excell5ce8 ,t is s4 ,well1 & c ! eyes fulfil _! end if !y are #cd want+ 99#cec;,c99 9 _! own prop] excell5ce & h a defect in/ead8 ,h[ c !y1 he said1 if !y are bl9d & _c see8 ,y mean to say1 if !y h lo/ _! prop] excell5ce1 :i* is sight2 b ,i h n arriv$ at t po9t yet4 ,i w\ld r ask ! "q m g5]ally1 & only enquire :e!r ! ?+s :i* fulfil _! ends fulfil !m by _! own prop] excell5ce1 & fail ( fulfill+ !m by _! own defect8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,i might say ! same ( ! e>s2 :5 depriv$ ( _! own prop] excell5ce !y _c fulfil _! end8 ,true4 99#cec;,d99 ,& ! same obs]vation w apply to all o!r ?+s8 ,i agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! s\l has a virtue & an end--! virtue ju/ice1 ! end happ9ess4 ,well2 & has n ! s\l an end :i* no?+ else c fulfil8 = example1 to sup]9t5d & comm& & delib]ate & ! l4 ,are n ^! functions prop] to ! s\l1 & c !y rightly be assign$ to any o!r8 ,to no o!r4 ,& is n life to be reckon$ among ! ends ( ! s\l8 ,assur$ly1 he said4 ,& has n ! s\l an excell5ce also8 ,yes4 99#cec;,e99 ,& c %e or c %e n fulfil h] own ends :5 depriv$ ( t excell5ce8 ,%e _c4 ,!n an evil s\l mu/ necess>ily be an evil rul] & sup]9t5d5t1 & ! good s\l a good rul]8 ,yes1 necess>ily4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce ju/ice & happ9ess are necess>ily connect$4 ,& we h admitt$ t ju/ice is ! excell5ce ( ! s\l1 & inju/ice ! defect ( ! s\l8 ,t has be5 admitt$4 ,!n ! j s\l & ! j man w live well1 & ! unju/ man w live ill8 ,t is :at y\r argum5t proves4 99#ced;,a99 ,& he :o lives well is bless$ & happy1 & he :o lives ill ! rev]se ( happy8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! j is happy1 & ! unju/ mis]able8 #ce ,s be x4 ,b happ9ess & n mis]y is pr(itable4 ,( c\rse4 ,!n1 my bless$ ,?rasyma*us1 inju/ice c nev] be m pr(itable ?an ju/ice4 ,let ?is1 ,socrates1 he said1 be y\r ent]ta9m5t at ! ,b5didea4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is displeas$ ) himself & ) ! argum5t4 ,= :i* ,i am indebt$ to y1 ,i said1 n[ t y h gr[n g5tle t[>ds me & h left (f scold+4 ,nev]!less1 99#ced;,b99 ,i h n be5 well ent]ta9$2 b t 0 my own fault & n y\rs4 ,z an epicure snat*es a ta/e ( e di% :i* is successively br\ght to table1 he n hav+ all[$ himself "t to enjoy ! "o be=e1 s h ,i gone f "o subject to ano!r )\t hav+ discov]$ :at ,i s\ght at fir/1 ! nature ( ju/ice4 ,i left t enquiry & turn$ away to consid] :e!r ju/ice is virtue & wisdom or evil & folly2 & :5 !re arose a fur!r "q ab\t ! comp>ative advantages ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 ,i c\ld n refra9 f pass+ on to t4 ,& ! result ( ! :ole discussion has be5 t ,i "k no?+ at all4 99#ced;,c99 ,= ,i "k n :at ju/ice is1 & !re=e ,i am n likely to "k :e!r x is or is n a virtue1 nor c ,i say :e!r ! j man is happy or unhappy4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ii4 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 99#ceg;,a99 ,) ^! words ,i 0 ?9k+ t ,i _h made an end ( ! discussion2 b ! end1 9 tru?1 prov$ to be only a beg9n+4 ,= ,glaucon1 :o is always ! mo/ pugnaci\s ( m51 0 dissatisfi$ at ,?rasyma*us' retirem5t2 he want$ to h ! battle out4 ,s he said to me3 ,socrates1 d y wi% really to p]suade u1 or only to seem to 99#ceg;,b99 h p]suad$ u1 t to be j is always bett] ?an to be unju/8 ,i %\ld wi% really to p]suade y1 ,i repli$1 if ,i c\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?reefold division ( goods4 ,!n y c]ta9ly h n succe$$4 ,let me ask y n[3--,h[ w\ld y arrange goods--are !re n "s :i* we welcome = _! own sakes1 & indep5d5tly ( _! consequ5ces1 z1 = example1 h>mless pleasures & enjoym5ts1 :i* delight u at ! "t1 al?\gh no?+ foll[s f !m8 ,i agree 9 ?9k+ t !re is su* a class1 ,i repli$4 99#ceg;,c99 ,is !re n also a second class ( goods1 su* z k1 sight1 heal?1 :i* are desirable n only 9 !mselves1 b also = _! results8 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i said4 ,& w\ld y n recognize a ?ird class1 su* z gymna/ic1 & ! c>e ( ! sick1 & ! physician's art2 also ! v>i\s ways ( money-mak+--^! d u good b we reg>d !m z disagreeable2 & no "o w\ld *oose !m 99#ceg;,d99 = _! own sakes1 b only = ! sake ( "s rew>d or result :i* fl[s f !m8 ,!re is1 ,i said1 ?is ?ird class also4 ,b :y d y ask8 ,because ,i want to "k 9 :i* ( ! ?ree classes y w\ld place ju/ice8 99#ceh;,a99 ,9 ! highe/ class1 ,i repli$1--among ^? goods :i* #cg he :o w\ld be happy desires bo? = _! own sake & = ! sake ( _! results4 ,!n ! _m are ( ano!r m9d2 !y ?9k t ju/ice is to be reckon$ 9 ! tr\blesome class1 among goods :i* are to be pursu$ = ! sake ( rew>ds & ( reputation1 b 9 !mselves are disagreeable & r to be avoid$4 ,i "k1 ,i said1 t ?is is _! mann] ( ?9k+1 & t ?is 0 ! !sis :i* ,?rasyma*us 0 ma9ta9+ j n[1 :5 he c5sur$ ju/ice & prais$ inju/ice4 ,b ,i am too /upid to be conv9c$ by him4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree heads ( ! argum5t3--#a4 ,! nature ( ju/ice3 #b4 ,ju/ice a necessity1 b n a good3 #c4 ,! reasonabl5ess ( ?is notion4 99#ceh;,b99 ,i wi%1 he said1 t y w\ld he> me z well z him1 & !n ,i %all see :e!r y & ,i agree4 ,= ,?rasyma*us seems to me1 l a snake1 to h be5 *>m$ by y\r voice soon] ?an he ought to h be52 b to my m9d ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice h n yet be5 made cle>4 ,sett+ aside _! rew>ds & results1 ,i want to "k :at !y are 9 !mselves1 & h[ !y inw>dly "w 9 ! s\l4 ,if y please1 !n1 ,i w revive ! argum5t ( ,?rasyma*us4 99#ceh;,c99 ,& fir/ ,i w speak ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice accord+ to ! common view ( !m4 ,secondly1 ,i w %[ t all m5 :o practise ju/ice d s aga9/ _! w1 ( necessity1 b n z a good4 ,& ?irdly1 ,i w argue t !re is reason 9 ?is view1 = ! life ( ! unju/ is aft] all bett] f> ?an ! life ( ! j--if :at !y say is true1 ,socrates1 s9ce ,i myself am n ( _! op9ion4 ,b /ill ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i am p]plex$ :5 ,i he> ! voices ( ,?rasyma*us & myriads ( o!rs d9n+ 9 my e>s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h 99#ceh;,d99 nev] yet he>d ! sup]iority ( ju/ice to inju/ice ma9ta9$ by any "o 9 a satisfactory way4 ,i want to he> ju/ice prais$ 9 respect ( itself2 !n ,i %all be satisfi$1 & y are ! p]son f :om ,i ?9k t ,i am mo/ likely to he> ?is2 & !re=e ,i w praise ! unju/ life to ! utmo/ ( my p[]1 & my mann] ( speak+ w indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ,i desire to he> y too prais+ ju/ice & c5sur+ inju/ice4 ,w y say :e!r y approve ( my proposal8 ,inde$ ,i d2 nor c ,i imag9e any !me ab\t :i* a man ( s5se w\ld (t5] wi% to conv]se4 #ch ,sid5ote3 ,glaucon4 99#ceh;,e99 ,i am delight$1 he repli$1 to he> y say s1 & %all beg9 by speak+1 z ,i propos$1 ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice a compromise betwe5 do+ & suff]+ evil4 ,!y say t to d inju/ice is1 by nature1 good2 to suff] inju/ice1 evil2 b t ! evil is great] ?an ! good4 ,& s :5 m5 h bo? done & suff]$ inju/ice & 99#cei;,a99 h _h exp]i5ce ( bo?1 n be+ able to avoid ! "o & obta9 ! o!r1 !y ?9k t !y _h bett] agree among !mselves to h nei!r2 h5ce !re arise laws & mutual cov5ants2 & t :i* is orda9$ by law is t]m$ by !m lawful & j4 ,?is !y affirm to be ! orig9 & nature ( ju/ice2--x is a mean or compromise1 betwe5 ! be/ ( all1 :i* is to d inju/ice & n be puni%$1 & ! wor/ ( all1 :i* is to suff] inju/ice )\t ! p[] ( retaliation2 & ju/ice1 be+ at a middle po9t betwe5 ! two1 is tol]at$ n z a good1 b z ! less] evil1 & hon\r$ by reason ( ! inability ( m5 to d inju/ice4 99#cei;,b99 ,= no man :o is wor?y to be call$ a man w\ld ev] submit to su* an agreem5t if he 7 able to resi/2 he w\ld be mad if he did4 ,su* is ! receiv$ acc\nt1 ,socrates1 ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ory ( ,gyges4 ,sid5ote3 ,! application ( ! /ory ( ,gyges4 ,n[ t ^? :o practise ju/ice d s involunt>ily & because !y h n ! p[] to be unju/ w be/ appe> 99#cei;,c99 if we imag9e some?+ ( ?is k9d3 hav+ giv5 bo? to ! j & ! unju/ p[] to d :at !y w1 let u wat* & see :i!r desire w lead !m2 !n we %all discov] 9 ! v act ! j & unju/ man to be proce$+ along ! same road1 foll[+ _! int]e/1 :i* all natures deem to be _! good1 & are only div]t$ into ! pa? ( ju/ice by ! =ce ( law4 ,! lib]ty :i* we are suppos+ may be mo/ completely giv5 to !m 9 ! =m ( su* a p[] z is said to h be5 99#cei;,d99 possess$ by ,gyges1 ! ance/or ( ,croesus ! ,lydian#a4 ,accord+ to ! tradition1 ,gyges 0 a %eph]d 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ ( ,lydia2 !re 0 a great /orm1 & an e>?quake made an op5+ 9 ! e>? at ! place :]e he 0 fe$+ 8 flock4 ,amaz$ at ! sight1 he #ci desc5d$ into ! op5+1 :]e1 among o!r m>vels1 he beheld a holl[ braz5 horse1 hav+ doors1 at :i* he /oop+ & look+ 9 saw a dead body ( /ature1 z appe>$ to him1 m ?an human1 & hav+ no?+ on b a gold r+2 99#cei;,e99 ?is he took f ! f+] ( ! dead & reasc5d$4 ,n[ ! %eph]ds met toge!r1 accord+ to cu/om1 t !y might s5d _! mon?ly report ab\t ! flocks to ! k+2 into _! assembly he came hav+ ! r+ on 8 f+]1 & z he 0 sitt+ among !m he *anc$ to turn ! collet ( ! r+ inside 8 h&1 :5 in/antly he became invisible to ! re/ ( ! company & !y began to speak ( him z if he 7 no long] pres5t4 99#cfj;,a99 ,he 0 a/oni%$ at ?is1 & aga9 t\*+ ! r+ he turn$ ! collet outw>ds & reappe>$2 he made sev]al trials ( ! r+1 & always ) ! same result--:5 he turn$ ! collet inw>ds he became invisible1 :5 outw>ds he reappe>$4 ,:]eupon he contriv$ to be *os5 "o ( ! mess5g]s :o 7 s5t to ! c\rt2 :]e z soon z he arriv$ 99#cfj;,b99 he s$uc$ ! que51 & ) h] help conspir$ aga9/ ! k+ & slew him1 & took ! k+dom4 ,suppose n[ t !re 7 two su* magic r+s1 & ! j put on "o ( !m & ! unju/ ! o!r2 no man c be imag9$ to be ( su* an iron nature t he w\ld /& fa/ 9 ju/ice4 ,no man w\ld keep 8 h&s (f :at 0 n 8 own :5 he c\ld safely take :at he 99#cfj;,c99 lik$ out ( ! m>ket1 or g into h\ses & lie ) any "o at 8 pleasure1 or kill or release f prison :om he w\ld1 & 9 all respects be l a ,god among m54 ,!n ! actions ( ! j w\ld be z ! actions ( ! unju/2 !y w\ld bo? come at la/ to ! same po9t4 ,& ?is we may truly affirm to be a great pro( t a man is j1 n will+ly or because he ?9ks t ju/ice is any good to him individually1 b ( necessity1 = :]ev] any "o ?9ks t he c safely be unju/1 !re he is unju/4 ,= 99#cfj;,d99 all m5 believe 9 _! he>ts t inju/ice is f> m pr(itable to ! individual ?an ju/ice1 & he :o argues z ,i h be5 suppos+1 w say t !y are "r4 ,if y c\ld imag9e any "o obta9+ ?is p[] ( becom+ invisible1 & nev] do+ any wrong or t\*+ :at 0 ano!r's1 he w\ld be ?\ght by ! look]s-on to be a #dj mo/ wret*$ idiot1 al?\gh !y w\ld praise him to "o ano!r's faces1 & keep up appe>ances ) "o ano!r f a fe> t !y too might suff] inju/ice4 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,footnote #a3 ,read+ ,greek3 ,gu_/n t ,kroi_/s\ t\ ,lud\ progo_/n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unju/ to be clo!d ) p[] & reputation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! j to be unclo!d ( all b 8 virtue4 99#cfj;,e99 ,n[1 if we are to =m a real judgm5t ( ! life ( ! j & unju/1 we mu/ isolate !m2 !re is no o!r way2 & h[ is ! isolation to be effect$8 ,i answ]3 ,let ! unju/ man be entirely unju/1 & ! j man entirely j2 no?+ is to be tak5 away f ei!r ( !m1 & bo? are to be p]fectly furni%$ = ! "w ( _! respective lives4 ,fir/1 let ! unju/ be l o!r di/+ui%$ ma/]s ( craft2 l ! skilful pilot or 99#cfa;,a99 physician1 :o kn[s intuitively 8 own p[]s & keeps )9 _! limits1 & :o1 if he fails at any po9t1 is able to recov] himself4 ,s let ! unju/ make 8 unju/ attempts 9 ! "r way1 & lie hidd5 if he means to be great 9 8 inju/ice3 7he :o is f\nd out is nobody37 = ! highe/ rea* ( inju/ice is1 to be deem$ j :5 y are n4 ,!re=e ,i say t 9 ! p]fectly unju/ man we mu/ assume ! mo/ p]fect inju/ice2 !re is to be no d$uction1 b we mu/ all[ him1 :ile do+ ! mo/ unju/ acts1 99#cfa;,b99 to h acquir$ ! greate/ reputation = ju/ice4 ,if he h tak5 a false /ep he mu/ be able to recov] himself2 he mu/ be "o :o c speak ) effect1 if any ( 8 de$s come to light1 & :o c =ce 8 way :]e =ce is requir$ by 8 c\rage & /r5g?1 & comm& ( money & fri5ds4 ,& at 8 side let u place ! j man 9 8 nobl5ess & simplicity1 wi%+1 z ,aes*ylus says1 to be & n to seem good4 ,!re mu/ be no seem+1 99#cfa;,c99 = if he seem to be j he w be hon\r$ & rew>d$1 & !n we %all n "k :e!r he is j = ! sake ( ju/ice or = ! sake ( hon\rs & rew>ds2 !re=e1 let him be clo!d 9 ju/ice only1 & h no o!r cov]+2 & he mu/ be imag9$ 9 a /ate ( life ! opposite ( ! =m]4 ,let him be ! be/ ( m51 & let him be ?\ght ! wor/2 !n he w h be5 put to ! pro(2 & we %all see :e!r he w be affect$ by ! fe> ( infamy & its consequ5ces4 ,& let him cont9ue 99#cfa;,d99 ?us to ! h\r ( dea?2 be+ j & seem+ to be unju/4 ,:5 bo? h rea*$ ! utt]mo/ extreme1 #da ! "o ( ju/ice & ! o!r ( inju/ice1 let judgm5t be giv5 :i* ( !m is ! happi] ( ! two4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,heav5s6 my de> ,glaucon1 ,i said1 h[ en]getically y poli% !m up = ! decision1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r1 z if !y 7 two /atues4 ,sid5ote3 ,! j man w le>n by ea* exp]i5ce t he ought to seem & n to be j4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unju/ :o appe>s j w atta9 e sort ( prosp]ity4 ,i d my be/1 he said4 ,& n[ t we "k :at !y are l !re is no difficulty 9 trac+ out ! sort ( life 99#cfa;,e99 :i* awaits ei!r ( !m4 ,?is ,i w proce$ to describe2 b z y may ?9k ! description a little too co>se1 ,i ask y to suppose1 ,socrates1 t ! words :i* foll[ are n m9e4--,let me put !m into ! m\?s ( ! eulogi/s ( inju/ice3 ,!y w tell y t ! j man :o is ?\ght unju/ w be sc\rg$1 rack$1 b\nd--w h 8 eyes burnt out2 &1 at la/1 aft] suff]+ e k9d ( evil1 he w be impal$3 ,!n he w und]/& t he 99#cfb;,a99 ought to seem only1 & n to be1 j2 ! words ( ,aes*ylus may be m truly spok5 ( ! unju/ ?an ( ! j4 ,= ! unju/ is pursu+ a reality2 he does n live ) a view to appe>ances--he wants to be really unju/ & n to seem only3-- ',8 m9d has a soil deep & f]tile1 99#cfb;,b99 ,out ( :i* spr+ 8 prud5t c\nsels4'#b ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is ?\ght j1 & !re=e be>s rule 9 ! city2 he c m>ry :om he w1 & give 9 m>riage to :om he w2 also he c trade & deal :]e he likes1 & always to 8 own advantage1 because he has no misgiv+s ab\t inju/ice2 & at e conte/1 :e!r 9 public or private1 he gets ! bett] ( 8 antagoni/s1 & ga9s at _! exp5se1 & is ri*1 & out ( 8 ga9s he 99#cfb;,c99 c b5efit 8 fri5ds1 & h>m 8 enemies2 moreov]1 he c (f] sacrifices1 & d$icate gifts to ! gods abundantly & magnific5tly1 & c hon\r ! gods or any man :om he wants to hon\r 9 a f> bett] /yle ?an ! j1 & !re=e he is likely to be de>] ?an !y are to ! gods4 ,& ?us1 ,socrates1 gods & m5 are said to unite 9 mak+ ! life ( ! unju/ bett] ?an ! life ( ! j4 ,footnote #b3 ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 #egd4 ,sid5ote3 ,adeimantus1 ,socrates4 99#cfb;,d99 ,i 0 go+ to say some?+ 9 answ] to ,glaucon1 :5 #db ,adeimantus1 8 bro!r1 int]pos$3 ,socrates1 he said1 y d n suppose t !re is no?+ m to be urg$8 ,:y1 :at else is !re8 ,i answ]$4 ,! /ronge/ po9t ( all has n be5 ev5 m5tion$1 he repli$4 ,well1 !n1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 ',let bro!r help bro!r'--if he fails 9 any "p d y assi/ him2 al?\gh ,i mu/ confess t ,glaucon has already said q en\gh to lay me 9 ! du/1 & take f me ! p[] ( help+ ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,adeimantus4 ,sid5ote3 ,adeimantus takes up ! argum5t4 ,ju/ice is prais$ & inju/ice blam$1 b only out ( reg>d to _! consequ5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ano!r life4 99#cfb;,e99 ,nons5se1 he repli$4 ,b let me add some?+ m3 ,!re is ano!r side to ,glaucon's argum5t ab\t ! praise & c5sure ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 :i* is equally requir$ 9 ord] to br+ out :at ,i believe to be 8 mean+4 ,p>5ts & tutors are always tell+ _! sons & _! 99#cfc;,a99 w>ds t !y are to be j2 b :y8 n = ! sake ( ju/ice1 b = ! sake ( "* & reputation2 9 ! hope ( obta9+ = him :o is reput$ j "s ( ^? (fices1 m>riages1 & ! l :i* ,glaucon has enum]at$ among ! advantages accru+ to ! unju/ f ! reputation ( ju/ice4 ,m1 h[ev]1 is made ( appe>ances by ?is class ( p]sons ?an by ! o!rs2 = !y ?r[ 9 ! good op9ion ( ! gods1 & w tell y ( a %[] ( b5efits :i* ! heav5s1 z !y say1 ra9 ^u ! pi\s2 & ?is accords ) ! te/imony ( ! noble ,hesiod & ,hom]1 ! fir/ ( :om says1 t ! gods 99#cfc;,b99 make ! oaks ( ! j-- ',to be> acorns at _! summit1 & bees 9 ! middle2 ,& ! %eep are b[$ d[n ) ! weight ( _! fleeces#c1' & _m o!r bless+s ( a l k9d are provid$ = !m4 ,& ,hom] has a v simil> /ra92 = he speaks ( "o ^: fame is-- ',z ! fame ( "s blameless k+ :o1 l a god1 ,ma9ta9s ju/ice2 to :om ! black e>? br+s =? 99#cfc;,c99 ,:eat & b>ley1 ^: trees are b[$ ) fruit1 ,& 8 %eep nev] fail to be>1 & ! sea gives him fi%#d4' ,/ill gr&] are ! gifts ( heav5 :i* ,musaeus & 8 son#e v\*safe to ! j2 !y take !m d[n into ! #dc _w bel[1 :]e !y h ! sa9ts ly+ on c\*es at a fea/1 ev]la/+ly drunk1 cr[n$ ) g>l&s2 99#cfc;,d99 _! idea seems to be t an immortality ( drunk5ness is ! highe/ me$ ( virtue4 ,"s ext5d _! rew>ds yet fur!r2 ! po/]ity1 z !y say1 ( ! fai?ful & j %all survive to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,?is is ! /yle 9 :i* !y praise ju/ice4 ,b ab\t ! wick$ !re is ano!r /ra92 !y bury !m 9 a sl\gh 9 ,hades1 & make !m c>ry wat] 9 a sieve2 also :ile !y are yet liv+ !y br+ !m to infamy1 & inflict 99#cfc;,e99 ^u !m ! puni%m5ts :i* ,glaucon describ$ z ! portion ( ! j :o are reput$ to be unju/2 no?+ else does _! inv5tion supply4 ,su* is _! mann] ( prais+ ! "o & c5sur+ ! o!r4 ,footnote #c3 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #bcj4 ,footnote #d3 ,hom]1 ,od4 xix4 #aji4 ,footnote #e3 ,eumolpus4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 are always repeat+ t virtue is pa9ful & vice pleasant4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y are taught t s9s may be easily expiat$4 ,once m1 ,socrates1 ,i w ask y to consid] ano!r way ( speak+ ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 :i* is n conf9$ to ! poets1 99#cfd;,a99 b is f\nd 9 prose writ]s4 ,! univ]sal voice ( mank9d is always decl>+ t ju/ice & virtue are hon\rable1 b griev\s & toilsome2 & t ! pleasures ( vice & inju/ice are easy ( atta9m5t1 & are only c5sur$ by law & op9ion4 ,!y say also t hone/y is = ! mo/ "p less pr(itable ?an di%one/y2 & !y are q ready to call wick$ m5 happy1 & to hon\r !m bo? 9 public & private :5 !y are ri* or 9 any o!r way influ5tial1 :ile !y despise & ov]look 99#cfd;,b99 ^? :o may be weak & poor1 ev5 ?\gh ackn[l$g+ !m to be bett] ?an ! o!rs4 ,b mo/ extraord9>y ( all is _! mode ( speak+ ab\t virtue & ! gods3 !y say t ! gods apportion calamity & mis]y to _m good m51 & good & happ9ess to ! wick$4 ,& m5dicant prophets g to ri* m5's doors & p]suade !m t !y h a p[] committ$ to !m by ! gods ( mak+ an atonem5t = a man's own or 8 ance/or's 99#cfd;,c99 s9s by sacrifices or *>ms1 ) rejoic+s & fea/s2 & !y promise to h>m an enemy1 :e!r j or unju/1 at a small co/2 ) magic arts & incantations b9d+ heav51 z !y say1 to execute _! w4 ,& ! poets are ! au?orities to :om !y appeal1 n[ smoo?+ ! pa? ( vice ) ! words ( ,hesiod2-- #dd ',vice may be _h 9 abundance )\t tr\ble2 99#cfd;,d99 ! way is smoo? & h] dwell+-place is ne>4 ,b be=e virtue ! gods h set toil#f1' & a t$i\s & uphill road3 !n cit+ ,hom] z a witness t ! gods may be influ5c$ by m52 = he also says3-- ',! gods1 too1 may be turn$ f _! purpose2 & m5 pray to !m & av]t _! wra? by sacrifices & 99#cfd;,e99 soo?+ entreaties1 & by libations & ! od\r ( fat1 :5 !y h s9n$ & transgress$#g4' ,& !y produce a ho/ ( books writt5 by ,musaeus & ,orpheus1 :o 7 *ildr5 ( ! ,moon & ! ,muses--t is :at !y say--accord+ to :i* !y p]=m _! ritual1 & p]suade n only individuals1 b :ole cities1 t expiations & atonem5ts = s9 may be made by sacrifices & amusem5ts :i* fill a vacant h\r1 & are equally at ! s]vice ( ! liv+ & ! dead2 ! latt] 99#cfe;,a99 sort !y call my/]ies1 & !y r$eem u f ! pa9s ( hell1 b if we neglect !m no "o kn[s :at awaits u4 ,footnote #f3 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #bhg4 ,footnote #g3 ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ix4 #dic4 ,sid5ote3 ,! effects ( all ?is ^u ! y\?ful m9d4 ,he proce$$3 ,& n[ :5 ! "y he> all ?is said ab\t virtue & vice1 & ! way 9 :i* gods & m5 reg>d !m1 h[ are _! m9ds likely to be affect$1 my de> ,socrates1--^? ( !m1 ,i mean1 :o are quickwitt$1 &1 l bees on ! w+1 light on e fl[]1 & f all t !y he> are prone to draw conclusions z to :at mann] ( p]sons !y %\ld be & 9 :at way !y 99#cfe;,b99 %\ld walk if !y w\ld make ! be/ ( life8 ,probably ! y\? w say to himself 9 ! words ( ,p9d>-- ',c ,i by ju/ice or by crook$ ways ( deceit asc5d a l(ti] t[] :i* may be a =tress to me all my days8' ,sid5ote3 ,! exi/5ce ( ! gods is only kn[n to u ?r\gh ! poets1 :o likewise assure u t !y may be brib$ & t !y are v ready to =give4 ,= :at m5 say is t1 if ,i am really j & am n also ?\ght j pr(it !re is none1 b ! pa9 & loss on ! o!r h& are unmi/akeable4 ,b if1 ?\gh unju/1 ,i acquire ! reputation ( ju/ice1 a heav5ly life is promis$ to me4 99#cfe;,c99 ,s9ce !n1 z philosoph]s prove1 appe>ance tyrannizes ov] tru? & is "l ( happ9ess1 to appe>ance ,i mu/ devote myself4 ,i w describe ar\nd me a picture & %ad[ ( virtue to be ! ve/ibule & ext]ior ( my #de h\se2 beh9d ,i w trail ! subtle & crafty fox1 z ,ar*ilo*us1 greate/ ( sages1 recomm5ds4 ,b ,i he> "s "o exclaim+ t ! concealm5t ( wick$ness is (t5 difficult2 99#cfe;,d99 to :i* ,i answ]1 ,no?+ great is easy4 ,nev]!less1 ! argum5t indicates ?is1 if we w\ld be happy1 to be ! pa? along :i* we %\ld proce$4 ,) a view to concealm5t we w e/abli% secret bro!rhoods & political clubs4 ,& !re are pr(essors ( rhetoric :o tea* ! art ( p]suad+ c\rts & assemblies2 & s1 p>tly by p]suasion & p>tly by =ce1 ,i %all make unlawful ga9s & n be puni%$4 ,/ill ,i he> a voice say+ t ! gods _c be deceiv$1 nei!r c !y be compell$4 ,b :at if !re are no gods8 or1 suppose !m to h no c>e ( human ?+s--:y 9 ei!r case 99#cfe;,e99 %\ld we m9d ab\t concealm5t8 ,& ev5 if !re are gods1 & !y d c>e ab\t u1 yet we "k ( !m only f tradition & ! g5ealogies ( ! poets2 & ^! are ! v p]sons :o say t !y may be influ5c$ & turn$ by 'sacrifices & soo?+ entreaties & by (f]+s4' ,let u be consi/5t !n1 & believe bo? or nei!r4 ,if ! poets speak truly1 :y !n we _h bett] 99#cff;,a99 be unju/1 & (f] ( ! fruits ( inju/ice2 = if we are j1 al?\gh we may escape ! v5geance ( heav51 we %all lose ! ga9s ( inju/ice2 b1 if we are unju/1 we %all keep ! ga9s1 & by our s9n+ & pray+1 & pray+ & s9n+1 ! gods w be propitiat$1 & we %all n be puni%$4 ',b !re is a _w bel[ 9 :i* ei!r we or our po/]ity w suff] = our unju/ de$s4' ,yes1 my fri5d1 w be ! reflection1 b !re are my/]ies & aton+ deities1 & ^! h great p[]4 ,t is 99#cff;,b99 :at mighty cities decl>e2 & ! *ildr5 ( ! gods1 :o 7 _! poets & prophets1 be> a l te/imony4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?is1 ev5 if n absolutely true1 af=ds great excuse = do+ wrong4 ,on :at pr9ciple1 !n1 %all we any long] *oose ju/ice r ?an ! wor/ inju/ice8 :51 if we only unite ! latt] ) a deceitful reg>d to appe>ances1 we %all f>e to our m9d bo? ) gods & m51 9 life & aft] dea?1 z ! mo/ num]\s & ! highe/ au?orities tell u4 99#cff;,c99 ,kn[+ all ?is1 ,socrates1 h[ c a man :o has any sup]iority ( m9d or p]son or rank or weal?1 be will+ to hon\r ju/ice2 or inde$ to refra9 f laugh+ :5 he he>s #df ju/ice prais$8 ,& ev5 if !re %\ld be "s "o :o is able to disprove ! tru? ( my words1 & :o is satisfi$ t ju/ice is be/1 /ill he is n angry ) ! unju/1 b is v ready to =give !m1 because he also 99#cff;,d99 kn[s t m5 are n j ( _! own free w2 unless1 p]adv5ture1 !re be "s "o :om ! div9ity )9 him may h inspir$ ) a hatr$ ( inju/ice1 or :o has atta9$ k ( ! tru?--b no o!r man4 ,he only blames inju/ice :o1 ow+ to c[>dice or age or "s weakness1 has n ! p[] ( be+ unju/4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! fact t :5 he obta9s ! p[]1 he imm$iately becomes unju/ z f> z he c be4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 %\ld be taught t ju/ice is 9 itself ! greate/ good & inju/ice ! greate/ evil4 ,! cause ( all ?is1 ,socrates1 0 indicat$ by u at ! beg9n+ ( ! argum5t1 :5 my bro!r & ,i told y h[ a/oni%$ we 7 to f9d t ( all ! pr(ess+ 99#cff;,e99 panegyri/s ( ju/ice--beg9n+ ) ! anci5t h]oes ( :om any memorial has be5 pres]v$ to u1 & end+ ) ! m5 ( our own "t--no "o has ev] blam$ inju/ice or prais$ ju/ice except ) a view to ! glories1 hon\rs1 & b5efits :i* fl[ f !m4 ,no "o has ev] adequately describ$ ei!r 9 v]se or prose ! true ess5tial nature ( ei!r ( !m abid+ 9 ! s\l1 & invisible to any human or div9e eye2 or %[n t ( all ! ?+s ( a man's s\l :i* he has )9 him1 ju/ice is 99#cfg;,a99 ! greate/ good1 & inju/ice ! greate/ evil4 ,_h ?is be5 ! univ]sal /ra91 _h y s\ght to p]suade u ( ?is f our y\? upw>ds1 we %\ld n h be5 on ! wat* to keep "o ano!r f do+ wrong1 b e "o w\ld h be5 8 own wat*man1 because afraid1 if he did wrong1 ( h>b\r+ 9 himself ! greate/ ( evils4 ,i d>e say t ,?rasyma*us & o!rs w\ld s]i\sly hold ! language :i* ,i h be5 m]ely repeat+1 & words ev5 /rong] ?an ^! ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 grossly1 z ,i conceive1 p]v]t+ _! true nature4 ,b ,i speak 9 ?is 99#cfg;,b99 vehem5t mann]1 z ,i mu/ frankly confess to y1 because ,i want to he> f y ! opposite side2 & ,i w\ld ask y to %[ n only ! sup]iority :i* ju/ice has ov] inju/ice1 b :at effect !y h on ! possessor ( !m :i* makes ! "o to be a good & ! o!r an evil to him4 ,& please1 z ,glaucon reque/$ ( y1 to #dg exclude reputations2 = unless y take away f ea* ( !m 8 true reputation & add on ! false1 we %all say t y d n praise ju/ice1 b ! appe>ance ( x2 99#cfg;,c99 we %all ?9k t y are only exhort+ u to keep inju/ice d>k1 & t y really agree ) ,?rasyma*us 9 ?9k+ t ju/ice is ano!r's good & ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 & t inju/ice is a man's own pr(it & int]e/1 ?\gh injuri\s to ! weak]4 ,n[ z y h admitt$ t ju/ice is "o ( t highe/ class ( goods :i* are desir$ inde$ = _! results1 b 9 a f> great] 99#cfg;,d99 degree = _! own sakes--l sight or he>+ or k or heal?1 or any o!r real & natural & n m]ely conv5tional good--,i w\ld ask y 9 y\r praise ( ju/ice to reg>d "o po9t only3 ,i mean ! ess5tial good & evil :i* ju/ice & inju/ice "w 9 ! possessors ( !m4 ,let o!rs praise ju/ice & c5sure inju/ice1 magnify+ ! rew>ds & hon\rs ( ! "o & abus+ ! o!r2 t is a mann] ( argu+ :i*1 com+ f !m1 ,i am ready to tol]ate1 b f y :o h sp5t y\r :ole life 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is "q1 unless ,i he> 99#cfg;,e99 ! contr>y f y\r own lips1 ,i expect some?+ bett]4 ,& !re=e1 ,i say1 n only prove to u t ju/ice is bett] ?an inju/ice1 b %[ :at !y ei!r ( !m d to ! possessor ( !m1 :i* makes ! "o to be a good & ! o!r an evil1 :e!r se5 or unse5 by gods & m54 ,sid5ote3 ,adeimantus1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,glaucon & ,adeimantus able to argue s well1 b unconv9c$ by _! own argum5ts4 ,i _h always admir$ ! g5ius ( ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 b on he>+ ^! words ,i 0 q delight$1 & said3 99#cfh;,a99 ,sons ( an illu/ri\s fa!r1 t 0 n a bad beg9n+ ( ! ,elegiac v]ses :i* ! admir] ( ,glaucon made 9 hon\r ( y aft] y _h di/+ui%$ y\rselves at ! battle ( ,meg>a3-- ',sons ( ,ari/on1' he sang1 'div9e (fspr+ ( an illu/ri\s h]o4' ,! epi!t is v appropriate1 = !re is some?+ truly div9e 9 be+ able to argue z y h done = ! sup]iority ( inju/ice1 & rema9+ unconv9c$ by y\r own argum5ts4 99#cfh;,b99 ,& ,i d believe t y are n conv9c$--?is ,i inf] f y\r g5]al "*1 = _h ,i judg$ only f y\r spee*es ,i %\ld h mi/ru/$ y4 ,b n[1 ! great] my confid5ce 9 y1 ! great] is my #dh difficulty 9 kn[+ :at to say4 ,= ,i am 9 a /rait betwe5 two2 on ! "o h& ,i feel t ,i am unequal to ! task2 & my inability is br\ght home to me by ! fact t y 7 n satisfi$ ) ! answ] :i* ,i made to ,?rasyma*us1 prov+1 z ,i ?\ght1 ! sup]iority :i* ju/ice has ov] inju/ice4 ,& yet ,i _c refuse to help1 :ile brea? & spee* rema9 to me2 ,i am afraid t !re w\ld be an impiety 9 be+ pres5t :5 ju/ice 99#cfh;,c99 is evil spok5 ( & n lift+ up a h& 9 h] def5ce4 ,& !re=e ,i _h be/ give su* help z ,i c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! l>ge lett]s4 ,glaucon & ! re/ entreat$ me by all means n to let ! "q drop1 b to proce$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,!y want$ to arrive at ! tru?1 fir/1 ab\t ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 & secondly1 ab\t _! relative advantages4 ,i told !m1 :at ,i really ?\ght1 t ! enquiry w\ld be ( a s]i\s nature1 & w\ld require v good eyes4 99#cfh;,d99 ,see+ !n1 ,i said1 t we are no great wits1 ,i ?9k t we _h bett] adopt a me?od :i* ,i may illu/rate ?us2 suppose t a %ort-sight$ p]son _h be5 ask$ by "s "o to read small lett]s f a di/ance2 & x occurr$ to "s "o else t !y might be f\nd 9 ano!r place :i* 0 l>g] & 9 :i* ! lett]s 7 l>g]--if !y 7 ! same & he c\ld read ! l>g] lett]s fir/1 & !n proce$ to ! less]--?is w\ld h be5 ?\ght a r>e piece ( good =tune4 ,v true1 said ,adeimantus2 b h[ does ! illu/ration 99#cfh;,e99 apply to our enquiry8 ,i w tell y1 ,i repli$2 ju/ice1 :i* is ! subject ( our enquiry1 is1 z y "k1 sometimes spok5 ( z ! virtue ( an individual1 & sometimes z ! virtue ( a ,/ate4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,& is n a ,/ate l>g] ?an an individual8 ,x is4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice to be se5 9 ! ,/ate m easily ?an 9 ! individual4 ,!n 9 ! l>g] ! quantity ( ju/ice is likely to be l>g] & m easily disc]nible4 ,i propose !re=e t we enquire into ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 fir/ z 99#cfi;,a99 !y appe> 9 ! ,/ate1 & secondly 9 ! individual1 proce$+ f ! great] to ! less] & comp>+ !m4 #di ,t1 he said1 is an excell5t proposal4 ,& if we imag9e ! ,/ate 9 process ( creation1 we %all see ! ju/ice & inju/ice ( ! ,/ate 9 process ( creation also4 ,i d>e say4 ,:5 ! ,/ate is complet$ !re may be a hope t ! object ( our se>* w be m easily discov]$4 99#cfi;,b99 ,yes1 f> m easily4 ,b ought we to attempt to con/ruct "o8 ,i said2 = to d s1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 w be a v s]i\s task4 ,reflect !re=e4 ,i h reflect$1 said ,adeimantus1 & am anxi\s t y %\ld proce$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate arises out ( ! wants ( m54 ,a ,/ate1 ,i said1 arises1 z ,i conceive1 out ( ! ne$s ( mank9d2 no "o is self-suffic+1 b all ( u h _m wants4 ,c any o!r orig9 ( a ,/ate be imag9$8 ,!re c be no o!r4 99#cfi;,c99 ,!n1 z we h _m wants1 & _m p]sons are ne$$ to supply !m1 "o takes a help] = "o purpose & ano!r = ano!r2 & :5 ^! p>tn]s & help]s are ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o habitation ! body ( inhabitants is t]m$ a ,/ate4 ,true1 he said4 ,& !y ex*ange ) "o ano!r1 & "o gives1 & ano!r receives1 "u ! idea t ! ex*ange w be = _! good4 ,v true4 ,!n1 ,i said1 let u beg9 & create 9 idea a ,/ate2 & yet ! true creator is necessity1 :o is ! "m ( our inv5tion4 ,( c\rse1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r or five great] ne$s ( life1 & ! f\r or five k9ds ( citiz5s :o correspond to !m4 99#cfi;,d99 ,n[ ! fir/ & greate/ ( necessities is food1 :i* is ! condition ( life & exi/5ce4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! second is a dwell+1 & ! ?ird clo?+ & ! l4 ,true4 ,& n[ let u see h[ our city w be able to supply ?is great dem&3 ,we may suppose t "o man is a husb&man1 ano!r a build]1 "s "o else a weav]-- #ej %all we add to !m a %oemak]1 or p]haps "s o!r purveyor to our bodily wants8 ,q "r4 ,! b>e/ notion ( a ,/ate mu/ include f\r or five m54 99#cfi;,e99 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! division ( lab\r4 ,& h[ w !y proce$8 ,w ea* br+ ! result ( 8 lab\rs into a common /ock8--! individual husb&man1 = example1 produc+ = f\r1 & lab\r+ f\r times z long & z mu* z he ne$ 9 ! provision ( food ) :i* he supplies o!rs z well z himself2 or w he h no?+ to d ) o!rs & n be at ! tr\ble ( produc+ = !m1 b provide = himself alone 99#cgj;,a99 a f\r? ( ! food 9 a f\r? ( ! "t1 & 9 ! rema9+ ?ree f\r?s ( 8 "t be employ$ 9 mak+ a h\se or a coat or a pair ( %oes1 hav+ no p>tn]%ip ) o!rs1 b supply+ himself all 8 own wants8 ,adeimantus ?\ght t he %\ld aim at produc+ food only & n at produc+ ev]y?+4 ,probably1 ,i repli$1 t w\ld be ! bett] way2 & :5 ,i he> y say ?is1 ,i am myself rem9d$ t we are 99#cgj;,b99 n all alike2 !re are div]sities ( natures among u :i* are adapt$ to diff]5t occupations4 ,v true4 ,& w y h a "w bett] done :5 ! workman has _m occupations1 or :5 he has only "o8 ,:5 he has only "o4 ,fur!r1 !re c be no d\bt t a "w is spoilt :5 n done at ! "r "t8 ,no d\bt4 ,= bus9ess is n dispos$ to wait until ! do] ( ! bus9ess is at leisure2 b ! do] mu/ foll[ up :at he 99#cgj;,c99 is do+1 & make ! bus9ess 8 fir/ object4 ,he mu/4 ,& if s1 we mu/ inf] t all ?+s are produc$ m pl5tifully & easily & ( a bett] quality :5 "o man does "o ?+ :i* is natural to him & does x at ! "r "t1 & leaves o!r ?+s4 ,und\bt$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ citiz5s are3--#a4 a husb&man1 #b4 a build]4 #c4 a weav]1 #d4 a %oemak]4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$3--#e4 a c>p5t]1 #f4 a smi?1 etc41 #g4 m]*ants1 #h4 retail]s4 ,!n m ?an f\r citiz5s w be requir$2 = ! husb&man w n make 8 own pl\gh or mattock1 or #ea 99#cgj;,d99 o!r implem5ts ( agriculture1 if !y are to be good = any?+4 ,nei!r w ! build] make 8 tools--& he too ne$s _m2 & 9 l mann] ! weav] & %oemak]4 ,true4 ,!n c>p5t]s1 & smi?s1 & _m o!r artisans1 w be %>]s 9 our little ,/ate1 :i* is already beg9n+ to gr[8 ,true4 ,yet ev5 if we add nea!rds1 %eph]ds1 & o!r h]dsm51 99#cgj;,e99 9 ord] t our husb&m5 may h ox5 to pl\gh )1 & build]s z well z husb&m5 may h draught cattle1 & curri]s & weav]s fleeces & hides1--/ill our ,/ate w n be v l>ge4 ,t is true2 yet nei!r w x be a v small ,/ate :i* conta9s all ^!4 ,!n1 aga91 !re is ! situation ( ! city--to f9d a place :]e no?+ ne$ be import$ is wellnigh impossible4 ,impossible4 ,!n !re mu/ be ano!r class ( citiz5s :o w br+ ! requir$ supply f ano!r city8 ,!re mu/4 99#cga;,a99 ,b if ! trad] goes empty-h&$1 hav+ no?+ :i* !y require :o w\ld supply 8 ne$1 he w come back empty-h&$4 ,t is c]ta94 ,& !re=e :at !y produce at home mu/ be n only en\gh = !mselves1 b su* bo? 9 quantity & quality z to accommodate ^? f :om _! wants are suppli$4 ,v true4 ,!n m husb&m5 & m artisans w be requir$8 ,!y w4 ,n to m5tion ! import]s & export]s1 :o are call$ m]*ants8 ,yes4 ,!n we %all want m]*ants8 ,we %all4 ,& if m]*&ise is to be c>ri$ ov] ! sea1 skilful 99#cga;,b99 sailors w also be ne$$1 & 9 consid]able numb]s8 ,yes1 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,!n1 aga91 )9 ! city1 h[ w !y ex*ange _! #eb productions8 ,to secure su* an ex*ange 01 z y w rememb]1 "o ( our pr9cipal objects :5 we =m$ !m into a society & con/itut$ a ,/ate4 ,cle>ly !y w buy & sell4 ,!n !y w ne$ a m>ket-place1 & a money-tok5 = purposes ( ex*ange4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! orig9 ( retail trade4 99#cga;,c99 ,suppose n[ t a husb&man1 or an artisan1 br+s "s production to m>ket1 & he comes at a "t :5 !re is no "o to ex*ange ) him1--is he to leave 8 call+ & sit idle 9 ! m>ket-place8 ,n at all2 he w f9d p !re :o1 see+ ! want1 und]take ! (fice ( salesm54 ,9 well-ord]$ /ates !y are commonly ^? :o are ! weake/ 9 bodily /r5g?1 & !re=e ( little use = any o!r purpose2 _! duty is 99#cga;,d99 to be 9 ! m>ket1 & to give money 9 ex*ange = goods to ^? :o desire to sell & to take money f ^? :o desire to buy4 ,?is want1 !n1 creates a class ( retail-trad]s 9 our ,/ate4 ,is n 'retail]' ! t]m :i* is appli$ to ^? :o sit 9 ! m>ket-place engag$ 9 buy+ & sell+1 :ile ^? :o w&] f "o city to ano!r are call$ m]*ants8 ,yes1 he said4 99#cga;,e99 ,& !re is ano!r class ( s]vants1 :o are intellectually h>dly on ! level ( companion%ip2 /ill !y h pl5ty ( bodily /r5g? = lab\r1 :i* accord+ly !y sell1 & are call$1 if ,i d n mi/ake1 hirel+s1 hire be+ ! "n :i* is giv5 to ! price ( _! lab\r4 ,true4 ,!n hirel+s w help to make up our population8 ,yes4 ,& n[1 ,adeimantus1 is our ,/ate matur$ & p]fect$8 ,i ?9k s4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ju/ice1 & :]e is inju/ice1 & 9 :at "p ( ! ,/ate did !y spr+ up8 99#cgb;,a99 ,probably 9 ! deal+s ( ^! citiz5s ) "o ano!r4 ,i _c imag9e t !y are m likely to be f\nd any :]e else4 ,i d>e say t y are "r 9 y\r sugge/ion1 ,i said2 #ec we _h bett] ?9k ! matt] out1 & n %r9k f ! enquiry4 ,sid5ote3 ,a picture ( primitive life4 ,let u !n consid]1 fir/ ( all1 :at w be _! way ( life1 n[ t we h ?us e/abli%$ !m4 ,w !y n produce corn1 & w9e1 & clo!s1 & %oes1 & build h\ses = !mselves8 ,& :5 !y are h\s$1 !y w "w1 9 summ]1 commonly1 /ripp$ & b>efoot1 b 99#cgb;,b99 9 w9t] sub/antially clo!d & %od4 ,!y w fe$ on b>ley-meal & fl\r ( :eat1 bak+ & knead+ !m1 mak+ noble cakes & loaves2 ^! !y w s]ve up on a mat ( re$s or on clean leaves1 !mselves recl9+ ! :ile ^u b$s /rewn ) yew or myrtle4 ,& !y & _! *ildr5 w fea/1 dr9k+ ( ! w9e :i* !y h made1 we>+ g>l&s on _! heads1 & hymn+ ! praises ( ! gods1 9 happy conv]se ) "o ano!r4 99#cgb;,c99 ,& !y w take c>e t _! families d n exce$ _! means2 hav+ an eye to pov]ty or w>4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,b1 said ,glaucon1 int]pos+1 y h n giv5 !m a reli% to _! meal4 ,true1 ,i repli$1 ,i _h =gott52 ( c\rse !y mu/ h a reli%--salt1 & olives1 & *eese1 & !y w boil roots & h]bs su* z c\ntry p prep>e2 = a dess]t we %all give !m figs1 & peas1 & beans2 & !y w roa/ myrtle-b]ries & acorns at ! fire1 dr9k+ 9 mod]ation4 99#cgb;,d99 ,& ) su* a diet !y may be expect$ to live 9 peace & heal? to a good old age1 & bequea? a simil> life to _! *ildr5 aft] !m4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 he said1 & if y 7 provid+ = a city ( pigs1 h[ else w\ld y fe$ ! bea/s8 ,b :at w\ld y h1 ,glaucon8 ,i repli$4 ,:y1 he said1 y %\ld give !m ! ord9>y conv5i5ces ( life4 ,p :o are to be com=table are accu/om$ to lie on s(as1 & d9e (f tables1 & !y %\ld 99#cgb;,e99 h sauces & sweets 9 ! mod]n /yle4 ,sid5ote3 ,a luxuri\s ,/ate mu/ be call$ into exi/5ce1 ,yes1 ,i said1 n[ ,i und]/&3 ! "q :i* y w\ld h me consid] is1 n only h[ a ,/ate1 b h[ a luxuri\s ,/ate is creat$2 & possibly !re is no h>m 9 ?is1 = 9 su* a ,/ate we %all be m likely to see h[ ju/ice & inju/ice orig9ate4 ,9 my op9ion ! true & heal?y con/itution ( ! ,/ate is ! "o :i* ,i h #ed describ$4 ,b if y wi% also to see a ,/ate at fev]-heat1 ,i h no objection4 ,= ,i suspect t _m w n be 99#cgc;,a99 satisfi$ ) ! simpl] way ( life4 ,!y w be = add+ s(as1 & tables1 & o!r furniture2 also da9ties1 & p]fumes1 & inc5se1 & c\rtesans1 & cakes1 all ^! n ( "o sort only1 b 9 e v>iety2 we mu/ g beyond ! necess>ies ( :i* ,i 0 at fir/ speak+1 su* z h\ses1 & clo!s1 & %oes3 ! arts ( ! pa9t] & ! embroid]] w h to be set 9 motion1 & gold & ivory & all sorts ( mat]ials mu/ be procur$4 99#cgc;,b99 ,true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 & 9 ?is _m new call+s w be requir$4 ,!n we mu/ enl>ge our bord]s2 = ! orig9al heal?y ,/ate is no long] suffici5t4 ,n[ w ! city h to fill & swell ) a multitude ( call+s :i* are n requir$ by any natural want2 su* z ! :ole tribe ( hunt]s & actors1 ( :om "o l>ge class h to d ) =ms & col\rs2 ano!r w be ! vot>ies ( music--poets & _! att5dant tra9 ( rhapsodi/s1 play]s1 danc]s1 contractors2 also mak]s ( div]s k9ds ( articles1 99#cgc;,c99 includ+ wom5's dresses4 ,& we %all want m s]vants4 ,w n tutors be also 9 reque/1 & nurses wet & dry1 tirewom5 & b>b]s1 z well z confection]s & cooks2 & sw9eh]ds1 too1 :o 7 n ne$$ & !re=e _h no place 9 ! =m] edition ( our ,/ate1 b are ne$$ n[8 ,!y mu/ n be =gott53 & !re w be animals ( _m o!r k9ds1 if p eat !m4 ,c]ta9ly4 99#cgc;,d99 ,& liv+ 9 ?is way we %all h mu* great] ne$ ( physicians ?an be=e8 ,mu* great]4 ,& ! c\ntry :i* 0 en\gh to support ! orig9al inhabitants w be too small n[1 & n en\gh8 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t]ritory ( our ,/ate mu/ be enl>g$2 & h5ce w arise w> betwe5 u & our neighb\rs4 ,!n a slice ( our neighb\rs' l& w be want$ by u = pa/ure & tillage1 & !y w want a slice ( ours1 if1 l ourselves1 !y exce$ ! limit ( necessity1 & give !mselves up to ! unlimit$ accumulation ( weal?8 99#cgc;,e99 ,t1 ,socrates1 w be inevitable4 ,& s we %all g to w>1 ,glaucon4 ,%all we n8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 #ee ,!n )\t det]m9+ z yet :e!r w> does good or h>m1 ?us mu* we may affirm1 t n[ we h discov]$ w> to be d]iv$ f causes :i* are also ! causes ( almo/ all ! evils 9 ,/ates1 private z well z public4 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& our ,/ate mu/ once m enl>ge2 & ?is "t ! enl>gem5t w be no?+ %ort ( a :ole army1 :i* 99#cgd;,a99 w h to g out & fight ) ! invad]s = all t we h1 z well z = ! ?+s & p]sons :om we 7 describ+ above4 ,:y8 he said2 are !y n capable ( def5d+ !mselves8 ,sid5ote3 ,w> is an art1 & z no art c be pursu$ ) success unless a man's :ole att5tion is devot$ to x1 a soldi] _c be all[$ to ex]cise any call+ b 8 own4 ,no1 ,i said2 n if we 7 "r 9 ! pr9ciple :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ by all ( u :5 we 7 fram+ ! ,/ate3 ! pr9ciple1 z y w rememb]1 0 t "o man _c practise _m arts ) success4 ,v true1 he said4 99#cgd;,b99 ,b is n w> an art8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& an art requir+ z mu* att5tion z %oemak+8 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! w>rior's art requires a long appr5tice%ip & _m natural gifts4 ,& ! %oemak] 0 n all[$ by u to be a husb&man1 or a weav]1 or a build]--9 ord] t we might h our %oes well made2 b to him & to e o!r work] 0 assign$ "o "w = :i* he 0 by nature fitt$1 & 99#cgd;,c99 at t he 0 to cont9ue work+ all 8 life long & at no o!r2 he 0 n to let opportunities slip1 & !n he w\ld become a good workman4 ,n[ no?+ c be m important ?an t ! "w ( a soldi] %\ld be well done4 ,b is w> an art s easily acquir$ t a man may be a w>rior :o is also a husb&man1 or %oemak]1 or o!r artisan2 al?\gh no "o 9 ! _w w\ld be a good dice or draught play] :o m]ely took up ! game z a recreation1 & _h n f 8 e>lie/ ye>s devot$ himself to ?is & no?+ else8 ,no tools w make a man a skill$ workman1 or ma/] ( def5ce1 nor be ( any use to him :o has n le>n$ h[ to h&le !m1 & has nev] 99#cgd;,d99 be/[$ any att5tion ^u !m4 ,h[ !n w he :o takes up a %ield or o!r implem5t ( w> become a good #ef fight] all 9 a day1 :e!r ) heavy-arm$ or any o!r k9d ( troops8 ,yes1 he said1 ! tools :i* w\ld tea* m5 _! own use w\ld be beyond price4 ,& ! high] ! duties ( ! gu>dian1 ,i said1 ! m 99#cgd;,e99 "t1 & skill1 & art1 & application w be ne$$ by him8 ,no d\bt1 he repli$4 ,w he n also require natural aptitude = 8 call+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! selection ( gu>dians4 ,!n x w be our duty to select1 if we c1 natures :i* are fitt$ = ! task ( gu>d+ ! city8 ,x w4 ,& ! selection w be no easy matt]1 ,i said2 b we mu/ be brave & d our be/4 99#cge;,a99 ,we mu/4 ,is n ! noble y\? v l a well-br$ dog 9 respect ( gu>d+ & wat*+8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean t bo? ( !m ought to be quick to see1 & swift to ov]take ! enemy :5 !y see him2 & /rong too if1 :5 !y h caught him1 !y h to fight ) him4 ,all ^! qualities1 he repli$1 w c]ta9ly be requir$ by !m4 ,well1 & y\r gu>dian mu/ be brave if he is to fight well8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is he likely to be brave :o has no _s1 :e!r horse or dog or any o!r animal8 ,h y nev] obs]v$ 99#cge;,b99 h[ inv9cible & unconqu]able is _s & h[ ! pres5ce ( x makes ! s\l ( any creature to be absolutely fe>less & indomitable8 ,i h4 ,!n n[ we h a cle> notion ( ! bodily qualities :i* are requir$ 9 ! gu>dian4 ,true4 ,& also ( ! m5tal ones2 8 s\l is to be full ( _s8 ,yes4 ,b are n ^! spirit$ natures apt to be savage ) "o ano!r1 & ) ev]ybody else8 #eg ,a difficulty by no means easy to ov]come1 he repli$4 99#cge;,c99 ,:]eas1 ,i said1 !y ought to be dang]\s to _! enemies1 & g5tle to _! fri5ds2 if n1 !y w de/roy !mselves )\t wait+ = _! enemies to de/roy !m4 ,true1 he said4 ,:at is to be done !n8 ,i said2 h[ %all we f9d a g5tle nature :i* has also a great _s1 = ! "o is ! contradiction ( ! o!r8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gu>dian mu/ unite ! opposite qualities ( g5tl5ess & _s4 ,he w n be a good gu>dian :o is want+ 9 ei!r ( ^! two qualities2 & yet ! comb9ation ( !m 99#cge;,d99 appe>s to be impossible2 & h5ce we mu/ inf] t to be a good gu>dian is impossible4 ,i am afraid t :at y say is true1 he repli$4 ,"h feel+ p]plex$ ,i began to ?9k ov] :at _h prec$$4--,my fri5d1 ,i said1 no wond] t we are 9 a p]plexity2 = we h lo/ sight ( ! image :i* we _h be=e u4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean to say t !re d exi/ natures gift$ ) ^? opposite qualities4 ,& :]e d y f9d !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,su* a comb9ation may be obs]v$ 9 ! dog4 ,_m animals1 ,i repli$1 furni% examples ( !m2 our 99#cge;,e99 fri5d ! dog is a v good "o3 y "k t well-br$ dogs are p]fectly g5tle to _! famili>s & acqua9tances1 & ! rev]se to /rang]s4 ,yes1 ,i "k4 ,!n !re is no?+ impossible or out ( ! ord] ( nature 9 our f9d+ a gu>dian :o has a simil> comb9ation ( qualities8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,w\ld n he :o is fitt$ to be a gu>dian1 besides ! spirit$ nature1 ne$ to h ! qualities ( a philosoph]8 ,i d n appreh5d y\r mean+4 99#cgf;,a99 ,! trait ( :i* ,i am speak+1 ,i repli$1 may be also se5 9 ! dog1 & is rem>kable 9 ! animal4 ,:at trait8 ,sid5ote3 ,! dog di/+ui%es fri5d & enemy by ! crit]ion ( kn[+ & n kn[+3 ,:y1 a dog1 :5ev] he sees a /rang]1 is angry2 :5 an acqua9tance1 he welcomes him1 al?\gh ! "o has #eh nev] done him any h>m1 nor ! o!r any good4 ,did ?is nev] /rike y z curi\s8 ,! matt] nev] /ruck me be=e2 b ,i q recognise ! tru? ( y\r rem>k4 ,& surely ?is in/9ct ( ! dog is v *>m+2-- 99#cgf;,b99 y\r dog is a true philosoph]4 ,:y8 ,:y1 because he di/+ui%es ! face ( a fri5d & ( an enemy only by ! crit]ion ( kn[+ & n kn[+4 ,& mu/ n an animal be a lov] ( le>n+ :o det]m9es :at he likes & dislikes by ! te/ ( k & ignorance8 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 :]eby he is %[n to be a philosoph]4 ,& is n ! love ( le>n+ ! love ( wisdom1 :i* is philosophy8 ,!y are ! same1 he repli$4 ,& may we n say confid5tly ( man also1 t he :o 99#cgf;,c99 is likely to be g5tle to 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances1 mu/ by nature be a lov] ( wisdom & k8 ,t we may safely affirm4 ,!n he :o is to be a really good & noble gu>dian ( ! ,/ate w require to unite 9 himself philosophy & _s & swiftness & /r5g?8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ are our citiz5s to be re>$ & educat$8 ,!n we h f\nd ! desir$ natures2 & n[ t we h f\nd !m1 h[ are !y to be re>$ & educat$8 ,is n ?is an enquiry :i* may be expect$ to ?r[ light 99#cgf;,d99 on ! great] enquiry :i* is our f9al end--,h[ d ju/ice & inju/ice gr[ up 9 ,/ates8 = we d n want ei!r to omit :at is to ! po9t or to draw out ! argum5t to an inconv5i5t l5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,adeimantus4 ,adeimantus ?\ght t ! enquiry w\ld be ( great s]vice to u4 ,!n1 ,i said1 my de> fri5d1 ! task mu/ n be giv5 up1 ev5 if some:at long4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,come !n1 & let u pass a leisure h\r 9 /ory-tell+1 & our /ory %all be ! education ( our h]oes4 99#cgf;,e99 ,by all means4 ,& :at %all be _! education8 ,c we f9d a bett] #ei ?an ! traditional sort8--& ?is has two divisions1 gymna/ic = ! body1 & music = ! s\l4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,education divid$ into gymna/ic = ! body & music = ! s\l4 ,music includes lit]ature1 :i* may be true or false4 ,%all we beg9 education ) music1 & g on to gymna/ic aft]w>ds8 ,by all means4 ,& :5 y speak ( music1 d y include lit]ature or n8 ,i d4 ,& lit]ature may be ei!r true or false8 ,yes4 99#cgg;,a99 ,& ! "y %\ld be tra9$ 9 bo? k9ds1 & we beg9 ) ! false8 ,i d n und]/& y\r mean+1 he said4 ,y "k1 ,i said1 t we beg9 by tell+ *ildr5 /ories :i*1 ?\gh n :olly de/itute ( tru?1 are 9 ! ma9 fictiti\s2 & ^! /ories are told !m :5 !y are n ( an age to le>n gymna/ics4 ,v true4 ,t 0 my mean+ :5 ,i said t we mu/ tea* music be=e gymna/ics4 ,q "r1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beg9n+ ! mo/ important "p ( education4 ,y "k also t ! beg9n+ is ! mo/ important 99#cgg;,b99 "p ( any "w1 especially 9 ! case ( a "y & t5d] ?+2 = t is ! "t at :i* ! "* is be+ =m$ & ! desir$ impression is m readily tak54 ,q true4 ,& %all we j c>elessly all[ *ildr5 to he> any casual tales :i* may be devis$ by casual p]sons1 & to receive into _! m9ds ideas = ! mo/ "p ! v opposite ( ^? :i* we %\ld wi% !m to h :5 !y are gr[n up8 ,we _c4 ,sid5ote3 ,works ( fiction to be plac$ "u a c5sor%ip4 ,!n ! fir/ ?+ w be to e/abli% a c5sor%ip ( 99#cgg;,c99 ! writ]s ( fiction1 & let ! c5sors receive any tale ( fiction :i* is good1 & reject ! bad2 & we w desire mo!rs & nurses to tell _! *ildr5 ! au?oris$ ones only4 ,let !m fa%ion ! m9d ) su* tales1 ev5 m fondly ?an !y m\ld ! body ) _! h&s2 b mo/ ( ^? :i* are n[ 9 use mu/ be disc>d$4 #fj ,( :at tales are y speak+8 he said4 ,y may f9d a model ( ! less] 9 ! great]1 ,i said2 99#cgg;,d99 = !y are necess>ily ( ! same type1 & !re is ! same _s 9 bo? ( !m4 ,v likely1 he repli$2 b ,i d n z yet "k :at y w\ld t]m ! great]4 ,sid5ote3 ,hom] & ,hesiod are tell]s ( bad lies1 t is to say1 !y give false repres5tations ( ! gods1 ,^?1 ,i said1 :i* are n>rat$ by ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & ! re/ ( ! poets1 :o h ev] be5 ! great /ory-tell]s ( mank9d4 ,b :i* /ories d y mean1 he said2 & :at fault d y f9d ) !m8 ,a fault :i* is mo/ s]i\s1 ,i said2 ! fault ( tell+ a lie1 &1 :at is m1 a bad lie4 ,b :5 is ?is fault committ$8 99#cgg;,e99 ,:5ev] an errone\s repres5tation is made ( ! nature ( gods & h]oes1--z :5 a pa9t] pa9ts a portrait n hav+ ! %ad[ ( a lik5ess to ! orig9al4 ,yes1 he said1 t sort ( ?+ is c]ta9ly v blameable2 b :at are ! /ories :i* y mean8 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i said1 !re 0 t greate/ ( all lies 9 high places1 :i* ! poet told ab\t ,uranus1 & :i* 0 a bad lie too1--,i mean :at ,hesiod says t ,uranus did1 99#cgh;,a99 & h[ ,cronus retaliat$ on him#h4 ,! do+s ( ,cronus1 & ! suff]+s :i* 9 turn 8 son inflict$ ^u him1 ev5 if !y 7 true1 ought c]ta9ly n to be lightly told to "y & ?\ghtless p]sons2 if possible1 !y _h bett] be buri$ 9 sil5ce4 ,b if !re is an absolute necessity = _! m5tion1 a *os5 few might he> !m 9 a my/]y1 & !y %\ld sacrifice n a common ,eleus9ian pig1 b "s huge & unprocurable victim2 & !n ! numb] ( ! he>]s w be v few inde$4 ,footnote #h3 ,hesiod1 ,!ogony1 #aed1 #dei4 ,:y1 yes1 said he1 ^? /ories are extremely objectionable4 ,sid5ote3 :i* h a bad effect on ! m9ds ( y\?4 99#cgh;,b99 ,yes1 ,adeimantus1 !y are /ories n to be repeat$ 9 our ,/ate2 ! "y man %\ld n be told t 9 committ+ ! wor/ ( crimes he is f> f do+ any?+ outrage\s2 & t ev5 if he *a/ises 8 fa!r :5 he does wrong1 9 :atev] mann]1 he w only be foll[+ ! example ( ! fir/ & greate/ among ! gods4 #fa ,i entirely agree ) y1 he said2 9 my op9ion ^? /ories are q unfit to be repeat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ories ab\t ! qu>rels ( ! gods & _! evil behavi\r to "o ano!r are untrue4 ,sid5ote3 ,& allegorical int]pretations ( !m are n und]/ood by ! "y4 ,nei!r1 if we mean our future gu>dians to reg>d ! habit ( qu>rell+ among !mselves z ( all ?+s ! base/1 %\ld any ^w be said to !m ( ! w>s 9 heav51 99#cgh;,c99 & ( ! plots & fight+s ( ! gods aga9/ "o ano!r1 = !y are n true4 ,no1 we %all nev] m5tion ! battles ( ! giants1 or let !m be embroid]$ on g>m5ts2 & we %all be sil5t ab\t ! innum]able o!r qu>rels ( gods & h]oes ) _! fri5ds & relatives4 ,if !y w\ld only believe u we w\ld tell !m t qu>rell+ is unholy1 & t nev] up to ?is "t 99#cgh;,d99 has !re be5 any qu>rel betwe5 citiz5s2 ?is is :at old m5 & old wom5 %\ld beg9 by tell+ *ildr52 & :5 !y gr[ up1 ! poets also %\ld be told to compose = !m 9 a simil> _s#i4 ,b ! n>rative ( ,hephae/us b9d+ ,"h 8 "m1 or h[ on ano!r occasion ,zeus s5t him fly+ = tak+ h] "p :5 %e 0 be+ beat51 & all ! battles ( ! gods 9 ,hom]--^! tales mu/ n be admitt$ into our ,/ate1 :e!r !y are suppos$ to h an allegorical mean+ or n4 ,= a "y p]son _c judge :at is allegorical & 99#cgh;,e99 :at is lit]al2 any?+ t he receives into 8 m9d at t age is likely to become indelible & unalt]able2 & !re=e x is mo/ important t ! tales :i* ! "y fir/ he> %\ld be models ( virtu\s ?\ghts4 ,footnote #i3 ,plac+ ! comma aft] ,greek3 grausi_/1 & n aft] ,greek3 gignome_/nois4 ,!re y are "r1 he repli$2 b if any "o asks :]e are su* models to be f\nd & ( :at tales are y speak+--h[ %all we answ] him8 99#cgi;,a99 ,i said to him1 ,y & ,i1 ,adeimantus1 at ?is mom5t are n poets1 b f\nd]s ( a ,/ate3 n[ ! f\nd]s ( a ,/ate ought to "k ! g5]al =ms 9 :i* poets %\ld ca/ _! tales1 & ! limits :i* mu/ be obs]v$ by !m1 b to make ! tales is n _! bus9ess4 ,v true1 he said2 b :at are ^! =ms ( !ology :i* y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ,god is to be repres5t$ z he truly is4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d1 ,i repli$3--,god is always to be repres5t$ z he truly is1 :atev] be ! sort ( poetry1 epic1 lyric or tragic1 9 :i* ! repres5tation is giv54 ,"r4 #fb 99#cgi;,b99 ,& is he n truly good8 & mu/ he n be repres5t$ z su*8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& no good ?+ is hurtful8 ,no1 inde$4 ,& t :i* is n hurtful hurts n8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& t :i* hurts n does no evil8 ,no4 ,& c t :i* does no evil be a cause ( evil8 ,impossible4 ,& ! good is advantage\s8 ,yes4 ,& !re=e ! cause ( well-be+8 ,yes4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! good is n ! cause ( all ?+s1 b ( ! good only8 99#cgi;,c99 ,assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,god1 if he be good1 is ! au?or ( good only4 ,!n ,god1 if he be good1 is n ! au?or ( all ?+s1 z ! _m ass]t1 b he is ! cause ( a few ?+s only1 & n ( mo/ ?+s t occur to m54 ,= few are ! goods ( human life1 & _m are ! evils1 & ! good is to be attribut$ to ,god alone2 ( ! evils ! causes are to be s\ght else:]e1 & n 9 him4 ,t appe>s to me to be mo/ true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fictions ( ! poets4 ,sid5ote3 ,only t evil :i* is ( ! nature ( puni%m5t to be attribut$ to ,god4 ,!n we mu/ n li/5 to ,hom] or to any o!r poet 99#cgi;,d99 :o is guilty ( ! folly ( say+ t two casks ',lie at ! ?re%old ( ,zeus1 full ( lots1 "o ( good1 ! o!r ( evil lots#aj1' & t he to :om ,zeus gives a mixture ( ! two ',sometimes meets ) evil =tune1 at o!r times ) good2' b t he to :om is giv5 ! cup ( unm+l$ ill1 ',him wild hung] drives o'er ! beaute\s e>?4' 99#cgi;,e99 ,& aga9-- ',zeus1 :o is ! disp5s] ( good & evil to u4' ,& if any "o ass]ts t ! violation ( oa?s & treaties1 #fc :i* 0 really ! "w ( ,p&>us#aa1 0 br\ght ab\t by ,a!ne & ,zeus1 or t ! /rife & cont5tion ( ! gods 0 in/igat$ by ,!mis & ,zeus#ab1 he %all n h our approval2 nei!r w we all[ our "y m5 to he> ! words ( ,aes*ylus1 t 99#chj;,a99 ',god plants guilt among m5 :5 he desires utt]ly to de/roy a h\se4' ,& if a poet writes ( ! suff]+s ( ,niobe--! subject ( ! trag$y 9 :i* ^! iambic v]ses occur--or ( ! h\se ( ,pelops1 or ( ! ,trojan w> or on any simil> !me1 ei!r we mu/ n p]mit him to say t ^! are ! works ( ,god1 or if !y are ( ,god1 he mu/ devise "s explanation ( !m su* z we are seek+2 he mu/ say t 99#chj;,b99 ,god did :at 0 j & "r1 & !y 7 ! bett] = be+ puni%$2 b t ^? :o are puni%$ are mis]able1 & t ,god is ! au?or ( _! mis]y--! poet is n to be p]mitt$ to say2 ?\gh he may say t ! wick$ are mis]able because !y require to be puni%$1 & are b5efit$ by receiv+ puni%m5t f ,god2 b t ,god be+ good is ! au?or ( evil to any "o is to be 99#chj;,c99 /r5u\sly d5i$1 & n to be said or sung or he>d 9 v]se or prose by any "o :e!r old or "y 9 any well-ord]$ commonweal?4 ,su* a fiction is suicidal1 ru9\s1 impi\s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,iliad1 xxiv4 #ebg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,iliad1 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ib4 xx4 ,i agree ) y1 he repli$1 & am ready to give my ass5t to ! law4 ,let ?is !n be "o ( our rules & pr9ciples conc]n+ ! gods1 to :i* our poets & recit]s w be expect$ to con=m1--t ,god is n ! au?or ( all ?+s1 b ( good only4 ,t w d1 he said4 99#chj;,d99 ,& :at d y ?9k ( a second pr9ciple8 ,%all ,i ask y :e!r ,god is a magician1 & ( a nature to appe> insidi\sly n[ 9 "o %ape1 & n[ 9 ano!r--sometimes himself *ang+ & pass+ into _m =ms1 sometimes deceiv+ u ) ! semblance ( su* trans=mations2 or is he "o & ! same immutably fix$ 9 8 own prop] image8 #fd ,i _c answ] y1 he said1 )\t m ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,?+s mu/ be *ang$ ei!r by ano!r or by !mselves4 ,well1 ,i said2 b if we suppose a *ange 9 any?+1 t 99#chj;,e99 *ange mu/ be effect$ ei!r by ! ?+ itself1 or by "s o!r ?+8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,& ?+s :i* are at _! be/ are also lea/ liable to be alt]$ or discompos$2 = example1 :5 heal?ie/ & /ronge/1 ! human frame is lea/ liable to be affect$ by meats & dr9ks1 & ! plant :i* is 9 ! fulle/ vig\r also suff]s lea/ f w9ds or ! heat ( ! sun or any simil> causes4 ,( c\rse4 99#cha;,a99 ,& w n ! brave/ & wise/ s\l be lea/ confus$ or d]ang$ by any ext]nal influ5ce8 ,true4 ,& ! same pr9ciple1 z ,i %\ld suppose1 applies to all composite ?+s--furniture1 h\ses1 g>m5ts3 :5 good & well made1 !y are lea/ alt]$ by "t & circum/ances4 ,v true4 99#cha;,b99 ,!n ev]y?+ :i* is good1 :e!r made by art or nature1 or bo?1 is lea/ liable to suff] *ange f )\t8 ,true4 ,b surely ,god & ! ?+s ( ,god are 9 e way p]fect8 ,( c\rse !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ,god _c be *ang$ by o!r2 & w n be *ang$ by himself4 ,!n he c h>dly be compell$ by ext]nal influ5ce to take _m %apes8 ,he _c4 ,b may he n *ange & trans=m himself8 ,cle>ly1 he said1 t mu/ be ! case if he is *ang$ at all4 ,& w he !n *ange himself = ! bett] & fair]1 or = ! worse & m unsightly8 99#cha;,c99 ,if he *ange at all he c only *ange = ! worse1 = we _c suppose him to be defici5t ei!r 9 virtue or beauty4 ,v true1 ,adeimantus2 b !n1 w\ld any "o1 :e!r ,god or man1 desire to make himself worse8 ,impossible4 ,!n x is impossible t ,god %\ld ev] be will+ to #fe *ange2 be+1 z is suppos$1 ! faire/ & be/ t is conceivable1 e ,god rema9s absolutely & = ev] 9 8 own =m4 ,t necess>ily foll[s1 he said1 9 my judgm5t4 99#cha;,d99 ,!n1 ,i said1 my de> fri5d1 let none ( ! poets tell u t ',! gods1 tak+ ! disguise ( /rang]s f o!r l&s1 walk up & d[n cities 9 all sorts ( =ms#ac2' & let no "o sl&] ,proteus & ,!tis1 nei!r let any "o1 ei!r 9 trag$y or 9 any o!r k9d ( poetry1 introduce ,"h disguis$ 9 ! lik5ess ( a prie/ess ask+ an alms ',= ! life-giv+ daught]s ( ,ina*us ! riv] ( ,argos2' 99#cha;,e99 --let u h no m lies ( t sort4 ,nei!r mu/ we h mo!rs "u ! influ5ce ( ! poets sc>+ _! *ildr5 ) a bad v]sion ( ^! my?s--tell+ h[ c]ta9 gods1 z !y say1 ',g ab\t by night 9 ! lik5ess ( s _m /rang]s & 9 div]s =ms2' b let !m take he$ le/ !y make c[>ds ( _! *ildr51 & at ! same "t speak blasphemy aga9/ ! gods4 ,footnote #ac3 ,hom4 ,od4 xvii4 #dhe4 ,heav5 =bid1 he said4 ,b al?\gh ! gods are !mselves un*angeable1 /ill by wit*craft & deception !y may make u ?9k t !y appe> 9 v>i\s =ms8 ,p]haps1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,nor w he make any false repres5tation ( himself4 ,well1 b c y imag9e t ,god w be will+ to lie1 :e!r 9 ^w or de$1 or to put =? a phantom ( himself8 99#chb;,a99 ,i _c say1 he repli$4 ,d y n "k1 ,i said1 t ! true lie1 if su* an expression may be all[$1 is hat$ ( gods & m58 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean t no "o is will+ly deceiv$ 9 t :i* is ! true/ & highe/ "p ( himself1 or ab\t ! true/ & highe/ matt]s2 !re1 above all1 he is mo/ afraid ( a lie hav+ possession ( him4 #ff ,/ill1 he said1 ,i d n compreh5d y4 99#chb;,b99 ,! reason is1 ,i repli$1 t y attribute "s pr(\nd mean+ to my words2 b ,i am only say+ t deception1 or be+ deceiv$ or un9=m$ ab\t ! highe/ realities 9 ! highe/ "p ( !mselves1 :i* is ! s\l1 & 9 t "p ( !m to h & to hold ! lie1 is :at mank9d lea/ l2--t1 ,i say1 is :at !y utt]ly dete/4 ,!re is no?+ m hateful to !m4 ,&1 z ,i 0 j n[ rem>k+1 ?is ignorance 9 ! s\l ( him :o is deceiv$ may be call$ ! true lie2 = ! lie 9 words is only a k9d ( imitation & %ad[y image ( a previ\s affection ( ! s\l1 n pure unadult]at$ 99#chb;,c99 falsehood4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,p]fectly "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true lie is equally hat$ bo? by gods & m52 ! rem$ial or prev5tive lie is comp>atively innoc5t1 b ,god c h no ne$ ( x4 ,! true lie is hat$ n only by ! gods1 b also by m58 ,yes4 ,:]eas ! lie 9 words is 9 c]ta9 cases useful & n hateful2 9 deal+ ) enemies--t w\ld be an in/ance2 or aga91 :5 ^? :om we call our fri5ds 9 a fit ( madness or illusion are go+ to d "s h>m1 !n x is useful & is a sort ( m$ic9e or prev5tive2 also 9 ! 99#chb;,d99 tales ( my?ology1 ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+--because we d n "k ! tru? ab\t anci5t times1 we make falsehood z mu* l tru? z we c1 & s turn x to acc\nt4 ,v true1 he said4 ,b c any ( ^! reasons apply to ,god8 ,c we suppose t he is ignorant ( antiquity1 & !re=e has rec\rse to inv5tion8 ,t w\ld be ridicul\s1 he said4 ,!n ! ly+ poet has no place 9 our idea ( ,god8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,or p]haps he may tell a lie because he is afraid ( enemies8 99#chb;,e99 ,t is inconceivable4 ,b he may h fri5ds :o are s5seless or mad8 ,b no mad or s5seless p]son c be a fri5d ( ,god4 ,!n no motive c be imag9$ :y ,god %\ld lie8 ,none :atev]4 #fg ,!n ! sup]human & div9e is absolutely incapable ( falsehood8 ,yes4 ,!n is ,god p]fectly simple & true bo? 9 ^w & de$#ad2 he *anges n2 he deceives n1 ei!r by sign or ^w1 by dream or wak+ vision4 ,footnote #ad3 ,omitt+ ,greek3 kata phantasi_/z4 99#chc;,a99 ,y\r ?\ghts1 he said1 are ! reflection ( my own4 ,y agree ) me !n1 ,i said1 t ?is is ! second type or =m 9 :i* we %\ld write & speak ab\t div9e ?+s4 ,! gods are n magicians :o trans=m !mselves1 nei!r d !y deceive mank9d 9 any way4 ,i grant t4 ,sid5ote3 ,away !n ) ! falsehoods ( ! poets6 ,!n1 al?\gh we are admir]s ( ,hom]1 we d n admire ! ly+ dream :i* ,zeus s5ds to ,agamemnon2 nei!r w we praise ! v]ses ( ,aes*ylus 9 :i* ,!tis 99#chc;,b99 says t ,apollo at h] nuptials ',0 celebrat+ 9 song h] fair prog5y ^: days 7 to be long1 & to "k no sickness4 ,& :5 he _h spok5 ( my lot z 9 all ?+s bless$ ( heav5 he rais$ a note ( triumph & *e]$ my s\l4 ,& ,i ?\ght t ! ^w ( ,phoebus1 be+ div9e & full ( prophecy1 w\ld n fail4 ,& n[ he himself :o utt]$ ! /ra91 he :o 0 pres5t at ! banquet1 & :o said ?is--he x is :o has sla9 my son#ae4' ,footnote #ae3 ,f a lo/ play4 99#chc;,c99 ,^! are ! k9d ( s5tim5ts ab\t ! gods :i* w ar\se our ang]2 & he :o utt]s !m %all be refus$ a *orus2 nei!r %all we all[ tea*]s to make use ( !m 9 ! in/ruction ( ! "y1 mean+1 z we d1 t our gu>dians1 z f> z m5 c be1 %\ld be true wor%ipp]s ( ! gods & l !m4 ,i entirely agree1 he said1 9 ^! pr9ciples1 & promise to make !m my laws4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iii4 ,socrates1 ,adeimantus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! disc\rag+ lessons ( my?ology4 99#chf;,a99 ,su* !n1 ,i said1 are our pr9ciples ( !ology--"s tales are to be told1 & o!rs are n to be told to our disciples f _! y\? upw>ds1 if we mean !m to hon\r ! gods & _! p>5ts1 & to value fri5d%ip ) "o ano!r4 ,yes2 & ,i ?9k t our pr9ciples are "r1 he said4 ,b if !y are to be c\rage\s1 mu/ !y n le>n o!r lessons besides ^!1 & lessons ( su* a k9d z w take 99#chf;,b99 away ! fe> ( dea?8 ,c any man be c\rage\s :o has ! fe> ( dea? 9 him8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,& c he be fe>less ( dea?1 or w he *oose dea? 9 battle r ?an defeat & slav]y1 :o believes ! _w bel[ to be real & t]rible8 ,impossible4 ,sid5ote3 ,! description ( ! _w bel[ 9 ,hom]4 ,!n we mu/ assume a control ov] ! n>rators ( ?is class ( tales z well z ov] ! o!rs1 & beg !m n simply to revile b r to comm5d ! _w bel[1 99#chf;,c99 intimat+ to !m t _! descriptions are untrue1 & w d h>m to our future w>riors4 ,t w be our duty1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* tales to be reject$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we %all h to oblit]ate _m obnoxi\s passages1 beg9n+ ) ! v]ses1 ',i w\ld r be a s]f on ! l& ( a poor & portionless man ?an rule ov] all ! dead :o h come to n\ght#a4' ,we mu/ also expunge ! v]se1 :i* tells u h[ ,pluto fe>$1 99#chf;,d99 ',le/ ! mansions grim & squalid :i* ! gods abhor %\ld be se5 bo? ( mortals & immortals#b4' #fi ,& aga93-- ',o heav5s6 v]ily 9 ! h\se ( ,hades !re is s\l & gho/ly =m b no m9d at all#c6' ,aga9 ( ,tiresias3-- ',to him ev5 aft] dea? did ,p]sephone grant m9d1 t he alone %\ld be wise2 b ! o!r s\ls are flitt+ %ades#d4' ,aga93-- ',! s\l fly+ f ! limbs _h gone to ,hades1 lam5t+ h] fate1 leav+ manhood & y\?#e4' ,aga93-- 99#chg;,a99 ',& ! s\l1 ) %rill+ cry1 pass$ l smoke b5ea? ! e>?#f4' ,&1-- ',z bats 9 holl[ ( my/ic cav]n1 :5ev] any ( !m has dropp$ out ( ! /r+ & falls f ! rock1 fly %rill+ & cl+ to "o ano!r1 s did !y ) %rill+ cry hold toge!r z !y mov$#g4' 99#chg;,b99 ,& we mu/ beg ,hom] & ! o!r poets n to be angry if we /rike out ^! & simil> passages1 n because !y are unpoetical1 or unattractive to ! popul> e>1 b because ! great] ! poetical *>m ( !m1 ! less are !y meet = ! e>s ( boys & m5 :o are meant to be free1 & :o %\ld fe> slav]y m ?an dea?4 ,footnote #a3 ,od4 xi4 #dhi4 ,footnote #b3 ,il4 xx4 #fd4 ,footnote #c3 ,il4 xxiii4 #ajc4 ,footnote #d3 ,od4 x4 #die4 ,footnote #e3 ,il4 xvi4 #hef4 ,footnote #f3 ,ib4 xxiii4 #ajj4 ,footnote #g3 ,od4 xxiv4 #f4 ,und\bt$ly4 ,also we %all h to reject all ! t]rible & appall+ names :i* describe ! _w bel[--,cocytus & ,/yx1 99#chg;,c99 gho/s "u ! e>?1 & sapless %ades1 & any simil> words ( :i* ! v m5tion causes a %udd] to pass ?r\gh ! inmo/ s\l ( him :o he>s !m4 ,i d n say t ^! horrible /ories may n h a use ( "s k9d2 b !re is a dang] t ! n]ves ( our gu>dians may be r5d]$ too excitable & effem9ate by !m4 ,!re is a real dang]1 he said4 ,!n we mu/ h no m ( !m4 ,true4 ,ano!r & a nobl] /ra9 mu/ be compos$ & sung by u4 #gj ,cle>ly4 99#chg;,d99 ,& %all we proce$ to get rid ( ! weep+s & wail+s ( fam\s m58 ,!y w g ) ! re/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! effem9ate & pitiful /ra9s ( fam\s m51 & yet m ( ! gods1 mu/ also be bani%$4 ,b %all we be "r 9 gett+ rid ( !m8 ,reflect3 our pr9ciple is t ! good man w n consid] dea? t]rible to any o!r good man :o is 8 comrade4 ,yes2 t is our pr9ciple4 ,& !re=e he w n sorr[ = 8 dep>t$ fri5d z ?\gh he _h suff]$ any?+ t]rible8 ,he w n4 ,su* an "o1 z we fur!r ma9ta91 is suffici5t = himself 99#chg;,e99 & 8 own happ9ess1 & !re=e is lea/ 9 ne$ ( o!r m54 ,true1 he said4 ,& = ?is reason ! loss ( a son or bro!r1 or ! deprivation ( =tune1 is to him ( all m5 lea/ t]rible4 ,assur$ly4 ,& !re=e he w be lea/ likely to lam5t1 & w be> ) ! greate/ equanimity any mis=tune ( ?is sort :i* may befall him4 ,yes1 he w feel su* a mis=tune f> less ?an ano!r4 ,!n we %all be "r 9 gett+ rid ( ! lam5tations ( fam\s m51 & mak+ !m ov] to wom5 7& n 99#chh;,a99 ev5 to wom5 :o are good = any?+71 or to m5 ( a bas] sort1 t ^? :o are be+ educat$ by u to be ! def5d]s ( _! c\ntry may scorn to d ! l4 ,t w be v "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* are ! lam5ts ( ,a*illes1 & ,priam1 & ( ,zeus :5 he beholds ! fate ( ,hector or ,s>p$on4 ,!n we w once m entreat ,hom] & ! o!r poets n to depict ,a*illes#h1 :o is ! son ( a goddess1 fir/ ly+ on 8 side1 !n on 8 back1 & !n on 8 face2 !n />t+ up & sail+ 9 a fr5zy along ! %ores ( 99#chh;,b99 ! b>r5 sea2 n[ tak+ ! sooty a%es 9 bo? 8 h&s#i & p\r+ !m ov] 8 head1 or weep+ & wail+ 9 ! v>i\s modes :i* ,hom] has del9eat$4 ,nor %\ld he describe ,priam ! k9sman ( ! gods z pray+ & besee*+1 ',roll+ 9 ! dirt1 call+ ea* man l\dly by 8 "n#aj4' #ga ,/ill m e>ne/ly w we beg ( him at all ev5ts n to introduce ! gods lam5t+ & say+1 99#chh;,c99 ',alas6 my mis]y6 ,alas6 t ,i bore ! brave/ to my sorr[#aa4' ,b if he mu/ introduce ! gods1 at any rate let him n d>e s completely to misrepres5t ! greate/ ( ! gods1 z to make him say-- ',o heav5s6 ) my eyes v]ily ,i behold a de> fri5d ( m9e *as$ r\nd & r\nd ! city1 & my he>t is sorr[ful#ab4' ,or aga93-- ',woe is me t ,i am fat$ to h ,s>p$on1 de>e/ ( 99#chh;,d99 m5 to me1 subdu$ at ! h&s ( ,patroclus ! son ( ,m5oetius#ac4' ,= if1 my sweet ,adeimantus1 our y\? s]i\sly li/5 to su* unwor?y repres5tations ( ! gods1 in/ead ( laugh+ at !m z !y ought1 h>dly w any ( !m deem t he himself1 be+ b a man1 c be di%on\r$ by simil> actions2 nei!r w he rebuke any incl9ation :i* may arise 9 8 m9d to say & d ! l4 ,& in/ead ( hav+ any %ame or self-control1 he w be always :9+ & lam5t+ on slight occasions4 ,footnote #h3 ,il4 xxiv4 #aj4 ,footnote #i3 ,ib4 xviii4 #bc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ib4 xxii4 #dad4 ,footnote #aa3 ,il4 xviii4 #ed4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ib4 xxii4 #afh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ib4 xvi4 #dcc4 99#chh;,e99 ,yes1 he said1 t is mo/ true4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 b t surely is :at ought n to be1 z ! argum5t has j prov$ to u2 & by t pro( we mu/ abide until x is disprov$ by a bett]4 ,x ought n to be4 ,sid5ote3 ,nei!r are ! gu>dians to be enc\rag$ to laugh by ! example ( ! gods4 ,nei!r ought our gu>dians to be giv5 to laught]4 ,= a fit ( laught] :i* has be5 indulg$ to excess almo/ always produces a viol5t reaction4 ,s ,i believe4 ,!n p]sons ( wor?1 ev5 if only mortal m51 mu/ n be repres5t$ z ov]come by laught]1 & /ill less mu/ su* a repres5tation ( ! gods be all[$4 99#chi;,a99 ,/ill less ( ! gods1 z y say1 he repli$4 ,!n we %all n suff] su* an expression to be us$ ab\t ! gods z t ( ,hom] :5 he describes h[ ',inext+ui%able laught] arose among ! bless$ gods1 :5 !y saw ,hephae/us bu/l+ ab\t ! mansion#ad4' ,on y\r views1 we mu/ n admit !m4 #gb ,footnote #ad3 ,ib4 i4 #eii4 ,on my views1 if y l to fa!r !m on me2 t we 99#chi;,b99 mu/ n admit !m is c]ta94 ,sid5ote3 ,our y\? mu/ be tru?ful1 ,aga91 tru? %\ld be highly valu$2 if1 z we 7 say+1 a lie is useless to ! gods1 & useful only z a m$ic9e to m51 !n ! use ( su* m$ic9es %\ld be re/rict$ to physicians2 private individuals h no bus9ess ) !m4 ,cle>ly n1 he said4 ,!n if any "o at all is to h ! privilege ( ly+1 ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate %\ld be ! p]sons2 & !y1 9 _! deal+s ei!r ) enemies or ) _! own citiz5s1 may be all[$ to lie = ! public good4 ,b nobody else %\ld 99#chi;,c99 m$dle ) any?+ ( ! k9d2 & al?\gh ! rul]s h ?is privilege1 = a private man to lie to !m 9 return is to be deem$ a m he9\s fault ?an = ! pati5t or ! pupil ( a gymnasium n to speak ! tru? ab\t 8 own bodily illnesses to ! physician or to ! tra9]1 or = a sailor n to tell ! capta9 :at is happ5+ ab\t ! %ip & ! re/ ( ! crew1 & h[ ?+s are go+ ) himself or 8 fell[ sailors4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 99#chi;,d99 ,if1 !n1 ! rul] cat*es anybody beside himself ly+ 9 ! ,/ate1 ',any ( ! craftsm51 :e!r he be prie/ or physician or c>p5t]#ae1' he w puni% him = introduc+ a practice :i* is equally subv]sive & de/ructive ( %ip or ,/ate4 ,footnote #ae3 ,od4 xvii4 #chc sq4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 he said1 if our idea ( ! ,/ate is ev] c>ri$ out#af4 ,footnote #af3 ,or1 'if 8 words are accompani$ by actions4' ,sid5ote3 & also temp]ate4 ,9 ! next place our y\? mu/ be temp]ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,are n ! *ief elem5ts ( temp]ance1 speak+ 99#chi;,e99 g5]ally1 ob$i5ce to comm&]s & self-control 9 s5sual pleasures8 ,true4 ,!n we %all approve su* language z t ( ,diom$e 9 ,hom]1 ',fri5d1 sit /ill & obey my ^w#ag1' #gc & ! v]ses :i* foll[1 ',! ,greeks m>*$ brea?+ pr[ess#ah1 4444 9 sil5t awe ( _! lead]s#ai1' & o!r s5tim5ts ( ! same k9d4 ,footnote #ag3 ,il4 iv4 #dab4 ,footnote #ah3 ,od4 iii4 #h4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ib4 iv4 #dca4 ,we %all4 ,:at ( ?is l9e1 ',o heavy ) w9e1 :o ha/ ! eyes ( a dog & ! he>t ( a /ag#bj1' 99#cij;,a99 & ( ! words :i* foll[8 ,w\ld y say t ^!1 or any simil> imp]t95ces :i* private individuals are suppos$ to address to _! rul]s1 :e!r 9 v]se or prose1 are well or ill spok58 ,footnote #bj3 ,ib4 i4 #bbe4 ,!y are ill spok54 ,!y may v possibly af=d "s amusem5t1 b !y d n conduce to temp]ance4 ,& !re=e !y are likely to d h>m to our "y m5--y w\ld agree ) me !re8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! praises ( eat+ & dr9k+1 & ! tale ( ! improp] behavi\r ( ,zeus & ,"h1 are n to be repeat$ to ! "y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! indec5t tale ( ,ares & ,aphrodite4 ,& !n1 aga91 to make ! wise/ ( m5 say t no?+ 9 8 op9ion is m glori\s ?an 99#cij;,b99 ',:5 ! tables are full ( bread & meat1 & ! cup-be>] c>ries r\nd w9e :i* he draws f ! b[l & p\rs into ! cups1#ba' is x fit or conducive to temp]ance = a "y man to he> su* words8 ,or ! v]se ',! sadde/ ( fates is to die & meet de/9y f hung]#bb'8 ,:at w\ld y say aga9 to ! tale ( ,zeus1 :o1 :ile o!r gods & m5 7 asleep & he ! only p]son 99#cij;,c99 awake1 lay devis+ plans1 b =got !m all 9 a mom5t ?r\gh 8 lu/1 & 0 s completely ov]come at ! sight ( ,"h t he w\ld n ev5 g into ! hut1 b want$ to lie ) h] on ! gr\nd1 decl>+ t he _h nev] be5 9 su* a /ate ( rapture be=e1 ev5 :5 !y fir/ met "o ano!r ',)\t ! k ( _! p>5ts#bc2' #gd or t o!r tale ( h[ ,hephae/us1 because ( simil> go+s on1 ca/ a *a9 ar\nd ,ares & ,aphrodite#bd8 ,footnote #ba3 ,ib4 ix4 #h4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ib4 xii4 #cdb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,il4 xiv4 #bha4 ,footnote #bd3 ,od4 viii4 #bff4 ,inde$1 he said1 ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t !y ought n to he> t sort ( ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! opposite /ra9 ( endurance4 99#cij;,d99 ,b any de$s ( endurance :i* are done or told by fam\s m51 ^! !y ought to see & he>2 z1 = example1 :at is said 9 ! v]ses1 ',he smote 8 brea/1 & ?us reproa*$ 8 he>t1 ,endure1 my he>t2 f> worse ha/ ?\ endur$#be6' ,footnote #be3 ,ib4 xx4 #ag4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,9 ! next place1 we mu/ n let !m be receiv]s ( gifts or lov]s ( money4 99#cij;,e99 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,condemnation ( ,a*illes & ,pho5ix4 ,nei!r mu/ we s+ to !m ( ',gifts p]suad+ gods1 & p]suad+ rev]5d k+s#bf4' ,nei!r is ,pho5ix1 ! tutor ( ,a*illes1 to be approv$ or deem$ to h giv5 8 pupil good c\nsel :5 he told him t he %\ld take ! gifts ( ! ,greeks & assi/ !m#bg2 b t )\t a gift he %\ld n lay aside 8 ang]4 ,nei!r w we believe or ackn[l$ge ,a*illes himself to h be5 su* a lov] ( money t he took ,agamemnon's gifts1 or t :5 he _h receiv$ paym5t he re/or$ ! dead body ( ,hector1 b t )\t paym5t he 0 unwill+ to d s#bh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,quot$ by ,suidas z attribut$ to ,hesiod4 ,footnote #bg3 ,il4 ix4 #eae4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ib4 xxiv4 #age4 99#cia;,a99 ,und\bt$ly1 he said1 ^! are n s5tim5ts :i* c be approv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! impi\s behavi\r ( ,a*illes to ,apollo & ! riv]-gods2 8 cruelty4 ,lov+ ,hom] z ,i d#bi1 ,i h>dly l to say t 9 attribut+ ^! feel+s to ,a*illes1 or 9 believ+ t !y are truly attribut$ to him1 he is guilty ( d[nright impiety4 ,z little c ,i believe ! n>rative ( 8 insol5ce to ,apollo1 :]e he says1 ',?\ ha/ wrong$ me1 ,o f>-d>t]1 mo/ abom9able ( deities4 ,v]ily ,i w\ld be ev5 ) !e1 if ,i _h only ! p[]#cj2' 99#cia;,b99 or 8 insubord9ation to ! riv]-god#ca1 on ^: div9ity he is ready to lay h&s2 or 8 (f]+ to ! dead ,patroclus #ge ( 8 own hair#cb1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly d$icat$ to ! o!r riv]-god ,sp]*eius1 & t he actually p]=m$ ?is v[2 or t he dragg$ ,hector r\nd ! tomb ( ,patroclus#cc1 & slaught]$ ! captives at ! pyre#cd2 ( all ?is ,i _c believe t he 0 guilty1 any m ?an ,i c 99#cia;,c99 all[ our citiz5s to believe t he1 ! wise ,*eiron's pupil1 ! son ( a goddess & ( ,peleus :o 0 ! g5tle/ ( m5 & ?ird 9 desc5t f ,zeus1 0 s disord]$ 9 8 wits z to be at "o "t ! slave ( two seem+ly inconsi/5t passions1 meanness1 n unta9t$ by av>ice1 comb9$ ) ov]we5+ contempt ( gods & m54 ,footnote #bi3 ,cf4 infra1 x4 #eie4 ,footnote #cj3 ,il4 xxii4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ib4 xxi4 #acj1 #bbc sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,il4 xxiii4 #aea4 ,footnote #cc3 ,ib4 xxii4 #cid4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ib4 xxiii4 #age4 ,y are q "r1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tale ( ,!seus & ,peiri?\s4 ,& let u equally refuse to believe1 or all[ to be repeat$1 ! tale ( ,!seus son ( ,poseidon1 or ( ,peiri?\s 99#cia;,d99 son ( ,zeus1 go+ =? z !y did to p]petrate a horrid rape2 or ( any o!r h]o or son ( a god d>+ to d su* impi\s & dreadful ?+s z !y falsely ascribe to !m 9 our day3 & let u fur!r compel ! poets to decl>e ei!r t ^! acts 7 n done by !m1 or t !y 7 n ! sons ( gods2--bo? 9 ! same brea? !y %all n be p]mitt$ to affirm4 ,we w n h !m try+ to p]suade our y\? t ! gods are ! au?ors ( evil1 & t h]oes are no bett] ?an m5--s5tim5ts 99#cia;,e99 :i*1 z we 7 say+1 are nei!r pi\s nor true1 = we h already prov$ t evil _c come f ! gods4 ,assur$ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bad effect ( ^! my?ological tales ^u ! "y4 ,& fur!r !y are likely to h a bad effect on ^? :o he> !m2 = ev]ybody w beg9 to excuse 8 own vices :5 he is conv9c$ t simil> wick$nesses are always be+ p]petrat$ by-- ',! k9dr$ ( ! gods1 ! relatives ( ,zeus1 ^: ance/ral alt>1 ! alt> ( ,zeus1 is al(t 9 air on ! peak ( ,ida1' & :o h '! blood ( deities yet fl[+ 9 _! ve9s#ce4' ,& !re=e let u put an end to su* tales1 le/ !y 99#cib;,a99 eng5d] laxity ( morals among ! "y4 #gf ,footnote #ce3 ,f ! ,niobe ( ,aes*ylus4 ,by all means1 he repli$4 ,b n[ t we are det]m9+ :at classes ( subjects are or are n to be spok5 (1 let u see :e!r any h be5 omitt$ by u4 ,! mann] 9 :i* gods & demigods & h]oes & ! _w bel[ %\ld be treat$ has be5 already laid d[n4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,mis/atem5ts ( ! poets ab\t m54 ,& :at %all we say ab\t m58 ,t is cle>ly ! rema9+ portion ( our subject4 ,cle>ly s4 ,b we are n 9 a condition to answ] ?is "q at pres5t1 my fri5d4 ,:y n8 ,because1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 we %all h to say t 99#cib;,b99 ab\t m5 poets & /ory-tell]s are guilty ( mak+ ! grave/ mis/atem5ts :5 !y tell u t wick$ m5 are (t5 happy1 & ! good mis]able2 & t inju/ice is pr(itable :5 undetect$1 b t ju/ice is a man's own loss & ano!r's ga9--^! ?+s we %all =bid !m to utt]1 & comm& !m to s+ & say ! opposite4 ,to be sure we %all1 he repli$4 ,b if y admit t ,i am "r 9 ?is1 !n ,i %all ma9ta9 t y h impli$ ! pr9ciple = :i* we h be5 all along cont5d+4 ,i grant ! tru? ( y\r inf]5ce4 99#cib;,c99 ,t su* ?+s are or are n to be said ab\t m5 is a "q :i* we _c det]m9e until we h discov]$ :at ju/ice is1 & h[ naturally advantage\s to ! possessor1 :e!r he seem to be j or n4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,en\gh ( ! subjects ( poetry3 let u n[ speak ( ! /yle2 & :5 ?is has be5 consid]$1 bo? matt] & mann] w h be5 completely treat$4 ,i d n und]/& :at y mean1 said ,adeimantus4 99#cib;,d99 ,!n ,i mu/ make y und]/&2 & p]haps ,i may be m intelligible if ,i put ! matt] 9 ?is way4 ,y are aw>e1 ,i suppose1 t all my?ology & poetry is a n>ration ( ev5ts1 ei!r pa/1 pres5t1 or to come8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 #gg ,& n>ration may be ei!r simple n>ration1 or imitation1 or a union ( ! two8 ,t aga91 he said1 ,i d n q und]/&4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis ( ! dramatic elem5t 9 ,epic poetry4 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ be a ridicul\s tea*] :5 ,i h s mu* difficulty 9 mak+ myself appreh5d$4 ,l a bad speak]1 !re=e1 ,i w n take ! :ole ( ! subject1 99#cib;,e99 b w break a piece (f 9 illu/ration ( my mean+4 ,y "k ! fir/ l9es ( ! ,iliad1 9 :i* ! poet says t 99#cic;,a99 ,*ryses pray$ ,agamemnon to release 8 daught]1 & t ,agamemnon flew into a passion ) him2 :]eupon ,*ryses1 fail+ ( 8 object1 invok$ ! ang] ( ! ,god aga9/ ! ,a*aeans4 ,n[ z f> z ^! l9es1 ',& he pray$ all ! ,greeks1 b especially ! two sons ( ,atreus1 ! *iefs ( ! p1' ! poet is speak+ 9 8 own p]son2 he nev] leads u to suppose t he is any "o else4 ,b 9 :at foll[s he takes ! p]son ( ,*ryses1 & !n he does all t he c 99#cic;,b99 to make u believe t ! speak] is n ,hom]1 b ! ag$ prie/ himself4 ,& 9 ?is d\ble =m he has ca/ ! entire n>rative ( ! ev5ts :i* occurr$ at ,troy & 9 ,i?aca & ?r\gh\t ! ,odyssey4 ,yes4 ,& a n>rative x rema9s bo? 9 ! spee*es :i* ! poet recites f "t to "t & 9 ! int]m$iate passages8 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,epic poetry has an elem5t ( imitation 9 ! spee*es2 ! re/ is simple n>rative4 99#cic;,c99 ,b :5 ! poet speaks 9 ! p]son ( ano!r1 may we n say t he assimilates 8 /yle to t ( ! p]son :o1 z he in=ms y1 is go+ to speak8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ?is assimilation ( himself to ano!r1 ei!r by ! use ( voice or ge/ure1 is ! imitation ( ! p]son ^: "* he assumes8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n 9 ?is case ! n>rative ( ! poet may be said to proce$ by way ( imitation8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,iliad4 ,or1 if ! poet ev]y:]e appe>s & nev] conceals 99#cic;,d99 himself1 !n aga9 ! imitation is dropp$1 & 8 poetry becomes simple n>ration4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t ,i may #gh make my mean+ q cle>1 & t y may no m say1 ',i don't und]/&1' ,i w %[ h[ ! *ange might be effect$4 ,if ,hom] _h said1 ',! prie/ came1 hav+ 8 daught]'s ransom 9 8 h&s1 supplicat+ ! ,a*aeans1 & above all ! k+s2' & !n if1 in/ead ( speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ryses1 he _h cont9u$ 9 8 own p]son1 ! words w\ld h be51 n imitation1 b simple n>ration4 ,! passage w\ld h run z foll[s 7,i am no poet1 99#cic;,e99 & !re=e ,i drop ! metre71 ',! prie/ came & pray$ ! gods on behalf ( ! ,greeks t !y might capture ,troy & return safely home1 b begg$ t !y w\ld give him back 8 daught]1 & take ! ransom :i* he br\ght1 & respect ! ,god4 ,?us he spoke1 & ! o!r ,greeks rev]$ ! prie/ & ass5t$4 ,b ,agamemnon 0 wro?1 & bade him dep>t & n come aga91 le/ ! /aff & *aplets ( ! ,god %\ld be ( no avail to him--! daught] ( ,*ryses %\ld n be releas$1 he said--%e %\ld gr[ old ) him 9 ,argos4 ,& !n he told him to g away & n to provoke him1 if he int5d$ to get home unsca!d4 ,& ! old man w5t away 9 fe> & 99#cid;,a99 sil5ce1 &1 :5 he _h left ! camp1 he call$ ^u ,apollo by 8 _m names1 rem9d+ him ( ev]y?+ :i* he _h done pleas+ to him1 :e!r 9 build+ 8 temples1 or 9 (f]+ sacrifice1 & pray+ t 8 good de$s might be return$ to him1 & t ! ,a*aeans might expiate 8 te>s by ! arr[s ( ! god1'--& s on4 99#cid;,b99 ,9 ?is way ! :ole becomes simple n>rative4 ,i und]/&1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,trag$y & ,com$y are :olly imitative2 di?yrambic & "s o!r k9ds ( poetry are devoid ( imitation4 ,epic poetry is a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,or y may suppose ! opposite case--t ! int]m$iate passages are omitt$1 & ! dialogue only left4 ,t also1 he said1 ,i und]/&2 y mean1 = example1 z 9 trag$y4 ,y h conceiv$ my mean+ p]fectly2 & if ,i mi/ake n1 :at y fail$ to appreh5d be=e is n[ made 99#cid;,c99 cle> to y1 t poetry & my?ology are1 9 "s cases1 :olly imitative--in/ances ( ?is are suppli$ by trag$y & com$y2 !re is likewise ! opposite /yle1 9 :i* ! poet is ! only speak]--( ?is ! di?yramb af=ds ! be/ example2 & ! comb9ation ( bo? is f\nd 9 epic1 & 9 sev]al o!r /yles ( poetry4 ,d ,i take y ) me8 #gi ,yes1 he said2 ,i see n[ :at y meant4 ,i w ask y to rememb] also :at ,i began by say+1 t we _h done ) ! subject & might proce$ to ! /yle4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 99#cid;,d99 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i int5d$ to imply t we mu/ come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! mimetic art1--:e!r ! poets1 9 n>rat+ _! /ories1 are to be all[$ by u to imitate1 & if s1 :e!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 & if ! latt]1 9 :at p>ts2 or %\ld all imitation be prohibit$8 ,y mean1 ,i suspect1 to ask :e!r trag$y & com$y %all be admitt$ into our ,/ate8 ,sid5ote3 ,a h9t ab\t ,hom] 7cp4 infra1 bk4 x47 ,yes1 ,i said2 b !re may be m ?an ?is 9 "q3 ,i really d n "k z yet1 b :i!r ! argum5t may bl[1 ?i!r we g4 ,& g we w1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,our gu>dians ought n to be imitators1 = "o man c only d "o ?+ well2 99#cid;,e99 ,!n1 ,adeimantus1 let me ask y :e!r our gu>dians ought to be imitators2 or r1 has n ?is "q be5 decid$ by ! rule already laid d[n t "o man c only d "o ?+ well1 & n _m2 & t if he attempt _m1 he w altoge!r fail ( ga9+ mu* reputation 9 any8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ?is is equally true ( imitation2 no "o man c imitate _m ?+s z well z he w\ld imitate a s+le "o8 ,he _c4 99#cie;,a99 ,!n ! same p]son w h>dly be able to play a s]i\s "p 9 life1 & at ! same "t to be an imitator & imitate _m o!r p>ts z well2 = ev5 :5 two species ( imitation are ne>ly alli$1 ! same p]sons _c succe$ 9 bo?1 z1 = example1 ! writ]s ( trag$y & com$y--did y n j n[ call !m imitations8 ,yes1 ,i did2 & y are "r 9 ?9k+ t ! same p]sons _c succe$ 9 bo?4 ,any m ?an !y c be rhapsodi/s & actors at once8 ,true4 99#cie;,b99 ,nei!r are comic & tragic actors ! same2 yet all ^! ?+s are b imitations4 ,!y are s4 ,sid5ote3 he _c ev5 imitate _m ?+s4 ,& human nature1 ,adeimantus1 appe>s to h be5 #hj co9$ into yet small] pieces1 & to be z incapable ( imitat+ _m ?+s well1 z ( p]=m+ well ! actions ( :i* ! imitations are copies4 ,q true1 he repli$4 ,if !n we adh]e to our orig9al notion & be> 9 m9d t our gu>dians1 sett+ aside e o!r bus9ess1 are to 99#cie;,c99 d$icate !mselves :olly to ! ma9t5ance ( fre$om 9 ! ,/ate1 mak+ ?is _! craft1 & engag+ 9 no "w :i* does n be> on ?is end1 !y ought n to practise or imitate any?+ else2 if !y imitate at all1 !y %\ld imitate f y\? upw>d only ^? *>act]s :i* are suitable to _! pr(ession--! c\rage\s1 temp]ate1 holy1 free1 & ! l2 b !y %\ld n depict or be skilful at imitat+ any k9d ( illib]ality or bas5ess1 le/ f imitation !y %\ld come to be :at !y imitate4 ,did 99#cie;,d99 y nev] obs]ve h[ imitations1 beg9n+ 9 e>ly y\? & cont9u+ f> into life1 at l5g? gr[ into habits & become a second nature1 affect+ body1 voice1 & m9d8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,imitations :i* are ( ! degrad+ sort4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we w n all[ ^? = :om we pr(ess a c>e & ( :om we say t !y ought to be good m51 to imitate a woman1 :e!r "y or old1 qu>rell+ ) h] husb&1 or /riv+ & vaunt+ aga9/ ! gods 9 99#cie;,e99 conceit ( h] happ9ess1 or :5 %e is 9 affliction1 or sorr[1 or weep+2 & c]ta9ly n "o :o is 9 sickness1 love1 or lab\r4 ,v "r1 he said4 ,nei!r mu/ !y repres5t slaves1 male or female1 p]=m+ ! (fices ( slaves8 ,!y mu/ n4 ,& surely n bad m51 :e!r c[>ds or any o!rs1 :o d ! rev]se ( :at we h j be5 prescrib+1 :o scold or mock or revile "o ano!r 9 dr9k or out ( dr9k1 or :o 9 any o!r mann] s9 aga9/ !mselves & _! neighb\rs 9 ^w or de$1 z ! mann] ( su* is4 99#cif;,a99 ,nei!r %\ld !y be tra9$ to imitate ! action or spee* ( m5 or wom5 :o are mad or bad2 = madness1 l vice1 is to be kn[n b n to be practis$ or imitat$4 ,v true1 he repli$4 #ha ,nei!r may !y imitate smi?s or o!r artific]s1 or 99#cif;,b99 o>sm51 or boatswa9s1 or ! l8 ,h[ c !y1 he said1 :5 !y are n all[$ to apply _! m9ds to ! call+s ( any ( ^!8 ,nor may !y imitate ! neigh+ ( horses1 ! bell[+ ( bulls1 ! murmur ( riv]s & roll ( ! ocean1 ?und]1 & all t sort ( ?+8 ,nay1 he said1 if madness be =bidd51 nei!r may !y copy ! behavi\r ( madm54 ,y mean1 ,i said1 if ,i und]/& y aright1 t !re is "o sort ( n>rative /yle :i* may be employ$ by a truly 99#cif;,c99 good man :5 he has any?+ to say1 & t ano!r sort w be us$ by a man ( an opposite "* & education4 ,& :i* are ^! two sorts8 he ask$4 ,sid5ote3 ,imitations :i* may be enc\rag$4 ,suppose1 ,i answ]$1 t a j & good man 9 ! c\rse ( a n>ration comes on "s say+ or action ( ano!r good man1--,i %\ld imag9e t he w l to p]sonate him1 & w n be a%am$ ( ?is sort ( imitation3 he w be mo/ ready to play ! "p ( ! good 99#cif;,d99 man :5 he is act+ firmly & wisely2 9 a less degree :5 he is ov]tak5 by illness or love or dr9k1 or has met ) any o!r disa/]4 ,b :5 he comes to a "* :i* is unwor?y ( him1 he w n make a /udy ( t2 he w disda9 su* a p]son1 & w assume 8 lik5ess1 if at all1 = a mom5t only :5 he is p]=m+ "s good action2 at o!r times he w be a%am$ to play a "p :i* he has nev] practis$1 nor w he l to fa%ion & frame himself aft] ! bas] models2 he feels ! 99#cif;,e99 employm5t ( su* an art1 unless 9 je/1 to be b5ea? him1 & 8 m9d revolts at x4 ,s ,i %\ld expect1 he repli$4 ,!n he w adopt a mode ( n>ration su* z we h illu/rat$ out ( ,hom]1 t is to say1 8 /yle w be bo? imitative & n>rative2 b !re w be v little ( ! =m]1 & a great deal ( ! latt]4 ,d y agree8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 t is ! model :i* su* a speak] 99#cig;,a99 mu/ necess>ily take4 ,sid5ote3 ,imitations :i* are to be prohibit$4 ,b !re is ano!r sort ( "* :o w n>rate any?+1 &1 ! worse he is1 ! m unscrupul\s he w be2 no?+ w be too bad = him3 & he w be ready to #hb imitate any?+1 n z a joke1 b 9 "r good e>ne/1 & be=e a l>ge company4 ,z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 he w attempt to repres5t ! roll ( ?und]1 ! noise ( w9d & hail1 or ! creak+ ( :eels1 & pulleys1 & ! v>i\s s\nds ( flutes1 pipes1 trumpets1 & all sorts ( in/rum5ts3 he w b>k l a dog1 bleat l 99#cig;,b99 a %eep1 or cr[ l a cock2 8 entire art w consi/ 9 imitation ( voice & ge/ure1 & !re w be v little n>ration4 ,t1 he said1 w be 8 mode ( speak+4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two k9ds ( /yle8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( /yle--! "o simple1 ! o!r multiplex4 ,!re is also a ?ird :i* is a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,& y w\ld agree ) me 9 say+ t "o ( !m is simple & has b slight *anges2 & if ! h>mony & rhy?m are also *os5 = _! simplicity1 ! result is t ! speak]1 if he speaks correctly1 is always pretty mu* ! same 9 /yle1 & he w keep )9 ! limits ( a s+le h>mony 7= ! *anges are n great71 & 9 99#cig;,c99 l mann] he w make use ( ne>ly ! same rhy?m8 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,:]eas ! o!r requires all sorts ( h>monies & all sorts ( rhy?ms1 if ! music & ! /yle are to correspond1 because ! /yle has all sorts ( *anges4 ,t is also p]fectly true1 he repli$4 ,& d n ! two /yles1 or ! mixture ( ! two1 compreh5d all poetry1 & e =m ( expression 9 words8 ,no "o c say any?+ except 9 "o or o!r ( !m or 9 bo? toge!r4 ,!y include all1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! simple /yle alone is to be admitt$ 9 ! ,/ate2 ! attractions ( ! mix$ /yle are ackn[l$g$1 b x appe>s to be exclud$4 99#cig;,d99 ,& %all we receive into our ,/ate all ! ?ree /yles1 or "o only ( ! two unmix$ /yles8 or w\ld y include ! mix$8 ,i %\ld pref] only to admit ! pure imitator ( virtue4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,adeimantus1 b ! mix$ /yle is also v *>m+3 & inde$ ! pantomimic1 :i* is ! opposite ( ! "o *os5 by y1 is ! mo/ popul> /yle ) *ildr5 & _! att5dants1 & ) ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,i d n d5y x4 ,b ,i suppose y w\ld argue t su* a /yle is unsuitable 99#cig;,e99 to our ,/ate1 9 :i* human nature is n tw(old or manifold1 = "o man plays "o "p only8 #hc ,yes2 q unsuitable4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y 9 our ,/ate1 & 9 our ,/ate only1 we %all f9d a %oemak] to be a %oemak] & n a pilot also1 & a husb&man to be a husb&man & n a dica/ also1 & a soldi] a soldi] & n a trad] also1 & ! same ?r\gh\t8 ,true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pantomimic arti/ is to receive great hon\rs1 b he is to be s5t out ( ! c\ntry4 99#cih;,a99 ,& !re=e :5 any "o ( ^! pantomimic g5tlem51 :o are s clev] t !y c imitate any?+1 comes to u1 & makes a proposal to exhibit himself & 8 poetry1 we w fall d[n & wor%ip him z a sweet & holy & wond]ful be+2 b we mu/ also in=m him t 9 our ,/ate su* z he are n p]mitt$ to exi/2 ! law w n all[ !m4 ,& s :5 we h ano9t$ him ) myrrh1 & set a g>l& ( wool ^u 8 head1 we %all s5d him away to ano!r city4 ,= we mean to employ = 99#cih;,b99 our s\ls' heal? ! r\gh] & sev]] poet or /ory-tell]1 :o w imitate ! /yle ( ! virtu\s only1 & w foll[ ^? models :i* we prescrib$ at fir/ :5 we began ! education ( our soldi]s4 ,we c]ta9ly w1 he said1 if we h ! p[]4 ,!n n[1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 t "p ( music or lit]>y education :i* relates to ! /ory or my? may be consid]$ to be f9i%$2 = ! matt] & mann] h bo? be5 discuss$4 ,i ?9k s too1 he said4 99#cih;,c99 ,next 9 ord] w foll[ melody & song4 ,t is obvi\s4 ,e "o c see already :at we ought to say ab\t !m1 if we are to be consi/5t ) ourselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,i fe>1 said ,glaucon1 laugh+1 t ! ^w 'e "o' h>dly includes me1 = ,i _c at ! mom5t say :at !y %\ld be2 ?\gh ,i may guess4 ,at any rate y c tell t a song or ode has ?ree 99#cih;,d99 p>ts--! words1 ! melody1 & ! rhy?m2 t degree ( k ,i may presuppose8 ,yes1 he said2 s mu* z t y may4 ,& z = ! words1 !re w surely be no diff]5ce betwe5 words :i* are & :i* are n set to music2 #hd bo? w con=m to ! same laws1 & ^! h be5 already det]m9$ by u8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,melody & rhy?m4 ,& ! melody & rhy?m w dep5d ^u ! words8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,we 7 say+1 :5 we spoke ( ! subject-matt]1 t we _h no ne$ ( lam5tation & /ra9s ( sorr[8 ,true4 99#cih;,e99 ,& :i* are ! h>monies expressive ( sorr[8 ,y are musical1 & c tell me4 ,! h>monies :i* y mean are ! mix$ or t5or ,lydian1 & ! full-ton$ or bass ,lydian1 & su* l4 ,^! !n1 ,i said1 mu/ be bani%$2 ev5 to wom5 :o h a "* to ma9ta9 !y are ( no use1 & mu* less to m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,9 ! next place1 drunk5ness & s(tness & indol5ce are utt]ly unbecom+ ! "* ( our gu>dians4 ,utt]ly unbecom+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! relax$ melodies or h>monies are ! ,ionian & ! ,lydian4 ,^! are to be bani%$4 ,& :i* are ! s(t or dr9k+ h>monies8 99#cii;,a99 ,! ,ionian1 he repli$1 & ! ,lydian2 !y are t]m$ 'relax$4' ,well1 & are ^! ( any milit>y use8 ,q ! rev]se1 he repli$2 & if s ! ,dorian & ! ,phrygian are ! only ones :i* y h left4 ,i answ]$3 ,( ! h>monies ,i "k no?+1 b ,i want to h "o w>like1 to s\nd ! note or acc5t :i* a brave man utt]s 9 ! h\r ( dang] & /]n resolve1 or :5 8 cause is fail+1 & he is go+ to w\nds or 99#cii;,b99 dea? or is ov]tak5 by "s o!r evil1 & at e su* crisis meets ! bl[s ( =tune ) firm /ep & a det]m9ation to endure2 & ano!r to be us$ by him 9 times ( peace & fre$om ( action1 :5 !re is no pressure ( necessity1 & he is seek+ to p]suade ,god by pray]1 or man by in/ruction & admonition1 or on ! o!r h&1 :5 he is express+ 8 will+ness to yield to p]suasion or entreaty or admonition1 & :i* repres5ts him :5 by prud5t conduct he has atta9$ 8 end1 n c>ri$ away by 8 success1 b act+ mod]ately & wisely 99#cii;,c99 "u ! circum/ances1 & acquiesc+ 9 ! ev5t4 ,^! #he two h>monies ,i ask y to leave2 ! /ra9 ( necessity & ! /ra9 ( fre$om1 ! /ra9 ( ! un=tunate & ! /ra9 ( ! =tunate1 ! /ra9 ( c\rage1 & ! /ra9 ( temp]ance2 ^!1 ,i say1 leave4 ,& ^!1 he repli$1 are ! ,dorian & ,phrygian h>monies ( :i* ,i 0 j n[ speak+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dorian & ,phrygian are to be reta9$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 if ^! & ^! only are to be us$ 9 our songs & melodies1 we %all n want multiplicity ( notes or a panh>monic scale8 ,i suppose n4 ,!n we %all n ma9ta9 ! artific]s ( lyres ) ?ree corn]s & complex scales1 or ! mak]s ( any o!r 99#cii;,d99 _m-/r+$ curi\sly-h>monis$ in/rum5ts8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,musical in/rum5ts--:i* are to be reject$ & :i* all[$8 ,b :at d y say to flute-mak]s & flute-play]s8 ,w\ld y admit !m into our ,/ate :5 y reflect t 9 ?is composite use ( h>mony ! flute is worse ?an all ! /r+$ in/rum5ts put toge!r2 ev5 ! panh>monic music is only an imitation ( ! flute8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!re rema9 !n only ! lyre & ! h>p = use 9 ! city1 & ! %eph]ds may h a pipe 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t is surely ! conclusion to be drawn f ! argum5t4 99#cii;,e99 ,! pref]r+ ( ,apollo & 8 in/rum5ts to ,m>syas & 8 in/rum5ts is n at all /range1 ,i said4 ,n at all1 he repli$4 ,& s1 by ! dog ( ,egypt1 we h be5 unconsci\sly purg+ ! ,/ate1 :i* n long ago we t]m$ luxuri\s4 ,& we h done wisely1 he repli$4 ,!n let u n[ f9i% ! purgation1 ,i said4 ,next 9 ord] to h>monies1 rhy?ms w naturally foll[1 & !y %\ld be subject to ! same rules1 = we ought n to seek out complex sy/ems ( metre1 or metres ( e k9d1 b r to discov] :at rhy?ms are ! expressions ( 99#djj;,a99 a c\rage\s & h>moni\s life2 & :5 we h f\nd !m1 we %all adapt ! foot & ! melody to words hav+ a l _s1 n ! words to ! foot & melody4 ,to say :at ^! rhy?ms are w be y\r duty--y mu/ tea* me !m1 z y h already taught me ! h>monies4 #hf ,sid5ote3 ,?ree k9ds ( rhy?m z !re are f\r notes ( ! tetra*ord4 ,b1 inde$1 he repli$1 ,i _c tell y4 ,i only "k t !re are "s ?ree pr9ciples ( rhy?m out ( :i* metrical sy/ems are fram$1 j z 9 s\nds !re are f\r notes#cf out ( :i* all ! h>monies are compos$2 t is an obs]vation :i* ,i h made4 ,b ( :at sort ( lives !y are sev]ally ! imitations ,i am unable to say4 ,footnote #cf3 i4e4 ! f\r notes ( ! tetra*ord4 99#djj;,b99 ,!n1 ,i said1 we mu/ take ,damon into our c\nsels2 & he w tell u :at rhy?ms are expressive ( meanness1 or insol5ce1 or fury1 or o!r unwor?9ess1 & :at are to be res]v$ = ! expression ( opposite feel+s4 ,& ,i ?9k t ,i h an indi/9ct recollection ( 8 m5tion+ a complex ,cretic rhy?m2 also a dactylic or h]oic1 & he arrang$ !m 9 "s mann] :i* ,i d n q und]/&1 mak+ ! rhy?ms equal 9 ! rise & fall ( ! foot1 long & %ort alt]nat+2 &1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 he spoke ( an iambic z well z ( a tro*aic rhy?m1 99#djj;,c99 & assign$ to !m %ort & long quantities4#cg ,also 9 "s cases he appe>$ to praise or c5sure ! movem5t ( ! foot q z mu* z ! rhy?m2 or p]haps a comb9ation ( ! two2 = ,i am n c]ta9 :at he meant4 ,^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 z ,i 0 say+1 _h bett] be ref]r$ to ,damon himself1 = ! analysis ( ! subject w\ld be difficult1 y "k8 ,footnote #cg3 ,socrates expresses himself c>elessly 9 accordance ) 8 assum$ ignorance ( ! details ( ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce he appe>s to be speak+ ( paeonic rhy?ms :i* are 9 ! ratio ( #c_/b2 9 ! second "p1 ( dactylic & anapae/ic rhy?ms1 :i* are 9 ! ratio ( #a_/a2 9 ! la/ clause1 ( iambic & tro*aic rhy?ms1 :i* are 9 ! ratio ( #a_/b or #b_/a4 ,r s1 ,i %\ld say4 ,b !re is no difficulty 9 see+ t grace or ! abs5ce ( grace is an effect ( good or bad rhy?m4 ,none at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,rhy?m & h>mony foll[ /yle1 & /yle is ! expression ( ! s\l4 99#djj;,d99 ,& also t good & bad rhy?m naturally assimilate to a good & bad /yle2 & t h>mony & discord 9 l mann] foll[ /yle2 = our pr9ciple is t rhy?m & h>mony are regulat$ by ! words1 & n ! words by !m4 ,j s1 he said1 !y %\ld foll[ ! words4 ,& w n ! words & ! "* ( ! /yle dep5d on ! temp] ( ! s\l8 #hg ,yes4 ,& ev]y?+ else on ! /yle8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,simplicity ! great fir/ pr9ciple2 ,!n beauty ( /yle & h>mony & grace & good 99#djj;,e99 rhy?m dep5d on simplicity1--,i mean ! true simplicity ( a rightly & nobly ord]$ m9d & "*1 n t o!r simplicity :i* is only an euphemism = folly8 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& if our y\? are to d _! "w 9 life1 mu/ !y n make ^! graces & h>monies _! p]petual aim8 ,!y mu/4 ,sid5ote3 & a pr9ciple :i* is widely spread 9 nature & art4 99#dja;,a99 ,& surely ! art ( ! pa9t] & e o!r creative & con/ructive art are full ( !m1--weav+1 embroid]y1 ar*itecture1 & e k9d ( manufacture2 also nature1 animal & vegetable1--9 all ( !m !re is grace or ! abs5ce ( grace4 ,& ugl9ess & discord & inh>moni\s motion are ne>ly alli$ to ill words & ill nature1 z grace & h>mony are ! tw9 si/]s ( goodness & virtue & be> _! lik5ess4 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,our citiz5s mu/ gr[ up to manhood amid/ impressions ( grace & beauty only2 all ugl9ess & vice mu/ be exclud$4 99#dja;,b99 ,b %all our sup]9t5d5ce g no fur!r1 & are ! poets only to be requir$ by u to express ! image ( ! good 9 _! works1 on pa91 if !y d any?+ else1 ( expulsion f our ,/ate8 ,or is ! same control to be ext5d$ to o!r arti/s1 & are !y also to be prohibit$ f exhibit+ ! opposite =ms ( vice & intemp]ance & meanness & indec5cy 9 sculpture & build+ & ! o!r creative arts2 & is he :o _c con=m to ?is rule ( ours to be prev5t$ f practis+ 8 art 9 our ,/ate1 le/ ! ta/e ( our citiz5s be corrupt$ by him8 ,we w\ld n h our gu>dians gr[ up amid images ( moral de=mity1 z 9 "s noxi\s pa/ure1 & !re 99#dja;,c99 br[se & fe$ ^u _m a baneful h]b & fl[] day by day1 little by little1 until !y sil5tly ga!r a fe/]+ mass ( corruption 9 _! own s\l4 ,let our arti/s r be ^? :o are gift$ to disc]n ! true nature ( ! beautiful & graceful2 !n w our y\? dwell 9 a l& ( heal?1 amid fair sights & s\nds1 & receive ! good 9 ev]y?+2 & beauty1 ! efflu5ce ( fair works1 %all 99#dja;,d99 fl[ into ! eye & e>1 l a heal?-giv+ breeze f a pur] region1 & #hh ins5sibly draw ! s\l f e>lie/ ye>s into lik5ess & sympa?y ) ! beauty ( reason4 ,!re c be no nobl] tra9+ ?an t1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( imp>t+ grace is possess$ by h>mony4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 musical tra9+ is a m pot5t in/rum5t ?an any o!r1 because rhy?m & h>mony f9d _! way into ! inw>d places ( ! s\l1 on :i* !y mightily fa/51 imp>t+ grace1 & mak+ ! s\l ( him :o is rightly educat$ graceful1 or ( him :o 99#dja;,e99 is ill-educat$ ungraceful2 & also because he :o has receiv$ ?is true education ( ! inn] be+ w mo/ %rewdly p]ceive omissions or faults 9 art & nature1 & 99#djb;,a99 ) a true ta/e1 :ile he praises & rejoices ov] & receives into 8 s\l ! good1 & becomes noble & good1 he w ju/ly blame & hate ! bad1 n[ 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 ev5 be=e he is able to "k ! reason :y2 & :5 reason comes he w recognise & salute ! fri5d ) :om 8 education has made him long famili>4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i q agree ) y 9 ?9k+ t our y\? %\ld be tra9$ 9 music & on ! gr\nds :i* y m5tion4 ,j z 9 le>n+ to read1 ,i said1 we 7 satisfi$ :5 we knew ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 :i* are v few1 9 all _! recurr+ sizes & comb9ations2 n slight+ !m 99#djb;,b99 z unimportant :e!r !y occupy a space l>ge or small1 b ev]y:]e eag] to make !m out2 & n ?9k+ ourselves p]fect 9 ! art ( read+ until we recognise !m :]ev] !y are f\nd#ch3 ,footnote #ch3 ,cp4 supra1 ,,ii4 #cfh ,d4 ,true-- ,or1 z we recognise ! reflection ( lett]s 9 ! wat]1 or 9 a mirror1 only :5 we "k ! lett]s !mselves2 ! same art & /udy giv+ u ! k ( bo?3 ,exactly-- ,sid5ote3 ,! true musician mu/ "k ! ess5tial =ms ( virtue & vice4 ,ev5 s1 z ,i ma9ta91 nei!r we nor our gu>dians1 :om 99#djb;,c99 we h to educate1 c ev] become musical until we & !y "k ! ess5tial =ms ( temp]ance1 c\rage1 lib]ality1 magnific5ce1 & _! k9dr$1 z well z ! contr>y =ms1 9 all _! comb9ations1 & c recognise !m & _! images :]ev] !y are f\nd1 n slight+ #hi !m ei!r 9 small ?+s or great1 b believ+ !m all to be )9 ! sph]e ( "o art & /udy4 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! h>mony ( s\l & body ! faire/ ( sights4 99#djb;,d99 ,& :5 a beautiful s\l h>monizes ) a beautiful =m1 & ! two are ca/ 9 "o m\ld1 t w be ! faire/ ( sights to him :o has an eye to see x8 ,! faire/ inde$4 ,& ! faire/ is also ! lovelie/8 ,t may be assum$4 ,& ! man :o has ! _s ( h>mony w be mo/ 9 love ) ! lovelie/2 b he w n love him :o is ( an inh>moni\s s\l8 ,sid5ote3 ,! true lov] w n m9d defects ( ! p]son4 ,t is true1 he repli$1 if ! defici5cy be 9 8 s\l2 b if !re be any m]ely bodily defect 9 ano!r he w 99#djb;,e99 be pati5t ( x1 & w love all ! same4 ,i p]ceive1 ,i said1 t y h or h _h exp]i5ces ( ?is sort1 & ,i agree4 ,b let me ask y ano!r "q3 ,has excess ( pleasure any aff9ity to temp]ance8 ,h[ c t be8 he repli$2 pleasure deprives a man ( ! use ( 8 faculties q z mu* z pa94 ,or any aff9ity to virtue 9 g5]al8 99#djc;,a99 ,none :atev]4 ,any aff9ity to wantonness & intemp]ance8 ,yes1 ! greate/4 ,& is !re any great] or ke5] pleasure ?an t ( s5sual love8 ,no1 nor a madd]4 ,sid5ote3 ,true love is temp]ate & h>moni\s4 ,:]eas true love is a love ( beauty & ord]--temp]ate & h>moni\s8 ,q true1 he said4 ,!n no intemp]ance or madness %\ld be all[$ to approa* true love8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,true love is free f s5suality & co>s5ess4 99#djc;,b99 ,!n mad or intemp]ate pleasure mu/ nev] be all[$ to come ne> ! lov] & 8 belov$2 nei!r ( !m c h any "p 9 x if _! love is ( ! "r sort8 ,no1 inde$1 ,socrates1 x mu/ nev] come ne> !m4 ,!n ,i suppose t 9 ! city :i* we are f\nd+ y w\ld make a law to ! effect t a fri5d %\ld use no o!r famili>ity to 8 love ?an a fa!r w\ld use to 8 #ij son1 & !n only = a noble purpose1 & he mu/ fir/ h ! o!r's cons5t2 & ?is rule is to limit him 9 99#djc;,c99 all 8 int]c\rse1 & he is nev] to be se5 go+ fur!r1 or1 if he exce$s1 he is to be deem$ guilty ( co>s5ess & bad ta/e4 ,i q agree1 he said4 ,?us mu* ( music1 :i* makes a fair end+2 = :at %\ld be ! end ( music if n ! love ( beauty8 ,i agree1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,gymna/ic4 ,aft] music comes gymna/ic1 9 :i* our y\? are next to be tra9$4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,gymna/ic z well z music %\ld beg9 9 e>ly ye>s2 ! tra9+ 9 x %\ld be c>eful & %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh life4 99#djc;,d99 ,n[ my belief is1--& ?is is a matt] ^u :i* ,i %\ld l to h y\r op9ion 9 confirmation ( my own1 b my own belief is1--n t ! good body by any bodily excell5ce improves ! s\l1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ! good s\l1 by h] own excell5ce1 improves ! body z f> z ?is may be possible4 ,:at d y say8 ,yes1 ,i agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,! body to be entru/$ to ! m9d4 ,!n1 to ! m9d :5 adequately tra9$1 we %all be "r 9 h&+ ov] ! m p>ticul> c>e ( ! body2 99#djc;,e99 & 9 ord] to avoid prolixity we w n[ only give ! g5]al outl9es ( ! subject4 ,v good4 ,t !y mu/ ab/a9 f intoxication has be5 already rem>k$ by u2 = ( all p]sons a gu>dian %\ld be ! la/ to get drunk & n "k :]e 9 ! _w he is4 ,yes1 he said2 t a gu>dian %\ld require ano!r gu>dian to take c>e ( him is ridicul\s inde$4 ,b next1 :at %all we say ( _! food2 = ! m5 are 9 tra9+ = ! great conte/ ( all--are !y n8 ,yes1 he said4 99#djd;,a99 ,& w ! habit ( body ( our ord9>y a?letes be suit$ to !m8 ,:y n8 ,sid5ote3 ,! usual tra9+ ( a?letes too gross & sleepy4 ,i am afraid1 ,i said1 t a habit ( body su* z !y h is b a sleepy sort ( ?+1 & r p]il\s to heal?4 ,d y n obs]ve t ^! a?letes sleep away _! #ia lives1 & are liable to mo/ dang]\s illnesses if !y dep>t1 9 ev] s slight a degree1 f _! cu/om>y regim58 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,!n1 ,i said1 a f9] sort ( tra9+ w be requir$ = our w>rior a?letes1 :o are to be l wakeful dogs1 & to see & he> ) ! utmo/ ke5ness2 amid ! _m *anges ( wat] & also ( food1 ( summ] heat & w9t] 99#djd;,b99 cold1 :i* !y w h to endure :5 on a campaign1 !y mu/ n be liable to break d[n 9 heal?4 ,t is my view4 ,! really excell5t gymna/ic is tw9 si/] ( t simple music :i* we 7 j n[ describ+4 ,h[ s8 ,sid5ote3 ,milit>y gymna/ic4 ,:y1 ,i conceive t !re is a gymna/ic :i*1 l our music1 is simple & good2 & especially ! milit>y gymna/ic4 ,:at d y mean8 ,my mean+ may be le>n$ f ,hom]2 he1 y "k1 fe$s 8 h]oes at _! fea/s1 :5 !y are campaign+1 on soldi]s' f>e2 !y h no fi%1 al?\gh !y are on 99#djd;,c99 ! %ores ( ! ,hellespont1 & !y are n all[$ boil$ meats b only roa/1 :i* is ! food mo/ conv5i5t = soldi]s1 requir+ only t !y %\ld light a fire1 & n involv+ ! tr\ble ( c>ry+ ab\t pots & pans4 ,true4 ,& ,i c h>dly be mi/ak5 9 say+ t sweet sauces are n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ,hom]4 ,9 proscrib+ !m1 h[ev]1 he is n s+ul>2 all pr(essional a?letes are well aw>e t a man :o is to be 9 good condition %\ld take no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,yes1 he said2 & kn[+ ?is1 !y are q "r 9 n tak+ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,syracusan d9n]s & ,cor9?ian c\rtezans are prohibit$4 99#djd;,d99 ,!n y w\ld n approve ( ,syracusan d9n]s1 & ! ref9em5ts ( ,sicilian cook]y8 ,i ?9k n4 ,nor1 if a man is to be 9 condition1 w\ld y all[ him to h a ,cor9?ian girl z 8 fair fri5d8 ,c]ta9ly n4 #ib ,nei!r w\ld y approve ( ! delicacies1 z !y are ?\ght1 ( ,a!nian confection>y8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! luxuri\s /yle ( liv+ may be ju/ly comp>$ to ! panh>monic /ra9 ( music4 ,all su* fe$+ & liv+ may be rightly comp>$ by u 99#djd;,e99 to melody & song compos$ 9 ! panh>monic /yle1 & 9 all ! rhy?ms4 ,exactly4 ,!re complexity eng5d]$ lic5ce1 & "h disease2 :]eas simplicity 9 music 0 ! p>5t ( temp]ance 9 ! s\l2 & simplicity 9 gymna/ic ( heal? 9 ! body4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 99#dje;,a99 ,b :5 intemp]ance & diseases multiply 9 a ,/ate1 halls ( ju/ice & m$ic9e are always be+ op5$2 & ! arts ( ! doctor & ! lawy] give !mselves airs1 f9d+ h[ ke5 is ! int]e/ :i* n only ! slaves b ! freem5 ( a city take ab\t !m4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,e man %\ld be 8 own doctor & lawy]4 ,& yet :at great] pro( c !re be ( a bad & disgraceful /ate ( education ?an ?is1 t n only artisans & ! mean] sort ( p ne$ ! skill ( fir/-rate physicians & judges1 b also ^? :o w\ld pr(ess to 99#dje;,b99 h _h a lib]al education8 ,is x n disgraceful1 & a great sign ( want ( good-bre$+1 t a man %\ld h to g abroad = 8 law & physic because he has none ( 8 own at home1 & mu/ !re=e surr5d] himself into ! h&s ( o!r m5 :om he makes lords & judges ov] him8 ,( all ?+s1 he said1 ! mo/ disgraceful4 ,sid5ote3 ,bad z x is to g to law1 x is /ill worse to be a lov] ( litigation4 ,w\ld y say 'mo/1' ,i repli$1 :5 y consid] t !re is a fur!r /age ( ! evil 9 :i* a man is n only a life-long litigant1 pass+ all 8 days 9 ! c\rts1 ei!r z pla9tiff or def5dant1 b is actually l$ by 8 bad ta/e to pride himself on 8 litigi\sness2 he imag9es t he is 99#dje;,c99 a ma/] 9 di%one/y2 able to take e crook$ turn1 & wriggle into & out ( e hole1 b5d+ l a )y & gett+ out ( ! way ( ju/ice3 & all = :at8--9 ord] to ga9 small po9ts n wor? m5tion+1 he n kn[+ t s to ord] 8 life z to be able to d )\t a napp+ judge is a f> high] & nobl] sort ( ?+4 ,is n t /ill m disgraceful8 #ic ,yes1 he said1 t is /ill m disgraceful4 ,sid5ote3 ,bad also to require ! help ( m$ic9e4 ,well1 ,i said1 & to require ! help ( m$ic9e1 n :5 a w\nd has to be cur$1 or on occasion ( an epidemic1 b 99#dje;,d99 j because1 by indol5ce & a habit ( life su* z we h be5 describ+1 m5 fill !mselves ) wat]s & w9ds1 z if _! bodies 7 a m>%1 compell+ ! +5i\s sons ( ,asclepius to f9d m names = diseases1 su* z flatul5ce & cat>rh2 is n ?is1 too1 a disgrace8 ,yes1 he said1 !y d c]ta9ly give v /range & newfangl$ names to diseases4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! "t ( ,asclepius & ( ,hom] ! practice ( m$ic9e 0 v simple4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & ,i d n believe t !re 7 any su* 99#dje;,e99 diseases 9 ! days ( ,asclepius2 & ?is ,i inf] f ! circum/ance t ! h]o ,eurypylus1 aft] he has be5 w\nd$ 9 ,hom]1 dr9ks a posset ( ,pramnian w9e well 99#djf;,a99 bespr9kl$ ) b>ley-meal & grat$ *eese1 :i* are c]ta9ly inflammatory1 & yet ! sons ( ,asclepius :o 7 at ! ,trojan w> d n blame ! damsel :o gives him ! dr9k1 or rebuke ,patroclus1 :o is treat+ 8 case4 ,well1 he said1 t 0 surely an extraord9>y dr9k to be giv5 to a p]son 9 8 condition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nurs+ ( disease began ) ,h]odicus4 ,n s extraord9>y1 ,i repli$1 if y be> 9 m9d t 9 =m] days1 z is commonly said1 be=e ! "t ( ,h]odicus1 ! guild ( ,asclepius did n practise our pres5t sy/em ( m$ic9e1 :i* may be said to educate diseases4 ,b ,h]odicus1 be+ a tra9]1 & himself ( a sickly con/itution1 by a comb9ation ( tra9+ & doctor+ f\nd 99#djf;,b99 out a way ( tortur+ fir/ & *iefly himself1 & secondly ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,h[ 0 t8 he said4 ,by ! inv5tion ( l+]+ dea?2 = he _h a mortal disease :i* he p]petually t5d$1 & z recov]y 0 out ( ! "q1 he pass$ 8 entire life z a valetud9>ian2 he c\ld d no?+ b att5d ^u himself1 & he 0 9 con/ant torm5t :5ev] he dep>t$ 9 any?+ f 8 usual regim51 & s dy+ h>d1 by ! help ( sci5ce he /ruggl$ on to old age4 ,a r>e rew>d ( 8 skill6 99#djf;,c99 ,yes1 ,i said2 a rew>d :i* a man might fairly expect :o nev] und]/ood t1 if ,asclepius did n in/ruct 8 desc5dants 9 valetud9>ian arts1 ! omission arose1 n #id f ignorance or inexp]i5ce ( su* a bran* ( m$ic9e1 b because he knew t 9 all well-ord]$ /ates e individual has an occupation to :i* he mu/ att5d1 & has !re=e no leisure to sp5d 9 cont9ually be+ ill4 ,?is we rem>k 9 ! case ( ! artisan1 b1 ludicr\sly en\gh1 d n apply ! same rule to p ( ! ri*] sort4 ,h[ d y mean8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! work+-man has no "t = t$i\s rem$ies4 99#djf;,d99 ,i mean ?is3 ,:5 a c>p5t] is ill he asks ! physician = a r\gh & ready cure2 an emetic or a purge or a caut]y or ! knife1 --^! are 8 rem$ies4 ,& if "s "o prescribes = him a c\rse ( dietetics1 & tells him t he mu/ swa! & swaddle 8 head1 & all t sort ( ?+1 he replies at once t he has no "t to be ill1 & t he sees no good 9 a life :i* is sp5t 9 nurs+ 8 disease to ! neglect ( 8 cu/om>y employm5t2 & !re=e 99#djf;,e99 bidd+ good-bye to ?is sort ( physician1 he resumes 8 ord9>y habits1 & ei!r gets well & lives & does 8 bus9ess1 or1 if 8 con/itution fails1 he dies & has no m tr\ble4 ,yes1 he said1 & a man 9 8 condition ( life ought to use ! art ( m$ic9e ?us f> only4 99#djg;,a99 ,has he n1 ,i said1 an occupation2 & :at pr(it w\ld !re be 9 8 life if he 7 depriv$ ( 8 occupation8 ,q true1 he said4 ,b ) ! ri* man ?is is o!rwise2 ( him we d n say t he has any specially appo9t$ "w :i* he mu/ p]=m1 if he w\ld live4 ,he is g5]ally suppos$ to h no?+ to d4 ,!n y nev] he>d ( ! say+ ( ,phocylides1 t z soon z a man has a livelihood he %\ld practise virtue8 ,nay1 he said1 ,i ?9k t he _h bett] beg9 some:at soon]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sl[ cure equally an imp$im5t to ! me*anical arts1 to ! practice ( virtue ,let u n h a dispute ) him ab\t ?is1 ,i said2 b r ask ourselves3 ,is ! practice ( virtue obligatory on 99#djg;,b99 ! ri* man1 or c he live )\t x8 ,& if obligatory on him1 !n let u raise a fur!r "q1 :e!r ?is diet+ ( disord]s1 :i* is an imp$im5t to ! application ( ! m9d 9 c>p5t]+ & ! me*anical arts1 does n equally /& 9 ! way ( ! s5tim5t ( ,phocylides8 #ie ,( t1 he repli$1 !re c be no d\bt2 su* excessive c>e ( ! body1 :5 c>ri$ beyond ! rules ( gymna/ic1 is mo/ inimical to ! practice ( virtue4 ,sid5ote3 & to any k9d ( /udy or ?\ght4 #ch,yes1 inde$1 ,i repli$1 & equally incompatible ) ! managem5t ( a h\se1 an army1 or an (fice ( /ate2 &1 :at is mo/ important ( all1 irreconcileable ) any k9d 99#djg;,c99 ( /udy or ?\ght or self-reflection--!re is a con/ant suspicion t heada*e & gidd9ess are to be ascrib$ to philosophy1 & h5ce all practis+ or mak+ trial ( virtue 9 ! high] s5se is absolutely /opp$2 = a man is always fancy+ t he is be+ made ill1 & is 9 con/ant anxiety ab\t ! /ate ( 8 body4 ,footnote #ch3 ,mak+ ! answ] ( ,socrates beg9 at ,greek3 kai gar pros k4t4l4 ,yes1 likely en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,asclepius w\ld n cure diseas$ con/itutions because !y 7 ( no use to ! ,/ate4 ,& !re=e our politic ,asclepius may be suppos$ to h exhibit$ ! p[] ( 8 art only to p]sons :o1 be+ g5]ally ( heal?y con/itution & habits ( life1 _h 99#djg;,d99 a def9ite ailm5t2 su* z ^! he cur$ by purges & op]ations1 & bade !m live z usual1 h]e9 consult+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate2 b bodies :i* disease _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh he w\ld n h attempt$ to cure by gradual processes ( evacuation & infusion3 he did n want to l5g!n out good-=-no?+ lives1 or to h weak fa!rs begett+ weak] sons2--if a man 0 n able to live 9 ! ord9>y way he _h no bus9ess to cure him2 99#djg;,e99 = su* a cure w\ld h be5 ( no use ei!r to himself1 or to ! ,/ate4 ,!n1 he said1 y reg>d ,asclepius z a /atesman4 ,sid5ote3 ,! case ( ,m5elaus1 :o 0 att5d$ by ! sons ( ,asclepius4 ,cle>ly2 & 8 "* is fur!r illu/rat$ by 8 sons4 99#djh;,a99 ,note t !y 7 h]oes 9 ! days ( old & practis$ ! m$ic9es ( :i* ,i am speak+ at ! siege ( ,troy3 ,y w rememb] h[1 :5 ,p&>us w\nd$ ,m5elaus1 !y ',suck$ ! blood out ( ! w\nd1 & spr9kl$ soo?+ rem$ies#ci1' b !y nev] prescrib$ :at ! pati5t 0 aft]w>ds to eat or dr9k 9 ! case ( ,m5elaus1 any m ?an 9 ! case ( ,eurypylus2 ! rem$ies1 z !y conceiv$1 7 en\gh to heal any man :o be=e he 0 w\nd$ 0 #if 99#djh;,b99 heal?y & regul> 9 8 habits2 & ev5 ?\gh he did happ5 to dr9k a posset ( ,pramnian w9e1 he might get well all ! same4 ,b !y w\ld h no?+ to d ) unheal?y & intemp]ate subjects1 ^: lives 7 ( no use ei!r to !mselves or o!rs2 ! art ( m$ic9e 0 n design$ = _! good1 & ?\gh !y 7 z ri* z ,midas1 ! sons ( ,asclepius w\ld h decl9$ to att5d !m4 ,footnote #ci3 ,iliad iv4 #bah4 ,!y 7 v acute p]sons1 ^? sons ( ,asclepius4 ,sid5ote3 ,! (f5ce ( ,asclepius4 ,naturally s1 ,i repli$4 ,nev]!less1 ! trag$ians & ,p9d> disobey+ our behe/s1 al?\gh !y ackn[l$ge t ,asclepius 0 ! son ( ,apollo1 say also t he 0 brib$ into heal+ a ri* man :o 0 at ! po9t ( 99#djh;,c99 dea?1 & = ?is reason he 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,b we1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple already affirm$ by u1 w n believe !m :5 !y tell u bo?2--if he 0 ! son ( a god1 we ma9ta9 t he 0 n av>ici\s2 or1 if he 0 av>ici\s1 he 0 n ! son ( a god4 ,all t1 ,socrates1 is excell5t2 b ,i %\ld l to put a "q to y3 ,ought !re n to be good physicians 9 a ,/ate1 & are n ! be/ ^? :o h treat$ ! 99#djh;,d99 greate/ numb] ( con/itutions good & bad8 & are n ! be/ judges 9 l mann] ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) all sorts ( moral natures8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i too w\ld h good judges & good physicians4 ,b d y "k :om ,i ?9k good8 ,w y tell me8 ,i w1 if ,i c4 ,let me h[ev] note t 9 ! same "q y jo9 two ?+s :i* are n ! same4 ,h[ s8 he ask$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! physician %\ld h exp]i5ce ( illness 9 8 own p]son2 ,:y1 ,i said1 y jo9 physicians & judges4 ,n[ ! mo/ skilful physicians are ^? :o1 f _! y\? upw>ds1 h comb9$ ) ! k ( _! art 99#djh;,e99 ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( disease2 !y _h bett] n be robu/ 9 heal?1 & %\ld h _h all mann] ( diseases 9 _! own p]sons4 ,= ! body1 z ,i conceive1 is n ! in/rum5t ) :i* !y cure ! body2 9 t case we c\ld n all[ !m ev] to be or to h be5 sickly2 b !y cure ! body ) ! m9d1 & ! m9d :i* has become & is sick c cure no?+4 #ig ,t is v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 on ! o!r h&1 ! judge %\ld n le>n to "k evil by ! practice ( x1 b by long obs]vation ( evil 9 o!rs4 99#dji;,a99 ,b ) ! judge x is o!rwise2 s9ce he gov]ns m9d by m9d2 he ought n !re=e to h be5 tra9$ among vici\s m9ds1 & to h associat$ ) !m f y\? upw>ds1 & to h gone ?r\gh ! :ole cal5d> ( crime1 only 9 ord] t he may quickly inf] ! crimes ( o!rs z he might _! bodily diseases f 8 own self-consci\sness2 ! hon\rable m9d :i* is to =m a heal?y judgm5t %\ld h _h no exp]i5ce or contam9ation ( evil habits :5 "y4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y 9 y\? good m5 (t5 appe> to be simple1 & are 99#dji;,b99 easily practis$ ^u by ! di%one/1 because !y h no examples ( :at evil is 9 _! own s\ls4 ,yes1 he said1 !y are f> too apt to be deceiv$4 ,!re=e1 ,i said1 ! judge %\ld n be "y2 he %\ld h le>n$ to "k evil1 n f 8 own s\l1 b f late & long obs]vation ( ! nature ( evil 9 o!rs3 99#dji;,c99 k %\ld be 8 guide1 n p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! ideal ( a judge4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* a k ( human nature f> bett] & tru] ?an t ( ! adept 9 crime4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 & he w be a good man 7:i* is my answ] to y\r "q72 = he is good :o has a good s\l4 ,b ! cunn+ & suspici\s nature ( :i* we spoke1--he :o has committ$ _m crimes1 & fancies himself to be a ma/] 9 wick$ness1 :5 he is among/ 8 fell[s1 is wond]ful 9 ! precautions :i* he takes1 because he judges ( !m by himself3 b :5 he gets into ! company ( m5 ( virtue1 :o h ! exp]i5ce ( age1 he appe>s to be a fool aga91 ow+ to 8 unseasonable suspicions2 99#dji;,d99 he _c recognise an hone/ man1 because he has no patt]n ( hone/y 9 himself2 at ! same "t1 z ! bad are m num]\s ?an ! good1 & he meets ) !m (t5]1 he ?9ks himself1 & is by o!rs ?\ght to be1 r wise ?an fooli%4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,!n ! good & wise judge :om we are seek+ is n ?is man1 b ! o!r2 = vice _c "k virtue too1 b a virtu\s nature1 educat$ by "t1 w acquire a k 99#dji;,e99 bo? ( virtue & vice3 ! virtu\s1 & n ! vici\s1 man has wisdom--9 my op9ion4 ,& 9 m9e also4 #ih ,?is is ! sort ( m$ic9e1 & ?is is ! sort ( law1 :i* y w sanction 9 y\r /ate4 ,!y w m9i/] to 99#daj;,a99 bett] natures1 giv+ heal? bo? ( s\l & ( body2 b ^? :o are diseas$ 9 _! bodies !y w leave to die1 & ! corrupt & incurable s\ls !y w put an end to !mselves4 ,t is cle>ly ! be/ ?+ bo? = ! pati5ts & = ! ,/ate4 ,& ?us our y\?1 hav+ be5 educat$ only 9 t simple music :i*1 z we said1 inspires temp]ance1 w be reluctant to g to law4 ,cle>ly4 99#daj;,b99 ,& ! musician1 :o1 keep+ to ! same track1 is cont5t to practise ! simple gymna/ic1 w h no?+ to d ) m$ic9e unless 9 "s extreme case4 ,t ,i q believe4 ,! v ex]cises & tolls :i* he und]goes are int5d$ to /imulate ! spirit$ elem5t ( 8 nature1 & n to increase 8 /r5g?2 he w n1 l common a?letes1 use ex]cise & regim5 to develope 8 muscles4 ,v "r1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,music & gymna/ic are equally design$ = ! improvem5t ( ! m9d4 99#daj;,c99 ,nei!r are ! two arts ( music & gymna/ic really design$1 z is (t5 suppos$1 ! "o = ! tra9+ ( ! s\l1 ! o!r = ! tra9+ ( ! body4 ,:at !n is ! real object ( !m8 ,i believe1 ,i said1 t ! tea*]s ( bo? h 9 view *iefly ! improvem5t ( ! s\l4 ,h[ c t be8 he ask$4 ,did y nev] obs]ve1 ,i said1 ! effect on ! m9d itself ( exclusive devotion to gymna/ic1 or ! opposite effect ( an exclusive devotion to music8 ,9 :at way %[n8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m]e a?lete mu/ be s(t5$1 & ! philosophic nature prev5t$ f becom+ too s(t 99#daj;,d99 ,! "o produc+ a temp] ( h>dness & f]ocity1 ! o!r ( s(tness & effem9acy1 ,i repli$4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i am q aw>e t ! m]e a?lete becomes too mu* ( a savage1 & t ! m]e musician is melt$ & s(t5$ beyond :at is good = him4 ,yet surely1 ,i said1 ?is f]ocity only comes f _s1 :i*1 if rightly educat$1 w\ld give c\rage1 b1 if too mu* int5sifi$1 is liable to become h>d & brutal4 #ii ,t ,i q ?9k4 99#daj;,e99 ,on ! o!r h& ! philosoph] w h ! quality ( g5tl5ess4 ,& ?is also1 :5 too mu* indulg$1 w turn to s(tness1 b1 if educat$ rightly1 w be g5tle & mod]ate4 ,true4 ,& 9 our op9ion ! gu>dians ought to h bo? ^! qualities8 ,assur$ly4 ,& bo? %\ld be 9 h>mony8 ,beyond "q4 99#daa;,a99 ,& ! h>moni\s s\l is bo? temp]ate & c\rage\s8 ,yes4 ,& ! inh>moni\s is c[>dly & boori%8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,music1 if c>ri$ too f>1 r5d]s ! weak] nature effem9ate1 ! /rong] irritable4 ,&1 :5 a man all[s music to play ^u him & to p\r into 8 s\l ?r\gh ! funnel ( 8 e>s ^? sweet & s(t & melan*oly airs ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+1 & 8 :ole life is pass$ 9 w>bl+ & ! delights ( song2 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! process ! passion or _s :i* is 9 him is temp]$ l iron1 & made 99#daa;,b99 useful1 in/ead ( brittle & useless4 ,b1 if he c>ries on ! s(t5+ & soo?+ process1 9 ! next /age he beg9s to melt & wa/e1 until he has wa/$ away 8 _s & cut out ! s9ews ( 8 s\l2 & he becomes a feeble w>rior4 ,v true4 ,if ! elem5t ( _s is naturally weak 9 him ! *ange is spe$ily accompli%$1 b if he h a good deal1 !n ! p[] ( music weak5+ ! _s r5d]s him excitable2--on ! lea/ provocation he flames up at once1 & is 99#daa;,c99 spe$ily ext+ui%$2 in/ead ( hav+ _s he gr[s irritable & passionate & is q impracticable4 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,& 9 l mann] ! well-f$ a?lete1 if he h no education1 ,& s 9 gymna/ics1 if a man takes viol5t ex]cise & is a great fe$]1 & ! rev]se ( a great /ud5t ( music & philosophy1 at fir/ ! high condition ( 8 body fills him ) pride & _s1 & he becomes twice ! man t he 04 #ajj ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 deg5]ates into a wild bea/4 ,& :at happ5s8 if he d no?+ else1 & holds no 99#daa;,d99 conv]se ) ! ,muses1 does n ev5 t intellig5ce :i* !re may be 9 him1 hav+ no ta/e ( any sort ( le>n+ or enquiry or ?\ght or culture1 gr[ feeble & dull & bl9d1 8 m9d nev] wak+ up or receiv+ n\ri%m5t1 & 8 s5ses n be+ purg$ ( _! mi/s8 ,true1 he said4 ,& he ends by becom+ a hat] ( philosophy1 unciviliz$1 nev] us+ ! weapon ( p]suasion1--he is l a wild 99#daa;,e99 bea/1 all viol5ce & fi]c5ess1 & kn[s no o!r way ( deal+2 & he lives 9 all ignorance & evil conditions1 & has no s5se ( propriety & grace4 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,& z !re are two pr9ciples ( human nature1 "o ! spirit$ & ! o!r ! philosophical1 "s ,god1 z ,i %\ld say1 has giv5 mank9d two arts answ]+ to !m 7& only indirectly to ! s\l & body71 9 ord] t ^! 99#dab;,a99 two pr9ciples 7l ! /r+s ( an in/rum5t7 may be relax$ or drawn tight] until !y are duly h>moniz$4 ,t appe>s to be ! int5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,music to be m+l$ ) gymna/ic1 & bo? attemp]$ to ! individual s\l4 ,& he :o m+les music ) gymna/ic 9 ! faire/ proportions1 & be/ attemp]s !m to ! s\l1 may be rightly call$ ! true musician & h>moni/ 9 a f> high] s5se ?an ! tun] ( ! /r+s4 ,y are q "r1 ,socrates4 ,& su* a presid+ g5ius w be always requir$ 9 our ,/ate if ! gov]nm5t is to la/4 99#dab;,b99 ,yes1 he w be absolutely necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,en\gh ( pr9ciples ( education3 :o are to be our rul]s8 ,su*1 !n1 are our pr9ciples ( nurture & education3 ,:]e w\ld be ! use ( go+ into fur!r details ab\t ! dances ( our citiz5s1 or ab\t _! hunt+ & c\rs+1 _! gymna/ic & eque/rian conte/s8 ,= ^! all foll[ ! g5]al pr9ciple1 & hav+ f\nd t1 we %all h no difficulty 9 discov]+ !m4 ,i d>e say t !re w be no difficulty4 ,v good1 ,i said2 !n :at is ! next "q8 ,mu/ we n ask :o are to be rul]s & :o subjects8 99#dab;,c99 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eld] mu/ rule & ! y\ng] s]ve4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! eld] mu/ rule ! y\ng]4 #aja ,cle>ly4 ,& t ! be/ ( ^! mu/ rule4 ,t is also cle>4 ,n[1 are n ! be/ husb&m5 ^? :o are mo/ devot$ to husb&ry8 ,yes4 ,& z we are to h ! be/ ( gu>dians = our city1 mu/ !y n be ^? :o h mo/ ! "* ( gu>dians8 ,yes4 ,& to ?is end !y ought to be wise & effici5t1 & to h a special c>e ( ! ,/ate8 99#dab;,d99 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,^? are to be appo9t$ rul]s :o h be5 te/$ 9 all ! /ages ( _! life2 ,& a man w be mo/ likely to c>e ab\t t :i* he loves8 ,to be sure4 ,& he w be mo/ likely to love t :i* he reg>ds z hav+ ! same int]e/s ) himself1 & t ( :i* ! good or evil =tune is suppos$ by him at any "t mo/ to affect 8 own8 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,!n !re mu/ be a selection4 ,let u note among ! gu>dians ^? :o 9 _! :ole life %[ ! greate/ 99#dab;,e99 eag]ness to d :at is = ! good ( _! c\ntry1 & ! greate/ repugnance to d :at is aga9/ h] int]e/s4 ,^? are ! "r m54 ,& !y w h to be wat*$ at e age1 9 ord] t we may see :e!r !y pres]ve _! resolution1 & nev]1 "u ! influ5ce ei!r ( =ce or en*antm5t1 =get or ca/ (f _! s5se ( duty to ! ,/ate4 ,h[ ca/ (f8 he said4 ,i w expla9 to y1 ,i repli$4 ,a resolution may g out ( a man's m9d ei!r ) 8 w or aga9/ 8 w2 ) 99#dac;,a99 8 w :5 he gets rid ( a falsehood & le>ns bett]1 aga9/ 8 w :5ev] he is depriv$ ( a tru?4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 ! will+ loss ( a resolution2 ! mean+ ( ! unwill+ ,i h yet to le>n4 ,:y1 ,i said1 d y n see t m5 are unwill+ly depriv$ ( good1 & will+ly ( evil8 ,is n to h lo/ ! tru? an evil1 & to possess ! tru? a good8 & y #ajb w\ld agree t to conceive ?+s z !y are is to possess ! tru?8 ,yes1 he repli$2 ,i agree ) y 9 ?9k+ t mank9d are depriv$ ( tru? aga9/ _! w4 99#dac;,b99 ,& is n ?is involunt>y deprivation caus$ ei!r by !ft1 or =ce1 or en*antm5t8 ,/ill1 he repli$1 ,i d n und]/& y4 ,sid5ote3 & :o are un*ang$ by ! influ5ce ei!r ( pleasure1 or ( fe>1 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ h be5 talk+ d>kly1 l ! trag$ians4 ,i only mean t "s m5 are *ang$ by p]suasion & t o!rs =get2 argum5t /eals away ! he>ts ( "o class1 & "t ( ! o!r2 & ?is ,i call !ft4 ,n[ y und]/& me8 ,yes4 ,^? aga9 :o are =c$1 are ^? :om ! viol5ce ( "s pa9 or grief compels to *ange _! op9ion4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 & y are q "r4 ,sid5ote3 or ( en*antm5ts4 99#dac;,c99 ,& y w\ld also ackn[l$ge t ! en*ant$ are ^? :o *ange _! m9ds ei!r "u ! s(t] influ5ce ( pleasure1 or ! /]n] influ5ce ( fe>8 ,yes1 he said2 ev]y?+ t deceives may be said to en*ant4 ,!re=e1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 we mu/ enquire :o are ! be/ gu>dians ( _! own conviction t :at !y ?9k ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate is to be ! rule ( _! lives4 ,we mu/ wat* !m f _! y\? upw>ds1 & make !m p]=m actions 9 :i* !y are mo/ likely to =get or to be deceiv$1 & he :o rememb]s & is n deceiv$ 99#dac;,d99 is to be select$1 & he :o fails 9 ! trial is to be reject$4 ,t w be ! way8 ,yes4 ,& !re %\ld also be toils & pa9s & conflicts prescrib$ = !m1 9 :i* !y w be made to give fur!r pro( ( ! same qualities4 ,v "r1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,if !y /& ! te/ !y are to be hon\r$ 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,& !n1 ,i said1 we mu/ try !m ) en*antm5ts--t is ! ?ird sort ( te/--& see :at w be _! behavi\r3 l ^? :o take colts amid noise & tumult to see if !y are ( a timid nature1 s mu/ we take our y\? amid t]rors ( "s k9d1 & aga9 pass !m into pleasures1 99#dac;,e99 & prove !m m ?or\ghly ?an gold is #ajc prov$ 9 ! furnace1 t we may discov] :e!r !y are arm$ aga9/ all en*antm5ts1 & ( a noble be>+ always1 good gu>dians ( !mselves & ( ! music :i* !y h le>n$1 & reta9+ "u all circum/ances a rhy?mical & h>moni\s nature1 su* z w be mo/ s]viceable to ! individual & to ! ,/ate4 ,& he :o at e age1 z boy & y\? & 9 mature life1 has come out ( ! trial victori\s & pure1 %all be appo9t$ 99#dad;,a99 a rul] & gu>dian ( ! ,/ate2 he %all be hon\r$ 9 life & dea?1 & %all receive sepulture & o!r memorials ( hon\r1 ! greate/ t we h to give4 ,b him :o fails1 we mu/ reject4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is ! sort ( way 9 :i* our rul]s & gu>dians %\ld be *os5 & appo9t$4 ,i speak g5]ally1 & n ) any pret5sion to exactness4 ,&1 speak+ g5]ally1 ,i agree ) y1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! title ( gu>dians to be res]v$ = ! eld]s1 ! "y m5 to be call$ auxili>ies4 99#dad;,b99 ,& p]haps ! ^w 'gu>dian' 9 ! fulle/ s5se ought to be appli$ to ?is high] class only :o pres]ve u aga9/ =eign enemies & ma9ta9 peace among our citiz5s at home1 t ! "o may n h ! w1 or ! o!rs ! p[]1 to h>m u4 ,! "y m5 :om we be=e call$ gu>dians may be m prop]ly designat$ auxili>ies & support]s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! rul]s4 ,i agree ) y1 he said4 ,h[ !n may we devise "o ( ^? ne$ful falsehoods ( :i* we lately spoke--j "o royal lie :i* may 99#dad;,c99 deceive ! rul]s1 if t be possible1 & at any rate ! re/ ( ! city8 ,:at sort ( lie8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,pho5ician tale4 ,no?+ new1 ,i repli$2 only an old ,pho5ician#dj tale ( :at has (t5 occurr$ be=e n[ 9 o!r places1 7z ! poets say1 & h made ! _w believe7 ?\gh n 9 our "t1 & ,i d n "k :e!r su* an ev5t c\ld ev] happ5 aga91 or c\ld n[ ev5 be made probable1 if x did4 ,footnote #dj3 ,cp4 ,laws1 #ffc ,e4 ,h[ y\r words seem to hesitate on y\r lips6 ,y w n wond]1 ,i repli$1 at my hesitation :5 y h he>d4 ,speak1 he said1 & fe> n4 #ajd ,sid5ote3 ,! citiz5s to be told t !y are really auto*?on\s1 s5t up out ( ! e>?1 99#dad;,d99 ,well !n1 ,i w speak1 al?\gh ,i really "k n h[ to look y 9 ! face1 or 9 :at words to utt] ! audaci\s fiction1 :i* ,i propose to communicate gradually1 fir/ to ! rul]s1 !n to ! soldi]s1 & la/ly to ! p4 ,!y are to be told t _! y\? 0 a dream1 & ! education & tra9+ :i* !y receiv$ f u1 an appe>ance only2 9 reality dur+ all t "t !y 7 be+ =m$ & f$ 9 ! womb ( ! e>?1 :]e !y 99#dad;,e99 !mselves & _! arms & appurt5ances 7 manufactur$2 :5 !y 7 complet$1 ! e>?1 _! "m1 s5t !m up2 & s1 _! c\ntry be+ _! "m & also _! nurse1 !y are b\nd to advise = h] good1 & to def5d h] aga9/ attacks1 & h] citiz5s !y are to reg>d z *ildr5 ( ! e>? & _! own bro!rs4 ,y _h good reason1 he said1 to be a%am$ ( ! lie :i* y 7 go+ to tell4 ,sid5ote3 & compos$ ( metals ( v>i\s quality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! noble quality to rise 9 ! ,/ate1 ! ignoble to desc5d4 99#dae;,a99 ,true1 ,i repli$1 b !re is m com+2 ,i h only told y half4 ,citiz5s1 we %all say to !m 9 our tale1 y are bro!rs1 yet ,god has fram$ y diff]5tly4 ,"s ( y h ! p[] ( comm&1 & 9 ! composition ( ^! he has m+l$ gold1 :]e=e also !y h ! greate/ hon\r2 o!rs he has made ( silv]1 to be auxili>ies2 o!rs aga9 :o are to be husb&m5 & craftsm5 he has compos$ ( brass & iron2 & ! species w g5]ally be pres]v$ 9 ! *ildr54 ,b z all are ( ! same orig9al /ock1 a gold5 p>5t w sometimes h a 99#dae;,b99 silv] son1 or a silv] p>5t a gold5 son4 ,& ,god proclaims z a fir/ pr9ciple to ! rul]s1 & above all else1 t !re is no?+ :i* !y %\ld s anxi\sly gu>d1 or ( :i* !y are to be su* good gu>dians1 z ( ! purity ( ! race4 ,!y %\ld obs]ve :at elem5ts m+le 9 _! (fspr+2 = if ! son ( a gold5 or silv] p>5t has an admixture ( brass & iron1 !n nature ord]s 99#dae;,c99 a transposition ( ranks1 & ! eye ( ! rul] mu/ n be pitiful t[>ds ! *ild because he has to desc5d 9 ! scale & become a husb&man or artisan1 j z !re may be sons ( artisans :o hav+ an admixture ( gold or silv] 9 !m are rais$ to hon\r1 & become gu>dians or auxili>ies4 ,= an oracle says t :5 a man ( brass or iron gu>ds ! ,/ate1 x w be de/roy$4 ,su* is ! #aje tale2 is !re any possibility ( mak+ our citiz5s believe 9 x8 ,sid5ote3 ,is su* a fiction cr$ible8--,yes1 9 a future g5]ation2 n 9 ! pres5t4 99#dae;,d99 ,n 9 ! pres5t g5]ation1 he repli$2 !re is no way ( accompli%+ ?is2 b _! sons may be made to believe 9 ! tale1 & _! sons' sons1 & po/]ity aft] !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! selection ( a site = ! w>riors' camp4 ,i see ! difficulty1 ,i repli$2 yet ! fo/]+ ( su* a belief w make !m c>e m = ! city & = "o ano!r4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 ( ! fiction1 :i* may n[ fly abroad ^u ! w+s ( rum\r1 :ile we arm our e>?-born h]oes1 & lead !m =? "u ! comm& ( _! rul]s4 ,let !m look r\nd & select a spot :5ce !y c be/ suppress insurrection1 if any prove refractory 99#dae;,e99 )91 & also def5d !mselves aga9/ enemies1 :o l wolves may come d[n on ! fold f )\t2 !re let !m encamp1 & :5 !y h encamp$1 let !m sacrifice to ! prop] ,gods & prep>e _! dwell+s4 ,j s1 he said4 ,& _! dwell+s mu/ be su* z w %ield !m aga9/ ! cold ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ]4 ,i suppose t y mean h\ses1 he repli$4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b !y mu/ be ! h\ses ( soldi]s1 & n ( %op-keep]s4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! w>riors mu/ be humaniz$ by education4 99#daf;,a99 ,t ,i w endeav\r to expla91 ,i repli$4 ,to keep wat*-dogs1 :o1 f want ( discipl9e or hung]1 or "s evil habit or o!r1 w\ld turn ^u ! %eep & worry !m1 & behave n l dogs b wolves1 w\ld be a f\l & mon/r\s ?+ 9 a %eph]d8 ,truly mon/r\s1 he said4 99#daf;,b99 ,& !re=e e c>e mu/ be tak5 t our auxili>ies1 be+ /rong] ?an our citiz5s1 may n gr[ to be too mu* = !m & become savage tyrants in/ead ( fri5ds & allies8 ,yes1 great c>e %\ld be tak54 ,& w\ld n a really good education furni% ! be/ safegu>d8 ,b !y are well-educat$ already1 he repli$4 ,i _c be s confid5t1 my de> ,glaucon1 ,i said2 ,i am mu* m c]ta9 t !y ought to be1 & t true 99#daf;,c99 education1 :atev] t may be1 w h ! greate/ #ajf t5d5cy to civilize & humanize !m 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 & to ^? :o are "u _! protection4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& n only _! education1 b _! habitations1 & all t belongs to !m1 %\ld be su* z w nei!r impair _! virtue z gu>dians1 nor tempt !m to prey ^u ! o!r citiz5s4 99#daf;,d99 ,any man ( s5se mu/ ackn[l$ge t4 ,he mu/4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! way ( life w be t ( a camp ,sid5ote3 ,!y mu/ h no homes or prop]ty ( _! own4 ,!n n[ let u consid] :at w be _! way ( life1 if !y are to realize our idea ( !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 none ( !m %\ld h any prop]ty ( 8 own beyond :at is absolutely necess>y2 nei!r %\ld !y h a private h\se or /ore clos$ aga9/ any "o :o has a m9d to ent]2 _! provisions %\ld be only su* z are requir$ by tra9$ w>riors1 :o are m5 ( temp]ance & c\rage2 99#daf;,e99 !y %\ld agree to receive f ! citiz5s a fix$ rate ( pay1 en\gh to meet ! exp5ses ( ! ye> & no m2 & !y w g to mess & live toge!r l soldi]s 9 a camp4 ,gold & silv] we w tell !m t !y h f ,god2 ! div9] metal is )9 !m1 & !y h !re=e no ne$ ( ! dross :i* is curr5t among m51 & ought n to pollute ! div9e by any 99#dag;,a99 su* e>?ly admixture2 = t common] metal has be5 ! s\rce ( _m unholy de$s1 b _! own is undefil$4 ,& !y alone ( all ! citiz5s may n t\* or h&le silv] or gold1 or be "u ! same ro( ) !m1 or we> !m1 or dr9k f !m4 ,& ?is w be _! salvation1 & !y w be ! savi\rs ( ! ,/ate4 ,b %\ld !y ev] acquire homes or l&s or moneys ( _! own1 !y w become h\sekeep]s & husb&m5 in/ead ( gu>dians1 99#dag;,b99 enemies & tyrants in/ead ( allies ( ! o!r citiz5s2 hat+ & be+ hat$1 plott+ & be+ plott$ aga9/1 !y w pass _! :ole life 9 mu* great] t]ror ( int]nal ?an ( ext]nal enemies1 & ! h\r ( ru91 bo? to !mselves & to ! re/ ( ! ,/ate1 w be at h&4 ,= all :i* reasons may we n say t ?us %all our ,/ate be ord]$1 & t ^! %all be ! regulations appo9t$ by u = gu>dians conc]n+ _! h\ses & all o!r matt]s8 ,yes1 said ,glaucon4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,iv4 ,adeimantus1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,an objection t ,socrates has made 8 citiz5s poor & mis]able3 99#dai;,a99 ,"h ,adeimantus int]pos$ a "q3 ,h[ w\ld y answ]1 ,socrates1 said he1 if a p]son 7 to say t y are mak+#a ^! p mis]able1 & t !y are ! cause ( _! own unhapp9ess2 ! city 9 fact belongs to !m1 b !y are none ! bett] = x2 :]eas o!r m5 acquire l&s1 & build l>ge & h&some h\ses1 & h ev]y?+ h&some ab\t !m1 (f]+ sacrifices to ! gods on _! own acc\nt1 & practis+ hospitality2 moreov]1 z y 7 say+ j n[1 !y h gold & silv]1 & all t is usual among ! fav\rites ( =tune2 b our poor citiz5s are no bett] ?an m]c5>ies :o are qu>t]$ 9 ! city & are always m\nt+ gu>d8 ,footnote #a3 ,or1 't = _! own good y are mak+ ^! p mis]able4' ,sid5ote3 & wor/ ( all1 adds ,socrates1 !y h no money4 99#dbj;,a99 ,yes1 ,i said2 & y may add t !y are only f$1 & n paid 9 addition to _! food1 l o!r m52 & !re=e !y _c1 if !y w\ld1 take a j\rney ( pleasure2 !y h no money to sp5d on a mi/ress or any o!r luxuri\s fancy1 :i*1 z ! _w goes1 is ?\ght to be happ9ess2 & _m o!r accusations ( ! same nature might be add$4 ,b1 said he1 let u suppose all ?is to be includ$ 9 ! *>ge4 99#dbj;,b99 ,y mean to ask1 ,i said1 :at w be our answ]8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,yet v likely !y may be ! happie/ ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate1 l a /atue1 mu/ be judg$ ( z a :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gu>dians mu/ be gu>dians1 n boon companions4 ,if we proce$ along ! old pa?1 my belief1 ,i said1 is t we %all f9d ! answ]4 ,& our answ] w be t1 ev5 z !y are1 our gu>dians may v likely be ! happie/ ( m52 b t our aim 9 f\nd+ ! ,/ate 0 n ! disproportionate happ9ess ( any "o class1 b ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! :ole2 we ?\ght t 9 a ,/ate #ajh :i* is ord]$ ) a view to ! good ( ! :ole we %\ld be mo/ likely to f9d ju/ice1 & 9 ! ill-ord]$ 99#dbj;,c99 ,/ate inju/ice3 &1 hav+ f\nd !m1 we might !n decide :i* ( ! two is ! happi]4 ,at pres5t1 ,i take x1 we are fa%ion+ ! happy ,/ate1 n piecemeal1 or ) a view ( mak+ a few happy citiz5s1 b z a :ole2 & by-&-by we w proce$ to view ! opposite k9d ( ,/ate4 ,suppose t we 7 pa9t+ a /atue1 & "s "o came up to u & said1 ,:y d y n put ! mo/ beautiful col\rs on ! mo/ beautiful p>ts ( ! body--! eyes ought to be purple1 b y h made !m black--to him 99#dbj;,d99 we might fairly answ]1 ,sir1 y w\ld n surely h u beautify ! eyes to su* a degree t !y are no long] eyes2 consid] r :e!r1 by giv+ ?is & ! o!r features _! due proportion1 we make ! :ole beautiful4 ,& s ,i say to y1 d n compel u to assign to ! gu>dians a sort ( happ9ess :i* w make !m any?+ b gu>dians2 99#dbj;,e99 = we too c clo! our husb&m5 9 royal app>el1 & set cr[ns ( gold on _! heads1 & bid !m till ! gr\nd z mu* z !y l1 & no m4 ,our pott]s also might be all[$ to repose on c\*es1 & fea/ by ! fireside1 pass+ r\nd ! w9ecup1 :ile _! :eel is conv5i5tly at h&1 & work+ at pott]y only z mu* z !y l2 9 ?is way we might make e class happy--& !n1 z y imag9e1 ! :ole ,/ate w\ld be happy4 ,b d n put ?is idea into our heads2 =1 99#dba;,a99 if we li/5 to y1 ! husb&man w be no long] a husb&man1 ! pott] w cease to be a pott]1 & no "o w h ! "* ( any di/9ct class 9 ! ,/ate4 ,n[ ?is is n ( mu* consequ5ce :]e ! corruption ( society1 & pret5sion to be :at y are n1 is conf9$ to cobbl]s2 b :5 ! gu>dians ( ! laws & ( ! gov]nm5t are only seem+ & n real gu>dians1 !n see h[ !y turn ! ,/ate upside d[n2 & on ! o!r h& !y alone h ! p[] ( giv+ ord] & happ9ess to ! ,/ate4 ,we mean our gu>dians to be true 99#dba;,b99 savi\rs & n ! de/roy]s ( ! ,/ate1 :]eas our oppon5t is ?9k+ ( peasants at a fe/ival1 :o are enjoy+ a life ( revelry1 n ( citiz5s :o are do+ _! duty to ! ,/ate4 ,b1 if s1 we mean diff]5t ?+s1 & he is #aji speak+ ( some?+ :i* is n a ,/ate4 ,& !re=e we mu/ consid] :e!r 9 appo9t+ our gu>dians we w\ld look to _! greate/ happ9ess individually1 or :e!r ?is pr9ciple ( happ9ess does n r reside 9 ! ,/ate z a :ole4 ,b if ! latt] be ! tru?1 !n ! gu>dians 99#dba;,c99 & auxili>ies1 & all o!rs equally ) !m1 mu/ be compell$ or induc$ to d _! own "w 9 ! be/ way4 ,& ?us ! :ole ,/ate w gr[ up 9 a noble ord]1 & ! sev]al classes w receive ! proportion ( happ9ess :i* nature assigns to !m4 ,i ?9k t y are q "r4 ,i wond] :e!r y w agree ) ano!r rem>k :i* occurs to me4 ,:at may t be8 99#dba;,d99 ,!re seem to be two causes ( ! det]ioration ( ! arts4 ,:at are !y8 ,weal?1 ,i said1 & pov]ty4 ,h[ d !y act8 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 an artisan gr[s ri*1 he becomes c>eless3 if he is v poor1 he has no money to buy tools )4 ,! city %\ld be nei!r poor nor ri*4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,:5 a pott] becomes ri*1 w he1 ?9k y1 any long] take ! same pa9s ) 8 art8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,he w gr[ m & m indol5t & c>eless8 ,v true4 ,& ! result w be t he becomes a worse pott]8 ,yes2 he greatly det]iorates4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if he has no money1 & _c provide himself ) tools or in/rum5ts1 he w n "w 99#dba;,e99 equally well himself1 nor w he tea* 8 sons or appr5tices to "w equally well4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ei!r ( pov]ty or ( weal?1 workm5 & _! "w are equally liable to deg5]ate8 ,t is evid5t4 ,"h1 !n1 is a discov]y ( new evils1 ,i said1 aga9/ :i* ! gu>dians w h to wat*1 or !y w creep into ! city unobs]v$4 ,:at evils8 99#dbb;,a99 ,weal?1 ,i said1 & pov]ty2 ! "o is ! p>5t ( #aaj luxury & indol5ce1 & ! o!r ( meanness & vici\sness1 & bo? ( discont5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,b h[1 be+ poor1 c %e cont5d aga9/ a weal?y enemy8 ,t is v true1 he repli$2 b /ill ,i %\ld l to "k1 ,socrates1 h[ our city w be able to g to w>1 especially aga9/ an enemy :o is ri* & p[]ful1 if depriv$ ( ! s9ews ( w>4 ,!re w\ld c]ta9ly be a difficulty1 ,i repli$1 9 go+ 99#dbb;,b99 to w> ) "o su* enemy2 b !re is no difficulty :]e !re are two ( !m4 ,h[ s8 he ask$4 ,sid5ote3 ,our wiry soldi]s w be m ?an a mat* = _! fat neighb\rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i said1 if we h to fight1 our side w be tra9$ w>riors fight+ aga9/ an army ( ri* m54 ,t is true1 he said4 ,& d y n suppose1 ,adeimantus1 t a s+le box] :o 0 p]fect 9 8 art w\ld easily be a mat* = two /\t & well-to-d g5tlem5 :o 7 n box]s8 ,h>dly1 if !y came ^u him at once4 ,:at1 n[1 ,i said1 if he 7 able to run away & !n 99#dbb;,c99 turn & /rike at ! "o :o fir/ came up8 ,& suppos+ he 7 to d ?is sev]al times "u ! heat ( a scor*+ sun1 might he n1 be+ an exp]t1 ov]turn m ?an "o /\t p]sonage8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 !re w\ld be no?+ wond]ful 9 t4 ,& yet ri* m5 probably h a great] sup]iority 9 ! sci5ce & practise ( box+ ?an !y h 9 milit>y qualities4 ,likely en\gh4 ,!n we may assume t our a?letes w be able to fight ) two or ?ree times _! own numb]8 ,i agree ) y1 = ,i ?9k y "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !y w h allies :o w readily jo9 on condition ( receiv+ ! spoil4 99#dbb;,d99 ,& suppose t1 be=e engag+1 our citiz5s s5d an embassy to "o ( ! two cities1 tell+ !m :at is ! tru?3 ,silv] & gold we nei!r h nor are p]mitt$ to h1 b y may2 d y !re=e come & help u 9 w>1 & take ! spoils ( ! o!r city3 ,:o1 on he>+ ^! words1 w\ld *oose to fight aga9/ lean wiry dogs1 r ?an1 ) ! dogs on _! side1 aga9/ fat & t5d] %eep8 ,t is n likely2 & yet !re might be a dang] to ! #aaa 99#dbb;,e99 poor ,/ate if ! weal? ( _m ,/ates 7 to be ga!r$ into "o4 ,b h[ simple ( y to use ! t]m ,/ate at all ( any b our own6 ,:y s8 ,sid5ote3 ,b _m cities w conspire8 ,no3 !y are divid$ 9 !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,_m /ates are conta9$ 9 "o ,y ought to speak ( o!r ,/ates 9 ! plural numb]2 n "o ( !m is a city1 b _m cities1 z !y say 9 ! game4 ,= inde$ any city1 h[ev] small1 is 9 fact divid$ into two1 "o ! city ( ! poor1 ! o!r ( ! ri*2 99#dbc;,a99 ^! are at w> ) "o ano!r2 & 9 ei!r !re are _m small] divisions1 & y w\ld be altoge!r beside ! m>k if y treat$ !m all z a s+le ,/ate4 ,b if y deal ) !m z _m1 & give ! weal? or p[] or p]sons ( ! "o to ! o!rs1 y w always h a great _m fri5ds & n _m enemies4 ,& y\r ,/ate1 :ile ! wise ord] :i* has n[ be5 prescrib$ cont9ues to prevail 9 h]1 w be ! greate/ ( ,/ates1 ,i d n mean to say 9 reputation or appe>ance1 b 9 de$ & tru?1 ?\gh %e numb] n m ?an a ?\s& def5d]s4 ,a s+le ,/ate :i* is h] equal y w h>dly f9d1 ei!r 99#dbc;,b99 among ,hell5es or b>b>ians1 ?\gh _m t appe> to be z great & _m times great]4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! limit to ! size ( ! ,/ate ! possibility ( unity4 ,& :at1 ,i said1 w be ! be/ limit = our rul]s to fix :5 !y are consid]+ ! size ( ! ,/ate & ! am\nt ( t]ritory :i* !y are to include1 & beyond :i* !y w n g8 ,:at limit w\ld y propose8 ,i w\ld all[ ! ,/ate to increase s f> z is consi/5t ) unity2 t1 ,i ?9k1 is ! prop] limit4 99#dbc;,c99 ,v good1 he said4 ,"h !n1 ,i said1 is ano!r ord] :i* w h to be convey$ to our gu>dians3 ,let our city be acc\nt$ nei!r l>ge nor small1 b "o & self-suffic+4 ,& surely1 said he1 ?is is n a v sev]e ord] :i* we impose ^u !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! duty ( adju/+ ! citiz5s to ! rank = :i* nature int5d$ !m4 ,& ! o!r1 said ,i1 ( :i* we 7 speak+ be=e is light] /ill1--,i mean ! duty ( degrad+ ! (fspr+ ( ! gu>dians :5 inf]ior1 & ( elevat+ into ! rank 99#dbc;,d99 ( gu>dians ! (fspr+ ( ! l[] classes1 :5 naturally #aab sup]ior4 ,! int5tion 01 t1 9 ! case ( ! citiz5s g5]ally1 ea* individual %\ld be put to ! use = :i* nature int5d$ him1 "o to "o "w1 & !n e man w\ld d 8 own bus9ess1 & be "o & n _m2 & s ! :ole city w\ld be "o & n _m4 ,yes1 he said2 t is n s difficult4 ,! regulations :i* we are prescrib+1 my good ,adeimantus1 are n1 z might be suppos$1 a numb] ( great pr9ciples1 b trifles all1 if c>e be tak51 z ! say+ is1 99#dbc;,e99 ( ! "o great ?+1--a ?+1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i w\ld r call1 n great1 b suffici5t = our purpose4 ,:at may t be8 he ask$4 ,education1 ,i said1 & nurture3 ,if our citiz5s are well educat$1 & gr[ into s5sible m51 !y w easily see _! way ?r\gh all ^!1 z well z o!r matt]s :i* ,i omit2 su*1 = example1 z m>riage1 ! possession ( 99#dbd;,a99 wom5 & ! procreation ( *ildr51 :i* w all foll[ ! g5]al pr9ciple t fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common1 z ! prov]b says4 ,t w be ! be/ way ( settl+ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,good education has a cumulative =ce & affects ! bre$4 ,also1 ,i said1 ! ,/ate1 if once />t$ well1 moves ) accumulat+ =ce l a :eel4 ,= good nurture & education implant good con/itutions1 & ^! good con/itutions tak+ root 9 a good education improve m & m1 99#dbd;,b99 & ?is improvem5t affects ! bre$ 9 man z 9 o!r animals4 ,v possibly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,no innovations to be made ei!r 9 music or gymna/ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,damon4 ,!n to sum up3 ,?is is ! po9t to :i*1 above all1 ! att5tion ( our rul]s %\ld be direct$1--t music & gymna/ic be pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al =m1 & no innovation made4 ,!y mu/ d _! utmo/ to ma9ta9 !m intact4 ,& :5 any "o says t mank9d mo/ reg>d ',! newe/ song :i* ! s+]s h#b1' 99#dbd;,c99 !y w be afraid t he may be prais+1 n new songs1 b a new k9d ( song2 & ?is ought n to be prais$1 or conceiv$ to be ! mean+ ( ! poet2 = any musical innovation is full ( dang] to ! :ole ,/ate1 & ought to be prohibit$4 ,s ,damon tells me1 & ,i c q believe #aac him2--he says t :5 modes ( music *ange1 ! fundam5tal laws ( ! ,/ate always *ange ) !m4 ,footnote #b3 ,od4 i4 #ceb4 ,yes1 said ,adeimantus2 & y may add my suffrage to ,damon's & y\r own4 99#dbd;,d99 ,!n1 ,i said1 our gu>dians mu/ lay ! f\ndations ( _! =tress 9 music8 ,yes1 he said2 ! lawlessness ( :i* y speak too easily /eals 94 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 9 ! =m ( amusem5t2 & at fir/ sight x appe>s h>mless4 ,sid5ote3 ,! _s ( lawlessness1 beg9n+ 9 music1 gradually p]vades ! :ole ( life4 ,:y1 yes1 he said1 & !re is no h>m2 7 x n t little by little ?is _s ( lic5ce1 f9d+ a home1 imp]ceptibly p5etrates into mann]s & cu/oms2 :5ce1 issu+ ) great] =ce1 x invades contracts betwe5 man & 99#dbd;,e99 man1 & f contracts goes on to laws & con/itutions1 9 utt] recklessness1 end+ at la/1 ,socrates1 by an ov]?r[ ( all rights1 private z well z public4 ,is t true8 ,i said4 ,t is my belief1 he repli$4 ,!n1 z ,i 0 say+1 our y\? %\ld be tra9$ f ! fir/ 9 a /rict] sy/em1 = if amusem5ts become 99#dbe;,a99 lawless1 & ! y\?s !mselves become lawless1 !y c nev] gr[ up into well-conduct$ & virtu\s citiz5s4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! habit ( ord] ! basis ( education4 ,& :5 !y h made a good beg9n+ 9 play1 & by ! help ( music h ga9$ ! habit ( good ord]1 !n ?is habit ( ord]1 9 a mann] h[ unlike ! lawless play ( ! o!rs6 w accompany !m 9 all _! actions & be a pr9ciple ( gr[? to !m1 & if !re be any fall5 places 9 ! ,/ate w raise !m up aga94 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ! citiz5s h ! root ( ! matt] 9 !m1 !y w supply ! details = !mselves4 ,?us educat$1 !y w inv5t = !mselves any less] rules :i* _! pr$ecessors h altoge!r neglect$4 ,:at d y mean8 99#dbe;,b99 ,i mean su* ?+s z ^!3--:5 ! "y are to be sil5t be=e _! eld]s2 h[ !y are to %[ respect to !m by /&+ & mak+ !m sit2 :at hon\r is due to p>5ts2 :at g>m5ts or %oes are to be worn2 ! mode ( dress+ ! hair2 deportm5t & mann]s 9 g5]al4 ,y w\ld agree ) me8 #aad ,yes4 ,b !re is1 ,i ?9k1 small wisdom 9 legislat+ ab\t su* matt]s1--,i d\bt if x is ev] done2 nor are any precise writt5 enactm5ts ab\t !m likely to be la/+4 ,impossible4 ,x w\ld seem1 ,adeimantus1 t ! direction 9 :i* 99#dbe;,c99 education />ts a man1 w det]m9e 8 future life4 ,does n l always attract l8 ,to be sure4 ,until "s "o r>e & gr& result is rea*$ :i* may be good1 & may be ! rev]se ( good8 ,t is n to be d5i$4 ,& = ?is reason1 ,i said1 ,i %all n attempt to legislate fur!r ab\t !m4 ,naturally en\gh1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m]e r\t9e ( adm9i/ration may be omitt$ by u4 ,well1 & ab\t ! bus9ess ( ! agora1 & ! ord9>y deal+s betwe5 man & man1 or aga9 ab\t agreem5ts 99#dbe;,d99 ) artisans2 ab\t insult & injury1 or ! comm5cem5t ( actions1 & ! appo9tm5t ( juries1 :at w\ld y say8 !re may also arise que/ions ab\t any impositions & exactions ( m>ket & h>b\r dues :i* may be requir$1 & 9 g5]al ab\t ! regulations ( m>kets1 police1 h>b\rs1 & ! l4 ,b1 oh heav5s6 %all we condesc5d to legislate on any ( ^! p>ticul>s8 ,i ?9k1 he said1 t !re is no ne$ to impose laws ab\t 99#dbe;,e99 !m on good m52 :at regulations are necess>y !y w f9d out soon en\gh = !mselves4 ,yes1 ,i said1 my fri5d1 if ,god w only pres]ve to !m ! laws :i* we h giv5 !m4 ,& )\t div9e help1 said ,adeimantus1 !y w g on = ev] mak+ & m5d+ _! laws & _! lives 9 ! hope ( atta9+ p]fection4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration ( re=m]s ( ! law tak5 f invalids :o are always doctor+ !mselves1 b w nev] li/5 to ! tru?4 ,y w\ld comp>e !m1 ,i said1 to ^? invalids :o1 hav+ no self-re/ra9t1 w n leave (f _! habits ( intemp]ance8 ,exactly4 99#dbf;,a99 ,yes1 ,i said2 & :at a delightful life !y lead6 !y are always doctor+ & increas+ & complicat+ _! disord]s1 & always fancy+ t !y w be cur$ by any no/rum :i* anybody advises !m to try4 #aae ,su* cases are v common1 he said1 ) invalids ( ?is sort4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 & ! *>m+ ?+ is t !y deem him _! wor/ enemy :o tells !m ! tru?1 :i* is simply t1 unless !y give up eat+ & dr9k+ & 99#dbf;,b99 w5*+ & idl+1 nei!r drug nor caut]y nor spell nor amulet nor any o!r rem$y w avail4 ,*>m+6 he repli$4 ,i see no?+ *>m+ 9 go+ into a passion ) a man :o tells y :at is "r4 ,^! g5tlem51 ,i said1 d n seem to be 9 y\r good graces4 ,assur$ly n4 ,nor w\ld y praise ! behavi\r ( ,/ates :i* act l ! m5 :om ,i 0 j n[ describ+4 ,= are !re n ill-ord]$ ,/ates 9 :i* ! citiz5s are =bidd5 99#dbf;,c99 "u pa9 ( dea? to alt] ! con/itution2 & yet he :o mo/ sweetly c\rts ^? :o live "u ?is regime & indulges !m & fawns ^u !m & is skilful 9 anticipat+ & gratify+ _! hum\rs is held to be a great & good /atesman--d n ^! ,/ates resemble ! p]sons :om ,i 0 describ+8 ,yes1 he said2 ! ,/ates are z bad z ! m52 & ,i am v f> f prais+ !m4 99#dbf;,d99 ,b d y n admire1 ,i said1 ! coolness & dext]ity ( ^! ready m9i/]s ( political corruption8 ,sid5ote3 ,demagogues try+ _! h&s at legislation may be excus$ = _! ignorance ( ! _w4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i d2 b n ( all ( !m1 = !re are "s :om ! applause ( ! multitude has delud$ into ! belief t !y are really /atesm51 & ^! are n mu* to be admir$4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i said2 y %\ld h m feel+ = !m4 ,:5 a man _c measure1 & a great _m 99#dbf;,e99 o!rs :o _c measure decl>e t he is f\r cubits high1 c he help believ+ :at !y say8 ,nay1 he said1 c]ta9ly n 9 t case4 ,well1 !n1 d n be angry ) !m2 = are !y n z good z a play1 try+ _! h& at paltry re=ms su* z ,i 0 describ+2 !y are always fancy+ t by legislation !y w make an end ( frauds 9 contracts1 & ! o!r rascalities :i* ,i 0 m5tion+1 n kn[+ t !y are 9 reality cutt+ (f ! heads ( a hydra8 #aaf 99#dbg;,a99 ,yes1 he said2 t is j :at !y are do+4 ,i conceive1 ,i said1 t ! true legislator w n tr\ble himself ) ?is class ( enactm5ts :e!r conc]n+ laws or ! con/itution ei!r 9 an ill-ord]$ or 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate2 = 9 ! =m] !y are q useless1 & 9 ! latt] !re w be no difficulty 9 devis+ !m2 & _m ( !m w naturally fl[ out ( our previ\s regulations4 99#dbg;,b99 ,:at1 !n1 he said1 is /ill rema9+ to u ( ! "w ( legislation8 ,no?+ to u1 ,i repli$2 b to ,apollo1 ! ,god ( ,delphi1 !re rema9s ! ord]+ ( ! greate/ & noble/ & *iefe/ ?+s ( all4 ,:i* are !y8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion to be left to ! ,god ( ,delphi4 ,! in/itution ( temples & sacrifices1 & ! entire s]vice ( gods1 demigods1 & h]oes2 also ! ord]+ ( ! repositories ( ! dead1 & ! rites :i* h to be obs]v$ by him :o w\ld propitiate ! inhabitants ( ! _w bel[4 ,^! are matt]s ( :i* we are ignorant ourselves1 & z f\nd]s ( a city we %\ld be 99#dbg;,c99 unwise 9 tru/+ !m to any int]pret] b our ance/ral deity4 ,he is ! god :o sits 9 ! c5tre1 on ! navel ( ! e>?1 & he is ! int]pret] ( religion to all mank9d4 ,y are "r1 & we w d z y propose4 ,b :]e1 amid all ?is1 is ju/ice8 son ( ,ari/on1 tell me :]e4 99#dbg;,d99 ,n[ t our city has be5 made habitable1 light a c&le & se>*1 & get y\r bro!r & ,polem>*us & ! re/ ( our fri5ds to help1 & let u see :]e 9 x we c discov] ju/ice & :]e inju/ice1 & 9 :at !y diff] f "o ano!r1 & :i* ( !m ! man :o w\ld be happy %\ld h = 8 portion1 :e!r se5 or unse5 by gods & m54 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,nons5se1 said ,glaucon3 did y n promise to se>* 99#dbg;,e99 y\rself1 say+ t = y n to help ju/ice 9 h] ne$ w\ld be an impiety8 ,i d n d5y t ,i said s1 & z y rem9d me1 ,i w be z good z my ^w2 b y mu/ jo94 ,we w1 he repli$4 ,well1 !n1 ,i hope to make ! discov]y 9 ?is way3 #aag ,i mean to beg9 ) ! assumption t our ,/ate1 if rightly ord]$1 is p]fect4 ,t is mo/ c]ta94 ,& be+ p]fect1 is !re=e wise & valiant & temp]ate & j4 ,t is likewise cle>4 ,& :i*ev] ( ^! qualities we f9d 9 ! ,/ate1 ! "o :i* is n f\nd w be ! residue8 99#dbh;,a99 ,v good4 ,if !re 7 f\r ?+s1 & we 7 se>*+ = "o ( !m1 :]ev] x might be1 ! "o s\ght = might be kn[n to u f ! fir/1 & !re w\ld be no fur!r tr\ble2 or we might "k ! o!r ?ree fir/1 & !n ! f\r? w\ld cle>ly be ! "o left4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& is n a simil> me?od to be pursu$ ab\t ! virtues1 :i* are also f\r 9 numb]8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! place ( ! virtues 9 ! ,/ate3 7#a7 ,! wisdom ( ! /atesman advises1 n ab\t p>ticul> arts or pursuits1 ,fir/ among ! virtues f\nd 9 ! ,/ate1 wisdom comes 99#dbh;,b99 into view1 & 9 ?is ,i detect a c]ta9 peculi>ity4 ,:at is t8 ,! ,/ate :i* we h be5 describ+ is said to be wise z be+ good 9 c\nsel8 ,v true4 ,& good c\nsel is cle>ly a k9d ( k1 = n by ignorance1 b by k1 d m5 c\nsel well8 ,cle>ly4 ,& ! k9ds ( k 9 a ,/ate are _m & div]se8 ,( c\rse4 ,!re is ! k ( ! c>p5t]2 b is t ! sort ( k :i* gives a city ! title ( wise & good 9 c\nsel8 99#dbh;,c99 ,c]ta9ly n2 t w\ld only give a city ! reputation ( skill 9 c>p5t]+4 ,!n a city is n to be call$ wise because possess+ a k :i* c\nsels = ! be/ ab\t wood5 implem5ts8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,nor by reason ( a k :i* advises ab\t braz5 #aah pots1 ,i said1 nor z possess+ any o!r simil> k8 ,n by reason ( any ( !m1 he said4 ,nor yet by reason ( a k :i* cultivates ! e>?2 t w\ld give ! city ! "n ( agricultural8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 b ab\t ! :ole ,/ate4 ,well1 ,i said1 & is !re any k 9 our rec5tly-f\nd$ ,/ate among any ( ! citiz5s :i* advises1 99#dbh;,d99 n ab\t any p>ticul> ?+ 9 ! ,/ate1 b ab\t ! :ole1 & consid]s h[ a ,/ate c be/ deal ) itself & ) o!r ,/ates8 ,!re c]ta9ly is4 ,& :at is ?is k1 & among :om is x f\nd8 ,i ask$4 ,x is ! k ( ! gu>dians1 he repli$1 & is f\nd among ^? :om we 7 j n[ describ+ z p]fect gu>dians4 ,& :at is ! "n :i* ! city d]ives f ! possession ( ?is sort ( k8 ,! "n ( good 9 c\nsel & truly wise4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /atesm5 or gu>dians are ! smalle/ ( all classes 9 ! ,/ate4 99#dbh;,e99 ,& w !re be 9 our city m ( ^! true gu>dians or m smi?s8 ,! smi?s1 he repli$1 w be f> m num]\s4 ,w n ! gu>dians be ! smalle/ ( all ! classes :o receive a "n f ! pr(ession ( "s k9d ( k8 ,mu* ! smalle/4 ,& s by reason ( ! smalle/ "p or class1 & ( ! k :i* resides 9 ?is presid+ & rul+ "p ( itself1 ! :ole ,/ate1 be+ ?us con/itut$ accord+ to 99#dbi;,a99 nature1 w be wise2 & ?is1 :i* has ! only k wor?y to be call$ wisdom1 has be5 orda9$ by nature to be ( all classes ! lea/4 ,mo/ true4 ,?us1 !n1 ,i said1 ! nature & place 9 ! ,/ate ( "o ( ! f\r virtues has someh[ or o!r be5 discov]$4 ,&1 9 my humble op9ion1 v satisfactorily discov]$1 he repli$4 ,aga91 ,i said1 !re is no difficulty 9 see+ ! nature ( #aai c\rage1 & 9 :at "p t quality resides :i* gives ! "n ( c\rage\s to ! ,/ate4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,! c\rage :i* makes ! city c\rage\s is f\nd *iefly 9 ! soldi]4 99#dbi;,b99 ,:y1 ,i said1 e "o :o calls any ,/ate c\rage\s or c[>dly1 w be ?9k+ ( ! "p :i* fights & goes out to w> on ! ,/ate's behalf4 ,no "o1 he repli$1 w\ld ev] ?9k ( any o!r4 ,! re/ ( ! citiz5s may be c\rage\s or may be c[>dly1 b _! c\rage or c[>dice w n1 z ,i conceive1 h ! effect ( mak+ ! city ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is ! quality :i* pres]ves "r op9ion ab\t ?+s to be fe>$ & n to be fe>$4 ,! city w be c\rage\s 9 virtue ( a portion ( h]self :i* pres]ves "u all circum/ances t op9ion 99#dbi;,c99 ab\t ! nature ( ?+s to be fe>$ & n to be fe>$ 9 :i* our legislator educat$ !m2 & ?is is :at y t]m c\rage4 ,i %\ld l to he> :at y are say+ once m1 = ,i d n ?9k t ,i p]fectly und]/& y4 ,i mean t c\rage is a k9d ( salvation4 ,salvation ( :at8 ,( ! op9ion respect+ ?+s to be fe>$1 :at !y are & ( :at nature1 :i* ! law implants ?r\gh education2 & ,i mean by ! words '"u all circum/ances' 99#dbi;,d99 to intimate t 9 pleasure or 9 pa91 or "u ! influ5ce ( desire or fe>1 a man pres]ves1 & does n lose ?is op9ion4 ,%all ,i give y an illu/ration8 ,if y please4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration f ! art ( dye+4 ,y "k1 ,i said1 t dy]s1 :5 !y want to dye wool = mak+ ! true sea-purple1 beg9 by select+ _! :ite col\r fir/2 ?is !y prep>e & dress ) mu* c>e & pa9s1 9 ord] t ! :ite gr\nd may take ! purple hue 9 full p]fection4 ,! dye+ !n proce$s2 & 99#dbi;,e99 :atev] is dy$ 9 ?is mann] becomes a fa/ col\r1 & no wa%+ ei!r ) lyes or )\t !m c take away ! bloom4 ,b1 :5 ! gr\nd has n be5 duly prep>$1 y w h notic$ h[ poor is ! look ei!r ( purple or ( any o!r col\r4 ,yes1 he said2 ,i "k t !y h a wa%$-out & ridicul\s appe>ance4 #abj ,sid5ote3 ,our soldi]s mu/ take ! dye ( ! laws4 ,!n n[1 ,i said1 y w und]/& :at our object 0 99#dcj;,a99 9 select+ our soldi]s1 & educat+ !m 9 music & gymna/ic2 we 7 contriv+ influ5ces :i* w\ld prep>e !m to take ! dye ( ! laws 9 p]fection1 & ! col\r ( _! op9ion ab\t dang]s & ( e o!r op9ion 0 to be indelibly fix$ by _! nurture & tra9+1 n to be wa%$ away by su* pot5t lyes z pleasure--mighti] ag5t f> 9 wa%+ ! s\l ?an any soda or lye2 99#dcj;,b99 or by sorr[1 fe>1 & desire1 ! mightie/ ( all o!r solv5ts4 ,& ?is sort ( univ]sal sav+ p[] ( true op9ion 9 con=mity ) law ab\t real & false dang]s ,i call & ma9ta9 to be c\rage1 unless y disagree4 ,b ,i agree1 he repli$2 = ,i suppose t y mean to exclude m]e un9/ruct$ c\rage1 su* z t ( a wild bea/ or ( a slave--?is1 9 y\r op9ion1 is n ! c\rage :i* ! law orda9s1 & ought to h ano!r "n4 99#dcj;,c99 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,!n ,i may inf] c\rage to be su* z y describe8 ,:y1 yes1 said ,i1 y may1 & if y add ! words '( a citiz51' y w n be f> wrong2--h]eaft]1 if y l1 we w c>ry ! exam9ation fur!r1 b at pres5t we are seek+ n = c\rage b ju/ice2 & = ! purpose ( our enquiry we h said en\gh4 ,y are "r1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,two o!r virtues1 temp]ance & ju/ice1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,two virtues rema9 to be discov]$ 9 ! ,/ate--fir/1 99#dcj;,d99 temp]ance1 & !n ju/ice :i* is ! end ( our se>*4 ,v true4 ,n[1 c we f9d ju/ice )\t tr\bl+ ourselves ab\t temp]ance8 ,i d n "k h[ t c be accompli%$1 he said1 nor d ,i desire t ju/ice %\ld be br\ght to light & temp]ance lo/ sight (2 & !re=e ,i wi% t y w\ld d me ! fav\r ( consid]+ temp]ance fir/4 99#dcj;,e99 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i repli$1 ,i %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ y\r reque/4 ,!n consid]1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 ,i w2 & z f> z ,i c at pres5t see1 ! virtue ( temp]ance has m ( ! nature ( h>mony & symphony ?an ! prec$+4 ,h[ s8 he ask$4 #aba ,temp]ance1 ,i repli$1 is ! ord]+ or controll+ ( c]ta9 pleasures & desires2 ?is is curi\sly en\gh impli$ 9 ! say+ ( 'a man be+ 8 own ma/]2' & o!r traces ( ! same notion may be f\nd 9 language4 ,no d\bt1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! temp]ate is ma/] ( himself1 b ! same p]son1 :5 intemp]ate1 is also ! slave ( himself4 ,!re is some?+ ridicul\s 9 ! expression 'ma/] ( himself2' 99#dca;,a99 = ! ma/] is also ! s]vant & ! s]vant ! ma/]2 & 9 all ^! modes ( speak+ ! same p]son is d5ot$4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! mean+ is1 ,i believe1 t 9 ! human s\l !re is a bett] & also a worse pr9ciple2 & :5 ! bett] has ! worse "u control1 !n a man is said to be ma/] ( himself2 & ?is is a t]m ( praise3 b :51 ow+ to evil education or association1 ! bett] pr9ciple1 :i* is also ! small]1 is ov]:elm$ by ! great] mass ( ! 99#dca;,b99 worse--9 ?is case he is blam$ & is call$ ! slave ( self & unpr9cipl$4 ,yes1 !re is reason 9 t4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 look at our newly-creat$ ,/ate1 & !re y w f9d "o ( ^! two conditions realiz$2 = ! ,/ate1 z y w ackn[l$ge1 may be ju/ly call$ ma/] ( itself1 if ! words 'temp]ance' & 'self-ma/]y' truly express ! rule ( ! bett] "p ov] ! worse4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i see t :at y say is true4 ,let me fur!r note t ! manifold & complex pleasures 99#dca;,c99 & desires & pa9s are g5]ally f\nd 9 *ildr5 & wom5 & s]vants1 & 9 ! freem5 s call$ :o are ( ! l[e/ & m num]\s class4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,:]eas ! simple & mod]ate desires :i* foll[ reason1 & are "u ! guidance ( m9d & true op9ion1 are to be f\nd only 9 a few1 & ^? ! be/ born & be/ educat$4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate :i* has ! passions & desires ( ! _m controll$ by ! few may be rightly call$ temp]ate4 ,^! two1 z y may p]ceive1 h a place 9 our ,/ate2 99#dca;,d99 & ! mean] desires ( ! _m are held d[n by ! virtu\s desires & wisdom ( ! few4 ,t ,i p]ceive1 he said4 ,!n if !re be any city :i* may be describ$ z #abb ma/] ( its own pleasures & desires1 & ma/] ( itself1 ours may claim su* a designation8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,x may also be call$ temp]ate1 & = ! same reasons8 ,yes4 ,& if !re be any ,/ate 9 :i* rul]s & subjects 99#dca;,e99 w be agre$ z to ! "q :o are to rule1 t aga9 w be our ,/ate8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& ! citiz5s be+ ?us agre$ among !mselves1 9 :i* class w temp]ance be f\nd--9 ! rul]s or 9 ! subjects8 ,9 bo?1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 he repli$4 ,d y obs]ve t we 7 n f> wrong 9 our guess t temp]ance 0 a sort ( h>mony8 ,:y s8 ,sid5ote3 ,temp]ance resides 9 ! :ole ,/ate4 ,:y1 because temp]ance is unlike c\rage & wisdom1 ea* ( :i* resides 9 a "p only1 ! "o mak+ ! 99#dcb;,a99 ,/ate wise & ! o!r valiant2 n s temp]ance1 :i* ext5ds to ! :ole1 & runs ?r\gh all ! notes ( ! scale1 & produces a h>mony ( ! weak] & ! /rong] & ! middle class1 :e!r y suppose !m to be /rong] or weak] 9 wisdom or p[] or numb]s or weal?1 or any?+ else4 ,mo/ truly !n may we deem temp]ance to be ! agreem5t ( ! naturally sup]ior & inf]ior1 z to ! "r to rule ( ei!r1 bo? 9 /ates & individuals4 99#dcb;,b99 ,i entirely agree ) y4 ,& s1 ,i said1 we may consid] ?ree out ( ! f\r virtues to h be5 discov]$ 9 our ,/ate4 ,! la/ ( ^? qualities :i* make a /ate virtu\s mu/ be ju/ice1 if we only knew :at t 04 ,! inf]5ce is obvi\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice is n f> (f4 ,! "t !n has arriv$1 ,glaucon1 :51 l huntsm51 we %\ld surr\nd ! cov]1 & look %>p t ju/ice does n /eal away1 & pass out ( sight & escape u2 = 99#dcb;,c99 beyond a d\bt %e is some:]e 9 ?is c\ntry3 wat* !re=e & /rive to cat* a sight ( h]1 & if y see h] fir/1 let me "k4 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld6 b y %\ld reg>d me r z #abc a foll[] :o has j eyes en\gh to see :at y %[ him--t is ab\t z mu* z ,i am good =4 ,(f] up a pray] ) me & foll[4 ,i w1 b y mu/ %[ me ! way4 ,"h is no pa?1 ,i said1 & ! wood is d>k & p]plex+2 /ill we mu/ pu% on4 99#dcb;,d99 ,let u pu% on4 ,"h ,i saw some?+3 ,halloo6 ,i said1 ,i beg9 to p]ceive a track1 & ,i believe t ! qu>ry w n escape4 ,good news1 he said4 ,truly1 ,i said1 we are /upid fell[s4 ,:y s8 ,:y1 my good sir1 at ! beg9n+ ( our enquiry1 ages ago1 !re 0 ju/ice tumbl+ out at our feet1 & we nev] saw h]2 no?+ c\ld be m ridicul\s4 ,l p :o g ab\t look+ = :at !y h 9 _! h&s--t 99#dcb;,e99 0 ! way ) u--we look$ n at :at we 7 seek+1 b at :at 0 f> (f 9 ! di/ance2 & !re=e1 ,i suppose1 we miss$ h]4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean to say t 9 reality = a long "t pa/ we h be5 talk+ ( ju/ice1 & h fail$ to recognise h]4 ,i gr[ impati5t at ! l5g? ( y\r exordium4 ,sid5ote3 ,we _h already f\nd h] :5 we spoke ( "o man do+ "o ?+ only4 99#dcc;,a99 ,well !n1 tell me1 ,i said1 :e!r ,i am "r or n3 ,y rememb] ! orig9al pr9ciple :i* we 7 always lay+ d[n at ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ate1 t "o man %\ld practise "o ?+ only1 ! ?+ to :i* 8 nature 0 be/ adapt$2--n[ ju/ice is ?is pr9ciple or a "p ( x4 ,yes1 we (t5 said t "o man %\ld d "o ?+ only4 ,fur!r1 we affirm$ t ju/ice 0 do+ "o's own bus9ess1 & n be+ a busybody2 we said s aga9 & aga91 99#dcc;,b99 & _m o!rs h said ! same to u4 ,yes1 we said s4 ,!n to d "o's own bus9ess 9 a c]ta9 way may be assum$ to be ju/ice4 ,c y tell me :5ce ,i d]ive ?is inf]5ce8 ,i _c1 b ,i %\ld l to be told4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ,ju/ice is ! residue ( ! ?ree o!rs4 ,because ,i ?9k t ?is is ! only virtue :i* rema9s 9 ! ,/ate :5 ! o!r virtues ( temp]ance & c\rage & wisdom are ab/ract$2 &1 t ?is is ! ultimate #abd cause & condition ( ! exi/5ce ( all ( !m1 & :ile rema9+ 9 !m is also _! pres]vative2 99#dcc;,c99 & we 7 say+ t if ! ?ree 7 discov]$ by u1 ju/ice w\ld be ! f\r? or rema9+ "o4 ,t foll[s ( necessity4 ,if we are ask$ to det]m9e :i* ( ^! f\r qualities by its pres5ce contributes mo/ to ! excell5ce ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r ! agreem5t ( rul]s & subjects1 or ! pres]vation 9 ! soldi]s ( ! op9ion :i* ! law orda9s ab\t ! true nature ( dang]s1 or wisdom & 99#dcc;,d99 wat*fulness 9 ! rul]s1 or :e!r ?is o!r :i* ,i am m5tion+1 & :i* is f\nd 9 *ildr5 & wom51 slave & freeman1 artisan1 rul]1 subject1--! quality1 ,i mean1 ( e "o do+ 8 own "w1 & n be+ a busybody1 w\ld claim ! palm--! "q is n s easily answ]$4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$1 !re w\ld be a difficulty 9 say+ :i*4 ,!n ! p[] ( ea* individual 9 ! ,/ate to d 8 own "w appe>s to compete ) ! o!r political virtues1 wisdom1 temp]ance1 c\rage4 ,yes1 he said4 ,& ! virtue :i* ent]s into ?is competition is 99#dcc;,e99 ju/ice8 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,our idea is confirm$ by ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 lawsuits4 ,no man is to h :at is n 8 own4 ,let u look at ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view3 ,are n ! rul]s 9 a ,/ate ^? to :om y w\ld entru/ ! (fice ( det]m9+ suits at law8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& are suits decid$ on any o!r gr\nd b t a man may nei!r take :at is ano!r's1 nor be depriv$ ( :at is 8 own8 ,yes2 t is _! pr9ciple4 ,:i* is a j pr9ciple8 ,yes4 ,!n on ?is view also ju/ice w be admitt$ to be ! hav+ & do+ :at is a man's own1 & belongs to him8 99#dcd;,a99 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration3 ,classes1 l individuals1 %\ld n m$dle ) "o ano!r's occupations4 ,?9k1 n[1 & say :e!r y agree ) me or n4 ,suppose a c>p5t] to be do+ ! bus9ess ( a cobbl]1 #abe or a cobbl] ( a c>p5t]2 & suppose !m to ex*ange _! implem5ts or _! duties1 or ! same p]son to be do+ ! "w ( bo?1 or :atev] be ! *ange2 d y ?9k t any great h>m w\ld result to ! ,/ate8 ,n mu*4 ,b :5 ! cobbl] or any o!r man :om nature 99#dcd;,b99 design$ to be a trad]1 hav+ 8 he>t lift$ up by weal? or /r5g? or ! numb] ( 8 foll[]s1 or any l advantage1 attempts to =ce 8 way into ! class ( w>riors1 or a w>rior into t ( legislators & gu>dians1 = :i* he is unfitt$1 & ei!r to take ! implem5ts or ! duties ( ! o!r2 or :5 "o man is trad]1 legislator1 & w>rior all 9 "o1 !n ,i ?9k y w agree ) me 9 say+ t ?is int]*ange & ?is m$dl+ ( "o ) ano!r is ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate4 ,mo/ true4 ,see+ !n1 ,i said1 t !re are ?ree di/9ct classes1 any m$dl+ ( "o ) ano!r1 or ! *ange ( "o into 99#dcd;,c99 ano!r1 is ! greate/ h>m to ! ,/ate1 & may be mo/ ju/ly t]m$ evil-do+8 ,precisely4 ,& ! greate/ degree ( evil-do+ to "o's own city w\ld be t]m$ by y inju/ice8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,?is !n is inju/ice2 & on ! o!r h& :5 ! trad]1 ! auxili>y1 & ! gu>dian ea* d _! own bus9ess1 t is ju/ice1 & w make ! city j4 99#dcd;,d99 ,i agree ) y4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ! l>g] example ( ! ,/ate we w n[ return to ! individual4 ,we w n1 ,i said1 be ov]-positive z yet2 b if1 on trial1 ?is conception ( ju/ice be v]ifi$ 9 ! individual z well z 9 ! ,/ate1 !re w be no long] any room = d\bt2 if x be n v]ifi$1 we mu/ h a fre% enquiry4 ,fir/ let u complete ! old inve/igation1 :i* we began1 z y rememb]1 "u ! impression t1 if we c\ld previ\sly exam9e ju/ice on ! l>g] scale1 !re w\ld be less difficulty 9 disc]n+ h] 9 ! individual4 ,t l>g] 99#dcd;,e99 example appe>$ to be ! ,/ate1 & accord+ly we con/ruct$ z good a "o z we c\ld1 kn[+ well t 9 ! good ,/ate ju/ice w\ld be f\nd4 ,let ! discov]y :i* we made be n[ appli$ to ! individual--if !y agree1 #abf we %all be satisfi$2 or1 if !re be a diff]5ce 9 ! individual1 we w come back to ! ,/ate & h ano!r 99#dce;,a99 trial ( ! !ory4 ,! friction ( ! two :5 rubb$ toge!r may possibly /rike a light 9 :i* ju/ice w %9e =?1 & ! vision :i* is !n reveal$ we w fix 9 our s\ls4 ,t w be 9 regul> c\rse2 let u d z y say4 ,i proce$$ to ask3 ,:5 two ?+s1 a great] & less1 are call$ by ! same "n1 are !y l or unlike 9 s f> z !y are call$ ! same8 ,l1 he repli$4 99#dce;,b99 ,! j man !n1 if we reg>d ! idea ( ju/ice only1 w be l ! j ,/ate8 ,he w4 ,& a ,/ate 0 ?\ght by u to be j :5 ! ?ree classes 9 ! ,/ate sev]ally did _! own bus9ess2 & also ?\ght to be temp]ate & valiant & wise by reason ( c]ta9 o!r affections & qualities ( ^! same classes8 ,true1 he said4 ,& s ( ! individual2 we may assume t he has ! 99#dce;,c99 same ?ree pr9ciples 9 8 own s\l :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,/ate2 & he may be rightly describ$ 9 ! same t]ms1 because he is affect$ 9 ! same mann]8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c we decide :e!r or no ! s\l has ?ree di/9ct pr9ciples8 ,once m !n1 ,o my fri5d1 we h alight$ ^u an easy "q--:e!r ! s\l has ^! ?ree pr9ciples or n8 ,an easy "q6 ,nay1 r1 ,socrates1 ! prov]b holds t h>d is ! good4 ,sid5ote3 ,our me?od is inadequate1 & = a bett] & long] "o we h n at pres5t "t4 ,v true1 ,i said2 & ,i d n ?9k t ! me?od 99#dce;,d99 :i* we are employ+ is at all adequate to ! accurate solution ( ?is "q2 ! true me?od is ano!r & a long] "o4 ,/ill we may arrive at a solution n bel[ ! level ( ! previ\s enquiry4 ,may we n be satisfi$ ) t8 he said2--"u ! circum/ances1 ,i am q cont5t4 ,i too1 ,i repli$1 %all be extremely well satisfi$4 ,!n fa9t n 9 pursu+ ! speculation1 he said4 99#dce;,e99 ,mu/ we n ackn[l$ge1 ,i said1 t 9 ea* ( u !re #abg are ! same pr9ciples & habits :i* !re are 9 ! ,/ate2 & t f ! individual !y pass into ! ,/ate8--h[ else c !y come !re8 ,take ! quality ( passion or _s2--x w\ld be ridicul\s to imag9e t ?is quality1 :5 f\nd 9 ,/ates1 is n d]iv$ f ! individuals :o are suppos$ to possess x1 e4g4 ! ,?racians1 ,scy?ians1 & 9 g5]al ! nor!rn nations2 & ! same may be said ( ! love ( k1 :i* is ! special *>act]i/ic ( our "p ( ! _w1 or ( ! 99#dcf;,a99 love ( money1 :i* may1 ) equal tru?1 be attribut$ to ! ,pho5icians & ,egyptians4 ,exactly s1 he said4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ?is4 ,none :atev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a digression 9 :i* an attempt is made to atta9 logical cle>ness4 ,b ! "q is n q s easy :5 we proce$ to ask :e!r ^! pr9ciples are ?ree or "o2 :e!r1 t is to say1 we le>n ) "o "p ( our nature1 are angry ) ano!r1 & ) a ?ird "p desire ! satisfaction 99#dcf;,b99 ( our natural appetites2 or :e!r ! :ole s\l comes into play 9 ea* sort ( action--to det]m9e t is ! difficulty4 ,yes1 he said2 !re lies ! difficulty4 ,!n let u n[ try & det]m9e :e!r !y are ! same or diff]5t4 ,h[ c we8 he ask$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! crit]ion ( tru?3 ,no?+ c be & n be at ! same "t 9 ! same relation4 ,i repli$ z foll[s3 ,! same ?+ cle>ly _c act or be act$ ^u 9 ! same "p or 9 relation to ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 9 contr>y ways2 & !re=e :5ev] ?is contradiction occurs 9 ?+s app>5tly ! same1 we "k t !y are really n ! same1 b 99#dcf;,c99 diff]5t4 ,good4 ,= example1 ,i said1 c ! same ?+ be at re/ & 9 motion at ! same "t 9 ! same "p8 ,impossible4 ,/ill1 ,i said1 let u h a m precise /atem5t ( t]ms1 le/ we %\ld h]eaft] fall out by ! way4 ,imag9e ! case ( a man :o is /&+ & also mov+ 8 h&s & 8 head1 & suppose a p]son to say t "o & ! same p]son is 9 motion & at re/ at ! same mom5t #abh --to su* a mode ( spee* we %\ld object1 & %\ld 99#dcf;,d99 r say t "o "p ( him is 9 motion :ile ano!r is at re/4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,anticipation ( objections to ?is 'law ( ?\ght4' ,& suppose ! objector to ref9e /ill fur!r1 & to draw ! nice di/9ction t n only p>ts ( tops1 b :ole tops1 :5 !y sp9 r\nd ) _! pegs fix$ on ! spot1 are at re/ & 9 motion at ! same "t 7& he may say ! same ( any?+ :i* revolves 9 ! same spot71 8 objection w\ld n be admitt$ by u1 because 99#dcf;,e99 9 su* cases ?+s are n at re/ & 9 motion 9 ! same p>ts ( !mselves2 we %\ld r say t !y h bo? an axis & a circumf]5ce1 & t ! axis /&s /ill1 = !re is no deviation f ! p]p5dicul>2 & t ! circumf]5ce goes r\nd4 ,b if1 :ile revolv+1 ! axis incl9es ei!r to ! "r or left1 =w>ds or backw>ds1 !n 9 no po9t ( view c !y be at re/4 ,t is ! correct mode ( describ+ !m1 he repli$4 ,!n none ( ^! objections w confuse u1 or incl9e u to believe t ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 9 ! 99#dcg;,a99 same "p or 9 relation to ! same ?+1 c act or be act$ ^u 9 contr>y ways4 ,c]ta9ly n1 accord+ to my way ( ?9k+4 ,yet1 ,i said1 t we may n be compell$ to exam9e all su* objections1 & prove at l5g? t !y are untrue1 let u assume _! absurdity1 & g =w>d on ! und]/&+ t h]eaft]1 if ?is assumption turn out to be untrue1 all ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ %all be )drawn4 ,yes1 he said1 t w be ! be/ way4 ,sid5ote3 ,likes & dislikes exi/ 9 _m =ms4 99#dcg;,b99 ,well1 ,i said1 w\ld y n all[ t ass5t & diss5t1 desire & av]sion1 attraction & repulsion1 are all ( !m opposites1 :e!r !y are reg>d$ z active or passive 7= t makes no diff]5ce 9 ! fact ( _! opposition78 ,yes1 he said1 !y are opposites4 ,well1 ,i said1 & hung] & ?ir/1 & ! desires 9 g5]al1 & aga9 will+ & wi%+1--all ^! y w\ld 99#dcg;,c99 ref] to ! classes already m5tion$4 ,y w\ld say--w\ld y n8--t ! s\l ( him :o desires is seek+ #abi aft] ! object ( 8 desire2 or t he is draw+ to himself ! ?+ :i* he wi%es to possess3 or aga91 :5 a p]son wants any?+ to be giv5 him1 8 m9d1 long+ = ! realization ( 8 desire1 intimates 8 wi% to h x by a nod ( ass5t1 z if he _h be5 ask$ a "q8 ,v true4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( unwill+ness & dislike & ! abs5ce ( desire2 %\ld n ^! be ref]r$ to ! opposite class ( repulsion & rejection8 99#dcg;,d99 ,c]ta9ly4 ,admitt+ ?is to be true ( desire g5]ally1 let u suppose a p>ticul> class ( desires1 & out ( ^! we w select hung] & ?ir/1 z !y are t]m$1 :i* are ! mo/ obvi\s ( !m8 ,let u take t class1 he said4 ,! object ( "o is food1 & ( ! o!r dr9k8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re may be simple ?ir/ or qualifi$ ?ir/1 hav+ respectively a simple or a qualifi$ object4 ,& "h comes ! po9t3 is n ?ir/ ! desire :i* ! s\l has ( dr9k1 & ( dr9k only2 n ( dr9k qualifi$ by any?+ else2 = example1 w>m or cold1 or mu* or little1 or1 9 a ^w1 dr9k ( any p>ticul> sort3 b if 99#dcg;,e99 ! ?ir/ be accompani$ by heat1 !n ! desire is ( cold dr9k2 or1 if accompani$ by cold1 !n ( w>m dr9k2 or1 if ! ?ir/ be excessive1 !n ! dr9k :i* is desir$ w be excessive2 or1 if n great1 ! quantity ( dr9k w also be small3 b ?ir/ pure & simple w desire dr9k pure & simple1 :i* is ! natural satisfaction ( ?ir/1 z food is ( hung]8 ,yes1 he said2 ! simple desire is1 z y say1 9 e case ( ! simple object1 & ! qualifi$ desire ( ! qualifi$ object4 ,sid5ote3 ,exception3 ,! t]m good expresses1 n a p>ticul>1 b an univ]sal relation4 99#dch;,a99 ,b "h a confusion may arise2 & ,i %\ld wi% to gu>d aga9/ an oppon5t />t+ up & say+ t no man desires dr9k only1 b good dr9k1 or food only1 b good food2 = good is ! univ]sal object ( desire1 & ?ir/ be+ a desire1 w necess>ily be ?ir/ aft] good dr9k2 & ! same is true ( e o!r desire4 ,yes1 he repli$1 ! oppon5t might h some?+ to say4 ,nev]!less ,i %\ld /ill ma9ta91 t ( relatives "s #acj 99#dch;,b99 h a quality atta*$ to ei!r t]m ( ! relation2 o!rs are simple & h _! correlatives simple4 ,i d n "k :at y mean4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration ( ! argum5t f ! use ( language ab\t correlative t]ms4 ,well1 y "k ( c\rse t ! great] is relative to ! less8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! mu* great] to ! mu* less8 ,yes4 ,& ! sometime great] to ! sometime less1 & ! great] t is to be to ! less t is to be8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 99#dch;,c99 ,& s ( m & less1 & ( o!r correlative t]ms1 su* z ! d\ble & ! half1 or aga91 ! heavi] & ! light]1 ! swift] & ! sl[]2 & ( hot & cold1 & ( any o!r relatives2--is n ?is true ( all ( !m8 ,yes4 ,& does n ! same pr9ciple hold 9 ! sci5ces8 ,! object ( sci5ce is k 7assum+ t to be ! true def9ition71 b ! object ( a p>ticul> sci5ce is a 99#dch;,d99 p>ticul> k9d ( k2 ,i mean1 = example1 t ! sci5ce ( h\se-build+ is a k9d ( k :i* is def9$ & di/+ui%$ f o!r k9ds & is !re=e t]m$ ar*itecture4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,because x has a p>ticul> quality :i* no o!r has8 ,yes4 ,& x has ?is p>ticul> quality because x has an object ( a p>ticul> k9d2 & ?is is true ( ! o!r arts & sci5ces8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ,sid5ote3 ,anticipation ( a possible confusion4 ,n[1 !n1 if ,i h made myself cle>1 y w und]/& my orig9al mean+ 9 :at ,i said ab\t relatives4 ,my mean+ 01 t if "o t]m ( a relation is tak5 alone1 ! o!r is tak5 alone2 if "o t]m is qualifi$1 ! o!r is also qualifi$4 99#dch;,e99 ,i d n mean to say t relatives may n be disp>ate1 or t ! sci5ce ( heal? is heal?y1 or ( disease necess>ily diseas$1 or t ! sci5ces ( good & evil are !re=e good & evil2 b only t1 :5 ! t]m sci5ce is no long] us$ absolutely1 b has a qualifi$ object :i* 9 ?is case is ! nature ( heal? & disease1 #aca x becomes def9$1 & is h5ce call$ n m]ely sci5ce1 b ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,i q und]/&1 & ,i ?9k z y d4 99#dci;,a99 ,w\ld y n say t ?ir/ is "o ( ^! ess5tially relative t]ms1 hav+ cle>ly a relation-- ,yes1 ?ir/ is relative to dr9k4 ,& a c]ta9 k9d ( ?ir/ is relative to a c]ta9 k9d ( dr9k2 b ?ir/ tak5 alone is nei!r ( mu* nor little1 nor ( good nor bad1 nor ( any p>ticul> k9d ( dr9k1 b ( dr9k only8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! s\l ( ! ?ir/y "o1 9 s f> z he is ?ir/y1 99#dci;,b99 desires only dr9k2 = ?is he ye>ns & tries to obta9 x8 ,t is pla94 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( contradiction4 ,& if y suppose some?+ :i* pulls a ?ir/y s\l away f dr9k1 t mu/ be diff]5t f ! ?ir/y pr9ciple :i* draws him l a bea/ to dr9k2 =1 z we 7 say+1 ! same ?+ _c at ! same "t ) ! same "p ( itself act 9 contr>y ways ab\t ! same4 ,impossible4 ,no m ?an y c say t ! h&s ( ! ar*] pu% & pull ! b[ at ! same "t1 b :at y say is t "o h& pu%es & ! o!r pulls4 99#dci;,c99 ,exactly s1 he repli$4 ,& might a man be ?ir/y1 & yet unwill+ to dr9k8 ,yes1 he said1 x con/antly happ5s4 ,& 9 su* a case :at is "o to say8 ,w\ld y n say t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! s\l bidd+ a man to dr9k1 & some?+ else =bidd+ him1 :i* is o!r & /rong] ?an ! pr9ciple :i* bids him8 ,i %\ld say s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! opposition ( desire & reason4 99#dci;,d99 ,& ! =bidd+ pr9ciple is d]iv$ f reason1 & t :i* bids & attracts proce$s f passion & disease8 ,cle>ly4 ,!n we may fairly assume t !y are two1 & t !y diff] f "o ano!r2 ! "o ) :i* a man reasons1 we may call ! rational pr9ciple ( ! s\l1 ! o!r1 ) :i* he loves & hung]s & ?ir/s & feels ! #acb flutt]+s ( any o!r desire1 may be t]m$ ! irrational or appetitive1 ! ally ( sundry pleasures & satisfactions8 99#dci;,e99 ,yes1 he said1 we may fairly assume !m to be diff]5t4 ,!n let u f9ally det]m9e t !re are two pr9ciples exi/+ 9 ! s\l4 ,& :at ( passion1 or _s8 ,is x a ?ird1 or ak9 to "o ( ! prec$+8 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to say--ak9 to desire4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ird pr9ciple ( _s or passion illu/rat$ by an example4 ,well1 ,i said1 !re is a /ory :i* ,i rememb] to h he>d1 & 9 :i* ,i put fai?4 ,! /ory is1 t ,leontius1 ! son ( ,aglaion1 com+ up "o day f ! ,piraeus1 "u ! nor? wall on ! outside1 obs]v$ "s dead bodies ly+ on ! gr\nd at ! place ( execution4 ,he felt a desire to see !m1 & also a dread & abhorr5ce ( !m2 99#ddj;,a99 = a "t he /ruggl$ & cov]$ 8 eyes1 b at l5g? ! desire got ! bett] ( him2 & =c+ !m op51 he ran up to ! dead bodies1 say+1 ,look1 ye wret*es1 take y\r fill ( ! fair sight4 ,i h he>d ! /ory myself1 he said4 ,! moral ( ! tale is1 t ang] at times goes to w> ) desire1 z ?\gh !y 7 two di/9ct ?+s4 ,yes2 t is ! mean+1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,passion nev] takes "p ) desire aga9/ reason4 ,& are !re n _m o!r cases 9 :i* we obs]ve 99#ddj;,b99 t :5 a man's desires viol5tly prevail ov] 8 reason1 he reviles himself1 & is angry at ! viol5ce )9 him1 & t 9 ?is /ruggle1 :i* is l ! /ruggle ( factions 9 a ,/ate1 8 _s is on ! side ( 8 reason2--b = ! passionate or spirit$ elem5t to take "p ) ! desires :5 reason decides t %e %\ld n be oppos$#c1 is a sort ( ?+ :i* ,i believe t y nev] obs]v$ occurr+ 9 y\rself1 nor1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 9 any "o else8 ,footnote #c3 ,read+ ,greek3 m dein a7ntipra_/te91 )\t a comma aft] ,greek3 dein4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,righte\s indignation nev] felt by a p]son ( noble "* :5 he des]v$ly suff]s4 99#ddj;,c99 ,suppose t a man ?9ks he has done a wrong to ano!r1 ! nobl] he is ! less able is he to feel indignant at any suff]+1 su* z hung]1 or cold1 or any o!r pa9 :i* ! injur$ p]son may inflict ^u him--^! he deems to be j1 &1 z ,i say1 8 ang] refuses to be excit$ by !m4 ,true1 he said4 ,b :5 he ?9ks t he is ! suff]] ( ! wrong1 #acc !n he boils & *afes1 & is on ! side ( :at he believes to be ju/ice2 & because he suff]s hung] 99#ddj;,d99 or cold or o!r pa9 he is only ! m det]m9$ to p]sev]e & conqu]4 ,8 noble _s w n be quell$ until he ei!r slays or is sla92 or until he he>s ! voice ( ! %eph]d1 t is1 reason1 bidd+ 8 dog b>k no m4 ,! illu/ration is p]fect1 he repli$2 & 9 our ,/ate1 z we 7 say+1 ! auxili>ies 7 to be dogs1 & to he> ! voice ( ! rul]s1 :o are _! %eph]ds4 ,i p]ceive1 ,i said1 t y q und]/& me2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r po9t :i* ,i wi% y to consid]4 99#ddj;,e99 ,:at po9t8 ,y rememb] t passion or _s appe>$ at fir/ sight to be a k9d ( desire1 b n[ we %\ld say q ! contr>y2 = 9 ! conflict ( ! s\l _s is array$ on ! side ( ! rational pr9ciple4 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,n two1 b ?ree pr9ciples 9 ! s\l1 z 9 ! ,/ate4 ,b a fur!r "q arises3 ,is passion diff]5t f reason also1 or only a k9d ( reason2 9 :i* latt] case1 in/ead ( ?ree pr9ciples 9 ! s\l1 !re w only be two1 99#dda;,a99 ! rational & ! concupisc5t2 or r1 z ! ,/ate 0 compos$ ( ?ree classes1 trad]s1 auxili>ies1 c\nsellors1 s may !re n be 9 ! individual s\l a ?ird elem5t :i* is passion or _s1 & :5 n corrupt$ by bad education is ! natural auxili>y ( reason8 ,yes1 he said1 !re mu/ be a ?ird4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 if passion1 :i* has already be5 %[n to be diff]5t f desire1 turn out also to be diff]5t f reason4 ,b t is easily prov$3--,we may obs]ve ev5 9 "y *ildr5 t !y are full ( _s almo/ z soon z !y are born1 :]eas "s ( !m nev] seem to atta9 to 99#dda;,b99 ! use ( reason1 & mo/ ( !m late en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,appeal to ,hom]4 ,excell5t1 ,i said1 & y may see passion equally 9 brute animals1 :i* is a fur!r pro( ( ! tru? ( :at y are say+4 ,& we may once m appeal to ! words ( ,hom]1 :i* h be5 already quot$ by u1 ',he smote 8 brea/1 & ?us rebuk$ 8 s\l#d1' #acd 99#dda;,c99 = 9 ?is v]se ,hom] has cle>ly suppos$ ! p[] :i* reasons ab\t ! bett] & worse to be diff]5t f ! unreason+ ang] :i* is rebuk$ by x4 ,footnote #d3 ,od4 xx4 #ag1 quot$ supra1 ,,iii4 #cij ,d4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conclusion t ! same ?ree pr9ciples exi/ bo? 9 ! ,/ate & 9 ! individual appli$ to ea* ( !m4 ,& s1 aft] mu* toss+1 we h rea*$ l&1 & are fairly agre$ t ! same pr9ciples :i* exi/ 9 ! ,/ate exi/ also 9 ! individual1 & t !y are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,exactly4 ,mu/ we n !n inf] t ! individual is wise 9 ! same way1 & 9 virtue ( ! same quality :i* makes ! ,/ate wise8 ,c]ta9ly4 99#dda;,d99 ,also t ! same quality :i* con/itutes c\rage 9 ! ,/ate con/itutes c\rage 9 ! individual1 & t bo? ! ,/ate & ! individual be> ! same relation to all ! o!r virtues8 ,assur$ly4 ,& ! individual w be ackn[l$g$ by u to be j 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! ,/ate is j8 ,t foll[s1 ( c\rse4 ,we _c b rememb] t ! ju/ice ( ! ,/ate 99#dda;,e99 consi/$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree classes do+ ! "w ( its own class8 ,we are n v likely to h =gott51 he said4 ,we mu/ recollect t ! individual 9 :om ! sev]al qualities ( 8 nature d _! own "w w be j1 & w d 8 own "w8 ,yes1 he said1 we mu/ rememb] t too4 ,& ought n ! rational pr9ciple1 :i* is wise1 & has ! c>e ( ! :ole s\l1 to rule1 & ! passionate or spirit$ pr9ciple to be ! subject & ally8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,music & gymna/ic w h>monize passion & reason4 ,^! two comb9$ w control desire1 ,&1 z we 7 say+1 ! unit$ influ5ce ( music & gymna/ic w br+ !m into accord1 n]v+ & su/a9+ ! reason ) noble words & lessons1 & mod]at+ & 99#ddb;,a99 soo?+ & civiliz+ ! wildness ( passion by h>mony & rhy?m8 ,q true1 he said4 ,& ^! two1 ?us nurtur$ & educat$1 & hav+ #ace le>n$ truly to "k _! own functions1 w rule#e ov] ! concupisc5t1 :i* 9 ea* ( u is ! l>ge/ "p ( ! s\l & by nature mo/ insatiable ( ga92 ov] ?is !y w keep gu>d1 le/1 wax+ great & /rong ) ! fulness ( bodily pleasures1 z !y are t]m$1 ! 99#ddb;,b99 concupisc5t s\l1 no long] conf9$ to h] own sph]e1 %\ld attempt to enslave & rule ^? :o are n h] natural-born subjects1 & ov]turn ! :ole life ( man8 ,footnote #e3 ,read+ ,greek3 pro/at_/seton ) ,bekk]2 or1 if ! read+ ,greek3 pro/_/seton1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,,mss41 be adopt$1 !n ! nom9ative mu/ be suppli$ f ! previ\s s5t5ce3 ',music & gymna/ic w place 9 au?ority ov] 444' ,?is is v awkw>d1 & ! awkw>dness is increas$ by ! necessity ( *ang+ ! subject at ,greek3 tr_/seton4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 & w be ! be/ def5d]s bo? ( body & s\l4 ,bo? toge!r w !y n be ! be/ def5d]s ( ! :ole s\l & ! :ole body aga9/ attacks f )\t2 ! "o c\nsell+1 & ! o!r fight+ "u 8 lead]1 & c\rage\sly execut+ 8 comm&s & c\nsels8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c\rage\s4 ,& he is to be deem$ c\rage\s ^: _s reta9s 9 99#ddb;,c99 pleasure & 9 pa9 ! comm&s ( reason ab\t :at he ought or ought n to fe>8 ,"r1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wise4 ,& him we call wise :o has 9 him t little "p :i* rules1 & :i* proclaims ^! comm&s2 t "p too be+ suppos$ to h a k ( :at is = ! int]e/ ( ea* ( ! ?ree p>ts & ( ! :ole8 ,assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! temp]ate4 ,& w\ld y n say t he is temp]ate :o has ^! same elem5ts 9 fri5dly h>mony1 9 :om ! "o rul+ pr9ciple ( reason1 & ! two subject ones ( _s & 99#ddb;,d99 desire are equally agre$ t reason ought to rule1 & d n rebel8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 t is ! true acc\nt ( temp]ance :e!r 9 ! ,/ate or individual4 ,sid5ote3 ,! j4 ,& surely1 ,i said1 we h expla9$ aga9 & aga9 h[ & by virtue ( :at quality a man w be j4 ,t is v c]ta94 ,& is ju/ice dimm] 9 ! individual1 & is h] =m diff]5t1 or is %e ! same :i* we f\nd h] to be 9 ! ,/ate8 #acf ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 my op9ion1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( ju/ice illu/rat$ by commonplace in/ances4 ,because1 if any d\bt is /ill l+]+ 9 our m9ds1 a few 99#ddb;,e99 commonplace in/ances w satisfy u ( ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+4 ,:at sort ( in/ances d y mean8 ,if ! case is put to u1 mu/ we n admit t ! j 99#ddc;,a99 ,/ate1 or ! man :o is tra9$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( su* a ,/ate1 w be less likely ?an ! unju/ to make away ) a deposit ( gold or silv]8 ,w\ld any "o d5y ?is8 ,no "o1 he repli$4 ,w ! j man or citiz5 ev] be guilty ( sacrilege or !ft1 or trea*]y ei!r to 8 fri5ds or to 8 c\ntry8 ,nev]4 ,nei!r w he ev] break fai? :]e !re h be5 oa?s or agreem5ts8 ,impossible4 ,no "o w be less likely to commit adult]y1 or to di%on\r 8 fa!r & "m1 or to fail 9 8 religi\s duties8 ,no "o4 99#ddc;,b99 ,& ! reason is t ea* "p ( him is do+ its own bus9ess1 :e!r 9 rul+ or be+ rul$8 ,exactly s4 ,are y satisfi$ !n t ! quality :i* makes su* m5 & su* /ates is ju/ice1 or d y hope to discov] "s o!r8 ,n ,i1 inde$4 ,sid5ote3 ,we h realiz$ ! hope ent]ta9$ 9 ! fir/ con/ruction ( ! ,/ate4 ,!n our dream has be5 realiz$2 & ! suspicion :i* we ent]ta9$ at ! beg9n+ ( our "w ( con/ruction1 99#ddc;,c99 t "s div9e p[] mu/ h conduct$ u to a prim>y =m ( ju/ice1 has n[ be5 v]ifi$8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,& ! division ( lab\r :i* requir$ ! c>p5t] & ! %oemak] & ! re/ ( ! citiz5s to be do+ ea* 8 own bus9ess1 & n ano!r's1 0 a %ad[ ( ju/ice1 & = t reason x 0 ( use8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree pr9ciples h>monize 9 "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,! h>mony ( human life4 ,b 9 reality ju/ice 0 su* z we 7 describ+1 be+ conc]n$ h[ev]1 n ) ! outw>d man1 b 99#ddc;,d99 ) ! inw>d1 :i* is ! true self & conc]nm5t ( #acg man3 = ! j man does n p]mit ! sev]al elem5ts )9 him to int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 or any ( !m to d ! "w ( o!rs1--he sets 9 ord] 8 own inn] life1 & is 8 own ma/] & 8 own law1 & at peace ) himself2 & :5 he has b\nd toge!r ! ?ree pr9ciples )9 him1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! high]1 l[]1 & middle notes ( ! scale1 & ! int]m$iate int]vals--:5 he has b\nd all ^! toge!r1 & is no long] 99#ddc;,e99 _m1 b has become "o entirely temp]ate & p]fectly adju/$ nature1 !n he proce$s to act1 if he has to act1 :e!r 9 a matt] ( prop]ty1 or 9 ! treatm5t ( ! body1 or 9 "s affair ( politics or private bus9ess2 always ?9k+ & call+ t :i* pres]ves & co-op]ates ) ?is h>moni\s condition1 j & good action1 & ! k :i* presides ov] x1 wisdom1 99#ddd;,a99 & t :i* at any "t impairs ?is condition1 he w call unju/ action1 & ! op9ion :i* presides ov] x ignorance4 ,y h said ! exact tru?1 ,socrates4 ,v good2 & if we 7 to affirm t we _h discov]$ ! j man & ! j ,/ate1 & ! nature ( ju/ice 9 ea* ( !m1 we %\ld n be tell+ a falsehood8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,may we say s1 !n8 ,let u say s4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 inju/ice has to be consid]$4 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,inju/ice ! opposite ( ju/ice4 99#ddd;,b99 ,mu/ n inju/ice be a /rife :i* arises among ! ?ree pr9ciples--a m$dlesom5ess1 & int]f]5ce1 & ris+ up ( a "p ( ! s\l aga9/ ! :ole1 an ass]tion ( unlawful au?ority1 :i* is made by a rebelli\s subject aga9/ a true pr9ce1 ( :om he is ! natural vassal1--:at is all ?is confusion & delusion b inju/ice1 & intemp]ance & c[>dice & ignorance1 & e =m ( vice8 ,exactly s4 99#ddd;,c99 ,& if ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice be kn[n1 !n ! mean+ ( act+ unju/ly & be+ unju/1 or1 aga91 ( act+ ju/ly1 w also be p]fectly cle>8 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,:y1 ,i said1 !y are l disease & heal?2 be+ 9 ! s\l j :at disease & heal? are 9 ! body4 #ach ,h[ s8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,analogy ( body & s\l4 ,:y1 ,i said1 t :i* is heal?y causes heal?1 & t :i* is unheal?y causes disease4 ,yes4 99#ddd;,d99 ,& j actions cause ju/ice1 & unju/ actions cause inju/ice8 ,t is c]ta94 ,sid5ote3 ,heal? 3 disease 33 ju/ice 3 inju/ice4 ,& ! creation ( heal? is ! in/itution ( a natural ord] & gov]nm5t ( "o by ano!r 9 ! p>ts ( ! body2 & ! creation ( disease is ! production ( a /ate ( ?+s at v>iance ) ?is natural ord]8 ,true4 ,& is n ! creation ( ju/ice ! in/itution ( a natural ord] & gov]nm5t ( "o by ano!r 9 ! p>ts ( ! s\l1 & ! creation ( inju/ice ! production ( a /ate ( ?+s at v>iance ) ! natural ord]8 ,exactly s1 he said4 ,!n virtue is ! heal? & beauty & well-be+ ( ! 99#ddd;,e99 s\l1 & vice ! disease & weakness & de=mity ( ! same8 ,true4 ,& d n good practices lead to virtue1 & evil practices to vice8 ,assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old "q1 :e!r ! j or ! unju/ is ! happi]1 has become ridicul\s4 99#dde;,a99 ,/ill our old "q ( ! comp>ative advantage ( ju/ice & inju/ice has n be5 answ]$3 ,:i* is ! m pr(itable1 to be j & act ju/ly & practise virtue1 :e!r se5 or unse5 ( gods & m51 or to be unju/ & act unju/ly1 if only unpuni%$ & unre=m$8 ,9 my judgm5t1 ,socrates1 ! "q has n[ become ridicul\s4 ,we "k t1 :5 ! bodily con/itution is gone1 life is no long] endurable1 ?\gh pamp]$ ) all k9ds ( meats & dr9ks1 & hav+ all weal? & all p[]2 & %all we be told t :5 ! v ess5ce ( ! vital pr9ciple is und]m9$ & corrupt$1 life is 99#dde;,b99 /ill wor? hav+ to a man1 if only he be all[$ to d :atev] he likes ) ! s+le exception t he is n to acquire ju/ice & virtue1 or to escape f inju/ice & vice2 assum+ !m bo? to be su* z we h describ$8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ! "q is1 z y say1 ridicul\s4 ,/ill1 #aci z we are ne> ! spot at :i* we may see ! tru? 9 ! cle>e/ mann] ) our own eyes1 let u n fa9t by ! way4 ,c]ta9ly n1 he repli$4 99#dde;,c99 ,come up hi!r1 ,i said1 & behold ! v>i\s =ms ( vice1 ^? ( !m1 ,i mean1 :i* are wor? look+ at4 ,i am foll[+ y1 he repli$3 proce$4 ,i said1 ,! argum5t seems to h rea*$ a height f :i*1 z f "s t[] ( speculation1 a man may look d[n & see t virtue is "o1 b t ! =ms ( vice are innum]able2 !re be+ f\r special ones :i* are des]v+ ( note4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,z _m =ms ( ! s\l z ( ! ,/ate4 ,i mean1 ,i repli$1 t !re appe> to be z _m =ms ( ! s\l z !re are di/9ct =ms ( ! ,/ate4 ,h[ _m8 99#dde;,d99 ,!re are five ( ! ,/ate1 & five ( ! s\l1 ,i said4 ,:at are !y8 ,! fir/1 ,i said1 is t :i* we h be5 describ+1 & :i* may be said to h two names1 mon>*y & ari/ocracy1 accord+ly z rule is ex]cis$ by "o di/+ui%$ man or by _m4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,b ,i reg>d ! two names z describ+ "o =m only2 99#dde;,e99 = :e!r ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( "o or _m1 if ! gov]nors h be5 tra9$ 9 ! mann] :i* we h suppos$1 ! fundam5tal laws ( ! ,/ate w be ma9ta9$4 ,t is true1 he repli$4 ,,book ,v4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,v4 ,,socrates1 ,,glaucon1 ,,adeimantus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! community ( wom5 & *ildr54 99#ddi;,a99 ,su* is ! good & true ,city or ,/ate1 & ! good & true man is ( ! same patt]n2 & if ?is is "r e o!r is wrong2 & ! evil is "o :i* affects n only ! ord]+ ( ! ,/ate1 b also ! regulation ( ! individual s\l1 & is exhibit$ 9 f\r =ms4 ,:at are !y8 he said4 ,i 0 proce$+ to tell ! ord] 9 :i* ! f\r evil 99#ddi;,b99 =ms appe>$ to me to succe$ "o ano!r1 :5 ,polem>*us1 :o 0 sitt+ a little way (f1 j beyond ,adeimantus1 began to :isp] to him3 /ret*+ =? 8 h&1 he took hold ( ! upp] "p ( 8 coat by ! %\ld]1 & drew him t[>ds him1 lean+ =w>d himself s z to be q close & say+ some?+ 9 8 e>1 ( :i* ,i only caught ! words1 ',%all we let him (f1 or :at %all we d8' ,c]ta9ly n1 said ,adeimantus1 rais+ 8 voice4 ,:o is x1 ,i said1 :om y are refus+ to let (f8 ,y1 he said4 99#ddi;,c99 ,i repeat$#a1 ,:y am ,i especially n to be let (f8 ,footnote #a3 ,read+ ,greek3 e7_/ti e7g ei7pon4 ,sid5ote3 ,! say+ ',fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common' is an insuffici5t solution ( ! problem4 ,:y1 he said1 we ?9k t y are lazy1 & mean to *eat u out ( a :ole *apt] :i* is a v important "p ( ! /ory2 & y fancy t we %all n notice y\r airy way ( proce$+2 z if x 7 self-evid5t to ev]ybody1 t 9 ! matt] ( wom5 & *ildr5 'fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common4' ,& 0 ,i n "r1 ,adeimantus8 ,yes1 he said2 b :at is "r 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 l ev]y?+ else1 requires to be expla9$2 = community may be ( _m k9ds4 ,please1 !re=e1 to say :at sort 99#ddi;,d99 ( community y mean4 ,we h be5 long #ada expect+ t y w\ld tell u some?+ ab\t ! family life ( y\r citiz5s--h[ !y w br+ *ildr5 into ! _w1 & re> !m :5 !y h arriv$1 &1 9 g5]al1 :at is ! nature ( ?is community ( wom5 & *ildr5--= we are ( op9ion t ! "r or wrong managem5t ( su* matt]s w h a great & p>am\nt influ5ce on ! ,/ate = good or = evil4 ,& n[1 s9ce ! "q is /ill undet]m9$1 & y are tak+ 9 h& ano!r 99#dej;,a99 ,/ate1 we h resolv$1 z y he>d1 n to let y g until y give an acc\nt ( all ?is4 ,to t resolution1 said ,glaucon1 y may reg>d me z say+ ,agre$4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,?rasyma*us4 ,& )\t m ado1 said ,?rasyma*us1 y may consid] u all to be equally agre$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! feign$ surprise ( ,socrates4 ,i said1 ,y "k n :at y are do+ 9 ?us assail+ me3 ,:at an argum5t are y rais+ ab\t ! ,/ate6 ,j z ,i ?\ght t ,i _h f9i%$1 & 0 only too glad t ,i _h laid ?is "q to sleep1 & 0 reflect+ h[ =tunate ,i 0 9 y\r acceptance ( :at ,i !n said1 y ask me to beg9 aga9 at ! v f\ndation1 ignorant ( 99#dej;,b99 :at a hornet's ne/ ( words y are /irr+4 ,n[ ,i =esaw ?is ga!r+ tr\ble1 & avoid$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! good-hum\r ( ,?rasyma*us4 ,= :at purpose d y conceive t we h come "h1 said ,?rasyma*us1--to look = gold1 or to he> disc\rse8 ,yes1 b disc\rse %\ld h a limit4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon1 & ! :ole ( life is ! only limit :i* wise m5 assign to ! he>+ ( su* disc\rses4 ,b nev] m9d ab\t u2 take he>t y\rself 99#dej;,c99 & answ] ! "q 9 y\r own way3 ,:at sort ( community ( wom5 & *ildr5 is ?is :i* is to prevail among our gu>dians8 & h[ %all we manage ! p]iod betwe5 bir? & education1 :i* seems to require ! greate/ c>e8 ,tell u h[ ^! ?+s w be4 ,yes1 my simple fri5d1 b ! answ] is ! rev]se ( easy2 _m m d\bts arise ab\t ?is ?an ab\t our previ\s conclusions4 ,= ! practicability ( :at is said may be d\bt$2 & look$ at 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 :e!r ! s*eme1 if ev] s practicable1 w\ld be = ! be/1 is also d\btful4 ,h5ce ,i feel a reluctance to approa* #adb ! 99#dej;,d99 subject1 le/ our aspiration1 my de> fri5d1 %\ld turn out to be a dream only4 ,fe> n1 he repli$1 = y\r audi5ce w n be h>d ^u y2 !y are n sceptical or ho/ile4 ,i said3 ,my good fri5d1 ,i suppose t y mean to enc\rage me by ^! words4 ,yes1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,a fri5dly audi5ce is m dang]\s ?an a ho/ile "o4 ,!n let me tell y t y are do+ j ! rev]se2 ! enc\ragem5t :i* y (f] w\ld h be5 all v well _h ,i myself believ$ t ,i knew :at ,i 0 talk+ ab\t3 to decl>e ! tru? ab\t matt]s ( high 99#dej;,e99 int]e/ :i* a man hon\rs & loves among wise m5 :o love him ne$ occasion no fe> or falt]+ 9 8 m9d2 b to c>ry on an argum5t :5 y are y\rself only 99#dea;,a99 a hesitat+ enquir]1 :i* is my condition1 is a dang]\s & slipp]y ?+2 & ! dang] is n t ,i %all be laugh$ at 7( :i* ! fe> w\ld be *ildi%71 b t ,i %all miss ! tru? :]e ,i h mo/ ne$ to be sure ( my foot+1 & drag my fri5ds aft] me 9 my fall4 ,& ,i pray ,nemesis n to visit ^u me ! words :i* ,i am go+ to utt]4 ,= ,i d inde$ believe t to be an involunt>y homicide is a less crime ?an to be a deceiv] ab\t beauty or goodness or ju/ice 9 ! matt] ( laws#b4 ,& t is a risk :i* ,i w\ld r run among enemies ?an among fri5ds1 & !re=e y d well to enc\rage 99#dea;,b99 me#c4 ,footnote #b3 ,or ins]t+ ,greek3 kai be=e ,greek3 nomi_/mn3 'a deceiv] ab\t beauty or goodness or pr9ciples ( ju/ice or law4' ,footnote #c3 ,read+ ,greek3 7_//e eu7 me p>amu!i4 ,glaucon laugh$ & said3 ,well !n1 ,socrates1 9 case y & y\r argum5t d u any s]i\s injury y %all be acquitt$ be=eh& ( ! homicide1 & %all n be held to be a deceiv]2 take c\rage !n & speak4 ,well1 ,i said1 ! law says t :5 a man is acquitt$ he is free f guilt1 & :at holds at law may hold 9 argum5t4 ,!n :y %\ld y m9d8 ,well1 ,i repli$1 ,i suppose t ,i mu/ retrace my /eps 99#dea;,c99 & say :at ,i p]haps ought to h said be=e 9 ! prop] place4 ,! "p ( ! m5 has be5 play$ out1 & n[ prop]ly en\gh comes ! turn ( ! wom54 ,( !m ,i w proce$ to speak1 & ! m readily s9ce ,i am invit$ by y4 #adc ,= m5 born & educat$ l our citiz5s1 ! only way1 9 my op9ion1 ( arriv+ at a "r conclusion ab\t ! possession & use ( wom5 & *ildr5 is to foll[ ! pa? on :i* we orig9ally />t$1 :5 we said t ! m5 7 to be ! gu>dians & wat*dogs ( ! h]d4 ,true4 99#dea;,d99 ,let u fur!r suppose ! bir? & education ( our wom5 to be subject to simil> or ne>ly simil> regulations2 !n we %all see :e!r ! result accords ) our design4 ,:at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ,no di/9ction among ! animals su* z is made betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,:at ,i mean may be put into ! =m ( a "q1 ,i said3 ,are dogs divid$ into hes & %es1 or d !y bo? %>e equally 9 hunt+ & 9 keep+ wat* & 9 ! o!r duties ( dogs8 or d we entru/ to ! males ! entire & exclusive c>e ( ! flocks1 :ile we leave ! females at home1 "u ! idea t ! be>+ & suckl+ _! puppies is lab\r en\gh = !m8 99#dea;,e99 ,no1 he said1 !y %>e alike2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t ! males are /rong] & ! females weak]4 ,b c y use diff]5t animals = ! same purpose1 unless !y are br$ & f$ 9 ! same way8 ,y _c4 ,!n1 if wom5 are to h ! same duties z m51 !y 99#deb;,a99 mu/ h ! same nurture & education8 ,yes4 ,! education :i* 0 assign$ to ! m5 0 music & gymna/ic4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,wom5 mu/ be taught music1 gymna/ic1 & milit>y ex]cises equally ) m54 ,!n wom5 mu/ be taught music & gymna/ic & also ! art ( w>1 :i* !y mu/ practise l ! m58 ,t is ! inf]5ce1 ,i suppose4 ,i %\ld r expect1 ,i said1 t sev]al ( our proposals1 if !y are c>ri$ out1 be+ unusual1 may appe> ridicul\s4 ,no d\bt ( x4 ,yes1 & ! mo/ ridicul\s ?+ ( all w be ! sight ( wom5 nak$ 9 ! palae/ra1 ex]cis+ ) ! m51 99#deb;,b99 especially :5 !y are no long] "y2 !y c]ta9ly w n be a vision ( beauty1 any m ?an ! en?usia/ic #add old m5 :o 9 spite ( wr9kles & ugl9ess cont9ue to frequ5t ! gymnasia4 ,yes1 inde$1 he said3 accord+ to pres5t notions ! proposal w\ld be ?\ght ridicul\s4 ,b !n1 ,i said1 z we h det]m9$ to speak our m9ds1 we mu/ n fe> ! je/s ( ! wits :i* w be direct$ aga9/ ?is sort ( innovation2 h[ !y w talk ( wom5's 99#deb;,c99 atta9m5ts bo? 9 music & gymna/ic1 & above all ab\t _! we>+ arm\r & rid+ ^u horseback6 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv5tion %\ld n be p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! way ( a high] good4 ,yet hav+ begun we mu/ g =w>d to ! r\gh places ( ! law2 at ! same "t begg+ ( ^! g5tlem5 = once 9 _! life to be s]i\s4 ,n long ago1 z we %all rem9d !m1 ! ,hell5es 7 ( ! op9ion1 :i* is /ill g5]ally receiv$ among ! b>b>ians1 t ! sight ( a nak$ man 0 ridicul\s & improp]2 & :5 fir/ ! ,cretans & !n ! ,lac$aemonians introduc$ ! 99#deb;,d99 cu/om1 ! wits ( t day might equally h ridicul$ ! innovation4 ,no d\bt4 ,b :5 exp]i5ce %[$ t to let all ?+s be uncov]$ 0 f> bett] ?an to cov] !m up1 & ! ludicr\s effect to ! outw>d eye vani%$ be=e ! bett] pr9ciple :i* reason ass]t$1 !n ! man 0 p]ceiv$ to be a fool :o directs ! %afts ( 8 ridicule at any o!r 99#deb;,e99 sight b t ( folly & vice1 or s]i\sly incl9es to weigh ! beautiful by any o!r /&>d b t ( ! good#d4 ,footnote #d3 ,read+ ) ,p>is ,a4 ,greek3 kai kal\ 444 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,fir/1 !n1 :e!r ! "q is to be put 9 je/ or 9 99#dec;,a99 e>ne/1 let u come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! nature ( woman3 ,is %e capable ( %>+ ei!r :olly or p>tially 9 ! actions ( m51 or n at all8 ,& is ! art ( w> "o ( ^? arts 9 :i* %e c or c n %>e8 ,t w be ! be/ way ( comm5c+ ! enquiry1 & w probably lead to ! faire/ conclusion4 ,t w be mu* ! be/ way4 ,%all we take ! o!r side fir/ & beg9 by argu+ aga9/ ourselves2 9 ?is mann] ! adv]s>y's position w n be undef5d$4 #ade 99#dec;,b99 ,:y n8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,objection3 ,we 7 say+ t e "o %\ld d 8 own "w3 ,h n wom5 & m5 sev]ally a "w ( _! own8 ,!n let u put a spee* into ! m\?s ( our oppon5ts4 ,!y w say3 ',socrates & ,glaucon1 no adv]s>y ne$ convict y1 = y y\rselves1 at ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! ,/ate1 admitt$ ! pr9ciple t ev]ybody 0 to d ! "o "w suit$ to 8 own nature4' ,& c]ta9ly1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 su* an admission 0 made by u4 ',& d n ! natures ( m5 & wom5 diff] v mu* inde$8' ,& we %all reply3 ,( c\rse !y d4 ,!n we %all be ask$1 ',:e!r ! tasks assign$ to m5 & to wom5 %\ld n be diff]5t1 & su* z are agreeable to _! 99#dec;,c99 diff]5t natures8' ,c]ta9ly !y %\ld4 ',b if s1 h y n fall5 into a s]i\s inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t m5 & wom51 ^: natures are s entirely diff]5t1 ought to p]=m ! same actions8'--,:at def5ce w y make = u1 my good ,sir1 aga9/ any "o :o (f]s ^! objections8 ,t is n an easy "q to answ] :5 ask$ sudd5ly2 & ,i %all & ,i d beg ( y to draw out ! case on our side4 ,^! are ! objections1 ,glaucon1 & !re are _m 99#dec;,d99 o!rs ( a l k9d1 :i* ,i =esaw long ago2 !y made me afraid & reluctant to take 9 h& any law ab\t ! possession & nurture ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,by ,zeus1 he said1 ! problem to be solv$ is any?+ b easy4 ,:y yes1 ,i said1 b ! fact is t :5 a man is out ( 8 dep?1 :e!r he has fall5 into a little swimm+ ba? or into mid ocean1 he has to swim all ! same4 ,v true4 ,& mu/ n we swim & try to rea* ! %ore3 we w hope t ,arion's dolph9 or "s o!r miracul\s help may save u8 99#dec;,e99 ,i suppose s1 he said4 ,well !n1 let u see if any way ( escape c be f\nd4 ,we ackn[l$g$--did we n8 t diff]5t natures ought to h diff]5t pursuits1 & t m5's & wom5's natures are diff]5t4 ,& n[ :at are we say+8--t diff]5t natures ought to h ! same pursuits1--?is is ! inconsi/5cy :i* is *>g$ ^u u4 #adf ,precisely4 99#ded;,a99 ,v]ily1 ,glaucon1 ,i said1 glori\s is ! p[] ( ! art ( contradiction6 ,:y d y say s8 ,sid5ote3 ,! seem+ inconsi/5cy arises out ( a v]bal opposition4 ,because ,i ?9k t _m a man falls into ! practice aga9/ 8 w4 ,:5 he ?9ks t he is reason+ he is really disput+1 j because he _c def9e & divide1 & s "k t ( :i* he is speak+2 & he w pursue a m]ely v]bal opposition 9 ! _s ( cont5tion & n ( fair discussion4 ,yes1 he repli$1 su* is v (t5 ! case2 b :at has t to d ) u & our argum5t8 99#ded;,b99 ,a great deal2 = !re is c]ta9ly a dang] ( our gett+ un9t5tionally into a v]bal opposition4 ,9 :at way8 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 we assign$ to diff]5t natures diff]5t pursuits1 we meant only ^? diff]5ces ( nature :i* affect$ ! pursuits4 ,:y we valiantly & pugnaci\sly insi/ ^u ! v]bal tru?1 t diff]5t natures ought to h diff]5t pursuits1 b we nev] consid]$ at all :at 0 ! mean+ ( sam5ess or diff]5ce ( nature1 or :y we di/+ui%$ !m :5 we assign$ diff]5t pursuits to diff]5t natures & ! same to ! same natures4 ,:y1 no1 he said1 t 0 nev] consid]$ by u4 99#ded;,c99 ,i said3 ,suppose t by way ( illu/ration we 7 to ask ! "q :e!r !re is n an opposition 9 nature betwe5 bald m5 & hairy m52 & if ?is is admitt$ by u1 !n1 if bald m5 are cobbl]s1 we %\ld =bid ! hairy m5 to be cobbl]s1 & conv]sely8 ,t w\ld be a je/1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said1 a je/2 & :y8 because we nev] meant :5 we con/ruct$ ! ,/ate1 t ! opposition ( natures %\ld ext5d to e diff]5ce1 b only to ^? 99#ded;,d99 diff]5ces :i* affect$ ! pursuit 9 :i* ! individual is engag$2 we %\ld h argu$1 = example1 t a physician & "o :o is 9 m9d a physician#e may be said to h ! same nature4 ,footnote #e3 ,read+ ,greek3 i7atron men kai i7atrikon tn psu*n o7_/nta4 ,true4 ,:]eas ! physician & ! c>p5t] h diff]5t natures8 ,c]ta9ly4 #adg ,& if1 ,i said1 ! male & female sex appe> to diff] 9 _! fitness = any art or pursuit1 we %\ld say t su* pursuit or art ought to be assign$ to "o or ! o!r ( !m2 b if ! diff]5ce consi/s only 9 wom5 be>+ 99#ded;,e99 & m5 begett+ *ildr51 ?is does n am\nt to a pro( t a woman diff]s f a man 9 respect ( ! sort ( education %e %\ld receive2 & we %all !re=e cont9ue to ma9ta9 t our gu>dians & _! wives ought to h ! same pursuits4 ,v true1 he said4 ,next1 we %all ask our oppon5t h[1 9 ref]5ce to any 99#dee;,a99 ( ! pursuits or arts ( civic life1 ! nature ( a woman diff]s f t ( a man8 ,t w be q fair4 ,& p]haps he1 l y\rself1 w reply t to give a suffici5t answ] on ! in/ant is n easy2 b aft] a little reflection !re is no difficulty4 ,yes1 p]haps4 ,suppose !n t we invite him to accompany u 9 ! 99#dee;,b99 argum5t1 & !n we may hope to %[ him t !re is no?+ peculi> 9 ! con/itution ( wom5 :i* w\ld affect !m 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate4 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,! same natural gifts are f\nd 9 bo? sexes1 b !y are possess$ 9 a high] degree by m5 ?an wom54 ,let u say to him3 ,come n[1 & we w ask y a "q3--:5 y spoke ( a nature gift$ or n gift$ 9 any respect1 did y mean to say t "o man w acquire a ?+ easily1 ano!r ) difficulty2 a little le>n+ w lead ! "o to discov] a great deal2 :]eas ! o!r1 aft] mu* /udy & application1 no soon] le>ns ?an he =gets2 or aga91 did y mean1 t ! "o has a body :i* is a good s]vant to 8 m9d1 :ile ! body ( ! o!r is a h9drance to him8--w\ld n ^! be ! sort 99#dee;,c99 ( diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% ! man gift$ by nature f ! "o :o is ungift$8 ,no "o w d5y t4 ,& c y m5tion any pursuit ( mank9d 9 :i* ! male sex has n all ^! gifts & qualities 9 a high] degree ?an ! female8 ,ne$ ,i wa/e "t 9 speak+ ( ! art ( weav+1 & ! managem5t ( pancakes & pres]ves1 9 :i* womank9d does really appe> to be #adh great1 & 9 :i* = h] to be beat5 by a man is ( all 99#dee;,d99 ?+s ! mo/ absurd8 ,y are q "r1 he repli$1 9 ma9ta9+ ! g5]al inf]iority ( ! female sex3 al?\gh _m wom5 are 9 _m ?+s sup]ior to _m m51 yet on ! :ole :at y say is true4 ,& if s1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 !re is no special faculty ( adm9i/ration 9 a /ate :i* a woman has because %e is a woman1 or :i* a man has by virtue ( 8 sex1 b ! gifts ( nature are alike diffus$ 9 bo?2 all ! pursuits ( 99#dee;,e99 m5 are ! pursuits ( wom5 also1 b 9 all ( !m a woman is inf]ior to a man4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 & wom5 are to be gov]n$ by ! same laws & to h ! same pursuits4 ,!n are we to impose all our enactm5ts on m5 & none ( !m on wom58 ,t w nev] d4 99#def;,a99 ,"o woman has a gift ( heal+1 ano!r n2 "o is a musician1 & ano!r has no music 9 h] nature8 ,v true4 ,& "o woman has a turn = gymna/ic & milit>y ex]cises1 & ano!r is unw>like & hates gymna/ics8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& "o woman is a philosoph]1 & ano!r is an enemy ( philosophy2 "o has _s1 & ano!r is )\t _s8 ,t is also true4 ,!n "o woman w h ! temp] ( a gu>dian1 & ano!r n4 ,0 n ! selection ( ! male gu>dians det]m9$ by diff]5ces ( ?is sort8 ,yes4 ,m5 & wom5 alike possess ! qualities :i* make a gu>dian2 !y diff] only 9 _! comp>ative /r5g? or weakness4 ,obvi\sly4 99#def;,b99 ,& ^? wom5 :o h su* qualities are to be select$ z ! companions & colleagues ( m5 :o h simil> qualities & :om !y resemble 9 capacity & 9 "*8 ,v true4 ,& ought n ! same natures to h ! same pursuits8 ,!y ought4 ,!n1 z we 7 say+ be=e1 !re is no?+ unnatural #adi 9 assign+ music & gymna/ic to ! wives ( ! gu>dians--to t po9t we come r\nd aga94 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! law :i* we !n enact$ 0 agreeable to nature1 99#def;,c99 & !re=e n an impossibility or m]e aspiration2 & ! contr>y practice1 :i* prevails at pres5t1 is 9 reality a violation ( nature4 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,we _h to consid]1 fir/1 :e!r our proposals 7 possible1 & secondly :e!r !y 7 ! mo/ b5eficial8 ,yes4 ,& ! possibility has be5 ackn[l$g$8 ,yes4 ,! v great b5efit has next to be e/abli%$8 ,q s4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are diff]5t degrees ( goodness bo? 9 wom5 & 9 m54 ,y w admit t ! same education :i* makes a man a good gu>dian w make a woman a good gu>dian2 = 99#def;,d99 _! orig9al nature is ! same8 ,yes4 ,i %\ld l to ask y a "q4 ,:at is x8 ,w\ld y say t all m5 are equal 9 excell5ce1 or is "o man bett] ?an ano!r8 ,! latt]4 ,& 9 ! commonweal? :i* we 7 f\nd+ d y conceive ! gu>dians :o h be5 br\ght up on our model sy/em to be m p]fect m51 or ! cobbl]s ^: education has be5 cobbl+8 ,:at a ridicul\s "q6 ,y h answ]$ me1 ,i repli$3 ,well1 & may we n 99#def;,e99 fur!r say t our gu>dians are ! be/ ( our citiz5s8 ,by f> ! be/4 ,& w n _! wives be ! be/ wom58 ,yes1 by f> ! be/4 ,& c !re be any?+ bett] = ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate ?an t ! m5 & wom5 ( a ,/ate %\ld be z good z possible8 ,!re c be no?+ bett]4 99#deg;,a99 ,& ?is is :at ! arts ( music & gymna/ic1 :5 pres5t 9 su* mann] z we h describ$1 w accompli%8 #aej ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n we h made an enactm5t n only possible b 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial to ! ,/ate8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! noble say+4 ,!n let ! wives ( our gu>dians /rip1 = _! virtue w be _! robe1 & let !m %>e 9 ! toils ( w> & ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry2 only 9 ! di/ribution ( lab\rs ! light] are to be assign$ to ! wom51 :o are ! weak] natures1 b 9 o!r respects _! duties are to be ! same4 99#deg;,b99 ,& z = ! man :o laughs at nak$ wom5 ex]cis+ _! bodies f ! be/ ( motives1 9 8 laught] he is pluck+ ',a fruit ( unripe wisdom1' & he himself is ignorant ( :at he is laugh+ at1 or :at he is ab\t2--= t is1 & ev] w be1 ! be/ ( say+s1 ,t ! useful is ! noble & ! hurtful is ! base4 ,v true4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o difficulty 9 our law ab\t wom51 :i* we may say t we h n[ escap$2 ! wave has n swall[$ u up alive = enact+ t ! gu>dians ( ei!r sex %\ld h all _! pursuits 9 common2 to ! utility 99#deg;,c99 & also to ! possibility ( ?is arrangem5t ! consi/5cy ( ! argum5t ) itself be>s witness4 ,yes1 t 0 a mighty wave :i* y h escap$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! second & great] wave4 ,yes1 ,i said1 b a great] is com+2 y w n ?9k mu* ( ?is :5 y see ! next4 ,g on2 let me see4 ,! law1 ,i said1 :i* is ! sequel ( ?is & ( all t has prec$$1 is to ! foll[+ effect1--'t ! wives ( 99#deg;,d99 our gu>dians are to be common1 & _! *ildr5 are to be common1 & no p>5t is to "k 8 own *ild1 nor any *ild 8 p>5t4' ,yes1 he said1 t is a mu* great] wave ?an ! o!r2 & ! possibility z well z ! utility ( su* a law are f> m que/ionable4 ,i d n ?9k1 ,i said1 t !re c be any dispute ab\t ! v great utility ( hav+ wives & *ildr5 9 common2 ! possibility is q ano!r matt]1 & w be v mu* disput$4 #aea 99#deg;,e99 ,i ?9k t a good _m d\bts may be rais$ ab\t bo?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! utility & possibility ( a community ( wives & *ildr54 ,y imply t ! two que/ions mu/ be comb9$1 ,i repli$4 ,n[ ,i meant t y %\ld admit ! utility2 & 9 ?is way1 z ,i ?\ght1 ,i %\ld escape f "o ( !m1 & !n !re w\ld rema9 only ! possibility4 ,b t little attempt is detect$1 & !re=e y w please to give a def5ce ( bo?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! utility to be consid]$ fir/1 ! possibility aft]w>ds4 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i submit to my fate4 ,yet grant me a little 99#deh;,a99 fav\r3 let me fea/ my m9d ) ! dream z day dream]s are 9 ! habit ( fea/+ !mselves :5 !y are walk+ alone2 = be=e !y h discov]$ any means ( effect+ _! wi%es--t is a matt] :i* nev] tr\bles !m--!y w\ld r n tire !mselves by ?9k+ ab\t possibilities2 b assum+ t :at !y desire is already grant$ to !m1 !y proce$ ) _! plan1 & delight 9 detail+ :at !y mean to d :5 _! wi% has come true--t is a way :i* !y h ( n do+ mu* good 99#deh;,b99 to a capacity :i* 0 nev] good = mu*4 ,n[ ,i myself am beg9n+ to lose he>t1 & ,i %\ld l1 ) y\r p]mission1 to pass ov] ! "q ( possibility at pres5t4 ,assum+ !re=e ! possibility ( ! proposal1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to enquire h[ ! rul]s w c>ry out ^! arrangem5ts1 & ,i %all demon/rate t our plan1 if execut$1 w be ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! ,/ate & to ! gu>dians4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 if y h no objection1 ,i w endeav\r ) y\r help to consid] ! advantages ( ! measure2 & h]eaft] ! "q ( possibility4 ,i h no objection2 proce$4 ,fir/1 ,i ?9k t if our rul]s & _! auxili>ies are to 99#deh;,c99 be wor?y ( ! "n :i* !y be>1 !re mu/ be will+ness to obey 9 ! "o & ! p[] ( comm& 9 ! o!r2 ! gu>dians mu/ !mselves obey ! laws1 & !y mu/ also imitate ! _s ( !m 9 any details :i* are entru/$ to _! c>e4 ,t is "r1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! legislator w select gu>dians male & female1 :o w meet at common meals & ex]cises1 & w be drawn to "o ano!r by an irresi/ible necessity4 ,y1 ,i said1 :o are _! legislator1 hav+ select$ ! m51 w n[ select ! wom5 & give !m to !m2--!y mu/ be z f> z possible ( l natures ) !m2 & !y mu/ live 9 common h\ses & meet at common meals4 ,none ( !m w h any?+ specially 8 or h] own2 #aeb 99#deh;,d99 !y w be toge!r1 & w be br\ght up toge!r1 & w associate at gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,& s !y w be drawn by a necessity ( _! natures to h int]c\rse ) ea* o!r--necessity is n too /rong a ^w1 ,i ?9k8 ,yes1 he said2--necessity1 n geometrical1 b ano!r sort ( necessity :i* lov]s "k1 & :i* is f> m conv9c+ & con/ra9+ to ! mass ( mank9d4 ,true1 ,i said2 & ?is1 ,glaucon1 l all ! re/1 mu/ proce$ aft] an ord]ly fa%ion2 9 a city ( ! bless$1 99#deh;,e99 lic5ti\sness is an unholy ?+ :i* ! rul]s w =bid4 ,yes1 he said1 & x ought n to be p]mitt$4 ,!n cle>ly ! next ?+ w be to make matrimony sacr$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 & :at is mo/ b5eficial w be deem$ sacr$8 99#dei;,a99 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bre$+ ( human be+s1 z ( animals1 to be f ! be/ & f ^? :o are ( a ripe age4 ,& h[ c m>riages be made mo/ b5eficial8--t is a "q :i* ,i put to y1 because ,i see 9 y\r h\se dogs = hunt+1 & ( ! nobl] sort ( birds n a few4 ,n[1 ,i besee* y1 d tell me1 h y ev] att5d$ to _! pair+ & bre$+8 ,9 :at p>ticul>s8 ,:y1 9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh !y are all ( a good sort1 are n "s bett] ?an o!rs8 ,true4 ,& d y bre$ f !m all indiff]5tly1 or d y take c>e to bre$ f ! be/ only8 ,f ! be/4 99#dei;,b99 ,& d y take ! olde/ or ! y\nge/1 or only ^? ( ripe age8 ,i *oose only ^? ( ripe age4 ,& if c>e 0 n tak5 9 ! bre$+1 y\r dogs & birds w\ld greatly det]iorate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! same ( horses & animals 9 g5]al8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,good heav5s6 my de> fri5d1 ,i said1 :at consummate skill w our rul]s ne$ if ! same pr9ciple holds ( ! human species6 99#dei;,c99 ,c]ta9ly1 ! same pr9ciple holds2 b :y does ?is involve any p>ticul> skill8 #aec ,sid5ote3 ,useful lies 'v hone/ knav]ies4' ,because1 ,i said1 our rul]s w (t5 h to practise ^u ! body corporate ) m$ic9es4 ,n[ y "k t :5 pati5ts d n require m$ic9es1 b h only to be put "u a regim51 ! inf]ior sort ( practition] is deem$ to be good en\gh2 b :5 m$ic9e has to be giv51 !n ! doctor %\ld be m ( a man4 ,t is q true1 he said2 b to :at are y allud+8 ,i mean1 ,i repli$1 t our rul]s w f9d a consid]able dose ( falsehood & deceit necess>y = ! good ( _! subjects3 99#dei;,d99 we 7 say+ t ! use ( all ^! ?+s reg>d$ z m$ic9es might be ( advantage4 ,& we 7 v "r4 ,& ?is lawful use ( !m seems likely to be (t5 ne$$ 9 ! regulations ( m>riages & bir?s4 ,h[ s8 ,sid5ote3 ,arrangem5ts = ! improvem5t ( ! bre$2 ,:y1 ,i said1 ! pr9ciple has be5 already laid d[n t ! be/ ( ei!r sex %\ld be unit$ ) ! be/ z (t51 & ! inf]ior ) ! inf]ior1 z seldom z possible2 & t !y %\ld re> ! (fspr+ ( ! "o sort ( union1 99#dei;,e99 b n ( ! o!r1 if ! flock is to be ma9ta9$ 9 fir/-rate condition4 ,n[ ^! go+s on mu/ be a secret :i* ! rul]s only "k1 or !re w be a fur!r dang] ( our h]d1 z ! gu>dians may be t]m$1 break+ out into rebellion4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 & = ! regulation ( population4 ,_h we n bett] appo9t c]ta9 fe/ivals at :i* we w br+ toge!r ! brides & bridegrooms1 & sacrifices 99#dfj;,a99 w be (f]$ & suitable hym5eal songs compos$ by our poets3 ! numb] ( w$d+s is a matt] :i* mu/ be left to ! discretion ( ! rul]s1 ^: aim w be to pres]ve ! av]age ( population8 ,!re are _m o!r ?+s :i* !y w h to consid]1 su* z ! effects ( w>s & diseases & any simil> ag5cies1 9 ord] z f> z ?is is possible to prev5t ! ,/ate f becom+ ei!r too l>ge or too small4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,pair+ by lot4 ,we %all h to inv5t "s +5i\s k9d ( lots :i* ! less wor?y may draw on ea* occasion ( our br++ !m toge!r1 & !n !y w accuse _! own ill-luck & n ! rul]s4 #aed ,to be sure1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! brave des]ve ! fair4 99#dfj;,b99 ,& ,i ?9k t our brav] & bett] y\?1 besides _! o!r hon\rs & rew>ds1 might h great] facilities ( int]c\rse ) wom5 giv5 !m2 _! brav]y w be a reason1 & su* fa!rs ought to h z _m sons z possible4 ,true4 ,& ! prop] (fic]s1 :e!r male or female or bo?1 = (fices are to be held by wom5 z well z by m5-- ,yes-- ,sid5ote3 ,:at is to be done ) ! *ildr58 99#dfj;,c99 ,! prop] (fic]s w take ! (fspr+ ( ! good p>5ts to ! p5 or fold1 & !re !y w deposit !m ) c]ta9 nurses :o dwell 9 a sep>ate qu>t]2 b ! (fspr+ ( ! inf]ior1 or ( ! bett] :5 !y *ance to be de=m$1 w be put away 9 "s my/]i\s1 unkn[n place1 z !y %\ld be4 ,yes1 he said1 t mu/ be done if ! bre$ ( ! gu>dians is to be kept pure4 ,!y w provide = _! nurture1 & w br+ ! mo!rs to ! fold :5 !y are full ( milk1 tak+ ! 99#dfj;,d99 greate/ possible c>e t no "m recognises h] own *ild2 & o!r wet-nurses may be engag$ if m are requir$4 ,c>e w also be tak5 t ! process ( suckl+ %all n be protract$ too long2 & ! mo!rs w h no gett+ up at night or o!r tr\ble1 b w h& ov] all ?is sort ( ?+ to ! nurses & att5dants4 ,y suppose ! wives ( our gu>dians to h a f9e easy "t ( x :5 !y are hav+ *ildr54 ,:y1 said ,i1 & s !y ought4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 proce$ ) our s*eme4 ,we 7 say+ t ! p>5ts %\ld be 9 ! prime ( life8 ,v true4 99#dfj;,e99 ,& :at is ! prime ( life8 ,may x n be def9$ z a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s 9 a woman's life1 & ?irty 9 a man's8 ,:i* ye>s d y mean to include8 ,sid5ote3 ,a woman to be> *ildr5 f tw5ty to =ty2 a man to beget !m f tw5ty-five to fifty-five4 ,a woman1 ,i said1 at tw5ty ye>s ( age may beg9 to be> *ildr5 to ! ,/ate1 & cont9ue to be> !m until =ty2 a man may beg9 at five-&-tw5ty1 :5 he has pass$ ! #aee po9t at :i* ! pulse ( life beats quicke/1 & cont9ue to beget *ildr5 until he be fifty-five4 99#dfa;,a99 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 bo? 9 m5 & wom5 ^? ye>s are ! prime ( physical z well z ( intellectual vig\r4 ,any "o above or bel[ ! prescrib$ ages :o takes "p 9 ! public hym5eals %all be said to h done an unholy & unrighte\s ?+2 ! *ild ( :i* he is ! fa!r1 if x /eals into life1 w h be5 conceiv$ "u auspices v unlike ! sacrifices & pray]s1 :i* at ea* hym5eal prie/esses & prie/ & ! :ole city w (f]1 t ! new g5]ation may be bett] & m useful ?an _! 99#dfa;,b99 good & useful p>5ts1 :]eas 8 *ild w be ! (fspr+ ( d>kness & /range lu/4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& ! same law w apply to any "o ( ^? )9 ! prescrib$ age :o =ms a connection ) any woman 9 ! prime ( life )\t ! sanction ( ! rul]s2 = we %all say t he is rais+ up a ba/>d to ! ,/ate1 unc]tifi$ & unconsecrat$4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,aft] ! prescrib$ age has be5 pass$1 m lic5ce is all[$3 b all :o 7 born aft] c]ta9 hym5eal fe/ivals at :i* _! p>5ts or gr&p>5ts came toge!r mu/ be kept sep>ate4 ,?is applies1 h[ev]1 only to ^? :o are )9 ! specifi$ age3 aft] t we all[ !m to range at w1 99#dfa;,c99 except t a man may n m>ry 8 daught] or 8 daught]'s daught]1 or 8 "m or 8 "m's "m2 & wom51 on ! o!r h&1 are prohibit$ f m>ry+ _! sons or fa!rs1 or son's son or fa!r's fa!r1 & s on 9 ei!r direction4 ,& we grant all ?is1 accompany+ ! p]mission ) /rict ord]s to prev5t any embryo :i* may come into be+ f see+ ! light2 & if any =ce a way to ! bir?1 ! p>5ts mu/ und]/& t ! (fspr+ ( su* an union _c be ma9ta9$1 & arrange accord+ly4 ,t also1 he said1 is a reasonable proposition4 ,b h[ 99#dfa;,d99 w !y "k :o are fa!rs & daught]s1 & s on8 ,!y w nev] "k4 ,! way w be ?is3--dat+ f ! day ( ! hym5eal1 ! bridegroom :o 0 !n m>ri$ w call all ! male *ildr5 :o are born 9 ! sev5? & t5? mon? aft]w>ds 8 sons1 & ! female *ildr5 8 daught]s1 & !y w call him fa!r1 & he w call _! *ildr5 8 gr&*ildr51 & !y #aef w call ! eld] g5]ation gr&fa!rs & gr&mo!rs4 ,all :o 7 begott5 at ! "t :5 _! fa!rs & mo!rs came toge!r w be call$ _! bro!rs & 99#dfa;,e99 si/]s1 & ^!1 z ,i 0 say+1 w be =bidd5 to int]-m>ry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to be und]/ood z an absolute prohibition ( ! m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s2 if ! lot fav\rs !m1 & !y receive ! sanction ( ! ,py?ian oracle1 ! law w all[ !m4 ,q "r1 he repli$4 ,su* is ! s*eme1 ,glaucon1 accord+ to :i* ! gu>dians ( our ,/ate are to h _! wives & families 9 common4 ,& n[ y w\ld h ! argum5t %[ t ?is community is consi/5t ) ! re/ ( our polity1 & also t no?+ c be bett]--w\ld y n8 99#dfb;,a99 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,%all we try to f9d a common basis by ask+ ( ourselves :at ought to be ! *ief aim ( ! legislator 9 mak+ laws & 9 ! organization ( a ,/ate1--:at is ! greate/ good1 & :at is ! greate/ evil1 & !n consid] :e!r our previ\s description has ! /amp ( ! good or ( ! evil8 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,! greate/ good ( ,/ates1 unity2 ! greate/ evil1 discord4 ,! "o ! result ( public1 ! o!r ( private feel+s4 ,c !re be any great] evil ?an discord & di/raction 99#dfb;,b99 & plurality :]e unity ought to reign8 or any great] good ?an ! bond ( unity8 ,!re _c4 ,& !re is unity :]e !re is community ( pleasures & pa9s--:]e all ! citiz5s are glad or griev$ on ! same occasions ( joy & sorr[8 ,no d\bt4 ,yes2 & :]e !re is no common b only private feel+ a ,/ate is disorganiz$--:5 y h "o half ( ! _w triumph+ & ! o!r plung$ 9 grief at 99#dfb;,c99 ! same ev5ts happ5+ to ! city or ! citiz5s8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,su* diff]5ces commonly orig9ate 9 a disagreem5t ab\t ! use ( ! t]ms 'm9e' & 'n m9e1' '8' & 'n 84' ,exactly s4 ,& is n t ! be/-ord]$ ,/ate 9 :i* ! greate/ #aeg numb] ( p]sons apply ! t]ms 'm9e' & 'n m9e' 9 ! same way to ! same ?+8 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate l a liv+ be+ :i* feels altoge!r :5 hurt 9 any "p4 ,or t aga9 :i* mo/ ne>ly approa*es to ! condition ( ! individual--z 9 ! body1 :5 b a f+] ( "o ( u is hurt1 ! :ole frame1 drawn t[>ds ! s\l z a c5tre & =m+ "o k+dom "u ! rul+ p[] 99#dfb;,d99 !re91 feels ! hurt & sympa?izes all toge!r ) ! "p affect$1 & we say t ! man has a pa9 9 8 f+]2 & ! same expression is us$ ab\t any o!r "p ( ! body1 :i* has a s5sation ( pa9 at suff]+ or ( pleasure at ! alleviation ( suff]+4 ,v true1 he repli$2 & ,i agree ) y t 9 ! be/-ord]$ ,/ate !re is ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is common feel+ :i* y describe4 ,!n :5 any "o ( ! citiz5s exp]i5ces any good 99#dfb;,e99 or evil1 ! :ole ,/ate w make 8 case _! own1 & w ei!r rejoice or sorr[ ) him8 ,yes1 he said1 t is :at w happ5 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ diff]5t are ! t]ms :i* are appli$ to ! rul]s 9 o!r ,/ates & 9 our own6 ,x w n[ be "t1 ,i said1 = u to return to our ,/ate & see :e!r ?is or "s o!r =m is mo/ 9 accordance ) ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,v good4 99#dfc;,a99 ,our ,/ate l e o!r has rul]s & subjects8 ,true4 ,all ( :om w call "o ano!r citiz5s8 ,( c\rse4 ,b is !re n ano!r "n :i* p give to _! rul]s 9 o!r ,/ates8 ,g5]ally !y call !m ma/]s1 b 9 democratic ,/ates !y simply call !m rul]s4 ,& 9 our ,/ate :at o!r "n besides t ( citiz5s d ! p give ! rul]s8 99#dfc;,b99 ,!y are call$ savi\rs & help]s1 he repli$4 ,& :at d ! rul]s call ! p8 ,_! ma9ta9]s & fo/]-fa!rs4 ,& :at d !y call !m 9 o!r ,/ates8 ,slaves4 ,& :at d ! rul]s call "o ano!r 9 o!r ,/ates8 #aeh ,fell[-rul]s4 ,& :at 9 ours8 ,fell[-gu>dians4 ,did y ev] "k an example 9 any o!r ,/ate ( a rul] :o w\ld speak ( "o ( 8 colleagues z 8 fri5d & ( ano!r z n be+ 8 fri5d8 ,yes1 v (t54 ,& ! fri5d he reg>ds & describes z "o 9 :om 99#dfc;,c99 he has an int]e/1 & ! o!r z a /rang] 9 :om he has no int]e/8 ,exactly4 ,b w\ld any ( y\r gu>dians ?9k or speak ( any o!r gu>dian z a /rang]8 ,c]ta9ly he w\ld n2 = e "o :om !y meet w be reg>d$ by !m ei!r z a bro!r or si/]1 or fa!r or "m1 or son or daught]1 or z ! *ild or p>5t ( ^? :o are ?us connect$ ) him4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate "o family4 ,capital1 ,i said2 b let me ask y once m3 ,%all !y 99#dfc;,d99 be a family 9 "n only2 or %all !y 9 all _! actions be true to ! "n8 ,= example1 9 ! use ( ! ^w 'fa!r1' w\ld ! c>e ( a fa!r be impli$ & ! filial rev]5ce & duty & ob$i5ce to him :i* ! law comm&s2 & is ! violator ( ^! duties to be reg>d$ z an impi\s & unrighte\s p]son :o is n likely to receive mu* good ei!r at ! h&s ( ,god or ( man8 ,are ^! to be or n to be ! /ra9s :i* ! *ildr5 w he> repeat$ 9 _! e>s by all ! citiz5s ab\t ^? :o are intimat$ to !m to be _! p>5ts & ! re/ ( _! k9sfolk8 ,sid5ote3 ,us+ ! same t]ms1 !y w h ! same modes ( ?9k+ & act+1 & ?is is to be attribut$ ma9ly to ! community ( wom5 & *ildr54 99#dfc;,e99 ,^!1 he said1 & none o!r2 = :at c be m ridicul\s ?an = !m to utt] ! names ( family ties ) ! lips only & n to act 9 ! _s ( !m8 ,!n 9 our city ! language ( h>mony & concord w be m (t5 he>d ?an 9 any o!r4 ,z ,i 0 describ+ be=e1 :5 any "o is well or ill1 ! univ]sal ^w w be ') me x is well' or 'x is ill4' 99#dfd;,a99 ,mo/ true4 ,& agreeably to ?is mode ( ?9k+ & speak+1 7 we n say+ t !y w h _! pleasures & pa9s 9 common8 #aei ,yes1 & s !y w4 ,& !y w h a common int]e/ 9 ! same ?+ :i* !y w alike call 'my own1' & hav+ ?is common int]e/ !y w h a common feel+ ( pleasure & pa98 ,yes1 f> m s ?an 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,& ! reason ( ?is1 ov] & above ! g5]al con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 w be t ! gu>dians w h a community ( wom5 & *ildr58 ,t w be ! *ief reason4 99#dfd;,b99 ,& ?is unity ( feel+ we admitt$ to be ! greate/ good1 z 0 impli$ 9 our own comp>ison ( a well-ord]$ ,/ate to ! relation ( ! body & ! memb]s1 :5 affect$ by pleasure or pa98 ,t we ackn[l$g$1 & v rightly4 ,!n ! community ( wives & *ildr5 among our citiz5s is cle>ly ! s\rce ( ! greate/ good to ! ,/ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ?is agrees ) ! o!r pr9ciple :i* we 7 affirm+1--t ! gu>dians 7 n to h h\ses or 99#dfd;,c99 l&s or any o!r prop]ty2 _! pay 0 to be _! food1 :i* !y 7 to receive f ! o!r citiz5s1 & !y 7 to h no private exp5ses2 = we int5d$ !m to pres]ve _! true "* ( gu>dians4 ,"r1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re w be no private int]e/s among !m1 & !re=e no lawsuits or trials = assault or viol5ce to eld]s4 ,bo? ! community ( prop]ty & ! community ( families1 z ,i am say+1 t5d to make !m m truly gu>dians2 !y w n te> ! city 9 pieces by diff]+ ab\t 'm9e' & 'n m9e2' ea* man dragg+ any 99#dfd;,d99 acquisition :i* he has made into a sep>ate h\se ( 8 own1 :]e he has a sep>ate wife & *ildr5 & private pleasures & pa9s2 b all w be affect$ z f> z may be by ! same pleasures & pa9s because !y are all ( "o op9ion ab\t :at is ne> & de> to !m1 & !re=e !y all t5d t[>ds a common end4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,& z !y h no?+ b _! p]sons :i* !y c call _! own1 suits & compla9ts w h no exi/5ce 99#dfd;,e99 among !m2 !y w be deliv]$ f all ^? qu>rels ( :i* money or *ildr5 or relations are ! occasion4 #afj ,( c\rse !y w4 ,nei!r w trials = assault or insult ev] be likely to occur among !m4 ,= t equals %\ld def5d !mselves aga9/ equals we %all ma9ta9 to be hon\rable & "r2 99#dfe;,a99 we %all make ! protection ( ! p]son a matt] ( necessity4 ,t is good1 he said4 ,yes2 & !re is a fur!r good 9 ! law2 viz4 t if a man has a qu>rel ) ano!r he w satisfy 8 res5tm5t !n & !re1 & n proce$ to m dang]\s l5g?s4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,to ! eld] %all be assign$ ! duty ( rul+ & *a/is+ ! y\ng]4 ,cle>ly4 ,nor c !re be a d\bt t ! y\ng] w n /rike or d any o!r viol5ce to an eld]1 unless ! magi/rates comm& him2 nor w he slight him 9 any way4 ,= !re are two gu>dians1 %ame & fe>1 mighty to prev5t him3 %ame1 :i* makes m5 refra9 f lay+ h&s on 99#dfe;,b99 ^? :o are to !m 9 ! relation ( p>5ts2 fe>1 t ! injur$ "o w be succ\r$ by ! o!rs :o are 8 bro!rs1 sons1 fa!rs4 ,t is true1 he repli$4 ,!n 9 e way ! laws w help ! citiz5s to keep ! peace ) "o ano!r8 ,yes1 !re w be no want ( peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,f h[ _m o!r evils w our citiz5s be deliv]$6 ,& z ! gu>dians w nev] qu>rel among !mselves !re w be no dang] ( ! re/ ( ! city be+ divid$ ei!r aga9/ !m or aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,none :atev]4 ,i h>dly l ev5 to m5tion ! little meannesses ( 99#dfe;,c99 :i* !y w be rid1 = !y are b5ea? notice3 su*1 = example1 z ! flatt]y ( ! ri* by ! poor1 & all ! pa9s & pangs :i* m5 exp]i5ce 9 br++ up a family1 & 9 f9d+ money to buy necess>ies = _! h\sehold1 borr[+ & !n repudiat+1 gett+ h[ !y c1 & giv+ ! money into ! h&s ( wom5 & slaves to keep--! _m evils ( s _m k9ds :i* p suff] 9 ?is way are mean en\gh & obvi\s en\gh1 & n wor? speak+ (4 #afa 99#dfe;,d99 ,yes1 he said1 a man has no ne$ ( eyes 9 ord] to p]ceive t4 ,& f all ^! evils !y w be deliv]$1 & _! life w be bless$ z ! life ( ,olympic victors & yet m bless$4 ,h[ s8 ,! ,olympic victor1 ,i said1 is deem$ happy 9 receiv+ a "p only ( ! bless$ness :i* is secur$ to our citiz5s1 :o h won a m glori\s victory & h a m complete ma9t5ance at ! public co/4 ,= ! victory :i* !y h won is ! salvation ( ! :ole ,/ate2 & ! cr[n ) :i* !y & _! *ildr5 are cr[n$ is ! fulness ( all t life ne$s2 !y receive 99#dfe;,e99 rew>ds f ! h&s ( _! c\ntry :ile liv+1 & aft] dea? h an hon\rable burial4 ,yes1 he said1 & glori\s rew>ds !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,answ] to ! *>ge ( ,adeimantus t we made our citiz5s unhappy = _! own good4 ,d y rememb]1 ,i said1 h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! previ\s 99#dff;,a99 discussion#f "s "o :o %all be nameless accus$ u ( mak+ our gu>dians unhappy--!y _h no?+ & might h possess$ all ?+s--to :om we repli$ t1 if an occasion (f]$1 we might p]haps h]eaft] consid] ?is "q1 b t1 z at pres5t advis$1 we w\ld make our gu>dians truly gu>dians1 & t we 7 fa%ion+ ! ,/ate ) a view to ! greate/ happ9ess1 n ( any p>ticul> class1 b ( ! :ole8 ,footnote #f3 ,pages #dai1 #dbj ff4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! life n to be comp>$ ) t ( citiz5s 9 ord9>y ,/ates4 ,& :at d y say1 n[ t ! life ( our protectors is made out to be f> bett] & nobl] ?an t ( ,olympic 99#dff;,b99 victors--is ! life ( %oemak]s1 or any o!r artisans1 or ( husb&m51 to be comp>$ ) x8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o seeks to be m ?an a gu>dian is naught4 ,at ! same "t ,i ought "h to repeat :at ,i h said else:]e1 t if any ( our gu>dians %all try to be happy 9 su* a mann] t he w cease to be a gu>dian1 & is n cont5t ) ?is safe & h>moni\s life1 :i*1 9 our judgm5t1 is ( all lives ! be/1 b infatuat$ by "s y\?ful conceit ( happ9ess :i* gets up into 8 head 99#dff;,c99 %all seek to appropriate ! :ole /ate to himself1 !n he #afb w h to le>n h[ wisely ,hesiod spoke1 :5 he said1 'half is m ?an ! :ole4' ,if he 7 to consult me1 ,i %\ld say to him3 ,/ay :]e y are1 :5 y h ! (f] ( su* a life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! common way ( life includes common education1 common *ildr51 common s]vices & duties ( m5 & wom54 ,y agree !n1 ,i said1 t m5 & wom5 are to h a common way ( life su* z we h describ$--common education1 common *ildr52 & !y are to wat* ov] ! citiz5s 9 common :e!r abid+ 9 ! city or go+ out to w>2 !y are to keep wat* toge!r1 & to hunt 99#dff;,d99 toge!r l dogs2 & always & 9 all ?+s1 z f> z !y are able1 wom5 are to %>e ) ! m58 ,& 9 s do+ !y w d :at is be/1 & w n violate1 b pres]ve ! natural relation ( ! sexes4 ,i agree ) y1 he repli$4 ,! enquiry1 ,i said1 has yet to be made1 :e!r su* a community be f\nd possible--z among o!r animals1 s also among m5--& if possible1 9 :at way possible8 ,y h anticipat$ ! "q :i* ,i 0 ab\t to sugge/4 99#dff;,e99 ,!re is no difficulty1 ,i said1 9 see+ h[ w> w be c>ri$ on by !m4 ,h[8 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ildr5 to accompany _! p>5ts on milit>y exp$itions2 ,:y1 ( c\rse !y w g on exp$itions toge!r2 & w take ) !m any ( _! *ildr5 :o are /rong en\gh1 t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! artisan's *ild1 !y may look on at ! "w :i* !y w h to d :5 !y are gr[n up2 99#dfg;,a99 & besides look+ on !y w h to help & be ( use 9 w>1 & to wait ^u _! fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,did y nev] obs]ve 9 ! arts h[ ! pott]s' boys look on & help1 long be=e !y t\* ! :eel8 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,& %all pott]s be m c>eful 9 educat+ _! *ildr5 & 9 giv+ !m ! opportunity ( see+ & practis+ _! duties ?an our gu>dians w be8 ,! idea is ridicul\s1 he said4 ,!re is also ! effect on ! p>5ts1 ) :om1 z ) 99#dfg;,b99 o!r animals1 ! pres5ce ( _! "y ones w be ! greate/ inc5tive to val\r4 ,t is q true1 ,socrates2 & yet if !y are defeat$1 :i* may (t5 happ5 9 w>1 h[ great ! dang] is6 #afc ! *ildr5 w be lo/ z well z _! p>5ts1 & ! ,/ate w nev] recov]4 ,true1 ,i said2 b w\ld y nev] all[ !m to run any risk8 ,i am f> f say+ t4 ,well1 b if !y are ev] to run a risk %\ld !y n d s on "s occasion :51 if !y escape disa/]1 !y w be ! bett] = x8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y d n run any s]i\s risk4 99#dfg;,c99 ,:e!r ! future soldi]s d or d n see w> 9 ! days ( _! y\? is a v important matt]1 = ! sake ( :i* "s risk may fairly be incurr$4 ,yes1 v important4 ,?is !n mu/ be our fir/ /ep1--to make our *ildr5 spectators ( w>2 b we mu/ also contrive t !y %all be secur$ aga9/ dang]2 !n all w be well4 ,true4 ,_! p>5ts may be suppos$ n to be bl9d to ! risks ( w>1 b to "k1 z f> z human =esight c1 :at 99#dfg;,d99 exp$itions are safe & :at dang]\s8 ,t may be assum$4 ,& !y w take !m on ! safe exp$itions & be cauti\s ab\t ! dang]\s ones8 ,true4 ,& !y w place !m "u ! comm& ( exp]i5c$ vet]ans :o w be _! lead]s & tea*]s8 ,v prop]ly4 ,/ill1 ! dang]s ( w> _c be always =ese52 !re is a good deal ( *ance ab\t !m8 ,true4 ,!n aga9/ su* *ances ! *ildr5 mu/ be at once furni%$ ) w+s1 9 ord] t 9 ! h\r ( ne$ !y may fly away & escape4 99#dfg;,e99 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean t we mu/ m\nt !m on horses 9 _! e>lie/ y\?1 & :5 !y h le>nt to ride1 take !m on horseback to see w>3 ! horses mu/ n be spirit$ & w>like1 b ! mo/ tractable & yet ! swifte/ t c be _h4 ,9 ?is way !y w get an excell5t view ( :at is 99#dfh;,a99 h]eaft] to be _! own bus9ess2 & if !re is dang] !y h only to foll[ _! eld] lead]s & escape4 #afd ,i believe t y are "r1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c[>d is to be degrad$ into a l[] rank4 ,next1 z to w>2 :at are to be ! relations ( y\r soldi]s to "o ano!r & to _! enemies8 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to propose t ! soldi] :o leaves 8 rank or ?r[s away 8 arms1 or is guilty ( any o!r act ( c[>dice1 %\ld be degrad$ into ! rank ( a husb&man or artisan4 ,:at d y ?9k8 ,by all means1 ,i %\ld say4 ,& he :o all[s himself to be tak5 prison] may z well be made a pres5t ( to 8 enemies2 he is _! lawful prey1 & let !m d :at !y l ) him4 99#dfh;,b99 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! h]o to receive hon\r f 8 comrades & fav\r f 8 belov$1 ,b ! h]o :o has di/+ui%$ himself1 :at %all be done to him8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he %all receive hon\r 9 ! army f 8 y\?ful comrades2 e "o ( !m 9 succession %all cr[n him4 ,:at d y say8 ,i approve4 ,& :at d y say to 8 receiv+ ! "r h& ( fell[%ip8 ,to t too1 ,i agree4 ,b y w h>dly agree to my next proposal4 ,:at is y\r proposal8 ,t he %\ld kiss & be kiss$ by !m4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 & ,i %\ld be dispos$ to g fur!r1 & say3 99#dfh;,c99 ,let no "o :om he has a m9d to kiss refuse to be kiss$ by him :ile ! exp$ition la/s4 ,s t if !re be a lov] 9 ! army1 :e!r 8 love be y\? or maid51 he may be m eag] to w9 ! prize ( val\r4 ,capital1 ,i said4 ,t ! brave man is to h m wives ?an o!rs has be5 already det]m9$3 & he is to h fir/ *oices 9 su* matt]s m ?an o!rs1 9 ord] t he may h z _m *ildr5 z possible8 ,agre$4 ,sid5ote3 & to h prec$5ce1 & a l>g] %>e ( meats & dr9ks2 ,aga91 !re is ano!r mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to 99#dfh;,d99 ,hom]1 brave y\?s %\ld be hon\r$2 = he tells h[ ,ajax#g1 aft] he _h di/+ui%$ himself 9 battle1 0 rew>d$ ) long *9es1 :i* seems to be a complim5t appropriate to a h]o 9 ! fl[] ( 8 age1 be+ n only a tribute ( hon\r b also a v /r5g!n+ ?+4 ,footnote #g3 ,iliad1 vii4 #cba4 #afe ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,!n 9 ?is1 ,i said1 ,hom] %all be our tea*]2 & we too1 at sacrifices & on ! l occasions1 w hon\r ! brave accord+ to ! measure ( _! val\r1 :e!r m5 or wom51 ) hymns & ^? o!r di/9ctions :i* we 7 m5tion+2 also ) 99#dfh;,e99 'seats ( prec$5ce1 & meats & full cups#h2' & 9 hon\r+ !m1 we %all be at ! same "t tra9+ !m4 ,footnote #h3 ,iliad1 viii4 #afa4 ,t1 he repli$1 is excell5t4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & :5 a man dies glori\sly 9 w> %all we n say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t he is ( ! gold5 race8 ,to be sure4 ,sid5ote3 also to be wor%ipp$ aft] dea?4 ,nay1 h we n ! au?ority ( ,hesiod = affirm+ t :5 !y are dead 99#dfi;,a99 ',!y are holy angels ^u ! e>?1 au?ors ( good1 av]t]s ( evil1 ! gu>dians ( spee*-gift$ m5'8#i ,footnote #i3 ,probably ,works & ,days1 #aba foll4 ,yes2 & we accept 8 au?ority4 ,we mu/ le>n ( ! god h[ we are to ord] ! sepulture ( div9e & h]oic p]sonages1 & :at is to be _! special di/9ction2 & we mu/ d z he bids8 ,by all means4 ,& 9 ages to come we w rev]5ce !m & kneel 99#dfi;,b99 be=e _! sepul*res z at ! graves ( h]oes4 ,& n only !y b any :o are deem$ pre-em95tly good1 :e!r !y die f age1 or 9 any o!r way1 %all be admitt$ to ! same hon\rs4 ,t is v "r1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,behavi\r to enemies4 ,next1 h[ %all our soldi]s treat _! enemies8 ,:at ab\t ?is8 ,9 :at respect d y mean8 ,fir/ ( all1 9 reg>d to slav]y8 ,d y ?9k x "r t ,hell5es %\ld enslave ,hell5ic ,/ates1 or all[ o!rs to enslave !m1 if !y c help8 ,%\ld n _! cu/om be to sp>e !m1 consid]+ ! dang] :i* !re is 99#dfi;,c99 t ! :ole race may "o day fall "u ! yoke ( ! b>b>ians8 ,to sp>e !m is inf9itely bett]4 #aff ,sid5ote3 ,no ,hell5e %all be made a slave4 ,!n no ,hell5e %\ld be own$ by !m z a slave2 t is a rule :i* !y w obs]ve & advise ! o!r ,hell5es to obs]ve4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 !y w 9 ?is way be unit$ aga9/ ! b>b>ians & w keep _! h&s (f "o ano!r4 ,next z to ! sla92 ought ! conqu]ors1 ,i said1 to take any?+ b _! arm\r8 ,does n ! practice ( 99#dfi;,d99 despoil+ an enemy af=d an excuse = n fac+ ! battle8 ,c[>ds skulk ab\t ! dead1 pret5d+ t !y are fulfill+ a duty1 & _m an army be=e n[ has be5 lo/ f ?is love ( plund]4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,^? :o fall 9 battle are n to be despoil$4 ,& is !re n illib]ality & av>ice 9 robb+ a corpse1 & also a degree ( meanness & womani%ness 9 mak+ an enemy ( ! dead body :5 ! real enemy has fl[n away & left only 8 fight+ ge> beh9d him1--is n ?is 99#dfi;,e99 r l a dog :o _c get at 8 assailant1 qu>rell+ ) ! /ones :i* /rike him in/ead8 ,v l a dog1 he said4 ,!n we mu/ ab/a9 f spoil+ ! dead or h9d]+ _! burial8 ,yes1 he repli$1 we mo/ c]ta9ly mu/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arms ( ,hell5es are n to be (f]$ at temples2 ,nei!r %all we (f] up arms at ! temples ( ! gods1 99#dgj;,a99 lea/ ( all ! arms ( ,hell5es1 if we c>e to ma9ta9 good feel+ ) o!r ,hell5es2 &1 inde$1 we h reason to fe> t ! (f]+ ( spoils tak5 f k9sm5 may be a pollution unless comm&$ by ! god himself8 ,v true4 ,aga91 z to ! deva/ation ( ,hell5ic t]ritory or ! burn+ ( h\ses1 :at is to be ! practice8 ,may ,i h ! pleasure1 he said1 ( he>+ y\r op9ion8 ,bo? %\ld be =bidd51 9 my judgm5t2 ,i w\ld take 99#dgj;,b99 ! annual produce & no m4 ,%all ,i tell y :y8 ,pray d4 ,sid5ote3 nor ,hell5ic t]ritory deva/at$4 ,:y1 y see1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! names 'discord' & 'w>1' & ,i imag9e t !re is also a diff]5ce 9 _! natures2 ! "o is expressive ( :at is int]nal & dome/ic1 ! o!r ( :at is ext]nal & =eign2 & ! fir/ ( ! two is t]m$ discord1 & only ! second1 w>4 #afg ,t is a v prop] di/9ction1 he repli$4 99#dgj;,c99 ,& may ,i n obs]ve ) equal propriety t ! ,hell5ic race is all unit$ toge!r by ties ( blood & fri5d%ip1 & ali5 & /range to ! b>b>ians8 ,v good1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,hell5ic w>f>e is only a k9d ( discord n int5d$ to be la/+4 ,& !re=e :5 ,hell5es fight ) b>b>ians & b>b>ians ) ,hell5es1 !y w be describ$ by u z be+ at w> :5 !y fight1 & by nature enemies1 & ?is k9d ( antagonism %\ld be call$ w>2 b :5 ,hell5es fight ) "o ano!r we %all say t ,hellas is !n 9 a /ate ( disord] & discord1 !y be+ by nature fri5ds2 99#dgj;,d99 & su* enmity is to be call$ discord4 ,i agree4 ,consid] !n1 ,i said1 :5 t :i* we h ackn[l$g$ to be discord occurs1 & a city is divid$1 if bo? p>ties de/roy ! l&s & burn ! h\ses ( "o ano!r1 h[ wick$ does ! /rife appe>6 ,no true lov] ( 8 c\ntry w\ld br+ himself to te> 9 pieces 8 own nurse & "m3 ,!re might be reason 9 ! conqu]or depriv+ ! conqu]$ ( _! h>ve/1 b /ill !y w\ld 99#dgj;,e99 h ! idea ( peace 9 _! he>ts & w\ld n mean to g on fight+ = ev]4 ,yes1 he said1 t is a bett] temp] ?an ! o!r4 ,& w n ! city1 :i* y are f\nd+1 be an ,hell5ic city8 ,x ought to be1 he repli$4 ,!n w n ! citiz5s be good & civiliz$8 ,yes1 v civiliz$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lov] ( 8 own city w also be a lov] ( ,hellas4 ,& w !y n be lov]s ( ,hellas1 & ?9k ( ,hellas z _! own l&1 & %>e 9 ! common temples8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,& any diff]5ce :i* arises among !m w be 99#dga;,a99 reg>d$ by !m z discord only--a qu>rel among fri5ds1 :i* is n to be call$ a w>8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n !y w qu>rel z ^? :o int5d "s day to be reconcil$8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!y w use fri5dly correction1 b w n enslave or de/roy _! oppon5ts2 !y w be correctors1 n enemies8 #afh ,j s4 ,sid5ote3 ,hell5es %\ld deal mildly ) ,hell5es2 & ) b>b>ians z ,hell5es n[ deal ) "o ano!r4 ,& z !y are ,hell5es !mselves !y w n deva/ate ,hellas1 nor w !y burn h\ses1 nor ev] suppose t ! :ole population ( a city--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--are equally _! enemies1 = !y "k t ! guilt ( w> is always conf9$ to a few p]sons & t ! _m are _! fri5ds4 99#dga;,b99 ,& = all ^! reasons !y w be unwill+ to wa/e _! l&s & rase _! h\ses2 _! enmity to !m w only la/ until ! _m innoc5t suff]]s h compell$ ! guilty few to give satisfaction8 ,i agree1 he said1 t our citiz5s %\ld ?us deal ) _! ,hell5ic enemies2 & ) b>b>ians z ! ,hell5es n[ deal ) "o ano!r4 ,!n let u enact ?is law also = our gu>dians3--t !y are nei!r to deva/ate ! l&s ( ,hell5es nor to 99#dga;,c99 burn _! h\ses4 ,agre$2 & we may agree also 9 ?9k+ t ^!1 l all our previ\s enactm5ts1 are v good4 ,sid5ote3 ,! compla9t ( ,glaucon respect+ ! hesitation ( ,socrates4 ,b /ill ,i mu/ say1 ,socrates1 t if y are all[$ to g on 9 ?is way y w entirely =get ! o!r "q :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is discussion y ?ru/ aside3--,is su* an ord] ( ?+s possible1 & h[1 if at all8 ,= ,i am q ready to ackn[l$ge t ! plan :i* y propose1 if only feasible1 w\ld d all sorts ( good to ! ,/ate4 ,i w add1 :at y h omitt$1 t y\r 99#dga;,d99 citiz5s w be ! brave/ ( w>riors1 & w nev] leave _! ranks1 = !y w all "k "o ano!r1 & ea* w call ! o!r fa!r1 bro!r1 son2 & if y suppose ! wom5 to jo9 _! armies1 :e!r 9 ! same rank or 9 ! re>1 ei!r z a t]ror to ! enemy1 or z auxili>ies 9 case ( ne$1 ,i "k t !y w !n be absolutely inv9cible2 & !re are _m dome/ic advantages :i* might also be m5tion$ & :i* ,i also fully ackn[l$ge3 99#dga;,e99 b1 z ,i admit all ^! advantages & z _m m z y please1 if only ?is ,/ate ( y\rs 7 to come into exi/5ce1 we ne$ say no m ab\t !m2 assum+ !n ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate1 let u n[ turn to ! "q ( possibility & ways & means--! re/ may be left4 #afi ,sid5ote3 ,socrates excuses himself & makes "o or two rem>ks prep>atory to a f9al ef=t4 99#dgb;,a99 ,if ,i loit]#aj = a mom5t1 y in/antly make a raid ^u me1 ,i said1 & h no m]cy2 ,i h h>dly escap$ ! fir/ & second waves1 & y seem n to be aw>e t y are n[ br++ ^u me ! ?ird1 :i* is ! greate/ & heavie/4 ,:5 y h se5 & he>d ! ?ird wave1 ,i ?9k y w be m consid]ate & w ackn[l$ge t "s fe> & hesitation 0 natural respect+ a proposal s extraord9>y z t :i* ,i h n[ to /ate & inve/igate4 ,footnote #aj3 ,read+ ,greek3 /raggeuome_/n4 ,! m appeals ( ?is sort :i* y make1 he said1 ! 99#dgb;,b99 m det]m9$ are we t y %all tell u h[ su* a ,/ate is possible3 speak out & at once4 ,let me beg9 by rem9d+ y t we f\nd our way hi!r 9 ! se>* aft] ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,true1 he repli$2 b :at ( t8 ,i 0 only go+ to ask :e!r1 if we h discov]$ !m1 we are to require t ! j man %\ld 9 no?+ fail ( absolute ju/ice2 or may we be satisfi$ ) an approximation1 99#dgb;,c99 & ! atta9m5t 9 him ( a high] degree ( ju/ice ?an is to be f\nd 9 o!r m58 ,! approximation w be en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,! ideal is a /&>d only :i* c nev] be p]fectly realiz$2 ,we 7 enquir+ into ! nature ( absolute ju/ice & into ! "* ( ! p]fectly j1 & into inju/ice & ! p]fectly unju/1 t we might h an ideal4 ,we 7 to look at ^! 9 ord] t we might judge ( our own happ9ess & unhapp9ess accord+ to ! /&>d 99#dgb;,d99 :i* !y exhibit$ & ! degree 9 :i* we resembl$ !m1 b n ) any view ( %[+ t !y c\ld exi/ 9 fact4 ,true1 he said4 ,w\ld a pa9t] be any ! worse because1 aft] hav+ del9eat$ ) consummate art an ideal ( a p]fectly beautiful man1 he 0 unable to %[ t any su* man c\ld ev] h exi/$8 ,he w\ld be none ! worse4 99#dgb;,e99 ,well1 & 7 we n creat+ an ideal ( a p]fect ,/ate8 ,to be sure4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 b is none ! worse = ?is4 ,& is our !ory a worse !ory because we are unable to #agj prove ! possibility ( a city be+ ord]$ 9 ! mann] describ$8 ,surely n1 he repli$4 ,t is ! tru?1 ,i said4 ,b if1 at y\r reque/1 ,i am to try & %[ h[ & "u :at conditions ! possibility is highe/1 ,i mu/ ask y1 hav+ ?is 9 view1 to repeat y\r =m] admissions4 ,:at admissions8 99#dgc;,a99 ,i want to "k :e!r ideals are ev] fully realiz$ 9 language8 ,does n ! ^w express m ?an ! fact1 & mu/ n ! actual1 :atev] a man may ?9k1 always1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 fall %ort ( ! tru?8 ,:at d y say8 ,i agree4 ,!n y mu/ n insi/ on my prov+ t ! actual ,/ate w 9 e respect co9cide ) ! ideal3 if we are only able to discov] h[ a city may be gov]n$ ne>ly z we propos$1 y w admit t we h discov]$ ! possibility :i* y dem&2 & w be cont5t$4 99#dgc;,b99 ,i am sure t ,i %\ld be cont5t$--w n y8 ,yes1 ,i w4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,al?\gh ! ideal _c be realiz$1 "o or two *anges1 or r a s+le *ange1 might revolutionize a ,/ate4 ,let me next endeav\r to %[ :at is t fault 9 ,/ates :i* is ! cause ( _! pres5t maladm9i/ration1 & :at is ! lea/ *ange :i* w enable a ,/ate to pass into ! tru] =m2 & let ! *ange1 if possible1 be ( "o ?+ only1 or1 if n1 ( two2 at any rate1 let ! *anges be z few & slight z possible4 99#dgc;,c99 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,i ?9k1 ,i said1 t !re might be a re=m ( ! ,/ate if only "o *ange 7 made1 :i* is n a slight or easy ?\gh /ill a possible "o4 ,:at is x8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates goes =? to meet ! wave4 ,n[ !n1 ,i said1 ,i g to meet t :i* ,i lik5 to ! greate/ ( ! waves2 yet %all ! ^w be spok51 ev5 ?\gh ! wave break & dr[n me 9 laught] & di%on\r2 & d y m>k my words4 ,proce$4 ,sid5ote3 ',cities w nev] cease f ill until !y are gov]n$ by philosoph]s4' ,i said3 ,until philosoph]s are k+s1 or ! k+s & pr9ces ( ?is _w h ! _s & p[] ( philosophy1 & 99#dgc;,d99 political greatness & wisdom meet 9 "o1 & ^? #aga common] natures :o pursue ei!r to ! exclusion ( ! o!r are compell$ to /& aside1 cities w nev] h re/ f _! evils1--nor ! human race1 z ,i believe1--& !n only w ?is 99#dgc;,e99 our ,/ate h a possibility ( life & behold ! light ( day4 ,su* 0 ! ?\ght1 my de> ,glaucon1 :i* ,i w\ld fa9 h utt]$ if x _h n seem$ too extravagant2 = to be conv9c$ t 9 no o!r ,/ate c !re be happ9ess private or public is inde$ a h>d ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at w ! _w say to ?is8 ,socrates1 :at d y mean8 ,i w\ld h y consid] t ! ^w :i* y h utt]$ is "o at :i* num]\s p]sons1 & v respectable p]sons too1 9 99#dgd;,a99 a figure pull+ (f _! coats all 9 a mom5t1 & seiz+ any weapon t comes to h&1 w run at y might & ma91 be=e y "k :]e y are1 int5d+ to d heav5 kn[s :at2 & if y don't prep>e an answ]1 & put y\rself 9 motion1 y w be 'p>$ by _! f9e wits1' & no mi/ake4 ,y got me into ! scrape1 ,i said4 ,& ,i 0 q "r2 h[ev]1 ,i w d all ,i c to get y out ( x2 b ,i c only give y good-w & good advice1 &1 p]haps1 ,i may be able to fit answ]s to y\r que/ions bett] ?an ano!r--t is all4 ,& n[1 hav+ 99#dgd;,b99 su* an auxili>y1 y mu/ d y\r be/ to %[ ! unbeliev]s t y are "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :o is a philosoph]8 ,i ought to try1 ,i said1 s9ce y (f] me su* invaluable assi/ance4 ,& ,i ?9k t1 if !re is to be a *ance ( our escap+1 we mu/ expla9 to !m :om we mean :5 we say t philosoph]s are to rule 9 ! ,/ate2 !n we %all be able to def5d ourselves3 ,!re w be discov]$ to be "s natures :o ought to /udy philosophy & to be 99#dgd;,c99 lead]s 9 ! ,/ate2 & o!rs :o are n born to be philosoph]s1 & are meant to be foll[]s r ?an lead]s4 ,!n n[ = a def9ition1 he said4 ,foll[ me1 ,i said1 & ,i hope t ,i may 9 "s way or o!r be able to give y a satisfactory explanation4 ,proce$4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>allel ( ! lov]4 ,i d>e say t y rememb]1 & !re=e ,i ne$ n rem9d y1 t a lov]1 if he is wor?y ( ! "n1 ought to %[ 8 love1 n to "s "o "p ( t :i* he loves1 b to ! :ole4 #agb 99#dgd;,d99 ,i really d n und]/&1 & !re=e beg ( y to assi/ my memory4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lov] ( ! fair loves !m all2 ,ano!r p]son1 ,i said1 might fairly reply z y d2 b a man ( pleasure l y\rself ought to "k t all :o are 9 ! fl[] ( y\? d someh[ or o!r raise a pang or emotion 9 a lov]'s brea/1 & are ?\ght by him to be wor?y ( 8 affectionate reg>ds4 ,is n ?is a way :i* y h ) ! fair3 "o has a snub nose1 & y praise 8 *>m+ face2 ! hook-nose ( ano!r has1 y say1 a royal look2 :ile he :o is nei!r snub nor hook$ has 99#dgd;,e99 ! grace ( regul>ity3 ! d>k visage is manly1 ! fair are *ildr5 ( ! gods2 & z to ! sweet 'honey pale1' z !y are call$1 :at is ! v "n b ! inv5tion ( a lov] :o talks 9 dim9utives1 & is n av]se to pal5ess if appe>+ on ! *eek ( y\?8 ,9 a ^w1 !re is no 99#dge;,a99 excuse :i* y w n make1 & no?+ :i* y w n say1 9 ord] n to lose a s+le fl[] t blooms 9 ! spr+-"t ( y\?4 ,if y make me an au?ority 9 matt]s ( love1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 ,i ass5t4 ,sid5ote3 ! lov] ( w9es all w9es2 ,& :at d y say ( lov]s ( w9e8 ,d y n see !m do+ ! same8 ,!y are glad ( any pretext ( dr9k+ any w9e4 ,v good4 ,sid5ote3 ! lov] ( hon\r all hon\r2 ,& ! same is true ( ambiti\s m52 if !y _c comm& an army1 !y are will+ to comm& a file2 & 99#dge;,b99 if !y _c be hon\r$ by really great & important p]sons1 !y are glad to be hon\r$ by less] & mean] p1--b hon\r ( "s k9d !y mu/ h4 ,exactly4 ,once m let me ask3 ,does he :o desires any class ( goods1 desire ! :ole class or a "p only8 ,! :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ! philosoph]1 or lov] ( wisdom1 all k4 ,& may we n say ( ! philosoph] t he is a lov]1 n ( a "p ( wisdom only1 b ( ! :ole8 ,yes1 ( ! :ole4 ,& he :o dislikes le>n+1 especially 9 y\?1 :5 99#dge;,c99 he has no p[] ( judg+ :at is good & :at is n1 su* an "o we ma9ta9 n to be a philosoph] or a lov] ( k1 j z he :o refuses 8 food is n hungry1 #agc & may be said to h a bad appetite & n a good "o8 ,v true1 he said4 ,:]eas he :o has a ta/e = e sort ( k & :o is curi\s to le>n & is nev] satisfi$1 may be ju/ly t]m$ a philosoph]8 ,am ,i n "r8 ,sid5ote3 ,"u k1 h[ev]1 are n to be includ$ sights & s\nds1 or "u ! lov]s ( k1 musical amateurs & ! l4 99#dge;,d99 ,glaucon said3 ,if curiosity makes a philosoph]1 y w f9d _m a /range be+ w h a title to ! "n4 ,all ! lov]s ( sights h a delight 9 le>n+1 & mu/ !re=e be includ$4 ,musical amateurs1 too1 are a folk /rangely out ( place among philosoph]s1 = !y are ! la/ p]sons 9 ! _w :o w\ld come to any?+ l a philosophical discussion1 if !y c\ld help1 :ile !y run ab\t at ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals z if !y _h let out _! e>s to he> e *orus2 :e!r ! p]=mance is 9 t[n or c\ntry--t makes no diff]5ce--!y are !re4 ,n[ are we 99#dge;,e99 to ma9ta9 t all ^! & any :o h simil> ta/es1 z well z ! pr(essors ( q m9or arts1 are philosoph]s8 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i repli$2 !y are only an imitation4 ,he said3 ,:o !n are ! true philosoph]s8 ,^?1 ,i said1 :o are lov]s ( ! vision ( tru?4 ,t is also good1 he said2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :at y mean8 ,to ano!r1 ,i repli$1 ,i might h a difficulty 9 expla9+2 b ,i am sure t y w admit a proposition :i* ,i am ab\t to make4 ,:at is ! proposition8 ,t s9ce beauty is ! opposite ( ugl9ess1 !y are two8 ,c]ta9ly4 99#dgf;,a99 ,& inasmu* z !y are two1 ea* ( !m is "o8 ,true aga94 ,& ( j & unju/1 good & evil1 & ( e o!r class1 ! same rem>k holds3 tak5 s+ly1 ea* ( !m is "o2 b f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( !m ) actions & ?+s & ) "o ano!r1 !y are se5 9 all sorts ( lights & appe> _m8 ,v true4 ,& ?is is ! di/9ction :i* ,i draw betwe5 ! sight- #agd lov+1 art-lov+1 practical class & ^? ( :om ,i am speak+1 99#dgf;,b99 & :o are alone wor?y ( ! "n ( philosoph]s4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% !m8 he said4 ,! lov]s ( s\nds & sights1 ,i repli$1 are1 z ,i conceive1 fond ( f9e tones & col\rs & =ms & all ! artificial products t are made out ( !m1 b _! m9d is incapable ( see+ or lov+ absolute beauty4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,few are !y :o are able to atta9 to ! sight ( ?is4 99#dgf;,c99 ,v true4 ,& he :o1 hav+ a s5se ( beautiful ?+s has no s5se ( absolute beauty1 or :o1 if ano!r lead him to a k ( t beauty is unable to foll[--( su* an "o ,i ask1 ,is he awake or 9 a dream only8 ,reflect3 is n ! dream]1 sleep+ or wak+1 "o :o lik5s dissimil> ?+s1 :o puts ! copy 9 ! place ( ! real object8 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly say t su* an "o 0 dream+4 ,sid5ote3 ,true k is ! ability to di/+ui% betwe5 ! "o & _m1 betwe5 ! idea & ! objects :i* p>take ( ! idea4 ,b take ! case ( ! o!r1 :o recognises ! exi/5ce 99#dgf;,d99 ( absolute beauty & is able to di/+ui% ! idea f ! objects :i* p>ticipate 9 ! idea1 nei!r putt+ ! objects 9 ! place ( ! idea nor ! idea 9 ! place ( ! objects--is he a dream]1 or is he awake8 ,he is wide awake4 ,& may we n say t ! m9d ( ! "o :o kn[s has k1 & t ! m9d ( ! o!r1 :o op9es only1 has op9ion8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b suppose t ! latt] %\ld qu>rel ) u & dispute our /atem5t1 c we adm9i/] any soo?+ 99#dgf;,e99 cordial or advice to him1 )\t reveal+ to him t !re is sad disord] 9 8 wits8 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly (f] him "s good advice1 he repli$4 ,come1 !n1 & let u ?9k ( some?+ to say to him4 ,%all we beg9 by assur+ him t he is welcome to any k :i* he may h1 & t we are rejoic$ at 8 hav+ x8 ,b we %\ld l to ask him a "q3 ,does he :o has k "k some?+ or no?+8 7,y mu/ answ] = him47 ,i answ] t he kn[s some?+4 #age ,some?+ t is or is n8 ,some?+ t is2 = h[ c t :i* is n ev] be kn[n8 ,sid5ote3 ,!re is an int]m$iate betwe5 be+ & n be+1 & a correspond+ int]m$iate betwe5 ignorance & k4 ,?is int]m$iate is a faculty t]m$ op9ion4 99#dgg;,a99 ,& are we assur$1 aft] look+ at ! matt] f _m po9ts ( view1 t absolute be+ is or may be absolutely kn[n1 b t ! utt]ly non-exi/5t is utt]ly unkn[n8 ,no?+ c be m c]ta94 ,good4 ,b if !re be any?+ :i* is ( su* a nature z to be & n to be1 t w h a place int]m$iate betwe5 pure be+ & ! absolute negation ( be+8 ,yes1 betwe5 !m4 ,&1 z k correspond$ to be+ & ignorance ( necessity to n-be+1 = t int]m$iate betwe5 be+ & n-be+ !re has to be discov]$ a correspond+ 99#dgg;,b99 int]m$iate betwe5 ignorance & k1 if !re be su*8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,d we admit ! exi/5ce ( op9ion8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,z be+ ! same ) k1 or ano!r faculty8 ,ano!r faculty4 ,!n op9ion & k h to d ) diff]5t k9ds ( matt] correspond+ to ?is diff]5ce ( faculties8 ,yes4 ,& k is relative to be+ & kn[s be+4 ,b be=e ,i proce$ fur!r ,i w make a division4 ,:at division8 99#dgg;,c99 ,i w beg9 by plac+ faculties 9 a class by !mselves3 !y are p[]s 9 u1 & 9 all o!r ?+s1 by :i* we d z we d4 ,sight & he>+1 = example1 ,i %\ld call faculties4 ,h ,i cle>ly expla9$ ! class :i* ,i mean8 ,yes1 ,i q und]/&4 ,!n let me tell y my view ab\t !m4 ,i d n see !m1 & !re=e ! di/9ctions ( figure1 col\r1 & ! l1 :i* enable me to disc]n ! diff]5ces ( "s ?+s1 d n apply to !m4 ,9 speak+ ( a faculty ,i ?9k 99#dgg;,d99 only ( its sph]e & its result2 & t :i* has ! same sph]e & ! same result ,i call ! same faculty1 b t :i* has ano!r sph]e & ano!r result ,i call diff]5t4 ,w\ld t be y\r way ( speak+8 #agf ,yes4 ,& w y be s v good z to answ] "o m "q8 ,w\ld y say t k is a faculty1 or 9 :at class w\ld y place x8 ,c]ta9ly k is a faculty1 & ! mightie/ ( all faculties4 99#dgg;,e99 ,& is op9ion also a faculty8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 = op9ion is t ) :i* we are able to =m an op9ion4 ,& yet y 7 ackn[l$g+ a little :ile ago t k is n ! same z op9ion8 ,sid5ote3 ,op9ion diff]s f k because ! "o errs & ! o!r is un]r+4 ,:y1 yes1 he said3 h[ c any reasonable be+ ev] id5tify t :i* is infallible ) t :i* errs8 99#dgh;,a99 ,an excell5t answ]1 prov+1 ,i said1 t we are q consci\s ( a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,yes4 ,!n k & op9ion hav+ di/9ct p[]s h also di/9ct sph]es or subject-matt]s8 ,t is c]ta94 ,be+ is ! sph]e or subject-matt] ( k1 & k is to "k ! nature ( be+8 ,yes4 ,& op9ion is to h an op9ion8 ,yes4 ,& d we "k :at we op9e8 or is ! subject-matt] ( op9ion ! same z ! subject-matt] ( k8 ,nay1 he repli$1 t has be5 already disprov52 if diff]5ce 9 faculty implies diff]5ce 9 ! sph]e or 99#dgh;,b99 subject-matt]1 & if1 z we 7 say+1 op9ion & k are di/9ct faculties1 !n ! sph]e ( k & ( op9ion _c be ! same4 ,!n if be+ is ! subject-matt] ( k1 some?+ else mu/ be ! subject-matt] ( op9ion8 ,yes1 some?+ else4 ,sid5ote3 ,x also diff]s f ignorance1 :i* is conc]n$ ) no?+4 ,well !n1 is n-be+ ! subject-matt] ( op9ion8 or1 r1 h[ c !re be an op9ion at all ab\t n-be+8 ,reflect3 :5 a man has an op9ion1 has he n an op9ion ab\t some?+8 ,c he h an op9ion :i* is an op9ion ab\t no?+8 ,impossible4 #agg ,he :o has an op9ion has an op9ion ab\t "s "o ?+8 ,yes4 ,& n-be+ is n "o ?+ b1 prop]ly speak+1 99#dgh;,c99 no?+8 ,true4 ,( n-be+1 ignorance 0 assum$ to be ! necess>y correlative2 ( be+1 k8 ,true1 he said4 ,!n op9ion is n conc]n$ ei!r ) be+ or ) n-be+8 ,n ) ei!r4 ,& c !re=e nei!r be ignorance nor k8 ,t seems to be true4 ,sid5ote3 ,its place is n to be s\ght )\t or beyond k or ignorance1 b betwe5 !m4 ,b is op9ion to be s\ght )\t & beyond ei!r ( !m1 9 a great] cle>ness ?an k1 or 9 a great] d>kness ?an ignorance8 ,9 nei!r4 ,!n ,i suppose t op9ion appe>s to y to be d>k] ?an k1 b light] ?an ignorance8 ,bo?2 & 9 no small degree4 99#dgh;,d99 ,& also to be )9 & betwe5 !m8 ,yes4 ,!n y w\ld inf] t op9ion is int]m$iate8 ,no "q4 ,b 7 we n say+ be=e1 t if any?+ appe>$ to be ( a sort :i* is & is n at ! same "t1 t sort ( ?+ w\ld appe> also to lie 9 ! int]val betwe5 pure be+ & absolute n-be+2 & t ! correspond+ faculty is nei!r k nor ignorance1 b w be f\nd 9 ! int]val betwe5 !m8 ,true4 ,& 9 t int]val !re has n[ be5 discov]$ some?+ :i* we call op9ion8 ,!re has4 99#dgh;,e99 ,!n :at rema9s to be discov]$ is ! object :i* p>takes equally ( ! nature ( be+ & n-be+1 & _c rightly be t]m$ ei!r1 pure & simple2 ?is unkn[n t]m1 :5 discov]$1 we may truly call ! subject ( op9ion1 & assign ea* to _! prop] faculty1-- #agh ! extremes to ! faculties ( ! extremes & ! mean to ! faculty ( ! mean4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! absolut5ess ( ! "o & ! relativ5ess ( ! _m4 99#dgi;,a99 ,?is be+ premis$1 ,i w\ld ask ! g5tleman :o is ( op9ion t !re is no absolute or un*angeable idea ( beauty--9 ^: op9ion ! beautiful is ! manifold--he1 ,i say1 y\r lov] ( beautiful sights1 :o _c be> to be told t ! beautiful is "o1 & ! j is "o1 or t any?+ is "o--to him ,i w\ld appeal1 say+1 ,w y be s v k9d1 sir1 z to tell u :e!r1 ( all ^! beautiful ?+s1 !re is "o :i* w n be f\nd ugly2 or ( ! j1 :i* w n be f\nd unju/2 or ( ! holy1 :i* w n also be unholy8 99#dgi;,b99 ,no1 he repli$2 ! beautiful w 9 "s po9t ( view be f\nd ugly2 & ! same is true ( ! re/4 ,& may n ! _m :i* are d\bles be also halves8--d\bles1 t is1 ( "o ?+1 & halves ( ano!r8 ,q true4 ,& ?+s great & small1 heavy & light1 z !y are t]m$1 w n be d5ot$ by ^! any m ?an by ! opposite names8 ,true2 bo? ^! & ! opposite names w always atta* to all ( !m4 ,& c any "o ( ^? _m ?+s :i* are call$ by p>ticul> names be said to be ?is r ?an n to be ?is8 ,he repli$3 ,!y are l ! punn+ riddles :i* are 99#dgi;,c99 ask$ at fea/s or ! *ildr5's puzzle ab\t ! eunu* aim+ at ! bat1 ) :at he hit him1 z !y say 9 ! puzzle1 & ^u :at ! bat 0 sitt+4 ,! individual objects ( :i* ,i am speak+ are also a riddle1 & h a d\ble s5se3 nor c y fix !m 9 y\r m9d1 ei!r z be+ or n-be+1 or bo?1 or nei!r4 ,!n :at w y d ) !m8 ,i said4 ,c !y h a bett] place ?an betwe5 be+ & n-be+8 ,= !y are cle>ly n 9 great] d>kness or negation ?an n-be+1 99#dgi;,d99 or m full ( light & exi/5ce ?an be+4 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,?us !n we seem to h discov]$ t ! _m ideas :i* ! multitude ent]ta9 ab\t ! beautiful & ab\t #agi all o!r ?+s are toss+ ab\t 9 "s region :i* is half-way betwe5 pure be+ & pure n-be+8 ,we h4 ,yes2 & we _h be=e agre$ t any?+ ( ?is k9d :i* we might f9d 0 to be describ$ z matt] ( op9ion1 & n z matt] ( k2 be+ ! int]m$iate flux :i* is caught & deta9$ by ! int]m$iate faculty4 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,op9ion is ! k1 n ( ! absolute1 b ( ! _m4 99#dgi;,e99 ,!n ^? :o see ! _m beautiful1 & :o yet nei!r see absolute beauty1 nor c foll[ any guide :o po9ts ! way ?i!r2 :o see ! _m j1 & n absolute ju/ice1 & ! l1--su* p]sons may be said to h op9ion b n k8 ,t is c]ta94 ,b ^? :o see ! absolute & et]nal & immutable may be said to "k1 & n to h op9ion only8 ,nei!r c t be d5i$4 ,! "o love & embrace ! subjects ( k1 ! o!r ^? ( op9ion8 ,! latt] are ! same1 z ,i d>e say 99#dhj;,a99 y w rememb]1 :o li/5$ to sweet s\nds & gaz$ ^u fair col\rs1 b w\ld n tol]ate ! exi/5ce ( absolute beauty4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,%all we !n be guilty ( any impropriety 9 call+ !m lov]s ( op9ion r ?an lov]s ( wisdom1 & w !y be v angry ) u = ?us describ+ !m8 ,i %all tell !m n to be angry2 no man %\ld be angry at :at is true4 ,b ^? :o love ! tru? 9 ea* ?+ are to be call$ lov]s ( wisdom & n lov]s ( op9ion4 ,assur$ly4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,vi4 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 99#dhd;,a99 ,& ?us1 ,glaucon1 aft] ! argum5t has gone a we>y way1 ! true & ! false philosoph]s h at l5g? appe>$ 9 view4 ,i d n ?9k1 he said1 t ! way c\ld h be5 %ort5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,if we _h "t1 we might h a ne>] view ( ! true & false philosoph]4 ,i suppose n1 ,i said2 & yet ,i believe t we might h _h a bett] view ( bo? ( !m if ! discussion c\ld h be5 conf9$ to ?is "o subject & if !re 7 n _m o!r que/ions await+ u1 :i* he :o desires to see 9 :at respect ! life ( ! j diff]s f 99#dhd;,b99 t ( ! unju/ mu/ consid]4 ,& :at is ! next "q8 he ask$4 ,surely1 ,i said1 ! "o :i* foll[s next 9 ord]4 ,inasmu* z philosoph]s only are able to grasp ! et]nal & un*angeable1 & ^? :o w&] 9 ! region ( ! _m & v>iable are n philosoph]s1 ,i mu/ ask y :i* ( ! two classes %\ld be ! rul]s ( our ,/ate8 ,& h[ c we rightly answ] t "q8 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* ( !m %all be our gu>dians8 ,:i*ev] ( ! two are be/ able to gu>d ! laws & 99#dhd;,c99 in/itutions ( our ,/ate--let !m be our gu>dians4 ,v good4 ,sid5ote3 ,a "q h>dly to be ask$4 ,nei!r1 ,i said1 c !re be any "q t ! gu>dian :o is to keep any?+ %\ld h eyes r ?an no eyes8 ,!re c be no "q ( t4 ,& are n ^? :o are v]ily & inde$ want+ 9 ! k ( ! true be+ ( ea* ?+1 & :o h 9 _! s\ls no cle> patt]n1 & are unable z ) a pa9t]'s eye to look at ! absolute tru? & to t orig9al 99#dhd;,d99 to repair1 & hav+ p]fect vision ( ! o!r _w to ord] ! laws ab\t beauty1 goodness1 ju/ice 9 ?is1 if n #aha already ord]$1 & to gu>d & pres]ve ! ord] ( !m--are n su* p]sons1 ,i ask1 simply bl9d8 ,truly1 he repli$1 !y are mu* 9 t condition4 ,& %all !y be our gu>dians :5 !re are o!rs :o1 besides be+ _! equals 9 exp]i5ce & fall+ %ort ( !m 9 no p>ticul> ( virtue1 also "k ! v tru? ( ea* ?+8 ,!re c be no reason1 he said1 = reject+ ^? :o h ?is greate/ ( all great qualities2 !y mu/ always h ! fir/ place unless !y fail 9 "s o!r respect4 99#dhe;,a99 ,suppose !n1 ,i said1 t we det]m9e h[ f> !y c unite ?is & ! o!r excell5ces4 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,! philosoph] is a lov] ( tru? & ( all true be+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we began by obs]v+1 ! nature ( ! philosoph] has to be asc]ta9$4 ,we mu/ come to an und]/&+ ab\t him1 &1 :5 we h done s1 !n1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 we %all also ackn[l$ge t su* an union ( qualities is possible1 & t ^? 9 :om !y are unit$1 & ^? only1 %\ld be rul]s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:at d y mean8 ,let u suppose t philosophical m9ds always love k 99#dhe;,b99 ( a sort :i* %[s !m ! et]nal nature n v>y+ f g5]ation & corruption4 ,agre$4 ,& fur!r1 ,i said1 let u agree t !y are lov]s ( all true be+2 !re is no "p :e!r great] or less1 or m or less hon\rable1 :i* !y are will+ to r5\nce2 z we said be=e ( ! lov] & ! man ( ambition4 ,true4 ,& if !y are to be :at we 7 describ+1 is !re 99#dhe;,c99 n ano!r quality :i* !y %\ld also possess8 ,:at quality8 ,tru?fulness3 !y w nev] int5tionally receive into _! m9d falsehood1 :i* is _! dete/ation1 & !y w love ! tru?4 ,yes1 t may be safely affirm$ ( !m4 ',may be1' my fri5d1 ,i repli$1 is n ! ^w2 say r 'mu/ be affirm$3' = he ^: nature is amor\s ( any?+ _c help lov+ all t belongs or is ak9 to ! object ( 8 affections4 #ahb ,"r1 he said4 ,& is !re any?+ m ak9 to wisdom ?an tru?8 ,h[ c !re be8 ,c ! same nature be a lov] ( wisdom & a lov] ( 99#dhe;,d99 falsehood8 ,nev]4 ,! true lov] ( le>n+ !n mu/ f 8 e>lie/ y\?1 z f> z 9 him lies1 desire all tru?8 ,assur$ly4 ,b !n aga91 z we "k by exp]i5ce1 he ^: desires are /rong 9 "o direction w h !m weak] 9 o!rs2 !y w be l a /ream :i* has be5 drawn (f into ano!r *annel4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,he w be absorb$ 9 ! pleasures ( ! s\l1 & !re=e temp]ate & ! rev]se ( covet\s or mean4 ,he ^: desires are drawn t[>ds k 9 e =m w be absorb$ 9 ! pleasures ( ! s\l1 & w h>dly feel bodily pleasure--,i mean1 if he be a true philosoph] & n a %am "o4 99#dhe;,e99 ,t is mo/ c]ta94 ,su* an "o is sure to be temp]ate & ! rev]se ( covet\s2 = ! motives :i* make ano!r man desir\s ( hav+ & sp5d+1 h no place 9 8 "*4 ,v true4 99#dhf;,a99 ,ano!r crit]ion ( ! philosophical nature has also to be consid]$4 ,:at is t8 ,!re %\ld be no secret corn] ( illib]ality2 no?+ c be m antagoni/ic ?an meanness to a s\l :i* is ev] long+ aft] ! :ole ( ?+s bo? div9e & human4 ,mo/ true1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! magnific5ce ( 8 contemplations he w n ?9k mu* ( human life4 ,!n h[ c he :o has magnific5ce ( m9d & is ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1 ?9k mu* ( human life8 ,he _c4 99#dhf;,b99 ,or c su* an "o acc\nt dea? fe>ful8 ,no inde$4 ,!n ! c[>dly & mean nature has no "p 9 true philosophy8 #ahc ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or aga93 c he :o is h>moni\sly con/itut$1 :o is n covet\s or mean1 or a boa/]1 or a c[>d--c he1 ,i say1 ev] be unju/ or h>d 9 8 deal+s8 ,impossible4 ,sid5ote3 ,he w be ( a g5tle1 sociable1 h>moni\s nature2 a lov] ( le>n+1 hav+ a good memory & mov+ spontane\sly 9 ! _w ( be+4 ,!n y w soon obs]ve :e!r a man is j & g5tle1 or rude & unsociable2 ^! are ! signs :i* di/+ui% ev5 9 y\? ! philosophical nature f ! unphilosophical4 ,true4 99#dhf;,c99 ,!re is ano!r po9t :i* %\ld be rem>k$4 ,:at po9t8 ,:e!r he has or has n a pleasure 9 le>n+2 = no "o w love t :i* gives him pa91 & 9 :i* aft] mu* toil he makes little progress4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& aga91 if he is =getful & reta9s no?+ ( :at he le>ns1 w he n be an empty vessel8 ,t is c]ta94 ,lab\r+ 9 va91 he mu/ end 9 hat+ himself & 8 fruitless occupation8 ,yes4 99#dhf;,d99 ,!n a s\l :i* =gets _c be rank$ among g5u9e philosophic natures2 we mu/ insi/ t ! philosoph] %\ld h a good memory8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& once m1 ! inh>moni\s & unseemly nature c only t5d to disproportion8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& d y consid] tru? to be ak9 to proportion or to disproportion8 ,to proportion4 ,!n1 besides o!r qualities1 we mu/ try to f9d a naturally well-proportion$ & graci\s m9d1 :i* w move spontane\sly t[>ds ! true be+ ( ev]y?+4 ,c]ta9ly4 99#dhf;,e99 ,well1 & d n all ^! qualities1 :i* we h be5 enum]at+1 g toge!r1 & are !y n1 9 a mann]1 necess>y to a s\l1 :i* is to h a full & p]fect p>ticipation ( be+8 #ahd 99#dhg;,a99 ,!y are absolutely necess>y1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion3 ,:at a blameless /udy !n is philosophy6 ,& mu/ n t be a blameless /udy :i* he only c pursue :o has ! gift ( a good memory1 & is quick to le>n1--noble1 graci\s1 ! fri5d ( tru?1 ju/ice1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 :o are 8 k9dr$8 ,! god ( jeal\sy himself1 he said1 c\ld f9d no fault ) su* a /udy4 ,& to m5 l him1 ,i said1 :5 p]fect$ by ye>s & education1 & to ^! only y w entru/ ! ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,adeimantus4 ,sid5ote3 ,nay1 says ,adeimantus1 y c prove any?+1 b y\r he>]s are unconv9c$ all ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,common op9ion decl>es philosoph]s to be ei!r rogues or useless4 99#dhg;,b99 ,"h ,adeimantus int]pos$ & said3 ,to ^! /atem5ts1 ,socrates1 no "o c (f] a reply2 b :5 y talk 9 ?is way1 a /range feel+ passes ov] ! m9ds ( y\r he>]s3 ,!y fancy t !y are l$ a/ray a little at ea* /ep 9 ! argum5t1 ow+ to _! own want ( skill 9 ask+ & answ]+ que/ions2 ^! littles accumulate1 & at ! end ( ! discussion !y are f\nd to h su/a9$ a mighty ov]?r[ & all _! =m] notions appe> to be turn$ upside d[n4 ,& z unskilful play]s ( draughts are at la/ %ut up by _! m skilful adv]s>ies 99#dhg;,c99 & h no piece to move1 s !y too f9d !mselves %ut up at la/2 = !y h no?+ to say 9 ?is new game ( :i* words are ! c\nt]s2 & yet all ! "t !y are 9 ! "r4 ,! obs]vation is sugge/$ to me by :at is n[ occurr+4 ,= any "o ( u might say1 t al?\gh 9 words he is n able to meet y at ea* /ep ( ! argum5t1 he sees z a fact t ! vot>ies ( philosophy1 :5 !y c>ry on ! /udy1 n only 9 y\? z a "p ( 99#dhg;,d99 education1 b z ! pursuit ( _! matur] ye>s1 mo/ ( !m become /range mon/]s1 n to say utt] rogues1 & t ^? :o may be consid]$ ! be/ ( !m are made useless to ! _w by ! v /udy :i* y extol4 ,well1 & d y ?9k t ^? :o say s are wrong8 ,i _c tell1 he repli$2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :at is y\r op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 in/ead ( d5y+ ?is /atem5t1 admits ! tru? ( x4 ,he> my answ]2 ,i am ( op9ion t !y are q "r4 99#dhg;,e99 ,!n h[ c y be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t cities w n cease f evil until philosoph]s rule 9 !m1 :5 philosoph]s are ackn[l$g$ by u to be ( no use to !m8 ,y ask a "q1 ,i said1 to :i* a reply c only be giv5 9 a p>able4 #ahe ,yes1 ,socrates2 & t is a way ( speak+ to :i* y are n at all accu/om$1 ,i suppose4 ,sid5ote3 ,a p>able4 ,sid5ote3 ,! noble capta9 ^: s5ses are r dull 7! p 9 _! bett] m9d72 ! mut9\s crew 7! mob ( politicians72 & ! pilot 7! true philosoph]74 ,i p]ceive1 ,i said1 t y are va/ly amus$ at hav+ plung$ me into su* a hopeless discussion2 b n[ he> 99#dhh;,a99 ! p>able1 & !n y w be /ill m amus$ at ! meagr5ess ( my imag9ation3 = ! mann] 9 :i* ! be/ m5 are treat$ 9 _! own ,/ates is s griev\s t no s+le ?+ on e>? is comp>able to x2 & !re=e1 if ,i am to plead _! cause1 ,i mu/ h rec\rse to fiction1 & put toge!r a figure made up ( _m ?+s1 l ! fabul\s unions ( goats & /ags :i* are f\nd 9 pictures4 ,imag9e !n a fleet or a %ip 9 :i* !re is 99#dhh;,b99 a capta9 :o is tall] & /rong] ?an any ( ! crew1 b he is a little deaf & has a simil> infirmity 9 sight1 & 8 k ( navigation is n mu* bett]4 ,! sailors are qu>rell+ ) "o ano!r ab\t ! /e]+--e "o is ( op9ion t he has a "r to /e]1 ?\gh he has nev] le>n$ ! art ( navigation & _c tell :o taught him or :5 he le>n$1 & w fur!r ass]t t x _c be taught1 & !y are ready to cut 9 pieces any 99#dhh;,c99 "o :o says ! contr>y4 ,!y ?rong ab\t ! capta91 begg+ & pray+ him to commit ! helm to !m2 & if at any "t !y d n prevail1 b o!rs are pref]r$ to !m1 !y kill ! o!rs or ?r[ !m ov]bo>d1 & hav+ fir/ *a9$ up ! noble capta9's s5ses ) dr9k or "s n>cotic drug1 !y mut9y & take possession ( ! %ip & make free ) ! /ores2 ?us1 eat+ & dr9k+1 !y proce$ on _! voyage 9 su* mann] z 99#dhh;,d99 might be expect$ ( !m4 ,him :o is _! p>tisan & clev]ly aids !m 9 _! plot = gett+ ! %ip out ( ! capta9's h&s into _! own :e!r by =ce or p]suasion1 !y complim5t ) ! "n ( sailor1 pilot1 able seaman1 & abuse ! o!r sort ( man1 :om !y call a good-=-no?+2 b t ! true pilot mu/ pay att5tion to ! ye> & seasons & sky & />s & w9ds1 & :atev] else belongs to 8 art1 if he int5ds to be really qualifi$ = ! comm& ( a %ip1 & t he mu/ & 99#dhh;,e99 w be ! /e]]1 :e!r o!r p l or n--! possibility ( ?is union ( au?ority ) ! /e]]'s art has nev] s]i\sly ent]$ into _! ?\ghts or be5 made 99#dhi;,a99 "p #ahf ( _! call+#a4 ,n[ 9 vessels :i* are 9 a /ate ( mut9y & by sailors :o are mut9e]s1 h[ w ! true pilot be reg>d$8 ,w he n be call$ by !m a prat]1 a />-gaz]1 a good-=-no?+8 ,footnote #a3 ,or1 apply+ ,greek3 o7_/ps de kub]n_/sei to ! mut9e]s1 ',b only und]/&+ 7,greek3 e7pai_/ontas7 t he 7! mut9\s pilot7 mu/ rule 9 spite ( o!r p1 nev] consid]+ t !re is an art ( comm& :i* may be practis$ 9 comb9ation ) ! pilot's art4' ,( c\rse1 said ,adeimantus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! int]pretation4 ,!n y w h>dly ne$1 ,i said1 to he> ! int]pretation ( ! figure1 :i* describes ! true philosoph] 9 8 relation to ! ,/ate2 = y und]/& already4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n suppose y n[ take ?is p>able to ! g5tleman :o is surpris$ at f9d+ t philosoph]s h no hon\r 9 _! cities2 expla9 x to him & try to conv9ce him t 99#dhi;,b99 _! hav+ hon\r w\ld be f> m extraord9>y4 ,i w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! uselessness ( philosoph]s arises out ( ! unwill+ness ( mank9d to make use ( !m4 ,say to him1 t1 9 deem+ ! be/ vot>ies ( philosophy to be useless to ! re/ ( ! _w1 he is "r2 b also tell him to attribute _! uselessness to ! fault ( ^? :o w n use !m1 & n to !mselves4 ,! pilot %\ld n humbly beg ! sailors to be comm&$ by him--t is n ! ord] ( nature2 nei!r are '! wise to g to ! doors ( ! ri*'--! +5i\s au?or ( ?is say+ told a lie--b ! tru? is1 t1 :5 a man is ill1 99#dhi;,c99 :e!r he be ri* or poor1 to ! physician he mu/ g1 & he :o wants to be gov]n$1 to him :o is able to gov]n4 ,! rul] :o is good = any?+ ought n to beg 8 subjects to be rul$ by him2 al?\gh ! pres5t gov]nors ( mank9d are ( a diff]5t /amp2 !y may be ju/ly comp>$ to ! mut9\s sailors1 & ! true helmsm5 to ^? :o are call$ by !m good-=-no?+s & />-gaz]s4 ,precisely s1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! real enemies ( philosophy h] pr(ess+ foll[]s4 ,= ^! reasons1 & among m5 l ^!1 philosophy1 ! noble/ pursuit ( all1 is n likely to be mu* e/eem$ 99#dhi;,d99 by ^? ( ! opposite faction2 n t ! greate/ & mo/ la/+ injury is done to h] by h] oppon5ts1 b by h] own pr(ess+ foll[]s1 ! same ( :om y #ahg suppose ! accus] to say1 t ! great] numb] ( !m are arrant rogues1 & ! be/ are useless2 9 :i* op9ion ,i agre$4 ,yes4 ,& ! reason :y ! good are useless has n[ be5 expla9$8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! corruption ( philosophy due to _m causes4 ,!n %all we proce$ to %[ t ! corruption ( ! majority is also unavoidable1 & t ?is is n to be laid to 99#dhi;,e99 ! *>ge ( philosophy any m ?an ! o!r8 ,by all means4 ,& let u ask & answ] 9 turn1 fir/ go+ back to ! 99#dij;,a99 description ( ! g5tle & noble nature4 ,tru?1 z y w rememb]1 0 8 lead]1 :om he foll[$ always & 9 all ?+s2 fail+ 9 ?is1 he 0 an impo/or1 & _h no "p or lot 9 true philosophy4 ,yes1 t 0 said4 ,well1 & is n ?is "o quality1 to m5tion no o!rs1 greatly at v>iance ) pres5t notions ( him8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,b be=e consid]+ ?is1 let u re-enum]ate ! qualities ( ! philosoph]3 ,& h we n a "r to say 9 8 def5ce1 t ! true lov] ( k is always /riv+ aft] be+--t is 8 nature2 he w n re/ 9 ! multiplicity ( individuals 99#dij;,b99 :i* is an appe>ance only1 b w g on--! ke5 edge w n be blunt$1 nor ! =ce ( 8 desire abate until he h atta9$ ! k ( ! true nature ( e ess5ce by a sympa!tic & k9dr$ p[] 9 ! s\l1 & by t p[] draw+ ne> & m+l+ & becom+ incorporate ) v be+1 hav+ begott5 m9d & tru?1 he w h k & w live & gr[ truly1 & !n1 & n till !n1 w he cease f 8 travail4 ,no?+1 he said1 c be m j ?an su* a description ( him4 ,sid5ote3 8 love ( ess5ce1 ( tru?1 ( ju/ice1 besides 8 o!r virtues & natural gifts4 ,& w ! love ( a lie be any "p ( a philosoph]'s nature8 ,w he n utt]ly hate a lie8 99#dij;,c99 ,he w4 ,& :5 tru? is ! capta91 we _c suspect any evil ( ! b& :i* he leads8 ,impossible4 #ahh ,ju/ice & heal? ( m9d w be ( ! company1 & temp]ance w foll[ aft]8 ,true1 he repli$4 ,nei!r is !re any reason :y ,i %\ld aga9 set 9 array ! philosoph]'s virtues1 z y w d\btless rememb] t c\rage1 magnific5ce1 appreh5sion1 memory1 7 8 natural gifts4 ,& y object$ t1 al?\gh no "o c\ld 99#dij;,d99 d5y :at ,i !n said1 /ill1 if y leave words & look at facts1 ! p]sons :o are ?us describ$ are "s ( !m manife/ly useless1 & ! great] numb] utt]ly deprav$2 we 7 !n l$ to enquire into ! gr\nds ( ^! accusations1 & h n[ arriv$ at ! po9t ( ask+ :y are ! majority bad1 :i* "q ( necessity br\ght u back to ! exam9ation & def9ition ( ! true philosoph]4 99#dij;,e99 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! reasons :y philosophical natures s easily det]iorate4 ,& we h next to consid] ! corruptions ( ! philosophic nature1 :y s _m are spoil$ & s few escape spoil+--,i am speak+ ( ^? :o 7 said to be 99#dia;,a99 useless b n wick$--&1 :5 we h done ) !m1 we w speak ( ! imitators ( philosophy1 :at mann] ( m5 are !y :o aspire aft] a pr(ession :i* is above !m & ( :i* !y are unwor?y1 & !n1 by _! manifold inconsi/5cies1 br+ ^u philosophy1 & ^u all philosoph]s1 t univ]sal reprobation ( :i* we speak4 ,:at are ^! corruptions8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,!re are b a few ( !m2 ,i w see if ,i c expla9 !m to y4 ,e "o w admit t a nature hav+ 9 p]fection all ! qualities 99#dia;,b99 :i* we requir$ 9 a philosoph]1 is a r>e plant :i* is seldom se5 among m54 ,r>e inde$4 ,& :at numb]less & p[]ful causes t5d to de/roy ^! r>e natures6 ,:at causes8 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 & !y may be di/ract$ f philosophy by _! own virtues2 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are _! own virtues1 _! c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ! re/ ( !m1 e "o ( :i* praisewor?y qualities 7& ?is is a mo/ s+ul> circum/ance7 de/roys & di/racts f philosophy ! s\l :i* is ! possessor ( !m4 ,t is v s+ul>1 he repli$4 #ahi ,sid5ote3 & also1 7#c71 by ! ord9>y goods ( life4 99#dia;,c99 ,!n !re are all ! ord9>y goods ( life--beauty1 weal?1 /r5g?1 rank1 & great connections 9 ! ,/ate--y und]/& ! sort ( ?+s--^! also h a corrupt+ & di/ract+ effect4 ,i und]/&2 b ,i %\ld l to "k m precisely :at y mean ab\t !m4 ,grasp ! tru? z a :ole1 ,i said1 & 9 ! "r way2 y w !n h no difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ! prec$+ rem>ks1 & !y w no long] appe> /range to y4 ,& h[ am ,i to d s8 he ask$4 99#dia;,d99 ,:y1 ,i said1 we "k t all g]ms or se$s1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 :5 !y fail to meet ) prop] nutrim5t or climate or soil1 9 proportion to _! vig\r1 are all ! m s5sitive to ! want ( a suitable environm5t1 = evil is a great] enemy to :at is good ?an to :at is n4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 7#d7 ,! f9] natures m liable to injury ?an ! inf]ior4 ,!re is reason 9 suppos+ t ! f9e/ natures1 :5 "u ali5 conditions1 receive m injury ?an ! inf]ior1 because ! contra/ is great]4 ,c]ta9ly4 99#dia;,e99 ,& may we n say1 ,adeimantus1 t ! mo/ gift$ m9ds1 :5 !y are ill-educat$1 become pre-em95tly bad8 ,d n great crimes & ! _s ( pure evil spr+ out ( a fulness ( nature ru9$ by education r ?an f any inf]iority1 :]eas weak natures are sc>cely capable ( any v great good or v great evil8 ,!re ,i ?9k t y are "r4 ,sid5ote3 7#e7 ,!y are n corrupt$ by private sophi/s1 b compell$ by ! op9ion ( ! _w meet+ 9 ! assembly or 9 "s o!r place ( resort4 99#dib;,a99 ,& our philosoph] foll[s ! same analogy--he is l a plant :i*1 hav+ prop] nurture1 mu/ necess>ily gr[ & mature into all virtue1 b1 if s[n & plant$ 9 an ali5 soil1 becomes ! mo/ noxi\s ( all we$s1 unless he be pres]v$ by "s div9e p[]4 ,d y really ?9k1 z p s (t5 say1 t our y\? are corrupt$ by ,sophi/s1 or t private tea*]s ( ! art corrupt !m 9 any degree wor? speak+ (8 ,are n ! public :o say ^! ?+s 99#dib;,b99 ! greate/ ( all ,sophi/s8 ,& d !y n educate to p]fection "y & old1 m5 & wom5 alike1 & fa%ion !m aft] _! own he>ts8 ,:5 is ?is accompli%$8 he said4 #aij ,:5 !y meet toge!r1 & ! _w sits d[n at an assembly1 or 9 a c\rt ( law1 or a !atre1 or a camp1 or 9 any o!r popul> resort1 & !re is a great upro>1 & !y praise "s ?+s :i* are be+ said or done1 & blame o!r ?+s1 equally exagg]at+ bo?1 %\t+ & 99#dib;,c99 clapp+ _! h&s1 & ! e*o ( ! rocks & ! place 9 :i* !y are assembl$ r$\bles ! s\nd ( ! praise or blame--at su* a "t w n a "y man's he>t1 z !y say1 leap )9 him8 ,w any private tra9+ enable him to /& firm aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ flood ( popul> op9ion8 or w he be c>ri$ away by ! /ream8 ,w he n h ! notions ( good & evil :i* ! public 9 g5]al h--he w d z !y d1 & z !y are1 su* w he be8 99#dib;,d99 ,yes1 ,socrates2 necessity w compel him4 ,sid5ote3 7#f7 ,! o!r compulsion ( viol5ce & dea?4 ,& yet1 ,i said1 !re is a /ill great] necessity1 :i* has n be5 m5tion$4 ,:at is t8 ,! g5tle =ce ( atta9d] or confiscation or dea?1 :i*1 z y are aw>e1 ^! new ,sophi/s & educators1 :o are ! public1 apply :5 _! words are p[]less4 ,inde$ !y d2 & 9 "r good e>ne/4 ,n[ :at op9ion ( any o!r ,sophi/1 or ( any private p]son1 c be expect$ to ov]come 9 su* an unequal conte/8 99#dib;,e99 ,none1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y mu/ be sav$1 if at all1 by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,no1 inde$1 ,i said1 ev5 to make ! attempt is a great piece ( folly2 !re nei!r is1 nor has be51 nor is ev] likely to be1 any diff]5t type ( "* :i* has _h no o!r tra9+ 9 virtue b t :i* is suppli$ by public op9ion#b--;,i speak1 my fri5d1 ( human virtue only2 :at is m ?an human1 z ! prov]b says1 is n includ$3 = ,i w\ld n h y ignorant t1 9 ! pres5t evil /ate ( gov]nm5ts1 :atev] is sav$ & comes to good is 99#dic;,a99 sav$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 z we may truly say4 ,footnote #b3 ,or1 tak+ ,greek3 p>a 9 ano!r s5se1 'tra9$ to virtue on _! pr9ciples4' ,i q ass5t1 he repli$4 ,!n let me crave y\r ass5t also to a fur!r obs]vation4 ,:at are y go+ to say8 ,sid5ote3 ,! great brute2 8 behavi\r & temp] 7! p look$ at f _! worse side74 ,:y1 t all ^? m]c5>y individuals1 :om ! _m #aia call ,sophi/s & :om !y deem to be _! adv]s>ies1 d1 9 fact1 tea* no?+ b ! op9ion ( ! _m1 t is to say1 ! op9ions ( _! assemblies2 & ?is is _! wisdom4 ,i might comp>e !m to a man :o %\ld /udy ! temp]s & desires ( a mighty /rong bea/ :o is f$ 99#dic;,b99 by him--he w\ld le>n h[ to approa* & h&le him1 also at :at times & f :at causes he is dang]\s or ! rev]se1 & :at is ! mean+ ( 8 sev]al cries1 & by :at s\nds1 :5 ano!r utt]s !m1 he is soo!d or infuriat$2 & y may suppose fur!r1 t :51 by cont9ually att5d+ ^u him1 he has become p]fect 9 all ?is1 he calls 8 k wisdom1 & makes ( x a sy/em or art1 :i* he proce$s to tea*1 al?\gh he has no real notion ( :at he means by ! pr9ciples or passions ( :i* he is speak+1 b calls ?is hon\rable & t di%on\rable1 or good or evil1 or j or unju/1 all 9 accordance 99#dic;,c99 ) ! ta/es & temp]s ( ! great brute4 ,good he pron\nces to be t 9 :i* ! bea/ delights & evil to be t :i* he dislikes2 & he c give no o!r acc\nt ( !m except t ! j & noble are ! necess>y1 hav+ nev] himself se51 & hav+ no p[] ( expla9+ to o!rs ! nature ( ei!r1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 :i* is imm5se4 ,by heav51 w\ld n su* an "o be a r>e educator8 ,inde$ he w\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o associates ) ! p w con=m to _! ta/es & w produce only :at pleases !m4 ,& 9 :at way does he :o ?9ks t wisdom is 99#dic;,d99 ! disc]nm5t ( ! temp]s & ta/es ( ! motley multitude1 :e!r 9 pa9t+ or music1 or1 f9ally1 9 politics1 diff] f him :om ,i h be5 describ+8 ,= :5 a man consorts ) ! _m1 & exhibits to !m 8 poem or o!r "w ( art or ! s]vice :i* he has done ! ,/ate1 mak+ !m 8 judges#c :5 he is n oblig$1 ! s-call$ necessity ( ,diom$e w oblige him to produce :atev] !y praise4 ,& yet ! reasons are utt]ly ludicr\s :i* !y give 9 confirmation ( _! own notions ab\t ! hon\rable & good4 ,did y ev] he> any ( !m :i* 7 n8 ,footnote #c3 ,putt+ a comma aft] ,greek3 tn a7nangkai_/n4 99#dic;,e99 ,no1 nor am ,i likely to he>4 ,y recognise ! tru? ( :at ,i h be5 say+8 ,!n #aib let me ask y to consid] fur!r :e!r ! _w w ev] be induc$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( absolute 99#did;,a99 beauty r ?an ( ! _m beautiful1 or ( ! absolute 9 ea* k9d r ?an ( ! _m 9 ea* k9d8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n ! _w _c possibly be a philosoph]8 ,impossible4 ,& !re=e philosoph]s mu/ inevitably fall "u ! c5sure ( ! _w8 ,!y mu/4 ,& ( individuals :o consort ) ! mob & seek to please !m8 ,t is evid5t4 ,!n1 d y see any way 9 :i* ! philosoph] c 99#did;,b99 be pres]v$ 9 8 call+ to ! end8 & rememb] :at we 7 say+ ( him1 t he 0 to h quickness & memory & c\rage & magnific5ce--^! 7 admitt$ by u to be ! true philosoph]'s gifts4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! y\? :o has great bodily & m5tal gifts w be flatt]$ f 8 *ildhood1 ,w n su* an "o f 8 e>ly *ildhood be 9 all ?+s fir/ among all1 especially if 8 bodily end[m5ts are l 8 m5tal ones8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& 8 fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s w want to use him z he gets old] = _! own purposes8 ,no "q4 99#did;,c99 ,fall+ at 8 feet1 !y w make reque/s to him & d him hon\r & flatt] him1 because !y want to get into _! h&s n[1 ! p[] :i* he w "o day possess4 ,t (t5 happ5s1 he said4 ,& :at w a man su* z he is be likely to d "u su* circum/ances1 especially if he be a citiz5 ( a great city1 ri* & noble1 & a tall prop] y\?8 ,w he n be full ( b\ndless aspirations1 & fancy himself able to manage ! affairs ( ,hell5es & ( b>b>ians1 & hav+ got su* 99#did;,d99 notions into 8 head w he n dilate & elevate himself 9 ! fulness ( va9 pomp & s5seless pride8 ,to be sure he w4 ,sid5ote3 & be+ incapable ( hav+ reason1 w be easily drawn away f philosophy4 ,n[1 :5 he is 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 if "s "o g5tly comes to him & tells him t he is a fool & mu/ get #aic und]/&+1 :i* c only be got by slav+ = x1 d y ?9k t1 "u su* adv]se circum/ances1 he w be easily induc$ to li/58 ,f> o!rwise4 ,& ev5 if !re be "s "o :o ?r\gh inh]5t 99#did;,e99 goodness or natural reasonabl5ess has _h 8 eyes op5$ a little & is humbl$ & tak5 captive by philosophy1 h[ w 8 fri5ds behave :5 !y ?9k t !y are likely to lose ! advantage :i* !y 7 hop+ to reap f 8 companion%ip8 ,w !y n d & say any?+ to prev5t him f yield+ to 8 bett] nature & to r5d] 8 tea*] p[]less1 us+ to ?is end private intrigues z well z public prosecutions8 99#die;,a99 ,!re c be no d\bt ( x4 ,& h[ c "o :o is ?us circum/anc$ ev] become a philosoph]8 ,impossible4 ,sid5ote3 ,! v qualities :i* make a man a philosoph] may also div]t him f philosophy4 ,!n 7 we n "r 9 say+ t ev5 ! v qualities :i* make a man a philosoph] may1 if he be ill-educat$1 div]t him f philosophy1 no less ?an ri*es & _! accompanim5ts & ! o!r s-call$ goods ( life8 ,we 7 q "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,great natures alone are capable1 ei!r ( great good1 or great evil4 ,?us1 my excell5t fri5d1 is br\ght ab\t all t ru9 & 99#die;,b99 failure :i* ,i h be5 describ+ ( ! natures be/ adapt$ to ! be/ ( all pursuits2 !y are natures :i* we ma9ta9 to be r>e at any "t2 ?is be+ ! class out ( :i* come ! m5 :o are ! au?ors ( ! greate/ evil to ,/ates & individuals2 & also ( ! greate/ good :5 ! tide c>ries !m 9 t direction2 b a small man nev] 0 ! do] ( any great ?+ ei!r to individuals or to ,/ates4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,& s philosophy is left desolate1 ) h] m>riage rite 99#die;,c99 incomplete3 = h] own h fall5 away & =sak5 h]1 & :ile !y are lead+ a false & unbecom+ life1 o!r unwor?y p]sons1 see+ t %e has no k9sm5 to be h] protectors1 ent] 9 & di%on\r h]2 & fa/5 ^u h] ! reproa*es :i*1 z y say1 h] reprov]s utt]1 :o affirm ( h] vot>ies t "s are good = no?+1 & t ! great] numb] des]ve ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 #aid ,t is c]ta9ly :at p say4 ,sid5ote3 ,! attractiv5ess ( philosophy to ! vulg>4 ,yes2 & :at else w\ld y expect1 ,i said1 :5 y ?9k ( ! puny creatures :o1 see+ ?is l& op5 to 99#die;,d99 !m--a l& well /ock$ ) fair names & %[y titles--l prison]s runn+ out ( prison into a sanctu>y1 take a leap out ( _! trades into philosophy2 ^? :o d s be+ probably ! clev]e/ h&s at _! own mis]able crafts8 ,=1 al?\gh philosophy be 9 ?is evil case1 /ill !re rema9s a dignity ab\t h] :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! arts4 ,& _m are ?us attract$ by h] ^: 99#die;,e99 natures are imp]fect & ^: s\ls are maim$ & disfigur$ by _! meannesses1 z _! bodies are by _! trades & crafts4 ,is n ?is unavoidable8 ,yes4 ,are !y n exactly l a bald little t9k] :o has j got out ( durance & come into a =tune2 he takes a ba? & puts on a new coat1 & is deck$ out z a bridegroom go+ to m>ry 8 ma/]'s daught]1 :o is left poor & desolate8 99#dif;,a99 ,a mo/ exact p>allel4 ,:at w be ! issue ( su* m>riages8 ,w !y n be vile & ba/>d8 ,!re c be no "q ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! msalliance ( philosophy4 ,& :5 p]sons :o are unwor?y ( education approa* philosophy & make an alliance ) h] :o is 9 a rank above !m :at sort ( ideas & op9ions are likely to be g5]at$8 #d,w !y n be sophisms captivat+ to ! e>1 hav+ no?+ 9 !m g5u9e1 or wor?y ( or ak9 to true wisdom8 ,footnote #d3 ,or1 'w !y n des]ve to be call$ sophisms1' 4444 ,no d\bt1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,few are ! wor?y disciples3 ,sid5ote3 & ^! are unable to resi/ ! madness ( ! _w2 ,sid5ote3 !y !re=e 9 ord] to escape ! /orm take %elt] beh9d a wall & live _! own life4 ,!n1 ,adeimantus1 ,i said1 ! wor?y disciples ( philosophy 99#dif;,b99 w be b a small remnant3 p]*ance "s noble & well-educat$ p]son1 deta9$ by exile 9 h] s]vice1 :o 9 ! abs5ce ( corrupt+ influ5ces rema9s devot$ to h]2 or "s l(ty s\l born 9 a mean city1 ! politics ( :i* he contemns & neglects2 & !re may be a gift$ few :o leave ! arts1 :i* !y ju/ly despise1 & come to h]2--or p]adv5ture !re are "s :o are re/ra9$ 99#dif;,c99 by our fri5d ,!ages' bridle2 = ev]y?+ 9 ! life ( ,!ages #aie conspir$ to div]t him f philosophy2 b ill-heal? kept him away f politics4 ,my own case ( ! int]nal sign is h>dly wor? m5tion+1 = r>ely1 if ev]1 has su* a monitor be5 giv5 to any o!r man4 ,^? :o belong to ?is small class h ta/$ h[ sweet & bless$ a possession philosophy is1 & h also se5 en\gh ( ! madness ( ! multitude2 & !y "k 99#dif;,d99 t no politician is hone/1 nor is !re any *ampion ( ju/ice at ^: side !y may fight & be sav$4 ,su* an "o may be comp>$ to a man :o has fall5 among wild bea/s--he w n jo9 9 ! wick$ness ( 8 fell[s1 b nei!r is he able s+ly to resi/ all _! fi]ce natures1 & !re=e see+ t he w\ld be ( no use to ! ,/ate or to 8 fri5ds1 & reflect+ t he w\ld h to ?r[ away 8 life )\t do+ any good ei!r to himself or o!rs1 he holds 8 peace1 & goes 8 own way4 ,he is l "o :o1 9 ! /orm ( du/ & sleet :i* ! driv+ w9d hurries along1 retires "u ! %elt] ( a wall2 & see+ ! re/ ( mank9d full ( wick$ness1 he is cont5t1 99#dif;,e99 if only he c live 8 own life & be pure f evil or unrighte\sness1 & dep>t 9 peace & good-w1 ) bright hopes4 ,yes1 he said1 & he w h done a great "w be=e he dep>ts4 ,a great "w--yes2 b n ! greate/1 unless he f9d 99#dig;,a99 a ,/ate suitable to him2 = 9 a ,/ate :i* is suitable to him1 he w h a l>g] gr[? & be ! savi\r ( 8 c\ntry1 z well z ( himself4 ,! causes :y philosophy is 9 su* an evil "n h n[ be5 suffici5tly expla9$3 ! inju/ice ( ! *>ges aga9/ h] has be5 %[n--is !re any?+ m :i* y wi% to say8 ,no?+ m on t subject1 he repli$2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :i* ( ! gov]nm5ts n[ exi/+ is 9 y\r op9ion ! "o adapt$ to h]4 ,sid5ote3 ,no exi/+ ,/ate suit$ to philosophy4 99#dig;,b99 ,n any ( !m1 ,i said2 & t is precisely ! accusation :i* ,i br+ aga9/ !m--n "o ( !m is wor?y ( ! philosophic nature1 & h5ce t nature is w>p$ & e/rang$2--z ! exotic se$ :i* is s[n 9 a =eign l& becomes d5aturaliz$1 & is wont to be ov]p[]$ & to lose itself 9 ! new soil1 ev5 s ?is gr[? #aif ( philosophy1 in/ead ( p]si/+1 deg5]ates & receives ano!r "*4 ,b if philosophy ev] f9ds 9 ! ,/ate 99#dig;,c99 t p]fection :i* %e h]self is1 !n w be se5 t %e is 9 tru? div9e1 & t all o!r ?+s1 :e!r natures ( m5 or in/itutions1 are b human2--& n[1 ,i "k1 t y are go+ to ask1 ,:at t ,/ate is3 ,no1 he said2 !re y are wrong1 = ,i 0 go+ to ask ano!r "q--:e!r x is ! ,/ate ( :i* we are ! f\nd]s & inv5tors1 or "s o!r8 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5 our own ,/ate requires ! addition ( ! liv+ au?ority4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 ours 9 mo/ respects2 b y may rememb] my say+ be=e1 t "s liv+ au?ority w\ld always be requir$ 9 ! ,/ate hav+ ! same idea ( 99#dig;,d99 ! con/itution :i* guid$ y :5 z legislator y 7 lay+ d[n ! laws4 ,t 0 said1 he repli$4 ,yes1 b n 9 a satisfactory mann]2 y fright5$ u by int]pos+ objections1 :i* c]ta9ly %[$ t ! discussion w\ld be long & difficult2 & :at /ill rema9s is ! rev]se ( easy4 ,:at is !re rema9+8 ,! "q h[ ! /udy ( philosophy may be s ord]$ z n to be ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate3 ,all great attempts are att5d$ ) risk2 'h>d is ! good1' z m5 say4 99#dig;,e99 ,/ill1 he said1 let ! po9t be cle>$ up1 & ! enquiry w !n be complete4 ,i %all n be h9d]$1 ,i said1 by any want ( w1 b1 if at all1 by a want ( p[]3 my zeal y may see = y\rselves2 & please to rem>k 9 :at ,i am ab\t to say h[ boldly & unhesitat+ly ,i decl>e t ,/ates %\ld pursue philosophy1 n z !y d n[1 b 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,9 :at mann]8 ,sid5ote3 ,! sup]ficial /udy ( philosophy :i* exi/s 9 ! pres5t day4 99#dih;,a99 ,at pres5t1 ,i said1 ! /ud5ts ( philosophy are q "y2 beg9n+ :5 !y are h>dly pa/ *ildhood1 !y devote only ! "t sav$ f moneymak+ & h\sekeep+ to su* pursuits2 & ev5 ^? ( !m :o are reput$ to h mo/ ( ! philosophic _s1 :5 !y come )9 sight ( ! great difficulty ( ! subject1 ,i mean dialectic1 take !mselves (f4 ,9 aft] life :5 invit$ by "s "o else1 !y may1 p]haps1 g & he> a lecture1 & ab\t ?is !y make mu* ado1 = philosophy is n consid]$ #aig by !m to be _! prop] bus9ess3 at la/1 :5 !y gr[ old1 9 mo/ cases !y are ext+ui%$ m 99#dih;,b99 truly ?an ,h]acleitus' sun1 inasmu* z !y nev] light up aga9#e4 ,footnote #e3 ,h]aclitus said t ! sun 0 ext+ui%$ e ev5+ & relight$ e morn+4 ,b :at ought to be _! c\rse8 ,j ! opposite4 ,9 *ildhood & y\? _! /udy1 & :at philosophy !y le>n1 %\ld be suit$ to _! t5d] ye>s3 dur+ ?is p]iod :ile !y are gr[+ up t[>ds manhood1 ! *ief & special c>e %\ld be giv5 to _! bodies t !y may h !m to use 9 ! s]vice ( philosophy2 z life advances & ! intellect beg9s to mature1 let !m increase ! gymna/ics ( ! s\l2 b :5 ! /r5g? ( our citiz5s fails & is pa/ civil & 99#dih;,c99 milit>y duties1 !n let !m range at w & engage 9 no s]i\s lab\r1 z we int5d !m to live happily "h1 & to cr[n ?is life ) a simil> happ9ess 9 ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,?rasyma*us once m4 ,h[ truly 9 e>ne/ y are1 ,socrates6 he said2 ,i am sure ( t2 & yet mo/ ( y\r he>]s1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 are likely to be /ill m e>ne/ 9 _! opposition to y1 & w nev] be conv9c$2 ,?rasyma*us lea/ ( all4 ,d n make a qu>rel1 ,i said1 betwe5 ,?rasyma*us & 99#dih;,d99 me1 :o h rec5tly become fri5ds1 al?\gh1 inde$1 we 7 nev] enemies2 = ,i %all g on /riv+ to ! utmo/ until ,i ei!r conv]t him & o!r m51 or d some?+ :i* may pr(it !m aga9/ ! day :5 !y live aga91 & hold ! l disc\rse 9 ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,y are speak+ ( a "t :i* is n v ne>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p hate philosophy because !y h only kn[n bad & conv5tional imitations ( x4 ,r1 ,i repli$1 ( a "t :i* is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) et]nity4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n wond] t ! _m refuse to believe2 = !y h nev] se5 t ( :i* we are n[ speak+ realiz$2 !y h se5 only 99#dih;,e99 a conv5tional imitation ( philosophy1 consi/+ ( words artificially br\ght toge!r1 n l ^! ( ours hav+ a natural unity4 ,b a human be+ :o 9 ^w & "w is p]fectly m\ld$1 z f> z he c be1 into ! proportion & lik5ess ( virtue--su* a man rul+ 9 a city :i* 99#dii;,a99 be>s ! same image1 !y h nev] yet se51 nei!r "o nor _m ( !m--d y ?9k t !y ev] did8 #aih ,no inde$4 ,no1 my fri5d1 & !y h seldom1 if ev]1 he>d free & noble s5tim5ts2 su* z m5 utt] :5 !y are e>ne/ly & by e means 9 _! p[] seek+ aft] tru? = ! sake ( k1 :ile !y look coldly on ! subtleties ( controv]sy1 ( :i* ! end is op9ion & /rife1 :e!r !y meet ) !m 9 ! c\rts ( law or 9 society4 ,!y are /rang]s1 he said1 to ! words ( :i* y speak4 ,& ?is 0 :at we =esaw1 & ?is 0 ! reason 99#dii;,b99 :y tru? =c$ u to admit1 n )\t fe> & hesitation1 t nei!r cities nor ,/ates nor individuals w ev] atta9 p]fection until ! small class ( philosoph]s :om we t]m$ useless b n corrupt are provid5tially compell$1 :e!r !y w or n1 to take c>e ( ! ,/ate1 & until a l necessity be laid on ! ,/ate to obey !m#f2 or until k+s1 or if n k+s1 ! sons ( k+s or pr9ces1 are div9ely 99#dii;,c99 inspir$ ) a true love ( true philosophy4 ,t ei!r or bo? ( ^! alt]natives are impossible1 ,i see no reason to affirm3 if !y 7 s1 we might inde$ be ju/ly ridicul$ z dream]s & vision>ies4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,footnote #f3 ,read+ ,greek3 katko_/ or ,greek3 katko_/ois4 ,q "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,some:]e1 at "s "t1 !re may h be5 or may be a philosoph] :o is also ! rul] ( a ,/ate4 ,if !n1 9 ! c\ntless ages ( ! pa/1 or at ! pres5t h\r 9 "s =eign clime :i* is f> away & beyond 99#dii;,d99 our k51 ! p]fect$ philosoph] is or has be5 or h]eaft] %all be compell$ by a sup]ior p[] to h ! *>ge ( ! ,/ate1 we are ready to ass]t to ! dea?1 t ?is our con/itution has be51 & is--yea1 & w be :5ev] ! ,muse ( ,philosophy is que54 ,!re is no impossibility 9 all ?is2 t !re is a difficulty1 we ackn[l$ge ourselves4 ,my op9ion agrees ) y\rs1 he said4 ,b d y mean to say t ?is is n ! op9ion ( ! multitude8 ,i %\ld imag9e n1 he repli$4 ,o my fri5d1 ,i said1 d n attack ! multitude3 !y w 99#dii;,e99 *ange _! m9ds1 if1 n 9 an aggressive _s1 b g5tly #aii & ) ! view ( soo?+ !m & remov+ _! dislike ( ov]-education1 y %[ !m y\r philosoph]s z !y really are & describe z y 7 j n[ do+ 99#ejj;,a99 _! "* & pr(ession1 & !n mank9d w see t he ( :om y are speak+ is n su* z !y suppos$--if !y view him 9 ?is new light1 !y w surely *ange _! notion ( him1 & answ] 9 ano!r /ra9#g4 ,:o c be at enmity ) "o :o loves !m1 :o t is himself g5tle & free f envy w be jeal\s ( "o 9 :om !re is no jeal\sy8 ,nay1 let me answ] = y1 t 9 a few ?is h>% temp] may be f\nd b n 9 ! majority ( mank9d4 ,footnote #g3 ,read+ ,greek3 7 kai e7an ou7_/t !ntai )\t a "q1 & ,greek3 a7lloi_/an toi3 or1 reta9+ ! "q & tak+ ,greek3 a7lloi_/an d_/xan 9 a new s5se3 ',d y mean to say really t1 view+ him 9 ?is light1 !y w be ( ano!r m9d f y\rs1 & answ] 9 ano!r /ra98' ,i q agree ) y1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! feel+ aga9/ philosophy is really a feel+ aga9/ pret5d$ philosoph]s :o are always talk+ ab\t p]sons4 99#ejj;,b99 ,& d y n also ?9k1 z ,i d1 t ! h>% feel+ :i* ! _m ent]ta9 t[>ds philosophy orig9ates 9 ! pret5d]s1 :o ru% 9 un9vit$1 & are always abus+ !m1 & f9d+ fault ) !m1 :o make p]sons in/ead ( ?+s ! !me ( _! conv]sation8 & no?+ c be m unbecom+ 9 philosoph]s ?an ?is4 ,x is mo/ unbecom+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true philosoph]1 :o has 8 eye fix$ ^u immutable pr9ciples1 w fa%ion ,/ates aft] ! heav5ly image4 ,= he1 ,adeimantus1 ^: m9d is fix$ ^u true be+1 has surely no "t to look d[n ^u ! affairs ( e>?1 or 99#ejj;,c99 to be fill$ ) malice & envy1 cont5d+ aga9/ m52 8 eye is ev] direct$ t[>ds ?+s fix$ & immutable1 :i* he sees nei!r injur+ nor injur$ by "o ano!r1 b all 9 ord] mov+ accord+ to reason2 ^! he imitates1 & to ^! he w1 z f> z he c1 con=m himself4 ,c a man help imitat+ t ) :i* he holds rev]5tial conv]se8 ,impossible4 ,& ! philosoph] hold+ conv]se ) ! div9e ord]1 becomes ord]ly & div9e1 z f> z ! nature ( 99#ejj;,d99 man all[s2 b l e "o else1 he w suff] f detraction4 ,( c\rse4 #bjj ,& if a necessity be laid ^u him ( fa%ion+1 n only himself1 b human nature g5]ally1 :e!r 9 ,/ates or individuals1 into t :i* he beholds else:]e1 w he1 ?9k y1 be an unskilful artific] ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & e civil virtue8 ,any?+ b unskilful4 ,& if ! _w p]ceives t :at we are say+ ab\t 99#ejj;,e99 him is ! tru?1 w !y be angry ) philosophy8 ,w !y disbelieve u1 :5 we tell !m t no ,/ate c be happy :i* is n design$ by arti/s :o imitate ! heav5ly patt]n8 ,!y w n be angry if !y und]/&1 he said4 ,b 99#eja;,a99 h[ w !y draw out ! plan ( :i* y are speak+8 ,sid5ote3 ,he w beg9 ) a 'tabula rasa' & !re inscribe 8 laws4 ,!y w beg9 by tak+ ! ,/ate & ! mann]s ( m51 f :i*1 z f a tablet1 !y w rub out ! picture1 & leave a clean surface4 ,?is is no easy task4 ,b :e!r easy or n1 h]e9 w lie ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & e o!r legislator1--!y w h no?+ to d ei!r ) individual or ,/ate1 & w inscribe no laws1 until !y h ei!r f\nd1 or !mselves made1 a clean surface4 ,!y w be v "r1 he said4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is1 !y w proce$ to trace an outl9e ( ! con/itution8 ,no d\bt4 99#eja;,b99 ,& :5 !y are fill+ 9 ! "w1 z ,i conceive1 !y w (t5 turn _! eyes upw>ds & d[nw>ds3 ,i mean t !y w fir/ look at absolute ju/ice & beauty & temp]ance1 & aga9 at ! human copy2 & w m+le & temp] ! v>i\s elem5ts ( life into ! image ( a man2 & ?is !y w conceive accord+ to t o!r image1 :i*1 :5 exi/+ among m51 ,hom] calls ! =m & lik5ess ( ,god4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& "o feature !y w erase1 & ano!r !y w put 99#eja;,c99 91 until !y h made ! ways ( m51 z f> z possible1 agreeable to ! ways ( ,god8 ,inde$1 he said1 9 no way c\ld !y make a fair] picture4 ,sid5ote3 ,! enemies ( philosophy1 :5 !y he> ! tru?1 are gradually propitiat$1 ,& n[1 ,i said1 are we beg9n+ to p]suade ^? :om #bja y describ$ z ru%+ at u ) might & ma91 t ! pa9t] ( con/itutions is su* an "o z we are prais+2 at :om !y 7 s v indignant because to 8 h&s we committ$ ! ,/ate2 & are !y gr[+ a little calm] at :at !y h j he>d8 ,mu* calm]1 if !re is any s5se 9 !m4 99#eja;,d99 ,:y1 :]e c !y /ill f9d any gr\nd = objection8 ,w !y d\bt t ! philosoph] is a lov] ( tru? & be+8 ,!y w\ld n be s unreasonable4 ,or t 8 nature1 be+ su* z we h del9eat$1 is ak9 to ! highe/ good8 ,nei!r c !y d\bt ?is4 ,b aga91 w !y tell u t su* a nature1 plac$ "u fav\rable circum/ances1 w n be p]fectly good & wise if any ev] 08 ,or w !y pref] ^? :om we h reject$8 99#eja;,e99 ,surely n4 ,!n w !y /ill be angry at our say+1 t1 until philosoph]s be> rule1 ,/ates & individuals w h no re/ f evil1 nor w ?is our imag9>y ,/ate ev] be realiz$8 ,i ?9k t !y w be less angry4 ,sid5ote3 & at l5g? become q g5tle4 ,%all we assume t !y are n only less angry b 99#ejb;,a99 q g5tle1 & t !y h be5 conv]t$ & = v %ame1 if = no o!r reason1 _c refuse to come to t]ms8 ,by all means1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re may h be5 "o son ( a k+ a philosoph] :o has rema9$ uncorrupt$ & has a ,/ate ob$i5t to 8 w4 ,!n let u suppose t ! reconciliation has be5 effect$4 ,w any "o d5y ! o!r po9t1 t !re may be sons ( k+s or pr9ces :o are by nature philosoph]s8 ,surely no man1 he said4 ,& :5 !y h come into be+ w any "o say t !y mu/ ( necessity be de/roy$2 t !y c h>dly 99#ejb;,b99 be sav$ is n d5i$ ev5 by u2 b t 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ages no s+le "o ( !m c escape--:o w v5ture to affirm ?is8 ,:o inde$6 ,b1 said ,i1 "o is en\gh2 let !re be "o man :o has a city ob$i5t to 8 w1 & he might br+ into exi/5ce ! ideal polity ab\t :i* ! _w is s incr$ul\s4 ,yes1 "o is en\gh4 #bjb ,! rul] may impose ! laws & in/itutions :i* we h be5 describ+1 & ! citiz5s may possibly be will+ to obey !m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t o!rs %\ld approve1 ( :at we approve1 is no miracle or impossibility8 99#ejb;,c99 ,i ?9k n4 ,b we h suffici5tly %[n1 9 :at has prec$$1 t all ?is1 if only possible1 is assur$ly = ! be/4 ,we h4 ,sid5ote3 ,our con/itution !n is n unatta9able4 ,& n[ we say n only t our laws1 if !y c\ld be enact$1 w\ld be = ! be/1 b also t ! enactm5t ( !m1 ?\gh difficult1 is n impossible4 ,v good4 ,& s ) pa9 & toil we h rea*$ ! end ( "o subject1 b m rema9s to be discuss$2--h[ & by 99#ejb;,d99 :at /udies & pursuits w ! savi\rs ( ! con/itution be creat$1 & at :at ages are !y to apply !mselves to _! sev]al /udies8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation4 ,i omitt$ ! tr\blesome bus9ess ( ! possession ( wom51 & ! procreation ( *ildr51 & ! appo9tm5t ( ! rul]s1 because ,i knew t ! p]fect ,/ate w\ld be ey$ ) jeal\sy & 0 difficult ( atta9m5t2 b t piece ( clev]ness 0 n ( mu* s]vice to me1 99#ejb;,e99 = ,i _h to discuss !m all ! same4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 are n[ dispos$ (1 b ! o!r "q ( ! rul]s mu/ be inve/igat$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,we 7 say+1 z y w rememb]1 t !y 7 to be lov]s 99#ejc;,a99 ( _! c\ntry1 tri$ by ! te/ ( pleasures & pa9s1 & nei!r 9 h>d%ips1 nor 9 dang]s1 nor at any o!r critical mom5t 7 to lose _! patriotism--he 0 to be reject$ :o fail$1 b he :o always came =? pure1 l gold tri$ 9 ! ref9]'s fire1 0 to be made a rul]1 & to receive hon\rs & rew>ds 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,?is 0 ! sort ( ?+ :i* 0 be+ said1 & !n ! argum5t turn$ aside & veil$ h] face2 n lik+ to 99#ejc;,b99 /ir ! "q :i* has n[ aris54 ,i p]fectly rememb]1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gu>dian mu/ be a philosoph]1 & a philosoph] mu/ be a p]son ( r>e gifts ,yes1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 & ,i !n %rank f haz>d+ #bjc ! bold ^w2 b n[ let me d>e to say--t ! p]fect gu>dian mu/ be a philosoph]4 ,yes1 he said1 let t be affirm$4 ,& d n suppose t !re w be _m ( !m2 = ! gifts :i* 7 deem$ by u to be ess5tial r>ely gr[ toge!r2 !y are mo/ly f\nd 9 %r$s & pat*es4 99#ejc;,c99 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! contra/ ( ! quick & solid temp]am5ts4 ,y are aw>e1 ,i repli$1 t quick intellig5ce1 memory1 sagacity1 clev]ness1 & simil> qualities1 d n (t5 gr[ toge!r1 & t p]sons :o possess !m & are at ! same "t high-spirit$ & magnanim\s are n s con/itut$ by nature z to live ord]ly & 9 a peaceful & settl$ mann]2 !y are driv5 any way by _! impulses1 & all solid pr9ciple goes out ( !m4 ,v true1 he said4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? /eadfa/ natures :i* c 99#ejc;,d99 bett] be dep5d$ ^u1 :i* 9 a battle are impregnable to fe> & immovable1 are equally immovable :5 !re is any?+ to be le>n$2 !y are always 9 a torpid /ate1 & are apt to yawn & g to sleep ov] any intellectual toil4 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y mu/ be unit$4 ,& yet we 7 say+ t bo? qualities 7 necess>y 9 ^? to :om ! high] education is to be imp>t$1 & :o are to %>e 9 any (fice or comm&4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& w !y be a class :i* is r>ely f\nd8 ,yes1 inde$4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o is to hold comm& mu/ be te/$ 9 _m k9ds ( k4 99#ejc;,e99 ,!n ! aspirant mu/ n only be te/$ 9 ^? lab\rs & dang]s & pleasures :i* we m5tion$ be=e1 b !re is ano!r k9d ( probation :i* we did n m5tion--he mu/ be ex]cis$ also 9 _m k9ds ( k1 to see :e!r ! s\l w be able to endure ! highe/ ( all1 99#ejd;,a99 or w fa9t "u !m1 z 9 any o!r /udies & ex]cises4 ,yes1 he said1 y are q "r 9 te/+ him4 ,b :at d y mean by ! highe/ ( all k8 ,y may rememb]1 ,i said1 t we divid$ ! s\l into ?ree p>ts2 & di/+ui%$ ! sev]al natures ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 c\rage1 & wisdom8 ,inde$1 he said1 if ,i _h =gott51 ,i %\ld n des]ve to he> m4 #bjd ,& d y rememb] ! ^w ( caution :i* prec$$ ! discussion ( !m#h8 ,footnote #h3 ,cp4 ,,iv4 #dce ,d4 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,sid5ote3 ,! %ort] exposition ( education1 :i* has be5 already giv51 inadequate4 99#ejd;,b99 ,we 7 say+1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t he :o want$ to see !m 9 _! p]fect beauty mu/ take a long] & m circuit\s way1 at ! end ( :i* !y w\ld appe>2 b t we c\ld add on a popul> exposition ( !m on a level ) ! discussion :i* _h prec$$4 ,& y repli$ t su* an exposition w\ld be en\gh = y1 & s ! enquiry 0 cont9u$ 9 :at to me seem$ to be a v inaccurate mann]2 :e!r y 7 satisfi$ or n1 x is = y to say4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i ?\ght & ! o!rs ?\ght t y gave u a fair measure ( tru?4 99#ejd;,c99 ,b1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 a measure ( su* ?+s :i* 9 any degree falls %ort ( ! :ole tru? is n fair measure2 = no?+ imp]fect is ! measure ( any?+1 al?\gh p]sons are too apt to be cont5t$ & ?9k t !y ne$ se>* no fur!r4 ,n an uncommon case :5 p are indol5t4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & !re _c be any worse fault 9 a gu>dian ( ! ,/ate & ( ! laws4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gu>dian mu/ take ! long] road ( ! high] le>n+1 ,! gu>dian !n1 ,i said1 mu/ be requir$ to take ! 99#ejd;,d99 long] circuit1 & toil at le>n+ z well z at gymna/ics1 or he w nev] rea* ! highe/ k ( all :i*1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 is 8 prop] call+4 ,:at1 he said1 is !re a k /ill high] ?an ?is--high] ?an ju/ice & ! o!r virtues8 ,yes1 ,i said1 !re is4 ,& ( ! virtues too we mu/ behold n ! outl9e m]ely1 z at pres5t--no?+ %ort ( ! mo/ f9i%$ picture %\ld satisfy u4 ,:5 little 99#ejd;,e99 ?+s are elaborat$ ) an inf9ity ( pa9s1 9 ord] t !y may appe> 9 _! full beauty & utmo/ cle>ness1 h[ ridicul\s t we %\ld n ?9k ! highe/ tru?s wor?y ( atta9+ ! highe/ accuracy6 ,a "r noble ?\ght#i2 b d y suppose t we #bje %all refra9 f ask+ y :at is ?is highe/ k8 ,footnote #i3 ,or1 sep>at+ ,greek3 kai ma_/la f ,greek3 a7_/xion1 ',true1 he said1 & a noble ?\ght'3 or ,greek3 a7_/xion to diano_/ma may be a gloss4 ,sid5ote3 :i* leads upw>ds at la/ to ! idea ( good4 ,nay1 ,i said1 ask if y w2 b ,i am c]ta9 t y h he>d ! answ] _m times1 & n[ y ei!r d n und]/& me or1 z ,i r ?9k1 y are dispos$ to be 99#eje;,a99 tr\blesome2 = y h (t5 be5 told t ! idea ( good is ! highe/ k1 & t all o!r ?+s become useful & advantage\s only by _! use ( ?is4 ,y c h>dly be ignorant t ( ?is ,i 0 ab\t to speak1 conc]n+ :i*1 z y h (t5 he>d me say1 we "k s little2 &1 )\t :i*1 any o!r k 99#eje;,b99 or possession ( any k9d w pr(it u no?+4 ,d y ?9k t ! possession ( all o!r ?+s is ( any value if we d n possess ! good8 or ! k ( all o!r ?+s if we h no k ( beauty & goodness8 ,assur$ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :at is ! good8 ,"s say pleasure1 o!rs k1 :i* !y absurdly expla9 to mean k ( ! good4 ,y are fur!r aw>e t mo/ p affirm pleasure to be ! good1 b ! f9] sort ( wits say x is k8 ,yes4 ,& y are aw>e too t ! latt] _c expla9 :at !y mean by k1 b are oblig$ aft] all to say k ( ! good8 ,h[ ridicul\s6 99#eje;,c99 ,yes1 ,i said1 t !y %\ld beg9 by reproa*+ u ) our ignorance ( ! good1 & !n presume our k ( x--= ! good !y def9e to be k ( ! good1 j z if we und]/ood !m :5 !y use ! t]m 'good'--?is is ( c\rse ridicul\s4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,& ^? :o make pleasure _! good are 9 equal p]plexity2 = !y are compell$ to admit t !re are bad pleasures z well z good4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& !re=e to ackn[l$ge t bad & good are ! same8 99#eje;,d99 ,true4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! num]\s difficulties 9 :i* ?is "q is involv$4 ,!re c be none4 ,fur!r1 d we n see t _m are will+ to d or to #bjf h or to seem to be :at is j & hon\rable )\t ! reality2 b no "o is satisfi$ ) ! appe>ance ( good--! reality is :at !y seek2 9 ! case ( ! good1 appe>ance is despis$ by e "o4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,e man pursues ! good1 b )\t kn[+ ! nature ( x4 ,( ?is !n1 :i* e s\l ( man pursues & makes 99#eje;,e99 ! end ( all 8 actions1 hav+ a pres5tim5t t !re is su* an end1 & yet hesitat+ because nei!r kn[+ 99#ejf;,a99 ! nature nor hav+ ! same assurance ( ?is z ( o!r ?+s1 & !re=e los+ :atev] good !re is 9 o!r ?+s1--( a pr9ciple su* & s great z ?is ought ! be/ m5 9 our ,/ate1 to :om ev]y?+ is entru/$1 to be 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,i am sure1 ,i said1 t he :o does n "k h[ ! beautiful & ! j are likewise good w be b a sorry gu>dian ( !m2 & ,i suspect t no "o :o is ignorant ( ! good w h a true k ( !m4 ,t1 he said1 is a %rewd suspicion ( y\rs4 99#ejf;,b99 ,& if we only h a gu>dian :o has ?is k our ,/ate w be p]fectly ord]$8 ,sid5ote3 ,! gu>dian ought to "k ^! ?+s4 ,( c\rse1 he repli$2 b ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r y conceive ?is supreme pr9ciple ( ! good to be k or pleasure1 or diff]5t f ei!r8 ,aye1 ,i said1 ,i knew all along t a fa/idi\s g5tleman#aj l y w\ld n be cont5t$ ) ! ?\ghts ( o!r p ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,read+ ,greek3 a7nr kalo_/s3 or read+ ,greek3 a7nr kals1 ',i q well knew f ! v fir/1 t y1 c4' ,true1 ,socrates2 b ,i mu/ say t "o :o l y has pass$ a lifetime 9 ! /udy ( philosophy %\ld n be 99#ejf;,c99 always repeat+ ! op9ions ( o!rs1 & nev] tell+ 8 own4 ,well1 b has any "o a "r to say positively :at he does n "k8 ,n1 he said1 ) ! assurance ( positive c]ta9ty2 he has no "r to d t3 b he may say :at he ?9ks1 z a matt] ( op9ion4 ,& d y n "k1 ,i said1 t all m]e op9ions are bad1 & ! be/ ( !m bl9d8 ,y w\ld n d5y t #bjg ^? :o h any true notion )\t intellig5ce are only l bl9d m5 :o feel _! way along ! road8 ,v true4 ,& d y wi% to behold :at is bl9d & crook$ & 99#ejf;,d99 base1 :5 o!rs w tell y ( brightness & beauty8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,/ill1 ,i mu/ implore y1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon1 n to turn away j z y are rea*+ ! goal2 if y w only give su* an explanation ( ! good z y h already giv5 ( ju/ice & temp]ance & ! o!r virtues1 we %all be satisfi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,we c only atta9 to ! ?+s ( m9d ?r\gh ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,! '*ild' ( ! good4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 & ,i %all be at lea/ equally satisfi$1 b ,i _c help fe>+ t ,i %all fail1 & t my indiscreet zeal w br+ ridicule ^u me4 ,no1 sweet sirs1 let u n 99#ejf;,e99 at pres5t ask :at is ! actual nature ( ! good1 = to rea* :at is n[ 9 my ?\ghts w\ld be an ef=t too great = me4 ,b ( ! *ild ( ! good :o is like/ him1 ,i w\ld fa9 speak1 if ,i c\ld be sure t y wi%$ to he>--o!rwise1 n4 ,by all means1 he said1 tell u ab\t ! *ild1 & y %all rema9 9 our debt = ! acc\nt ( ! p>5t4 99#ejg;,a99 ,i d inde$ wi%1 ,i repli$1 t ,i c\ld pay1 & y receive1 ! acc\nt ( ! p>5t1 & n1 z n[1 ( ! (fspr+ only2 take1 h[ev]1 ?is latt] by way ( int]e/#aa1 & at ! same "t h a c>e t ,i d n r5d] a false acc\nt1 al?\gh ,i h no int5tion ( deceiv+ y4 ,footnote3 #aa3 ,a play ^u ,greek3 to_/kos1 :i* means bo? '(fspr+' & 'int]e/4' ,yes1 we w take all ! c>e t we c3 proce$4 ,yes1 ,i said1 b ,i mu/ fir/ come to an und]/&+ ) y1 & rem9d y ( :at ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion1 & at _m o!r times4 99#ejg;,b99 ,:at8 ,! old /ory1 t !re is a _m beautiful & a _m good1 & s ( o!r ?+s :i* we describe & def9e2 to all ( !m ! t]m '_m' is appli$4 ,true1 he said4 ,& !re is an absolute beauty & an absolute good1 & ( o!r ?+s to :i* ! t]m '_m' is appli$ !re is an absolute2 = !y may be br\ght "u a s+le idea1 :i* is call$ ! ess5ce ( ea*4 ,v true4 #bjh ,! _m1 z we say1 are se5 b n kn[n1 & ! ideas are kn[n b n se54 ,exactly4 99#ejg;,c99 ,& :at is ! organ ) :i* we see ! visible ?+s8 ,! sight1 he said4 ,& ) ! he>+1 ,i said1 we he>1 & ) ! o!r s5ses p]ceive ! o!r objects ( s5se8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,sight ! mo/ complex ( ! s5ses1 ,b h y rem>k$ t sight is by f> ! mo/ co/ly & complex piece ( workman%ip :i* ! artific] ( ! s5ses ev] contriv$8 ,no1 ,i nev] h1 he said4 ,!n reflect2 has ! e> or voice ne$ ( any ?ird or 99#ejg;,d99 additional nature 9 ord] t ! "o may be able to he> & ! o!r to be he>d8 ,no?+ ( ! sort4 ,no1 inde$1 ,i repli$2 & ! same is true ( mo/1 if n all1 ! o!r s5ses--y w\ld n say t any ( !m requires su* an addition8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b y see t )\t ! addition ( "s o!r nature !re is no see+ or be+ se58 ,h[ d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 &1 unlike ! o!r s5ses1 requires ! addition ( a ?ird nature be=e x c be us$4 ,?is ?ird nature is light4 ,sight be+1 z ,i conceive1 9 ! eyes1 & he :o has eyes want+ to see2 col\r be+ also pres5t 9 !m1 /ill 99#ejg;,e99 unless !re be a ?ird nature specially adapt$ to ! purpose1 ! own] ( ! eyes w see no?+ & ! col\rs w be invisible4 ,( :at nature are y speak+8 ,( t :i* y t]m light1 ,i repli$4 ,true1 he said4 99#ejh;,a99 ,noble1 !n1 is ! bond :i* l9ks toge!r sight & visibility1 & great beyond o!r bonds by no small diff]5ce ( nature2 = light is _! bond1 & light is no ignoble ?+8 ,nay1 he said1 ! rev]se ( ignoble4 ,& :i*1 ,i said1 ( ! gods 9 heav5 w\ld y say 0 ! "l ( ?is elem5t8 ,^: is t light :i* makes ! eye to see p]fectly & ! visible to appe>8 #bji ,y mean ! sun1 z y & all mank9d say4 ,may n ! relation ( sight to ?is deity be describ$ z foll[s8 ,h[8 99#ejh;,b99 ,nei!r sight nor ! eye 9 :i* sight resides is ! sun8 ,no4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eye l ! sun1 b n ! same ) x4 ,yet ( all ! organs ( s5se ! eye is ! mo/ l ! sun8 ,by f> ! mo/ l4 ,& ! p[] :i* ! eye possesses is a sort ( efflu5ce :i* is disp5s$ f ! sun8 ,exactly4 ,!n ! sun is n sight1 b ! au?or ( sight :o is recognis$ by sight8 ,true1 he said4 ,& ?is is he :om ,i call ! *ild ( ! good1 :om ! good begat 9 8 own lik5ess1 to be 9 ! visible _w1 9 99#ejh;,c99 relation to sight & ! ?+s ( sight1 :at ! good is 9 ! intellectual _w 9 relation to m9d & ! ?+s ( m9d3 ,w y be a little m explicit8 he said4 ,:y1 y "k1 ,i said1 t ! eyes1 :5 a p]son directs !m t[>ds objects on :i* ! light ( day is no long] %9+1 b ! moon & />s only1 see dimly1 & are ne>ly bl9d2 !y seem to h no cle>ness ( vision 9 !m8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,visible objects are to be se5 only :5 ! sun %9es ^u !m2 tru? is only kn[n :5 illum9at$ by ! idea ( good4 99#ejh;,d99 ,b :5 !y are direct$ t[>ds objects on :i* ! sun %9es1 !y see cle>ly & !re is sight 9 !m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! s\l is l ! eye3 :5 re/+ ^u t on :i* tru? & be+ %9e1 ! s\l p]ceives & und]/&s1 & is radiant ) intellig5ce2 b :5 turn$ t[>ds ! twilight ( becom+ & p]i%+1 !n %e has op9ion only1 & goes bl9k+ ab\t1 & is fir/ ( "o op9ion & !n ( ano!r1 & seems to h no intellig5ce8 ,j s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( good high] ?an sci5ce or tru? 7! objective ?an ! subjective74 99#ejh;,e99 ,n[1 t :i* imp>ts tru? to ! kn[n & ! p[] ( kn[+ to ! kn[] is :at ,i w\ld h y t]m ! #baj idea ( good1 & ?is y w deem to be ! cause ( sci5ce#ab1 & ( tru? 9 s f> z ! latt] becomes ! subject ( k2 beautiful too1 z are bo? tru? & k1 y w be "r 9 e/eem+ ?is o!r nature 99#eji;,a99 z m beautiful ?an ei!r2 &1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1 light & sight may be truly said to be l ! sun1 & yet n to be ! sun1 s 9 ?is o!r sph]e1 sci5ce & tru? may be deem$ to be l ! good1 b n ! good2 ! good has a place ( hon\r yet high]4 ,footnote #ab3 ,read+ ,greek3 diano\4 ,:at a wond] ( beauty t mu/ be1 he said1 :i* is ! au?or ( sci5ce & tru?1 & yet surpasses !m 9 beauty2 = y surely _c mean to say t pleasure is ! good8 ,god =bid1 ,i repli$2 b may ,i ask y to consid] ! image 9 ano!r po9t ( view8 99#eji;,b99 ,9 :at po9t ( view8 ,y w\ld say1 w\ld y n1 t ! sun is n only ! au?or ( visibility 9 all visible ?+s1 b ( g5]ation & n\ri%m5t & gr[?1 ?\gh he himself is n g5]ation8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,z ! sun is ! cause ( g5]ation1 s ! good is ! cause ( be+ & ess5ce4 ,9 l mann] ! good may be said to be n only ! au?or ( k to all ?+s kn[n1 b ( _! be+ & ess5ce1 & yet ! good is n ess5ce1 b f> exce$s ess5ce 9 dignity & p[]4 99#eji;,c99 ,glaucon said1 ) a ludicr\s e>ne/ness3 ,by ! light ( heav51 h[ amaz+6 ,yes1 ,i said1 & ! exagg]ation may be set d[n to y2 = y made me utt] my fancies4 ,& pray cont9ue to utt] !m2 at any rate let u he> if !re is any?+ m to be said ab\t ! similitude ( ! sun4 ,yes1 ,i said1 !re is a great deal m4 ,!n omit no?+1 h[ev] slight4 ,i w d my be/1 ,i said2 b ,i %\ld ?9k t a great deal w h to be omitt$4 ,i hope n1 he said4 99#eji;,d99 ,y h to imag9e1 !n1 t !re are two rul+ #baa p[]s1 & t "o ( !m is set ov] ! intellectual _w1 ! o!r ov] ! visible4 ,i d n say heav51 le/ y %\ld fancy t ,i am play+ ^u ! "n 7,greek3 ou7rano_/s1 o7rato_/s74 ,may ,i suppose t y h ?is di/9ction ( ! visible & intelligible fix$ 9 y\r m9d8 ,i h4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two sph]es ( sight & k are repres5t$ by a l9e :i* is divid$ into two unequal p>ts4 ,n[ take a l9e :i* has be5 cut into two unequal#ac p>ts1 & divide ea* ( !m aga9 9 ! same proportion1 & suppose ! two ma9 divisions to answ]1 "o to ! visible & ! o!r to ! intelligible1 & !n comp>e ! subdivisions 9 respect ( _! cle>ness & want ( 99#eji;,e99 cle>ness1 & y w f9d t ! fir/ section 9 ! 99#eaj;,a99 sph]e ( ! visible consi/s ( images4 ,& by images ,i mean1 9 ! fir/ place1 %ad[s1 & 9 ! second place1 reflections 9 wat] & 9 solid1 smoo? & poli%$ bodies & ! l3 ,d y und]/&8 ,footnote #ac3 ,read+3 ,greek3 a7_/nisa4 ,yes1 ,i und]/&4 ,imag9e1 n[1 ! o!r section1 ( :i* ?is is only ! resemblance1 to include ! animals :i* we see1 & ev]y?+ t gr[s or is made4 ,v good4 ,w\ld y n admit t bo? ! sections ( ?is division h diff]5t degrees ( tru?1 & t ! copy is to ! orig9al z ! sph]e ( op9ion is to ! sph]e ( k8 99#eaj;,b99 ,mo/ und\bt$ly4 ,next proce$ to consid] ! mann] 9 :i* ! sph]e ( ! intellectual is to be divid$4 ,9 :at mann]8 ,sid5ote3 ,images & hypo!ses4 ,?us3--,!re are two subdivisions1 9 ! l[] ( :i* ! s\l uses ! figures giv5 by ! =m] division z images2 ! enquiry c only be hypo!tical1 & in/ead ( go+ upw>ds to a pr9ciple desc5ds to ! o!r end2 9 ! high] ( ! two1 ! s\l passes out ( hypo!ses1 & goes up to a pr9ciple :i* is above hypo!ses1 mak+ no use ( images#ad z 9 ! =m] case1 b proce$+ only 9 & ?r\gh ! ideas !mselves4 ,footnote #ad3 ,read+ ,greek3 7np] e7keino ei7ko_/nn4 ,i d n q und]/& y\r mean+1 he said4 #bab ,sid5ote3 ,! hypo!ses ( ma!matics4 99#eaj;,c99 ,!n ,i w try aga92 y w und]/& me bett] :5 ,i h made "s prelim9>y rem>ks4 ,y are aw>e t /ud5ts ( geometry1 ari?metic1 & ! k9dr$ sci5ces assume ! odd & ! ev5 & ! figures & ?ree k9ds ( angles & ! l 9 _! sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce2 ^! are _! hypo!ses1 :i* !y & e body are suppos$ to "k1 & !re=e !y d n deign to give any acc\nt ( !m ei!r to !mselves or o!rs2 99#eaj;,d99 b !y beg9 ) !m1 & g on until !y arrive at la/1 & 9 a consi/5t mann]1 at _! conclusion8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i "k4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 bo? sph]es hypo!ses are us$1 9 ! l[] tak+ ! =m ( images1 b 9 ! high] ! s\l asc5ds above hypo!ses to ! idea ( good4 ,& d y n "k also t al?\gh !y make use ( ! visible =ms & reason ab\t !m1 !y are ?9k+ n ( ^!1 b ( ! ideals :i* !y resemble2 n ( ! 99#eaj;,e99 figures :i* !y draw1 b ( ! absolute squ>e & ! absolute diamet]1 & s on--! =ms :i* !y draw or make1 & :i* h %ad[s & reflections 9 wat] ( _! own1 are conv]t$ by !m into images1 b !y are really seek+ to behold ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* c only be se5 ) ! eye ( ! m9d8 99#eaa;,a99 ,t is true4 ,& ( ?is k9d ,i spoke z ! intelligible1 al?\gh 9 ! se>* aft] x ! s\l is compell$ to use hypo!ses2 n asc5d+ to a fir/ pr9ciple1 because %e is unable to rise above ! region ( hypo!sis1 b employ+ ! objects ( :i* ! %ad[s bel[ are resemblances 9 _! turn z images1 !y hav+ 9 relation to ! %ad[s & reflections ( !m a great] di/9ctness1 & !re=e a high] value4 99#eaa;,b99 ,i und]/&1 he said1 t y are speak+ ( ! prov9ce ( geometry & ! si/] arts4 ,sid5ote3 ,dialectic by ! help ( hypo!ses rises above hypo!ses4 ,& :5 ,i speak ( ! o!r division ( ! intelligible1 y w und]/& me to speak ( t o!r sort ( k :i* reason h]self atta9s by ! p[] ( dialectic1 us+ ! hypo!ses n z fir/ pr9ciples1 b only z hypo!ses--t is to say1 z /eps & po9ts ( dep>ture into a _w :i* is above hypo!ses1 9 ord] t %e may so> beyond !m to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! :ole2 & cl++ to ?is & !n to t :i* dep5ds on ?is1 by successive /eps %e desc5ds aga9 )\t ! aid ( #bac 99#eaa;,c99 any s5sible object1 f ideas1 ?r\gh ideas1 & 9 ideas %e ends4 ,sid5ote3 ,return to psy*ology4 ,i und]/& y1 he repli$2 n p]fectly1 = y seem to me to be describ+ a task :i* is really trem5d\s2 b1 at any rate1 ,i und]/& y to say t k & be+1 :i* ! sci5ce ( dialectic contemplates1 are cle>] ?an ! notions ( ! arts1 z !y are t]m$1 :i* proce$ f hypo!ses only3 ^! are also contemplat$ by ! und]/&+1 & n by ! s5ses3 yet1 because 99#eaa;,d99 !y />t f hypo!ses & d n asc5d to a pr9ciple1 ^? :o contemplate !m appe> to y n to ex]cise ! high] reason ^u !m1 al?\gh :5 a fir/ pr9ciple is add$ to !m !y are cognizable by ! high] reason4 ,& ! habit :i* is conc]n$ ) geometry & ! cognate sci5ces ,i suppose t y w\ld t]m und]/&+ & n reason1 z be+ int]m$iate betwe5 op9ion & reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r faculties3 ,reason1 und]/&+1 fai?1 p]ception ( %ad[s4 ,y h q conceiv$ my mean+1 ,i said2 & n[1 correspond+ to ^! f\r divisions1 let !re be f\r faculties 9 ! s\l--reason answ]+ to ! highe/1 99#eaa;,e99 und]/&+ to ! second1 fai? 7or conviction7 to ! ?ird1 & p]ception ( %ad[s to ! la/--& let !re be a scale ( !m1 & let u suppose t ! sev]al faculties h cle>ness 9 ! same degree t _! objects h tru?4 ,i und]/&1 he repli$1 & give my ass5t1 & accept y\r arrangem5t4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,vii4 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d51 ! prison]s2 ! light at a di/ance2 99#ead;,a99 ,& n[1 ,i said1 let me %[ 9 a figure h[ f> our nature is enlight5$ or un5light5$3--,behold6 human be+s liv+ 9 a und]gr\nd d51 :i* has a m\? op5 t[>ds ! light & rea*+ all along ! d52 "h !y h be5 f _! *ildhood1 & h _! legs & necks *a9$ s t !y _c move1 & 99#ead;,b99 c only see be=e !m1 be+ prev5t$ by ! *a9s f turn+ r\nd _! heads4 ,above & beh9d !m a fire is blaz+ at a di/ance1 & betwe5 ! fire & ! prison]s !re is a rais$ way2 & y w see1 if y look1 a l[ wall built along ! way1 l ! scre5 :i* m>ionette play]s h 9 front ( !m1 ov] :i* !y %[ ! puppets4 ,i see4 ,sid5ote3 ! l[ wall1 & ! mov+ figures ( :i* ! %ad[s are se5 on ! opposite wall ( ! d54 ,& d y see1 ,i said1 m5 pass+ along ! wall c>ry+ 99#ead;,c99 all sorts ( vessels1 & /atues & figures ( animals 99#eae;,a99 made ( wood & /one & v>i\s mat]ials1 :i* appe> ov] ! wall8 ,"s ( !m are talk+1 o!rs sil5t4 ,y h %[n me a /range image1 & !y are /range prison]s4 ,l ourselves1 ,i repli$2 & !y see only _! own %ad[s1 or ! %ad[s ( "o ano!r1 :i* ! fire ?r[s on ! opposite wall ( ! cave8 ,true1 he said2 h[ c\ld !y see any?+ b ! 99#eae;,b99 %ad[s if !y 7 nev] all[$ to move _! heads8 ,& ( ! objects :i* are be+ c>ri$ 9 l mann] !y w\ld only see ! %ad[s8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& if !y 7 able to conv]se ) "o ano!r1 w\ld !y n suppose t !y 7 nam+ :at 0 actually be=e !m#a8 #bae ,footnote #a3 ,read+ ,greek3 p>o_/nta4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prison]s w\ld mi/ake ! %ad[s = realities4 ,& suppose fur!r t ! prison _h an e*o :i* came f ! o!r side1 w\ld !y n be sure to fancy :5 "o ( ! pass]s-by spoke t ! voice :i* !y he>d came f ! pass+ %ad[8 ,no "q1 he repli$4 99#eae;,c99 ,to !m1 ,i said1 ! tru? w\ld be lit]ally no?+ b ! %ad[s ( ! images4 ,t is c]ta94 ,sid5ote3 ,& :5 releas$1 !y w\ld /ill p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! sup]ior tru? ( ! %ad[s4 ,& n[ look aga91 & see :at w naturally foll[ if ! prison]s are releas$ & disabus$ ( _! error4 ,at fir/1 :5 any ( !m is lib]at$ & compell$ sudd5ly to /& up & turn 8 neck r\nd & walk & look t[>ds ! light1 he w suff] %>p pa9s2 ! gl>e w di/ress him1 & he w be unable to see ! realities ( 99#eae;,d99 :i* 9 8 =m] /ate he _h se5 ! %ad[s2 & !n conceive "s "o say+ to him1 t :at he saw be=e 0 an illusion1 b t n[1 :5 he is approa*+ ne>] to be+ & 8 eye is turn$ t[>ds m real exi/5ce1 he has a cle>] vision1--:at w be 8 reply8 ,& y may fur!r imag9e t 8 in/ructor is po9t+ to ! objects z !y pass & requir+ him to "n !m1--w he n be p]plex$8 ,w he n fancy t ! %ad[s :i* he =m]ly saw are tru] ?an ! objects :i* are n[ %[n to him8 ,f> tru]4 99#eae;,e99 ,& if he is compell$ to look /raight at ! light1 w he n h a pa9 9 8 eyes :i* w make him turn away to take refuge 9 ! objects ( vision :i* he c see1 & :i* he w conceive to be 9 reality cle>] ?an ! ?+s :i* are n[ be+ %[n to him8 ,true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 dragg$ upw>ds1 !y w\ld be dazzl$ by excess ( light4 ,& suppose once m1 t he is reluctantly dragg$ up a /eep & rugg$ asc5t1 & held fa/ until he is =c$ into ! pres5ce ( ! sun himself1 is he n likely to be 99#eaf;,a99 pa9$ & irritat$8 ,:5 he approa*es ! light 8 eyes w be dazzl$1 & he w n be able to see any?+ at all ( :at are n[ call$ realities4 ,n all 9 a mom5t1 he said4 ,he w require to gr[ accu/om$ to ! sight ( ! #baf upp] _w4 ,& fir/ he w see ! %ad[s be/1 next ! reflections ( m5 & o!r objects 9 ! wat]1 & !n ! objects !mselves2 !n he w gaze ^u ! light ( ! moon & ! />s & ! spangl$ heav52 99#eaf;,b99 & he w see ! sky & ! />s by night bett] ?an ! sun or ! light ( ! sun by day8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,at l5g? !y w see ! sun & und]/& 8 nature4 ,la/ ( all he w be able to see ! sun1 & n m]e reflections ( him 9 ! wat]1 b he w see him 9 8 own prop] place1 & n 9 ano!r2 & he w contemplate him z he is4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,he w !n proce$ to argue t ?is is he :o gives ! season & ! ye>s1 & is ! gu>dian ( all t is 9 ! visible _w1 & 9 a c]ta9 way ! cause ( all 99#eaf;,c99 ?+s :i* he & 8 fell[s h be5 accu/om$ to behold8 ,cle>ly1 he said1 he w\ld fir/ see ! sun & !n reason ab\t him4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y w\ld !n pity _! old companions ( ! d54 ,& :5 he rememb]$ 8 old habitation1 & ! wisdom ( ! d5 & 8 fell[-prison]s1 d y n suppose t he w\ld felicitate himself on ! *ange1 & pity !m8 ,c]ta9ly1 he w\ld4 ,& if !y 7 9 ! habit ( conf]r+ hon\rs among !mselves on ^? :o 7 quicke/ to obs]ve ! pass+ %ad[s & to rem>k :i* ( !m w5t be=e1 & 99#eaf;,d99 :i* foll[$ aft]1 & :i* 7 toge!r2 & :o 7 !re=e be/ able to draw conclusions z to ! future1 d y ?9k t he w\ld c>e = su* hon\rs & glories1 or envy ! possessors ( !m8 ,w\ld he n say ) ,hom]1 ',bett] to be ! poor s]vant ( a poor ma/]1' & to endure any?+1 r ?an ?9k z !y d & live aft] _! mann]8 99#eaf;,e99 ,yes1 he said1 ,i ?9k t he w\ld r suff] any?+ ?an ent]ta9 ^! false notions & live 9 ?is mis]able mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :5 !y return$ to ! d5 !y w\ld see mu* worse ?an ^? :o _h nev] left x4 ,imag9e once m1 ,i said1 su* an "o com+ sudd5ly #bag out ( ! sun to be replac$ 9 8 old situation2 w\ld he n be c]ta9 to h 8 eyes full ( d>kness8 ,to be sure1 he said4 ,& if !re 7 a conte/1 & he _h to compete 9 measur+ ! %ad[s ) ! prison]s :o _h nev] 99#eag;,a99 mov$ out ( ! d51 :ile 8 sight 0 /ill weak1 & be=e 8 eyes _h become /eady 7& ! "t :i* w\ld be ne$$ to acquire ?is new habit ( sight might be v consid]able71 w\ld he n be ridicul\s8 ,m5 w\ld say ( him t up he w5t & d[n he came )\t 8 eyes2 & t x 0 bett] n ev5 to ?9k ( asc5d+2 & if any "o tri$ to loose ano!r & lead him up to ! light1 let !m only cat* ! (f5d]1 & !y w\ld put him to dea?4 ,no "q1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prison is ! _w ( sight1 ! light ( ! fire is ! sun4 ,?is entire allegory1 ,i said1 y may n[ app5d1 de> 99#eag;,b99 ,glaucon1 to ! previ\s argum5t2 ! prison-h\se is ! _w ( sight1 ! light ( ! fire is ! sun1 & y w n misappreh5d me if y int]pret ! j\rney upw>ds to be ! asc5t ( ! s\l into ! intellectual _w accord+ to my poor belief1 :i*1 at y\r desire1 ,i h express$--:e!r rightly or wrongly ,god kn[s4 ,b1 :e!r true or false1 my op9ion is t 9 ! _w ( k ! idea ( good appe>s la/ ( all1 & is se5 99#eag;,c99 only ) an ef=t2 &1 :5 se51 is also inf]r$ to be ! univ]sal au?or ( all ?+s beautiful & "r1 p>5t ( light & ( ! "l ( light 9 ?is visible _w1 & ! imm$iate s\rce ( reason & tru? 9 ! intellectual2 & t ?is is ! p[] ^u :i* he :o w\ld act rationally ei!r 9 public or private life mu/ h 8 eye fix$4 ,i agree1 he said1 z f> z ,i am able to und]/& y4 ,moreov]1 ,i said1 y mu/ n wond] t ^? :o atta9 to ?is beatific vision are unwill+ to desc5d to human affairs2 = _! s\ls are ev] ha/5+ into ! 99#eag;,d99 upp] _w :]e !y desire to dwell2 :i* desire ( !irs is v natural1 if our allegory may be tru/$4 ,yes1 v natural4 ,sid5ote3 ,no?+ extraord9>y 9 ! philosoph] be+ unable to see 9 ! d>k4 ,& is !re any?+ surpris+ 9 "o :o passes f div9e contemplations to ! evil /ate ( man1 misbehav+ #bah himself 9 a ridicul\s mann]2 if1 :ile 8 eyes are bl9k+ & be=e he has become accu/om$ to ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 he is compell$ to fight 9 c\rts ( law1 or 9 o!r places1 ab\t ! images or ! %ad[s ( images ( 99#eag;,e99 ju/ice1 & is endeav\r+ to meet ! conceptions ( ^? :o h nev] yet se5 absolute ju/ice8 ,any?+ b surpris+1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eyes may be bl9d$ 9 two ways1 by excess or by defect ( light4 99#eah;,a99 ,any "o :o has common s5se w rememb] t ! bewild]m5ts ( ! eyes are ( two k9ds1 & arise f two causes1 ei!r f com+ out ( ! light or f go+ into ! light1 :i* is true ( ! m9d's eye1 q z mu* z ( ! bodily eye2 & he :o rememb]s ?is :5 he sees any "o ^: vision is p]plex$ & weak1 w n be too ready to laugh2 he w fir/ ask :e!r t s\l ( man has come out ( ! bright] life1 & is unable to see because unaccu/om$ to ! d>k1 or hav+ turn$ f d>kness to ! day is dazzl$ by excess ( light4 99#eah;,b99 ,& he w c\nt ! "o happy 9 8 condition & /ate ( be+1 & he w pity ! o!r2 or1 if he h a m9d to laugh at ! s\l :i* comes f bel[ into ! light1 !re w be m reason 9 ?is ?an 9 ! laugh :i* greets him :o returns f above out ( ! light into ! d54 ,t1 he said1 is a v j di/9ction4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conv]sion ( ! s\l is ! turn+ r\nd ! eye f d>kness to light4 ,b !n1 if ,i am "r1 c]ta9 pr(essors ( education mu/ be wrong :5 !y say t !y c put a k 99#eah;,c99 into ! s\l :i* 0 n !re be=e1 l sight into bl9d eyes4 ,!y und\bt$ly say ?is1 he repli$4 ,:]eas1 our argum5t %[s t ! p[] & capacity ( le>n+ exi/s 9 ! s\l already2 & t j z ! eye 0 unable to turn f d>kness to light )\t ! :ole body1 s too ! in/rum5t ( k c only by ! movem5t ( ! :ole s\l be turn$ f ! _w ( becom+ into t ( be+1 & le>n by degrees to endure ! sight ( be+1 & ( ! brighte/ & be/ ( be+1 or 99#eah;,d99 9 o!r words1 ( ! good4 ,v true4 ,& mu/ !re n be "s art :i* w effect conv]sion 9 ! easie/ & quicke/ mann]2 n implant+ #bai ! faculty ( sight1 = t exi/s already1 b has be5 turn$ 9 ! wrong direction1 & is look+ away f ! tru?8 ,yes1 he said1 su* an art may be presum$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! virtue ( wisdom has a div9e p[] :i* may be turn$ ei!r t[>ds good or t[>ds evil4 ,& :]eas ! o!r s-call$ virtues ( ! s\l seem to be ak9 to bodily qualities1 = ev5 :5 !y are n 99#eah;,e99 orig9ally innate !y c be implant$ lat] by habit & ex]cise1 ! virtue ( wisdom m ?an any?+ else conta9s a div9e elem5t :i* always rema9s1 & by ?is conv]sion is r5d]$ useful & pr(itable2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 hurtful & useless4 ,did y nev] obs]ve ! n>r[ 99#eai;,a99 intellig5ce fla%+ f ! ke5 eye ( a clev] rogue--h[ eag] he is1 h[ cle>ly 8 paltry s\l sees ! way to 8 end2 he is ! rev]se ( bl9d1 b 8 ke5 eye-sight is =c$ into ! s]vice ( evil1 & he is mis*iev\s 9 proportion to 8 clev]ness8 ,v true1 he said4 ,b :at if !re _h be5 a circumcision ( su* natures 9 ! days ( _! y\?2 & !y _h be5 sev]$ f ^? s5sual pleasures1 su* z eat+ & dr9k+1 :i*1 99#eai;,b99 l lead5 weights1 7 atta*$ to !m at _! bir?1 & :i* drag !m d[n & turn ! vision ( _! s\ls ^u ! ?+s t are bel[--if1 ,i say1 !y _h be5 releas$ f ^! imp$im5ts & turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 ! v same faculty 9 !m w\ld h se5 ! tru? z ke5ly z !y see :at _! eyes are turn$ to n[4 ,v likely4 ,sid5ote3 ,nei!r ! un$ucat$ nor ! ov]$ucat$ w be good s]vants ( ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & !re is ano!r ?+ :i* is likely1 or r a necess>y inf]5ce f :at has prec$$1 t nei!r ! un$ucat$ & un9=m$ ( ! tru?1 nor 99#eai;,c99 yet ^? :o nev] make an end ( _! education1 w be able m9i/]s ( ,/ate2 n ! =m]1 because !y h no s+le aim ( duty :i* is ! rule ( all _! actions1 private z well z public2 nor ! latt]1 because !y w n act at all except ^u compulsion1 fancy+ t !y are already dwell+ ap>t 9 ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 ! bus9ess ( u :o are ! f\nd]s ( ! ,/ate w be to compel ! be/ m9ds to atta9 t #bbj k :i* we h already %[n to be ! greate/ ( all--!y mu/ cont9ue to asc5d until !y arrive at ! good2 99#eai;,d99 b :5 !y h asc5d$ & se5 en\gh we mu/ n all[ !m to d z !y d n[4 ,:at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 %\ld asc5d to ! upp] _w1 b !y %\ld also return to ! l[]4 ,i mean t !y rema9 9 ! upp] _w3 b ?is mu/ n be all[$2 !y mu/ be made to desc5d aga9 among ! prison]s 9 ! d51 & p>take ( _! lab\rs & hon\rs1 :e!r !y are wor? hav+ or n4 ,b is n ?is unju/8 he said2 ought we to give !m a worse life1 :5 !y might h a bett]8 99#eai;,e99 ,y h aga9 =gott51 my fri5d1 ,i said1 ! int5tion ( ! legislator1 :o did n aim at mak+ any "o class 9 ! ,/ate happy above ! re/2 ! happ9ess 0 to be 9 ! :ole ,/ate1 & he held ! citiz5s toge!r by p]suasion & necessity1 mak+ !m b5efactors ( ! ,/ate1 99#ebj;,a99 & !re=e b5efactors ( "o ano!r2 to ?is end he creat$ !m1 n to please !mselves1 b to be 8 in/rum5ts 9 b9d+ up ! ,/ate4 ,true1 he said1 ,i _h =gott54 ,sid5ote3 ,! duties ( philosoph]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! obligations to _! c\ntry w induce !m to take "p 9 h] gov]nm5t4 ,obs]ve1 ,glaucon1 t !re w be no inju/ice 9 compell+ our philosoph]s to h a c>e & provid5ce ( o!rs2 we %all expla9 to !m t 9 o!r ,/ates1 m5 99#ebj;,b99 ( _! class are n oblig$ to %>e 9 ! toils ( politics3 & ?is is reasonable1 = !y gr[ up at _! own sweet w1 & ! gov]nm5t w\ld r n h !m4 ,be+ self-taught1 !y _c be expect$ to %[ any gratitude = a culture :i* !y h nev] receiv$4 ,b we h br\ght y into ! _w to be rul]s ( ! hive1 k+s ( y\rselves & ( ! o!r citiz5s1 & h educat$ y f> bett] & m p]fectly ?an !y h be5 educat$1 & y are bett] able to %>e 9 ! d\ble duty4 99#ebj;,c99 ,:]e=e ea* ( y1 :5 8 turn comes1 mu/ g d[n to ! g5]al und]gr\nd abode1 & get ! habit ( see+ 9 ! d>k4 ,:5 y h acquir$ ! habit1 y w see t5 ?\s& times bett] ?an ! inhabitants ( ! d51 & y w "k :at ! sev]al images are1 & :at !y repres5t1 because y h se5 ! beautiful & j & good 9 _! tru?4 ,& ?us our ,/ate1 :i* is also y\rs1 w be a reality1 & n a dream #bba only1 & w be adm9i/]$ 9 a _s unlike t ( o!r ,/ates1 9 :i* m5 fight ) "o ano!r ab\t %ad[s only & are di/ract$ 9 ! /ruggle = p[]1 99#ebj;,d99 :i* 9 _! eyes is a great good4 ,:]eas ! tru? is t ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! rul]s are mo/ reluctant to gov]n is always ! be/ & mo/ quietly gov]n$1 & ! ,/ate 9 :i* !y are mo/ eag]1 ! wor/4 ,q true1 he repli$4 ,& w our pupils1 :5 !y he> ?is1 refuse to take _! turn at ! toils ( ,/ate1 :5 !y are all[$ to sp5d ! great] "p ( _! "t ) "o ano!r 9 ! heav5ly light8 ,sid5ote3 ,!y w be will+ b n anxi\s to rule4 99#ebj;,e99 ,impossible1 he answ]$2 = !y are j m51 & ! comm&s :i* we impose ^u !m are j2 !re c be no d\bt t e "o ( !m w take (fice z a /]n necessity1 & n aft] ! fa%ion ( our pres5t rul]s ( ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /atesman mu/ be provid$ ) a bett] life ?an t ( a rul]2 & !n he w n covet (fice4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 ,i said2 & !re lies ! po9t4 ,y 99#eba;,a99 mu/ contrive = y\r future rul]s ano!r & a bett] life ?an t ( a rul]1 & !n y may h a well-ord]$ ,/ate2 = only 9 ! ,/ate :i* (f]s ?is1 w !y rule :o are truly ri*1 n 9 silv] & gold1 b 9 virtue & wisdom1 :i* are ! true bless+s ( life4 ,:]eas if !y g to ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 poor & hung]+ aft] _! own private advantage1 ?9k+ t h5ce !y are to snat* ! *ief good1 ord] !re c nev] be2 = !y w be fight+ ab\t (fice1 & ! civil & dome/ic broils :i* ?us arise w be ! ru9 ( ! rul]s !mselves & ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,mo/ true1 he repli$4 99#eba;,b99 ,& ! only life :i* looks d[n ^u ! life ( political ambition is t ( true philosophy4 ,d y "k ( any o!r8 ,inde$1 ,i d n1 he said4 ,& ^? :o gov]n ought n to be lov]s ( ! task8 ,=1 if !y are1 !re w be rival lov]s1 & !y w fight4 ,no "q4 ,:o !n are ^? :om we %all compel to be gu>dians8 ,surely !y w be ! m5 :o are wise/ ab\t affairs ( #bbb ,/ate1 & by :om ! ,/ate is be/ adm9i/]$1 & :o at ! same "t h o!r hon\rs & ano!r & a bett] life ?an t ( politics8 ,!y are ! m51 & ,i w *oose !m1 he repli$4 99#eba;,c99 ,& n[ %all we consid] 9 :at way su* gu>dians w be produc$1 & h[ !y are to be br\ght f d>kness to light1--z "s are said to h asc5d$ f ! _w bel[ to ! gods8 ,by all means1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tra9+ ( ! gu>dians4 ,! process1 ,i said1 is n ! turn+ ov] ( an oy/]-%ell#b1 b ! turn+ r\nd ( a s\l pass+ f a day :i* is little bett] ?an night to ! true day ( be+1 t is1 ! asc5t f bel[#c1 :i* we affirm to be true philosophy8 ,footnote #b3 ,9 allusion to a game 9 :i* two p>ties fl$ or pursu$ accord+ z an oy/]-%ell :i* 0 ?r[n into ! air fell ) ! d>k or light side upp]mo/4 ,footnote #c3 ,read+ ,greek3 ou7san e7pa_/nodon4 ,q s4 ,& %\ld we n enquire :at sort ( k has ! 99#eba;,d99 p[] ( effect+ su* a *ange8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at k w draw ! s\l upw>ds8 ,:at sort ( k is !re :i* w\ld draw ! s\l f becom+ to be+8 ,& ano!r consid]ation has j occurr$ to me3 ,y w rememb] t our "y m5 are to be w>rior a?letes8 ,yes1 t 0 said4 ,!n ?is new k9d ( k mu/ h an additional quality8 ,:at quality8 ,usefulness 9 w>4 ,yes1 if possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation4 ,!re 7 two p>ts 9 our =m] s*eme ( education1 99#eba;,e99 7 !re n8 ,sid5ote3 ,!re 7 two p>ts 9 our =m] s*eme ( education1 7 !re n8 ,j s4 ,!re 0 gymna/ic :i* presid$ ov] ! gr[? & decay ( ! body1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z hav+ to d ) g5]ation & corruption8 ,true4 99#ebb;,a99 ,!n t is n ! k :i* we are seek+ to discov]8 #bbc ,no4 ,b :at d y say ( music1 :i* also ent]$ to a c]ta9 ext5t into our =m] s*eme8 ,music1 he said1 z y w rememb]1 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( gymna/ic1 & tra9$ ! gu>dians by ! influ5ces ( habit1 by h>mony mak+ !m h>moni\s1 by rhy?m rhy?mical1 b n giv+ !m sci5ce2 & ! words1 :e!r fabul\s or possibly true1 _h k9dr$ elem5ts ( rhy?m & h>mony 9 !m4 ,b 9 music !re 0 99#ebb;,b99 no?+ :i* t5d$ to t good :i* y are n[ seek+4 ,y are mo/ accurate1 ,i said1 9 y\r recollection2 9 music !re c]ta9ly 0 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b :at bran* ( k is !re1 my de> ,glaucon1 :i* is ( ! desir$ nature2 s9ce all ! useful arts 7 reckon$ mean by u8 ,und\bt$ly2 & yet if music & gymna/ic are exclud$1 & ! arts are also exclud$1 :at rema9s8 ,well1 ,i said1 !re may be no?+ left ( our special subjects2 & !n we %all h to take some?+ :i* is n special1 b ( univ]sal application4 ,:at may t be8 ,sid5ote3 ,!re rema9s = ! second education1 ari?metic2 99#ebb;,c99 ,a some?+ :i* all arts & sci5ces & intellig5ces use 9 common1 & :i* e "o fir/ has to le>n among ! elem5ts ( education4 ,:at is t8 ,! little matt] ( di/+ui%+ "o1 two1 & ?ree--9 a ^w1 numb] & calculation3--d n all arts & sci5ces necess>ily p>take ( !m8 ,yes4 ,!n ! art ( w> p>takes ( !m8 ,to be sure4 99#ebb;,d99 ,!n ,palam$es1 :5ev] he appe>s 9 trag$y1 proves ,agamemnon ridicul\sly unfit to be a g5]al4 ,did y nev] rem>k h[ he decl>es t he _h inv5t$ numb]1 & _h numb]$ ! %ips & set 9 array ! ranks ( ! army at ,troy2 :i* implies t !y _h nev] be5 numb]$ be=e1 & ,agamemnon mu/ be suppos$ lit]ally to h be5 incapable ( c\nt+ 8 own feet--h[ c\ld he if he 0 ignorant ( numb]8 ,& if t is true1 :at sort ( g5]al mu/ he h be58 #bbd ,i %\ld say a v /range "o1 if ?is 0 z y say4 99#ebb;,e99 ,c we d5y t a w>rior %\ld h a k ( ari?metic8 ,c]ta9ly he %\ld1 if he is to h ! smalle/ und]/&+ ( milit>y tactics1 or inde$1 ,i %\ld r say1 if he is to be a man at all4 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y h ! same notion :i* ,i h ( ?is /udy8 ,:at is y\r notion8 ,sid5ote3 t be+ a /udy :i* leads naturally to reflection1 = ,x appe>s to me to be a /udy ( ! k9d :i* we are 99#ebc;,a99 seek+1 & :i* leads naturally to reflection1 b nev] to h be5 rightly us$2 = ! true use ( x is simply to draw ! s\l t[>ds be+4 ,w y expla9 y\r mean+8 he said4 ,i w try1 ,i said2 & ,i wi% y w\ld %>e ! enquiry ) me1 & say 'yes' or 'no' :5 ,i attempt to di/+ui% 9 my own m9d :at bran*es ( k h ?is attract+ p[]1 9 ord] t we may h cle>] pro( t ari?metic is1 z ,i suspect1 "o ( !m4 ,expla91 he said4 ,sid5ote3 reflection is ar\s$ by contradictory impressions ( s5se4 ,i mean to say t objects ( s5se are ( two k9ds2 "s 99#ebc;,b99 ( !m d n invite ?\ght because ! s5se is an adequate judge ( !m2 :ile 9 ! case ( o!r objects s5se is s untru/wor?y t fur!r enquiry is imp]atively dem&$4 ,y are cle>ly ref]r+1 he said1 to ! mann] 9 :i* ! s5ses are impos$ ^u by di/ance1 & by pa9t+ 9 light & %ade4 ,no1 ,i said1 t is n at all my mean+4 ,!n :at is y\r mean+8 ,:5 speak+ ( un9vit+ objects1 ,i mean ^? :i* 99#ebc;,c99 d n pass f "o s5sation to ! opposite2 invit+ objects are ^? :i* d2 9 ?is latt] case ! s5se com+ ^u ! object1 :e!r at a di/ance or ne>1 gives no m vivid idea ( any?+ 9 p>ticul> ?an ( its opposite4 ,an illu/ration w make my mean+ cle>]3--"h are ?ree f+]s--a little f+]1 a second f+]1 & a middle f+]4 ,v good4 #bbe ,y may suppose t !y are se5 q close3 ,& "h comes ! po9t4 ,:at is x8 ,sid5ote3 ,no difficulty 9 simple p]ception4 ,ea* ( !m equally appe>s a f+]1 :e!r se5 9 ! 99#ebc;,d99 middle or at ! extremity1 :e!r :ite or black1 or ?ick or ?9--x makes no diff]5ce2 a f+] is a f+] all ! same4 ,9 ^! cases a man is n compell$ to ask ( ?\ght ! "q :at is a f+]8 = ! sight nev] intimates to ! m9d t a f+] is o!r ?an a f+]4 ,true4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 z we might expect1 !re is no?+ 99#ebc;,e99 "h :i* invites or excites intellig5ce4 ,!re is n1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! same s5ses at ! same "t give diff]5t impressions :i* are at fir/ indi/9ct & h to be di/+ui%$ by ! m9d4 ,b is ?is equally true ( ! greatness & smallness ( ! f+]s8 ,c sight adequately p]ceive !m8 & is no diff]5ce made by ! circum/ance t "o ( ! f+]s is 9 ! middle & ano!r at ! extremity8 ,& 9 l mann] does ! t\* adequately p]ceive ! qualities ( ?ickness or ?9ness1 ( s(tness or h>dness8 ,& s ( ! o!r s5ses2 d !y give p]fect intimations ( su* matt]s8 99#ebd;,a99 ,is n _! mode ( op]ation on ?is wise--! s5se :i* is conc]n$ ) ! quality ( h>dness is necess>ily conc]n$ also ) ! quality ( s(tness1 & only intimates to ! s\l t ! same ?+ is felt to be bo? h>d & s(t8 ,y are q "r1 he said4 ,& mu/ n ! s\l be p]plex$ at ?is intimation :i* ! s5se gives ( a h>d :i* is also s(t8 ,:at1 aga91 is ! mean+ ( light & heavy1 if t :i* is light is also heavy1 & t :i* is heavy1 light8 99#ebd;,b99 ,yes1 he said1 ^! intimations :i* ! s\l receives are v curi\s & require to be expla9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! aid ( numb]s is invok$ 9 ord] to remove ! confusion4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & 9 ^! p]plexities ! s\l naturally summons to h] aid calculation & intellig5ce1 t %e may see :e!r ! sev]al objects ann\nc$ to h] are "o or two4 ,true4 ,& if !y turn out to be two1 is n ea* ( !m "o & diff]5t8 ,c]ta9ly4 #bbf ,& if ea* is "o1 & bo? are two1 %e w conceive ! 99#ebd;,c99 two z 9 a /ate ( division1 = if !re 7 undivid$ !y c\ld only be conceiv$ ( z "o8 ,true4 ,! eye c]ta9ly did see bo? small & great1 b only 9 a confus$ mann]2 !y 7 n di/+ui%$4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *aos !n beg9s to be def9$4 ,:]eas ! ?9k+ m9d1 int5d+ to light up ! *aos1 0 compell$ to rev]se ! process1 & look at small & great z sep>ate & n confus$4 ,v true4 ,0 n ?is ! beg9n+ ( ! enquiry ',:at is great8' & ',:at is small8' ,exactly s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p>t+ ( ! visible & intelligible4 ,& ?us arose ! di/9ction ( ! visible & ! intelligible4 99#ebd;,d99 ,mo/ true4 ,?is 0 :at ,i meant :5 ,i spoke ( impressions :i* invit$ ! intellect1 or ! rev]se--^? :i* are simultane\s ) opposite impressions1 invite ?\ght2 ^? :i* are n simultane\s d n4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 & agree ) y4 ,& to :i* class d unity & numb] belong8 ,i d n "k1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,?\ght is ar\s$ by ! contradiction ( ! "o & _m4 ,?9k a little & y w see t :at has prec$$ w supply ! answ]2 = if simple unity c\ld be adequately p]ceiv$ by ! sight or by any o!r s5se1 !n1 99#ebd;,e99 z we 7 say+ 9 ! case ( ! f+]1 !re w\ld be no?+ to attract t[>ds be+2 b :5 !re is "s contradiction always pres5t1 & "o is ! rev]se ( "o & involves ! conception ( plurality1 !n ?\ght beg9s to be ar\s$ )9 u1 & ! s\l p]plex$ & want+ to arrive at a decision asks ',:at is absolute unity8' ,?is 99#ebe;,a99 is ! way 9 :i* ! /udy ( ! "o has a p[] ( draw+ & conv]t+ ! m9d to ! contemplation ( true be+4 ,& surely1 he said1 ?is occurs notably 9 ! case ( "o2 = we see ! same ?+ to be bo? "o & inf9ite 9 multitude8 ,yes1 ,i said2 & ?is be+ true ( "o mu/ be equally true ( all numb]8 #bbg ,c]ta9ly4 ,& all ari?metic & calculation h to d ) numb]8 ,yes4 99#ebe;,b99 ,& !y appe> to lead ! m9d t[>ds tru?8 ,yes1 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari?metic has a practical & also a philosophical use1 ! latt] ! high]4 ,!n ?is is k ( ! k9d = :i* we are seek+1 hav+ a d\ble use1 milit>y & philosophical2 = ! man ( w> mu/ le>n ! art ( numb] or he w n "k h[ to array 8 troops1 & ! philosoph] also1 because he has to rise out ( ! sea ( *ange & lay hold ( true be+1 & !re=e he mu/ be an ari?metician4 ,t is true4 ,& our gu>dian is bo? w>rior & philosoph]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ?is is a k9d ( k :i* legislation may fitly prescribe2 & we mu/ endeav\r to p]suade ^? 99#ebe;,c99 :o are to be ! pr9cipal m5 ( our ,/ate to g & le>n ari?metic1 n z amateurs1 b !y mu/ c>ry on ! /udy until !y see ! nature ( numb]s ) ! m9d only2 nor aga91 l m]*ants or retail-trad]s1 ) a view to buy+ or sell+1 b = ! sake ( _! milit>y use1 & ( ! s\l h]self2 & because ?is w be ! easie/ way = h] to pass f becom+ to tru? & be+4 ,t is excell5t1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & n[ hav+ spok5 ( x1 ,i mu/ add 99#ebe;,d99 h[ *>m+ ! sci5ce is6 & 9 h[ _m ways x conduces to our desir$ end1 if pursu$ 9 ! _s ( a philosoph]1 & n ( a %opkeep]6 ,h[ d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ,! high] ari?metic is conc]n$1 n ) visible or tangible objects1 b ) ab/ract numb]s4 ,i mean1 z ,i 0 say+1 t ari?metic has a v great & elevat+ effect1 compell+ ! s\l to reason ab\t ab/ract numb]1 & rebell+ aga9/ ! introduction ( visible or tangible objects into ! argum5t4 ,y "k 99#ebe;,e99 h[ /eadily ! ma/]s ( ! art repel & ridicule any "o :o attempts to divide absolute unity :5 he is calculat+1 & if y divide1 !y multiply#d1 tak+ c>e t "o %all cont9ue "o & n become lo/ 9 fractions4 #bbh ,footnote #d3 ,mean+ ei!r 7#a7 t !y integrate ! numb] because !y d5y ! possibility ( fractions2 or 7#b7 t division is reg>d$ by !m z a process ( multiplication1 = ! fractions ( "o cont9ue to be units4 ,t is v true4 99#ebf;,a99 ,n[1 suppose a p]son 7 to say to !m3 ,o my fri5ds1 :at are ^! wond]ful numb]s ab\t :i* y are reason+1 9 :i*1 z y say1 !re is a unity su* z y dem&1 & ea* unit is equal1 inv>iable1 indivisible1--:at w\ld !y answ]8 ,!y w\ld answ]1 z ,i %\ld conceive1 t !y 7 speak+ ( ^? numb]s :i* c only be realiz$ 9 ?\ght4 ,!n y see t ?is k may be truly call$ 99#ebf;,b99 necess>y1 necessitat+ z x cle>ly does ! use ( ! pure intellig5ce 9 ! atta9m5t ( pure tru?8 ,yes2 t is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ari?metician is naturally quick1 & ! /udy ( ari?metic gives him /ill great] quickness4 ,& h y fur!r obs]v$1 t ^? :o h a natural tal5t = calculation are g5]ally quick at e o!r k9d ( k2 & ev5 ! dull1 if !y h _h an ari?metical tra9+1 al?\gh !y may d]ive no o!r advantage f x1 always become mu* quick] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,v true1 he said4 99#ebf;,c99 ,& inde$1 y w n easily f9d a m difficult /udy1 & n _m z difficult4 ,y w n4 ,&1 = all ^! reasons1 ari?metic is a k9d ( k 9 :i* ! be/ natures %\ld be tra9$1 & :i* mu/ n be giv5 up4 ,i agree4 ,let ?is !n be made "o ( our subjects ( education4 ,& next1 %all we enquire :e!r ! k9dr$ sci5ce also conc]ns u8 ,y mean geometry8 ,exactly s4 ,sid5ote3 ,geometry has practical applications2 99#ebf;,d99 ,cle>ly1 he said1 we are conc]n$ ) t "p ( geometry :i* relates to w>2 = 9 pit*+ a camp1 or tak+ up a position1 or clos+ or ext5d+ ! l9es ( an army1 or any o!r milit>y manoeuvre1 :e!r 9 actual battle or on a m>*1 x w make all ! diff]5ce :e!r a g5]al is or is n a geometrician4 ,sid5ote3 ^! h[ev] are trifl+ 9 comp>ison ) t great] "p ( ! sci5ce :i* t5ds t[>ds ! good1 ,yes1 ,i said1 b = t purpose a v little ( ei!r geometry or calculation w be en\gh2 ! "q relates #bbi r to ! great] & m advanc$ "p ( geometry-- 99#ebf;,e99 :e!r t t5ds 9 any degree to make m easy ! vision ( ! idea ( good2 & ?i!r1 z ,i 0 say+1 all ?+s t5d :i* compel ! s\l to turn h] gaze t[>ds t place1 :]e is ! full p]fection ( be+1 :i* %e ought1 by all means1 to behold4 ,true1 he said4 ,!n if geometry compels u to view be+1 x conc]ns u2 if becom+ only1 x does n conc]n u8 99#ebg;,a99 ,yes1 t is :at we ass]t4 ,yet anybody :o has ! lea/ acqua9tance ) geometry w n d5y t su* a conception ( ! sci5ce is 9 flat contradiction to ! ord9>y language ( geometricians4 ,h[ s8 ,!y h 9 view practice only1 & are always speak+1 9 a n>r[ & ridicul\s mann]1 ( squ>+ & ext5d+ & apply+ & ! l--!y confuse ! necessities ( geometry ) ^? ( daily life2 :]eas k is ! 99#ebg;,b99 real object ( ! :ole sci5ce4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,!n mu/ n a fur!r admission be made8 ,:at admission8 ,sid5ote3 & is conc]n$ ) ! et]nal4 ,t ! k at :i* geometry aims is k ( ! et]nal1 & n ( aught p]i%+ & transi5t4 ,t1 he repli$1 may be readily all[$1 & is true4 ,!n1 my noble fri5d1 geometry w draw ! s\l t[>ds tru?1 & create ! _s ( philosophy1 & raise up t :i* is n[ unhappily all[$ to fall d[n4 ,no?+ w be m likely to h su* an effect4 99#ebg;,c99 ,!n no?+ %\ld be m /]nly laid d[n ?an t ! inhabitants ( y\r fair city %\ld by all means le>n geometry4 ,moreov] ! sci5ce has indirect effects1 :i* are n small4 ,( :at k9d8 he said4 ,!re are ! milit>y advantages ( :i* y spoke1 ,i said2 & 9 all dep>tm5ts ( k1 z exp]i5ce proves1 any "o :o has /udi$ geometry is inf9itely quick] ( appreh5sion ?an "o :o has n4 ,yes inde$1 he said1 !re is an inf9ite diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 #bcj ,!n %all we propose ?is z a second bran* ( k :i* our y\? w /udy8 ,let u d s1 he repli$4 99#ebg;,d99 ,& suppose we make a/ronomy ! ?ird--:at d y say8 ,sid5ote3 ,a/ronomy1 l ! previ\s sci5ces1 is at fir/ prais$ by ,glaucon = its practical uses4 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to x1 he said2 ! obs]vation ( ! seasons & ( mon?s & ye>s is z ess5tial to ! g5]al z x is to ! f>m] or sailor4 ,i am amus$1 ,i said1 at y\r fe> ( ! _w1 :i* makes y gu>d aga9/ ! appe>ance ( insi/+ ^u useless /udies2 & ,i q admit ! difficulty ( believ+ t 9 e man !re is an eye ( ! s\l :i*1 :5 by 99#ebg;,e99 o!r pursuits lo/ & dimm$1 is by ^! purifi$ & re-illum9$2 & is m preci\s f> ?an t5 ?\s& bodily eyes1 = by x alone is tru? se54 ,n[ !re are two classes ( p]sons3 "o class ( ^? :o w agree ) y & w take y\r words z a revelation2 ano!r class 99#ebh;,a99 to :om !y w be utt]ly unmean+1 & :o w naturally deem !m to be idle tales1 = !y see no sort ( pr(it :i* is to be obta9$ f !m4 ,& !re=e y _h bett] decide at once ) :i* ( ! two y are propos+ to argue4 ,y w v likely say ) nei!r1 & t y\r *ief aim 9 c>ry+ on ! argum5t is y\r own improvem5t2 at ! same "t y d n grudge to o!rs any b5efit :i* !y may receive4 ,i ?9k t ,i %\ld pref] to c>ry on ! argum5t ma9ly on my own behalf4 ,sid5ote3 ,correction ( ! ord]4 ,!n take a /ep backw>d1 = we h gone wrong 9 ! ord] ( ! sci5ces4 ,:at 0 ! mi/ake8 he said4 ,aft] plane geometry1 ,i said1 we proce$$ at once to 99#ebh;,b99 solids 9 revolution1 in/ead ( tak+ solids 9 !mselves2 :]eas aft] ! second dim5sion ! ?ird1 :i* is conc]n$ ) cubes & dim5sions ( dep?1 ought to h foll[$4 ,t is true1 ,socrates2 b s little seems to be kn[n z yet ab\t ^! subjects4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pitiable condition ( solid geometry4 ,:y1 yes1 ,i said1 & = two reasons3--9 ! fir/ place1 no gov]nm5t patronises !m2 ?is leads to a want ( en]gy 9 ! pursuit ( !m1 & !y are difficult2 9 ! #bca second place1 /ud5ts _c le>n !m unless !y h a director4 ,b !n a director c h>dly be f\nd1 & ev5 99#ebh;,c99 if he c\ld1 z matt]s n[ /&1 ! /ud5ts1 :o are v conceit$1 w\ld n att5d to him4 ,t1 h[ev]1 w\ld be o!rwise if ! :ole ,/ate became ! director ( ^! /udies & gave hon\r to !m2 !n disciples w\ld want to come1 & !re w\ld be cont9u\s & e>ne/ se>*1 & discov]ies w\ld be made2 s9ce ev5 n[1 disreg>d$ z !y are by ! _w1 & maim$ ( _! fair proportions1 & al?\gh none ( _! vot>ies c tell ! use ( !m1 /ill ^! /udies =ce _! way by _! natural *>m1 & v likely1 if !y _h ! help ( ! ,/ate1 !y w\ld "s day em]ge into light4 99#ebh;,d99 ,yes1 he said1 !re is a rem>kable *>m 9 !m4 ,b ,i d n cle>ly und]/& ! *ange 9 ! ord]4 ,fir/ y began ) a geometry ( plane surfaces8 ,yes1 ,i said4 ,& y plac$ a/ronomy next1 & !n y made a /ep backw>d8 ,sid5ote3 ,! motion ( solids4 ,yes1 & ,i h delay$ y by my hurry2 ! ludicr\s /ate ( solid geometry1 :i*1 9 natural ord]1 %\ld h foll[$1 made me pass ov] ?is bran* & g on to 99#ebh;,e99 a/ronomy1 or motion ( solids4 ,true1 he said4 ,!n assum+ t ! sci5ce n[ omitt$ w\ld come into exi/5ce if enc\rag$ by ! ,/ate1 let u g on to a/ronomy1 :i* w be f\r?4 ,sid5ote3 ,glaucon gr[s s5tim5tal ab\t a/ronomy4 ,! "r ord]1 he repli$4 ,& n[1 ,socrates1 z y rebuk$ ! vulg> mann] 9 :i* ,i prais$ a/ronomy 99#ebi;,a99 be=e1 my praise %all be giv5 9 y\r own _s4 ,= e "o1 z ,i ?9k1 mu/ see t a/ronomy compels ! s\l to look upw>ds & leads u f ?is _w to ano!r4 ,e "o b myself1 ,i said2 to e "o else ?is may be cle>1 b n to me4 ,& :at !n w\ld y say8 ,i %\ld r say t ^? :o elevate a/ronomy into philosophy appe> to me to make u look d[nw>ds & n upw>ds4 ,:at d y mean8 he ask$4 #bcb ,sid5ote3 ,he is rebuk$ by ,socrates1 ,y1 ,i repli$1 h 9 y\r m9d a truly sublime conception ( our k ( ! ?+s above4 ,& ,i d>e 99#ebi;,b99 say t if a p]son 7 to ?r[ 8 head back & /udy ! frett$ ceil+1 y w\ld /ill ?9k t 8 m9d 0 ! p]cipi5t1 & n 8 eyes4 ,& y are v likely "r1 & ,i may be a simpleton3 b1 9 my op9ion1 t k only :i* is ( be+ & ( ! unse5 c make ! s\l look upw>ds1 & :e!r a man gapes at ! heav5s or bl9ks on ! gr\nd1 seek+ to le>n "s p>ticul> ( s5se1 ,i w\ld d5y t he c le>n1 = 99#ebi;,c99 no?+ ( t sort is matt] ( sci5ce2 8 s\l is look+ d[nw>ds1 n upw>ds1 :e!r 8 way to k is by wat] or by l&1 :e!r he floats1 or only lies on 8 back4 ,sid5ote3 :o expla9s t ! high] a/ronomy is an ab/ract sci5ce4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 he said1 ! ju/ice ( y\r rebuke4 ,/ill1 ,i %\ld l to asc]ta9 h[ a/ronomy c be le>n$ 9 any mann] m conducive to t k ( :i* we are speak+8 ,i w tell y1 ,i said3 ,! />ry heav5 :i* we behold is wr\ght ^u a visible gr\nd1 & !re=e1 99#ebi;,d99 al?\gh ! faire/ & mo/ p]fect ( visible ?+s1 mu/ necess>ily be deem$ inf]ior f> to ! true motions ( absolute swiftness & absolute sl[ness1 :i* are relative to ea* o!r1 & c>ry ) !m t :i* is conta9$ 9 !m1 9 ! true numb] & 9 e true figure4 ,n[1 ^! are to be appreh5d$ by reason & intellig5ce1 b n by sight4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,! spangl$ heav5s %\ld be us$ z a patt]n & ) a view to t high] k2 _! beauty is l 99#ebi;,e99 ! beauty ( figures or pictures excell5tly wr\ght by ! h& ( ,da$alus1 or "s o!r great arti/1 :i* we may *ance to behold2 any geometrician :o saw !m w\ld appreciate ! exquisit5ess ( _! workman%ip1 b he w\ld nev] dream ( ?9k+ t 9 !m he c\ld f9d ! true equal or ! true d\ble1 or ! tru? ( any 99#ecj;,a99 o!r proportion4 ,no1 he repli$1 su* an idea w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,& w n a true a/ronom] h ! same feel+ :5 he looks at ! movem5ts ( ! />s8 ,w he n ?9k t heav5 & ! ?+s 9 heav5 are fram$ by ! #bcc ,creator ( !m 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]8 ,b he w nev] imag9e t ! proportions ( night & day1 or ( bo? to ! mon?1 or ( ! mon? to ! ye>1 or ( ! 99#ecj;,b99 />s to ^! & to "o ano!r1 & any o!r ?+s t are mat]ial & visible c also be et]nal & subject to no deviation--t w\ld be absurd2 & x is equally absurd to take s mu* pa9s 9 inve/igat+ _! exact tru?4 ,i q agree1 ?\gh ,i nev] ?\ght ( ?is be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! real k ( a/ronomy or geometry is to be atta9$ by ! use ( ab/ractions4 ,!n1 ,i said1 9 a/ronomy1 z 9 geometry1 we %\ld employ problems1 & let ! heav5s alone if we w\ld approa* ! subject 9 ! "r way & s make ! 99#ecj;,c99 natural gift ( reason to be ( any real use4 ,t1 he said1 is a "w inf9itely beyond our pres5t a/ronom]s4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & !re are _m o!r ?+s :i* mu/ also h a simil> ext5sion giv5 to !m1 if our legislation is to be ( any value4 ,b c y tell me ( any o!r suitable /udy8 ,no1 he said1 n )\t ?9k+4 ,motion1 ,i said1 has _m =ms1 & n "o only2 two ( 99#ecj;,d99 !m are obvi\s en\gh ev5 to wits no bett] ?an ours2 & !re are o!rs1 z ,i imag9e1 :i* may be left to wis] p]sons4 ,b :]e are ! two8 ,!re is a second1 ,i said1 :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! "o already nam$4 ,& :at may t be8 ,sid5ote3 ,:at a/ronomy is to ! eye1 h>monics are to ! e>4 ,! second1 ,i said1 w\ld seem relatively to ! e>s to be :at ! fir/ is to ! eyes2 = ,i conceive t z ! eyes are design$ to look up at ! />s1 s are ! e>s to he> h>moni\s motions2 & ^! are si/] sci5ces--z ! ,py?agoreans say1 & we1 ,glaucon1 agree ) !m8 ,yes1 he repli$4 99#ecj;,e99 ,b ?is1 ,i said1 is a labori\s /udy1 & !re=e we _h bett] g & le>n ( !m2 & !y w tell u :e!r !re are any o!r applications ( ^! sci5ces4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n lose sight ( our own high] object4 ,:at is t8 ,sid5ote3 ,!y mu/ be /udi$ ) a view to ! good & n aft] ! fa%ion ( ! empirics or ev5 ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,!re is a p]fection :i* all k ought to rea*1 #bcd & :i* our pupils ought also to atta91 & n to fall %ort (1 z ,i 0 say+ t !y did 9 a/ronomy4 99#eca;,a99 ,= 9 ! sci5ce ( h>mony1 z y probably "k1 ! same ?+ happ5s4 ,! tea*]s ( h>mony comp>e ! s\nds & consonances :i* are he>d only1 & _! lab\r1 l t ( ! a/ronom]s1 is 9 va94 ,yes1 by heav56 he said2 & 'tis z good z a play to he> !m talk+ ab\t _! cond5s$ notes1 z !y call !m2 !y put _! e>s close alongside ( ! /r+s l p]sons cat*+ a s\nd f _! neighb\r's wall#e--"o set ( !m decl>+ t !y di/+ui% an int]m$iate note & h f\nd ! lea/ int]val :i* %\ld be ! unit ( measurem5t2 ! o!rs insi/+ t ! two s\nds h pass$ into ! same--ei!r p>ty sett+ 99#eca;,b99 _! e>s be=e _! und]/&+4 ,footnote #e3 ,or1 'close alongside ( _! neighb\r's in/rum5ts1 z if to cat* a s\nd f !m4' ,y mean1 ,i said1 ^? g5tlem5 :o tease & torture ! /r+s & rack !m on ! pegs ( ! in/rum5t3 ,i might c>ry on ! metaphor & speak aft] _! mann] ( ! bl[s :i* ! plectrum gives1 & make accusations aga9/ ! /r+s1 bo? ( backw>dness & =w>dness to s\nd2 b ?is w\ld be t$i\s1 & !re=e ,i w only say t ^! are n ! m51 & t ,i am ref]r+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 ( :om ,i 0 j n[ propos+ to enquire ab\t h>mony4 ,= !y too are 9 error1 l ! 99#eca;,c99 a/ronom]s2 !y inve/igate ! numb]s ( ! h>monies :i* are he>d1 b !y nev] atta9 to problems--t is to say1 !y nev] rea* ! natural h>monies ( numb]1 or reflect :y "s numb]s are h>moni\s & o!rs n4 ,t1 he said1 is a ?+ ( m ?an mortal k4 ,a ?+1 ,i repli$1 :i* ,i w\ld r call useful2 t is1 if s\ght aft] ) a view to ! beautiful & good2 b if pursu$ 9 any o!r _s1 useless4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ^! /udies mu/ be correlat$ ) "o ano!r4 ,n[1 :5 all ^! /udies rea* ! po9t ( int]-communion 99#eca;,d99 & connection ) "o ano!r1 & come to be consid]$ 9 _! mutual aff9ities1 !n1 ,i ?9k1 b n till !n1 w ! pursuit ( !m h a value = our objects2 o!rwise !re is no pr(it 9 !m4 #bce ,i suspect s2 b y are speak+1 ,socrates1 ( a va/ "w4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i said2 ! prelude or :at8 ,d y n "k t all ?is is b ! prelude to ! actual /ra9 :i* we h to le>n8 ,= y surely w\ld n 99#eca;,e99 reg>d ! skill$ ma!matician z a dialectician8 ,sid5ote3 ,want ( reason+ p[] 9 ma!maticians4 ,assur$ly n1 he said2 ,i h h>dly ev] kn[n a ma!matician :o 0 capable ( reason+4 ,b d y imag9e t m5 :o are unable to give & take a reason w h ! k :i* we require ( !m8 ,nei!r c ?is be suppos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,dialectic proce$s by reason only1 )\t any help ( s5se4 99#ecb;,a99 ,& s1 ,glaucon1 ,i said1 we h at la/ arriv$ at ! hymn ( dialectic4 ,?is is t /ra9 :i* is ( ! intellect only1 b :i* ! faculty ( sight w nev]!less be f\nd to imitate2 = sight1 z y may rememb]1 0 imag9$ by u aft] a :ile to behold ! real animals & />s1 & la/ ( all ! sun himself4 ,& s ) dialectic2 :5 a p]son />ts on ! discov]y ( ! absolute by ! light ( reason only1 & )\t any assi/ance ( s5se1 & p]sev]es 99#ecb;,b99 until by pure intellig5ce he arrives at ! p]ception ( ! absolute good1 he at la/ f9ds himself at ! end ( ! intellectual _w1 z 9 ! case ( sight at ! end ( ! visible4 ,exactly1 he said4 ,!n ?is is ! progress :i* y call dialectic8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gradual acquirem5t ( dialectic by ! pursuit ( ! arts anticipat$ 9 ! allegory ( ! d54 ,b ! release ( ! prison]s f *a9s1 & _! translation f ! %ad[s to ! images & to ! light1 & ! asc5t f ! und]gr\nd d5 to ! sun1 :ile 9 8 pres5ce !y are va9ly try+ to look on animals & plants & ! light ( ! sun1 b are able to p]ceive 99#ecb;,c99 ev5 ) _! weak eyes ! images#f 9 ! wat] 7:i* are div9e71 & are ! %ad[s ( true exi/5ce 7n %ad[s ( images ca/ by a light ( fire1 :i* comp>$ ) ! sun is only an image7--?is p[] ( elevat+ ! highe/ pr9ciple 9 ! s\l to ! contemplation ( t :i* is be/ 9 exi/5ce1 ) :i* we may comp>e ! rais+ ( t #bcf faculty :i* is ! v light ( ! body to ! sight ( t :i* is brighte/ 9 ! mat]ial & visible _w--?is p[] is giv51 z ,i 0 say+1 by all t /udy & pursuit 99#ecb;,d99 ( ! arts :i* has be5 describ$4 ,footnote #f3 ,omitt+ ,greek3 e7ntau?a de pros phanta_/smata4 ,! ^w ,greek3 !ia is bracket$ by ,/allbaum4 ,i agree 9 :at y are say+1 he repli$1 :i* may be h>d to believe1 yet1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 is h>d] /ill to d5y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a !me to be treat$ ( 9 pass+ only1 b w h to be discuss$ aga9 & aga94 ,& s1 :e!r our conclusion be true or false1 let u assume all ?is1 & proce$ at once f ! prelude or preamble to ! *ief /ra9#g1 & describe t 9 l mann]4 ,say1 !n1 :at is ! nature & :at are ! divisions ( 99#ecb;,e99 dialectic1 & :at are ! pa?s :i* lead ?i!r2 = ^! pa?s w also lead to our f9al re/4 ,footnote #g3 ,a play ^u ! ^w ,greek3 no_/mos1 :i* means bo? 'law' & '/ra94' ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( dialectic c only be reveal$ to ^? :o h be5 /ud5ts ( ! prelim9>y sci5ces1 99#ecc;,a99 ,de> ,glaucon1 ,i said1 y w n be able to foll[ me "h1 ?\gh ,i w\ld d my be/1 & y %\ld behold n an image only b ! absolute tru?1 accord+ to my notion4 ,:e!r :at ,i told y w\ld or w\ld n h be5 a reality ,i _c v5ture to say2 b y w\ld h se5 some?+ l reality2 ( t ,i am confid5t4 ,d\btless1 he repli$4 ,b ,i mu/ also rem9d y1 t ! p[] ( dialectic alone c reveal ?is1 & only to "o :o is a disciple ( ! previ\s sci5ces4 ,( t ass]tion y may be z confid5t z ( ! la/4 99#ecc;,b99 ,& assur$ly no "o w argue t !re is any o!r me?od ( compreh5d+ by any regul> process all true exi/5ce or ( asc]ta9+ :at ea* ?+ is 9 its own nature2 = ! arts 9 g5]al are conc]n$ ) ! desires or op9ions ( m51 or are cultivat$ ) a view to production & con/ruction1 or = ! pres]vation ( su* productions & con/ructions2 & z to ! ma!matical sci5ces :i*1 z we 7 say+1 h "s appreh5sion ( true be+--geometry & ! l--!y only dream ab\t 99#ecc;,c99 be+1 b nev] c !y behold ! wak+ reality s long z !y leave ! hypo!ses :i* !y use unexam9$1 & are unable to give an acc\nt ( !m4 ,= :5 a man kn[s n 8 own fir/ pr9ciple1 & :5 ! conclusion #bcg & int]m$iate /eps are also con/ruct$ out ( he kn[s n :at1 h[ c he imag9e t su* a fabric ( conv5tion c ev] become sci5ce8 ,impossible1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 :i* are h] h&maids4 ,!n dialectic1 & dialectic alone1 goes directly to ! fir/ pr9ciple & is ! only sci5ce :i* does away ) hypo!ses 9 ord] to make h] gr\nd secure2 ! eye ( 99#ecc;,d99 ! s\l1 :i* is lit]ally buri$ 9 an outl&i% sl\gh1 is by h] g5tle aid lift$ upw>ds2 & %e uses z h&maids & help]s 9 ! "w ( conv]sion1 ! sci5ces :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,cu/om t]ms !m sci5ces1 b !y ought to h "s o!r "n1 imply+ great] cle>ness ?an op9ion & less cle>ness ?an sci5ce3 & ?is1 9 our previ\s sket*1 0 call$ und]/&+4 ,b :y 99#ecc;,e99 %\ld we dispute ab\t names :5 we h realities ( su* importance to consid]8 ,:y inde$1 he said1 :5 any "n w d :i* expresses ! ?\ght ( ! m9d ) cle>ness8 ,sid5ote3 ,two divisions ( ! m9d1 intellect & op9ion1 ea* hav+ two subdivisions4 ,at any rate1 we are satisfi$1 z be=e1 to h f\r divisions2 two = intellect & two = op9ion1 & to call ! fir/ division sci5ce1 ! second und]/&+1 ! ?ird belief1 & ! f\r? p]ception ( %ad[s1 op9ion 99#ecd;,a99 be+ conc]n$ ) becom+1 & intellect ) be+2 & s to make a proportion3-- ,z be+ is to becom+1 s is pure intellect to op9ion4 ,& z intellect is to op9ion1 s is sci5ce to belief1 & und]/&+ to ! p]ception ( %ad[s4 ,b let u def] ! fur!r correlation & subdivision ( ! subjects ( op9ion & ( intellect1 = x w be a long enquiry1 _m times long] ?an ?is has be54 99#ecd;,b99 ,z f> z ,i und]/&1 he said1 ,i agree4 ,& d y also agree1 ,i said1 9 describ+ ! dialectician z "o :o atta9s a conception ( ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+8 ,& he :o does n possess & is !re=e unable to imp>t ?is conception1 9 :atev] degree he fails1 may 9 t degree also be said to fail 9 intellig5ce8 ,w y admit s mu*8 ,yes1 he said2 h[ c ,i d5y x8 ,sid5ote3 ,no tru? :i* does n re/ on ! idea ( good ,& y w\ld say ! same ( ! conception ( ! good8 ,until ! p]son is able to ab/ract & def9e rationally ! #bch 99#ecd;,c99 idea ( good1 & unless he c run ! gauntlet ( all objections1 & is ready to disprove !m1 n by appeals to op9ion1 b to absolute tru?1 nev] falt]+ at any /ep ( ! argum5t--unless he c d all ?is1 y w\ld say t he kn[s nei!r ! idea ( good nor any o!r good2 he appreh5ds only a %ad[1 if any?+ at all1 :i* is giv5 by op9ion & n by sci5ce2--dream+ & slumb]+ 9 ?is life1 be=e he is well awake "h1 he 99#ecd;,d99 arrives at ! _w bel[1 & has 8 f9al quietus4 ,9 all t ,i %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly agree ) y4 ,& surely y w\ld n h ! *ildr5 ( y\r ideal ,/ate1 :om y are nurtur+ & educat+--if ! ideal ev] becomes a reality--y w\ld n all[ ! future rul]s to be l po/s#h1 hav+ no reason 9 !m1 & yet to be set 9 au?ority ov] ! highe/ matt]s8 ,footnote #h3 ,greek3 gramma_/s4 lit]ally 'l9es1' probably ! />t+-po9t ( a race-c\rse4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n y w make a law t !y %all h su* an education z w enable !m to atta9 ! greate/ skill 9 ask+ & answ]+ que/ions8 99#ecd;,e99 ,yes1 he said1 y & ,i toge!r w make x4 ,sid5ote3 ought to h a high place4 ,dialectic1 !n1 z y w agree1 is ! cop+-/one ( ! sci5ces1 & is set ov] !m2 no o!r sci5ce c be 99#ece;,a99 plac$ high]--! nature ( k c no fur!r g8 ,i agree1 he said4 ,b to :om we are to assign ^! /udies1 & 9 :at way !y are to be assign$1 are que/ions :i* rema9 to be consid]$4 ,yes1 cle>ly4 ,y rememb]1 ,i said1 h[ ! rul]s 7 *os5 be=e8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,! same natures mu/ /ill be *os51 & ! pref]5ce aga9 giv5 to ! sure/ & ! brave/1 &1 if possible1 99#ece;,b99 to ! faire/2 &1 hav+ noble & g5]\s temp]s1 !y %\ld also h ! natural gifts :i* w facilitate _! education4 ,& :at are ^!8 ,sid5ote3 ,! natural gifts :i* are requir$ 9 ! dialectician3 a t[>dly und]/&+2 a good memory2 /r5g? ( "*2 ,su* gifts z ke5ness & ready p[]s ( acquisition2 = ! m9d m (t5 fa9ts f ! sev]ity ( /udy #bci ?an f ! sev]ity ( gymna/ics3 ! toil is m entirely ! m9d's own1 & is n %>$ ) ! body4 ,v true1 he repli$4 99#ece;,c99 ,fur!r1 he ( :om we are 9 se>* %\ld h a good memory1 & be an unwe>i$ solid man :o is a lov] ( lab\r 9 any l9e2 or he w nev] be able to endure ! great am\nt ( bodily ex]cise & to g ?r\gh all ! intellectual discipl9e & /udy :i* we require ( him4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 he mu/ h natural gifts4 ,! mi/ake at pres5t is1 t ^? :o /udy philosophy h no vocation1 & ?is1 z ,i 0 be=e say+1 is ! reason :y %e has fall5 into disrepute3 h] true sons %\ld take h] by ! h& & n ba/>ds4 ,:at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 indu/ry2 99#ece;,d99 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h] vot>y %\ld n h a lame or halt+ indu/ry--,i mean1 t he %\ld n be half indu/ri\s & half idle3 z1 = example1 :5 a man is a lov] ( gymna/ic & hunt+1 & all o!r bodily ex]cises1 b a hat] r ?an a lov] ( ! lab\r ( le>n+ or li/5+ or enquir+4 ,or ! occupation to :i* he devotes himself may be ( an opposite k9d1 & he may h ! o!r sort ( lam5ess4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 love ( tru?2 ,& z to tru?1 ,i said1 is n a s\l equally to be deem$ 99#ece;,e99 halt & lame :i* hates volunt>y falsehood & is extremely indignant at h]self & o!rs :5 !y tell lies1 b is pati5t ( involunt>y falsehood1 & does n m9d wall[+ l a sw9i% bea/ 9 ! mire ( ignorance1 & has no %ame at be+ detect$8 ,to be sure4 ,sid5ote3 ! moral virtues4 99#ecf;,a99 ,&1 aga91 9 respect ( temp]ance1 c\rage1 magnific5ce1 & e o!r virtue1 %\ld we n c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! true son & ! ba/>d8 = :]e !re is no disc]nm5t ( su* qualities /ates & individuals unconsci\sly err2 & ! /ate makes a rul]1 & ! individual a fri5d1 ( "o :o1 be+ defective 9 "s "p ( virtue1 is 9 a figure lame or a ba/>d4 ,t is v true1 he said4 ,all ^! ?+s1 !n1 w h to be c>efully consid]$ 99#ecf;,b99 by u2 & if only ^? :om we introduce to ?is va/ #bdj sy/em ( education & tra9+ are s\nd 9 body & m9d1 ju/ice h]self w h no?+ to say aga9/ u1 & we %all be ! savi\rs ( ! con/itution & ( ! ,/ate2 b1 if our pupils are m5 ( ano!r /amp1 ! rev]se w happ51 & we %all p\r a /ill great] flood ( ridicule on philosophy ?an %e has to endure at pres5t4 ,t w\ld n be cr$itable4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates plays a little ) himself & 8 subject4 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i said2 & yet p]haps1 9 ?us turn+ je/ into e>ne/ ,i am equally ridicul\s4 ,9 :at respect8 99#ecf;,c99 ,i _h =gott51 ,i said1 t we 7 n s]i\s1 & spoke ) too mu* excitem5t4 ,= :5 ,i saw philosophy s undes]v$ly trampl$ "u foot ( m5 ,i c\ld n help feel+ a sort ( indignation at ! au?ors ( h] disgrace3 & my ang] made me too vehem5t4 ,inde$6 ,i 0 li/5+1 & did n ?9k s4 ,sid5ote3 ,= ! /udy ( dialectic ! "y mu/ be select$4 ,b ,i1 :o am ! speak]1 felt t ,i 04 ,& n[ let me rem9d y t1 al?\gh 9 our =m] selection we 99#ecf;,d99 *ose old m51 we mu/ n d s 9 ?is4 ,solon 0 "u a delusion :5 he said t a man :5 he gr[s old may le>n _m ?+s--= he c no m le>n mu* ?an he c run mu*2 y\? is ! "t = any extraord9>y toil4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prelim9>y /udies %\ld be comm5c$ 9 *ildhood1 b nev] =c$4 ,&1 !re=e1 calculation & geometry & all ! o!r elem5ts ( in/ruction1 :i* are a prep>ation = dialectic1 %\ld be pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 *ildhood2 n1 h[ev]1 "u any notion ( =c+ our sy/em ( education4 ,:y n8 99#ecf;,e99 ,because a freeman ought n to be a slave 9 ! acquisition ( k ( any k9d4 ,bodily ex]cise1 :5 compulsory1 does no h>m to ! body2 b k :i* is acquir$ "u compulsion obta9s no hold on ! m9d4 ,v true4 ,!n1 my good fri5d1 ,i said1 d n use compulsion1 b 99#ecg;,a99 let e>ly education be a sort ( amusem5t2 y w !n be bett] able to f9d out ! natural b5t4 ,t is a v rational notion1 he said4 ,d y rememb] t ! *ildr51 too1 7 to be tak5 #bda to see ! battle on horseback2 & t if !re 7 no dang] !y 7 to be br\ght close up &1 l "y h\nds1 h a ta/e ( blood giv5 !m8 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,! same practice may be foll[$1 ,i said1 9 all ^! ?+s--lab\rs1 lessons1 dang]s--& he :o is mo/ at home 9 all ( !m ought to be enroll$ 9 a select numb]4 99#ecg;,b99 ,at :at age8 ,sid5ote3 ,! necess>y gymna/ics mu/ be complet$ fir/4 ,at ! age :5 ! necess>y gymna/ics are ov]3 ! p]iod :e!r ( two or ?ree ye>s :i* passes 9 ?is sort ( tra9+ is useless = any o!r purpose2 = sleep & ex]cise are unpropiti\s to le>n+2 & ! trial ( :o is fir/ 9 gymna/ic ex]cises is "o ( ! mo/ important te/s to :i* our y\? are subject$4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote2 ,at tw5ty ye>s ( age ! disciples w beg9 to be taught ! correlation ( ! sci5ces4 ,aft] t "t ^? :o are select$ f ! class ( tw5ty ye>s old w be promot$ to high] hon\r1 & ! 99#ecg;,c99 sci5ces :i* !y le>n$ )\t any ord] 9 _! e>ly education w n[ be br\ght toge!r1 & !y w be able to see ! natural relation%ip ( !m to "o ano!r & to true be+4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! only k9d ( k :i* takes la/+ root4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & ! capacity = su* k is ! great crit]ion ( dialectical tal5t3 ! compreh5sive m9d is always ! dialectical4 ,i agree ) y1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ?irty ! mo/ promis+ w be plac$ 9 a select class4 ,^!1 ,i said1 are ! po9ts :i* y mu/ consid]2 99#ecg;,d99 & ^? :o h mo/ ( ?is compreh5sion1 & :o are mo/ /eadfa/ 9 _! le>n+1 & 9 _! milit>y & o!r appo9t$ duties1 :5 !y h arriv$ at ! age ( ?irty h to be *os5 by y out ( ! select class1 & elevat$ to high] hon\r2 & y w h to prove !m by ! help ( dialectic1 9 ord] to le>n :i* ( !m is able to give up ! use ( sight & ! o!r s5ses1 & 9 company ) tru? to atta9 absolute be+3 ,& "h1 my fri5d1 great caution is requir$4 ,:y great caution8 ,sid5ote3 ,! gr[? ( scepticism 99#ecg;,e99 ,d y n rem>k1 ,i said1 h[ great is ! evil :i* dialectic has introduc$8 #bdb ,:at evil8 he said4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! art are fill$ ) lawlessness4 ,q true1 he said4 ,d y ?9k t !re is any?+ s v unnatural or inexcusable 9 _! case8 or w y make all[ance = !m8 ,9 :at way make all[ance8 ,sid5ote3 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y illu/rat$ by ! case ( a supposititi\s son1 ,i want y1 ,i said1 by way ( p>allel1 to imag9e a supposititi\s son :o is br\ght up 9 great weal?2 he 99#ech;,a99 is "o ( a great & num]\s family1 & has _m flatt]]s4 ,:5 he gr[s up to manhood1 he le>ns t 8 alleg$ are n 8 real p>5ts2 b :o ! real are he is unable to discov]4 ,c y guess h[ he w be likely to behave t[>ds 8 flatt]]s & 8 suppos$ p>5ts1 fir/ ( all dur+ ! p]iod :5 he is ignorant ( ! false relation1 & !n aga9 :5 he kn[s8 ,or %all ,i guess = y8 ,if y please4 ,sid5ote3 :o ceases to hon\r 8 fa!r :5 he discov]s t he is n 8 fa!r4 ,!n ,i %\ld say1 t :ile he is ignorant ( ! tru? 99#ech;,b99 he w be likely to hon\r 8 fa!r & 8 "m & 8 suppos$ relations m ?an ! flatt]]s2 he w be less incl9$ to neglect !m :5 9 ne$1 or to d or say any?+ aga9/ !m2 & he w be less will+ to disobey !m 9 any important matt]4 ,he w4 ,b :5 he has made ! discov]y1 ,i %\ld imag9e t he w\ld dim9i% 8 hon\r & reg>d = !m1 & w\ld become m devot$ to ! flatt]]s2 _! influ5ce ov] him w\ld greatly increase2 he w\ld n[ live aft] 99#ech;,c99 _! ways1 & op5ly associate ) !m1 &1 unless he 7 ( an unusually good disposition1 he w\ld tr\ble himself no m ab\t 8 suppos$ p>5ts or o!r relations4 ,well1 all t is v probable4 ,b h[ is ! image applicable to ! disciples ( philosophy8 ,9 ?is way3 y "k t !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples ab\t ju/ice & hon\r1 :i* 7 taught u 9 *ildhood1 & "u _! p>5tal au?ority we h be5 br\ght up1 obey+ & hon\r+ !m4 ,t is true4 99#ech;,d99 ,!re are also opposite maxims & habits ( pleasure #bdc :i* flatt] & attract ! s\l1 b d n influ5ce ^? ( u :o h any s5se ( "r1 & !y cont9ue to obey & hon\r ! maxims ( _! fa!rs4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,s m5 :o beg9 to analyse ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality cease to respect !m4 ,n[1 :5 a man is 9 ?is /ate1 & ! que/ion+ _s asks :at is fair or hon\rable1 & he answ]s z ! legislator has taught him1 & !n argum5ts _m & div]se refute 8 words1 until he is driv5 into believ+ t no?+ is hon\rable any m ?an di%on\rable1 or 99#ech;,e99 j & good any m ?an ! rev]se1 & s ( all ! notions :i* he mo/ valu$1 d y ?9k t he w /ill hon\r & obey !m z be=e8 ,impossible4 ,& :5 he ceases to ?9k !m hon\rable & natural 99#eci;,a99 z h]et(ore1 & he fails to discov] ! true1 c he be expect$ to pursue any life o!r ?an t :i* flatt]s 8 desires8 ,he _c4 ,& f be+ a keep] ( ! law he is conv]t$ into a break] ( x8 ,unque/ionably4 ,n[ all ?is is v natural 9 /ud5ts ( philosophy su* z ,i h describ$1 & also1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 mo/ excusable4 ,yes1 he said2 &1 ,i may add1 pitiable4 ,!re=e1 t y\r feel+s may n be mov$ to pity ab\t our citiz5s :o are n[ ?irty ye>s ( age1 e c>e mu/ be tak5 9 introduc+ !m to dialectic4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,"y m5 are fond ( pull+ tru? to pieces & ?us br+ disgrace ^u !mselves & ^u philosophy4 99#eci;,b99 ,!re is a dang] le/ !y %\ld ta/e ! de> delight too e>ly2 = y\ng/]s1 z y may h obs]v$1 :5 !y fir/ get ! ta/e 9 _! m\?s1 argue = amusem5t1 & are always contradict+ & refut+ o!rs 9 imitation ( ^? :o refute !m2 l puppy-dogs1 !y rejoice 9 pull+ & te>+ at all :o come ne> !m4 ,yes1 he said1 !re is no?+ :i* !y l bett]4 ,& :5 !y h made _m conque/s & receiv$ 99#eci;,c99 defeats at ! h&s ( _m1 !y viol5tly & spe$ily get into a way ( n believ+ any?+ :i* !y believ$ be=e1 & h5ce1 n only !y1 b philosophy & all t #bdd relates to x is apt to h a bad "n ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,too true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dialectician & ! eri/ic4 ,b :5 a man beg9s to get old]1 he w no long] be guilty ( su* insanity2 he w imitate ! dialectician :o is seek+ = tru?1 & n ! eri/ic1 :o is contradict+ = ! sake ( amusem5t2 & ! great] mod]ation ( 8 99#eci;,d99 "* w increase in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! hon\r ( ! pursuit4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& did we n make special provision = ?is1 :5 we said t ! disciples ( philosophy 7 to be ord]ly & /eadfa/1 n1 z n[1 any *ance aspirant or intrud]8 ,v true4 ,suppose1 ,i said1 ! /udy ( philosophy to take ! place ( gymna/ics & to be cont9u$ dilig5tly & e>ne/ly & exclusively = twice ! numb] ( ye>s :i* 7 pass$ 9 bodily ex]cise--w t be en\gh8 99#eci;,e99 ,w\ld y say six or f\r ye>s8 he ask$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /udy ( philosophy to cont9ue = five ye>s2 #cj-ce4 ,say five ye>s1 ,i repli$2 at ! end ( ! "t !y mu/ be s5t d[n aga9 into ! d5 & compell$ to hold any milit>y or o!r (fice :i* "y m5 are qualifi$ to hold3 9 ?is way !y w get _! exp]i5ce ( life1 & !re w be an opportunity ( try+ :e!r1 :5 !y are drawn all mann] ( ways by temptation1 !y w /& firm or fl9*4 99#edj;,a99 ,& h[ long is ?is /age ( _! lives to la/8 ,sid5ote3 ,dur+ fifte5 ye>s1 #ce-ej1 !y are to hold (fice4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ! end ( t "t !y are to live *iefly 9 ! contemplation ( ! good1 b occasionally to return to politics4 ,fifte5 ye>s1 ,i answ]$2 & :5 !y h rea*$ fifty ye>s ( age1 !n let ^? :o /ill survive & h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 e action ( _! lives & 9 e bran* ( k come at la/ to _! consummation3 ! "t has n[ arriv$ at :i* !y mu/ raise ! eye ( ! s\l to ! univ]sal light :i* light5s all ?+s1 & behold ! absolute good2 = t is ! patt]n accord+ to :i* !y are to ord] ! ,/ate & ! 99#edj;,b99 lives ( individuals1 & ! rema9d] ( _! own lives also2 mak+ philosophy _! *ief pursuit1 b1 :5 _! turn comes1 toil+ also at politics & rul+ = ! public good1 n z ?\gh !y 7 p]=m+ "s h]oic #bde action1 b simply z a matt] ( duty2 & :5 !y h br\ght up 9 ea* g5]ation o!rs l !mselves & left !m 9 _! place to be gov]nors ( ! ,/ate1 !n !y w dep>t to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ & dwell !re2 & ! city w give !m public memorials & sacrifices 99#edj;,c99 & hon\r !m1 if ! ,py?ian oracle cons5t1 z demigods1 b if n1 z 9 any case bless$ & div9e4 ,y are a sculptor1 ,socrates1 & h made /atues ( our gov]nors faultless 9 beauty4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 & ( our gov]nesses too2 = y mu/ n suppose t :at ,i h be5 say+ applies to m5 only & n to wom5 z f> z _! natures c g4 ,!re y are "r1 he said1 s9ce we h made !m to %>e 9 all ?+s l ! m54 99#edj;,d99 ,well1 ,i said1 & y w\ld agree 7w\ld y n87 t :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,/ate & ! gov]nm5t is n a m]e dream1 & al?\gh difficult n impossible1 b only possible 9 ! way :i* has be5 suppos$2 t is to say1 :5 ! true philosoph] k+s are born 9 a ,/ate1 "o or m ( !m1 despis+ ! hon\rs ( ?is pres5t _w :i* !y deem mean & wor?less1 e/eem+ above all ?+s "r & ! hon\r 99#edj;,e99 t spr+s f "r1 & reg>d+ ju/ice z ! greate/ & mo/ necess>y ( all ?+s1 ^: m9i/]s !y are1 & ^: pr9ciples w be exalt$ by !m :5 !y set 9 ord] _! own city8 ,h[ w !y proce$8 ,sid5ote3 ,practical measures = ! spe$y f\ndation ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y w beg9 by s5d+ out into ! c\ntry all ! 99#eda;,a99 inhabitants ( ! city :o are m ?an t5 ye>s old1 & w take possession ( _! *ildr51 :o w be unaffect$ by ! habits ( _! p>5ts2 ^! !y w tra9 9 _! own habits & laws1 ,i mean 9 ! laws :i* we h giv5 !m3 & 9 ?is way ! ,/ate & con/itution ( :i* we 7 speak+ w soone/ & mo/ easily atta9 happ9ess1 & ! nation :i* has su* a con/itution w ga9 mo/4 ,yes1 t w be ! be/ way4 ,& ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 99#eda;,b99 t y h v well describ$ h[1 if ev]1 su* a con/itution might come into be+4 #bdf ,en\gh !n ( ! p]fect ,/ate1 & ( ! man :o be>s its image--!re is no difficulty 9 see+ h[ we %all describe him4 ,!re is no difficulty1 he repli$2 & ,i agree ) y 9 ?9k+ t no?+ m ne$ be said4 ,,book ,,viii4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,viii4 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ( ,book ,v4 99#edc;,a99 ,& s1 ,glaucon1 we h arriv$ at ! conclusion t 9 ! p]fect ,/ate wives & *ildr5 are to be 9 common2 & t all education & ! pursuits ( w> & peace are also to be common1 & ! be/ philosoph]s & ! brave/ w>riors are to be _! k+s8 ,t1 repli$ ,glaucon1 has be5 ackn[l$g$4 99#edc;,b99 ,yes1 ,i said2 & we h fur!r ackn[l$g$ t ! gov]nors1 :5 appo9t$ !mselves1 w take _! soldi]s & place !m 9 h\ses su* z we 7 describ+1 :i* are common to all1 & conta9 no?+ private1 or individual2 & ab\t _! prop]ty1 y rememb] :at we agre$8 ,yes1 ,i rememb] t no "o 0 to h any ( ! ord9>y possessions ( mank9d2 !y 7 to be w>rior 99#edc;,c99 a?letes & gu>dians1 receiv+ f ! o!r citiz5s1 9 lieu ( annual paym5t1 only _! ma9t5ance1 & !y 7 to take c>e ( !mselves & ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,true1 ,i said2 & n[ t ?is division ( our task is conclud$1 let u f9d ! po9t at :i* we digress$1 t we may return into ! old pa?4 ,sid5ote3 ,return to ! end ( ,book ,,iv4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 return+2 y impli$1 !n z n[1 t y _h f9i%$ ! description ( ! ,/ate3 y said t su* a ,/ate 0 good1 & t ! man 0 good 99#edc;,d99 :o answ]$ to x1 al?\gh1 z n[ appe>s1 y _h m 99#edd;,a99 excell5t ?+s to relate bo? ( ,/ate & man4 ,& y said fur!r1 t if ?is 0 ! true =m1 !n ! o!rs 7 false2 & ( ! false =ms1 y said1 z ,i rememb]1 t !re 7 f\r pr9cipal ones1 & t _! defects1 & ! defects ( ! individuals correspond+ to !m1 7 wor? exam9+4 ,:5 we _h se5 all ! individuals1 & f9ally agre$ z to :o 0 ! be/ & :o 0 ! wor/ #bdh ( !m1 we 7 to consid] :e!r ! be/ 0 n also ! happie/1 & ! wor/ ! mo/ mis]able4 ,i ask$ y :at 7 ! f\r =ms ( gov]nm5t ( :i* 99#edd;,b99 y spoke1 & !n ,polem>*us & ,adeimantus put 9 _! ^w2 & y began aga91 & h f\nd y\r way to ! po9t at :i* we h n[ arriv$4 ,y\r recollection1 ,i said1 is mo/ exact4 ,!n1 l a wre/l]1 he repli$1 y mu/ put y\rself aga9 9 ! same position2 & let me ask ! same que/ions1 & d y give me ! same answ] :i* y 7 ab\t to give me !n4 ,yes1 if ,i c1 ,i w1 ,i said4 ,i %all p>ticul>ly wi% to he> :at 7 ! f\r con/itutions ( :i* y 7 speak+4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r imp]fect con/itutions1 ! ,cretan or ,sp>tan1 ,olig>*y1 ,democracy1 ,tyranny4 99#edd;,c99 ,t "q1 ,i said1 is easily answ]$3 ! f\r gov]nm5ts ( :i* ,i spoke1 s f> z !y h di/9ct names1 are1 fir/1 ^? ( ,crete & ,sp>ta1 :i* are g5]ally applaud$2 :at is t]m$ olig>*y comes next2 ?is is n equally approv$1 & is a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* teems ) evils3 ?irdly1 democracy1 :i* naturally foll[s olig>*y1 al?\gh v diff]5t3 & la/ly comes tyranny1 great & fam\s1 :i* diff]s f !m all1 & is ! f\r? & wor/ disord] ( a ,/ate4 ,i d n "k1 d y8 ( any o!r con/itution :i* c be said to h a di/9ct "*4 99#edd;,d99 ,!re are lord%ips & pr9cipalities :i* are b\ght & sold1 & "s o!r int]m$iate =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ^! are nondescripts & may be f\nd equally among ,hell5es & among b>b>ians4 ,yes1 he repli$1 we c]ta9ly he> ( _m curi\s =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* exi/ among !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ates are l m51 because !y are made up ( m54 ,d y "k1 ,i said1 t gov]nm5ts v>y z ! dispositions ( m5 v>y1 & t !re mu/ be z _m ( ! "o z !re are ( ! o!r8 ,= we _c suppose t ,/ates are made ( 'oak & rock1' & n out ( ! human natures :i* are 9 !m1 & :i* 9 a figure 99#edd;,e99 turn ! scale & draw o!r ?+s aft] !m8 ,yes1 he said1 ! ,/ates are z ! m5 are2 !y gr[ out ( human *>act]s4 ,!n if ! con/itutions ( ,/ates are five1 ! dispositions ( individual m9ds w also be five8 #bdi ,c]ta9ly4 ,him :o answ]s to ari/ocracy1 & :om we rightly 99#ede;,a99 call j & good1 we h already describ$4 ,we h4 ,!n let u n[ proce$ to describe ! inf]ior sort ( natures1 be+ ! cont5ti\s & ambiti\s1 :o answ] to ! ,sp>tan polity2 also ! olig>*ical1 democratical1 & tyrannical4 ,let u place ! mo/ j by ! side ( ! mo/ unju/1 & :5 we see !m we %all be able to comp>e ! relative happ9ess or unhapp9ess ( him :o leads a life ( pure ju/ice or pure inju/ice4 ,! enquiry w !n be complet$4 ,& we %all "k :e!r we ought to pursue inju/ice1 z ,?rasyma*us advises1 or 99#ede;,b99 9 accordance ) ! conclusions ( ! argum5t to pref] ju/ice4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$1 we mu/ d z y say4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate & ! individual4 ,%all we foll[ our old plan1 :i* we adopt$ ) a view to cle>ness1 ( tak+ ! ,/ate fir/ & !n proce$+ to ! individual1 & beg9 ) ! gov]nm5t ( hon\r8--,i "k ( no "n = su* a gov]nm5t o!r ?an timocracy1 or p]haps tim>*y4 ,we w comp>e ) ?is ! l "* 9 ! individual2 &1 aft] t1 99#ede;,c99 consid] olig>*y & ! olig>*ical man2 & !n aga9 we w turn our att5tion to democracy & ! democratical man2 & la/ly1 we w g & view ! city ( tyranny1 & once m take a look into ! tyrant's s\l1 & try to arrive at a satisfactory decision4 ,t way ( view+ & judg+ ( ! matt] w be v suitable4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ timocracy arises out ( ari/ocracy4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i said1 let u enquire h[ timocracy 7! gov]nm5t ( hon\r7 arises out ( ari/ocracy 7! gov]nm5t 99#ede;,d99 ( ! be/74 ,cle>ly1 all political *anges orig9ate 9 divisions ( ! actual gov]n+ p[]2 a gov]nm5t :i* is unit$1 h[ev] small1 _c be mov$4 ,v true1 he said4 ,9 :at way1 !n1 w our city be mov$1 & 9 :at mann] w ! two classes ( auxili>ies & rul]s disagree among !mselves or ) "o ano!r8 ,%all we1 aft] ! mann] ( ,hom]1 pray ! ,muses to tell u 'h[ discord 99#ede;,e99 fir/ arose'8 ,%all we imag9e !m 9 solemn #bej mock]y1 to play & je/ ) u z if we 7 *ildr51 & to address u 9 a l(ty tragic ve91 mak+ believe to be 9 e>ne/8 ,h[ w\ld !y address u8 ,sid5ote3 ,! intellig5ce :i* is alloy$ ) s5se w n "k h[ to regulate bir?s & dea?s 9 accordance ) ! numb] :i* controls !m4 99#edf;,a99 ,aft] ?is mann]3--,a city :i* is ?us con/itut$ c h>dly be %ak52 b1 see+ t ev]y?+ :i* has a beg9n+ has also an end1 ev5 a con/itution su* z y\rs w n la/ = ev]1 b w 9 "t be dissolv$4 ,& ?is is ! dissolution3--,9 plants t gr[ 9 ! e>?1 z well z 9 animals t move on ! e>?'s surface1 f]tility & /]ility ( s\l & body occur :5 ! circumf]5ces ( ! circles ( ea* are complet$1 :i* 9 %ort-liv$ exi/5ces pass ov] a %ort space1 & 9 long-liv$ ones ov] a long space4 ,b to ! k ( human fecundity & /]ility all ! wisdom & education ( y\r rul]s w n atta92 99#edf;,b99 ! laws :i* regulate !m w n be discov]$ by an intellig5ce :i* is alloy$ ) s5se1 b w escape !m1 & !y w br+ *ildr5 into ! _w :5 !y ought n4 ,n[ t :i* is ( div9e bir? has a p]iod :i* is conta9$ 9 a p]fect numb]1#a b ! p]iod ( human bir? is compreh5d$ 9 a numb] 9 :i* fir/ increm5ts by involution & evolution or squ>$ & cub$ obta9+ ?ree int]vals & f\r t]ms ( l & unlike1 wax+ & wan+ numb]s1 make all ! t]ms 99#edf;,c99 comm5surable & agreeable to "o ano!r4#b ,! base ( ^! 7#c7 ) a ?ird add$ 7#d7 :5 comb9$ ) five 7#bj7 & rais$ to ! ?ird p[] furni%es two h>monies2 ! fir/ a squ>e :i* is a hundr$ times z great 7#djj #d x #ajj71c & ! o!r a figure hav+ "o side equal to ! =m]1 b oblong1#d consi/+ ( a hundr$ numb]s squ>$ ^u rational diamet]s ( a squ>e 7i4e4 omitt+ fractions71 ! side ( :i* is five 7#g x #g #di x #ajj #dijj71 ea* ( !m #bea be+ less by "o 7?an ! p]fect squ>e :i* includes ! fractions1 sc4 #ej7 or less by#e two p]fect squ>es ( irrational diamet]s 7( a squ>e ! side ( :i* is five #ej #ej #ajj72 & a hundr$ cubes ( ?ree 7#bg x #ajj #bgjj #dijj #djj #hjjj74 ,n[ ?is numb] repres5ts a geometrical figure :i* has control ov] 99#edf;,d99 ! good & evil ( bir?s4 ,= :5 y\r gu>dians are ignorant ( ! law ( bir?s1 & unite bride & bridegroom out ( season1 ! *ildr5 w n be goodly or =tunate4 ,& ?\gh only ! be/ ( !m w be appo9t$ by _! pr$ecessors1 /ill !y w be unwor?y to hold _! fa!rs' places1 & :5 !y come into p[] z gu>dians1 !y w soon be f\nd to fail 9 tak+ c>e ( u1 ! ,muses1 fir/ by "u-valu+ music2 :i* neglect w soon ext5d to gymna/ic2 & h5ce ! "y m5 ( y\r ,/ate w be less cultivat$4 ,9 ! succe$+ g5]ation rul]s w be appo9t$ :o h lo/ ! gu>dian p[] ( te/+ ! metal ( y\r 99#edf;,e99 diff]5t races1 :i*1 l ,hesiod's1 are ( gold & silv] & brass & iron4 ,& s iron w be m+l$ ) silv]1 99#edg;,a99 & brass ) gold1 & h5ce !re w arise dissimil>ity & inequality & irregul>ity1 :i* always & 9 all places are causes ( hatr$ & w>4 ,?is ! ,muses affirm to be ! /ock f :i* discord has sprung1 :]ev] aris+2 & ?is is _! answ] to u4 ,footnote #a3 i4e4 a cyclical numb]1 su* z #f1 :i* is equal to ! sum ( its divisors #a1 #b1 #c1 s t :5 ! circle or "t repres5t$ by #f is complet$1 ! less] times or rotations repres5t$ by #a1 #b1 #c are also complet$4 ,footnote #b3 ,probably ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e1 #f ( :i* ! ?ree fir/ ! sides ( ! ,py?agorean triangle4 ,! t]ms w !n be #cc1 #dc1 #ec1 :i* toge!r #fc #baf4 ,footnote #c3 ,or ! fir/ a squ>e :i* is #ajj x #ajj #aj1jjj4 ,! :ole numb] w !n be #ag1ejj a squ>e ( #ajj1 & an oblong ( #ajj by #ge4 ,footnote #d3 ,read+ ,greek3 prom_/k de_/4 ,footnote #e3 ,or1 'consi/+ ( two numb]s squ>$ ^u irrational diamet]s1' c4 #ajj4 ,= o!r explanations ( ! passage see ,introduction4 ,yes1 & we may assume t !y answ] truly4 ,:y1 yes1 ,i said1 ( c\rse !y answ] truly2 h[ c ! ,muses speak falsely8 99#edg;,b99 ,& :at d ! ,muses say next8 ,sid5ote3 ,!n discord arose & individual took ! place ( common prop]ty4 ,:5 discord arose1 !n ! two races 7 drawn diff]5t ways3 ! iron & brass fell to acquir+ money & l& & h\ses & gold & silv]2 b ! gold & silv] races1 n want+ money b hav+ ! true ri*es 9 _! own nature1 incl9$ t[>ds virtue & ! anci5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,!re 0 a battle betwe5 !m1 & at la/ !y agre$ to di/ribute _! l& & h\ses among 99#edg;,c99 individual own]s2 & !y enslav$ _! fri5ds & ma9ta9]s1 :om !y _h =m]ly protect$ 9 ! condition ( freem51 & made ( !m subjects & s]vants2 & #beb !y !mselves 7 engag$ 9 w> & 9 keep+ a wat* aga9/ !m4 ,i believe t y h rightly conceiv$ ! orig9 ( ! *ange4 ,& ! new gov]nm5t :i* ?us arises w be ( a =m int]m$iate betwe5 olig>*y & ari/ocracy8 ,v true4 ,su* w be ! *ange1 & aft] ! *ange has be5 made1 99#edg;,d99 h[ w !y proce$8 ,cle>ly1 ! new ,/ate1 be+ 9 a mean betwe5 olig>*y & ! p]fect ,/ate1 w p>tly foll[ "o & p>tly ! o!r1 & w also h "s peculi>ities4 ,true1 he said4 ,9 ! hon\r giv5 to rul]s1 9 ! ab/95ce ( ! w>rior class f agriculture1 h&icrafts1 & trade 9 g5]al1 9 ! in/itution ( common meals1 & 9 ! att5tion paid to gymna/ics & milit>y tra9+--9 all ^! respects ?is ,/ate w resemble ! =m]4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,timocracy w reta9 ! milit>y & reject ! philosophical "* ( ! p]fect ,/ate4 99#edg;,e99 ,b 9 ! fe> ( admitt+ philosoph]s to p[]1 because !y are no long] to be _h simple & e>ne/1 b are made up ( mix$ elem5ts2 & 9 turn+ f !m to passionate & less complex *>act]s1 :o are by nature 99#edh;,a99 fitt$ = w> r ?an peace2 & 9 ! value set by !m ^u milit>y /ratagems & contrivances1 & 9 ! wag+ ( ev]la/+ w>s--?is ,/ate w be = ! mo/ "p peculi>4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! soldi] class mis]ly & covet\s4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & m5 ( ?is /amp w be covet\s ( money1 l ^? :o live 9 olig>*ies2 !y w h1 a fi]ce secret long+ aft] gold & silv]1 :i* !y w ho>d 9 d>k places1 hav+ magaz9es & treasuries ( _! own = ! deposit & concealm5t ( !m2 also ca/les :i* are j ne/s = _! eggs1 & 9 :i* !y 99#edh;,b99 w sp5d l>ge sums on _! wives1 or on any o!rs :om !y please4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,& !y are mis]ly because !y h no means ( op5ly acquir+ ! money :i* !y prize2 !y w sp5d t :i* is ano!r man's on ! gratification ( #bec _! desires1 /eal+ _! pleasures & runn+ away l *ildr5 f ! law1 _! fa!r3 !y h be5 s*ool$ n by g5tle influ5ces b by =ce1 = !y h neglect$ h] :o is ! true ,muse1 ! companion ( reason & 99#edh;,c99 philosophy1 & h hon\r$ gymna/ic m ?an music4 ,und\bt$ly1 he said1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* y describe is a mixture ( good & evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! _s ( ambition pr$om9ates 9 su* ,/ates4 ,:y1 !re is a mixture1 ,i said2 b "o ?+1 & "o ?+ only1 is pr$om9antly se51--! _s ( cont5tion & ambition2 & ^! are due to ! preval5ce ( ! passionate or spirit$ elem5t4 ,assur$ly1 he said4 ,su* is ! orig9 & su* ! "* ( ?is ,/ate1 :i* has be5 describ$ 9 outl9e only2 ! m p]fect 99#edh;,d99 execution 0 n requir$1 = a sket* is en\gh to %[ ! type ( ! mo/ p]fectly j & mo/ p]fectly unju/2 & to g ?r\gh all ! ,/ates & all ! *>act]s ( m51 omitt+ none ( !m1 w\ld be an int]m9able lab\r4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,adeimantus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! timocratic man1 uncultur$1 b fond ( culture1 ambiti\s1 cont5ti\s1 r\gh ) slaves1 & c\rte\s to freem52 a soldi]1 a?lete1 hunt]2 a despis] ( ri*es :ile "y1 fond ( !m :5 he gr[s old4 ,n[ :at man answ]s to ?is =m ( gov]nm5t--h[ did he come into be+1 & :at is he l8 ,i ?9k1 said ,adeimantus1 t 9 ! _s ( cont5tion :i* *>act]ises him1 he is n unlike our fri5d ,glaucon4 99#edh;,e99 ,p]haps1 ,i said1 he may be l him 9 t "o po9t2 b !re are o!r respects 9 :i* he is v diff]5t4 ,9 :at respects8 ,he %\ld h m ( self-ass]tion & be less cultivat$1 & yet a fri5d ( culture2 & he %\ld be a good 99#edi;,a99 li/5]1 b no speak]4 ,su* a p]son is apt to be r\gh ) slaves1 unlike ! educat$ man1 :o is too pr\d = t2 & he w also be c\rte\s to freem51 & rem>kably ob$i5t to au?ority2 he is a lov] ( p[] & a lov] ( hon\r2 claim+ to be a rul]1 n because he is eloqu5t1 or on any gr\nd ( t sort1 b because he is a soldi] & has p]=m$ feats ( arms2 he is also a lov] ( gymna/ic ex]cises & ( ! *ase4 ,yes1 t is ! type ( "* :i* answ]s to timocracy4 ,su* an "o w despise ri*es only :5 he is "y2 #bed 99#edi;,b99 b z he gets old] he w be m & m attract$ to !m1 because he has a piece ( ! av>ici\s nature 9 him1 & is n s+le-m9d$ t[>ds virtue1 hav+ lo/ 8 be/ gu>dian4 ,:o 0 t8 said ,adeimantus4 ,philosophy1 ,i said1 temp]$ ) music1 :o comes & takes up h] abode 9 a man1 & is ! only savi\r ( 8 virtue ?r\gh\t life4 ,good1 he said4 ,su*1 ,i said1 is ! timocratical y\?1 & he is l ! timocratical ,/ate4 99#edi;,c99 ,exactly4 ,8 orig9 is z foll[s3--,he is (t5 ! "y son ( a brave fa!r1 :o dwells 9 an ill-gov]n$ city1 ( :i* he decl9es ! hon\rs & (fices1 & w n g to law1 or ex]t himself 9 any way1 b is ready to waive 8 rights 9 ord] t he may escape tr\ble4 ,& h[ does ! son come into be+8 ,sid5ote3 ,! timocratic man (t5 orig9ates 9 a reaction aga9/ 8 fa!r's "*1 :i* is enc\rag$ by 8 "m1 ,! "* ( ! son beg9s to develope :5 he he>s 8 "m compla9+ t h] husb& has no place 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ( :i* ! consequ5ce is t %e has 99#edi;,d99 no prec$5ce among o!r wom54 ,fur!r1 :5 %e sees h] husb& n v eag] ab\t money1 & in/ead ( battl+ & rail+ 9 ! law c\rts or assembly1 tak+ :atev] happ5s to him quietly2 & :5 %e obs]ves t 8 ?\ghts always c5tre 9 himself1 :ile he treats h] ) v consid]able indiff]5ce1 %e is annoy$1 & says to h] son t 8 fa!r is only half a man & f> too easy-go+3 add+ all ! o!r compla9ts ab\t h] own 99#edi;,e99 ill-treatm5t :i* wom5 are s fond ( rehe>s+4 ,yes1 said ,adeimantus1 !y give u pl5ty ( !m1 & _! compla9ts are s l !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 & by ! old s]vants ( ! h\sehold4 ,& y "k1 ,i said1 t ! old s]vants also1 :o are suppos$ to be atta*$ to ! family1 f "t to "t talk privately 9 ! same /ra9 to ! son2 & if !y see any "o :o owes money to 8 fa!r1 or is wrong+ him 9 any way1 & he fails to prosecute !m1 !y tell ! y\? t 99#eej;,a99 :5 he gr[s up he mu/ retaliate ^u p ( ?is sort1 & be m ( a man ?an 8 fa!r4 ,he has only to walk abroad & he he>s & sees ! same sort ( ?+3 ^? #bee :o d _! own bus9ess 9 ! city are call$ simpletons1 & held 9 no e/eem1 :ile ! busy-bodies are hon\r$ & applaud$4 ,! result is t ! "y man1 he>+ & see+ all ^! ?+s--he>+1 too1 ! words ( 8 fa!r1 & hav+ a ne>] view ( 8 way ( life1 & mak+ comp>isons ( him & o!rs--is drawn opposite ways3 99#eej;,b99 :ile 8 fa!r is wat]+ & n\ri%+ ! rational pr9ciple 9 8 s\l1 ! o!rs are enc\rag+ ! passionate & appetitive2 & he be+ n orig9ally ( a bad nature1 b hav+ kept bad company1 is at la/ br\ght by _! jo9t influ5ce to a middle po9t1 & gives up ! k+dom :i* is )9 him to ! middle pr9ciple ( cont5ti\sness & passion1 & becomes arrogant & ambiti\s4 ,y seem to me to h describ$ 8 orig9 p]fectly4 99#eej;,c99 ,!n we h n[1 ,i said1 ! second =m ( gov]nm5t & ! second type ( "*8 ,we h4 ,next1 let u look at ano!r man :o1 z ,aes*ylus says1 ',is set ov] aga9/ ano!r ,/ate2' or r1 z our plan requires1 beg9 ) ! ,/ate4 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,olig>*y ,i believe t olig>*y foll[s next 9 ord]4 ,& :at mann] ( gov]nm5t d y t]m olig>*y8 ,a gov]nm5t re/+ on a valuation ( prop]ty1 9 :i* 99#eej;,d99 ! ri* h p[] & ! poor man is depriv$ ( x4 ,i und]/&1 he repli$4 ,ought ,i n to beg9 by describ+ h[ ! *ange f timocracy to olig>*y arises8 ,yes4 ,well1 ,i said1 no eyes are requir$ 9 ord] to see h[ ! "o passes into ! o!r4 ,h[8 ,sid5ote3 arises out ( increas$ accumulation & increas$ exp5diture among ! citiz5s4 ,! accumulation ( gold 9 ! treasury ( private individuals is ! ru9 ( timocracy2 !y inv5t illegal modes ( exp5diture2 = :at d !y or _! wives c>e ab\t ! law8 ,yes1 inde$4 99#eej;,e99 ,& !n "o1 see+ ano!r gr[ ri*1 seeks to rival #bef him1 & ?us ! great mass ( ! citiz5s become lov]s ( money4 ,likely en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,z ri*es increase1 virtue decreases3 ! "o is hon\r$1 ! o!r despis$2 ! "o cultivat$1 ! o!r neglect$4 ,& s !y gr[ ri*] & ri*]1 & ! m !y ?9k ( mak+ a =tune ! less !y ?9k ( virtue2 = :5 ri*es & virtue are plac$ toge!r 9 ! scales ( ! balance1 ! "o always rises z ! o!r falls4 ,true4 99#eea;,a99 ,& 9 proportion z ri*es & ri* m5 are hon\r$ 9 ! ,/ate1 virtue & ! virtu\s are di%on\r$4 ,cle>ly4 ,& :at is hon\r$ is cultivat$1 & t :i* has no hon\r is neglect$4 ,t is obvi\s4 ,& s at la/1 in/ead ( lov+ cont5tion & glory1 m5 become lov]s ( trade & money2 !y hon\r & look up to ! ri* man1 & make a rul] ( him1 & di%on\r ! poor man4 ,!y d s4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 an olig>*y a money qualification is e/abli%$4 ,!y next proce$ to make a law :i* fixes a sum 99#eea;,b99 ( money z ! qualification ( citiz5%ip2 ! sum is high] 9 "o place & l[] 9 ano!r1 z ! olig>*y is m or less exclusive2 & !y all[ no "o ^: prop]ty falls bel[ ! am\nt fix$ to h any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,^! *anges 9 ! con/itution !y effect by =ce ( arms1 if intimidation has n already done _! "w4 ,v true4 ,& ?is1 speak+ g5]ally1 is ! way 9 :i* olig>*y is e/abli%$4 ,yes1 he said2 b :at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is =m 99#eea;,c99 ( gov]nm5t1 & :at are ! defects ( :i* we 7 speak+#f8 ,footnote #f3 ,cp4 supra1 #edd ,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,a rul] is elect$ because he is ri*3 ,:o w\ld elect a pilot on ?is pr9ciple8 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i said1 consid] ! nature ( ! qualification4 ,j ?9k :at w\ld happ5 if pilots 7 to be *os5 accord+ to _! prop]ty1 & a poor man 7 refus$ p]mission to /e]1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 a bett] pilot8 ,y mean t !y w\ld %ipwreck8 ,yes2 & is n ?is true ( ! gov]nm5t ( any?+#g8 #beg ,footnote #g3 ,omitt+ ,greek3 7_/ t9os4 ,i %\ld imag9e s4 ,except a city8--or w\ld y include a city8 ,nay1 he said1 ! case ( a city is ! /ronge/ ( all1 inasmu* z ! rule ( a city is ! greate/ & mo/ difficult ( all4 99#eea;,d99 ,?is1 !n1 w be ! fir/ great defect ( olig>*y8 ,cle>ly4 ,& "h is ano!r defect :i* is q z bad4 ,:at defect8 ,sid5ote3 ,! extreme division ( classes 9 su* a ,/ate4 ,! inevitable division3 su* a ,/ate is n "o1 b two ,/ates1 ! "o ( poor1 ! o!r ( ri* m52 & !y are liv+ on ! same spot & always conspir+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,t1 surely1 is at lea/ z bad4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y d>e n g to w>4 ,ano!r discr$itable feature is1 t1 = a l reason1 !y are incapable ( c>ry+ on any w>4 ,ei!r !y arm 99#eea;,e99 ! multitude1 & !n !y are m afraid ( !m ?an ( ! enemy2 or1 if !y d n call !m out 9 ! h\r ( battle1 !y are olig>*s inde$1 few to fight z !y are few to rule4 ,& at ! same "t _! fondness = money makes !m unwill+ to pay taxes4 ,h[ discr$itable6 ,&1 z we said be=e1 "u su* a con/itution ! 99#eeb;,a99 same p]sons h too _m call+s--!y are husb&m51 tradesm51 w>riors1 all 9 "o4 ,does t look well8 ,any?+ b well4 ,!re is ano!r evil :i* is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ ( all1 & to :i* ?is ,/ate fir/ beg9s to be liable4 ,:at evil8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ru9$ man1 :o has no occupation1 once a sp5d?rift1 n[ a paup]1 /ill exi/s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,a man may sell all t he has1 & ano!r may acquire 8 prop]ty2 yet aft] ! sale he may dwell 9 ! city ( :i* he is no long] a "p1 be+ nei!r trad]1 nor artisan1 nor horseman1 nor hoplite1 b only a poor1 helpless creature4 99#eeb;,b99 ,yes1 t is an evil :i* also fir/ beg9s 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! evil is c]ta9ly n prev5t$ !re2 = olig>*ies h bo? ! extremes ( great weal? & utt] pov]ty4 ,true4 ,b ?9k aga93 ,9 8 weal?y days1 :ile he 0 sp5d+ 8 money1 0 a man ( ?is sort a :it m good to ! ,/ate = ! purposes ( citiz5%ip8 ,or #beh did he only seem to be a memb] ( ! rul+ body1 al?\gh 9 tru? he 0 nei!r rul] nor subject1 b j a sp5d?rift8 99#eeb;,c99 ,z y say1 he seem$ to be a rul]1 b 0 only a sp5d?rift4 ,may we n say t ?is is ! drone 9 ! h\se :o is l ! drone 9 ! honeycomb1 & t ! "o is ! plague ( ! city z ! o!r is ( ! hive8 ,j s1 ,socrates4 ,& ,god has made ! fly+ drones1 ,adeimantus1 all )\t /+s1 :]eas ( ! walk+ drones he has made "s )\t /+s b o!rs h dreadful /+s2 ( ! /+less class are ^? :o 9 _! old age end z paup]s2 99#eeb;,d99 ( ! /+]s come all ! crim9al class1 z !y are t]m$4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e !re are paup]s1 !re are ?ieves ,cle>ly !n1 :5ev] y see paup]s 9 a ,/ate1 some:]e 9 t neighb\rhood !re are hidd5 away ?ieves1 & cut-purses & robb]s ( temples1 & all sorts ( malefactors4 ,cle>ly4 ,well1 ,i said1 & 9 olig>*ical ,/ates d y n f9d paup]s8 ,yes1 he said2 ne>ly ev]ybody is a paup] :o is n a rul]4 ,sid5ote3 & o!r crim9als4 99#eeb;,e99 ,& may we be s bold z to affirm t !re are also _m crim9als to be f\nd 9 !m1 rogues :o h /+s1 & :om ! au?orities are c>eful to re/ra9 by =ce8 ,c]ta9ly1 we may be s bold4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* p]sons is to be attribut$ to want ( education1 ill-tra9+1 & an evil con/itution ( ! ,/ate8 ,true4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! =m & su* are ! evils ( olig>*y2 & !re may be _m o!r evils4 ,v likely4 99#eec;,a99 ,!n olig>*y1 or ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! rul]s are elect$ = _! weal?1 may n[ be dismiss$4 ,let u next proce$ to consid] ! nature & orig9 ( ! individual :o answ]s to ?is ,/ate4 #bei ,by all means4 ,does n ! timocratical man *ange into ! olig>*ical on ?is wise8 ,h[8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ru9 ( ! timocratical man gives bir? to ! olig>*ical4 ,a "t arrives :5 ! repres5tative ( timocracy has a son3 at fir/ he beg9s by emulat+ 8 fa!r & walk+ 9 8 foot/eps1 b pres5tly he sees him ( a sudd5 99#eec;,b99 f\nd]+ aga9/ ! ,/ate z ^u a sunk5 reef1 & he & all t he has is lo/2 he may h be5 a g5]al or "s o!r high (fic] :o is br\ght to trial "u a prejudice rais$ by in=m]s1 & ei!r put to dea?1 or exil$1 or depriv$ ( ! privileges ( a citiz51 & all 8 prop]ty tak5 f him4 ,no?+ m likely4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 son beg9s life a ru9$ man & takes to money-mak+4 ,& ! son has se5 & kn[n all ?is--he is a ru9$ man1 & 8 fe> has taught him to knock ambition & 99#eec;,c99 passion head=emo/ f 8 bosom's ?rone2 humbl$ by pov]ty he takes to money-mak+ & by mean & mis]ly sav+s & h>d "w gets a =tune toge!r4 ,is n su* an "o likely to seat ! concupisc5t & covet\s elem5t on ! vacant ?rone & to suff] x to play ! great k+ )9 him1 girt ) ti>a & *a9 & scimit>8 ,mo/ true1 he repli$4 99#eec;,d99 ,& :5 he has made reason & _s sit d[n on ! gr\nd ob$i5tly on ei!r side ( _! sov]eign1 & taught !m to "k _! place1 he compels ! "o to ?9k only ( h[ less] sums may be turn$ into l>g] ones1 & w n all[ ! o!r to wor%ip & admire any?+ b ri*es & ri* m51 or to be ambiti\s ( any?+ s mu* z ! acquisition ( weal? & ! means ( acquir+ x4 ,( all *anges1 he said1 !re is none s spe$y or s sure z ! conv]sion ( ! ambiti\s y\? into ! av>ici\s "o4 99#eec;,e99 ,& ! av>ici\s1 ,i said1 is ! olig>*ical y\?8 ,sid5ote3 ,! olig>*ical man & ,/ate resemble "o ano!r 9 _! e/imation ( weal?3 ,9 _! toil+ & sav+ ways1 9 _! want ( cultivation4 ,yes1 he said2 at any rate ! individual out ( :om he came is l ! ,/ate out ( :i* olig>*y came4 ,let u !n consid] :e!r !re is any lik5ess betwe5 !m4 99#eed;,a99 ,v good4 ,fir/1 !n1 !y resemble "o ano!r 9 ! value :i* !y set ^u weal?8 #bfj ,c]ta9ly4 ,also 9 _! p5uri\s1 labori\s "*2 ! individual only satisfies 8 necess>y appetites1 & conf9es 8 exp5diture to !m2 8 o!r desires he subdues1 "u ! idea t !y are unpr(itable4 ,true4 ,he is a %abby fell[1 :o saves some?+ out ( ev]y?+ & makes a purse = himself2 & ?is is ! sort ( 99#eed;,b99 man :om ! vulg> applaud4 ,is he n a true image ( ! ,/ate :i* he repres5ts8 ,he appe>s to me to be s2 at any rate money is highly valu$ by him z well z by ! ,/ate4 ,y see t he is n a man ( cultivation1 ,i said4 ,i imag9e n1 he said2 _h he be5 educat$ he w\ld nev] h made a bl9d god director ( 8 *orus1 or giv5 him *ief hon\r#h4 ,footnote #h3 ,read+ ,greek3 kai e7ti_/ma ma_/li/a4 ,eu71 7 d' e7g_/1 accord+ to ,s*neid]'s excell5t em5dation4 ,excell5t6 ,i said4 ,yet consid]3 ,mu/ we n fur!r admit t ow+ to ?is want ( cultivation !re w be 99#eed;,c99 f\nd 9 him dronelike desires z ( paup] & rogue1 :i* are =cibly kept d[n by 8 g5]al habit ( life8 ,true4 ,d y "k :]e y w h to look if y want to discov] 8 rogu]ies8 ,:]e mu/ ,i look8 ,sid5ote3 ,! olig>*ical man keeps up a fair outside1 b he has only an en=c$ virtue & w *eat :5 he c4 ,y %\ld see him :]e he has "s great opportunity ( act+ di%one/ly1 z 9 ! gu>dian%ip ( an orphan4 ,aye4 ,x w be cle> en\gh !n t 9 8 ord9>y deal+s :i* give him a reputation = hone/y he co]ces 8 bad 99#eed;,d99 passions by an en=c$ virtue2 n mak+ !m see t !y are wrong1 or tam+ !m by reason1 b by necessity & fe> con/ra9+ !m1 & because he trembles = 8 possessions4 ,to be sure4 ,yes1 inde$1 my de> fri5d1 b y w f9d t ! natural desires ( ! drone commonly exi/ 9 him all ! same :5ev] he has to sp5d :at is n 8 own4 #bfa ,yes1 & !y w be /rong 9 him too4 ,! man1 !n1 w be at w> ) himself2 he w be two m51 & n "o2 b1 9 g5]al1 8 bett] desires 99#eed;,e99 w be f\nd to prevail ov] 8 inf]ior ones4 ,true4 ,= ^! reasons su* an "o w be m respectable ?an mo/ p2 yet ! true virtue ( a unanim\s & h>moni\s s\l w flee f> away & nev] come ne> him4 ,i %\ld expect s4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 meanness 9 a conte/2 he saves 8 money & loses ! prize4 99#eee;,a99 ,& surely1 ! mis] individually w be an ignoble competitor 9 a ,/ate = any prize ( victory1 or o!r object ( hon\rable ambition2 he w n sp5d 8 money 9 ! conte/ = glory2 s afraid is he ( awak5+ 8 exp5sive appetites & invit+ !m to help & jo9 9 ! /ruggle2 9 true olig>*ical fa%ion he fights ) a small "p only ( 8 res\rces1 & ! result commonly is t he loses ! prize & saves 8 money4 ,v true4 ,c we any long] d\bt1 !n1 t ! mis] & money-mak] 99#eee;,b99 answ]s to ! olig>*ical ,/ate8 ,!re c be no d\bt4 ,sid5ote3 ,democracy arises out ( ! extravagance & indebt$ness ( m5 ( family & position1 ,next comes democracy2 ( ?is ! orig9 & nature h /ill to be consid]$ by u2 & !n we w enquire into ! ways ( ! democratic man1 & br+ him up = judgm5t4 ,t1 he said1 is our me?od4 ,well1 ,i said1 & h[ does ! *ange f olig>*y into democracy arise8 ,is x n on ?is wise8--,! good at :i* su* a ,/ate aims is to become z ri* z possible1 a desire :i* is insatiable8 ,:at !n8 99#eee;,c99 ,! rul]s1 be+ aw>e t _! p[] re/s ^u _! weal?1 refuse to curtail by law ! extravagance ( ! sp5d?rift y\? because !y ga9 by _! ru92 !y take int]e/ f !m & buy up _! e/ates & ?us increase _! own weal? & importance8 ,to be sure4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! love ( weal? & ! _s ( mod]ation _c exi/ toge!r 9 citiz5s ( ! same /ate to any consid]able ext5t2 "o or ! o!r w 99#eee;,d99 be disreg>d$4 #bfb ,t is tol]ably cle>4 ,& 9 olig>*ical ,/ates1 f ! g5]al spread ( c>elessness & extravagance1 m5 ( good family h (t5 be5 r$uc$ to begg>y8 ,yes1 (t54 ,sid5ote3 :o rema9 9 ! city1 & =m a dang]\s class ready to head a revolution4 ,& /ill !y rema9 9 ! city2 !re !y are1 ready to /+ & fully arm$1 & "s ( !m owe money1 "s h =feit$ _! citiz5%ip2 a ?ird class are 9 bo? pr$icam5ts2 & !y hate & conspire aga9/ ^? :o h got _! prop]ty1 & aga9/ ev]ybody else1 & are 99#eee;,e99 eag] = revolution4 ,t is true4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m5 ( bus9ess1 /oop+ z !y walk1 & pret5d+ n ev5 to see ^? :om !y h already ru9$1 ins]t _! /+--t is1 _! money--into "s "o else :o is n on 8 gu>d aga9/ !m1 & recov] ! p>5t sum _m times ov] multipli$ into a family ( *ildr53 & s !y make drone & paup] to ab\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 99#eef;,a99 ,yes1 he said1 !re are pl5ty ( !m--t is c]ta94 ,sid5ote3 ,two rem$ies3 7#a7 re/rictions on ! free use ( prop]ty2 ,! evil blazes up l a fire2 & !y w n ext+ui% x1 ei!r by re/rict+ a man's use ( 8 own prop]ty1 or by ano!r rem$y3 ,:at o!r8 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 contracts to be made at a man's own risk4 ,"o :i* is ! next be/1 & has ! advantage ( compell+ ! citiz5s to look to _! *>act]s3--,let 99#eef;,b99 !re be a g5]al rule t e "o %all ent] into volunt>y contracts at 8 own risk1 & !re w be less ( ?is sc&al\s money-mak+1 & ! evils ( :i* we 7 speak+ w be greatly less5$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 !y w be greatly less5$4 ,at pres5t ! gov]nors1 induc$ by ! motives :i* ,i h nam$1 treat _! subjects badly2 :ile !y & _! adh]5ts1 especially ! "y m5 ( ! gov]n+ class1 are habituat$ to lead a life ( luxury & idl5ess 99#eef;,c99 bo? ( body & m9d2 !y d no?+1 & are incapable ( resi/+ ei!r pleasure or pa94 ,v true4 ,!y !mselves c>e only = mak+ money1 & are z indiff]5t z ! paup] to ! cultivation ( virtue4 #bfc ,yes1 q z indiff]5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! subjects discov] ! weakness ( _! rul]s4 ,su* is ! /ate ( affairs :i* prevails among !m4 ,& (t5 rul]s & _! subjects may come 9 "o ano!r's way1 :e!r on a j\rney or on "s o!r occasion ( meet+1 on a pilgrimage or a m>*1 z fell[-soldi]s or 99#eef;,d99 fell[-sailors2 aye1 & !y may obs]ve ! behavi\r ( ea* o!r 9 ! v mom5t ( dang]--= :]e dang] is1 !re is no fe> t ! poor w be despis$ by ! ri*--& v likely ! wiry sunburnt poor man may be plac$ 9 battle at ! side ( a weal?y "o :o has nev] spoilt 8 complexion & has pl5ty ( sup]flu\s fle%--:5 he sees su* an "o puff+ & at 8 wits' end1 h[ c he avoid draw+ ! conclusion t m5 l him are only ri* because no "o has ! c\rage to despoil !m8 ,& :5 !y meet 9 private w n p be 99#eef;,e99 say+ to "o ano!r ',our w>riors are n good = mu*'8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i am q aw>e t ?is is _! way ( talk+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a slight cause1 int]nal or ext]nal1 may produce revolution4 ,&1 z 9 a body :i* is diseas$ ! addition ( a t\* f )\t may br+ on illness1 & sometimes ev5 :5 !re is no ext]nal provocation a commotion may arise )9--9 ! same way :]ev] !re is weakness 9 ! ,/ate !re is also likely to be illness1 ( :i* ! occasion may be v slight1 ! "o p>ty introduc+ f )\t _! olig>*ical1 ! o!r _! democratical allies1 & !n ! ,/ate falls sick1 & is at w> ) h]self2 & 99#eeg;,a99 may be at times di/ract$1 ev5 :5 !re is no ext]nal cause4 ,yes1 surely4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* is ! orig9 & nature ( democracy4 ,& !n democracy comes into be+ aft] ! poor h conqu]$ _! oppon5ts1 slaught]+ "s & bani%+ "s1 :ile to ! rema9d] !y give an equal %>e ( fre$om & p[]2 & ?is is ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! magi/rates are commonly elect$ by lot4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! nature ( democracy1 :e!r ! revolution has be5 effect$ by arms1 or :e!r fe> has caus$ ! opposite p>ty to )draw4 ,& n[ :at is _! mann] ( life1 & :at sort ( 99#eeg;,b99 a gov]nm5t h !y8 = z ! gov]nm5t is1 su* w be ! man4 ,cle>ly1 he said4 #bfd ,sid5ote3 ,democracy all[s a man to d z he likes1 & !re=e conta9s ! greate/ v>iety ( *>act]s & con/itutions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 are !y n free2 & is n ! city full ( fre$om & frankness--a man may say & d :at he likes8 ',tis said s1 he repli$4 ,& :]e fre$om is1 ! individual is cle>ly able to ord] = himself 8 own life z he pleases8 ,cle>ly4 99#eeg;,c99 ,!n 9 ?is k9d ( ,/ate !re w be ! greate/ v>iety ( human natures8 ,!re w4 ,?is1 !n1 seems likely to be ! faire/ ( ,/ates1 be+ l an embroid]$ robe :i* is spangl$ ) e sort ( fl[]#i4 ,& j z wom5 & *ildr5 ?9k a v>iety ( col\rs to be ( all ?+s mo/ *>m+1 s !re are _m m5 to :om ?is ,/ate1 :i* is spangl$ ) ! mann]s & *>act]s ( mank9d1 w appe> to be ! faire/ ( ,/ates4 ,footnote #i3 ,omitt+ ,greek3 ti_/ m_/n2 e7_/ph4 ,yes4 99#eeg;,d99 ,yes1 my good ,sir1 & !re w be no bett] 9 :i* to look = a gov]nm5t4 ,:y8 ,because ( ! lib]ty :i* reigns !re--!y h a complete assortm5t ( con/itutions2 & he :o has a m9d to e/abli% a ,/ate1 z we h be5 do+1 mu/ g to a democracy z he w\ld to a baza> at :i* !y sell !m1 & pick out ! "o t suits him2 !n1 :5 he has made 8 *oice1 he may f\nd 8 ,/ate4 99#eeg;,e99 ,he w be sure to h patt]ns en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law falls into abeyance4 ,& !re be+ no necessity1 ,i said1 = y to gov]n 9 ?is ,/ate1 ev5 if y h ! capacity1 or to be gov]n$1 unless y l1 or g to w> :5 ! re/ g to w>1 or to be at peace :5 o!rs are at peace1 unless y are s dispos$--!re be+ no necessity also1 because "s law =bids y to hold (fice or be a dica/1 t y %\ld n hold (fice or be a dica/1 if y h a fancy--is n 99#eeh;,a99 ?is a way ( life :i* = ! mom5t is supremely delightful8 ,= ! mom5t1 yes4 #bfe ,& is n _! humanity to ! condemn$#aj 9 "s cases q *>m+8 ,h y n obs]v$ h[1 9 a democracy1 _m p]sons1 al?\gh !y h be5 s5t5c$ to dea? or exile1 j /ay :]e !y are & walk ab\t ! _w--! g5tleman p>ades l a h]o1 & nobody sees or c>es8 ,footnote #aj3 ,or1 '! philosophical temp] ( ! condemn$4' ,yes1 he repli$1 _m & _m a "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,all pr9ciples ( ord] & good ta/e are trampl$ "u foot by democracy4 99#eeh;,b99 ,see too1 ,i said1 ! =giv+ _s ( democracy1 & ! 'don't c>e' ab\t trifles1 & ! disreg>d :i* %e %[s ( all ! f9e pr9ciples :i* we solemnly laid d[n at ! f\ndation ( ! city--z :5 we said t1 except 9 ! case ( "s r>ely gift$ nature1 !re nev] w be a good man :o has n f 8 *ildhood be5 us$ to play amid ?+s ( beauty & make ( !m a joy & a /udy--h[ gr&ly does %e trample all ^! f9e notions ( ours "u h] feet1 nev] giv+ a ?\ght to ! pursuits :i* make a /atesman1 & promot+ to hon\r any "o :o pr(esses 99#eeh;,c99 to be ! p's fri5d4 ,yes1 %e is ( a noble _s4 ,^! & o!r k9dr$ *>act]i/ics are prop] to democracy1 :i* is a *>m+ =m ( gov]nm5t1 full ( v>iety & disord]1 & disp5s+ a sort ( equality to equals & unequals alike4 ,we "k h] well4 ,consid] n[1 ,i said1 :at mann] ( man ! individual is1 or r consid]1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,/ate1 h[ he comes into be+4 ,v good1 he said4 ,is n ?is ! way--he is ! son ( ! mis]ly & olig>*ical 99#eeh;,d99 fa!r :o has tra9$ him 9 8 own habits8 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* are ! necess>y & :i* ! unnecess>y pleasures8 ,&1 l 8 fa!r1 he keeps "u by =ce ! pleasures :i* are ( ! sp5d+ & n ( ! gett+ sort1 be+ ^? :i* are call$ unnecess>y8 ,obvi\sly4 ,w\ld y l1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 to di/+ui% :i* are ! necess>y & :i* are ! unnecess>y pleasures8 ,i %\ld4 #bff ,sid5ote3 ,necess>y desires _c be got rid (1 ,are n necess>y pleasures ^? ( :i* we _c get 99#eeh;,e99 rid1 & ( :i* ! satisfaction is a b5efit to u8 ,& !y are rightly call$ s1 because we are fram$ by nature to desire bo? :at is b5eficial & :at is necess>y1 & _c help x4 ,true4 99#eei;,a99 ,we are n wrong !re=e 9 call+ !m necess>y8 ,we are n4 ,& ! desires ( :i* a man may get rid1 if he takes pa9s f 8 y\? upw>ds--( :i* ! pres5ce1 moreov]1 does no good1 & 9 "s cases ! rev]se ( good--%all we n be "r 9 say+ t all ^! are unnecess>y8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,suppose we select an example ( ei!r k9d1 9 ord] t we may h a g5]al notion ( !m8 ,v good4 ,w n ! desire ( eat+1 t is1 ( simple food & condim5ts1 9 s f> z !y are requir$ = heal? & 99#eei;,b99 /r5g?1 be ( ! necess>y class8 ,t is :at ,i %\ld suppose4 ,! pleasure ( eat+ is necess>y 9 two ways2 x does u good & x is ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( life8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 b may be indulg$ to excess4 ,b ! condim5ts are only necess>y 9 s f> z !y are good = heal?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration tak5 f eat+ & dr9k+4 ,& ! desire :i* goes beyond ?is1 ( m delicate food1 or o!r luxuries1 :i* might g5]ally be got rid (1 if controll$ & tra9$ 9 y\?1 & is hurtful to ! body1 & hurtful to ! s\l 9 ! pursuit ( wisdom & virtue1 may be 99#eei;,c99 rightly call$ unnecess>y8 ,v true4 ,may we n say t ^! desires sp5d1 & t ! o!rs make money because !y conduce to production8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ( ! pleasures ( love1 & all o!r pleasures1 ! same holds good8 ,true4 ,& ! drone ( :om we spoke 0 he :o 0 surfeit$ 9 pleasures & desires ( ?is sort1 & 0 ! slave #bfg 99#eei;,d99 ( ! unnecess>y desires1 :]eas he :o 0 subject to ! necess>y only 0 mis]ly & olig>*ical8 ,v true4 ,aga91 let u see h[ ! democratical man gr[s out ( ! olig>*ical3 ! foll[+1 z ,i suspect1 is commonly ! process4 ,:at is ! process8 ,sid5ote3 ,! "y olig>* is l$ away by 8 wild associates4 ,:5 a "y man :o has be5 br\ght up z we 7 j n[ describ+1 9 a vulg> & mis]ly way1 has ta/$ drones' honey & has come to associate ) fi]ce & crafty natures :o are able to provide = him all sorts ( ref9em5ts & v>ieties ( pleasure--!n1 z y may 99#eei;,e99 imag9e1 ! *ange w beg9 ( ! olig>*ical pr9ciple )9 him into ! democratical8 ,inevitably4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are allies to ei!r "p ( 8 nature4 ,& z 9 ! city l 0 help+ l1 & ! *ange 0 effect$ by an alliance f )\t assi/+ "o division ( ! citiz5s1 s too ! "y man is *ang$ by a class ( desires com+ f )\t to assi/ ! desires )9 him1 t :i* is ak9 & alike aga9 help+ t :i* is ak9 & alike8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if !re be any ally :i* aids ! olig>*ical pr9ciple )9 him1 :e!r ! influ5ce ( a fa!r or ( k9dr$1 99#efj;,a99 advis+ or rebuk+ him1 !n !re arises 9 8 s\l a faction & an opposite faction1 & he goes to w> ) himself4 ,x mu/ be s4 ,& !re are times :5 ! democratical pr9ciple gives way to ! olig>*ical1 & "s ( 8 desires die1 & o!rs are bani%$2 a _s ( rev]5ce ent]s into ! "y man's s\l & ord] is re/or$4 ,yes1 he said1 t sometimes happ5s4 ,& !n1 aga91 aft] ! old desires h be5 driv5 out1 99#efj;,b99 fre% ones spr+ up1 :i* are ak9 to !m1 & because he _! fa!r does n "k h[ to educate !m1 wax fi]ce & num]\s4 ,yes1 he said1 t is apt to be ! way4 ,!y draw him to 8 old associates1 & hold+ secret int]c\rse ) !m1 bre$ & multiply 9 him4 #bfh ,v true4 ,at l5g? !y seize ^u ! citadel ( ! "y man's s\l1 :i* !y p]ceive to be void ( all accompli%m5ts & fair pursuits & true words1 :i* make _! abode 9 ! m9ds ( m5 :o are de> to ! gods1 & are _! be/ gu>dians & s5t9els4 99#efj;,c99 ,none bett]4 ,false & boa/ful conceits & phrases m\nt upw>ds & take _! place4 ,!y are c]ta9 to d s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! progress ( ! olig>*ic "y man told 9 an allegory4 ,& s ! "y man returns into ! c\ntry ( ! lotus-eat]s1 & takes up 8 dwell+ !re 9 ! face ( all m52 & if any help be s5t by 8 fri5ds to ! olig>*ical "p ( him1 ! a=esaid va9 conceits %ut ! gate ( ! k+'s fa/ness2 & !y w nei!r all[ ! embassy itself to ent]1 nor if private advis]s (f] ! fa!rly c\nsel ( ! ag$ w !y li/5 to !m or receive !m4 99#efj;,d99 ,!re is a battle & !y ga9 ! day1 & !n mode/y1 :i* !y call sill9ess1 is ignom9i\sly ?ru/ into exile by !m1 & temp]ance1 :i* !y nickname unmanl9ess1 is trampl$ 9 ! mire & ca/ =?2 !y p]suade m5 t mod]ation & ord]ly exp5diture are vulg>ity & meanness1 & s1 by ! help ( a rabble ( evil appetites1 !y drive !m beyond ! bord]4 ,yes1 ) a w4 ,& :5 !y h empti$ & swept clean ! s\l ( 99#efj;,e99 him :o is n[ 9 _! p[] & :o is be+ initiat$ by !m 9 great my/]ies1 ! next ?+ is to br+ back to _! h\se insol5ce & an>*y & wa/e & impud5ce 9 bright array hav+ g>l&s on _! heads1 & a great company ) !m1 hymn+ _! praises & call+ 99#efa;,a99 !m by sweet names2 insol5ce !y t]m bre$+1 & an>*y lib]ty1 & wa/e magnific5ce1 & impud5ce c\rage4 ,& s ! "y man passes out ( 8 orig9al nature1 :i* 0 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( necessity1 into ! fre$om & lib]t9ism ( useless & unnecess>y pleasures4 ,yes1 he said1 ! *ange 9 him is visible en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,he becomes a rake2 b he also sometimes /ops %ort 9 8 c>e] & gives way to pleasures good & bad indiff]5tly4 ,aft] ?is he lives on1 sp5d+ 8 money & lab\r & "t on unnecess>y pleasures q z mu* z on necess>y #bfi ones2 b if he be =tunate1 & is n too mu* disord]$ 9 8 wits1 :5 ye>s h elaps$1 & ! heyday ( 99#efa;,b99 passion is ov]--suppos+ t he !n re-admits into ! city "s "p ( ! exil$ virtues1 & does n :olly give himself up to _! successors--9 t case he balances 8 pleasures & lives 9 a sort ( equilibrium1 putt+ ! gov]nm5t ( himself into ! h&s ( ! "o :i* comes fir/ & w9s ! turn2 & :5 he has _h en\gh ( t1 !n into ! h&s ( ano!r2 he despises none ( !m b enc\rages !m all equally4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,he rejects all advice1 ,nei!r does he receive or let pass into ! =tress any true ^w ( advice2 if any "o says to him t "s 99#efa;,c99 pleasures are ! satisfactions ( good & noble desires1 & o!rs ( evil desires1 & t he ought to use & hon\r "s & *a/ise & ma/] ! o!rs --:5ev] ?is is repeat$ to him he %akes 8 head & says t !y are all alike1 & t "o is z good z ano!r4 ,yes1 he said2 t is ! way ) him4 ,sid5ote3 pass+ 8 life 9 ! alt]nation f "o extreme to ano!r4 ,yes1 ,i said1 he lives f day to day indulg+ ! appetite ( ! h\r2 & sometimes he is lapp$ 9 dr9k & /ra9s ( ! flute2 !n he becomes a wat]-dr9k]1 & tries to get ?92 99#efa;,d99 !n he takes a turn at gymna/ics2 sometimes idl+ & neglect+ ev]y?+1 !n once m liv+ ! life ( a philosoph]2 (t5 he is busy ) politics1 & />ts to 8 feet & says & does :atev] comes into 8 head2 &1 if he is emul\s ( any "o :o is a w>rior1 (f he is 9 t direction1 or ( m5 ( bus9ess1 once m 9 t4 ,8 life has nei!r law nor ord]2 & ?is di/ract$ exi/5ce he t]ms joy & bliss & fre$om2 & s he goes on4 99#efa;,e99 ,yes1 he repli$1 he is all lib]ty & equality4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is 'n "o1 b all mank9d's epitome4' ,yes1 ,i said2 8 life is motley & manifold & an epitome ( ! lives ( _m2--he answ]s to ! ,/ate :i* we describ$ z fair & spangl$4 ,& _m a man & _m a woman w take him = _! patt]n1 & _m a con/itution & _m an example ( mann]s is conta9$ 9 him4 ,j s4 99#efa;,a99 ,let him !n be set ov] aga9/ democracy2 he may truly be call$ ! democratic man4 #bgj ,let t be 8 place1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,tyranny & ! tyrant4 ,la/ ( all comes ! mo/ beautiful ( all1 man & ,/ate alike1 tyranny & ! tyrant2 ^! we h n[ to consid]4 ,q true1 he said4 ,say !n1 my fri5d1 ,9 :at mann] does tyranny arise8--t x has a democratic orig9 is evid5t4 ,cle>ly4 ,& does n tyranny spr+ f democracy 9 ! 99#efb;,b99 same mann] z democracy f olig>*y--,i mean1 aft] a sort8 ,h[8 ,sid5ote3 ,! insatiable desire ( weal? creates a dem& = democracy1 ! insatiable desire ( fre$om creates a dem& = tyranny4 ,! good :i* olig>*y propos$ to itself & ! means by :i* x 0 ma9ta9$ 0 excess ( weal?--am ,i n "r8 ,yes4 ,& ! insatiable desire ( weal? & ! neglect ( all o!r ?+s = ! sake ( money-gett+ 0 also ! ru9 ( olig>*y8 ,true4 ,& democracy has h] own good1 ( :i* ! insatiable desire br+s h] to dissolution8 ,:at good8 ,fre$om1 ,i repli$2 :i*1 z !y tell y 9 a democracy1 99#efb;,c99 is ! glory ( ! ,/ate--& t !re=e 9 a democracy alone w ! freeman ( nature deign to dwell4 ,yes2 ! say+ is 9 e body's m\?4 ,i 0 go+ to obs]ve1 t ! insatiable desire ( ?is & ! neglect ( o!r ?+s introduces ! *ange 9 democracy1 :i* occasions a dem& = tyranny4 ,h[ s8 ,:5 a democracy :i* is ?ir/+ = fre$om has evil 99#efb;,d99 cup-be>]s presid+ ov] ! fea/1 & has drunk too deeply ( ! /rong w9e ( fre$om1 !n1 unless h] rul]s are v am5able & give a pl5tiful draught1 %e calls !m to acc\nt & puni%es !m1 & says t !y are curs$ olig>*s4 ,yes1 he repli$1 a v common occurr5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om 9 ! end means an>*y4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & loyal citiz5s are insult+ly t]m$ by h] slaves :o hug _! *a9s & m5 ( naught2 %e w\ld h subjects :o are l rul]s1 & rul]s :o are #bga l subjects3 ^! are m5 aft] h] own he>t1 :om %e praises & hon\rs bo? 9 private & public4 ,n[1 9 99#efb;,e99 su* a ,/ate1 c lib]ty h any limit8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,by degrees ! an>*y f9ds a way into private h\ses1 & ends by gett+ among ! animals & infect+ !m4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,i mean t ! fa!r gr[s accu/om$ to desc5d to ! level ( 8 sons & to fe> !m1 & ! son is on a level ) 8 fa!r1 he hav+ no respect or rev]5ce = ei!r ( 8 p>5ts2 & ?is is 8 fre$om1 & ! metic is equal ) ! citiz5 & ! citiz5 ) ! metic1 & ! 99#efc;,a99 /rang] is q z good z ei!r4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! way4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inv]sion ( all social relations4 ,& ^! are n ! only evils1 ,i said--!re are sev]al less] ones3 ,9 su* a /ate ( society ! ma/] fe>s & flatt]s 8 s*ol>s1 & ! s*ol>s despise _! ma/]s & tutors2 "y & old are all alike2 & ! "y man is on a level ) ! old1 & is ready to compete ) him 9 ^w or de$2 & old m5 condesc5d to ! "y & are full ( pleasantry & gaiety2 !y are lo? to be 99#efc;,b99 ?\ght morose & au?oritative1 & !re=e !y adopt ! mann]s ( ! "y4 ,q true1 he said4 ,! la/ extreme ( popul> lib]ty is :5 ! slave b\ght ) money1 :e!r male or female1 is j z free z 8 or h] pur*as]2 nor mu/ ,i =get to tell ( ! lib]ty & equality ( ! two sexes 9 relation to ea* o!r4 99#efc;,c99 ,:y n1 z ,aes*ylus says1 utt] ! ^w :i* rises to our lips8 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om among ! animals4 ,t is :at ,i am do+1 ,i repli$2 & ,i mu/ add t no "o :o does n "k w\ld believe1 h[ mu* great] is ! lib]ty :i* ! animals :o are "u ! dom9ion ( man h 9 a democracy ?an 9 any o!r ,/ate3 = truly1 ! %e-dogs1 z ! prov]b says1 are z good z _! %e-mi/resses1 & ! horses & asses h a way ( m>*+ along ) all ! rights & dignities ( freem52 & !y w run at any body :o comes 9 _! way if he does n leave ! road cle> = !m3 & all ?+s are 99#efc;,d99 j ready to bur/ ) lib]ty4 #bgb ,:5 ,i take a c\ntry walk1 he said1 ,i (t5 exp]i5ce :at y describe4 ,y & ,i h dream$ ! same ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,no law1 no au?ority4 ,& above all1 ,i said1 & z ! result ( all1 see h[ s5sitive ! citiz5s become2 !y *afe impati5tly at ! lea/ t\* ( au?ority1 & at l5g?1 z y "k1 !y cease to c>e ev5 = ! laws1 writt5 or unwritt52 !y w h 99#efc;,e99 no "o ov] !m4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i "k x too well4 ,su*1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 is ! fair & glori\s beg9n+ out ( :i* spr+s tyranny4 ,glori\s inde$1 he said4 ,b :at is ! next /ep8 ,! ru9 ( olig>*y is ! ru9 ( democracy2 ! same disease magnifi$ & int5sifi$ by lib]ty ov]ma/]s democracy--! tru? be+ t ! excessive 99#efd;,a99 increase ( any?+ (t5 causes a reaction 9 ! opposite direction2 & ?is is ! case n only 9 ! seasons & 9 vegetable & animal life1 b above all 9 =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,true4 ,! excess ( lib]ty1 :e!r 9 ,/ates or individuals1 seems only to pass into excess ( slav]y4 ,yes1 ! natural ord]4 ,& s tyranny naturally arises out ( democracy1 & ! mo/ aggravat$ =m ( tyranny & slav]y out ( ! mo/ extreme =m ( lib]ty8 ,z we might expect4 ,sid5ote3 ,! common evil ( olig>*y & democracy is ! class ( idle sp5d-?rifts4 ,t1 h[ev]1 0 n1 z ,i believe1 y\r "q--y r desir$ to "k :at is t disord] :i* is 99#efd;,b99 g5]at$ alike 9 olig>*y & democracy1 & is ! ru9 ( bo?8 ,j s1 he repli$4 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i meant to ref] to ! class ( idle sp5d?rifts1 ( :om ! m c\rage\s are ! lead]s & ! m timid ! foll[]s1 ! same :om we 7 comp>+ to drones1 "s /+less1 & o!rs hav+ /+s4 ,a v j comp>ison4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/ration4 ,^! two classes are ! plagues ( e city 9 :i* !y are g5]at$1 be+ :at phlegm & bile are to ! body4 99#efd;,c99 ,& ! good physician & lawgiv] ( ! ,/ate #bgc ought1 l ! wise bee-ma/]1 to keep !m at a di/ance & prev5t1 if possible1 _! ev] com+ 92 & if !y h anyh[ f\nd a way 91 !n he %\ld h !m & _! cells cut out z spe$ily z possible4 ,yes1 by all means1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,altoge!r ?ree classes 9 a democracy4 ,!n1 9 ord] t we may see cle>ly :at we are do+1 let u imag9e democracy to be divid$1 z inde$ x is1 into 99#efd;,d99 ?ree classes2 = 9 ! fir/ place fre$om creates r m drones 9 ! democratic ?an !re 7 9 ! olig>*ical ,/ate4 ,t is true4 ,& 9 ! democracy !y are c]ta9ly m int5sifi$4 ,h[ s8 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,! drones or sp5d-?rifts :o are m num]\s & active ?an 9 ! olig>*y4 ,because 9 ! olig>*ical ,/ate !y are disqualifi$ & driv5 f (fice1 & !re=e !y _c tra9 or ga!r /r5g?2 :]eas 9 a democracy !y are almo/ ! entire rul+ p[]1 & :ile ! ke5] sort speak & act1 ! re/ keep buzz+ ab\t ! bema & d 99#efd;,e99 n suff] a ^w to be said on ! o!r side2 h5ce 9 democracies almo/ ev]y?+ is manag$ by ! drones4 ,v true1 he said4 ,!n !re is ano!r class :i* is always be+ sev]$ f ! mass4 ,:at is t8 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,! ord]ly or weal?y class :o are f$ ^u by ! drones4 ,!y are ! ord]ly class1 :i* 9 a nation ( trad]s is sure to be ! ri*e/4 ,naturally s4 ,!y are ! mo/ squeezable p]sons & yield ! l>ge/ am\nt ( honey to ! drones4 ,:y1 he said1 !re is little to be squeez$ out ( p :o h little4 ,& ?is is call$ ! weal?y class1 & ! drones fe$ ^u !m4 99#efe;,a99 ,t is pretty mu* ! case1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,! work+ class :o also get a %>e4 ,! p are a ?ird class1 consi/+ ( ^? :o "w ) _! own h&s2 !y are n politicians1 & h n mu* to live ^u4 ,?is1 :5 assembl$1 is ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful class 9 a democracy4 ,true1 he said2 b !n ! multitude is seldom will+ to congregate unless !y get a little honey4 #bgd ,& d !y n %>e8 ,i said4 ,d n _! lead]s deprive ! ri* ( _! e/ates & di/ribute !m among ! p2 at ! same "t tak+ c>e to res]ve ! l>g] "p = !mselves8 99#efe;,b99 ,:y1 yes1 he said1 to t ext5t ! p d %>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! well-to-d h to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! p4 ,& ! p]sons ^: prop]ty is tak5 f !m are compell$ to def5d !mselves be=e ! p z !y be/ c8 ,:at else c !y d8 ,& !n1 al?\gh !y may h no desire ( *ange1 ! o!rs *>ge !m ) plott+ aga9/ ! p & be+ fri5ds ( olig>*y8 ,true4 ,& ! end is t :5 !y see ! p1 n ( _! own accord1 b ?r\gh ignorance1 & because !y are 99#efe;,c99 deceiv$ by in=m]s1 seek+ to d !m wrong1 !n at la/ !y are =c$ to become olig>*s 9 reality2 !y d n wi% to be1 b ! /+ ( ! drones torm5ts !m & bre$s revolution 9 !m4 ,t is exactly ! tru?4 ,!n come impea*m5ts & judgm5ts & trials ( "o ano!r4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p h a protector :o1 :5 once he ta/es blood1 is conv]t$ into a tyrant4 ,! p h always "s *ampion :om !y set ov] !m & nurse into greatness4 ,yes1 t is _! way4 99#efe;,d99 ,?is & no o!r is ! root f :i* a tyrant spr+s2 :5 he fir/ appe>s above gr\nd he is a protector4 ,yes1 t is q cle>4 ,h[ !n does a protector beg9 to *ange into a tyrant8 ,cle>ly :5 he does :at ! man is said to d 9 ! tale ( ! ,arcadian temple ( ,lycaean ,zeus4 ,:at tale8 ,! tale is t he :o has ta/$ ! entrails ( a s+le human victim m9c$ up ) ! entrails ( o!r victims is 99#efe;,e99 de/9$ to become a wolf4 ,did y nev] he> x8 ,oh1 yes4 ,& ! protector ( ! p is l him2 hav+ a mob entirely at 8 disposal1 he is n re/ra9$ f %$d+ ! blood ( k9sm52 by ! fav\rite me?od ( false accusation he br+s !m into c\rt & murd]s !m1 #bge mak+ ! life ( man to disappe>1 & ) unholy tongue & lips ta/+ ! blood ( 8 fell[ citiz5s2 "s he kills & o!rs he bani%es1 at ! same "t h9t+ at ! abolition ( debts & p>tition ( l&s3 & aft] ?is1 :at 99#eff;,a99 w be 8 de/9y8 ,mu/ he n ei!r p]i% at ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 or f be+ a man become a wolf--t is1 a tyrant8 ,inevitably4 ,?is1 ,i said1 is he :o beg9s to make a p>ty aga9/ ! ri*8 ,! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,aft] a "t he is driv5 out1 b comes back a full-bl[n tyrant4 ,aft] a :ile he is driv5 out1 b comes back1 9 spite ( 8 enemies1 a tyrant full gr[n4 ,t is cle>4 99#eff;,b99 ,& if !y are unable to expel him1 or to get him condemn$ to dea? by a public accusation1 !y conspire to assass9ate him4 ,yes1 he said1 t is _! usual way4 ,sid5ote3 ,! body-gu>d4 ,!n comes ! fam\s reque/ = a body-gu>d1 :i* is ! device ( all ^? :o h got ?us f> 9 _! tyrannical c>e]--',let n ! p's fri5d1' z !y say1 'be lo/ to !m4' ,exactly4 ,! p readily ass5t2 all _! fe>s are = him--!y h none = !mselves4 99#eff;,c99 ,v true4 ,& :5 a man :o is weal?y & is also accus$ ( be+ an enemy ( ! p sees ?is1 !n1 my fri5d1 z ! oracle said to ,croesus1 ',by pebbly ,h]mus' %ore he flees & re/s n1 & is n a%am$ to be a c[>d#aa4' ,footnote #aa3 ,h]od4 i4 #ee4 ,& q "r too1 said he1 = if he 71 he w\ld nev] be a%am$ aga94 ,b if he is caught he dies4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,! protector /&+ up 9 ! *>iot ( ,/ate4 99#eff;,d99 ,& he1 ! protector ( :om we spoke1 is to be se51 n 'l>d+ ! pla9' ) 8 bulk1 b himself ! ov]?r[] ( _m1 /&+ up 9 ! *>iot ( ,/ate ) ! re9s 9 8 h&1 no long] protector1 b tyrant absolute4 #bgf ,no d\bt1 he said4 ,& n[ let u consid] ! happ9ess ( ! man1 & also ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* a creature l him is g5]at$4 ,yes1 he said1 let u consid] t4 ,at fir/1 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 p[]1 he is full ( smiles1 & he salutes e "o :om he meets2--he to be call$ 99#eff;,e99 a tyrant1 :o is mak+ promises 9 public & also 9 private6 lib]at+ debtors1 & di/ribut+ l& to ! p & 8 foll[]s1 & want+ to be s k9d & good to e "o6 ,( c\rse1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,he /irs up w>s1 & impov]i%es 8 subjects by ! imposition ( taxes4 ,b :5 he has dispos$ ( =eign enemies by conque/ or treaty1 & !re is no?+ to fe> f !m1 !n he is always /irr+ up "s w> or o!r1 9 ord] t ! p may require a lead]4 ,to be sure4 99#efg;,a99 ,has he n also ano!r object1 :i* is t !y may be impov]i%$ by paym5t ( taxes1 & ?us compell$ to devote !mselves to _! daily wants & !re=e less likely to conspire aga9/ him8 ,cle>ly4 ,& if any ( !m are suspect$ by him ( hav+ notions ( fre$om1 & ( resi/ance to 8 au?ority1 he w h a good pretext = de/roy+ !m by plac+ !m at ! m]cy ( ! enemy2 & = all ^! reasons ! tyrant mu/ be always gett+ up a w>4 ,he mu/4 99#efg;,b99 ,n[ he beg9s to gr[ unpopul>4 ,a necess>y result4 ,!n "s ( ^? :o jo9$ 9 sett+ him up1 & :o are 9 p[]1 speak _! m9ds to him & to "o ano!r1 & ! m c\rage\s ( !m ca/ 9 8 tee? :at is be+ done4 ,yes1 t may be expect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,he gets rid ( 8 brave/ & bolde/ foll[]s4 ,& ! tyrant1 if he means to rule1 mu/ get rid ( !m2 he _c /op :ile he has a fri5d or an enemy :o is good = any?+4 ,he _c4 ,& !re=e he mu/ look ab\t him & see :o is 99#efg;,c99 valiant1 :o is high-m9d$1 :o is wise1 :o is weal?y2 #bgg happy man1 he is ! enemy ( !m all1 & mu/ seek occasion aga9/ !m :e!r he w or no1 until he has made a purgation ( ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 he said1 & a r>e purgation4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 purgation ( ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 ,i said1 n ! sort ( purgation :i* ! physicians make ( ! body2 = !y take away ! worse & leave ! bett] "p1 b he does ! rev]se4 ,if he is to rule1 ,i suppose t he _c help himself4 99#efg;,d99 ,:at a bless$ alt]native1 ,i said3--to be compell$ to dwell only ) ! _m bad1 & to be by !m hat$1 or n to live at all6 ,yes1 t is ! alt]native4 ,& ! m dete/able 8 actions are to ! citiz5s ! m satellites & ! great] devotion 9 !m w he require8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :o are ! devot$ b&1 & :]e w he procure !m8 ,!y w flock to him1 he said1 ( _! own accord1 if he pays !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,m drones4 ,by ! dog6 ,i said1 "h are m drones1 ( e sort 99#efg;,e99 & f e l&4 ,yes1 he said1 !re are4 ,b w he n desire to get !m on ! spot8 ,h[ d y mean8 ,he w rob ! citiz5s ( _! slaves2 he w !n set !m free & enrol !m 9 8 body-gu>d4 ,to be sure1 he said2 & he w be able to tru/ !m be/ ( all4 ,sid5ote3 ,he puts to dea? 8 fri5ds & lives ) ! slaves :om he has enfran*is$4 ,:at a bless$ creature1 ,i said1 mu/ ?is tyrant be2 he 99#efh;,a99 has put to dea? ! o!rs & has ^! = 8 tru/$ fri5ds4 ,yes1 he said2 !y are q ( 8 sort4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & ^! are ! new citiz5s :om he has call$ into exi/5ce1 :o admire him & are 8 companions1 :ile ! good hate & avoid him4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,euripides & ! trag$ians praise tyranny1 :i* is an excell5t reason = expell+ !m f our ,/ate4 ,v]ily1 !n1 trag$y is a wise ?+ & ,euripides a great trag$ian4 ,:y s8 #bgh ,:y1 because he is ! au?or ( ! pregnant say+1 99#efh;,b99 ',tyrants are wise by liv+ ) ! wise2' & he cle>ly meant to say t !y are ! wise :om ! tyrant makes 8 companions4 ,yes1 he said1 & he also praises tyranny z godlike2 & _m o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d are said by him & by ! o!r poets4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 ! tragic poets be+ wise m5 w =give u & any o!rs :o live aft] our mann] if we d n receive !m into our ,/ate1 because !y are ! eulogi/s ( tyranny4 99#efh;,c99 ,yes1 he said1 ^? :o h ! wit w d\btless =give u4 ,b !y w cont9ue to g to o!r cities & attract mobs1 & hire voices fair & l\d & p]suasive1 & draw ! cities ov] to tyrannies & democracies4 ,v true4 ,moreov]1 !y are paid = ?is & receive hon\r--! greate/ hon\r1 z might be expect$1 f tyrants1 & ! next greate/ f democracies2 b ! high] !y asc5d 99#efh;,d99 our con/itution hill1 ! m _! reputation fails1 & seems unable f %ortness ( brea? to proce$ fur!r4 ,true4 ,b we are w&]+ f ! subject3 ,let u !re=e return & enquire h[ ! tyrant w ma9ta9 t fair & num]\s & v>i\s & ev]-*ang+ army ( 84 ,sid5ote3 ,! tyrant seizes ! treasures 9 ! temples1 & :5 ^! fail fe$s ^u ! p4 ,if1 he said1 !re are sacr$ treasures 9 ! city1 he w confiscate & sp5d !m2 & 9 s f> z ! =tunes ( atta9t$ p]sons may suffice1 he w be able to dim9i% ! taxes :i* he w\ld o!rwise h to impose ^u ! p4 99#efh;,e99 ,& :5 ^! fail8 ,:y1 cle>ly1 he said1 !n he & 8 boon companions1 :e!r male or female1 w be ma9ta9$ out ( 8 fa!r's e/ate4 ,y mean to say t ! p1 f :om he has d]iv$ 8 be+1 w ma9ta9 him & 8 companions8 ,yes1 he said2 !y _c help !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y rebel1 & !n he beats 8 own p>5t1 i4e4 ! p4 ,b :at if ! p fly into a passion1 & av] t a #bgi gr[n-up son ought n to be support$ by 8 fa!r1 b 99#efi;,a99 t ! fa!r %\ld be support$ by ! son8 ,! fa!r did n br+ him into be+1 or settle him 9 life1 9 ord] t :5 8 son became a man he %\ld himself be ! s]vant ( 8 own s]vants & %\ld support him & 8 rabble ( slaves & companions2 b t 8 son %\ld protect him1 & t by 8 help he might be emancipat$ f ! gov]nm5t ( ! ri* & ari/ocratic1 z !y are t]m$4 ,& s he bids him & 8 companions dep>t1 j z any o!r fa!r might drive out ( ! h\se a riot\s son & 8 undesirable associates4 ,by heav51 he said1 !n ! p>5t w discov] :at 99#efi;,b99 a mon/] he has be5 fo/]+ 9 8 bosom2 &1 :5 he wants to drive him out1 he w f9d t he is weak & 8 son /rong4 ,:y1 y d n mean to say t ! tyrant w use viol5ce8 ,:at6 beat 8 fa!r if he opposes him8 ,yes1 he w1 hav+ fir/ dis>m$ him4 ,!n he is a p>ricide1 & a cruel gu>dian ( an ag$ p>5t2 & ?is is real tyranny1 ab\t :i* !re c be no long] a mi/ake3 z ! say+ is1 ! p :o w\ld escape ! smoke :i* is ! slav]y ( freem51 has fall5 99#efi;,c99 into ! fire :i* is ! tyranny ( slaves4 ,?us lib]ty1 gett+ out ( all ord] & reason1 passes into ! h>%e/ & bitt]e/ =m ( slav]y4 ,true1 he said4 ,v well2 & may we n rightly say t we h suffici5tly discuss$ ! nature ( tyranny1 & ! mann] ( ! transition f democracy to tyranny8 ,yes1 q en\gh1 he said4 ,,book ,,ix4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,,ix4 ,socrates1 ,adeimantus4 99#ega;,a99 ,la/ ( all comes ! tyrannical man2 ab\t :om we h once m to ask1 h[ is he =m$ out ( ! democratical8 & h[ does he live1 9 happ9ess or 9 mis]y8 ,yes1 he said1 he is ! only "o rema9+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ,i said1 a previ\s "q :i* rema9s unansw]$4 ,:at "q8 ,sid5ote3 ,a digression hav+ a purpose4 ,i d n ?9k t we h adequately det]m9$ ! nature & numb] ( ! appetites1 & until ?is is accompli%$ 99#ega;,b99 ! enquiry w always be confus$4 ,well1 he said1 x is n too late to supply ! omission4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wild bea/ lat5t 9 man pe]s =? 9 sleep4 ,v true1 ,i said2 & obs]ve ! po9t :i* ,i want to und]/&3 ,c]ta9 ( ! unnecess>y pleasures & appetites ,i conceive to be unlawful2 e "o appe>s to h !m1 b 9 "s p]sons !y are controll$ by ! laws & by reason1 & ! bett] desires prevail ov] !m--ei!r !y are :olly bani%$ or !y become few & weak2 :ile 9 ! case ( o!rs !y are /rong]1 & 99#ega;,c99 !re are m ( !m4 ,:i* appetites d y mean8 ,i mean ^? :i* are awake :5 ! reason+ & human & rul+ p[] is asleep2 !n ! wild bea/ )9 u1 gorg$ ) meat or dr9k1 />ts up & hav+ %ak5 (f sleep1 goes =? to satisfy 8 desires2 & !re 99#ega;,d99 is no conceivable folly or crime--n except+ ince/ or any o!r unnatural union1 or p>ricide1 or ! eat+ ( =bidd5 food--:i* at su* a "t1 :5 he has p>t$ company ) all %ame & s5se1 a man may n be ready to commit4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! contra/ ( ! temp]ate man ^: passions are "u ! control ( reason4 ,b :5 a man's pulse is heal?y & temp]ate1 & :5 be=e go+ to sleep he has awak5$ 8 rational #bha p[]s1 & f$ !m on noble ?\ghts & enquiries1 99#ega;,e99 collect+ himself 9 m$itation2 aft] hav+ fir/ indulg$ 8 appetites nei!r too mu* nor too little1 b j en\gh to lay !m to sleep1 & prev5t !m & _! enjoym5ts 99#egb;,a99 & pa9s f int]f]+ ) ! high] pr9ciple--:i* he leaves 9 ! solitude ( pure ab/raction1 free to contemplate & aspire to ! k ( ! unkn[n1 :e!r 9 pa/1 pres5t1 or future3 :5 aga9 he has allay$ ! passionate elem5t1 if he has a qu>rel aga9/ any "o--,i say1 :51 aft] pacify+ ! two irrational pr9ciples1 he r\ses up ! ?ird1 :i* is reason1 be=e he takes 8 re/1 !n1 z y "k1 he atta9s tru? mo/ ne>ly1 & is lea/ 99#egb;,b99 likely to be ! sport ( fanta/ic & lawless visions4 ,i q agree4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i h be5 runn+ into a digression2 b ! po9t :i* ,i desire to note is t 9 all ( u1 ev5 9 good m51 !re is a lawless wild-bea/ nature1 :i* pe]s out 9 sleep4 ,pray1 consid] :e!r ,i am "r1 & y agree ) me4 ,yes1 ,i agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation4 ,& n[ rememb] ! "* :i* we attribut$ 99#egb;,c99 to ! democratic man4 ,he 0 suppos$ f 8 y\? upw>ds to h be5 tra9$ "u a mis]ly p>5t1 :o enc\rag$ ! sav+ appetites 9 him1 b disc\nt5anc$ ! unnecess>y1 :i* aim only at amusem5t & ornam5t8 ,true4 ,& !n he got into ! company ( a m ref9$1 lic5ti\s sort ( p1 & tak+ to all _! wanton ways ru%$ into ! opposite extreme f an abhorr5ce ( 8 fa!r's meanness4 ,at la/1 be+ a bett] man ?an 8 corruptors1 he 0 drawn 9 bo? directions until he halt$ 99#egb;,d99 midway & l$ a life1 n ( vulg> & slavi% passion1 b ( :at he deem$ mod]ate indulg5ce 9 v>i\s pleasures4 ,aft] ?is mann] ! democrat 0 g5]at$ out ( ! olig>*8 ,yes1 he said2 t 0 our view ( him1 & is s /ill4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 ye>s w h pass$ away1 & y mu/ conceive ?is man1 su* z he is1 to h a son1 :o is br\ght up 9 8 fa!r's pr9ciples4 ,i c imag9e him4 #bhb ,!n y mu/ fur!r imag9e ! same ?+ to happ5 to ! son :i* has already happ5$ to ! fa!r3--he is 99#egb;,e99 drawn into a p]fectly lawless life1 :i* by 8 s$uc]s is t]m$ p]fect lib]ty2 & 8 fa!r & fri5ds take "p ) 8 mod]ate desires1 & ! opposite p>ty assi/ ! opposite ones4 ,z soon z ^! dire magicians & 99#egc;,a99 tyrant-mak]s f9d t !y are los+ _! hold on him1 !y contrive to implant 9 him a ma/] passion1 to be "l ov] 8 idle & sp5d?rift lu/s--a sort ( mon/r\s w+$ drone--t is ! only image :i* w adequately describe him4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! only adequate image ( him4 ,& :5 8 o!r lu/s1 amid cl\ds ( inc5se & p]fumes & g>l&s & w9es1 & all ! pleasures ( a dissolute life1 n[ let loose1 come buzz+ ar\nd him1 n\ri%+ to ! utmo/ ! /+ ( desire :i* !y implant 9 8 drone-l nature1 !n at la/ ?is "l ( 99#egc;,b99 ! s\l1 hav+ ,madness = ! capta9 ( 8 gu>d1 breaks out into a fr5zy3 & if he f9ds 9 himself any good op9ions or appetites 9 process ( =mation#a1 & !re is 9 him any s5se ( %ame rema9+1 to ^! bett] pr9ciples he puts an end1 & ca/s !m =? until he has purg$ away temp]ance & br\ght 9 madness to ! full4 ,footnote #a3 ,or1 'op9ions or appetites su* z are deem$ to be good4' ,sid5ote3 ,! tyrannical man is made up ( lu/s & appetites4 ,love1 dr9k1 madness are b diff]5t =ms ( tyranny4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! way 9 :i* ! tyrannical man is g5]at$4 ,& is n ?is ! reason :y ( old love has be5 call$ a tyrant8 ,i %\ld n wond]4 ,fur!r1 ,i said1 has n a drunk5 man also ! _s ( 99#egc;,c99 a tyrant8 ,he has4 ,& y "k t a man :o is d]ang$ & n "r 9 8 m9d1 w fancy t he is able to rule1 n only ov] m51 b also ov] ! gods8 ,t he w4 ,& ! tyrannical man 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w comes into be+ :51 ei!r "u ! influ5ce ( nature1 or habit1 or bo?1 he becomes drunk51 lu/ful1 passionate8 ,o my fri5d1 is n t s8 #bhc ,assur$ly4 ,su* is ! man & su* is 8 orig94 ,& next1 h[ does he live8 99#egc;,d99 ,suppose1 z p faceti\sly say1 y 7 to tell me4 ,i imag9e1 ,i said1 at ! next /ep 9 8 progress1 t !re w be fea/s & c>\sals & revell+s & c\rtezans1 & all t sort ( ?+2 ,love is ! "l ( ! h\se )9 him1 & ord]s all ! conc]ns ( 8 s\l4 ,t is c]ta94 ,yes2 & e day & e night desires gr[ up _m & =midable1 & _! dem&s are _m4 ,!y are inde$1 he said4 ,8 rev5ues1 if he has any1 are soon sp5t4 ,true4 99#egc;,e99 ,!n comes debt & ! cutt+ d[n ( 8 prop]ty4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 desires become great] & 8 means less4 ,:5 he has no?+ left1 mu/ n 8 desires1 cr[d+ 9 ! ne/ l "y rav5s1 be cry+ al\d = food2 & 99#egd;,a99 he1 goad$ on by !m1 & especially by love himself1 :o is 9 a mann] ! capta9 ( !m1 is 9 a fr5zy1 & w\ld fa9 discov] :om he c defraud or despoil ( 8 prop]ty1 9 ord] t he may gratify !m8 ,yes1 t is sure to be ! case4 ,he mu/ h money1 no matt] h[1 if he is to escape horrid pa9s & pangs4 ,he mu/4 ,sid5ote3 ,he w rob 8 fa!r & "m4 ,& z 9 himself !re 0 a succession ( pleasures1 & ! new got ! bett] ( ! old & took away _! rights1 s he be+ y\ng] w claim to h m ?an 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 & if he has sp5t 8 own %>e ( ! prop]ty1 he w take a slice ( !irs4 ,no d\bt he w4 99#egd;,b99 ,& if 8 p>5ts w n give way1 !n he w try fir/ ( all to *eat & deceive !m4 ,v true4 ,& if he fails1 !n he w use =ce & plund] !m4 ,yes1 probably4 ,& if ! old man & woman fight = _! own1 :at !n1 my fri5d8 ,w ! creature feel any compunction at tyranniz+ ov] !m8 #bhd ,nay1 he said1 ,i %\ld n feel at all com=table ab\t 8 p>5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,he w pref] ! love ( a girl or a y\? to 8 ag$ p>5ts1 & may ev5 be induc$ to /rike !m4 ,b1 ,o heav5s6 ,adeimantus1 on acc\nt ( "s new-fangl$ love ( a h>lot1 :o is any?+ b a necess>y 99#egd;,c99 connection1 c y believe t he w\ld /rike ! "m :o is 8 anci5t fri5d & necess>y to 8 v exi/5ce1 & w\ld place h] "u ! au?ority ( ! o!r1 :5 %e is br\ght "u ! same ro( ) h]2 or t1 "u l circum/ances1 he w\ld d ! same to 8 )]$ old fa!r1 fir/ & mo/ indisp5sable ( fri5ds1 = ! sake ( "s newly-f\nd bloom+ y\? :o is ! rev]se ( indisp5sable8 ,yes1 inde$1 he said2 ,i believe t he w\ld4 ,truly1 !n1 ,i said1 a tyrannical son is a bless+ to 8 fa!r & "m4 ,he is inde$1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,he turns highwayman1 robs temples1 loses all 8 e>ly pr9ciples1 & becomes 9 wak+ reality ! evil dream :i* he _h 9 sleep4 ,sid5ote3 ,he ga!rs foll[]s ab\t him4 99#egd;,d99 ,he fir/ takes _! prop]ty1 & :5 t fails1 & pleasures are beg9n+ to sw>m 9 ! hive ( 8 s\l1 !n he breaks into a h\se1 or /eals ! g>m5ts ( "s nightly wayf>]2 next he proce$s to cle> a temple4 ,mean:ile ! old op9ions :i* he _h :5 a *ild1 & :i* gave judgm5t ab\t good & evil1 are ov]?r[n by ^? o!rs :i* h j be5 emancipat$1 & are n[ ! body-gu>d ( love & %>e 8 empire4 ,^! 9 8 democratic days1 :5 he 0 /ill subject to ! laws 99#egd;,e99 & to 8 fa!r1 7 only let loose 9 ! dreams ( sleep4 ,b n[ t he is "u ! dom9ion ( love1 he becomes always & 9 wak+ reality :at he 0 !n v r>ely & 9 a dream only2 he w commit ! f\le/ murd]1 or eat =bidd5 food1 or be guilty ( any o!r horrid act4 99#ege;,a99 ,love is 8 tyrant1 & lives lordly 9 him & lawlessly1 & be+ himself a k+1 leads him on1 z a tyrant leads a ,/ate1 to ! p]=mance ( any reckless de$ by :i* he c ma9ta9 himself & ! rabble ( 8 associates1 :e!r ^? :om evil communications h br\ght 9 f )\t1 or ^? :om he himself has all[$ to break loose )9 him by reason ( a simil> evil nature 9 himself4 ,h we n "h a picture ( 8 way ( life8 ,yes1 inde$1 he said4 ,& if !re are only a few ( !m 9 ! ,/ate1 & ! #bhe 99#ege;,b99 re/ ( ! p are well dispos$1 !y g away & become ! body-gu>d or m]c5>y soldi]s ( "s o!r tyrant :o may probably want !m = a w>2 & if !re is no w>1 !y /ay at home & d _m little pieces ( mis*ief 9 ! city4 ,:at sort ( mis*ief8 ,= example1 !y are ! ?ieves1 burgl>s1 cut-purses1 foot-pads1 robb]s ( temples1 man-/eal]s ( ! community2 or if !y are able to speak !y turn in=m]s1 & be> false witness1 & take bribes4 99#ege;,c99 ,a small catalogue ( evils1 ev5 if ! p]petrators ( !m are few 9 numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a private p]son c d b little h>m 9 comp>ison ( ! tyrant4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b small & great are comp>ative t]ms1 & all ^! ?+s1 9 ! mis]y & evil :i* !y inflict ^u a ,/ate1 d n come )9 a ?\s& miles ( ! tyrant2 :5 ?is noxi\s class & _! foll[]s gr[ num]\s & become consci\s ( _! /r5g?1 assi/$ by ! infatuation ( ! p1 !y *oose f among !mselves ! "o :o has mo/ ( ! tyrant 9 8 own s\l1 99#ege;,d99 & him !y create _! tyrant4 ,yes1 he said1 & he w be ! mo/ fit to be a tyrant4 ,if ! p yield1 well & good2 b if !y resi/ him1 z he began by beat+ 8 own fa!r & "m1 s n[1 if he has ! p[]1 he beats !m1 & w keep 8 de> old fa!rl& or mo!rl&1 z ! ,cretans say1 9 subjection to 8 "y reta9]s :om he has introduc$ to be _! rul]s & ma/]s4 ,?is is ! end ( 8 passions & desires4 99#ege;,e99 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! behavi\r ( ! tyrant to 8 e>ly support]s4 ,:5 su* m5 are only private individuals & be=e !y get p[]1 ?is is _! "*2 !y associate entirely ) _! own flatt]]s or ready tools2 or if !y want any?+ f anybody1 !y 9 _! turn are equally ready to b[ d[n be=e !m3 !y pr(ess e sort ( 99#egf;,a99 affection = !m2 b :5 !y h ga9$ _! po9t !y "k !m no m4 ,yes1 truly4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is always ei!r ma/] or s]vant1 always trea*]\s1 unju/1 ! wak+ reality ( our dream1 a tyrant by nature1 a tyrant 9 fact4 ,!y are always ei!r ! ma/]s or s]vants & nev] ! fri5ds ( anybody2 ! tyrant nev] ta/es ( true fre$om or fri5d%ip4 #bhf ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& may we n rightly call su* m5 trea*]\s8 ,no "q4 99#egf;,b99 ,also !y are utt]ly unju/1 if we 7 "r 9 our notion ( ju/ice8 ,yes1 he said1 & we 7 p]fectly "r4 ,let u !n sum up 9 a ^w1 ,i said1 ! "* ( ! wor/ man3 he is ! wak+ reality ( :at we dream$4 ,mo/ true4 ,& ?is is he :o be+ by nature mo/ ( a tyrant be>s rule1 & ! long] he lives ! m ( a tyrant he becomes4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 ,t is c]ta91 said ,glaucon1 tak+ 8 turn to answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wick$ are also ! mo/ mis]able4 ,& w n he :o has be5 %[n to be ! wick$e/1 99#egf;,c99 be also ! mo/ mis]able8 & he :o has tyranniz$ longe/ & mo/1 mo/ cont9ually & truly mis]able2 al?\gh ?is may n be ! op9ion ( m5 9 g5]al8 ,yes1 he said1 inevitably4 ,sid5ote3 ,l man1 l ,/ate4 ,& mu/ n ! tyrannical man be l ! tyrannical ,/ate1 & ! democratical man l ! democratical ,/ate2 & ! same ( ! o!rs8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& z ,/ate is to ,/ate 9 virtue & happ9ess1 s is man 9 relation to man8 99#egf;,d99 ,to be sure4 ,sid5ote3 ,! opposite ( ! k+4 ,!n comp>+ our orig9al city1 :i* 0 "u a k+1 & ! city :i* is "u a tyrant1 h[ d !y /& z to virtue8 ,!y are ! opposite extremes1 he said1 = "o is ! v be/ & ! o!r is ! v wor/4 ,!re c be no mi/ake1 ,i said1 z to :i* is :i*1 & !re=e ,i w at once enquire :e!r y w\ld arrive at a simil> decision ab\t _! relative happ9ess & mis]y4 ,& "h we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be panic-/rick5 at ! app>ition ( ! tyrant1 :o is only a unit & may p]haps h a few reta9]s ab\t him2 b let u g z we 99#egf;,e99 ought into e corn] ( ! city & look all ab\t1 & !n we w give our op9ion4 ,a fair invitation1 he repli$2 & ,i see1 z e "o mu/1 t a tyranny is ! wret*$e/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ! rule ( a k+ ! happie/4 #bhg ,& 9 e/imat+ ! m5 too1 may ,i n fairly make 99#egg;,a99 a l reque/1 t ,i %\ld h a judge ^: m9d c ent] into & see ?r\gh human nature8 he mu/ n be l a *ild :o looks at ! outside & is dazzl$ at ! pomp\s aspect :i* ! tyrannical nature assumes to ! behold]1 b let him be "o :o has a cle> insight4 ,may ,i suppose t ! judgm5t is giv5 9 ! he>+ ( u all by "o :o is able to judge1 & has dwelt 9 ! same place ) him1 & be5 pres5t at 8 dally life & kn[n 99#egg;,b99 him 9 8 family relations1 :]e he may be se5 /ripp$ ( 8 trag$y attire1 & aga9 9 ! h\r ( public dang]--he %all tell u ab\t ! happ9ess & mis]y ( ! tyrant :5 comp>$ ) o!r m58 ,t aga91 he said1 is a v fair proposal4 ,%all ,i assume t we ourselves are able & exp]i5c$ judges & h be=e n[ met ) su* a p]son8 ,we %all !n h "s "o :o w answ] our enquiries4 ,by all means4 99#egg;,c99 ,let me ask y n to =get ! p>allel ( ! individual & ! ,/ate2 be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & glanc+ 9 turn f "o to ! o!r ( !m1 w y tell me _! respective conditions8 ,:at d y mean8 he ask$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/ate is n free1 b enslav$4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,/ate1 ,i repli$1 w\ld y say t a city :i* is gov]n$ by a tyrant is free or enslav$8 ,no city1 he said1 c be m completely enslav$4 ,& yet1 z y see1 !re are freem5 z well z ma/]s 9 su* a ,/ate8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i see t !re are--a few2 b ! p1 speak+ g5]ally1 & ! be/ ( !m are mis]ably degrad$ & enslav$4 ,sid5ote3 ,l a slave1 ! tyrant is full ( meanness1 & ! rul+ "p ( him is madness4 99#egg;,d99 ,!n if ! man is l ! ,/ate1 ,i said1 mu/ n ! same rule prevail8 8 s\l is full ( meanness & vulg>ity--! be/ elem5ts 9 him are enslav$2 & !re is a small rul+ "p1 :i* is also ! wor/ & madde/4 ,inevitably4 ,& w\ld y say t ! s\l ( su* an "o is ! s\l ( a freeman1 or ( a slave8 ,he has ! s\l ( a slave1 9 my op9ion4 #bhh ,& ! ,/ate :i* is enslav$ "u a tyrant is utt]ly incapable ( act+ volunt>ily8 ,utt]ly incapable4 ,sid5ote3 ,! city :i* is subject to him is goad$ by a gadfly2 99#egg;,e99 ,& also ! s\l :i* is "u a tyrant 7,i am speak+ ( ! s\l tak5 z a :ole7 is lea/ capable ( do+ :at %e desires2 !re is a gadfly :i* goads h]1 & %e is full ( tr\ble & remorse8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is ! city :i* is "u a tyrant ri* or poor8 ,poor4 ,sid5ote3 poor2 99#egh;,a99 ,& ! tyrannical s\l mu/ be always poor & insatiable8 ,true4 ,& mu/ n su* a ,/ate & su* a man be always full ( fe>8 ,yes1 inde$4 ,sid5ote3 full ( mis]y4 ,is !re any ,/ate 9 :i* y w f9d m ( lam5tation & sorr[ & groan+ & pa98 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& is !re any man 9 :om y w f9d m ( ?is sort ( mis]y ?an 9 ! tyrannical man1 :o is 9 a fury ( passions & desires8 ,impossible4 99#egh;,b99 ,reflect+ ^u ^! & simil> evils1 y held ! tyrannical ,/ate to be ! mo/ mis]able ( ,/ates8 ,& ,i 0 "r1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ! tyrannical man is mo/ mis]able4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i said4 ,& :5 y see ! same evils 9 ! tyrannical man1 :at d y say ( him8 ,i say t he is by f> ! mo/ mis]able ( all m54 ,sid5ote3 ,yet !re is a /ill m mis]able be+1 ! tyrannical man :o is a public tyrant4 ,!re1 ,i said1 ,i ?9k t y are beg9n+ to g wrong4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i d n ?9k t he has z yet rea*$ ! utmo/ extreme ( mis]y4 ,!n :o is m mis]able8 ,"o ( :om ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,:o is t8 99#egh;,c99 ,he :o is ( a tyrannical nature1 & in/ead ( lead+ a private life has be5 curs$ ) ! fur!r mis=tune ( be+ a public tyrant4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ,i ga!r t y are "r4 #bhi ,yes1 ,i repli$1 b 9 ?is high argum5t y %\ld be a little m c]ta91 & %\ld n conjecture only2 = ( all que/ions1 ?is respect+ good & evil is ! greate/4 ,v true1 he said4 ,let me !n (f] y an illu/ration1 :i* may1 ,i ?9k1 99#egh;,d99 ?r[ a light ^u ?is subject4 ,:at is y\r illu/ration8 ,sid5ote3 ,9 cities !re are _m great slave[n]s1 & !y help to protect "o ano!r4 ,! case ( ri* individuals 9 cities :o possess _m slaves3 f !m y may =m an idea ( ! tyrant's condition1 = !y bo? h slaves2 ! only diff]5ce is t he has m slaves4 ,yes1 t is ! diff]5ce4 ,y "k t !y live securely & h no?+ to appreh5d f _! s]vants8 ,:at %\ld !y fe>8 ,no?+4 ,b d y obs]ve ! reason ( ?is8 ,yes2 ! reason is1 t ! :ole city is leagu$ toge!r = ! protection ( ea* individual4 ,sid5ote3 ,b suppose a slave[n] & 8 slaves c>ri$ (f into ! wild]ness1 :at w happ5 !n8 ,su* is ! condition ( ! tyrant4 99#egh;,e99 ,v true1 ,i said4 ,b imag9e "o ( ^! own]s1 ! ma/] say ( "s fifty slaves1 toge!r ) 8 family & prop]ty & slaves1 c>ri$ (f by a god into ! wild]ness1 :]e !re are no freem5 to help him--w he n be 9 an agony ( fe> le/ he & 8 wife & *ildr5 %\ld be put to dea? by 8 slaves8 ,yes1 he said1 he w be 9 ! utmo/ fe>4 99#egi;,a99 ,! "t has arriv$ :5 he w be compell$ to flatt] div]s ( 8 slaves1 & make _m promises to !m ( fre$om & o!r ?+s1 mu* aga9/ 8 w--he w h to cajole 8 own s]vants4 ,yes1 he said1 t w be ! only way ( sav+ himself4 ,& suppose ! same god1 :o c>ri$ him away1 to surr\nd him ) neighb\rs :o w n suff] "o man to be ! ma/] ( ano!r1 & :o1 if !y c\ld cat* ! (f5d]1 w\ld take 8 life8 99#egi;,b99 ,8 case w be /ill worse1 if y suppose him to be ev]y:]e surr\nd$ & wat*$ by enemies4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is ! da9tie/ ( all m5 & has to endure ! h>d%ips ( a prison2 ,& is n ?is ! sort ( prison 9 :i* ! tyrant w be b\nd--he :o be+ by nature su* z we h describ$1 is full ( all sorts ( fe>s & lu/s8 ,8 s\l is da9ty & gre$y1 & yet alone1 ( all m5 9 ! city1 he is nev] #bij all[$ to g on a j\rney1 or to see ! ?+s :i* o!r freem5 desire to see1 b he lives 9 8 hole l a woman 99#egi;,c99 hidd5 9 ! h\se1 & is jeal\s ( any o!r citiz5 :o goes into =eign p>ts & sees any?+ ( int]e/4 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,mis]able 9 himself1 he is /ill m mis]able if he be 9 a public /ation4 ,& amid evils su* z ^! w n he :o is ill-gov]n$ 9 8 own p]son--! tyrannical man1 ,i mean--:om y j n[ decid$ to be ! mo/ mis]able ( all--w n he be yet m mis]able :51 in/ead ( lead+ a private life1 he is con/ra9$ by =tune to be a public tyrant8 ,he has to be ma/] ( o!rs :5 he is n ma/] ( himself3 he is l a diseas$ or p>alytic man :o is compell$ to pass 8 99#egi;,d99 life1 n 9 retirem5t1 b fight+ & combat+ ) o!r m54 ,yes1 he said1 ! similitude is mo/ exact4 ,sid5ote3 ,he !n leads a life worse ?an ! wor/1 ,is n 8 case utt]ly mis]able8 & does n ! actual tyrant lead a worse life ?an he ^: life y det]m9$ to be ! wor/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 9 unhapp9ess1 ,he :o is ! real tyrant1 :atev] m5 may ?9k1 is ! real slave1 & is oblig$ to practise ! greate/ adulation 99#egi;,e99 & s]vility1 & to be ! flatt]] ( ! vile/ ( mank9d4 ,he has desires :i* he is utt]ly unable to satisfy1 & has m wants ?an any "o1 & is truly poor1 if y "k h[ to inspect ! :ole s\l ( him3 all 8 life long he is beset ) fe> & is full ( convulsions & di/ractions1 ev5 z ! ,/ate :i* he resembles3 & surely ! resemblance holds8 ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 & 9 wick$ness4 99#ehj;,a99 ,moreov]1 z we 7 say+ be=e1 he gr[s worse f hav+ p[]3 he becomes & is ( necessity m jeal\s1 m fai?less1 m unju/1 m fri5dless1 m impi\s1 ?an he 0 at fir/2 he is ! purveyor & *]i%] ( e sort ( vice1 & ! consequ5ce is t he is supremely mis]able1 & t he makes ev]ybody else z mis]able z himself4 ,no man ( any s5se w dispute y\r words4 ,sid5ote3 ,! umpire decides t ,come !n1 ,i said1 & z ! g5]al umpire 9 !atrical 99#ehj;,b99 conte/s proclaims ! result1 d y also decide :o 9 y\r op9ion is fir/ 9 ! scale ( happ9ess1 & :o second1 #bia & 9 :at ord] ! o!rs foll[3 !re are five ( !m 9 all--!y are ! royal1 timocratical1 olig>*ical1 democratical1 tyrannical4 ,! decision w be easily giv51 he repli$2 !y %all be *oruses com+ on ! /age1 & ,i mu/ judge !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y ent]1 by ! crit]ion ( virtue & vice1 happ9ess & mis]y4 ,sid5ote3 ! be/ is ! happie/ & ! wor/ is ! mo/ mis]able4 ,?is is ! proclamation ( ! son ( ,ari/on4 ,ne$ we hire a h]ald1 or %all ,i ann\nce1 t ! son ( ,ari/on ! be/ has decid$ t ! be/ & ju/e/ 99#ehj;,c99 is also ! happie/1 & t ?is is he :o is ! mo/ royal man & k+ ov] himself2 & t ! wor/ & mo/ unju/ man is also ! mo/ mis]able1 & t ?is is he :o be+ ! greate/ tyrant ( himself is also ! greate/ tyrant ( 8 ,/ate8 ,make ! proclamation y\rself1 he said4 ,& %all ,i add1 ':e!r se5 or unse5 by gods & m5'8 ,let ! words be add$4 ,!n ?is1 ,i said1 w be our fir/ pro(2 & !re is 99#ehj;,d99 ano!r1 :i* may also h "s weight4 ,:at is t8 ,sid5ote3 ,pro(1 d]iv$ f ! ?ree pr9ciples ( ! s\l4 ,! second pro( is d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! s\l3 see+ t ! individual s\l1 l ! ,/ate1 has be5 divid$ by u into ?ree pr9ciples1 ! division may1 ,i ?9k1 furni% a new demon/ration4 ,( :at nature8 ,x seems to me t to ^! ?ree pr9ciples ?ree pleasures correspond2 also ?ree desires & gov]n+ p[]s4 ,h[ d y mean8 he said4 ,!re is "o pr9ciple ) :i*1 z we 7 say+1 a man le>ns1 ano!r ) :i* he is angry2 ! ?ird1 99#ehj;,e99 hav+ _m =ms1 has no special "n1 b is d5ot$ by ! g5]al t]m appetitive1 f ! extraord9>y /r5g? & vehem5ce ( ! desires ( eat+ & dr9k+ & ! o!r s5sual appetites :i* are ! ma9 elem5ts ( x2 99#eha;,a99 also money-lov+1 because su* desires are g5]ally satisfi$ by ! help ( money4 ,t is true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,! appetitive3 ,if we 7 to say t ! loves & pleasures ( ?is ?ird "p 7 conc]n$ ) ga91 we %\ld !n be #bib able to fall back on a s+le notion2 & might truly & intelligibly describe ?is "p ( ! s\l z lov+ ga9 or money4 ,i agree ) y4 ,aga91 is n ! passionate elem5t :olly set on rul+ & conqu]+ & gett+ fame8 99#eha;,b99 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,! ambiti\s2 ,suppose we call x ! cont5ti\s or ambiti\s--w\ld ! t]m be suitable8 ,extremely suitable4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,! pr9ciple ( k & tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e "o sees t ! pr9ciple ( k is :olly direct$ to ! tru?1 & c>es less ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs = ga9 or fame4 ,f> less4 ',lov] ( wisdom1' 'lov] ( k1' are titles :i* we may fitly apply to t "p ( ! s\l8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,"o pr9ciple prevails 9 ! s\ls ( "o class ( m51 99#eha;,c99 ano!r 9 o!rs1 z may happ58 ,yes4 ,!n we may beg9 by assum+ t !re are ?ree classes ( m5--lov]s ( wisdom1 lov]s ( hon\r1 lov]s ( ga98 ,exactly4 ,& !re are ?ree k9ds ( pleasure1 :i* are _! sev]al objects8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,ea* w depreciate ! o!rs1 b only ! philosoph] has ! p[] to judge1 ,n[1 if y exam9e ! ?ree classes ( m51 & ask ( !m 9 turn :i* ( _! lives is pleasante/1 ea* w be f\nd prais+ 8 own & depreciat+ t ( o!rs3 99#eha;,d99 ! money-mak] w contra/ ! vanity ( hon\r or ( le>n+ if !y br+ no money ) ! solid advantages ( gold & silv]8 ,true1 he said4 ,& ! lov] ( hon\r--:at w be 8 op9ion8 ,w he n ?9k t ! pleasure ( ri*es is vulg>1 :ile ! pleasure ( le>n+1 if x br+s no di/9ction1 is all smoke & nons5se to him8 ,v true4 #bic ,sid5ote3 because he alone has exp]i5ce ( ! highe/ pleasures & is also acqua9t$ ) ! l[]4 ,& are we to suppose#b1 ,i said1 t ! philosoph] sets 99#eha;,e99 any value on o!r pleasures 9 comp>ison ) ! pleasure ( kn[+ ! tru?1 & 9 t pursuit abid+1 ev] le>n+1 n s f> inde$ f ! heav5 ( pleasure8 ,does he n call ! o!r pleasures necess>y1 "u ! idea t if !re 7 no necessity = !m1 he w\ld r n h !m8 ,footnote #b3 ,read+ ) ,gras]e & ,h]mann ,greek3 ti_/ oi7_/me?a1 & omitt+ ,greek3 ou7den1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! be/ ,,mss4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( t1 he repli$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! pleasures ( ea* class & ! life ( ea* are 9 dispute1 & ! "q is n :i* life is m or 99#ehb;,a99 less hon\rable1 or bett] or worse1 b :i* is ! m pleasant or pa9less--h[ %all we "k :o speaks truly8 ,i _c myself tell1 he said4 ,well1 b :at ought to be ! crit]ion8 ,is any bett] ?an exp]i5ce & wisdom & reason8 ,!re _c be a bett]1 he said4 ,!n1 ,i said1 reflect4 ,( ! ?ree individuals1 :i* has ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( all ! pleasures :i* we enum]at$8 ,has ! lov] ( ga91 9 le>n+ ! nature ( ess5tial tru?1 great] exp]i5ce ( ! pleasure ( 99#ehb;,b99 k ?an ! philosoph] has ( ! pleasure ( ga98 ,! philosoph]1 he repli$1 has greatly ! advantage2 = he has ( necessity always kn[n ! ta/e ( ! o!r pleasures f 8 *ildhood upw>ds3 b ! lov] ( ga9 9 all 8 exp]i5ce has n ( necessity ta/$--or1 ,i %\ld r say1 ev5 _h he desir$1 c\ld h>dly h ta/$--! sweetness ( le>n+ & kn[+ tru?4 ,!n ! lov] ( wisdom has a great advantage ov] ! lov] ( ga91 = he has a d\ble exp]i5ce8 99#ehb;,c99 ,yes1 v great4 ,aga91 has he great] exp]i5ce ( ! pleasures ( hon\r1 or ! lov] ( hon\r ( ! pleasures ( wisdom8 ,nay1 he said1 all ?ree are hon\r$ 9 proportion z !y atta9 _! object2 = ! ri* man & ! brave man & ! wise man alike h _! cr[d ( admir]s1 & z !y all receive hon\r !y all h exp]i5ce ( ! pleasures ( hon\r2 b ! delight :i* is to be f\nd #bid 9 ! k ( true be+ is kn[n to ! philosoph] only4 99#ehb;,d99 ,8 exp]i5ce1 !n1 w enable him to judge bett] ?an any "o8 ,f> bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! philosoph] alone hav+ bo? judgm5t & exp]i5ce1 ,& he is ! only "o :o has wisdom z well z exp]i5ce8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,fur!r1 ! v faculty :i* is ! in/rum5t ( judgm5t is n possess$ by ! covet\s or ambiti\s man1 b only by ! philosoph]8 ,:at faculty8 ,reason1 ) :om1 z we 7 say+1 ! decision ought to re/4 ,yes4 ,& reason+ is peculi>ly 8 in/rum5t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,if weal? & ga9 7 ! crit]ion1 !n ! praise or 99#ehb;,e99 blame ( ! lov] ( ga9 w\ld surely be ! mo/ tru/wor?y8 ,assur$ly4 ,or if hon\r or victory or c\rage1 9 t case ! judgm5t ( ! ambiti\s or pugnaci\s w\ld be ! true/8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ! pleasures :i* he approves are ! true pleasures3 he places 7#a7 ! love ( wisdom1 7#b7 ! love ( hon\r1 7#c7 & l[e/ ! love ( ga94 ,b s9ce exp]i5ce & wisdom & reason are ! judges-- ,! only inf]5ce possible1 he repli$1 is t pleasures :i* are approv$ by ! lov] ( wisdom & reason are ! true/4 ,& s we arrive at ! result1 t ! pleasure ( ! 99#ehc;,a99 intellig5t "p ( ! s\l is ! pleasante/ ( ! ?ree1 & t he ( u 9 :om ?is is ! rul+ pr9ciple has ! pleasante/ life4 ,unque/ionably1 he said1 ! wise man speaks ) au?ority :5 he approves ( 8 own life4 ,& :at does ! judge affirm to be ! life :i* is next1 & ! pleasure :i* is next8 ,cle>ly t ( ! soldi] & lov] ( hon\r2 :o is ne>] to himself ?an ! money-mak]4 ,la/ comes ! lov] ( ga98 #bie ,v true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,true pleasure is n relative b absolute4 99#ehc;,b99 ,twice 9 succession1 !n1 has ! j man ov]?r[n ! unju/ 9 ?is conflict2 & n[ comes ! ?ird trial1 :i* is d$icat$ to ,olympian ,zeus ! savi\r3 a sage :isp]s 9 my e> t no pleasure except t ( ! wise is q true & pure--all o!rs are a %ad[ only2 & surely ?is w prove ! greate/ & mo/ decisive ( falls8 ,yes1 ! greate/2 b w y expla9 y\rself8 99#ehc;,c99 ,i w "w out ! subject & y %all answ] my que/ions4 ,proce$4 ,say1 !n1 is n pleasure oppos$ to pa98 ,true4 ,& !re is a neutral /ate :i* is nei!r pleasure nor pa98 ,!re is4 ,a /ate :i* is int]m$iate1 & a sort ( repose ( ! s\l ab\t ei!r--t is :at y mean8 ,yes4 ,y rememb] :at p say :5 !y are sick8 ,:at d !y say8 ,t aft] all no?+ is pleasant] ?an heal?4 ,b !n !y nev] knew ?is to be ! greate/ ( pleasures until 99#ehc;,d99 !y 7 ill4 ,yes1 ,i "k1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ates int]m$iate betwe5 pleasure & pa9 are t]m$ pleasures or pa9s only 9 relation to _! opposites4 ,& :5 p]sons are suff]+ f acute pa91 y mu/ h he>d !m say t !re is no?+ pleasant] ?an to get rid ( _! pa98 ,i h4 ,& !re are _m o!r cases ( suff]+ 9 :i* ! m]e re/ & cessation ( pa91 & n any positive enjoym5t1 is extoll$ by !m z ! greate/ pleasure8 ,yes1 he said2 at ! "t !y are pleas$ & well cont5t to be at re/4 99#ehc;,e99 ,aga91 :5 pleasure ceases1 t sort ( re/ or cessation w be pa9ful8 ,d\btless1 he said4 ,!n ! int]m$iate /ate ( re/ w be pleasure & w also be pa98 ,s x w\ld seem4 #bif ,b c t :i* is nei!r become bo?8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,& bo? pleasure & pa9 are motions ( ! s\l1 are !y n8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,pleasure & pa9 are said to be /ates ( re/1 b !y are really motions4 99#ehd;,a99 ,b t :i* is nei!r 0 j n[ %[n to be re/ & n motion1 & 9 a mean betwe5 !m8 ,yes4 ,h[1 !n1 c we be "r 9 suppos+ t ! abs5ce ( pa9 is pleasure1 or t ! abs5ce ( pleasure is pa98 ,impossible4 ,?is !n is an appe>ance only & n a reality2 t is to say1 ! re/ is pleasure at ! mom5t & 9 comp>ison ( :at is pa9ful1 & pa9ful 9 comp>ison ( :at is pleasant2 b all ^! repres5tations1 :5 tri$ by ! te/ ( true pleasure1 are n real b a sort ( imposition8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,all pleasures are n m]ely cessations ( pa9s1 or pa9s ( pleasures2 e4g4 ! pleasures ( smell are n4 99#ehd;,b99 ,look at ! o!r class ( pleasures :i* h no antec$5t pa9s & y w no long] suppose1 z y p]haps may at pres5t1 t pleasure is only ! cessation ( pa91 or pa9 ( pleasure4 ,:at are !y1 he said1 & :]e %all ,i f9d !m8 ,!re are _m ( !m3 take z an example ! pleasures ( smell1 :i* are v great & h no antec$5t pa9s2 !y come 9 a mom5t1 & :5 !y dep>t leave no pa9 beh9d !m4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 99#ehd;,c99 ,let u n1 !n1 be induc$ to believe t pure pleasure is ! cessation ( pa91 or pa9 ( pleasure4 ,no4 ,/ill1 ! m num]\s & viol5t pleasures :i* rea* ! s\l ?r\gh ! body are g5]ally ( ?is sort--!y are reliefs ( pa94 ,t is true4 ,& ! anticipations ( future pleasures & pa9s are ( a l nature8 ,yes4 99#ehd;,d99 ,%all ,i give y an illu/ration ( !m8 ,let me he>4 #big ,y w\ld all[1 ,i said1 t !re is 9 nature an upp] & l[] & middle region8 ,i %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations ( ! unreality ( c]ta9 pleasures4 ,& if a p]son 7 to g f ! l[] to ! middle region1 w\ld he n imag9e t he is go+ up2 & he :o is /&+ 9 ! middle & sees :5ce he has come1 w\ld imag9e t he is already 9 ! upp] region1 if he has nev] se5 ! true upp] _w8 ,to be sure1 he said2 h[ c he ?9k o!rwise8 99#ehd;,e99 ,b if he 7 tak5 back aga9 he w\ld imag9e1 & truly imag9e1 t he 0 desc5d+8 ,no d\bt4 ,all t w\ld arise out ( 8 ignorance ( ! true upp] & middle & l[] regions8 ,yes4 ,!n c y wond] t p]sons :o are inexp]i5c$ 9 ! tru?1 z !y h wrong ideas ab\t _m o!r ?+s1 %\ld also h wrong ideas ab\t pleasure & pa9 & ! int]m$iate /ate2 s t :5 !y are only be+ 99#ehe;,a99 drawn t[>ds ! pa9ful !y feel pa9 & ?9k ! pa9 :i* !y exp]i5ce to be real1 & 9 l mann]1 :5 drawn away f pa9 to ! neutral or int]m$iate /ate1 !y firmly believe t !y h rea*$ ! goal ( satiety & pleasure2 !y1 n kn[+ pleasure1 err 9 contra/+ pa9 ) ! abs5ce ( pa91 :i* is l contra/+ black ) grey in/ead ( :ite--c y wond]1 ,i say1 at ?is8 ,no1 inde$2 ,i %\ld be mu* m dispos$ to wond] at ! opposite4 ,look at ! matt] ?us3--,hung]1 ?ir/1 & ! l1 99#ehe;,b99 are inanitions ( ! bodily /ate8 ,yes4 ,& ignorance & folly are inanitions ( ! s\l8 ,true4 ,& food & wisdom are ! correspond+ satisfactions ( ei!r8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! intellectual m real ?an ! s5sual4 ,& is ! satisfaction d]iv$ f t :i* has less or f t :i* has m exi/5ce ! tru]8 ,cle>ly1 f t :i* has m4 ,:at classes ( ?+s h a great] %>e ( pure #bih exi/5ce 9 y\r judgm5t--^? ( :i* food & dr9k & condim5ts & all k9ds ( su/5ance are examples1 or ! class :i* conta9s true op9ion & k & 99#ehe;,c99 m9d & all ! diff]5t k9ds ( virtue8 ,put ! "q 9 ?is way3--,:i* has a m pure be+--t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inv>iable1 ! immortal1 & ! true1 & is ( su* a nature1 & is f\nd 9 su* natures2 or t :i* is conc]n$ ) & f\nd 9 ! v>iable & mortal1 & is itself v>iable & mortal8 ,f> pur]1 he repli$1 is ! be+ ( t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inv>iable4 ,& does ! ess5ce ( ! inv>iable p>take ( k 9 ! same degree z ( ess5ce8 ,yes1 ( k 9 ! same degree4 ,& ( tru? 9 ! same degree8 ,yes4 ,&1 conv]sely1 t :i* has less ( tru? w also h less ( ess5ce8 ,necess>ily4 99#ehe;,d99 ,!n1 9 g5]al1 ^? k9ds ( ?+s :i* are 9 ! s]vice ( ! body h less ( tru? & ess5ce ?an ^? :i* are 9 ! s]vice ( ! s\l8 ,f> less4 ,& has n ! body itself less ( tru? & ess5ce ?an ! s\l8 ,yes4 ,:at is fill$ ) m real exi/5ce1 & actually has a m real exi/5ce1 is m really fill$ ?an t :i* is fill$ ) less real exi/5ce & is less real8 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pleasures ( ! s5sual & also ( ! passionate elem5t are unreal & mix$4 ,& if !re be a pleasure 9 be+ fill$ ) t :i* is accord+ to nature1 t :i* is m really fill$ ) 99#ehe;,e99 m real be+ w m really & truly enjoy true pleasure2 :]eas t :i* p>ticipates 9 less real be+ w be less truly & surely satisfi$1 & w p>ticipate 9 an illusory & less real pleasure8 ,unque/ionably4 99#ehf;,a99 ,^? !n :o "k n wisdom & virtue1 & are always busy ) gluttony & s5suality1 g d[n & up aga9 z f> z ! mean2 & 9 ?is region !y move at #bii r&om ?r\gh\t life1 b !y nev] pass into ! true upp] _w2 ?i!r !y nei!r look1 nor d !y ev] f9d _! way1 nei!r are !y truly fill$ ) true be+1 nor d !y ta/e ( pure & abid+ pleasure4 ,l cattle1 ) _! eyes always look+ d[n & _! heads /oop+ to ! e>?1 t is1 to ! d9+-table1 !y fatt5 & fe$ 99#ehf;,b99 & bre$1 &1 9 _! excessive love ( ^! delights1 !y kick & butt at "o ano!r ) horns & ho(s :i* are made ( iron2 & !y kill "o ano!r by reason ( _! insatiable lu/4 ,= !y fill !mselves ) t :i* is n sub/antial1 & ! "p ( !mselves :i* !y fill is also unsub/antial & incont95t4 ,v]ily1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon1 y describe ! life ( ! _m l an oracle4 ,_! pleasures are mix$ ) pa9s--h[ c !y be o!rwise8 ,= !y are m]e %ad[s & pictures ( 99#ehf;,c99 ! true1 & are col\r$ by contra/1 :i* exagg]ates bo? light & %ade1 & s !y implant 9 ! m9ds ( fools insane desires ( !mselves2 & !y are f\ght ab\t z ,/esi*orus says t ! ,greeks f\ght ab\t ! %ad[ ( ,hel5 at ,troy 9 ignorance ( ! tru?4 ,some?+ ( t sort mu/ inevitably happ54 ,& mu/ n ! l happ5 ) ! spirit$ or passionate elem5t ( ! s\l8 ,w n ! passionate man :o c>ries 8 passion into action1 be 9 ! l case1 :e!r he is envi\s & ambiti\s1 or viol5t & cont5ti\s1 or angry & discont5t$1 if he be seek+ to atta9 99#ehf;,d99 hon\r & victory & ! satisfaction ( 8 ang] )\t reason or s5se8 ,yes1 he said1 ! same w happ5 ) ! spirit$ elem5t also4 ,sid5ote3 ,bo? k9ds ( pleasures are atta9$ 9 ! highe/ degree :5 ! desires :i* seek !m are "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,!n may we n confid5tly ass]t t ! lov]s ( money & hon\r1 :5 !y seek _! pleasures "u ! guidance & 9 ! company ( reason & k1 & pursue aft] & w9 ! pleasures :i* wisdom %[s !m1 w also h ! true/ pleasures 9 ! highe/ degree :i* is atta9able to !m1 inasmu* z !y foll[ tru?2 99#ehf;,e99 & !y w h ! pleasures :i* are natural to !m1 if t :i* is be/ = ea* "o is also mo/ natural to him8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 ! be/ is ! mo/ natural4 #cjj ,& :5 ! :ole s\l foll[s ! philosophical pr9ciple1 & !re is no division1 ! sev]al p>ts are j1 99#ehg;,a99 & d ea* ( !m _! own bus9ess1 & enjoy sev]ally ! be/ & true/ pleasures ( :i* !y are capable8 ,exactly4 ,b :5 ei!r ( ! two o!r pr9ciples prevails1 x fails 9 atta9+ its own pleasure1 & compels ! re/ to pursue aft] a pleasure :i* is a %ad[ only & :i* is n _! own8 ,true4 ,& ! great] ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m f philosophy & reason1 ! m /range & illusive w be ! pleasure8 ,yes4 ,& is n t f>!/ f reason :i* is at ! greate/ di/ance f law & ord]8 ,cle>ly4 ,& ! lu/ful & tyrannical desires are1 z we saw1 at ! 99#ehg;,b99 greate/ di/ance8 ,yes4 ,& ! royal & ord]ly desires are ne>e/8 ,yes4 ,!n ! tyrant w live at ! greate/ di/ance f true or natural pleasure1 & ! k+ at ! lea/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b if s1 ! tyrant w live mo/ unpleasantly1 & ! k+ mo/ pleasantly8 ,inevitably4 ,sid5ote3 ,! measure ( ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! k+ f ! tyrant1 ,w\ld y "k ! measure ( ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m8 ,w y tell me8 ,!re appe> to be ?ree pleasures1 "o g5u9e & two 99#ehg;,c99 spuri\s3 n[ ! transgression ( ! tyrant rea*es a po9t beyond ! spuri\s2 he has run away f ! region ( law & reason1 & tak5 up 8 abode ) c]ta9 slave pleasures :i* are 8 satellites1 & ! measure ( 8 inf]iority c only be express$ 9 a figure4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,i assume1 ,i said1 t ! tyrant is 9 ! ?ird place f ! olig>*2 ! democrat 0 9 ! middle8 #cja ,yes4 ,& if !re is tru? 9 :at has prec$$1 he w be w$d$ to an image ( pleasure :i* is ?rice remov$ z to tru? f ! pleasure ( ! olig>*8 ,he w4 ,& ! olig>* is ?ird f ! royal2 s9ce we c\nt 99#ehg;,d99 z "o royal & ari/ocratical8 ,yes1 he is ?ird4 ,!n ! tyrant is remov$ f true pleasure by ! space ( a numb] :i* is ?ree times ?ree8 ,manife/ly4 ,sid5ote3 express$ "u ! symbol ( a cube correspond+ to ! numb] #gbi4 ,! %ad[ !n ( tyrannical pleasure det]m9$ by ! numb] ( l5g? w be a plane figure4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if y raise ! p[] & make ! plane a solid1 !re is no difficulty 9 see+ h[ va/ is ! int]val by :i* ! tyrant is p>t$ f ! k+4 ,yes2 ! ari?metician w easily d ! sum4 ,or if "s p]son beg9s at ! o!r end & measures 99#ehg;,e99 ! int]val by :i* ! k+ is p>t$ f ! tyrant 9 tru? ( pleasure1 he w f9d him1 :5 ! multiplication is complet$1 liv+ #gbi times m pleasantly1 & ! tyrant m pa9fully by ?is same int]val4 ,:at a wond]ful calculation6 ,& h[ enorm\s is ! 99#ehh;,a99 di/ance :i* sep>ates ! j f ! unju/ 9 reg>d to pleasure & pa96 ,sid5ote3 :i* is ne>ly ! numb] ( days & nights 9 a ye>4 ,yet a true calculation1 ,i said1 & a numb] :i* ne>ly conc]ns human life1 if human be+s are conc]n$ ) days & nights & mon?s & ye>s#c4 ,footnote #c3 #gbi ne>ly equals ! numb] ( days & nights 9 ! ye>4 ,yes1 he said1 human life is c]ta9ly conc]n$ ) !m4 ,!n if ! good & j man be ?us sup]ior 9 pleasure to ! evil & unju/1 8 sup]iority w be inf9itely great] 9 propriety ( life & 9 beauty & virtue8 ,immeasurably great]4 ,sid5ote3 ,refutation ( ,?rasyma*us4 99#ehh;,b99 ,well1 ,i said1 & n[ hav+ arriv$ at ?is /age ( ! argum5t1 we may rev]t to ! words :i* br\ght u hi!r3 ,0 n "s "o say+ t inju/ice 0 a ga9 to ! p]fectly unju/ :o 0 reput$ to be j8 ,yes1 t 0 said4 #cjb ,n[ !n1 hav+ det]m9$ ! p[] & quality ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 let u h a little conv]sation ) him4 ,:at %all we say to him8 ,let u make an image ( ! s\l1 t he may h 8 own words pres5t$ be=e 8 eyes4 99#ehh;,c99 ,( :at sort8 ,sid5ote3 ,! triple animal :o has outw>dly ! image ( a man4 ,an ideal image ( ! s\l1 l ! composite creations ( anci5t my?ology1 su* z ! ,*im]a or ,scylla or ,c]b]us1 & !re are _m o!rs 9 :i* two or m diff]5t natures are said to gr[ into "o4 ,!re are said ( h be5 su* unions4 ,!n d y n[ model ! =m ( a multitud9\s1 _m-head$ mon/]1 hav+ a r+ ( heads ( all mann] ( bea/s1 tame & wild1 :i* he is able to g5]ate & metamorphose at w4 99#ehh;,d99 ,y suppose m>vell\s p[]s 9 ! arti/2 b1 z language is m pliable ?an wax or any simil> sub/ance1 let !re be su* a model z y propose4 ,suppose n[ t y make a second =m z ( a lion1 & a ?ird ( a man1 ! second small] ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird small] ?an ! second4 ,t1 he said1 is an easi] task2 & ,i h made !m z y say4 ,& n[ jo9 !m1 & let ! ?ree gr[ into "o4 ,t has be5 accompli%$4 ,next fa%ion ! outside ( !m into a s+le image1 z ( a man1 s t he :o is n able to look )91 & sees 99#ehh;,e99 only ! out] hull1 may believe ! bea/ to be a s+le human creature4 ,i h done s1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,w any "o say t we %\ld /r5g!n ! mon/] & ! lion at ! exp5se ( ! man8 ,& n[1 to him :o ma9ta9s t x is pr(itable = ! human creature to be unju/1 & unpr(itable to be j1 let u reply t1 if he be "r1 x is pr(itable = ?is creature to fea/ ! multitud9\s mon/] & /r5g!n ! lion & 99#ehi;,a99 ! lion-l qualities1 b to />ve & weak5 ! man1 :o is consequ5tly liable to be dragg$ ab\t at ! m]cy ( ei!r ( ! o!r two2 & he is n to attempt to famili>ize or h>monize !m ) "o ano!r--he ought r to suff] !m to fight & bite & dev\r "o ano!r4 #cjc ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 t is :at ! approv] ( inju/ice says4 ,to him ! support] ( ju/ice makes answ] t he %\ld ev] s speak & act z to give ! man )9 him 9 "s way or o!r ! mo/ complete ma/]y ov] ! 99#ehi;,b99 entire human creature4 ,he %\ld wat* ov] ! _m-head$ mon/] l a good husb&man1 fo/]+ & cultivat+ ! g5tle qualities1 & prev5t+ ! wild ones f gr[+2 he %\ld be mak+ ! lion-he>t 8 ally1 & 9 common c>e ( !m all %\ld be unit+ ! sev]al p>ts ) "o ano!r & ) himself4 ,yes1 he said1 t is q :at ! ma9ta9] ( ju/ice say4 ,& s f e po9t ( view1 :e!r ( pleasure1 99#ehi;,c99 hon\r1 or advantage1 ! approv] ( ju/ice is "r & speaks ! tru?1 & ! disapprov] is wrong & false & ignorant8 ,yes1 f e po9t ( view4 ,sid5ote3 ,= ! noble pr9ciple subjects ! bea/ to ! man1 ! ignoble ! man to ! bea/4 ,come1 n[1 & let u g5tly reason ) ! unju/1 :o is n int5tionally 9 error4 ',sweet ,sir1' we w say to him1 ':at ?9k y ( ?+s e/eem$ noble & ignoble8 99#ehi;,d99 ,is n ! noble t :i* subjects ! bea/ to ! man1 or r to ! god 9 man2 & ! ignoble t :i* subjects ! man to ! bea/8' ,he c h>dly avoid say+ ,yes--c he n[8 ,n if he has any reg>d = my op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,a man w\ld n be ! ga9] if he sold 8 *ild3 h[ mu* worse to sell 8 s\l6 ,b1 if he agree s f>1 we may ask him to answ] ano!r "q3 ',!n h[ w\ld a man pr(it if he receiv$ gold & silv] on ! condition t he 0 to enslave ! noble/ "p ( him to ! wor/8 ,:o c imag9e t a man :o 99#ehi;,e99 sold 8 son or daught] into slav]y = money1 especially if he sold !m into ! h&s ( fi]ce & evil m51 w\ld be ! ga9]1 h[ev] l>ge might be ! sum :i* he receiv$8 ,& w any "o say t he is n a mis]able 99#eij;,a99 caitiff :o remorselessly sells 8 own div9e be+ to t :i* is mo/ godless & dete/able8 ,eriphyle took ! necklace z ! price ( h] husb&'s life1 b he is tak+ a bribe 9 ord] to compass a worse ru94' ,yes1 said ,glaucon1 f> worse--,i w answ] = him4 ,has n ! intemp]ate be5 c5sur$ ( old1 because 9 #cjd him ! huge multi=m mon/] is all[$ to be too mu* at l>ge8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,pro(s3--7#a7 ,m5 are blam$ = ! pr$om9ance ( ! l[] nature1 ,& m5 are blam$ = pride & bad temp] :5 ! 99#eij;,b99 lion & s]p5t elem5t 9 !m disproportionately gr[s & ga9s /r5g?8 ,yes4 ,& luxury & s(tness are blam$1 because !y relax & weak5 ?is same creature1 & make a c[>d ( him8 ,v true4 ,& is n a man reproa*$ = flatt]y & meanness :o subord9ates ! spirit$ animal to ! unruly mon/]1 &1 = ! sake ( money1 ( :i* he c nev] h en\gh1 habituates him 9 ! days ( 8 y\? to be trampl$ 9 ! mire1 & f be+ a lion to become a monkey8 99#eij;,c99 ,true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 z well z = ! meanness ( _! employm5ts & "*3 ,& :y are mean employm5ts & manual arts a reproa*8 ,only because !y imply a natural weakness ( ! high] pr9ciple2 ! individual is unable to control ! creatures )9 him1 b has to c\rt !m1 & 8 great /udy is h[ to flatt] !m4 ,su* appe>s to be ! reason4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,x is admitt$ t e "o %\ld be ! s]vant ( a div9e rule1 or at any rate be kept "u control by an ext]nal au?ority3 ,& !re=e1 be+ desir\s ( plac+ him "u a rule l t ( ! be/1 we say t he ought to be ! s]vant 99#eij;,d99 ( ! be/1 9 :om ! ,div9e rules2 n1 z ,?rasyma*us suppos$1 to ! injury ( ! s]vant1 b because e "o _h bett] be rul$ by div9e wisdom dwell+ )9 him2 or1 if ?is be impossible1 !n by an ext]nal au?ority1 9 ord] t we may be all1 z f> z possible1 "u ! same gov]nm5t1 fri5ds & equals4 ,true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,! c>e tak5 ( *ildr5 %[s t we seek to e/abli% 9 !m a high] pr9ciple4 99#eij;,e99 ,& ?is is cle>ly se5 to be ! int5tion ( ! law1 :i* is ! ally ( ! :ole city2 & is se5 also 9 ! au?ority :i* we ex]cise ov] *ildr51 & ! refusal to let !m be free until we h e/abli%$ 9 !m a pr9ciple analog\s to ! con/itution ( a /ate1 & by 99#eia;,a99 cultivation ( ?is high] elem5t h set up 9 _! he>ts a gu>dian & rul] l our own1 & :5 ?is is done !y may g _! ways4 ,yes1 he said1 ! purpose ( ! law is manife/4 #cje ,f :at po9t ( view1 !n1 & on :at gr\nd c we say t a man is pr(it$ by inju/ice or intemp]ance or o!r bas5ess1 :i* w make him a worse man1 ev5 ?\gh he acquire money or p[] by 8 wick$ness8 ,f no po9t ( view at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wise man w employ 8 en]gies 9 free+ & h>moniz+ ! nobl] elem5ts ( 8 nature & 9 regulat+ 8 bodily habits4 ,:at %all he pr(it1 if 8 inju/ice be undetect$ & unpuni%$8 99#eia;,b99 ,he :o is undetect$ only gets worse1 :]eas he :o is detect$ & puni%$ has ! brutal "p ( 8 nature sil5c$ & humaniz$2 ! g5tl] elem5t 9 him is lib]at$1 & 8 :ole s\l is p]fect$ & ennobl$ by ! acquirem5t ( ju/ice & temp]ance & wisdom1 m ?an ! body ev] is by receiv+ gifts ( beauty1 /r5g? & heal?1 9 proportion z ! s\l is m hon\rable ?an ! body4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 99#eia;,c99 ,to ?is nobl] purpose ! man ( und]/&+ w devote ! en]gies ( 8 life4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 he w hon\r /udies :i* impress ^! qualities on 8 s\l & w disreg>d o!rs8 ,cle>ly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 fir/ aim n heal? b h>mony ( s\l4 ,9 ! next place1 he w regulate 8 bodily habit & tra9+1 & s f> w he be f yield+ to brutal & irrational pleasures1 t he w reg>d ev5 heal? z q a second>y matt]2 8 fir/ object w be n t he may 99#eia;,d99 be fair or /rong or well1 unless he is likely !reby to ga9 temp]ance1 b he w always desire s to attemp] ! body z to pres]ve ! h>mony ( ! s\l8 ,c]ta9ly he w1 if he has true music 9 him4 ,& 9 ! acquisition ( weal? !re is a pr9ciple ( ord] & h>mony :i* he w also obs]ve2 he w n all[ himself to be dazzl$ by ! fooli% applause ( ! _w1 & heap up ri*es to 8 own inf9ite h>m8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,he w n heap up ri*es1 99#eia;,e99 ,he w look at ! city :i* is )9 him1 & take he$ t no disord] occur 9 x1 su* z might arise ei!r f sup]fluity or f want2 & ^u ?is pr9ciple he w regulate 8 prop]ty & ga9 or sp5d accord+ to 8 means4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 & he w only accept su* political hon\rs z w n det]iorate 8 "*4 ,&1 = ! same reason1 he w gladly accept & enjoy #cjf 99#eib;,a99 su* hon\rs z he deems likely to make him a bett] man2 b ^?1 :e!r private or public1 :i* are likely to disord] 8 life1 he w avoid8 ,!n1 if t is 8 motive1 he w n be a /atesman4 ,by ! dog ( ,egypt1 he w6 9 ! city :i* is 8 own he c]ta9ly w1 ?\gh 9 ! l& ( 8 bir? p]haps n1 unless he h a div9e call4 ,sid5ote3 ,he has a city ( 8 own1 & ! ideal patt]n ( ?is w be ! law ( 8 life4 ,i und]/&2 y mean t he w be a rul] 9 ! city ( :i* we are ! f\nd]s1 & :i* exi/s 9 idea only2 99#eib;,b99 = ,i d n believe t !re is su* an "o any:]e on e>?8 ,9 heav51 ,i repli$1 !re is laid up a patt]n ( x1 me?9ks1 :i* he :o desires may behold1 & behold+1 may set 8 own h\se 9 ord]#d4 ,b :e!r su* an "o exi/s1 or ev] w exi/ 9 fact1 is no matt]2 = he w live aft] ! mann] ( t city1 hav+ no?+ to d ) any o!r4 ,footnote #d3 ,or 'take up 8 abode !re4' ,i ?9k s1 he said4 ,,book ,x4 ,sid5ote3 ,republic ,x4 ,socrates1 ,glaucon4 99#eie;,a99 ,( ! _m excell5ces :i* ,i p]ceive 9 ! ord] ( our ,/ate1 !re is none :i* ^u reflection pleases me bett] ?an ! rule ab\t poetry4 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,to ! rejection ( imitative poetry1 :i* c]ta9ly ought n to be receiv$2 z ,i see f> m cle>ly n[ t 99#eie;,b99 ! p>ts ( ! s\l h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,:at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ,poetical imitations are ru9\s to ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,speak+ 9 confid5ce1 = ,i %\ld n l to h my words repeat$ to ! trag$ians & ! re/ ( ! imitative tribe--b ,i d n m9d say+ to y1 t all poetical imitations are ru9\s to ! und]/&+ ( ! he>]s1 & t ! k ( _! true nature is ! only antidote to !m4 ,expla9 ! purport ( y\r rem>k4 ,well1 ,i w tell y1 al?\gh ,i h always f my e>lie/ y\? _h an awe & love ( ,hom]1 :i* ev5 n[ makes ! words falt] on my lips1 = he is ! great 99#eie;,c99 capta9 & tea*] ( ! :ole ( t *>m+ tragic company2 b a man is n to be rev]5c$ m ?an ! tru?1 & !re=e ,i w speak out4 ,v good1 he said4 ,li/5 to me !n1 or r1 answ] me4 ,put y\r "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( imitation4 ,c y tell me :at imitation is8 = ,i really d n "k4 ,a likely ?+1 !n1 t ,i %\ld "k4 99#eif;,a99 ,:y n8 = ! dull] eye may (t5 see a ?+ soon] ?an ! ke5]4 ,v true1 he said2 b 9 y\r pres5ce1 ev5 if ,i _h any 7#cjh fa9t notion1 ,i c\ld n mu/] c\rage to utt] x4 ,w y enquire y\rself8 ,well !n1 %all we beg9 ! enquiry 9 our usual mann]3 ,:5ev] a numb] ( individuals h a common "n1 we assume !m to h also a correspond+ idea or =m3--d y und]/& me8 ,i d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea is "o1 b ! objects compreh5d$ "u x are _m4 ,let u take any common in/ance2 !re are b$s & 99#eif;,b99 tables 9 ! _w--pl5ty ( !m1 are !re n8 ,yes4 ,b !re are only two ideas or =ms ( !m--"o ! idea ( a b$1 ! o!r ( a table4 ,true4 ,& ! mak] ( ei!r ( !m makes a b$ or he makes a table = our use1 9 accordance ) ! idea--t is our way ( speak+ 9 ?is & simil> in/ances--b no artific] makes ! ideas !mselves3 h[ c\ld he8 ,impossible4 ,& !re is ano!r arti/1--,i %\ld l to "k :at y w\ld say ( him4 99#eif;,c99 ,:o is he8 ,sid5ote3 ,! univ]sal creator an extraord9>y p]son4 ,b note also t ev]ybody is a creator 9 a s5se4 ,= all ?+s may be made by ! reflection ( !m 9 a mirror4 ,"o :o is ! mak] ( all ! works ( all o!r workm54 ,:at an extraord9>y man6 ,wait a little1 & !re w be m reason = y\r say+ s4 ,= ?is is he :o is able to make n only vessels ( e k9d1 b plants & animals1 himself & all o!r ?+s--! e>? & heav51 & ! ?+s :i* are 9 heav5 or "u ! e>?2 he makes ! gods also4 99#eif;,d99 ,he mu/ be a wiz>d & no mi/ake4 ,oh6 y are incr$ul\s1 are y8 ,d y mean t !re is no su* mak] or creator1 or t 9 "o s5se !re might be a mak] ( all ^! ?+s b 9 ano!r n8 ,d y see t !re is a way 9 :i* y c\ld make !m all y\rself8 ,:at way8 ,an easy way en\gh2 or r1 !re are _m ways 9 :i* ! feat might be quickly & easily accompli%$1 none quick] ?an t ( turn+ a mirror r\nd & r\nd--y 99#eif;,e99 w\ld soon en\gh make ! sun & ! heav5s1 & ! e>? & y\rself1 & o!r animals & plants1 & #cji all ! o!r ?+s ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+1 9 ! mirror4 ,yes1 he said2 b !y w\ld be appe>ances only4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ?is is an appe>ance only3 & ! pa9t] too is a mak] ( appe>ances4 ,v good1 ,i said1 y are com+ to ! po9t n[4 ,& ! pa9t] too is1 z ,i conceive1 j su* ano!r--a creator ( appe>ances1 is he n8 ,( c\rse4 ,b !n ,i suppose y w say t :at he creates is untrue4 ,& yet !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! pa9t] also creates a b$8 ,yes1 he said1 b n a real b$4 99#eig;,a99 ,& :at ( ! mak] ( ! b$8 7 y n say+ t he too makes1 n ! idea :i*1 accord+ to our view1 is ! ess5ce ( ! b$1 b only a p>ticul> b$8 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,!n if he does n make t :i* exi/s he _c make true exi/5ce1 b only "s semblance ( exi/5ce2 & if any "o 7 to say t ! "w ( ! mak] ( ! b$1 or ( any o!r workman1 has real exi/5ce1 he c\ld h>dly be suppos$ to be speak+ ! tru?4 ,at any rate1 he repli$1 philosoph]s w\ld say t he 0 n speak+ ! tru?4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t 8 "w too is an indi/9ct expression ( tru?4 99#eig;,b99 ,no wond]4 ,suppose n[ t by ! light ( ! examples j (f]$ we enquire :o ?is imitator is8 ,if y please4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree b$s & ?ree mak]s ( b$s4 ,well !n1 "h are ?ree b$s3 "o exi/+ 9 nature1 :i* is made by ,god1 z ,i ?9k t we may say--= no "o else c be ! mak]8 ,no4 ,!re is ano!r :i* is ! "w ( ! c>p5t]8 ,yes4 ,& ! "w ( ! pa9t] is a ?ird8 ,yes4 ,b$s1 !n1 are ( ?ree k9ds1 & !re are ?ree arti/s :o sup]9t5d !m3 ,god1 ! mak] ( ! b$1 & ! pa9t]8 ,yes1 !re are ?ree ( !m4 #caj 99#eig;,c99 ,god1 :e!r f *oice or f necessity1 made "o b$ 9 nature & "o only2 two or m su* ideal b$s nei!r ev] h be5 nor ev] w be made by ,god4 ,:y is t8 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,! creator4 ,god c\ld only make "o b$2 if he made two1 a ?ird w\ld /ill appe> beh9d !m4 ,because ev5 if ,he _h made b two1 a ?ird w\ld /ill appe> beh9d !m :i* bo? ( !m w\ld h = _! idea1 & t w\ld be ! ideal b$ & n ! two o!rs4 ,v true1 he said4 99#eig;,d99 ,god knew ?is1 & ,he desir$ to be ! real mak] ( a real b$1 n a p>ticul> mak] ( a p>ticul> b$1 & !re=e ,he creat$ a b$ :i* is ess5tially & by nature "o only4 ,s we believe4 ,%all we1 !n1 speak ( ,him z ! natural au?or or mak] ( ! b$8 ,yes1 he repli$2 inasmu* z by ! natural process ( creation ,he is ! au?or ( ?is & ( all o!r ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,! human mak]4 ,& :at %all we say ( ! c>p5t]--is n he also ! mak] ( ! b$8 ,yes4 ,b w\ld y call ! pa9t] a creator & mak]8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,yet if he is n ! mak]1 :at is he 9 relation to ! b$8 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,! imitator1 i4e4 ! pa9t] or poet1 99#eig;,e99 ,i ?9k1 he said1 t we may fairly designate him z ! imitator ( t :i* ! o!rs make4 ,good1 ,i said2 !n y call him :o is ?ird 9 ! desc5t f nature an imitator8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& ! tragic poet is an imitator1 & !re=e1 l all o!r imitators1 he is ?rice remov$ f ! k+ & f ! tru?8 ,t appe>s to be s4 ,!n ab\t ! imitator we are agre$4 ,& :at ab\t 99#eih;,a99 ! pa9t]8 --,i w\ld l to "k :e!r he may be ?\ght to imitate t :i* orig9ally exi/s 9 nature1 or only ! creations ( arti/s8 ,! latt]4 ,z !y are or z !y appe>8 y h /ill to det]m9e ?is4 #caa ,:at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ^: art is "o ( imitation or appe>ance & a long way remov$ f ! tru?4 ,i mean1 t y may look at a b$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 obliquely or directly or f any o!r po9t ( view1 & ! b$ w appe> diff]5t1 b !re is no diff]5ce 9 reality4 ,& ! same ( all ?+s4 ,yes1 he said1 ! diff]5ce is only app>5t4 99#eih;,b99 ,n[ let me ask y ano!r "q3 ,:i* is ! art ( pa9t+ design$ to be--an imitation ( ?+s z !y are1 or z !y appe>--( appe>ance or ( reality8 ,( appe>ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,any "o :o does all ?+s does only a v small "p ( !m4 ,!n ! imitator1 ,i said1 is a long way (f ! tru?1 & c d all ?+s because he lightly t\*es on a small "p ( !m1 & t "p an image4 ,= example3 ,a pa9t] w pa9t a cobbl]1 c>p5t]1 or any o!r arti/1 ?\gh he 99#eih;,c99 kn[s no?+ ( _! arts2 &1 if he is a good arti/1 he may deceive *ildr5 or simple p]sons1 :5 he %[s !m 8 picture ( a c>p5t] f a di/ance1 & !y w fancy t !y are look+ at a real c>p5t]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,any "o :o pret5ds to "k all ?+s is ignorant ( ! v nature ( k4 ,& :5ev] any "o in=ms u t he has f\nd a man :o kn[s all ! arts1 & all ?+s else t anybody kn[s1 & e s+le ?+ ) a high] degree ( accuracy 99#eih;,d99 ?an any o!r man--:oev] tells u ?is1 ,i ?9k t we c only imag9e him to be a simple creature :o is likely to h be5 deceiv$ by "s wiz>d or actor :om he met1 & :om he ?\ght all-kn[+1 because he himself 0 unable to analyse ! nature ( k & ignorance & imitation4 ,mo/ true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& he :o attributes su* univ]sal k to ! poets is simil>ly deceiv$4 ,& s1 :5 we he> p]sons say+ t ! trag$ians1 & ,hom]1 :o is at _! head1 "k all ! arts & all 99#eih;,e99 ?+s human1 virtue z well z vice1 & div9e ?+s too1 = t ! good poet _c compose well unless he kn[s 8 subject1 & t he :o has n ?is k c nev] be a poet1 we ought to consid] :e!r "h also !re may n be a simil> illusion4 ,p]haps !y may h come across imitators & be5 deceiv$ by !m2 !y may n h rememb]$ :5 !y saw _! works t 99#eii;,a99 ^! 7 b imitations ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 & c\ld easily be made )\t any k ( ! tru?1 #cab because !y are appe>ances only & n realities8 ,or1 aft] all1 !y may be 9 ! "r1 & poets d really "k ! ?+s ab\t :i* !y seem to ! _m to speak s well8 ,! "q1 he said1 %\ld by all means be consid]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o c\ld make ! orig9al w\ld n make ! image4 ,n[ d y suppose t if a p]son 7 able to make ! orig9al z well z ! image1 he w\ld s]i\sly devote himself to ! image-mak+ bran*8 ,w\ld he all[ imitation to be ! rul+ pr9ciple ( 8 life1 z if he _h 99#eii;,b99 no?+ high] 9 him8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,! real arti/1 :o knew :at he 0 imitat+1 w\ld be int]e/$ 9 realities & n 9 imitations2 & w\ld desire to leave z memorials ( himself works _m & fair2 &1 in/ead ( be+ ! au?or ( encomiums1 he w\ld pref] to be ! !me ( !m4 ,yes1 he said1 t w\ld be to him a s\rce ( mu* great] hon\r & pr(it4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ,hom] _h be5 a legislator1 or g5]al1 or inv5tor1 ,!n1 ,i said1 we mu/ put a "q to ,hom]2 n ab\t 99#eii;,c99 m$ic9e1 or any ( ! arts to :i* 8 poems only incid5tally ref]3 we are n go+ to ask him1 or any o!r poet1 :e!r he has cur$ pati5ts l ,asclepius1 or left beh9d him a s*ool ( m$ic9e su* z ! ,asclepiads 71 or :e!r he only talks ab\t m$ic9e & o!r arts at second-h&2 b we h a "r to "k respect+ milit>y tactics1 politics1 education1 :i* are ! *iefe/ 99#eii;,d99 & noble/ subjects ( 8 poems1 & we may fairly ask him ab\t !m4 ',fri5d ,hom]1' !n we say to him1 'if y are only 9 ! second remove f tru? 9 :at y say ( virtue1 & n 9 ! ?ird--n an image mak] or imitator--& if y are able to disc]n :at pursuits make m5 bett] or worse 9 private or public life1 tell u :at ,/ate 0 ev] bett] gov]n$ by y\r help8 ,! good 99#eii;,e99 ord] ( ,lac$aemon is due to ,lycurgus1 & _m o!r cities great & small h be5 simil>ly b5efit$ by o!rs2 b :o says t y h be5 a good legislator to !m & h done !m any good8 ,italy & ,sicily boa/ ( ,*>ondas1 & !re is ,solon :o is r5[n$ among u2 b :at city has any?+ to say ab\t y8' ,is !re any city :i* he might "n8 ,i ?9k n1 said ,glaucon2 n ev5 ! ,hom]ids !mselves pret5d t he 0 a legislator4 #cac 99#fjj;,a99 ,well1 b is !re any w> on record :i* 0 c>ri$ on successfully by him1 or aid$ by 8 c\nsels1 :5 he 0 alive8 ,!re is n4 ,or is !re any inv5tion#a ( 81 applicable to ! arts or to human life1 su* z ,?ales ! ,milesian or ,ana*>sis ! ,scy?ian1 & o!r +5i\s m5 h conceiv$1 :i* is attribut$ to him8 ,footnote3 ,omitt+ ,greek3 ei7s4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b1 if ,hom] nev] did any public s]vice1 0 he privately a guide or tea*] ( any8 ,_h he 9 8 lifetime fri5ds 99#fjj;,b99 :o lov$ to associate ) him1 & :o h&$ d[n to po/]ity an ,hom]ic way ( life1 su* z 0 e/abli%$ by ,py?agoras :o 0 s greatly belov$ = 8 wisdom1 & ^: foll[]s are to ?is day q celebrat$ = ! ord] :i* 0 nam$ aft] him8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is record$ ( him4 ,= surely1 ,socrates1 ,creophylus1 ! companion ( ,hom]1 t *ild ( fle%1 ^: "n always makes u laugh1 might be m ju/ly ridicul$ = 8 /upidity1 if1 z is said1 ,hom] 0 99#fjj;,c99 greatly neglect$ by him & o!rs 9 8 own day :5 he 0 alive8 ,sid5ote3 or _h done any?+ else = ! improvem5t ( mank9d1 he w\ld n h be5 all[$ to />ve4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 t is ! tradition4 ,b c y imag9e1 ,glaucon1 t if ,hom] _h really be5 able to educate & improve mank9d--if he _h possess$ k & n be5 a m]e imitator--c y imag9e1 ,i say1 t he w\ld n h _h _m foll[]s1 & be5 hon\r$ & lov$ by !m8 ,protagoras ( ,abd]a1 & ,prodicus ( ,ceos1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 h only to :isp] to _! contempor>ies3 99#fjj;,d99 ',y w nev] be able to manage ei!r y\r own h\se or y\r own ,/ate until y appo9t u to be y\r m9i/]s ( education'--& ?is +5i\s device ( !irs has su* an effect 9 mak+ m5 love !m t _! companions all b c>ry !m ab\t on _! %\ld]s4 ,& is x conceivable t ! contempor>ies ( ,hom]1 or aga9 ( ,hesiod1 w\ld h all[$ ei!r ( !m to g ab\t z rhapsodi/s1 if !y _h really be5 able to make mank9d virtu\s8 ,w\ld !y n h be5 z unwill+ to "p ) !m z ) gold1 & h compell$ !m to /ay #cad 99#fjj;,e99 at home ) !m8 ,or1 if ! ma/] w\ld n /ay1 !n ! disciples w\ld h foll[$ him ab\t ev]y:]e1 until !y _h got education en\gh8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 t1 ,i ?9k1 is q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! poets1 l ! pa9t]s1 are b imitators2 ,!n mu/ we n inf] t all ^! poetical individuals1 beg9n+ ) ,hom]1 are only imitators2 !y copy images 99#fja;,a99 ( virtue & ! l1 b ! tru? !y nev] rea*8 ,! poet is l a pa9t] :o1 z we h already obs]v$1 w make a lik5ess ( a cobbl] ?\gh he und]/&s no?+ ( cobbl+2 & 8 picture is good en\gh = ^? :o "k no m ?an he does1 & judge only by col\rs & figures4 ,q s4 ,9 l mann] ! poet ) 8 words & phrases#b may be said to lay on ! col\rs ( ! sev]al arts1 himself und]/&+ _! nature only en\gh to imitate !m2 & o!r p1 :o are z ignorant z he is1 & judge only f 8 words1 imag9e t if he speaks ( cobbl+1 or ( milit>y tactics1 or ( any?+ else1 9 metre & h>mony 99#fja;,b99 & rhy?m1 he speaks v well--su* is ! sweet influ5ce :i* melody & rhy?m by nature h4 ,& ,i ?9k t y mu/ h obs]v$ aga9 & aga9 :at a poor appe>ance ! tales ( poets make :5 /ripp$ ( ! col\rs :i* music puts ^u !m1 & recit$ 9 simple prose4 ,footnote #b3 ,or1 ') 8 n\ns & v]bs4' ,yes1 he said4 ,!y are l faces :i* 7 nev] really beautiful1 b only bloom+2 & n[ ! bloom ( y\? has pass$ away f !m8 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 !y "k no?+ ( true exi/5ce4 ,"h is ano!r po9t3 ,! imitator or mak] ( ! image kn[s no?+ ( true exi/5ce2 he kn[s appe>ances only4 99#fja;,c99 ,am ,i n "r8 ,yes4 ,!n let u h a cle> und]/&+1 & n be satisfi$ ) half an explanation4 ,proce$4 ,( ! pa9t] we say t he w pa9t re9s1 & he w pa9t a bit8 ,yes4 #cae ,& ! work] 9 lea!r & brass w make !m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mak] has m k ?an ! imitator1 b less ?an ! us]4 ,?ree arts1 us+1 mak+1 imitat+4 ,b does ! pa9t] "k ! "r =m ( ! bit & re9s8 ,nay1 h>dly ev5 ! work]s 9 brass & lea!r :o make !m2 only ! horseman :o kn[s h[ to use !m--he kn[s _! "r =m4 ,mo/ true4 ,& may we n say ! same ( all ?+s8 ,:at8 99#fja;,d99 ,t !re are ?ree arts :i* are conc]n$ ) all ?+s3 "o :i* uses1 ano!r :i* makes1 a ?ird :i* imitates !m8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,goodness ( ?+s relative to use2 h5ce ! mak] ( !m is in/ruct$ by ! us]4 ,& ! excell5ce or beauty or tru? ( e /ructure1 animate or inanimate1 & ( e action ( man1 is relative to ! use = :i* nature or ! arti/ has int5d$ !m4 ,true4 ,!n ! us] ( !m mu/ h ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( !m1 & he mu/ indicate to ! mak] ! good or bad qualities :i* develop !mselves 9 use2 = example1 ! flute-play] w tell ! flute-mak] :i* ( 8 flutes is satisfactory to ! p]=m]2 he w tell him h[ he ought 99#fja;,e99 to make !m1 & ! o!r w att5d to 8 in/ructions8 ,( c\rse4 ,! "o kn[s & !re=e speaks ) au?ority ab\t ! goodness & badness ( flutes1 :ile ! o!r1 confid+ 9 him1 w d :at he is told by him8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mak] has belief & n k1 ! imitator nei!r4 ,! in/rum5t is ! same1 b ab\t ! excell5ce or badness ( x ! mak] w only atta9 to a correct belief2 & ?is he w ga9 f him :o kn[s1 by talk+ to him 99#fjb;,a99 & be+ compell$ to he> :at he has to say1 :]eas ! us] w h k8 ,true4 ,b w ! imitator h ei!r8 ,w he "k f use :e!r or no 8 draw+ is correct or beautiful8 or w he h "r op9ion f be+ compell$ to associate ) ano!r :o kn[s & gives him in/ructions ab\t :at he %\ld draw8 #caf ,nei!r4 ,!n he w no m h true op9ion ?an he w h k ab\t ! goodness or badness ( 8 imitations8 ,i suppose n4 ,! imitative arti/ w be 9 a brilliant /ate ( intellig5ce ab\t 8 own creations8 ,nay1 v mu* ! rev]se4 99#fjb;,b99 ,& /ill he w g on imitat+ )\t kn[+ :at makes a ?+ good or bad1 & may be expect$ !re=e to imitate only t :i* appe>s to be good to ! ignorant multitude8 ,j s4 ,?us f> !n we are pretty well agre$ t ! imitator has no k wor? m5tion+ ( :at he imitates4 ,imitation is only a k9d ( play or sport1 & ! tragic poets1 :e!r !y write 9 ,iambic or 9 ,h]oic v]se1 are imitators 9 ! highe/ degree8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,imitation has be5 prov$ to be ?rice remov$ f ! tru?4 99#fjb;,c99 ,& n[ tell me1 ,i conjure y1 has n imitation be5 %[n by u to be conc]n$ ) t :i* is ?rice remov$ f ! tru?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :at is ! faculty 9 man to :i* imitation is address$8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i w expla93 ,! body :i* is l>ge :5 se5 ne>1 appe>s small :5 se5 at a di/ance8 ,true4 ,& ! same object appe>s /raight :5 look$ at out ( ! wat]1 & crook$ :5 9 ! wat]2 & ! concave becomes convex1 ow+ to ! illusion ab\t col\rs to :i* ! sight is liable4 ,?us e sort ( confusion is reveal$ )9 u2 99#fjb;,d99 & ?is is t weakness ( ! human m9d on :i* ! art ( conjur+ & ( deceiv+ by light & %ad[ & o!r +5i\s devices imposes1 hav+ an effect ^u u l magic4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! art ( measur+ giv5 to man t he may correct ! v>iety ( appe>ances4 ,& ! arts ( measur+ & numb]+ & weigh+ come to ! rescue ( ! human und]/&+--!re #cag is ! beauty ( !m--& ! app>5t great] or less1 or m or heavi]1 no long] h ! ma/]y ov] u1 b give way be=e calculation & measure & weight8 ,mo/ true4 99#fjb;,e99 ,& ?is1 surely1 mu/ be ! "w ( ! calculat+ & rational pr9ciple 9 ! s\l8 ,to be sure4 ,& :5 ?is pr9ciple measures & c]tifies t "s ?+s are equal1 or t "s are great] or less ?an o!rs1 !re occurs an app>5t contradiction8 ,true4 ,b 7 we n say+ t su* a contradiction is impossible--! same faculty _c h contr>y op9ions at ! same "t ab\t ! same ?+8 ,v true4 99#fjc;,a99 ,!n t "p ( ! s\l :i* has an op9ion contr>y to measure is n ! same ) t :i* has an op9ion 9 accordance ) measure8 ,true4 ,& ! bett] "p ( ! s\l is likely to be t :i* tru/s to measure & calculation8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t :i* is oppos$ to !m is "o ( ! inf]ior pr9ciples ( ! s\l8 ,no d\bt4 ,?is 0 ! conclusion at :i* ,i 0 seek+ to arrive :5 ,i said t pa9t+ or draw+1 & imitation 9 g5]al1 :5 do+ _! own prop] "w1 are f> remov$ f tru?1 & ! companions & fri5ds & associates ( 99#fjc;,b99 a pr9ciple )9 u :i* is equally remov$ f reason1 & t !y h no true or heal?y aim4 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! productions ( ! imitative arts are ba/>d & illegitimate4 ,! imitative art is an inf]ior :o m>ries an inf]ior1 & has inf]ior (fspr+4 ,v true4 ,& is ?is conf9$ to ! sight only1 or does x ext5d to ! he>+ also1 relat+ 9 fact to :at we t]m poetry8 ,probably ! same w\ld be true ( poetry4 ,d n rely1 ,i said1 on a probability d]iv$ f ! analogy ( pa9t+2 b let u exam9e fur!r & see #cah 99#fjc;,c99 :e!r ! faculty ) :i* poetical imitation is conc]n$ is good or bad4 ,by all means4 ,we may /ate ! "q ?us3--,imitation imitates ! actions ( m51 :e!r volunt>y or involunt>y1 on :i*1 z !y imag9e1 a good or bad result has ensu$1 & !y rejoice or sorr[ accord+ly4 ,is !re any?+ m8 ,no1 !re is no?+ else4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y imitate opposites2 ,b 9 all ?is v>iety ( circum/ances is ! man at unity 99#fjc;,d99 ) himself--or r1 z 9 ! in/ance ( sight !re 0 confusion & opposition 9 8 op9ions ab\t ! same ?+s1 s "h also is !re n /rife & inconsi/5cy 9 8 life8 ,?\gh ,i ne$ h>dly raise ! "q aga91 = ,i rememb] t all ?is has be5 already admitt$2 & ! s\l has be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be full ( ^! & t5 ?\s& simil> oppositions occurr+ at ! same mom5t8 ,& we 7 "r1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ?us f> we 7 "r2 b !re 0 an 99#fjc;,e99 omission :i* mu/ n[ be suppli$4 ,:at 0 ! omission8 ,7 we n say+ t a good man1 :o has ! mis=tune to lose 8 son or any?+ else :i* is mo/ de> to him1 w be> ! loss ) m equanimity ?an ano!r8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 !y enc\rage weakness2 ,b w he h no sorr[1 or %all we say t al?\gh he _c help sorr[+1 he w mod]ate 8 sorr[8 ,! latt]1 he said1 is ! tru] /atem5t4 99#fjd;,a99 ,tell me3 w he be m likely to /ruggle & hold out aga9/ 8 sorr[ :5 he is se5 by 8 equals1 or :5 he is alone8 ,x w make a great diff]5ce :e!r he is se5 or n4 ,:5 he is by himself he w n m9d say+ or do+ _m ?+s :i* he w\ld be a%am$ ( any "o he>+ or see+ him d8 ,true4 ,!re is a pr9ciple ( law & reason 9 him :i* bids him resi/1 z well z a feel+ ( 8 mis=tune :i* is 99#fjd;,b99 =c+ him to indulge 8 sorr[8 #cai ,true4 ,b :5 a man is drawn 9 two opposite directions1 to & f ! same object1 ?is1 z we affirm1 necess>ily implies two di/9ct pr9ciples 9 him8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,"o ( !m is ready to foll[ ! guidance ( ! law8 ,h[ d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 !y are at v>iance ) ! exhortations ( philosophy2 ,! law w\ld say t to be pati5t "u suff]+ is be/1 & t we %\ld n give way to impati5ce1 z !re is no kn[+ :e!r su* ?+s are good or evil2 & no?+ is ga9$ by impati5ce2 also1 because no human 99#fjd;,c99 ?+ is ( s]i\s importance1 & grief /&s 9 ! way ( t :i* at ! mom5t is mo/ requir$4 ,:at is mo/ requir$8 he ask$4 ,t we %\ld take c\nsel ab\t :at has happ5$1 & :5 ! dice h be5 ?r[n ord] our affairs 9 ! way :i* reason deems be/2 n1 l *ildr5 :o h _h a fall1 keep+ hold ( ! "p /ruck & wa/+ "t 9 sett+ up a h[l1 b always accu/om+ ! s\l =?) 99#fjd;,d99 to apply a rem$y1 rais+ up t :i* is sickly & fall51 bani%+ ! cry ( sorr[ by ! heal+ art4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! true way ( meet+ ! attacks ( =tune4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & ! high] pr9ciple is ready to foll[ ?is sugge/ion ( reason8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 !y recall tr\ble & sorr[2 ,& ! o!r pr9ciple1 :i* incl9es u to recollection ( our tr\bles & to lam5tation1 & c nev] h en\gh ( !m1 we may call irrational1 useless1 & c[>dly8 ,inde$1 we may4 99#fjd;,e99 ,& does n ! latt]--,i mean ! rebelli\s pr9ciple--furni% a great v>iety ( mat]ials = imitation8 ,:]eas ! wise & calm temp]am5t1 be+ always ne>ly equable1 is n easy to imitate or to appreciate :5 imitat$1 especially at a public fe/ival :5 a promiscu\s cr[d is assembl$ 9 a !atre4 ,= ! feel+ repres5t$ is "o to :i* !y are /rang]s4 99#fje;,a99 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! imitative poet :o aims at be+ popul> is n #cbj by nature made1 nor is 8 art int5d$1 to please or to affect ! rational pr9ciple 9 ! s\l2 b he w pref] ! passionate & fitful temp]1 :i* is easily imitat$8 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 !y m9i/] 9 an inf]ior mann] to an inf]ior pr9ciple 9 ! s\l4 ,& n[ we may fairly take him & place him by ! side ( ! pa9t]1 = he is l him 9 two ways3 fir/1 inasmu* z 8 creations h an inf]ior degree ( tru?--9 ?is1 99#fje;,b99 ,i say1 he is l him2 & he is also l him 9 be+ conc]n$ ) an inf]ior "p ( ! s\l2 & !re=e we %all be "r 9 refus+ to admit him into a well-ord]$ ,/ate1 because he awak5s & n\ri%es & /r5g!ns ! feel+s & impairs ! reason4 ,z 9 a city :5 ! evil are p]mitt$ to h au?ority & ! good are put out ( ! way1 s 9 ! s\l ( man1 z we ma9ta91 ! imitative poet implants an evil con/itution1 = he indulges ! 99#fje;,c99 irrational nature :i* has no disc]nm5t ( great] & less1 b ?9ks ! same ?+ at "o "t great & at ano!r small--he is a manufactur] ( images & is v f> remov$ f ! tru?#c4 ,footnote #c3 ,read+ ,greek3 ei7dlopoi\nta 444 a7phe/ta4 ,exactly4 ,b we h n yet br\ght =w>d ! heavie/ c\nt 9 our accusation3--! p[] :i* poetry has ( h>m+ ev5 ! good 7& !re are v few :o are n h>m$71 is surely an awful ?+8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 if ! effect is :at y say4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c we be "r 9 sympa?iz+ ) ! sorr[s ( poetry :5 we w\ld fa9 re/ra9 ^? ( real life8 ,he> & judge3 ,! be/ ( u1 z ,i conceive1 :5 we li/5 to a passage ( ,hom]1 or "o ( ! trag$ians1 9 99#fje;,d99 :i* he repres5ts "s pitiful h]o :o is drawl+ out 8 sorr[s 9 a long oration1 or weep+1 & smit+ 8 brea/--! be/ ( u1 y "k1 delight 9 giv+ way to sympa?y1 & are 9 raptures at ! excell5ce ( ! poet :o /irs our feel+s mo/4 ,yes1 ( c\rse ,i "k4 ,b :5 any sorr[ ( our own happ5s to u1 !n y may obs]ve t we pride ourselves on ! opposite quality--we w\ld fa9 be quiet & pati5t2 ?is is ! manly "p1 99#fje;,e99 & ! o!r :i* delight$ u 9 ! recitation is n[ deem$ to be ! "p ( a woman4 ,v true1 he said4 #cba ,n[ c we be "r 9 prais+ & admir+ ano!r :o is do+ t :i* any "o ( u w\ld abom9ate & be a%am$ ( 9 8 own p]son8 ,no1 he said1 t is c]ta9ly n reasonable4 99#fjf;,a99 ,nay1 ,i said1 q reasonable f "o po9t ( view4 ,:at po9t ( view8 ,sid5ote3 ,we fail to obs]ve t a s5tim5tal pity soon creates a real weakness4 ,if y consid]1 ,i said1 t :5 9 mis=tune we feel a natural hung] & desire to relieve our sorr[ by weep+ & lam5tation1 & t ?is feel+ :i* is kept "u control 9 our own calamities is satisfi$ & delight$ by ! poets2--! bett] nature 9 ea* ( u1 n hav+ be5 suffici5tly tra9$ by reason or habit1 all[s ! sympa!tic 99#fjf;,b99 elem5t to break loose because ! sorr[ is ano!r's2 & ! spectator fancies t !re c be no disgrace to himself 9 prais+ & pity+ any "o :o comes tell+ him :at a good man he is1 & mak+ a fuss ab\t 8 tr\bles2 he ?9ks t ! pleasure is a ga91 & :y %\ld he be sup]cili\s & lose ?is & ! poem too8 ,few p]sons ev] reflect1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 t f ! evil ( o!r m5 some?+ ( evil is communicat$ to !mselves4 ,& s ! feel+ ( sorr[ :i* has ga!r$ /r5g? at ! sight ( ! mis=tunes ( o!rs is ) difficulty repress$ 9 our own4 99#fjf;,c99 ,h[ v true6 ,sid5ote3 ,9 l mann] ! love ( com$y may turn a man into a buffoon4 ,& does n ! same hold also ( ! ridicul\s8 ,!re are je/s :i* y w\ld be a%am$ to make y\rself1 & yet on ! comic /age1 or inde$ 9 private1 :5 y he> !m1 y are greatly amus$ by !m1 & are n at all disgu/$ at _! unseeml9ess2--! case ( pity is repeat$2--!re is a pr9ciple 9 human nature :i* is dispos$ to raise a laugh1 & ?is :i* y once re/ra9$ by reason1 because y 7 afraid ( be+ ?\ght a buffoon1 is n[ let out aga92 & hav+ /imulat$ ! risible faculty at ! !atre1 y are betray$ unconsci\sly to y\rself into play+ ! comic poet at home4 ,q true1 he said4 99#fjf;,d99 ,& ! same may be said ( lu/ & ang] & all ! o!r affections1 ( desire & pa9 & pleasure1 :i* are held to be insep>able f e action--9 all ( !m #cbb poetry fe$s & wat]s ! passions in/ead ( dry+ !m up2 %e lets !m rule1 al?\gh !y ought to be controll$1 if mank9d are ev] to increase 9 happ9ess & virtue4 ,i _c d5y x4 ,sid5ote3 ,we are lov]s ( ,hom]1 b we mu/ expel him f our ,/ate4 99#fjf;,e99 ,!re=e1 ,glaucon1 ,i said1 :5ev] y meet ) any ( ! eulogi/s ( ,hom] decl>+ t he has be5 ! educator ( ,hellas1 & t he is pr(itable = education & = ! ord]+ ( human ?+s1 & t y %\ld 99#fjg;,a99 take him up aga9 & aga9 & get to "k him & regulate y\r :ole life accord+ to him1 we may love & hon\r ^? :o say ^! ?+s--!y are excell5t p1 z f> z _! lights ext5d2 & we are ready to ackn[l$ge t ,hom] is ! greate/ ( poets & fir/ ( trag$y writ]s2 b we mu/ rema9 firm 9 our conviction t hymns to ! gods & praises ( fam\s m5 are ! only poetry :i* ought to be admitt$ into our ,/ate4 ,= if y g beyond ?is & all[ ! honey$ muse to ent]1 ei!r 9 epic or lyric v]se1 n law & ! reason ( mank9d1 :i* by common cons5t h ev] be5 deem$ be/1 b pleasure & pa9 w be ! rul]s 9 our ,/ate4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,apology to ! poets4 99#fjg;,b99 ,& n[ s9ce we h rev]t$ to ! subject ( poetry1 let ?is our def5ce s]ve to %[ ! reasonabl5ess ( our =m] judgm5t 9 s5d+ away out ( our ,/ate an art hav+ ! t5d5cies :i* we h describ$2 = reason con/ra9$ u4 ,b t %e may n impute to u any h>%ness or want ( polit5ess1 let u tell h] t !re is an anci5t qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & poetry2 ( :i* !re are _m pro(s1 su* z ! say+ ( '! yelp+ h\nd h[l+ at h] "l1' or ( "o 'mighty 9 99#fjg;,c99 ! va9 talk ( fools1' & '! mob ( sages circumv5t+ ,zeus1' & ! 'subtle ?9k]s :o are begg>s aft] all'2 & !re are innum]able o!r signs ( anci5t enmity betwe5 !m4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 let u assure our sweet fri5d & ! si/] arts ( imitation1 t if %e w only prove h] title to exi/ 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate we %all be delight$ to receive h]--we are v consci\s ( h] *>ms2 b we may n on t acc\nt betray ! tru?4 #cbc ,i d>e say1 ,glaucon1 t y are z mu* *>m$ by h] 99#fjg;,d99 z ,i am1 especially :5 %e appe>s 9 ,hom]8 ,yes1 inde$1 ,i am greatly *>m$4 ,%all ,i propose1 !n1 t %e be all[$ to return f exile1 b ^u ?is condition only--t %e make a def5ce ( h]self 9 lyrical or "s o!r metre8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& we may fur!r grant to ^? ( h] def5d]s :o are lov]s ( poetry & yet n poets ! p]mission to speak 9 prose on h] behalf3 let !m %[ n only t %e is pleasant b also useful to ,/ates & to human life1 & we w li/5 9 a k9dly _s2 = if ?is c be prov$ 99#fjg;,e99 we %all surely be ! ga9]s--,i mean1 if !re is a use 9 poetry z well z a delight8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 we %all be ! ga9]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,poetry is attractive b n true4 ,if h] def5ce fails1 !n1 my de> fri5d1 l o!r p]sons :o are enam\r$ ( some?+1 b put a re/ra9t ^u !mselves :5 !y ?9k _! desires are oppos$ to _! int]e/s1 s too mu/ we aft] ! mann] ( lov]s give h] up1 ?\gh n )\t a /ruggle4 ,we too are inspir$ by t love ( poetry :i* ! education 99#fjh;,a99 ( noble ,/ates has implant$ 9 u1 & !re=e we w\ld h h] appe> at h] be/ & true/2 b s long z %e is unable to make good h] def5ce1 ?is argum5t ( ours %all be a *>m to u1 :i* we w repeat to ourselves :ile we li/5 to h] /ra9s2 t we may n fall away into ! *ildi% love ( h] :i* captivates ! _m4 ,at all ev5ts we are well aw>e#d t poetry be+ su* z we h describ$ is n to be reg>d$ s]i\sly z atta9+ to ! tru?2 & he :o li/5s to h]1 fe>+ = ! safety ( ! 99#fjh;,b99 city :i* is )9 him1 %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ h] s$uctions & make our words 8 law4 ,footnote #d3 ,or1 if we accept ,madvig's +5i\s b unnecess>y em5dation ,greek3 a7s_/me?a1 ',at all ev5ts we w s+1 t' c4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i q agree ) y4 ,yes1 ,i said1 my de> ,glaucon1 = great is ! issue at /ake1 great] ?an appe>s1 :e!r a man is to be good or bad4 ,& :at w any "o be pr(it$ if "u ! influ5ce ( hon\r or money or p[]1 aye1 or "u ! excitem5t ( poetry1 he neglect ju/ice & virtue8 #cbd ,yes1 he said2 ,i h be5 conv9c$ by ! argum5t1 z ,i believe t any "o else w\ld h be54 99#fjh;,c99 ,& yet no m5tion has be5 made ( ! greate/ prizes & rew>ds :i* await virtue4 ,:at1 are !re any great] /ill8 ,if !re are1 !y mu/ be ( an inconceivable greatness4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rew>ds ( virtue ext5d n only to ?is little space ( human life b to ! :ole ( exi/5ce4 ,:y1 ,i said1 :at 0 ev] great 9 a %ort "t8 ,! :ole p]iod ( ?ree score ye>s & t5 is surely b a little ?+ 9 comp>ison ) et]nity8 ,say r 'no?+1' he repli$4 ,& %\ld an immortal be+ s]i\sly ?9k ( ?is little 99#fjh;,d99 space r ?an ( ! :ole8 ,( ! :ole1 c]ta9ly4 ,b :y d y ask8 ,are y n aw>e1 ,i said1 t ! s\l ( man is immortal & imp]i%able8 ,he look$ at me 9 a/oni%m5t1 & said3 ,no1 by heav53 ,& are y really prep>$ to ma9ta9 ?is8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i ought to be1 & y too--!re is no difficulty 9 prov+ x4 ,i see a great difficulty2 b ,i %\ld l to he> y /ate ?is argum5t ( :i* y make s light4 ,li/5 !n4 ,i am att5d+4 ,!re is a ?+ :i* y call good & ano!r :i* y call evil8 ,yes1 he repli$4 99#fjh;,e99 ,w\ld y agree ) me 9 ?9k+ t ! corrupt+ & de/roy+ elem5t is ! evil1 & ! sav+ & improv+ elem5t ! good8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev]y?+ has a good & an evil1 & if n de/roy$ by its own evil1 w n be de/roy$ by t ( ano!r4 ,& y admit t e ?+ has a good & also an evil2 99#fji;,a99 z oph?almia is ! evil ( ! eyes & disease ( ! :ole body2 z mildew is ( corn1 & rot ( timb]1 or ru/ ( copp] & iron3 9 ev]y?+1 or 9 almo/ ev]y?+1 !re is an inh]5t evil & disease8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& any?+ :i* is infect$ by any ( ^! evils is made evil1 & at la/ :olly dissolves & dies8 ,true4 ,! vice & evil :i* is inh]5t 9 ea* is ! de/ruction #cbe ( ea*2 & if ?is does n de/roy !m !re is no?+ else t w2 99#fji;,b99 = good c]ta9ly w n de/roy !m1 nor aga91 t :i* is nei!r good nor evil4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d any nature :i* hav+ ?is inh]5t corruption _c be dissolv$ or de/roy$1 we may be c]ta9 t ( su* a nature !re is no de/ruction8 ,t may be assum$4 ,well1 ,i said1 & is !re no evil :i* corrupts ! s\l8 ,yes1 he said1 !re are all ! evils :i* we 7 j n[ 99#fji;,c99 pass+ 9 review3 unrighte\sness1 intemp]ance1 c[>dice1 ignorance4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re=e1 if ! s\l _c be de/roy$ by moral evil1 %e c]ta9ly w n be de/roy$ by physical evil4 ,b does any ( ^! dissolve or de/roy h]8--& "h d n let u fall into ! error ( suppos+ t ! unju/ & fooli% man1 :5 he is detect$1 p]i%es ?r\gh 8 own inju/ice1 :i* is an evil ( ! s\l4 ,take ! analogy ( ! body3 ,! evil ( ! body is a disease :i* wa/es & r$uces & annihilates ! body2 & all ! ?+s ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ come to annihilation 99#fji;,d99 ?r\gh _! own corruption atta*+ to !m & inh]+ 9 !m & s de/roy+ !m4 ,is n ?is true8 ,yes4 ,consid] ! s\l 9 l mann]4 ,does ! inju/ice or o!r evil :i* exi/s 9 ! s\l wa/e & consume h]8 ,d !y by atta*+ to ! s\l & inh]+ 9 h] at la/ br+ h] to dea?1 & s sep>ate h] f ! body8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& yet1 ,i said1 x is unreasonable to suppose t any?+ c p]i% f )\t ?r\gh affection ( ext]nal evil :i* c\ld n be de/roy$ f )9 by a corruption ( its own8 ,x is1 he repli$4 99#fji;,e99 ,consid]1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 t ev5 ! badness ( food1 :e!r /al5ess1 decomposition1 or any o!r bad quality1 :5 conf9$ to ! actual food1 is n suppos$ to de/roy ! body2 al?\gh1 if ! badness ( food communicates corruption to ! body1 !n we %\ld say t ! body 99#faj;,a99 has be5 de/roy$ by a corruption ( itself1 :i* is disease1 br\ght on by ?is2 b t ! body1 be+ "o ?+1 c be de/roy$ by ! badness ( food1 :i* #cbf is ano!r1 & :i* does n eng5d] any natural infection--?is we %all absolutely d5y8 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,evil means ! contagion ( evil1 & ! evil ( ! body does n infect ! s\l4 ,&1 on ! same pr9ciple1 unless "s bodily evil c produce an evil ( ! s\l1 we mu/ n suppose t ! s\l1 :i* is "o ?+1 c be dissolv$ by any m]ely ext]nal evil :i* belongs to ano!r8 ,yes1 he said1 !re is reason 9 t4 ,ei!r1 !n1 let u refute ?is conclusion1 or1 :ile x 99#faj;,b99 rema9s unrefut$1 let u nev] say t fev]1 or any o!r disease1 or ! knife put to ! ?roat1 or ev5 ! cutt+ up ( ! :ole body into ! m9ute/ pieces1 c de/roy ! s\l1 until %e h]self is prov$ to become m unholy or unrighte\s 9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?+s be+ done to ! body2 b t ! s\l1 or any?+ else if n de/roy$ 99#faj;,c99 by an int]nal evil1 c be de/roy$ by an ext]nal "o1 is n to be affirm$ by any man4 ,& surely1 he repli$1 no "o w ev] prove t ! s\ls ( m5 become m unju/ 9 consequ5ce ( dea?4 ,b if "s "o :o w\ld r n admit ! immortality ( ! s\l boldly d5ies ?is1 & says t ! dy+ d really become m evil & unrighte\s1 !n1 if ! speak] is "r1 ,i suppose t inju/ice1 l disease1 mu/ be assum$ to be fatal to ! unju/1 & t ^? :o take 99#faj;,d99 ?is disord] die by ! natural inh]5t p[] ( de/ruction :i* evil has1 & :i* kills !m soon] or lat]1 b 9 q ano!r way f t 9 :i*1 at pres5t1 ! wick$ receive dea? at ! h&s ( o!rs z ! p5alty ( _! de$s8 ,nay1 he said1 9 t case inju/ice1 if fatal to ! unju/1 w n be s v t]rible to him1 = he w be deliv]$ f evil4 ,b ,i r suspect ! opposite to be ! tru?1 99#faj;,e99 & t inju/ice :i*1 if x h ! p[]1 w murd] o!rs1 keeps ! murd]] alive--aye1 & well awake too2 s f> remov$ is h] dwell+-place f be+ a h\se ( dea?4 ,true1 ,i said2 if ! inh]5t natural vice or evil ( ! s\l is unable to kill or de/roy h]1 h>dly w t :i* is appo9t$ to be ! de/ruction ( "s o!r body1 de/roy a s\l or any?+ else except t ( :i* x 0 appo9t$ to be ! de/ruction4 #cbg ,yes1 t c h>dly be4 ,b ! s\l :i* _c be de/roy$ by an evil1 :e!r 99#faa;,a99 inh]5t or ext]nal1 mu/ exi/ = ev]1 & if exi/+ = ev]1 mu/ be immortal8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ! s\l is inde/ructible1 ! numb] ( s\ls c nev] increase or dim9i%4 ,t is ! conclusion1 ,i said2 &1 if a true conclusion1 !n ! s\ls mu/ always be ! same1 = if none be de/roy$ !y w n dim9i% 9 numb]4 ,nei!r w !y increase1 = ! increase ( ! immortal natures mu/ come f some?+ mortal1 & all ?+s w\ld ?us end 9 immortality4 ,v true4 99#faa;,b99 ,b ?is we _c believe--reason w n all[ u--any m ?an we c believe ! s\l1 9 h] true/ nature1 to be full ( v>iety & diff]5ce & dissimil>ity4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,! s\l1 ,i said1 be+1 z is n[ prov51 immortal1 mu/ be ! faire/ ( compositions & _c be comp\nd$ ( _m elem5ts8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l1 if %e is to be se5 truly1 %\ld be /ripp$ ( ! accid5ts ( e>?4 ,h] immortality is demon/rat$ by ! previ\s argum5t1 & !re are _m o!r pro(s2 b to see h] z %e 99#faa;,c99 really is1 n z we n[ behold h]1 m>r$ by communion ) ! body & o!r mis]ies1 y mu/ contemplate h] ) ! eye ( reason1 9 h] orig9al purity2 & !n h] beauty w be reveal$1 & ju/ice & inju/ice & all ! ?+s :i* we h describ$ w be manife/$ m cle>ly4 ,?us f>1 we h spok5 ! tru? conc]n+ h] z %e appe>s at pres5t1 b we mu/ rememb] also t we h se5 h] only 9 a condition :i* may be comp>$ 99#faa;,d99 to t ( ! sea-god ,glaucus1 ^: orig9al image c h>dly be disc]n$ because 8 natural memb]s are brok5 (f & cru%$ & damag$ by ! waves 9 all sorts ( ways1 & incru/ations h gr[n ov] !m ( seawe$ & %ells & /ones1 s t he is m l "s mon/] ?an he is to 8 own natural =m4 ,& ! s\l :i* we behold is 9 a simil> condition1 disfigur$ by t5 ?\s& ills4 ,b n !re1 ,glaucon1 n !re mu/ we look4 ,:]e !n8 ,sid5ote3 ,h] true conv]sation is ) ! et]nal4 99#faa;,e99 ,at h] love ( wisdom4 ,let u see :om %e affects1 & #cbh :at society & conv]se %e seeks 9 virtue ( h] ne> k9dr$ ) ! immortal & et]nal & div9e2 also h[ diff]5t %e w\ld become if :olly foll[+ ?is sup]ior pr9ciple1 & borne by a div9e impulse out ( ! ocean 9 :i* %e n[ is1 & dis5gag$ f ! /ones & %ells & ?+s ( e>? & rock :i* 9 wild v>iety spr+ up 99#fab;,a99 ar\nd h] because %e fe$s ^u e>?1 & is ov]gr[n by ! good ?+s ( ?is life z !y are t]m$3 !n y w\ld see h] z %e is1 & "k :e!r %e h "o %ape only or _m1 or :at h] nature is4 ,( h] affections & ( ! =ms :i* %e takes 9 ?is pres5t life ,i ?9k t we h n[ said en\gh4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,hav+ put aside = argum5t's sake ! rew>ds ( virtue1 we may n[ claim to h !m re/or$4 ,& ?us1 ,i said1 we h fulfill$ ! conditions ( ! argum5t#e2 99#fab;,b99 we h n introduc$ ! rew>ds & glories ( ju/ice1 :i*1 z y 7 say+1 are to be f\nd 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod2 b ju/ice 9 h] own nature has be5 %[n to be be/ = ! s\l 9 h] own nature4 ,let a man d :at is j1 :e!r he h ! r+ ( ,gyges or n1 & ev5 if 9 addition to ! r+ ( ,gyges he put on ! helmet ( ,hades4 ,footnote #e3 ,read+ ,greek3 a7pelusa_/me?a4 ,v true4 ,& n[1 ,glaucon1 !re w be no h>m 9 fur!r enum]at+ h[ _m & h[ great are ! rew>ds :i* 99#fab;,c99 ju/ice & ! o!r virtues procure to ! s\l f gods & m51 bo? 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,w y repay me1 !n1 :at y borr[$ 9 ! argum5t8 ,:at did ,i borr[8 ,! assumption t ! j man %\ld appe> unju/ & ! unju/ j3 = y 7 ( op9ion t ev5 if ! true /ate ( ! case c\ld n possibly escape ! eyes ( gods & m51 /ill ?is admission ought to be made = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 9 ord] t pure ju/ice might be 99#fab;,d99 weigh$ aga9/ pure inju/ice4 ,d y rememb]8 ,i %\ld be mu* to blame if ,i _h =gott54 ,!n1 z ! cause is decid$1 ,i dem& on behalf ( ju/ice t ! e/imation 9 :i* %e is held by gods & #cbi m5 & :i* we ackn[l$ge to be h] due %\ld n[ be re/or$ to h] by u#f2 s9ce %e has be5 %[n to conf] reality1 & n to deceive ^? :o truly possess h]1 let :at has be5 tak5 f h] be giv5 back1 t s %e may w9 t palm ( appe>ance :i* is h]s also1 & :i* %e gives to h] own4 ,footnote #f3 ,read+ ,greek3 7mn4 99#fab;,e99 ,! dem&1 he said1 is j4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i said--& ?is is ! fir/ ?+ :i* y w h to give back--! nature bo? ( ! j & unju/ is truly kn[n to ! gods4 ,grant$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! j man is ! fri5d ( ! gods1 & all ?+s "w toge!r = 8 good4 ,& if !y are bo? kn[n to !m1 "o mu/ be ! fri5d & ! o!r ! enemy ( ! gods1 z we admitt$ f ! beg9n+8 ,true4 99#fac;,a99 ,& ! fri5d ( ! gods may be suppos$ to receive f !m all ?+s at _! be/1 except+ only su* evil z is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( =m] s9s8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ?is mu/ be our notion ( ! j man1 t ev5 :5 he is 9 pov]ty or sickness1 or any o!r seem+ mis=tune1 all ?+s w 9 ! end "w toge!r = good to him 9 life & dea?3 = ! gods h a c>e ( any "o ^: desire is to become j & to be l ,god1 z f> z 99#fac;,b99 man c atta9 ! div9e lik5ess1 by ! pursuit ( virtue8 ,yes1 he said2 if he is l ,god he w surely n be neglect$ by him4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unju/ is ! opposite4 ,& ( ! unju/ may n ! opposite be suppos$8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! palms ( victory :i* ! gods give ! j8 ,t is my conviction4 ,sid5ote3 ,he may be comp>$ to a runn] :o is only good at ! />t4 ,& :at d !y receive ( m58 ,look at ?+s z !y really are1 & y w see t ! clev] unju/ are 9 ! case ( runn]s1 :o run well f ! />t+-place to ! goal b n back aga9 f ! goal3 !y g (f at a great pace1 99#fac;,c99 b 9 ! end only look fooli%1 sl9k+ away ) _! e>s draggl+ on _! %\ld]s1 & )\t a cr[n2 b ! true runn] comes to ! f9i% & receives ! #ccj prize & is cr[n$4 ,& ?is is ! way ) ! j2 he :o endures to ! end ( e action & occasion ( 8 entire life has a good report & c>ries (f ! prize :i* m5 h to be/[4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ( ?+s unfit = e>s polite :i* _h be5 describ$ by ,glaucon 9 ,book ,,ii4 ,& n[ y mu/ all[ me to repeat ( ! j ! bless+s :i* y 7 attribut+ to ! =tunate unju/4 99#fac;,d99 ,i %all say ( !m1 :at y 7 say+ ( ! o!rs1 t z !y gr[ old]1 !y become rul]s 9 _! own city if !y c>e to be2 !y m>ry :om !y l & give 9 m>riage to :om !y w2 all t y said ( ! o!rs ,i n[ say ( ^!4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! unju/ ,i say t ! great] numb]1 ev5 ?\gh !y escape 9 _! y\?1 are f\nd out at la/ & look fooli% at ! end ( _! c\rse1 & :5 !y come to be old & mis]able are fl\t$ alike by /rang] & citiz52 !y are beat5 & 99#fac;,e99 !n come ^? ?+s unfit = e>s polite1 z y truly t]m !m2 !y w be rack$ & h _! eyes burn$ out1 z y 7 say+4 ,& y may suppose t ,i h repeat$ ! rema9d] ( y\r tale ( horrors4 ,b w y let me assume1 )\t recit+ !m1 t ^! ?+s are true8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 :at y say is true4 99#fad;,a99 ,^!1 !n1 are ! prizes & rew>ds & gifts :i* are be/[$ ^u ! j by gods & m5 9 ?is pres5t life1 9 addition to ! o!r good ?+s :i* ju/ice ( h]self provides4 ,yes1 he said2 & !y are fair & la/+4 ,& yet1 ,i said1 all ^! are z no?+ ei!r 9 numb] or greatness 9 comp>ison ) ^? o!r recomp5ses :i* await bo? j & unju/ aft] dea?4 ,& y ought to he> !m1 & !n bo? j & unju/ w h receiv$ f u a full paym5t ( ! debt :i* ! argum5t owes to !m4 99#fad;,b99 ,speak1 he said2 !re are few ?+s :i* ,i w\ld m gladly he>4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! vision ( ,er4 ,sid5ote3 ,! judgem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two op5+s 9 heav5 & ! two 9 e>? ?r\gh :i* pass$ ^? :o 7 beg9n+ & ^? :o _h complet$ _! pilgrimage4 ,sid5ote3 ,! meet+ 9 ! mead[4 ,sid5ote3 ,! puni%m5t t5fold ! s94 ,sid5ote3 ',unbaptiz$ infants4' ,sid5ote3 ,ardiaeus ! tyrant4 ,sid5ote3 ,incurable s9n]s4 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i w tell y a tale2 n "o ( ! tales :i* ,odysseus tells to ! h]o ,alc9\s1 yet ?is too is a tale ( a h]o1 ,er ! son ( ,arm5ius1 a ,pamphylian by bir?4 ,he 0 sla9 9 battle1 & t5 days aft]w>ds1 :5 ! bodies ( ! dead 7 tak5 up already 9 a /ate ( corruption1 8 body 0 f\nd unaffect$ by decay1 & #cca c>ri$ away home to be buri$4 ,& on ! twelf? day1 z he 0 ly+ on ! fun]al pile1 he return$ to life & told !m :at he _h se5 9 ! o!r _w4 ,he said t :5 8 s\l left ! body he w5t on a j\rney ) a great company1 99#fad;,c99 & t !y came to a my/]i\s place at :i* !re 7 two op5+s 9 ! e>?2 !y 7 ne> toge!r1 & ov] aga9/ !m 7 two o!r op5+s 9 ! heav5 above4 ,9 ! int]m$iate space !re 7 judges seat$1 :o comm&$ ! j1 aft] !y _h giv5 judgm5t on !m & _h b\nd _! s5t5ces 9 front ( !m1 to asc5d by ! heav5ly way on ! "r h&2 & 9 l mann] ! unju/ 7 bidd5 by !m to desc5d by ! l[] way on ! left h&2 ^! also bore ! symbols ( _! de$s1 b fa/5$ on _! backs4 ,he drew ne>1 99#fad;,d99 & !y told him t he 0 to be ! mess5g] :o w\ld c>ry ! report ( ! o!r _w to m51 & !y bade him he> & see all t 0 to be he>d & se5 9 t place4 ,!n he beheld & saw on "o side ! s\ls dep>t+ at ei!r op5+ ( heav5 & e>? :5 s5t5ce _h be5 giv5 on !m2 & at ! two o!r op5+s o!r s\ls1 "s asc5d+ out ( ! e>? du/y & worn ) travel1 "s desc5d+ out ( heav5 clean & bright4 ,& 99#fad;,e99 arriv+ ev] & anon !y seem$ to h come f a long j\rney1 & !y w5t =? ) gladness into ! mead[1 :]e !y encamp$ z at a fe/ival2 & ^? :o knew "o ano!r embrac$ & conv]s$1 ! s\ls :i* came f e>? curi\sly enquir+ ab\t ! ?+s above1 & ! s\ls :i* came f heav5 ab\t ! ?+s b5ea?4 ,& !y told "o ano!r ( :at _h happ5$ by ! way1 ^? f bel[ weep+ & sorr[+ 99#fae;,a99 at ! remembrance ( ! ?+s :i* !y _h endur$ & se5 9 _! j\rney b5ea? ! e>? 7n[ ! j\rney la/$ a ?\s& ye>s71 :ile ^? f above 7 describ+ heav5ly delights & visions ( inconceivable beauty4 ,! /ory1 ,glaucon1 w\ld take too long to tell2 b ! sum 0 ?is3--,he said t = e wrong :i* !y _h done to any "o !y suff]$ t5fold2 or once 9 a hundr$ ye>s--su* be+ reckon$ to be ! l5g? 99#fae;,b99 ( man's life1 & ! p5alty be+ ?us paid t5 times 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,if1 = example1 !re 7 any :o _h be5 #ccb ! cause ( _m dea?s1 or _h betray$ or enslav$ cities or armies1 or be5 guilty ( any o!r evil behavi\r1 = ea* & all ( _! (f5ces !y receiv$ puni%m5t t5 times ov]1 & ! rew>ds ( b5efic5ce & ju/ice & 99#fae;,c99 hol9ess 7 9 ! same proportion4 ,i ne$ h>dly repeat :at he said conc]n+ "y *ildr5 dy+ almo/ z soon z !y 7 born4 ,( piety & impiety to gods & p>5ts1 & ( murd]]s#g1 !re 7 retributions o!r & great] f> :i* he describ$4 ,he m5tion$ t he 0 pres5t :5 "o ( ! spirits ask$ ano!r1 ',:]e is ,ardiaeus ! ,great8' 7,n[ ?is ,ardiaeus liv$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,er3 he _h be5 ! tyrant ( "s city ( ,pamphylia1 & _h murd]$ 8 ag$ fa!r & 8 eld] bro!r1 99#fae;,d99 & 0 said to h committ$ _m o!r abom9able crimes47 ,! answ] ( ! o!r _s 03 ',he comes n hi!r & w nev] come4 ,& ?is1' said he1 '0 "o ( ! dreadful sights :i* we ourselves witness$4 ,we 7 at ! m\? ( ! cav]n1 &1 hav+ complet$ all our exp]i5ces1 7 ab\t to reasc5d1 :5 ( a sudd5 ,ardiaeus appe>$ & sev]al o!rs1 mo/ ( :om 7 tyrants2 & !re 7 also besides ! tyrants private individuals 99#fae;,e99 :o _h be5 great crim9als3 !y 7 j1 z !y fanci$1 ab\t to return into ! upp] _w1 b ! m\?1 in/ead ( admitt+ !m1 gave a ro>1 :5ev] any ( ^! incurable s9n]s or "s "o :o _h n be5 suffici5tly puni%$ tri$ to asc5d2 & !n wild m5 ( fi]y aspect1 :o 7 /&+ by & he>d ! s\nd1 99#faf;,a99 seiz$ & c>ri$ !m (f2 & ,ardiaeus & o!rs !y b\nd head & foot & h&1 & ?rew !m d[n & flay$ !m ) sc\rges1 & dragg$ !m along ! road at ! side1 c>d+ !m on ?orns l wool1 & decl>+ to ! pass]s-by :at 7 _! crimes1 & t#h !y 7 be+ tak5 away to be ca/ into hell4' ,& ( all ! _m t]rors :i* !y _h endur$1 he said t !re 0 none l ! t]ror :i* ea* ( !m felt at t mom5t1 le/ !y %\ld he> ! voice2 & :5 !re 0 sil5ce1 "o by "o !y asc5d$ ) exce$+ joy4 ,^!1 said ,er1 7 ! p5alties & retributions1 & !re 7 bless+s z great4 #ccc ,footnote #g3 ,read+ ,greek3 au7to_/*eiras4 ,footnote #h3 ,read+ ,greek3 kai o7_/ti4 ,sid5ote3 ,! :orls repres5t+ ! sph]es ( ! heav5ly bodies4 99#faf;,b99 ,n[ :5 ! spirits :i* 7 9 ! mead[ _h t>ri$ sev5 days1 on ! eigh? !y 7 oblig$ to proce$ on _! j\rney1 &1 on ! f\r? day aft]1 he said t !y came to a place :]e !y c\ld see f above a l9e ( light1 /raight z a column1 ext5d+ "r ?r\gh ! :ole heav5 & ?r\gh ! e>?1 9 col\r resembl+ ! ra9b[1 only bright] & pur]2 ano!r day's j\rney br\ght !m to ! place1 & !re1 9 ! 99#faf;,c99 mid/ ( ! light1 !y saw ! ends ( ! *a9s ( heav5 let d[n f above3 = ?is light is ! belt ( heav51 & holds toge!r ! circle ( ! univ]se1 l ! "u-gird]s ( a trireme4 ,f ^! ends is ext5d$ ! sp9dle ( ,necessity1 on :i* all ! revolutions turn4 ,! %aft & hook ( ?is sp9dle are made ( /eel1 & ! :orl is made p>tly ( /eel & also p>tly ( o!r mat]ials4 99#faf;,d99 ,n[ ! :orl is 9 =m l ! :orl us$ on e>?2 & ! description ( x impli$ t !re is "o l>ge holl[ :orl :i* is q scoop$ out1 & into ?is is fitt$ ano!r less] "o1 & ano!r1 & ano!r1 & f\r o!rs1 mak+ eight 9 all1 l vessels :i* fit into "o ano!r2 ! :orls %[ _! edges on ! upp] side1 & on _! 99#faf;,e99 l[] side all toge!r =m "o cont9u\s :orl4 ,?is is pi]c$ by ! sp9dle1 :i* is driv5 home ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! eigh?4 ,! fir/ & out]mo/ :orl has ! rim broade/1 & ! sev5 inn] :orls are n>r[]1 9 ! foll[+ proportions--! six? is next to ! fir/ 9 size1 ! f\r? next to ! six?2 !n comes ! eigh?2 ! sev5? is fif?1 ! fif? is six?1 ! ?ird is sev5?1 la/ & eigh? comes ! second4 ,! l>ge/ or fix$ />s is spangl$1 & ! sev5? or sun is brighte/2 ! eigh? or moon 99#fag;,a99 col\r$ by ! reflect$ light ( ! sev5?2 ! second & fif? ,saturn & ,m]cury are 9 col\r l "o ano!r1 & yell[] ?an ! prec$+2 ! ?ird ,v5us has ! :ite/ light2 ! f\r? ,m>s is r$di%2 ! six? ,jupit] is 9 :it5ess second4 ,n[ ! :ole sp9dle has ! same motion2 b1 z ! :ole revolves 9 "o direction1 ! sev5 inn] circles move sl[ly 9 ! o!r1 & ( ^! ! swifte/ is ! eigh?2 next 9 swiftness are ! 99#fag;,b99 sev5?1 six?1 & fif?1 :i* move toge!r2 ?ird 9 swiftness appe>$ to move accord+ to ! law ( ?is #ccd rev]s$ motion ! f\r?2 ! ?ird appe>$ f\r? & ! second fif?4 ,! sp9dle turns on ! knees ( ,necessity2 & on ! upp] surface ( ea* circle is a sir51 :o goes r\nd ) !m1 hymn+ a s+le tone or note4 ,! eight toge!r =m "o h>mony2 & r\nd ab\t1 at equal int]vals1 99#fag;,c99 !re is ano!r b&1 ?ree 9 numb]1 ea* sitt+ ^u h] ?rone3 ^! are ! ,fates1 daught]s ( ,necessity1 :o are clo!d 9 :ite robes & h *aplets ^u _! heads1 ,la*esis & ,clo?o & ,atropos1 :o accompany ) _! voices ! h>mony ( ! sir5s--,la*esis s++ ( ! pa/1 ,clo?o ( ! pres5t1 ,atropos ( ! future2 ,clo?o f "t to "t assi/+ ) a t\* ( h] "r h& ! revolution ( ! out] circle ( ! :orl or sp9dle1 & ,atropos ) h] left h& t\*+ & guid+ ! inn] ones1 & ,la*esis lay+ 99#fag;,d99 hold ( ei!r 9 turn1 fir/ ) "o h& & !n ) ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! proclamation ( ! free *oice4 ,sid5ote3 ,! complexity ( circum/ances1 ,sid5ote3 & _! relation to ! human s\l4 ,:5 ,er & ! spirits arriv$1 _! duty 0 to g at once to ,la*esis2 b fir/ ( all !re came a prophet :o arrang$ !m 9 ord]2 !n he took f ! knees ( ,la*esis lots & samples ( lives1 & hav+ m\nt$ a high pulpit1 spoke z foll[s3 ',he> ! ^w ( ,la*esis1 ! daught] ( ,necessity4 ,mortal s\ls1 behold a new cycle ( life & mortality4 ,y\r g5ius w n be allott$ to y1 99#fag;,e99 b y w *oose y\r g5ius2 & let him :o draws ! fir/ lot h ! fir/ *oice1 & ! life :i* he *ooses %all be 8 de/9y4 ,virtue is free1 & z a man hon\rs or di%on\rs h] he w h m or less ( h]2 ! responsibility is ) ! *oos]--,god is ju/ifi$4' ,:5 ! ,int]pret] _h ?us spok5 he scatt]$ lots indiff]5tly among !m all1 & ea* ( !m took up ! lot :i* fell ne> him1 all b ,er himself 7he 0 n all[$71 & ea* z he took 8 lot p]ceiv$ ! numb] :i* he _h obta9$4 99#fah;,a99 ,!n ! ,int]pret] plac$ on ! gr\nd be=e !m ! samples ( lives2 & !re 7 _m m lives ?an ! s\ls pres5t1 & !y 7 ( all sorts4 ,!re 7 lives ( e animal & ( man 9 e condition4 ,& !re 7 tyrannies among !m1 "s la/+ out ! tyrant's life1 o!rs :i* broke (f 9 ! middle & came to an end 9 pov]ty & exile & begg>y2 & !re 7 #cce lives ( fam\s m51 "s :o 7 fam\s = _! =m & beauty z well z = _! /r5g? & success 9 games1 99#fah;,b99 or1 aga91 = _! bir? & ! qualities ( _! ance/ors2 & "s :o 7 ! rev]se ( fam\s = ! opposite qualities4 ,& ( wom5 likewise2 !re 0 n1 h[ev]1 any def9ite "* 9 !m1 because ! s\l1 :5 *oos+ a new life1 mu/ ( necessity become diff]5t4 ,b !re 0 e o!r quality1 & ! all m+l$ ) "o ano!r1 & also ) elem5ts ( weal? & pov]ty1 & disease & heal?2 & !re 7 mean /ates also4 ,& "h1 my de> ,glaucon1 is ! supreme p]il ( our human /ate2 & !re=e ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak54 99#fah;,c99 ,let ea* "o ( u leave e o!r k9d ( k & seek & foll[ "o ?+ only1 if p]adv5ture he may be able to le>n & may f9d "s "o :o w make him able to le>n & disc]n betwe5 good & evil1 & s to *oose always & ev]y:]e ! bett] life z he has opportunity4 ,he %\ld consid] ! be>+ ( all ^! ?+s :i* h be5 m5tion$ sev]ally & collectively ^u virtue2 he %\ld "k :at ! effect ( beauty is :5 comb9$ ) pov]ty or weal? 9 a 99#fah;,d99 p>ticul> s\l1 & :at are ! good & evil consequ5ces ( noble & humble bir?1 ( private & public /ation1 ( /r5g? & weakness1 ( clev]ness & dullness1 & ( all ! natural & acquir$ gifts ( ! s\l1 & ! op]ation ( !m :5 conjo9$2 he w !n look at ! nature ( ! s\l1 & f ! consid]ation ( all ^! qualities he w be able to det]m9e :i* is ! bett] & :i* is ! worse2 & s he w *oose1 giv+ ! "n 99#fah;,e99 ( evil to ! life :i* w make 8 s\l m unju/1 & good to ! life :i* w make 8 s\l m j2 all else he w disreg>d4 ,= we h se5 & "k t ?is is 99#fai;,a99 ! be/ *oice bo? 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,a man mu/ take ) him into ! _w bel[ an adamant9e fai? 9 tru? & "r1 t !re too he may be undazzl$ by ! desire ( weal? or ! o!r allurem5ts ( evil1 le/1 com+ ^u tyrannies & simil> villa9ies1 he d irrem$iable wrongs to o!rs & suff] yet worse himself2 b let him "k h[ to *oose ! mean & avoid ! extremes on ei!r side1 z f> z possible1 n only 9 ?is life b #ccf 9 all 99#fai;,b99 t :i* is to come4 ,= ?is is ! way ( happ9ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,habit n en\gh )\t philosophy :5 circum/ances *ange4 ,sid5ote3 ,! spectacle ( ! election4 ,& accord+ to ! report ( ! mess5g] f ! o!r _w ?is 0 :at ! prophet said at ! "t3 ',ev5 = ! la/ com]1 if he *ooses wisely & w live dilig5tly1 !re is appo9t$ a happy & n undesirable exi/5ce4 ,let n him :o *ooses fir/ be c>eless1 & let n ! la/ despair4' ,& :5 he _h spok51 he :o _h ! fir/ *oice came =w>d & 9 a mom5t *ose ! greate/ tyranny2 8 m9d hav+ be5 d>k5$ by folly & s5suality1 he _h n ?\ght out ! :ole matt] be=e he *ose1 & did n at fir/ sight p]ceive t he 99#fai;,c99 0 fat$1 among o!r evils1 to dev\r 8 own *ildr54 ,b :5 he _h "t to reflect1 & saw :at 0 9 ! lot1 he began to beat 8 brea/ & lam5t ov] 8 *oice1 =gett+ ! proclamation ( ! prophet2 =1 in/ead ( ?r[+ ! blame ( 8 mis=tune on himself1 he accus$ *ance & ! gods1 & ev]y?+ r ?an himself4 ,n[ he 0 "o ( ^? :o came f heav51 & 9 a =m] life _h dwelt 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate1 b 8 virtue 99#fai;,d99 0 a matt] ( habit only1 & he _h no philosophy4 ,& x 0 true ( o!rs :o 7 simil>ly ov]tak51 t ! great] numb] ( !m came f heav5 & !re=e !y _h nev] be5 s*ool$ by trial1 :]eas ! pilgrims :o came f e>? hav+ !mselves suff]$ & se5 o!rs suff]1 7 n 9 a hurry to *oose4 ,& ow+ to ?is inexp]i5ce ( !irs1 & also because ! lot 0 a *ance1 _m ( ! s\ls ex*ang$ a good de/9y = an evil or an evil = a good4 ,= if a man _h always on 8 arrival 9 ?is _w d$icat$ himself f ! fir/ to s\nd philosophy1 99#fai;,e99 & _h be5 mod]ately =tunate 9 ! numb] ( ! lot1 he might1 z ! mess5g] report$1 be happy "h1 & also 8 j\rney to ano!r life & return to ?is1 in/ead ( be+ r\gh & und]gr\nd1 w\ld be smoo? & heav5ly4 ,mo/ curi\s1 he said1 0 ! spectacle--sad & laughable & /range2 = ! *oice ( ! s\ls 99#fbj;,a99 0 9 mo/ cases bas$ on _! exp]i5ce ( a previ\s life4 ,!re he saw ! s\l :i* _h once be5 ,orpheus *oos+ ! life ( a swan out ( enmity to ! race ( wom51 hat+ to be born ( a woman because !y _h #ccg be5 8 murd]]s2 he beheld also ! s\l ( ,?amyras *oos+ ! life ( a night+ale2 birds1 on ! o!r h&1 l ! swan & o!r musicians1 want+ to be m54 ,! 99#fbj;,b99 s\l :i* obta9$ ! tw5tie?#i lot *ose ! life ( a lion1 & ?is 0 ! s\l ( ,ajax ! son ( ,telamon1 :o w\ld n be a man1 rememb]+ ! inju/ice :i* 0 done him 9 ! judgm5t ab\t ! arms4 ,! next 0 ,agamemnon1 :o took ! life ( an eagle1 because1 l ,ajax1 he hat$ human nature by reason ( 8 suff]+s4 ,ab\t ! middle came ! lot ( ,atalanta2 %e1 see+ ! great fame ( an a?lete1 0 unable to resi/ ! temptation3 & aft] h] 99#fbj;,c99 !re foll[$ ! s\l ( ,epeus ! son ( ,panopeus pass+ into ! nature ( a woman cunn+ 9 ! arts2 & f> away among ! la/ :o *ose1 ! s\l ( ! je/] ,!rsites 0 putt+ on ! =m ( a monkey4 ,!re came also ! s\l ( ,odysseus hav+ yet to make a *oice1 & 8 lot happ5$ to be ! la/ ( !m all4 ,n[ ! recollection ( =m] toils _h dis5*ant$ him ( ambition1 & he w5t ab\t = a consid]able "t 9 se>* ( ! life ( a private man :o _h no c>es2 he _h "s difficulty 9 f9d+ ?is1 :i* 0 ly+ ab\t & _h be5 neglect$ by ev]ybody else2 99#fbj;,d99 & :5 he saw x1 he said t he w\ld h done ! same _h 8 lot be5 fir/ in/ead ( la/1 & t he 0 delight$ to h x4 ,& n only did m5 pass into animals1 b ,i mu/ also m5tion t !re 7 animals tame & wild :o *ang$ into "o ano!r & into correspond+ human natures--! good into ! g5tle & ! evil into ! savage1 9 all sorts ( comb9ations4 ,footnote #i3 ,read+ ,greek3 ei7ko/_/n4 ,all ! s\ls _h n[ *os5 _! lives1 & !y w5t 9 ! ord] ( _! *oice to ,la*esis1 :o s5t ) !m ! g5ius :om !y _h sev]ally *os51 to be ! gu>dian 99#fbj;,e99 ( _! lives & ! fulfill] ( ! *oice3 ?is g5ius l$ ! s\ls fir/ to ,clo?o1 & drew !m )9 ! revolution ( ! sp9dle impell$ by h] h&1 ?us ratify+ ! de/9y ( ea*2 & !n1 :5 !y 7 fa/5$ to ?is1 c>ri$ !m to ,atropos1 :o spun ! ?reads & made 99#fba;,a99 !m irrev]sible1 :5ce )\t turn+ r\nd !y pass$ b5ea? ! ?rone ( ,necessity2 & :5 !y _h all pass$1 !y m>*$ on 9 a scor*+ heat to ! pla9 ( #cch ,=getfulness1 :i* 0 a b>r5 wa/e de/itute ( trees & v]dure2 & !n t[>ds ev5+ !y encamp$ by ! riv] ( ,unm9dfulness1 ^: wat] no vessel c hold2 ( ?is !y 7 all oblig$ to dr9k a c]ta9 quantity1 & ^? :o 7 n sav$ by wisdom drank m ?an 0 necess>y2 & ea* "o z he drank =got all ?+s4 99#fba;,b99 ,n[ aft] !y _h gone to re/1 ab\t ! middle ( ! night !re 0 a ?und]/orm & e>?quake1 & !n 9 an in/ant !y 7 driv5 upw>ds 9 all mann] ( ways to _! bir?1 l />s %oot+4 ,he himself 0 h9d]$ f dr9k+ ! wat]4 ,b 9 :at mann] or by :at means he return$ to ! body he c\ld n say2 only1 9 ! morn+1 awak+ sudd5ly1 he f\nd himself ly+ on ! pyre4 ,& ?us1 ,glaucon1 ! tale has be5 sav$ & has n p]i%$1 99#fba;,c99 & w save u if we are ob$i5t to ! ^w spok52 & we %all pass safely ov] ! riv] ( ,=getfulness & our s\l w n be defil$4 ,:]e=e my c\nsel is1 t we hold fa/ ev] to ! heav5ly way & foll[ aft] ju/ice & virtue always1 consid]+ t ! s\l is immortal & able to endure e sort ( good & e sort ( evil4 ,?us %all we live de> to "o ano!r & to ! gods1 bo? :ile rema9+ "h & :51 l 99#fba;,d99 conqu]ors 9 ! games :o g r\nd to ga!r gifts1 we receive our rew>d4 ,& x %all be well ) u bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! pilgrimage ( a ?\s& ye>s :i* we h be5 describ+4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,,abd]a1 ,protagoras (1 #aj4 #fjj ,c4 ,abortion1 all[$ 9 c]ta9 cases1 #e4 #dfa ,c4 ,absolute beauty1 #e4 #dgf1 #dgi2 #f4 #did ,a1 #eja ,b1 #ejg ,b2--absolute good1 #f4 #ejg ,b2 #g4 #edj ,a2--absolute ju/ice1 #e4 #dgi2 #f4 #eja ,b2 #g4 #eag ,e2--absolute swiftness & sl[ness1 #g4 #ebi ,d2--absolute temp]ance1 #f4 #eja ,b2 --absolute unity1 #g4 #ebd ,e1 #ebe ,e2--! absolute & ! _m1 #f4 #ejg4 ,ab/ract ideas1 orig9 (1 #g4 #ebc4 ,cp4 ,idea4 ,a*aeans1 #c4 #chi ,e1 #cij ,e1 #cic ,a1 ,d1 #cid ,a4 ,a*illes1 ! son ( ,peleus1 ?ird 9 desc5t f ,zeus1 #c4 #cia ,c2 8 grief1 ib4 #chh ,a2 8 av>ice1 cruelty1 & insol5ce1 ib4 #cij ,e1 #cia ,a1 ,b2 8 ma/] ,pho5ix1 ib4 #cij ,e4 ,active life1 age =1 #g4 #eci1 #edj4 ,actors1 _c p]=m bo? tragic & comic p>ts1 #c4 #cie ,a4 ,adeimantus1 son ( ,ari/on1 a p]son 9 ! dialogue1 #a4 #cbg ,c2 8 g5ius1 #b4 #cfh ,a2 di/+ui%$ at ! battle ( ,meg>a1 ibid42 takes up ! disc\rse1 ib4 #cfb ,d1 #cfh ,e1 #cgf ,d2 #d4 #dai ,a2 #f4 #dhg ,a2 #h4 #edh ,e2 urges ,socrates to speak 9 detail ab\t ! community ( wom5 & *ildr51 #e4 #ddi4 ,adra/eia1 pray$ to1 #e4 #dea ,a4 ,adult]y1 #e4 #dfa ,a4 ,aes*ylus1 quot$3-- ,s4 c4 ,t4 #dea1 #h4 #eej ,c2 #eib1 #b4 #cfa ,b1 ,e2 #eic ib4 #cfb ,a2 ,niobe1 fr4 #adf1 #c4 #cia ,e2 fr4 #aea1 #b4 #chj ,a2 ,xan?ians1 fr4 #aei1 ib4 #cha ,d2 ,fab4 inc]t4 #bff1 ib4 #chc ,b2 #cbf1 #h4 #efc ,c4 ,aesculapius1 see ,asclepius4 ,aff9ity1 degrees (1 #e4 #dfa4 ,agamemnon1 8 dream1 #b4 #chc ,a2 8 gifts to ,a*illes1 #c4 #cij ,e2 8 ang] aga9/ ,*ryses1 ib4 #cib ,e foll42 %[n by ,palam$es 9 ! play to be a ridicul\s g5]al1 #g4 #ebb ,d2 8 s\l becomes an eagle1 #aj4 #fbj ,b4 ,age1 = active life1 #g4 #eci1 #edj2--;= m>riage1 #e4 #dfj2--;= philosophy1 #g4 #eci4 ,ag5t & pati5t h ! same qualities1 #d4 #dcg4 ,aglaion1 fa!r ( ,leontius1 #d4 #dci ,e4 ,agriculture1 tools requir$ =1 #b4 #cgj ,c4 ,ajax1 ! son ( ,telamon1 #aj4 #fbj ,b2 ! rew>d ( 8 brav]y1 #e4 #dfh ,d2 8 s\l turns into a lion1 #aj4 #fbj ,b4 ,alc9\s1 'tales (1' #aj4 #fad ,b4 ,allegory1 _c be und]/ood by ! "y1 #b4 #cgh ,e4 ,ambition1 disgraceful1 #a4 #cdg ,b 7cp4 #g4 #ebj ,d72 *>act]i/ic ( ! timocratic /ate & man1 #h4 #ede1 #edh1 #eej ,b1 #eec ,e2 easily passes into av>ice1 ib4 #eec ,e2 assign$ #cdj to ! passionate elem5t ( ! s\l1 #i4 #eha ,a2--ambiti\s m51 #e4 #dge ,a2 #f4 #dhe ,b4 ,ameles1 ! riv] 7 ,le!71 #aj4 #fba ,a1 ,c4 ,amusem5t1 a means ( education1 #d4 #dbe ,a2 #g4 #ecg ,a4 ,ana*>sis1 ! ,scy?ian1 8 inv5tions1 #aj4 #fjj ,a4 ,analogy ( ! arts appli$ to rul]s1 #a4 #cda2 ( ! arts & ju/ice1 ib4 #cdi2 ( m5 & animals1 #b4 #cge2 #e4 #dei4 ,anapae/ic rhy?ms1 #c4 #djj ,b4 ,an>*y1 beg9s 9 music1 #d4 #dbd ,e cp4 ,laws #c4 #gja ,b2 9 democracies1 #h4 #efb ,d4 ,ang]1 /irr$ by inju/ice1 #d4 #ddj4 ,animals1 lib]ty enjoy$ by1 9 a democracy1 #h4 #efb ,e1 #efc ,c2 *oose _! de/9y 9 ! next _w1 #aj4 #fbj ,d cp4 ,pha$r4 #bdi ,b4 ,anticipations ( pleasure & pa91 #i4 #ehd ,d4 ,aphrodit1 b\nd by ,hephae/us1 #c4 #cij ,c4 ,apollo1 song (1 at ! nuptials ( ,!tis1 #b4 #chc ,a2 ,apollo & ,a*illes1 #c4 #cia ,a2 ,*ryses' pray] to1 ib4 #cid ,a2 "l ( ! lyre1 ib4 #cii ,e2 fa!r ( ,asclepius1 ib4 #djh ,c2 ! ,god ( ,delphi1 #d4 #dbg ,a4 ,appe>ance1 p[] (1 #b4 #cfe ,b1 #cff ,c4 ,appetite1 good & bad1 #e4 #dge ,c4 ,appetites1 !1 #h4 #eei2 #i4 #ega 7cp4 #d4 #dci74 ,appetitive elem5t ( ! s\l1 #d4 #dci cp4 ,tim4 #gj ,e2 mu/ be subord9ate to reason & passion1 #d4 #ddb ,a2 #i4 #ega ,d2 may be describ$ z ! love ( ga91 #i4 #eha ,a4 ,arcadia1 temple ( ,lycaean ,zeus 91 #h4 #efe ,d4 ,ar*ilo*us1 quot$1 #b4 #cfe ,c4 ,ar*itecture1 #d4 #dch ,c2 necessity ( pure ta/e 91 #c4 #dja4 ,ardiaeus1 tyrant ( ,pamphylia1 8 et]nal puni%m5t1 #aj4 #fae ,c1 ,e4 ,ares & ,aphrodit1 #c4 #cij ,c4 ,argos1 ,agamemnon1 k+ (1 #c4 #cic ,e4 ,argum5t1 ! long] & ! %ort] me?od (1 #d4 #dce2 #f4 #ejd2 mislead+ nature ( 7,adeimantus71 #f4 #dhg2 y\?ful love (1 #g4 #eci cp4 ,phil4 #ae ,e4 ,= ! p]sonification ( ! argum5t1 see ,p]sonification4 ,arion1 #e4 #dec ,e4 ,ari/ocracy 7i4e4 ! ideal /ate or gov]nm5t ( ! be/71 #d4 #dde ,c 7cp4 #h4 #edd ,e1 #ede ,d1 & see ,/ate72 mode ( its decl9e1 #h4 #edf2 --! ari/ocratical man1 #g4 #eda ,b2 #h4 #edd ,e 7see ,gu>dians1 ,philosoph]1 ,rul]73--79 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w71 #a4 #cch ,d4 ,cp4 ,con/itution4 ,ari/on1 fa!r ( ,glaucon1 #a4 #cbg ,a 7cp4 #b4 #cfh ,a74 ,ari/onymus1 fa!r ( ,cleitophon1 #a4 #cbh ,b4 ,ari?metic1 mu/ be le>nt by ! rul]s1 #g4 #ebb-ebf2 use (1 9 =m+ ideas1 ib4 #ebd foll4 7cp4 #aj4 #fjb72 _s 9 :i* x %\ld be pursu$1 #g4 #ebe ,d2 common notions ab\t1 mi/ak51 ib4 ,e2 an excell5t in/rum5t ( education1 ib4 #ebf cp4 ,laws #e4 #gdg2 employ$ 9 ord] to express ! int]val betwe5 ! k+ & ! tyrant1 #i4 #ehg4 ,cp4 ,ma!matics4 ,arm5ius1 fa!r ( ,er1 ! ,pamphylian1 #aj4 #fad ,b4 ,arms1 ?r[+ away (1 disgraceful1 #e4 #dfh ,a2 arms ( ,hell5es n to be (f]$ z trophies 9 ! temples1 ib4 #dgj ,a4 ,army ne$$ 9 a /ate1 #b4 #cgd4 ,art1 influ5ce (1 on "*1 #c4 #djj foll42--art ( build+1 ib4 #dja ,a2 #d4 #dch ,c2 c>p5try1 #d4 #dbh ,c2 calculation1 #g4 #ebd1 #ebf ,b2 #aj4 #cda #fjb2 cook]y1 #a4 #ccb ,c2 dye+1 #d4 #dbi ,d2 embroid]y1 #c4 #dja ,a2 ex*ange1 #b4 #cfi ,c2 measurem5t1 #aj4 #fjb2 money-mak+1 #a4 #ccj2 #h4 #eef2 paym5t1 #a4 #cdf2 tactics1 #g4 #ebb ,e1 #ebe ,b2 weav+1 #c4 #dja ,a2 #e4 #dee ,d2 weigh+1 #aj4 #fjb ,d2--! arts ex]cis$ = ! good ( _! subject1 #a4 #cdb1 #cde-cdg cp4 ,eu?yph4 #ac2 int]e/$ 9 _! own p]fection1 #a4 #cdb2 diff] accord+ to _! functions1 ib4 #cdf2 full ( grace1 #c4 #dja ,a2 mu/ be subject to a c5sor%ip1 ib4 ,b2 causes ( ! det]ioration (1 #d4 #dba2 employm5t ( *ildr5 91 #e4 #dfg ,a2 ideals 91 ib4 #dgb ,d2 *iefly useful = practical purposes1 #g4 #ecc ,a2--! arts & philosophy1 #f4 #die ,e1 #dif ,c 7cp4 supra #e4 #dge ,d1 #dgf ,a72--! h&icraft arts a reproa*1 #i4 #eij ,c2--! less] arts 7,greek3 te*nu_/dria71 #e4 #dge ,d2 7,greek3 te_/*nia71 #f4 #die ,d2--?ree arts conc]n$ ) all ?+s1 #aj4 #fja4 ,art4 ,art1 accord+ to ! conception ( ,plato1 is n a collection ( canons ( criticism1 b a subtle influ5ce :i* p]vades all ?+s animate z well z inanimate 7#c4 #djj1 #dja74 ,he kn[s no?+ ( 's*ools' or ( ! hi/ory ( art1 nor does he select any build+ or /atue = condemnation or admiration4 ,cp4 ,protag4 #caa ,c1 :]e ,pheidias is casually m5tion$ z ! typical sculptor1 & ,m5o #ia ,d1 :]e ,socrates says t ,pheidias1 'al?\gh he wr\ght su* exce$+ly noble works1' did n make ne>ly s mu* money by !m z ,protagoras did by 8 wisdom4 ,plato judges art by "o te/1 'simplicity1' b "u ?is he includes mod]ation1 purity1 & h>mony ( proportion2 & he w\ld ext5d to sculpture & ar*itecture ! same rigid c5sor%ip :i* he has already appli$ to poetry & music 7#c4 #dja ,a74 ,he dislikes ! 'illusions' ( pa9t+ 7#aj4 #fjb7 & ! 'false proportions' giv5 by sculptors to _! subjects 7,soph4 #bcd ,e71 bo? ( :i* he classes z a species ( magic4 ,) m ju/ice he po9ts out ! dang] ( an excessive devotion to art2 7cp4 ! ludicr\s pictures ( ! unmanly musician 7#c4 #daa71 & ( ! dilettanti :o run ab\t to e *orus 7#e4 #dge774 ,b he hopes to save 8 gu>dians f effem9acy by ! sev]e discipl9e & tra9+ ( _! e>ly ye>s4 ,sp>ta & ,a!ns are to be comb9$ cp4 ,introduction1 p4 clxx3 ! citiz5s w live1 z ,adeimantus compla9s1 'l a g>rison ( m]c5>ies' 7#d4 #dai72 b !y w be surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( grace & beauty1 :i* w ins5sibly in/il noble & true ideas into _! m9ds4 ,artisans1 necess>y 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cgj2 h no "t to be ill1 #c4 #djf ,d4 ,arti/1 ! ,great1 #aj4 #eif cp4 ,laws #aj4 #ijb ,e2--! true arti/ does n "w = 8 own b5efit1 #a4 #cdf1 #cdg2--;arti/s mu/ imitate ! good only1 #c4 #dja ,c4 ,asclepiadae1 #c4 #dje ,d1 #djh ,b2 #aj4 #eii ,c4 ,asclepius1 son ( ,apollo1 #c4 #djh ,c2 n ignorant ( ! l+]+ treatm5t1 ib4 #djf ,d2 a /atesman1 ib4 #djg ,e2 said by ! poets to h be5 brib$ to re/ore a ri* man to life1 ib4 #djh ,b2 left disciples1 #aj4 #eii ,c2--desc5dants (1 #c4 #djf ,a2--8 sons at ,troy1 ibid4 ,assaults1 trials =1 w be unkn[n 9 ! be/ /ate1 #e4 #dfd ,e4 ,a/ronomy1 mu/ be /udi$ by ! rul]s1 #g4 #ebg-ecj2 _s 9 :i* x %\ld be pursu$1 ib4 #ebi1 #ecj4 #cdb ,atalanta1 *ose ! life ( an a?lete1 #aj4 #fbj ,b4 ,a!n1 n to be consid]$ au?or ( ! /rife betwe5 ,trojans & ,a*aeans1 #b4 #cgi ,e4 ,a!nian confection]y1 #c4 #djd ,e4 ,a!ns1 corpses expos$ outside ! nor!rn wall (1 #d4 #dci ,e4 ,a?lete1 ,atalanta *ooses ! s\l ( an1 #aj4 #fbj ,b2 a?letes1 oblig$ to pay excessive att5tion to diet1 #c4 #djd ,a2 sleep away _! lives1 ibid42 are apt to become brutaliz$1 ib4 #daj1 #daa 7cp4 #g4 #ece ,d72--! gu>dians a?letes ( w>1 #c4 #djc ,e1 #djd ,b2 #d4 #dbb2 #g4 #eba ,e2 #h4 #edc cp4 ,laws #h4 #hcj4 ,atridae1 #c4 #cic ,a4 ,atropos 7"o ( ! ,fates71 h] song1 #aj4 #fag ,c2 sp9s ! ?reads ( de/9y1 & makes !m irrev]sible1 ib4 #fbj ,e4 ,attic confections1 #c4 #djd ,e4 ,audi5ce1 see ,spectator4 ,autolycus1 prais$ by ,hom]1 #a4 #ccd ,a4 ,auxili>ies1 ! "y w>riors ( ! /ate1 #c4 #dad2 comp>$ to dogs1 #b4 #cgf2 #d4 #ddj ,d2 #e4 #dea ,d2 h silv] m+l$ 9 _! ve9s1 #c4 #dae ,a4 ,cp4 ,gu>dians4 ,av>ice1 disgraceful1 #a4 #cdg ,b2 =bidd5 9 ! gu>dians1 #c4 #cij ,e2 falsely imput$ to ,a*illes & ,asclepius by ! poets1 ib4 #cia ,b1 #djh ,c2 *>act]i/ic ( timocracy & olig>*y1 #h4 #edh ,a1 #eec4 ,b4 ,b>b>ians1 reg>d nak$ness z improp]1 #e4 #deb2 ! natural enemies ( ! ,hell5es1 ib4 #dfi ,d1 #dgj ,c cp4 ,pol4 #bfb ,d2 peculi> =ms ( gov]nm5t among1 #h4 #edd ,d4 ,bea/1 ! great1 #f4 #dic2 ! _m-head$1 #i4 #ehh1 #ehi2 '! wild bea/ )9 u1' ib4 #ega1 #egb4 ,beautiful1 !1 & ! good are "o1 #e4 #deb2--! _m beautiful contra/$ ) absolute beauty1 #f4 #ejg ,b4 ,beauty z a means ( education1 #c4 #dja foll42 absolute beauty1 #e4 #dgf1 #dgi2 #f4 #did ,a1 #eja ,b1 #ejg ,b cp4 ,laws #b4 #fee ,c4 ,becom+1 ! passage f1 to be+1 #g4 #eah ,d1 #eba ,d1 #ebe ,d4 ,b$s1 ! figure ( ! ?ree1 #aj4 #eif4 ,bee-ma/]s1 #h4 #efd ,c4 ,be+ & n be+1 #e4 #dgg2 true be+ ! object ( ! philosoph]'s desire1 #f4 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf ,e1 #dij1 #ejj ,c2 #g4 #eba1 #ecg ,d2 #i4 #eha1 #ehb ,c 7cp4 #e4 #dge ,e2 #g4 #ebj ,b1 #ebe2 & ,pha$o #hb2 ,pha$r4 #bdi2 ,!aet4 #agc ,e2 ,soph4 #bdi ,d1 #bed72 conc]n$ ) ! inv>iable1 #i4 #ehe ,c4 ,belief1 see ,fai?4 ,b5didea1 a fea/ ( ,artemis1 #a4 #ced ,a 7cp4 #cbg ,a1 ,b74 ,b5dis1 a title ( ,artemis1 #a4 #cbg ,a4 ,bias ( ,pri5e1 #a4 #cce ,e4 ,birds1 bre$+ (1 at ,a!ns1 #e4 #dei4 ,ble/1 ,isl&s ( !1 #g4 #eai ,c1 #edj ,b4 ,body1 !1 n self-suffic+1 #a4 #cda ,e2 excessive c>e (1 inimical to virtue1 #c4 #djg 7cp4 #i4 #eia ,d72 has less tru? & ess5ce ?an ! s\l1 #i4 #ehe ,d2--h>mony ( body & s\l1 #c4 #djb ,d4 ,body1 !1 & ! memb]s1 comp>ison ( ! /ate to1 #e4 #dfb ,d1 #dfd ,b4 ,box+1 #d4 #dbb4 ,brass 7& iron7 m+l$ by ! ,god 9 ! husb&m5 & craftsm51 #c4 #dae ,a 7cp4 #h4 #edg ,a74 ,bre$+ ( animals1 #e4 #dei4 ,build+1 art (1 #c4 #dja ,a2 #d4 #dch ,c4 ,burial ( ! gu>dians1 #c4 #dad ,a2 #e4 #dfe ,e1 #dfi ,a2 #g4 #edj ,b cp4 ,laws #ab4 #idg4 #cdc ,c4 ,calculation1 art (1 corrects ! illusions ( sight1 #aj4 #fjb 7cp4 #g4 #ebd72 ! tal5t =1 accompani$ by g5]al quickness1 #g4 #ebf ,b4 ,cp4 ,ari?metic4 ,capta91 p>able ( ! deaf1 #f4 #dhh4 ,c>p5try1 #d4 #dbh ,c4 ,causes1 f9al1 argum5t f1 appli$ to ju/ice1 #a4 #ceb3 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,b2--( crimes1 #h4 #eeb ,d2 #i4 #ege ,a4 ,cave1 ! image ( !1 #g4 #ead foll41 #ecb 7cp4 #eci ,e74 ,c5sor%ip ( fiction1 #b4 #cgg2 #c4 #chf-cia1 #dja ,a1 #djh ,c2 #aj4 #eie foll4 cp4 ,laws #g4 #hja1 #haa2 ( ! arts1 #c4 #dja4 ,ceos1 ,prodicus (1 #aj4 #fjj ,c4 ,cephalus1 fa!r ( ,polem>*us1 #a4 #cbg ,b2 (f]s sacrifice1 ib4 #cbh ,b1 #cca ,d2 8 views on old age1 ib4 #cbh ,e2 8 views on weal?1 ib4 #ccj ,a foll4 ,cephalus ( ,clazom5ae1 #a4 #ccj ,b4 ,c]b]us1 two natures 9 "o1 #i4 #ehh ,c4 ,*ance 9 w>1 #e4 #dfg ,e2 blam$ by m5 = _! mis=tunes1 #aj4 #fai ,c4 ,*ange 9 music1 n to be all[$1 #d4 #dbd cp4 ,laws #g4 #gii4 ,"*1 diff]5ces (1 9 m51 #a4 #cbi ,d cp4 ,pol4 #cjg2 9 wom51 #e4 #def2--;affect$ by ! imitation ( unwor?y objects1 #c4 #cie2--national "*1 #d4 #dce cp4 ,laws #e4 #gdg3--;great *>act]s may be ru9$ by bad education1 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,b2 #g4 #eai3--;faults ( "*1 #f4 #ejc cp4 ,!aet4 #add ,b4 ,*>mantides1 ! ,paeanian1 pres5t at ! dialogue1 #a4 #cbh ,b4 ,*>ondas1 lawgiv] ( ,italy & ,sicily1 #aj4 #eii ,e4 ,*eese1 #b4 #cgb ,c2 #c4 #dje ,e4 ,*eiron1 tea*] ( ,a*illes1 #c4 #cia ,c4 ,*ildr5 h _s1 b n reason1 #d4 #dda ,a2 :y "u au?ority1 #i4 #eij ,e2--9 ! /ate1 #c4 #dae2 #e4 #dej ,e1 #deg foll42 #h4 #edc2 mu/ n he> improp] /ories1 #b4 #cgg2 #c4 #cia ,c2 mu/ be re>$ amid fair sights & s\nds1 #c4 #dja2 mu/ receive education ev5 9 _! plays1 #d4 #dbe ,a2 #g4 #ecg ,a cp4 ,laws #a4 #fdc ,b2 mu/ le>n to ride1 #e4 #dfg cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjd ,c2 mu/ g ) _! fa!rs & mo!rs into w>1 #e4 #dfg2 #g4 #ecg ,a3--transf] ( *ildr5 f "o class to ano!r1 #c4 #dae2 #d4 #dbc ,d3--exposure ( *ildr5 all[$1 #e4 #dfj ,c1 #dfa ,c3--illegitimate *ildr51 ib4 #dfa ,a4 ,*ima]a1 two natures 9 "o1 #i4 #ehh ,c4 ,*9es1 pres5t$ to ! brave w>rior1 #e4 #dfh ,d4 ,*ryses1 ! prie/ ( ,apollo 7,iliad i4 #aa foll471 #c4 #cib ,e foll4 ,ci?>a1 see ,h>p4 ,citiz5s1 !1 ( ! be/ /ate1 comp>$ to a g>rison ( m]c5>ies 7,adeimantus71 #d4 #dai 7cp4 #h4 #edc72 w =m "o family1 #e4 #dfb foll4 ,see ,gu>dians4 ,city1 situation ( !1 #c4 #dae3--! 'city ( pigs1' #b4 #cgb3--! heav5ly city1 #i4 #eib3--;,cities1 mo/1 divid$ betwe5 ri* & poor1 #d4 #dbb ,e2 #h4 #eea ,e cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ide ,e3--! game ( cities1 #d4 #dbb ,e4 ,cp4 ,con/itution1 ,/ate4 ,classes1 9 ! /ate1 %\ld be kept di/9ct1 #b4 #cgd2 #c4 #cig ,e1 #dae ,a2 #d4 #dba1 #dcc ,a1 #dcd1 #dda ,e1 #ddc2 #e4 #dec 7cp4 #h4 #eeb ,a1 & ,laws #h4 #hdf ,e74 ,cleitophon1 ! son ( ,ari/onymus1 pres5t at ! dialogue1 #a4 #cbh ,b2 int]poses on behalf ( ,?rasyma*us1 ib4 #cdj ,a4 ,clev]ness1 no mat* = hone/y1 #c4 #dji ,c 7cp4 #aj4 #fac ,c72 n (t5 unit$ ) a /eady "*1 #f4 #cdd #ejc cp4 ,!aet4 #add ,b2 ne$s an ideal direction1 #g4 #eai cp4 ,laws #g4 #hai ,a4 ,clo?o1 second ( ! fates1 #aj4 #fag ,c1 #fbj ,e2 s+s ( ! pres5t1 ib4 #fag ,c2 ! s\ls br\ght to h]1 ib4 #fbj ,e4 ,col\rs1 comp>ison (1 #i4 #ehe ,a2 contra/ (1 ib4 #ehf ,c2--indelible col\rs1 #d4 #dbi3--';col\rs' ( poetry1 #aj4 #fja ,a4 ,com$y1 _c be all[$ 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #cid cp4 ,laws #g4 #haf ,d2 accu/oms ! m9d to vulg>ity1 #aj4 #fjf2--same actors _c act bo? trag$y & com$y1 #c4 #cie4 ,common life 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #deh1 #dfd foll42--common meals ( ! gu>dians1 #c4 #daf2 common meals = wom51 #e4 #deh ,d cp4 ,laws #f4 #gha2 #g4 #hjf ,e2 #h4 #hci ,d2--common prop]ty among ! gu>dians1 #c4 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dbj ,a1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd2 #h4 #edc4 ,community ( wom5 & *ildr51 #c4 #daf2 #e4 #dej ,e1 #deg foll41 #dfb1 #dfd2 #h4 #edc ,a cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci ,c2--( prop]ty1 #c4 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dbj ,a1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd2 #h4 #edc2--( feel+1 #e4 #dfd4 ,community4 ,! communism ( ! ,republic seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ,plato's desire = ! unity ( ! /ate 7cp4 #e4 #dfb foll474 ,if ^? 'two small pe/il5t words1 meum & tuum1 :i* h eng5d]$ s mu* /rife among m5 & creat$ s mu* mis*ief 9 ! _w1' c\ld be bani%$ f ! lips & ?\ghts ( mank9d1 ! ideal /ate w\ld soon be realiz$4 ,! citiz5s w\ld h p>5ts1 wives1 *ildr51 & prop]ty 9 common2 !y w\ld rejoice 9 ea* o!r's prosp]ity1 & sorr[ at ea* o!r's mis=tune2 !y w\ld call _! rul]s n 'lords' & 'ma/]s1' b 'fri5ds' & 'savi\rs4' ,plato is aw>e t su* a conception c\ld h>dly be c>ri$ out 9 ?is _w2 & he evades or adj\rns1 r ?an solves1 ! difficulty by ! fam\s ass]tion t only :5 ! philosoph] rules 9 ! city w ! ills ( human life f9d an end cp4 ,introduction1 p4 clxxiii4 ,9 ! ,critias1 :]e ! ideal /ate1 z ,plato himself h9ts to u 7#aaj ,d71 is to "s ext5t reproduc$ 9 an imag9>y description ( anci5t ,attica1 prop]ty is common1 b !re is no m5tion ( a community ( wives & *ildr54 ,f9ally 9 ! ,laws 7#e4 #gci71 ,plato :ile /ill ma9ta9+ ! bless+s ( communism1 recognizes ! impossibility ( its realization1 & sets ab\t ! con/ruction ( a 'second-be/ /ate' 9 :i* ! rights ( prop]ty are conc$$2 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,pol4 ii4 #f1 #d71 he gradually rev]ts to ! ideal polity 9 all except a few unimportant p>ticul>s4 ,conception1 !1 ( tru? by ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dij ,a4 ,confid5ce & c\rage1 #d4 #dcj ,b4 ,confiscation ( ! prop]ty ( ! ri* 9 democracies1 #h4 #efe4 ,con/itution1 ! ari/ocratic1 is ! ideal /ate sket*$ 9 bk4 iv 7cp4 #h4 #edd ,e1 #ede ,d72--defective =ms ( con/itution1 #d4 #dde ,b2 #h4 #edd cp4 ,pol4 #bia ,e foll42 ari/ocracy 79 ! ord9>y s5se71 #a4 #cch ,d2 timocracy or ',sp>tan polity1' #h4 #ede foll42 olig>*y1 ib4 #eej foll41 #eed ,e2 democracy1 ib4 #eee foll41 #eeg ,d2 tyranny1 ib4 #edd ,c1 #efb4 ,cp4 ,gov]nm5t1 ,/ate4 ,cont5ti\sness1 a *>act]i/ic ( timocracy1 #h4 #edh4 ,contracts1 9 "s /ates n protect$ by law1 #h4 #eef ,a4 ,contradiction1 nature (1 #d4 #dcf2 #aj4 #fjb ,e2 p[] (1 #e4 #ded ,a4 #cde ,conv5tion1 ju/ice a matt] (1 #b4 #cei ,a4 ,conv]sation1 %\ld n be p]sonal1 #f4 #ejj ,b4 ,conv]sion ( ! s\l1 #g4 #eah1 #eba1 #ebe cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ieg ,e4 ,cook]y1 art (1 employ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 #a4 #ccb ,c4 ,cor9?ian c\rtesans1 #c4 #djd ,d4 ,corpses1 n to be spoil$1 #e4 #dfi4 ,correlative & relative1 qualifications (1 #d4 #dcg foll4 cp4 ,gorg4 #dgf2 h[ correct$1 #g4 #ebd4 ,corruptio optimi pessima1 #f4 #dia4 ,corruption1 !1 ( y\?1 n to be attribut$ to ! ,sophi/s1 b to public op9ion1 #f4 #dib ,a4 ,c\rage1 requir$ 9 ! gu>dians1 #b4 #cge2 #c4 #chf1 #dac ,e1 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dbi2 #f4 #ejc ,e2 inconsi/5t ) ! fe> ( dea?1 #c4 #chf2 #f4 #dhf ,a2 ! pres]vation ( a "r op9ion ab\t objects ( fe>1 #d4 #dbi1 #ddb ,b 7cp4 #b4 #cgf1 & ,la*es #aic1 #aie72 di/+ui%$ f fe>lessness1 #d4 #dcj ,b2 "o ( ! philosoph]'s virtues1 #f4 #dhf ,a1 #dij ,e1 #did ,a3--! c\rage\s temp] av]se to intellectual toil1 ib4 #ejc ,d cp4 ,pol4 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,c\rtesans1 #c4 #djd ,d4 ,covet\sness1 n f\nd 9 ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhe ,e2 *>act]i/ic ( timocracy & olig>*y1 #h4 #edh1 #eec2 ! appetitive elem5t ( ! s\l1 #i4 #eha ,a4 ,c[>dice 9 w>1 to be puni%$1 #e4 #dfh ,a2 n f\nd 9 ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhf ,b4 ,creophylus1 '! *ild ( fle%1' companion ( ,hom]1 #aj4 #fjj ,b4 ,crete1 gov]nm5t (1 g5]ally applaud$1 #h4 #edd ,c2 a timocracy1 ib4 #ede ,b2--,cretans1 nak$ ex]cises among1 #e4 #deb ,c2 call _! c\ntry '"m-l&1' #i4 #ege ,e2--,cretic rhy?m1 #c4 #djj ,b4 ,crimes1 great & small1 diff]5tly e/imat$ by mank9d1 #a4 #cdd 7cp4 #cdh ,d72 causes (1 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,b2 #h4 #eeb ,d2 #i4 #ege ,a4 ,crim9als1 are usually m5 ( great "* spoil$ by bad education1 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,b2 num]\s 9 olig>*ies1 #h4 #eeb ,d4 ,croesus1 #b4 #cei ,c2 'z ! oracle said to ,croesus1' #h4 #eff ,c4 ,cronos1 ill treat$ by ,zeus1 #b4 #cgg ,e2 8 behavi\r to ,uranus1 ibid4 ,cunn+ man1 !1 no mat* = ! virtu\s1 #c4 #dji ,d4 ,cycles1 recurr5ce (1 9 nature1 #h4 #edf ,a cp4 ,tim4 #bb ,c2 ,crit4 #aji ,d2 ,pol4 #bfi foll42 ,laws #c4 #fgg4 ,d4 ,dactylic metre1 #c4 #djj ,c4 ,da$alus1 beauty ( 8 works1 #g4 #ebi ,e4 ,damon1 an au?ority on rhy?m1 #c4 #djj ,b 7cp4 #d4 #dbd ,c74 ,danc+ 79 education71 #c4 #dab ,b4 ,day-dreams1 #e4 #deh ,a1 #dgf ,c4 ,dead 79 battle7 n to be /ripp$1 #e4 #dfi2 judgm5t ( ! dead1 #aj4 #fae4 ,dea?1 ! approa* (1 br+s no t]ror to ! ag$1 #a4 #ccj ,e2 ! gu>dians mu/ h no fe> (1 #c4 #chf1 #chg 7cp4 #f4 #dhf ,c72 pref]able to slav]y1 #c4 #chg ,a4 ,debts1 abolition (1 proclaim$ by demagogues1 #h4 #efe ,e1 #eff ,e4 ,delphi1 religion left to ! god at1 #d4 #dbg ,a 7cp4 #e4 #dfa ,e1 #dfi ,a2 #g4 #edj ,b74 ,demagogues1 #h4 #efd1 #efe4 ,democracy1 #a4 #cch ,d2 spok5 ( "u ! p>able ( ! capta9 & ! mut9\s crew1 #f4 #dhh2 democracy & philosophy1 ib4 #did1 #ejj2 ! ?ird =m ( imp]fect /ate1 #h4 #edd cp4 ,pol4 #bia1 #bib2 detail$ acc\nt (1 ib4 #eee foll42 *>act]is$ by fre$om1 ib4 #eeg ,b1 #efa-efc2 a 'baza> ( con/itutions1' ib4 #eeg ,d2 ! #cdf hum\rs ( democracy1 ib4 ,e1 #efa2 elem5ts conta9$ 91 ib4 #efd4--;democracy 9 animals1 ib4 #efc3--! democratical man1 ib4 #eeh1 #eei foll41 #efa1 #efb2 #i4 #egb2 8 place 9 reg>d to pleasure1 #i4 #ehg4 ,desire1 has a relax+ effect on ! s\l1 #d4 #dcj ,a2 ! conflict ( desire & reason1 #d4 #ddj cp4 ,pha$r4 #bec foll42 ,tim4 #gj ,a2--! desires divid$ into simple & qualifi$1 #d4 #dcg foll42 into necess>y & unnecess>y1 #h4 #eei4 ,despots 7ma/]s71 #e4 #dfc ,a4 ,see ,tyrant4 ,de/9y1 !1 ( man 9 8 own p[]1 #aj4 #fag ,e4 ,dialectic1 ! mo/ difficult bran* ( philosophy1 #f4 #dih2 objects (1 ib4 #eaa2 #g4 #ecg ,d2 proce$s by a d\ble me?od1 #f4 #eaa2 comp>$ to sight1 #g4 #ecb ,a2 capable ( atta9+ to ! idea ( good1 ibid42 gives firmness to hypo!ses1 ib4 #ecc2 ! cop+ /one ( ! sci5ces1 ib4 #ecd cp4 ,phil4 #eg2 mu/ be /udi$ by ! rul]s1 ib4 #ecg2 dang]s ( ! /udy1 ibid42 ye>s to be sp5t 91 ib4 #eci2 di/+ui%$ f eri/ic1 ib4 ,d 7cp4 #e4 #ded ,a2 #f4 #dii ,a73--! dialectician has a conception ( ess5ce1 #g4 #ecd cp4 ,pha$o #ge ,d4 ,dialectic4 ,dialectic1 ! 'cop+ /one ( k1' is ev]y:]e di/+ui%$ by ,plato f eri/ic1 i4e41 argum5t = argum5t's sake cp4 ,eu?yd4 #bge foll41 #bic2 ,m5o #ge ,d2 ,pha$o #aja2 ,phil4 #ag2 ,!aet4 #afg ,e4 ,x is t 'gift ( heav5' 7,phil4 #af7 :i* tea*es m5 to employ ! hypo!ses ( sci5ce1 n z f9al results1 b z po9ts f :i* ! m9d may rise into ! high] heav5 ( ideas & behold tru? & be+4 ,?is vague & magnific5t conception 0 probably h>dly cle>] to ,plato himself :5 he wrote ! ,republic ?an x is to u cp4 ,introduction1 p4 xcii2 b 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,/atesman x appe>s 9 a m def9ite =m z a comb9ation ( analysis & syn!sis by :i* we arrive at a true notion ( ?+s4 ,cp4 ! ,greek3 u7phgme_/n me?o_/dos ( ,ari/otle 7,pol4 i4 #a1 #c2 #h1 #a71 :i* is an analog\s mode ( proce$+ f ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,9 ! ,laws dialectic no long] occupies a prom95t place2 x is ! 'old man's h>mless amusem5t' 7#g4 #hbj ,c71 or1 reg>d$ m s]i\sly1 ! me?od ( discussion by "q & answ]1 :i* is abus$ by ! natural philosoph]s to disprove ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods 7#aj4 #hia74 ,dice 7,greek3 ku_/boi71 #aj4 #fjd ,c2 skill requir$ 9 dice-play+1 #b4 #cgd ,c4 ,diet1 #c4 #djd2 #h4 #eei ,c cp4 ,tim4 #hi4 ,diff]5ces1 accid5tal & ess5tial1 #e4 #ded4 ,diom$e1 8 comm& to ! ,greeks 7,iliad iv4 #dab71 #c4 #chi ,e2 'necessity (1' 7prov]b71 #f4 #dic ,d4 ,dionysiac fe/ival 7at ,a!ns71 #e4 #dge ,d4 ,discord1 causes (1 #e4 #dfb2 #h4 #edg ,a1 #eef ,e2 ! ru9 ( /ates1 #e4 #dfb2 di/+ui%$ f w>1 ib4 #dgj cp4 ,laws #a4 #fbh1 #fbi4 ,disc\rse1 love (1 #a4 #cbh ,a2 #e4 #dej ,b2 increases 9 old age1 #a4 #cbh ,d2 pleasure (1 9 ! o!r _w1 #f4 #dih ,d cp4 ,apol4 #da4 ,disease1 orig9 (1 #c4 #djd2 ! "r treatm5t (1 ib4 #dje foll42 ! physician mu/ h exp]i5ce (1 9 8 own p]son1 ib4 #djh2 disease & vice comp>$1 #d4 #ddd2 #aj4 #fji foll4 cp4 ,soph4 #bbh2 ,pol4 #bif2 ,laws #aj4 #cdg #ijf2 inh]5t 9 ev]y?+1 #aj4 #fji4 ,di%one/y1 ?\ght by m5 to be m pr(itable ?an hone/y1 #b4 #cfd ,a4 ,di?yrambic poetry1 nature (1 #c4 #cid ,b4 ,div]sities ( natural gifts1 #b4 #cgj2 #e4 #dee2 #g4 #ece ,a4 ,division ( lab\r1 #b4 #cgj1 #cgd ,a2 #c4 #cid ,e1 #cie ,b1 #cig ,e2 #d4 #dbc ,e1 #dcc ,a1 #dce ,a1 #dda ,e1 #ddc1 #dec ,b2 a "p ( ju/ice1 #d4 #dcc1 #dce ,a1 #dda ,e 7cp4 supra #a4 #ccb1 #cdi1 #cej1 & ,laws #h4 #hdf ,c72--( l&s1 proclaim$ by ! w\ld-be tyrant1 #h4 #efe ,e1 #eff ,e4 ,doctors1 fl\ri% :5 luxury increases 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cgc ,c2 #c4 #dje ,a2 two k9ds (1 #e4 #dei ,c cp4 ,laws #d4 #gbj2 #i4 #heg ,d4 ,cp4 ,physician4 ,dog1 ,socrates' oa? by !1 #c4 #cii ,e2 #h4 #efg ,e2 #i4 #eib2--;dogs are philosoph]s1 #b4 #cgf2 ! gu>dians ! wat*-dogs ( ! /ate1 ibid42 #d4 #ddj ,d2 #e4 #dea ,d2 bre$+ ( dogs1 #e4 #dei4 ,dolph91 ,arion's1 #e4 #dec ,e4 ,dorian h>mony1 all[$1 ) ! ,phrygian1 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #cii ,a4 ,draughts1 #a4 #ccc ,a2 skill requir$ 91 #b4 #cgd ,c2--comp>ison ( an argum5t to a game ( draughts1 #f4 #dhg ,c4 ,dreams1 an indication ( ! be/ial elem5t 9 human nature1 #i4 #ega1 #egb1 #egd ,e4 ,drones1 !1 #h4 #eeb1 #eed ,c1 #eee ,e1 #eei ,c1 #efd ,b1 #efg ,e2 #i4 #egc ,a cp4 ,laws #aj4 #ija ,a4 ,drunk5ness1 9 heav51 #b4 #cfc ,d2 =bidd5 9 ! gu>dians1 #c4 #cih ,e1 #djc ,e2--! drunk5 man apt to be tyrannical1 #h4 #egc ,c4 ,cp4 ,intoxication4 ,dye+1 #d4 #dbi ,d4 ,e4 ,e>ly society1 #b4 #cei4 ,eat+1 pleasure accompany+1 #h4 #eei4 ,education1 commonly divid$ into gymna/ic = ! body & music = ! s\l1 #b4 #cgf ,e1 #djc 7see ,gymna/ic1 ,music1 & cp4 ,laws #g4 #gie ,e72 bo? music & gymna/ic really design$ = ! s\l1 #c4 #daj3--use ( fiction 91 #b4 #cgg foll42 #c4 #cia2 ! poets bad educators1 #b4 #cgg2 #c4 #cia1 #cib1 #djh ,b2 #aj4 #fjj1 #fjf ,e1 #fjg ,b cp4 ,laws #aj4 #hhf ,c1 #hij ,a2 mu/ be simple1 #c4 #cig1 #djd ,e2 melody 91 ib4 #cih foll42 mimetic art 91 ib4 #cii2 importance ( good surr\nd+s1 ib4 #dja2 influ5ce (1 on mann]s1 #d4 #dbd1 #dbe2 innovation 91 dang]\s1 ibid42 e>ly1 %\ld be giv5 ?r\gh amusem5t1 ib4 #dbe ,a2 #g4 #ecf ,e cp4 ,laws #a4 #fdc ,b2 ought to be ! same = m5 & wom51 #e4 #dea foll41 #dff2 dang]\s :5 ill-direct$1 #f4 #dia2 n a process ( acquisition1 b ! use ( p[]s already exi/+ 9 u1 #g4 #eah2 n to be compulsory1 ib4 #ecg ,a2--education ( ! gu>dians1 #b4 #cgf foll42 #d4 #dbi1 #dcj2 #g4 #eba 7cp4 ,gu>dians1 ,rul]72--! high] or philosophic education1 #f4 #dih1 #ejc ,e1 #ejd2 #g4 #ead-ecg2 age at :i* x %\ld comm5ce1 #f4 #dih2 #g4 #ecg2 '! long] way1' #f4 #ejd 7cp4 #d4 #dce72 '! prelude or preamble1' #g4 #ecb ,e4 ,education4 ,education 9 ! ,republic is divid$ into two p>ts1 7i7 ! common education ( ! citiz5s2 7ii7 ! special education ( ! rul]s4 7i7 ,! fir/1 beg9n+ ) *ildhood 9 ! plays ( ! *ildr5 cp4 ,laws #a4 #fdc ,b1 is ! old ,hell5ic education1 ! ,greek3 katabeblme_/na paideu_/mata ( ,ari/otle1 ,pol4 viii4 #b1 #f1 #cdh--'music = ! m9d & gymna/ic = ! body' cp4 ,laws #g4 #gie ,e4 ,b ,plato soon discov]s t bo? are really int5d$ = ! b5efit ( ! s\l cp4 ,laws #e4 #gdc ,d2 & "u 'music' he includes lit]ature 7,greek3 lo_/goi71 i4e4 humane culture z di/+ui%$ f sci5tific k4 ,music prec$es gymna/ic2 bo? are n to be le>n$ toge!r2 only ! simpl] k9ds ( ei!r are tol]at$ cp4 ,laws ,book ,,vii1 passim4 ,boys & girls %>e equally 9 bo? cp4 ,laws #g4 #gid ,d4 ,! greate/ att5tion mu/ be paid to good surr\nd+s2 no?+ mean or vile mu/ meet ! eye or /rike ! e> ( ! "y s*ol>4 ,! fairy tales ( *ildhood & ! fictions ( ! poets are alike plac$ "u c5sor%ip cp4 ,laws ,book ,x1 & see s4 v4 ,poetry4 ,g5tl5ess is to be unit$ ) manl9ess2 beauty ( =m & activity ( m9d are to m+le 9 p]fect & h>moni\s accord4--7ii7 ,! special education comm5ces at tw5ty by ! selection ( ! mo/ promis+ /ud5ts4 ,^! sp5d t5 ye>s 9 ! acquisition ( ! high] bran*es ( ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 h>mony cp4 ,laws #g4 #hag ,e1 :i* are n to be pursu$ 9 a sci5tific _s or = utility only1 b r ) a view to _! comb9ation by means ( dialectic into an ideal ( all k 7see s4 v4 ,dialectic74 ,at ?irty a fur!r selection is made3 ^? select$ sp5d five ye>s 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 are !n s5t into active life = fifte5 ye>s1 & f9ally aft] fifty return to philosophy1 :i* = ! rema9d] ( _! days is to =m _! *ief occupation 7see s4 v4 ,rul]s74 ,egyptians1 *>act]is$ by love ( money1 #d4 #dce ,e4 ,eld]1 !1 to be> rule 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #dab ,b cp4 ,laws #c4 #fij ,a2 #d4 #gad ,e2 to be ov] ! y\ng]1 #e4 #dfe ,a cp4 ,laws #d4 #gba ,d2 #i4 #hgi ,c2 #aa4 #iag ,a4 ,embroid]y1 art (1 #c4 #dja ,a4 ,en*antm5ts1 us$ by m5dicant prophets1 #b4 #cfd ,b2--en*antm5ts1 i4e4 te/s to :i* ! gu>dians are to be subject$1 #c4 #dac 7cp4 #f4 #ejc ,a2 #g4 #eci ,e74 ,end1 !1 & use ( ! s\l1 #a4 #cec3--;ends & excell5cies 7,greek3 a7retai7 ( ?+s1 ibid42 ?+s di/+ui%$ by _! ends1 #e4 #dgh4 ,endurance1 mu/ be inculcat$ on ! "y1 #c4 #cij ,c 7cp4 #aj4 #fje ,e74 ,enemies1 treatm5t (1 #e4 #dfi4 ,enquiry1 r\s$ by "s objects ( s5se1 #g4 #ebc4 ,epeus1 s\l (1 turns into a woman1 #aj4 #fbj ,c4 ,epic poetry1 a comb9ation ( imitation & n>ration1 #c4 #cid ,b1 #cif ,e2--epic poets1 imitators 9 ! highe/ degree1 #aj4 #fjb ,c4 ,er1 my? (1 #aj4 #fad ,b foll4 ,eriphyle1 #i4 #eij ,a4 ,eri/ic1 di/+ui%$ f dialectic1 #e4 #ded ,a2 #f4 #dii ,a2 #g4 #eci ,d4 ,error1 n possible 9 ! skill$ p]son 7,?rasyma*us71 #a4 #cdj ,d4 ,ess5ce & ! good1 #f4 #eji2 ess5ce ( ! inv>iable1 #i4 #ehe2--;ess5ce ( ?+s1 #f4 #ejg ,b2 appreh5d$ by ! dialectician1 #g4 #ecd ,b4 ,et]nity1 contra/$ ) human life1 #aj4 #fjh ,d4 ,eumolpus1 son ( ,musaeus1 #b4 #cfc ,d4 ,eunu*1 ! riddle ( !1 #e4 #dgi4 ,euripides1 a great trag$ian1 #h4 #efh ,a2 8 maxims ab\t tyrants1 ibid43--quot$1 ,troades1 l4 #aafi1 ibid4 #cdi ,eurypylus1 treatm5t ( ! w\nd$1 #c4 #dje ,e1 #djh ,a4 ,eu?ydemus1 bro!r ( ,polem>*us1 #a4 #cbh ,b4 ,evil1 ,god n ! au?or (1 #b4 #cfd1 #cgi1 #chj ,a2 #c4 #cia ,e cp4 ,laws #b4 #fgb ,b2 ! de/ructive elem5t 9 ! s\l1 #aj4 #fji foll4 7cp4 #d4 #ddd73--;ju/ice mu/ exi/ ev5 among ! evil1 #a4 #cea foll42 _! suppos$ prosp]ity1 #b4 #cfd cp4 ,gorg4 #dgj foll42 ,laws #b4 #ff #a2 #aj4 #hii1 #ije2 m num]\s ?an ! good1 #c4 #dji ,d4 ,cp4 ,inju/ice4 ,excell5ce relative to use1 #aj4 #fja2 excell5ces 7,greek3 a7retai7 & ends ( ?+s1 #a4 #cec4 ,ex*ange1 ! art (1 necess>y 9 ! =mation ( ! /ate1 #b4 #cfi ,c4 ,ex]cises1 nak$1 9 ,greece1 #e4 #deb4 ,exi/5ce1 a p>ticipation 9 ess5ce1 #i4 #ehe cp4 ,pha$o #aja4 ,exp]i5ce1 ! crit]ion ( true & false pleasures1 #i4 #ehb4 ,expiation ( guilt1 #b4 #cfd4 ,eye ( ! s\l1 #g4 #eah ,d1 #ebg ,e1 #ecc ,d1 #edj ,a2--! s\l l ! eye1 #f4 #ejh2 #g4 #eah3--;,eyes1 !1 9 relation to sight1 #f4 #ejg 7cp4 ,sight74 ,f4 ,fact & ideal1 #e4 #dgb1 #dgc4 ,faculties1 h[ diff]5t1 #e4 #dgg2--;faculties ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,e2 #g4 #ecc ,e4 ,fai? or ,p]suasion1 "o ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,d2 #g4 #ecc ,e4 ,falsehood1 ali5 to ! nature ( ,god1 #b4 #chb cp4 ,laws #aa4 #iag ,a2 a m$ic9e1 only to be us$ by ! /ate1 ibid42 #c4 #chi ,a1 #dad ,c2 #e4 #dei ,d cp4 ,laws #b4 #ffc2 hateful to ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhf1 #dij4 ,family life 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #ddi2--;families 9 ! /ate1 ib4 #dfa2--;family & /ate1 ib4 #dfc2--;c>es ( family life1 ib4 #dfe ,c4 ,fates1 !1 #aj4 #fag1 #fbj ,e4 ,fe>1 a solv5t ( ! s\l1 #d4 #dcj ,a2 fe> & %ame1 #e4 #dfe ,a4 ,fe>lessness1 di/+ui%$ f c\rage1 #d4 #dcj ,b cp4 ,la*es #aig ,b2 ,protag4 #cdi ,c1 #cei foll44 ,feel+1 community (1 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #dfd4 ,fe/ival ( ! ,b5didea 7at ! ,piraeus71 #a4 #cbg ,a1 #ced ,a2 ( ,dionysus 7at ,a!ns71 #e4 #dge ,d4 ,fiction 9 education1 #b4 #cgg foll42 #c4 #cia2 c5sor%ip (1 necess>y1 #b4 #cgg foll42 #c4 #chf-cia1 #dja ,a1 #djh ,c2 #aj4 #eie foll42 n to repres5t sorr[1 #c4 #chg foll4 7cp4 #aj4 #fjd72 repres5t+ intemp]ance to be disc>d$1 #c4 #cij2--/ories ab\t ! gods1 n to be receiv$1 #b4 #cgh foll42 #c4 #chh foll41 #djh ,c cp4 ,eu?yph4 #f1 #h2 ,crit4 #aji ,b2 ,laws #b4 #fgb ,b2 #aj4 #hhf ,c2 #ab4 #ida2--/ories ( ! _w bel[1 objectionable1 #c4 #chf foll4 7cp4 ,hades1 ,_w bel[74 ,f9al causes1 argum5t f1 appli$ to ju/ice1 #a4 #ceb4 ,fire1 obta9$ by friction1 #d4 #dcd ,e4 ,flatt]y1 ( ! multitude by _! lead]s1 9 ill-ord]$ /ates1 #d4 #dbf 7cp4 #i4 #eij ,b74 ,flute1 !1 to be reject$1 #c4 #cii2--;flute play]s & flute mak]s1 ib4 ,d2 #aj4 #fja4 ,folly1 an inanition 7,greek3 ke_/nsis7 ( ! s\l1 #i4 #ehe ,a4 ,food1 ! condition ( life & exi/5ce1 #b4 #cfi ,c4 ,=getfulness1 a m>k ( an unphilosophical nature1 #f4 #dhf ,d1 #dij ,e3--! pla9 ( ,=getfulness 7,le!71 #aj4 #fba ,a4 ,fox1 ! emblem ( subtlety1 #b4 #cfe ,c4 ,fractions1 #g4 #ebe ,e4 ,fre$om1 ! *>act]i/ic ( democracy1 #h4 #eeg ,b1 #efa-efc4 ,fri5d1 !1 mu/ be z well z seem #cej good1 #a4 #ccd1 #cce2--! fri5ds ( ! tyrant1 #h4 #efg ,e2 #i4 #egf4 ,fri5d%ip1 implies ju/ice1 #a4 #cea foll42 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,fun]al ( ! gu>dians1 #e4 #dfe ,e1 #dfh ,e2 #g4 #edj ,b2--corpses plac$ on ! pyre on ! twelf? day1 #aj4 #fad4 ,future life1 #c4 #chg2 #aj4 #fad foll42 puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 91 #b4 #cfc2 #aj4 #fae cp4 ,pha$o #ajh2 ,gorg4 #ebc ,e1 #ebe2 ,laws #i4 #hgj ,e1 #hha ,b2 #aj4 #ijd ,c4 ,see ,hades1 ,_w bel[4 ,g4 ,games1 z a means ( education1 #d4 #dbe ,a 7cp4 #g4 #ecg ,a72--dice 7,greek3 ku_/boi71 #aj4 #fjd ,c2--draughts 7,greek3 pettei_/a71 #a4 #ccc ,a2 #b4 #cgd ,c2 #f4 #dhg ,c2--city 7,greek3 po_/lis71 #d4 #dbb ,e3--! ,olympic1 c4 glory ga9$ by success 91 #e4 #dfe ,d1 #dff ,a2 #aj4 #fah ,a 7cp4 #fbj ,b74 ,g5]al1 !1 ought to "k ari?metic & geometry1 #g4 #ebb ,d1 #ebe ,b1 #ebf ,d1 #ebg ,c4 ,g5tl5ess1 *>act]i/ic ( ! philosoph]1 #b4 #cge1 #cgf2 #c4 #daj2 #f4 #dhf ,c2 usually inconsi/5t ) _s1 #b4 #cge4 ,geometry1 mu/ be le>nt by ! rul]s1 #g4 #ebf foll42 errone\sly ?\ght to s]ve = practical purposes only1 ib4 #ebg2--;geometry ( solids1 ib4 #ebh2--;geometrical necessity1 #e4 #deh ,d2--geometrical notions appreh5d$ by a faculty ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,c4 ,giants1 battles ( !1 #b4 #cgh ,b4 ,gifts1 giv5 to victors1 #c4 #dad2 #e4 #dfj1 #dfh2--;gifts ( nature1 #b4 #cgj ,a2 #e4 #dee2 #g4 #ece ,a2 may be p]v]t$1 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,a2 #g4 #eai cp4 ,laws #g4 #hai ,a2 #aj4 #ijh ,c4 ,glaucon1 son ( ,ari/on1 #a4 #cbg ,a2 #b4 #cfh ,a2 takes up ! disc\rse1 #a4 #cdg ,a2 #b4 #cgb ,c2 #c4 #cih ,b2 #d4 #dbg ,d2 #e4 #dej ,a2 #f4 #ejf ,d2 #i4 #egf ,b2 anxi\s to contribute money = ,socrates1 #a4 #ccg ,e2 ! bolde/ ( m51 #b4 #ceg ,a2 8 g5ius1 ib4 #cfh ,a2 di/+ui%$ at ! battle ( ,meg>a1 ibid42 a musician1 #c4 #cih ,d2 #g4 #eca ,a2 desir\s t ,socrates %\ld discuss ! subject ( wom5 & *ildr51 #e4 #dej ,a2 bre$s dogs & birds1 ib4 #dei ,a2 a lov]1 ib4 #dgd ,d 7cp4 #c4 #djb ,e2 #e4 #deh ,e72 n a dialectician1 #g4 #ecc2 8 cont5ti\sness1 #h4 #edh ,e2 n acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 #aj4 #fjh4 ,glaucus1 ! sea-god1 #aj4 #faa ,c4 ,gluttony1 #i4 #ehf ,a4 ,god1 n ! au?or ( evil1 #b4 #cfd1 #cgi1 #chj ,a2 #c4 #cia ,e cp4 ,laws #b4 #fgb ,b2 nev] *anges1 #b4 #chj2 w n lie1 ib4 #chb2 ! mak] ( all ?+s1 #aj4 #eih3--;,gods1 !1 ?\ght to fav\r ! unju/1 #b4 #cfb ,b1 #cfd2 suppos$ to accept ! gifts ( ! wick$1 ib4 #cfe cp4 ,laws #d4 #gaf ,e2 #aj4 #ije foll42 #ab4 #idh2 believ$ to take no he$ ( human affairs1 #b4 #cfe cp4 ,laws #aj4 #hhi foll42 #ab4 #idh2 human ignorance (1 #b4 #cfe cp4 ,crat #djj ,e2 ,crit4 #ajg2 ,p>m4 #acd ,e2 disbelief 91 #b4 #cfe cp4 ,laws #aj4 #hhe foll41 #iji2 #ab4 #idh2 /ories (1 n to be repeat$1 #b4 #cgh foll42 #c4 #chh foll41 #djh ,c cp4 ,eu?yph4 #f1 #h2 ,crit4 #aji ,b2 ,laws #b4 #fgb ,b2 #aj4 #hhf ,c2 #ab4 #ida2 n to be repres5t$ griev+ or laugh+1 #c4 #chh2--';gods :o w&] ab\t at night 9 ! disguise ( /rang]s1' #b4 #cha ,d2--! w> ( ! gods & ! giants1 ib4 #cgh ,b4 ,god4 ,! !ology ( ,plato is summ$ up by himself 9 ! second book ( ! ,republic "u two heads1 ',god is p]fect & un*angeable1' & ',god is true & #cea ! au?or ( tru?4' ,^! canons are also ! te/ by :i* he tries poetry & ! poets 7see s4 v4 ,poetry73--,hom] & ! trag$ians repres5t ! ,gods z *ang+ _! =ms or z deceiv+ m5 by ly+ dreams1 & !re=e !y mu/ be expell$ f ! /ate4 ,b ,plato has n yet acquir$ ! au/]e temp] ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,he does n ?reat5 ! imp5it5t unbeliev] ) bonds & dea? 7,laws #aj4 #ijh1 #iaj71 b is cont5t to %[ by argum5t ! sup]iority ( ju/ice ov] inju/ice4 ,9 o!r respects ! !ology ( ! ,republic is repeat$ & amplifi$ 9 ! ,laws2 ! !ses t ,god is n ! au?or ( evil & w n accept ! gifts ( ! wick$ or fav\r ! unju/1 are ma9ta9$ ) equal e>ne/ness 9 bo?4 ,! ,republic is less pessimi/ic 9 tone ?an ! ,laws2 b ! ?\ght ( ! insignificance ( man & ! briefness ( human life is already famili> to ,plato's m9d cp4 #f4 #dhf ,a2 #aj4 #fjd2 & see s4 v4 ,man4 ,! conception ( ,god z ! ,demiurgus or ,creator ( ! univ]se1 :i* is prom95t 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,sophi/1 & ,/atesman1 h>dly appe>s ei!r 9 ! ,republic or ! ,laws 7cp4 ,rep4 #aj4 #eif foll42 ,laws #aj4 #hhf foll474 ,gold1 m+l$ by ! ,god 9 ! auxili>ies1 #c4 #dae ,a 7cp4 #daf ,e2 #h4 #edg ,a72--& silv] n all[$ to ! gu>dians1 #c4 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dai1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd ,d 7cp4 #h4 #edc74 ,good1 ! sav+ elem5t1 #aj4 #fji3--! good ! beautiful1 #e4 #deb cp4 ,lys4 #baf2 ,symp4 #bja ,b1 #bjd ,e foll42 ! good & pleasure1 #f4 #eje1 #eji ,a cp4 ,gorg4 #dig2 ,phil4 #aa1 #fj ,a2 ! good sup]ior to ess5ce1 ib4 #eji2 ! brighte/ & be/ ( be+1 #g4 #eah ,d2--absolute good1 #f4 #ejg ,b2 #g4 #edj ,a2--! idea ( good1 #f4 #eje1 #ejh2 #g4 #eag1 #ecd2 is ! highe/ k1 #f4 #eje2 #g4 #ebf ,e2 nature (1 #f4 #eje1 #ejf2--! *ild ( ! good1 ib4 #ejf ,e1 #ejh3--;good ?+s lea/ liable to *ange1 #b4 #cha2--;goods classifi$1 ib4 #ceg1 #cfg ,d cp4 ,protag4 #ccd2 ,gorg4 #dea ,e2 ,phil4 #ff2 ,laws #a4 #fca2 #c4 #fig2--! goods ( life (t5 a temptation1 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,a4 ,good man1 !1 w disda9 to imitate ignoble actions1 #c4 #cif3--;,good m51 :y !y take (fice1 #a4 #cdg2 ! wise1 ib4 #cej cp4 #a ,alcib4 #abd1 #abe2 un=tunate 7,adeimantus71 #b4 #cfd2 self-suffici5t1 #c4 #chg cp4 ,lys4 #bae ,a2 w n give way to sorr[1 ibid42 #aj4 #fjc ,e cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcb2 #g4 #gib ,b1 #hjj ,d2 appe> simple f _! inexp]i5ce ( evil1 #c4 #dji ,a2 hate ! tyrant1 #h4 #efh ,a2 ! fri5ds ( ,god & l ,him1 #aj4 #fac cp4 ,phil4 #ci ,e2 ,laws #d4 #gaf4 ,goods1 community (1 #c4 #daf2 #e4 #dfd2 #h4 #edc4 ,see ,community4 ,gov]nm5t1 =ms (1 are !y adm9i/]$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! rul]s8 #a4 #cch ,d1 #cdc1 #cdf2 are all bas$ on a pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 ib4 #cch ,e cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ide2 pres5t =ms 9 an evil condition1 #f4 #dib ,e1 #dif2 none ( ! exi/+ =ms adapt$ to philosophy1 ib4 #dig2--! f\r imp]fect =ms1 #d4 #dde ,b2 #h4 #edd cp4 ,pol4 #bia foll41 #cja foll42 succession ( *anges 9 /ates1 #h4 #ede foll42--peculi> b>b>ian =ms1 ib4 #edd ,d4 ,cp4 ,con/itution1 ,/ate4 ,gov]nm5t1 =ms (4 ,! classification ( =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* ,plato adopts 9 ! ,republic is n exactly ! same ) t giv5 9 ! ,/atesman or ! ,laws4 ,bo? 9 ! ,republic #ceb & ! ,/atesman ! s]ies comm5ces ) ! p]fect /ate1 :i* may be ei!r mon>*y or ari/ocracy1 accord+ly z ! '"o be/ man' be>s rule or _m :o are all 'p]fect 9 virtue' cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 iv4 #b1 #a4 ,b 9 ! ,republic ! fur!r succession is some:at fancifully connect$ ) ! divisions ( ! s\l4 ,! rule ( reason i4e4 ! p]fect /ate passes into timocracy1 9 :i* ! 'spirit$ elem5t' is pr$om9ant 7#h4 #edh71 timocracy into ?ree gov]nm5ts 9 turn1 :i* repres5t ! 'appetitive pr9ciple1'--fir/1 olig>*y1 9 :i* ! desire ( weal? is supreme 7#h4 #ecc ,d2 #i4 #eha72 secondly1 democracy1 *>act]is$ by an unb\nd$ lu/ = fre$om 7#i4 #efa72 ?irdly1 tyranny1 9 :i* all evil desires gr[ un*eck$1 & ! tyrant becomes '! wak+ reality ( :at he once 0 9 8 dreams only' 7#i4 #egd ,e74 ,ea* ( ^! inf]ior =ms is illu/rat$ 9 ! individual :o corresponds to ! /ate & 'is set ov] aga9/ x' 7#h4 #eej ,c74 ,9 ! ,/atesman1 aft] ! gov]nm5t ( ! "o or _m good has be5 sep>at$1 ! rema9+ =ms are classifi$ accord+ly z ! gov]nm5t has or has n reg>d to law1 & democracy is said to be 7#cjc ,a7 '! wor/ ( lawful & ! be/ ( lawless gov]nm5ts' 7an expression criticis$ by ,ari/otle1 ,pol4 iv4 #b1 #c74 ,9 ! ,laws aga9 ! subject is diff]5tly treat$3 mon>*y & democracy are describ$ z '! two "m =ms1' :i* mu/ be comb9$ 9 ord] to produce a good /ate 7#c4 #fic71 & ! ,sp>tan & ,cretan con/itutions are !re=e prais$ z polities 9 :i* e =m ( gov]nm5t is repres5t$ 7#d4 #gab74 ,b ! majority ( exi/+ /ates are m]e class gov]nm5ts & h no reg>d to virtue 7#ab4 #ifb ,e74 ,^! v>i\s ideas are ne>ly all reproduc$ or criticis$ 9 ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 :o1 h[ev]1 does n employ ! t]m 'timocracy1' & adds "o great orig9al conception1--! ,greek3 mes politei_/a1 or gov]nm5t ( ! middle class4 ,gov]nm5ts1 sometimes b\ght & sold1 #h4 #edd ,d4 ,grace 7,greek3 eu7s*mosu_/n71 ! effect ( good rhy?m accompany+ good /yle1 #c4 #djj ,d2 all life & e art full ( grace1 ib4 #dja ,a4 ,greatness & smallness1 #d4 #dch ,b2 #e4 #dgi ,b2 #g4 #ebc1 #ebd2 #i4 #ege ,c2 #aj4 #fjb ,d1 #fje ,c4 ,grief1 n to be indulg$1 #c4 #chg2 #aj4 #fjc-fjf4 ,cp4 ,sorr[4 ,gu>d1 ! tyrant's reque/ = a1 #h4 #eff ,b1 #efg ,e4 ,gu>dians ( ! /ate1 mu/ be philosoph]s1 #b4 #cgf2 #f4 #dhd1 #dih1 #eja1 #ejc ,b2 #g4 #ebj1 #eba1 #ebe ,b1 #edj2 #h4 #edc2 mu/ be bo? spirit$ & g5tle1 #b4 #cge2 #c4 #daj2 #f4 #ejc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gca ,b2 mu/ be te/$ by pleasures & pa9s1 #c4 #dac 7cp4 #f4 #ejc ,a2 #g4 #eci ,e72 h gold & silv] m+l$ 9 _! ve9s1 #c4 #dae ,a 7cp4 #daf ,e2 #h4 #edg ,a72 _! happ9ess1 #d4 #dai foll42 #e4 #dfe ,e foll42 #f4 #dih ,c2 #g4 #eai ,e2 w be ! class 9 ! /ate :i* possesses wisdom1 #d4 #dbh cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ife ,a2 w =m "o family ) ! citiz5s1 #e4 #dfb-dff2 mu/ pres]ve mod]ation1 ib4 #dff ,b2 divid$ into auxili>ies & gu>dians prop]1 #c4 #dad 7cp4 #h4 #ede ,e2 & see ,auxili>ies1 ,rul]s73--! gu>dians i4e4 ! auxili>ies mu/ be c\rage\s1 #b4 #cge2 #c4 #chf1 #dac ,e1 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dbi2 #f4 #ejc ,e2 mu/ h no fe> ( dea?1 #c4 #chf 7cp4 #cec #f4 #dhf ,c72 n to weep1 #c4 #chg 7cp4 #aj4 #fjc ,e72 nor to be giv5 to laught]1 #c4 #chh cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcb2 #aa4 #ice2 mu/ be temp]ate1 ib4 #chi ,d2 mu/ n be av>ici\s1 ib4 #cij ,e2 mu/ only imitate noble *>act]s & actions1 ib4 #cie foll41 #djb ,e2 mu/ only le>n ! ,dorian & ,phrygian h>monies1 & play on ! lyre & h>p1 ib4 #cih1 #cii2 mu/ be sob]1 ib4 #cih ,e1 #djc ,e2 mu/ be re>$ amid fair surr\nd+s1 ib4 #dja2 a?letes ( w>1 ib4 #djc1 #djd ,b2 #d4 #dbb2 #g4 #eba ,e2 #h4 #edc cp4 ,laws #h4 #hcj2 mu/ live accord+ to rule1 #c4 #djd2 w n g to law or h resort to m$ic9e1 ib4 #daj ,a2 mu/ h common meals & live a soldi]'s life1 ib4 #daf2 w n require gold or silv] or prop]ty ( any k9d1 ib4 #dag2 #d4 #dai1 #dbj ,a1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd ,c2 comp>$ to a g>rison ( m]c5>ies 7,adeimantus71 #d4 #dai 7cp4 #h4 #edc72 mu/ g to w> on horseback 9 _! *ildhood1 #e4 #dfg2 #g4 #ecg ,a2 regulations = _! conduct 9 w>1 #e4 #dfg-dga3--;female gu>dians1 ib41 #def1 #deh1 #dfh2 #g4 #edj ,c 7cp4 ,wom574 ,gyges1 #b4 #cei ,c2 #aj4 #fab ,b4 ,gymna/ic1 suppos$ to be int5d$ only = ! body1 #b4 #cgf ,e2 #c4 #djc2 #g4 #eba cp4 ,laws #g4 #gie ,e2 really design$ = ! improvem5t ( ! s\l1 #c4 #daj2 l music1 %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t life1 ib4 #djc ,c2 effect ( excessive1 ib4 #djd1 #daj2 #g4 #ecg ,b2 %\ld be ( a simple "*1 #c4 #djd1 #daj ,a2 ! anci5t =ms (1 to be reta9$1 #d4 #dbd2 mu/ co-op]ate ) music 9 creat+ a h>mony ( ! s\l1 ib4 #dda ,e2 suitable to wom51 #e4 #deb-deg cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjd1 #hac1 #hcc2 ought to be comb9$ ) intellectual pursuits1 #g4 #ece ,d cp4 ,tim4 #hh2 "t to be sp5t 91 ib4 #ecg4 ,h4 ,habit & virtue1 #g4 #eah ,e2 #aj4 #fai ,d4 ,hades1 tales ab\t ! t]rors (1 #a4 #ccj ,d2 #b4 #cff ,a2 su* tales n to be he$$1 #c4 #chf ,b cp4 ,crat4 #djc2--! place ( puni%m5t1 #b4 #cfc2 #aj4 #fad foll42 ,musaeus' acc\nt ( ! good & bad 91 #b4 #cfc2--! j\rney to1 #aj4 #fad cp4 ,pha$o #ajh ,a3--7,pluto7 helmet (1 #aj4 #fab ,b4 ,cp4 ,_w bel[4 ,half1 !1 bett] ?an ! :ole1 #e4 #dff ,b4 ,h&icraft arts1 a reproa*1 #i4 #eij cp4 ,gorg4 #eab4 ,happ9ess ( ! unju/1 #a4 #ced2 #b4 #cfd2 #c4 #cib ,b 7cp4 #h4 #ede ,a1 & ,gorg4 #dgj foll42 ,laws #b4 #ffa2 #aj4 #hii ,e1 #ije ,a72--( ! gu>dians1 #d4 #dai foll42 #e4 #dfe ,e foll42 #f4 #dih ,c2 #g4 #eai ,e2--( ,olympic victors1 #e4 #dfe ,d1 #dff ,a2 #aj4 #fah ,a2--( ! tyrant1 #i4 #egf foll41 #ehg2--! greate/ happ9ess aw>d$ to ! mo/ j1 ib4 #ehj foll4 ,h>monies1 ! m complex to be reject$1 #c4 #cig foll42--! ,lydian h>mony1 ib4 #cih2 ! ,ionian1 ib4 ,e2 ! ,dorian & ,phrygian alone to be accept$1 ib4 #cii4 ,h>mony1 ak9 to virtue1 #c4 #dja ,a 7cp4 #g4 #ebb ,a72--sci5ce (1 mu/ be acquir$ by ! rul]s1 #g4 #eca 7cp4 ,music72--h>mony ( s\l & body1 #c4 #djb ,d2--h>mony ( ! s\l1 effect$ by temp]ance1 #d4 #dcj1 #dda ,e1 #ddb ,d1 #ddc 7cp4 #i4 #eia ,d1 & ,laws #b4 #fec ,b72--h>mony 9 ! acquisition ( weal?1 #i4 #eia ,e4 ,h>p1 !1 7,greek3 ki?a_/ra71 all[$ 9 ! be/ /ate1 #c4 #cii4 #ced ,hatr$1 betwe5 ! despot & 8 subjects1 #h4 #efg ,e2 #i4 #egf ,a4 ,heal? & ju/ice comp>$1 #d4 #ddd2 pleasure ( heal?1 #i4 #ehc ,c2 second>y to virtue1 ib4 #eia ,d4 ,he>+1 class$ among faculties1 #e4 #dgg ,e2 compos$ ( two elem5ts1 spee* & he>+1 & n requir+1 l sight1 a ?ird int]m$iate nature1 #f4 #ejg ,c4 ,heav51 ! />ry1 ! faire/ ( visible ?+s1 #g4 #ebi ,d2 ! motions (1 n et]nal1 ib4 #ecj ,a4 ,heav9ess1 #e4 #dgi2 #g4 #ebd ,a4 ,hector1 dragg$ by ,a*illes r\nd ! tomb ( ,patroclus1 #c4 #cia ,b4 ,hel51 nev] w5t to ,troy1 #i4 #ehf ,c4 ,hellas1 n to be deva/at$ 9 civil w>1 #e4 #dgj ,a foll41 #dga ,a3 --,hell5es *>act]is$ by ! love ( k1 #d4 #dce ,e2 did n orig9ally /rip 9 ! gymnasia1 #e4 #deb ,d2 n to be enslav$ by ,hell5es1 ib4 #dfi ,b1 ,c2 unit$ by ties ( blood1 ib4 #dgj ,c2 n to deva/ate ,hellas1 ib4 #dga ,a foll42 ,hell5es & b>b>ians are /rang]s1 ib4 #dfi ,d1 #dgj ,c cp4 ,pol4 #bfb ,d4 ,hellespont1 #c4 #djd ,c4 ,hephae/us1 b9ds ,h]1 #b4 #cgh ,d2 ?r[n f heav5 by ,zeus1 ibid42 improp]ly del9eat$ by ,hom]1 #c4 #chi ,a2 *a9s ,ares & ,aphrodit1 ib4 #cij ,c4 ,h]acleitus1 ! 'sun (1' #f4 #dih ,b4 ,h]1 b\nd by ,hephae/us1 #b4 #cgh ,d2 ,h] & ,zeus1 ibid42 #c4 #cij ,b2 begg$ alms = ! daught]s ( ,ina*us1 #b4 #cha ,d4 ,h]mes1 ! /> sacr$ to 7,m]cury71 #aj4 #fag ,a4 ,h]mus1 #h4 #eff ,c4 ,h]odicus ( ,selymbria1 ! inv5tor ( valetud9>ianism1 #c4 #djf ,a foll4 ,h]oes1 n to lam5t1 #c4 #chg1 #chh2 #aj4 #fjc-fjf2 to be rew>d$1 #e4 #dfh2 aft] dea?1 ibid4 ,h]oic rhy?m1 #c4 #djj ,c4 ,hesiod1 8 rew>ds ( ju/ice1 #b4 #cfc ,b2 #aj4 #fab ,a2 8 /ories improp] = y\?1 #b4 #cgg ,d2 8 classification ( ! races1 #h4 #edg ,a2 a w&]+ rhapsode1 #aj4 #fjj ,d3-- ,quot$3-- ,!ogony1 l4 #aed1 #dei1 #b4 #cgg ,e4 ,works & ,days1 l4 #dj1 #e4 #dff ,b4 l4 #aji1 #h4 #edf ,e4 l4 #abb1 #e4 #dfh ,e4 l4 #bcc1 #b4 #cfc ,b4 l4 #bhg1 ib4 #cfd ,d4 ,fragm4 #aag1 #c4 #cij ,e4 ,hirel+s1 requir$ 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga ,e4 ,hol9ess ( m>riage1 #e4 #deh ,e1 #dei cp4 ,laws #f4 #ggf4 ,see ,m>riage4 ,hom]1 supports ! !ory t ju/ice is a ?ief1 #a4 #ccd ,b2 8 rew>ds ( ju/ice1 #b4 #cfc ,b2 #aj4 #fab ,a2 8 /ories n approv$ = y\?1 #b4 #cgg ,d foll4 7cp4 #aj4 #eie72 8 mode ( n>ration1 #c4 #cic ,a foll42 fe$s 8 h]oes on campaign]s' f>e1 ib4 #djd ,c2 ,socrates' feel+ ( rev]5ce = him1 #aj4 #eie ,c1 #fjg 7cp4 #c4 #cia ,a72 ! capta9 & tea*] ( ! tragic poets1 #aj4 #eie ,b1 #eih ,d1 ,e2 n a legislator1 ib4 #eii ,e2 or a g5]al1 ib4 #fjj ,a cp4 ,ion #ecg foll42 or inv5tor1 ibid42 or tea*]1 ibid42 no educator1 ib4 #fjj1 #fjf ,e1 #fjg ,b2 n mu* e/eem$ 9 8 lifetime1 ib4 #fjj ,b foll42 w5t ab\t z a rhapsode1 ibid4 ,passages quot$ or ref]r$ to3-- ,iliad i4 l4 #aa foll41 #c4 #cib ,e foll4 l4 #aca1 #f4 #eja ,b4 l4 #bbe1 #c4 #chi ,e4 l4 #eij foll41 #b4 #cgh ,d4 l4 #eii foll41 #c4 #chi ,a4 ,iliad ii4 l4 #fbc1 #f4 #eja ,c4 ,iliad iii4 l4 #h1 #c4 #chi ,e4 #cee ,iliad iv4 l4 #fi foll41 #b4 #cgi ,e4 l4 #bah1 #c4 #djh ,a4 l4 #dab1 ib4 #chi ,e4 l4 #dca1 ibid4 ,iliad v4 l4 #hde1 #aj4 #fab ,b4 ,iliad vii4 l4 #cba1 #e4 #dfh ,d4 ,iliad viii4 l4 #afb1 ibid4 ,iliad ix4 l4 #dig foll41 #b4 #cfd ,d4 l4 #eac foll41 #c4 #cij ,e4 ,iliad xi4 l4 #egf1 ib4 #dje ,e4 l4 #fbd1 ibid4 l4 #hdd1 ib4 #djh ,a4 ,iliad xii4 l4 #caa1 #e4 #dfh ,e4 ,iliad xiv4 l4 #bid foll41 #c4 #cij ,c4 ,iliad xvi4 l4 #dcc1 ib4 #chh ,c4 l4 #ggf1 #h4 #eff ,d4 l4 #hef foll41 #c4 #chf ,e4 ,iliad xviii4 l4 #bc foll41 ib4 #chh ,a4 l4 #ed1 ib4 ,b4 ,iliad xix4 l4 #bgh foll41 ib4 #cij ,e4 ,iliad xx4 l4 #d foll41 #b4 #cgi ,e4 l4 #fd foll41 #c4 #chf ,c4 ,iliad xxi4 l4 #bbb foll41 ib4 #cia ,b4 ,iliad xxii4 ll4 #ae1 #bj1 ib4 ,a4 l4 #afh foll41 ib4 #chh ,c4 l4 #cfb foll41 ib4 #chf ,e4 l4 #dad1 ib4 #chh ,b4 ,iliad xxiii4 l4 #ajj foll41 ib4 #chg ,a4 l4 #ajc foll41 ib4 #chf ,d4 l4 #aea ib4 #cia ,b4 l4 #age ibid4 ,iliad xxiv4 l4 #aj foll41 ib4 #chh ,a4 l4 #ebg1 #b4 #cgi ,d4 ,odyssey i4 l4 #cea foll41 #d4 #dbd ,d4 ,odyssey viii4 l4 #bff foll41 #c4 #cij ,d4 ,odyssey ix4 l4 #i4 foll41 ib4 ,b4 l4 #ia foll41 #h4 #efj ,c4 ,odyssey x4 l4 #die1 #c4 #chf ,e4 ,odyssey xi4 l4 #dhi foll41 ib4 ,c2 #g4 #eaf ,d4 ,odyssey xii4 l4 #cdb1 #c4 #cij ,b4 ,odyssey xvii4 l4 #chc foll41 ib4 #chi ,d4 l4 #dhe foll41 #b4 #cha ,d4 ,odyssey xix4 l4 #aji foll41 ib4 #cfc ,b4 l4 #cie1 #a4 #ccd ,b4 ,odyssey xx4 l4 #ag1 #c4 #cij ,d2 #d4 #dda ,b4 ,hom]1 allusions to1 #a4 #cbh ,e2 #b4 #cha ,d2 #c4 #cij ,e2 #h4 #edd ,d4 ,hom]idae1 #aj4 #eii ,e4 ,hone/ man1 !1 a mat* = ! rogue1 #c4 #dji ,c 7cp4 #aj4 #fac ,c74 ,hone/y1 fo/]$ by ! possession ( weal?1 #a4 #cca ,a2 ?\ght by mank9d to be unpr(itable1 #b4 #cfd ,a2 #c4 #cib ,b4 ,hon\r1 pleasures enjoy$ by ! lov] (1 #i4 #eha ,c1 #ehf ,e3--! 'gov]nm5t ( hon\r1' see ,timocracy4 ,hope1 ! com=t ( ! righte\s 9 old age 7,p9d>71 #a4 #cca ,a4 ,h\sehold c>es1 #e4 #dfe ,c4 ,human int]e/s1 unimportance (1 #aj4 #fjd ,b 7cp4 #f4 #dhf ,a1 & ,!aet4 #agc2 ,laws #a4 #fdd ,e2 #g4 #hjc72--life1 full ( evils1 #b4 #cgi ,c2 %ortness (1 #aj4 #fjh ,d2--nature1 incapable ( do+ _m ?+s well1 #c4 #cie ,b2 --sacrifices1 #h4 #efe ,d4 #cef ,hung]1 #d4 #dcg ,e1 #dci2 an inanition 7,greek3 ke_/nsis7 ( ! body1 #i4 #ehe ,a4 ,hymns1 to ! gods1 may be all[$ 9 ! ,/ate1 #aj3 #fjg ,a cp4 ,laws #c4 #gjj ,a2 #g4 #hja ,e2--m>riage hymns1 #e4 #dei ,e4 ,hypo!sis1 9 ma!matics & 9 ! intellectual _w1 #f4 #eaj2 9 ! sci5ces1 #g4 #ecc4 ,i4 ,iambic measure1 #c4 #djj ,c4 ,ida1 alt> ( ! gods on1 #c4 #cia ,e4 ,idea ( good1 ! s\rce ( tru?1 #f4 #ejh 7cp4 #eje72 a cause l ! sun1 ib4 #ejh2 #g4 #eaf1 #eag2 mu/ be appreh5d$ by ! lov] ( k1 #g4 #ecd2--;ideas & ph5om5a1 #e4 #dgf2 #f4 #ejg2--;ideas & hypo!ses1 #f4 #eaj2--;absolute ideas1 #e4 #dgf cp4 ,pha$o #fe1 #gd2 ,p>m4 #acc2 orig9 ( ab/ract ideas1 #g4 #ebc2 nature (1 #aj4 #eif2 s+l5ess (1 ib4 #eig cp4 ,tim4 #bh1 #ea4 ,idea4 ,! ,idea ( ,good is an ab/raction1 :i*1 "u t "n at lea/1 does n else:]e occur 9 ,plato's writ+s4 ,b x is probably n ess5tially diff]5t f ano!r ab/raction1 '! true be+ ( ?+s1' :i* is m5tion$ 9 _m ( 8 ,dialogues cp4 passages cit$ s4 v4 ,be+4 ,he has n[h]e giv5 an explanation ( 8 mean+1 n because he 0 'reg>dless :e!r we und]/ood him or n1' b r1 p]haps1 because he 0 himself unable to /ate 9 precise t]ms ! ideal :i* float$ be=e 8 m9d4 ,he belong$ to an age 9 :i* m5 felt too /rongly ! fir/ pleasure ( metaphysical speculation to be able to e/imate ! true value ( ! ideas :i* !y conceiv$ 7cp4 8 own picture ( ! effect ( dialectic on ! y\?ful m9d1 #g4 #eci74 ,to him1 z to ! ,s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 an ab/raction seem$ tru] ?an a fact3 he 0 impati5t to %ake (f ! %ackles ( s5se & rise into ! pur] atmosph]e ( ideas4 ,yet 9 ! allegory ( ! cave 7,book ,,vii71 ^: inhabitants mu/ g up to ! light ( p]fect k b desc5d aga9 into ! obscurity ( op9ion1 he has %[n t he 0 n unaw>e ( ! necessity ( f9d+ a firm />t+-po9t = ^! flights ( metaphysical imag9ation 7cp4 #f4 #eaj74 ,a passage 9 ! ,philebus 7#fe ,a7 gives p]haps ! be/ insight into 8 mean+3 ',if we are n able to hunt ! good ) "o idea only1 ) ?ree we may take our prey1--,beauty1 ,symmetry1 ,tru?4' ,! ?ree 7 insep>able to ! ,greek m9d1 & no conception ( p]fection c\ld be =m$ 9 :i* !y did n unite4 7,cp4 ,introduction1 pp4 lxix1 xcvii74 ,ideal /ate1 is x possible8 #e4 #dga1 #dgc2 #f4 #dii2 #g4 #edj 7cp4 #g4 #ebj1 & ,laws #d4 #gaa ,e2 #e4 #gci72 h[ to be comm5c$1 #f4 #eja2 #g4 #edj3 --ideals1 value (1 #e4 #dgb4 ,= ! ideal /ate1 see ,city1 ,con/itution1 ,education1 ,gu>dians1 ,rul]s1 etc4 ,ignorance1 nature (1 #e4 #dgg1 #dgh2 an inanition 7,greek3 ke_/nsis7 ( ! s\l1 #i4 #ehe4 ,iliad1 ! /yle (1 illu/rat$1 #c4 #cib ,e foll42 m5tion$1 ib4 #cic ,a4 ,cp4 ,hom]1 ,odyssey4 ,ilion1 see ,troy4 ,illegitimate *ildr51 #e4 #dfa ,a4 ,illusions ( sight1 #g4 #ebc2 #aj4 #fjb cp4 ,pha$o #fe ,a2 ,phil4 #chj1 #db ,d2 ,!aet4 #aeg ,e4 ,images1 7i4e4 reflections ( visible objects71 #f4 #eaj2 #aj4 #eif 7cp4 ,tim4 #eb ,d74 #ceg ,imitation 9 /yle1 #c4 #cic1 #cid2 #aj4 #eif foll41 #fjj foll42 affects ! "*1 #c4 #cie2 ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 #aj4 #eif1 #eig1 #eih1 #fjb ,b2 conc]n$ ) ! weak] "p ( ! s\l1 ib4 #fjd4 ,imitative poetry1 #aj4 #eie2 arts1 inf]ior1 ib4 #fje4 ,imitators1 ignorant1 #aj4 #fjb4 ,immortality1 pro( (1 #aj4 #fjh foll41 7cp4 #f4 #dih ,c1 & see ,s\l74 ,impati5ce1 uselessness (1 #aj4 #fjd ,c4 ,impetuosity1 #f4 #ejc ,e4 ,ina*us1 ,h] asks alms = ! daught]s (1 #b4 #cha ,d4 ,inanitions 7,greek3 ke_/nseis7 ( body & s\l1 #i4 #ehe ,a4 ,incantations us$ by m5dicant prophets1 #b4 #cfd ,b2 9 m$ic9e1 #d4 #dbf ,a4 ,income ,tax1 #a4 #cdc ,d4 ,indiff]5ce to money1 *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o inh]it a =tune1 #a4 #ccj ,b4 ,individual1 inf]ior types ( !1 #h4 #ede2 individual & /ate1 #b4 #cfh2 #d4 #dcd1 #dda2 #e4 #dfb2 #h4 #edd2 #i4 #egg ,b cp4 ,laws #c4 #fhi2 #e4 #gci2 #i4 #hge1 #hgg ,c2 #aa4 #ibc4 ,infants h _s1 b n reason1 #d4 #dda cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ifc ,e4 ,in=m]s1 #i4 #ege ,b4 ,inju/ice1 advantage (1 #a4 #cdc2 def9$ by ,?rasyma*us z discretion1 ib4 #cdh ,d2 inju/ice & vice1 ibid42 suicidal to /ates & individuals1 ib4 #cea ,e cp4 ,laws #aj4 #ijf ,a2 9 p]fection1 #b4 #cfj2 eulogi/s (1 ib4 #cfa1 #cff1 #cfg2 #c4 #cib ,b 7cp4 #h4 #ede ,a2 #i4 #ehh72 only blam$ by ^? :o h n ! p[] to be unju/1 #b4 #cff ,c2 9 ! /ate1 #d4 #dcd2 an>*y 9 ! s\l1 ib4 #ddd ,b cp4 ,soph4 #bbh2 br+s no pr(it1 #i4 #ehi1 #eij2 #aj4 #fac4 ,innovation 9 education dang]\s1 #d4 #dbd cp4 ,laws #b4 #fef1 #ffj ,a4 ,see ,gymna/ic1 ,music4 ,intellect1 objects (1 classifi$1 #g4 #ecd 7cp4 #e4 #dgf72 relation ( ! intellect & ! good1 #f4 #ejh4 ,intellectual _w1 divisions (1 #f4 #eaj foll42 #g4 #eag2 comp>$ to ! visible1 #f4 #ejh1 #eji2 #g4 #ecb ,a4 ,int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes1 #e4 #deh foll4 cp4 ,laws #h4 #hci foll42 9 a democracy1 #h4 #efc ,b4 ,int]e/1 sometimes irrecov]able by law1 #h4 #eef ,a cp4 ,laws #e4 #gdb ,c4 ,int]m$iates1 #i4 #ehc4 ,intimations1 !1 giv5 by ! s5ses imp]fect1 #g4 #ebc foll42 #aj4 #fjb4 ,intoxication1 n all[$ 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #cih ,e1 #djc ,e4 ,cp4 ,dr9k+4 ,invalids1 #c4 #djf1 #djg2 #d4 #dbe1 #dbf4 ,ionian h>mony1 mu/ be reject$1 #c4 #cii ,a4 ,iron 7& brass7 m+l$ by ! ,god 9 ! husb&m5 & craftsm51 #c4 #dae ,a 7cp4 #h4 #edg ,a74 ,ism5ias1 ! ,!ban1 'a ri* & mighty man1' #a4 #ccf ,a4 ,italy1 'c tell ( ,*>ondas z a lawgiv]1' #aj4 #eii ,e4 ,j4 ,judge1 ! good1 mu/ himself be virtu\s1 #c4 #dji cp4 ,pol4 #cje4 ,judgem5t1 ! f9al1 #aj4 #fad foll4 ,cp4 ,hades4 ,juggl+1 #aj4 #fjb ,d4 ,j man1 !1 is at a disadvantage comp>$ ) ! unju/ 7,?rasyma*us71 #a4 #cdc2 is happy1 ib4 #ced cp4 ,laws #a4 #ffj ,e2 atta9s h>mony 9 8 s\l1 #d4 #ddc ,e2 proclaim$ ! happie/1 #i4 #ehj foll42--j m5 ! fri5ds ( ! gods1 #aj4 #fac cp4 ,phil4 #ci ,e2 ,laws #d4 #gaf ,d2--j & unju/ are at he>t ! same 7,glaucon71 #c4 #cfj4 ,ju/ice1 to speak ! tru? & pay "o's debts1 #a4 #cca foll42 #ceh ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 ib4 #cch2 #b4 #cfg cp4 ,gorg4 #dhi2 ,laws #d4 #gad ,a2 hon\r among ?ieves1 #a4 #ceb2 ! excell5ce ( ! s\l1 ib4 #cec3--! art :i* gives good & evil to fri5ds & enemies1 ib4 #ccb foll41 #ccf2 is a ?ief1 ib4 #ccd2 ! prop] virtue ( man1 ib4 #cce2 'sublime simplicity1' ib4 #cdh2 does n aim at excess1 ib4 #cdi2 id5tical ) wisdom & virtue1 ib4 #cea2 a pr9ciple ( h>mony1 ibid4 7cp4 #i4 #eia ,d72 9 ! highe/ class ( goods1 #b4 #ceg1 #cfg ,d cp4 ,laws #a4 #fca ,c2 ! union ( wisdom1 temp]ance1 & c\rage1 #d4 #dcc cp4 ,laws #a4 #fca ,c2 a division ( lab\r1 ibid4 foll4 7cp4 supra1 #a4 #ccb1 #cdi1 #cej1 & #a ,alcib4 #abg73--nature & orig9 ( 7,glaucon71 #b4 #ceh1 #cei2 conv5tional1 ib4 #cei ,a cp4 ,!aet4 #agb ,a1 #agg ,c2 ,laws #aj4 #hhi1 #hij2 prais$ = its consequ5ces only 7,adeimantus71 ib4 #cfb ,e1 #cff2 a matt] ( appe>ance1 ib4 #cfe3--useful alike 9 w> & peace1 #a4 #ccc2 c d no h>m1 ib4 #cce2 m preci\s ?an gold1 ib4 #ccf2 toilsome1 #b4 #cfd3--;comp>$ to heal?1 #d4 #ddd3--! poets on1 #b4 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cfe ,e3--9 p]fection1 ib4 #cfa3--m pr(itable ?an inju/ice1 #d4 #dde2 #i4 #ehi foll42 sup]ior to inju/ice1 #i4 #ehi2 f9al triumph (1 ib4 #ehj2 #aj4 #fab1 #fac3--;9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cfi2 #d4 #dca2 ! same 9 ! individual & ! /ate1 #d4 #dce foll41 #dda foll43--absolute ju/ice1 #e4 #dgi ,e2 #f4 #eja ,b2 #g4 #eag ,e4 ,ju/ice4 ,! se>* = ju/ice is ! gr\ndwork or f\ndation ( ! ,republic1 :i* comm5ces ) an enquiry into its nature & ends ) a triumphant demon/ration ( ! sup]ior happ9ess enjoy$ by ! j man4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,book sev]al def9itions ( ju/ice are attempt$1 all ( :i* prove inadequate4 ,glaucon & ,adeimantus !n int]v5e3--mank9d reg>d ju/ice z a necessity1 n z a good 9 itself1 or at be/ z only to be practis$ because ( ! temporal b5efits :i* fl[ f x3 c ,socrates prove t x belongs to a high] class ( goods8 ,socrates 9 reply proposes to con/ruct an ideal /ate 9 :i* ju/ice w be m easily recognis$ ?an 9 ! individual4 ,ju/ice is ?us discov]$ to be ! ess5tial virtue ( ! /ate1 7a !sis aft]w>ds enl>g$ ^u by ,ari/otle ,pol4 i4 #b1 #af2 iii4 #ac1 #c71 ! bond ( ! social organization1 &1 l temp]ance 9 ! ,laws #c4 #fif1 #fig2 #d4 #gji ,e1 r ! accompanim5t or condition ( ! virtues ?an a virtue 9 itself cp4 ,introduction1 p4 lxiii4 ,express$ 9 an outw>d or political =m x becomes ! great pr9ciple :i* has be5 already enunciat$ 7i4 #cbb71 't e man %all d 8 own "w2' on ?is ,plato bases ! necessity ( ! division into classes :i* und]lies ! :ole fabric ( ! ideal /ate 7#d4 #dcc foll42 ,tim4 #ag ,c74 ,?us we are l$ to ackn[l$ge ! happ9ess ( ! j2 = he alone reflects 9 himself ?is vital pr9ciple ( ! /ate 7#d4 #dde74 ,! f9al pro( is suppli$ by a comp>ison ( ! p]fect /ate ) actual =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,^!1 l ! individuals :o correspond to !m1 become m & m mis]able z !y rec$e fur!r f ! ideal1 & ! climax is rea*$ 7#i4 #ehg7 :5 ! tyrant is %[n by ! aid ( ari?metic to h '#gbi times less pleasure ?an ! k+' i4e4 ! p]fectly j rul]4 ,la/ly1 ! happ9ess ( ! j is prov$ to #cei ext5d also into ! next _w1 :]e m5 appe> be=e ! judgm5t seat ( heav5 & receive ! due rew>d ( _! de$s 9 ?is life4 ,k4 ,k+1 ! ,great1 #h4 #eec ,d3--pleasure ( ! k+ & ! tyrant comp>$1 #i4 #ehg foll42--k+s & philosoph]s1 #e4 #dgc 7cp4 #f4 #dhg ,e1 #dih foll41 #eja ,e foll42 #g4 #edj2 #h4 #edc2 #i4 #eib74 ,kisses1 ! rew>d ( ! brave w>rior1 #e4 #dfh ,c4 ,k 7,greek3 e7pi/_/m1 gign_/ske971 k ( ideas1 #f4 #dhd2 --nature (1 #e4 #dgg1 #dgh2 class$ among faculties1 ib4 #dgg2 #f4 #eaa ,e2 #g4 #ecc ,e2--previ\s1 to bir?1 #g4 #eah ,c2--h[ f> giv5 by s5se1 ib4 #ebi cp4 ,pha$o #ge2--%\ld n be acquir$ "u compulsion1 ib4 #ecf ,e2--! f\ndation ( c\rage1 #d4 #dbi cp4 ,la*es #aic1 #aig2 ,protag4 #cej1 #cfj2--k & op9ion1 #e4 #dgf-dgh2 #f4 #ejh1 #eaj ,a2 #g4 #ecd2 k & pleasure1 #f4 #eje2 k & wisdom1 #d4 #dbh2--! highe/ k1 #f4 #ejd2 #g4 #ead foll42--unity ( k1 #e4 #dgi cp4 ,pha$o #aja2--! be/ k1 #aj4 #fah2--k ( %ad[s1 #f4 #eaa ,d2 #g4 #ecd ,a3--love ( k *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5es1 #d4 #dce ,e2 peculi> to ! rational elem5t ( ! s\l1 #i4 #eha ,b4 ,l4 ,lab\r1 division (1 #b4 #cgj1 #cgd ,a2 #c4 #cid ,e1 #cie ,b1 #cig ,e2 #d4 #dbc ,e1 #dcc ,a1 #dce ,a1 #dda ,e1 #ddc1 #dec ,b cp4 ,laws #h4 #hdf1 #hdg4 ,lac$aemon1 owes its good ord] to ,lycurgus1 #aj4 #eii ,e2--con/itution (1 commonly extoll$1 #h4 #edd ,d2 a timocracy1 ib4 #ede ,b3--,lac$aemonians fir/ aft] ! ,cretans to /rip 9 ! gymnasia1 #e4 #deb ,d4 ,la*esis1 turns ! sp9dle ( ,necessity toge!r ) ,clo?o & ,atropos1 #aj4 #fag ,c2 h] spee*1 ib4 ,d2 apportions a g5ius to ea* s\l1 ib4 #fbj ,d4 ,lam5tation ov] ! dead1 to be *eck$1 #c4 #chg4 ,l&s1 p>tition (1 proclaim$ by ! w\ld-be tyrant1 #h4 #efe ,e1 #eff ,e4 ,language1 pliability (1 #i4 #ehh ,d cp4 ,soph4 #bgg ,b4 ,laught] n to be all[$ 9 ! gu>dians1 #c4 #chh cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcb2 #aa4 #ice2 nor repres5t$ 9 ! gods1 ib4 #chi4 ,laws1 may be giv5 9 error1 #a4 #cci ,e2 suppos$ to arise f a conv5tion among mank9d1 #b4 #cei ,a2 cause (1 #c4 #dje2 on special subjects ( little use1 #d4 #dbe1 #dbf cp4 ,laws #g4 #ghh2 treat$ ) contempt 9 democracies1 #h4 #efc ,e2 br+ help to all 9 ! /ate1 #i4 #eij4 ,lawy]s1 increase :5 weal? ab\nds1 #d4 #dje ,a4 ,le>n+1 pleasure (1 #f4 #dhf ,c 7cp4 #i4 #eha1 #ehf74 ,legislation1 _c rea* ! m9utiae ( life1 #d4 #dbe1 #dbf2 requires ! help ( ,god1 ib4 #dbe ,e4 ,cp4 ,laws4 ,leontius1 /ory (1 #d4 #dci ,e4 ,le!1 #aj4 #fba4 ,lett]s1 image ( ! l>ge & small1 #b4 #cfh2 #c4 #djb ,a4 ,lib]ality1 "o ( ! virtues ( ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhe ,e4 ,lib]ty1 *>act]i/ic ( democracy1 #h4 #eeg ,b1 #efa-efc4 ,lic5ce1 beg9s 9 music1 #d4 #dbd ,e cp4 ,laws #c4 #gja ,b2 9 democracies1 #h4 #efb ,d4 ,lic5ti\sness =bidd51 #e4 #deh4 #cfj ,lie1 a1 hateful to ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dij ,c 7cp4 supra #dhf ,e72--! true lie & ! lie 9 words1 #b4 #chb2--! royal lie 7,greek3 g5nai_/on pseudos71 #c4 #dad2--rul]s ( ! /ate may lie1 #b4 #chb2 #c4 #chi ,a1 #dad ,c2 #e4 #dei ,d2--! ,gods n to be repres5t$ z ly+1 #b4 #chb2--lies ( ! poets1 ib4 #cgg foll42 #c4 #chf1 #djh ,b 7cp4 #aj4 #eig foll474 ,life 9 ! e>ly /ate1 #b4 #cgb2--loses its ze/ 9 old age1 #a4 #cbi ,a2 full ( evils1 #b4 #cgi ,c2 intol]able )\t virtue1 #d4 #dde2 %ortness (1 comp>$ to et]nity1 #aj4 #fjh ,d2--! life ( virtue toilsome1 #b4 #cfd ,d2 --! j or ! unju/1 :i* is ! m advantage\s8 ib4 #cdg foll42--?ree k9ds ( lives among m51 #i4 #eha2--life ( wom5 ought to resemble t ( m51 #e4 #dea foll4 cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjd ,e2--! necessities ( life1 #b4 #cfi1 #cgc ,a2--! prime ( life1 #e4 #dfj ,e4 ,light1 #f4 #ejg ,e4 ,cp4 ,sight1 ,vision4 ,light & heavy1 #e4 #dgi2 #g4 #ebd4 ,l to l1 #d4 #dbe ,c4 ,lit]ature 7,greek3 lo_/goi71 includ$ "u 'music' 9 education1 #b4 #cgf ,e4 ,litigation1 ! love (1 ignoble1 #c4 #dje4 ,logic2 me?od ( residues1 #d4 #dbg2--;accid5ts & ess5ce di/+ui%$1 #e4 #ded2--nature ( opposition1 #d4 #dcf2--;categories1 ,greek3 pro_/s ti1 #d4 #dcg2 quality & relation1 ibid42--fallacies1 #f4 #dhg4 ,= ,plato's me?od ( def9itions1 see ,k1 ,temp]ance2 & cp4 ,dialectic1 ,metaphysic4 ,lotophagi1 #h4 #efj ,c4 ,lots1 use (1 #e4 #dfj ,a1 #dfb ,e2 election by1 *>act]i/ic ( democracy1 #h4 #eeg ,a4 ,love ( ! beautiful1 #c4 #djb1 #djc cp4 #a ,alcib4 #aca2 bodily love & true love1 ib4 #djc2 love & ! love ( k1 #e4 #dgd foll42 is ( ! :ole1 n ( ! "p1 ib4 ,c1 #dge ,b2 #f4 #dhe ,b2 a tyrant1 #i4 #egc ,b1 #egd ,e 7cp4 #a4 #cbi ,b73--famili>ities :i* may be all[$ betwe5 ! lov] & ! belov$1 #c4 #djc ,b3--lov]s' names1 #e4 #dgd3--lov]s ( w9e1 ib4 #dge ,a3--lov]s ( beautiful sights & s\nds1 ib4 #dgf ,b1 #dgi ,a1 #dhj4 ,luxury 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cgb1 #cgc2 a cause ( disease1 #c4 #dje ,e2 w\ld n give happ9ess to ! citiz5s1 #d4 #dbj1 #dba2 makes m5 c[>ds1 #i4 #eij ,b4 ,lycaean ,zeus1 temple (1 #h4 #efe ,d4 ,lycurgus1 ! au?or ( ! greatness ( ,lac$aemon1 #aj4 #eii ,e4 ,lydia1 k+dom (1 obta9$ by ,gyges1 #b4 #cei ,c3--,lydian h>monies1 to be reject$1 #c4 #cih ,e foll4 ,ly+1 a privilege ( ! /ate1 #c4 #chi ,a1 #dad ,c2 #e4 #dei ,d4 ,lyre1 ! in/rum5t ( ,apollo1 & all[$ 9 ! be/ /ate1 #c4 #cii ,d4 ,lysanias1 fa!r ( ,cephalus1 #a4 #ccj ,b4 ,lysias1 ! bro!r ( ,polem>*us1 #a4 #cbh ,b4 ,m4 ,madman1 arms n to be return$ to a1 #a4 #cca2 fancies ( madm51 #h4 #egc ,c4 ,magic1 #aj4 #fjb ,d4 ,magi/rates1 elect$ by lot 9 democracy1 #h4 #eeg ,a4 ,magnanimity1 7,greek3 megalo_/prepeia71 "o ( ! philosoph]'s virtues1 #f4 #dhf ,a1 #dij ,e1 #did ,a4 ,mak]1 !1 n s good a judge z ! us]1 #aj4 #fja ,c cp4 ,crat4 #cij4 ,man1 '! ma/] ( himself1' #d4 #dcj ,e cp4 ,laws #a4 #fbf ,e foll42 '! =m & lik5ess ( ,god1' #f4 #eja ,b cp4 ,pha$r4 #bdh ,a2 ,!aet4 #agf ,c2 ,laws #d4 #gaf ,d2 8 unimportance1 #aj4 #fjd ,b 7cp4 #f4 #dhf ,a1 #cfa & ,laws #a4 #fdd ,e2 #g4 #hjc72 has ! p[] to *oose 8 own de/9y1 #aj4 #fag ,e2 --! "o be/ man1 #f4 #ejb cp4 ,pol4 #cja3--,m5 are n j ( _! own w1 #b4 #cff ,c2 unite 9 ! /ate 9 ord] to supply ea* o!r's wants1 ib4 #cfi2--! nature ( m5 & wom51 #e4 #dec-dee2--;analogy ( m5 & animals1 ib4 #dei2--?ree classes (1 #i4 #eha4 ,mann]s1 influ5c$ by education1 #d4 #dbd1 #dbe2 _c be made ! subject ( legislation1 ibid42 fre$om (1 9 democracies1 #h4 #efc ,a4 ',_m1' ! t]m1 z appli$ to ! beautiful1 ! good1 c41 #f4 #ejg4 ,_m1 !1 flatt] _! lead]s into ?9k+ !mselves /atesm51 #d4 #dbf2 wrong 9 _! notions ab\t ! hon\rable & ! good1 #f4 #dic ,e2 w\ld lose _! h>% feel+ t[>ds philosophy if !y c\ld see ! true philosoph]1 ib4 #ejj2 _! pleasures & pa9s1 #i4 #ehf2--'! great bea/1' #f4 #dic4 ,cp4 ,multitude4 ,m>ionette play]s1 #g4 #ead ,b4 ,m>riage1 hol9ess (1 #e4 #deh ,e1 #dei2 age =1 ib4 #dfj2 pray]s & sacrifices at1 ibid42--m>riage fe/ivals1 ib4 #dei1 #dfj4 ,m>syas1 ,apollo to be pref]r$ to1 #c4 #cii ,e4 ,ma!matics1 #g4 #ebb-ecb2 use ( hypo!ses 91 #f4 #eaj2--ma!matical notions p]ceiv$ by a faculty ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,c3--! ma!matician n usually a dialectician1 #g4 #eca ,e4 ,mean1 happ9ess ( !1 #aj4 #fai ,a cp4 ,laws #c4 #fgi ,a2 #e4 #gbh ,e2 #g4 #gib ,d4 ,meanness1 unkn[n to ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhf ,a2 *>act]i/ic ( ! olig>*s1 #h4 #eed4 ,measurem5t1 art (1 corrects ! illusions ( sight1 #aj4 #fjb ,d4 ,meat1 roa/1 ! be/ diet = soldi]s1 #c4 #djd ,d4 ,m$ic9e1 cause (1 #c4 #dje2 n int5d$ to pres]ve unheal?y & intemp]ate subjects1 ib4 #djf foll41 #djh ,a2 #d4 #dbf ,a cp4 ,tim4 #hi ,b2 ! two k9ds (1 #e4 #dei cp4 ,laws #d4 #gbj2 use ( incantations 91 #d4 #dbf ,a2--analogy (1 employ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 #a4 #ccb ,c4 ,meg>a1 battle (1 #b4 #cfh ,a4 ,melody1 9 education1 #c4 #cih foll42 its influ5ce1 #aj4 #fja ,b4 ,memory1 ! philosoph] %\ld h a good1 #f4 #dhf ,d1 #dij ,e1 #did ,a2 #g4 #ece ,b4 ,m5dicant prophets1 #b4 #cfd ,c4 ,m5elaus1 treatm5t (1 :5 w\nd$1 #c4 #djh ,a4 ,m5oetius1 fa!r ( ,patroclus1 #c4 #chh ,c4 ,m5tal bl9dness1 causes (1 #g4 #eah4 ,m]*ants1 necess>y 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga4 ,metaphysics2 absolute ideas1 #e4 #dgf2--;ab/ract & relative ideas1 #g4 #ebd2--;analysis ( k1 #f4 #eaj2--qualifications ( relative & correlative1 #d4 #dcg foll42 #g4 #ebd4 ,cp4 ,idea1 ,logic4 ,metempsy*osis1 #aj4 #fag4 ,cp4 ,s\l4 ,midas1 weal? (1 #c4 #djh ,b4 ,might & "r1 #a4 #cch foll4 cp4 ,gorg4 #dhc1 #dhi2 ,laws #a4 #fbg2 #c4 #fij2 #aj4 #hij4 ,miletus1 ,?ales (1 #aj4 #fjj ,a4 ,milit>y pr(ession1 !1 #b4 #cgd4 ,mimetic art1 9 education1 #c4 #cid foll42 ! same p]son _c succe$ 9 trag$y & com$y1 ib4 #cie ,a2 imitations lead to habit1 ib4 ,d2 m5 act+ wom5's "p1 ib4 ,e2 influ5ce on "*1 ibid4 foll4 ,cp4 ,imitation4 ',m9e & ?9e1' a common cause ( dispute1 #e4 #dfb4 ,m9i/]s ( ! /ate mu/ be educat$1 #g4 #eai4 ,see ,rul]4 #cfb ,mis]1 !1 typical ( ! olig>*ical /ate1 #h4 #eee ,a 7cp4 #eei ,d74 ,mis=tune1 to be borne ) pati5ce1 #c4 #chg2 #aj4 #fjc-fjf4 ,models 7or types71 by :i* ! poets are to be guid$ 9 _! compositions1 #b4 #cgi ,a4 ,mod]ation1 necessity (1 #e4 #dff ,b cp4 ,laws #c4 #fij ,e2 #e4 #gcb1 #gcf ,e4 ,momus 7god ( jeal\sy71 #f4 #dhg ,a4 ,mon>*y1 di/+ui%$ f ari/ocracy z t =m ( ! p]fect /ate 9 :i* "o rules1 #d4 #dde ,c 7cp4 #i4 #egf ,d1 & ,pol4 #cja72 ! happie/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 #i4 #egf ,e 7cp4 #ehj ,c1 #ehg ,b74 ,money1 ne$$ 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga ,b cp4 ,laws #aa4 #iah2 n necess>y 9 ord] to c>ry on w>1 #d4 #dbc2--love (1 among ! ,egyptians & ,pho5icians1 ib4 #dce ,e2 *>act]i/ic ( timocracy & olig>*y1 #h4 #edh ,a1 #eec1 #efb ,a2 ref]r$ to ! appetitive elem5t ( ! s\l1 #i4 #ehj ,e2 despicable1 ib4 #ehi ,e1 #eij ,c 7cp4 #c4 #cij ,e74 ,money-l5d+1 9 olig>*ies1 #h4 #eee1 #eef4 ,money-mak+1 art (1 9 ,cephalus' family1 #a4 #ccj ,b2 evil (1 #h4 #eef2 pleasure (1 #i4 #eha ,c1 #ehf ,e4 ,money-qualifications 9 olig>*ies1 #h4 #eej1 #eea4 ,moon1 reput$ "m ( ,orpheus1 #b4 #cfd ,e4 ,mo!rl&1 a ,cretan ^w1 #i4 #ege ,e cp4 ,m5ex4 #bcg4 ,mo!rs 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #dfj4 ,motion & re/1 #d4 #dcf2--motion ( ! />s1 #g4 #ebi1 #ecj2 #aj4 #faf ,e4 ,multitude1 !1 ! great ,sophi/1 #f4 #dib2 _! madness1 ib4 #dif ,c4 ,cp4 ,_m4 ,musaeus1 8 pictures ( a future life1 #b4 #cfc ,d1 ,e1 #cfd ,e4 ,muses1 !1 ,musaeus & ,orpheus ! *ildr5 (1 #b4 #cfd ,e4 ,music1 to be taught be=e gymna/ic1 #b4 #cgf ,e 7cp4 #c4 #djc ,c72 includes lit]ature 7,greek3 lo_/goi71 #b4 #cgf ,e2--9 education1 ib4 #cgg foll42 #c4 #cih foll42 #g4 #ebb ,a 7see ,poetry1 ,poets1 & cp4 ,protag4 #cbf2 ,laws #b4 #fed1 #ffj72 complexity 91 to be reject$1 #c4 #cig cp4 ,laws #g4 #hab2 ! sev]e & ! vulg> k9d1 ibid4 cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjb2 ! end (1 ! love ( beauty1 ib4 #djc ,c2 l gymna/ic1 %\ld be /udi$ ?r\gh\t life1 ibid42 ! simpl] k9ds (1 fo/] temp]ance 9 ! s\l1 ib4 #djd ,a1 #daj ,a2 effect ( excessive1 ib4 #daj1 #daa2 anci5t =ms (1 n to be alt]$1 #d4 #dbd cp4 ,laws #b4 #feg2 #g4 #gii1 #hja2 mu/ be taught to wom51 #e4 #deb4 ,music4 ,music to ! anci5ts _h a f> wid] significance ?an to u4 ,x 0 oppos$ to gymna/ic z 'm5tal' to 'bodily' tra9+1 & includ$ equally read+ & writ+1 ma!matics1 h>mony1 poetry1 & music /rictly speak+3 draw+1 z ,ari/otle tells u 7,pol4 viii4 #c1 #a71 0 sometimes made a sep>ate division4 ,i4 ,music 79 ?is wid] s5se71 ,plato says1 %\ld prec$e gymna/ic2 &1 accord+ to a rem>kable passage 9 ! ,protagoras 7#cbe ,c71 ! pupils 9 a ,greek s*ool 7 actually in/ruct$ 9 read+ & writ+1 made to le>n poetry by he>t1 & taught to play on ! lyre1 be=e !y w5t to ! gymnasium4 ,! ages at :i* *ildr5 %\ld comm5ce ^! v>i\s /udies are n /at$ 9 ! ,republic2 b 9 ! ,v,i,ith ,book ( ! ,laws1 :]e ! subject is treat$ m 9 detail1 ! *ildr5 beg9 go+ to s*ool at t51 & sp5d ?ree ye>s 9 le>n+ to read & write1 & ano!r ?ree ye>s 9 music 7,laws #g4 #haj74 ,?is agrees v fairly ) ! selection ( ! #cfc mo/ promis+ y\? at ! age ( tw5ty 7,rep4 #g4 #ecg71 z x w\ld all[ a correspond+ p]iod ( ?ree ye>s = gymna/ic tra9+4 ,,ii4 ,music1 /rictly s call$1 plays a great "p 9 ,plato's s*eme ( education4 ,he hopes by its aid to make ! lives ( 8 y\?ful s*ol>s h>moni\s & graci\s1 & to implant 9 _! s\ls true conceptions ( good & evil4 ,music is a gift ( ! ,gods to m51 & 0 nev] int5d$1 'z ! _m fooli%ly & blasphem\sly suppose1' m]ely to give u an idle pleasure 7,tim4 #dg ,e2 ,laws #b4 #fed1 #feh ,e2 #g4 #hjb ,d74 ,nei!r %\ld a freeman aim at atta9+ p]fect execution cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 viii4 #f1 #g1 #ae3 9 ! ,laws 7#g4 #haj7 we are told t e "o mu/ g ?r\gh ! ?ree ye>s c\rse ( music1 'nei!r m nor less1 :e!r he l or :e!r he dislike ! /udy4' ,bo? in/rum5ts & music are to be ( a simple "*3 9 ! ,republic only ! lyre1 ! pipe1 & ! flute are tol]at$1 & ! ,dorian & ,phrygian h>monies4 ,no *ange 9 ! fa%ions ( music is p]mitt$2 = :]e !re is lic5ce 9 music !re w be an>*y 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ?is desire = simplicity & fixity 9 music ,plato 0 probably oppos$ to ! t5d5cies ( 8 own age4 ,! sev]e h>mony :i* _h once *>act]iz$ ,hell5ic art 0 pass+ out ( fav\r3 alike 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 lit]ature1 & music1 ri*] & m ornate /yles prevail$4 ,we reg>d ! *ange z inevitable1 & n p]haps :olly to be regrett$3 to ,plato x 0 a cause r ?an a sign ( ! decl9e ( ,hellas4 ,musical amateurs1 #e4 #dge2--;education1 #b4 #cgg2 #c4 #cih foll42 #g4 #ebb ,a2 --in/rum5ts1 ! m complex k9ds (1 reject$1 #c4 #cii cp4 ,laws #g4 #hab ,d2--modes1 ib4 #cig-cii2 *anges 91 involve *anges 9 ! laws1 #d4 #dbd ,c4 ,my/]ies1 #b4 #cfe ,a1 #cff ,a1 #cgh ,a2 #h4 #efj ,e4 ,my?ology1 misrepres5tations ( ! gods 91 #b4 #cgh foll42 #c4 #chh foll41 #djh ,c 7cp4 ,gods72 l poetry1 has an imitative "*1 #c4 #cib ,d foll4 ,n4 ,n>ration1 /yles (1 #c4 #cib1 #cic1 #cif4 ,national qualities1 #d4 #dce4 ,natural gifts1 #b4 #cgj ,a2 #e4 #dee2 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,a2 #g4 #eai1 #ece4 ,nature1 recurr5t cycles 91 #h4 #edf ,a 7cp4 ,cycles72 divisions (1 #i4 #ehd cp4 ,phil4 #bc4 ,necessities1 !1 ( life1 #b4 #cfh1 #cgc ,a4 ,necessity1 ! "m ( ! ,fates1 #aj4 #faf1 #fag1 #fba ,a4 ,necessity1 !1 ':i* lov]s "k1' #e4 #deh ,e2--! 'necessity ( ,diom$e1' #f4 #dic ,d4 ,nemesis1 #e4 #dea ,a4 ,nic]atus1 son ( ,nicias1 #a4 #cbg ,c4 ,nicias1 #a4 #cbg ,c4 ,night+ale1 ,?amyras *ang$ into a1 #aj4 #fbj4 ,niobe1 suff]+s (1 9 tragic poetry1 #b4 #chj ,a4 ,greek3 no_/mos1 /ra9 & law1 #g4 #ecb ,e cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjj ,a4 ,n-be+1 #e4 #dgg4 ,novelties 9 music & gymna/ic to be disc\rag$1 #d4 #dbd4 ,numb]1 said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,palam$es1 #g4 #ebb ,d2--! numb] ( ! ,/ate1 #h4 #edf4 ,o4 ,objects & ideas to be di/+ui%$1 #e4 #dgf2 #f4 #ejg4 #cfd ,odysseus & ,alc9\s1 #aj4 #fad ,b2 *ooses ! lot ( a private man1 ib4 #fbj ,d4 ,odyssey1 #c4 #cic ,a4 ,cp4 ,iliad4 ,(fice1 n desir$ by ! good rul]1 #g4 #ebj ,a4 ,old age1 compla9ts aga9/1 #a4 #cbi2 ,sophocles quot$ 9 reg>d to1 ibid42 weal? a com=t] ( age1 ibid42--old m5 ?9k m ( ! future life1 ib4 #ccj2 n /ud5ts1 #g4 #ecf cp4 ,la*es #ahi2--! old] to be> rule 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #dab cp4 ,laws #c4 #fij ,a2 #d4 #gad ,e2 to be ov] ! y\ng]1 #e4 #dfe ,a cp4 ,laws #d4 #gba ,d2 #i4 #hgi ,c2 #aa4 #iag ,a4 ,olig>*y1 a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* has _m evils1 #h4 #edd1 #eea1 #eeb2 orig9 (1 ib4 #eej2 nature (1 ibid42 always divid$ aga9/ itself1 ib4 #eea ,d1 #eed ,e--! olig>*ical man1 #h4 #eec2 a mis]1 ib4 #eee2 8 place 9 reg>d to pleasure1 #i4 #ehg4 ,olympian ,zeus1 ! ,savi\r1 #i4 #ehc ,b4 ,olympic victors1 happ9ess & glory (1 #e4 #dfe ,d1 #dff ,a 7cp4 #aj4 #fah ,a74 ,"o1 !1 /udy (1 draws ! m9d to ! contemplation ( true be+1 #g4 #ebe ,a4 ,op9ion & k1 #e4 #dgf-dgh2 #f4 #ejh ,d1 #eaj ,a2 #g4 #ecd2 ! lov]s ( op9ion1 #e4 #dgi1 #dhj2 a bl9d guide1 #f4 #ejf2 objects ( op9ion & intellect classifi$1 #g4 #ecd 7cp4 #e4 #dgf72--true op9ion & c\rage1 #d4 #dbi1 #dcj 7cp4 ,c\rage74 ,opposites1 qualification (1 #d4 #dcf2 9 nature1 #e4 #ded1 #dge ,e4 ,cp4 ,contradiction4 ,oppositions 9 ! s\l1 #aj4 #fjc ,d4 ,orpheus1 *ild ( ! ,moon & ! ,muses1 #b4 #cfd ,e2 s\l (1 *ooses a swan's life1 #aj4 #fbj ,a2--quot$1 #b4 #cfd ,e4 ,p4 ,paeanian1 ,*>mantides !1 #a4 #cbh ,b4 ,pa91 cessation (1 causes pleasure1 #i4 #ehc ,d cp4 ,pha$o #fj ,a2 ,phil4 #ea ,a2 a motion ( ! s\l1 ib4 ,e4 ,pa9t]s1 #aj4 #eif1 #eig2 are imitators1 ib4 #eig cp4 ,soph4 #bcd2 pa9t]s & poets1 ib4 #eig1 #fjc1 #fje3--'! pa9t] ( con/itutions1' #f4 #eja4 ,pa9t+1 9 light & %ade1 #aj4 #fjb ,c4 ,palam$es & ,agamemnon 9 ! play1 #g4 #ebb ,d4 ,pamphylia1 ,ardiaeus a tyrant ( "s city 91 #aj4 #fae ,c4 ,p&>us1 au?or ( ! violation ( ! oa?s1 #b4 #cgi ,e2 w\nd$ ,m5elaus1 #c4 #djh ,a4 ,panh>monic scale1 !1 #c4 #cii4 ,panopeus1 fa!r ( ,epeus1 #aj4 #fbj ,b4 ,pantomimic repres5tations1 n to be all[$1 #c4 #cig4 ,p>adox ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 !1 #a4 #cdh4 ,p>5tal anxieties1 #e4 #dfe ,c cp4 ,eu?yd4 #cjf ,e4 ,p>5ts1 ! olde/ & mo/ indisp5sable ( fri5ds1 #h4 #egd ,c2 p>5ts & *ildr5 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #dfa4 ,"p & :ole1 9 reg>d to ! happ9ess ( ! /ate1 #d4 #dbj ,d2 #e4 #dff2 #g4 #eai ,e2 9 love1 #e4 #dgd ,c1 #dge ,b2 #f4 #dhe ,b4 ,passionate elem5t ( ! s\l1 #d4 #ddj2 #f4 #ejd ,a2 #h4 #edh ,d2 #i4 #ega ,e1 #ehj ,a4 ,see ,_s4 ,passions1 !1 tyranny (1 #a4 #cbi ,c2 fo/]$ by poetry1 #aj4 #fjf4 ,pati5t & ag5t equally qualifi$1 #d4 #dcf cp4 ,gorg4 #dgf2 ,phil4 #bg ,a4 ,patroclus1 cruel v5geance tak5 by ,a*illes =1 #c4 #cia ,b2 8 treatm5t ( ! w\nd$ ,eurypylus1 ib4 #djf ,a4 #cfe ,patt]n1 ! heav5ly1 #f4 #ejj ,e2 #g4 #edj ,a2 #i4 #eib cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci ,d4 ,paup]s4 ,see ,poor4 ,paym5t1 art (1 #a4 #cdf4 ,peiri?\s1 son ( ,zeus1 ! tale (1 n to be repeat$1 #c4 #cia ,d4 ,peleus1 ! g5tle/ ( m51 #c4 #cia ,c4 ,p]ception1 9 ! eye & 9 ! s\l1 #f4 #ejh foll4 ,p]diccas ,k+ ( ,mac$onia1 #a4 #ccf ,a4 ,p]fect /ate1 difficulty (1 #e4 #dgb2 #f4 #ejb ,e cp4 ,laws #d4 #gaa2 possible1 #e4 #dga1 #dgc2 #f4 #dii2 #g4 #edj cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci2 mann] ( its decl9e1 #h4 #edf cp4 ,crit4 #abj4 ,p]i&]1 ! tyrant1 #a4 #ccf ,a4 ,p]sonalities1 avoid$ by ! philosoph]1 #f4 #ejj ,b cp4 ,!aet4 #agd ,c4 ,p]sonification2 ! argum5t comp>$ to a se>* or *ase1 #b4 #cfh ,c2 #d4 #dbg ,c1 #dcb2 to a /ormy sea1 #d4 #dda ,b2 to an ocean1 #e4 #dec ,d2 to a game ( draughts1 #f4 #dhg ,b2 to a j\rney1 #g4 #ecb ,e2 to a *>m1 #aj4 #fjh ,a2--'has travell$ a long way1' #f4 #dhd ,a2--'veils h] face1' ib4 #ejc ,a2 --'foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! argum5t1' #b4 #cfe ,c2--':i!r ! argum5t may bl[1 ?i!r we g1' #c4 #cid ,d2--'a sw>m ( words1' #e4 #dej ,b2--! ?ree waves1 ib4 #deg ,c1 #dgb ,a1 #dgc ,c4 ,p]suasion or ,fai?1 "o ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,d2 #g4 #ecc ,e4 ,philosoph]1 !1 has ! quality ( g5tl5ess1 #b4 #cge1 #cgf2 #c4 #daj2 #f4 #dhf ,c2 '! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1' #f4 #dhf ,a cp4 ,!aet4 #agc ,e2 %\ld h a good memory1 ib4 ,d1 #dij ,e1 #did ,a2 #g4 #ece2 has 8 m9d fix$ ^u true be+1 #f4 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf ,e1 #dij1 #ejj ,c1 #eja ,d2 #g4 #eba1 #ecg ,d2 #i4 #eha1 #ehb ,c 7cp4 #e4 #dge ,e2 #g4 #ebj ,b1 #ebe1 & ,pha$o #hb2 ,pha$r4 #bdi2 ,!aet4 #agc ,e2 ,soph4 #bdi ,d1 #bed72 8 qualifications & excell5ces1 #f4 #dhe foll41 #dij ,d1 #dia ,b1 #did ,b cp4 ,pha$o #fh2 corruption ( ! philosoph]1 ib4 #dia foll42 is apt to retire f ! _w1 ib4 #dif cp4 ,!aet4 #agc2 does n delight 9 p]sonal conv]sation1 ib4 #ejj ,b cp4 ,!aet4 #agd ,c2 mu/ be an ari?metician1 #g4 #ebe ,b2 pleasures ( ! philosoph]1 #i4 #eha ,e3--,philosoph]s are to be k+s1 #e4 #dgc 7cp4 #f4 #dhg ,e1 #dih foll41 #eja ,e foll42 #g4 #edj2 #h4 #edc2 #i4 #eib72 are lov]s ( all k1 #e4 #dge2 #f4 #dhf ,a1 #dij2 true & false1 #e4 #dge foll42 #f4 #dhd1 #dia1 #did1 #dif ,a1 #ejj2 #g4 #ece2 to be gu>dians1 #b4 #cge 7see ,gu>dians72 :y !y are useless1 #f4 #dhg foll42 few 9 numb]1 ib4 ,e1 #dif1 #dii ,b1 #ejc ,b cp4 ,pha$o #fi ,c2 w frame ! /ate aft] ! heav5ly patt]n1 ib4 #eja2 #g4 #edj ,a2 #i4 #eib2 education (1 #f4 #ejc2 philosoph]s & poets1 #aj4 #fjg cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ifg4 ,philosophic nature1 !1 r>ity (1 #f4 #dia2 causes ( ! ru9 (1 ibid4 ,philosophy1 e heada*e ascrib$ to1 #c4 #djg ,c2 love ( real k1 #f4 #dhe 7cp4 supra #e4 #dge ,e72 ! corruption (1 #f4 #dia2 philosophy & ! _w1 ib4 #did2 ! desolation (1 ib4 #die2 philosophy & ! arts1 ib4 ,e1 #dif ,c 7cp4 supra #e4 #dge ,d1 #dgf ,a72 true & false philosophy1 #f4 #dif ,e1 #dih ,e2 philosophy & gov]nm5ts1 ib4 #dig2 "t set ap>t =1 ib4 #dih2 #g4 #eci2 commonly neglect$ 9 aft] life1 #f4 #dih2 prejudice aga9/1 ib4 #ejj1 #eja2 :y x is useless1 #g4 #eag1 #ece1 #eci2 ! gu>dian & savi\r ( virtue1 #h4 #edi ,b2 philosophy & poetry1 #aj4 #fjg2 aids a man to make a wise *oice 9 ! next _w1 ib4 #fah4 #cff ,phocylides1 8 say+1 't z soon z a man has a livelihood he %\ld practise virtue1' #c4 #djg ,b4 ,pho5ician tale1 !1 #c4 #dad ,c foll4 ,pho5icians1 _! love ( money1 #d4 #dcf ,a4 ,pho5ix1 tutor ( ,a*illes1 #c4 #cij ,e4 ,phrygian h>mony1 !1 #c4 #cii4 ,physician1 !1 n a m]e money mak]1 #a4 #cda ,c1 #cdb ,d2 ! good physician1 #c4 #djh2 physicians f9d employm5t :5 luxury increases1 #b4 #cgc ,c2 #c4 #dje ,a4 ,cp4 ,m$ic9e4 ,pigs1 sacrific$ at ! ,my/]ies1 #b4 #cgh ,a4 ,pilot1 !1 & ! j man1 #a4 #ccb 7cp4 #cda72 ! true pilot1 #f4 #dhh ,e4 ,p9d>1 on ! hope ( ! righte\s1 #a4 #cca ,a2 on ,asclepius1 #c4 #djh ,b2 --quot$1 #b4 #cfe ,b4 ,pipe1 !1 7,greek3 su_/rigx71 "o ( ! musical in/rum5ts p]mitt$ to be us$1 #c4 #cii ,d4 ,piraeus1 #a4 #cbg ,a2 #d4 #dci ,e2 ,socrates seldom goes !re1 #a4 #cbh ,c4 ,pittacus ( ,mityl5e1 a sage1 #a4 #cce ,e4 ,plays ( *ildr5 %\ld be made a means ( in/ruction1 #d4 #dbe ,a2 #g4 #ecg ,a cp4 ,laws #a4 #fdc ,b4 ,pleasure1 n ak9 to virtue1 #c4 #djb1 #djc2 pleasure & love1 ibid42 def9$ z k or good1 #f4 #eje ,b1 #eji ,b2 ! highe/1 #i4 #ehc2 caus$ by ! cessation ( pa91 ib4 ,d cp4 ,pha$o #fj ,a2 ,phil4 #ea2 a motion ( ! s\l1 ib4 ,e2--real pleasure unkn[n to ! tyrant1 ib4 #ehg2 --pleasure ( le>n+1 #f4 #dhf ,c 7cp4 #i4 #eha1 #ehf1 & ,laws #b4 #ffg72 --s5sual pleasure1 #g4 #eai2 #i4 #ehf2 a solv5t ( ! s\l1 #d4 #dcj ,a cp4 ,laws #a4 #fcc ,e2 n desir$ by ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhe ,e3--,pleasures1 division (1 into necess>y & unnecess>y1 #h4 #eeh1 #eei1 #efa ,a2 #i4 #egb1 #eha ,e2 hon\rable & di%on\rable1 #h4 #efa ,c2 ?ree classes (1 #i4 #eha2 crit]ion (1 ib4 #ehb2 classification (1 ib4 #ehc2--pleasures ( smell1 ib4 #ehd ,b2--pleasures ( ! _m1 #ehe2 ( ! passionate1 ib4 #ehf2 ( ! philosoph]1 ib4 #ehf1 #ehg4 ,pluto1 #h4 #eed ,b4 ,poetry1 /yles (1 #c4 #cib-cid1 #cih2 9 ! /ate1 ib4 #cib-cid1 #cih2 #h4 #efh ,b2 #aj4 #eie foll41 #fje ,a1 #fjg ,a cp4 ,laws #g4 #hag2 effect (1 #aj4 #fje2 fe$s ! passions1 ib4 #fjf2 poetry & philosophy1 ib4 #fjg cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ifg3--';col\rs' ( poetry1 ib4 #fja ,a4 ,poetry4 ,! ,republic is ! fir/ ( ,plato's works 9 :i* he s]i\sly exam9es ! value ( poetry 9 education1 & ! place ( ! poets 9 ! /ate4 ,! "q c\ld h>dly be neglect$ by ! philosoph] :o propos$ to con/ruct an ideal polity or gov]nm5t ( ! be/4 ,= poetry play$ a great "p 9 ,hell5ic life3 ! *ildr5 le>n$ :ole poems by he>t 9 _! s*ools 7,protag4 #cbf ,a2 ,laws #g4 #haj ,c72 ! rhapsode delight$ ! cr[ds at ! fe/ivals 7,ion #ece72 ! !atres 7 free1 or almo/ free1 to all1 'co/+ b a dra*ma at ! mo/' 7,apol4 #bf ,d72 ! int]vals ( a banquet 7 fill$ up by conv]sation ab\t ! poets 7,protag4 #cdg ,c74 ,! qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & poetry 0 an anci5t "o1 :i* _h f\nd its fir/ expression 9 ! attacks ( ,x5ophanes 7#ech ,b4,c47 & ,h]acleitus 7#ejh ,b4,c47 ^u ! popul> my?ology4 ,9 ! e>li] dialogues ( ,plato ! poets are treat$ ) an ironical c\rtesy1 ?r\gh :i* an antagoni/ic _s is all[$ "h & !re to appe>3 !y are 'w+$ & holy be+s' 7,ion #ecd7 :o s+ by inspiration1 #cfg b at ! same "t are ! wor/ possible critics ( _! own writ+s & ! mo/ self-conceit$ ( mortals 7,apol4 #bb ,d74 ,9 ! ,republic 7,,ii & ,,iii71 ,plato beg9s ! trial ( poetry by ! enquiry :e!r ! tales & leg5ds relat$ by ! epic & tragic poets are true 9 !mselves or likely to furni% good examples to 8 future citiz5s4 ,!y _c be true1 = !y are contr>y to ! nature ( ,god 7see s4 v4 ,god71 & !y are c]ta9ly n prop] lessons = y\?4 ,!re mu/ be a c5sor%ip ( poetry1 & all objectionable passages expung$2 suitable rules & regulations w be laid d[n1 & to ^! ! poets mu/ con=m4 ,9 ! ,x? ,book ! argum5t takes a deep] tone4 ,! ,poet is prov$ to be an impo/or ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 a wiz>d :o /eals ! he>ts ( ! unw>y by 8 spells & en*antm5ts4 ,m5 easily fall into ! habit ( imitat+ :at !y admire2 & ! lam5tations & woes ( ! tragic h]o & ! unseemly buffoon]y ( ! com$ian are equally bad models = ! citiz5s ( a free & noble /ate4 ,! poets mu/ !re=e be bani%$1 unless1 ,plato adds1 ! lov]s ( poetry c p]suade u ( h] innoc5ce ( ! *>ges laid aga9/ h]4 ,9 ! ,laws a simil> conclusion is rea*$3--',! /ate is an imitation ( ! be/ life1 & ! noble/ =m ( trag$y4 ,! legislator & ! poet are rivals1 & ! latt] c only be tol]at$ if 8 words are 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( ! /ate' 7vii4 #hag74 ,poets1 !1 love _! poems z _! own creation1 #a4 #ccj ,c cp4 ,symp4 #bji2 speak 9 p>ables1 ib4 #ccb ,b 7cp4 #c4 #dac ,b72 on ju/ice1 #b4 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cfe ,e2 bad tea*]s ( y\?1 ib4 #cgg2 #c4 #cia1 #cib1 #djh ,c cp4 ,laws #aj4 #hff ,c1 #hij ,a2 mu/ be re/ra9$ by c]ta9 rules1 #b4 #cgi foll42 #c4 #cih ,a cp4 ,laws #b4 #fef1 #ffj ,a2 #d4 #gai2 bani%$ f ! /ate1 #c4 #cih ,a2 #h4 #efh ,b2 #aj4 #eie foll41 #fje ,a1 #fjg ,a cp4 ,laws #g4 #hag2 poets & tyrants1 #h4 #efh2 ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 #aj4 #eif1 #eig1 #eih ,e1 #fjb ,b1 #fje ,c2 imitators only1 ib4 #fjj1 #fja 7cp4 #c4 #cic1 & ,laws #d4 #gai ,c72 poets & pa9t]s1 #aj4 #fja1 #fjc1 #fje2--'! poets :o 7 *ildr5 & prophets ( ! gods' 78 ,orpheus & ,musaeus2 cp4 supra #cfd ,e71 #b4 #cff ,a4 ,polem>*us1 ! son ( ,cephalus1 #a4 #cbg ,b2 '! heir ( ! argum5t1' ib4 #cca2 int]v5es 9 ! discussion1 ib4 #cdj2 wi%es ,socrates to speak 9 detail ab\t ! community ( wom5 & *ildr51 #e4 #ddi4 ,politicians1 9 democracies1 #h4 #efd4 ,polydamas1 ! pancratia/1 #a4 #cch ,c4 ,poor1 !1 h no "t to be ill1 #c4 #djf ,e2 ev]y:]e ho/ile to ! ri*1 #d4 #dbc ,a2 #h4 #eea ,e cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcf ,a2 v num]\s 9 olig>*ies1 #h4 #eeb ,d2 n despis$ by ! ri* 9 "t ( dang]1 ib4 #eef ,c4 ,population1 to be regulat$1 #e4 #dfj4 ,pov]ty1 prejudicial to ! arts1 #d4 #dba2 pov]ty & crime1 #h4 #eeb4 ,p[]1 ! /ruggle =1 #g4 #ebj ,c cp4 ,laws #d4 #gae ,a4 ,pramnian w9e1 #c4 #dje ,e1 #djh ,a4 ,priam1 ,hom]'s del9eation (1 condemn$1 #c4 #chh ,b4 ,prison]s 9 w>1 #e4 #dfh-dgj4 ,private prop]ty1 n all[$ to ! gu>dians1 #c4 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dbj ,a1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd ,c2 #h4 #edc4 ,prizes ( val\r1 #e4 #dfh4 ,prodicus1 a popul> tea*]1 #aj4 #fjj ,c4 #cfh ,prop]ty1 to be common1 #c4 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dbj ,a1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd ,c2 #h4 #edc2 re/rictions on ! disposition (1 #h4 #eef ,a cp4 ,laws #aa4 #ibc3 --prop]ty qualifications 9 olig>*ies1 ib4 #eej1 #eea4 ,prophets1 m5dicant1 #b4 #cfd ,c4 ,proportion1 ak9 to tru?1 #f4 #dhf ,e4 ,prose writ]s on ju/ice1 #b4 #cfd ,a4 ,protagoras1 8 popul>ity z a tea*]1 #aj4 #fjj ,c4 ,proteus1 n to be sl&]$1 #b4 #cha ,d4 ,prov]bs3 'birds ( a fea!r1' #a4 #cbi ,a2 '%ave a lion1' ib4 #cda ,c2 'let bro!r help bro!r1' #b4 #cfb ,d2 'wolf & flock1' #c4 #dae ,d2 '"o great ?+1'#d4 #dbc ,e2 'h>d is ! good1' ib4 #dce ,c2 'fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common1' #e4 #ddi ,c2 '! useful is ! noble1' ib4 #deg ,b2 '! wise mu/ g to ! doors ( ! ri*1' #f4 #dhi ,b 7cp4 #b4 #cfd ,b72 ':at is m ?an human1' #f4 #dib ,e2 '! necessity ( ,diom$e1' ib4 #dic ,d2 '! %e-dog z good z h] mi/ress1' #h4 #efc ,d2 'out ( ! smoke into ! fire1' ib4 #efi ,b2 'does n come )9 a ?\s& miles' 7,greek3 ou7d' i7_/kt> ba_/llei71 #i4 #ege ,d4 ,public1 !1 ! great ,sophi/1 #f4 #dib2 comp>$ to a _m-head$ bea/1 ib4 #dic2 _c be philosophic1 ib4 #did ,a cp4 ,pol4 #bib ,d4 ,see ,_m1 ,multitude4 ,puni%m5t1 ( ! wick$1 9 ! _w bel[1 #b4 #cfc2 #aj4 #fad4 ,cp4 ,hades1 ,_w bel[4 ,purgation ( ! luxuri\s /ate1 #c4 #cii ,e2--( ! city by ! tyrant1 #h4 #efg ,d2--( ! s\l1 by ! tyrannical man1 ib4 #egc ,a4 ,py?agoreans1 !1 au?orities on ! sci5ce ( h>mony1 #g4 #ebi1 #ecj1 #eca2 nev] rea* ! natural h>monies ( numb]1 ib4 #eca ,c2--! ,py?agorean way ( life1 #aj4 #fjj ,a4 ,py?ian ,oracle1 !1 #e4 #dfa ,e2 #g4 #edj ,c4 ,q4 ,quacks1 #e4 #dei4 ,qu>rels1 di%on\rable1 #b4 #cgh2 #c4 #cie ,e2 w be unkn[n 9 ! be/ /ate1 #b4 #cgh ,b2 #e4 #dfd ,e cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci2--qu>rels ( ! ,gods & h]oes1 #b4 #cgh4 ,r4 ,rational elem5t ( ! s\l1 #d4 #dce-ddb2 #f4 #ejd ,a2 #h4 #eej ,a2 #i4 #ega1 #ehj ,e1 #eha cp4 ,tim4 #fi ,e-#gb2 ought to be> rule1 & be assi/$ by ! spirit$ elem5t aga9/ ! passions1 #d4 #dda ,e1 #ddb2 *>act]iz$ by ! love ( k1 #i4 #eha ,b2 ! pleasures (1 ! true/1 ib4 #ehb2 pres]ves ! m9d f ! illusions ( s5se1 #aj4 #fjb4 ,rationalism among y\?1 #g4 #ech cp4 ,laws #aj4 #hhf4 ,reaction1 #h4 #efd ,a4 ,read1 le>n+ to1 #c4 #djb ,a4 ,reason1 a faculty ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,d 7cp4 #g4 #ecc ,e72 reason & appetite1 #i4 #ega 7cp4 #d4 #dci-ddb1 & ,tim4 #fi ,e foll472 reason %\ld be ! guide ( pleasure1 #i4 #ehe-ehg4 ,reflections1 #f4 #eaj ,a4 ,relations1 slights inflict$ by1 9 old age1 #a4 #cbi4 ,relative & correlative1 qualifications (1 #d4 #dcg foll4 cp4 ,gorg4 #dgf2 h[ correct$1 #g4 #ebd4 ,relativity ( ?+s & individuals1 #e4 #dgi2 fallacies caus$ by1 #i4 #ehd1 #ehe2 #aj4 #fjb1 #fje ,c4 ,religion1 matt]s (1 left to ! god at ,delphi1 #d4 #dbg ,a 7cp4 #e4 #dfa ,e1 #dfi ,a2 #g4 #edj ,b74 ,residues1 me?od (1 #d4 #dbg ,e4 ,re/ & motion1 #d4 #dcf4 ,retail trad]s1 necess>y 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga cp4 ,laws #aa4 #iah4 ,rev]5ce 9 ! "y1 #e4 #dfe ,a #cfi cp4 ,laws #e1 #gbi2 #i4 #hgi2 #aa4 #iag ,a4 ,rhetoric1 pr(essors (1 #b4 #cfe ,d4 ,rhy?m1 #c4 #djj2 goes ) ! subject1 ib4 #cih ,d1 #djj ,b2 its p]suasive influ5ce1 ib4 #dja ,e2 #aj4 #fja ,b4 ,ri*es4 ,see ,weal?4 ,riddle1 !1 ( ! eunu* & ! bat1 #e4 #dgi ,c4 ,ridicule1 only to be direct$ aga9/ folly & vice1 #e4 #deb ,e2 dang] ( unre/ra9$ ridicule1 #aj4 #fjf ,c cp4 ,laws #aa4 #ice ,a4 ,rid+1 ! *ildr5 ( ! gu>dians to be taught1 #e4 #dfg2 #g4 #ecg ,a cp4 ,laws #g4 #gid ,d4 ,"r & might1 #a4 #cch foll4 ,rul]1 !1 9 ! /rict & 9 ! popul> s5se1 #a4 #cda ,b2 ! true rul] does n ask1 b claim ob$i5ce1 #f4 #dhi ,c cp4 ,pol4 #cjj1 #cja2 ! ideal rul]1 ib4 #ejb3--,rul]s ( /ates2 d !y /udy _! own int]e/s8 #a4 #cch ,d1 #cdc1 #cdf 7cp4 #g4 #ebj ,c72 are n infallible1 #a4 #cci2 h[ !y are paid1 ib4 #cdg2 good m5 d n desire (fice1 ibid42 #g4 #ebj ,d2 :y !y become rul]s1 #a4 #cdg2 pres5t rul]s di%one/1 #f4 #dif ,d3 --9 ! be/ /ate mu/ be te/$ by pleasures & pa9s1 #c4 #dac 7cp4 #f4 #ejc ,a2 #g4 #eci ,e72 h ! sole privilege ( ly+1 #b4 #chb2 #c4 #chi ,a1 #dad ,c2 #e4 #dei ,d cp4 ,laws #b4 #ffc2 mu/ be tak5 f ! old] citiz5s1 #c4 #dab 7cp4 #f4 #dih ,c72 w be call$ fri5ds & savi\rs1 #e4 #dfc2 #f4 #ejb ,e2 mu/ be philosoph]s1 #b4 #cgf2 #e4 #dgc2 #f4 #dhd1 #dig foll41 #eja1 #ejc ,b2 #g4 #ebj1 #eba1 #ebe ,b1 #edj2 #h4 #edc2 ! qualities :i* mu/ be f\nd 9 !m1 #f4 #ejc ,a2 #g4 #ece2 mu/ atta9 to ! k ( ! good1 #f1 #ejf2 #g4 #eai2 w accept (fice z a necessity1 #g4 #ebj ,e1 #edj ,a2 w be select$ at tw5ty1 & aga9 at ?irty1 f ! gu>dians1 ib4 #ecg2 mu/ le>n ari?metic1 ib4 #ebb-ebf2 geometry1 ib4 #ebf1 #ebg2 a/ronomy1 ib4 #ebg-ecj2 h>mony1 ib4 #eca2 at ?irty mu/ be initiat$ into philosophy1 ib4 #ecg-eci2 at ?irty-five mu/ ent] on active life1 ib4 #eci ,e2 aft] fifty may return to philosophy1 ib4 #edj2 :5 !y die1 w be buri$ by ! /ate & paid div9e hon\rs1 #c4 #dad ,a2 #e4 #dfe ,e1 #dfi ,a2 #g4 #edj ,b4 ,cp4 ,gu>dians4 ,s4 ,sacrifices1 private1 #a4 #cbh ,b1 #cca ,d2--9 atonem5t1 #b4 #cfd2--;human1 9 ,arcadia1 #h4 #efe ,d4 ,sailors1 necess>y 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga ,b4 ,s>p$on1 #c4 #chh ,c4 ,sauces1 n m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 #c4 #djd ,d4 ,scam&]1 beleagu]$ by ,a*illes1 #c4 #cia ,b4 ,scepticism1 dang] (1 #g4 #ech1 #eci4 ,sci5ce 7,greek3 e7pi/_/m71 a division ( ! intellectual _w1 #g4 #ecc ,e 7cp4 #f4 #eaa72--! sci5ces di/+ui%$ by _! object1 #d4 #dch cp4 ,*>m4 #aga2 n to be /udi$ ) a view to utility only1 #g4 #ebg ,a1 #ebi1 #ecj2 _! unity1 ib4 #eca2 use hypo!ses1 ib4 #ecc2 correlation (1 ib4 #ecg4 ,sculpture1 mu/ only express ! image ( ! good1 #c4 #dja ,b2 pa9t+ (1 #d4 #dbj ,d cp4 ,laws #b4 #ffh ,e4 ,scylla1 #i4 #ehh ,c4 ,scy?ian1 ,ana*>sis !1 #aj4 #fjj ,a2--,scy?ians1 !1 *>act]iz$ by _s or passion1 #d4 #dce ,e4 ,self-indulg5ce 9 m5 & /ates1 #d4 #dbe ,e1 #dbf2--self-int]e/ ! natural guide ( m51 #b4 #cei ,b2--self-made m5 bad company1 #a4 #ccj ,c2 --self-ma/]y1 #d4 #dcj1 #dca4 #cgj ,s5se1 objects (1 tw(old1 #g4 #ebc2 k giv5 by1 imp]fect1 ibid42 #aj4 #fjb2 s5se & intellect1 #g4 #ebd3--,s5ses1 !1 class$ among faculties1 #e4 #dgg ,c4 ,s]iphian1 /ory ( ,!mi/ocles & !1 #a4 #cbi ,e4 ,s]vants1 old family1 #h4 #edi ,e4 ,sex 9 ! _w bel[1 #aj4 #fah ,b2--sexes to foll[ ! same tra9+1 #e4 #dea1 #dff cp4 ,laws #g4 #hje2 equality (1 advantage\s1 ib4 #def1 #deg2 relation betwe51 ib4 #deh foll4 cp4 ,laws #h4 #hce ,e2 fre$om ( int]c\rse betwe51 9 a democracy1 #h4 #efc ,b4 ,cp4 ,wom54 ,sexual desires1 #e4 #deh ,e cp4 ,laws #f4 #ghc ,a2 #h4 #hce ,e4 ,%ad[s1 #f4 #eaj ,a2--k ( %ad[s 7,greek3 ei7kasi_/a71 "o ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,e2 #g4 #ecc ,e4 ,%eph]d1 ! analogy (1 ) ! rul]1 #a4 #cdc1 #cde cp4 ,pol4 #bge4 ,%opkeep]s1 necess>y 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga cp4 ,laws #aa4 #iah4 ,%ort sight1 #b4 #cfh ,d4 ,sicily1 'c tell ( ,*>ondas1' #aj4 #eii ,e2--,sicilian cook]y1 #c4 #djd ,d4 ,sight1 plac$ 9 ! class ( faculties1 #e4 #dgg ,c2 requires 9 addition to vision & col\r1 a ?ird elem5t1 light1 #f4 #ejg2 ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! s5ses1 ibid42 comp>$ to m9d1 ib4 #ejh2 #g4 #ecb ,a2 illusions (1 #g4 #ebc2 #aj4 #fjb1 #fjc ,d3--! _w ( sight1 #g4 #eag4 ,sign1 !1 ( ,socrates1 #f4 #dif ,c4 ,silv]1 m+l$ by ! ,god 9 ! auxili>ies1 #c4 #dae ,a 7cp4 #daf ,e2 #h4 #edg ,a72--& gold n all[$ to ! gu>dians1 #c4 #daf ,e2 #d4 #dai1 #dbb ,d2 #e4 #dfd ,d 7cp4 #h4 #edc74 ,simonides1 8 def9ition ( ju/ice discuss$1 #a4 #cca ,d--#cce ,e2 a sage1 ib4 #cce ,e4 ,simplicity1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( education1 #c4 #cig foll41 #djj ,e1 #djd2 ! two k9ds (1 ib4 #djj ,e2 ( ! good man1 ib4 #dji ,a2 9 diet1 #h4 #eei ,c 7cp4 #c4 #djd ,d74 ,s91 puni%m5t (1 #b4 #cfc2 #aj4 #fad foll4 ,cp4 ,hades1 ,_w bel[4 ,sir5s1 h>mony ( !1 #aj4 #fag ,b4 ,skill$ p]son1 !1 _c err 7,?rasyma*us71 #a4 #cdj ,d4 ,slav]y1 m to be fe>$ ?an dea?1 #c4 #chg ,a2 ( ,hell5es condemn$1 #e4 #dfi ,b4 ,slaves1 ! un$ucat$ man h>% t[>ds1 #h4 #edi ,a2 enjoy great fre$om 9 a democracy1 ib4 #efc ,b2 always incl9$ to rise aga9/ _! ma/]s1 #i4 #egh cp4 ,laws #f4 #ggf1 #ggg4 ,smallness & greatness1 #d4 #dch ,b2 #e4 #dgi ,b2 #g4 #ebc1 #ebd2 #i4 #ege ,c2 #aj4 #fjb ,d1 #fje ,c4 ,smell1 pleasures (1 #i4 #ehd ,b4 ,snake-*>m+1 #a4 #ceh ,b4 ,socrates1 goes d[n to ! ,peiraeus to see ! fea/ ( ,b5dis1 #a4 #cbg2 deta9$ by ,polem>*us & ,glaucon1 ibid42 conv]ses ) ,cephalus1 ib4 #cbh-ccb2 trembles be=e ,?rasyma*us1 ib4 #ccf ,d2 8 irony1 ib4 #ccg ,a2 8 pov]ty1 ib4 ,d2 a %>p] 9 argum5t1 ib4 #cdj ,d2 ignorant ( :at ju/ice is1 ib4 #ced ,c2 8 p[]s ( fasc9ation1 #b4 #ceh ,a2 reque/$ by ,glaucon & ,adeimantus to praise ju/ice p] se1 ib4 #cfg ,b2 _c refuse to help ju/ice1 ib4 #cfh ,c2 #d4 #dbg ,d2 8 oa? 'by ! dog1' #c4 #cii ,e2 #h4 #efg ,e2 #i4 #eib ,a2 hop$ to h evad$ discuss+ ! subject ( wom5 & *ildr51 #e4 #ddi1 #dgb1 #dgc 7cp4 #f4 #ejb ,e72 8 love ( tru?1 #e4 #dea ,a2 #f4 #ejd2 8 p[] 9 argum5t1 #f4 #dhg ,b2 n unaccu/om$ to speak 9 p>ables1 ib4 ,e2 8 sign1 ib4 #dif ,c2 8 e>ne/ness 9 behalf ( philosophy1 #g4 #ecf ,b2 8 rev]5ce = ,hom]1 #aj4 #eie ,c1 #fjg 7cp4 #c4 #cia ,a74 #cga ,soldi]s1 mu/ =m a sep>ate class1 #b4 #cgd2 ! diet suit$ =1 #c4 #djd ,d 7cp4 ,gu>dians72--wom5 to be soldi]s1 #e4 #deb1 #dff1 #dga ,e2--puni%m5t ( soldi]s = c[>dice1 ib4 #dfh ,a4 ,cp4 ,w>rior4 ,solon1 fam\s at ,a!ns1 #aj4 #eii ,e2--quot$1 #g4 #ecf ,d4 ,son1 ! supposititi\s1 p>able (1 #g4 #ecg ,e4 ,song1 p>ts (1 #c4 #cih ,d4 ,sophi/s1 !1 _! view ( ju/ice1 #a4 #cch foll42 v]bal quibbles (1 ib4 #cdj2 ! public ! great ,sophi/1 #f4 #dib2 ! ,sophi/s comp>$ to fe$]s ( a bea/1 ib4 #dic4 ,sophocles1 a rem>k (1 quot$1 #a4 #cbi ,b4 ,sorr[1 n to be indulg$1 #c4 #chg2 #aj4 #fjc-fjf2 has a relax+ effect on ! s\l1 #d4 #dcj ,a2 #aj4 #fjf4 ,s\l1 !1 has ends & excell5ces1 #a4 #cec ,d2 beauty 9 ! s\l1 #c4 #dja2 ! fair s\l 9 ! fair body1 ib4 #djb ,d2 sympa?y ( s\l & body1 #e4 #dfb ,d1 #dfd ,b2 conv]sion ( ! s\l f d>kness to light1 #g4 #eah1 #eba1 #ebe cp4 ,laws #ab4 #ieg ,e2 requires ! aid ( calculation & intellig5ce 9 ord] to int]pret ! intimations ( s5se1 ib4 #ebc1 #ebd2 #aj4 #fjb2 has m tru? & ess5ce ?an ! body1 #i4 #ehe ,d2--bett] & worse pr9ciples 9 ! s\l1 #d4 #dca2 ! s\l divid$ into reason1 _s1 appetite1 ib4 #dce-ddb2 #f4 #ejd ,a2 #h4 #eej ,a2 #i4 #ega1 #ehj ,e1 #eha cp4 ,tim4 #fi ,e-#gb1 #hi ,e2 ,laws #i4 #hfc2 faculties ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,e2 #g4 #ecc ,e2 oppositions 9 ! s\l1 #aj4 #fjc ,d cp4 ,soph4 #bbh ,a2 ,laws #aj4 #hif ,d2--! lame s\l1 #c4 #dja2 #g4 #ece cp4 ,tim4 #dd2 ,soph4 #bbh2--! s\l m>r$ by meanness1 #f4 #die ,e cp4 ,gorg4 #ebd ,e2--immortality ( ! s\l1 #aj4 #fjh foll41 7cp4 #f4 #dih ,c72--numb] ( s\ls does n increase1 #aj4 #faa ,a2--! s\l aft] dea?1 ib4 #fad foll42--transmigration ( s\ls1 ib4 #fag cp4 ,pha$r4 #bdi2 ,tim4 #ij ,e foll42--! s\l impure & disfigur$ :ile 9 ! body1 ib4 #faa cp4 ,pha$o #ha2--;comp>$ to a _m-head$ mon/]1 #i4 #ehh2 to ! images ( ! sea-god ,glaucus1 #aj4 #faa2--l ! eye1 #f4 #ejh2 #g4 #eah2--;h>mony ( ! s\l1 produc$ by temp]ance1 #d4 #dcj1 #ddb1 #ddc 7cp4 #i4 #eia ,d1 & ,laws #b4 #fec ,b72--eye ( ! s\l1 #g4 #eah ,d1 #ebg ,e1 #ecc ,d1 #edj ,a2--five =ms ( ! /ate & s\l1 #d4 #dde2 #e4 #ddi2 #i4 #egg4 ,s\l4 ,! psy*ology ( ! ,republic1 :ile agree+ g5]ally ) t ( ! o!r ,dialogues1 is 9 "s respects a modification or developem5t ( _! conclusions4--,! division ( ! s\l into ?ree elem5ts1 reason1 _s1 appetite1 "h fir/ assumes a precise =m1 & h5ce=w>d has a p]man5t place 9 ! language ( philosophy 7cp4 ,introd4 p4 lxvii74 ,on ?is division ! di/9ction betwe5 =ms ( gov]nm5t is bas$ 7see s4 v4 ,gov]nm5t74 ,virtue1 aga91 is ! h>mony or accord ( ! diff]5t elem5ts1 :5 ! dictates ( reason are en=c$ by passion aga9/ ! appetites1 :ile vice is ! an>*y or discord ( ! s\l :5 passion & appetite jo9 9 rebellion aga9/ reason 7cp4 #d4 #ddd2 #aj4 #fji foll42 ,soph4 #bbh2 ,pol4 #bif ,d2 ,laws #aj4 #ijf ,c4--,reg>d$ f ! intellectual side ! s\l is analys$ into f\r faculties1 reason1 und]/&+1 fai?1 k ( %ad[s4 ,^! sev]ally correspond to ! f\r divisions ( k 7#f4 #eaa ,e71 two = intellect & two = op9ion2 & ?us arises ! ,platonic 'proportion1'--be+ 3 becom+ 33 intellect 3 op9ion1 & sci5ce 3 belief #cgb 33 und]/&+ 3 k ( %ad[s4 ,^! divisions are p>tly real1 p>tly =m$ by a logical process1 :i*1 z 9 s _m di/9ctions ( anci5t philosoph]s1 has outrun fact1 & are fur!r illu/rat$ & expla9$ by ! allegory ( ! cave 9 ,book ,,vii 7see ,introduction1 p4 xciv74--,! pre-exi/5ce & ! immortality ( ! s\l are assum$4 ,! doctr9e ( ,greek3 a7na_/mnsis or 'remembrance ( a previ\s bir?' is n s mu* dwelt ^u z 9 ! ,m5o1 ,pha$o1 or ,pha$rus1 nei!r is x made a pro( ( immortality 7,m5o #hf2 ,pha$o #gc74 ,x is app>5tly allud$ to 9 ! /ory ( ,er1 :]e we are told t '! pilgrims drank ! wat]s ( ,unm9dfulness2 ! fooli% took too deep a draught1 b ! wise 7 m mod]ate' 7#aj4 #fba ,a74 ,9 ! ,x? ,book ,glaucon is suppos$ to receive ) amazem5t ,socrates' confid5t ass]tion ( immortality1 al?\gh a previ\s allusion to ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce has pass$ unhe$$ 7#f4 #dih ,d72 & 9 e>li] p>ts ( ! discussion 7e4g4 #b4 #cfb2 #c4 #chf71 ! c5sure :i* is pass$ on ! common repres5tations ( ,hades implies 9 itself "s belief 9 a future life cp4 ,introduction to ,pha$o1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l is n drawn out at great l5g? or ) ! emphasis ( ! ,pha$o4 ,x is *iefly ( a v]bal "*3--,all ?+s :i* p]i% are de/roy$ by "s inh]5t evil2 b ! s\l is n de/roy$ by s91 :i* is ! evil prop] to h]1 & mu/ !re=e be immortal 7cp4 ,introd4 p4 clxvi74--,! condition ( ! s\l aft] dea? is repres5t$ by ,plato 9 8 fav\rite =m ( a my? cp4 ,m5o #ha2 ,pha$o #hh2 ,gorg4 #ebb4 ,! ,pamphylian w>rior ,er1 :o is suppos$ to h di$ 9 battle1 revives :5 plac$ on ! fun]al pyre & relates 8 exp]i5ces 9 ! o!r _w4 ,he tells h[ ! j are rew>d$ & ! wick$ puni%$1 & is privileg$ to describe ! spectacle :i* he _h witness$ ( ! *oice ( a new life by ! pilgrim s\ls4 ,! rew>d ( release f bodily exi/5ce is n held out to ! philosoph] 7,pha$o #aad ,c71 b 8 wisdom1 :i* has a deep] root ?an habit 7#aj4 #fai71 pres]ves him f ov]ha/e 9 8 *oice & ensures him a happy de/9y4--,! transmigration ( s\ls is repres5t$ 9 ! my? mu* z 9 ! ,pha$rus & ,timaeus4 ,plato 9 all likelihood d]iv$ ! doctr9e f an ,ori5tal s\rce1 b ?r\gh ,py?agorean *annels4 ,x probably _h a real hold on 8 m9d1 z x agre$1 or c\ld be made to agree1 ) ! conviction1 :i* he else:]e expresses1 ( ! rem$ial nature ( puni%m5t cp4 ,protag4 #cbc2 ,gorg4 #ebc-ebe4 ,s\nds 9 music1 #g4 #eca ,a4 ,sp>ta4 ,see ,lac$aemon4 ,spectator1 !1 unconsci\sly influ5c$ by :at he sees & he>s1 #aj4 #fje1 #fjf cp4 ,laws #b4 #fef ,a1 #fei ,c2--! philosoph] ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1 #f4 #dhf ,a cp4 ,!aet4 #agc ,e4 ,sp5d?rifts1 9 ,greek /ates1 #h4 #efd4 ,sp]*eius1 ! riv]-god1 #c4 #cia ,b4 ,_s1 mu/ be comb9$ ) g5tl5ess 9 ! gu>dians1 #b4 #cge2 #c4 #daj2 #f4 #ejc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gca ,b2 *>act]i/ic ( nor!rn nations1 #d4 #dce ,e2 f\nd 9 q "y *ildr51 ib4 #dda ,a cp4 ,laws2 #ab4 #cgc #ifc3--! spirit$ 7or passionate7 elem5t 9 ! s\l1 ib4 #ddj foll42 #f4 #ejd ,a2 #h4 #eej ,a2 #i4 #egb ,a1 #ehj ,e2 mu/ be subject to ! rational "p1 #d4 #dda ,e cp4 ,tim4 #cj ,c1 #gj1 #hi ,d2 pr$om9ant 9 ! timocratic /ate & man1 #h4 #edh1 #eej ,b2 *>act]is$ by ambition1 #i4 #eha ,b2 its pleasures1 ib4 #ehf ,d2 ! fav\rite object ( ! poet's imitation1 #aj4 #fjd1 #fje4 ,/>s1 motion ( !1 #g4 #ebi1 #ecj2 #aj4 #faf ,e4 ,/ate1 relation (1 to ! individual1 #b4 #cfh2 #d4 #dcd1 #dda2 #e4 #dfb2 #h4 #edd2 #i4 #egg ,b cp4 ,laws #c4 #fhi2 #e4 #gci2 #i4 #hge1 #hgg ,c2 #aa4 #ibc2 orig9 (1 #b4 #cfi foll4 cp4 ,laws #c4 #fgh foll42 %\ld be 9 unity1 #d4 #dbb2 #e4 #dfc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci2 place ( ! virtues 91 #d4 #dbh foll42 virtue ( /ate & individual1 ib4 #dda2 #f4 #dih ,e2 family life 91 #e4 #ddi cp4 ,laws #e4 #gdj3--! luxuri\s /ate1 #b4 #cgb ,d foll43--! be/ /ate2 classes mu/ be kept di/9ct1 ib4 #cgd2 #c4 #cgi ,e1 #dae ,a2 #d4 #dba1 #dcc ,a1 #dcd1 #dda ,e1 #ddc2 #e4 #dec 7cp4 #h4 #eeb ,a1 & ,laws #h4 #hdf ,e72 ! rul]s mu/ be philosoph]s1 #b4 #cgf2 #e4 #dgc2 #f4 #dhd1 #dig foll41 #eja1 #ejc ,b2 #g4 #ebj1 #eba1 #ebe ,b1 #edj2 #h4 #edc 7cp4 ,rul]s72 ! gov]nm5t mu/ h ! monopoly ( ly+1 #b4 #chb2 #c4 #chi ,a1 #dad ,c2 #e4 #dei ,d cp4 ,laws #b4 #ffc ,e2 ! poets to be bani%$1 #c4 #cih ,a2 #h4 #efh ,b2 #aj4 #eie foll41 #fje ,a1 #fjg ,a cp4 ,laws #g4 #hag2 ! old] mu/ be> rule1 ! y\ng] obey1 #c4 #dab cp4 ,laws #c4 #fij ,a2 #d4 #gad ,e2 wom51 *ildr51 & goods to be common1 ib4 #daf2 #e4 #dej ,e1 #deg foll41 #dfb1 #dfd2 #h4 #edc ,a cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci2 #g4 #hjg ,b2 mu/ be happy z a :ole1 #d4 #dbj ,d2 #e4 #dff ,a2 #g4 #eai ,e2 w easily ma/] o!r /ates 9 w>1 #d4 #dbb2 mu/ be ( a size :i* is n inconsi/5t ) unity1 ib4 #dbc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcg2 compos$ ( ?ree classes1 trad]s1 auxili>ies1 c\nsellors1 ib4 #dda ,a2 may be ei!r a mon>*y or an ari/ocracy1 ib4 #dde ,c 7cp4 #i4 #egf ,d72 w =m "o family1 #e4 #dfc cp4 ,pol4 #bei2 w be free f qu>rels & law-suits1 #b4 #cgh2 #e4 #dfd1 #dfe2--;is x possible8 #e4 #dga1 #dgc2 #f4 #dii2 #g4 #edj cp4 #g4 #ebj & ,laws #d4 #gaa ,e2 #e4 #gci2 fram$ aft] ! heav5ly patt]n1 #f4 #ejj ,e2 #g4 #edj ,a2 #i4 #eib2 h[ to be comm5c$1 #f4 #eja2 #g4 #edj2 mann] ( its decl9e1 #h4 #edf cp4 ,crit4 #abj2--! be/ /ate t 9 :i* ! rul]s lea/ desire (fice1 #g4 #ebj1 #eba3--! f\r imp]fect =ms ( /ates1 #d4 #dde ,b2 #h4 #edd cp4 ,pol4 #bia foll41 #cia foll42 succession ( /ates1 #h4 #ede foll4 7cp4 ,gov]nm5t1 =ms (73--exi/+ /ates n "o b _m1 #d4 #dbc ,a2 ne>ly all corrupt1 #f4 #dif2 #g4 #eai1 #ebj2 #i4 #eib4 ,/ate4 ,! polity ( :i* ,plato 'sket*es ! outl9e' 9 ! ,republic may be analys$ into two pr9cipal elem5ts1 ,i1 an ,hell5ic /ate ( ! old] or ,sp>tan type1 ) "s traits borr[$ f ,a!ns1 ,,ii1 an ideal city 9 :i* ! citiz5s h all ?+s 9 common1 & ! gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on by a class ( philosoph] rul]s :o are select$ by m]it4 ,^! two elem5ts are n p]fectly comb9$2 &1 z ,ari/otle compla9s 7,pol4 ii4 #e1 #ah71 v mu* is left ill-def9$ & unc]ta94--,i4 ,l ,hell5ic cities 9 g5]al1 ! numb] ( ! citiz5s is n to be great4 ,! size ( ! /ate is limit$ by ! requirem5t t 'x %all n be l>g] or small] ?an is consi/5t ) unity4' ,! 'conv5i5t numb]' #ejdj1 :i* is #cgd sugge/$ 9 ! ,laws 7v4 #gcg71 is reg>d$ by ,ari/otle 7,pol4 ii4 #f1 #f7 z an 'enorm\s multitude4' ,aga91 ! individual is subord9ate to ! /ate4 ,:5 ,adeimantus compla9s ( ! h>d life :i* ! citiz5s w lead1 'l m]c5>ies 9 a g>rison' 7#d4 #dai71 he is answ]$ by ,socrates t if ! happ9ess ( ! :ole is secur$1 ! happ9ess ( ! p>ts w inevitably foll[4 ,once m1 w> is suppos$ to be ! normal condition ( ! /ate1 & milit>y s]vice is impos$ ^u all4 ,! pr(ession ( arms is ! only "o 9 :i* ! citiz5 may prop]ly engage4 ,trade is reg>d$ z di%on\rable3--'^? :o are good = no?+ else sit 9 ! ,agora buy+ & sell+' 7#b4 #cga ,d72 ! w>rior c sp>e no "t = su* an employm5t 7ib4 #cgd ,c74 ,9 ! ,laws ,plato's ideas enl>ge2 he ?9ks t peace is to be pref]r$ to w> 7#a4 #fbh72 & he speculates on ! possibility ( r$eem+ trade f reproa* by compell+ "s ( ! be/ citiz5s to op5 a %op or keep a tav]n 7#aa4 #iah74--;,9 ^! respects1 z well z 9 ! introduction ( common meals1 ,plato 0 probably influ5c$ by ! traditional ideal ( ,sp>ta cp4 ,introd4 p4 clxx4 ,! ,a!nian elem5t appe>s 9 ! intellectual tra9+ ( ! citiz5s1 & g5]ally 9 ! atmosph]e ( grace & ref9em5t :i* !y are to brea! 7see s4 v4 ,art74 ,! re/less en]gy ( ! ,a!nian "* is p]haps reflect$ 9 ! discipl9e impos$ ^u ! rul+ class 7#g4 #edj71 :o :5 !y h rea*$ fifty are disp5s$ f cont9u\s public s]vice1 b mu/ !n devote !mselves to ab/ract /udy1 & also be will+ to take _! turn :5 necess>y at ! helm ( /ate cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjg2 ,?ucyd4 i4 #gj2 ii4 #dj4--;,,ii4 ,! mo/ peculi> features ( ,plato's /ate are 7#a7 ! community ( prop]ty1 7#b7 ! position ( wom51 7#c7 ! gov]nm5t ( philosoph]s4 7#a7 ,! fir/ 7see s4 v471 ?\gh sugge/$ 9 "s measure by ! example ( ,sp>ta or ,crete cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ii4 #e1 #f1 is n kn[n to h be5 actually practis$ any:]e 9 ,hellas1 unless possibly among su* a body z ! ,py?agorean bro!rhood4 7#b7 ,no?+ 9 all ! ,republic 0 probably /rang] to 8 contempor>ies ?an ! place :i* ,plato assigns to wom5 9 ! /ate4 ,! community ( wives & *ildr51 ?\gh c>efully gu>d$ by him f ! *>ge ( lic5ti\sness 7#e4 #deh ,e71 w\ld appe> worse 9 ,a!nian eyes ?an ! traditional 'lic5ce' ( ! ,sp>tan wom5 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ii4 #i1 #e71 :i*1 s f> z x really exi/$1 no d\bt arose out ( an excessive reg>d to physical consid]ations 9 m>riage4 ,aga91 ! equal %>e 9 education1 9 w>1 & 9 adm9i/ration :i* ! wom5 are suppos$ to enjoy 9 ,plato's /ate1 01 if n s revolt+1 q z contr>y to common ,hell5ic s5tim5t cp4 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #de4 ,! ,sp>tan wom5 ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on public affairs1 b ?is 0 ma9ly indirect cp4 ,laws #g4 #hjf2 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ii4 #i1 #h2 !y did n hold (fice or le>n ! use ( arms4 ,at ,a!ns1 z is well kn[n1 ! wom51 ( ! upp] classes at lea/1 liv$ 9 an almo/ ,ori5tal seclusion1 & 7 :olly absorb$ 9 h\sehold duties 7,laws #g4 #hje ,e74 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! gov]nm5t ( philosoph]s _h no analogy 9 ! ,hell5ic _w ( #cge ,plato's "t4 ,he may h tak5 ! sugge/ion f ! /ories ( ! ,py?agorean rule 9 ,magna ,graecia4 ,b x is also possible t ^! acc\nts ( ! bro!rhood ( ,py?agoras1 "s ( :i* h rea*$ u on v d\btful au?ority1 may be !mselves to a consid]able ext5t col\r$ & di/ort$ by features adapt$ f ! ,republic4 ,:e!r ?is is ! case or n1 we c h>dly d\bt t ,plato 0 *iefly indebt$ to 8 own imag9ation = 8 k+dom ( philosoph]s1 or t x rema9$ to himself an ideal1 r ?an a /ate :i* w\ld ev] 'play h] "p 9 actual life' 7,tim4 #ai1 #bj74 ,x is at lea/ significant t he nev] f9i%$ ! ,critias1 z ?\gh he 7 unable to embody1 ev5 9 a my?ical =m1 ! 'city ( :i* ! patt]n is laid up 9 heav54' ,/atesm5 9 _! own imag9ation1 #d4 #dbf4 ,/atues1 poli%$ = a decision1 #b4 #cfa ,d2 pa9t$1 #d4 #dbj ,d4 ,/ead9ess ( "*1 apt to be accompani$ by /upidity1 #f4 #ejc cp4 ,!aet4 #add ,b4 ,/esi*orus1 says t ,hel5 0 nev] at ,troy1 #i4 #ehf ,c4 ,/ories1 improp]1 n to be told to *ildr51 #b4 #cgg2 #c4 #cia4 ,cp4 ,*ildr51 ,education4 ,/r5g?1 rule (1 #a4 #cch4 ,/yle ( poetry1 #c4 #cib2--/yles1 v>i\s1 ib4 #cig4 ,/yx1 #c4 #chg ,b4 ,suits1 w be unkn[n 9 ! be/ /ate1 #e4 #dfd ,e4 ,sumptu>y laws1 #d4 #dbc1 #dbe4 ,sun1 !1 comp>$ ) ! idea ( good1 #f4 #ejh2 n sight1 b ! au?or ( sight1 ib4 #eji2--'! sun ( ,h]acleitus1' ib4 #dih ,a4 ,supposititi\s son1 p>able ( !1 #g4 #ech4 ,sympa?y1 ( s\l & body1 #e4 #dfb ,d1 #dfd ,b2 ar\s$ by poetry1 #aj4 #fje ,b4 ,syracusan d9n]s1 #c4 #djd ,d4 ,t4 ,tactics1 use ( ari?metic 91 #g4 #ebb ,e1 #ebe ,b4 ,t>t>us 7 hell71 #aj4 #faf ,a4 ,ta/e1 good1 importance (1 #c4 #dja1 #djb4 ,taxes1 heavy1 impos$ by ! tyrant1 #h4 #efg ,a1 #efh ,e4 ,teiresias1 alone has und]/&+ among ! dead1 #c4 #chf ,e4 ,telamon1 #aj4 #fbj ,b4 ,temp]ance 7,greek3 sphrosu_/n71 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #chi2 #d4 #dcj foll4 cp4 ,laws #c4 #fif2 temp]ance & love1 #c4 #djc ,a2 fo/]$ 9 ! s\l by ! simple k9d ( music1 ib4 #djd ,e1 #daj ,a2 a h>mony ( ! s\l1 #d4 #dcj1 #dda ,e1 #ddb ,d1 #ddc 7cp4 #i4 #eia ,d1 & ,laws #b4 #fec ,b72 "o ( ! philosoph]'s virtues1 #f4 #dhe ,e1 #dij ,e1 #dia ,b1 #did ,b cp4 ,pha$o #fh4 ,temple-robb+1 #i4 #egd ,d1 #ege ,b4 ,t]ritory1 deva/ation ( ,hell5ic1 n to be all[$1 #e4 #dgj2--unlimit$1 n requir$ by ! good /ate1 #d4 #dbc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcg4 ,?ales1 inv5tions (1 #aj4 #fjj ,a4 ,?amyras1 s\l (1 *ooses ! life ( a night+ale1 #aj4 #fbj ,a4 ,!ages1 ! bridle (1 #f4 #dif ,b4 ,!mis1 did n in/igate ! /rife ) ! gods1 #b4 #cgi ,e4 ,!mi/ocles1 answ] (1 to ! ,s]iphian1 #a4 #ccj ,a4 ,!ology ( ,plato1 #b4 #cgi foll4 ,cp4 ,god4 ,!rsites1 puts on ! =m ( a monkey1 #aj4 #fbj ,c4 ,!seus1 ! tale (1 & ,peiri?\s n p]mitt$1 #c4 #cia ,c4 ,!tis1 n to be sl&]$1 #b4 #cha ,d2 #cgf h] accusation ( ,apollo1 ib4 #chc ,a4 ,?ir/1 #d4 #dcg ,e1 #dci2 an inanition 7,greek3 ke_/nsis7 ( ! body1 #i4 #ehe ,a4 ,?racians1 procession (1 9 hon\r ( ,b5dis1 #a4 #cbg ,a2 *>act]is$ by _s or passion1 #d4 #dce ,e4 ,?rasyma*us1 ! ,*alc$onian1 a p]son 9 ! dialogue1 #a4 #cbh ,b2 describ$1 ib4 #ccf ,b2 w be paid1 ib4 #ccg ,d2 def9es ju/ice1 ib4 #cch ,c foll42 8 rud5ess1 ib4 #cdc ,a2 8 views ( gov]nm5t1 ibid4 7cp4 #i4 #eij ,d72 8 encomium on inju/ice1 #a4 #cdc ,a2 8 mann] ( spee*1 ib4 #cde ,b2 8 p>adox ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 ib4 #cdh ,b foll42 he blu%es1 ib4 #cej ,d2 is pacifi$1 & retires f ! argum5t1 ib4 #ced 7cp4 #f4 #dih ,c72 w\ld h ,socrates discuss ! subject ( wom5 & *ildr51 #e4 #dej4 ,timocracy1 #h4 #ede foll42 orig9 (1 ib4 #edg3--! timocratical man1 describ$1 #h4 #edi2 8 orig91 ibid4 ,t9k]1 ! prosp]\s1 #f4 #die1 #dif4 ,tops1 #d4 #dcf4 ,tor* race1 an eque/rian1 #a4 #cbh ,a4 ,t\*1 #g4 #ebc ,e4 ,trad]s1 necess>y 9 ! /ate1 #b4 #cga4 ,traditions ( anci5t times1 _! tru? n c]ta9ly kn[n to u1 #b4 #chb ,c 7cp4 #c4 #dad ,c1 & ,tim4 #dj ,d2 ,crit4 #ajg2 ,pol4 #bga ,a2 ,laws #d4 #gac ,e2 #f4 #ghb ,d74 ,trag$y & com$y 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #cid cp4 ,laws #g4 #hag4 ,tragic poets1 !1 eulogiz]s ( tyranny1 #h4 #efh ,a2 imitators1 #aj4 #eig1 #eih4 ,tra9+1 dang]s (1 #c4 #djd ,a2 sev]ity (1 #f4 #ejd ,a 7cp4 #g4 #ece ,b74 ,transf] ( *ildr5 f "o class to ano!r1 #c4 #dae2 #d4 #dbc ,d4 ,transmigration ( s\ls1 #aj4 #fag4 ,see ,s\l4 ,tro*aic rhy?ms1 #c4 #djj ,b4 ,troy1 #c4 #cic ,e2 ,hel5 nev] at1 #i4 #ehf ,c3--,trojan ,w>1 #b4 #chj ,a3 treatm5t ( ! w\nd$ 91 #c4 #dje ,e1 #djh ,a2 ! army numb]$ by ,palam$es1 #g4 #ebb ,d4 ,tru?1 is n lo/ by m5 ( _! own w1 #c4 #dac ,a2 ! aim ( ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf ,e1 #dij1 #ejj ,c1 #eja ,d2 #g4 #eba1 #ecg ,d2 #i4 #eha1 #ehb ,c 7cp4 supra #e4 #dge ,e2 #g4 #ebj1 #ebe2 & ,pha$o #hb2 ,pha$r4 #bdi2 ,!aet4 #agc ,e2 ,soph4 #bdi ,d1 #bed ,a72 ak9 to wisdom1 #f4 #dhe ,d2 to proportion1 ib4 #dhf ,e2 no p>tial measure (1 suffici5t1 ib4 #ejd2 love (1 ess5tial 9 ?is _w & ! next1 #aj4 #fah2--tru? & ess5ce1 #i4 #ehe ,d4 ,tyranny1 #a4 #cch ,d2 inju/ice on ! gr& scale1 ib4 #cdd cp4 ,gorg4 #dfi2 ! wret*$e/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 #h4 #edd ,c2 #i4 #egf cp4 ,pol4 #cjb ,e2 orig9 (1 #h4 #efb1 #efd3--! tyrannical man1 #i4 #ega foll42 life (1 ib4 #egc2 8 treatm5t ( 8 p>5ts1 ib4 #egd2 mo/ mis]able1 ib4 #egf1 #egh2 has ! s\l ( a slave1 ib4 #egg4 ,tyrant1 !1 orig9 (1 #h4 #efe2 happ9ess (1 ib4 #eff foll42 #i4 #egf foll4 cp4 ,laws #b4 #ffa ,b2 8 rise to p[]1 #h4 #eff2 8 taxes1 ib4 #efg ,a1 #efh ,e2 8 army1 ib4 #efg ,a1 #efi2 8 purgation ( ! city1 ib4 #efg ,b2 mis]y (1 #i4 #egi2 has no real pleasure1 ib4 #ehg2 h[ f> di/ant f pleasure1 ibid43--,tyrants & poets1 #h4 #efh2 h no fri5ds1 ibid42 #i4 #egf cp4 ,gorg4 #eaj ,c2 puni%m5t (1 9 ! _w bel[1 #aj4 #fae cp4 ,gorg4 #ebe4 ,u4 ,und]/&+1 a faculty ( ! s\l1 #f4 #eaa ,d2 sci5ce1 #g4 #ecc ,e4 ,union impossible among ! bad1 #a4 #ceb ,a cp4 ,lysis #bad4 #cgg ,unity ( ! /ate1 #d4 #dbb1 #dbc2 #e4 #dfb1 #dfc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci2 --absolute unity1 #g4 #ebd ,e1 #ebe ,e2 unity & plurality1 ibid4 ,unju/ man1 !1 happy 7,?rasyma*us71 #a4 #cdc1 #cdd cp4 ,gorg4 #dgj foll42 8 unhapp9ess f9ally prov$1 #i4 #ehj2 #aj4 #fac3--;inju/ice private pr(it1 #a4 #cdd 7see ,inju/ice74 ,uranus1 immoral /ories ab\t1 #b4 #cgg ,e4 ,us]1 !1 a bett] judge ?an ! mak]1 #aj4 #fja ,c cp4 ,crat4 #cij4 ,usury1 sometimes n protect$ by law1 #h4 #eef ,a cp4 ,laws #e4 #gdb ,c4 ,v4 ,valetud9>ianism1 #c4 #djf2 #d4 #dbf ,a4 ,val\r1 prizes (1 #e4 #dfh4 ,vice1 ! disease ( ! s\l1 #d4 #ddd2 #aj4 #fji foll4 cp4 ,soph4 #bbh2 ,pol4 #bif ,d2 ,laws #aj4 #ijf ,c2 is _m1 #d4 #dde2 ! prop] object ( ridicule1 #e4 #deb ,e2--f9e names = ! vices1 #h4 #efj ,e4 ,cp4 ,inju/ice4 ,virtue & ju/ice1 #a4 #cej cp4 ,m5o #gc ,e1 #gi2 ?\ght by mank9d to be toilsome1 #b4 #cfd ,a cp4 ,laws #hjg ,d2 virtue & h>mony1 #c4 #dja ,a 7cp4 #g4 #ebb ,a72 virtue & pleasure1 #c4 #djb ,e 7cp4 ,pleasure72 n promot$ by excessive c>e ( ! body1 ib4 #djg 7cp4 #i4 #eia ,d72 makes m5 wise1 #c4 #dji ,e2 divid$ into p>ts1 #d4 #dbh foll41 #dcc2 9 ! individual & ! /ate1 ib4 #dce foll41 #dda 7cp4 ,ju/ice72 ! heal? ( ! s\l1 ib4 #ddd 7cp4 #aj4 #fji foll41 & ,soph4 #bbh2 ,pol4 #bif ,d72 is "o1 ib4 #dde2 may be a matt] ( habit1 #g4 #eah ,e2 #aj4 #fai ,d2 imp$$ by weal?1 #h4 #eej ,e cp4 ,laws #e4 #gbh ,a1 #gdb2 #h4 #hca1 #hcf ,a2--virtues ( ! philosoph]1 #f4 #dhe foll41 #dij ,d1 #dia ,b1 #did ,b 7cp4 ,philosoph]72 place ( ! sev]al virtues 9 ! /ate1 #d4 #dbg foll4 ,visible _w1 divisions (1 #f4 #eaj foll42 #g4 #eag2 comp>$ to ! intellectual1 #f4 #ejh1 #eji2 #g4 #ecb ,a4 ,vision1 #e4 #dgg2 #f4 #ejh2 #g4 #eag4 ,see ,sight4 ,w4 ,w>1 causes (1 #b4 #cgc2 #d4 #dbb foll42 #h4 #edg ,a2 an art1 #b4 #cgd ,a 7cp4 #d4 #dbb1 & ,laws #aa4 #iba ,e72 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to g to1 #e4 #deb foll41 #dfg1 #dga ,e2 #g4 #ecg ,a2 regulations conc]n+1 #e4 #dfg-dga2 a matt] ( *ance1 ib4 #dfg ,e cp4 ,laws #a4 #fch ,a2 di/9ction betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal1 ib4 #dgj ,a cp4 ,laws #a4 #fbh1 #fbi2 ! guilt (1 always conf9$ to a few p]sons1 ib4 #dga ,b2 love (1 especially *>act]i/ic ( timocracy1 #h4 #edg ,e2 _c be easily wag$ by an olig>*y1 ib4 #eea ,e2 ! ri* & ! poor 9 w>1 ib4 #eef ,c2 a fav\rite res\rce ( ! tyrant1 ib4 #efg ,a4 ,w>rior1 ! brave1 rew>ds (1 #e4 #dfh2 8 burial1 ib4 ,e2 ! w>rior mu/ "k h[ to c\nt1 #g4 #ebb ,e1 #ebe2 mu/ be a geometrician1 ib4 #ebf4 ,waves1 ! ?ree1 #e4 #deg ,c1 #dgb ,a1 #dgc ,c4 ,weak1 !1 by nature subject to ! /rong1 #a4 #cch cp4 ,gorg4 #dhi2 ,laws #c4 #fij ,b2 n capable ( mu*1 ei!r = good or evil1 #f4 #dia ,e1 #die ,b4 ,weal?1 ! advantage (1 9 old age1 #a4 #cbi1 #ccj2 ! greate/ bless+ (1 ib4 #ccj1 #cca2 ! de/ruction ( ! arts1 #d4 #dba2 influ5ce (1 on ! /ate1 ib4 #dbb ,a cp4 ,laws #d4 #gje2 #e4 #gbi ,a2 ! 's9ews ( w>1' ibid42 all-p[]ful 9 olig>*ies & timocracies1 #h4 #edh ,a1 #eea ,b1 #eec1 #efb ,a2 an imp$im5t to virtue1 #cgh ib4 #eej ,e cp4 ,laws #e4 #gbh ,a2 #gdb ,e2 #h4 #hca1 #hcf ,a2 %\ld only be acquir$ to a mod]ate am\nt1 #i4 #eia ,e cp4 ,laws #g4 #hja ,b3--! bl9d god ( weal? 7,pluto71 #h4 #eed ,b3 --,weal?y1 !1 ev]y:]e ho/ile to ! poor1 #d4 #dbc ,a2 #h4 #eea ,e cp4 ,laws #e4 #gcf ,a2 flatt]$ by !m1 #e4 #dfe ,c2 ! weal?y & ! wise1 #f4 #dhi ,b2 plund]$ by ! multitude 9 democracies1 #h4 #efd1 #efe4 ,weav+1 ! art (1 #c4 #dja ,a2 #e4 #dee ,d4 ,weep1 ! gu>dians n to1 #c4 #chg ,c 7cp4 #aj4 #fjc ,e74 ,weigh+1 art (1 corrects ! illusions ( sight1 #aj4 #fjb ,d4 ,:ole1 !1 9 reg>d to ! happ9ess ( ! /ate1 #d4 #dbj ,d2 #e4 #dff ,a2 #g4 #eai ,e2 9 love1 #e4 #dgd ,c1 #dge ,b2 #f4 #dhe ,b4 ,:orl1 ! great1 #aj4 #faf4 ,wick$1 !1 puni%m5t (1 9 ! _w bel[1 #b4 #cfc2 #aj4 #fad2 ?\ght by m5 to be happy1 #a4 #ced2 #b4 #cfd ,a2 #c4 #cib ,b 7cp4 #h4 #ede ,a1 & ,gorg4 #dgj foll42 ,laws #b4 #ff #a2 #aj4 #hii ,e1 #ije ,a74 ,w9e1 lov]s (1 #e4 #dge ,a4 ,wisdom 7,greek3 sophi_/a1 phro_/nsis7 & inju/ice1 #a4 #cdi1 #cej2 9 ! /ate1 #d4 #dbh2 ak9 to tru?1 #f4 #dhe ,d2 ! p[] (1 #g4 #eah1 #eai2 ! only virtue :i* is innate 9 u1 ib4 #eah ,e4 ,wise man1 !1 ! good1 #a4 #cej cp4 #a ,alcib4 #abd1 #abe2 def9ition (1 #d4 #ddb ,c2 alone has true pleasure1 #i4 #ehc ,b2 life (1 ib4 #eia2--'! wise to g to ! doors ( ! ri*1' #f4 #dhi ,b2--wise m5 said to be ! fri5ds ( ! tyrant1 #h4 #efh4 ,wives to be common 9 ! /ate1 #e4 #deg foll42 #h4 #edc4 ,wolves1 m5 *ang$ into1 #h4 #efe ,d2 'wolf & flock' 7prov]b71 #c4 #dae ,d4 ,wom51 employm5ts (1 #e4 #dee2 diff]5ces ( ta/e 91 ib4 #def2 fond ( compla9+1 #h4 #edi ,d2 suppos$ to diff] 9 nature f m51 #e4 #dec2 inf]ior to m51 ib4 #dee cp4 ,tim4 #db2 ,laws #f4 #gha2 ought to be tra9$ l m51 ib4 #dea1 #dff cp4 ,laws #g4 #hje2 #h4 #hbi ,e2 9 ! gymnasia1 ib4 #deb1 #deg cp4 ,laws #g4 #hac1 #had2 #h4 #hcc2 9 w>1 ib4 #dec foll41 #dff ,e1 #dga ,e cp4 ,laws #f4 #ghe2 #g4 #hjf1 #had ,a2 to be gu>dians1 ib4 #def1 #deh1 #dfh2 #g4 #edj ,c2 7& *ildr57 to be common1 #e4 #dej ,e1 #deg foll41 #dfb1 #dfd2 #h4 #edc cp4 ,laws #e4 #gci4 ,see supra s4 v4 ,/ate1 p4 #cgd4 ,_w1 !1 _c be a philosoph]1 #f4 #did ,a4 ,_w bel[1 !1 seems v ne> to ! ag$1 #a4 #ccj ,e2 n to be revil$1 #c4 #chf foll4 cp4 ,crat4 #djc2 ,laws #e4 #gbg ,e2 #h4 #hbh ,d2 pleasure ( disc\rse 91 #f4 #dih ,d cp4 ,apol4 #da2 puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 91 #b4 #cfc2 #aj4 #fad foll42 sex 91 #aj4 #fah ,b2--h]oes :o h asc5d$ f ! _w bel[ to ! gods1 #g4 #eba ,c4 ,x4 ,x]xes1 p]haps au?or ( ! maxim t ju/ice pay+ "o's debts1 #a4 #ccf ,a4 ,y4 ,"y1 !1 h[ affect$ by ! common praises ( inju/ice1 #b4 #cfe2 _c und]/& allegory1 ib4 #cgh ,e2 mu/ be subject 9 ! /ate1 #c4 #dab ,b cp4 ,laws #c4 #fij ,a2 #d4 #gad ,e2 mu/ submit to _! eld]s1 #e4 #dfe ,a cp4 ,laws #d4 #gba ,d2 #i4 #hgi ,c2 #aa4 #iag ,a4 ,cp4 ,*ildr51 ,education4 ,y\?1 ! corruption (1 n to be attribut$ to ! ,sophi/s1 b to #cgi public op9ion1 #f4 #dib ,a2--y\?ful en?usiasm = metaphysics1 #g4 #eci ,b cp4 ,phil4 #ae ,e2--y\?ful scepticism1 n ( long cont9uance1 ib4 ,d cp4 ,soph4 #bcd ,e2 ,laws #aj4 #hhh ,b4 ,z4 ,zeus1 8 treatm5t ( 8 fa!r1 #b4 #cgg ,e2 ?r[s ,hephae/us f heav51 ib4 #cgh ,d2--,a*illes desc5d$ f1 #c4 #cia ,c2--did n cause ! violation ( ! treaty 9 ! ,trojan ,w>1 or ! /rife ( ! gods1 #b4 #cgi ,e2 or s5d ! ly+ dream to ,agamemnon1 ib4 #chc ,a2 or lu/ = ,h]1 #c4 #cij ,b2 ought n to h be5 describ$ by ,hom] z lam5t+ = ,a*illes & ,s>p$on1 ib4 #chh ,c2--,lycaean ,zeus1 #h4 #efe ,d2--,olympian ,zeus1 #i4 #ehc ,b4 ,,! ,,end4 ,ox=d ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press ,,by ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! ref]5ce text 0 k9dly provid$ by ! ,int]net ,ar*ive1 https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/d[nload_/a#fjdeghd jjplatu(t_/a#fjdeghdjjplatu(t4pdf4 ,corrections & ,em5dations ,9 ! ,introduction page xxv1 a f9al quotation m>k has be5 re/or$ t dropp$ out aft] ! fir/ edition4 ,on page l1 ,%akesp]e has be5 *ang$ to ,%akespe>e4 ,9 section #dad ,c1 ! ?ird edition closes a p>5!sis ) a comma1 ?us 172 ! comma has be5 delet$ z 9 e>li] editions4 ,9 ! ,index1 s4v4 ,aglaion1 ! "n has be5 made consi/5t ) ! text2 x reads ,aglaon 9 ! #crd edition4 ,s4v4 ,a!n1 ,a*eans has be5 *ang$ to ,a*aeans to ma9ta9 consi/5cy1 s4v4 ,fe/ival1 ,b5didaea has be5 *ang$ to ,b5didea1 & s4v4 ,luxury1 ,lycean has be5 *ang$ to ,lycaean1 = ! same reason4 ,v>i\s o!r inconsi/5cies h be5 left unt\*$ 7e4g4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ii4 #i1 #e7 9 ! ,index 9 ! article on ,/ate2 italicis+ ( supra1 etc474 ,9 ! ,index also1 a ref]5ce1 s4v4 ,intoxication1 to ,dr9k+ fails to ref]2 x %\ld be to ,drunk5ness4 ,conv5tions 9 ?is text ,sid5otes 9 ! ,introduction & mat]ial 9 ! left m>g9 ( ! translat$ "p ( ! book h be5 labell$ ,sid5ote3 & plac$ above ! p>agraph beside :i* !y are plac$4 ,page numb]s h be5 plac$ 9 ! body ( ! text )9 4 ,mat]ial 9 ! "r m>g91 ! ,/ephanus numb]+1 has be5 plac$ 9 ! body ( ! text )9 9999 - 9 ! translat$ text ! section lett]s 7,a-,e7 h be5 tak5 f a two-volume edition publi%$ 9 #aijh & all ,/ephanus numb]s 9 ! translation h be5 giv5 9 full 7s #efe;,a in/ead ( #efe1 & note t ! space betwe5 numb] & lett] has be5 omitt$74 ,page numb]s & ! ,/ephanus numb]+ h be5 giv5 a space on ei!r side1 ev5 :5 ?is goes aga9/ ,project ,gut5b]g conv5tions4 ,footnotes h be5 labell$ ,footnote & h be5 plac$ bel[ ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y occur4 ,!y are numb]$ consecutively )9 ! ,introduction & ea* ,book ( ! translation4 ,greek has be5 translit]at$ 9 full3 7 is us$ = smoo? brea?+2 7 = h>d2 = dia]esis2 _/ = acute acc5t2 = grave2 = circumflex2 = iota subscript2 * is us$ = *i1 ph = phi1 ps = psi1 ? = !ta2 = eta & = omega2 u is us$ = upsilon 9 all cases4