,,evolution ,,& ,,creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*impanzees 7,troglodytes74 ,illu/ration3 ,,gorillas 7,troglodytes74 ,,evolution ,,& ,,creation3 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,junius ,,h>dwicke1 ,m4,d41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,surgeons1 ,,& ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,physicians ,,( ,,ed9burgh2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,london ,,m$ical ,,society2 ,,honor>y ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,an?ropological ,,society ,,( ,,liv]pool1 ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,( ,,a!ns1 ,,& ,,! ,,societies ,,( ,,dosim4 ,,m$ic9e ,,( ,,p>is ,,& ,,madrid2 ,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,m$ical ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,mal?usian ,,league2 ,,late ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,speciali/40 ,,hon4 ,,physician ,,to ,,%effield ,,public ,,hospital ,,= ,,sk9 ,,diseases1 ,,& ,,to ,,%effield ,,& ,,s\? ,,york%ire ,,e> ,,& ,,?roat ,,hospital2 ,,hon4 ,,consult+ ,,physician ,,to ,,le$s ,,public ,,hospital ,,= ,,sk9 ,,diseases2 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,popul> ,,fai? ,,unveil$10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration 8#8,le>n :at is true 9 ord] to d :at is "r' is ! summ+ up ( ! :ole duty ( man = all :o are unable to satisfy _! m5tal hung] ) ! ea/ w9d ( au?ority40--,huxley4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 #ahhg4 ,,preface4 ,_m imp]fections1 z ,i anticipat$1 h be5 discov]$ 9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$10 "s ( importance & o!rs ( little consequ5ce2 & _m sugge/ions h be5 (f]$ 9 all k9dness by ^? :o h done me ! hon\r ( read+ my "w1 = consid]ation 9 case ,i %\ld issue ano!r edition4 ,! /ronge/ ( all ! argum5ts urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! real necessity = a second & revis$ edition is t t "p ( ! subject treat$ ^u :i* relat$ m p>ticul>ly to ! true orig9 ( man 0 n dealt ) 9 a suffici5tly exhau/ive mann] 9 ! la/ "w4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a true *>ge3 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! ma9 object ( ! book 0 to expose ! real nature ( ! popul> sup]/ition1 & n to trace out ! p$igree ( man2 &1 moreov]1 to h ent]$ fully into su* subjects z ! evolution ( m9d & matt] w\ld h consid]ably augm5t$ ! bulk ( ! "w1 & consequ5tly h necessitat$ su* an increase 9 ! price z to h made x prohibitory to a l>ge numb] ( ?9k]s1 :o h n too mu* sp>e ca% to ?r[ away4 ,i !re=e det]m9$ n to re-issue ! "w 9 an amplifi$ =m1 b to supplem5t x ) a numb] ( publi%$ lectures 7deliv]$ "h & 9 v>i\s o!r l>ge t[ns7 & articles1 :i* %\ld be ultimately br\ght out z an illu/rat$ volume4 ,^! lectures1 etc41 "s ( :i* are re-pr9ts f j\rnals & "s ( :i* ,i h myself pr9t$ 9 my leisure mom5ts1 ,i n[ (f] to ! public 9 book =m1 toge!r ) a numb] ( figures1 maps1 etc41 illu/rative ( ! subjects treat$ ^u4 8,man--,:5ce & ,:i!r0 & 8,evolution ( ! ,god-idea0 are re-pr9t$ f ,! ,agno/ic2 8,man's ,antiquity10 8,evolution ( ,m9d10 8,zodiacal ,my?ology10 8,intellectual ,progress 9 ,europe0 & 8,! ,annals ( ,tacitus0 f ! ,secul> ,review2 & 8,! ,special ,s5ses0 & 8,! ,bible0 f ,! ,agno/ic ,annual3 ! rema9d] ( ! text1 z be=e /at$1 has be5 pr9t$ by myself4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge ) gratitude my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,john ,b5nett1 ( ,pr9ce's ,build+s1 ,dronfield1 :o has be5 k9d en\gh to assi/ me by draw+ ! zodiacal signs1 ! ,bac*analian insignia1 ! ori5tal & ,egyptian zodiacs1 ,am5-,ra1 ,mafuca1 ,aidanill & ! negro head1 ! two h&s1 ! ,fuegans1 ! ,au/ralian 7#b71 ,african & ,european skulls1 & ,botes1 ,virgo1 ,cetus1 ,aqu>ius & ,sagitt>ius2 & also to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,gill ,hall1 ( #ff ,cecil ,road1 ,%effield1 :o has k9dly drawn = me ! s+le *impanzee1 ! orang1 ! lemur1 ! face ( ! proboscis monkey1 ! moor monkey1 ! hairy c\ple f ,burmah1 ! g5ealogy ( man1 ! e>?'s section1 & ! asc5t ( m9d4 ,! rema9d] ( ! illu/rations1 ) ! exception ( ! two z9cographs ( ! gorillas & *impanzees 7! frontispiece71 h be5 drawn by myself2 & ,i mu/ tru/ to ! g5]osity ( my read]s to ov]look ! amateur /yle ( my productions1 :i*1 x is hop$1 w be f\nd suffici5tly well done to s]ve ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,h[ev] amateur ! illu/rations may be 9 appe>ance1 ?is ,i c tru?fully say1 t e sket* 9 ! book is a fai?ful reproduction ( ! orig9al4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations1 h[ev]1 h be5 d]iv$ f su* gross orig9als t x has n be5 consid]$ advisable1 = _m reasons1 to reproduce ! figures 9 _! entirety2 b :]ev] "p ( a figure has be5 modifi$ by ! sub/itution ( a symbolical or o!r device ! fact has be5 notifi$ to ! read] at ! foot ( ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ lectures ! opportunity has be5 seiz$ to rectify "s ( ! mi/akes inadv]t5tly committ$ 9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$20 b !re are two errors 9 pr9t+ t h n yet be5 set "r1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 ,i %\ld n[ l to call att5tion4 ,! fir/ occurs on page #ajb1 l9es #i #aj f ! bottom1 :]e --,a4,l4,e4,i4 %\ld h be5 writt5 --,a4,l4,y 7or4,i47,e4 7,el ,yah71 or --,a4,l4,,ou4,e4 7,eloh71 etc4 ,! next occurs on page #aji1 l9e #f f bottom1 :]e millions %\ld read ?\s&s4 ,i h only n[ to frankly admit t dur+ ! la/ few ye>s my views z reg>ds ! !ories ( ultimate causation & ! future /ate h und]gone "s modification2 t consequ5tly ,i n[ reg>d ! l9e ( argum5t adopt$ 9 support ( ! !ory ( a future /ate ( consci\sness on pages #e #f ( my above nam$ "w z a false "o & ! conclusions arriv$ at z consequ5tly false also2 & t respect+ ! exi/5ce ( a rul+ p[] 9 ! univ]se1 ,i nei!r affirm nor d5y su* a condition1 be+ cont5t$ ) ! k t ,i nei!r "k nor app>5tly c ev] "k any?+ at all ab\t ! matt]1 & recogniz+1 ) ,moles*ott1 ! incontrov]tible tru? t 8!re is no?+ 9 our intellect :i* has n ent]$ by ! gate ( ! s5ses40 ,h4 ,j4 ,h4 ,purton ,lodge1 ,%effield4 ,janu>y #ahhg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,explanatory ,,notes4 ,,errata4 ,,man--,,:5ce ,,& ,,:i!r8--,nebul> ,hypo!sis--,=mation ( ,e>?'s cru/--,fossil rema9s 9 /ratifi$ rocks--,p$igree ( ,man--,plei/oc5e & ,neoli?ic ,ages--,spontane\s evolution ( life--,!ories ( exi/5ce & ultimate causation--,man's future /ate4 ,,man',s ,,antiquity4--,cave explorations--,briti% & cont95tal discov]ies--,glacial p]iods--,t]ti>y upheaval & subm]g5ce 9 ,europe--,t]ti>y fauna & flora--,plei/oc5e ice age--,paloli?ic age--,tropical orig9 ( ,man--,neoli?ic age--,%ell-m\nds & rema9s ( lake-dwell+s--,bronze & ,iron ages--,aryan invasion ( ,europe--,hi/oric era4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,m9d4--,univ]sal life or motion--,protoplasmic life--,cell life--,orig9 ( organs ( s5se--,embryonic developm5t--,dawn ( infantile intellect--,intellectual & emotional evolution 9 ! individual--,correspond+ developm5t 9 ! race--,animals reflective & emotional--,language 9 man & animals4 ,,! ,,special ,,s5ses4--,evolution (4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,idea4--,dawn ( intellect--,e>lie/ conception ( ,deity--,sun wor%ip--,fir/ human tribes--,aryan my?ology--,v$ic sy/em--,brahmanism--,h9du virg9 & *ild-savi\r--,boodhism--,we/]n ,aryan my?ology--,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,prome!us1 ,h]cules1 ,dionysos1 ,yao--,c5tral ,aryan my?ology--,mazdeism--,mi?ra--,egyptian my?ology--,osiris1 ,isis ,horus--,am5-,ra1 ,mises--,*9ese my?ology--,semitic my?ology--,akkadian & ,*aldean my?s--,adonis1 ,el1 ,yah\h--,jewi% orig9--,bible gods--,confucianism--,mohamm$anism--,*ri /ianism4 ,,zodiacal ,,my?ology4--,anci5t & mod]n zodiacs--,precession ( equ9oxes--,deification ( zodiacal signs & o!r cele/ial bodies--,savior-sun-god dramas--,sacr$ numb]s symbols--,anci5t & mod]n phallic wor%ip--,dionysia1 ,adonia ,agap4 ,,intellectual ,,progress ,,9 ,,europe4--,egypto-,greek or classic era--,alex&] ! ,great--,! ,alex&rian ,ptolemies--,ess5ian revivalism--,de/ruction ( ! ,s]apion--,murd] ( ,hypatia--,*ri/ian annihilation ( sci5ce--,bir? ( ,mohamm$--,! ,koran--,s>ac5 le>n+--,t5? c5tury sc>e--,crusades--,av]roism--,annihilatio n ( ,s>ac5 p[]--,e/abli%m5t ( ,inquisition--,discov]y ( ,am]ica--,m>t9 ,lu!r--,! ,re=mation--,cop]nicus--,revival ( ,arianism--,murd] ( ,s]vetus--,index ,expurgatorius--,fir/ newspap]--,murd] ( ,bruno--,kepl]'s laws--,galileo--,newton's !ory ( gravitation--,discov]y ( ,oxyg5--,fir/ locomotive eng9e & screw /eam]--,telegraphy--,*ri/ian ,*ur* oppos$ to progress4 ,,! ,,bible--,orig9 ( ,au?oris$ ,v]sion--,li/ ( ,bible books--,description ( ,,mss--,anci5t ,hebrew language--,inv5tion ( v[el-po9ts--,dates ( e>lie/ ,hebrew & ,greek ,,mss4 ,,annals ,,( ,,tacitus4--,abel>d--,arnold ( ,brescia--,wicliffe's h]esy & trials--,papal s*ism--,j]ome ( ,prague--,john ,huss--,triple ,pop$om--,c\ncil ( ,con/ance--,se>* = old ,,mss--,boggio ,bracciol9i1 ,niccolo ,niccoli ,lamb]tes*i--,! =g]y--,extracts f lett]s--,discov]y ( 8,! ,annals40 ,,creation ,,& ,,fall4--,fai? & reason--,mosaic n>ratives--,creation oppos$ to sci5ce--,g5esis absurd & immoral--,au?or%ip ( ,p5tateu*--,*ri/ianity a failure--,! real tr9ity--,religi\s hypocrites--,morality n ,*ri/ianity4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,frontispiece--,*impanzees & gorillas4 ,lemur & face ( ,proboscis ,monkey 7aft] ,miv>t74 ,moor ,monkey 7aft] ,miv>t74 ,*impanzee 7aft] ,miv>t74 ,adult male ,orang 7aft] ,miv>t74 ,mafuca & ,aidanill 7aft] ,miv>t71 & ,swaheli ,negro 7aft] ,tylor74 ,h&s ( ,gorilla & ,hammegh man 7aft] ,h>tmann74 ,natives ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,! hairy family ( ,burmah4 ,man--,:5ce & ,:i!r8 ,g5ealogy ( ,man4 ,section ( ,e>?'s cru/4 ,t]ti>y p]iod 9 ,europe4 ,eoc5e seas4 ,pleioc5e seas4 ,plei/oc5e subm]g5ce dur+ temp]ate int]-glacial epo*4 ,plei/oc5e ,europe dur+ po/-glacial cont95tal condition4 ,skeleton ( man4 ,skeletons ( gorilla & *impanzee4 ,outl9es ( ! skulls ( a *impanzee1 ! ,ne&]?al man & a mod]n ,european4 ,outl9es ( ! skulls ( ! ,ne&]?al man1 a mod]n ,au/ralian & ! ,engis man4 ,au/ralian1 ,african & ,european skulls 7aft] ,tylor & ,h>tmann74 ,man's ,antiquity4 ,evolution ( m9d 9 man4 ,amba & ,ga/]opoda4 ,evolution ( ,m9d4 ,! ,special ,s5ses4 ,&rogyn\s ,brahm4 ,isis1 ,horus & fi%4 ,indranee & ,indra2 & ,lak%mi & ,vi%nu4 ,devaki & ,kri/na3 & ,p>vati & ,siva4 ,am5-,ra 7aft] ,drummond74 ,crucifixion ( ,kri/na2 ,crux ,ansata2 ,assyrian virg9 ,i%t>2 ,cyprian virg9 & *ild2 ,isis & ,horus4 ,evolution ( ! ,god ,idea4 ,zodiacal ,signs1 %[+ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,bac*analian insignia4 ,ori5tal ,zodiac 7aft] ,sir ,wm4 ,jones74 ,egyptian ,zodiac 7aft] ,sir ,wm4 ,drummond74 ,nor!rn signs & extra-zodiacal con/ellations4 ,s\!rn signs & extra-zodiacal con/ellations4 ,zodiacal l9e1 or ,ecliptic1 %[+ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,botes1 ,adam1 ,joseph--,virgo1 ,eve1 ,m>y--,cetus1 ,blasphemy4 ,aqu>ius1 ,john ,bapti/1 ,pet]--,sagitt>ius1 ,joseph1 ,philip4 ,god inc>nate ) man4 ,phallic amulet & phallic lamp4 ,votive (f]+s to god ,priapus4 ,phallic crux ansata & amulet4 ,zodiacal ,my?ology4 ,v$ic & ,h9du ,e>?s4 ,greek ,e>?1 & ,pomponius ,mela's cosmography4 ,eigh? & t5? c5tury maps4 ,f\rte5? c5tury maps4 ,egyptian & ,ptolemaic planet>y sy/em4 ,planet>y sy/ems ( ,ty*o ,brahe & ,cop]nicus4 ,! ,iron ,virg9--inside view4 ,ditto--outside view4 ,intellectual ,progress 9 ,europe4 ,six? c5tury ,,ms4 ( ,luke xx4 #i1 #aj4 ,fragm5t>y ,,ms4 f ,john's gospel4 ,! ,bible4 ,,explanatory ,,notes4 ,! illu/ration ( ,brahm1 ! &rogyn\s creator ( ! ,h9dus1 8is a copy ( an orig9al draw+ made by a le>n$ ,h9du pundit = ,wm4 ,simpson1 ,esq41 ( ,london1 :il/ he 0 9 ,india /udy+ its my?ology4 ,x repres5ts ,brahm supreme1 :o 9 ! act ( creation made himself d\ble1 i4e41 male & female4 ,9 ! orig9al ! c5tral "p ( ! figure is occupi$ by ! triad & ! unit1 b f> too grossly %[n = reproduction "h4 ,!y are replac$ by ! ,crux ,ansata a cross & circle repres5t+ ! male & female elem5ts 9 nature4 ,! read] w notice ! triad & ! s]p5t 9 ! male h&1 :il/ 9 ! female is to be se5 a g]m9at+ se$1 indicative ( ! relative duties ( fa!r & "m4 ,! :ole /&s ^u a lotus1 ! symbol ( &rogyneity4 ,! te*nical ^w = ?is inc>nation is ,arddha ,n>i40 7,inman's 8,anci5t ,fai?s407 ,! illu/ration ( ! god ,siva1 nurs$ by 8 virg9-wife-"m1 ,p>vati1 requires "s explanation4 ,! "r h& ( ! virg9 makes ! symbol ( ! yoni 7female pr9ciple7 ) ! =ef+] & ?umb1 ! re/ ( ! f+]s typify+ ! triad4 ,9 ! palm & on ! navel is a loz5ge1 emblematic ( woman4 ,9 ! infant's h& is "o ( ! _m emblems ( ! l+a 7male pr9ciple71 :il/ "u 8 feet a lotus supports 8 body4 ,! monkey is emblematic ( ! c>nal desire4 ,! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! "m & *ild 0 ( a tw(old nature4 ,! deities ( ! anci5ts 7 usually &rogyn\s1 & ?us ea* ( ! memb]s ( ! ,h9du triad possess$ two p>ts1 a male half & a female half1 :i* he inh]it$ f 8 &rogyn\s p>5t ,brahm1 ^: female pr9ciple br\ght =? ! ?ree ess5ces1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu & ,siva4 ,?us ea* god became ! husb& z well z ! son ( ! div9e female pr9ciple1 j z ,virgo ( ! zodiac 0 bo? "m & wife ( ! sun-god ( ! annual revolution1 "m at 8 bir? at ! w9t] sol/ice & wife at 8 asc5sion at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,! female "p or wife-"m ( ,siva 0 ! virg9 goddess ,p>vati2 ( ,vi%nu1 ,lak%mi2 ( ,kri%na1 ,devaki2 ( ,indra1 ,indranee2 ( ,horus1 ,isis2 etc4 ,! illu/ration ( ! amulet ( ! d\ble ,crux ,ansata1 repres5ts ! female pr9ciple at ! top 9 ! %ape ( a r+ 7:i* has ! same mean+ z ! w+$ disc1 cup1 & %ell1 or ,con*a ,v5]is72 ! male pr9ciple 9 full vig\r on ! "r side 9 ! %ape ( a cross 7male organ ( g5]ation 9 ! orig9al72 ! unprolific male pr9ciple ( infancy on ! und]nea? side1 also 9 ! %ape ( a cross 7infant9e male organ 9 ! orig9al72 & ! act ( g5]ation on ! left side1 9 ! %ape ( a cl5*$ h&1 ) ! ?umb b5t across ! back ( ! fir/ f+]4 ,! illu/ration ( god inc>nate ) man repres5ts ! savi\r ( ! _w-- ,s,t,r ,,kosm\--z a cross1 or phallic symbol 7an erect male organ 9 ! orig9al71 :i* =ms ! beak on ! head ( a cock1 ! symbol ( ! ris+ sun1 ! :ole re/+ on ! %\ld]s ( a man1 symbolical ( ! inc>nation ( god & man4 ,! illu/ration ( ! amulet 9 ,mr4 ,t[nley's museum repres5ts ! female pr9ciple at ! top1 9 ! =m ( a circle1 "u :i* is ! victori\s sun-god ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 9 ! %ape ( a bull's head ) a cross or phallic symbol 7erect male organ 9 ! orig9al7 on ei!r side ( ! m\?1 ! :ole be+ emblematic ( ! sexual union ( ! p[]s ( heav5 & e>?1 & ! consequ5t reg5]ation ( nature at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,mafuca1 ^: portrait is giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 0 a female ape f ! ,loango coa/1 plac$ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,h>tmann1 9 8 8,an?ropoid ,apes10 describes h] z be+ 8#abj cm4 9 height1 rem9d+ u 9 _m respects ( ! gorilla4 ,! face 0 progna?\s2 ! e>s 7 comp>atively small1 plac$ high on ! skull1 & project+ outw>ds2 ! supra-orbital ar* 0 /rongly develop$2 ! end ( ! nose 0 broad2 & !re 7 rolls ( fat on ! *eeks40 ,k4 ,?4 von ,siebold also class$ h] z a gorilla2 b ,bolau & ,a4 ,b4 ,mey] oppos$ ?is view2 :ile ,bis*(f1 judg+ by ! /ructure ( ! bra91 ?\ght %e 0 a *impanzee4 ,n[ x is pretty g5]ally believ$ t %e 0 ei!r a cross betwe5 ! gorilla & ! *impanzee1 or else a memb] ( a di/9ct species ( an?ropoids int]m$iate betwe5 ! gorilla & ! *impanzee4 ,9 ,h>tmann's acc\nt ( ,mafuca we read t %e 0 8a rem>kable creature1 n only 9 h] ext]nal habits1 b 9 h] disposition4444 ,%e h>dly obey$ anyone except ,s*pf1 ! director ( ! g>d5s1 & :5 9 a good hum\r %e w\ld sit on 8 knee & put h] muscul> arms r\nd 8 neck ) a c>ess+ ge/ure4444 ,mafuca 0 able to use a spoon1 al?\gh some:at awkw>dly2 & %e c\ld p\r f l>g] vessels into small] ones )\t spill+ ! liquor4 ,%e took tea & cocoa 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 & a mix$ diet betwe5 :iles1 su* z fruit1 sweetmeats1 r$ w9e & wat]1 & sug>4444 ,if %e 0 left alone = any "t %e tri$ to op5 ! lock ( h] cage )\t hav+ ! key1 & %e once succe$$ 9 do+ s4 ,on t occasion %e /ole ! key1 :i* 0 hang+ on ! wall1 hid x 9 h] axilla arm-pit1 & crept quietly back to h] cage4 ,) ! key %e easily op5$ ! lock2 & %e also knew h[ to use a gimlet4 ,%e w\ld draw (f ! keep]'s boots1 scramble up to "s place out ( rea* ) !m1 & ?r[ !m at 8 head :5 ask$ = !m4 ,%e c\ld wr+ out wet clo?s1 & bl[ h] nose ) a h&k]*ief4 ,:5 h] illness began1 %e became apa!tic1 & look$ ab\t ) a vacant1 unobs]vant />e4 ,j be=e h] dea?1 f consumption1 %e put h] arms r\nd ,s*pf's neck :5 he came to visit h]1 look$ at him placidly1 kiss$ him ?ree times1 /ret*$ out h] h& to him1 & di$40 ,x may be add$ to ?is t ,mafuca exhibit$ ! greate/ decorum & mode/y 9 ! p]=mance ( all h] daily & o!r natural functions4 ,aidanill1 ! hairless ,au/ralian1 is a good specim5 ( a l[ type ( human be+2 hav+ a sup]cili>y prom95ce great] ?an is usually f\nd among/ races ( m51 ) a rem>kably small cranial capacity & almo/ entire abs5ce ( frontal developm5t4 ,! skull1 9 fact1 diff]s b little f t ( ,mafuca1 giv5 b5ea? x2 & its own] belong$ to ^? races describ$ on p4 #ad ( 8,evolution ( ,m9d40 ,! ,swaheli ,negro is a good specim5 ( ! doli*ocephalic progna?\s type ( head1 consid]ably high] 9 intellectual capacity ?an t ( ,aidanill4 ,! h&s are int5d$ to illu/rate ! close resemblance betwe5 ! h& ( a gorilla & t ( a man belong+ to ! ,hammeghs ( ! ,nubian ,s\dan4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :ile ! f+]s ( ! gorilla are webb$1 ! second & ?ird f+]s ( ! man are slightly webb$ & 8 ?umb & fir/ f+] v consid]ably webb$4 ,,errata4 ,,man--,,:5ce ,,& ,,:i!r8--,page #ab1 l9e #aa f top1 = 8,paloli?ic0 read 8,plei/oc5e20 & l9e #ab f top1 = 8on ! e>?0 read 89 ,europe1 = ! human rema9s f\nd 9 ,france cle>ly te/ify to ! fact2 & ev5 9 ,am]ica 8 antiquity mu/ be v great inde$10 etc4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,m9d--,page #a1 l9e #f f top1 = 8,protamnia0 read 8,proti/a40 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,idea--,page #be1 l9e #ag f top1 = read 4 ,,intellectual ,,progress ,,9 ,,europe--,page #ag1 l9e #i f top & l9e #g f bottom = 8,purgatori\s0 read 8,expurgatori\s40 ,,annals ,,( ,,tacitus--,page #ae1 l9e #ac f top1 = 8t religion0 read 8t ! religion40 ,,creation ,,& ,,fall--,page #f1 la/ l9e1 & page #g1 la/ l9e b "o1 = 8mammals0 read 8plac5tal mammals40 ,illu/ration3 ,,lemur--,half ,ape--7,aft] ,miv>t7 ,illu/ration3 ,,face ,,( ,,proboscis ,,monkey 7,aft] ,miv>t7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moor ,,monkey 7,aft] ,miv>t7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*impanzee 7,troglodytes7 7,aft] ,miv>t7 ,illu/ration3 ,,adult ,,male ,,orang 7,aft] ,miv>t7 ,illu/ration3 ,,swaheli ,,negro 7,aft] ,tyl]7 ,illu/ration3 ,,aidanill4 ,,hairless ,,au/ralian4 7,aft] ,h>tmann7 ,illu/ration3 ,,mafuca ,! ,an?ropoid ,ape at ,dresd5 7,aft] ,h>tmann7 ,illu/ration3 ,h& ( a v ag$ male gorilla4 7,aft] ,h>tmann7 ,illu/ration3 ,h& ( a ,hammegh man f ,ros]es1 ,blue ,nile4 7,aft] ,h>tmann7 ,illu/ration3 ,,natives ,,( ,,ti]ra ,,del ,,fuego4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\ng-,phoset ,! ,son ,mahphoon ,! ,"m ,,! ,,hairy ,,family ,,( ,,burmah ,exhibit$ at ! ,piccadilly ,hall ,london 9 #ahhf ,,man3 ,,:5ce ,,& ,,:i!r8 ,! fables ( ! creation ( nature & man by v>i\s fanta/ic & ridicul\s means1 :i* h1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 f\nd fav\r ) ! un?9k+ multitudes inhabit+ ! e>?1 & :i* ev5 n[ are1 "o or o!r1 firmly believ$ by ! l>ge majority ( bo? ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n populations1 mu/1 ere long1 gradually give way to ! tru] & gr&] !ory ( ,evolution1 result+ f ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,prie/s1 monks1 & o!r int]e/$ p1 back$ up by ! enorm\s weal? :i* has accumulat$ to ! v>i\s religi\s cre$s dur+ ! pa/ c5turies ( d>kness1 ignorance1 & gross cr$ulity1 w1 no d\bt1 oppose all _! trem5d\s =ces aga9/ ! new philosophy1 ?us1 = a :ile1 delay+ ! inevitable result4 ,b ?is condition ( ?+s _c la/ long4 ,education is do+1 & w cont9ue to d1 its "w1 until1 at l5g?1 falsehood & slav]y w give place to tru? & lib]ty4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! orig9 ( man1 x is necess>y to c>ry ! m9d back to a v remote p]iod1 & obs]ve ! mode ( developm5t ( our planet>y sy/em2 =1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,evolution1 !re 7 no />t+ po9ts = p>ticul> =ms 9 nature1 ! :ole univ]se consi/+ ( "o cont9u\s unfold+ ( ph5om5a4 ,! mod]n !ory ( ! mode ( developm5t ( our e>?1 z also ( all o!r planets & suns1 is ! "o kn[n z ! 8,nebul> ,hypo!sis10 :i* is ! prelude to ! great !ory ( ,evolution1 & :i* tea*es u t ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! planets1 & all ! heav5ly ho/ are ! effects or results ( ! cond5sation ( a nebul\s vap\r1 :i* took place _m millions ( ye>s ago1 aft] hav+ be5 diffus$ = an incalculable p]iod ( "t ?r\gh\t ! illimitable expanse ( space4 ,! cause ( ?is nebul\s vap\r1 or att5uat$ matt]1 is unkn[n to u1 & w probably ev] rema9 en%r\d$ 9 ! pr(\nd my/]y :i* at pres5t envelopes x4 ,beyond ?is limit all is m]e speculation or hypo!sis2 & ! ,agno/ic philosoph] & ! man ( sci5ce1 humbly ackn[l$g+ _! complete inability to solve ?is mighty problem ( ultimate causation1 are cont5t to leave fur!r speculation 9 ?is direction to metaphysicians & poets4 ,dur+ _m long ages ?is process ( cond5sation ( ! nebul\s vap\r /eadily cont9u$1 be+ controll$ by ! laws ( gravitation & trans=mation1 until1 at l5g?1 a numb] ( rotat+ sph]ical nebul> masses 7 =m$1 9 a /ate ( high heat f ! %ock ( _! rec5tly-unit$ atoms1 :i* sph]es gradually cool$ by radiation1 consequ5tly contract+ & becom+ possess$ ( a m rapid rot>y motion1 giv+ (f f _! equatorial regions l>ge r+s ( vap\r1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 cond5s$ &1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! same two laws1 =m$ sep>ate sph]es = !mselves4 ,?is is ! mode by :i* our planet>y sy/em 0 =m$1 z taught by ,laplace & accept$ by ! sci5ti/s ( to-day4 ,! e>?1 !n1 9 common ) o!r planets1 may be said to h pass$ f ! condition ( a gase\s to a highly-heat$ fluid mass1 & to h gradually become pla/ic1 & m\ld$ by revolution on its own axis to its pres5t %ape--i4e41 an oblate sph]oid1 or globe1 flatt] at ! poles ?an at ! equator1 ) a pol> diamet] ab\t tw5ty-six miles %ort] ?an ! equatorial diamet]4 ,?is is ! %ape t all pla/ic bodies :i* rotate on _! axes mu/ assume1 z we are cle>ly taught by ma!matics4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! e>? 0 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce :5 x began to take a def9ite =m1 we %all at once see t ! d5s] mat]ials compos+ x w\ld gravitate t[>ds ! c5tre1 =m+ a semi-pla/ic mass surr\nd$ by an envelope ( gases & wat]y vap\r4 ,! gases w\ld be quickly dispos$ ( 9 v>i\s *emical comb9ations1 & ! wat]y vap\r w\ld be cond5s$ & deposit$ 9 depressions on ! surface ( ! c5tral mass z soon z x _h become cool$ suffici5tly4 ,! out] cru/ ( ?is c5tral1 semi-solid mass 0 soon conv]t$1 "u ! int5se heat1 into a h>d1 granite-l rock1 :i* 0 cont9ually subject to sudd5 upheavals1 result+ p>tly f ! viol5t escape ( gases1 & p>tly f wat] pass+ ?r\gh fissures on ! surface to ! heat$ int]ior & giv+ rise to /eam ( great expansive p[]4 ,9 ?is mann] great inequalities ( ! surface 71 no d\bt1 produc$1 ^: rugg$ edges1 aft] ! lapse ( a va/ p]iod ( "t1 7 gradually s(t5$ d[n by ! subsequ5t action ^u !m ( air & wat]4 ,?is fir/ rock =mation is t]m$ by geologi/s ! ,plutonic 7f ,pluto1 mon>* ( hell71 on acc\nt ( its be+ ! result ( int5se heat1 & n1 z is ! case ) all o!r rock =mations1 laid d[n 9 lay]s by wat]4 ,:e!r ! ,plutonic rock =ms a solid c5tre to our e>? is matt] ( unc]ta9ty2 b all are agre$ t ! int]nal heat ( our planet1 :e!r caus$ by ! friction ( ! p>ticles ( a solid sub/ance or by a molt5 fluid1 is /ill1 ev5 9 ^! lat] times1 int5se4 ,9 bor+ ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/1 ! av]age increase 9 temp]ature = e fifty feet ( desc5t1 aft] ! fir/ hundr$ feet f ! surface1 is "o degree ,fahr41 :i* w\ld give u1 at a dep? ( #abe miles1 suffici5t heat to melt mo/ ( ! rocks4 ,?is int5se int]nal heat has g5]at$1 9 times long gone by1 enorm\s =ces1 by :i* rocks ( all ages h be5 rais$ & depress$1 twi/$ & di/ort$1 brok5 & =c$ out ( position1 & =cibly compress$1 s z to ev5tually cause mo/ important *anges ( surface level4 ,! next class ( rock-=mation is totally diff]5t f ! ,plutonic1 or un/ratifi$ s]ies1 9 t x is ! result ( ! we> & te> ( ! surface :5 act$ ^u by air & wat]1 & is laid d[n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by wat]1 z s$im5t4 ,wat]1 9 ! =ms ( seas1 riv]s1 ra91 & ice1 has be5 ! *ief ag5t 9 ! arrangem5t ( all ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ! det]m9ation ( ! e>?'s cont\r1 ! direction ( valleys1 &1 9 fact1 ! regulation ( ! :ole physical geography ( ! visible portion ( ! e>?4 ,) ! help ( ?is mighty ag5t1 s soon z ! e>? _h become suffici5tly cool to p]mit cond5sation to take place 9 its vap\ry envelope1 ! ceaseless we> & te> ( ! ,plutonic--&1 subsequ5tly1 ( all o!r--rocks1 :i* has accumulat$ s va/ a mass ( mat]ial1 comm5c$4 ,l>ge volumes ( wat] 7 gradually deposit$1 )\t int]mission1 until p]man5t seas & riv]s _h become e/abli%$1 & ! new process ( /ratification1 :i* 0 h5ce=? de/9$ to %ape ! cru/ ( ! e>? & to provide ! conditions ( life1 comm5c$ to op]ate4 ,?is action is tak+ place daily 9 riv]s & seas1 z we may obs]ve at any "t4 ,on ! tops ( m\nta9s ! same action is 9 op]ation1 ?\gh "u diff]5t conditions1 sn[ & ice splitt+ fragm5ts f ! rocks to be borne away z grit into ! valleys by impetu\s torr5ts & deposit$ 9 o!r places4 ,)9 ! ,pol> circles ice on a gr&] scale is levell+ d[n ! l&2 glaci]s1 cov]+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 are sl[ly slid+ d[n ! valleys1 gr9d+ _! surfaces /ill deep]--=m+ s&s1 clays1 & gravels1 & =c+ ^! d[n to ! sea-%ore2 & iceb]gs1 _m miles 9 circumf]5ce1 are c>ri$ by curr5ts along coa/s & aga9/ cliffs l huge pl\ghs1 completely alt]+ ! face ( ! rocks b5ea?4 ,?is we> & te> results 9 ! =mation ( imm5se quantities ( detritus1 :i* is deposit$ 9 lay]s at ! bottom ( seas & riv]s1 & consolidat$ by pressure1 be+ frequ5tly assi/$ by lime1 iron1 or silica z a cem5t4 ,! co>s]-textur$ rock has be5 laid d[n 9 rapidly-mov+1 %all[ wat]2 & ! f9]-textur$ 9 /ill1 deep wat]4 ,?us1 ?r\gh _m long ages--probably millions ( ye>s--! surface ( ! e>? und]w5t cont9ual *ange f ! con/ant deposition ( /ratifi$ rock1 ea* lay] ( :i* completely buri$ b5ea? x ! v>i\s life =ms ( ! previ\s p]iod1 :i* circum/ance enables u to ascribe to ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms p>ticul> geological p]iods2 = fossilis$ rema9s ( animals & vegetables h be5 une>!d 9 ! diff]5t lay]s ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 conclusively prov+ _! exi/5ce on ! e>? at ^? p]iods4 ,9 ! ,plutonic or un/ratifi$ rock-=mation p]iod !re 01 ( c\rse1 no life ^u ! e>?1 ! conditions necess>y = su* developm5t n be+ pres5t2 b 9 ! v e>lie/ ( ! /ratifi$ =mations we f9d evid5ce ( ! dawn ( m>9e life1 bo? vegetable & animal4 ,geologi/s h divid$ ! /ratifi$ rock into ?ree *ief divisions1 ! ,palozoic 7anci5t life71 or ,prim>y2 ! ,mesozoic 7middle life71 or ,second>y2 & ! ,ka9ozoic 7late/ life71 or ,t]ti>y4 ,ea* ( ^!1 aga91 has be5 subdivid$ into small] sections1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> k9d ( deposit met )1 ! p>ticul> places :]e ! be/ examples are to be f\nd1 or ! p>ticul> life-=ms exi/+4 ,! ,prim>y1 ! dep? ( :i* is unkn[n1 is subdivid$ into sev5 p]iods--viz43-- ,laur5tian1 consi/+ ( highly metamorphos$ 7t is1 *ang$ 9 appe>ance f ! orig9al /ratifi$ rock "*1 ow+ to its proximity to ! molt5 ,plutonic rock7 lime/one1 conta9+ fossil rema9s ( ! ,=am9if]a1 "s ( ! fir/ liv+ organisms4 ,huronian1 consi/+ ( less highly metamorphos$ s&/one1 lime/one1 etc41 & conta9+ fossil rema9s ( l[ly-organis$ molluscs 7s(t-bodi$ organisms74 ,cambrian1 consi/+ ( slates1 s&/ones1 & conglom]ates1 & conta9+ fossil rema9s ( sponges1 sea-we$s1 />-fi%es1 sea-lilies1 l[ly %ell-fi%1 m>9e worms1 & ! fir/ l& plants4 ,silurian1 consi/+ ( slates1 lime/ones1 etc41 & conta9+ fossil rema9s ( corals1 *amb]$ spiral %ell-fi%1 crabs1 sea-worms1 & bony plates & scales ( a l[ =m ( fi%4 ,devonian1 consi/+ ( old r$ s&/one1 %ales1 & corall9e lime/one1 & conta9+ fossil l& plants1 fi%es1 belong+ to %>k1 ray1 & /urgeon families1 & fir/ fossil insect4 ,c>bonif]\s1 consi/+ ( m\nta9 lime/one1 coal1 s&/one1 iron/one1 clays1 etc41 & conta9+ fossil scorpions1 beetles1 & amphibians4 ,p]mian1 consi/+ ( new r$ s&/one1 m>ls1 magnesian lime/ones1 etc41 & conta9+ fossils ( true reptiles4 ,! ,second>y division is subdivid$ into ?ree p]iods1 viz43-- ,triassic1 consi/+ ( s&/one1 lime/one1 & clays1 & conta9+ fossils ( gigantic reptiles & fir/ mammals 7small m>supials74 ,jurassic1 or ,olitic1 consi/+ ( lime/ones1 coral rags1 clays1 & m>ls1 & conta9+ fossils ( bird-reptiles & sev]al species ( m>supials4 ,cretace\s1 consi/+ ( clays1 s&s1 s(t lime/one1 & lignites1 & conta9+ fossils ( new bird-reptiles4 ,! ,t]ti>y division is subdivid$ into f\r p]iods--viz43-- ,eoc5e 7dawn ( rec5t life71 consi/+ ( s&/one1 lime/one1 s&s1 clays1 m>ls1 coral rags1 & lignites1 & conta9+ fossil equ9e =ms1 birds1 reptiles1 bats1 & m>supials4 ,meioc5e 7less rec5t life71 consi/+ ( arctic coal1 lime/one1 s&s1 clays1 & lignites1 & conta9+ fossil apes & m>supials4 ,pleioc5e 7m rec5t life71 ! :ite & r$ crags ( ,brita91 conta9+ fossil apes1 be>s1 & hy5as4 ,plei/oc5e 7mo/ rec5t life71 consi/+ ( glacial accumulations ( all k9ds ( e>?s1 & conta9+ fossil rema9s ( apes & m51 & implem5ts ( /one1 bone1 & horn1 & lat] /ill ( rema9s ( lake-dwell+s1 %ell-m\nds1 etc4 ,^! diff]5t lay]s ( /ratifi$ rocks h n always kept _! prop] positions ) reg>d to ea* o!r 9 ! ord] !y 7 orig9ally laid d[n2 b1 ow+ to volcanic eruption1 h frequ5tly intrud$ ^u ea* o!r1 s t1 at fir/ sight1 x w\ld sometimes appe> z ?\gh ! regul> ord] ( deposition _h n be5 adh]$ to2 b t ?is is n s has be5 made app>5t by c>eful inve/igation ov] l>ge areas4 ,! dep? ( ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y is f tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ life-=ms made _! appe>ance z m>9e organisms 9 ! ,laur5tian1 or fir/ /ratifi$ rock p]iod2 b :e!r ! animal or ! vegetable =m fir/ appe>$1 or :e!r bo? 7 develop$ f "o primordial organism1 x is impossible at pres5t to say4 ,9 ea* successive lay] ( rock we meet ) fossil rema9s ( animal & vegetable life1 :i* /eadily develop into m highly organis$ =ms1 ?r\gh ! diff]5t p]iods1 until1 at la/1 !y assume ! exquisite phases we n[ behold ar\nd u4 ,! vegetable k+dom 0 ! fir/ to exi/ ^u ! l&1 ! fir/ l&-plant be+ f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate 9 ! ,cambrian lay]1 at ! same "t t m>9e animal life 0 assum+ ! =ms ( worms1 %ell-fi%1 & />-fi%es4 ,9 ! ,silurian p]iod ! fir/ v]tebrate animals made _! appe>ance 9 ! =m ( l[ly-organis$ fi%es1 f :i*1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 develop$ amphibi\s creatures1 ! fir/ brea?+ animals1 liv+ bo? 9 & out ( wat]1 & ! prog5itors ( ! l>ge k+dom ( l& animals1 includ+ man4 ,n[1 if we take ! p$igree ( man1 z arrang$ by ,d>w9 & ,haeckel1 & comp>e x ) ?is geological tree1 we %all see h[ p]fectly ! si/] sci5ces ( ,paleontology & ,biology corroborate ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ =m ( life1 says ,haeckel1 0 ! ,mon]on1 a /ructureless album9\s atom ( bioplasm1 n ev5 possess+ ! /ructure ( a m]e cell4 ,we place ?is1 :i* belongs to ! primitive ord] ,protozoa1 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod1 :]e we are told by geologi/s t fossil =am9if]a h be5 f\nd4 ,?is promordial organism gradually develop$ into s+le nucleat$ cells1 call$ ,amb1 & ^! aga9 into masses ( nucleat$ cells1 call$ ,synamb4 ,^! simple & multiple cell organisms we place 9 ! next p]iod1 ,huronian1 9 ! /rata ( :i* geologi/s tell u h be5 f\nd fossil rema9s ( l[ly organis$ molluscs1 or s(t-bodi$ animals4 ,ciliata are ! next =ms ( life1 :i* consi/ ( ,synamb1 cov]$ ) vibratile cilia4 ,^! gradually develop$ a m\?1 becom+ ,ga/rada1 & aft]w>ds ,turbell>ia1 a l[ =m ( worm 7,v]mes71 ) a m\? & alim5t>y canal2 & are plac$ 9 ! ,cambrian p]iod1 9 :i* /ratum h be5 f\nd rema9s ( ?is k9d ( life4 ,! asc5t cont9ues ?r\gh ! transition /age ( ,scolecida to ,himatega1 or sack-worms1 ) _! rudim5t>y sp9al cords2 f :i* gradually evolv$ ,acrania1 or ! fir/ v]tebrate animals1 )\t skulls1 bra9s1 c5tral he>t1 jaws1 or limbs2 b ) a true v]tebral cord4 ,?is peculi> little animal 0 a lancet-%ap$ m>9e worm1 ak9 to ! lancelet or amphioxus ( to-day4 ,f ^! develop$ ,monorrh9i1 or v]tebrate hybrid worms & fi%es1 ) skull1 bra91 & c5tral he>t1 b no sympa!tic sy/em1 jaws1 or limbs1 & ) a s+le nasal cavity 7lampreys74 ,^! ?ree =ms are plac$ 9 ! ,silurian p]iod1 9 :i* /ratum h be5 f\nd fossilis$ bony plates & scales ( fi%es & ,annelides1 or sea-worms4 ,! next =ms ( life to be develop$1 f ! ,monorrh9i1 7 ! ,sela*ii 7,amphirrh9i71 or true fi%es1 ( ! %>k family1 ) two nasal cavities1 swim-bladd]1 two pairs ( f9s1 & jaws4 ,f ^! evolv$ ! ,ganoidei1 & !nce all osse\s fi%es2 & ,dipnoi 7mud fi%71 or hybrid fi%es & amphibians1 ) bo? gills & lungs4 ,^! little animals live dur+ w9t] 9 wat]1 :5 !y brea! air dissolv$ 9 wat] ?r\gh _! gills2 & dur+ ! summ] 9 mud1 :5 !y brea! ) _! lungs4 ,bo? ^! are plac$ 9 ! ,devonian p]iod1 9 :i* h be5 f\nd fossil %>ks1 etc4 ,! next =ms are ,sozobran*ii1 or amphibians ) p]si/5t gills1 f :i* evolv$ ,urodela1 or amphibians ) transitory gills1 b p]si/5t tails1 & legs2 alli$ to ! salam&]4 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 9 :i* h be5 f\nd fossilis$ amphibians4 ,we next get ,protamnia1 or hybrid salam&]s & liz>ds 7frogs & toads71 ) no gills or tails1 b possess+ an amnion & cloaca4 ,^! repres5t ! p>5t =ms ( ! ?ree great high] bran*es ( v]tebrates--,reptilia1 ,aves 7:i* evolv$ f reptiles71 & ,mammalia1 & are plac$ 9 ! ,p]mian p]iod1 9 :i* h be5 f\nd fossilis$ amphibians & true reptiles4 ,monotremata 7,promammalia7 are ! next =ms develop$ 9 our p$igree1 ! p>5t =ms ( ! class ,mammalia2 ) cloaca1 amnion1 & m>supial bones2 :i* are plac$ 9 ! ,triassic p]iod2 & f :i* evolv$ ,m>supialia1 mammals ) amnion & m>supial bones1 b no cloaca2 alli$ to ! kang>oo & opossum ( to-day4 ,?is species we place 9 ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s p]iods4 ,f ,m>supialia develop$ ! l>ge k+dom ( ,plac5talia1 :i* lose ! m>supial bones & cloaca1 & acquire a plac5ta1 & :i* we divide into ?ree ma9 bran*es1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> plac5tal =mation4 ,! fir/ division we call ,villiplac5talia 7tufty plac5ta71 f :i* evolv$ ,ed5tata 7slo?1 ant-eat]s1 & t]ti>y mon/]s71 ,cetacea 7m>9e plac5tal mammals1 su* z :ale1 dolph91 porpoise1 & sea-c[71 & ,ungulata 7horse1 c[1 pig1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus74 ,! second division we t]m ,z5oplac5talia 7r+-l plac5ta71 ! e>lie/ =ms ( :i* 7 ,c>n>ia1 or fle%-eat]s1 f :i* came ,c>nivora1 or l& bea/s ( prey 7cats1 dogs1 be>s1 etc471 & ,p9nip$ia1 or m>9e bea/s ( prey 7seal & walrus74 ,! ?ird division we "n ,discoplac5talia 7discoid plac5ta72 & "h we f9d1 z ! fir/ developm5t1 ! ,prosimi1 or tail$ lemurs1 quadrup$s ) claws1 & hav+ ! appe>ance ( hybrid cats & monkeys4 ,all ^! are plac$ 9 ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 9 :i* /ratum geologi/s h f\nd fossilis$ plac5tals4 ,f ! discoplac5tal-mammal ,prosimi evolv$ ! foll[+ species--viz41 ,prosimi ( ,madagasc> 7lemurs ( to-day71 ) f\r feet & claws2 ,*eiropt]a 7bats72 ,rod5tia 7squirrels1 mice1 porcup9es1 h>es72 ,insectivora 7moles1 %rew-mice1 & h$gehogs72 & ,simi1 or quadrup$ monkeys1 ) two feet1 two h&s1 nails1 & tails4 ,we divide ,simi into two classes1 ! ,platyrrh9i1 or ,new ,_w apes1 ) ?irty-six tee?1 tails1 no *eek-p\*es or callosities1 & nasal cavities po9t+ outw>ds & divid$ by a ?ick septum 7f :i* came ! ,am]ican h[l]s1 weep]s1 capu*9s1 & squirrel-monkeys72 & ! ,cat>rh9i 7,m5oc]ca71 or ,old ,_w apes1 ) ?irty-two tee? 7l man71 tails1 *eek-p\*es1 callosities1 & nasal cavities po9t+ d[nw>ds & divid$ by a ?9 septum 7l man74 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! ,meioc5e p]iod1 9 :i* h be5 discov]$ ! fir/ fossil apes4 ,f ! ,cat>rh9i develop$ ! tail$ baboons & macaques1 ) ?irty-two tee?1 *eek-p\*es1 & callosities2 & ! ,an?ropoid1 ) ?irty-two tee?1 b no tails1 *eek-p\*es1 or callosities4 ,^! 7 evolv$ dur+ ! ,pleioc5e p]iod4 ,f ! an?ropoid 7man-l7 apes we get ?ree di/9ct divisions--viz41 ! gibbon & orang families1 ) no tails or *eek-p\*es1 walk+ p>tly on h9d legs1 & w&]+ 9 companies 9 ,india2 ! *impanzee & gorilla families ( ,africa1 ) no tails or *eek-p\*es1 no articulate spee*1 walk+ on h9d legs only1 liv+ 9 companies 9 caves1 & c>ry+ _! babes 9 _! arms2 & ,alali1 or ape-l m51 commonly call$ ! 8miss+ l9ks10 :o 7 probably develop$1 dur+ ! ,pleioc5e p]iod1 9 ,lemuria1 a subm]g$ cont95t :i* =m]ly occupi$ ! position ( ! ,indian ,ocean2 or 9 ! di/ricts ( ! ,nile & ,ganges4 ,^! primitive ape-l m5 7 ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 m5 & ! apes1 & are divid$ into two ma9 bran*es--viz41 woolly-hair$ ,alali1 :o migrat$ f ,lemuria1 we/ & s\?2 & /raight-hair$ ,alali1 :o migrat$ f ,lemuria1 nor?1 ea/1 & s\?4 ,bo? ^! bran*es _h skulls ( ! same "* z ^? ( ! *impanzee & gorilla--t is1 !y 7 doli*ocephalic 7long-head$7 progna?\s 7prom95t jaws71 & also1 l _! ape bre?r51 7 troglodytes1 or cave-dwell]s4 ,f ! woolly-hair$ ,alali evolv$ ! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,tasmania1 & ! ,hott5tots ( ,africa1 ^: desc5dants ( to-day are b little remov$ 9 bra9 developm5t f ! high] apes4 ,!y are doli*ocephalic progna?\s savages1 ) black1 hairy sk9s1 long arms1 & %ort1 ?9 legs1 ) ill-develop$ calves2 are semi-erect1 walk on h9d legs1 & h no true articulate spee*4 ,a high] developm5t ( ! woolly-hair$ ,alali is ! ,negro1 & high] /ill ! ,caffre1 bo? ( :om are doli*ocephalic progna?\s savages1 ) black1 semi-hairy sk9s1 & imp]fect articulation4 ,f ! /raight-hair$ ,alali are d]iv$ ! ,au/ralian natives & ! l>ge family ( ,malays or ,polynesians4 ,! ,au/ralians migrat$ s\?1 & 7 doli*ocephalic progna?\s savages1 ) smoo?1 dirty br[n sk9s1 & /raight black hair4 ,! l[e/ tribes ( ! pres5t day h no true articulate spee*4 ,! ,polynesians migrat$ nor? & ea/1 & 7 doli*ocephalic progna?\s troglodytes 7z ! gorilla & *impanzee71 ) cle>1 smoo? br[n sk9s1 & true articulate spee*4 ,?is bran* split up into two l>ge families1 ! ,mongolian or ,turanian1 & ! ,caucasian or ,iranian4 ,! =m] cov]$ ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,asia1 ,polynesia1 & ,am]ica1 & 7 orig9ally bra*ycephalic 7broad-head$7 progna?\s m54 ,!y subdivid$ into two di/9ct species1 ! ,mongols ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,lapl&1 ,f9l&1 & ,hung>y1 :o are bra*ycephalic1 b n progna?\s1 ) smoo?1 br[ni% yell[ sk91 & /raight black hair2 & ! ,mongols ( ,am]ica1 :o are mesocephalic 7r\nd-head$71 b n progna?\s1 ) smoo? r$ sk9s & /raight black hair4 ,! ,caucasian family cov]$ ,we/]n ,asia & mo/ ( ,europe1 be+ mesocephalic progna?\s troglodytes 7aft]w>ds agriculturali/s7 ) smoo? d>k sk9s & long /raight hair2 & subdivid$ into two bran*es1 ! ,semitic1 ( ,arabia & ,syria1 & ! ,aryan or ,indo-,european2 bo? ( :om are mesocephalic1 b n progna?\s4 ,x is true t1 s f>1 no fossil rema9s ( ,alali h be5 f\nd1 ) ! exception ( ! ,ne&]?al skull2 b x is equally true t !y may soon be discov]$4 ,x is only comp>atively rec5tly t ! o!r species h be5 f\nd fossilis$2 & x mu/ be recollect$ t only a v small portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ has yet be5 explor$1 & t n ! mo/ likely = f9d+4 ,no attempts h be5 yet made to une>? ! life-rema9s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e x is believ$ man fir/ evolv$ f 8 ape-l ance/ors4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem to me to be ess5tially necess>y t ! 8miss+ l9k0 be f\nd 9 ord] to sub/antiate ! ,evolution !ory4 ,!re is s little diff]5ce betwe5 ! high] an?ropoid apes & man1 comp>$ ) ! enorm\s diff]5ces obs]v$ betwe5 ! e>li] =ms ( life & ! ape species1 t ! sequ5ce & cont9uity appe> n[ conclusively settl$ to any reasonable obs]v]4 ,comp>ative anatomi/s & embryologi/s bo? decl>e 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( developm5t ( ,d>w9 & ,haeckel4 ,x is a fact beyond dispute t e human be+ comm5ces 8 individual exi/5ce z a t9y piece ( /ructureless bioplasm1 f :i* condition he passes ?r\gh ! ,amba /age to ! ,synamba1 & !nce 9 regul> ord] ?r\gh ea* successive /age ( developm5t m>k$ 9 ! g5ealogy giv5 above1 becom+ worm1 fi%1 & mammal 9 turn1 & f9ally be+ born into ! _w z a memb] ( ! human family4 ,ea* ( ^! l[] =ms also passes ?r\gh all ! species prec$+ x 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,?is is "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,evolution4 ,x is said t ! p[] ( spee* possess$ by man opposes a /rong b>ri] to ! !ory2 b x has be5 %[n cle>ly t o!r animals besides man c use articulate s\nds1 :i* convey mean+s to ea* o!r4 ,monkeys c]ta9ly und]/& ea* o!r's *att]+1 & x is highly probable t birds also und]/& ea* o!r's cries4 ,x is true t ! s\nds made by animals are *iefly monosyllabic2 b philologi/s n[ tell u t ! languages spok5 by primitive races ( m5 are comp\nd$ ( q simple elem5ts1 p]fectly )9 ! grasp ( an ape's voice4 ,travell]s1 ^: v]acity & ability _c be impugn$1 h describ$ long conf]5ces held by monkeys1 :]e "o individual address$ ! assembly at great l5g?1 fix+ ! att5tion ( all ^u himself1 & quell+ e di/urbance by a l\d & h>% cry1 :i* 0 at once recognis$ & obey$ by ! multitude4 ,is x cr$ible t ?is %\ld be purposeless8 ,is x n actually ! ex]cise ( spee*8 ,is x n possible--nay1 ev5 extremely probable--t1 "u ! irresi/ible pressure ( civilis$ man1 8 imm$iate precursor may h become ext9ct8 ,all ! human races t n[ t5d to bridge ! int]val betwe5 ! highe/ man & ! highe/ ape are fa/ becom+ ext9ct "u ?is v pressure4 ,! gulf wid5s1 & w wid54 ,! ,c>ibs & ,tasmanians h pass$ away1 :ile ! ,au/ralians1 ,new ,zeal&]s1 aborig9al ,am]icans1 ,eskimo1 & o!rs1 are fa/ foll[+ 9 _! wake1 & ?is all 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t4 ,!re is und\bt$ly n[ a f> great] physical & m5tal int]val betwe5 ! ,hott5tot woman & su* m5 z ,glad/one & ,d>w9 ?an betwe5 ! ,hott5tot & an ape4 ,x is a fact beyond dispute t man 0 n 9 su* a high /ate ( developm5t ages gone by z at pres5t4 ,! e>lie/ traces ( man exhibit him to u 9 ! ,paloli?ic1 or old /one1 age1 z wild & liv+ 9 caves1 us+ only ! rude/ /one implem5ts ) :i* to battle ) ! f]oci\s mon/]s ar\nd him4 ,8 jaw 0 !n progna?\s1 l ! ape1 & 8 body l>ge & p[]ful4 ,9 ! lime/one cav]ns ( ,france h be5 discov]$ ! fossil rema9s ( m5 :o inhabit$ caves & belong$ to ! ,paloli?ic1 or e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 p]iod4 ,toge!r ) ^! troglodytes1 or cave-dwell]s1 7 r\gh1 unpoli%$ /one implem5ts & weapons1 d5ot+ a l[ /ate ( civilisation4 ,o!r caves1 9 lat] /rata1 give u light] /one weapons1 ( bett] f9i%1 & occasionally horn d>t-po9ts1 su* z w\ld be us$ = cat*+ small] game4 ,numb]s ( sk9-scrap]s also 7 f\nd1 sugge/+ ! idea t ! p us$ ! hides ( animals = clo?+1 in/ead ( go+ nak$1 z _! ance/ors4 ,! hairy "* ( ! body w\ld be probably giv+ place to a f9]1 smoo!r1 & m delicate out] sk91 :i* w\ld necessitate clo?+ ( "s k9d4 ,/ill lat] we f9d implem5ts altoge!r ( fl9t1 lancet-%ap$1 admirably-proportion$1 & ( ?ree sizes1 adapt$ = arr[1 javel9e1 & lance po9ts respectively1 & design$ to be fitt$ to wood5 & bone %afts4 ,aft] ^! appe> arr[s & d>ts ( de]'s horn & bone1 & /one & fl9t tools1 :i* 7 us$ = mak+ ^! arr[s4 ,we also f9d su* implem5ts z bone awls & ne$les = pi]c+ & sew+ sk9s1 arr[-heads furni%$ ) b>bs on ea* side1 & h>poons b>b$ on "o side only4 ,n[ 0 man's intellect fairly on ! sw+2 b /ill he 01 z yet1 only 9 ! ,paloli?ic p]iod1 = n "o poli%$ implem5t nor fragm5t ( pott]y is f\nd 9 _! /ations4 ,!y 7 surr\nd$ by f]oci\s c>nivora1 :i* sometimes fell victims to _! weapons4 ,! mammo? /ill t5ant$ ! valleys1 & ! re9de] 0 ! common article ( food4 ,!y 7 hunt]s1 possess$ ( ! rude/ modes ( exi/5ce1 & ) b little ( :at is n[ call$ civilisation4 ,9 ,brita9 ! troglodyte man 0 contempor>y ) ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 lion1 & hy5a1 none ( :i* exi/$ 9 ! lat] ,plei/oc5e era2 b !re h be5 no p]fect skeletons f\nd "h l ^? 9 ,france4 ,human bones1 h[ev]1 h be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s deposits1 toge!r ) ! skeletons ( long-ext9ct animals4 ,! be/ ,briti% human fossil is ! portion ( an upp] jaw conta9+ f\r tee?1 f ,k5t's ,cav]n4 ,h]metically seal$ 9 /alagmite1 deposit$ on ! floor ( ! cav]n by wat] dropp+ f ! ro(1 ?is jaw lay bel[ ! rema9s ( ext9ct mammals2 :ile b5ea? all 7 bone & /one implem5ts ( human workman%ip1 equally firmly fix$ 9 a natural lime/one cem5t4 ,geology fixes ! date ( ?is troglodyte at ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 & x is beyond d\bt t man exi/$ at ?is remote p]iod1 or ev5 e>li]1 9 ,europe1 = ! human rema9s f\nd 9 ,france cle>ly te/ify to ! fact2 & ev5 9 ,am]ica 8 antiquity mu/ be v great inde$1 = a human skull 0 f\nd 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi b5ea? f\r diff]5t lay]s ( =e/ gr[?1 :i* mu/ h =m$ "p ( a liv+ human be+ #ej1jjj ye>s s9ce4 ,! celebrat$ ,ne&]?al skull1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 he>d1 c]ta9ly belongs to ! mammo? age1 if n e>li]2 &1 if x repres5t a race1 & n m]ely an individual1 t race w\ld lie 9 a position int]m$iate betwe5 ! l[e/ man & ! highe/ ape4 ,x may only repres5t a man ( peculi> =mation1 z we (t5 see m5 9 ! pres5t day de=m$ or ( ecc5tric build2 &1 !re=e1 we _c look ^u x positively z ! 8miss+ l9k40 ,"o o!r simil> f9d1 h[ev]1 w\ld = ev] settle ! "q1 & proclaim to ! _w t ! 8miss+ l9k0 01 at la/1 f\nd4 ,9 capacity1 ! cranium is human1 :ile ! sup]cili>y ar*es & ! br[ are di/9ctly ape-l4 ,pr(essor ,huxley sums up 8 exam9ation ( ?is skull ) ! rem>k t 8! ,ne&]?al skull is1 ( human rema9s1 t :i* pres5ts ! mo/ m>k$ & def9ite *>act]s ( a l[] type40 ,foll[+ ! ,paloli?ic era1 or rude /one age1 is ! ,neoli?ic1 or new /one1 age2 & n[ we f9d man us+ poli%$ weapons1 mak+ pott]y1 us+ fire to w>m himself )1 & develop+ social mann]s4 ,in/ead ( liv+ 9 caves1 he liv$ 9 lake dwell+s1 ) o!rs ( 8 species1 & gradually develop$ agricultural ta/es4 ,?is metamorphosis1 we "k f ! fossil rema9s f\nd deposit$ 9 v>i\s /rata1 occupi$ a long p]iod ( "t1 probably ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & ev5 !n we are left ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! hi/orical era1 :i* foll[$ ! bronze & iron ages4 ,comp>e ^! m5 ) ^? :o liv$ 9 ! ,grecian & ,egyptian eras1 & aga9 comp>e ^! latt] ) ourselves1 & ! record is "o ( trial & failure ?r\gh long ages1 & ( exp]im5t cr[n$ at la/ by atta9m5t4 ,has n ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e alone be5 a means ( ext5d+ man's dom9ion 9 a m>vell\s mann]8 ,?9k :at has be5 a*iev$ ?r\gh electricity6 ,!re has1 und\bt$ly1 be5 a cont9u$ /ruggle f b>b>ism to civilisation1 & ! little we "k ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( man tells u t he liv$ ! life ( a wild bea/1 leav+ no impression on ! e>? save "o ( ! victims ( 8 well-aim$ /one or fl9t-po9t$ spe>4 ,s mu* = ! 8miss+ l9k40 ,!re is "o o!r po9t to be settl$ be=e we h complet$ ! sequ5ce ( evolution1 :i* comm5ces ) ! cond5sation ( ! nebul\s vap\r & t]m9ates ) ! developm5t ( man2 & t is ! "q ( h[ life orig9at$4 ,we h f\nd t ! fir/ dawn ( life 0 9 ! =m ( a simple speck ( bioplasm1 void ( any /ructure2 & t ?is primordial g]m1 :i* we call a ,mon]on1 0 develop$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( deposition ( /ratifi$ rock at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & is n[ be+ con/antly develop$ z ( old4 ,n[1 if ! !ory ( evolution be n m]e talk1 ?is primordial g]m mu/ h be5 spontane\sly evolv$ f inanimate matt]1 = ! !ory all[s ( no break1 be+ a gradual unfold+ ( ph5om5a4 ,we are told t !re is no exp]i5ce 9 nature ( su* a developm5t4 ,p]haps s2 b t is no argum5t aga9/ x4 ,!re is no exp]i5ce 9 nature ( any special creation ei!r2 s :y fly to ?is alt]native1 :i* is ! only "o pres5t$ to u1 in/ead ( adopt+ ! !ory :i* agrees s h>moni\sly ) ! :ole evolution>y process8 ,:y make ?is abrupt break 9 ! *a9 ( sequ5ce8 ,does x n annihilate completely ! :ole !ory ( evolution8 ,x is n m wond]ful t life %\ld be evolv$ f inanimate nature ?an t man %\ld be evolv$ f a /ructureless bioplasm4 ,! cont9uity ( evolution once brok51 :y may x n be brok5 aga9 & aga98 ,if we are to accept ! !ory ( evolution1 we are b\nd to admit t animate 0 evolv$ f inanimate matt]4 ,& ! difficulty ( ?is admission is n1 aft] all1 s great z appe>s at fir/ sight2 = :o is to say :e!r su* a condition really exi/s z inanimate matt]8 ,x is a fact t e p>ticle ( matt] 9 nature is 9 a /ate ( active motion2 e molecule & atom is con/antly active4 ,& :y is ?is n life z mu* z ! animal or vegetable1 ?\gh 9 a modifi$ degree ( developm5t8 ,evolution1 if x mean any?+1 %\ld admit ?is2 & ,i w %[ y t x does n admit x only1 b absolutely decl>es t x is s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 & all o!r physical & *emical sci5ti/s1 decl>e t e ?+ 9 nature is compos$ ( molecules & atoms4 ,! molecules are ! smalle/ quantities into :i* any individual body or sub/ance c be divid$ )\t los+ its individuality4 ,= in/ance1 table-salt1 or *loride ( sodium1 c be divid$ & subdivid$1 until y get to ! limit ( subdivision1 :i* is a molecule compos$ ( *lor9e & sodium 9 *emical comb9ation4 ,fur!r subdivision annihilates its individuality z salt1 & leaves u ) ! two elem5t>y *emical atoms1 *lor9e & sodium1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,^! atoms are incapable ( fur!r subdivision4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! :ole matt] ( ! univ]se may be subdivid$ into molecules1 :i* consi/ ( atoms ( "s two or m ( ab\t sixty-sev5 *emical elem5ts 9 v>i\s comb9ations4 ,^! atoms are ! smalle/ sep>ate p>ticles ( masses ( matt]1 & are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by :at is t]m$ hypo!tical e!r--t is1 ! fluid e!r we believe to be p]vad+ e portion ( space4 ,ea* atom possesses an inh]5t sum ( =ce1 or en]gy4 ,! well-e/abli%$ & univ]sally-admitt$ !ory ( *emical aff9ity tea*es u t ^! atoms are capable ( attract+ & repell+ ea* o!r1 &1 !re=e1 also tea*es u1 by implication1 t !y are possess$ ) def9ite incl9ations1 foll[ ^! s5sations or impulses1 & h also ! w & ability to move to & f "o ano!r4 ,?is we are cle>ly taught by *emi/ry4 ,?us e atom 9 ! univ]se possesses s5sation & w1 pleasure & displeasure1 desire & loa?+1 attraction & repulsion2 & its mass is1 moreov]1 inde/ructible & un*angeable1 & its en]gy et]nal1 z we are aga9 taught by ! !ory ( cons]vation ( en]gy & matt]4 ,^! s5ti5t atoms ( univ]sal matt]1 ^: aggregate en]gy is ! great animat+ _s ( ! univ]se1 h ! p[] ( unit+ toge!r 9 v>i\s *emical comb9ations to =m molecules1 or *emical unities1 develop+ fre% prop]ties 9 ! process1 & =m+ ! l[e/ conceivable division ( comp\nd mat]ial sub/ances1 "s atoms unit+ to build up cry/als & o!r inorganic masses1 & o!rs to develop ! v>i\s organic or life =ms4 ,! atoms ( ! ultimate molecules ( bo? organic & inorganic bodies are id5tically ! same4 ,x dep5ds entirely ^u :at p>ticul> comb9ation ( atoms takes place :e!r an organic or inorganic =m is develop$4 ,! primordial life-=m we h f\nd to be simple homog5e\s plasm1 consi/+ ( molecules1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( atoms ( five elem5ts--c>bon1 oxyg51 nitrog51 hydrog51 & sulphur1 diff]+ n "o iota f ! molecules ( inorganic bodies1 except t x acquires ! special p[] ( reproduction1 by virtue ( ! peculi> comb9ation ( its atoms1 :i* p[] is want+ 9 ! inorganic _w1 ^: molecules are compos$ ( simil> atoms1 b 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,?is is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! organic1 or life1 _w1 & ! inorganic1 or lifeless1 _w--life be+1 z comp>$ ) unlife1 b ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,z examples ( ?is1 we may take cry/als1 ! mo/ p]fect developm5t ( inorganic nature1 & ! mon]on1 ! lea/ p]fect developm5t ( organic nature2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is almo/ nil1 c]ta9ly less ?an betwe5 ! p>5ts & (fspr+ 9 _m life-=ms4 ,! cry/al molecules are compos$ ( elem5t>y *emical atoms1 z are ! mon]on molecules2 b ! =m] gr[ by p>ticles be+ deposit$ on p>ticles ext]nally1 :ile ! latt] gr[ by p>ticles p5etrat+ f )\t1 or be+ absorb$ into ! int]ior & becom+ assimilat$ by ! plasm1 fre% molecules be+ evolv$ 9 ! process1 ?is special p[] ( reproduction be+ g5]at$ by ! peculi> comb9ation ( ! atoms4 ,?is argum5t appe>s to me to be logically & sci5tifically s\nd1 & disposes altoge!r ( ! notion ( a break ( cont9uity betwe5 ! liv+ & ! unliv+ worlds1 :i* is su* a =midable difficulty to _m m9ds4 ,! plasm ?us =m$ by ! aggregation ( life molecules gradually diff]5tiates into protoplasm & nucleus1 :i* toge!r =m a simple cell2 & ?is cell p>takes1 by h]$ity1 ( ! nature & prop]ties ( its p>5t =m1 & also1 by adaptation to diff]5t circum/ances surr\nd+ its exi/5ce1 acquires fre% prop]ties1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! inh]it$ prop]ties1 x transmits to its prog5y1 ?us evolv+ a /ill m complex =m1 inh]it+ ! acquir$ & inh]it$ prop]ties ( its p>5t1 & aga9 acquir+ fre% prop]ties2 & s on1 ad inf9itum1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s life-=ms we "k h be5 develop$ 9 ! p$igree ( man & animals1 ?r\gh ,amb1 ,synamb1 etc41 z 9 ! g5ealogy giv5 above4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( diff]5t life-=ms h]$ity--:i*1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 is unconsci\s memory g5]at$ 9 ! fir/ life-=m & transmitt$ ?r\gh all ! diff]5t species--is ! sole factor 9 ! pres]vation ( ! p>5t prop]ties2 :ile adaptation to surr\nd+ conditions & circum/ances1 natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & sexual selection 9 ! /ruggle ( ! males = females are ! pr9cipal factors 9 ! diff]5tiation ( species4 ,hav+ trac$ man's p$igree accord+ to ! ,evolution !ory1 f primitive nebul\s matt] to 8 pres5t comm&+ position1 & f\nd him possess$ ) reason & ! p[] ( controll+ & regulat+ ! =ces ( nature1 our next inquiry is naturally = :at purpose is he "h & :at w become ( him ev5tually4 ,"h we come to ! mo/ difficult problem ( all ages1 :i* has baffl$ le>n$ m5 ( all nationalities1 & :i* w probably nev] be satisfactorily solv$4 ,intimately connect$ ) x is ! almo/ z difficult problem1 ,h[ 0 ! univ]se caus$ at all8 ,!re are em95t sci5tific m5 :o ?9k !y c conclusively %[ t ! univ]se exi/$ f et]nity2 o!rs z positively ass]t t x mu/ h be5 caus$ by a p[] outside & indep5d5t ( itself2 :ile o!rs are equally conv9c$ t x 0 self-creat$4 ,b :5 we exam9e _! argum5ts we f9d ourselves unable logically to accept any ( _! conclusions4 ,! ,a!i/ decl>es t ! univ]se has exi/$ f et]nity1 n hav+ be5 produc$ by any o!r ag5cy1 &1 !re=e1 )\t any beg9n+2 :i* necess>ily implies ! conception ( inf9ite pa/ "t--an ef=t ( :i* ! human m9d is q incapable4 ,! ,pan!i/ decl>es t ! univ]se evolv$ out ( pot5tial exi/5ce into actual exi/5ce by virtue ( "s inh]5t necessity2 :i* is z un?9kable z ! previ\s "o1 = pot5tial exi/5ce mu/ be ei!r some?+1 9 :i* case x w\ld be actual exi/5ce1 or no?+1 :i* x c\ld n possibly be4 ,b admitt+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! possibility ( pot5tial exi/5ce z no?+1 /ill we %\ld h to acc\nt = its orig91 :i* w\ld involve u 9 an inf9ity ( /ill m remote pot5tialities4 ,! ,!i/ic !ory ( creation by ext]nal ag5cy implies ei!r =mation ( matt] out ( no?+1 :i* is inconceivable1 or out ( pre-exi/+ mat]ials1 :i* leaves u "u ! necessity ( %[+ ! orig9 ( ! pre-exi/+ elem5ts1 &1 l ! prec$+ !ory1 w\ld involve u 9 an inf9ity ( remote pre-exi/5ces4 ,x also involves ! exi/5ce ( a pot5tiality outside matt]1 :i* mu/ ei!r be caus$1 :i* involves a prior cause1 or uncaus$1 9 :i* case x mu/ be ei!r f9ite or inf9ite4 ,if x be f9ite1 x mu/ be limit$1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re mu/ exi/ some?+ outside its limits1 :i* de/roys ! notion ( its be+ a fir/ cause4 ,!re=e1 x mu/ be inf9ite4 ,also1 z fir/ cause1 x mu/ be indep5d5t2 = dep5d5cy w\ld imply a m remote cause4 ,! fir/ cause mu/1 !re=e1 be bo? inf9ite & absolute1 :i* is an absurdity2 = a cause c only exi/ 9 relation to its effect1 & !re=e _c be absolute2 & ! fact ( its be+ inf9ite deprives u ( ! only means ( escape f ! difficulty1 by %[+ ! impossibility ( its be+ fir/ ( all absolute & aft]w>ds cause2 = ! inf9ite _c become :at x once 0 n4 ,?us1 !n1 we are driv5 to ! conclusion t logic %[s ! ,!i/ic conception ( ! orig9 ( nature1 equally z mu* z ! ,pan!i/ic & ! ,a!i/ic1 to be utt]ly impossible2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t if1 in/ead ( matt]1 we sub/itute "t & space 9 our consid]ation ( ?is mo/ important matt]1 ! ,a!i/ic !ory m ne>ly approa*es ! conceivable ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two2 = by no m5tal ef=t c we conceive ! =mation ( "t & space ei!r by ext]nal ag5cy or inh]5t necessity4 ,x is absolutely impossible = u to conceive ! idea ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ei!r "t or space4 ,because ! human m9d _c conceive ! possibility ( nature be+ produc$ by ext]nal ag5cy1 x does n foll[ t we are b\nd to admit ! impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5ce controll+ nature's laws2 = x is q possible t su* an exi/5ce may be1 ?\gh our f9ite m9ds _c compreh5d x4 ,! ,agno/ic philosoph]1 al?\gh he _c logically demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 yet decl>es t1 inasmu* z ?is univ]se consi/s ( exi/+ ph5om5a1 x is absolutely necess>y t !re %\ld be "s cause adequate = ! production ( ! effects manife/$4 ,by ?is process ( reason+ he arrives at ! conclusion t !re exi/s a some?+ controll+ nature1 :i* is utt]ly incompreh5sible--an ultimate reality1 ( :i* =ce & matt] are alike m]ely ! ph5om5al manife/ations4 ,?is ultimate reality1 moreov]1 is intellig5t4 ,we _c recall ! wond]s ( ! evolution>y developm5t ( ! univ]se )\t at once see+ t !re is purpose at ! bottom ( all1 & t *ance is no factor 9 ! process4 ,we _c believe t man is b a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,reason tells u cle>ly t we are "h = a well-orda9$ purpose2 b :at t purpose is we _c tell4 ,! old notion t our de/9y is to prep>e ourselves "h1 to live aga9 9 our bodily =ms1 play h>ps1 & s+ halleluyah to all et]nity1 ,i reg>d z m]e moon%9e4 ,su* a fate w\ld be to me f> worse ?an annihilation4 ,b t we h a future de/9y ( "s sort ,i h no d\bt4 ,we "k we mu/ die1 & t :5 we die our bodily functions1 includ+ bra9 functions1 w cease to be p]=m$4 ,are we1 !n1 annihilat$8 ,! answ] ( sci5ti/s is decisively 8,yes1 s f> z we are conc]n$ z s5ti5t individual be+s40 ,sci5ce tea*es u t ! ?ree ?+s :i* make up consci\sness1 or man's m5tal side1 are ?\ght1 emotion1 & volition2 t !y are insep>ably b\nd up ) ! bra9 & ! n]v\s sy/em1 ^: functions !y are2 & t :5 ! bra9 dies ^! functions cease4 ,?is is und5iable4 ,!re=e1 if !re is any future exi/5ce1 x is n "o ( consci\sness4 ,! p[] ( muscul> movem5t is arre/$ at dea?1 &1 !re=e1 we mu/ admit t ! p[] ( ?\ght1 emotion1 & volition ceases at dea?4 ,:y %\ld ! appe>ance be deceptive 9 "o case & n 9 ! o!r8 ,x is n ! case ( a sep>ate entity 9 ! body1 b ( a di/9ct function--an effect :i* ceases ) its prop] cause4 ,x is absolutely c]ta91 f ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 t ! consci\sness gr[s z ! bra9 & body gr[1 v>ies accord+ to ! /&>d ( heal? 9 ! bra91 & decl9es z ! g5]al vig\r ( ! bra9 decl9es2 &1 !re=e1 we c b admit t x dies ) ! bra94 ,we also le>n f ,embryology t consci\sness evolv$ by sl[ degrees f unconsci\sness1 & t once !re 0 no ?\ght 9 any ( u4 ,ev5 if sci5ce 7 to admit t man's consci\sness cont9u$ aft] dea?1 x w\ld be equally rational to admit t animals also _h a future consci\sness2 = x is q cle> we h sl[ly evolv$ f ! l[e/ g]m ( animal life4 ,man's v attributes are f\nd 9 a l[] degree 9 animals1 & yet x is ! possession ( 8 l(ty attributes :i* he says entitles him to consci\s immortality4 ,! intellectual qualities 9 animals diff] f ^? 9 man only 9 degree1 :ile 9 ! possession ( "s ( ! highe/ moral attributes--su* z c\rage1 fidelity1 pati5ce1 self-sacrifice1 & affection--"s ( ! l[] animals1 z ! dog1 ! horse1 & ! ant1 f> surpass him4 ,ev5 among human be+s !mselves ^! high] qualities1 m5tal & moral1 exi/ 9 all degrees1 f _! almo/ total abs5ce 9 ! savage up to ! m5tal & moral spl5d\r ( a ,buddha1 a ,socrates1 a ,disraeli1 or a ,glad/one4 ,are all ^! l[] animals1 savage m51 & intellectual & moral g5iuses1 to h individual consci\s immortality8 ,if1 z "s say1 man only & n animals are immortal1 !n ! "q naturally arises1 ,:5 & h[ came man s8 ,if he 0 always immortal1 s 7 animals4 ,if he became immortal lat] on1 he mu/ ei!r h sl[ly acquir$ ! gift1 or x mu/ h be5 sudd5ly conf]r$ ^u him4 ,9 ei!r case !re mu/ h be5 a p>ticul> mom5t :5 he became immortal4 ,c we conceive ( su* a ?+ z ! species be+ mortal "o mom5t & immortal ! next8 ,! "q ( h[ he became immortal is /ill m difficult1 z ! "q :y1 or = :at m]it1 is :olly unansw]able4 ,!n1 aga91 sci5ce tea*es u t animal life1 ( :atev] =m1 w vani% f ! e>? long be=e ! inevitable decay ( ! planet itself4 ,geologi/s tell u t1 9 ob$i5ce to a g5]al law1 all species h _! t]m ( liv+4 ,!y appe>1 & aft] a "t disappe>4 ,h[ absurd1 !n1 to raise a "q z to ! consci\s individual immortality ( ! c\ntless myriads ( a species t %all itself h utt]ly vani%$ )\t leav+ a trace6 ,are we1 !n1 annihilat$ at dea?8 ,yes1 z consci\s individuals4 ,we are b\nd to admit ! =ce ( all ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d by sci5ce aga9/ ! !ory ( a future consci\s exi/5ce2 b ^! argum5ts 9 no way affect ! great problem ( ! 8ego10 or 8self10 :i* exi/s 9 all ( u1 irrespective ( consci\sness1 memory1 or o!r bra9 function4 ,a man may be unconsci\s1 & yet live2 !re=e consci\sness is n necess>y to life4 ,:5 we ask ourselves :e!r we %all be annihilat$ at dea?1 we %\ld fir/ ( all h a cle> def9ition ( ! ^w 8we0 be=e we reply4 ,:at are we8 ,:at am ,i8 ,i am n consci\sness1 :i* is b a function ( "o ( my organs1 ! bra91 & :i* m]ely enables me to "k myself4 ,!n :at am ,i8 ,i _c conceive t ,i am any?+ b ! en]gy or life-p[] develop$ by ! aggregation ( my life-p>ticles1 :i* causes ! v>i\s organs ( my body to p]=m _! functions1 z c]ebrat+1 etc4 ,! primordial g]m ( my body 0 a simple bioplasm1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( life-molecules1 compos$ ( en]getic atoms4 ,f ^! molecules evolv$ fre% molecules1 :i*1 "u ! laws ( h]$ity & v>iation1 acquir$ new prop]ties2 until1 at la/1 a complex organism became develop$1 possess+ f> high] p[]s ?an ^? belong+ to ! primordial g]m4 ,z ! developm5t ( species cont9u$1 high] =ces became manife/$2 until1 at la/1 ! condition ( man 0 rea*$1 & a life-p[] develop$ ( a mu* high] ord] ?an any previ\sly kn[n4 ,?is life-p[]1 or human en]gy1 is ! 8ego10 ! 8self10 ! cause ( ! bodily functions1 & is et]nal4 ,kant decl>$ !re 0 a _w unkn[n1 indep5d5t ( our consci\s ph5om5al _w2 & ?is we mu/ admit to be true1 = we h already grant$ ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[n cause1 ( :i* =ce & matt] are m]ely ! ph5om5al manife/ations4 ,x is ?is out] _w ( unkn[n & invisible en]gy t ! sci5ti/ f9ds himself unable to deal )4 ,! dea? ( ! body is simply ! cessation ( cohesion1 or dissolution ( p>tn]%ip1 betwe5 ! ultimate atoms ( ! plasm life-molecules1 by :i* dissolution ! prop]ty call$ life ceases1 & ! atoms ( ! body assume _! orig9al condition1 aga9 conta9+ _! orig9al sum ( =ce4 ,b :at becomes ( ! huge =ce develop$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! bodily organism8 ,does t vani% & become a ?+ ( naught8 ,my op9ion is t ?is human =ce1 :i* is ! outcome ( ! complex union ( ! ultimate atoms ( ! plasm life-molecules1 & :i* is b a ph5om5al manife/ation ( ! great incompreh5sible cause ( all ph5om5a1 w1 at ! dea? ( ! body1 be re-absorb$ into ! great animat+ _s ( ! univ]se1 & p>take ( ! nature & prop]ties ( ! ,unkn[n4 ,?is is b my op9ion1 f :i* _m may diff]4 ,i m]ely (f] x z an op9ion1 & 9 no way %ut my eyes to ! great fact t man's de/9y is a riddle z yet unsolv$4 ,we may safely leave ! matt] to be dealt ) accord+ to ! wisdom ( t unkn[n cause ( all ?+s1 re/+ q assur$ t we %all be f> bett] dispos$ ( ?an we c\ld possibly dispose ( ourselves1 ev5 if we _h ! p[]4 ,we mu/ b[ ! head 9 a truly sci5tific _s1 & reply to ! great "q1 8,i _c tell40 8,to be or n to be8 t is ! "q10 says ! immortal ,%akespe>e2 aft] :i* he sums up ! :ole argum5t 9 two %ort l9es3-- 8,to die1 to sleep4 ,to sleep8 p]*ance to dream-- ,aye1 !re's ! rub40 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,watts ,,co41 #ag1 ,,johnson',s ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,man ,mon]a 7,plasm7 ,amb 7,cells7 ,synamb 7,multiple cell-=ms7 ,ciliata ,ga/rada ,turbell>ia 7,v]mes7 ,scolecida ,himatega 7,sack-worm7 ,acrania 7,v]tebrata7 ,monorrh9i ,sela*ii 7,pisces7 ,dipnoi ,ganoidei ,sozobran*ii ,teleo/ei ,urodela ,protamnia ,reptilia ,monotremata 7,mammalia7 ,m>supialia ,aves ,reptilia ,plac5talia ,plac5talia ,villiplac5talia ,z5oplac5talia ,discoplac5talia ,c>n>ia ,prosimi ,c>nivora ,p9nip$ia ,ed5tata ,ungulata ,cetacea ,simi ,prosimi ,insectivora ,rod5tia 7,apes7 7,lemurs7 ,*eiropt]a ,solidungula ,rum9antia ,pa*yd]mata ,cat>rh9i ,platyrrh9i ,m5oc]ca ,tail$ ,baboons ,au?ropoid ,macaques ,man-l ,apes ,gibbon & ,*impanzee ,alali ,orang ,gorilla 7,ape-l ,m57 ,woolly-hair$ ,/raight-hair$ ,alali ,alali ,papuan ,hott5tot ,negro ,caffre ,polynesian ,au/ralian or ,malay ,caucasian ,mongolian or ,iranian or ,turanian ,aryan or ,semitic ,mongols ,mongols ,indo-,european ( ,*9a ( ,am]ica ,,section ,,( ,,e>?',s ,,cru/ ,%[+ ! diff]5t ,geological ,/rata & ,biological ,asc5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,/rata ,fossils1 ,bones1 ,man's ,deposits etc ,f\nd ,asc5t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,,iron ,rec5t ,e>? ,hi/oric ,era ,,rec5t ,,age ,deposits ,manufacture ( ,iron ,homo ,articles ,sapi5s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,bronze,rec5t ,e>? ,consid]able advance,homo ,,age ,deposits 9 civilization4 ,cultus ,manufacture( ,bronze implem5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,po/- ,,neo- ,glacial ,rema9s ( ,lake ,homo ,,pleioc5e ,,li?ic ,deposits ,dwell+s4 ,manu- ,semi- facture ( ,pott]y f]ox ,,ka9ozoic,,quat]n>y ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,or ,,or ,,pal,o- ,glacial ,fossil ,cave-m51 ,homo ,,t]ti>y ,,plei/oc5e,,li?ic ,deposits ,/one1 bone1 horn ,f]ox implem5ts4 ,mammo? ,re9de]1 ,hyna1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,pleioc5e ,:ite & ,r$ ,crags ,apes1 ,be>s ,hynas,alali ( ,brita9 ,an?ro- pd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,meioc5e ,arctic ,coal1 ,m>supials1 ,lime/one1 ,s&s1 ,squirrels1 ,ma/odon1,m5o- ,clays1 & ,lignites ,rh9oc]os1 c]ca ,an?ropomorph\s ,simi ,apes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,eoc5e ,s&/one1 ,lime/one1,equ9e =ms1 ,bats1 ,prosimi ,s&s1 ,clays1 ,m>ls1 ,lemurs1 ,m>supials ,plac5t- ,lignites1 ,coral1 ,rag alia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,cretace\s ,clays1 ,s&s1 ,s(t ,birds1 ,reptiles & ,m>sup- ,lime/ones1 ,lignites ,m>supials ialia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,mesozoic ,,jurassic ,lime/ones1 ,coral ,bird-reptiles1 ,m>sup- ,,or ,,or rags1 ,clays1 ,m>ls1 sev]al ,m>supial ialia ,,second>y,o,,litic ,coal ,lies at base species ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,triassic ,s&/ones1 ,gigantic ,reptiles1 ,promamm ,lime/ones1 ,clays ,small ,m>supials alia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,p]mian ,m>ls1 ,magnesian ,reptiles ,protam- lime/ones1 ,conglom]ates4 nia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,c>boni- ,c>bonif]\s lime/one1,scorpions1 ,urodela ,,f]\s ,coal1 ,iron/one1 ,spid]s1 ,beetles1,sozo- ,s&/one1 ,clay1 ,%ales ,flies1 ,amphibia bran*ii ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,devonian ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,fossil l& plants1 ,dipnoi ,%ales1 ,corall9e ,fi%es1 ,fir/ ,sela*ii ,lime/one fossil insect ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,silurian ,slates1 ,lime/one1 ,corals1 ,spiral ,monorrh- ,,pal,,ozoic ,conglom]ates1 ,%ells1 ,k+-,crabs1 ini ,,or ,%ales1 ,s&/ones ,plates ,scales ( ,acrania ,,prim>y ,fi%es1 ,annelides 7sea-worms7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,cambrian ,slates1 ,lime/one1 ,sea-we$s1 ,sponges1 ,himatega ,conglom]ates1 ,/>-fi%es ,sea- ,turbell- lilies1 ,%ell-fi%1 aria ,fir/ l& plant ,ga/rada ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,huronian ,p>tially ,metamorphos$,l[ly organiz$ ,ciliata ,lime/one1 ,s&/one1 ,molluscs ,synamb ,slates1 & ,conglom]ates ,amb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,laur5tian ,highly ,metamorphos$ ,fossil ,=am9if]a ,mon]a ,lime/one 7,protozoa7 7,bioplasm7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,azoic ,,plutonic ,molt5 ,granite ,qu>tz ,no life rema9s ,no life ,p>tially or ,:olly ,igne\s4 ,base ( all rocks ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,t]ti>y ,,p]iod ,,9 ,,europe4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,iron ,,age ,,hi/oric ,,era ,,brita9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,rec5t ,,bronze ,,age--,homo ,semi-cultus ,,an ,,isl& ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,climate ,,temp]ate--,neoli?ic man ,,l& ,,s9k+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,climate ,,cold-,,temp]ate--,paloli?ic man ,,cont95tal ,neoli?ic man ,,condition ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,climate ,,slightly ,,mild] ,,l& ,,ris+ ,paloli?ic & ,neoli?ic man4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,glacial ,,epo* ,,( ,,mod]ate ,,int5sity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,plei/o- ,,climate ,,temp]ate--,paloli?ic man ,,briti% ,,c5e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,climate ,,sub-,,tropical--,paloli?ic man ,,ar*ipelago ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,climate ,,temp]ate--,paloli?ic man ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,climate ,,cold-,,temp]ate ,,cont95t ,,s9k+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,glacial ,,epo* ,,( ,,great ,,int5sity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,climate ,,cold-,,temp]ate--,paloli?ic ,,l& ,,ris+ m5 or ,ape-m5 ,,9 ,,nor? ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,engl&1 ,,wey- ,,climate ,,cold-,,temp]ate4 ,,france1 ,,b\rne ,exi/5ce ( ,crom] ,,scotl& ,,& ,,s&s ,=e/1 ,paloli?ic ,,norway m5 or ape-m54 ,,unit$ ,,new] ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,norwi* ,,climate ,,w>m-,,temp]ate4 ,,crag ,sub-tropical fauna flora ,,pleioc5e------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,cont95t ,,r$ ,,climate ,,sub-,,tropical ,,s9k+ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,crag ,,we/4 ,,europe ,,old] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sep>at$ ,,f ,,coral- ,apes4 ,be>s4 ,hynas4 ,,am]ica ,,brita9 ,,l9e ,sub-tropical flora4 ,,f ,,norway4 ,,crag ,,engl&1 ,,irel& ,,france ,,unit$ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,climate ,,sub-,,tropical ,,cont95t ,,upp] ,antelopes4 ,gazelles4 ,tropical ,,ris+ ,,on ,sub-tropical flora4 ,,s\?-,,ea/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,meioc5e,,middle ,ma/odon4 ,rh9oc]os4 ,an?ropo- ,,( ,,brita9 morph\s ,apes4 ,slo?s4 ,anteat]s4 ,,d5m>k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,engl& ,,l[] ,plac5tal mammals4 ,v few ,,unit$ ,m>supials4 ,tropical flora4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,climate ,,tropical ,,upp] ,anehi!res4 ,hynodon4 ,lemur4 ,,europo- ,tapir-l bea/s4 ,,am]ican ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,eoc5e ,,middle ,lion-l ,c>nivora4 ,,cont95tal ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,condition4 ,,l[] ,m>supials4 ,reptiles4 ,birds4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,illu/ration3 ,,eoc5e ,,seas ,aft] ,dawk9s ,illu/ration3 ,,pleioc5e ,,seas ,aft] ,dawk9s ,illu/ration3 7,aft] ,lyell7 ,,plei/oc5e ,,subm]g5ce ,,dur+ ,,temp]ate ,,int]-,,glacial ,,epo* 7,s\? ( ,engl& & ,france only subm]g$ dur+ ! --,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,( ,,subm]g5ce7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plei/oc5e ,,europe ,,dur+ ,,po/-,,glacial ,,cont95tal ,,condition ,aft] ,dawk9s ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,man ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,gorilla ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,*impanzee ,illu/ration3 ,outl9es ( ! skulls ( a ,*impanzee1 ! ,ne&]?al man1 & a mod]n ,european4 ,aft] ,lyell4 ,illu/ration3 ,outl9e ( ! skulls ( ! ,ne&]?al man1 a mod]n ,au/ralian1 & ! ,engis man4 ,aft] ,lyell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,skulls 7,aft] ,tyl]7 ,a4 ,,au/ralian 7,,progna?\s74 ,b4 ,,african 7,,progna?\s74 ,c4 ,,european 7,,or?ogna?\s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralian ,,type ,,( ,,skull4 7,aft] ,top9>d47 ,,man',s ,,antiquity4 ,:5 we reflect on ! magnitude ( ! pre-,*ri/ian ,alex&rian libr>ies1 z well z ! magnific5t appo9tm5ts atta*+ to & lavi% weal? exp5d$ ^u ! anci5t ,univ]sity ( ! capital ( ! ,ptolemies1 we seem almo/ unable to realise ! fact t p ( education & intellect1 until q lately1 believ$ t all ?is intellectual & lit]>y magnific5ce _h rea*$ t pit* ( excell5ce 9 ! %ort space ( less ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( "t x 0 believ$ t man _h s f> ris5 9 intellectual capacity f ! absolutely ignorant condition ( ! fir/ pair z describ$ 9 ,g5esis z to h rea*$ t /ate ( m5tal p]fection possess$ by ! pr(essors 9 ! ,alex&rian1 ,a!nian1 & ,sicilian s*ools4 ,we c see ,pr(essor ,euclid po9t+ out on ! blackbo>d h[1 ! sides ( a rectil9e> polygon all t\*+ a circle1 ! area ( ! polygon is equal to ! rectangle conta9$ by ! radius ( ! circle & ! semi-p]imet] ( ! polygon2 ,pr(essor ,ar*im$es w\ld be expla9+ ! !ory t1 if a =ce act ^u a body1 ! measure ( ! =ce 9 absolute units is num]ically equal to ! "t-rate ( *ange ( mom5tum & to ! space-rate ( *ange ( k9etic en]gy2 ,pr(essor ,erato/h5es w\ld be impress+ ^u 8 class ! importance ( ! k ( ! globul> %ape ( ! e>?2 & ,pr(essor ,hipp>*us w\ld be />tl+ 8 he>]s by /at+ t he w\ld %[ !m h[ ! failure ( ! sun to rea* ! same po9t 9 ! same "t 9 8 annual circuit 7accord+ to ! old geoc5tric !ory7 caus$ ! v]nal equ9oxial sign to give place to ! next zodiacal sign e #b1aeb ye>s4 ,"h 0 a galaxy ( intellectual atta9m5ts inde$6 ,) su* a picture be=e our eyes we are calmly ask$ to believe t s little "t z less ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s _h be5 suffici5t = ! build+ up ( ?is va/ intellectual edifice out ( su* rude mat]ials z ! man & woman ( ,ed51 :5 ! two ?\s& ye>s foll[+ h be5 productive ( s little advancem5t1 not)/&+ ! exquisite mat]ials ^u :i* to "w t 7 left = u by ! ,alex&rian & ,a!nian sages4 ,we _c believe s evid5t an absurdity to-day2 & yet x is little m ?an half a c5tury s9ce ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom accept$ )\t any d\bt :atev] ! old traditional /atem5t ( ! ,*ur* t man _h only inhabit$ ?is e>? = r less ?an six ?\s& ye>s4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t we h believ$ ! tradition>y /ory = s long & n[ reject x z absurd8 ,p h believ$ ! /ory ( ! creation accord+ to ,g5esis p>tly because x 0 dang]\s to d o!rwise & p>tly because !re 0 no absolute pro( to ! contr>y4 ,9 #aggd1 h[ev]1 a ,g]man ( ! "n ( ,esp] made a discov]y :i* gave ! f9i%+ t\* to ! mortal w\nd inflict$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% sup]/itions by ! previ\s adoption ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy2 &1 j z ,cop]nicus1 ,bruno1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 & ,newton drove ! fir/ half-doz5 nails into ! c(f9 ( ! ,bible1 s did ?is discov]y ( ,esp] drive into x ! fir/ ( ! la/ half-doz51 ! rema9+ five to be subsequ5tly add$ by ,d>w91 ,huxley1 ,lyell1 ,sp5c]1 & ,c>p5t]4 ,! discov]y made by ,j4 ,f4 ,esp] consi/$ ( "s human bones1 m+l$ ) rema9s ( ! ,nor!rn be> & o!r species !n unkn[n1 :i* 7 ly+ 9 ! fam\s cav]n ( ,gail5reu?1 9 ,bav>ia2 & ?is 0 soon foll[$ by ! discov]y1 9 #agig1 by ,john ,fr]e1 at ,hoxne1 9 ,suffolk1 ( a numb] ( fl9t weapons1 mix$ up ) bones ( ext9ct animals1 ! :ole be+ emb$d$ 9 rocks4 ,^! & o!r simil> discov]ies made "s s5sation among sci5tific m51 :i* result$ 9 ! publication1 9 #ahbc1 ( ,dr4 ,buckl&'s 8,reliqui ,diluvian10 9 :i* ! au?or summ$ up all ! facts !n kn[n t5d+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tru? t man co-exi/$ ) animals long s9ce ext9ct4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is1 9 #ahbf1 ,t\rnal1 ( ,n>bonne1 gave to ! _w an acc\nt ( "s discov]ies he _h made 9 a cave 9 ,aude 7,france71 :]e he _h f\nd bones ( ! bison & re9de]1 cut & c>v$ by ! h& ( man1 toge!r ) rema9s ( edible %ell-fi%1 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght !re by "s "o :o dwelt !re4 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds ,de ,*ri/ol1 ( ,montpelli]1 discov]$ human bones & fragm5ts ( pott]y1 mix$ ) ! rema9s ( ! ,nor!rn be>1 hyna1 & rh9oc]os1 9 ! cav]ns ( ,pondres & ,s\vign>gues4 ,9 #ahcc ,s*m]l+ f\nd 9 ! cav]ns ( ,engis & ,enghih\l1 9 ,belgium1 two human skulls1 surr\nd$ by tee? ( ! rh9oc]os1 elephant1 be>1 & hyna1 on "s ( :i* 7 m>ks ( human workman%ip1 & "u :i* 7 fl9t knives & arr[-heads4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds ,joly1 a ,montpelli] pr(essor1 f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,nabrigas 7,lozre7 ! skull ( a cave-be>1 hav+ ^u x m>ks made by an arr[1 beside :i* 7 scatt]$ fragm5ts ( pott]y be>+ ! impr9ts ( human f+]s4 ,foll[+ ^u ^! discov]ies 7 ^? made 9 #ahdb by ,godw9 ,au/5 at ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ne> ,torquay1 consi/+ ( animal rema9s & results ( man's h&iwork2 & ^? made 9 #ahdd1 by ,lund1 9 ! caves ( ,brazil1 consi/+ ( skeletons ( ?irty human be+s1 an ape1 v>i\s c>nivora1 rod5ts1 pa*yd]ms1 slo?s1 etc4 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 9 #ahdg1 0 aga9 ! spot to :i* all eyes 7 turn$2 = !re ,mc,enery _h f\nd1 "u a lay] ( /alagmite1 ! rema9s ( m5 & ext9ct animals4 ,?is rem>kable discov]y 0 foll[$1 9 ! same ye>1 by ! appe>ance ( a "w by ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 ( ,abbeville1 9 :i* he describ$ ! fl9t tools1 etc41 f\nd 9 ! excavations made !re & 9 ! ,somme valley z f> z ,ami5s4 ,9 #aheg ! celebrat$ ,ne&]?al skull 0 discov]$2 & 9 #aheh ,pre/wi*1 ,falcon]1 & ,p5gelly 7,engli%m57 f\nd m fl9t implem5ts 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! ,baumann cave1 9 ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 at ! same "t t ,gosse fils obta9$ f ! s&-pits ( ,gr5elle v>i\s fl9t implem5ts & bones ( ! mammo?2 :ile 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,fontan discov]$ 9 ! cave ( ,massat 7,arige7 ut5sils1 human tee?1 & bones ( ! cave-be>1 hyna1 & cave-lion4 ,ne> ,b$=d1 ab\t ! same "t1 ,wyatt f\nd1 9 ! gravel-b$s1 fl9ts simil> to ^? f\nd at ,abbeville1 & bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 ox1 horse1 & de]2 :i* discov]y 0 soon foll[$ by t ( ! celebrat$ human burial place at ,aurignac1 by ,l>tet1 9 #ahfj1 9 :i* 7 f\nd human rema9s1 toge!r ) bones ( ! be>1 re9de]1 bison1 hyna1 wolf1 mammo?1 & rh9oc]os1 a numb] ( fl9t & horn implem5ts1 & ! rema9+ a%es ( fires4 ,! _w 0 at la/ induc$ to give "s he$ to ! new cry ( man's extreme antiquity :5 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 ( ,abbeville1 9 #ahfc1 discov]$ at ,m\l9-,quignon1 at a dep? ( fifte5 feet1 9 a virg9 argilo-f]rug9\s b$ belong+ to ! lat] ,pleioc5e or e>ly ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 ! half ( a human l[] jaw-bone 7:i* _h belong$ to an ag$ p]son ( small /ature71 cov]$ ) an e>?y cru/1 by ! side ( :i* lay a fl9t hat*et1 cov]$ ) ! same k9d ( cru/2 & n f> f :i* 7 also buri$1 9 ! same b$1 two mammo?s' tee?4 ,aft] ?is discov]y sci5tific m5 g5]ally subscrib$ to ! new !ory ( ! antiquity ( man1 & all seem$ eag] to pursue _! inve/igations )\t delay1 ! result be+ t we are n[ receiv+1 almo/ day by day1 fre% evid5ce on ! subject1 & hope soon to arrive at a tol]ably accurate conclusion z to ! e>lie/ date ( man's appe>ance ^u e>?4 ,let u n[ look m closely at ! discov]ies made 9 ! v>i\s caves ref]r$ to above1 & also see :at advances _h be5 made by geologi/s 9 o!r directions dur+ ! same p]iod1 z well z :at am\nt ( progress has be5 made dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 ! ,belgian geologi/ & comp>ative anatomi/1 aft] explor+ ! ,engis & o!r caves 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lige1 publi%$ an illu/rat$ "w1 giv+ ! results ( 8 inve/igations1 :i* 7 highly int]e/+1 & contribut$ l>gely to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( man's antiquity4 ,9 ^! caves ,s*m]l+ f\nd ! bones ( ! cave-be>1 hyna1 elephant1 & rh9oc]os1 toge!r ) human bones1 none ( :i* gave any evid5ce ( hav+ be5 gnaw$1 f :i* circum/ance x 0 inf]r$ t ^! caves _h n be5 ! dwell+-places ( wild bea/s2 & ! fact t ! bones 7 scatt]$ ab\t )\t any ord] hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 _! di/ribution po9t$ to ! conclusion t ! caves _h n be5 us$ z bury+-places4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ^! rema9s _h be5 wa%$ into ! caves f "t to "t1 & _h gradually become cov]$ ) deposit1 & ?us protect$ & pres]v$4 ,!re 7 no complete skeletons f\nd2 b 9 ! ,engis cave 7 discov]$ ! rema9s ( at lea/ ?ree human be+s1 ! skull ( "o be+ emb$d$ by ! side ( a mammo?'s too?1 & 9 su* a /ate ( dis9tegration t x fell to pieces on be+ mov$2 :ile ! skull ( ano!r1 an adult1 0 buri$1 five feet deep1 by ! side ( a too? ( a rh9oc]os1 sev]al bones ( a horse1 & "s re9de] bones4 ,besides ! bones1 !re 7 also discov]$ "s rude fl9t implem5ts1 a poli%$ bone ne$le1 & o!r products ( man's indu/ry1 all emb$d$ 9 ! same lay] z ! bones4 ,x foll[s f ^! facts t man liv$ on ! banks ( ! ,meuse at ! same "t z ! rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 hyna1 & cave-be>1 ext9ct animals ( ! ,pleioc5e & e>ly ,plei/oc5e era4 ,n f> f ^! caves are ^? ( ! ,lesse ,valley1 9 :i* ,dupont discov]$1 9 #ahfd1 ?ree diff]5t lay]s ( human & o!r rema9s1 ! l[e/ ( :i* conta9$ ! bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & o!r ext9ct animals1 toge!r ) fl9t in/rum5ts ( ! rude/ type1 in/rum5ts ( re9de] horn1 & a human l[] jaw ) a m>k$ resemblance to ! l[] jaw ( ! high] apes4 ,ano!r discov]y at "s little di/ance away f ^! caves 0 made 9 #aheg 9 :at is call$ ! ,ne&]?al ,cave1 9 ! valley ( ! ,dssel1 betwe5 ,dsseldorf & ,elb]feld1 :i* is important1 n s mu* z an indication ( ! l5g? ( "t t man has liv$ on ! e>?1 z ( ! close resemblance exi/+ betwe5 ! skulls ( human be+s 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e era & ! skulls ( apes4 ,! discov]y consi/$ ( a human skull & a numb] ( human bones1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! rh9oc]os1 :i* latt] 7 subsequ5tly une>!d4 ,! skull 0 ( su* a "* z to raise ! "q ( :e!r x 0 human or n1 ! =ehead be+ n>r[ & v l[ & ! projection ( ! supra-orbital ridges enorm\sly great4 ,! long bones ( ! skeleton agre$ ) ^? ( m5 ( ! pres5t day 9 respect to l5g?1 b 7 ( extraord9>y ?ickness1 & ! ridges = ! atta*m5t ( muscles 7 develop$ 9 an unusual degree1 %[+ t ! individual 0 possess$ ( great muscul> /r5g?1 especially 9 ! ?oracic neighb\rhood4 ,drs4 ,s*aafhaus5 & ,fuhlrott po9t$ out t ! depression ( ! =ehead 0 n due to any artificial pressure1 z ! :ole skull 0 symmetrical1 & t ! individual mu/ h be5 di/+ui%$ by an extraord9>ily small c]ebral developm5t z well z uncommon corporeal /r5g?4 ,pr(essor ,huxley consid]s ?is ,ne&]?al skull to be ! mo/ ape-l "o he ev] beheld1 & ,busk1 a great au?ority1 gives valuable reasons = suppos+ x to be ! skull ( an individual occupy+ a position midway betwe5 ! man & ! gorilla or *impanzee4 ,huxley has c>efully comp>$ ! ,engis & ,ne&]?al skulls1 & 8 rem>ks ^u !m are giv5 9 _! entirety 9 ,lyell's 8,antiquity ( ,man40 ,f ^! rem>ks we ga!r t ! ,engis skull 0 doli*ocephalic 9 =m1 extreme l5g? #g4g in*es1 extreme bread? n m ?an #e4be in*es1 =ehead well ar*$1 sup]cili>y prom95ces well b n abnormally develop$1 horizontal circumf]5ce #bj in*es1 longitud9al arc f nasal sp9e to occipital protub]ance #ac in*es1 transv]se arc f "o auditory =am5 to ! o!r1 across ! middle ( ! sagittal suture1 #ac in*es4 ,! ,ne&]?al skull is s diff]5t f ! ,engis skull t ,huxley says 8x ,ne&]?al might well be suppos$ to belong to a di/9ct race ( mank9d40 ,x is #h in*es 9 extreme l5g?1 #e4ge in*es 9 bread?1 & only #c4d in*es f ! glabello-occipital l9e to ! v]tex2 ! longitud9al arc is #ab in*es1 & ! transv]se arc probably ab\t #aj in*es1 b1 ow+ to incomplet5ess ( temporal bones1 ?is c\ld n be correctly asc]ta9$2 ! horizontal circumf]5ce is #bc in*es1 :i* high figure is due to ! va/ developm5t ( ! sup]cili>y ridges2 & ! sagittal suture1 not)/&+ ! great l5g? ( ! skull1 only #d in*es4 ,huxley sums up 8 exam9ation ( ! ,ne&]?al skull 9 ^! words3 8,!re c be no d\bt t1 z ,pr(essor ,s*aafhaus5 & ,mr4 ,busk h /at$1 ?is skull is ! mo/ brutal ( all kn[n human skulls1 resembl+ ^? ( ! apes1 n only 9 ! prodigi\s developm5t ( ! sup]cili>y prom95ces & ! =w>d ext5sion ( ! orbits1 b /ill m 9 ! depress$ =m ( ! bra9-case1 9 ! /raightness ( ! squamosal suture1 & 9 ! complete retreat ( ! occiput =w>d & upw>d f ! sup]ior occipital ridges20 & he !n proce$s to cle>ly %[ t ! skull c\ld n h belong$ to an idiot4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,engis skull m cle>ly approa*es ! ,caucasian type1 :ile ! ,ne&]?al diff]s entirely f all kn[n human skulls1 be+ m ne>ly alli$ to ! *impanzee ?an to ! human4 ,bo? ^! skulls belong$ to individuals :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e era1 ! ,engis be+ probably ! old] ( ! two1 & yet ! ,engis is ! mo/ l ! mod]n ,european skull1 :i* tells u pla9ly t 9 ^? remote times !re 7 exi/+ 9 ,belgium & ! surr\nd+ di/ricts two diff]5t races ( m51 "o highly advanc$ 9 bra9 evolution & ! o!r 9 a wret*$ly l[ condition ( intellectual developm5t4 ,! ,ne&]?al skull probably =m$ "p ( an individual belong+ to ! tail-end ( a semi-human race1 :ile ! ,engis skull1 9 all probability1 belong$ to an ori5tal immigrant belong+ to a m advanc$ race4 ,x mu/ be always rememb]$ t sci5tific m5 h long s9ce admitt$ ! tru? ( ! !ory t ! diff]5ces 9 "* betwe5 ! bra9 ( ! highe/ races ( m5 & t ( ! l[e/1 ?\gh less 9 degree1 are ( ! same ord] z ^? :i* sep>ate ! human f ! ape bra91 ! same rule hold+ good 9 reg>d to ! %ape ( ! skull4 ,! discov]ies made 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 9 ! ye> #ahdb & aga9 9 #ahdg1 l$ to a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! s]ies ( gall]ies =m+ ! n[ celebrat$ ,brixham ,caves1 ne> ,torquay1 & z e>ly z #ahei ! lab\rs ( ! explor]s 7 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( a numb] ( fl9t implem5ts 9 ! cave-e>? or loam1 und]nea? ! lay] ( /alagmite1 :i* 7 ! "w ( m5 liv+ 9 ,paloli?ic times1 prior to ! exi/5ce ( ! re9de]1 ^: antl]s 7 f\nd deposit$ 9 ! lay] ( /alagmite4 ,previ\s to ?is "t1 :5 ,mc,enery1 9 #ahbf1 exam9$ ,k5t's ,cav]n1 he _h /at$ t he _h f\nd sev]al tee? ( ,ursus cultrid5s1 a huge c>nivore belong+ to ,t]ti>y =mations1 b n[ ext9ct2 & z ?is mon/] 0 fir/ kn[n 9 ,meioc5e deposits 9 ,france1 b _h nev] be5 trac$ 9 any cav]n or fluviatile ,plei/oc5e deposits1 al?\gh x _h occurr$ 9 ,pleioc5e =mations1 consid]able excitem5t 0 caus$ on ! score t ! fl9t implem5ts lately f\nd might possibly h belong$ to ,meioc5e1 or at late/ e>ly ,pleioc5e m54 ,fur!r inve/igations 7 accord+ly comm5c$ = ! purpose ( solv+ ?is problem1 ! explorations be+ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,messrs4 ,vivian & ,p5gelley2 & 9 #ahgb !y at la/ came ^u a f9e incisor ( ,ursus cultrid5s 9 ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! cave-e>?1 :i* settl$ ! po9t z to man's exi/5ce at ! same "t ) ! ext9ct be> 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,k5t's ,cav]n deposits are z foll[s3--#a4 ,lime/one4 #b4 ,black m\ld1 conta9+ articles ( m$ival1 ,romano-,briti%1 & pre-,roman date4 #c4 ,/alagmite floor1 f #af to #bj in*es ?ick1 conta9+ a human jaw & rema9s ( ext9ct animals4 #d4 ,black e>?1 conta9+ *>coal & o!r evid5ce ( fire1 & also bone & fl9t in/rum5ts4 #e4 ,r$ cave-e>?1 conta9+ ,paloli?ic implem5ts & bones & tee? ( ext9ct animals1 su* z cave-lion1 mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & hyna1 & includ+ ! too? ( ! ,ursus cultrid5s1 or ,ma*airodus latid5s4 #f4 ,second /alagmite floor1 f #c to #ab feet ?ick1 cov]+ bones ( be>s only4 #g4 ,d>k r$ s&y loam1 conta9+ bones ( be>s1 ?ree fl9t implem5ts1 & "o fl9t *ip4 ,! fact ( ! ,ursus cultrid5s be+ contempor>y 9 ,engl& ) man is ( enorm\s int]e/ to geologi/s & an?ropologi/s1 = x places ! date ( ,paloli?ic man z f> back z ! ,pleioc5e age1 in/ead (1 z h]et(ore1 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! caves ( ! ,dordogne ,valley 9 s\?-we/]n ,france h suppli$ u ) "s v good relics ( a v remote p]iod4 ,!y are situat$ 9 rocks ( ,cretace\s age1 & =m %elt]s 9 :i* anci5t huntsm5 us$ to f9d dwell+-places1 leav+ beh9d !m refuse-heaps & in/rum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 ! ,vezre ,caves1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! ,dordogne s]ies1 !re is "o ( v anci5t date1 ,le ,m\/i]1 9 :i* is a b$ ( s& hav+ bo? above & bel[ floors ( a simil> "*1 conta9+ *>coal1 fl9t in/rum5ts1 & o!r rema9s4 ,! dep? ( ?is s&y b$ is ab\t #aj in*es1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( a riv] deposit2 &1 al?\gh _m fl9t in/rum5ts h be5 f\nd 9 x ( a m anci5t date ?an ^? une>!d 9 ! o!r caves1 yet no work$ bone in/rum5ts h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ano!r cave1 ! ,lang]ie1 bronze & poli%$ /one objects h be5 f\nd1 toge!r ) v>i\s k9ds ( pott]y1 bel[ :i*1 & "u masses ( fall5 rock1 cov]$ ) ,paloli?ic fl9ts & sculptur$ bones & antl]s ( re9de]1 a human skeleton 0 discov]$ ly+ "u a block ( /one4 ,9 ano!r cave1 ,la ,madele9e1 0 f\nd a mammo? tusk1 on :i* 0 rudely c>v$ a picture ( ! animal itself1 prov+ inconte/ably t cave-m5 liv$ "h 9 mammo? times4 ,9 ! ,m5tone cave ,dr4 ,rivire1 9 #ahgb1 sudd5ly came ^u ! bones ( a human foot1 :i* caus$ him to make a v c>eful exam9ation ( ! deposit1 ! result be+ t he une>!d an entire human skeleton at a dep? ( #bj feet1 surr\nd$ by a l>ge numb] ( unpoli%$ fl9t flakes & scrap]s1 & a fragm5t ( a skew]1 ab\t six in*es long4 ,no metal1 pott]y1 or poli%$ fl9t 0 f\nd2 b bones ( ext9ct mammals 7 scatt]$ ab\t1 ?us sugge/+ a remote ,paloli?ic antiquity4 ,! skeleton is #e feet #i in*es high1 ! skull doli*ocephalic1 =ehead n>r[1 temple flatt5$1 & facial angle measur+ #hj to #he degrees2 ! tee? 7 worn flat by eat+ h>d food1 & ! long bones are /rong & flatt5$4 ,no human bones h z yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! deposit ( ! ,somme valley1 :]e s _m ,paloli?ic fl9ts h be5 f\nd2 b 9 ! valley ( ! ,se9e1 at ,cli*y1 ,messrs4 ,b]tr& & ,reb\x f\nd1 9 #ahfh1 portions ( human skeletons 9 ! same b$s :]e ,paloli?ic implem5ts _h be5 emb$d$4 ,^! bones 7 f\nd at a dep? ( sev5te5 feet1 & includ$ a female skull ( v inf]ior type1 hav+ enorm\sly ?ick frontal bone & a l[1 n>r[ ro(1 slant+ f be=e backw>ds4 ,a v good specim5 ( human fossil is t kn[n z ! 8,d5ise ,fossil ,man10 compris+ ! rema9s ( m ?an "o skeleton f\nd 9 a volcanic breccia ne> ,le ,puy-en-,velay1 9 ,c5tral ,france4 ,^! bones h be5 v c>efully exam9$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,sci5tific ,congress1 z also ! deposit 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 & ! op9ion arriv$ at is t ! fossils are g5u9e & _! age e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ specim5 ( anci5t human rema9s is ! skeleton f\nd buri$ "u f\r ,cypress =e/s1 sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r1 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi1 ne> ,new ,orleans1 at a dep? ( sixte5 feet4 ,dr4 ,d[l] ascribes to ?is skeleton an antiquity ( at lea/ #ej1jjj ye>s1 reckon+ by ! m9imum l5g? ( "t t mu/ h elaps$ dur+ ! =mation ( ! deposits f\nd & ! s9k+ ( ! f\r successive =e/ b$s4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! same delta1 ne> ,nat*ez1 a human bone1 os innom9atum1 accompani$ by bones ( ! ma/odon & megalonyx1 0 wa%$ out ( :at is believ$ to be a /ill m anci5t alluvial deposit4 ,dr4 ,dickeson1 9 ^: possession ! said bone is n[1 /ates t x 0 buri$ at a dep? ( ?irty feet1 & geologi/s agree t its date is v e>ly1 "s ma9ta9+ t x is probably ( a high] antiquity ?an any yet discov]$4 ,f ^! discov]ies x is abundantly evid5t t man exi/$ on ! e>? contemporane\sly ) ! ma/odon & o!r ext9ct mammals belong+ to ! ,pleioc5e & e>ly ,plei/oc5e eras4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 p :o /\tly d5y t ?is c be s--at any rate1 z reg>ds ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,europe--& :o rank ! discov]ies at ,m\l9 ,quignon1 ,engis1 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 etc41 ) late ,plei/oc5e rema9s4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! b$s 9 :i* ^! relics 7 f\nd c\ld n h be5 ( ,pleioc5e or e>ly ,plei/oc5e =mation1 inasmu* z !y lie above ! till & b\ld]-clay :i* =m ! glacial deposits ( ! "t :5 ,europe 0 an ,arctic region--t is to say1 ( late ,plei/oc5e times4 ,!re=e1 !y say1 man's e>lie/ exi/5ce 9 ,europe 0 po/-glacial or late ,plei/oc5e4 ,b :ile ! fact ( ! human rema9s hav+ be5 discov]$ above ! b\ld]-clay appe>s to po9t to a po/-glacial date1 /ill !re is confront+ u ! p]plex+ anomaly ( ! contempor>y exi/5ce ( ext9ct mammals belong+ to a tropical fauna1 :i*1 if we accept ?is !ory1 involves ! necessity ( admitt+ t a tropical climate foll[$ ! la/ glacial epo*--a condition ( ?+s t we "k nev] exi/$ at all4 ,! fact is !re h be5 m p]iods ( glaciation ?an "o1 ea* be+ foll[$ by ! deposition ( b\ld]-clays2 & betwe5 ! p]iods ( int5se ,arctic cold !re 7 int]vals ( tropical or sub-tropical heat1 :5 mammals belong+ to & requir+ a tropical climate v5tur$ z f> nor? z ! nor? ( ,engl&1 to become ext9ct :5 ! p]iod ( glaciation sup]v5$4 ,! la/ glacial p]iod1 we "k1 ext5d$ its area ( influ5ce z f> z ! high peaks ( ,switz]l& & ,nor!rn ,italy1 completely ov]:elm+ ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe z f> s\? z ! latitude ( #de1 & ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica z f> s\? z ! latitude ( #dj2 s9ce :5 !re has be5 a gradual dim9ution ( cold until ! pres5t temp]ate climate sup]v5$4 ,n[1 if x c be positively asc]ta9$ t all ! b\ld]-clays f\nd 9 ,engl& & ,nor!rn ,europe 7 deposit$ dur+ & imm$iately aft] ?is la/ glacial p]iod1 ! date ( man's fir/ appe>ance 9 ^? di/ricts1 z f> z we h z yet any evid5ce1 mu/ be po/-glacial2 b 9 su* a case x w\ld h be5 impossible t a tropical fauna & flora c\ld h exi/$ 9 ! same localities1 :]eas _! rema9s h be5 abundantly f\nd ly+ side by side ) ! rema9s ( ,paloli?ic man4 ,! conclusion we mu/ draw is t ! b\ld]-clays f\nd bel[ ! rema9s ( ,paloli?ic man c\ld n h be5 deposit$ aft] ! la/ p]iod ( glaciation1 b mu/ h foll[$ "s prior glacial condition1 & t man exi/$ 9 ,engl& & ,nor!rn ,europe contemporane\sly ) ext9ct mammalia dur+ int]-glacial or pre-glacial times1 :5 ! climate ( ,engl& 0 tropical or sub-tropical--t is to say1 9 middle ,plei/oc5e or late ,pleioc5e times4 ,if man really exi/$ 9 ,engl& 9 ,pleioc5e times1 9 fav\r ( :i* view !re appe>s to be /rong evid5ce1 he w\ld h be5 9 all probability ! companion ( ! ext9ct tropical mammalia f\nd deposit$ 9 ! ,crom] ,=e/ b$s1 & "s ( :i* belong$ to ,meioc5e times4 ,?is =e/ 0 9 exi/5ce at ! close ( ! ,pleioc5e era1 & /ret*$ f ,crom] f> away into :at is n[ ! ,g]man ,ocean1 unit+ ,norfolk & ,suffolk to ,holl& & ,belgium2 b soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod ! ,nor? ,sea gradually swept ov] ! old cont95t betwe5 ,brita9 on ! we/ & ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ! ,ne!rl&s on ! ea/1 ?us conv]t+ ! old =e/ at ,crom] into ! b$ ( ! ocean1 :]e ! /umps ( ! trees may n[ be se5 emb$d$ 9 deposit at v l[ tide4 ,imm$iately aft] ! disappe>ance ( ?is =e/ ! fir/ p]iod ( glaciation comm5c$1 f :i* mom5t until ! close ( ! glacial p]iods ! alt]nations 9 temp]ature & surface level 7 frequ5t & ( enorm\s magnitude1 ! correct sequ5ce ( :i* *anges we h z yet no prop] conception4 ,if we g back to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y great division ( ! geological p]iods1 we %all f9d t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eoc5e deposits1 ! ,second>y cretace\s rocks _h be5 upheav$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & _h become ! dry gr\nd ( a l>ge cont95t1 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,isl&s =m$ a "p2 s t ,eoc5e fauna & flora 9 ,engl& _h free communication ) cont95tal life4 ,! relative positions ( l& & wat] dur+ ?is fir/ ,t]ti>y p]iod 7 z foll[s3 ,! great cont95t spread f ,nor? ,am]ica to ,europe1 unit+ ,canada1 ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 ,f>oes1 ,%etl&s1 ,orkneys1 ,irel&1 & ,brita9 7except s\?-ea/ portion71 ) ,sc&9avia & ,spitzb]g5 on ! nor?-ea/1 & ) ,france 7,brittany7 & ,spa9 on ! s\?4 ,!re 7 ?ree seas--! ,nor? ,sea1 :i*1 l a w$ge ) its po9t d[nw>ds1 sep>at$ ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 & ,f>oes f ,spitzb]g5 & ,sc&9avia2 ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,sea1 :i* /ret*$ f ! top ( ,d5m>k to ,bo/on 9 ,l9coln%ire1 !nce to ,lyme ,regis 9 ,dorset%ire1 & on to ,*]b\rg1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! ea/ & s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&2 & ! ,atlantic1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! ,nor? ,sea by ,icel&1 ,f>oes1 & int]m$iate l&s1 & f ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,sea by ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ,we/]n ,france1 & int]m$iate l&s4 ,^! ,eoc5e seas teem$ ) fi% n[ only f\nd 9 m ,s\!rn latitudes2 :ile ! inl& lakes & riv]s ab\nd$ ) reptilian life4 ,on ! l& tropical flora & fauna fl\ri%$1 among ! =m] be+ palms1 cypresses1 & giant cacti1 & among ! latt]1 9 ,l[] ,eoc5e times1 l>ge numb]s ( m>supial species1 9 ! ,middle ,eoc5e also lion-l c>nivora1 & 9 ,upp] ,eoc5e tapir-l animals1 h]ds ( ,an*i!res 7ance/ors ( ! horse71 ,hynodon 7ance/ors ( hyna71 & ,lemurs4 ,! ,mioc5e p]iod op5$ ) a l[] temp]ature ?an t ( ! ,eoc5e1 & ) a consid]able diff]5ce ( surface level 9 ,d5m>k & on ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 ! l& hav+ be5 upheav$ to su* an ext5t z to leave no "p ( ! c\ntry "u wat]1 unit+ ,york%ire ) ,d5m>k1 & divid+ ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,sea into two portions1 ! ,nor!rn "o /ret*+ f ,s*leswig z f> z a few miles f ! pres5t ,l9coln%ire coa/ & !n back to ! pres5t m\? ( ! ,s*eldt2 & ! latt] /ret*+ f ,b\logne-sur-,m] to ,ha/+s & ,portl& ,bill1 & back to ,*]b\rg4 ,o!rwise ! relation%ip betwe5 l& & wat] 0 mu* ! same z 9 ,eoc5e times4 ,! climate ( ! ,meioc5e p]iod 0 sub-tropical1 & 9 ! l[] /rata 7 f\nd plac5tal mammals1 b few m>supials2 9 ! middle b$s rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 rh9oc]os1 an?ropomorph\s apes1 slo?s1 & ant-eat]s2 & 9 ! upp] lay]s antelopes & gazelles2 b no mammalian species 9 any ,meioc5e deposit has cont9u$ to pres5t times1 all hav+ become ext9ct4 ,:5 we arrive at ! ,pleioc5e age we h q a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s2 ! ,atlantic & ,nor? ,seas gradually unit$ toge!r1 ?us sep>at+ ,europe f ,f>oes1 ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,nor? ,am]ica2 & on ! ea/ ( ,brita9 ! ,nor? ,sea sl[ly desc5d$ z f> z ! pres5t m\? ( ! ,?ames1 ?us sep>at+ ,brita9 f ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 & ! ,ne!rl&s2 :ile ! two ,s\!rn seas disappe>$ altoge!r1 leav+ a huge cont95t1 ! bord]s ( :i* /ret*$ f ! pres5t we/ coa/ ( ,norway to ,d5m>k1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 across to ,essex1 c5tral ,norfolk 7ea/ ,norfolk & ,suffolk be+ "p ( ,nor? ,sea71 & up to ! ,%etl&s1 at :i* po9t a turn 0 made s\? to a few miles we/ ( pres5t we/ coa/ ( ,irel&1 & !nce s\?w>d to a few miles we/ ( pres5t coa/ ( ,brittany1 9 ,france1 ?us leav+ ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,france1 & ! re/ ( ,europe z "o l>ge cont95t4 ,to accompli% ^! enorm\s *anges1 a v long "t 0 requir$1 dur+ :i* ! climate 0 gradually becom+ m temp]ate1 be+ 9 old] ,pleioc5e times sub-tropical & 9 new] ,pleioc5e w>m-temp]ate2 :ile ! fauna & flora gradually became less tropical 9 k9d4 ,! old] ,pleioc5e deposits are divid$ into corall9e crag & reg crag1 :ile ! new] ,pleioc5e consi/ ( ,norwi* crags & ,weyb\rne s&s1 on a level ) :i* latt] 0 ! ,crom] =e/1 subm]g$ by ! ,nor? ,sea dur+ ! e>li] ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,at ?is po9t comm5ce ^? enorm\s alt]ations 9 ! surface level & climate ( ?is "p ( ! _w :i* produc$ su* extraord9>y results1 & dur+ :i* man made 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,brita94 ,at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! ,plei/oc5e era ! temp]ature 9 ,brita9 0 l[]$ to su* an ext5t z to produce a sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! semi-tropical fauna & flora3 ! l& _h rea*$ ! high elevation ( #ejj feet above ! pres5t level1 jo9+ ,scotl& & ,sc&9avia1 & !re _h appe>$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea l>ge blocks ( ice1 :i* rapidly increas$ 9 size & quantity1 & cont9ually pu%$ f>!r s\?1 until at l5g?1 aft] a long lapse ( "t1 ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica z f> z ! latitude ( ab\t #de became l a huge ice-h\se1 ! ,arctic cold driv+ all life be=e x to a m s\!rn latitude1 ^? =ms :i* _h liv$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ,meioc5e & ,pleioc5e times be+ ! fir/ to disappe> on ! e>lie/ sign ( ! approa*+ cold1 & ! ,arctic flora & fauna :i* took _! place be+ aft]w>ds compell$ also to move s\?w>d1 ow+ to ! int5se sev]ity ( ! glaciation4 ,:5 ?is /ate ( ?+s _h la/$ a v consid]able "t ! climate became mild]1 ! melt+ ice deposit$ its b\ld]-clay1 & ! high cont95t comm5c$ to s9k aga9 to its =m] level1 dur+ :i* gradual subm]g5ce ! climate became /ill w>m]1 until x at l5g? rea*$ a m ?an temp]ate mildness1 at "o "t be+ almo/ tropical4 ,/ill ! l& cont9u$ to s9k1 & ?is subm]g5ce la/$ until ! ,briti% "p ( ! great cont95t _h become a l>ge ar*ipelago ( small isl&s1 ! surface ( ! l& be+ upw>ds ( "o ?\s& feet bel[ ! pres5t level4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t su* a subm]g5ce w\ld require at ! lea/ #hh1jjj ye>s to be complet$2 s t a g5]al idea may be =m$ ( ! enorm\s p]iods ( "t occupi$ by ^! glacial & int]-glacial epo*s4 ,:ile ! ,briti% ar*ipelago exi/$1 ano!r *ange ( climate took place1 result+ 9 ano!r glacial p]iod1 b probably n ( su* int5sity z ! previ\s "o4 ,at ?is p]iod ! upp] b\ld] clay 0 deposit$ 9 ! sea1 to be aft]w>ds upheav$ above ! sea level 9 ,york%ire & o!r places4 ,aft] a long cont9uance ( ?is glaciation ! l& comm5c$ to rise aga9 & ! climate to improve1 until1 aft] a p]iod ( ab\t #acf1jjj ye>s 7accord+ to c>eful computation71 !re 0 produc$ ano!r cont95tal condition1 ! gr\nd rea*+ ab\t #fjj feet high] ?an n[1 & ! climate becom+ temp]ate once m4 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,sc&9avia1 ,d5m>k1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,france1 & ,spa9 once aga9 =m$ a mighty cont95t1 ! climate ( :i* 0 cold-temp]ate1 becom+ mild] ye> by ye>1 & ! elevation ( :i* 0 gradually decl9+1 z x has cont9u$ to d until ! pres5t "t1 ! ,briti% isl&s sl[ly becom+ once m sep>at$ f ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,dur+ ! la/ temp]ate cont95tal condition ,paloli?ic & ,neoli?ic man liv$ 9 ,brita91 z is cle>ly prov$ by ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d by v>i\s au?ors 9 support ( ! cont5tion2 b1 z we h se51 ,paloli?ic man's rema9s discov]$ 9 ! v>i\s deposits 7 (t5 9 ! company ( ! bones ( ext9ct mammals belong+ to a tropical fauna1 :i* species c\ld n h exi/$ 9 ,brita9 ) su* a climate z t :i* foll[$ ! la/ p]iod ( glaciation1 b mu/ h liv$ ei!r 9 pre-glacial times1 or1 9 o!r words1 at ! end ( ,pleioc5e or v beg9n+ ( ,plei/oc5e times1 or else 9 int]-glacial or mid-,plei/oc5e times2 & :i*ev] alt]native be adopt$ we are b\nd to fix ! date ( ! ,paloli?ic rema9s at ! same p]iod4 ,to fix _! date 9 ! v e>lie/ ( ,plei/oc5e1 or late/ ( ,pleioc5e times1 w\ld give !m an antiquity ( ne>ly #cjj1jjj ye>s2 to fix x 9 mid-,plei/oc5e times1 dur+ ! temp]ate or int]-glacial p]iod ( subm]g5ce1 w\ld give !m an antiquity ( upw>ds ( #agj1jjj ye>s2 & to fix x 9 po/-glacial times w\ld give !m an antiquity ( probably #gj1jjj or #hj1jjj ye>s at mo/4 ,! int]-glacial !ory w\ld1 on ! :ole1 appe> mo/ likely to be ! correct "o1 7 x n = ! fact t1 dur+ ! int]-glacial p]iod1 ?is c\ntry 0 p>tially subm]g$1 :i* w\ld probably h prev5t$ any communication 9 ^? times betwe5 ! isl&s & ! ma9l&4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n =get t ! great subm]g5ce comm5c$ dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( glaciation1 & did n cease until ! second p]iod _h be5 rea*$1 s t ! int]-glacial p]iod ( w>m? w\ld take place :5 ,engl& & ,scotl& 7 b little diff]5t f n[ 9 _! relation%ip to ! cont95t1 & long be=e ! ar*ipelago 0 =m$4 ,:e!r x w\ld h be5 possible "u ^! conditions = ,paloli?ic man to cross f ! cont95t to ! ,briti% isl&s we _c say2 b ! probability is t ! di/ance to travel by wat] w\ld h be5 f> too great 9 su* e>ly times2 9 :i* case we h no alt]native b to place ! date ( man's e>lie/ exi/5ce 9 ,engl& at ! late/ ,pleioc5e age1 z inde$ we are compell$ to d by ! fact t ,paloli?ic implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 ,k5t's cav]n side by side ) tee? ( ! ext9ct be> ( t p]iod1 z well z by ! discov]ies made 9 ! ,engis & o!r caves4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,europe & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! glacial epo* _h little effect1 s t man's age ^u ! e>? 9 ^? di/ricts w be bett] calculat$ ?an x c ev] be "h or 9 ,france & ,belgium2 & x w n be surpris+ if we le>n be=e long t man liv$ 9 ! di/ricts surr\nd+ ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 9 e>ly ,pleioc5e times4 ,?is sea1 x mu/ be recollect$1 0 almo/ dri$ up dur+ ! e>ly & middle ,plei/oc5e p]iods1 & !re 0 no communication betwe5 x & ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 s t ,europe 0 connect$ bo? on ! ea/ & we/ ) ,africa1 & 0 also "o cont9u\s cont95t ) ,asia1 !re be+ !n no ,black ,sea & no ,caspian ,sea4 ,! probability1 !re=e1 is t man fir/ became a rational be+1 p>t+ ) 8 ape-l *>act]i/ics1 some:]e 9 ,s\!rn ,asia or ,nor!rn ,africa1 or1 m probably /ill1 9 ! n[ subm]g$ cont95t ( ,lemuria1 :i* once jo9$ ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,africa 9 "o cont95tal sy/em2 aft] :i* he emigrat$ 9 diff]5t directions1 f9d+ 8 way nor?-we/w>ds ov] ! ,european cont95t z f> z ! v limit ( ! ,franco-,briti% cont95tal sy/em4 ,at :at p]iod man fir/ exi/$ 9 ! di/ricts ar\nd ! ,mexican ,gulf x is at pres5t impossible to say2 b ! skull f\nd 9 ! ,mississippi b$s is calculat$ to be at lea/ #ej1jjj ye>s old1 & by "s ! date is fix$ at #ajj1jjj ye>s1 :i* w\ld c>ry u back to middle ,plei/oc5e times at lea/4 ,man1 !re=e1 mo/ probably exi/$ 9 ,europe long be=e he _h made 8 appe>ance 9 ! new _w1 al?\gh x is q possible t fur!r inve/igation may lead to ! discov]y ( a /ill m anci5t /ock ?an t to :i* ! ,mississippi skull belong$4 ,h[ long a "t elaps$ betwe5 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,paloli?ic man 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 & ! subsequ5t adv5t ( ,neoli?ic man1 x is at pres5t impossible to say ) any degree ( c]ta9ty2 b ! int]val mu/ h be5 ( enorm\s l5g?1 = we f9d no traces ( poli%$ /one implem5ts until ! v close ( ! ,plei/oc5e era dur+ ! la/ ,franco-,briti% cont95tal sy/em4 ,at ?is p]iod man _h become mu* m civilis$ ?an 8 ance/ors ( ! ,paloli?ic age2 8 implem5ts 7 m ornam5tal & bett] fitt$ = ! purposes = :i* !y 7 int5d$2 8 mode ( life _h become m settl$2 & he _h develop$ primitive indu/ries4 ,9 ! anci5t 8hut circles0 f\nd at ,/&lake & at ,fi%]ton1 ne> ,salisbury1 h be5 f\nd in/rum5ts us$ = sp9n+ & weav+1 :i* date back to ,neoli?ic times1 also fragm5ts ( pott]y & /ones us$ = gr9d+ corn1 side by side ) ! rema9s ( dome/ic animals4 ,f ?is we conclude t ,neoli?ic man 0 at ?is "t a companion ( dome/ic animals1 a keep] ( flocks & h]ds1 & an agriculturali/4 ,he v soon became1 9 addition to ?is1 a m9]1 z is evid5t f ! rema9s f\nd at ,cissbury1 on ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 & at ,grimes ,graves1 ne> ,b&on1 9 ,suffolk4 ,%afts _h be5 sunk & gall]ies dug out ( ! gr\nd 9 ord] to une>? a bett] k9d ( fl9t = manufactur+ useful implem5ts2 & 9 "s ( ^! gall]ies ! tools ( ! workm5 h be5 discov]$1 consi/+ ( picks made out ( /ags' antl]s1 poli%$ /one celts1 *isels ( bone & antl]1 & small cups made ( *alk4 ,) ^! & o!r primitive tools ! fl9t _h be5 work$ out 9 sev]al places1 =m+ deep holl[s 9 & ne> :i* 7 ! rema9s ( birds1 %eep1 goats1 horses1 pigs1 & dogs1 :i* evid5tly _h s]v$ z companions to & food = ! m9]s4 ,canoes1 holl[$ out ( l>ge trees by ! use ( fire & axes1 h also be5 discov]$1 toge!r ) huge paddles = propell+ !m2 & num]\s h be5 ! discov]ies ( heads ( javel9s1 arr[s1 & spe>s1 :i* 7 probably us$ z weapons ( w>f>e1 ! population by ?is "t hav+ gr[n l>ge & divid$ itself into small communities m or less at enmity ) ea* o!r4 ,simil> progress 0 made by ,neoli?ic man on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 z we "k f ! discov]ies made 9 ,switz]l&4 ,z e>ly z #ahbi v anci5t piles _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! lake ( ,zri*1 :i* h s9ce be5 f\nd to be ! rema9s ( primitive lake-dwell+s1 dat+ f ,neoli?ic times4 ,^! peculi> habitations consi/$ ( wood5 h\ses built on plat=ms erect$ on a numb] ( wood5 piles driv5 into ! bottom ( ! lake1 & 71 no d\bt1 s con/ruct$ ) ! view ( protect+ ! small colony f ! raids ( wild bea/s & w>like p f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( ^! lake-dwell+s 7 burnt d[n1 _! *>r$ rema9s s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! lake1 :]e !y h be5 discov]$ toge!r ) heaps ( corn1 pieces ( wov5 & plait$ clo?1 meal+ or gr9d+ /ones1 e>!nw>e implem5ts1 nets & mats1 & implem5ts ( /one1 antl]1 & bone4 ,numb]s ( dome/ic & o!r animals 7 kept 9 ^! dwell+s1 su* z ! dog1 horse1 pig1 %eep1 & c[2 & fi% appe>s to h be5 a regul> article ( consumption4 ,simil> discov]ies h be5 made 9 ,d5m>k by ,pr(essor ,/e5/rup & o!rs1 :i* %[ an equal advance 9 civilisation & culture dur+ e>ly ,neoli?ic times4 ,va/ accumulations ( refuse matt]1 9 ! =m ( oy/]-%ells1 fi%-bones1 & animal rema9s1 h be5 f\nd ne> ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 ! :ole be+ heap$ up into m\nds1 evid5tly hav+ =m$ public refuse-heaps = communities ( settl]s4 ,scatt]$ ab\t 7 also f\nd poli%$ /one axes1 b no metal implem5ts2 :ile ^u "s ( ! /ones 7 well-drawn engrav+s1 po9t+ to a consid]able advance 9 culture2 & ! fact t ! rema9s ( ! dome/ic animals prove !m to be ( s\!rn & ea/]n orig9 sugge/s ! probability t ^! settl]s 7 immigrants f ! s\?-ea/ ( ,europe1 :]e we %\ld expect consid]able advance to h be5 effect$ 9 civilisation4 ,x is extremely probable & g5]ally admitt$ t man became civilis$ 9 ori5tal c\ntries1 & made 8 way nor?w>ds & we/w>ds1 gradually cov]+ ! :ole ( ,europe2 s t we %\ld expect ! races ( ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,india to be f> m highly cultur$ ?an ^? :o 7 e/abli%+ !mselves 9 ! we/ at ! same "t4 ,x w\ld take a v long "t inde$ = p to spread !mselves f ,egypt & ,p]sia ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 & dur+ all ?is "t !y w\ld naturally1 ow+ to _! w&]+ habits1 advance 9 civilisation f> m sl[ly ?an ^? :o rema9$ 9 _! orig9al homes4 ,at ! "t1 !re=e1 t ,neoli?ic man _h become a settl] 9 ,europe & ,brita9 we may fairly suppose t ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,india 7 great1 p[]ful1 & prosp]\s /ates1 well advanc$ 9 civilisation & art1 &1 p]haps1 ev5 ! tail-end ( a mighty & prosp]\s civilisation t _h prec$$ !m long ages be=e4 ,x 0 probably f ^! highly-civilis$ c5tres t ! discov]y ( bronze 0 c>ri$ into ,europe1 :i* m>k$ ! comm5cem5t ( :at is call$ ! ,bronze or ,prehi/oric ,age1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! use ( bronze implem5ts almo/ entirely sup]s$$ t ( poli%$ /one weapons4 ,be=e ! ,bronze ,age _h fairly comm5c$ ! la/ ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits _h tak5 place1 & ! rec5t lay]s ( e>? _h begun to di/ribute !mselves ^u ! old] /rata2 b h[ long a "t has actually elaps$ s9ce ! completion ( ! ,plei/oc5e /ratification has n be5 accurately asc]ta9$4 ,a r\gh approximation to ! relative l5g? ( ! ,plei/oc5e & ,prehi/oric p]iods may be obta9$ f ! fact t ! valleys 7 cut d[n by /reams fl[+ ?r\gh !m z mu* z a hundr$ feet deep 9 ! =m] p]iod1 :ile ! "w done by ! riv]s dur+ ! latt] p]iod is measur$ by ! insignificant fluviatile deposits close to ! adjac5t /reams4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t ! ,plei/oc5e era 01 beyond all calculation1 ( long] duration ?an ! ,prehi/oric4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ f ?is t ! ,prehi/oric p]iod 0 a %ort "o1 = !re h be5 a s]ies ( *anges 9 ! fauna1 & a s]ies ( invasions ( diff]5t races ( m5 into ,europe1 :i* mu/ h requir$ a v long "t to h be5 br\ght ab\t1 judg+ f simil> *anges record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,x is believ$ t1 soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,bronze ,age1 an ,aryan /ream ( life p\r$ ov] ,europe f ,c5tral ,asia1 & f9ally invad$ ,engl&1 driv+ out ! old inhabitants & re-/ock+ ! c\ntry ) a ho/ ( ,aryan ,celts1 :o br\ght ) !m ! k ( bronze manufacture4 ,! defeat$ natives retreat$ to ,irel& & ! we/ ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & f9ally gave !mselves up to _! conqu]ors1 :om !y 9 future s]v$ z slaves4 ,?us 7 annihilat$ ! ,neoli?ic m5 ( ,brita91 & ?us 0 ! use ( poli%$ /one weapons sup]s$$ by t ( bronze implem5ts4 ,^! ,celtic invad]s1 l _! conqu]$ pr$ecessors1 liv$ ^u ! fle% bo? ( wild & dome/ic animals1 z is evid5t f ! discov]y made 9 #ahfg at ,b>ton ,m]e1 ne> ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 :]e bronze spe>-heads 7 f\nd 9 & ar\nd l>ge piles & blocks ( /one1 toge!r ) va/ quantities ( ! brok5 bones ( ! /ag1 roe1 wild bo>1 h>e1 urus1 horse1 ox1 hog1 & dog1 z well z fragm5ts ( pott]y4 ,fire 0 produc$ by ^! m5 by /rik+ a fl9t flake aga9/ a piece ( iron pyrites1 z is evid5t f ! discov]y ( ^! articles 9 & ar\nd *>r$ rema9s ( fires2 ?us a great advance 0 made 9 ?is direction ^u ! habits ( ! old] inhabitants1 :o _h only be5 able to procure fire by rapidly turn+ a piece ( wood betwe5 _! two h&s1 ! po9t be+ fix$ 9 a holl[ on ano!r piece ( wood1 s t ! great friction :i* result$ produc$ heat suffici5t to g5]ate flame4 ,foll[+ ! ,bronze ,age 0 ! ,iron ,age1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! hi/oric era comm5c$2 & ?us we h n only v>i\s discov]ies to prove t iron gradually supplant$ bronze1 b hi/ory be>s witness to ! same tru?4 ,! ,hom]ic leg5ds ab\nd ) feats p]=m$ by h]oes :o wield$ bronze & iron weapons2 & f ,hesiod1 :o wrote ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,h]odotus1 we le>n t iron _h already sup]s$$ bronze among ! ,greeks1 & t ! ar*ologi/s ( 8 day recognis$ a di/9ct era ( ! pa/ z ! ,age ( ,bronze4 ,! probability is t ! discov]y ( ! mode ( sep>at+ iron f its ore & turn+ x into useful articles 0 made 9 ,asia1 f :5ce x 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ into ,europe2 = we f9d t at ! v fir/ appe>ance ( iron 9 ,brita9 & ,france !re 7 iron co9s & iron ornam5ts 9 regul> use among ! p1 :i* articles 7 no d\bt br\ght by invad+ tribes ( ori5tal p4 ,9 ! e>ly or prehi/oric portion ( ! ,iron ,age ! practice ( bury+ ! dead at full l5g? fir/ became kn[n 9 ,brita91 cremation hav+ always be5 practis$ previ\sly4 ,hav+ n[ arriv$ at hi/oric times1 our inquiry into man's antiquity ne$ n be fur!r cont9u$4 ,= ! se>*] aft] tru? !re only n[ rema9s ! task ( c>efully consid]+ ! facts "h br\ght =w>d & comp>+ ! conclusions arriv$ at ) ! old or?odox /ory ( ! creation ( ! _w & man z f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,if ! /ory read 9 ! ,book ( ,nature be a true "o1 !n man has liv$ ^u ! e>? sev]al hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 & has pass$ f a /ate ( unconsci\s animal exi/5ce1 ?r\gh innum]able /ages ( savage1 semi-savage1 & civilis$ conditions1 to 8 pres5t comm&+ position4 ,if ! /ory read 9 ! s-call$ ,book ( ,god be a true "o1 !n ! _w & man 7 creat$ less ?an six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! read] mu/ judge = himself :i* is ! tru?4 ,,plan ,,( ,,evolution ,,( ,,m9d ,,9 ,,man ,,individual ,,intellectual ,,race ,,asc5t ,,products ,,emotional ,,products ,,asc5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ae ,yrs4 ,sci5ce ,rational ,emotion ,homo ,sapi5s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aj ,yrs4 ,mono!ism ,melan*oly ,ec/asy ,homo ,cultus ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #e ,yrs4 ,poly!ism ,rev]5ce1 ,remorse ,homo ,c\rtesy ,semi-,cultus ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c-a_/b ,yrs4 ,feti%ism ,awe & ,homo ,appreciation ( ,art ,semi-,f]ox ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c ,yrs4 ,sup]/ition ,av>ice1 ,envy1 ,hate1 ,hope1 ,vanity1 ,mir?1 ,love ( ,beauty ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #b-a_/b ,yrs4 ,def9ite ,morality ,homo ,f]ox ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bf ,mos4 ,judgm5t1 ,alali ,recollection ,self ,consci\sness ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bb ,mos4 ,spee* ,semi-,human ,apes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bj ,mos4 ,conc]t$ ,action ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #af ,mos4 ,k ( ! use ( ,simple ,in/rum5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ad ,mos4 ,articulation ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ac ,mos4 ,indef9ite ,an?ropoid ,morality ,apes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #h ,mos4 ,true ,reason ,pride1 ,%ame1 ,deceit1 ,monkeys1 ,dogs ,passion1 ,cruelty ,ludicr\sness ,elephants ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #f ,mos4 ,und]/&+ ,sympa?y1 ,curiosity1 ,horses1 ,pigs ( ,words ,rev5ge ,gratitude ,cats ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #e ,mos4 ,dream+ ,emulation1 ,birds ,jeal\sy1 ,joy1 ,grief4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #d ,mos4 ,recognition ,ang] ,reptiles ( ,p]sons ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ae ,wks4 ,recognition ,play ,insects ( ,places & ,fi%es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ad ,wks4 ,association ,pugnacity ,cru/aceans ( ,ideas ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ac ,wks4 ,consci\s ,memory ,fe> ,cru/aceans ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a to #b ,pa9 & ,pleasure ,v]mes ,mos4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c ,wks4 ,consci\sness ,high] ,molluscs ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,bir? ,imp]fect ,s5se ,l[] organs ,molluscs ,prim>y ,in/9cts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,embryo ,non-,n]v\s ,amb ,adju/m5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,g]m ,protoplasmic ,protoplasm ,motion ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,illu/ration3 ,a creep+ ,amba1 or unicellul> ,proti/ t *anges its =m cont9ually2 ) cell-nucleus 9 ! middle1 )9 :i* is ! nucleolus4 ,aft] ,haeckel4 ,illu/ration3 ,ga/rula ( a ,ga/]opoda 7,ga/rada7 ,aft] ,haeckel4 ,a4 ,ectod]m4 ,b4 ,endod]m4 ,c4 ,m\?4 ,d4 ,ga/ric cavity4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,m9d4 ,x seems h>dly cr$ible t !re %\ld exi/ p :o pr(ess to accept ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( developm5t ( species 9 all its fulness1 & yet reject ! idea ( ! human m9d hav+ be5 evolv$ by sl[ /ages f ! primitive s5se-organ ( our l[lie/ ance/ors1 ! ,proti/a4 ,su* inconsi/5cy seems almo/ pu]ile1 &1 7 x n = ! fact t ! admission ( ?is tru? w\ld be ! f9al bl[ at ! v>i\s fai?s ( ! _w1 we %\ld n be call$ ^u to-day to def5d a position s utt]ly impregnable z t assum$ by ,haeckel & o!rs 9 reg>d to ! evolution ( ! human m9d4 ,:5 education has advanc$ fur!r !re w1 we mu/ hope1 be less ( ?is %utt+ ( ! eyes to obvi\s tru?s = ! m]e sake ( propp+ up = a little :ile long] ! belief 9 a bat* ( fairy tales & prepo/]\s leg5ds4 ,z we look ar\nd u ^u ! wond]ful objects ( nature we see ev]y:]e animation & law2 ! heav5s above are full ( life--suns1 planets1 moons1 & o!r cele/ial bodies incessantly mov+ to & fro1 all b\nd 9 _! c\rses by ! immutable laws ( nature2 ! va/ ocean1 teem+ ) myriads ( liv+ be+s1 is incessantly roll+ & ro>+ l "s great mon/]1 b nev] exce$s ! limits :i* nature has assign$ to its action2 & ! :ole face ( ! e>? pres5ts a con/ant sc5e ( activity ( "s k9d or o!r--volcanoes dis*>g+ _! molt5 fluid1 huge glaci]s gr9d+ along ! gr\nd1 mon/] riv]s ru%+ =w>d ) incessant ro>1 & ! vegetable & animal k+doms increas+ & multiply+ at a m>vell\s pace4 ,all ?is is life--9 fact1 ev]y?+ we see ar\nd u1 ( :atev] =m or %ape1 is life ( "s sort4 ,! v gr\nd ^u :i* we /& is full ( life1 ea* p>ticle ( du/ be+ held to its fell[ p>ticles by mutual attraction2 & !re is n a s+le atom ( ! e>?'s sub/ance or ( ! :ole univ]se t we c say is m9us ?is prop]ty ( life or activity2 no?+ 9 ! univ]se t we "k ( ev] rema9s = "o mom5t 9 a /ate ( re/2 ev]y?+ is con/antly mov+1 & e p>ticle ( ! :ole contributes its own %>e to ! g5]al activity :i* we t]m motion or life4 ,! :ole univ]se is a huge manife/ation ( ph5om5a1 :i* make up ! sum-total ( life or activity4 ,! sun rotat+ on its axis is "o =m ( life2 ! moon sil5tly w&]+ r\nd our planet is ano!r =m ( life2 ! trees & animals gr[+ & multiply+ on ! l& are o!r =ms2 & e lump ( ore tak5 out ( ! gr\nd & e pav+ /one 9 our /reets are o!r =ms ( life4 ,e p>ticle ( e sub/ance :atev] is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual motion1 & !re=e full ( life4 ,9 fact1 x is ?is v motion or life t su/a9s matt]2 = matt] c\ld n exi/--t is1 its p>ticles c\ld n hold toge!r1 & ?us =m sub/ance--)\t ! life1 motion1 activity1 or :atev] we l to t]m ! prop]ty :i* op]ates ^u !m & produces mutual cohesion4 ,life has always1 !re=e1 be5 active 9 matt]1 & always w be1 = life or motion _c be sep>at$ f matt]2 &1 j z matt] has pass$ f a condition ( homog5eity to "o ( het]og5eity1 s has life done likewise4 ,life possesses inf9ite pot5tiality1 & manife/s itself 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways by means ( diff]5t comb9ations1 :i* x br+s ab\t 9 ! molecul> atoms ( univ]sal matt]4 ,x acts1 = in/ance1 ^u a planet by caus+ its p>ticles to hold toge!r 9 "o mass ap>t f o!r bodies ( a simil> or dissimil> "*2 x also acts ^u :at we unsci5tifically call inanimate nature by caus+ its p>ticles to hold toge!r1 =m+ 9 "o case a /one1 9 ano!r a metal1 etc42 & x acts ^u :at we t]m animat$ nature by caus+ its molecules to comb9e & procreate4 ,?is p[] ( attraction & cohesion ( p>ticles ( univ]sal matt] is life1 & x dep5ds entirely ^u :at p>ticul> comb9ation ( ! molecul> atoms ( univ]sal matt] takes place :e!r a sun1 a moon1 a planet1 a /one1 a cry/al1 a sponge1 a tree1 or a man be ! result4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t n "o ( ^! bodies c ev] be produc$ except by an evolution>y process subject to ! univ]sal & un*angeable law :i* fixes ! sequ5ce4 ,animal life1 z di/9ct f all o!r life1 is a comp>atively late developm5t or manife/ation 9 ! sequ5ce ( univ]sal ph5om5a4 ,?is _w on :i* we live _h exi/$ z a compact body = millions ( ages be=e life assum$ ! "* ( animal life2 & s gradual 0 ! process ( evolution f ! primal condition ( homog5eity1 ?r\gh all ! manifold /ages ( life1 until ! condition ( animal life 0 rea*$1 t x is impossible to fix a p>ticul> mom5t :5 su* life became manife/4 ,s x is ) e /age ( ! evolution>y process2 !re are no />t+-places = p>ticul> species1 ! :ole be+ "o cont9u\s unfold+ ( ph5om5a1 )\t arre/ ( any k9d4 ,x is equally impossible to fix a p>ticul> po9t or mom5t = ! manife/ation ( ! cry/al life z x is = t ( ! animal or ! vegetable life4 ,all are b gradual unfold+s ( ! univ]sal pot5tiality4 ,cry/al life is ! highe/ developm5t ( :at is popul>ly b errone\sly t]m$ inanimate nature1 & diff]s n "o iota f ,mon]on life1 :i* is ! l[e/ =m ( animal life1 9 its con/itu5t elem5ts1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two be+ 9 ! mode ( comb9ation ( ! elem5t>y p>ticles compos+ ea*4 ,! cry/al elem5ts comb9e 9 su* proportions z to cause ! mass to hold toge!r l o!r solid bodies1 its bulk be+ increas$ by ! deposition ( fre% p>ticles ^u its out] surface2 :ile ! ,mon]on elem5ts comb9e 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] ! body s(t & yield+1 s t x c absorb nutrim5t f )\t to )9 & multiply by fission4 ,! elem5ts ( bo? are id5tically ! same3 ! mann] ( comb9ation causes ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,_m le>n$ m5 decl>e t1 if ?is 7 true1 we ought to be able to take ! five elem5ts--viz41 ,oxyg51 ,hydrog51 ,nitrog51 ,c>bon1 & ,sulphur--9 ! necess>y proportions1 &1 by unit+ !m1 =m animal life4 ,?is1 !y say1 has be5 attempt$1 & ! result has be5 failure2 !re=e1 animal life c\ld n h be5 g5]at$ 9 t mann]1 b mu/ h be5 specially creat$ at "s p>ticul> mom5t4 ,?is argum5t is absurdly uns\nd4 ,^! p]sons might j z well say t1 to sub/antiate ! ass]tion t cry/als are =m$ ( a comb9ation ( elem5t>y molecules1 we ought to be able to take ! necess>y quantity ( ^! elem5ts1 &1 by unit+ !m toge!r1 =m a cry/al2 & t1 if ?is _c be done1 !n cry/als also require a special creation4 ,! same argum5t = a special creation w apply to e species ( ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms4 ,protoplasm is ! l[e/ =m ( animal life1 diff]+ f ! highe/ =m ( m9]al life only 9 ! mode ( comb9ation ( its elem5t>y p>ticles2 b ?is diff]5ce causes ! manife/ation ( fre% ph5om5a1 9 ?is case z 9 e o!r modification ( a previ\s /ate ( nature1 :i* gives x ! appe>ance ( possess+ a prop]ty t _h n be5 possess$ by any sub/ance previ\sly1 :]eas1 9 tru?1 ! app>5tly new prop]ty is b a fur!r developm5t ( t previ\sly possess$ by inorganic bodies4 ,9 %ort1 ! p[] ( absorption possess$ by ! ,mon]on is simply "o ( ! _m manife/ations ( t univ]sal life or en]gy t is inh]5t 9 all matt]1 & has be5 s f all "t2 b x is a comp>atively late developm5t1 occurr+ at a p>ticul> p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 :5 ! conditions necess>y = su* a developm5t 7 pres5t4 ,be=e ?is p]iod no su* comb9ation ( molecul> atoms took place ) ! same result1 simply because ! necess>y conditions ( developm5t 7 abs5t4 ,9 ! same mann] precisely !re 0 a prior p]iod :5 no su* sub/ance z a cry/al exi/$1 ! conditions requisite = ! peculi> comb9ation ( molecul> atoms to result 9 ! =mation ( a cry/al hav+ be5 abs5t4 ,:5 ! _w _h und]gone suffici5t evolution>y developm5t !re came a "t :5 su* atmosph]ic & o!r conditions 7 pres5t z to p]mit ( a modification ( ! !n exi/+ sub/ances & prop]ties1 :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! cry/al2 &1 precisely 9 ! same mann]1 & = ! same reason1 a fur!r & lat] modification result$ 9 ! =mation ( ,protoplasm1 :i* is ! e>lie/ =m ( animal life4 ,?is little sub/ance gradually diff]5tiat$ into two di/9ct p>ts1 by a nucleus be+ =m$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! protoplasmic mass1 & became possess$ ) a peculi> p[] ( locomotion1 :i* caus$ a /ill great] diff]5ce to exi/ betwe5 itself & its ance/ral /ock4 ,?is p[] ( locomotion1 aga91 is b a modification ( t life-p[] ( :i* we h spok51 & =ms a /epp+-/one betwe5 ! molecul> action ( m9]al sub/ances & ! m5tal wond]s ( ! human be+4 ,! cry/al1 9 common ) all o!r bodies 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 always possess$ ?is p[] ( locomotion to a limit$ ext5t2 e "o ( ! individual atoms :i* make up ! :ole sub/ance has always _h ! p[] ( locomotion1 = !y all attract & repel ea* o!r & effect cohesions by _! mutual attraction4 ,?is locomotive p[] und]w5t su* a modification :5 cell-life 7,protozoa7 0 manife/$ t n only 7 ! con/itu5t molecul> atoms individually possess$ ( ?is p[]1 z be=e1 b ! :ole mass ( ! cell became end[$ ) ! same prop]ty1 j z a :ole cont95t ( free p :o h be5 9 ! habit ( def5d+ !mselves s+ly aga9/ _! enemies sometimes comb9e & co-op]ate ) ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( a republic1 ! function ( ! individual be+ assum$ by ! body z a :ole4 ,! little cellul> organisms1 :i* are call$ ,amb1 possess ?is ext5d$ p[] ( locomotion1 & may be se5 con/antly mov+ ab\t 9 ! endeav\r to locate !mselves 9 ! brighte/ "p ( _! dwell+ place1 frequ5tly a little pond4 ,!y are attract$ by light1 :i* cle>ly proves t !y possess a degree ( s5sory p]ception1 al?\gh special s5se-organs are ( c\rse want+1 ! :ole mass ( ! body be+ no?+ m ?an a s+le cell compos$ ( protoplasm & nucleus4 ,^! little cellul> organisms soon unite ) ea* o!r1 =m+ small bodies compos$ ( sev]al cells 9 a /ate ( cohesion 7,synamb71 & on ! surface ( ^! multicellul> organisms are %ortly aft]w>ds ?r[n out m9ute ?reads or ciliae1 ! fir/ attempt at sep>ation ( s5se-organs f ! surface ( ! body4 ,9 ^! t9y ,protozoa1 ^? organisms :i* consi/ ( "o s+le cell only1 ! ,amb1 z well z ^? consi/+ ( sev]al cells 9 a /ate ( union1 ! ,synamb1 are able to p]=m all ! functions ( animal life--cohesion1 s5sation1 motion1 dige/ion1 & reproduction2 b1 z ! organism becomes m & m complex1 ^! diff]5t functions are %>$ among sev]al gr\ps ( cells4 ,?is diff]5tiation proce$s /eadily /age by /age1 until at la/ diff]5t s5ses are locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & we f9d animals possess+ eyes1 e>s1 noses1 & m\?s1 "o organ p]=m+ ! function ( sight1 ano!r t ( he>+1 & s on4 ,all ^! organs ( s5se are b p>ts ( ! g5]al n]v\s organisation ( ! body1 :i* is app>5tly abs5t 9 ! ,proti/a1 b exi/+ pot5tially 9 ! protoplasmic sub/ance1 z x also does 9 e o!r sub/ance 9 ! univ]se4 ,! ciliat$ multiple cell-organism1 9 c\rse ( "t1 becomes trans=m$ into a holl[ body1 hav+ a wall compos$ ( a s+le lay] ( cells1 & ?is aga91 by invag9ation1 or fold+ ( itself )9 itself1 =ms a d\ble-wall$ cavity1 or ,ga/rula1 hav+ an ext]nal op5+ l a m\?4 ,^! little animals1 ! ,ga/rada1 hav+ an inn] lay] ( cells 7! endod]m71 :i* c>ries on ! nutritive & assimilative functions ( ! organism1 & an out] lay] 7! ectod]m71 :i* =ms ! g5]al motor & s5se-organ ( ! body1 are ! fir/ animal organisms to possess a real s5se-organ sep>ate & di/9ct f o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,f ?is epid]mal organ ( s5se are develop$1 z high] =ms ( animal life make _! appe>ance1 ! n]ve-cells & s5se-cells :i* =m ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ! fre%-wat] polyp1 or ,hydra1 :i* is want+ 9 di/9ct organs ( s5se & n]v\s sy/em1 we f9d a rem>kable s5sitiv5ess to t\*1 w>m?1 & light1 individual ectod]mic neuro-muscul> cells p]=m+ ^! functions1 b a f> great] s5sibility be+ exhibit$ 9 ! circle ( f9e preh5sible t5tacles surr\nd+ ! m\? ?an else:]e4 ,"h we h a m>k$ attempt at localisation ( s5se-organs1 & a manife/ation ( in/9ct1 :i* makes ! little animal %r9k f ! t\*4 ,f ! ,hydr evolv$ ! ,m$us1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ dep5d5t entirely on neuro-muscul> cells l ! p>5t =ms1 develop$ m9ute sets ( n]ves & muscles1 by ! use ( :i* !y became enabl$ to swim ab\t easily & at _! own w & pleasure4 ,we get 9 ?is little animal ! fir/ appe>ance ( real n]ve function1 or conductibility ( /imulus along ! n]v\s fibre to a muscle :i* x causes to contract--a totally diff]5t function to ! contraction ( ! :ole body ^u a /imulus be+ appli$ to x1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,hydr4 ,9 ! worm =ms1 :i* evolve f ! ,ga/rada1 we come across ! fir/ attempt at special s5se-organ =mation1 9 ! %ape ( depressions on ! integum5t ( ! body4 ,! ,himatega1 or sack-worms1 possess a rudim5t>y sp9al cord1 & 7 ! p>5ts ( ! fir/ true v]tebrates1 organisms )\t skulls or bra9s1 b ) a true v]tebral cord4 ,^! little v]mi=m animals1 9 addition to _! rudim5t>y sp9al cords1 exhibit$ ^u ! surface ( ! body sev]al small depressions1 :i* answ]$ ! purpose ( a set ( special s5se-organs1 "o t9y depression be+ set ap>t especially = ! p]ception ( light waves1 ano!r = ! p]ception ( s\nd waves1 ano!r = ! p]ception ( od\rs1 etc42 & ?us gradually came ab\t t wond]ful evolution>y process by :i* bodies became end[$ ) m or less p]fect special s5se-organs4 ,z ! animal k+dom develop$ into high] & high] =ms ( life1 & skulls & bra9s became ! ord] ( ! day1 ! special s5se-organs became possess$ ( l>g] p[]s1 at ! same "t t ! :ole n]v\s organisation assum$ high] & m complex functions1 result+ ev5tually 9 a v gradual unfold+ ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! lat5t pot5tialities ( univ]sal life--! m>vel ( consci\sness4 ,?is is ! pres5t climax ( ,nature's evolution1 ! gr&e/ & mo/ awful a*ievem5t ( t hidd5 & my/]i\s =ce :i* baffles compreh5sion1 & beside :i* all ?+s se51 he>d1 or felt pale into insignificance4 ,to po9t out ! precise me?od ( ! evolution ( m9d1 /ep by /ep1 until ! f9al climax ( consci\sness 0 rea*$1 w\ld require an abl] p5 ?an m9e2 !re=e ,i %all be cont5t to briefly notice ! diff]5t products ( intellectual developm5t 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are unfold$1 %[+ ! analogy betwe5 ontog5esis1 or ! life-hi/ory ( ! individual1 & phylog5esis1 or t ( ! :ole race1 n n[ z reg>ds bodily1 b only m5tal1 evolution4 ,we mu/ ev] rememb] t ! biog5etic law insi/s t ! process ( developm5t 9 ! race is reflect$ 9 m9iature 9 ! embryonic hi/ory ( e individual4 ,9 o!r words1 x is1 beyond d\bt1 an accept$ article ( fai? ) biologi/s t ! developm5t ( ! individual f ! embryo 9 ut]o to ! full-gr[n man is an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! developm5t ( ! :ole race f ! primitive protoplasmic atom1 ! l[ly ,mon]on1 to homo sapi5s1 equally 9 reg>d to m5tal z to bodily evolution4 ,e human individual comm5ces 8 t]m ( sep>ate exi/5ce z a t9y speck ( protoplasm1 & sl[ly advances ?r\gh ! phases ( sep>ate cell-life1 multicellul> exi/5ce1 & ! ga/rula1 v]mi=m1 & pisci=m /ages1 be+ f9ally born z a p>tially-develop$ memb] ( ! human family1 f :i* mom5t he gr[s rapidly to ! p]fection ( ! adult /ate1 hav+ accompli%$1 9 ! %ort p]iod ( ab\t a score ( ye>s1 precisely :at 8 c\nt]p>t1 ! race1 effect$ 9 _m millions ( ye>s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! individual dwells 9 ut]o great & rapid modifications take place 9 ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ftus2 s5sory p]ception makes its appe>ance v e>ly1 be+ foll[$ quickly by ! fir/ attempt at diff]5tiation ( special s5se-organs 9 ! =m ( t9y surface depressions2 ! bra9 & sp9al sy/em gradually take %ape & make ready = future action2 & ! little body sl[ly assumes a =m suitable = sep>ate extra-ut]9e exi/5ce4 ,at ! mom5t ( bir? ! bra9 & special s5se-organs are n yet develop$ to su* a degree t !y c prop]ly dis*>ge ! functions !y are call$ ^u to p]=m 9 ! mature /ate2 !y h to advance gradually to p]fection 9 h>mony ) ! gr[? ( ! :ole body2 & ?us x is t a newly-born individual does n see1 he>1 or exhibit signs ( consci\sness until "s "t has elaps$ f bir?1 al?\gh x is1 at fir/1 q s5sitive to cold & heat4 ,if a light$ c&le be held 9 front ( ! eyes ( a newly-born infant1 & mov$ to & fro1 x w be at once obs]v$ t ! *ild is totally unconsci\s ( x2 &1 if a gun be fir$ (f 9 ! room occupi$ by ! *ild1 ! effect ^u ! infantile organism is nil2 b1 if ! air ( ! room be all[$ to cool1 ! effect w be at once p]ceiv$1 = ! muscles ( ! *ild w soon beg9 to contract1 & 8 vocal bell[s to act vigor\sly4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! sight1 he>+1 etc41 become adju/$1 & ! infant beg9s to take notice ( surr\nd+ objects1 until at ab\t a mon? aft] bir? pa9 & pleasure1 ! fir/ indications ( ! dawn ( ! m5tal p[]s1 manife/ !mselves4 ,consci\s1 z di/+ui%$ f in/9ctive or non-consci\s1 memory appe>s to be ex]cis$ at ab\t ! ?irte5? week1 & to be imm$iately foll[$ by association ( ideas1 ! recognition ( places & p]sons1 & dream+4 ,at ! same "t t ^! indications ( intellectual developm5t are manife/+ !mselves1 a correspond+ unfold+ ( ! emotions is obs]v$4 ,side by side ) memory appe>s fe>1 foll[$ by pugnacity1 play1 &1 lat]1 ang]2 :ile1 /ill lat]1 ab\t on a p> ) ! fir/ p]iod ( dream+1 or at ab\t ! age ( five mon?s1 are manife/$ emulation1 jeal\sy1 joy1 & grief4 ,9 ab\t ano!r mon? we notice t ! *ild beg9s to und]/& words1 :ile1 on ! emotional side1 he ev9ces signs ( awak5+ sympa?y1 curiosity1 rev5ge1 & gratitude1 foll[$ )9 a c\ple ( mon?s by pride1 %ame1 deceitfulness1 passionat5ess1 cruelty1 & ludicr\sness1 :i* %[ !mselves at ! mom5t ! *ild appe>s to fir/ ex]cise :at we t]m true reason4 ,f ?is po9t we see rapidly unfold$ ! high] products ( intellectual developm5t1 ! fir/ ( :i* is morality ( a v indef9ite k9d1 :i* imm$iately prec$es articulation at ! age ( ab\t f\rte5 mon?s1 be+ closely foll[$ by k ( ! use ( v>i\s simple in/rum5ts1 aft]w>ds at ! age ( tw5ty mon?s by conc]t$ action1 & /ill lat] by spee*1 :i* g5]ally is effect$ at ! age ( two ye>s1 or r e>li]4 ,foll[+ quickly ^u spee* we obs]ve judgm5t1 recollection1 & self-consci\sness manife/+ !mselves1 &1 by ! "t ! *ild has atta9$ ! age ( two ye>s & a half1 morality ( a def9ite k9d makes its appe>ance4 ,trac+ ! *ild's developm5t /ill fur!r1 we f9d ! next important intellectual manife/ation--viz41 sup]/ition--to take place at ab\t ?ree ye>s ( age1 :ile concurr5tly ! foll[+ emotional products appe>--av>ice1 envy1 hate1 hope1 vanity1 mir?1 & a love ( ! beautiful1 :i* are foll[$1 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 by awe & an appreciation ( art4 ,f ?is age to ! condition ( adult life1 ! intellectual faculties develop accord+ to ! surr\nd+s ( ! individual1 :ile1 on ! emotional side1 rev]5ce1 remorse1 & c\rtesy make _! appe>ance at ab\t ! age ( five ye>s1 & melan*oly & ec/asy at ab\t ! t5? ye>4 ,9 ! =ego+ ontog5etic mirror w be f\nd ! key to ! unfold+ ( ! great my/]y ( ! evolution ( m9d 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,we h only to take ! geological p]iods "o aft] ! o!r1 & /udy ! v>i\s life-=ms f\nd 9 ea* to see at once t1 ) ! race1 ! ord] ( sequ5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! intellectual & emotional faculties is precisely ! same z ) ! individual4 ,we may place ! new-born infant intellectually on a p> ) ! l[ly molluscs or ! v]mi=m little animals :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,cambrian p]iod1 9 :i* little organisms probably pa9 fir/ made its entry ^u ! e>?1 foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( pleasure1 memory 7consci\s71 & association ( ideas 9 ! l[ly cru/aceans ( ! lat] ,cambrian & e>ly ,silurian p]iods4 ,) ! spid]s1 fi%es1 & crabs ( ! lat] ,silurian & ,devonian p]iods we h br\ght be=e u ! faculty ( recognis+ places ( :i* ^! animals are capable1 :i* places !m intellectually on a level ) a *ild ( f\r or five mon?s old4 ,! recognition ( individuals next made its appe>ance 9 ! reptiles ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian epo*s2 :ile ! birds ( ! ,olitic & ,cretace\s p]iods 7 ! fir/ to dream1 & are ?us plac$ on an intellectual level ) a *ild ( five or six mon?s4 ,! emotional developm5t co9cides ) ! intellectual1 j z 9 ! case ( ! infant1 = we f9d fe> manife/+ itself among ! l[] molluscs1 pugnacity among ! cru/aceans1 play among spid]s & crabs1 ang] among reptiles1 & emulation1 jeal\sy1 joy1 & grief among birds4 ,we n[ rise 9 ! palontological scale to ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & f9d 9 ! ,eoc5e age equ9e & o!r mammal =ms1 su* z cats & pigs1 :i* are capable ( und]/&+ words & signs1 & among :i* we notice a manife/ation ( sympa?y1 curiosity1 rev5ge1 & gratitude4 ,9 ! e>ly ,meioc5e age we h monkeys1 dogs1 & elephants exhibit+ ! cle>e/ signs ( true reason1 z may be obs]v$ at ! pres5t day1 & at ! same "t manife/+ su* emotional signs z pride1 %ame1 deceitfulness1 passionat5ess1 cruelty1 & ludicr\sness1 :i* places !m on an intellectual p> ) ! infant ( less ?an a ye> old4 ,9 ! lat] ,meioc5e age we h an?ropoid apes1 :i* may be plac$ on a level ) "o-ye>-old infants1 & f :i* evolv$ apes ( a high] ord]1 :i* acquir$ ! faculty ( articulation1 &1 aft]w>ds becom+ m human1 ! k ( ! use ( simple in/rum5ts1 ?us rea*+ ! intellectual level ( ! *ild ( fifte5 mon?s old4 ,z ! apes became m & m human 9 ! lat] ,meioc5e & e>ly ,plei/oc5e ages1 !y gradually acquir$ ! faculty ( act+ 9 conc]t & ( spee*2 & :51 hav+ arriv$ at t /age ( developm5t 9 :i* !y p>took m ( ! "* ( savage man ?an human ape1 judgm5t1 recollection1 self-consci\sness1 &1 la/ly1 def9ite morality manife/$ !mselves1 ?us rais+ ! ape-l man to ! level ( ! *ild ( two & a half ye>s4 ,9 ! l[e/ savages ( to-day1 z well z 9 ! old desc5dants ( ! ape-l m51 sup]/ition develop$ to a l>ge ext5t at ! same "t t ! emotional unfold+ proce$$ 9 ! direction ( av>ice1 envy1 hate1 hope1 vanity1 mir?1 a love ( ! beautiful1 & aft]w>ds art appreciation1 awe1 rev]5ce1 remorse1 c\rtesy1 melan*oly1 & ec/asy1 precisely z ) ! *ild ( f five to t5 ye>s ( age4 ,z ! race improv$1 becom+ 9 turn semi-savage1 semi-civilis$1 civilis$1 & cultur$1 ! intellectual p[]s1 ( c\rse1 develop$ simil>ly1 until1 at ! pres5t day1 we f9d m5 possess$ ( ! mo/ wond]ful m5tal gr&eur1 we might almo/ say1 conceivable4 ,b ?is w\ld be say+ too mu*1 = we mu/ n =get t1 j z evolution has cont9u$ 9 ! pa/ f et]nity1 s w x cont9ue 9 ! future to et]nity2 & :o c tell to :at heights ! human m9d may so> 9 ! future8 ,l(ty z is ! human intellect at ! pres5t "t1 z comp>$ ) ! m5tal p[]s ( ^? we h left f> beh9d 9 ! m>* ( evolution1 x is yet v f> f be+ able to grasp _m ( ! great problems ( ! univ]se1 su* z t ( exi/5ce4 ,p]haps at "s future "t1 9 millions ( ages to come1 ^! great que/ions may be answ]$2 b at pres5t we "k !y baffle ! wise/ m51 & cont9ually rem9d u ( ! f9ite & limit$ "* ( our intellectual faculties4 ,?is comp>ison ( ! m5tal developm5t ( ! individual ) t ( ! :ole race is extremely int]e/+1 & provides ample mat]ial = ?\ght4 ,by su* comp>ison1 & by x alone1 c ! sci5ce ( psy*ology ev] be bas$ on a sure & endur+ f\ndation4 ,x is all v well = !ologians & o!r bias$ p to decl>e t animal intellig5ce has no?+ 9 common ) ! reason+ p[]s ( man2 b let !m hone/ly look at ! facts z !y are1 ?anks to ! indefatigable en]gy & indomitable p]sev]ance ( lov]s ( sci5ce & tru?1 n[ pres5t$ to u4 ,c&id obs]v]s _c fail to notice t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( man & t ( ! l[] animals is "o only ( degree1 & n ( k9d4 ,:5 we see ! ord] ( sequ5ce be+ foll[$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual s l t ( ! :ole race1 n only z reg>ds ! bodily /ructure1 b also z reg>ds ! m5tal functions1 c we help arriv+ at ! conclusion t ! "o is b ! epitome ( ! o!r1 & t ! sup]ior intellect ( man is b a high] developm5t ( ! s-call$ in/9cts ( ! l[] animals8 ,h we n at ! pres5t day1 among memb]s ( ! human family itself1 v>i\s degrees ( intellig5ce1 f ! almo/ b>r5 bra9s ( ! l[e/ races ( savages to ! brilliant m5tal a*ievem5ts ( a ,newton or a ,sp5c]8 ,x is beyond d\bt t ! intellectual sup]iority ( civilis$ man ov] 8 savage bre?r5 is due to ! great] multiplicity ( 8 objects ( ?\ght1 & x foll[s t savage man's intellectual sup]iority ov] ! l[] animals is due to ! same cause4 ,! actions ( bo? h ! same aim--viz41 ! supply+ ( ! wants ( ! physical nature & ! gratify+ ( ! desires ar\s$ 9 ! m9d4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t man diff]s f ! l[] animals 9 possess+ ! p[] ( reflection2 b ?is ,i hold to be an explod$ argum5t1 & at v>iance ) all rec5t tea*+4 ,dogs1 elephants1 & monkeys mo/ c]ta9ly possess ! faculty ( reflection1 & x is n difficult to f9d races belong+ to ! human family ^: p[]s ( reflection transc5d h>dly 9 ! lea/ degree ^? possess$ by ! high] apes2 :ile ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reflective capacity ( ! l[e/ savage1 :i* is ( ! simple/ conceivable k9d1 & t ( ! civilis$ ,european1 :i* has develop$ into g5ius1 is enorm\s4 ,!n1 aga91 x is (t5 said t only man is emotional2 b "o ne$ only h an ord9>y acqua9tance%ip ) dome/ic animals to at once see ! absurdity ( ?is argum5t1 = dogs are frequ5tly obs]v$ to laugh1 to cry1 to express joy & gratitude by _! actions1 & to betray feel+s ( %ame & remorse2 :ile horses & elephants h be5 obs]v$ to puni% _! cruel keep]s 9 ! mo/ cunn+ mann] & !n to laugh at ! poor fell[s' discomfiture4 ,z to ! 8consci5ce argum5t10 s frequ5tly br\ght =w>d1 by religioni/s especially1 all ,i h to say "h is t consci5ce1 or ! k ( ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 is n an inh]5t quality ( ! human m9d1 be+ m]ely a result ( ! op]ation ( ! reflective faculty aid$ by exp]i5ce1 z is q evid5t f ! fact t ! ideas ( morality v>y accord+ to ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,! same may be said ab\t ! greate/ ( all ! argum5ts aga9/ evolution--viz41 t ( language2 =1 j z consci5ce is b a product ( reflection & exp]i5ce1 s is language also4 ,x is a mi/ake to imag9e t ! p[] ( spee* is possess$ by man alone1 & t 8 language diff]s altoge!r f ! cries & signals ( ! l[] animals1 = su* is n ! case4 ,_m animals possess ! faculty ( spee*1 & human language diff]s f t ( ! l[] animals only 9 its degree ( developm5t1 & 9 no s5se 9 its orig94 ,probably all language orig9at$ 9 int]jection1 or ! 8in/9ctive expression ( ! subjective impressions d]iv$ f ext]nal nature10 z ,mr4 ,f>r> puts x4 ,&1 j z ! reflective p[]s ( ! race 7 develop$ & %one m brilliantly z ea* /age 9 ! evolution>y m>* ( intellect 0 pass$1 s did language pass f ! simple monosyllabic cries to ! complex dialects ( mod]n civilisation2 & x is wor?y ( notice t1 at ! pres5t day1 or at any rate v rec5tly1 !re 7 races ( savage m5 inhabit+ ?is e>? :o possess$ no language at all1 & c\ld n1 on acc\nt ( _! mode ( liv+1 be plac$ on a high] intellectual level ?an ! high] apes2 :ile we h ! au?ority ( ! lead+ philologi/s ( ! times 9 support ( ! fact t ! monosyllabic cries ( "s ( ! l[] human tribes are q )9 ! grasp ( ! ape's voice4 ,human be+s h be5 discov]$ 9 wild & hi!rto unexplor$ regions :o h n ! remote/ idea ( :at we %\ld t]m civilisation4 ,!y lead a w&]+ & useless life1 sleep+ at nights1 n 9 huts1 nor 9 caves1 b squatt+ among ! bran*es ( tall trees1 :]e !y are plac$ out ( ! rea* ( savage animals4 ,!y d n appe> capable ( express+ _! ?\ghts 9 s5t5ces1 b make use ( exclamatory grunts1 :i* s]ve ! purposes ( spee* q suffici5tly = _! limit$ requirem5ts2 & _! g5]al appe>ance approa*es to a rem>kable ext5t t ( ! high] apes1 9 t !y are almo/ completely cov]$ ) hair1 possess a dirty br[n sk91 %ort legs1 long arms1 & full abdom5s1 c pick up /ones1 /icks1 etc41 ) _! toes z well z _! f+]s1 & %[ few if any signs ( intellectual p[]s4 ,let any "o visit ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 9 ,london1 & c>efully obs]ve ! apes exhibit$ !re1 & !n say :e!r !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 "s ( !m & ! human be+s :o answ] to ! above description4 ,"o ne$ b visit ! travell+ m5ag]ie ( ,messrs4 ,edmunds1 & view _! 8miss+ l9k10 an excell5t sample ( ! *impanzee troglodyte1 to see t ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! l[] animals is "o only ( degree1 q z mu* z reg>ds intellect z bodily =m4 ,i once saw exhibit$ 9 ! ,j>d9 d',acclimatation1 9 ,p>is1 a lot ( ,patagonian or ,fuegan 7,i =get :i*7 natives1 :o 7 v little sup]ior intellectually to ! *impanzee4 ,!y 7 />k nak$1 9 a wret*$ly dirty condition1 & appe>$ q incapable ( any?+ l su/a9$ m5tal ef=t4 ,b ^! are by no means ! l[e/ among ! human species4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i ne$ only re-/ate my op9ion t all s-call$ liv+ ?+s are b products ( ! developm5t ( protoplasm1 :e!r belong+ to ! animal or vegetable k+doms2 t ?is protoplasm possesses ! prop]ty ( vitality1 or ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ /imuli ( v>i\s k9ds & respond+ to !m by def9ite movem5ts2 t ! ph5om5a ( m9d are b functional manife/ations ( ?is protoplasmic developm5t2 & t ! highe/ intellectual product ( ! human m9d exi/s & has exi/$ f et]nity 9 a /ate ( lat5t pot5tiality 9 e atom ( protoplasm1 z well z 9 e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,special ,,s5ses4 ,accord+ to ! n[ almo/ univ]sally 7t is1 among educat$ sci5tific p7 accept$ !ory ( ,evolution1 ea* liv+ be+ ^u ?is e>? is a result ( a v sl[ process ( developm5t1 :i* comm5c$ ) a l[ =m ( life _m millions ( ye>s ago1 & has s9ce be5 op]at+ cont9u\sly1 becom+ m & m complex1 & imp]ceptibly atta9+ great] p]fection z ea* fre% /age 0 accompli%$4 ,f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 f inorganic to organic1 f ,amba to man1 ! evolution>y developm5t has sl[ly1 /eadily1 & surely advanc$ /ep by /ep1 9 ob$i5ce to c]ta9 well-def9$ laws4 ,yet x is impossible to disc]n 9 ?is sl[ process ( evolution any well-m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 "o p>ticul> species & ! next ( k91 al?\gh ! diff]5ce becomes cle>ly app>5t if we take two species sep>at$ f ea* o!r by consid]able "t2 j z x is impossible to detect any alt]ation 9 =m & feature betwe5 a *ild ( six days old & ! same *ild ( sev5 days old1 :ile ! *ange is v evid5t aft] ! lapse ( sev]al weeks or mon?s4 ,if we 7 to photograph a human be+ regul>ly ea* day f ! mom5t ( its bir? to ! "t ( its decease at ! age ( eighty1 we %\ld be unable to detect any real diff]5ce betwe5 ! portraits on any two consecutive days2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ild ( a week old & ! "y man ( tw5ty ye>s w\ld be enorm\s1 z w\ld be t betwe5 ! full-gr[n y\? & ! tott]+ old man4 ,z ! human individual 9 its e>lie/ condition ( exi/5ce is n possess$ ( ! same faculties z x aft]w>ds enjoys z a m p]fect developm5t1 s1 9 l mann]1 ! species 9 its primal condition 0 want+ 9 ! l(ti] qualities n[ possess$ by ! high] animals1 su* z consci\sness1 sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\*1 all ( :i* h be5 gradually evolv$ z ! v>i\s life-=ms develop$ f l[] & m simple to high] & m complex k9d4 ,= in/ance1 at a v e>ly p]iod ( man's individual exi/5ce he possess$ no bra91 eyes1 e>s1 m\?1 or nose1 &1 !re=e1 0 q incapable ( m5tat+1 see+1 he>+1 ta/+1 or smell+2 b1 z ! organism v gradually develop$ into a high] & m complex k9d1 ^! v>i\s organs manife/$ !mselves1 & sl[ly arriv$ at su* p]fection z we f9d 9 ! human infant at bir?4 ,precisely s 0 x ) ! race4 ,! l[ly ,mon]on 0 ( homog5e\s /ructure1 possess+ nei!r p>ts nor k9d1 b gradually diff]5tiat+ into nucleus & cell2 its desc5dants1 ! ,ga/rada1 becom+ possess$1 by a process ( invag9ation1 ( an ext]nal lay] ( nucleat$ cells & an int]nal & m delicate lay]1 ?us =m+ a holl[ organism1 or ,ga/rula4 ,?is ext]nal cellul> integum5t 0 ! orig9al s5se-organ ( ! animal k+dom1 f :i* develop$ ! organs ( special s5se4 ,?\gh )\t n]ve & special s5se-organs1 yet ^! little holl[ ,ga/rada1 &1 9 fact1 _! ance/ors1 ! ,amb1 :i* consi/$ ( simple protoplasmic cells1 ea* enclos+ a nucleus1 7 possess$ ) s5sory p]ception1 be+ influ5c$ by light1 & by v>iations ( pressure & temp]ature4 ,z ! evolution>y process cont9u$1 & ! animal k+dom assum$ high] =ms1 ! orig9al epid]mal g5]al s5se-organ became conv]t$ into sev]al special organs ( s5se1 ea* specialisation comm5c+ ) a simple depression ^u ! integum5t ( ! organism2 num]\s little epid]mal n]ves ( p]ception 7 =m$1 :i* c\ld p]ceive *anges ( pressure & ( temp]ature1 & "s ( :i* gradually became enabl$ to und]/& p>ticul> influ5ces affect+ !m1 su* z ^? produc$ by a /rong od\r1 light-waves1 & s\nd-waves4 ,by adaptation1 ! extremities ( ^! s5se-n]ves became exp&$ & enl>g$1 s z to enable !m ! bett] to und]/& ! p>ticul> influ5ces2 & ?is expansion 0 accompani$ by a correspond+ depression on ! integum5t1 :i* cup-l =mation aft]w>ds became conv]t$ into an eye1 or o!r organ ( special s5se1 v imp]fect 9 ! inv]tebrate =ms ( life1 imp]fect 9 ! fi%1 m p]fect 9 ! amphibian1 & /ill m p]fect 9 ! mammal =ms1 su* z apes & m54 ,9 %ort1 ! life-hi/ory ( ! individual is an exact c\nt]p>t 9 m9iature ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! species up to ! p>ticul> po9t rea*$ by ! p>ticul> individual4 ,! ord] & mode ( developm5t is precisely ! same 9 all animal organisms1 & may be conv5i5tly /udi$ by plac+ a h5's egg 9 an incubat+ ma*9e1 & c>efully wat*+ x = ! space ( ?ree weeks4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! eye1 e>1 nose1 & m\? are n pres5t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! process1 b make _! appe>ance lat] on1 ab\t ! ?ird or f\r? day ( incubation1 z t9y depressions on ! integum5t1 f :i* condition !y gradually develop into p]fect organs ( special s5se1 z possess$ by ! full-gr[n *ick52 ! eyes1 :i* receive ! impressions caus$ by light-waves2 ! e>s1 :i* receive ^? made by s\nd-waves2 ! nose1 by :i* od\rs are disc]n$2 ! m\?1 :i* holds ! ta/e-organ2 & ! sk91 :i* rema9s ! organ ( t\* & p]ception ( temp]ature4 ,n[1 :5 we consid] = a mom5t ^! wond]ful ph5om5a1 we _c help be+ /ruck by ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* ! animal k+dom has be5 sl[ly & /eadily progress+ t[>ds p]fection1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s physical difficulties enc\nt]$2 & we _c help com+ to ! conclusion t1 inasmu* z !re 0 once a "t :5 no animal exi/$ hav+ eyes1 e>s1 nose1 or m\?1 &1 /ill lat]1 a p]iod :5 ^! special s5se-organs exi/$ 9 a v imp]fect condition1 x is highly probable t 9 ! future ages man1 :o n[ possesses special s5ses ( a high ord]1 w acquire ev5 /ill m highly-develop$ faculties4 ,9 congratulat+ ourselves ^u ! advance made by our own p>ticul> species ov] o!r memb]s ( ! animal k+dom1 we mu/ nev] =get t1 al?\gh we c m5tate1 see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e1 & feel1 :ile myriads ( our l[ly bre?r5 c d none ( ^!1 we yet are incapable ( solv+ ! mighty problems ( ! univ]se ) any or all ( ^! organs )\t artificial aid4 ,no man on e>? has ev] yet be5 able to solve ! mighty problem ( exi/5ce1 9 spite ( 8 great intellectual p[]s4 ,no man has ev] yet be5 able to see a million? "p ( ! wond]s 9 ! heav5s above1 or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 ) 8 own unaid$ eye2 b ) ! telescope & microscope new worlds h be5 op5$ out to him4 ,we are z yet1 und\bt$ly1 9 b a transitory condition1 ! victims ( an imp]fect organisation1 subject to a p>tially-develop$ bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 & to five imp]fect special s5ses4 ,we mu/ accept ! situation philosophically1 & )\t grumbl+1 & d our be/ to make good use ( ! s5ses we h1 & leave ! solution ( problems we are unable to solve to future races ( m51 :o w be possess$ ( bett] mat]ials ) :i* to op]ate4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,supreme ,,_s ,,9 ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,creation ,,became ,,by ,,voga1 ,,two-,,fold1 ,,! ,,"r ,,side ,,0 ,,male1 ,,! ,,left ,,0 ,,prakriti40 7,brahma ,vaiv>tta ,puranu47 ,,brahm ,,! ,,h9du ,,&rogyn\s ,,creator ,copi$ f ,inman's 8,anci5t ,fai?s04 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis1 ,,horus ,,& ,,fi% ,f a photograph ( a small bronze image 9 ! ,mayor collection ( ,br[ne's ,museum1 ,liv]pool4 ,copi$ f ,d7r7 ,inman's 8,anci5t ,fai?s04 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,v$ic ,,virg91 ,,indranee1 ,,wife-,,"m ,,( ,,savi\r-,,god1 ,,indra4 ,f ,hislop's 8,two ,babylons04 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h9du ,,god ,,vi%nu1 ,,nurs$ ,,by ,,8 ,,virg9 ,,wife-,,"m1 ,,lak%mi4 ,f ,moore's 8,h9du ,pan!on04 ,illu/ration3 ,,devaki ,,& ,,*ri/na ,f ,moore's 8,h9du ,pan!on04 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h9du ,,god ,,siva1 ,,nurs$ ,,by ,,8 ,,virg9 ,,wife-,,"m1 ,,p>vati4 ,copi$ f /atuette 9 ,liv]pool museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am5-,,ra 7,aft] ,drummond47 ,illu/ration3 ,,crux ,,ansata ,f\nd m>k$ on ! brea/ ( an ,egyptian mummy 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college ,museum1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,assyrian ,,virg9 ,,i%t> ,f ,rawl9son's 8,anci5t ,mon>*ies04 ,illu/ration3 ,,crucifixion ,,( ,,*ri/na ,f old ,h9du engrav+4 ,aft] ,higg9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,,at ,,idalium ,,9 ,,cyprus ,aft] ,rawl9son 78,h]odotus07 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis ,,& ,,horus ,,! ,,egyptian ,,virg9 ,,& ,,savi\r-,,god ,f ,rawl9son's 8,h]odotus04 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,idea4 8,kn[+ 8 adopt$ l& well1 ! ,ea/]n does n require recondite volumes to expla9 #8,dionysiak my?s' or #8sol> !ories1' z ! old fai?s are n[ call$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,he sees ^! p]vad+ ! tales & epiks ( ,ea/ & ,we/ alike1 j z ,yahvism or ,yahu-ism p]vades ! ,scriptures ( ,jews or ,yahus--t ev]-famili> & expressive fai?-t]m by :i* alone ,asia kn[s ! #8,yahudean' race40 ,:ile fully admitt+ ! true "* ( ! old fai? z "h express$1 yet1 ) all due def]5ce to "o ( su* ackn[l$g$ repute 9 ! lit]>y _w z ,major-,g5]al ,=long1 ^: spl5did "w1 entitl$ 8,riv]s ( ,fai?0 7,preface1 p4 xxi47 conta9s ! above p>agraph1 x may be fairly urg$ t ! educat$ few only1 bo? among ,ea/]ns & ,we/]ns1 h hi!rto be5 capable ( disc]n+ ! ve9 ( sol> my? :i* p]vades all sy/ems ( religion2 :ile ! va/ multitude ( ignorant & cr$ul\s p ev5 yet p]ceive1 or ?9k !y p]ceive1 ! ,div9e h&iwork 9 ! p>ticul> sacr$ oracle to :i* !y firmly p9 _! fai?4 ,! ,h9du supreme deity is kn[n z ,brahm1 ! ,p]sian z ,ormuzd1 ! ,mohamm$an z ,allah1 & ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian z ,el1 ,elohim1 ,yah\h 7or ,jehovah71 ,god1 etc4 ,probably few among ! _m millions :o wor%ip ^! v>i\s deities "k mu* or any?+ ab\t _! orig91 innoc5tly imag9+ t ! ,deity !y b[ allegiance to once manife/$ itself to "s *os5 individual1 to :om x gave a revelation1 ! facts ( :i* 7 h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,!y little dream ( ! va/ cycles ( "t t h roll$ pa/ s9ce ! bra9 ( man atta9$ su* a /ate ( p]fection z to enable x to evolve ! idea ( ,deity4 ,x is utt]ly impossible = ! human m9d to grasp ! enorm\s int]val ( "t t has elaps$ s9ce primeval man em]g$ f ! condition ( unreason+ exi/5ce to ent] ^u ! bright dawn ( intellectual activity1 :i* has develop$ into su* mighty proportions z we behold to-day4 ,let u c>ry ! m9d back f> beyond ! ,d>k ,ages1 ?r\gh ! classic era1 z f> ev5 z ! v comm5cem5t ( ,egyptian hi/ory2 & ev5 !n we f9d ourselves b little ne>] t remote p]iod 9 :i* ! fir/ sp>k ( intellig5ce made its debt ^u ! plat=m ( life4 ,9 imag9ation we may g /ill fur!r back1 & view ! wond]s ( t anci5t ,asian civilisation :i* prec$$ t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,greeks1 & :i* 0 probably d]iv$ v gradually f ! e>lie/ social conceptions ( ! ,caucasian bran* ( ! ,polynesian primitive man4 ,/ill we are ages away f ! p]iod we desire to arrive at2 & ev5 7 we able to trace ! human family back to t remote "t :5 man c\ld n be said to p>take m ( ! "* ( ! human ?an ! ape species1 /ill we %\ld ev5 !n be unable to po9t to ! precise mom5t :5 intellect %$ its glori\s rays ^u ! race1 mak+ bright1 cle>1 & beautiful :at be=e 0 d>k1 mi/y1 & unmean+4 ,! anci5t ,prosimi gradually became ,cat>rh9e apes1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 z sl[ly assum$ ! *>act]s ( ! ,an?ropoid1 & aft]w>ds ( ape-l m52 b ! "t requir$ = ?is imp]ceptibly gradual process ( evolution 0 probably _m hundr$ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod1 or p]haps ev5 at a prior "t ! fir/ intellectual sp>k became manife/3 h[1 :51 or = :at ultimate purpose x is app>5tly beyond our p[] to devise4 ,h[ soon aft] ! dawn ( intellect ! conception ( ,deity 0 evolv$ 9 ! human bra9 x is equally impossible to say2 b ! probability is t ! date 0 a v e>ly "o1 = x seems highly probable t su* a conception w\ld be among ! v fir/ ef=ts ( ! m9d1 ! mat]ials necess>y = ! /imulation ( su* an ef=t be+ at h& at any mom5t4 ,we c imag9e our e>ly fa!rs grop+ 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance1 ) m5tal p[]s on a p> ) ^? ( ! awak5+ m9ds ( our own *ildr51 see+ bogies 9 e natural ph5om5on1 & trembl+ly gl[]+ at ! spectra ( _! own imag9ations4 ,hav+ no exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ or k ( ! future1 !y w\ld inde$ be 9 a mo/ helpless condition1 rely+ entirely ^u ! in/9ctive capabilities !y _h inh]it$ f _! ance/ors4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 _! v>i\s faculties w\ld be fur!r awak5$ by impressions receiv$ f ext]nal objects2 _! wants w\ld be multipli$ 9 proportion to _! intellectual developm5t1 caus+ !m to manife/ a desire = indu/ry2 & _! self-consci\sness w\ld ar\se )9 !m a feel+ ( dignity & importance to :i* !y _h hi!rto be5 /rang]s4 ,?us gradually w\ld ! race ca/ (f its animal & put on its human clo!s4 ,! old plan ( h&-to-m\? exi/5ce w\ld be aboli%$ by ! newly-develop$ reason ( man2 ! innum]able dang]s :i* confront$ him w\ld und\bt$ly /imulate him to approa* 8 fell[s ) ! object ( e/abli%+ mutual aid & ( co-op]at+ = _! common welf>e2 & a feel+ ( confid5t sup]iority ov] o!rs ( ! animal k+dom w\ld become app>5t among !m4 ,n only w\ld man's att5tion be arre/$ by ! imp5d+ dang]s ( ea* day1 ! necessity ( procur+ su/5ance = himself & family1 & ! obvi\s advantages accru+ f co-op]ation1 b also by ! con/antly-recurr+ natural ph5om5a1 su* z ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 moon & />s1 ! nev]-end+ succession ( day & night1 etc41 z well z by ! no less wond]ful1 & c]ta9ly m awful1 occasional natural occurr5ces1 su* z lightn+1 ?und]1 & e>?quake4 ,he w\ld be z mu* /ruck ) wond] & amazem5t at ! "o set ( ph5om5a z ) awe at ! o!r4 ,! return+ sun-light w\ld ea* morn+ produce joy 9 8 he>t equally z mu* z ! inevitable recurr5ce ea* night ( d>kness w\ld produce a feel+ ( sadness1 dread1 & despair4 ,we c easily imag9e ! long h\rs ( horror our fir/ fa!rs mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ea* night among ! yells & h[ls ( ! savage mon/]s by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$1 & h[ !y anxi\sly look$ =w>d to ! return ( t glori\s orb :i* w\ld br+ back to !m daylight1 sun%9e1 w>m?1 & happ9ess4 ,:at a boon x mu/ h be5 to !m6 ,c we wond] t !y %\ld h reg>d$ ! sun ) p>ticul> affection8 ,x w\ld h be5 rem>kable1 inde$1 _h !y n done s2 & x is m ?an probable t ?is daily re-appe>ance ( ! sun on ! ea/]n horizon 0 actually :at prompt$ ! fir/ conception ( deity4 ,! v olde/ my?ology ) :i* we are acqua9t$ appe>s /rongly to be> out ?is !ory1 &1 inde$1 9 e o!r my?ological sy/em we f9d ! re-appe>+ sun to be "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( devotion & affection4 ,if we turn our gaze to t "p ( ,asia1 along ! banks ( ! ,oxus1 ov] :i* our ,aryan ance/ors w&]$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! "t ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptian dyna/y1 we f9d !re a clue to ! orig9 ( ! orig9al conception ( deity4 ,among ^! e>ly p 7 compos$ ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* are probably ! e>lie/ records ( any race1 & 9 :i* we f9d p]sonifi$ ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s & e>?1 ! /orm1 ! w9d1 ! ra91 ! />s1 etc4 ,! e>? is repres5t$ z a flat1 indef9ite surface1 exi/+ passively1 & =m+ ! f\ndation ( ! :ole univ]se2 :ile above x ! lum9\s vault ( heav5 =ms a dwell+ place = ! f]tile & life-giv+ light & a cov]+ = ! e>? bel[4 ,to ! e>? ! ,aryans gave ! "n ( ,prihovi1 8! wide expanse20 ! vault ( heav5 !y call$ ,v>una1 8! vault20 :ile ! light betwe5 ! two1 9 ! cl\d region1 !y nam$ ,dyaus1 8! lum9\s air10 8! dawn40 ,v>una & ,prihovi1 9 space1 toge!r begat ,agni1 ! fire-god1 ! sun 9 heav5 & life-giv] ( ! univ]se2 & ,soma1 ! ambrosial deity ( e>?1 god ( immortality1 f]tilis] ( ! wat]s1 n\ri%] ( plants1 & quick5] ( ! sem5 ( m5 & animals4 ,9 ^! hymns frequ5t m5tion is made ( ! joy exp]i5c$ at ! return ( dawn1 & ( ! sadd5+ effect produc$ ^u ! m9d by ! ev]-recurr+ twilight :i* u%]$ 9 ! d>k & dre>y night4 ,we meet ) incantations expressive ( ! wilde/ excitem5t at ! welcome appe>ance ( ! dawn-god1 ,dyaus1 :i* h]ald$ ! approa* ( ! sun-god1 ,agni1 :o is l$ up to ! summit ( 8 asc5sion1 or bosom ( ,v>una1 by ! conqu]+ god ( battle1 ,indra1 ! defeat] ( ! evil p[]s ( d>kness2 & we f9d ! mo/ pa!tical appeals bo? to ,agni & ,indra to rema9 long] ov] ! e>?1 & co-op]ate ) ,soma 9 repl5i%+ nature1 in/ead ( s9k+ into ! twilight1 or %ades ( ev5+1 to be sla9 by ,vritra1 8! cov]]10 & torm5t$ 9 ! d>kness ( night by ,ahi1 ! dragon1 & o!r cruel mon/]s4 ,?is is precisely ! drama we %\ld expect to f9d depict$ 9 ! e>lie/ writ+s ( man2 is ! root ( all future religi\s ideas2 & is /ill to be f\nd p]vad+ almo/ e mod]n religi\s fai?4 ,x is a beautiful repres5tation ( ! e>lie/ ye>n+s & fe>s ( our =efa!rs2 &1 ?\gh ! picture is n[ & !n almo/ effac$ by num]\s subsequ5t additions ( my?ological lore1 yet ! orig9al conception rema9s indelibly depict$ 9 ! religions ( ! pres5t day1 furni%+ u ) ! key to ! /udy ( comp>ative my?ology4 ,x w be necess>y1 9 ord] to comp>e1 ) any degree ( accuracy1 ! my?ological sy/ems :i* subsequ5tly develop$ f ?is primitive conception ( a rul+ p[]1 to glance at ! mode ( di/ribution ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! e>lie/ human family2 & 9 do+ s we mu/ ev] keep 9 m9d ! m ?an probable fact t t portion ( ! e>?'s surface :i* is n[ cov]$ by ! ,indian ,ocean once =m$ a l>ge equatorial cont95t1 unit+ ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa ) ,arabia1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,in/ead ( ! riv]s ,tigris & ,euphrates empty+ _! wat]s into ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ! ,indus into ! ,arabian ,sea1 x is highly probable t ^! riv]s unit$ to =m "o l>ge e/u>y1 :i* empti$ itself into ! ocean on ! s\? ( ! n[ subm]g$ cont95t ( ,lemuria4 ,x is equally probable t ! l>ge riv]s1 ,ganges & ,brahmapootra1 likewise f\nd an outlet s\? ( a l9e drawn f ,po9t de ,gall to ,s+apore4 ,on ?is subm]g$ cont95t1 & on ! %ores ( ^! long-lo/ /reams1 x is suppos$ man evolv$ f ! an?ropoid apes1 9 ! e>ly ,pleioc5e1 or p]haps ev5 9 ! lat] ,meioc5e1 geological p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! transition /age 9 ! p$igree ( man betwe5 ! ,an?ropoid & true m5--t is to say1 betwe5 man-l ,cat>rh9e apes & be+s possess+ a l>g] proportion ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! human ?an ( ! ape species--is kn[n to ,an?ropologi/s by ! "n ( ,alali1 or ape-l m54 ,^! wild & ill-=m$ savages w&]$ ab\t 9 b&s along ! banks ( ^! mon/] riv]s1 pass+ _! "t 9 hunt+ _! less =tunate bre?r5 ( ! animal k9d4 ,9 c\rse ( "t !y multipli$ & spread ov] ! entire cont95t1 kill+ all su* mon/]s z int]f]$ ) _! safety or com=t1 & gradually divid+ & sub-divid+ into families & races1 ea* acquir+1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! two laws ( selection & adaptation1 peculi>ities & *>act]i/ics n common to ! rema9d]4 ,"o bran* w&]$ away to ! we/ & s\?1 becom+ ! prog5itors ( ! ,s\? ,african races2 ano!r f\nd its way to ! ea/ & s\?1 to p ,au/ralasia2 :ile a ?ird /ruck out t[>ds ! nor?1 ov]runn+ ,malaya1 ,burmah1 & ,s\!rn ,india4 ,?is la/ bran*1 :i* we t]m ! ,malay1 or ,polynesian1 subdivid$ into two di/9ct families--! ,mongolian1 or ,turanian1 ! prog5itors ( ! anci5t ,*9ese1 ,ural ,turks1 ,akkadians1 & ,f9ns2 & ! ,caucasian1 or ,iranian1 ! fir/ human inhabitants ( ,s\?-,we/]n ,asia4 ,( ^! ,iranians "o /ream1 x is suppos$1 f\nd its way to ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & became1 9 c\rse ( "t1 a di/9ct & p[]ful ,egyptian race2 ano!r1 ! ,semitic1 foll[$ ! direction ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & settl$ 9 ,arabia & along ! banks ( ! ,euphrates2 :ile a ?ird1 :i* we call ! ,aryan or ,indo-,g]manic1 cov]$ ,india1 ,afghani/an1 & ,nor!rn ,p]sia1 gradually ext5d+ along ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,black ,sea into ,europe4 ,n[1 z already /at$1 ! e>lie/ kn[n records ( any race are ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 compos$ among ! ,aryans ( ,nor!rn ,p]sia1 probably f e>li] traditions h&$ d[n to !m f ! old] ,iranian /ock1 or ev5 f ! /ill e>li] ,polynesians2 & x is rem>kable t 9 all anci5t my?ological records1 z well z on monum5tal inscriptions1 ! same ve9 ( sol> my? z is f\nd 9 ! ,rig-,v$a is cle>ly traceable b5ea? ! accumulat$ my?ological lore ( future ages4 ,! ma9 idea 9 all my?ologies seems to h be5 t ( a savi\r-deity conqu]+ ! evil g5ius ( night1 or w9t]1 & br++ back ! day1 or summ]1 to repl5i% ! e>?4 ,z already /at$1 ,indra 0 to ! ,aryans ( ! e>ly ,v$ic p]iod ! savi\r-god :o1 ) 8 companions1 ,vi%nu & ,rudra1 leads =? ,agni1 ! god ( cele/ial & t]re/rial fire1 to ! bosom ( ,v>una1 :]e 8 influ5ce op]ates ^u ,soma1 ! f]tiliz] ( e>?4 ,a conqu]or f e>ly morn to mid-day1 ,indra's p[] gr[s weak] z ! ev5+ approa*es1 until at la/ ! twilight yields him up to ,vritra1 :o slays him1 aft] :i* he is torm5t$ by ,ahi1 ! dragon1 = ! rema9d] ( ! night4 ,?is drama 0 probably d]iv$ f ! orig9al ,iranian /ock1 & z probably und]w5t consid]able modification be=e be+ f9ally committ$ to writ+ z a cultus by ! ,aryans2 &1 !re=e1 we %\ld expect to f9d "s resemblance betwe5 ! ,aryan1 ,semitic1 & ,egyptian my?ological sy/ems4 ,?is is precisely :at we d f9d on c>efully comp>+ ^! ?ree olde/ ( all kn[n my?ologies1 ?\gh1 z w be se5 fur!r on1 ea* accumulates su* a va/ quantity ( fre% my?ological matt] t ! orig9al conception is consid]ably obscur$1 & 9 ea* ! orig9al deities become 9 c\rse ( "t s mix$ up ) "o ano!r t x is almo/ impossible to sep>ate _! individual *>act]i/ics4 ,al?\gh ,agni 0 said to h be5 begott5 by ! conjunction 9 ! air ( ,v>una & ,prihovi 7,pri?ivi71 all ! pr9cipal gods1 or ,devas1 orig9ally conceiv$ z ! ph5om5a & p[] ( heav51 7 call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,dyaus & ,prihovi1 ,agni & ,indra be+ consid]$ ! two *ief ( ! twelve ,devas4 ,dyaus1 ,prihovi1 & _! prog5y aft]w>ds became end[$ ) moral qualities1 & 7 look$ ^u z creators & gov]nors ( ! _w2 & z "t wore on ! orig9al ,v$ic deities gradually gave place to purely sol> deities3 ! sun 0 call$ ,surya1 & diff]$ f ,agni1 :o 0 god ( t]re/rial & cele/ial fire--sun1 lightn+1 & alt> fire 9 "o1 ! s\l ( univ]se1 & m$iator betwe5 ! gods & m52 ,surya 0 also ,savitri1 ! quick5]1 :o 9 ! e>ly morn r\ses ! sleep]s1 & 9 ! ev5+ twilight buries !m aga9 9 sleep2 he is also ,vi%nu1 ! companion ( ,indra1 :o trav]ses ! cele/ial space 9 ?ree long /rides2 he is ,pu%an1 ! n\ri%] & fai?ful guide ( m5 & animals2 & he is ,yama1 :o trav]ses ! /eep road to dea? & ! %ades4 ,?us ! gods multipli$--! orig9al supreme deity1 ,v>una1 :o 0 "o ) ,indra1 ?\gh diff]5t f him1 giv+ place to a multitude ( sol> deities1 *ildr5 ( ,dyaus1 ! great dawn-god or day-fa!r4 ,z ! old ,v$ic language became lo/ to ! p !re arose a cu/om ( sett+ ap>t c]ta9 individuals to fai?fully pres]ve ! old & sacr$ records1 & ?us arose ! prie/ly ca/e ( ,brahmans1 ^: duties consi/$ 9 transcrib+ ! sacr$ hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a & pres]v+ ! k ( ! sacr$ language 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ writt54 ,! great day-fa!r1 ,dyaus1 n[ receiv$ ! "n ( ,brahma1 ! magic p[]1 & ,prajapeti1 ! "l ( creatures1 & 0 end[$ ) ?ree div9e en]gies--,agni 7fire71 ,vayu 7air71 & ,surya 7! sun71 :i* toge!r =m$ a subord9ate triad4 ,soma became associat$ ) ! moon2 ,asura became ! demon ( hell1 :i* 0 peopl$ ) torm5t+ mon/]s2 ,indra & ,vi%nu became bl5d$ ) ,surya2 & ,rudra 0 conv]t$ into ,siva & id5tifi$ ) ,agni4 ,z ,brahmanism progress$ ! pr9cipal wor%ip on ! %ores ( ! ,ganges gradually c5tr$ r\nd ,vi%nu1 :o 0 suppos$ to und]go p]iodically a numb] ( ,avat>as1 or inc>nations1 by means ( :i* he rescu$ fall5 man f ! fate await+ him4 ,^! desc5ts to ! l[] _w 7 v frequ5t1 & appe> to h _h "s connection ) ! zodiacal con/ellations2 = we f9d ! inc>nation at "o "t tak+ place z a man1 at ano!r z a fi%1 at ano!r z a lion1 & s on4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,avat>as 0 probably ! inc>nation ( ,kri%na1 ! ,indian ,h]cules1 :o 0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$ic writ+s z 8,kri%na1 ! son ( ,devaki10 & 9 ^: hon\r fe/ivals 7 kept1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 simil> to ^? connect$ ) ! cultus ( ,bac*us4 ,mega/h5es f\nd ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na prevail+ along ! %ores ( ! ,ganges at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era1 & describ$ x z ! wor%ip ( ,h]cules4 ,?is inc>nate (fspr+ ( ! anci5t sun-god1 ,vi%nu1 0 said to h be5 born at ,ma?ura1 a place situat$ betwe5 ,delhi & ,agra1 & to h act$ ! "p ( a savi\r ( ! _w & a m$iator betwe5 ! gods & m54 ,soon aft] 8 bir? 8 life 0 s\ght by ! reign+ tyrant1 ,kamsa1 :o fe>$ = ! safety ( 8 ?rone1 :i* necessitat$ ! removal ( ,kri%na to a place ( safety4 ,arriv+ at manhood1 ?is "y div9ity slew ! s]p5t ,kaliya1 & sport$ ) ! ,gops1 or female c[h]ds1 among :om he _h be5 br\ght up4 ,he 0 fond ( w9e1 ,bac*analian revels1 & s5sualities1 ?\gh consid]$ to be immaculately holy1 & resign$ to 8 fate1 :i* 0 to suff] dea? 9 ord] to relieve ! e>? ( ! burd5 ( a pr\d race4 ,= ?is purpose he 0 inc>nat$ 9 ! womb ( 8 "m1 ,devaki1 & = ?is purpose he liv$ & di$4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s regions away f ! ,ganges ! cultus ( ,siva 0 ! m preval5t1 ,vi%nu be+ consid]$ ( second>y importance2 b1 z sects gradually 7 =m$ out ( ! anci5t religion1 "o p>ty pref]r+ ?is deity & ano!r t1 an attempt 0 made1 :i* ev5tually prov$ successful1 to re-unite ! v>i\s religi\s p>ties & re-in/ate ! pr9cipal gods 9 _! orig9al places4 ,! anci5t or?odoxy 0 br\ght into sympa?y ) ! new religion 9 a v curi\s mann]1 by mak+ ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva a tr9ity ( ess5ces or attributes ( ! supreme ,brahm1 ea* a supreme god 9 itself1 & ea* equal ) ! o!rs 9 importance2 ,brahma be+ specially ! creator1 ,vi%nu ! r$eem] or pres]v]1 & ,siva ! de/roy]4 ,at times ,kri%na 0 add$ to ! new tr9ity z a f\r? figure2 b ?is 0 an innovation :i* f\nd little fav\r1 inasmu* z ,vi%nu & ,kri%na 7 ! same god1 ! "o b ! inc>nation ( ! o!r4 ,?us ! old idea ( ,prajapeti1 or ,brahma1 ) ! ?ree div9e en]gies--,agni 7fire71 ,vayu 7air71 & ,surya 7! sun7--7 reviv$ 9 a mann] z a new tr9ity ( ess5ces ( ! supreme deity1 "u o!r names2 & ! arrangem5t ?us conclud$ has cont9u$ 9 use to ?is day ) ! or?odox ,h9dus4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t1 despite ! accumulation ( fre% my?s1 :i* grew l>g] z "t wore on1 ! orig9al conception ( ! con/ant necessity = a div9e savi\r 0 nev] lo/1 & t1 z ! approa* ( night 9 ! ,v$ic sy/em 0 foll[$ by ! torm5ts ( ! %ades1 & ! p[]s ( d>kness 7 de/roy$ by ! re-appe>ance ( ! dawn-god1 s also ! approa*+ ext9ction ( ! p "u a wick$ tyrant 0 foll[$ by ! mis]y :i* prec$$ ! appe>ance ( ! savi\r-god1 ,kri%na4 ,9 fact1 e my? t occurs 9 ! religions ( ,india is built out ( ?is orig9al idea ( ! p[]s ( light be+ ov]come by ! p[]s ( d>kness & f9ally rescu$ by a r$eem+ god4 ,9 lat] times1 z ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy became m popul> & bett] und]/ood1 n only 0 ! daily app>5t c\rse ( ! sun ! s\rce f :i* my?s 7 fabricat$1 b 8 annual app>5t m>* ?r\gh ! zodiacal signs 0 also drawn ^u = ! creation ( m impos+ & elaborate dramas2 & 9 ?is mann] 7 produc$ ! fables conta9+ allusions to ! two crucifixions1 or passage ( ! sun across ! equator at ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes1 & ! rites ( baptism :5 ! sun 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! sign ,aqu>ius1 & fa/+ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! sun's transit ?r\gh ,pisces1 etc4 ,! religion ( ,boodhism is an (f%oot ( ! ,brahman sy/em1 hav+ orig9at$ 9 ! s-call$ inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ,gautama ,boodha1 ^: p[]ful p]sonality has left an indelible impress ^u ! religion4 ,?is rem>kable man liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! six? c5tury2 b ! real hi/ory ( ,boodhism does n comm5ce until ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era4 ,! doctr9es taught by ?is great re=m] 7 bro!rly love1 self-sacrifice1 & an et]nal ,nirvana z ! consummation ( all bliss4 ,! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( ! s\l 0 /ill ma9ta9$2 b a /ate ( ,nirvana1 or absolute non-exi/5ce1 0 decl>$ to be ! deliv]ance f ! endless succession ( re-bir?s = ^? :o1 by _! purity ( life & he>t1 m]it su* a blissful end4 ,admitt+ t m5 7 born 9 diff]5t ca/es1 det]m9$ by _! good or evil de$s 9 a prior exi/5ce1 ,boodha yet decl>$ t all might atta9 ! highe/ salvation1 & t none1 n ev5 ^? ( ! highe/ ca/e & mo/ sacr$ (fices1 c\ld d ?is )\t hav+ reg>d to ! well-be+ ( all 8 fell[ creatures4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,v$as 0 reject$ by ! ,boodhi/s1 z also ! :ole dogmatic sy/em ( ! ,brahmans2 & 9 _! place 0 sub/itut$ a high] moral tea*+1 a m equitable relation%ip ( m51 & a wide-spread+ sy/em ( communism4 ,?is re=mation ( anci5t dogmatic fai? 0 n de/9$ to la/ long uncorrupt$1 = ! mona/]ies e/abli%$ by ! ,boodhi/s = ! purpose ( af=d+ an asylum to ! poor & de/itute soon became infe/$ ) religi\s fanatics--,ja9as1 z !y 7 call$1 "s ( :om w5t nak$1 :ile o!rs rob$ !mselves 9 :ite l954 ,^! ascetic monks look$ =w>d to ,nirvana z _! f9al goal1 practis$ ! mo/ sev]e au/]ities1 receiv$ confession1 adm9i/]$ prie/ly absolution1 & kept regul> fea/ & fa/ days2 b !y disc\nt5anc$ ! gr[+ cu/om ( wor%ipp+ relics :i* 0 f9d+ fav\r ) o!r ,boodhi/ sects4 ,?us gradually ! primitive ,aryan conception ( a rul+ p[] develop$ into a huge sy/em ( dogmatism1 mona*ism1 & ritual 9 ! c\ntries s\? & ea/ ( ! ,indus1 z f> ev5 z ! conf9es ( ! c\ntry ( ! great ,mongol race1 ^: religion is z yet b little kn[n to u1 al?\gh x be>s /rong m>ks ( hav+ be5 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z t f :i* came ! ,v$ic sy/em4 ,hav+ glanc$ some:at cursorily at ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,ea/]n ,aryan peoples1 we w n[ turn to ! ,we/]n ,aryans1 & obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* ! old ,v$ic my? 0 p]petuat$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 leav+ ! ,c5tral ,aryans1 or t bran* :i* rema9$ 9 & ar\nd ,p]sia & ,we/]n ,afghani/an1 = subsequ5t consid]ation2 =1 9 ?is c5tral di/rict1 ! ,mongol ,akkadians & ! ,semites int]m+l$ s frequ5tly ) ! ,aryans t a v intricate my?ological sy/em gradually came into op]ation 9 "s di/ricts1 be>+ resemblance to ! ,v$ic1 ! ,semitic1 & ! ,mongolian my?ologies4 ,! ,we/]n bran* ( ! great ,aryan family1 aft] p5etrat+ into ,s\!rn ,europe1 became ! prog5itors ( ! anci5t ,pelasgi1 ! e>lie/ kn[n inhabitants ( ,greece1 & ?r\gh !m transmitt$ ! orig9al ,aryan my? to _! successors1 ! ,hell5es4 ,hom]1 9 8 8,iliad0 & 8,odyssey10 writt5 at late/ ,b4,c4 #ijj1 well describes ! religion ( ! ,a*eans1 :o inhabit$ ,hellas = c5turies prior to ,b4,c4 #ajjj1 & long be=e ! supremacy ( ! ,dorians2 &1 9 ?is description1 z well z 9 t ( ,hesiod's 8,!ogony10 writt5 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 !re is exhibit$ a rem>kable simil>ity to ! old ,v$ic sy/em1 ! v "n ( ! supreme deity be+ cle>ly d]iv$ f an ,aryan s\rce1 & t root be+ ! id5tical expression us$ to designate ! ,v$ic ,dawn ,god4 ,f ,dyaus ,pit>1 ! ,day ,fa!r or ,dawn ,god ( ! ,aryans1 ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! ,zeus ,pat]1 f :5ce we get ,dios1 ,!os1 ! ,lat9 ,deus ,pat]1 ,dies ,pat] & ,jupit]1 & ! ,fr5* ,dieu4 ,zeus 0 supreme god1 high above all o!rs1 hav+ unlimit$ p[]1 & liv+ up 9 ! vault ( heav51 surr\nd$ by ! inf]ior & subord9ate deities1 :o toge!r =m$ 8 ,olympian c\rt4 ,in/ead ( be+ nature p[]s1 ^! gods 7 end[$ ) fre$om ( action1 subject to pa9 & pleasure1 & dep5d$ = _! su/5ance ^u food4 ,! supremacy ( ,k+ ,zeus 0 firmly e/abli%$2 he presid$ ov] c\ncils ( ! gods to delib]ate great matt]s1 & 0 n b\nd or fett]$ by any recognis$ re/ra9t4 ,) ,a!na & ,apollo1 he =m$ a supreme triad1 himself be+ ! head1 ,a!na ! reason or wisdom ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r1 & ,apollo ! m\?1 reveal] ( 8 c\nsel1 & lov+ son1 :o is always ( "o w ) 8 fa!r4 ,) ,apollo 0 closely associat$ ,prome!us1 ! great b5efactor & lib]ator ( ! race ( man1 :o1 accord+ to t beautiful trag$y ( 8s*ylus10 br\ght salvation to ! _w 9 spite ( ,jupit]1 8 fa!r & tortur]1 by :om he 0 crucifi$ on a rock1 :]e he rema9$ 9 fe>ful angui% until lib]at$ by ,h]cules4 ,"h we f9d ! old ,v$ic savi\r r$eem+ ! _w f ! d>kness & mis]y ( night or w9t]1 ! same drama precisely z t describ$ 9 connection ) ! ,ea/]n ,aryan my?ology4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! app>5t daily & annual asc5sion & decl9e ( ! sun is depict$3 9 ! "o case x rises aga9 aft] its p]iod ( defeat 9 w9t]1 or night1 z ! sun-god ,indra1 aft]w>ds ,surya1 & /ill lat] ,kri%na2 :ile 9 ! o!r case x resuscitates ! e>? z ,prome!us1 ! b5efactor ( mank9d4 ,j z ,prome!us 0 b ! ,greek c\nt]p>t ( ! ,h9du ,kri%na1 s also 7 ,apollo1 ,h]cules1 ,iao1 & ,dionysos precisely ! same4 ,ea* 0 ! new-born sun1 br++ back light & glory to suff]+ humanity2 & ea* pass$ ?r\gh ! v same p]iods ( p[]1 decl9e1 & mis]y be=e be+ born aga94 ,zeus 0 ! sun-god p> excell5ce1 resid+ on ! summit ( ,olympus1 or 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! heav5ly vault1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 :5 he 0 call$ ,olympian ,zeus1 & d[n 9 ,hades dur+ ! w9t] p]iod1 :5 he 0 kn[n z ! ,/ygian ,zeus2 & ?us ! oracle ( ! ,kl>ion ,apollon taught t ! supreme ,god 0 call$1 accord+ to ! seasons ( ! ye>1 ,hades1 ,zeus1 ,helios1 & ,iao4 ,apollo & ,prome!us1 al?\gh savi\r sun-gods1 repres5t+ ! new-born sun victori\s ov] dea? & w9t]1 7 yet "o ) ,zeus1 & m]ely repetitions ( ! same "* "u diff]5t names4 ,s1 9 l mann]1 ,h]cules 0 n only son ( ,zeus1 b ,zeus himself1 & may be trac$ "r ?r\gh ! complete annual circuit 9 8 twelve lab\rs1 f ,hades to ,olympus1 & f ,olympus to ,hades aga94 ,dionysos 01 9 reality1 n an ,aryan deity1 b ( ,egyptian orig91 hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,greece at a v e>ly "t1 ei!r f ,egypt1 :]e he 0 wor%ipp$ z ,mises1 or1 m probably1 f ,phnicia1 :]e he 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,is1 :i* acc\nts = ! fact t h]o p]sonifications ( ,dionysos 9 lat] times 7 accord$ ! designation ( ,ies\s1 71 or 9 capitals --,lat9 ,jesus71 ! ,greek =m ( ,is 71 or 9 capitals 74 ,?is ,egyptian savi\r sun-god became lat] ! popul> god ,bac*us ( ! ,romans1 j z ,apollo _h be5 ! popul> ,greek div9ity1 & 0 ?us describ$ by ,macrobius3 8,! images or /atues ( ,bac*us repres5t him sometimes "u ! =m ( a *ild1 sometimes "u t ( a "y man1 at o!r times ) a be>d ( a mature man1 &1 la/ly1 ) ! wr9kles ( old age1 z ! ,greeks repres5t ! god :om !y call ,baccapee & ,briseis1 & z ! ,neapolitans 9 ,campania pa9t ! god :om !y hon\r "u ! "n ( ,hebon4 ,^! diff]5ces ( age relate to ! sun1 :o seems to be a t5d] *ild at ! w9t] sol/ice1 su* z ! ,egyptians repres5t him on a c]ta9 day ,decemb] #be?1 :5 !y br+ =? f an obscure nook ( _! sanctu>y 8 infant9e image1 because1 ! day be+ !n at ! %orte/1 ! god seems yet to be b a feeble infant3 gradually gr[+ f ?is mom5t1 he arrives1 by degrees1 at ! v]nal equ9ox1 "u ! =m ( a "y man1 ( :i* 8 images at t "t be> ! appe>ance2 !n he arrives at 8 maturity1 indicat$ by ! tuft$ be>d ) :i* ! images :i* repres5t him at ! summ] sol/ice are adorn$1 ! day hav+ !n tak5 all ! increase ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,la/ly1 he decreases ins5sibly1 & arrives at 8 old age1 pictur$ by ! /ate ( decrepitude 9 :i* he is portray$ 9 ! images40 ,yao1 ,iao1 or ,adonis 0 ( ,semitic orig91 al?\gh widely wor%ipp$ 9 ,greece1 & g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ,zeus1 ^: ,semitic c\nt]p>t he really 01 al?\gh himself a savi\r sun-god4 ,yao1 to ! ,phnicians & ,*aldeans1 0 z ,zeus & ,prome!us to ! ,greeks1 & repres5t$ ! :ole annual circuit1 ?\gh he 0 always call$ by ! ,greeks specially ! god ( ! autumn1 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+1 at t p]iod1 to "p f 8 lov]1 ,aphrodite 7,v5us71 = six mon?s2 & ?us !re 0 usually a c]ta9 melan*oly atta*$ to 8 wor%ip1 ! oracle ( ! ,kl>ion ,apollon t]m+ him ! d>l+ or t5d] ,yao 771 god ( ! autumn4 ,z ! ,greek p[] & civilisation decl9$ & ! ,roman advanc$1 ! god ,yao1 l 8 c\nt]p>t ,is1 became "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,roman deities1 be+ wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ,adonis 9 e city ( ,italy2 & ! my?ological horizon became cr[d$ ) gods & demi-gods ( e description1 until1 at l5g?1 x became a v difficult matt] to det]m9e :o 0 a god & :o 0 n wor?y ( t di/9ction2 = ! ,roman ,emp]ors 7 inv>iably deifi$1 z well z o!rs ( less degree4 ,! old ,aryan drama1 h[ev]1 0 pres]v$ ?r\gh\t 9 ! wor%ip ( ! pr9cipal gods1 & has ev5 be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! re=m$ religion ( ! ,semitic communi/ic en?usia/1 ,yaho%ua1 :i* became1 soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 ! popul> religi\s sy/em ( ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,we h n[ to deal ) ! ,c5tral ,aryans1 or ,eranians2 &1 9 do+ s1 mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 :ile ! ,ea/]n ,aryans1 or ,h9dus1 & ! ,we/]n ,aryans ( ,europe1 7 almo/ altoge!r un9flu5c$ = _m c5turies by ! my?ologies ( surr\nd+ tribes ( o!r & di/9ct families ( ! human race1 ?is 0 f> f be+ ! case ) ! ,eranians1 :o 7 almo/ entirely cut (f f _! ,we/]n bre?r52 &1 al?\gh /ill 9 comp>atively close contact ) ! ,ea/]n ,aryans1 7 yet completely w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! ,turanian ,urals on ! nor?1 & ! great ,semitic /ream ( life on ! s\? & we/4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is at once app>5t t ! religion ( ! ,eranian p w\ld quickly lose _m ( its di/9ctive ,aryan m>ks & acquire _m ,turanian & ,semitic *>act]i/ics4 ,bactria1 9 ,ea/]n ,eran 7,p]sia71 appe>s to h be5 ! anci5t bir?-place ( ?is semi-,aryan religion1 :i* aft]w>ds develop$1 "u ! influ5ce ( t great re=m]1 ,zoroa/] 7,z>a?u/ra71 into ! cultus call$ ,mazdeism1 or ,p>sism4 ,f ! ,ave/a1 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,p>sis1 writt5 9 ! old ,z5d language1 we d]ive consid]able k ( ,mazdeism4 ,ahura ,mazdao 7,ormazd71 ! all-wise _s1 is supreme god1 f> above all gods1 be+ creator ( ! _w1 god ( light & tru?1 exi/+ f ! beg9n+1 & et]nal4 ,inf]ior to him are ,mi?ra1 god ( light2 ,nairyo ,sanha1 god ( fire2 ,apan ,napat1 god ( wat]2 ,haoma1 god ( ! dr9k ( immortality2 & ,ti/rya1 ! dog-/> god4 ,! *ief goddess ( fruitfulness 0 ,anahita1 :o 9 lat] "t became an important deity 9 association ) ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra1 ! son ( ,ormuzd4 ,mazdeism also recognis$ a god ( evil1 ,ahro ,ma9yus 7,ahriman71 :o1 ) ! evil ,devas1 inhabit ! "u-_w1 & oppose ,ormuzd on e occasion2 ! _w ly+ betwe5 ! two k+doms ( righte\sness & evil1 rul$ ov] respectively by ,ormuzd & ,ahriman4 ,?is dualism is ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ,mazdeism1 & runs ?r\gh ! :ole religion1 be+ f\nd 9 e my?1 & giv+ rise to ! mo/ hide\s conceptions ( morality4 ,9 ! cosmogony ( ! ,p>sis ! great creator1 ,ormuzd1 aft] mak+ a p]fect _w & introduc+ a p]fect pair ( human be+s1 is defeat$ by ! wick$ ,ahriman1 :o creates evil1 & s$uces ! man & woman to s91 ?us plac+ 9 opposition to ea* o!r ^u ?is e>? ! two =ces1 good & evil4 ,to avoid ! influ5ce ( ?is evil =ce1 & to ga9 t ( ! good p[]1 0 ! great aim ( all true ,mazda-wor%ipp]s2 & ! means :]eby ?is mu*-desir$ end c\ld be atta9$ 0 ! fire-god1 ,nairyo ,sanha1 to :om con/ant supplications 7 made = ?is purpose4 ,s great 0 ! influ5ce ( ,ahriman ^u human be+s t ! god ( light1 ,mi?ra1 0 promis$ z a savi\r to come ^u ! e>? & rescue 8 p f ! p[] ( evil1 8 mission be+ to av5ge 8 fa!r's defeat by ! god ( ! "u-_w1 aft] do+ :i* he w\ld asc5d to 8 fa!r & become "o ) him = ev]4 ,! ,magi1 or ,mi?raitic prie/s ( ! 8black art10 or 8hidd5 sci5ce ( a/rology10 are ?us address$ 9 ! 8,z5d-,ave/a03--0,y1 my *ildr51 %all be fir/ hon\r$ by t div9e p]son :o is to appe> 9 ! _w2 a /> %all be be=e y to conduct y to ! place ( 8 nativity2 & :5 y h f\nd him1 pres5t to him y\r oblations & sacrifices1 = he is inde$ y\r "l & an ev]la/+ k+10 mean+ t aft] ! con/ellation ( ! virg9 came to ! ea/]n l9e ( ! horizon1 z x did at twelve o'clock at midnight1 betwe5 ,decemb] #bd? & ,decemb] #be?1 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ t 9 :i* ! words 7 writt51 ! great />1 ,v9demiatrix1 9 ! virg9's elb[1 w\ld1 on ,janu>y #f?1 beg9 to %9e1 po9t+ out to ! a/rolog]s1 or ,magi1 h] exact situation1 :o w\ld !n "k t ! bir? ( ! god-light ( ! new revolution _h tak5 place1 & t by 8 re-appe>ance he w\ld decl>e himself to be ! ev]la/+ rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,consequ5tly1 = c5turies aft] ?is "t ! image ( ! god-light ,mi?ra 0 pres5t$ to ! p = adoration e ye> on ,decemb] #be?1 soon aft] midnight1 9 ! %ape ( a newly-born male *ild1 br\ght f ! recesses ( ! sacr$ grotto1 or my/ic cave ( ,mi?ra4 ,ano!r image1 suppos$ to be ! same deity fully gr[n1 0 said to die1 & 0 c>ri$ to ! tomb aft] dea? by ! prie/s1 :o *ant$ solemn hymns & groan$4 ,aft] pret5d+ to m\rn = ?ree days1 ! sacr$ tor*1 or emblem ( new life1 0 light$1 & ! prie/s exclaim$1 8,reassure y\rselves1 sacr$ b&s ( initiat$2 y\r god is re/or$ to life2 8 pa9s & suff]+s procure y\r salvation40 ,?is took place at ! v]nal equ9ox1 & ! p respond$3 8,i salute y1 new light2 ,i salute y1 "y bridegroom & new light40 ,l ! old ,aryan s*eme1 ?is ,mi?ra my? 0 d]iv$ f ! con/ellations1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! decl9e ( ! ye> 9 autumn1 ! defeat ( ! sun by ! p[]s ( d>kness 7or w9t]71 & ! rebir? & asc5sion ( t gr& lum9>y 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,mi?ra 0 8spiritual life cont5d+ ) spiritual d>kness1 & ?r\gh 8 lab\rs ! k+dom ( d>kness w be lit ) heav5's own light3 ! et]nal w receive all ?+s back into 8 fav\r2 & ! _w w be r$eem$ to ,god4 ,! impure are to be purifi$1 & ! evil made good1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,mi?ras1 ! reconcil] ( ,ormuzd & ,ahriman4 ,mi?ras is ! good2 8 "n is ,love4 ,9 relation to ! ,et]nal he is ! s\rce ( grace2 9 relation to m5 he is ! life-giv] & m$iator4 ,he br+s ! ,^w1 z ,brahma br+s ! ,v$as f ! m\? ( ! ,et]nal0 7,plut>*1 8,de ,iside et ,osiride 074 ,! close connection ( ! lat] ,eranians ) ! ,*aldeans no d\bt gave ! =m] facilities = /udy+ ! ,akkadian a/ronomy2 &1 !re=e1 x is fair to presume t ! ph5om5on ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes 0 well und]/ood by !m1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! fact t ,mi?ra is always repres5t$ 9 e>li] times "u ! figure ( a bull1 & aft]w>ds "u t ( a lamb4 ,! reason ( ?is is t1 prior to ab\t ,b4,c4 #b1bjj1 ! v]nal equ9oxial sign 0 ! zodiacal figure ( ! bull 7,taurus72 :ile1 aft] t p]iod1 ! figure ( ! lamb or ram 7,aries7 took its place2 & z ! savi\r sun-god ,mi?ra 0 ! p]sonification ( ! new annual sun1 born 9 ! ,decemb] con/ellation1 cross+ ! equator 9 ,m>*1 & !reby conqu]+ ! p[]s ( evil or d>kness1 he 0 inv>iably repres5t$ by ! figure ( t zodiacal con/ellation :i* happ5$ to be at ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t at ! "t4#a ,hav+ ?us briefly glanc$ at ! religi\s cults ( ! ?ree bran*es ( ! great ,aryan family1 & f\nd ! v same religi\s conception ( a div9e & inc>nate savi\r1 r$eem+ ! univ]se f ! p[]s ( d>kness & evil1 runn+ ?r\gh ea* my?ological sy/em1 we _c help com+ to ! conclusion t1 inasmu* z ! savi\r-my? 0 develop$ into its full proportions long aft] ! sep>ation ( ! families took place1 & inasmu* z ! developm5t foll[$ simil> l9es 9 ea* sep>ate case1 !re mu/ h be5 "s common guide1 & t guide 0 ! unwritt5 ^w ( nature z express$ 9 ! heav5s above4 #a ,vide my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$40 ,leav+ ! ,aryan /ream1 & turn+ back to t division ( ! great ,iranian family :i* migrat$ to ! valley ( ! ,nile1 & :i* we call ! ,egyptian1 we f9d a v simil> religi\s sy/em 9 vogue among !m f ! v e>lie/ times1 z exi/$ among ! ,aryans4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ,egypt c>ri$ ) !m1 no d\bt1 ! primitive religi\s conceptions ( _! ,iranian fa!rs1 :i* 7 d]iv$ f a contemplation ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( nature1 z previ\sly /at$2 & x is highly probable t1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 !y gave consid]able att5tion to ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 = f monum5tal inscriptions1 une>!d 9 mod]n times1 :i* geologi/s in=m u mu/ h la9 sub t]ra = sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we le>n t ! ,egyptians1 at t remote "t1 well und]/ood ! !ory ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 plac+ ! zodiacal con/ellation ( ! bull at ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t 9 ! p]iod prior to ab\t ,b4,c4 #dcjj1 & t ( ! ram 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ?is "t ^! primitive m5 ( ! ,nile 7 engag+ !mselves ) ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 & us+ effective a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 :i* indicates a high /ate ( civilisation2 & ?is is fur!r borne out by ! fact t1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ejjj1 :5 ,m5es reign$ ov] ,egypt1 !re 0 e appe>ance ( a v advanc$ civilisation t _h la/$ = c5turies4 ,f ! 8,book ( ! ,dead0 & ! ,prisse ,papyrus 7mo/ ( ! =m] writt5 at late/ prior to ,b4,c4 #djjj1 & ! latt] v soon aft]7 we d]ive a tol]ably accurate notion ( ! my?ological sy/em ( ! ,egyptians dur+ ! fir/ portion ( ! ,old ,empire1 & probably _m hundr$s ( ye>s previ\sly2 :ile1 f ! writ+s ( ,h]odotus1 ,diodorus1 ,plut>*1 & ,mane?o1 we le>n ! progress ! religion made dur+ ! #d1jjj foll[+ ye>s4 ,! 8,book ( ! ,dead0 treats pr9cipally ( ! ref9+ processes ?r\gh :i* ! spirits ( dead p pass$ 9 ! "u-_w1 or ,*] ,nut]1 be=e be+ purifi$ suffici5tly to inh]it a /ate ( bliss & become spirits ( light 7,*u7 to be absorb$ into ! sun at ! po9t :]e x is born1 & tak5 )9 x to ,an1 ! cele/ial ,heliopolis4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,m5es ! religion ( ,egypt 0 animi/ic1 bl5d$ ) a vague k9d ( sun-wor%ip1 ! supreme deity be+1 at ,?9is-,abydos1 ! anci5t capital1 call$ ,osiris1 ! god ( gods1 son ( ,seb1 god ( e>?1 & ,nu1 goddess ( ! heav5ly ocean1 & gr&son ( ,ra4 ,osiris 0 ! sun-god ( ! daily & annual circle1 :o enjoy$ 8 sp\se1 ,isis1 ! great "m1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s & ! daytime1 aft] :i* he 0 ov]come by ! evil ,set-,typhon & 8 wife ,neph?ys1 & tortur$ 9 ! "u-_w1 until releas$ by 8 son ,horus1 ! conqu]or sun-god1 :o rose into ! upp] _w z ! av5g] ( 8 fa!r's defeat1 & lib]at$ ! s\l ( ,osiris f torture1 to be absorb$ by1 & = ev] %9e =? 9 ! con/ellation ,orion1 z ! s\l ( ,isis %9es = ev] 9 ,sirius4 ,at ,heliopolis1 ,an1 ,on1 or ,p>a1 ! city ( ! sun1 ,ra 0 wor%ipp$ z supreme god1 :o z ,tum1 ! hidd5 god1 f\ght ! demon ( d>kness1 ! s]p5t ,apap1 9 ,am5ti1 & :o rose aga9 f ! "u-_w z ,h>ma*is4 ,lat]1 :5 ,m5es reign$ z ! fir/ mon>* ( ! ,old ,empire 7circa ,b4,c4 #ejjj71 ,memphis1 or ,m5nef]1 0 ! capital city1 9 :i* ,phtah 0 wor%ipp$ z ! supreme god or creator ( ! _w 7call$ ,sekru1 ! sla9 god1 :5 9 ! l[] _w71 toge!r ) ,ma1 goddess ( righte\sness1 & ,imhotep1 ! *ief ( prie/s1 ^: "n signifi$ 8,i come 9 peace10 & :o =m$ ! ?ird "p ( a k9d ( tr9ity1 ) ,phtah & ,ma4 ,all ^!1 & o!r m9or deities1 su* z deifi$ k+s1 etc41 7 repres5t$ on e>? by inc>nations 9 ! %ape ( animals1 ,ra1 ,osiris1 & ,phtah1 ! supreme gods1 be+ manife/$ 9 ! sacr$ bull ,apis1 repres5t+ ! sun at ! v]nal equ9octial po9t 9 ! zodiacal con/ellation ,taurus4 ,dur+ six dyna/ies ^! gods 7 wor%ipp$ peacefully1 _! inc>nations & religi\s rites be+ protect$ by ! k+s2 b ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #chjj ! k+dom appe>s to h dropp$ to bits1 its religion to h be5 mix$ up 9 a mo/ confus$ mann]1 & its p divid$ into a numb] ( small nationalities1 ) sep>ate k+s & sep>ate laws2 until1 at l5g?1 ! :ole c\ntry 0 once m unit$ "u ! reign+ mon>*s ( ! elev5? dyna/y 7,second ,empire71 ^: capital 0 ,!bes1 & ^: popul> deity 0 ,am51 ! hidd5 god1 call$ also ,am5-,ra1 to signify t he 0 n only ! sun-god 9 ! "u-_w1 b also ! ris+ & conqu]+ sun-god ( ! e>ly morn & spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,9 fact1 ,am5 0 ! sun-god ( ! :ole revolution1 ! ,!ban ,yao1 "o ) 8 fa!r ,osiris 9 ! mid-day & mid-summ]1 "o ) 8 c\nt]p>t ,horus at ! e>ly morn & spr+ ( ! ye>1 & "o ) ,tum 9 ! d>kness ( night & w9t]2 j z ,zeus ( ! ,greeks 0 ,zeus ,am5 7,jupit] ,ammon71 ,olympian ,zeus1 ,zeus ,yao1 & ,/ygian ,zeus1 accord+ to ! season ( ! ye>4 ,betwe5 ! ,middle ,empire & ! ,new ,empire ano!r cata/rophe occurr$ to ! ,egyptians1 9 ! =m ( an invasion ( ! ,hyksos1 or %eph]d k+s ( ,arabia1 :o ov]ran ! :ole c\ntry1 de/roy$ ! temples1 & levi$ heavy tribute on ! p1 ev5tually settl+ d[n = f\r c5turies z ,k+s ( ,egypt1 adopt+ _m ( ! native cu/oms1 & introduc+ _m ,semitic deities & obs]vances4 ,at la/ ! ,hyksos 7 driv5 =?1 & ! ,new ,empire comm5c$ ) ! eighte5? dyna/y2 b a consid]able diff]5ce 0 n[ f\nd to exi/ 9 ! religion ( ! c\ntry1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ,semitic rites1 & p>tly ow+ to ! *ange t _h tak5 place at ! v]nal equ9octial po9t1 by ! precessional movem5t ( ! zodiacal con/ellation ,taurus4 ,! v]nal equ9octial po9t 0 n[ 7,b4,c4 #bjjj7 9 ! sign ,aries1 & !re=e ! pr9cipal deities %\ld be no long] repres5t$ z inc>nate bulls1 b z inc>nate rams4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t aft] ?is date ! bull-god ,apis1 or ,s]apis1 gradually fell into disrepute2 & ,am51 :o 0 n[ ! supreme & repres5tative god1 0 wor%ipp$ z an inc>nate ram1 be+ depict$ z a man we>+ ram's horns4 ,ano!r mode ( wor%ipp+ ! "y sun-god1 born at ! w9t] sol/ice1 ,decemb] #be?1 0 t kn[n z ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,night1 or ,passion ( ,osiris1 at :i* an idol ( ! infant ,horus1 or ,am51 call$ also ! ,holy ,^w1 0 pres5t$ to ! p 9 its "m's arms1 or expos$ to view 9 a crib = ! adoration ( ! p by ! prie/s1 :o 71 accord+ to ,adrian1 call$ ,bi%ops ( ,*ri/ 71 ! ano9t$ "o72 & :5 ,k+ ,ptolemy1 ,b4,c4 #cej1 ask$ ! mean+ ( ! cu/om1 he 0 in=m$ t x 0 a sacr$ my/]y4 ,dur+ ^! my/]ies1 :i* took place annually1 bread1 aft] sac]dotal rites1 0 my/ically conv]t$ into ! body ( ,osiris1 to be p>tak5 ( by all ! fai?ful1 :o 7 call$ ,*ri/ians2 & an idol repres5t+ ! body ( ! god1 /ret*$ on a cross )9 a circle1 0 plac$ ^u ! my/ic table = adoration & praise4 ,! w9t] sol/itial po9t is really ,decemb] #ba/2 b ! anci5ts always kept ! fe/ival ( ! bir? ( ! sun-god on ,decemb] #be?1 because at twelve o'clock1 midnight betwe5 ,decemb] #bd? & #be? ! upp]mo/ />s 9 ! con/ellation ,virgo made _! appe>ance above ! horizon1 be+ ! fir/ indication ( ! bir? ( ! new sun1 :i* _h tak5 place exactly ?ree days & ?ree nights previ\sly4 ,?is gave rise to ! popul> sup]/ition t ! new sun-god 0 born ( a virg91 f ^: womb he _h be5 try+ to extricate himself = ! space ( ?ree days & ?ree nights4 ,f ?is ! idea prevail$ t ! sun-god und]w5t simil> p]iods ( /ruggle also at ! summ] sol/ice & ! two equ9octial po9ts2 & ?us arose ! leg5d ( ! two crucifixions1 ! "o at ! v]nal equ9ox1 :5 ! sun 9 ,aries cross$ ! ,equator & 0 crucifi$ z ! 8,lamb ( ,god0 on ,m>* #ba/1 comm5c+ ! asc5sion to heav5 on ,m>* #be?2 & ! o!r at ! autumnal equ9ox1 :5 ! sun 9 ,libra 7! balance ( ju/ice7 cross$ ! ,equator & 0 crucifi$ z ! 8,j ,man0 on ,septemb] #bcrd1 desc5d+ to hell = ?ree days & ?ree nights1 aft] :i* he em]g$ into ! %ades until born aga9 at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,a v popul> deity ( ! ,l[] ,nile 0 ,mises 7drawn f wat]71 ! sun-god ( w9e & mir?1 :o 0 born on ,m\nt ,nyssa 7,s9ai71 & 0 f\nd z a babe 9 a box float+ on ! ,r$ ,sea1 & :o1 by means ( 8 magic w&1 took 8 army dry-%od ?r\gh ! ,sea & ! riv]s ,orontes & ,hydaspes1 drew wat] f rocks1 & caus$ ! l& ?r\gh :i* he pass$ to fl[ ) milk1 w9e1 & honey4 ,he 0 depict$ ) a ram's horn on 8 =ehead1 be+ ! p]sonification ( ! new-born sun deliv]+ ! _w f ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & 0 aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ 9 ,phnicia z ,is1 9 ,greece z ,dionysos 71 ,god ( ,nyssa71 son ( ,zeus1 & 9 ,rome z ,bac*us4 ,! temples d$icat$ to ?is sun-god 71 9 ! "t ( ! ,greek k+s ( ,egypt1 v gorge\s1 ! my/ic table hav+ ^u x1 n only ! infant 9 its cradle1 ! transub/antiat$ bread1 & ! ,osirian crucifix1 b also a ble$+ lamb1 ! emblem ( ! sun-god at ! v]nal equ9ox1 ov] :i* 0 plac$ ! ,phnician "n ( ,mises1 ,is1 9 ,greek capitals 771 surr\nd$ by ! rays ( glory1 to signify t he 0 ! ris5 & crucifi$ sun-god1 & "o ) ,horus & ,am5-,ra4 ,turn+ to ! ?ird great division ( ! ,iranians--viz41 ! ,semites1 :o migrat$ to ! ,valley ( ! ,euphrates1 we f9d a m or less complicat$ religi\s sy/em1 v>y+ 9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( int]communication :i* took place betwe5 ! ,semites & ! tribes belong+ to ! ,aryan1 ,mongolian1 & ,egyptian families4 ,! e>lie/ ,semitic settlem5t 0 9 ! di/rict /ret*+ f ! ,euphrates to ! ,r$ ,sea & ,m$it]ranean1 & _! religion 01 at fir/1 "o ( pure animi/ic polydmonism1 v>y+ enorm\sly 9 details ( drama 9 ! diff]5t tribes1 b exhibit+ 9 all common *>act]i/ics4 ,all e>ly ,semitic peoples wor%ipp$ ! sun-god1 ,%am%1 & all 7 moon1 planet1 & />-wor%ipp]s to a v l>ge ext5t2 b1 z ! race became divid$ into ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,semites1 a di/9ct diff]5ce gradually arose betwe5 ! religi\s cults ( ! two bran*es4 ,! ,s\!rn1 or ,arab1 tribes1 on acc\nt ( _! m isolat$ situation1 reta9$ ! orig9al ,semitic my?ology1 wor%ipp+ ! sun z _! *ief god1 ,%am%1 ! moon z 8 consort1 & ! />s & planets z inf]ior gods & goddesses1 ! ,pleiades be+ objects ( special homage4 ,%am% 0 fa!r ( all1 & disappe>$ to ! "u-_w at night to re/ 9 slumb] until awak5$ into activity 9 ! morn+ z ,ya*avah1 8 son1 :o became "o ) 8 fa!r4 ,! ,nor!rn ,semites1 on p5etrat+1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! bord]s ( ,mesopotamia1 came 9 contact ) a p[]ful & advanc$ civilisation1 :i* _h be5 already e/abli%$ by ! ,akkadian bran* ( ! ,nor!rn ,mongolian family1 & ?us ! orig9al ,semitic religion became v mu* modifi$ by ! introduction into x ( _m ( ! ,mongol1 z well z "s also ( ! ,aryan1 my?s4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! ,akkadian my?ology2 b x is pretty c]ta9 t !y 71 at a v e>ly p]iod1 acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 & t ! ,*aldeans1 _! successors1 :o 7 a mongrel race1 p>tly ,akkadian & p>tly ,semitic1 inv5t$ ! cunei=m writ+ to take ! place ( ! old ,mongolian hi]oglyphic *>act]s4 ,f :at we "k ( ! religion ( ! old ,mongol ,*9ese empire prior to #abjj ,b4,c41 x 0 a k9d ( _s-wor%ip1 ! ,%ang-ti1 or supreme _s1 be+ ,?ian 7,heav571 :o1 9 co-op]ation ) ,heu-?u 7e>?71 produc$ ev]y?+4 ,man1 accord+ to ?is cultus1 _h two s\ls1 "o ( :i* asc5d$ aft] dea? to heav51 :ile ! o!r desc5d$ into ! e>?1 bo? be+ absorb$ respectively into ,?ian & ,heu-?u4 ,! ,akkadians1 :o 7 b a bran* ( ! same race z ! prog5itors ( ! anci5t ,*9ese1 also wor%ipp$ spirits1 ! greate/ ( :om 0 ,ana 7! highe/ heav571 ! next ,mulge 7! hidd5 heav5 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?71 & ! ?ird ,ea1 ! god ( ! atmosph]e & ( moi/ure4 ,aft] ^! came an inf]ior gr\p--,uru-ki1 ! moon-god2 ,ud1 ! sun-god2 & ,im1 ! w9d-god4 ,! spirits 7 divid$ into good & bad1 :i* 7 con/antly at w> ) ea* o!r2 & ?us 0 introduc$ into ! religion ( ! semi-,semitic ,*aldeans ! duali/ic notion ( good & evil exi/+ 9 conflict ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,! ,nor!rn ,semites may be conv5i5tly divid$ into f\r di/9ct nations--viz41 ! ,*aldeans 7,babylonians & ,assyrians71 :o 7 p>tly ,semitic & p>tly ,akkadian1 ! ,aramans1 ! ,canaanites1 & ! ,phnicians4 ,^! peoples soon became acqua9t$ ) ! a/ronomical le>n+ ( ! ,akkadians1 & 7 taught ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes2 & x is highly probable t ! fact ( ! v]nal equ9octial sign hav+ *ang$ %ortly be=e ,b4,c4 #bjjj f t ( ! ,bull to t ( ! ,ram or ,lamb _h mu* to d ) ! *ang+ ( ! old ,semitic "n ,%am% to t ( ,el1 z a designation ( ! sun-god1 ,el 77 be+ ! old ,*aldean ^w = ,ram4 ,ow+ to ! mix$ "* ( ! ,*aldean nation1 _! religion 0 a peculi> bl5d+ ( ! ,akkadian & ,semitic my?ologies1 ,el ,ilu1 or ,ilah1 be+ _! *ief deity2 b1 in/ead ( s9k+ into ! l[] _w ea* night = peaceful slumb]1 z ! old] ,%am% _h done1 he became ! victim ( ! wick$ demons1 :o torm5t$ him all ?r\gh ! d>k h\rs1 until he 0 av5g$ by 8 son ,ya*avah1 :o !reby became ! conqu]or & savi\r god1 "o ) 8 fa!r ,ilu1 & yet diff]5t4 ,to a great ext5t ! religion ( ! purely ,semitic tribes ( ! nor? 0 affect$ by ?is ,*aldean my?2 b !re arose _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! ,assyrians wor%ipp$ ,el "u ! "n ( ,asur1 _! national deity1 ! ,babylonians conv]t+ ! "n into ,bel2 :ile ! pure ,semites wor%ipp$ him z ,bel & ,baal 9 ! we/1 & z ,al 9 ! s\?4 ,out ( ! /ory ( ,el & ,ya*avah 0 fabricat$ ! great ,adonis my? ( ! ,*aldeans1 :i* became s popul> 9 future times among all ! ,semites except ! ,arabs ( ! s\?1 :o reta9$ ! orig9al "* ( ! supreme ,%am%1 ,el or ,al 7aft]w>ds ,allah71 & 8 son ,ya*avah1 aft]w>ds ,yah\h4 ,?is ,adonis drama1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 0 t ,el reign$ 9 supreme p[] & glory 9 ! highe/ heav51 enjoy+ ! delights ( 8 sp\se ,i/>1 b t 9 ! autumn ! wick$ gods ( w9t] ov]came him1 sep>at+ him f 8 lov]1 & torm5t+ him all ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s1 until 9 ! spr+ he conqu]$ ! evil demons z ,adon1 ! beautiful y\?1 :o is re/or$ to 8 m\rn+ ,i/>4 ,! wor%ip ( ,adonis1 or ,adon 0 g5]ally adopt$ by all ! ,nor!rn ,semites1 ! god becom+ ev5tually ! mo/ popul> deity ( ! ,semitic p1 be+ kn[n z ,yao 7 ( ! ,greeks7 to ! ,pho5icians1 ,yahoo 77 to ! ,canaanites1 & ,tammuz to ! ,aramans1 :ile 8 lov] ,i/> became ! ,pho5ician ,a%tore?4 ,is1 ! god ( w9e1 & ,greek ,dionysos1 0 ano!r savi\r sun-god wor%ipp$ l>gely by ! ,phnicians2 b 0 mo/ probably ( ,egyptian orig91 be+ id5tical ) ,mises1 ! ,egyptian ,bac*us4 ,z already /at$1 ! ,s\!rn ,semites ( ,arabia reta9$1 9 common ) _! ,e?iopian bre?r51 ! old & simpl] wor%ip ( ! supreme god ,el & 8 son ,yah\h1 al?\gh1 ow+ to _! prop9quity to ,egypt1 _m /range inf]ior deities _h be5 introduc$ into ,arabia f t c\ntry1 :i* result$1 9 mu* lat] times1 9 ! =mation ( v>i\s religi\s sects1 ea* hav+ a p>ticul> tribal deity1 or patron god1 ?\gh all recognis+ ,el z supreme4 ,"o ( ^! tribes1 ) ,yah\h z _! tribal god1 on :i* acc\nt !y 7 call$ ,yah\di1 hav+ left _! native ,arabian home1 p5etrat$ f> into ! c\ntry ( ! ,nor!rn ,semites1 le>n+ f ! ,canaanites1 ,phnicians1 & ,babylonians ! /range leg5ds ( ! ,nor!rn ,semitic deities1 includ+ ! ,adonis my?2 &1 aft] w&]+ ab\t = _m ye>s1 "o l>ge portion ( _! tribe settl$ 9 ! delta ( ! ,nile1 :ile ! rema9d] cross$ ! des]t ( ,syria & approa*$ ! conf9es ( ,babylonia1 f9ally settl+ 9 ! b>r5 & rocky int]ior ( ,syria1 & mak+ ! spot :]e n[ /&s ! small t[n ( ,el-,khuds 7,j]usalem7 _! headqu>t]s4 ,dur+ _! long w&]+s !y became acqua9t$ n only ) ! v>i\s ,semitic my?s ( ! nor?1 b also ) ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian leg5ds1 & incorporat$ a quantity ( /range deities & cu/oms into _! own rude & primitive religion1 ?us manufactur+ a v complicat$ & weird sy/em ( my?ology4 ,! date ( ! ,yahudean migration into ,syria 0 c]ta9ly n e>li] ?an ab\t ,b4,c4 #bej1 despite ! decl>ation ( int]e/$ p>ties t ^! p 7 kn[n z ,israelites & ,jews = c5turies be=e t "t4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,major-,g5]al ,=long's 8,riv]s ( ,fai?0 is wor? reproduc+ on ?is po9t3--8,! fir/ notice ( ! ,jews is1 possibly1 t ( c]ta9 ,%emitic rul]s ( ! ,aram1 pay+ tribute ab\t #hej ,b4,c4 to ,vool-,nir>i1 ! successor ( ,%almanes] ( ,syria1 reg>d+ :i*1 h[ev]1 mu* m is made by ,biblici/s ?an ! simple record w>rants4 ,?is is ! case also :]e ,*ampollion affirms t m5tion is made on ! ,!ban temples ( ! capture ( c]ta9 t[ns ( ! l& we call ,judea1 ?is be+ ?\ght to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,jews4 ,simil> assumption takes place 9 reg>d to ! hi]atic papyri ( ! ,leyd5 ,museum1 held to belong to ! "t ( ,rameses ,,ii42 an inscription read on ! rocks ( ,el-,hamamat1 & ! discov]y ( "s names l ,*$orlaom] 9 ! records ( ,babylonia2 b ?is is all ! #8evid5ce' z to ! exi/5ce ( anci5t ,jews :i* has be5 advanc$1 & ! mo/ is made ( x 9 ,dr4 ,bir*'s op5+ address on #8,! ,progress ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1' at ! inauguration ( t ,society4 ,! only logical conclusion ju/ifiable1 :5 we give up ! inspiration !ory1 is t ,arabs & ,syro-,ph5icians 7 kn[n to ,assyrians & ,egyptians1 & ?is none w\ld d5y4 ,inde$1 we readily grant ) ,dr4 ,bir* t1 #8"u ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? ,egyptian dyna/ies1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,arm5an nations is di/9ctly m>k$2 t n only1 by blood & alliances1 _h ! ,ph>aohs be5 closely unit$ ) ! pr9ces ( ,pale/9e & ,syria1 b t ! language ( ! p]iod ab\nds 9 ,semitic words1 q diff]5t f ! ,egyptian1 ) :i* !y 7 embroid]$ & int]m+l$4' ,c\ld x possibly be o!rwise8 ,is x n s ?is day8 ,is a va/ & rapidly-spawn+ ,%emitic cont95t l ,arabia n to influ5ce ! n>r[ delta ( a riv] adjo9+ x1 or ! wild highl&s ( ,syria to its nor?8 ,( c\rse1 ,arabs1 or ,%emites1 7 ev]y:]e spread ov] ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,ph5icia1 z well z 9 _! anci5t seats ( empire 9 ,arabi ,irak 7,kaldia71 & on ! imp]ial m\nds ( ,kalneh & ,k\yunjik1 b n necess>ily z ,jews4 ,i _c f9d t ^! la/ 7 any?+ m ?an possibly a peculi> religi\s sect ( ,arabs1 :o settl$ d[n f _! pri/9e nomadic habits1 & obta9$ a quasi gov]nm5t "u petty pr9ces or %eks1 su* z we h se5 take place 9 ! case ( num]\s ,arabian & ,indian sects40 ,aga91 ! au?or ( 8,riv]s ( ,fai?0 rem>ks3 8,no ef=ts1 say ! lead]s ( ! ,biblical ,ar*ological ,society1 h be5 able to f9d1 ei!r amid ! num]\s engrav+s on ! rocks ( ,arabia ,petrea or ,pale/9e1 any save ,ph5ician inscriptions--n ev5 a record ( ! ,syro-,hebrew "*1 :i* 0 once ?\ght to be ! peculi> prop]ty ( ,hebrews4 #8,mo/ ( ^? inscriptions hi!rto discov]$ d n date ant]ior to ! ,roman ,empire' 7,dr4 ,bir*1 ,presid5t ( ,soc1 op4 cit41 p4 #i74 #8,few1 if any1 monum5ts 7( ,jews7 h be5 obta9$ 9 ,pale/9e' or ! neighb\r+ c\ntries ( any useful antiquity1 save ! ,moabite ,/one1 & ! value ( ?is la/ is all 9 fav\r ( my previ\s argum5ts on ^! po9ts4 ,at ! pool ( ,siloam we h an #8inscription1 9 ! ,ph5ician "*1 z old z ! "t ( ! k+s4444 ,x is incis$ ^u ! walls ( a rock *amb]1 app>5tly d$icat$ to ,baal1 :o is m5tion$ on x4' ,s t "h1 9 a mo/ holy place ( ?is #8peculi> p1' we f9d only ,ph5icians1 & ^! wor%ipp+ ! ,sun-,god ( ,f]tility1 z 0 cu/om>y on e coa/ ( ,europe1 f unkn[n times d[n to ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,biblical ,ar*ological ,society & ,briti% ,museum au?orities tell u frankly & cle>ly t no ,hebrew squ>e "* c be prov$ to exi/ till aft] ! ,babylonian captivity1 & t1 #8at all ev5ts1 ?is inscription ( ,siloam %[s t ! curv$ or ,ph5ician "* 0 9 use 9 ,j]usalem itself "u ! ,hebrew ,mon>*y1 z well z ! cont]m9\s ,ph5icia1 ,moabitis1 & ! m di/ant ,assyria4 ,no monum5t1 inde$1' cont9ues ,dr4 ,bir*1 #8( great] antiquity1 inscrib$ 9 ! squ>e "* 7,hebrew71 has be5 f\nd1 z yet1 old] ?an ! fif? c5tury1 ,a4,d42 & ! co9s ( ! ,maccabean pr9ces1 z well z ^? ( ! revolt] ,b>co*ab1 are impress$ ) ,sam>itan *>act]s4'0 ,z to ! ,moabite ,/one1 ,i w\ld ref] my read]s to a little "w entitl$ 8,an ,inquiry into ! ,age ( ! ,moabite ,/one10 by ,samuel ,%>pe1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,egypt10 9 :i* w be f\nd abundant evid5ce to prove t ! inscription on ! ,/one is a =g]y ( ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,ap>t f ! hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re is absolutely no record ( ! ,jews z an indep5d5t p1 except t conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,josephus 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj72 &1 al?\gh t au?or may be tol]ably tru/wor?y :5 relat+ matt]s ne> to 8 own "t1 yet 9 8 description ( ,jewi% antiquities he evid5tly1 z he himself ass]ts1 re/s only on tradition4 ,= in/ance1 he alone records ! /ory ( ,alex&] ent]+ ! holy place at ,j]usalem & (f]+ sacrifice on ! alt>2 b ,arrian1 9 8 8,anabasis ( ,alex&] ! ,great10 :]e he specially treats ( ! life & actions ( ?is great conqu]or1 says n "o ^w ab\t su* a place z ,j]usalem1 or ab\t su* a /ory z t record$ by ,josephus4 ,curtius1 :o wrote a f> m detail$ acc\nt ( ! life & conque/s ( ,alex&]1 m5tions nei!r ,j]usalem nor ! /ory ( ,alex&] & ! holy place4 ,h]odotus1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #dcj1 :5 n>rat+ ! two raids ( ! ,scy?ians ?r\gh ,syria1 z f> z ,egypt1 says n a ^w ab\t any ,jews4 ,x5ophon1 :o wrote #aej ye>s aft] !y 7 said to h return$ f ,babylon1 or ab\t ,b4,c4 #chf1 appe>s to h be5 unconsci\s ( _! exi/5ce1 only m5tion+ ! ,syrians ( ,pale/9e4 ,nei!r did ,san*onia?on1 ,ctesias1 ,b]osus1 nor ,mane?o ev5 once m5tion !m z a nation4 ,diodorus also1 :5 writ+ ( ! siege ( ,tyre by ! soldi]s ( ,alex&]1 nei!r m5tions ! ,jews z a nation nor ,j]usalem z _! *ief t[n4 ,9 fact1 we h no acc\nt ( !m at all1 except t conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & t 9 ! writ+s ( ,josephus1 until we f9d !m subject to ! ,romans1 "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #afe1 :5 9 all probability !y _h j settl$ d[n into a dep5d5t nation1 hav+ be5 driv5 into ,syria by ! ,babylonians1 ^: f]tile valleys ^! ,arabian nomads _h attempt$ to colonise4 ,be+ surr\nd$ on all sides by nations ^: religions s v f> surpass$ _! own 9 developm5t1 x did n take long = ! ,yah\di 7aft]w>ds call$ ,jews7 to become affect$ by ! my?ological dramas ( _! neighb\rs2 &1 9 c>efully exam9+ ! my?ical records ( _! tribe1 we f9d t !y v soon became acqua9t$ )1 & 9 "s cases (f]$ wor%ip to1 almo/ all ! purely ,semitic & ,*aldean1 z well z to a few ( ! ,egyptian1 deities4 ,_! pr9cipal god always rema9$ z be=e1 ,el 77 signify+ ! zodiacal sign ,aries1 ! heav5ly ram & fir/ ( ! twelve zodiacal figures4 ,comb9$ ) ,yah 771 ! abbreviation ( ,yah\h 771 _! tribal deity1 x =m$ a comp\nd ^w1 ,eloh 771 or ,elyah 71 ! & be+ int]*angeable71 ! plural ( :i* 0 ,elohim 771 a ^w us$ frequ5tly 9 ! ,bible to signify ! supreme ,god4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t ! fables ( ! ,bible are n actual hi/ory1 b m]ely s _m acc\nts ( ! ev]-recurr+ ph5om5a ( ! sid]eal heav5s1 & t 9 ! v>i\s savi\r my?s ! v]nal equ9oxial sign1 or savi\r sign1 ,aries1 0 look$ ^u z ! supreme god1 :o h\s$ ! new-born sun on 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ! upp] _w1 j z 9 ! pres5t day ! song ( praise on ,ea/]day is 8,wor?y is ! lamb :o 0 sla9 7crucifi$7 to receive ! p[] & br+ back salvation to ! _w10 ! mean+s ( ^! names ( ! supreme deity become app>5t at once4 ,all ! words--&1 9 fact1 almo/ e div9e "n f\nd 9 e div9e record--signify ! sun 9 "o or o!r ( ! divisions ( 8 annual or daily app>5t m>*1 or else "o ( ! divisions itself4 ,el signifies ! fir/ & savi\r sign ( ! zodiac1 ! cele/ial ram1 & is always us$ :5 ! w9t] p]iod is ref]r$ to1 because f ! autumnal to ! v]nal equ9ox ! sun-god1 ,yah\h1 is sep>at$ f ! ram1 ,el1 :i* rema9s god ( ! l[] _w1 until aga9 unit$ ) its sp\se1 ! sun1 at ! v]nal equ9ox1 becom+ ! ram-sun-god1 ,el-,yah or ,eloh1 ^: plural is ,elohim1 ! ram-sun-gods1 f ! v]nal to ! autumnal equ9ox1 :5 ! sun & ,aries are toge!r = six mon?s4 ,at a lat] "t1 :5 ! old ,bac*us wor%ip 0 reviv$ at ,alex&ria 9 ! p]son ( ! "y ,semitic ,yaho%ua1 :o 0 nam$ ,ies\s1 we h a good illu/ration ( ?is :5 ! sun-god1 9 8 agony at be+ sep>at$ f ! ram at ! autumnal equ9ox or crucifixion1 exclaim$3 8,eloi1 ,eloi1 lama saba*?ani80--8,my ram1 my ram1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me80 ,91 ,i believe1 e in/ance 9 :i* ! plural ^w1 ,elohim1 is us$ 9 ! ,bible ! ref]5ce is to ! summ] half ( ! ye>1 f ! v]nal to ! autumnal equ9ox1 :5 ,el & ,yah are toge!r4 ,we meet ) ,el--9 its ,babylonian =m1 ,bel2 9 its ,araman =ms1 ,bel & ,belus2 & 9 its ,ph5ician =m1 ,baal--frequ5tly 9 ! ,bible1 & (t5 9 comb9ation ) o!r deities1 z ,el-,%addai & ,bel-,%addai 771 signify+ ! 8brea/$ ram10 or ! ram at ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! p]iod ( suckl+4#b ,o!r =ms ( ! same div9e "n 7 ,baal-,b]i?1 god ( ! equ9ox or cov5ant 7co-v5ire1 to come toge!r1 z :5 ! ecliptic crosses ! equator at ! two equ9oxes or crucifixions72 ,baal-,yah & ,el-,yah1 r5d]$ 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion respectively ,bealiah & ,elijah1 :5 9 reality !y signify ! god ,yah\h1 or ram-sun-god2 ,el-,yah also does duty = ,joel2 ,eli%ah signifies ! savi\r ram2 ,eliakim1 ! sett+ ram2 ,eleaz>1 ! creat+ ram2 ,samuel1 ! god ( fame1 or fam\s ram2 ,daniel1 ! ram judge2 & ,israel1 ! /ruggle ) ,el4 ,! ,ph5ician ,h]cules wre/l$ ) ,typhon 7! sun at ! m]idian7 9 ! s&1 j z ,israel or ,jacob wre/l$ ) ,elohim 9 ! du/--,h]cules1 l ,jacob1 be+ w\nd$ 9 ! ?igh2 & ! ,canaanites knew ! ,greek ,h]cules1 :o wre/l$ ) ,zeus1 by ! "n ( ,ysrael4 #b ,el n only signifi$ a ram1 b also a lamb1 or any o!r k9d ( %eep4 ,! v]nal equ9oxial sign1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,p]sians 0 a lamb1 :ile t ( ! ,egyptians 0 a ram4 ,baal-gad 77 0 ! god ( ,=tune1 ,gad be+ a ,babylonian deity repres5t+ =tune1 :i* 0 plac$ at ! foot ( ,h]mon = public wor%ip4 ,f ?is deity ,g ,d 77 are d]iv$ ! ,engli% words ,god & ,good1 ! ,g]man ,gott & ,gut1 ! ,dani% & ,sw$i% ,gud1 & ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/ ,gawd4 ,baal-,peor 0 ! ,phallic deity 7,deus ,vulv71 god ( ! op5+1 wor%ipp$ l>gely by ! ,hebrews1 :o1 z ,g5]al ,=long po9ts out1 8_h a /rong solo-phalik fire-&-s]p5t cult4 ,!y all _h ,baal1 ,nebu1 & ,peor on _! high places2 ,ya*avah or ,yahu1 ! #8,grove1' or ,a%]ah ,a%tore? & fire 9 _! c5tral groves40 ,baal ,zephon 0 ! god ,typhon2 ,baal ,h]mon 0 ano!r "n = ,gad1 god ( ,=tune2 ,baal ,hazor 0 ! god ,ha?or2 & ,baal ,hamon 77 0 ! god ,am51 or ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,! ^w ,yah\h1 9 v>i\s t]m9al =ms1 0 frequ5tly us$ to designate ! sun at diff]5t times & seasons--z ,joseph1 ! lam5t$ ,yah2 ,jehu1 ,yah\h himself2 &1 accord+ to ,ges5ius1 ,jehozabad1 ,yeho ! giv]2 ,jehohanan1 ,yeho is good2 ,jehoiada1 ,yeho is kn[+2 ,jeho%ua1 or ,jo%ua2 ,jeho%aphat2 ,jehoiakim2 ,ho%ea2 ,z$ekiyah1 etc4 ,yaho%ua 7,jo%ua7 0 ! ,canaaniti% "n = ! ,pho5ician ,ys or ,is1 & ,egyptian ,mises1 & became 9 ,lat9 ,josue1 or ,jesus1 accord+ to :e!r ! ,romans ref]r$ to ! ,ph5ician or ,canaaniti% ,bac*us1 ^: hi/ories1 ?\gh simil> 9 ! ma91 diff]$ consid]ably 9 details4 ,! ,egyptian ,mises became also ! ,jewi% law-giv] & lead]1 ,moses1 & is describ$ 9 ,ex4 xxxiv4 z be+ horn$ l ,bac*us 7vide my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$074 ,! ,adonis my? occurs ov] & ov] aga9 9 fragm5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,bible1 ! ,babyloni% "n ,adon frequ5tly be+ f\nd 9 t =m 771 9 its ,hebrew r5d]+ ,adonai 771 & occasionally 9 its ,araman =m ( ,tammuz4 ,x occurs alone1 z 9 ,psalm cx4 #a1 8,yah\h said to ,adonis1 sit at my "r h&20 9 ,isaiah vii4 #ad1 8,!re=e our ,adonis himself %all give y a sign20 & 9 conjunction ) ,yah\h1 z 9 ,isaiah vii4 #g1 8,?us sai? ,yah\h1 our ,adonis10 & num]\s o!r places4 ,x also occurs ) diff]5t t]m9ations1 to signify diff]5t =ms & positions ( ! sun-god--z ,adoniyah or ,adonijah1 ,adonis is ,yah\h2 ,adoni-z$ek1 ! lib]at$ ,adonis2 ,adoni-bezek1 ! ris+ ,adonis2 etc4 ,! old ,semitic sun-god ,%am% rema9$1 z ( old1 ! ,hebrew 7,%emo%71 signify+ ! sun2 & 8 ,greek alt] ego1 ,h]cules1 ! sun-h]o1 0 n =gott5 ei!r1 = we f9d a v poor attempt to reproduce him 9 ! hi/ory ( ,samson4 ,molo*1 ,dagon1 & o!r ,semitic deities are also introduc$ into ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,!re is "o o!r deity frequ5tly met ) :i* mu/ n[ be nam$1 & t is ! ,egyptian ,am5--! ,zeus ,am5 7 7 ( ! ,greeks1 & ! ,jupit] ,ammon ( ! ,romans4 ,?is god ,ammon 7 or 7 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,jews z ! equal 9 p[] to1 & ! v c\nt]p>t (1 ,yah\h1 & 0 call$ by ! v same names by :i* he 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians--viz41 ! hidd5 god1 true & fai?ful witness 7:i* epi!t gave orig9 to ! ,greek adv]b1 1 truly71 & savi\r ( ! _w1 or reg5]ator ( nature4 ,9 ,isaiah xlv4 #ae we read1 8,truly ?\ art ! hidd5 god ( ,israel1 ! savi\r20 &1 aga91 9 *apt] lxv4 #af1 8,he :o blesses himself on e>? %all bless himself by 8 god ,ammon 772 & he :o swe>e? 9 ! e>? %all swe> by ! god ,ammon1 because ! =m] tr\bles are deliv]$ to oblivion1 & because !y are hidd5 f m9e eyes40 ,?is hidd5 or occult god1 ,ammon1 or ,am51 is frequ5tly address$ 9 ! ,psalms & o!r places1 & is !re id5tifi$ ) ,yah\h & ,adonis4 ,9 ,psalm xxvii4 #h1 #i1 we read1 8,seek ye my face4 ,my he>t said to !e1 ,?y face1 ,o ,yah\h1 w ,i seek4 ,o hide n ?y face f me20 & ,psalm x4 #a1 8,& :y /&e/ ?\ s f> (f1 ,yah\h1 & hide/ ?y face 9 ! ne$ful "t ( tr\ble80 ,psalm lxxxix4 #df says1 8,yah\h1 h[ long wilt ?\ hide ?yself80 ,v]ses #di1 #ej1 8,o our ,adonis1 :]e are ?y lov+ k9dnesses ( old1 :i* ?\ swe>e/ to ,david 9 ?y tru?80 & v]se #eb1 8,bless$ be ,yah\h = ev]more 7:o is7 ,ammon1 ev5 ,ammon40 ,9 ,isaiah i4 #ae we also read1 8,:5 ye spread =? y\r h&s ,i w hide myself f y2 yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s ,i w n he> y40 ,we f9d ! same god also 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures ( ! lat] ,*ri/ian sect ( ,eclectic ,egyptian ,jews4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 = in/ance1 ! ^w is r5d]$ 8,am50 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion1 & is sometimes met ) z a ,greek n\n1 7nev] he>d ( 9 ! classics71 :5 x is r5d]$ 8! ,am510 :i* s5seless r5d]+ is no d\bt int5d$ to conceal ! real & obvi\s mean+4 ,9 ,rev4 i4 #ah we read1 8,i am he t live? & 0 dead1 & behold ,i1 ,ammon1 am alive = ev]more10 ! ^w be+ r5d]$ 8,am520 & 9 *ap4 iii4 #ad1 8,^! ?+s sai? ,ammon 8! ,am50 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion1 ! true & fai?ful witness1 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god40 ,z ! cele/ial ram or lamb1 ,aries1 ,am5 is aga9 m5tion$ 9 *ap4 xiii4 #h1 8,! lamb :i* has be5 sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w0--t is1 ea* ye> at ! v]nal equ9ox1 :5 ! occult god rose f 8 hid+-place 9 ! l[] hemisph]e to br+ salvation to ! _w4 ,?is concludes ! exam9ation ( ! old sun-my? religions2 b !re are yet ?ree v important religi\s sy/ems to be dealt )--viz41 ,confucianism1 ,mohamm$anism1 & ,*ri/ianism4 ,confucianism took its bir? 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 at a "t :5 ! old sol> my? 0 v ext5sively believ$ 9 ,*9a & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & 01 /rictly speak+1 a sy/em ( morality & conduct4 ,its au?or1 ,confucius 7,kong-fu-tse71 0 born ,b4,c4 #eej1 9 ,lu1 a prov9ce ( ,*9a1 & at a v e>ly age comm5c$ to prea* a high] & pur] morality among ! ,*9ese p1 _m ( :om became regul> foll[]s ( ! "y re=m]1 & foll[$ 8 good example by likewise tea*+ ! p at e fav\rable opportunity4 ,he 0 /rongly oppos$ to all false %[1 hypocrisy1 & deceit1 & abhorr$ ! life ( a h]mit z unnatural & mis*iev\s4 ,he pref]r$ n to speak ( heav5 z a p]sonal be+1 z 0 ! habit ( 8 c\ntrym51 b 0 exce$+ly fond ( quot+ its example z ! pres]v] ( ord]1 frequ5tly allud+ to its comm&s1 ord9ances1 & purposes4 ,he atta*$ no value to pray]1 prea*$ ! doctr9e t good & evil are rew>d$ on ! e>? by prosp]ity & adv]sity1 & express$ 8 disbelief 9 special revelations to m54 ,! canonical books ( ! ,confucians are kn[n z ! five ,k+s 7! hi/orical ,%u-,k+1 ! psalms ( ! ,%i-,k+1 & ! ritual ( ! ,li-ki1 ! *ronicles ( ! ,t%un-tsiew1 & ! magical ,yi-,k+71 & ! ?ree volumes conta9+ ! rem>kable & b5evol5t utt]ances ( ! ma/] ,confucius himself--viz41 ! ,lun-yu1 ! ,ta-hio1 & ! ,t%ung-yung4 ,9 ! ,ta-hio occur ^? celebrat$ & beautiful moral passages :i* h s ju/ly immortalis$ ! "n ( ,confucius4 ,! "o is ! #bd? moral3 8,d unto ano!r :at y w\ld he %\ld d to y1 & d n to ano!r :at y w\ld %\ld n be done to y4 ,?\ ne$e/ ?is law alone2 x is ! f\ndation & pr9ciple ( all ! re/40 ,! o!r is ! #ecrd moral3 8,ackn[l$ge ?y b5efits by return ( o!r b5efits1 b nev] av5ge injuries40 ,not)/&+ ! great p]secution ( ,confucians 9 b4c4 #bab1 by ! ,ts'9 rul]s1 & o!r small] attempts to de/roy ! new sy/em ( morality 9 fav\r ( ! sun-gods1 ! moral code ( ,confucius 0 publicly p]mitt$ to be us$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eg1 & s9ce ! sev5? c5tury has almo/ entirely tak5 ! place ( god-wor%ip1 a few only ( ! m un$ucat$ classes /ill pr(ess+ to wor%ip ,fo-hi4 ,mohamm$anism1 or ,islamism1 ! re=m$ fai? ( ,arab poly!i/s1 arose 9 ! six? c5tury ( our era4 ,mahomet1 or ,mohamm$1 0 a "y religi\s en?usia/1 a camel-driv] ( ,mecca1 :o det]m9$ to uproot ! idolatry & sup]/ition ( ! ,arab tribes1 & 0 s+ul>ly successful 9 8 ardu\s und]tak+4 ,he _h a p[]ful av]sion to all k9ds ( prie/craft1 sacrifices1 & sup]/iti\s ordeals1 & boldly prea*$ ! unity ( ,god1 decl>+ t 8!re is b "o ,god1 & ,mahomet is 8 prophet40 ,( all ! religions ( ! _w1 p]haps none has be5 m successful ?an ?is2 &1 c]ta9ly1 n "o ev] spread s rapidly ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,9 less ?an #ajj ye>s aft] ! decease ( ! prophet ! ,khalifs ( ,islamism 7 ma/]s ( ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,spa91 & "p ( ,france1 besides a great portion ( ,asia2 :i* va/ t]ritories !y reta9$ possession ( = ab\t #fjj ye>s1 enc\rag+ ! :ile philosophical & sci5tific /udies1 e/abli%+ libr>ies1 s*ools1 & univ]sities1 & o!rwise b5efitt+ ! human race4 ,at ! pres5t day upw>ds ( #ajj1jjj1jjj p embrace ?is fai?1 ^: ,god is ,allah1 ! great unity1 ^: prophet is ,mahomet1 & ^: ,bible is ! ,koran4 ,we n[ come to ,*ri/ianism1 t widely-spread fai?1 ^: cradle 0 ,alex&ria1 ^: nurs]y 0 ,rome1 & ^: work%op 0 ,europe4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is religion1 if he ev] liv$ at all1 ab\t :i* !re is consid]able d\bt1 0 a "y ascetic monk belong+ to ! ,ess5es--a ,syrian bran* ( ! l>ge ord] ( ,!rapeut--^: headqu>t]s 7 9 ,alex&ria4 ,8 "n 0 ,yaho%ua b5 ,p&ira & ,/ada2 he 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #abj1 9 ! reign ( ,alex&] ,jannu2 & he prea*$ ! doctr9es ( ,confucius1 decl>+ publicly t ! prie/s 7 li>s & hypocrites1 & inculcat+ communi/ic & sociali/ic !ories4 ,he ga9$ _m l[ly foll[]s1 :o foll[$ him ab\t prea*+ 9 ! op5 air1 & begg+ _! bread f day to day1 &1 at la/1 0 publicly execut$ = 8 s$iti\s conduct4 ,at ! same "t a rem>kable m5tal revolution 0 tak+ place 9 ,greece & ,egypt1 ! natural homes ( my?ology2 ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria & ! ,academic ,groves ( ,a!ns 7 fa/ s5d+ to ! "r-ab\t-face ! old sup]/itions1 mu* to ! dismay ( ! prie/s & religi\s fanatics1 :o 7 driv5 to _! wits' end to "k h[ to c\nt]act ?is dang]\s t5d5cy ( ! age t[>ds infidelity & sci5ce4 ,! idea /ruck !m ( utilis+ = _! purpose ! new sect ( religi\s re=m]s1 :o liv$ accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! "y sociali/1 ,yaho%ua2 !y boldly decl>$ t ?is man 01 :5 on e>?1 an inc>nate deity1 & proce$$ to attribute to him all ! miracul\s p]=mances t _h be5 previ\sly imput$ to ! sun-god ,bac*us2 & comm5c$ =?) to prep>e _! docum5t>y evid5ces ready = ! ignorant & cr$ul\s multitudes4 ,a new sect ( ! ,!rapeut monks ( ,alex&ria came into exi/5ce1 call$ ,eclectics1 ^: mission 0 to collect all t 0 good & useful 9 ! religions ( _! neighb\rs1 & commit !m to manuscript = ! use ( _! mona/]ies & ! prie/ly class g5]ally4 ,x did n take long to fabricate a v impos+ /ory ( ! "y man ,yaho%ua1 :om !y n[ call$ ,ies\s 71 a "n us$ by ! ,greeks to signify a h]o p]sonification ( ! sun-god ,bac*us1 ! ,phnician 71 ,greek be+ at t "t ! prevail+ language ( ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! p]=mances ( ! anci5t sun-gods ( ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,greece1 ,phnicia1 & ,italy 7 recall$ to ! m9ds ( ^! ,eclectic monks1 by dilig5t se>* among _! old mu/y ,,mss41 &1 aft] c>efully & judici\sly collat+ ! fables1 !y 7 enabl$ to clo! _! new ,ies\s1 or ,jesus1 ) all ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ^! v>i\s deities4 ,he 0 born ( a virg9 at midnight betwe5 ,decemb] #bd? & ,decemb] #be?1 z 7 all ! sun-gods3 8 bir?1 l t ( ,mi?ra & t ( ,kri%na1 0 =etold3 a /> po9t$ out ! place ( 8 nativity1 z 9 ! case ( ,mi?ra3 8 bir?-place 0 a mang] 9 a /able1 z 9 ! case ( ,h]cules2 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 a cave1 z 9 ! case ( ,mi?ra & ,horus3 he cur$ ! sick1 z did sculapius3 he fa/$ 9 ! wild]ness1 z did ,buddha3 he p]=m$ miracles1 z did ,bac*us1 ,h]cules1 & o!rs3 he turn$ wat] into w9e1 z did ! ,egyptian ,bac*us1 & z 0 done at ! ,bac*analian orgies3 he 0 crucifi$1 z 7 also ,kri%na1 ,osiris1 & ,prome!us3 he rose f ! dead aft] hav+ be5 9 ! grave ?ree days & ?ree nights1 z did all ! sun-gods3 he desc5d$ to hell1 z did all ! sun-gods3 he 0 call$ ,savi\r 71 ,gr41 & ,saots1 ,egyp47 & ,lamb ( ,god 7,agnus ,dei71 z 7 all ! sun-gods 7 1 ,mises ,saots1 etc472 ,am51 z 0 ,jupit] ,ammon 7 72 ,*ri/1 or ! ,ano9t$ 771 z 0 ,osiris2 ,son ( ,god1 z 7 ,plato's ,logos 771 ,bac*us1 ,mi?ra1 & ,horus2 ,holy ,^w 7( ,plato & ,philo71 z also 0 ,horus2 ,god ( ,love1 z 7 ,adonis1 ,mi?ra1 & ,kri%na2 ,light ( ! ,_w1 z 7 all ! sun-gods2 &1 l 8 alt] ego1 ,kri%na1 ,! ,resurrection1 ,! ,inc>nate1 ,! ,beg9n+ & ! ,end1 ,exi/+ be=e ,all ,?+s1 ,*ief ( ,prophets1 & ,mess5g] ( ,peace3 he 0 ! inc>nation ( "o ?ird ( a tr9ity1 z 7 also ,horus1 ,kri%na1 & ,plato's ,logos3 8 day 0 call$ ! ,day ( ! ,sun3 8 foll[]s 7 call$ ,*ri/ians1 & 8 prie/s ,bi%ops ( ,*ri/1 j z 7 ^? ( ,osiris3 8 prie/s absolv$ s9s1 receiv$ confessions1 & practis$ celibacy1 z did ! prie/s ( ,bac*us1 ,adonis1 ,mi?ra1 ,kri%na1 ,buddha1 etc43 8 fea/ 0 call$ ! ,"l's ,supp] & ! ,my/]y ( ! ,night1 z 7 ^? ( ,bac*us1 ,adonis1 & ,osiris3 ^! supp]s became1 9 c\rse ( "t1 obsc5e midnight orgies1 z did ^? ( ,bac*us & ,adonis3 at ^! supp]s ! insignia ov] ! table 7 ! lett]s 7! ,phnician "n ( ,bac*us1 9 ,greek capitals71 surr\nd$ by ! rays ( light & surm\nt$ by a crucifix & a ble$+ lamb1 precisely z 0 ! case ) ! ,bac*analian orgies3 at ! ,"l's ,supp] bread & w9e 7 transub/antiat$ into ! body & blood ( ,jesus1 exactly z 0 done 9 ! case ( ,bac*us & ,osiris3 & lights 7 us$ at ^! fea/s j z !y 7 at ! ,bac*analian orgies4 ,^! fables 7 c>efully compil$ toge!r1 attribut$ to v>i\s imag9>y au?ors1 & f9ally issu$ to ! p z an app5dix1 or ,new ,te/am5t1 to ! volume ( ! old ,jewi% ,scriptures1 or ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?us 7 ga!r$ toge!r by ! ,alex&rian ,eclectics ! pr9cipal ess5tials ( all ! old my?ological cults1 & ?us came into exi/5ce ! huge & p[]ful sy/em ( religion call$ ,*ri/ianism1 :i* has be5 ! great curse ( ,europe = well nigh two ?\s& ye>s4 ,f ! brutal murd] ( ,hypatia1 9 a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 by ! fanatical mob ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op1 d[n to ! la/ poor wret* burnt alive at ! /ake by ! ord]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus1 ! /ory ( ,*ri/ian infamy is n reliev$ by "o bright spot4 ,humanity /&s agha/1 & %udd]s at ! hide\s tale ( crime :i* ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,europe unfolds4 ,x is "o long wail ( angui%1 p\r$ =? by suff]+ man1 f9d+ relief only 9 ! sil5ce ( ! grave--t /ronghold ( peace )9 :i* nei!r god1 devil1 prie/1 nor tyrant c wreak _! diabolical v5geance fur!r4 ,h[ t]rible h be5 ! suff]+s ( poor ,humanity "u ! gha/ly %ad[ ( ! ,cross is beautifully express$ 9 ,%elley's 8,que5 ,mab10 9 ! dialogue betwe5 ! _s ( ,ian! & ! ,fairy ,que53-- ,,_s4 ,i 0 an infant :5 my "m w5t ,to see an ,a!i/ burn$4 ,%e took me !re3 ,! d>k-rob$ prie/s 7 met ar\nd ! pile ,! multitude 0 gaz+ sil5tly2 ,& z ! culprit pass$ ) dauntless mi51 ,temp]$ disda9 9 8 unalt]+ eye1 ,mix$ ) a quiet smile1 %one calmly =?3 ,! ?ir/y fire crept r\nd 8 manly limbs2 ,8 resolute eyes 7 scor*$ to bl9dness soon2 ,8 dea?-pang r5t my he>t6 ! ins5sate mob ,utt]$ a cry ( triumph1 & ,i wept4 ,weep n1 *ild6 cri$ my "m1 = t man ,has said1 ,!re is no ,god4 ,,fairy4 ,!re is no ,god6 ,nature confirms ! fai? 8 dea?-groan seal'd3 ,let heav5 & e>?1 let man's revolv+ race1 ,8 ceaseless g5]ations1 tell _! tale2 ,let e "p dep5d+ on ! *a9 ,t l9ks x to ! :ole1 po9t to ! h& ,t grasps its t]m6 ,let e se$ t falls1 ,9 sil5t eloqu5ce unfold its /ore ,( argum5t3 inf9ity )91 ,inf9ity )\t1 belie creation2 ,! ext]m9able _s x conta9s ,is ,nature's only ,god2 b human pride ,is skilful to inv5t mo/ s]i\s names ,to hide its ignorance4 ,! "n ( ,god ,has f5c$ ab\t all crime ) hol9ess1 ,himself ! creature ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 ,^: names & attributes & passions *ange1 ,seeva1 ,buddh1 ,foh1 ,jehovah1 ,god1 or ,"l1 ,ev5 ) ! human dupes :o build 8 %r9es1 ,/ill s]v+ o'er ! w>-pollut$ _w ,= desolation's wat*word2 :e!r ho/s ,/a9 8 dea?-blu%+ *>iot :eels1 z on ,triumphantly !y roll1 :il/ ,brahm9s raise ,a sacr$ hymn to m+le ) ! groans2 ,or c\ntless p>tn]s ( 8 p[] divide ,8 tyranny to weakness2 or ! smoke ,( burn+ t[ns1 ! cries ( female helplessness1 ,un>m$ old age1 & y\?1 & infancy1 ,horribly massacr$1 asc5d to heav5 ,9 hon\r ( 8 "n2 or1 la/ & wor/1 ,e>? groans b5ea? religion's iron age1 ,& prie/s d>e babble ( a ,god ( peace1 ,ev5 :ile _! h&s are r$ ) guiltless blood1 ,murd]+ ! :ile1 uproot+ e g]m ,( tru?1 ext]m9at+1 spoil+ all1 ,mak+ ! e>? a slaught]-h\se6 ,!re is no ,god6 ,:at1 !n1 caus$ ?is mighty univ]se8 ,to be caus$ implies a cause1 c]ta9ly2 & t cause mu/1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 be adequate = ! production ( ! effect manife/$4 ,b1 inasmu* z cause & effect are b relative t]ms1 ! cause c\ld n exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! effect1 & vice v]s4 ,!re=e1 z f> z ! human m9d is capable ( m5tat+1 ! univ]se c\ld n h be5 caus$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 et]nal4 ,:at t inh]5t p[] ( matt] is t hides itself s my/]i\sly beh9d ! ph5om5a ( nature we _c tell1 f>!r ?an t1 be+ ! inh]5t prop]ty ( et]nal matt]1 x also is et]nal4 ,?is po9t is ! limit ( ! human und]/&+1 beyond :i* x is app>5tly impossible at pres5t = ! m9d ( man to so>4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 8!re is a p[] beh9d humanity & beh9d all ?+s2 a p[] ( :i* humanity is b a small & fugitive product2 a p[] :i* 01 9 ! c\rse ( ev]-*ang+ manife/ations1 be=e humanity 01 & w cont9ue ?r\gh all o!r manife/ations :5 humanity has ceas$ to be40 ,?is p[]1 ( :i* matt] & motion1 ?\ght & volition1 are b ! ph5om5al manife/ations1 & :i* regulates ! v>i$ movem5ts ( ^? myriads ( /ell> sy/ems int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! inf9ity ( space--?is exhau/less p[] ( life & en]gy is to ! human m9d1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 unkn[able4 ,call x ,law2 call x ,gravity2 call x ! ,my/]i\s ,unkn[n2 b call x n ,god1 t ^w :i* has br\ght s mu* bitt] angui% to humanity1 & :i* blight$ ! beauty ( nature1 caus+ hate :]e love %\ld be1 & te>s to fall :]e smiles %\ld gladd5 ! he>t ( man4 ,:e!r or n ! m9d ( man 9 future ages w be able to lift ! veil t at pres5t lies betwe5 him & ! ,great ,unkn[n "t alone c tell4 ,at pres5t we are at ! m]cy ( an imp]fectly-develop$ n]v\s organisation1 ) its five special s5ses1 :i*1 ?\gh v f> sup]ior to ! l[ly n]v\s developm5t ( our remote ance/ors ( millions ( c5turies back 9 ! hi/ory ( life1 is p]fectly inadequate = ! solution ( ! great problem ( exi/5ce4 ,b a "t w probably arrive 9 ! dim & mi/y future :5 o!r & m important s5ses w be evolv$ )9 ! human frame1 :i* may br+ man ne>] ! elucidation ( ?is greate/ ( all my/]ies4 ,mean:ile let u apply ourselves boldly to ! uproot+ ( ! old ,upas tree ( religi\s fai?--t p]nici\s developm5t ( ! god-idea t has be5 ! con/ant blight ( all ages1 /ifl+ reason by fo/]+ bl9d fai? & gross cr$ulity1 robb+ ! race ( all t is noble1 manly1 & hone/1 by ! propagation ( ^? cank] worms1 hypocrisy & cant1 & ret>d+ ! temporal salvation ( man by ! sub/itution ( ! va9 & fooli% !ory ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,pr9t$ by ,watts ,co41 #ag1 ,johnson's ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,zodiacal ,,signs ,,libra ,a ,,virgo ,b ,,leo ,c ,,canc] ,d ,,gem9i ,e ,,taurus ,f ,,aries ,g ,,pisces ,h ,,aqu>ius ,i ,,capricornus ,j ,,sagit>ius ,k ,,scorpio ,l ,a ,e>?'s position at ,v]nal ,equ9ox ,b4,c4 #dcdj4 ,b #bahh4 ,c #cf4 ,d ,w9t] ,sol/ice #dcdj4 ,e #bahh4 ,f #cf4 ,g ,autumnal ,equ9ox #dcdj4 ,h #bahh4 ,i #cf4 ,j ,summ] ,sol/ice #dcdj4 ,k #bahh4 ,l #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,insignia ,,on ,,! ,,walls ,,9 ,,! ,,temples ,,( ,,bac*us ,illu/ration3 ,,ori5tal ,,zodiac4 ,aft] ,sir ,w7m7 ,jones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,zodiac ,,f ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,isis ,,d5d]a ,aft] ,sir ,wm4 ,drummond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,signs ,,& ,,extra-,,zodiacal ,,con/ellations4 ,b4,c4 #cf to ,a4,d4 #baaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\!rn ,,signs ,,& ,,extra-,,zodiacal ,,con/ellations4 ,b4,c4 #cf to ,a4,d4 #baaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4,c4 #dcdj ,,to ,b4,c4 #bahh4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4,c4 #cf ,,to ,a4,d4 #baaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,zodiacal ,,l9e ,,or ,,ecliptic4 ,b4,c4 #bahh ,,to ,b4,c4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,botes ,adam ,joseph ! ,c>p5t] ,virgo ,eve ,v4 ,m>y ,cetus ,blasphemy ,illu/ration3 ,aqu>ius ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,pet]4 ,sagitt>ius4 ,joseph son ( ,jacob4 ,philip ( ,be?saida4 ,j4 ,,b5nett4 ,illu/ration3 ,,god ,,inc>nate ,,) ,,man ,,copy ,,( ,,celebrat$ ,,bronze ,,9 ,,! ,,vatican --,,savi\r ,,( ,,! ,w#j,,rld ,tak5 f ,payne ,knight's 8,priapus ,wor%ip40 ,a ,cross1 ! ,phallic symbol1 has be5 sub/itut$ = ! male organ erect ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,amulet ,,9 ,,t[nley',s ,,museum ,repres5t+ ! sexual union ( ! bull-sun-god1 or ,active pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 ) ! ,passive1 or female pr9ciple ( nature or e>?4 ,crosses h be5 "h sub/itut$ = ! erect male organs ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phallic ,,lamp ,f\nd buri$ 9 ,london4 ,bo? figures are copi$ f 8,priapus ,wor%ip04 ,illu/ration3 ,,votive ,,(f]+s ,,to ,,god ,,priapus ,i4 ,! god's assi/ance 0 s\ght on behalf ( a c\ple1 ,,prim9us & ,,m5tila1 :o 7 probably *ildless4 ,f\nd 9 ,roman camp at ,adel1 ,york%ire1 & n[ 9 ,le$s ,philosophical ,society's museum4 ,,ii4 ,f\nd 9 ,roman camp at ,we/]=d ,=t1 ,scotl&1 ^u ! wall ( ,anton9us4 ,,iii4 ,f\nd on "o ( ! gateways ( ,hadrian's wall1 9 ! ,roman camp at ,home/eads1 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,! above are tak5 f 8,priapus ,wor%ip04 ,illu/ration3 ,,amulet ,,=m+ ,,d\ble ,,crux ,,ansata ,f 8,priapus ,wor%ip04 ,two ,crosses are "h sub/itut$ = ! male organs ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,amulet ,copi$ f "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a ,cross is "h sub/itut$ = ! male organ ( ! orig9al z %[n 9 8,priapus ,wor%ip04 ,,zodiacal ,,my?ology4 ,to u ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :o h our national in/itutions = ! discov]y & propagation ( sci5tific tru?s1 ?us be+ sav$ ! tr\ble ( inve/igat+ = ourselves1 hav+ only to op5 a book to see :5 ! next eclipse ( ! sun w take place1 or :e!r ! ,ea/] holidays fall lat]1 or e>li] ?an usual1 x seems almo/ incr$ible t !re once exi/$ races ( m5 :o devot$ almo/ all _! "t to ! /udy ( a/ronomy2 b su* is nev]!less ! fact2 & :5 we consid] ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* society exi/$ 9 v remote times f :at we are n[ subject to1 we %all at once see t x 0 n altoge!r a pleasure1 b 9 fact a /]n necessity1 t impell$ ! p ( ^? e>ly times to make !mselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s natural ph5om5a tak+ place ar\nd !m day aft] day1 mon? aft] mon?1 & ye> aft] ye>4 ,9 ^? days1 :5 writ+ 0 ei!r altoge!r unkn[n or limit$ entirely to a few1 & :5 su* ?+s z almanacks & encyclop$ias 7 n ! ord] ( ! day1 p _h to tru/ to _! own k ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! prop]ties & uses ( plants1 etc41 = ! successful c>ry+ on ( _! daily pursuits1 :i* 7 !n pr9cipally ( an agricultural nature4 ,in/ead ( wat*es & clocks1 ! p _h only ! sun 9 heav5 to tell !m ! h\rs ( ! day2 in/ead ( mon?ly almanacks1 !y _h ! moon = _! guide2 &1 in/ead ( annual cal5d>s to m>k ! comm5cem5t ( ! seasons1 !y _h only ! />s above to tea* !m ! prop] times to till _! l&s & s[ _! gra94 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t !y %\ld be well acqua9t$ ) all ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & we ne$ only glance at ! e>lie/ records ( ! human race to f9d t !y 7 m or less full ( a/ronomical allusions--9 fact1 t ! pr9cipal /udy :i* engag$ ! att5tion ( primitive man 0 ! /udy ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,9 my lecture on 8,! ,evolution ( ! ,god ,idea0 ,i h already po9t$ out h[ ! e>lie/ religi\s conceptions arose f ?is /udy2 & 9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$0 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t1 9 nam+ ! con/ellations1 ! anci5ts adopt$ ! wise device ( giv+ to gr\ps ( />s ! names ( ! p>ticul> e>? productions or e>? ph5om5a t happ5$ to take place at ! "t :5 su* /> gr\ps made _! appe>ance 9 ! heav5s4 ,n[1 x is a v rem>kable fact t 9 ^? anci5t c\ntries ( :i* we h any exact k ! heav5ly bodies receiv$ v simil> &1 9 _m in/ances1 id5tical names1 :i* is j :at we %\ld expect if ! above !ory ( ! nam+ be correct4 ,take ! zodiac1 = example1 :i* is ! l9e ( ! app>5t annual circuit ( ! sun1 & we f9d t 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,greece x 0 divid$ into twelve portions ( #cj degrees ea*1 ! :ole circuit consi/+ ( #cfj degrees2 & ! equival5t signs bore a wond]ful simil>ity to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! old ,indian zodiac publi%$ 9 ! 8,philosophical ,transactions0 ( #aggb ! signs are z foll[s1 comm5c+ at ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t3--,ram1 ,bull1 ,man ) two %ields1 ,crab1 ,lion1 ,virg91 ,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,b[ & ,arr[1 ,mon/] ) goat's head & fi%'s h9dqu>t]s1 ,urn1 ,fi%4 ,9 ! ,indian zodiac publi%$ by ,sir ,w4 ,jones !y are z foll[s3--,ram1 ,bull1 ,y\? & ,damsel1 ,crab1 ,lion1 ,virg9 9 a boat1 hold+ an e> ( rice-corn1 ,man hold+ ! balances1 ,scorpion1 ,c5taur %oot+ ) a b[ & arr[1 ,mon/] ) antelope's head & fi%'s h9dqu>t]s1 ,man c>ry+ a wat]-pot on 8 %\ld]1 ,two ,fi%es4 ,! anci5t ,p]sian zodiacal signs 73 ,lamb1 ,bull1 ,tw9s1 ,crab1 ,lion1 ,e> ( ,corn1 ,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,b[1 ,goat1 ,pit*] ( ,wat]1 ,two ,fi%es4 ,9 ! zodiac depict$ on ! ceil+ ( ! ,egyptian temple ( ,isis at ,d5d]a ! foll[+ are ! signs3--,ram1 ,bull1 ,tw9s1 ,beetle1 ,lion1 ,virg9 hold+ an e> ( corn1 ,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,c5taur %oot+ ) b[ & arr[1 ,mon/] ) goat's head & fi%'s h9dqu>t]s1 ,man p\r+ wat] f two wat]-pots1 ,two ,fi%es4 ,9 ,kir*]'s ,egyptian zodiac ! signs are3--,man ) ram's horns1 ,bull1 ,tw9s1 ,h]mes ) head ( an ,ibis1 ,lion1 ,virg9 hold+ an e> ( corn1 ,man hold+ ! balances1 ,man ) s]p5ts = legs & hav+ a s]p5t twi/$ r\nd 8 body1 ,c5taur %oot+ ) b[ & arr[1 ,mon/] ) goat's head & fi%'s h9dqu>t]s1 ,man ) an urn f :i* wat] 0 fall+1 ,woman ) fi%'s tail4 ,anci5t ,greek zodiacs _h ! foll[+ signs3--,ram1 ,bull1 ,tw9s1 ,crab1 ,lion1 ,virg91 ,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,c5taur %oot+ ) b[ & arr[1 ,goat ) fi%'s h9dqu>t]s1 ,canobus ) 8 pit*] ( wat]1 ,two ,fi%es4 ,! ,romans foll[$ ! ,greeks1 & ^! signs h s9ce rema9$ un*ang$ 9 all mod]n zodiacs1 be+ n[ kn[n "u ! foll[+ names3--,aries1 ! ram2 ,taurus1 ! bull2 ,gem9i1 ! tw9s2 ,canc]1 ! crab2 ,leo1 ! lion2 ,virgo1 ! virg92 ,libra1 ! balances2 ,scorpio1 ! scorpion2 ,sagitt>ius1 ! c5taur-ar*]2 ,capricornus1 ! goat-fi%2 ,aqu>ius1 ! wat]-be>]2 ,pisces1 ! fi%es4 ,ea* ( ^! signs corresponds ) a p>ticul> portion ( ! ye>1 v>y+ accord+ to ! sl[ movem5t kn[n z ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 by :i* all ! signs are mov$ =w>d v slightly ye> by ye>1 at ! rate ( "o degree 9 #ga or #gb ye>s1 until1 at ! end ( ab\t #b1aeb ye>s1 a :ole sign has mov$ =w>d into ! position previ\sly occupi$ by ! sign imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,?is is caus$ by ! failure ( ! sun to rea* ! same po9t 9 ! same "t 9 8 app>5t circuit ea* ye>2 & ?us x happ5s t1 9 a p]iod ( r less ?an #bf1jjj ye>s1 ea* sign w h mov$ completely r\nd ! zodiacal b&4 ,n[1 by c>eful calculation x has be5 f\nd t ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t co9cid$ ) ! fir/ degree ( ,aries ab\t #bh1jjj ye>s ago1 ) ! fir/ degree ( ,libra ab\t #ag1jjj ye>s ago1 ) ! fir/ degree ( ,taurus ,b4,c4 #d1cdj1 ) t ( ,aries ,b4,c4 #b1ahh1 & ) t ( ,pisces ,b4,c4 #cf2 s t1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t is really occupi$ by ! sign ( ! fi%es1 al?\gh1 = a/ronomical purposes1 ! sign ( ! ram is always plac$ 9 t position1 & w1 = ! future1 always be consid]$ z ! fir/ sign ( ! zodiac1 no matt] :at sign may really occupy t position4 ,?us !re is n[ :at is call$ a fix$ zodiac1 :i* nev] *anges1 & :i* is an arbitr>y arrangem5t made = sci5tific purposes1 & a real zodiac ^: figures move /eadily & sl[ly ye> by ye>1 until at ! end ( r m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t is occupi$ by ! sign imm$iately foll[+ ! "o :i* occupi$ x dur+ t p]iod ( "t4 ,al?\gh n[ ! fix$ zodiac is an e/abli%$ fact1 su* an arrangem5t 0 undream$ ( by ! anci5ts1 :o regulat$ _! almanacks f ! actual sign at ! "t occupy+ ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t2 s t betwe5 ! ye>s #dcdj ,b4,c4 & #bahh ,b4,c4 ! sign ( ! bull 0 ! fir/ & *ief sign ( ! zodiac1 :ile dur+ ! two ?\s& ye>s foll[+--t is1 until #cf ,b4,c4--! sign ( ! ram or lamb took its place4 ,! v]nal equ9ox falls on ,m>* #ba/ ea* ye>1 at :i* "t ! sun1 hav+ asc5d$ f its l[e/ po9t ( decl9ation 7,decemb] #ba/71 arrives at t portion ( its annual c\rse at :i* ! equator & ! ecliptic cross ea* o!r2 & ?us dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! sign ( ! bull 0 ! v]nal equ9oxial sign ! sun 0 said to be 9 ,taurus1 :ile 9 ! foll[+ p]iod1 :5 ! sign ( ! ram took ! place ( t ( ! bull1 ! sun 0 said to be 9 ,aries4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?or\ghly ! app>5t annual m>* ( ! sun r\nd our e>?1 x w be necess>y to obs]ve ! actual d\ble motions ( our e>? r\nd ! sun & ^u its own axis4 ,let u suppose t we are aga9 9 ! p]iod :5 ! sun 0 9 ,aries at ! v]nal equ9ox2 on ! #ba/ ( ,m>* our e>?1 9 travell+ r\nd ! sun 7annual motion71 has rea*$ a po9t at :i* ! sun is plac$ betwe5 u & ! fir/ />s ( ,aries1 :i* are !n1 ( c\rse1 invisible1 because :5 ! sun is visible x is daytime--t is1 ! "p ( ! e>? on :i* we /& is oppos$ to ! sun1 :i* r5d]s all ! />s 9 t "p ( ! heav5s invisible2 b1 z ! e>? cont9ues to turn ^u its axis 7daily motion71 we gradually lose sight ( ! sun1 & z ! d>kness closes ar\nd u ! />s ^u ! opposite side ( ! heav5s become visible2 s t1 :5 ! sun is 9 ,aries1 or any o!r sign1 t sign is always invisible to u1 & at night we see ! sign t occupies ! opposite side ( ! zodiac4 ,day aft] day1 z ! e>? cont9ues to move r\nd ! sun1 a few m />s 9 ! sign ,aries are cov]$1 until at ! end ( a mon? ! sun rea*es ! next sign1 ,taurus2 & ! opposite signs1 :i* we see at night1 h also mov$ on to ! same ext5t4 ,?us at noon on ,m>* #ba/ ! sun is at its highe/ daily asc5sion1 s\? ( ! z5i?1 or highe/ po9t ( ! heav5s1 oblit]at+ by its effulg5ce ! fir/ />s ( ! sign ,aries1 ?r\gh :i* x is app>5tly ab\t to pass1 & at midnight foll[+ ! opposite sign1 ,libra1 is se5 at ! same di/ance f ! nadir1 or highe/ po9t ( ! d>k5$ heav5s2 :ile a mon? lat]1 :5 ! sun at noon is 9 ,taurus1 ! sign ,scorpio is se5 at ! opposite po9t at midnight2 & s on ?r\gh all ! signs1 "o mon? be+ occupi$ by ! pass+ ( ! sun ?r\gh ea* sign1 s t x passes ?r\gh ,aries 9 ,m>*1 ,taurus 9 ,april1 ,gem9i 9 ,may1 ,canc] 9 ,june1 ,leo 9 ,july1 ,virgo 9 ,augu/1 ,libra 9 ,septemb]1 ,scorpio 9 ,octob]1 ,sagitt>ius 9 ,novemb]1 ,capricornus 9 ,decemb]1 ,aqu>ius 9 ,janu>y1 ,pisces 9 ,febru>y4 ,?is 0 precisely :at occurr$ 9 ! zodiac dur+ ! ye>s f ,b4,c4 #bahh to ,b4,c4 #cf2 b 9 ! p]iod ( two ?\s& ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ?is1 ow+ to ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! ord] 0 *ang$1 s t ,taurus 0 ! sign ( ,m>*1 ,gem9i ( ,april1 & s on1 ea* sign be+ a mon? e>li]2 :ile at ! pres5t "t ,pisces is ! sign ( ,m>*1 & ea* o!r sign "o mon? lat] ?an :5 ,aries 0 at ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t4 ,ea* ( ^! signs occupies #cj degrees ( ! zodiac1 ! :ole twelve mak+ up #cfj degrees1 :i* is ! total l5g? ( ! imag9>y sph]e ( ! heav5ly vault2 & ! anci5ts aga9 divid$ ea* ( ^! signs into ?ree portions ( t5 degrees ea*1 call$ decans mak+ #cf decans = ! complete zodiacal circle4 ,:5 ! sun 0 pass+ ?r\gh a sign ! a/rolog]s publicly proclaim$ ! exact mom5t ( its entry ^u ! fir/ decan1 :i* !y call$ ! upp] room1 ! :ole sign be+ call$ ! h\se ( ! sun2 ! second decan !y call$ ! middle or inn] room1 & ! ?ird ! l[] room4 ,on ea* side ( ! zodiacal b& !re are also a numb] ( :at are call$ extra-zodiacal con/ellations1 :i* nev] v>y _! position ) reg>d to ! zodiacal signs1 ! con/ellations on ei!r side ( ,aries always ris+ & sett+ at ! same "t ) t sign1 ^? on ea* side ( ,taurus do+ likewise1 & s on ?r\gh all ! signs4 ,z ! v>i\s a/ronomical figures became end[$ by ! anci5ts ) div9e hon\rs1 ea* ( ^! signs became associat$ ) a numb] ( romantic /ories1 until at l5g? ! /ruggles1 victories1 & defeats ( ! gods 7 told 9 su* a v>iety ( ways t suffici5t lore exi/$ to fill1 if writt5 d[n1 :ole libr>ies4 ,! zodiacal signs 7 all gods ( great importance2 ! planets 7 gods1 ! sun 0 a god1 ! moon 0 a goddess1 & ! extra-zodiacal con/ellations 7 ei!r gods or h]oes2 b all 7 n ( equal importance1 &1 ow+ to ! con/ant *ang+ ( positions1 "s 7 p[]ful & victori\s at "o "t & weak & dy+ at ano!r4 ,! *ief deity1 :i* to ! ,aryans 0 ,dyaus1 ! day-fa!r1 became 9 lat] times a conc5trat$ ess5ce ( all ! gods1 & 0 suppos$ to und]go all ! vicissitudes to :i* !y 7 subject$2 b1 inasmu* z ! new-born sun 0 ! life ( ! _w1 br++ back happ9ess1 & ! v]nal equ9oxial sign 0 ! "o at :i* 8 influ5ce began to be felt1 ^! two deities 7 look$ ^u z god p> excell5ce1 a dual deity1 sep>ate yet conjo9$1 & ( equal p[] & au?ority4 ,s1 :5 ! bull 0 ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t1 ! sun-9-,taurus 0 supreme god2 & :5 ! ram1 or lamb1 0 ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t ! sun-9-,aries 0 supreme ,god2 &1 al?\gh x 0 only 9 ,m>* t ! sun 0 at ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t1 yet ! bull-god1 = two ?\s& ye>s prior to ,b4,c4 #bahh1 0 always supreme1 & ! ram-god 79 ,egypt7 or lamb-god 79 ,p]sia7 aft] t date4 ,on leav+ ! v]nal equ9oxial sign ! sun pass$ into ! next 9 ord]2 b1 al?\gh !n n actually 9 conjunction ) ! *ief sign1 x yet 0 b slightly remov$ f x1 ! di/ance gr[+ l>g] z ea* fre% sign 0 occupi$2 & nev] 7 ! sun & ! pr9cipal sign actually sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 ! zodiac1 s z to pass into opposite hemisph]es1 until ! autumnal equ9oxial po9t 0 cross$1 aft] :i* ! sun pass$ successively ?r\gh all ! w9t] con/ellations1 be+ sep>at$ = ! space ( six mon?s f ! sign ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,!re=e ! six summ] signs 7 acc\nt$ specially b\ntiful & holy1 ! sign ( ! v]nal equ9ox be+ ! head & *ief ( ! six1 :ile ! six w9t] signs 7 acc\nt$ less holy1 b q z p[]ful = evil z ! o!rs 7 = good4 ,f ?is 0 =m$ ! ma9 drama ( all subsequ5t my?ological sy/ems1 ! gr\ndwork ( :i* 01 briefly1 z foll[s3--,! savi\r-sun-god 0 born at ! w9t] sol/ice1 & asc5d$ to ! v]nal equ9ox1 :]e he 0 unit$ ) ! bull1 becom+ ! bull-god1 & 9 aft]time ) ! ram or lamb1 becom+ ! ram-god or lamb-god3 aft] cross+ ! equator at ! spr+ cov5ant1 or com+ toge!r ( ! equator & ecliptic1 he asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! heav5s1 becom+ ! lion-god1 at ! height ( 8 p[]1 & !n desc5d+ aga9 to ! autumnal cov5ant1 or equ9ox1 to pass ?r\gh ! w9t] or scorpion signs1 alone1 & m\rn+ ! loss ( ! v]nal equ9oxial sign1 :i* 0 torn f him at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,?is simple n>rative receiv$ num]\s embelli%m5ts 9 aft] times1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! a/rolog]s & prie/s1 :o1 9 _m cases1 contriv$ to make out ( x a beautiful poem or a sublime allegorical drama4 ,9 describ+ ! entry ( ! sun ^u any p>ticul> sign ! anci5t a/rolog]s 7 9 ! habit ( ref]r+1 n only to ! sign itself & to its decans1 b also to ! accompany+ extra-zodiacal con/ellations1 z well z to ! visible zodiacal signs & extra-zodiacal con/ellations ( ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,= in/ance1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! lamb's supremacy 7,b4,c4 #bahh to ,b4,c4 #cf7 ! position ( ! />s at ! mom5t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! annual app>5t m>* ( ! sun r\nd ! zodiac 0 z foll[s3--,! fir/ />s ( ! zodiacal sign ,capricornus 7 at ! w9t] sol/itial po9t1 ,decemb] #ba/1 & invisible to ! eye1 be+ directly s\? ( ! z5i? at noon1 ! extra-zodiacal con/ellations ,picis ,au/ralis on ! s\?1 & ,aquila on ! nor?1 be+ on ei!r side ( x1 & ! zodiacal signs ,sagitt>ius 9 front & ,aqu>ius beh9d1 accompany+ x 9 its m>*2 :ile on ! opposite side ( ! zodiac1 at midnight1 0 se51 directly to ! s\? ( ! nadir1 ! sign ,canc]1 9 :i* 7 ! ,prsepe1 or /able ( ,augias2 ! ,io-sepe1 cradle ( ,jupit] or mang] ( ,jao2 & ! ,aselli1 or two asses2 on ! ea/ ! sign ,virgo 0 j ab\t to appe> above ! horizon2 on ! we/]n horizon 0 ! sign ,aries1 above :i*1 & cross+ ! equator1 0 ! extra-zodiacal con/ellation ,orion1 ) ! ?ree l>ge />s 9 8 belt2 & imm$iately bel[ :i* 0 ! sea mon/] ,cetus1 j s9k+ bel[ ! horizon4 ,9 proclaim+ ! bir? ( ! sun at ,*ri/mas1 !re=e1 ! a/rolog]s w\ld make m5tion ( all ^! po9ts2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m prom95t & int]e/+ ( !m w\ld become impress$ m or less ^u ! m9ds ( ! p1 to be conv]t$ 9 aft] times into v>i\s fanta/ic & romantic fables1 z ! manufacture ( gods out ( ^! a/ronomical ph5om5a proce$$4 ,! pr9cipal a/ronomical features ( ?is annual sun-bir? 71 !re=e1 z foll[s3--,! bir? took place 9 ! h\se ( ! goat1 exactly opposite to :i* 7 ! mang] ( ,jao & ! /able ( ,augias1 betwe5 two asses2 at ! same mom5t ! virg9 0 ab\t to appe> above ! ea/]n horizon2 ! lamb 01 z x 71 hurl+ ! sea mon/] ,cetus bel[ ! we/]n horizon2 & ! ?ree brilliant />s1 call$ ! ?ree k+s1 9 ! belt ( ,orion1 7 %9+ above ! lamb1 on ! opposite horizon to :]e1 aft] ! lapse ( sixte5 days 7,janu>y #f?71 w\ld appe> t brilliant /> ,v9demiatrix1 ! ,virg9 by t "t hav+ ris5 suffici5tly high above ! horizon = t orb1 :i* is situat$ 9 h] elb[1 to be se5 at midnight4 ,all ! subsequ5t fables conc]n+ ! bir? ( a savi\r-god 7 b modifications ( ?is4 ,mi?ra1 ,kri%na1 ,horus1 ,bac*us1 ,jesus1 &1 9 fact1 all ! sun-gods1 7 born on ,decemb] #be?1 at midnight2 & ! /ories relat$ ( ea* bore a m>k$ resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! real bir?day ( ! sun-god 0 ,decemb] #bbnd1 at ! fir/ h\r2 b x 0 always reckon$ f ! same "t on ,decemb] #be?1 because at t mom5t1 & n be=e1 ! fir/ />s ( ,virgo appe>$ above ! horizon1 :i* 0 ! sign by :i* x became kn[n t ! bir? _h actually tak5 place ?ree days & ?ree nights previ\sly4 ,?is gave rise to a popul> notion t ! sun-god /ruggl$ = t l5g? ( "t at ea* ( ! sol/itial & equ9oxial po9ts1 & acc\nts = ! fable ( ! two crucifixions :5 ! sun-god1 9 cross+ ! equator 9 ,m>* & ,septemb]1 01 = ?ree days & ?ree nights1 9 torture be=e he f9ally asc5d$ to heav5 9 ! "o case1 & desc5d$ to hell 9 ! o!r4 ,! ,*ri/ian my? ( ! bir? & dea? ( ! savi\r-god1 al?\gh n[ consid]ably amplifi$ & conv]t$ into a long hi/ory1 0 orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ( a mu* simpl] =m1 &1 probably1 ( ! foll[+ nature3--,jesus1 ! sun-god1 0 born at midnight1 betwe5 ,decemb] #bd? & ,decemb] #be?1 8 "m1 ,virgo1 hav+ be5 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! agony ( *ildbir?2 ! virg91 n be+ all[$ to ent] ! h\se ( ! goat1 be+ on ! opposite side ( ! zodiac1 0 oblig$ to seek refuge 9 ! /able ( ,augias 7,canc]71 & place h] baby 9 ! mang] ( ,jao1 at :i* mom5t ! lamb ( god1 ,aries1 hurl$ into ! abyss ! great mon/] ( evil1 or ,cetus2 ! ?ree k+s 9 ! belt ( ,orion1 p]ceiv+1 on ,janu>y #f?1 ! great /> ,v9demiatrix rise 9 ! ea/1 :i* 0 _! guid+ />1 made obeisance to ! new-born god & disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon1 go+ d[n by ! we/1 in/ead ( return+ by ! ea/1 or way !y _h come4 ,gr[+ f ?is mom5t1 ! "y sun-god comm5c$ 8 j\rney t[>ds ! city ( god1 ! summ] sol/ice1 at ! top ( ! hill1 or height ( annual asc5sion1 meet+ at ! outset ,aqu>ius1 ! man ) ! pit*] ( wat]1 or ,john ! ,bapti/1 ) :om he rema9$ = a "t2 aft] :i* he ent]$ ^u ! season ( fa/+1 or ! sign ,pisces1 ! fi%es1 & prep>$ by au/]ities = ! com+ fea/ ( ! ,passov]1 or com+ toge!r 7cov5ant7 ( ! ecliptic & equator1 :5 he w\ld be crucifi$--t is1 be plac$ cross-wise on ! two l9es 7ecliptic & equator74 ,aft] ?is he ent]$ into ! sign1 ,aries1 ! lamb1 hav+ be5 %[n ! way by ! man ) ! pit*] ( wat]1 ,aqu>ius1 & p>took ( ! fea/ 9 ! upp] room or fir/ decan1 imm$iately aft] :i* he 0 crucifi$ z ! lamb ( god--t is1 pass$ ! cross+ ( ! equator & ecliptic 9 ! sign ( ! lamb4 ,= ?ree days & ?ree nights he /ruggl$ 9 ! tomb1 or susp5se1 & !n asc5d$ into heav51 accompani$ by ! lamb1 pass+ ! signs ,taurus & ,gem9i1 say+ to ! tw9s t he c\ld /ay ) !m b a little :ile1 & :]e he 0 go+ !y c\ld n g 7,john xii471 & f9ally rea*+ ! city ( heav51 ,j]usalem1 or ,canc]1 pass+ ov] ! two asses 7,aselli7 at ! entrance to x4 ,"h1 on ! top ( ! m\nt1 or at ! height ( 8 annual asc5sion1 he _h ano!r ?ree days & ?ree nights ( tribulation1 /ruggl+ ) ! devil1 ! heav5ly s]p5t1 :o _h l$ or prec$$ him up ! m\nt1 b :o left him z soon z he arriv$ at ! top2 = ,s]p5s1 at ?is po9t1 returns :ile ! sun comm5ces 8 desc5t t[>ds ! autumnal crucifixion4 ,pass+ into ,leo1 he 0 transfigur$ on ! m\nt--t is1 became m respl5d5t ?an ev]1 aft] :i* he ent]$ ,virgo1 :]e ! s$uctions ( ! lady sorely tempt$ him1 = be+ (f]$ ! juice ( ! autumn grape he drank copi\sly ) ! damsel until none 0 left2 :]eupon %e sugge/$ t he %\ld turn wat] into w9e1 b he resi/$ fur!r temptation1 exclaim+1 8,woman1 :at h ,i to d ) !e80 & pursu$ 8 c\rse t[>ds ! autumnal equ9ox1 :]e he pass$ into ,libra & cross$ ! equator & ecliptic aga91 or1 9 o!r words1 0 crucifi$ 9 ,egypt z ! 8j man10 be+ at l5g? sep>at$ f ,aries = six mon?s1 :i* caus$ him to exclaim 9 grief1 8,my ram6 my ram6 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me80 ,aft] ?ree days' & ?ree nights' /ruggle he desc5d$ into hell1 ! tomb1 or ! d>k regions1 to be born aga9 at ! w9t] sol/ice z be=e2 aft] :i* he w\ld reconqu] ! p[]s ( evil1 or ! w9t] signs1 & aga9 become ! lamb ( god1 8sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w0 7,rev4 xiii4 #h7 ! ,am51 or ,jupit] ,ammon1 ( ! ,apocalypse1 at :i* mom5t he exclaims1 8,i am he t live? & 0 dead1 & behold ,i1 ,am51 am alive = ev]more0 7,rev4 i4 #ah71 & 8,^! ?+s sai? ,am51 ! true & fai?ful witness1 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god0 7,rev4 iii4 #ad74 ,! w9t] p]iod1 comm5c+ ) ,libra1 0 call$ by ! anci5ts ! p]iod ( scorpions1 because ,scorpio 0 ! pr9cipal sign ( ! p]iod1 & next aft] ! equ9oxial sign2 ,egypt 7see ,rev4 xi4 #h71 because1 t be+ ! mo/ s\!rly c\ntry !n kn[n1 ! sun appe>$ to desc5d into x at t "t ( ! ye>2 & ,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 etc41 because x 0 a p]iod ( evil4 ,! sea-mon/]1 ,cetus1 is ! same t is ref]r$ to 9 ,rev4 xiii4 z blasphemy1 ) a m\? l a lion1 feet l a be>1 & leop>d-l m>ks on its =equ>t]s1 & ^: numb] 0 decl>$ to be #fff1 :i* figure be+ made up ( #fj1 #djj1 #f1 & #bjj1 /&s = ! ^w 1 ,setur1 ! conceal$ "o1 ! ,lat9 equival5t ( :i* is ,cetus4 ,?is 0 probably some?+ l ! orig9al ,*ri/ian my?1 :i*1 z "t wore on1 became conv]t$ into ! absurd /ory pres5t$ to u 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,! /ory ( ,adonis be+ sep>at$ f 8 d>l+ ,v5us = six mon?s1 & be+ aft]w>ds re-unit$ to h] 9 love = ano!r six mon?s1 0 fabricat$ f ! same s\rce2 z also 7 ! leg5ds ( ,osiris & ,horus1 ,vi%nu & ,kri%na1 ,ormuzd & ,mi?ras1 ,jupit] & ,apollo1 ,jupit] & ,bac*us1 & ,jupit] & ,h]cules4 ,! cult ( ,bac*us1 inde$1 0 almo/ a fac simile ( ^? ( ,jesus & ,adonis1 ! ?ree be+ b repres5tations 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ! v same drama4 ,! twelve lab\rs ( ,h]cules 7 no m ?an ! passage ( ! sun ?r\gh ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 j z ! twelve patri>*s1 ! twelve tribes1 ! twelve /ones1 & ! twelve apo/les 7 ! twelve signs !mselves4 ,9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$0 ,i h po9t$ out ! reasons = ?9k+ ! twelve sons ( ,jacob & ! twelve apo/les to be ! twelve zodiacal signs2 b ,i may "h /ate t1 on re-consid]ation1 ,i am incl9$ to modify ! ord] ma9ta9$ !re 9 reg>d to ! twelve sons ( ,jacob 7p4 #abb7 by *ang+ ! places ( ,b5jam9 & ,zebulun1 ! =m] be+1 9 my pres5t op9ion1 ! sign ,gem9i1 & ! latt] ,capricornus2 & z to ! twelve apo/les1 ,i may "h supply an omission made 9 ! same "w1 by /at+ t ,&rew 7p4 #aih7 repres5ts ,aries1 ( ,m>*1 be+ always depict$ ) a 1 :i* =ms ! angle made by ! cross+ ( ! equator & ecliptic on ,m>* #ba/4 ,! my/ic numb] sev5 0 d]iv$ f ! summ] signs ( ! zodiac1 includ+ ! two equ9oxial signs1 :i* 7 call$ ! pill>s ( ! temple1 ! vault ( ! summ] heav5s be+ ! temple itself4 ,?us arose ! allusions to ! sev5 trumpets1 ! sev5 c&le/icks1 ! sev5 *ur*es1 & ! sev5 seals 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ea* ( :i* 0 a summ] zodiacal sign2 & "h ,i may aga9 supply an omission 9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$0 7p4 #bdf7 by /at+ t ! *ur* ( ,smyrna repres5t$ ,virgo1 ( ,augu/1 9 :i* mon? bundles ( myrrh 7 always (f]$ to ! sun1 ! ^w signify+ 8myrrh40 ,besides my/ic numb]s1 !re 7 a numb] ( my/ic symbols 9 use among ! anci5ts1 by :i* ! great & important ph5om5a 9 nature 7 kept con/antly be=e ! eyes ( ! p4 ,! *ief & mo/ widely kn[n symbol is ! cross1 repres5t+ ! asc5d+ sun br++ back fre% life to ! _w at ! v]nal equ9ox2 b ! cross 0 by no means ! only symbol ( ?is important occurr5ce2 trees1 tor*es1 ! male organs ( g5]ation1 or phallus1 & v>i\s animals 7 frequ5tly us$ = ! same purpose--9 fact1 ! symbolical wor%ip ( ! anci5ts assum$ gigantic proportions1 almo/ e conceivable device be+ seiz$ ^u to r5d] homage to ! great re-f]tilis] ( ! e>?4 ,no "o ( ! religi\s cults 0 free f a l>ge admixture ( :at is kn[n z phallic wor%ip--t is1 wor%ip ( ! f]tilis+ pr9ciple2 & x 0 a common cu/om = p to swe> by _! g5]ative organs1 z be+ ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s on e>?1 repres5t+ ! div9e en]gy 9 a /ate ( procreative activity4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,psalm lxxxix4 #di ! foll[+ words 7lit]ally translat$73 8,o my ,adonis1 :]e are ?y ende>m5ts ( old1 :i* ?\ swe>$/ = ! sake ( love by ?y phallus1 ,o ,ammon80 ,! ,hebrew lett] 0 ! sign ( ! cross1 or phallus1 :i* 0 also us$ by ! ,phnicians1 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,arabic 1 ! sybol ( ! life-giv]4 ,?is passage evid5tly _h ref]5ce to ! viol5t dea? ( ,adonis1 :o1 at ! autumnal equ9ox1 0 attack$ by a wild bo>1 :i* tore away 8 g5]ative organs & r5d]$ him consequ5tly impot5t1 until he 0 born aga91 :5 he acquir$ fre% p[]s & grew 9 beauty & /ature1 ready to re-unite ) ,v5us at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,on ! mi?raitic monum5ts ! spr+ equ9ox is repres5t$ by light$ & elevat$ tor*es1 trees cov]$ ) leaves1 entire bulls1 & "y m5 hold+ light$ tor*es2 :ile ! autumnal equ9ox is repres5t$ by a hydra1 or long s]p5t1 a scorpion1 rev]s$ & ext+ui%$ tor*es1 trees load$ ) autumn fruits1 a bull ) its g5]ative organs torn away1 & old m5 hold+ rev]s$ & ext+ui%$ tor*es4 ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,m4,a4 & s*ol> ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d1 9 8 8,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations10 says3 8,! male & female p[]s ( nature 7 d5ot$ respectively by an upright & an oval emblem1 & ! conjunction ( ! two furni%$ at once ! alt> & ! a%]a1 or grove1 aga9/ :i* ! ,hebrew prophets lift$ up _! voice 9 e>ne/ prote/4444 ,9 ! k+dom bo? ( ,judah & ,israel ! rites connect$ ) ^! emblems assum$ _! mo/ corrupt+ =m4 ,ev5 9 ! temple itself /ood ! ,a%]a1 or ! upright emblem on ! circul> alt> ( ,baal-,peor1 ! ,priapos ( ! ,jews1 ?us reproduc+ ! ,l+a & ,yoni ( ! ,h9du4 ,= ?is symbol ! wom5 wove hang+s1 z ! ,a!nian maid5s embroid]$ ! sacr$ peplos = ! %ip pres5t$ to ,a!ne at ! great ,dionysiac fe/ival4 ,"h1 at ! w9t] sol/ice1 !y wept & m\rn$ = ,tammuz1 ! fair ,adonis1 done to dea? by ! bo>4444 ,"h1 also1 on ! ?ird day1 !y rejoic$ at ! resurrection ( ! "l ( light4 ,h5ce1 z mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! reproduction ( life on e>?1 x became ! symbol "u :i* ! sun1 invok$ ) a ?\s& names1 has be5 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ! _w z ! re/or] ( ! p[]s ( nature aft] ! long sleep or dea? ( w9t]40 ,?is symbol 0 f ! e>lie/ times v5]at$ z a protect+ p[]1 & ,jacob1 on 8 j\rney to ,laban1 slept "u its protect+ influ5ce3 plac$ erect--sometimes z a tree1 at o!rs z a cross1 & (t5 z a phallus--& re/+ on a cresc5t1 ! modifi$ =m ( ! yoni1 ?is symbol set =? ! m>riage ( heav5 & e>?2 & 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 repres5t+ life & heal+1 x 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians & ,jews4 ,9 ! book ( ,g5esis ! phallic tree is introduc$1 :]e x is call$ ! tree ( k ( good & evil4 ,f ,plut>* we le>n t ! ,egyptians repres5t$ ,osiris ) ! organ ( g5]ation erect1 to %[ 8 g5]ative & prolific p[]1 & t he 0 ! same deity z ! ,bac*us ( ! ,greek my?ology & ! fir/ begott5 love 7 7 ( ,orpheus & ,hesiod4 ,9 an excell5t "w entitl$ 8,disc\rse on ! ,wor%ip ( ,priapus10 by ,ri*>d ,payne ,knight1 !re are a numb] ( plates illu/rat+ ! mode 9 :i* ?is phallic wor%ip 0 c>ri$ on by ! anci5ts1 "s ( :i* are v curi\s & well wor? ! tr\ble ( /udy+ c>efully4 ,"o plate repres5ts a celebrat$ bronze 9 ! ,vatican1 ) ! male organs ( g5]ation plac$ on ! head ( a cock1 ! emblem ( ! ris+ sun1 support$ by ! neck & %\ld]s ( a man1 ! :ole be+ emblematical ( god inc>nate ) man1 & on ! base ( :i* are inscrib$ ! words 1 8,savi\r ( ! _w40 ,ano!r figure on ! same plate repres5ts an ornam5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 consi/+ ( a male organ ) w+s & ! foot ( a man susp5d$ f a *a94 ,ano!r plate %[s two repres5tations ( ! god ,pan1 "o ) ! organ erect1 ! symbol ( p[]1 or spr+1 ! o!r ) ! organ 9 a /ate ( tumid languor1 & load$ ) ! productions ( ! e>?1 ! symbol ( ! results ( prolific ef=ts4 ,bo? ^! la/ are copies ( bronzes 9 ! museum ( ,c4 ,t[nley4 ,on ano!r plate is a copy ( ano!r ( ,mr4 ,t[nley's treasures1 repres5t+ ! inc>nation ( deity1 9 ! %ape ( a man hav+ sexual int]c\rse ) a goat1 ! emblem ( ! new-born deity at ! w9t] sol/ice1 to :i* is app5d$ ! foll[+ note by ,mr4 ,payne ,knight3 8,at ,m5des a liv+ goat 0 kept z ! image ( ! g5]ative p[]1 to :om ! wom5 pres5t$ !mselves nak$1 & _h ! hon\r ( be+ publicly enjoy$ by him4 ,h]odotus saw ! act op5ly p]=m$ 7 71 & calls x a prodigy 774 ,b ! ,egyptians _h no su* horror ( x2 = x 0 to !m a repres5tation ( ! inc>nation ( ! deity1 & ! communication ( 8 creative _s to man4 ,x 0 "o ( ! sacram5ts ( t anci5t *ur*1 & 01 )\t d\bt1 beheld ) t pi\s awe & rev]5ce ) :i* dev\t p]sons always contemplate ! my/]ies ( _! fai?1 :atev] !y happ5 to be40 ,?is figure repres5t$ ! human male symbol z inc>nate ) ! div9e1 in/ead ( ! div9e male inc>nate ) ! human1 z 9 ! well-kn[n "o f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum & kept conceal$ 9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ,portici4 ,x is unnecess>y to describe ! :ole ( ! int]e/+ plates :i* illu/rate ,mr4 ,knight's "w1 copies ( all ( :i* ,i h c>efully tak54 ,!re is abundant evid5ce 9 anci5t au?ors z to ! preval5ce ( ?is wor%ip ( ! g5]ative organs1 & all agree z to ! real mean+ ( ! symbol4 ,9 e "p ( ! !n kn[n _w ! conqu]+ sun br++ back life to ! _w at ! spr+ equ9ox 0 repres5t$ 9 "s phallic =m or o!r1 ei!r z a cross1 a phallus1 a tree1 a s]p5t1 a goat1 a bull1 a tor*1 or "s o!r device emblematic ( ! sexual union ( ! p[]s ( heav5 ) "m e>?4 ,! cross 0 ! mo/ commonly us$ phallic symbol1 & 0 g5]ally ( ! foll[+ =m--1 ! be+ ! emblem ( ! e>?1 or female organ1 & ! ,t t ( ! sun1 or fecundat+ pr9ciple1 ! comb9ation =m+ a crux ansata1 :i* 0 worn z a *>m by dev\t p4 ,?is 0 conv]t$ into a simple cross1 9 :i* =m1 z well z 9 _m o!rs1 x is f\nd on anci5t temples ( ! mo/ remote p]iods1 z well z at ! corn]s ( roads1 :]e x evid5tly 0 us$ z a sign-po/1 z well z a religi\s symbol4 ,among ! pa9t+s f\nd at ,pompeii !re are "s 9 :i* ! god ,priapus is repres5t$ z a ,h]mes1 on a squ>e p$e/al1 ) an enorm\s phallus2 & o!rs 9 :i* he is repres5t$ ) ! usual prom95t feature1 &1 9 addition1 ) a long /ick 9 8 h& to po9t out ! way to travell]s4 ,h]odotus ?us describes a fe/ival 9 ,egypt3--8,! fe/ival is celebrat$ almo/ exactly z ,bac*ic fe/ivals 9 ,greece4 ,!y also use1 in/ead ( phalli1 ano!r inv5tion1 consi/+ ( images a cubit high1 pull$ by /r+s1 :i* ! wom5 c>ry r\nd to ! villages4 ,! virile memb] ( ^! figures is sc>cely less ?an ! re/ ( ! body1 & ?is memb] !y contrive to move4 ,a pip] goes 9 front1 & ! wom5 foll[1 s++ hymns 9 hon\r ( ,bac*us40 ,among ! royal (f]+s to ! god ,am5 by ,rameses ,,iii4 9 ! great ,h>ris ,papyrus are loaves 7call$ 8,ta5hannur07 9 ! =m ( ! phallus4#c ,9 ! ,pamelia ! ,egyptians exhibit$ a /atue provid$ ) ?ree phalli2 & 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,bac*us1 celebrat$ by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 a gilt phallus1 #abj cubits high1 0 c>ri$ 9 procession4 ,/4 ,j]ome tells u t1 9 ,syria1 ,baal-,peor1 ! ,hebrew ,priapus1 0 repres5t$ ) a phallus 9 8 m\?2 & 9 ,ezekiel xvi4 #ag we f9d ! ,jewi% wom5 manufactur+ silv] & gold5 phalli4 #c 8,primitive ,symbolism10 by ,hodd] ,m4 ,we/ropp4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus & ,diodorus ,siculus1 ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us 0 import$ into ,greece by ,melampus1 :o taught ! ,greeks ! my/]ies connect$ ) phallic wor%ip2 & ,plut>* says t 8no?+1 is simpl] ?an ! mann] 9 :i* !y celebrat$ =m]ly 9 my c\ntry ! ,dionysiaca4 ,two m5 walk$ at ! head ( ! procession2 "o c>ri$ an amphora ( w9e1 ! o!r a v9e bran*2 a ?ird l$ a goat2 a f\r? bore a basket ( figs2 a figure ( a phallus clos$ ! procession40 ,t]tullian tells u t t :i* 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis is consid]$ z mo/ holy1 conceal$ ) mo/ c>e1 & only expla9$ to ! initiat$ at ! la/ mom5t1 is ! image ( ! virile memb]4 ,! fe/ival ( ,v5us1 held at ,rome 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april ea* ye>1 0 9 hon\r ( ! sexual union ( ! p[]s ( heav5 & ( e>?4 ,! ,roman ladies l$ a c>t1 9 :i* 0 a huge phallus1 to ! temple ( ,v5us1 outside ! ,coll9e gate1 & !re pres5t$ ! memb] to ! sexual "p ( ! goddess4 ,spr+ 01 inde$1 ! special season = phallic processions1 z we le>n f a passage ( 8,iambli*us de ,my/]iis10 giv5 by ,mr4 ,we/ropp3 8,we say ! erection ( ! phalli is a c]ta9 sign ( prolific p[]1 :i*1 ?r\gh ?is1 is call$ =? to ! g5]ative en]gy ( ! _w2 on :i* acc\nt _m phalli are consecrat$ 9 ! spr+1 because !n ! :ole _w receives f ! gods ! p[] :i* is productive ( all g5]ation40 ,x is suffici5tly obvi\s t ! return ( ! sun to ! v]nal equ9oxial sign ea* ye>1 or ! union ( ! active & passive pr9ciples1 =m$ ! corn]/one ( ! v>i\s religi\s sy/ems1 & t ?is m>riage1 z x 71 ( heav5 ) e>?1 occurr+ ea* spr+time1 & br++ ) x su* a tra9 ( good results1 gave rise to ! mo/ sacr$ in/itutions & rites1 :i* to u may appe> disgu/+1 b :i*1 to ! anci5ts1 7 look$ ^u ) ! greate/ awe & v5]ation4 ,x 0 n to ! g5]ative organs t ! anci5ts (f]$ homage1 b to ! pr9ciples repres5t$ by !m--to ! active & procreative p[] ( ! god ( nature1 ! prolific ram-sun1 at ! spr+ equ9ox1 & to ! passive & recipi5t "m-e>?1 ! womb ( nature1 f :i* we all emanate & to :i* we all return4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 reasonable to imag9e1 ) ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 t 8x is cle> t su* a cultus z ?is w\ld c>ry ) x a con/antly-increas+ dang]1 until ! orig9al "* ( ! emblem %\ld be z ?or\ghly disguis$ z ! names ( "s ( ! ,v$ic deities :5 transf]r$ to ,hell5ic soil40 ,inde$1 x is matt] ( hi/ory t ^! rites1 :i* 7 held s sacr$ by ! ,egyptians1 7 turn$ to ! base/ & mo/ wick$ purposes 9 aft] times by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,bac*us1 ,adonis1 & o!r deities4 ,! ,bac*analian my/]ies & secret rites call$ ,dionysia1 or ,supp] ( ! "l ,dionysos1 7 publicly d5\nc$ by ! ,roman au?orities at ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 z 7 also ! ,adonia1 or ,supp]s ( ! "l ,adonis1 & ! ,love ,fea/s1 ,agap1 or ,supp]s ( ! "l ,jesus4 ,f ,gibbon we le>n t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 9 ! habit ( committ+ at _! ,love ,fea/s ! mo/ unnatural crimes ) si/]s1 mo!rs1 & o!rs1 z is also cle>ly te/ifi$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,a!nagoras1 ,t]tullian1 & ,m9ucius ,felix2 & ,livy's acc\nt ( simil> practices indulg$ 9 by ! ,bac*analians at _! ,dionysia leaves no d\bt z to _! p>ticipation 9 ^! horrors4 ,s widely spread 0 ?is phallic wor%ip t1 )9 "o hundr$ ye>s ( ! pres5t "t1 x 0 op5ly foll[$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 z appe>s f a lett] ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,k4,b41 ,briti% ,m9i/] at ! ,c\rt ( ,naples1 to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,b>t41 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,accompany+ ! lett] ! writ] s5ds an amulet worn by wom5 & *ildr5 ( ,naples & ! neighb\rhood z ornam5ts ( dress1 :i* !y imag9e w be a pres]vative aga9/ mal oc*ii 78evil eyes071 or en*antm5t4 ,x repres5ts a h& cl5*$1 ) ! po9t ( ! ?umb ?ru/ betwe5 ! index & middle f+]1 on "o side1 & a male organ erect on ! o!r side1 ) a r+1 or female organ1 above1 & a flaccid male organ & scrotum b5ea?1 ! :ole 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! lett] is s rem>kable t x is wor? :ile reproduc+ a consid]able portion ( x1 z x appe>s 9 ,mr4 ,knight's "w4 8,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt ( ! ,fte ( ,/4 ,cosmo & ,damiano1 z x 0 actually celebrat$ at ,is]nia1 on ! conf9es ( ,abruzzo1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 s late z 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #aghj4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 at ,is]nia1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t cities ( ! k+dom ( ,naples1 situat$ 9 ! prov9ce call$ ! ,contado di ,molise1 & adjo9+ to ,abruzzo1 an annual fair is held1 :i* la/s ?ree days4 ,! situation ( ?is fair is on a ris+ gr\nd1 betwe5 two riv]s1 ab\t half a mile f ! t[n ( ,is]nia2 on ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( :i* !re is an anci5t *ur*1 ) a ve/ibule4 ,! ar*itecture is ( ! /yle ( ! l[] ages2 & x is said to h be5 a *ur* & conv5t belong+ to ! ,b5$ict9e monks 9 ! "t ( _! pov]ty4 ,?is *ur* is d$icat$ to ,/4 ,cosmus & ,damianus4 ,"o ( ! days ( ! fair ! relics ( ! sa9ts are expos$1 & aft]w>ds c>ri$ 9 procession f ! ca!dral ( ! city to ?is *ur*1 att5d$ by a prodigi\s conc\rse ( p4 ,9 ! city1 & at ! fair1 ex-voti ( wax1 repres5t+ ! male p>ts ( g5]ation1 ( v>i\s dim5sions1 "s ev5 ( ! l5g? ( a palm1 are publicly (f]$ to sale4 ,!re are also wax5 v[s1 t repres5t o!r p>ts ( ! body mix$ ) !m2 b ( ^! !re are few 9 comp>ison ( ! numb] ( ,priapi4 ,! dev\t di/ributors ( ^! v[s c>ry a basket full ( !m 9 "o h&1 & hold a plate 9 ! o!r to receive ! money1 cry+ al\d1 #8,/4 ,cosmo & ,damiano6' ,if y ask ! price ( "o1 ! answ] is1 ,pi ci metti1 pi m]iti--',! m y give1 ! m's ! m]it4' ,9 ! ve/ibule are two tables1 at ea* ( :i* "o ( ! canons ( ! *ur* presides1 ?is cry+ out1 ,oui si ricev9a le ,misse1 e ,litanie--',"h ,masses & ,litanies are receiv$2' & ! o!r1 ,oui si ricev5o li ,voti--',"h ! ,v[s are receiv$4' ,! price ( a mass is fifte5 ,neapolitan gra9s1 & ( a litany five gra9s4 ,on ea* table is a l>ge bas9 = ! reception ( ! diff]5t (f]+s4 ,! v[s are *iefly pres5t$ by ! female sex2 & !y are seldom su* z repres5t legs1 arms1 c41 b mo/ commonly ! male p>ts ( g5]ation4 ,! p]son :o 0 at ?is fte 9 ! ye> #aghj1 & :o gave me ?is acc\nt 7! au!nticity ( e article ( :i* has s9ce be5 fully confirm$ to me by ! ,gov]nor ( ,is]nia71 told me also t he he>d a woman say1 at ! "t %e pres5t$ a v[1 l t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i41 ,fig4 ,i41 ,santo ,cosimo b5$etto1 cosi lo voglio--',bless$ ,/4 ,cosmo1 let x be l ?is2' ano!r1 ,/4 ,cosimo1 a te mi raccomm5do--',/4 ,cosmo1 ,i recomm5d myself to y2' & a ?ird1 ,/4 ,cosimo1 ti ruigrazio--',/4 ,cosmo1 ,i ?ank y4' ,! v[ is nev] pres5t$ )\t be+ accompani$ by a piece ( money1 & is always kiss$ by ! devotee at ! mom5t ( pres5tation4 ,at ! great alt> 9 ! *ur* ano!r ( its canons att5ds to give ! holy unction1 ) ! oil ( ,/4 ,cosmo2 :i* is prep>$ by ! same receipt z t ( ! ,roman ,ritual1 ) ! addition only ( ! pray] ( ! ,holy ,m>tyrs1 ,/4 ,cosmus & ,damianus4 ,^? :o h an infirmity 9 any ( _! memb]s pres5t !mselves at ! great alt>1 & uncov] ! memb] affect$ 7n ev5 except+ t :i* is mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ by ! ex-voti72 & ! rev]5d canon ano9ts x1 say+1 ,p] int]cessionem beati ,cosmi1 lib]et te ab omni malo1 ,am54 ,! c]emony f9i%es by ! canons ( ! *ur* divid+ ! spoils1 bo? money & wax1 :i* mu/ be to a v consid]able am\nt1 z ! conc\rse at ?is fte is said to be prodigi\sly num]\s40 ,at ! pres5t day phallic symbolism is p]petuat$ 9 our *ur* /eeples1 9 ! crosses & circles on our alt>s & pray]-books1 9 ! pictures ( ! lamb hold+ a cross )9 a circle on our *ur* w9d[s1 9 ! cross-buns eat5 at ! pas*al fea/1 9 ! ,ea/] eggs1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways2 :ile ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt & ! ,luxor obelisks--"o 9 ,london1 "o 9 ,p>is1 & "o 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg--=m a connect+ phallic l9k betwe5 ! anci5t ,egyptians & ourselves4 ,! sphynx has be5 said by "s to be a phallic figure2 b ,i d n subscribe to ?is view at all1 hold+ ! op9ion t x is simply a union ( two zodiacal signs1 ,july & ,augu/ ( ! fix$ zodiac4 ,x appe>s to me t at a v remote "t1 :5 ! sign ,virgo 0 ab\t to be supplant$ at ! v]nal equ9ox by ! next sign1 ,leo--some:]e ab\t fifte5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 or r lat]--! prie/s or a/rolog]s hit ^u ! idea ( plac+ ! head ( ,virgo ^u ! %\ld]s ( ,leo1 ?us manufactur+ a new k9d ( figure1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its p>tak+ ( ! dual nature ( ! !n mo/ prom95t ( ! gods1 became v popul>1 & 0 depict$ 9 v>i\s =ms & 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is may also h be5 ! modus faci5di ( ,capricornus & ,sagitt>ius1 if we c imag9e a /ill e>li] p]iod :5 ! zodiac 0 s diff]5t f ! pres5t =m z to h signs repres5t$ by a fi%1 a goat1 a horse1 & an ar*] respectively4 ,next to ! v]nal equ9oxial sign ! anci5ts held ! w9t] sol/itial sign 9 ! greate/ v5]ation1 & consequ5tly ! goat 0 a v sacr$ animal & occupi$ a prom95t place 9 all symbolical my?ologies4 ,x 0 f ?is po9t t ! ,egyptians calculat$ _! new ye>1 al?\gh ! ,p]sians always reckon$ !irs f ! v]nal equ9ox2 & x 0 on ,decemb] #ba/ t ! ,egyptians fix$ ! creation ( ! _w1 :i* gave orig9 to ! fable ( a goat hav+ be5 ! creator1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! fact ( ! e>ly copies ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* comm5c+ ) ! foll[+ words3 8,at ! comm5cem5t ! goat 77 r5ovat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?0 7,g5esis ,i4 #a74 ,"h we meet ) a v good example ( ! pat*work /yle 9 :i* ! ,bible 0 compil$4 ,9 ,egypt ! new ye> reckon$ f ,decemb] #ba/1 & ! creation 0 suppos$ to date f ! same "t ( ! ye>1 & consequ5tly 9 all records emanat+ f ! ,nile di/rict ! cele/ial goat 0 hon\r$ = ! occasion ) ! *ief god%ip2 b 9 ,p]sia ! new ye> comm5c$ on ,m>* #ba/1 ! date ( ! creation be+ fix$ at ! same po9t ( ! zodiac1 s t ! *ief god%ip 0 assign$ to ! cele/ial lamb or ram & its five fell[ signs ( ! summ] hemisph]e4 ,!re=e1 z ! ,hebrews d]iv$ _! creation fable f ! ,p]sians1 us+ also ! ,egyptian my?ology ) :i* to embelli% _! newly-made cosmogony1 ! two fables became mix$ some:at 9 ! m9ds ( ^! ignorant w&]]s1 ! consequ5ce be+ t 9 "s ( _! ,,mss4 ! creation 0 said to h be5 ! act ( ! goat 771 :ile 9 o!rs x 0 attribut$ to ! ram-sun1 ,elyah 771 or ! six summ] signs comm5c+ ) ! ram-sun1 & call$ on t acc\nt ! ,elohim 771 ?is ^w be+ ! plural =m ( ,eloh 77 or ,elyah 771 a comp\nd ^w made up ( ,yah 771 ! ,hebrew "n = ! sun-god1 & ,el 771 ! cele/ial lamb or ram4 ,n only 7 ! ?ree pr9cipal signs--! bull1 ! ram1 & ! goat--held 9 great v5]ation by ! ,egyptians1 b all ! zodiacal signs 7 wor%ipp$ 9 v>i\s degrees2 inde$1 ea* figure ( ! zodiac c be easily assign$ to "o ( ! pr9cipal gods ( ,egypt1 z !y 7 kn[n prior to ,b4,c4 #bahh4 ,! ram 0 ,am51 ! ,egyptian ,jupit]1 call$ ,zeus ,am5 7 7 by ! ,greeks & ,jupit] ,ammon by ! ,romans1 :o 0 repres5t$ ) a ram's head & horns4 ,! bull 0 ,apis1 or ,s]apis1 wor%ipp$ z a liv+ bull1 ! inc>nation ( ! pr9cipal deity at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! tw9s 7 ! ,greek ,ca/or & ,pollux1 :o 7 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians "u simil> names4 ,! crab 0 ,anubis1 ! ,egyptian ,m]cury4 ,! lion 0 ,osiris1 ,ra1 or ,ph?ah1 accord+ to ! di/rict & age1 ! sun-god at ! height ( 8 p[] at ! summ] sol/itial po9t1 ,june #bd?4 ,! virg9 0 ,isis1 ! belov$ ( ,osiris4 ,! balances 7 includ$ ) ! scorpion1 ! two be+ wor%ipp$ z ,set-,typhon1 ,tum1 or ,sekru1 accord+ to ! di/rict & age1 ! sun-god at ! autumnal equ9ox1 suff]+ defeat at ! h&s ( ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,! c5taur-ar*] 0 ! ,egyptian ,h]cules4 ,! goat 0 ,pan1 or ,m5des4 ,! wat]-be>] 0 ,horus1 ! av5g] ( 8 fa!r's defeat1 born ,decemb] #ba/1 & a conqu]or on ,m>* #ba/2 also ,mises1 ! ,egyptian ,bac*us1 :o1 be+ ! sign ( ! sun-god's bir?1 leads ! twelve signs out ( ! l& ( bondage1 & in/itutes ! fea/ ( commemoration at ! sign ( ! lamb1 ^: horns he we>s2 & also ,h>ma*is4 ,! fi%es are ,oannes1 ! ,egyptian savi\r-fi%1 :o1 :5 t sign 0 at ! w9t] sol/itial po9t1 sav$ ! _w z ! new-born sun4 ,^! twelve signs ( ! zodiac 71 9 fact1 ! twelve pr9cipal gods ( all races2 ! sev5 summ] signs1 includ+ ! two equ9oxial signs1 be+ ! sev5 specially sacr$ gods1 inhabit+ ! upp] temple ( ! mo/ high god1 :i* 0 ! vault ( ! summ] heav5s1 support$ by ! two pill>s ( ! equ9oxes or cov5ants4 ,almo/ e race _h temples divid$ into upp] & l[] c\rts or rooms1 ! upp] "o be+ ! resid5ce ( _! *ief gods2 & ^! temples 7 orig9ally meant to repres5t ! univ]se1 hav+ an upp] hemisph]e1 gov]n$ by ! good pr9ciple1 & a l[] hemisph]e1 gov]n$ by ! bad pr9ciple1 ?is idea be+ frequ5tly fur!r repres5t$ by a clos$ ark or *e/1 repres5t+ ! l[] or d>k hemisph]e1 ^u :i* sat ! *ief deity1 repres5t+ ! good pr9ciple ( ! upp] hemisph]e4 ,! ,egyptians1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 enclos$ ! body ( ,osiris 9 an ark e ye> at ! autumnal equ9ox1 :5 ! sun 0 9 ,scorpio1 :i* 0 a rite emblematical ( ! annual dea? ( ! sun-god ( summ]2 & ! ,jews1 x w be rememb]$1 suff]$ defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,phili/9es1 imm$iately aft] !y _h tak5 ! ark out ( ,%iloh1 :]e x _h be5 deposit$1 ! ^w ,%iloh be+ ! "n ( a t9y gr\p ( />s 9 ! sign ,scorpio4 ,! movable temple ( ! ,hebrews1 or tab]nacle1 z describ$ 9 ,exodus1 is ! be/ example we h ( ?is repres5tation ( ! univ]se1 be+ describ$ 9 su* m9ute detail z to betray its mean+ to ! dulle/ m9d4 ,x 0 divid$ into two portions--! l[] or out] portion1 & ! upp] or inn] portion1 ! holy ( holies1 :]e dwelt ! ,hebrew *ief tribal god1 ,yah\h1 or ,yah1 sitt+ ^u ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 repres5t+ ! w9t] "p ( ! heav5s betwe5 ! two cov5ants or equ9oxes4 ,on ea* side ( ,yah 0 a *]ub1 or mon/] ) f\r faces 7or1 accord+ to "s1 ) f\r bodies7--"o l a bull1 ano!r l a man1 a ?ird l an eagle1 & ! la/ l a lion1 z we f9d fully describ$ by ,ezekiel 7*ap4 i474 ,9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$0 7pp4 #aca1 #agd1 & #bdg7 ,i h attribut$ ^! heads 7or bodies7 to ! f\r zodiacal signs ( asc5sion aft] ! v]nal equ9ox1 t l a bull to ,taurus1 t l a man to ,gem9i1 t l an eagle to ,canc]1 & t l a lion to ,leo2 b1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,drummond1 9 8 8dipus ,judaicus10 !y correspond ) ! signs at ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! sph]e--viz41 ! man to ,aqu>ius1 ! ox to ,taurus1 ! lion to ,leo1 & ! eagle to ,scorpio1 ?is calculation be+ bas$ on ! supposition t ! *]ubim 7 fir/ introduc$ dur+ ! p]iod prior to ,b4,c4 #bahh1 :5 ,taurus 0 ! v]nal equ9oxial po9t1 :ile m9e supposes ,aries to h be5 ! *ief zodiacal sign4 ,:i* calculation is "r ! read] mu/ decide = himself1 aft] c>efully /udy+ ! reasons giv5 = bo? conclusions4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 9 8 8,/romata10 says ( ^! *]ubim3 8,ea* ( !m has six w+s1 :e!r !y typify ! two be>s1 z "s w h x1 or1 :i* is bett]1 ! two hemisph]es4444 ,bo? h twelve w+s1 & ?us ?r\gh ! circle ( ! zodiac1 & ( self-m>ry+ "t1 !y typify ! _w p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses40 ,! table 9 ! temple 0 symbolical ( ! e>?1 z we le>n f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria aga91 :5 he says3 8,! table1 z ,i ?9k1 signifies ! image ( ! e>?2 x is su/a9$ by f\r feet1 answ]+ to ! summ]1 autumn1 spr+1 & w9t]40 ,! %ew-bread 0 plac$ on ! table 9 front ( ,yah1 & 0 divid$ into twelve pieces1 typical ( ! twelve signs1 z we f9d /at$ 9 ,ex4 xxv4 #bb & #cj 7lit]ally translat$73 8,& ,i w hang or be deposit$ !re1 set or sitt+ be=e !e2 & ,i w talk to !e f above ! m]cy seat1 f betwe5 ! two *]ubim1 :i* are ^u ! ark ( ! te/imony 444 & ?\ %alt set %ew-bread always ^u ! table 9 front ( me40 ,! c&le/icks1 ) ?ree bran*es on ea* side & "o 9 ! c5tre1 hav+ sev5 lamps burn+ on !m1 repres5t$ ! sev5 summ] signs1 includ+ bo? ! equ9oxial ones4 ,josephus tells u t ! c&le/icks 7 divid$ into sev5ty p>ts1 answ]+ to ! sev5ty decans ( ! sev5 signs4 ,! veil ( ! temple 0 ( blue1 purple1 & sc>let1 & repres5t$ ! atmosph]ic vault ( heav5 t+$1 z x frequ5tly is1 by ! sun's rays4 ,! pomegranates repres5t$ ! fix$ />s4 ,! dress ( ! high prie/ 0 ornam5t$ ) #eff bells1 correspond+ ) ! days ( ! sid]eal ye>1 ) two bright em]alds & twelve preci\s /ones1 :i*1 accord+ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 repres5t$ ! sun & moon & ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac4 ,suffici5t has be5 said to leave no d\bt z to ! real mean+ ( ! tab]nacle & its appurt5ances1 &1 ,i ?9k1 to e/abli% ! tru? ( :at ,i h previ\sly /at$--viz41 t ! anci5t religions 7 ( a/ronomical orig9 & ab\nd+ 9 symbolical rites & c]emonies4 ,x only rema9s = me n[ to repeat :at ,i h ma9ta9$ be=e 9 o!r essays--t ! ,*ri/ian religion ( to-day1 al?\gh modifi$ by "t & circum/ances1 hav+ be5 consid]ably manipulat$ s z to be br\ght )9 t\* ( mod]n requirem5ts1 is no?+ m or less ?an a reha% ( ! ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 ,h9du1 & ,phnician my?ologies--an old worn-out fai?1 9 fact1 dress$ 9 gaudy & attractive g>m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,v$ic ,,prie/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h9du ,,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,greeks4 ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pomponius ,,mela',s ,,cosmography4 #a7/7 ,c5tury4 ,hea!n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ian ,,maps ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,9 ! #aj?4 ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ian ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,9 ,,! #h?4 ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,m>co ,,polo ,end ( #ad?4 ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cosmography ,,( ,s7t7 ,,d5is ,mid #ad?4 ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,planet>y ,,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,ptolemaic ,,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,ty*o ,,brahe',s ,,planet>y ,,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,cop]nican ,,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,iron ,,virg94 ,inside ,view4 ,! unbeliev] or h]etic 0 plac$ upright inside ! virg91 & ! doors 7 clos$ s t ! spikes p5etrat$ ! victim's eyes *e/1 aft] :i* ! body 0 dropp$ ?r\gh ! floor into ! riv] ,pegnitz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,iron ,,virg94 ,outside ,view4 ,fix$ 9 a vault cut out ( ! rock b5ea? ! ,nuremb]g ,t[n ,hall1 9 ,bav>ia1 & us$ z an in/rum5t ( torture by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,,intellectual ,,progress ,,9 ,,europe4 ,no sci5tific /ud5t or obs]v] ( nature w h fail$ to notice t all ph5om5a ar\nd him are ev] 9 a condition ( progressive *ange1 ev] advanc+ f ! simple to ! complex1 & ev] con=m+ to specific laws4 ,j z ! _w 9 :i* we live has gradually develop$ f a condition ( nebul\s vap\r to its pres5t complex =m1 & j z man has evolv$ f a simple molecule ( protoplasm by wond]ful & manifold /ages to 8 pres5t comm&+ position1 s h civilisation1 trade1 politics1 arts1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce all be5 sl[ly & gradually evolv$ f ! primitive m9d ( prehi/oric man4 ,a cont9ual *ange has ev] be5 go+ on f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 f ! imp]fect to ! m p]fect4 ,?is cont9ual progress has be5 9 op]ation dur+ all "t1 & w proce$ 9 ! future z ( old1 leav+ ! pres5t day f> beh9d 9 its m>*1 z ! pres5t day has left beh9d x ! pa/4 ,9 consid]+ ! evolution ( re=m1 or progress ( civilisation1 we are necess>ily limit$ to a comp>atively late p]iod 9 man's hi/ory1 = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s _h pass$ away1 dur+ :i* "t man _h gradually e/abli%$ himself z a social animal1 be=e any tru/wor?y records appe>$ to ?r[ light 9 future ages ^u ! primitive condition & habits ( ! human family4 ,f ! pati5t & p]sev]+ /udies ( sci5tific m51 we are n[ 9 possession ( a numb] ( facts :i* lead u to ! conclusion t primitive man fir/ liv$ ! life ( a wild bea/1 inhabit+ caves1 & devot+ all 8 en]gies to battl+ ) ! f]oci\s mon/]s ar\nd him4 ,f ?is condition he develop$ into a m civilis$ be+1 becom+ an agriculturali/1 aft]w>ds a manufactur] ( /uffs & h>dw>e1 & /ill lat] a memb] ( an organis$ /ate4 ,^! *anges probably occupi$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 comp>$ to :i* enorm\s lapse ( "t ! p]iod embrac$ betwe5 ! ,egypto-,greek or classic era & ! pres5t mom5t is a m]e speck on ! face ( "t4 ,we are n[ tol]ably well acqua9t$ ) ! civilisation ( ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,greeks1 :i* _h exi/$ = _m c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 & :i* "s f\r or five c5turies be=e our era _h comm5c$ its entry ^u ! wide field ( sci5tific developm5t :i* foll[$ ! conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,^! civilisations1 :i* = c5turies _h be5 b\nd up ) ! va9 sup]/itions connect$ ) ! legion ( div9ities ( ,olympus1 ( ,memphis1 & ( ,!bes1 7 gradually ca/+ (f ! yoke ( ignorance1 & becom+ m acqua9t$ ) ! maje/y ( ! op]ations ( nature4 ,philosoph]s began to publicly declaim aga9/ ! ,olympian absurdities1 & to ridicule ! notion ( miracles or prodigies2 traditions began to be d\bt$ & 7 fa/ be+ ca/ aside2 ,zeus & 8 c\rt 7 ceas+ to comm& respect2 & ! prie/s 7 (t5 publicly insult$4 ,! ,ionian gods ( ,hom]1 z well z ! ,doric ( ,hesiod1 appe>$ likely to be quickly committ$ to ! d>kness ( oblivion4 ,p[]ful & influ5tial resi/ance 01 ( c\rse1 oppos$ to ! wave ( progress & reason2 ! philosoph]s 7 br&$ z ,a!i/s & _! foll[]s p]secut$ rigor\sly2 ,euripides 0 decl>$ a h]etic1 & s*ylus n>r[ly escap$ be+ /on$ to dea? = blasphemy4 ,s great 0 ! opposition (f]$ to ! movem5t t ! philosoph]s w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 sil5c$ = "s "t to come _h x n be5 = ! sudd5 milit>y exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,alex&]1 ) 8 #ch1jjj ,mac$onian soldi]s1 hav+ cross$ ! ,hellespont1 ,b4,c4 #ccd1 proce$$ to subjugate ! imp]i\s mon>* ( ,p]sia1 &1 aft] successfully conqu]+ ,asia ,m9or & ,syria1 completely defeat$ ! ,p]sian army l$ by ,k+ ,d>ius1 & took possession ( ! great city ( ,babylon4 ,?is w> engross$ ! att5tion ( all classes at home1 s t ! philosoph]s 7 enabl$ to prosecute _! /udies unmole/$4 ,x also 9 _m o!r ways 0 a means ( fur!r+ ! sci5tific ef=ts ( t & ( future ages4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! ,mac$onians beheld ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! tides2 !y discov]$ & exam9$ ! ,*aldean a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 & le>nt _! calculations1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ?\s& ye>s2 & !y obs]v$ ! ,*aldean division ( ! zodiac into twelve portions1 & ( ! day & night into twelve h\rs ea*4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ^! !y s5t home to ,ari/otle4 ,:at a field 0 "h op5$ out = ,greek speculation6 ,! ,*aldeans _h detect$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! causes ( eclipses2 !y pr9t$ f a revolv+ roll]1 on :i* !y _h engrav$ cunei=m lett]s2 !y possess$ magnify+ in/rum5ts2 & 71 9 fact1 ! tail-end ( a mighty & advanc$ ,accadian civilisation :i* _h be5 9 exi/5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,n satisfi$ ) ^! a*ievem5ts1 ! conqu]+ ,alex&] next subdu$ ! anci5t mon>*y ( ,egypt1 le>nt ! great feat ( ! ,ph>aohs--viz41 ! circumnavigation ( ,africa by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ! pill>s ( ,h]cules1 & f\nd$ ! celebrat$ city ( ,alex&ria4 ,he di$ at ,babylon ,b4,c4 #cbc1 aft] :i* 8 huge empire 0 divid$ among 8 g5]als2 8 half bro!r1 ,ptolemy ,sot]1 :o _h be5 gov]nor ( ,egypt dur+ ,alex&]'s lifetime1 tak+ possession ( t c\ntry1 & e/abli%+ 8 seat ( gov]nm5t at ! new city ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is p]iod m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ,european civilisation4 ,ow+ to ! excell5t gov]nm5t adopt$ by ,ptolemy1 l>ge numb]s ( ,arabians1 ,jews1 & ,greeks 7 induc$ to take up _! resid5ce at ,alex&ria1 :i* quickly became ! c5tre ( le>n+ & fir/ comm]cial city ( ! :ole kn[n _w1 & ! resort ( p ( all nationalities4 ,! celebrat$ museum1 :i* 0 comm5c$ by ,ptolemy ,sot] & complet$ by 8 successor1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 conta9$ a libr>y1 :i* grew s l>gely t #djj1jjj volumes 7 soon acquir$ by x1 & a daught] libr>y1 conta9+ #cjj1jjj volumes1 built at ! ,s]apion1 or ,temple ( ,s]apis4 ,books 7 freely b\ght1 transcrib]s engag$1 ap>tm5ts set aside1 at ! k+'s exp5se1 = ! resid5ce ( ,greek philosoph]s & /ud5ts1 & f\r faculties e/abli%$1 = lit]ature1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & m$ic9e1 includ+ natural hi/ory4 ,!re 7 also 9 connection ) ! univ]sity botanical & zoological g>d5s1 an a/ronomical obs]vatory1 ) sph]es1 globes1 p>allactic rules1 etc41 & an anatomical !atre = ! dissection ( dead bodies4 ,x 0 "h t ,euclid produc$ 8 celebrat$ geometrical demon/rations1 :i* are at ?is day us$ 9 our s*ools4 ,"h also ,ar*im$es proclaim$ 8 me?od = ! det]m9ation ( specific gravities1 & inv5t$ ! !ory ( ! lev]4 ,"h ,erato/h5es daily taught t ! e>? 0 a globe1 & det]m9$ ! int]val betwe5 ! tropics4 ,! e>? 0 describ$ z possess+ imag9>y poles1 axis1 equator1 arctic & ant>ctic circles1 equ9oxial po9ts1 sol/ices1 climate1 etc4 ,hipp>*us taught ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 catalogu$ ! />s1 & adopt$ l9es ( latitude & longitude 9 describ+ ! situations ( places4 ,?us sci5ce progress$ "u ! wise & b5efic5t rule ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,b a d>k cl\d 0 already loom+ 9 ! di/ance1 :i* 0 de/9$ to develop into a fi]ce /orm1 ! effect ( ^: fury 0 felt = c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,julius ,cs>1 9 ,b4,c4 #cj1 defeat$ ,cleopatra1 !n ,que5 ( ,egypt1 & add$ t c\ntry to ! ,roman dom9ions1 ! museum & l>g] libr>y be+ entirely de/roy$ dur+ ! siege ( ,alex&ria4 ,f ?is "t le>n+ & sci5ce began to decl9e4 ,num]\s religi\s sects arose ar\nd ,alex&ria1 ! old my?ologies 7 reviv$1 & ! prie/s once m ga9$ influ5ce4 ,! temples ( ,jupit] ,ammon & ,apollo 9 ,egypt1 ( ,adonis & ,ies 9 ,phnicia1 ( ,dionysos 9 ,greece1 & ( ,bac*us 9 ,rome1 7 aga9 fill$ to ov]fl[+1 & miracles 7 p]=m$ 9 abundance4 ,9 ! %ort space ( ab\t fifty ye>s all ! "w ( ! ,ptolemies appe>$ to h be5 undone1 & ! _w once m giv5 up to d>kness1 sup]/ition1 & ignorance1 ! popul> fr5zy be+ kept up by a numb] ( ascetic monks1 call$ ,!rapeut1 :o inhabit$ ! hills ar\nd ,alex&ria1 ! des]t & rocky pla9s ( ,arabia ,petra1 & ! b>r5 hills ( ,syria1 & travell$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 prea*+ 9 ! op5 air to ! ignorant & cr$ul\s multitudes4 ,matt]s progress$ fav\rably = ! revivali/s = a %ort "t2 b !re _h %ortly be=e occurr$ a circum/ance :i* prov$ to be1 = u1 ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & :i* consid]ably modifi$ ! ,!rapeut programme4 ,accord+ to anci5t records1 x appe>s t a monk1 ( ! ascetic ord] ( ,ess5es1 call$ ,yaho%uah 7,jo%ua7 b5 ,p&ira1 0 born 9 ,syria1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ! reign ( ,alex&] ,jannu1 or ab\t ,b4,c4 #abj2 &1 be+ educat$ 9 ,egypt1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,yaho%uah-b5 ,p]a*ia1 soon made himself specially obnoxi\s to ! prie/s by 8 het]odox tea*+4 ,f ! exce$+ly scanty in=mation to be obta9$ f ! hi/orical writ]s ( ! "t1 x appe>s t ?is "y man _h1 9 addition to 8 k ( ,egyptian sorc]y1 a l>ge acqua9tance ) ! sublime & moral tea*+s ( ,confucius1 = ^: memory he appe>s to h _h a pr(\nd respect4 ,obs]v+ ! despicable mann] 9 :i* ! prie/s manipulat$ _! sacr$ (fices = _! own advantage1 robb+ ! poor & cr$ul\s p ( _! h>d e>n+s & indulg+ 9 all k9ds ( immoralities1 ?is "y man boldly attack$ ^! human p>asites 9 ! public places1 call+ !m li>s & hypocrites1 prea*+ ,sociali/ic & ,communi/ic doctr9es1 & decl>+ t !re 0 b "o law necess>y = man--viz41 ! gold5 rule ( ,confucius1 8,d unto ano!r10 etc4 ,! wra? ( ! prie/s knew no b\nds2 a c\ncil 0 call$ to consid] ! matt]1 & ! bold re=m] 01 x is said1 s5t5c$ to dea? = 8 noble ef=ts on behalf ( suff]+ humanity4 ,:e!r or n ?is "y man ev] liv$1 or :e!r he 0 m]ely an ideal creation ( ! fanatical m9ds ( ^! !rapeut monks1 sugge/$ by necessity1 x is impossible to say positively2 = !re are no really tru/wor?y records f :i* a safe conclusion c be d$uc$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t su* a man did actually exi/1 = x is n likely t1 _h he be5 b an idea1 ! fact ( 8 hav+ decl>$ "o law to be suffici5t = man's moral guidance w\ld h be5 includ$ among ! fabul\s p]=mances aft]w>ds attribut$ to him1 z su* a decl>ation 0 de/ructive ( all prie/craft2 besides :i*1 we are told 9 ! ,babylonian ,gem>a to ! ,mi%na t ,yaho%ua1 8son ( ,p&ira & ,/ada10 0 /on$ to dea? z a wiz>d 9 ! city ( ,ludd1 or ,lydia1 aft] :i* he 0 crucifi$ on a tree on ! eve ( ! ,passov]1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #gj1 :i* 0 ! puni%m5t g5]ally inflict$ on prea*]s ( h]esy & s$ition4 ,:e!r he _h an actual exi/5ce or 0 b an idea1 x is an undisput$ fact t 8 "n has be51 dur+ ! pa/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 a h\sehold ^w1 & t ! :ole face ( ,european hi/ory has be5 m\ld$ by ! v>i\s say+s & do+s fabul\sly attribut$ to him4 ,! reason ( ?is is z foll[s4 ,! !rapeut monks ( ,alex&ria1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies ( our era1 9 attempt+ to revive ! old my?ological sy/ems1 & ?us to deprive sci5ti/s & philosoph]s ( _! late rapidly-increas+ p[]1 7 at a great disadvantage1 ow+ to ! l5g? ( "t t _h elaps$ s9ce ! wond]ful feats ( ! gods _h be5 p]=m$4 ,!y well und]/ood ! absolute necessity ( keep+ alive 9 ! memories ( ! p ! old] miracul\s ev5ts by ! p]=mance ( fre% wond]s 9 _! own day2 b ! difficulty !y _h to enc\nt] 0 9 f9d+ suitable individuals = ! occasion4 ,! ,syrian ,ess5e monk1 :o _h infect$ a great numb] ( ! l[] classes ( society by 8 h]etical & revolution>y tea*+s1 :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe>$ likely to be damag+ to ! cause ( ! prie/hood1 0 quickly requisition$ by ^! a/ute monks = ! great purpose !y _h 9 view--viz41 ! reproduction on e>? ( ! popul> god ,bac*us1 ! ,greek ,dionysos1 & ,phnician ,ies4 ,!y boldly decl>$ t ?is man 01 :5 on e>?1 an inc>nate deity1 & proce$$ to attribute to him all ! wond]ful p]=mances t _h previ\sly be5 imput$ to ! "y sun-god ,bac*us1 su* z miracul\s bir? f a virg91 resurrection f ! grave ?ree days aft] dea?1 asc5sion to heav51 etc42 &1 f9ally1 gave him ! ,phnician "n ( ,bac*us1 ,ies1 9 its ,greek =m ,ies\s--,greek be+1 at t "t1 ! prevail+ language ar\nd ,alex&ria4 ,! new religion gradually spread f ,egypt ov] ! ,european prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 & soon became su* a great political p[] 9 ! ,/ate t ! inc>nate fi5d & ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 9 ,a4,d4 #cab1 0 induc$ to place himself at its head1 & use its increas+ influ5ce to fur!r 8 own wick$ projects4 ,! new ,*ur*1 by ?is act1 ga9$ an enorm\s p[]2 its prie/s became arrogant1 ! philosoph]s 7 ev5 m p]secut$ ?an be=e1 & le>n+ 0 fa/ approa*+ its end4 ,! only sci5tific "w :i* ! ,*ur* reta9$ 0 ! 8,syntaxis0 ( ,ptolemy1 ! ,alex&rian a/ronom]1 :i* taught t ! e>? 0 ! fix$ c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ar\nd :i* all o!r heav5ly bodies rotat$4 ,x also treat$ ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! milky way1 & ! di/ances ( ! v>i\s bodies 9 ! heav5s f ! e>?2 b1 z ! geoc5tric !ory 0 cle>ly taught 9 con=mity ) ! ,bible records & ! religi\s convictions ( ! p1 ?is sy/em 0 gradually adopt$ by all classes ( society1 & became ! recognis$ au?ority on a/ronomy4 ,a furi\s & important controv]sy ab\t ?is "t broke out betwe5 ,arius1 ! lead] ( ^? :o reta9$ ! orig9al belief 9 ! manhood ( ,jesus1 & ,a?anasius1 ! lead] ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o decl>$ him to be div9e1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,c\ncil ( ,nicea1 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 at :i* x 0 decid$ t he 0 actually god4 ,f ?is mom5t n only ,arians1 b all o!rs :o refus$ to believe 9 ! god ,jesus1 7 savagely p]secut$1 until1 at la/1 sci5ce & le>n+ receiv$ _! dea?-bl[ by ! de/ruction ( ! ,s]apion1 "u ! ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 & ! murd] ( ,hypatia at ,alex&ria4 ,?is philosoph] 0 9 ! habit ( lectur+ on ma!matics at ! univ]sity1 & 0 s popul> t ! jeal\sy ( ,cyril1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 0 ar\s$2 %e 0 seiz$ by 8 fanatical foll[]s z %e 0 go+ to h] lecture-room1 /ripp$ nak$1 dragg$ into a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & !re bra9$ by ! club ( ,pet] ! ,read]1 9 ,a4,d4 #dad4 ,ju/9ian next ord]$ ! tea*+ ( philosophy to be discont9u$ at ,a!ns1 & clos$ all ! s*ools4 ,! sci5ces 7 made to con=m to ,g5esis1 :i* 0 decl>$ to be ! only true acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( nature2 & ! e>? 0 decl>$ to be flat1 ! sky spread+ ov] x l a dome--or1 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 l a sk9--9 :i* all ! bodies mov$ to give light to man4 ,lactantius decl>$ ! globul> !ory to be h]etical4 8,is x possible10 he said1 8t man c be s absurd z to believe t ! crops & ! trees on ! o!r side ( ! e>? hang d[nw>ds1 & t m5 h _! feet high] ?an _! heads8 ,if y ask !m h[ !y def5d ^! mon/rosities1 h[ ?+s d n fall away f ! e>? on t side1 !y reply t ! nature ( ?+s is su* t heavy bodies t5d t[>ds ! c5tre1 l ! spokes ( a :eel1 :ile light bodies1 z cl\ds1 smoke1 fire1 t5d f ! c5tre to ! heav5s on all sides4 ,n[1 ,i am really at a loss :at to say ( ^? :o1 :5 !y h once gone wrong1 /eadily p]sev]e 9 _! folly1 & def5d "o absurd op9ion by ano!r40 ,/4 ,augu/9e also said t 8x is impossible !re %\ld be inhabitants on ! opposite side ( ! e>?1 s9ce no su* race is record$ by ,scripture among ! desc5dants ( ,adam20 & aga93 8,9 ! day ( judgm5t m5 on ! o!r side ( a globe c\ld n see ! ,"l desc5d+ ?r\gh ! air40 ,?us p]i%$ all ! gr& "w effect$ by ! ,ptolemies4 ,sci5ce 0 annihilat$1 progress arre/$1 & ! d>k ages _h comm5c$1 :i* la/$ until ! "t ( ,lu!r & ,cop]nicus1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long & dre>y p]iod ! mo/ cruel enormities 7 practis$ ^u un(f5d+ p2 ! ,*ur* became gorg$ ) weal?2 ! cl]gy gave !mselves up to all k9ds ( lu/ & debau*]y2 relics 7 sold1 disp5sations b>t]$2 & no "o's prop]ty or p]son 0 safe4 ,progress 01 h[ev]1 only arre/$ = a "t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #egj ,mohamm$ 0 born 9 ,arabia1 & 9 #faj he decl>$ to ! _w t he _h be5 commission$ by ! angel ,gabriel to prea* ! unity ( god4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a v rem>kable religi\s en?usia/1 :o believ$ himself 9 8 div9e mission1 & 0 em95tly successful 9 8 ardu\s und]tak+4 ,idolatry 0 quickly aboli%$ among ! ,arabs1 & replac$ by ! religion ( ,mohamm$4 ,on ! dea? ( ! prophet 8 successors z vigor\sly pursu$ ! c\rse he _h ent]$ ^u4 ,ali1 ! g5]al ( ,khalif ,om>'s army1 9 ,a4,d4 #fcg1 captur$ ,j]usalem & conqu]$ ,syria 9 ! "n ( ! "o true god & 8 prophet ,mohamm$4 ,! ,khalif rode f ,m$9a to ,j]usalem ^u a r$ camel1 &1 z he ent]$ ! conqu]$ city1 issu$ ! foll[+ proclamation3 8,9 ! "n ( ! mo/ m]ciful ,god4 ,f ,om> ,ebno'l ,al*itb to ! inhabitants ( lia4 ,!y %all be protect$ & secur$1 bo? 9 _! lives & _! =tunes2 & _! *ur*es %all nei!r be pull$ d[n nor made use ( by any b !mselves40 ,sophronius1 ! *ief ,*ri/ian prie/1 hav+ invit$ ! conqu]or to pray 9 a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 receiv$ a polite refusal1 ,om> cont5t+ himself ) kneel+ on ! /eps outside1 s t 8 foll[]s might n h any excuse = seiz+ ! edifice or o!rwise annoy+ ! conqu]$ ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,khalif & 8 foll[]s !n press$ nor?w>ds1 conqu]$ ! ,roman ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 s5t a fleet to ! ,hellespont1 defeat$ ! ,roman fleet1 & laid siege to ,con/ant9ople1 !n call$ ,byzantium4 ,egypt 0 next conqu]$1 ! remnants ( ! ,s]apion de/roy$1 & ! :ole ( ,nor? ,africa add$ to ! dom9ions ( ! ,khalif4 ,spa9 0 !n seiz$ ^u1 & ! entire c\ntry1 z f> nor? z ! ,loire1 annex$ to ! gr[+ empire4 ,9 #gcb ,*>les ,m>tel succe$$ 9 /opp+ ! ,s>ac5 foe at ,poicti]s & driv+ him back to ,spa91 ?us reliev+ ! anxiety ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 n[ becom+ int5se4 ,9 #hdf a ,mussulman fleet sail$ up ! ,tib]1 m5ac$ ,rome1 & c>ri$ away ,/4 ,pet]'s alt> to ,africa1 ! ,*ri/ian empire be+ sav$ f fur!r tr\ble only by ! ,mohamm$an p[] be+ divid$ into ?ree ,khalifates4 ,accord+ to ! ,koran1 ! e>? 0 a squ>e plane1 on ! edges ( :i* re/$ ! heav5ly vault1 divid$ into sev5 /ories1 9 ! topmo/ ( :i* dwelt god 9 8 omnipot5ce4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 0 quickly giv5 up by ! le>n$ ,s>ac5s1 ,al-,mamun decl>+ x to be unsci5tific1 & ass]t+ t ! e>? 0 globul>1 ) a circumf]5ce ( ab\t #bd1jjj miles1 :i* 0 n f> wrong4 ,9 #ffa ! ,khalif ,moawyah enc\rag$ ?is new tea*+1 & ord]$ ! writ+s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s to be translat$ into ,arabic4 ,9 #gec ! ,khalif ,almans> recomm5d$ ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 m$ic9e1 & law at ,bagdad2 & 8 gr&son1 ,h>\m-al-,ras*id1 ord]$ t e mosque %\ld h a s*ool atta*$ to x1 & e/abli%$ a l>ge libr>y at ,bagdad = ! use ( le>n$ m54 ,! sci5ces ( *emi/ry & geometry 7 reviv$1 & algebra inv5t$ by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,at ,cairo ! ,fatimi/ ,libr>y became ! wond] ( ! _w2 & ! great libr>y ( ! ,spani% ,khalifs _h #fjj1jjj vols41 its catalogue alone occupy+ #dd vols4 ,gibbon tells u t !y 8diffus$ ! ta/e & ! rew>ds ( sci5ce f ,sam>c& & ,bokh>a to ,fez & ,cordova1 & t ! vizi] ( a sultan consecrat$ a sum ( two hundr$ ?\s& pieces ( gold to ! f\ndation ( a college at ,bagdad1 :i* he end[$ ) an annual rev5ue ( fifte5 ?\s& d9>s40 ,! fir/ m$ical college 9 ,europe 0 f\nd$ by ! ,s>ac5s at ,sal]no 9 ,italy1 & ! fir/ a/ronomical obs]vatory 0 erect$ by !m at ,seville 9 ,spa94 ,! /reets 9 ,spa9 7 light$1 ba?s 7 erect$1 & total ab/95ce univ]sally practis$4 ,?us we see t1 :ile ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* 0 gradually /eep+ c5tral ,europe 9 d>kness1 ignorance1 & wret*$ness1 progress 0 on ! m>* aga9 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,spa94 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 !re 7 n want+ 9 ,europe bold m5 :o attempt$ a revival ( philosophy2 b ^! 7 quickly suppress$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hjj !re appe>$ a man 9 ,brita9 call$ ,john ,erig5a1 :o1 hav+ read ,ari/otle's works1 adopt$ 8 views & attempt$ to reconcile !m ) ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!re 7 also _m ,*ri/ian div9es :o _h cross$ ! ,m$it]ranean to /udy philosophy secretly f ,mohamm$an doctors4 ,erig5a decl>$ t e liv+ ?+ evolv$ f some?+ t _h previ\sly liv$2 t ea* p>ticul> life-=m 0 b a "p ( g5]al exi/5ce or mundane s\l2 & t all life mu/ be ev5tually re-absorb$ 9 deity4 ,! ,*ur* became infuriat$ & al>m$ at ?is h]etical b>b>ian1 :o taught ! p]nici\s doctr9es ( emanation & absorption1 & /eps 7 imm$iately tak5 to suppress him4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( quiet :i* foll[$ a c]ta9 prie/ ( ,?ur+ia1 ,b]nh>dt by "n1 creat$ a great s5sation 9 c5tral ,europe by decl>+ t ! end ( ! _w 0 fa/ approa*+2 t ! prophecy conta9$ 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,revelation w\ld be fulfill$ on ,decemb] #ca/1 9 ! ye> #ajjj--or possibly imm$iately be=e t "t--:5 ! devil w\ld be unb\nd2 & t unutt]able calamity or annihilation w\ld come ^u ! _w4 ,! cl]gy quickly foll[$ suit1 & z ! fe>ful day approa*$ e *ur* & cloi/] 9 ,europe res\nd$ ) ! frantic appeals ( ! monks & prie/s = _! flocks to prep>e = ! awful doom4 ,europe 0 turn$ upside d[n2 bus9ess 0 susp5d$2 k+s1 pr9ces1 s5ators1 nobles1 & peasants all alike left _! occupations to seek refuge 9 "s holy sanctu>y aga9/ ! com+ ev5t4 ,z ! dread mom5t approa*$ !re 0 n a *ur* or conv5t 9 ,europe t 0 n cr[d$ to suffocation1 ! p imag9+ t1 if !y 7 f\nd at ! la/ mom5t 9 "s consecrat$ place1 _! *ances ( be+ sav$ w\ld be bett]4 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ^! poor wret*es nev] _h opportunity ( obta9+ ! covet$ %elt]1 hav+ be5 b]eft ( _! reason "u ! awful excitem5t ( ! h\r4 ,amid pray]1 fa9t+s1 hy/]ical scream+1 & *ant+ ( *oirs--prie/s1 mon>*s1 & begg>s all huddl$ toge!r anyh[--! clock /ruck twelve1 & dead sil5ce prevail$4 ,gradually ! p r\s$ !mselves f _! /upor to f9d !mselves ! victims ( a cruel hoax4 ,/range to say1 n any attempt 0 made to puni% ^? :o _h produc$ su* a melan*oly /ate ( ?+s4 ,k+s & nobles _h end[$ mona/]ies & *ur*es ) l&s & weal?1 :i* !y believ$ w\ld soon be ( s little use to !m1 & became sudd5ly p5it5t1 assum+ ! monk's %irt ( hair1 & o!rwise %[+ evid5ce ( _! piety & humility4 ,william ( ! ,long ,sword1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 ,hugh ,duke ( ,burgundy1 ,hugh ,c\nt ( ,arles1 ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 all r5\nc$ _! weal? & position to become monks4 ,nobles _h left l&s & ca/les to ! ,*ur*1 ! de$s be+ drawn up by monks & witness$ by prelates & sov]eigns1 z ?\gh no day ( reckon+ 0 at h&1 ! =m be+ inv>iably z foll[s3 8,see+ t ! end ( ! _w is n[ approa*+1 & t e day accumulates fre% mis]ies1 ,i1 ,b>on ---- 7or ,k+ ----71 = ! good ( my s\l1 give to ! mona/]y ( ----10 etc4 ,! ,*ur*1 :i* be=e 0 poor1 n[ became gorg$ ) weal?1 & ! ignorance & cr$ulity ( ! p secur$ ! treasures to ! n[ p[]ful prelates4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( excitem5t & t]ror ! numb] ( pilgrimages to ! ,holy ,l& _h enorm\sly increas$1 s mu* s t ! ,s>ac5 ma/]s ( ,j]usalem1 ) ! view ( putt+ a /op to ! n[ tr\blesome & inconv5i5t influx ( ,*ri/ians to ! ,holy ,city1 comm5c$ to p]secute ! pilgrims1 ?us creat+ a v great ill-feel+ aga9/ !mselves ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 a monk ( ,ami5s1 took up ! cause ( 8 ill-treat$ bre?r51 & =?) comm5c$ to prea* a holy w> aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s ( ,syria1 ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 & 8 prie/s promis+ absolution f all s9 to ^? :o took up arms aga9/ ! ,infidel4 ,a va/ multitude ( rabble f all p>ts ( ,europe soon />t$ on _! m>* to ! ,holy ,l&1 be+ divid$ into ?ree l>ge armies1 "o l$ by ,walt] ! ,p5niless1 ano!r by ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 & ! ?ird by ,gotts*alk1 a monk4 ,! armies gave !mselves up to unhe>d-( iniquities1 spread+ pov]ty & mis]y on all sides 9 _! m>*1 bra9+ all :o refus$ to give up _! provisions & prop]ty to !m1 &1 at la/1 arriv+ 9 ,con/ant9ople footsore & diseas$1 hav+ left two-?irds ( _! comrades to die ( />vation on ! road4 ,cross+ ov] into ,syria1 !y met ! ,s>ac5 foe1 :o quickly put an end to _! suff]+s by annihilat+ ! :ole lot4 ,sev5 o!r ,crusades foll[$1 "o compos$ altoge!r ( *ildr51 :o1 ! prie/s decl>$1 7 to be ! inh]itors ( ! ,holy ,l&1 x be+ n[ app>5t t full-gr[n m5 7 too s9ful to conqu] ! ,infidel4 ,! army ( *ildr5 0 accord+ly %ipp$ (f to de/roy ! ,s>ac5 foe1 b nev] rea*$ ,pale/9e1 ! boys hav+ be5 sold z slaves1 & ! girls draft$ into ,turki% h>ems4 ,:51 at la/1 ,acre surr5d]$ to ! ,crusad]s "u ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion1 ! l5i5cy display$ by ! ,khalif ,om> 9 8 capture ( ,j]usalem 9 #fcg 0 repaid by #b1gjj ,s>ac5 ho/ages be+ brutally behead$ outside ! city walls = ! sport ( ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s4 ,all ?is "t ,europe 0 9 a con/ant /ate ( agitation & al>m1 :i* 0 fur!r int5sifi$ by ! revival 9 #aahj ( ! doctr9es ( ,john ,erig5a by ! ,s>ac5 philosoph] ,av]roes1 :o boldly prea*$ !m 9 ,spa91 mak+ conv]ts 9 all directions1 among :om 0 ! great ,jewi% writ]1 ,maimonides1 :o _h be5 held by ! ,jews 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 & consid]$ second only 9 wisdom to ,moses4 ,"u ! tol]ant & lib]al rule ( ! ,s>ac5s ,av]roism made great progress 9 ,spa91 :]e ,mohamm$ans1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,jews 7 p]mitt$ to live peaceably toge!r1 & :]e philosophical !ories 7 op5ly & fe>lessly taught2 b a day ( reckon+ 0 at h&4 ,on ! dea? ( ! ,caliph ,hakem1 ,almansor usurp$ ! ?rone1 &1 9 ord] to secure 8 position1 ent]$ into a secret treaty ) ! or?odox section ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 ?us e/abli%+ a ,*ur* & ,/ate p>ty ( enorm\s p[]1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! expulsion ( ,av]roes f ,spa9 & ! suppression ( ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,?us 7 cru%$ aga9 philosophy & progress 9 #aaih4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france foll[$ suit1 ord]+ all ,av]roi/s to be seiz$ & puni%$1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ext5d+ ! ord] also to ,jews & ,mohamm$ans4 ,f ! accession ( ,almansor dates ! d[nfall ( ! ,mohamm$an p[] 9 ,spa9 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! fe>ful p]secutions ( ,infidels by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* has left su* a d>k blot ^u ! pages ( ,european hi/ory4 ,! ,s>ac5 p[] 9 ,europe 0 annihilat$ by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & ! ,inquisition e/abli%$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 9 #abdc4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s x seem$ z ?\gh philosophy & progress 7 inde$ dead1 s rel5tlessly did ! ,*ur* p]secute all h]etics & d5\nce all sci5tific /udies4 ,b an occurr5ce took place 9 #addj :i* completely turn$ ! tide ( ev5ts4 ,9 t ye> ! art ( pr9t+ 0 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,v5etians1 :o _h le>nt x f ! ,*9ese2 & 9 #adfi x 0 c>ri$ to ,france1 & f !nce to all ! great cities ( ! cont95t4 ,at fir/ ! ,*ur* paid little he$ to ! innovation2 b x soon became app>5t t a dang]\s m$ium _h be5 introduc$ = int]communication ( ! p & _! gov]nm5ts1 :i* mu/ less5 ! ne$ & importance ( a religi\s m$ium4 ,books 7 only all[$ to be publi%$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & heavy p5alties inflict$ ^u all :o attempt$ to circulate any h]etical works4 ,! writ+s ( ,av]roes1 ,maimonides1 & o!r h]etics1 7 ord]$ to be burnt1 ! doctr9es taught by !m be+ decl>$ blasphem\s & subv]sive ( all good gov]nm5t4 ,! lead+ & mo/ le>n$ ,jews & ,mohamm$ans 9 ,spa9 & ,s\!rn ,france 7 av[$ ,av]roi/s1 & did n %r9k f prea*+ _! doctr9es 9 ! public ?or\ghf>es2 & ! infection 0 ext5d+ s rapidly t ! ,*ur* fe>$ t a great calamity w\ld ov]take ! or?odox fai? unless "s /eps 7 tak5 to put a /op to ! h]esy4 ,! ,inquisition1 :i* _h be5 f\nd s effective 9 sil5c+ h]etics 9 ,france1 0 n[ utilis$ = deal+ ) ! ,jews & ,moors4 ,a cry 0 made 9 ,ca/ile by ! or?odox ,*ri/ians = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa91 :i* 0 imm$iately tak5 up by all hat]s ( progress2 & s great 0 ! influ5ce br\ght to be> by ! ,dom9ican monk & ar*-fi5d1 ,torquemada1 ^u ! ,que5 ,isabella t ! ,pope 0 petition$ = a bull1 :i* 0 issu$ 9 #adgh1 = ! detection & suppression ( h]esy 9 ,spa94 ,! ,*ri/ian mon/]1 ,torquemada1 prov$ himself a wor?y ag5t ( ! ,inquisition1 burn+ at ! /ake 9 eighte5 ye>s ab\t #aj1bbj p]sons ( bo? sexes4 ,disp5sations f ! op]ation ( ! ,inquisition 7 sold by ! ,pope to su* z c\ld af=d to pur*ase !m2 & 9 #adib all unbaptis$ ,jews1 old or "y1 7 ord]$ by ,torquemada to leave ,spa9 )9 f\r mon?s1 & to leave beh9d !m all ^? effects !y c\ld n sell 9 ! meantime4 ,^! poor wret*es sw>m$ 9 ! roads 9 _! ?\s&s1 r5d+ ! air ) _! pite\s cries1 ! ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds be+ =bidd5 to r5d] assi/ance "u p5alty ( torture4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t hundr$s & ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 di$ by ! wayside f hung]1 ?ir/1 & fatigue4 ,9 #aejb a fur!r ord] 0 issu$ at ,seville = ! ,spani>ds to drive out ( _! c\ntry e ,infidel !y c\ld he> (1 no matt] :at ! nationality might be4 ,! ,moors 7 p>ticul>ly indicat$ 9 ! docum5t1 "o clause /at+ t x 0 ju/ifiable to kill ,mohamm$ans on acc\nt ( _! %ameless infidelity4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 9 a m>vell\sly %ort space ( "t1 !re 0 n a ,mohamm$an to be f\nd on ! ,european side ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,9 spite ( ! precautions made use ( by ! ,*ri/ians = ! prev5tion ( ! /udy ( philosophy & ! acquirem5t ( k1 ! news ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus1 9 #adib1 v soon f\nd its way all ov] ,europe1 produc+ ! mo/ int5se s5sation1 = ! discov]y came z a t]rific bl[ to ! ,*ur* & its inspir$ ,bible4 ,to make matt]s worse1 9 #aebb ,magellan sail$ completely r\nd ! _w1 ?us demon/rat+ conclusively t ! e>? 0 a globe4 ,matt]s appe>$ to be go+ wrong ) ! ,*ur*1 9 spite ( ! rec5t bloody triumphs ( ! ,inquisition2 & ! cl]gy & laity 7 n sl[ to notice ! turn ev5ts 7 tak+4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 a "y ,augu/9ian monk1 9 p>ticul>1 took advantage ( ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! m9d ( ,europe to make a furi\s onslaught aga9/ ! ,pope & ! ,*ur*4 ,hav+ be5 told by ,cajetan t he mu/ 8believe t "o s+le drop ( ,*ri/'s blood is suffici5t to r$eem ! :ole human race1 & ! rema9+ quantity t 0 %$ 9 ! g>d5 & on ! cross 0 left z a legacy to ! ,pope1 to be a treasure f :i* indulg5ces 7 to be drawn10 ?is "y prie/ decl>$ he nev] w\ld accept su* a doctr9e1 & comm5c$ =?) to prea* op5ly aga9/ ! sale ( indulg5ces1 decl>+ t ! ,*ur* mu/ /& or fall on ! ,bible1 :i* taught no su* doctr9e4 ,! or?odox cl]gy1 on ! contr>y1 decl>$ t ! ,bible d]iv$ its au?ority f ! ,*ur*1 & n ! ,*ur* f ! ,bible1 & dem&$ t ,lu!r %\ld be arre/$ = h]esy4 ,9 #aebj ! ,pope excommunicat$ ! bold monk1 :o1 9 return1 defiantly burnt ! ,papal bull1 = :i* he 0 ord]$ to appe> be=e ! ,imp]ial ,diet at ,worms1 :5 he delib]ately refus$ to retract4 ,! views ( ! re=m] quickly spread ?r\gh ,switz]l& & ,g]many1 ,pope ,leo ?und]+ =? 8 ana!mas ^u all :o jo9$ ! dang]\s movem5t1 until1 at l5g?1 aft] _m bloody w>s & horrible massacres1 su* z ! slaught] ( ! ,hugu5ots1 etc41 ! ,re=mation 0 firmly e/abli%$1 & ! ,bible became1 to ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 ! only guide to morals & duty4 ,at fir/1 ! ,pope sull5ly submitt$ to :at appe>$ to be ! inevitable2 b soon x became app>5t t1 9 ord] to keep any au?ority at all ov] ! p1 "s plan w\ld h to be adopt$ to curtail ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,accord+ly1 ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 9 #aedj1 e/abli%$ ! ,society ( ,jesus1 ! memb]s ( :i* ord] 7 s5t abroad all ov] ,europe = ! purpose ( secretly und]m9+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 z if to c\nt]act ! evil designs ( ! ,jesuits1 !re appe>$ on ! sc5e ! celebrat$ "w ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* 0 de/9$ = ev] to demoli% ! geoc5tric !ory ( ,ptolemy1 & to e/abli% ! helioc5tric philosophy1 :i* taught t ! sun 0 ! c5tre ( our sy/em1 & t all ! planets1 includ+ our e>?1 revolv$ 9 regul> ord] r\nd x1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 call$ =? a volley ( abuse f ! ,vatican1 ! !ory be+ decl>$ h]etical & its au?or ana!matis$4 ,! effect ( all ?is 0 to cause q a revolution 9 ?\ght among ! le>n$ ( ,europe1 :i* gave rise to ano!r s*ism 9 ! ,*ur*1 dep>ture be+ ?is "t f ! ranks ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,arianism 0 once m reviv$ by a numb] ( p1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 un-,scriptural1 & t ,jesus 0 b a man l !mselves1 ?\gh end[$ ) great au?ority f god4 ,! or?odox & re=m$ ,*ur*es bo? alike 7 al>m$ at ?is turn ( ev5ts1 & co-op]at$ to suppress ! new h]esy1 d5\nc+ all philosophical /udies1 & br&+ ! ,unit>ians z ,infidels4 ,! up%ot 0 t ,s]vetus 0 burnt to dea? at ! /ake by ! ord] ( ! ,tr9it>ian ,calv91 & a *eck 0 !reby giv5 to ! propagation ( ! ,arian doctr9es4 ,x is satisfactory to note t a ,unit>ian ,college n[ /&s ^u ! v spot :]e ,s]vetus 0 murd]$4 ,aga9 progress 0 arre/$1 & ?is "t x seem$ z ?\gh a mortal bl[ _h be5 dealt at all acquirem5t ( k1 = %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 #aeei1 ,pope ,paul ,,iv4 e/abli%$ ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ,expurgatorius = ! purpose ( exam9+ all books & manuscripts int5d$ = publication1 & ( decid+ :e!r ! p %\ld read !m4 ,! usual c\nt]poise1 h[ev]1 quickly made its appe>ance1 prov+ once m t progress _c be arre/$ = long4 ,9 #aefc ! fir/ newspap] 0 produc$ 9 ,v5ice1 :i* aga9 set ! ball ( intellect roll+ along1 nev] m to be /opp$ by prie/ or pr9ce4 ,! new ,cop]nican philosophy 0 n[ accept$ by _m le>n$ m51 among :om ev5 7 "s ( ! prie/hood4 ,giordano ,bruno1 an ,italian ,dom9ican monk1 among o!rs1 embrac$ ^! tru?s1 & 0 n afraid to op5ly tea* !m1 = :i* d>+ act he 0 soon oblig$ to seek refuge 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e he prosecut$ 8 /udies = "s "t 9 peace4 ,! fi5ds ( ! ,inquisition1 h[ev]1 soon discov]$ 8 :]eab\ts & drove him into ,france1 !n into ,engl&1 & !n back to ,g]many2 9 ! end arre/+ him at ,v5ice4 ,he 0 tak5 !nce to ,rome1 publicly accus$ ( tea*+ ! plurality ( worlds1 & burnt at ! /ake by ! ,inquisition 9 #afjj4 ,eighte5 ye>s aft] ! murd] ( ?is noble ,italian1 ,kepl]1 ( ,wrtemb]g1 publi%$ 8 8,epitome ( ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em10 9 :i* he demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t t all ! heav5ly bodies are b\nd 9 _! c\rses by v>i\s laws4 ,?is "w1 l ^? ( ,cop]nicus & ,bruno1 0 prohibit$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ,purgatorius1 & ,kepl] himself decl>$ a dang]\s infidel4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ! fury ( ! prie/hood1 ,ca?olic & ,re=m] alike1 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces made rapid /rides1 & 9 #afcb ! v5]able ,galileo publi%$ 8 8,sy/em ( ! ,_w10 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ ! accuracy ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,= ?is d>+ disreg>d ( ! ,*ur*'s w>n+s he 0 summon$ to ,rome & br\ght be=e ! ,inquisition1 accus$ ( hav+ taught t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun4 ,! poor old man 0 compell$ to kneel on ! floor ( ! c\rt1 place 8 h& on ! ,bible1 & recant1 aft] :i* he 0 inc>c]at$ 9 ! prison ( ! ,inquisition1 :]e1 t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 he di$4 ,/ill sci5ce progress$1 & 0 consid]ably aid$ by ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( newspap]s ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 #afca ! ,fr5* ,gazette 0 e/abli%$1 &1 soon aft]1 newspap]s appe>$ 9 all important cities1 mu* to ! discomfiture ( ! ,*ur*1 ^: p[] 0 n[ m s]i\sly imp]ill$ ?an ev]4 ,confid5ce 0 gradually becom+ e/abli%$1 & ,desc>tes d>$1 9 #afhj1 to make an attempt to analyse ! m9d1 decl>+ t ! necessity ( univ]sal d\bt 0 ! only />t+-po9t ( all true philosophy4 ,he 0 foll[$1 six ye>s lat]1 by ,newton1 :o publi%$ 8 8,pr9cipia10 9 :i* he demon/rat$ ! gr& tru? :i* has immortalis$ 8 "n--viz41 t all bodies attract ea* o!r ) =ces jo9tly proportionate to _! masses1 v>y+ univ]sally z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances4 ,?us 0 e/abli%$ ! great law ( univ]sal gravitation1 :i* m>ks an epo* 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( man4 ,ow+ to ! con/antly-recurr+ feuds betwe5 ! ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 & ,ca?olics1 ?is great discov]y pass$ = a :ile almo/ unnotic$2 b x soon became app>5t t ! f9al bl[ _h be5 giv5 to ! old !ory ( div9e int]v5tion 9 ! movem5ts ( ! univ]se1 & t le>n$ m5 ( all c\ntries 7 rapidly embrac+ ! ,newtonian !ory ( irrev]sible laws4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n[ too late = ! ,*ur* to int]f]e1 = all classes 7 quickly becom+ impress$ ) ! gr& !ory ( gravitation1 :i* 0 de/9$ = ev] to rema9 ! mo/ wond]ful discov]y ( man2 &1 al?\gh ! cl]gy /ill cont9u$ to ana!matise all s*ol>s & sci5ti/s1 ! /udy ( nature 0 pursu$ ) rapidly-increas+ en?usiasm1 z ?\gh to make up = lo/ "t4 ,9 #afij ,locke1 ! physician & philosoph]1 publi%$ 8 8,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+10 9 :i* he decl>$ all human k to be ! result ( exp]i5ce1 ?us entirely upsett+ ! old !ory ( intuition4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ,leibnitz publi%$ 8 "w entitl$ 8,!odice10 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to solve ! difficult problem ( exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! _w "u ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,deity4 ,^! two rival philosoph]s soon became ! lead]s ( philosophic ?\ght 9 _! respective c\ntries2 b b>ely ?irty ye>s _h pass$ away be=e an iconocla/ appe>$1 9 ! p]son ( ,david ,hume1 :o cut away ! gr\nd ru?lessly f b5ea? _! feet4 ,8 8,treatise on ,human ,nature10 publi%$ 9 #agci1 upset all ! philosophical sy/ems ( ! pa/1 replac+ !m by ! great !ory ( causation1 :i* 0 soon accept$ by e philosoph] & sci5ti/4 ,kant foll[$ 9 #agha ) 8 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 9 :i* he submitt$ matt] to analysis1 & decl>$ x to be possess$ ( inh]5t =ce4 ,! o!r sci5ces 7 also jo9+ 9 ! m>* ( progress4 ,*emi/ry 0 fa/ becom+ a settl$ sci5ce2 ,prie/ley's discov]y ( oxyg51 9 #aggd1 _h creat$ a great s5sation2 ,cav5di% %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 #aghc1 discov]$ ! con/itution ( wat]2 & ,lavoisi]1 9 #aghi1 summ>is$ ! comb9$ rese>*es ( ^! two *emi/s & himself 9 8 8,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry10 :i* at once 0 recognis$ z ! /&>d "w on ! subject4 ,a/ronomy _h1 s9ce ,newton's discov]y ( gravitation1 assum$ a m settl$ condition1 b 0 de/9$ to fur!r modification by ! enunciation ( ! nebul> hypo!sis by ,laplace1 :o comm5c$ to publi% 8 bulky "w1 8 ,mecanique ,cele/e10 9 #agii4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury op5$ ) progress1 z x 71 on ! gallop4 ,9 #ahjd ! fir/ locomotive eng9e 0 />t$ 9 ,engl&1 at ! same "t t ! fir/ screw /eam] 0 run at ,new ,york4 ,x is ne$less to enum]ate all ! inv5tions ( sci5tific m5 dur+ ! c5tury1 :i* are s well kn[n to e "o4 ,suffice x to say t1 9 a m>vell\sly %ort space ( "t1 ! :ole face ( ,europe has be5 *ang$4 ,railways cross ea* o!r at all po9ts1 l a huge network2 telegraph wires l9k toge!r z "o place all important c5tres ( population2 public build+s are protect$ f nature's freaks by lightn+ conductors2 ligh?\ses dot ! :ole l5g? ( our coa/s2 ! p5ny po/age conveys our ?\ghts to & fro ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&2 a free press v5tilates our grievances & enlight5s our m9ds2 hospitals & disp5s>ies m9i/] to ! sick & maim$ :]ev] we g2 & ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act end[s ea* well-dispos$ individual ) fre$om & lib]ty4 ,:at a metamorphosis to be effect$ 9 s %ort a "t6 ,! lesson we le>n f su* a cursory glance z ?is necess>ily is at ! intellectual progress ( ,europe dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s is full ( ! deepe/ mean+4 ,we _c help be+ /ruck by ! dogg$ mann] 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion has oppos$ all progress1 ru?lessly murd]+ 9 cold blood any :o d>$ to sugge/ t ! n[-e/abli%$ & univ]sally-accept$ !ories might possibly possess "s little ( ! tru?4 ,e new sci5tific tru? or discov]y has be5 d5\nc$ by ! ,*ur*1 e great b5efactor to ! human race p]secut$ & hunt$ to dea? by ! sleu?-h\nds ( bigotry & intol]ance1 & e ,european w> or massacre hat*$ out ( religi\s diff]5ces4 ,to ?is v day ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh robb$ ( all its old p[] to inflict evil & mis]y1 p]si/s 9 its d5unciation ( all sci5tific discov]ies2 & n "o ( ! num]\s sects :i* at pres5t divide ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is exempt f ?is *>ge4 ,hegel1 ,buns51 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,rnan1 ,huxley1 ,d>w91 ,tyndall1 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ,c>p5t]1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,em]son1 ,haeckel1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,victor ,hugo1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! lead]s ( ?\ght ( our c5tury1 h incurr$ ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian sects2 & yet :at a heirloom ! works ( ^! m5 =m = ! com+ g5]ation6 ,! discov]y ( ! p[] ( *lor(orm & e!r to relieve pa9 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,*ur* because x 0 propos$ to apply x to ! relief ( ! agony ( *ildbir?1 ! natural inh]itance ( woman "u ! div9e curse ( ,ed52 ! abolition ( slav]y 0 also oppos$ by ^! human p>asites because ! practice 0 ord]$ 9 ! ,bible2 & x is well kn[n h[ ! prie/s ( ! ,*ur* utilis$ = _! own purposes ^? abom9able texts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 8,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live10 & 8,nei!r %alt ?\ c\nt5ance a poor man 9 8 own cause40 ,! ,middle ,ages be> atte/ation to ! fidelity ( ! prie/hood to _! sacr$ oracles4 ,h n two hone/ citiz5s ( ,london q lately und]gone "o :ole ye>'s imprisonm5t = ! grave s9 ( ridicul+ ! notion ( ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian gods be+ o!r ?an creations ( man's imag9ation8 ,?is v lecture w probably be ! means ( br++ d[n ! wra? ( ! prie/hood--,/ate ,*ur* & ,noncon=mi/ alike--^u its au?or4 ,& :y8 ,are ! facts untrue8 ,j ! rev]se4 ,! writ]1 hi/orian1 or pseudo-sci5ti/ :o writes volumes ( falsehoods = ! purpose ( propp+ up = a %ort "t long] prie/craft & tyranny w assur$ly f>e well at ! h&s ( ^! ins9uat+ g5tlem5 ( ! clo?2 b let ! man :o d>es to write ! hone/1 unv>ni%$ tru? bew>e6 ,8 fair "n1 8 bus9ess1 & 8 social & family ties w be und]m9$ & de/roy$ 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t4 ,all honor1 !re=e1 be giv5 to ^? brave ones :o h d>$ to /& be=e ! _w & speak out ! tru? 9 ! cause ( humanity6 ,!y h done _! %>e 9 help+ =w>d ! m>* ( intellect1 9 /ifl+ sup]/ition1 & 9 uproot+ ignorance4 ,! /ate ( ,europe to-day1 z comp>$ ) its condition two ?\s& ye>s s9ce1 is ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( ! cont9ual progress ( civilization1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! opposition f its old enemy1 ! ,*ur*1 9 ! pa/ &1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 ! pres5t1 has prov$ to ! _w t x mu/1 ( necessity1 cont9ue = all "t z "o ( ! great & immutable laws ( ,nature4 ,,g5esis ,i4 #a1 accord+ to au?oris$ ,hebrew v]sion1 ) f9al lett]s1 b )\t v[el po9ts & brea?+s4 8,9 ! beg9n+ ! ram 7or lamb7-sun-gods 7or ! good gods7 r5ovat$ 7reorganiz$ or re-/>t$7 ! heav5s & ! e>?40 ,?is ref]s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,p]sian new-ye>1 at ! v]nal equ9ox1 ,aries1 ! ram or lamb4 ,,g5esis ,i4 #a1 accord+ to ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 transcrib$ into ante-,masoretic1 or orig9al ,hebrew1 z writt5 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! five f9al lett]s4 8,9 ! beg9n+ ! goat r5ovat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?40 ,?is ref]s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,egyptian new-ye>1 at ! w9t] sol/ice1 ,capricornus1 ! goat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac ,simile ( fragm5t>y ,,ms4 ( six? c5tury 7,luke ,,xx4#i4aj471 writt5 9 ,greek & p>tially cov]$ ) ,syrian writ+ ( #aj7?7 c5tury4 ,copi$ f 8,secul> ,review10 ( ,m>* #bg #ahhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,small fragm5t f ,john's ,gospel1 tak5 f ! ,cotton ,manuscript4 ,,! ,,bible4 ,!re is probably no book on e>? t has ev] _h any?+ l s l>ge a circulation z t :i* is kn[n z ! ,bible2 & yet few among ! _m millions :o possess a copy ev] ?9k ( ask+ !mselves ! "q1 8,:]e & h[ did x orig9ate80 ,!y are satisfi$ ) ! ipse dixit ( _! p>son t x 8came f ,god40 ,t may be suffici5t to satisfy ! un?9k+ multitude1 b x does n suffice = ?9k+ p1 :o pref] to foll[ ! dictates ( _! reason r ?an re/ on ! m]e ^w ( a man or a numb] ( m5 :o are paid to prea* t ! ,bible is ! ^w ( ,god1 & ^: incomes w\ld cease if _! foll[]s ?\ght o!rwise4 ,:at is ?is ,bible8 ,:]e did x come f8 ,let u see4 ,z we n[ h x1 x consi/s ( a numb] ( books1 :i* are divid$ into two ma9 portions1 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 ! =m] be+ made up ( ! five books said to h be5 writt5 by ,moses "u ,god's inspiration1 & call$ ! ,p5tateu*1 & a numb] ( hi/orical1 poetical1 & prophetic writ+s2 & ! latt] consi/+ ( f\r n>ratives ( ! life ( ,jesus1 call$ ! ,gospels1 a n>rative ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 a numb] ( lett]s1 & ! ,vision or ,revelation ( "o ,john4 ,! numb] ( books :i* make up ! ,bible has v>i$ f "t to "t1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! age2 b ab\t #cfj ye>s s9ce a ,c\ncil ( ,prote/ants det]m9$ t a numb] ( hi!rto receiv$ sacr$ writ+s 7 n ! 8,^w ( ,god10 & f9ally decid$ t only ^? n[ includ$ 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion 7 ( div9e orig94 ,be=e t "t ! foll[+ books _h =m$ "p ( ! ,bible--viz41 ,tobit & ,judi?1 ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,b>u*1 ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah1 ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ,susanna1 ,bel & ! ,dragon1 & ,maccabees1 all ( :i* are consid]$ canonical at ! pres5t "t by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,besides ^! writ+s !re are a l>ge numb] ( o!rs t h1 at diff]5t times1 occupi$ positions ( hon\r 9 ?is ev]-v>y+ compilation1 b :i* are n[ almo/ =gott5 by pi\s div9es1 & entirely unkn[n by _! cr$ul\s & ignorant dupes4 ,dr4 ,dup91 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,p>is ,univ]sity1 & "o ( ! mo/ pi\s & le>n$ ,*ri/ian writ]s ( 8 "t1 gives a li/ ( ov] #aej books t h1 f "t to "t1 be5 held sacr$1 & said to h =m$ "p ( ! 8,^w ( ,god10 z foll[s3-- ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,books n[ ,consid]$ ,canonical by ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,! five ,books ( ,moses4 ,! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,! ,book ( ,judges4 ,! ,book ( ,samuel1 or ! fir/ & second ,books ( ,k+s4 ,! ?ird & f\r? ,books ( ,k+s4 ,isaiah4 ,j]emiah4 ,ezekiel4 ,! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets4 ,! ,book ( ,job4 ,! ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,psalms4 ,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon4 ,! ,ecclesia/es4 ,! ,canticles4 ,daniel4 ,! ,*ronicles4 ,esdras1 divid$ into two ,books4 ,books ,receiv$ z ,canonical by "s ,jews & ,reject$ by ,o!rs4 ,e/h]1 ,ru?4 ,books ,exclud$ f ! ,jewi% ,canon1 & ,reckon$ z ,apocryphal by "s ( ! ,anci5t ,*ri/ians1 b ,all[$ z ,canonical ( late by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,b>u*1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ! two ,books ( ! ,maccabees4 ,! ,song ( ! ?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! ,fi]y ,furnace4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,susanna4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,books t are ,exclud$ f ! ,canon )\t ,app>5t ,reason4 ,! ,pray] ( ,manasseh1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,! ?ird & f\r? ,books ( ,esdras 7ibid74 ,! ?ird & f\r? ,books ( ,maccabees1 9 ! ,septuag9t ,bible4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,job1 & 8 ,wife's ,spee*1 at ! end ( ! ,greek text ( ! ,book ( ,job4 ,! #aea/ ,psalm1 at ! end ( ! ,greek ,psalms4 ,a ,disc\rse ( ,k+ ,solomon1 at ! end ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,! ,preface be=e ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 9 ! vulg> ,lat9 & ,greek text4 ,o!r ,apocryphal ,books ( ! same ,nature1 :i* are ,lo/4 ,! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,! ,book ( ! ,assumption ( ,moses4 ,! ,assumption1 ,apocalypse1 or ,secrets ( ,elias4 ,! ,secrets ( ,j]emiah4 ,books ,full ( ,fables & ,errors1 :i* are ,lo/4 ,! ,g5]ation1 or ! ,creation ( ,adam4 ,! ,revelation ( ,adam4 ,( ! ,g5ealogy1 or ( ! sons & daught]s ( ,adam4 ,*am's ,book ( ,magic4 ,a ,treatise1 entitl$ ,se?4 ,! ,assumption ( ,abraham4 ,jetsira1 or conc]n+ ! ,creation ascrib$ to ,abraham4 ,! ,book ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s4 ,! ,disc\rses ( ,jacob & ,joseph4 ,! ,prophecy ( ,habakkuk4 ,a ,collection ( ! ,prophecies ( ,ezekiel4 ,! ,prophecy ( ,eldad & ,m$ad4 ,! ,treatise ( ,jannes & ,jambres4 ,! ,book ( ,k+ ,og4 ,jacob's ,ladd]1 & sev]al o!r ,tracts4 ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,books ,own$ z ,canonical at all times & by all ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,f\r ,gospels ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john4 ,books ,que/ion$1 b aft]w>ds ,admitt$ by ! ,*ur* z ,canonical4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,second & ,?ird ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude4 ,! ,apocalypse1 or ,revelations ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* 0 a long "t be=e x 0 admitt$ z ,canonical4 ,! hi/ory ( ! angel & ! agony ( our ,savi\r relat$ 7,luke xxii474 ,! end ( ! la/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,! hi/ory ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 relat$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,! end ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,! passage conc]n+ ! ,tr9ity1 tak5 out ( ! fif? *apt] ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john4 ,apocryphal ,writ+s :i* are n ,full ( ,errors4 ,! lett] ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ,abg>us4 ,! lett] ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,additions to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke1 9 ! ,cambridge ,manuscript4 ,! ,proto-,evangelicum ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus4 ,! ,anci5t ,acts ( ,paul & ,!cla4 ,! ,epi/le ( ! ,laodicans4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ,s5eca4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,b>nabas4 ,! ,liturgies ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,liturgies ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,! ,liturgies ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! ,liturgies ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! ,canons & ,con/itutions ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,treatise ( ,pro*orus4 ,! ,books ( ,/4 ,l9us4 ,! ,treatise ( ,abdias4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,passion ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,books ,full ( ,errors2 almo/ all ( !m ,lo/4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat?ias4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,philip4 ,! ,gospel ( ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,! ,gospel ( ,?addu4 ,! ,gospel ( ,b>nabas4 ,! ,gospel ( ,tru? by ! ,val5t9ians4 ,! ,gospel ( ,p]fection by ! ,gno/ics4 ,! ,gospel ( ,eve by ! ,gno/ics4 ,a ,book conc]n+ ! ,infancy ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,a ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,bir? ( our ,savi\r1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & h] ,midwife4 ,a ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,virg9's ,ly+-91 & ! que/ions %e ask$4 ,a ,treatise ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 cit$ by ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,! ,apocryphal ,treatise ( ! ,life ( ! ,virg91 cit$ by ,/4 ,gregory ,nys5e4 ,ano!r ,apocryphal ,book on ! ,virg91 cit$ by ,fau/us4 ,! ,writ+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ab\t ,miracles4 ,! ,acts ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,acts ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,acts ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,! ,acts ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,acts ( ,/4 ,philip4 ,! ,acts ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,! ,doctr9e1 ,prea*+1 & ,it9]>y ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,rapture ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,lots ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,it9]>y ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,prie/hood ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/olical ,tract4 ,! ,treatise ( ! ,dea? & ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,! ,apocalypses or ,revelations ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,revelations ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,revelations ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,! ,revelations ( ,/4 ,/eph54 ,! ,revelations ( ! ,great ,apo/le4 ,! ,revelations ( ,abraham4 ,! ,revelations ( ,se?4 ,! ,revelations ( ,noriah4 ,9 addition to ^? already nam$ !re 7 a numb] ( lo/ books ref]r$ to & quot$ f by ! au?ors ( ! v>i\s canonical books1 su* z3-- ,! ,book ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,"l 7,numb]s xxi4 #ad74 ,! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exodus xxiv4 #g74 ,! ,book ( ,ja%]1 or ! ,upright 7,jo%ua x4 #ac1 #b ,samuel i4 #ah74 ,! ,book ( ! ,acts ( ,solomon 7#a ,k+s xi4 #da74 ,! ,book ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #ai1 & eighte5 o!r places 9 ! ,books ( ,k+s2 also #b ,*ron4 xx4 #cd & xxxiii4 #ah74 ,! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #bi1 & twelve o!r places 9 ! ,books ( ,k+s74 ,! ,book ( ,samuel ! ,se] 7#a ,*ronicles xxix4 #bi74 ,! ,book ( ,na?an ! ,prophet 7#a ,*ronicles xxix4 #bi74 ,! ,book ( ,gad ! ,se] 7#a ,*ronicles xxix4 #bi74 ,! ,*ronicles ( ,k+ ,david 7#a ,*ronicles xxvii4 #bd74 ,! ,book ( ,na?an ! ,prophet 7#b ,*ronicles ix4 #bi74 ,! ,prophecy ( ,ahijah ! ,%ilomite 7#b ,*ronicles ix4 #bi74 ,! ,visions ( ,iddo ! ,se] aga9/ ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat 7#b ,*ron4 ix4 #bi74 ,! ,book ( ,%emaiah ! ,prophet 7#b ,*ronicles xii4 #ae74 ,! ,book ( ,iddo ! ,se] conc]n+ ,g5ealogies 7#b ,*ronicles xii4 #ae74 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,prophet ,iddo 7#b ,*ronicles xiii4 #bb74 ,! ,book ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah & ,israel 7#b ,*ronicles xvi4 #aa1 & six o!r places 9 ! same ,book74 ,! ,book ( ,jehu 7#b ,*ronicles xx4 #cd74 ,! ,memoirs ( ,hircanus 7m5tion$ 9 #a ,maccabees74 ,! ,books ( ,jason 7m5tion$ 9 #b ,maccabees ii474 ,! ,acts ( ,uriah 7m5tion$ 9 #b ,*ronicles xxvi4 #bb74 ,?ree ?\s& ,prov]bs ( ,solomon 7m5tion$ 9 #a ,k+s iv4 #cb74 ,a ?\s& & five ,songs 7m5tion$ 9 ibid74 ,sev]al o!r volumes by ! same au?or 7m5tion$ 9 ibid74 ,! ,prophecy ( ,j]emiah1 torn 9 pieces by ,jehoiakim 7cit$ 9 ,j]emiah xxxvi474 ,ano!r ,prophecy ( 8 ^u ! city ( ,babylon 7m5tion$ 9 ,j]emiah li474 ,memoirs or descriptions ( ! same au?or 7m5tion$ 9 #a ,maccabees ii474 ,! ,prophecy ( ,jonah 7m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah74 ,we c readily imag9e :at tr\ble our pi\s ance/ors mu/ h exp]i5c$ 9 decid+ :i* ( ^! writ+s really emanat$ f ! gho/ ( ,god & :i* 7 fraudul5t productions1 = ! /yle 9 :i* mo/ ( !m 7 writt5 r5d]$ x almo/ impossible to deciph] !m3 writt5 on r\gh sk9s1 9 ink :i* _h become oblit]at$ by age1 _m ( !m _h fall5 into ! h&s ( monks & o!r rogues1 :o appe>$ to h suff]$ sev]ely f caco!s scrib5di1 & :o record$ ev5ts connect$ ) _! own p]sons or surr\nd+s ov] ! orig9al writ+1 l a lady 8crosses0 h] lett]s1 s t ! :ole manuscript became a complete jumble4 ,9 mo/ cases ! orig9al or gr\nd language 0 ,hebrew or ,greek 9 ill-=m$ & cont9u\s capitals1 undivid$ into words1 & )\t acc5ts1 po9ts1 or brea?+s1 :ile ! 8cross+0 0 9 ,arabic1 ,lat91 or "s o!r diff]5t dialect1 badly writt5 & accompani$ ) ink spots & s5seless da%es4 ,out ( ?is het]og5e\s mass ( scribbl+s ! pi\s div9es ( ! ,re=mation p]iod compil$ our au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible1 ! translation into ,engli% be+ made1 9 ! case ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f ! mod]n ,hebrew text1 & 9 t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f ,beza's fif? edition ( ! ,greek text4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t v]sions ( ! complete ,old ,te/am5t--viz41 ! ,hebrew1 ! ,greek ,septuag9t1 & ! ,lat9 ,vulgate1 & two ,sam>itan v]sions ( ! ,p5tateu*1 "o writt5 9 ,aramn & ! o!r 9 ,arabic4 ,! ,,mss4 ( ! ,hebrew v]sion are all writt5 9 mod]n or ,masoretic ,hebrew1 :i* dates f ab\t ! ye> #a1jjj ,a4,d4 ,! orig9al language ( ! ,hebrews1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! ,egyptians & aft]w>ds modifi$ by contact ) ! ,*aldeans1 0 v diff]5t f t we are accu/om$ to read to-day 9 ,hebrew ,bibles3 in/ead ( ea* ^w be+ sep>at$ f its neighb\r1 & v[el po9ts be+ subscrib$ to assi/ 9 ! read+1 s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 & ev5 pages 7 writt5 z ?\gh ! :ole =m$ b "o long ^w2 &1 consid]+ t ! ,hebrew alphabet consi/s ( consonants only1 ! abs5ce ( ! v[el po9ts & f9al lett]s aft]w>ds introduc$ r5d]$ ! mean+ ( ! writ] mo/ obscure4 ,= in/ance1 ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis w\ld h be5 writt5 z foll[s 9 anci5t ,hebrew1 b 9 lett]s m ne>ly approa*+ ! cunei=m type1 4 ,! equival5t lett]s 9 ,engli% are 7read+ f "r to left1 z 9 ,hebrew7 ,,ts4,r4,a4,h4,t4,a4,v4,m4,y4,m4,,%4,h4, t4,a4,m4,y4,h4,l4,a4,a4,r4,b4,t4,y4,,%4, a4,r4,b & ! translators tell u t !y signify1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?40 ,n[1 z !y /&1 x is utt]ly impossible to pron\nce ! words2 &1 ev5 suppos+ t v[els 7 add$1 ?is c\ld be done 9 su* a v>iety ( ways t hundr$s ( diff]5t pronunciations might result2 s also might ! s5se be v>i$ by _m diff]5t r5d]+s4 ,suppose we wrote d[n ! au?oris$ translation1 us+ consonants only1 & leav+ entirely out ! v[els1 ! result w\ld be z foll[s 7read+ f left to "r1 z 9 ,engli%71 ,,n?bgnnggdcrtd?hvnsnd?r?1 :i* w\ld be entirely unpron\nceable unless we add$ v[els2 &1 by add+ v[els indiscrim9ately1 a v>iety ( r5d]+s w\ld result4 ,! absurdity ( a writt5 language compos$ only ( consonants is ?us made v app>5t4 ,?is difficulty oppos$ itself to ! ,jewi% prie/s1 & 0 obviat$ by ! introduction ( v[el po9ts1 ! manufacture ( five f9al lett]s1 & ! division ( s5t5ces into words accord+ to ! arbitr>y r5d]+ ( ! introduc]s ( ! v[el po9ts2 s t n[ we possess a ,hebrew language :i* may be1 & probably is1 z unlike ! anci5t ,hebrew dialect z *alk is unlike *eese4 ,by slightly alt]+ ! v[el po9ts ( a s5t5ce or a ^w1 ! :ole s5se may be entirely de/roy$2 & t ?is has be5 frequ5tly en\gh done requires no pro( "h1 = x has be5 abundantly %[n else:]e4 ,c]ta9 prie/s h attempt$ to prove t ! v[el po9ts & f9al lett]s 7 9 use 9 ,ezra's "t2 b x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ by s*ol>s t !y 7 inv5tions ( ! middle ages4 ,he> :at ! le>n$ ,*ri/ian ,dup91 ,doctor ( ! ,sorbonne1 says3--8,! ,hebrew alphabet is compos$ ( tw5ty-two lett]s1 l ^? ( ! ,sam>itans1 ,*aldeans1 & ,syrians4 ,b1 ( ^! lett]s1 none are v[els1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! pronunciation _c be det]m9$4 ,! ,hebrews h inv5t$ po9ts1 :i*1 be+ put "u ! lett]s1 answ] ! purpose ( v[els4 ,^? v[el-po9ts s]ve n only to fix ! pronunciation1 b also ! signification ( a ^w1 because1 _m times1 ! ^w be+ diff]5tly po9t$ & pron\nc$ alt]s ! mean+ entirely4 ,?is is ! consid]ation :i* has made ! "q z to ! antiquity ( ! po9ts ( s mu* importance1 & has1 consequ5tly1 _h su* elaborate treatm5t4 ,"s h pret5d$ t ^! po9ts are z anci5t z ! ,hebrew tongue1 & t ,abraham made use ( !m4 ,o!rs make ,moses ! au?or ( !m4 ,b ! mo/ common op9ion among ! ,jews is t1 ,moses hav+ le>nt ( ,god ! true pronunciation ( ,hebrew words1 ?is sci5ce 0 pres]v$ 9 ! synagogue by oral tradition till ! "t ( ,ezra1 :o inv5t$ ! po9ts & acc5ts to fix ! mean+4 ,elias ,levita1 a ,g]man ,jew ( ! la/ g5]ation1 & deeply le>n$ 9 ,hebrew gramm>1 has reject$ ?is op9ion1 & cont5d$ t ! inv5tion ( po9ts took place 9 mu* m rec5t times4 ,he ascribes ! inv5tion to ! ,jews ( ,tib]ias & to ! ye> #ejj ,a4,d41 & alleges t ! inv5tion 0 n p]fect$ till ab\t ! ye> #ajdj ,a4,d41 by two fam\s ,mas]ites1 ,b5-,as*] & ,b5-,naphtali40 ,he>1 also1 :at ! le>n$ & pi\s ,dr4 ,prideaux says3--8,! sacr$ books made use ( among ! ,jews 9 _! synagogues h ev] be51 & /ill are1 )\t ! v[el-po9ts1 :i* c\ld n h happ5$ _h !y be5 plac$ !re by ,ezra1 & _h1 consequ5tly1 be5 ( ! same au?ority ) ! lett]s2 =1 _h !y be5 s1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! synagogues ) ! same c>e z ! re/ ( ! text40 ,he !n goes on to say t no m5tion is made ( ! po9ts 9 ei!r ! ,mi%na or ,gem>a1 & cont9ues3 8,nei!r d we f9d ! lea/ h9t ( !m 9 ,philo-,judu or ,josephus1 :o are ! olde/ writ]s ( ! ,jews1 or 9 any ( ! anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s = sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/4 ,&1 al?\gh among !m ,orig5 & ,j]ome 7 well skill$ 9 ! ,hebrew language1 yet 9 none ( _! writ+s d !y speak ! lea/ ( !m4 ,orig5 fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?ird1 & ,j]ome 9 ! fif?1 c5tury2 & ! latt]1 hav+ liv$ a long :ile 9 ,juda1 & !re m especially appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ! ,hebrew le>n+1 & mu* conv]s$ ) ! ,jewi% rabbis = 8 improvem5t h]e91 x is n likely t he c\ld h miss$ mak+ "s m5tion ( !m ?r\gh all 8 volum9\s works1 if !y _h be5 ei!r 9 be+ among ! ,jews 9 8 "t1 or 9 any cr$it or au?ority ) !m1 & t especially s9ce1 9 8 comm5t>ies1 !re 7 s _m necess>y occasions = tak+ notice ( !m40 ,! ,doctor !n decl>es t aft] ! ,babyloni% ,captivity 8! ,hebrew language ceas$ to be ! "m tongue ( ! ,jews10 ,aramn1 z we "k1 be+ ! dialect ( ,juda at ! "t ( ,h]od4 ,we may1 !n1 safely fix ! date ( our e>lie/ ,hebrew ,,ms4 at a lat] p]iod ?an #ajjj ,a4,d41 = !re does n exi/ "o s+le ante-,masoretic or unpo9t$ ,hebrew ,,ms4 ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,greek ,septuag9t 0 also writt5 9 ,greek capitals1 )\t acc5ts & brea?+s & )\t divisions betwe5 ! words1 & cont9u$ ?us until ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 acc5ts & brea?+s came into use1 :i* 7 foll[$1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 by small lett]s1 z we h !m n[ 9 our ,greek ,bibles4 ,! v same may be said ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t ,,mss41 all ( :i* are writt5 9 cont9u\s ,greek capitals4 ,! olde/ ,,ms4 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 discov]$ by ,tis*5dorf at ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 9 #ahei1 & suppos$ to belong to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,codex ,vaticanus is also suppos$ to belong to ! f\r? c5tury1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,rome by ,v]cellone1 9 #aheh4 ,! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 conta9+ bo? ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 is suppos$ to belong to ! fif? c5tury1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,woide1 9 #aghf1 & aft]w>ds by ,c[p]1 9 #ahfj4 ,( ! ,old ,te/am5t x conta9s1 besides ! canonical & mo/ apocryphal books f\nd 9 our editions1 ! ?ird & f\r? books ( ! ,maccabees1 ,epi/le ( ,a?anasius to ,m>cell9us 7prefix$ to ! ,psalms71 & f\rte5 hymns1 ! elev5? 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg94 ,ecclesia/icus1 ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ,susannah1 & ,bell & ! ,dragon d n appe>4 ,( ! ,new ,te/am5t !re is1 9 addition to ! receiv$ books1 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians & "p ( ! ,second4 ,! ,codex ,ephraemi is suppos$ to belong to ! fif? c5tury1 & 0 publi%$ by ,tis*5dorf 9 #ahdc4 ,! ,codex ,bez is a ,grco-,lat9 ,,ms41 said to belong to ! six? c5tury1 & fir/ publi%$ by ,kipl+1 9 #agic1 & aft]w>ds by ,scriv5]1 9 #ahfd4 ,all ^! ,,mss4 are writt5 9 cont9u\s capitals1 s badly =m$1 & s jumbl$ toge!r1 z to be almo/ illegible4 ,accord+ to ! %[+ ( ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 prov+ ! antiquity ( sacr$ writ+s1 ! v e>lie/ ,,ms4 _c lay claim to an e>li] date ?an ! f\r? c5tury2 &1 if ! au?ors to :om ! ,*ur* has attribut$ ! v>i\s writ+s 9 ! ,bible wrote ! said records1 x is cle> t ! late/ orig9als mu/ date f ! fir/ c5tury4 ,b ! orig9als d n any:]e exi/1 & consequ5tly x is utt]ly impossible = anybody to "k :o wrote any "o ( ! books ( ! ,bible1 :i* is1 !re=e1 a compilation ( anonym\s writ+s1 &1 z su*1 is ( no au?ority :atev]4 ,s f> f be+ a div9ely-inspir$ record1 x is1 z we h se51 a product ( ! cunn+ & +5uity ( knaves & fanatics1 :o des]ve cr$it = only "o ?+1 & t is t !y manag$ to make any s5se :atev] out ( ! wret*$ scribble & scrawl f :i* !y d]iv$ _! in=mation4 ,,! 8,,annals0 ,,( ,,tacitus4 ,"o ( ! d>ke/ epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is t p]iod :i* comm5c$ ) ! annihilation ( ! ,s>ac5 p[] 9 ,europe & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 9 #abdc1 & cont9u$ until ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! gha/ly horrors p]petrat$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* at ?is "t aga9/ un(f5d+ p are too well kn[n to ne$ any reproduction "h1 & may be f\nd fully detail$ 9 ,rule's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition10 ,drap]'s 8,conflict10 & o!r simil> works4 ,my purpose j n[ is n to foll[ 9 detail ^! wick$ & cruel abom9ations connect$ ) ! ,*ri/ian sup]/ition1 b to /udy c>efully ! v>i\s circum/ances surr\nd+ ! sudd5 appe>ance1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ( s _m ,,mss4 purport+ to h be5 writt5 by ! anci5ts4 ,among ^! manuscripts 7 ! s-call$ 8,annals ( ,tacitus10 :i* h s9ce become s celebrat$ on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce made by ! au?or 9 8 fifte5? book to ! p]secution ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians by ,n]o4 ,x has long be5 suspect$ by le>n$ s*ol>s t ^! 8,annals10 & 9 p>ticul> ! passage relat+ to ,n]o's p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 7 nev] writt5 by ,tacitus2 b1 ow+ to ! dang] usually incurr$ 9 giv+ expression to op9ions s detrim5tal to ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*1 no "o v5tur$ until q lately publicly to /ate 8 d\bts z to ! g5u95ess ( ^! celebrat$ writ+s4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 pretty g5]ally admitt$ among su* s*ol>s z d n make _! hon\r subs]vi5t to _! int]e/s t ! au?or ( ! 8,hi/ory0 & ! au?or ( ! 8,annals0 7 n ! same p]son1 & t ! latt]1 moreov]1 7 n writt5 until _m c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,tacitus4 ,to f9d out :o 0 ! real au?or ( ^! 8,annals10 & h[ !y became associat$ ) ! "n ( ,tacitus1 x w be necess>y to glance at ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! p]iod ref]r$ to above2 & 9 do+ s none b au?ors ( ! highe/ repute w be consult$4 ,= "s "t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 #abdc ! ,*ur* _h be5 able to suppress1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 ! gr[+ t5d5cy ( ! age t[>ds ! acquirem5t ( k3 by ! rack1 ! /ake1 & ! gibbet1 by torture1 by fire1 & by ! knife1 %e _h rel5tlessly pursu$ h] horrid & diabolical c>e]1 hop+ by ^! means to pres]ve ! fai? & sil5ce h] enemies4 ,to a l>ge ext5t x is admitt$ %e 0 successful2 b 9 remote places ! _s ( inquiry liv$ & grew 9 spite ( h]3 ,abel>d1 ! fir/ ,free?9k]1 _h well s[n 8 se$s 9 ,france2 ,arnold ( ,brescia _h left to 8 bre?r5 9 ,italy a s*eme ( re=m :i* 0 de/9$ to take practical %ape 9 ! autumn ( #ahgj2 & ,wicliffe _h prea*$ f 8 *air at ,ox=d doctr9es :i* c\ld n fail ere long to h _! effect ^u ! intellect ( ,engl&4 ,?is bold ,york%ireman did n scruple to publicly decl>e t ! m5dicant fri>s :o 7 commission$ by ! ,pope to travel ov] ,engl& & grant absolution & indulg5ces to ! p 7 a pack ( ?ieves & s5suali/s1 t ! cl]gy 7 indulg+ 9 op5 wick$ness1 t ! indulg5ces ( ! ,pope 7 a manife/ blasphemy1 & t ! prie/hood _h no "r to deprive ! p ( ! "r to se>* ! ,bible4 ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to speak ( ! ,pope z 8,anti*ri/1 ! pr\d worldly prie/ ( ,rome1 & ! mo/ curs$ ( clipp]s & purse-k]v]s40 ,f ! pulpit ( 8 little *ur* at ,lutt]wor? he op5ly prea*$ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,pope 9 ,engl&1 & decl>$ t ,*ri/ _h giv5 no temporal lord%ip to ! popes & no supremacy ov] k+s4 ,! ,pope & ! ,sacr$ ,college v naturally res5t$ ?is behavi\r1 & ord]$ copies ( ,wicliffe's works to be s5t =?) to ,rome = inspection1 ! result be+ t ?ree bulls 7 draft$ on ,may #bbnd1 #acgg1 & despat*$ to ,engl&1 "o be+ address$ to ,simon ,sudbury1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ,william ,c\rt5ay1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 ano!r be+ address$ to ! ,k+1 & ! ?ird to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,^! bulls express$ ! surprise ( 8 ,hol9ess t su* a fe>ful h]esy _h n be5 at once suppress$1 & comm&$ t imm$iate /eps %\ld be tak5 = sil5c+ ! au?or ( x4 ,he 0 to be appreh5d$ & %ut up 9 prison until ! fur!r ord]s ( ! ,pope arriv$2 & all pro(s & evid5ce ( 8 h]esy 7 to be s5t by special mess5g] to ,rome )\t delay4 ,^! bulls1 h[ev]1 arriv$ too late to be ( mu* use4 ,already ,wicliffe _h be5 br\ght to trial be=e ! ,bi%op ( ,london & 8 c\rt at ,/4 ,paul's1 ) a result n at all to ! lik+ ( 8 ,hol9ess or any ( 8 pi\s foll[]s1 z he v soon discov]$4 ,on ,febru>y #ai?1 #acgg1 ,c\rt5ay sat 9 ,our ,lady's ,*apel 9 ,/4 ,paul's1 surr\nd$ by ,*ur* dignit>ies1 to he> ! accusation aga9/ ! re=m]1 a l>ge & excit$ cr[d1 fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds ,wicliffe1 h[l+ outside ! doors4 ,sudd5ly a di/urbance took place inside ! *apel1 caus$ by ,"l ,p]cy & ,john ( ,gaunt =c+ _! way t[>ds ! re=m]2 ! ,bi%op & 8 c\rt 7 sc&alis$1 & imm$iately call$ ^u ! intrud]s to )draw2 b1 in/ead ( do+ s1 ,p]cy quietly turn$ to ,wicliffe & politely reque/$ him to be seat$1 :]eupon ,c\rt5ay became furi\s & yell$ out3 8,he mu/ & %all /&2 x is unreasonable t "o on 8 trial be=e 8 ord9>y %\ld sit40 ,high words foll[$2 ! mob outside 0 9 a /ate ( fury1 & ! bi%ops & cl]gy 7 t]rifi$4 ,! end soon came1 = ,john ( ,gaunt1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 /epp+ 9 front ( ! ,bi%op1 %\t$3 8,z = y1 :o are gr[+ s arrogant & pr\d1 ,i w br+ d[n ! pride1 n ( y alone1 b t ( all ! prelacy 9 ,engl&10 & !n decl>$ t 9 a few mom5ts he w\ld drag him out ( ! c\rt by ! hair ( 8 head4 ,?is br\ght matt]s to a climax2 ! mob bur/ into ! *apel1 ! ,bi%op & cl]gy fl$1 & ! re=m] 0 set free4 ,! greate/ con/]nation prevail$ among ! cl]gy ^u ! news ( ?is outrage be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & = sev]al weeks secret delib]ations 7 c>ri$ on = ! purpose ( devis+ "s good plan = re/or+ ! visibly decreas+ pre/ige ( ! cl]ical p>ty4 ,at la/ ! ?ree bulls arriv$ f ,rome1 b 71 z we h se51 too late 9 ! field2 = n only _h ! trial ( ,wicliffe turn$ out a failure1 b ! ,k+ _h 9 ! meantime di$1 & ! ,ox=d doctors _h almo/ all sid$ ) ! re=m]4 ,/ill1 ! ,*ur* det]m9$ to puni% ,wicliffe1 :o 0 summon$ to appe> be=e ,sudbury1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 ,lambe? ,*apel1 to answ] *>ges ( h]esy & insubord9ation2 b ?is trial prov$ z un=tunate = ! cl]gy z ! =m] "o1 = ano!r angry mob besieg$ ! *apel & dem&$ ! release ( ! re=m]1 9 addition to :i* ,sir ,lewis ,clif=d arriv$ 9 ha/e f ! ,que5 to =bid ! bi%ops pass+ any s5t5ce ^u ,wicliffe4 ,?is 0 inde$ a surprise = _! rev]5ces1 :o precipitately left ! *apel & rea*$ _! homes 9 ! be/ way !y c\ld4 ,all ?is _h a great effect ^u ! m9ds ( ! p bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t2 = ! ,pope & 8 satellites _h n only be5 attack$1 b1 :at 0 m amaz+1 !y _h suff]$ an unp>allel$ defeat2 & ! probability 0 t ! discont5t$ ( ,france & ,italy w\ld foll[ ! example ( ! ,engli% re=m] & attempt to put into practice ! !ories ( ,arnold & ,abel>d4 ,! times c]ta9ly look$ black = ! ,*ur*2 b an ev5t happ5$ %ortly aft]w>ds :i* add$ /ill m to ! g5]al dismay ( ! cl]icals1 & 0 ne> be+ ! end ( ! ,papacy4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xi4 di$ on ,m>* #bg?1 #acgh1 at ! ,vatican1 :]e he _h arriv$ %ortly be=e f 8 beautiful resid5ce at ,avignon2 & ! ,italian cl]gy1 fe>+ t ! next pope w\ld also take up 8 resid5ce 9 ,france1 det]m9$ to ex]t e ef=t to place ^u ! vacant *air ( ,/4 ,pet] an ,italian :o w\ld be likely to rema9 at ! ,vatican4 ,at ?is "t ! sacr$ college consi/$ ( tw5ty-two c>d9als1 twelve ( :om 7 ,fr5*1 s t x w\ld h be5 an easy matt] = ! ,fr5* majority to elect a ,fr5* pope2 b ! clam\r1 n only ( ! cl]gy1 b ( ! laity ( ,rome1 0 s great t ! majority did n avail !mselves ( _! opportunity1 & all[$ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,b>i1 a ,neapolitan1 to be nom9at$ & unanim\sly elect$ to ! vacant see1 "u ! title ( ,urban ,,vi4 ,n _m weeks pass$ away be=e ! ,fr5* majority began to rep5t _! ha/e1 & end$ by publicly excommunicat+ ,pope ,urban ,,vi41 call+ him apo/ate & anti*ri/1 & elect+ 9 8 /ead1 on ,septemb] #ba/1 ,rob]t ( ,g5eva1 "u ! title ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,! ,italian bi%ops & cl]gy /ood by ! ,pope ( _! *oice1 :o resid$ at ! ,vatican1 :ile ! ,fr5* bi%ops & cl]gy b[$ allegiance only to _! ,pope1 :o took up 8 resid5ce at ! old papal palace at ,avignon2 & ?us x happ5$ t = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* !re 7 two popes at ! same "t1 ea* p\r+ =? 8 ana!mas at ! o!r1 & ea* decl>+ himself to be ! div9ely-orda9$ vic> ( ,*ri/ on e>?4 ,ow+ to ?is s*ism1 ,wicliffe 0 all[$ to prea* 8 h]esy )\t let or h9drance1 = ! :ole ( ,europe 0 9 a con/ant f]m5t1 & ! bi%ops c\ld ill be/[ "t ^u su* an insignificant p]son :5 two su* l(ty individuals 7 attract+ ! att5tion ( bo? cl]gy & laity4 ,= =ty ye>s ^! rival popes & _! successors c>ri$ on a p]petual w>f>e1 bo? ) ! sword & ! p51 ,pope ,urban be+ succe$$ 9 turn by ,pope ,boniface ,,ix41 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,vii41 & ,pope ,gregory ,,xii41 & ,pope ,clem5t by ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re 7 n want+ m5 :o 7 bold en\gh to turn to acc\nt ?is papal s*ism 9 ! int]e/ ( re=m4 ,wicliffe 0 work+ sil5tly b /eadily 9 ,engl&1 & actually _h ! audacity to r5d] ! ,bible 9 ! vulg> tongue1 s t ! p c\ld read x 9 ! *ur*es1 ! ?+ ( all o!rs t ! popes & ! c>d9als dread$1 = !y well knew t1 z soon z ! ,bible 0 read & und]/ood1 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* w\ld gradually wane1 & ev5tually cease to exi/ at all4 ,9 va9 did ! popes ?und] =? _! curses ^u ,wicliffe's v5]able head1 = 0 n ! :ole ( ,europe at t v "t discuss+ m or less fi]cely ! v "q z to :i* ( ! two holy ones 0 really ,pope8 ,( :at use 0 x t he ( ,avignon d5\nc$ ,wicliffe1 :5 half ( ,*ri/5dom d5i$ 8 "r to ! papal *air8 ,he ( ,rome 0 9 precisely ! same position1 s t ! high-s\nd+ ana!mas fell b lightly on ! old re=m]2 b x 0 f> o!rwise ) ! h]etical tea*+s :i* call$ =? ! papal curses2 = !y 7 c>ri$ into ! mo/ remote corn]s ( ,europe1 caus+ q a s5sation among ! hi!rto loyal s]vants ( ! ,*ur*4 ,j]ome ( ,prague1 9 ! ye> #adjj1 j sixte5 ye>s aft] ,wicliffe's dea?1 c>ri$ across ! *annel a l>ge assortm5t ( ,wicliffe's writ+s1 & imm$iately comm5c$ to c>ry on ! "w ( ! great re=m] 9 ,europe1 *all5g+ ! doctors ( ,p>is & ,vi5na on 8 way home4 ,unit+ ) ,john ,huss1 a ,pr(essor ( ,prague ,univ]sity1 he attack$ ) great viol5ce ! ,papacy1 decl>+ t ! v fact ( ! head ( ! ,*ur* be+ split into two 0 suffici5t to de/roy = ev] ! notion ( papal infallibility4 ,?+s _h n[ arriv$ at su* a pass t ! doctors ( ! ,sorbonne 9 ,p>is made a desp]ate attempt to settle ! difficulty4 ,= fifte5 ye>s pa/ !y _h be5 urg+ ! two popes to resign simultane\sly1 s t "o successor to bo? c\ld be unanim\sly elect$1 & ! dispute ?us settl$2 b nei!r p>ty w\ld yield an in*4 ,at la/1 9 #adji1 driv5 to desp]ation by ! effect produc$ by ,wicliffe's writ+s1 & by ! bold prea*+ ( ,huss & ,j]ome1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,pisa depos$ bo? popes1 & elect$ a ?ird--viz41 ,bal?az> ,corsa1 :o assum$ ! title ( ,pope ,john ,,xxiii4 & took up 8 resid5ce at ,bologna4 ,! two depos$ pontiffs1 h[ev]1 refus$ to recognise ! decree ( ! ,c\ncil1 ! consequ5ce be+ t1 in/ead ( !re be+ two popes1 !re 7 ?ree4 ,?is /r5g!n$ ! position ( ,huss & ,j]ome1 :o said3 8,if we mu/ obey1 to :om is our ob$i5ce to be paid8 ,if all ?ree are infallible1 :y does n _! te/imony agree8 ,& if only "o ( !m is ! mo/ ,holy ,fa!r1 :y is x t we _c di/+ui% him f ! re/80 ,! ,bolognan ,pope decl>$ ! ,roman ,pope to be a h]etic1 a demon1 & anti*ri/2 ! ,roman ,pope ent]ta9$ simil> views ab\t 8 holy bro!r ( ,bologna2 & bo? /igmatis$ ! ,avignon ,pope z an impo/or & s*ismatic2 :ile 8 ,hol9ess ( ,avignon _h z mu* affection = 8 two holy bre?r5 z !y _h = him4 ,ano!r ,c\ncil 0 held at ,con/ance 9 #adah1 at :i* all ?ree ,hol9esses 7 depos$1 excell5t precautions be+ at ! same "t tak5 to ensure ! prop] c>ry+ out ( ! s5t5ces4 ,o?o ,colonna 0 !n elect$ to ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 z ,m>t9 ,v41 & ! s*ism at la/ put an end to4 ,b at :at a co/ _h ?is s*ism be5 kept up = =ty ye>s6 ,p _h begun to s]i\sly "q ! "r ( ! popes to claim infallibility2 _m 7 n[ 9 ! habit ( daily read+ ! ,bible1 & "s _h ev5 d>$ to se>* anci5t au?ors = full] in=mation respect+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,unless ^! ?ree ulc]s 7 imm$iately caut]is$ & effectively effac$1 ! ,*ur* mu/ fall f its high position1 z ! holy ones at ! ,vatican well knew4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,inquisition 0 br\ght into s]vice ( ! ,pope1 to put a /op to ! insol5ce ( ^? :o d>$ to assail ! dogma ( infallibility1 & :o _h be5 guilty ( ! blasphemy ( read+ ! ,bible4 ,huss & ,j]ome _h already be5 burnt at ! /ake4 ,9 addition to ?is1 l>ge sums ( money 7 (f]$ = fre%ly-discov]$ ,,mss4 ( ! anci5ts1 9 ord] t all ! evid5ce x 0 possible to collect toge!r might be available 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,^! means 7 v effectual2 = tr\blesome p1 :o _h inquir+ m9ds or :o _h le>nt to read & write1 7 quickly despat*$ to a happi] l& by ! ag5ts ( ! ,inquisition1 :ile ! money (f]$ = newly-discov]$ ,,mss4 act$ l magic 9 caus+ old mu/y writ+s to turn up 9 e direction4 ,:ile ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 0 be+ held = ! purpose ( elect+ "o pope1 & "o only1 to sit 9 ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,h5ry ,beau=t1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 second son ( ,john ( ,gaunt1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 happ5$ to pass ?r\gh ! t[n1 & took advantage ( ! opportunity ?us (f]$ him to att5d ! sitt+s1 :]e he made ! acqua9tance ( _m1 among :om 0 ,boggio ,bracciol9i1 "o ( ! ,papal ,secret>ies4 ,a fri5d%ip soon sprang up betwe5 ! two1 :i* result$ 9 ,bracciol9i return+ to ,engl& ) ,bi%op--aft]w>ds ,c>d9al--,beau=t1 9 ! autumn ( #adah4 ,aft] a ye> or two sp5t ) ,beau=t1 ! late ,secret>y became dissatisfi$ ) 8 lot1 compla9+ bitt]ly 9 8 lett]s to 8 fri5d1 ,niccolo ,niccoli1 ( ! _m unfulfill$ promises ( ! ,c>d9al4 ,at la/ he 0 (f]$1 & duly accept$1 a small liv+ ( #abj flor9s a ye>1 :i* he soon aft]w>ds ex*ang$ = "o wor? #dj a ye>1 & hav+ few] duties atta*$ to x1 :i* gave him m leisure "t = /udy1 &1 consequ5tly1 made him consid]ably happi]1 = 8 passion = /udy+ anci5t au?ors 0 z int5se z 8 k ( ! classic languages 0 pr(\nd4 ,9 a v %ort "t1 h[ev]1 he became aga9 dissatisfi$ ) 8 lot1 & begg$ ! ,c>d9al to supply him ) an honor>y canonry1 s t he might visit ,italy & prosecute 8 /udies1 at ! same "t t he drew a snug little sal>y f ,engl&4 ,he 0 n successful1 = ! ,c>d9al probably _h _m su* applications1 & f\nd m suitable objects ^u :i* to be/[ 8 fav\rs4 ,j at ?is "t ! rage = f9d+ old ,,mss4 increas$ enorm\sly1 ow+ to ! l>ge sums ( money giv5 by ! ,vatican to ! lucky f9d]s1 :o1 z a rule1 7 simply villa9s ( ! monk type & ! mo/ impud5t =g]s4 ,bracciol9i1 ^: passion = money 0 ev5 great] ?an 8 passion = k1 bitt]ly bewail$ 8 fate1 & long$ = an opportunity to turn 8 wits to acc\nt1 & ?us secure "s ( ! f9e prizes :i* 7 be+ s lavi%ly be/[$ by 8 ,hol9ess ^u indig5t ,italian & ,hung>ian monks4 ,:ile he 0 despair+ ( any su* good =tune turn+ up he unexpect$ly receiv$ f ,pi]o ,lamb]tes*i ( ,flor5ce1 ag5t to ,cosmo de ,m$ici1 an (f] :i* greatly gratifi$ him1 & :i* he c\ld pla9ly see emanat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f 8 old fri5d ,niccoli4 ,! nature ( ?is (f] 01 = obvi\s reasons1 kept /rictly secret2 b1 f a p]usal ( "s ( ! lett]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ,bracciol9i & ,niccoli1 no d\bt n[ exi/s t x 0 really a proposal t ,bracciol9i %\ld ent] into retirem5t & =ge an introduction to ! 8,hi/ory0 ( ,tacitus1 = :i* "w he w\ld be paid #ejj gold sequ9s1 equival5t to upw>ds ( #aj1jjj4 ,niccoli /rongly urg$ 8 fri5d to accept ! (f]1 & ,bracciol9i1 9 reply1 8?9ks he w foll[ 8 advice20 b ! v5ture 0 su* a d>+ "o t #ejj sequ9s appe>$ to him insuffici5t2 s he wrote aga9 to ,niccoli ab\t ?is 8sugge/ion0 & 8(f]0 made by ,lamb]tes*i1 :o1 he /ates1 8w endeav\r to procure = me 9 ?ree ye>s #ejj gold sequ9s4 ,if he w make x #fjj1 ,i w at once close ) 8 proposal4 ,he holds =? sangu9e hopes ab\t sev]al future pr(itable cont+5cies1 :i*1 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 may probably be realis$2 yet x is m prud5t to cov5ant = some?+ c]ta9 ?an to dep5d on hope alone4444 ,i l ! occupation to :i* he has invit$ me1 & hope ,i %all be able to produce some?+ wor? read+2 b = ?is purpose1 z ,i tell him 9 my lett]s1 ,i require ! retirem5t & leisure t are necess>y = lit]>y "w40 ,an arrangem5t 0 ev5tually arriv$ at1 & x 0 def9itely settl$ t ,bracciol9i %\ld leave ,engl& & g to ,hung>y1 9 :i* c\ntry x 0 popul>ly believ$ 7 to be f\nd lo/ lit]>y treasures4 ,/ill1 ,bracciol9i _h 8 d\bts ab\t ! due paym5t ( ! money1 &1 z he 0 ab\t to give up a liv+ 9 ,engl&1 he 0 anxi\s to h "s security = ! money promis$ by ,lamb]tes*i1 = we f9d him writ+ to ,niccoli z foll[s3 8,y "k well h[ ,i pref] lib]ty & lit]>y leisure to ! o!r ?+s :i* ! va/ majority hold 9 ! highe/ e/imation & make ! objects ( _! ambition4444 ,if ,i 7 to see t ,i %\ld get t :i* our fri5d ,pi]o expects1 ,i w\ld g n only to ! end ( ,europe1 b z f> z ! wilds ( ,t>t>y1 especially z ,i %\ld h ! opportunity ( pay+ att5tion to ,greek lit]ature1 :i* x is my desire to dev\r ) avidity1 7 x b to avoid ^? wret*$ translations1 :i* s torm5t me t !re is m pa9 9 read+ ?an pleasure 9 acquir+ k40 ,he !n wrote3 8,if ,i und]take a j\rney to ,hung>y1 x w be unkn[n to ev]ybody b a few1 & d[n ! ?roats ( ^! ,i %all cram all sorts ( spee*es1 s9ce ,i w pret5d ,i h come f "h ,engl&40 ,app>5tly matt]s 7 soon satisfactorily arrang$2 =1 f ?is "t1 ,bracciol9i comm5c$ to prep>e = 8 =g]y4 ,he made good use ( ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,beau=t1 & se>*$ ev]y:]e = old writ]s f :om he c\ld ga!r in=mation respect+ ! old ,roman empire2 &1 f9ally1 made arrangem5ts = quitt+ ,engl&4 ,9 a lett] to ,niccoli1 dat$ ,london1 ,july #ag?1 #adbj1 he says t he has 8skimm$ ov] ,ari/otle dur+ ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 n = ! purpose ( /udy+ him !n1 b read+ & see+ :at !re 0 9 ea* ( 8 works40 ,he _h f\nd t sort ( 8p]usal n :olly unpr(itable1 z he _h le>nt some?+ e day1 sup]ficially ?\gh x might be1 f und]/&+ ,ari/otle 9 8 own language1 :]e he f\nd him 9 ! words ( translators ei!r incompreh5sible or nons5sical40 ,x 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! ?ree fri5ds t ,bracciol9i %\ld repair at once to ,italy1 :]e consultations c\ld be held frequ5tly1 8to delib]ate fully :at 0 be/ to be done20 s1 aft] va9ly attempt+ to dispose ( 8 liv+1 ,bracciol9i f9ally dep>t$ = ,france1 en r\te = ,italy4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 he wrote to ,niccoli1 express+ 8 fe> t ! =g]y he _h und]tak5 0 too great a toil = him1 b decl>+ 8 int5tion to proce$ at all haz>ds4 ,he says3 8,i want y to h no di/ru/2 give me ! leisure & ! "t = writ+ t hi/ory1 & ,i w d some?+ y w approve4 ,my he>t is 9 ! "w1 ?\gh ,i "q my p[]s 444 ,i h n = f\r ye>s devot$ any att5tion to lit]ature1 nor read a s+le book t c be consid]$ well writt5--z y may judge f ^! lett]s ( m9e1 :i* are n :at !y us$ to be2 b ,i %all soon get back into my old mann]4 ,:5 ,i reflect on ! m]its ( ! anci5t writ]s ( hi/ory1 ,i recoil ) fe> f ! und]tak+1 ?\gh1 :5 ,i consid] :at are writ]s ( ! pres5t day1 ,i recov] "s confid5ce 9 ! hope t1 if ,i /rive ) all my might1 ,i %all be inf]ior to few ( !m40 ,a few days aft]w>ds he wrote 8 la/ lett] f ,engl& to ,niccoli on ,june #be?1 #adbb1 /ill express+ fe> ab\t ! ultimate result1 & especially ! paym5t3 8,if ,lamb]tes*i w\ld only place some?+ c]ta9 be=e u1 :i* we c\ld adopt or approve10 he wrote2 & 8,h[ he>tily ,i hope t ,lamb]tes*i w d :at w\ld be agreeable to u bo?40 ,arriv$ 9 ,rome1 ,bracciol9i 0 (f]$ & accept$ ! po/ ( ,pr9cipal ,secret>y to ! ,pope1 &1 consequ5tly1 did n g1 z previ\sly arrang$1 to ,hung>y1 b set himself to "w in/ead1 exam9+ ! old ,,mss4 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 = :i* he _h ample "t1 z 8 new po/ 0 almo/ a s9ecure4 ,he also wrote to 8 fri5d ,niccoli on ,may #ae?1 #adbc1 ask+ him to =w>d to him )\t ! lea/ delay all 8 notes & extracts f ! v>i\s books :i* he _h read2 aft] receiv+ :i* he comm5c$ 9 e>ne/ 8 lab\r4 ,he _h n work$ long1 h[ev]1 be=e he discov]$ :at an ardu\s task he _h und]tak51 & aga9 fe> ov]came him le/ he %\ld f9d himself unequal to ! ef=t2 b1 pull+ himself toge!r aga91 he det]m9$ once m to keep up 8 c\rage & p]sev]e to ! end1 ! gold sequ9s probably act+ z a /imulus to him4 ,writ+ to 8 fri5d ,niccoli on ,octob] #h?1 #adbc1 he says t 8 beg9n+s ( any k9d are ardu\s & difficult20 & cont9ues3 8,:at ! anci5ts did pleasantly1 quickly1 & easily1 is to me tr\blesome1 t$i\s1 & burd5some40 ,9 ano!r lett] to ,niccoli1 dat$ ,rome1 ,novemb] #f?1 #adbc1 he begs 8 fri5d to make e ef=t to procure = him "s map ( ,ptolemy's 8,geography10 & n to =get ,suetonius & ! o!r hi/orians1 above all ,plut>*'s 8,lives ( ,illu/ri\s ,m540 ,= upw>ds ( ?ree ye>s aft] ?is p]iod ,bracciol9i %ut himself up ) 8 pap]s1 extracts1 maps1 etc41 & work$ /eadily & labori\sly at 8 task1 &1 at ! end ( t "t1 _h complet$ ! fir/ in/alm5t ( 8 =g]y4 ,! next "p ( ! process 0 to f9d a suitable place 9 :i* ! =g$ ,,ms4 c\ld be discov]$2 consequ5tly1 ,bracciol9i & ,niccoli put _! heads toge!r 9 consultation1 f9ally settl+ ^u ,hirs*feldt1 a small ,saxon t[n on ! bord]s ( ,bohemia1 :i* 0 celebrat$ = an old abbey ( ! ,b5$ict9e monks4 ,bracciol9i _h accid5tally met ) "o ( ! monks f ?is place 9 ,rome1 & _h manag$ to place ?is man "u an obligation to him2 s1 f9d+ t he 0 ne$y1 ignorant1 & /upid1 he det]m9$ to make use ( him = produc+ 8 ,,ms4 to ! public4 ,speak+ ( ?is monk 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,niccoli1 he says3 8,! good fell[1 :o has n our atta9m5ts1 ?\ght t we 7 equally ignorant ( :at he f\nd he did n "k himself40 ,to ?is ignorant fell[ he gave a long li/ ( books t he wi%$ him to hunt up 9 ! ,abbey libr>y1 includ+ a copy ( ,tacitus1 tell+ him to s5d a full description ( ea* z soon z f\nd4 ,! object ( ?is 0 to f9d out :e!r ! ,abbey possess$ a copy ( ,tacitus 9 ! olde/ writ+ possible1 :i* c\ld be us$ z a guide to ! transcrib] ( ! =g]y2 & ! reason ( giv+ su* a long li/ 0 to ?r[ ! monk (f ! sc5t4 ,) all _! precautions1 h[ev]1 _! s*eme 0 all b discov]$ 9 ! summ] ( #adbg1 = we f9d ,bracciol9i1 on ,septemb] #be? ( t ye>1 writ+ to ,niccoli t1 8:5 ,tacitus came1 he w\ld keep x a secret2 t he knew all ! tittle-tattle t 0 go+ on--:5ce x came1 ?r\gh :om1 & h[ x 0 got up2 b t he ne$ h no fe>1 = t n a syllable %\ld escape him4444 ,i he> no?+ ( ! ,tacitus t is 9 ,g]many4 ,i am expect+ an answ] f ! monk40 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! monk _h n yet suppli$ ! in=mation ab\t ! books2 b1 9 ! foll[+ ,octob]1 ,niccoli _h =w>d$ to ,bracciol9i an old copy ( ,tacitus t he _h become possess$ (4 ,bracciol9i1 h[ev]1 return$ x at once1 say+ t x 0 s badly damag$ z to be illegible to an ord9>y transcrib]1 & cont9u+3 8,take c>e1 !re=e1 t ,i h ano!r1 if x c be done2 b y c d x1 if y w /rive y\r utmo/4444 ,y h s5t me ! book )\t ! p>*m5t4 ,i "k n ! /ate ( m9d y 7 9 :5 y did ?is1 except t y 7 z mad z a ,m>* h>e4 ,= :at book c be transcrib$ if !re be n ! p>*m5t8 ,h a c>e to x1 !n1 & also to a second manuscript2 b1 above all1 keep 9 m9d ! vellum40 ,aft] a :ile ! p>*m5t arriv$1 toge!r ) an old copy ( ,tacitus t c\ld be easily read by a transcrib]2 & !n all 0 sil5ce aga9 = ab\t a ye>4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! old monk 0 busily engag$ transcrib+ ! =g$ writ+s into v anci5t *>act]s1 us+ ! old copy ( ,tacitus suppli$ by ,niccoli z an example ( /yle1 ! =g]y be+ int5d$ z an introduction to ! 8,hi/ory40 ,on ,septemb] #aa?1 #adbh1 ,bracciol9i 0 evid5tly becom+ impati5t ) ! "w1 = he wrote to ,niccoli z foll[s3 8,n a ^w ( ,cornelius ,tacitus f ,g]many2 nor h ,i he>d !nce any fur!r news ( 8 "w40 ,!n1 aga91 he writes ,febru>y #bf?1 #adbi3 8,! ,hirs*feldt monk has come )\t ! book1 & ,i gave him a s\nd rat+ = x4 ,he has giv5 me 8 assurance t he w be back aga9 soon1 = he is c>ry+ on a suit ab\t 8 abbey 9 ! law c\rts1 & w br+ ! book4 ,he made heavy dem&s ^u me2 b ,i told him ,i w\ld d no?+ = him until ,i h ! book2 ,i am1 !re=e1 9 hopes t ,i %all h x1 z he is 9 ne$ ( my good (fices40 ,! book at l5g? arriv$1 & ,bracciol9i wrote to ,niccoli t1 s f> z he 0 himself conc]n$1 ev]y?+ 0 8n[ complete ) respect to ! ,little ,"w1 conc]n+ :i* he w\ld1 on "s future opportunity1 write to him2 &1 at ! same "t1 s5d x to him to read1 9 ord] to get 8 op9ion ( x40 ,s ! =g]y 0 complete1 & !re c be no d\bt t ,bracciol9i f ?is date 0 a ri* man1 liv+ 9 8 own villa at ,vald>no 9 ,tuscany4 ,! =g$ writ+s 7 h&$ ov] to ,cosmo de ,m$ici 9 return = #ejj gold sequ9s1 accord+ to arrangem5t1 & rema9$ 9 ! ,libr>y at ,flor5ce ev] aft]4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 publi%$ be=e #adfh1 :5 ,johannes de ,spire produc$ :at are n[ kn[n z ! la/ six books ( ! 8,annals0 ( ,tacitus1 :i* he decl>$ _h be5 copi$ f an 7imag9>y7 orig9al 9 ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 b :i* we n[ "k 7 really copi$ f ! =g]y ( ,bracciol9i1 9 possession ( ! ,m$icis at ,flor5ce4 ,:at are n[ kn[n z ! fir/ six books ( ! 8,annals0 did n make _! appe>ance until #aead1 & mo/ probably _h also be5 =g$ by ,bracciol9i imm$iately aft] he _h f9i%$ ! la/ six books4 ,! delight ( ! cl]gy at ! sudd5 & unexpect$ discov]y ( ^! hi!rto altoge!r unkn[n writ+s knew no b\nds2 = !y n[ possess$ ! mo/ preci\s hea!n te/imony to ! suff]+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians on acc\nt ( _! religion1 :i* w\ld =m a valuable addition to ! evid5ce 9 c\rse ( collection by pi\s monks int5d$ to %[ =? cle>ly & indisputably ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! wily ,pope knew well en\gh ! enorm\s value ( su* a record z ?is2 = x 0 q evid5t t a ve9 ( scepticism 0 p]meat+ e class ( society1 9 spite ( ! vigilance ( ! ,inquisition]s4 ,! re=m]s :o succe$$ ,wicliffe1 ,j]ome1 & ,huss _h be5 wax+ bold] day by day1 & _h ev5 repuls$ a l>ge army s5t aga9/ !m by 8 ,hol9ess & l$ by ,c>d9al ,ces>9i & a ho/ ( ,g]man pr9ces1 s9ce :i* !y _h boldly & op5ly prea*$ aga9/ ! papal supremacy1 & 7 9 _m di/ricts publicly di/ribut+ copies ( ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle & ,av]roes4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,papacy 7 ?us 9 real & imm95t dang]1 = hi!rto ! p _h believ$ :atev] ! prie/s _h told !m1 :]eas n[ !y appe>$ det]m9$ to inve/igate ! :ole matt] !mselves & to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ! prie/ly m$iator4 ,at su* a "t ! discov]y ( ! 8,annals0 came z a w9dfall to ! ,*ur*2 e "o app>5tly accept+ !m z hav+ be5 orig9ally writt5 by ,tacitus2 & e au?or1 f ?is "t =w>d1 quot$ !m repeat$ly4 ,! /range/ ?+ ab\t ! affair is t no "o ev5 ?\ght ( que/ion+ ! g5u95ess ( ! writ+s1 especially :5 x mu/ h be5 well kn[n t n "o hi/orian or writ]1 f ! "t ( ,tacitus1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 d[n to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! 8,annals0 7s-call$ = ! fir/ "t by ,beatus ,rh5anus 9 #aecc7 7 discov]$1 _h ev] once quot$ or ev5 ref]r$ to !m2 n ev5 ,*ri/ian writ]s _h z mu* z once notic$ !m1 :i* !y c\ld n h fail$ to d _h su* valuable evid5ce ( ! suff]+s ( _! bre?r5 really exi/$4 ,besides ! 8,annals0 o!r ,,mss4 7 produc$ by pi\s monks & pass$ (f z anci5t writ+s1 until at l5g? ! ,vatican & o!r papal libr>ies 7 lit]ally sw>m+ ) !m2 b all ^! writ+s pal$ into insignificance be=e su* a record z ! 8,annals10 :i* 0 de/9$ h5ce=? to be ! *ief evid5ce 9 support ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,toge!r ) ! passages 9 ! writ+s ( ,josephus1 :i* 7 =g$ beyond d\bt by ,eusebius1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 & ! d\btful lett] ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y to ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 :i* "t mo/ assur$ly w prove to be z great a =g]y z ! o!r two1 ! ,*ur* _h n[ hea!n te/imony 9 abundance to prove t ! religion 0 div9ely in/itut$ & t _m suff]$ dea? 9 def5ce ( x4 ,nei!r ,av]roism nor ,arianism c\ld %ake ?is te/imony1 :i* w\ld be a p[]ful prop to ! religion = c5turies to come4 ,x rema9$ = ,dr4 ,l>dn] & o!rs1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( la/ c5tury1 to expose ! =g]y 9 ,josephus2 to ! pres5t c5tury has be5 res]v$ ! hon\r ( unveil+ ! real au?or%ip ( ! =g$ 8,annals0 ( ,tacitus2 & to future se>*]s aft] tru? is left ! duty ( discov]+ ! real p]petrator ( ! =g$ lett] :i* has hi!rto be5 kn[n z f ,pl9y to ,trajan4 ,if any "o %\ld /ill d\bt t ,bracciol9i =g$ ! 8,annals10 let me recomm5d him to c>efully read a "w entitl$ 8,tacitus & ,bracciol9i10 & publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,diprose ,bateman1 ( ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 ,london1 9 :i* w be f\nd ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s t ,bracciol9i1 & no o!r ?an he1 0 ! real au?or ( ! "w4 ,9 t able indictm5t1 f :i* ,i h drawn ext5sively = ?is essay1 ! writ+s & peculi>ities ( bo? ,tacitus & ,bracciol9i h be5 mo/ c>efully detail$1 ) ! result t no "o c help arriv+ at ! conclusion t "o p]son c\ld n h writt5 bo? ! 8,hi/ory0 & ! 8,annals20 t ,tacitus c\ld n possibly h writt5 ! 8,annals10 ow+ to *ronological difficulties2 & t suspicion po9ts s =cibly to ,bracciol9i z ! au?or t x almo/ am\nts to positive pro(4 ,:at ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ is 7#a7 t1 ow+ to ! tea*+s ( ,abel>d1 ,arnold1 ,wicliffe1 ,j]ome1 ,huss1 & o!r fifte5?-c5tury re=m]s1 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & ! v exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 7 s]i\sly m5ac$2 7#b7 t1 on acc\nt ( ! failure ( ! ,inquisition to /em ! curr5t ( scepticism1 l>ge sums ( money 7 (f]$ = ! discov]y ( anci5t writ+s :i* w\ld be> te/imony to ! div9e au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & ! div9e e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 7#c7 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is bribe1 %oals ( writ+s 7 =g$ by ne$y monks & s*ol>s1 & attribut$ to anci5t au?ors2 & 7#d7 t among ^! =g]ies 7 ! 8,annals0 ( ,tacitus1 :i* 7 compos$ by ,bracciol9i & re-writt5 by ! ,hirs*feldt monk 9 a /yle z ne>ly z possible l a v old copy ( ! 8,hi/ory0 ( ,tacitus1 :i* 0 suppli$ to him z a guide4 ,,creation ,,& ,,fall4 ,! "o great diff]5tial m>k betwe5 man & ! brutes is 8 high] developm5t ( bra9 p[]1 by :i* he is enabl$ to discrim9ate betwe5 "r & wrong1 or good & evil1 & ?us to improve 8 bodily & social condition4 ,! individual :o ob/9ately refuses to avail himself ( ! great m5tal p[] )9 him n only deprives himself ( ! greate/ pleasure 9 life1 b also all[s himself to s9k to ! level ( ! brutes f :i* he evolv$1 exhibit+ at ! same "t a gross want ( gratitude to ! be+ :o end[$ him ) s l(ty an attribute4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o cultivates 8 m5tal faculties1 & uses !m = 8 own improvem5t & advancem5t1 & also t ( 8 fell[s1 fulfils ! highe/ mission ( man1 & cont9ually %[s 8 deep gratitude to 8 my/]i\s b5efactor4 ,to ?9k is ! gr&e/ faculty ( man4 ,to ?9k logically & well ought to be 8 noble/ aspiration4 ,to prev5t1 by any means :atev]1 ! individual f ex]cis+ 8 "r to ?9k1 & f giv+ expression to 8 ?\ghts1 is a direct outrage ^u ! great au?or ( u all1 ^u ! individual himself1 & also ^u ! :ole human race4 ,! greate/ ?9k] ( mod]n times1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 says1 8,! peculi> evil ( sil5c+ ! expression ( an op9ion is t x is robb+ ! human race1 po/]ity z well z ! exi/+ g5]ation2 ^? :o diss5t f ! op9ion /ill m ?an ^? :o hold x4 ,if ! op9ion is "r !y are depriv$ ( ! opportunity ( ex*ang+ error = tru?2 if wrong1 !y lose :at is almo/ z great a b5efit1 ! cle>] p]ception & liveli] impression ( tru?1 produc$ by its collision ) error4 ,no "o c be a great ?9k] :o does n recognise t1 z a ?9k]1 x is 8 fir/ duty to foll[ 8 intellect to :atev] conclusions x may lead4 ,tru? ga9s m ev5 by ! errors ( "o :o ) due /udy & prep>ation ?9ks = himself1 ?an by ! true op9ions ( ^? :o only hold !m because !y d n suff] !mselves to ?9k 444 complete lib]ty ( contradict+ & disprov+ our op9ion is ! v condition :i* ju/ifies u 9 assum+ its tru? = purposes ( action2 & on no o!r t]ms c a be+ ) human faculties h any rational assurance ( be+ "r40 ,we claim ! "r to ?9k ^u any & e subject1 & also to express our ?\ghts be=e ! _w1 9 spite ( ! m5ace held out to u by ^? ^: int]e/s conflict ) any hone/ expression ( op9ion4 ,!re is no tribunal b t ( reason to :i* we possibly c submit any !ory or proposition4 ,to talk ( fai? z oppos$ to reason is to speak )\t s]i\sly ?9k+4 ,su* fai? is b a weird phantom t haunts ! irresolute & cr$ul\s un?9k]1 b :i* really has no exi/5ce at all4 ,a man may say t he believes some?+ entirely oppos$ to reason1 b he deceives himself1 = x is q impossible to believe :at does n appe> to ! m9d to be 9 accordance ) reason4 ,su* a man accepts1 b does n believe4 ,we h fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! isl& ( ,otaheite1 al?\gh we h nev] be5 !re ourselves4 ,geograph]s tell u t su* an isl& exi/s on ! o!r side ( ! _w2 & we h full fai? 9 su* an exi/5ce1 because x is 9 accordance ) reason4 ,b if we 7 told t ! k+ ( ,otaheite _h nev] be5 born1 b _h1 l ,topsy1 #8gr['d1' or t he & 8 subjects1 in/ead ( talk+1 cr[$ l cocks1 or bray$ l donkeys1 we %\ld n believe x1 because x w\ld be contr>y to reason4 ,s5sible & ?\ghtful p w1 !re=e1 n accept any?+ z tru? t does n accord ) reason & ,i ask y tonight to foll[ me 9 my endeav\r to submit ! two important dogmas ( my lecture to ! te/ ( reason1 9 ! full belief t y are z anxi\s z myself to arrive at a reasonable & true conclusion reg>d+ !m4 ,! doctr9es ( ! creation & fall are1 z x 71 ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! huge sup]/ructure ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 f\nd$4 ,take away ^! fundam5tal doctr9es1 & ! :ole fabric tott]s to ! gr\nd2 = )\t a fall !re c be no possible ne$ = a r$emption1 & ! etcet]as ( ! religion1 su* z ! miracul\s conception & asc5sion1 baptism1 & ! eu*>i/ic fea/1 vani% into ?9 air z va9 imag9ations & ?+s ( naught4 ,x _c be too cle>ly & =cibly insi/$ ^u t no fall necessitates no r$emption1 = ! proposition is self-evid5t1 & ?us incapable ( contradiction4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d ! /ory ( ! creation & fall1 z giv5 to u 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 to be cr$ible & reasonable1 !n our duty1 ^u ano!r occasion1 w be to exam9e ! evid5ce = & aga9/ ! subsequ5t !ories ( ! religion1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r !y also are cr$ible & reasonable4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! /ory to be incr$ible & absurd1 x w be our duty to reject ! :ole ,*ri/ian s*eme t has emanat$ f x4 ,our bus9ess at ! pres5t "t is ) ^! fundam5tal doctr9es ( creation & ! fall1 & our sole object is ! elucidation ( ! tru?1 no matt] :e!r x %\ld be palatable or n to our m9ds4 ,no s5sible man c desire to reta9 t :i* is n true1 = no sy/em t is n f\nd$ on tru? c be ( any p]man5t s]vice to ! human race1 b mu/ on ! contr>y produce mo/ p]nici\s results4 ,hav+ ?us cle>ly expla9$ my premisses1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 & %all divide my text into ! two natural divisions sugge/$ 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion4 ,! fir/ *apt] & fir/ ?ree v]ses ( ! second *apt] conta9 :at is kn[n z ! ,elohi/ic n>rative1 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! deity be+ ?r\gh\t designat$ ,elohim--1 ! plural ( ,eloh 771 or ,elyah 771 a comp\nd ^w made up ( ,el 771 a ram1 & ,yah 771 an abbreviation ( ,yah\h 771 ! future t5se ( ! v]b ,hah\h 771 to be4 ,eloh lit]ally means #8! ram w be1' & is us$ to signify ! ram-sun1 ! sun-god1 or ! sun 9 ! zodiacal sign ,aries1 at ! v]nal equ9ox2 ! plural =m1 ,elohim1 be+ us$ to signify ! ram-suns1 or ! six summ] mon?s ( ! ye>1 9 :i* ! ram & ! sun are toge!r1 f equ9ox to equ9ox4 ,el signifies ram1 or god1 alone1 or )\t ! sun1 9 ! w9t] p]iod1 & is always us$ to designate ! evil pr9ciple1 ! wick$ god1 or ! w9t] p]iod1 9 contradi/9ction to ,eloh1 ! ram-sun ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 & ,elohim1 ! ram-suns ( ! summ] mon?s1 ! good pr9ciple1 or ! good gods4 ,9 ?is fir/ n>rative ( ! creation ,elohim is r5d]$ #8,god' 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion1 ?\gh 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible x is r5d]$ #8gods1' #8m51' or #8angels4' ,! rema9d] ( ! second & ! ?ird *apt]s conta9 ! second1 or ,jehovi/ic n>rative1 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! deity be+ designat$ ?r\gh\t1 ,yah\h1 or ,jehovah 7s pron\nc$ by ,*ri/ians7 ,elohim 7 71 r5d]$ 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion #8! ,"l ,god4' ,t ^! two acc\nts 7 n writt5 by "o p]son w become cle> en\gh z we proce$ 9 our exam9ation1 9 :i* ! r5d]+ ( ! au?oris$ v]sion w be /rictly adh]$ to4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ n>rative1 god 7,elohim7 creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>? & all !y conta9 9 six ord9>y days1 & re/$ f 8 "w on ! sev5? day4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by "s zeal\s b n ov] scrupul\s ,*ri/ians t days ( tw5ty f\r h\rs' duration 7 n meant by ! writ]1 b t ! ^w 7day7 signifies an enorm\s lapse ( "t2 b x is q cle> to anyone ) av]age intellig5ce t an ord9>y day 0 meant1 or else !re w\ld h be5 no use 9 say+ t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day4 ,moreov]1 we are di/9ctly told 9 ,exodus ,,xx4 #aj1 #aa1 t we are to keep ! sev5? day z a holiday1 8= 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea & all t is 9 !m1 & re/$ ! sev5? day40 ,we !re=e h "h ! creation ( ! _w1 ) day & night1 b no sun1 9 "o day1 :i* we mu/ admit at once is an absurdity1 = x is beyond all d\bt sci5tifically prov$ t ?is _w c\ld nev] h exi/$ = "o mom5t )\t ! sun r\nd :i* x revolves1 & our common s5se tells u pla9ly t )\t a sun !re c\ld nev] h be5 days & nights1 or ev5+s & morn+s4 ,on ! second day we are told t god creat$ ! firmam5t1 & call$ x heav51 & t ?is firmam5t sep>at$ ! wat]s above f ^? bel[1 :i* cle>ly proves t ! writ] _h no o!r conception ( ! univ]se ?an t x 0 limit$ above to ! height ( ! cl\ds1 & b\nd$ bel[ by ! e>? itself4 ,! ?ird day 0 set ap>t = ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s into seas & riv]s1 & = ! creation ( ! vegetable k+dom1 :i* aga9 is contradictory ( all kn[n sci5tific facts1 = !re 0 /ill no sun 9 exi/5ce4 ,at la/1 on ! f\r? day1 ! sun 0 creat$1 z also ! moon & />s1 all be+ plac$ 9 ! firmam5t1 betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! e>?1 = ! sole purpose ( act+ z lamps & m>k+ "t = ?is _w4 ,! writ] evid5tly imag9$ t ! only object ( ! heav5ly orbs is to light up ?is _w1 to divide our day f our night1 & to limit our seasons1 be+1 app>5tly1 ignorant ( ! fact t our days & seasons are regulat$ by ! motions ( ! e>? itself1 q irrespective ( ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,he 0 also cle>ly "u ! impression t ! sun 01 aft] our e>?1 ! l>ge/ body 9 ! univ]se1 ! moon be+ next1 & ! />s ! smalle/2 :]eas ! sun is five hundr$ times l>g] ?an ! e>? & all ! planets & _! moons put toge!r2 :ile ! e>? is ab\t =ty n9e times l>g] 9 bulk ?an ! moon2 & "s ( ! />s are imm5sely l>g] ?an our sun1 & all ( !m1 moreov]1 suns !mselves4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t f ?is acc\nt t ! _w _h be5 9 exi/5ce = ?ree days & ?ree nights be=e ! sun 0 made1 & t vegetation _h 9 ! meantime be5 produc$1 :i* is1 we "k1 an absurdity4 ,!re are "s +5i\s individuals :o h decl>$ t ?is is q possible1 = !re are1 !y say1 lights t are unconnect$ ) ! sun1 & t ! writ] evid5tly allud$ to ^! fa9t glimm]+s2 b ,i ass]t confid5tly t1 leav+ out ( ! "q ! light d]iv$ f ! />s1 s f> z we "k f sci5ce1 !re is no light kn[n :i* is n ei!r directly produc$ f ! sun1 or a reflection ( ! sun's light f "s o!r object4 ,on ! fif? day 7 creat$ fi%es1 birds1 & mammals 9 ! =m ( :ales4 ,n[ !re has be5 s f> no creation ( l& animals except birds1 & yet ! writ] decl>es t :ales 7 made1 be+ cle>ly q ignorant ( ! fact t :ales are n true fi%es1 b mammals1 belong+ to ! sub-k+dom ,mammalia1 to :i* belong also horses1 c[s1 apes & m54 ,:ales 7 n evolv$ until long aft] creep+ animals1 su* z liz>ds1 s]p5ts1 etc41 & took to ! wat] aga9 aft] hav+ be51 9 ! p>5t =m1 long accu/om$ to dry l&1 j 9 ! same mann] z did ! walrus1 porpoise1 sea-c[1 dolph9 & seal1 all ( :i* are mammals4 ,x 0 n until ! next 7six?7 day t creep+ animals 7 creat$1 accord+ to ,g5esis1 & yet we "k well en\gh t !y sl[ly evolv$ f molluscs1 or s(t-bodi$ animals1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 ages be=e su* species z :ales & cattle exi/$4 ,on ! v same day1 accord+ to ! n>rative1 god =m$ an &rogyn\s1 or h]maphrodite man1 hav+ two sexes1 & be+ ! fac-simile ( himself4 ,_m anci5t races believ$ t _! god 0 &rogyn\s1 & no d\bt ! writ] ( ?is acc\nt held ! same op9ion1 reg>d+ ! good pr9ciple ( ! summ] mon?s1 or ,elohim1 z a bi-sexual & reproductive deity4 ,if ?is be n ! correct view ( ! matt]1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :i* ( ! two sexes ! god ( ,g5esis p>takes (4 ,on ! sev5? day god re/$ f 8 "w2 b we d n f9d any record ( 8 hav+ done any?+ to cause fatigue1 except giv+ utt]ance to 8 fiat day by day4 ,?is /ory is s palpably absurd z to ne$ no argum5t to prove x s1 7 x n = ! fact t c]ta9 crafty p]sons1 see+ ! utt] impossibility ( reconcil+ x ) sci5ce & reason1 h se5 fit to inv5t new int]pretations ( ! orig9al1 9 ord] to give x an appe>ance ( tru?4 ,"o sect ma9ta9s t ! days 7 epo*s1 & n ord9>y days1 :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld m]ely augm5t ! difficulty by mak+ ! e>? to h exi/$1 ) vegetation1 = ages in/ead ( days1 )\t ! sun2 b we h already se5 t ?is !ory w n hold gr\nd = a mom5t4 ,ano!r m cunn+ class ( religioni/s h prop\nd$ ! hypo!sis t ! :ole /ory is meant to be an epitome ( :at occurr$ at ! orig9 ( ! univ]se & life1 & t ord9>y days 7 really meant1 & purposely utilis$ to epitomise long p]iods ( "t1 z 0 cu/om>y ) anci5t writ]s1 :o frequ5tly avail$ !mselves ( poets' lic5ce 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is !ory is prim facie a plausible "o1 & has1 no d\bt1 satisfi$ _m re/less & ?\ghtless spirits among/ u2 b 9 reality x diff]s b little1 if at all1 f ! prec$+ hypo!sis1 bo? leav+ u 9 mu* ! same position4 ,!y decl>e t ! v same ord] is ma9ta9$ 9 ! n>rative z t adopt$ by sci5ti/s2 t bo? agree t ! e>? 0 =m$ fir/1 & !n1 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 vegetation1 fi%es1 birds1 bea/s ( ! field1 & man4 ,we "k well en\gh1 h[ev]1 t ! sun is absolutely necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( ! vegetable k+dom2 t birds did n appe> be=e reptiles & worms1 b long aft] !m2 & t plac5tal mammals made _! appe>ance1 n be=e creep+ animals1 & kang>oos1 opossums & o!rs ( ! m>supial species1 b _m ages aft] !m4 ,9 direct contradiction ( ?is fable 9 ,g5esis1 we le>n f sci5ce t our sol> sy/em once exi/$ 9 a condition ( highly att5uat$ nebul\s vap\r2 & t 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s ?is huge *aotic mass ( matt]1 ) its sum ( =ce or en]gy1 subject alike to ! laws ( gravitation & trans=mation1 gradually cond5s$1 & became m\ld$ into cosmic ord]1 =m+ 9 process ( "t a numb] ( rotat+ sph]ical nebul> masses1 9 a /ate ( int5se heat1 ow+ to ! %ock ( _! rec5tly unit$ atoms4 ,^! sph]es gradually cool$ by radiation1 consequ5tly contract+ & becom+ possess$ ( a m rapid rot>y movem5t1 ?r[+ (f f _! equatorial regions l>ge r+s ( vap\r1 :i* 9 _! turn also cond5s$1 &1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! same two laws1 =m$ sep>ate sph]es = !mselves4 ,?us gradually came into exi/5ce our sun1 planets & moons4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z our e>? cool$ d[n1 l>ge volumes ( wat] 7 precipitat$ on ! surface1 caus+ an enorm\s we> & te> ( ! n[ solid rock ( ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* ev5tually gave rise to depositions ( v>i\s k9ds ( e>? grits1 9 lay]s1 "o above ! o!r2 :i* /rata h be5 divid$ by geologi/s into p]iods1 accord+ to v>i\s peculi>ities obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! deposition4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ( ^! p]iods1 ow+ to ! gradual *ange t took place 9 ! relative proportions ( ! atmosph]ic gases1 & to ! great decrease 9 temp]ature1 a peculi> comb9ation ( ! molecul> atoms ( ! e>?'s sub/ance took place1 :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( an album9\s sub/ance1 call$ protoplasm1 possess+ ! p[] ( absorption1 assimilation1 & reproduction by fission1 or1 9 o!r words1 develop+ ! prop]ty call$ life4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! laws ( h]$ity & selection ?is primordial g]m ( life gradually develop$ into high] & /ill high] organic =ms ( exi/5ce1 f ,amb to ,ga/rada1 or molluscs ) m\?s2 next to ,v]mes1 or worm life2 !n to ,v]tebrata1 or back-bon$ animals2 ?r\gh fi%es2 amphibians1 liv+ bo? 9 & out ( wat]2 reptiles1 f :i* ev5tually evolv$ birds2 & m>supials2 up to plac5tal mammals1 su* z :ales1 quadrup$s1 apes & m54 ,! gradual evolution ( ^! species occupi$ _m millions ( ye>s be=e ! date ( ! creation 9 ,g5esis 7,b4,c4 #djjd71 dur+ :i* p]iod ! face ( ! e>? und]w5t manifold & great *anges4 ,n[1 9 ! "n ( common s5se & reason1 does ?is hypo!sis agree ) & corroborate1 z x is said to d by "s div9es1 ! #a/ ,bible /ory ( creation1 9 any mann] at all8 ,i ma9ta9 t ! man :o replies 9 ! affirmative does an inju/ice to 8 reason+ faculties & outrages ! common s5se ( 8 fell[s4 ,! !ory ( creation is absolutely oppos$ to t ( evolution on e po9t4 ,n[ let u exam9e ! second n>rative1 z giv5 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,"h we h a direct contradiction ( ! /ory 9 ! fir/ *apt]2 = we are told t god creat$ ! e>?1 ! heav5s1 vegetation & man1 b n woman1 all 9 "o day4 ,we are also told t !re _h be5 no ra9 ^u ! e>?1 & yet t 8!re w5t up a mi/ f ! e>?10 :i* we "k is impossible4 8,b10 say ! or?odox1 8ev]y?+ is possible ) god40 ,! reply ( ! evolutioni/ is1 8,c god1 !n1 make a /ick ) "o end only80 ,god next plant$ a g>d51 9 :i* he plac$ 8 newly made man1 aft] giv+ him in/ructions to eat ( e tree )9 x1 except ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 ! fruit ( :i* 0 n to be t\*$1 & ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce be+ in/ant dea?4 ,!n1 9 fre% contradiction ( ! fir/ n>rative1 bea/s ( ! field & birds 7 creat$1 aft] man2 aft] :i* ,adam1 ! man1 nam$ !m all2 b h[ he acquir$ ! p[] ( spee* necess>y = su* a feat is n record$4 ,= absurdity ! next "p ( ! n>rative exce$s all t has prec$$ x4 ,god creat$ cattle & birds 9 abundance1 b yet c\ld n manufacture a suitable p>tn] = ! man2 s he adopt$ ! /range device ( tak+ f ,adam's body1 :ile he slept1 "o ( 8 ribs1 ) :i* he made a woman4 ,n[ x mu/ /rike e ?\ghtful man & woman t ?is act 0 ! v acme ( /upidity1 = surely x w\ld h be5 f> easi] to h creat$ ! woman at once by ano!r fiat1 or to h creat$ a sp>e rib ) :i* to make ! woman4 ,to attribute su* conduct to ! great au?or is surely ! height ( irrev]5ce4 ,x is q evid5t t bo? ^! /ories 7 n writt5 by "o au?or1 & t bo? _c be true1 = !y totally contradict ea* o!r1 & are writt5 9 q diff]5t /yles1 ! deity himself be+ diff]5tly designat$ 9 ea*4 ,we are told by c]ta9 p>ties t if we d n believe ^! /ories we %all mo/ c]ta9ly be roa/$ = all et]nity2 & inde$ ! ,new ,te/am5t di/9ctly be>s out ?is fe>ful fiat4 ,accord+ to ?is1 e man 9 ! :ole _w :o has be5 un=tunate en\gh to he> ^! two acc\nts read1 & :o is end[$ ) suffici5t intellig5ce to discrim9ate betwe5 a pop-gun & an elephant1 w inevitably p]i%2 = x is impossible = any sane man to believe two su* contradictory /atem5ts4 ,x is n )9 ! p[] ( any man to d s4 ,y might j z well dem& ( a man t he mu/ believe t a brick & a pan-cake are id5tical articles4 ,he c\ld n d s1 no matt] h[ h>d he tri$4 ,comp>$ ) ^! fables1 h[ ennobl+1 gr& & sublime is ! !ory ( evolution4 ,we behold ! great & my/]i\s en]gy ( univ]se op]at+ 9 a mann] calculat$ to inspire our m9ds ) wond]1 awe & admiration4 ,! truly m>vell\s developm5t ( ourselves f a *aotic nebula ( att5uat$ matt]1 ?r\gh all ! v>i$ & manifold /ages ( exi/5ce1 ) _! beautiful & useful prop]ties1 is inde$ an ov]:elm+ly conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an omnisci5t & omnipot5t1 al?\gh absolutely inscrutable au?or2 & ,i d\bt mu* :e!r anyone ev] approa*$ ?is subject ) an hone/ desire to be guid$ by reason 9 8 se>* = tru?1 :o did n exp]i5ce ?is pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! unkn[n au?or4 ,c we believe t ^! two n>ratives 9 ,g5esis are also calculat$ to inspire su* a s5tim5t 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are fairly well educat$ & am5able to reason8 ,:at k9d ( a deity1 ?9k y1 is ?is god ( ,g5esis8 ,! conclud+ portion ( ! #bnd n>rative w at once in=m u4 ,?is /ory is well kn[n to all ( u1 & is a v rem>kable "o1 = we le>n f x ! />tl+ fact t ! s]p5t1 or devil1 0 ! greate/ b5efactor to ! human race1 &1 moreov]1 tru?ful2 :ile god 0 ! greate/ enemy ! race ev] _h1 & 0 guilty ( falsehood & trea*]y4 ,god plac$ ?is man & woman 9 ! g>d51 9 front ( a v /rong temptation1 po9t$ out ! temptation to !m1 & ?reat5$ !m ) in/ant dea? if !y yield$ to x4 ,?is god is suppos$ to be omnisci5t1 & !re=e knew well en\gh be=e he plac$ !m !re t ! poor creatures w\ld fall on ! v fir/ temptation4 ,c we conceive m gl>+ inju/ice & diabolical cruelty ?an ?is8 ,n[ ! s]p5t knew v well t !y w\ld n die if !y ate ! fruit1 b t1 in/ead1 !y w\ld become wise2 & ev5tually he p]suad$ !m to eat4 ,:o spoke ! tru?1 god or ! devil8 ,did ! man & woman die on ! day !y ate ! fruit8 ,f> f x4 ,t day1 7 !re any tru? at all 9 ! n>rative1 w\ld h be5 ! gr&e/ day ev] kn[n to man2 = by ! eat+ ( t fruit 0 made kn[n to him ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 t he might be able to seek ! "o & avoid ! o!r2 8 b5efactor be+ ! s]p5t1 or devil1 ! circumv5tor & conqu]or ( god4 ,b notice fur!r on h[ impot5t ?is s-call$ almighty deity really 04 ,he exclaim$ 9 fe>1 8,behold1 ! man is become z "o ( u :i* 0 precisely :at ! devil pr$ict$ to "k good & evil1 & n[1 le/ he put =? 8 h& & take also ( ! tree ( life & live = ev]1 !re=e ! ,"l ,god s5t him =? f ! g>d540 ,n[ h[ easy x w\ld h be5 = an omnipot5t creator to h annihilat$ 8 own "w1 & ?us cle>$ ! way = a fre% />t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :o ! 8we0 7 t ! writ] ref]s to1 if n an &rogyn\s deity or a multitude ( gods or goddesses4 ,:at 0 ! consequ5ce ( ?is s9 ( ,adam & ,eve8 ,e man & e woman ev] born ^u ?is e>? is guilty ( ?is s91 & w et]nally burn 9 hell fire1 says ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 unless !y believe t ?is circumv5t$ god became a man1 liv$ on ?is e>?1 & di$ ! dea? ( a crim9al1 9 ord] to give satisfaction to himself = ! outrage committ$ on 8 div9e maje/y by ?ree ( 8 creatures4 ,! c\ntless myriads ( human be+s :o h inhabit$ ?is e>? dur+ ! six ?\s& ye>s 7accord+ to ,bible *ronology7 t ! _w has exi/$1 are all & ea* "u ?is fe>ful curse1 al?\gh !y _h no m to d ) ,adam's s9 ?an ! man 9 ! moon1 & _h no p[] to prev5t x4 ,^! p h be5 br\ght into ! _w1 :e!r !y lik$ x or n1 & are subject to ?is p5alty1 ! enorm\s majority ( !m be+ inevitably doom$ to et]nal torm5t2 = !re h liv$ _m millions ( p :o nev] ev5 he>d ( ! ,bible1 its gods or its s*eme ( r$emption4 ,we may g f>!r & decl>e t all are inevitably doom$1 = we _c conceive t anyone c believe su* a /ory z t ( ! fall4 ,no "o w v5ture to ass]t t infants & idiots c believe any?+1 !re=e !re is no hope = ^! un=tunates1 :atev] *ances !re may be = o!rs4 ,z ! expression ( ! infantile imag9ation ( primitive man1 aft] em]g+ f 8 brute ance/ry1 & comm5c+ to ex]cise m fully 8 reason+ faculties1 ^! fables are easily und]/ood2 b z ! writ+s ( m5 :o _h be5 inspir$ by ! almighty p[] to record a true acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( nature & man = ! use ( o!rs1 !y mu/ be at once reject$ by all reasonable & ?\ghtful p z gross absurdities4 ,we c easily und]/& h[ ! m9d ( primitive man pond]$ ov] ! /range mixture ( good & evil 9 ! _w1 j z ! awak5+ m9d ( a *ild w\ld d to day2 h[ ! my/]y w\ld be expla9$ by ! analogy ( ! cele/ial movem5ts2 & h[1 z ! result ( ! infantile reason+1 ! good pr9ciple became associat$ ) ! m5tal conception ( a v5]able old g5tleman1 :o plant$ a g>d51 & p]=m$ ! pr9ciple "p 9 ! drama j describ$ f ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,?o :ole /ory be>s ! /ronge/ m>ks ( be+ ! production ( an infantile intellect4 ,! simple mann] 9 :i* ! writ] tells u t ! man & woman sew$ fig leaves toge!r & made aprons = !mselves is suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is4 ,we _c believe t ,adam & ,eve w5t ?r\gh ! _m processes necess>y = ! production ( ! ne$les & ?read1 ) :i* to sew _! leaves toge!r4 ,!n ! conv]sation betwe5 god1 z he took 8 /roll 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+1 & ,adam & ,eve1 is j :at we %\ld expect f ! crude imag9ations ( our e>ly ance/ors2 z also is ! mann] 9 :i* ! man plac$ ! blame on ! woman1 & %e 9 h] turn ^u ! s]p5t4 ,! curse1 too1 is precisely 9 ! same /yle2 fir/ ! s]p5t1 !n ! woman1 aft]w>ds ! man1 & la/ly ! e>? itself be+ br\ght "u ! div9e ana!ma4 ,no less app>5t is ! absurdity ( ! writ] /at+ t ,adam call$ 8 wife ,eve 8because %e 0 ! "m ( all liv+10 :5 !re 7 !n no o!r human be+s 9 exi/5ce2 & decl>+ t god made coats & bree*es 7see 8,bree*es ,bible07 ( sk9s1 :5 z yet dea? _h n ent]$ into ! _w4 ,su* fables _c be accept$ z true hi/ory by ! intellect ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,t we suff] = ! s9s ( our fa!rs is un=tunately too true2 b t we %all et]nally frizzle = !m ,i decl>e1 )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 to be a vile falsehood & an insult to our intellects4 ,! vices & diseases ( our ance/ors are und\bt$ly reproduc$ 9 ourselves1 z are _! good de$s & l(ty s5tim5ts2 & we aga9 transmit ^! prop]ties to our (fspr+4 ,we h1 9 fact1 ! p[] ( r5d]+ happy or mis]able ^? :o foll[ u1 & mak+ ! g5]al /ate ( society some:at bett] or worse4 ,our great m5tal attributes 7 n surely evolv$ )9 u = no purpose1 & to lie dormant1 b t we %\ld ex]cise !m & use !m = ! moral & social improvem5t ( ourselves & our fell[s4 ,b to imag9e t we %all suff] aga9 9 "s o!r condition ( exi/5ce1 because ( our fa!rs' s9s1 is ! height ( insanity4 ,respect+ ! au?or%ip ( ^! fables1 we are told t ! book :i* conta9s !m1 z well z ! o!r f\r books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 7 writt5 by ,moses1 "u ! inspiration ( :at is call$ ! holy gho/2 b :5 we exam9e ^! books we f9d t ?is is )\t d\bt false1 = x is n possible = any man to record 8 own dea? & burial1 & ! lives ( a succession ( prophets :o liv$ aft] him1 z is done 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,deut]onomy4 ,!n1 aga91 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,g5esis clean & unclean bea/s are m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! ark fable1 :]eas1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 clean & unclean bea/s 7 n decl>$ su* until #fjj ye>s aft] ,moses is said to h di$2 :i* proves t ,g5esis 0 n writt5 be=e t late p]iod4 ,! t[n ( ,dan is also m5tion$ 9 ! f\rte5? *apt]1 :i* t[n _h no exi/5ce until #cca ye>s aft] ! record$ dea? ( ,moses4 ,9 *ap4 ,,xxxvi4 a li/ is giv5 ( all ! k+s t reign$ ov] ,edom 8be=e !re reign$ any k+ ov] ! *ildr5 ( ,israel10 prov+ once m t ?is book 0 n writt5 until long aft] k+s _h reign$ ov] ,israel4 ,num]\s o!r passages might be quot$ to %[ t ,moses c\ld n h writt5 ! books t are ascrib$ to him4 ,to cut ! matt] %ort1 h[ev]1 we are told 9 ! #bnd apocryphal book ( ,ezra t he & 8 cl]ks wrote all ! books ( ,moses2 & 9 ,*ronicles & ,k+s t ,%aphan discov]$ ! writ+s 9 an old *e/4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 n only t ^! fables ( ! creation & fall are n true records1 b t x is n kn[n :o wrote !m1 al?\gh suspicion atta*es to "o ,ezra2 & yet we are expect$ to hang our *ances ( salvation ^u !m4 ,we are h&$ ^! books & told by a prie/ t !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f god4 ,n[ in/ead ( believ+ ! man1 & tak+ no pa9s to f9d out :at ! volume really conta9s1 z is un=tunately ! habit ( mo/ p1 our duty is cle>ly to inve/igate ! matt]1 & try to f9d out :e!r t prie/ speaks ! tru? or n1 :e!r he has any sort ( int]e/ 9 mak+ u believe ! volume to be ! ^w ( god1 or1 assum+ t he himself hone/ly believes x to be s1 :e!r he is a suffici5t au?ority on ! po9t4 ,let u1 = in/ance1 take ! case ( a /rang] to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 "o :o nev] he>d ( ! ,bible or its gods1 & :o meets a ,*ri/ian prie/ 9 ! backwoods ( ,am]ica4 ,! holy "o in=ms ! /rang] t he possesses a book :i* has be5 writt5 by god1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! inspir$ m9ds ( a numb] ( holy m54 ,w\ld y consid] ! /rang] to be a man ( s\nd m5tal faculties if he at once accept$ ! ^w ( ! p>asite1 & %ap$ 8 :ole c>e] accord+ to ! tea*+ ( t book8 ,mo/ assur$ly n4 ,! mo/ natural ?+ = ! /rang] to d w\ld be to />e 9 amazem5t at ! sa9t1 & wond] :e!r he 0 q "r 9 8 m9d4 ,obs]v+ t ! prie/ 0 really 9 e>ne/1 & app>5tly ( sane m9d1 he w\ld p>ley ) him1 ask+ :]e he procur$ 8 book f2 :o 7 ! v holy p>ties :o _h be5 inspir$ to write x2 :5 & :]e !y liv$2 & :o knew any?+ ab\t !m3 9 %ort he w\ld dem& f ! unctions "o 8 cr$5tials be=e believ+ su* an a/\nd+ ass]tion z t god wrote a book4 ,! replies w\ld be aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,! book 0 d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f a publi%]'s %op1 :]e x _h be5 pr9t$ ) lead type & black ink1 f ano!r pr9t$ copy1 :i* _h be5 pr9t$ f ano!r copy1 & s on back to ! fir/ pr9t$ edition1 :i* 0 copi$ f a translation ( v>i\s ,hebrew & ,greek #8orig9als4' ,x 0 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s1 he w\ld say1 s9ce "s ( ^! #8orig9als' 7 writt51 & ! rema9d] 7 suppos$ to be ( mu* e>li] date2 b :o ! actual writ]s 7 he c\ld n tell1 al?\gh x 0 beyond d\bt !y 7 guid$ by god's inspiration1 = x 0 s decl>$ 9 ! writ+s !mselves1 :i* _h nev] yet be5 d\bt$1 except by a few naughty m5 :o 7 n[ 9 hell4 ,d y ?9k ?is w\ld be good en\gh = ! /rang]8 ,( c\rse n4 ,!n1 9 ! "n ( common s5se1 :y %\ld we accept ^! ,bible books )\t enquiry8 ,to accept any anonym\s writ+s 9 bl9d fai? z be+ ! production ( p>ticul> individuals1 )\t corroborative evid5ce1 is ! act ( a fool1 n ( a wise man4 ,a s5sible p]son w make "s enquiry ab\t !m be=e accept+ !m4 ,un=tunately = ourselves x is only lately t p h be5 wise or bold en\gh to use _! reason+ faculties 9 ^! matt]s1 ! consequ5ce be+ t ! ord9>y m9d is n[ almo/ unequal to ! task ( unravell+ ! net :i* has be5 s cunn+ly spun ar\nd society by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,a c>eful inve/igation ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 leads to ! inf]5ce t ab\t ,b4,c4 #bej or #cjj ! ,jewi% *ief prie/ ,ezra1 assi/$ by a numb] ( cl]ks1 comm5c$ to =m a national hi/ory out ( ! v>i\s leg5ds !y _h pick$ up 9 _! long w&]+s1 soon produc+ :at are n[ kn[n z ! books ( ,judges 7f ! #crd *ap471 ,samuel1 ,k+s & ,*ronicles1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! poems & incantations ( v>i\s m5 ( ! tribes1 !y set =? z ! div9ely inspir$ hi/ory ( _! p4 ,n long aft]w>ds ! ,p]sian sy/em ( creation1 & /ory ( ! fall ( man 7 committ$ to manuscript1 & adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,jewi% p by ! sub/itution ( _! race 9 place ( ! ,*aldeans z ! *os5 p ( god2 & ?us 7 produc$ ! books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ) ,jo%ua1 & ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ,judges4 ,?is expla9s :y ! /ories ( ! creation1 fall1 flood1 t[] ( ,babel1 etc41 are nev] m5tion$ 9 any ( ! books ( ! ,bible aft] ,g5esis = ! space ( ab\t a ?\s& ye>s2 :y 9 all ! books f ,jo%ua z f> z ,,ii4 ,k+s ! "n ( ,moses is nev] met )1 ! mo/ rem>kable man 9 ! :ole ,jewi% hi/ory2 & :y su* names z ,adam1 ,eve1 ,se?1 ,ca91 ,abel1 ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,%em1 ,ham1 ,japhet1 ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob nev] occur aga9 aft] ,g5esis till ! "t ( ! s-call$ return f ,babylon4 ,! real mean+ ( ! ,*aldean & ,jewi% /ories ( ! creation & fall1 :i* 7 d]iv$ orig9ally f ! con/ellations above1 x w\ld take too long "h to unfold1 b ! riddle has be5 expla9$ 9 my 8,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$10 to :i* ^? :o desire to fur!r pursue ! subject are ref]r$4 ,= ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ,*ri/ianity1 bas$ on ^! fables ( ! creation & fall1 has _h an unfett]$ c>e] ?r\gh\t ,europe1 its av[$ object be+ to br+ salvation to m5 9 ! next _w1 & to tea* ! doctr9es ( love1 =be>ance1 humility & *>ity :ile 9 ?is _w4 ,respect+ ! br++ ( salvation to m5 9 ! next _w1 we _c well det]m9e to :at ext5t ! religion has be5 successful2 b ) reg>d to its e>?ly mission x has signally & utt]ly fail$4 ,! two ?\s& ye>s h pass$ away & /ill ! evils surr\nd+ u cont9ue1 & are ev5 int5sifi$2 pov]ty1 mis]y1 immorality & tyranny exi/ z ( old1 9 spite ( ! promise to ! *ur* t %e %\ld be help$1 ev5 to ! end1 by ! div9e p[]4 ,s f> f love1 *>ity1 =be>ance & humility be+ inculcat$ by ! *ur*1 we f9d ! foll[]s ( ! meek & l[ly "o occupy+ high & lucrative (fices1 "o decl>+ himself ! vice-reg5t ( god on e>?1 & o!rs1 9 our own c\ntry1 be+ 9 receipt ( sal>ies rang+ f fifte5 & t5 ?\s& p\nds annually to two or ?ree hundr$1 driv+ _! c>riages1 sport+ liv]y s]vants & cockades1 /il+ !mselves z ,rev]5d1 ,v ,rev]5d1 ,v5]able1 ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,fa!r 9 ,god1 ,"r ,honorable & o!r titles expressive ( sup]ior quality ( make2 & all 9 a con/ant /ate ( w>f>e among/ !mselves4 ,"o _c take up a daily pap] )\t see+ an in/ance ( cl]ical intol]ance1 hatr$1 envy or malice4 ,! ,romani/ damns ! ,prote/ant2 ! *ur*man rides ! high horse ov] ! diss5t]1 & w\ld l to deprive him ( :at is vulg>ly consid]$ to be dec5t burial2 ! evangelicals d5\nce ! high *ur* p>ty2 ! noncon=mi/ bodies are all at con/ant w> ) ea* o!r on po9ts ( doctr9e2 & :ile all are eat5 up ) pride1 egotism1 selfi%ness1 gre$ & mutual hatr$1 ea* sect decl>es itself to be ! g5u9e tea*] ( love1 =be>ance1 humility & *>ity4 ,z a body ! *ur* has f ! fir/ oppos$ all progress4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #dad ,bi%op ,cyril's mob bra9$ ! le>n$ ,hypatia 9 a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 = ! he9\s crime ( tea*+ ma!matics4 ,! ,pope & 8 pi\s c\rt attempt$ to prev5t ! art ( pr9t+ becom+ kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,cop]nicus 0 excommunicat$ = ! s9 ( ann\nc+ ! gr& tru? t ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun4 ,galileo rott$ 9 ! prison ( ! ,inquisition = d>+ to say t ! e>? rotates on its axis4 ,bruno 0 burnt at ! /ake = decl>+ 8 belief 9 ! ,cop]nican philosophy4 ,newton's !ory ( gravitation 0 d5\nc$ by ! *ur*4 ,desc>tes1 ,kepl]1 ,locke1 ,laplace & ,d>w9 all 7 abus$ & insult$ by ! holy ones = _! h]etical writ+s1 :i* h br\ght u su* bless+s4 ,! *ur* oppos$ ! abolition ( slav]y1 bo? "h & 9 ,am]ica1 ! bi%ops 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords applaud+ k+ ,george :5 he said t slav]y 0 a useful in/itution because x 0 taught 9 ! holy ,bible1 & ! s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union appeal+ to ! #8^w ( god' 9 ju/ification ( _! cruelty4 ,! burn+ ( wit*es1 taught 9 ! ,bible1 0 vigor\sly enc\rag$ by ! *ur*2 & ! cruel horrors ( ! ,inquisition are too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,all measures ( re=m 9 our own c\ntry h be5 oppos$ by bi%ops & nobles toge!r2 ! *ur* & ! /ate hav+ aid$ ea* o!r 9 trampl+ on ! p's rights1 & enslav+ bo? _! m9ds & bodies4 ,9 spite ( ! pres5t v app>5t pov]ty & mis]y1 ! p are exhort$ by ! *ur* to increase & multiply1 be+ told t x is a bless$ ?+ to h "o's quiv] full1 & t x is wick$ to li/5 to ^? :o prea* conjugal prud5ce1 small families1 & social ?rift4 ,9 %ort ! ,*ri/ian religion has entirely fail$ 9 its mission1 be+ a /&+ m5ace to all progress1 & a cause ( unceas+ animosity all ov] ,europe4 ,d we imag9e t all ! prie/s & m9i/]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* believe ! fables ( ! creation & fall8 ,i w\ld /ake my exi/5ce on x t if we 7 to cut (f _! sal>ies !re w\ld be b>ely half a doz5 p>sons 9 ea* d5om9ation :o w\ld /ick to _! s\l-sav+ bus9ess4 ,_! tr9ity is suppos$ to consi/ ( god ! fa!r1 god ! son1 & god ! holy gho/2 b if we repres5t ! fir/ by ! lett] l1 ! second by s1 & ! ?ird by d1 we %\ld be mu* ne>] ! m>k4 4 s4 d4 is ! ,*ri/ian tr9ity1 & pew r5ts1 ti!s1 etc41 ! means by :i* ! "o ?+ ne$ful is kept up4 ,t5 million p\nds /]l+ are annually sp5t 9 support+ ! cl]gy ( ! e/abli%$ *ur* alone1 :ile pov]ty1 wret*$ness & crime confront u at e turn4 ,! /ruggl+ work]s ( ?is c\ntry1 n cont5t ) hav+ to contribute t[>ds ! paym5t ( #bi1jjj1jjj annually1 z int]e/ on ! national debt result+ f accumulat$ religi\s w> *>ges1 are fooli% en\gh to sp5d m ?an a ?ird ( ?is am\nt 9 keep+ a ho/ ( /ate-made drones1 :o oppose all progress1 dra9 ! h>d e>n+s f ! work]s1 & assume haughty airs t[>ds _! poor dupes4 ,9 ! face ( ! depress$ /ate ( our trade1 & ! pov]ty & mis]y ar\nd u1 x is appall+ to ?9k ( ! enorm\s quantity ( money t annually drifts into ! pockets ( ^! human p>asites1 bo? episcopalian & noncon=mi/ alike4 ,we "k well en\gh t ! l>ge majority ( ^? laym5 :o pr(ess to believe ! fall & r$emption s*eme d n really believe x at all1 b play ! "p ( ! believ] 9 ord] to s]ve _! own private int]e/s4 ,! laity may be divid$ into f\r classes3--#a/1 ^? few hone/ & s9c]e m5 :o deceive !mselves by imag9+ t !y c really believe su* unreasonable doctr9es1 & :o attempt by _! means to d :at c\ld be done s v mu* bett] )\t !m4 #bnd1 ^? :o are defici5t 9 education & m5tal p[]1 & :o w accept any?+ ! prie/ tells !m1 no matt] h[ absurd4 #crd1 ^? :o h "s little education b v little bra9 p[]1 & :o consid] !mselves v important memb]s ( society1 :5 9 reality ! _w does n "k !m ev5 by "n4 ,!y res5t 9 _! little m9ds ! sil5t affront (f]$ to !m by _! fell[s1 :o1 !y ?9k1 ought to "k _! sup]ior wor?2 & !y look ar\nd = a little *ur* or *apel1 :]e ! /ream ( intellect is suffici5tly ?9 to all[ ( _! feeble m5tal p[] be+ p]ceiv$4 ,!y jo91 take a lead+ "p 9 ! p]=mances1 c>ry ! collect+ box1 op5 pew doors1 h& hymn-books to /rang]s1 & are happy 9 ! consci\sness ( _! importance1 be+ gaz$ at ,sunday aft] ,sunday by an admir+ congregation4 ,7 ^! folk oblig$ to d _! religi\s "w "u cov] ( masks1 _! names be+ at ! same "t /udi\sly conceal$ f ! congregation1 ! race ( pew op5]s1 box c>ri]s1 etc41 w\ld soon die out2 b z x is1 vanity1 egotism & pomposity yet keep ! race alive4 ,! f\r? class consi/s ( %>p bus9ess m51 ) pl5ty ( bra9s & fair av]age education1 :o jo9 a *ur* ) a l>ge congregation1 & adopt ! p>ticul> cre$ 9 vogue !re1 z a means ( pu%+ _! bus9ess1 by assum+ a mi5 ( pi\s 8respectability40 ,^! are ! m51 devoid ( all hon\r1 :o =feit _! manhood at ! %r9e ( hypocrisy1 & :o ought m p>ticul>ly to be %ewn up 9 _! true colors4 ,)\t ^! f\r classes ! religion ( ! fall & r$emption s*eme w\ld soon become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,no m5tion has be5 made ( ! ladies1 :o1 accord+ to "s rude & ungallant p1 look =w>d to ! "l's day z "o on :i* !y c display _! new bonnets1 procure food = ano!r week's gossip1 or hold sweet communion ) ! unm>ri$ curate--all = ,jesus4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ?is may n be true1 & t a high] & nobl] motive may prompt ! ard5t zeal ( ! fair sex4 ,d n believe ! p>sons :5 !y tell y t y\r s\ls are 9 jeop>dy = reject+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es2 ! tru? is t _! incomes are 9 dang]1 n y\r s\ls4 ,take c>e n to foll[ _! evil advice t x is a bless$ ?+ to h y\r quiv] full1 & t ! "l loves a *e]ful giv]4 ,h small families1 be+ c>eful to br+ into ! _w only z _m z y c dec5tly provide =1 s z to give !m a fair *ance 9 ! _w2 & let y\r cr$itors & y\r sav+-banks1 & n y\r "l1 h y\r sp>e ca%--y\r "l be+ b ano!r "n = y\r p>son4 ,:5 !y tell y t y mu/ take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 & mu/ n lay up treasure on e>?1 :]e mo?s & ru/ corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal1 give !m ! cold %\ld]1 insure y\r life 9 "s s\nd (fice1 & leave ! laws ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* y live to take c>e ( ! ?ieves1 & _! rev]5ces to look aft] ! mo?s & ru/4 ,x w1 no d\bt1 be urg$ t ,*ri/ianity has done1 & is do+ a great good 9 ! _w4 ,?is ,i emphatically d5y4 ,i readily admit t "s good has be5 effect$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 b d5y t ! fall & r$emption religion has be5 ! cause4 ,! same am\nt ( good w\ld h result$ ) any o!r religion1 & mu* m ) no religion at all4 ,all ! good t has ev] be5 effect$ 9 ! _w has emanat$ f l(ty individual m9ds2 b z *ance has _h x1 ! majority ( ^! m5 9 ! pa/ h be5 ,*ri/ians1 simply because t religion has prevail$ 9 ,europe = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! pres5t day ?is is n ! case2 & x is a fact beyond contradiction t all ! lead]s ( ?\ght ( our "t are m5 :o h reject$ ! fables ( ! creation & fall z giv5 9 ,g5esis1 toge!r ) ! consequ5t r$emption s*eme1 z false & va94 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,*>les ,d>w91 ,tyndal1 ,c>p5t]1 ,huxley1 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son1 ,rnan1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,haeckel1 & 9 fact e o!r mod]n lead] ( ?\ght1 h reject$ ! or?odox fai?2 & yet we look =w>d to ! future ) bright hope1 expect+ a /eady progress 9 man's g5]al welf>e4 ,ev5 :5 ,*ri/ians !mselves 9 days long gone by1 attempt$ to introduce any useful re=m1 _! *ur* inv>iably p]secut$ !m1 z = in/ance ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,bruno1 ,lu!r1 etc42 & ! only ,*ri/ian prie/ :o ev] prop\nd$ any !ory :i* 0 calculat$ to be a la/+ boon to society 0 ,mal?us1 :o decl>$ t ov] population 0 ! great cause ( all mis]y1 & t until p 7 taught conjugal prud5ce x 0 useless to attempt to ameliorate _! social condition4 ,?is fri5d ( humanity 0 bitt]ly d5\nc$ by ! *ur*1 & to ?is day 8 foll[]s are held 9 contempt1 not)/&+ t ! ,mal?usian pr9ciples are n[ endors$ by ! lead+ social sci5ti/s1 & t x is z cle> z ! sun at noon day t )9 ! %ort space ( #de ye>s ! pres5t population ( ?is c\ntry--n[ ab\t #cf1jjj1jjj--w h d\bl$ itself4 ,! p n[ _c support !mselves1 s h[ !y w manage :5 ! population is #gb1jjj1jjj x is h>d to say4 ,:at ) ov] population & l& monopoly ! future has inde$ "s t]rible social evils 9 /ore = u4 ,individual ,*ri/ians und\bt$ly h done some?+ t[>ds mak+ _! fell[s happy1 b n s ,*ri/ianity1 z witness ! ,inquisition & o!r enormities ( ! middle ages4 ,b d ! ,jews1 ,unit>ians & ,infidels ( to day d no?+ = _! fell[s8 ,:at ab\t ,sir ,moses ,montefiore1 :o rejects ! atonem5t8 ,h n ! ,agno/ics j f\nd$ ! ,:itm9/] ,college = purely secul> education8 ,& :at d we n owe to ^? het]odox sci5ti/s j m5tion$8 ,x is ! fa%ion ) "s p to give ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity to ! morality ( ?is c5tury2 b ?is v +5u\s attempt to clo! "o ( ! mo/ immoral ( ! _w's religions ) ! g>m5t ( righte\sness c>ries no weight = ! s*ol> & ! hi/orian4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! morality ( to day & ! g5u9e ,*ri/ian religion z !re is betwe5 ! nor? & s\? poles4 ,! two are ! exact anti!ses ( ea* o!r4 ,! real reason t ! human race has 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s s rapidly advanc$ 9 intellectual qualities & moral progress is n because x has become m ,*ri/ian 9 its "* b because x has gradually %ak5 (f ! yoke ( ,*ri/ianity piece by piece4 ,! :ole ,mosaic cosmogony1 ) its flat e>? !ory1 creation ( man1 etc41 z taught 9 ,g5esis1 has be5 de/roy$ by ,cop]nicus1 ,newton1 ,laplace & ,d>w92 slav]y has be5 aboli%$2 wit*es are no long] burnt at ! /ake2 polygamy is disc\nt5anc$2 & human sacrifice1 murd]1 rap9e1 !ft & p]sonal assaults are no long] ju/ifi$4 ,all ^! immoralities are di/9ctly & prom95tly taught 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,bible1 b h be5 expung$ f ! moral code ( ?is c5tury4 ,7 ,*ri/ianity n[ dead in/ead ( dy+ ! same am\nt ( good w\ld accrue to ! race z be=e2 &1 judg+ f pa/ hi/ory1 !re w\ld be a v va/ decrease 9 ! opposition t has = two ?\s& ye>s be5 (f]$ to progress4 ,! "q aft] all is n :at ,*ri/ianity has done1 b :e!r or n its /ory is a true "o4 ,z already /at$1 if ! creation & fall /ories are n true ! :ole s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) its god-man & its sacram5ts1 is a fraud & a delusion4 ,no religion t _c be> ! te/ ( reason1 & be ma9ta9$ on a public plat=m c be f\nd$ on tru?4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian /ory be true !re is no ne$ = ! holy ones to secure !mselves beh9d ! =tifications ( 'c[>d's ca/le' e ,sunday to prea* _! doctr9es2 ! op5 plat=m be+ a m suitable place f :i* to propagate ! tru?4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,! man :o d>es to submit ! religion to ! te/ ( reason1 or ev5 to disc\rse publicly ^u evolution or any o!r sci5tific !ory t is likely to int]f]e ) ! /eady fl[ ( bullion into ! collection box1 is d5\nc$ f ! pulpit1 ! holy ones br&+ him z a dang]\s infidel1 & us+ all ! means 9 _! p[] to black5 8 "* & to insidi\sly und]m9e 8 bus9ess4 ,! *all5ge to debate is nev] accept$4 ,! "q be=e u is a mom5t\s "o4 ,creation or ,evolution8 ,moses or ,d>w98 ,we _c foll[ bo?4 ,,works ,,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,h>dwicke4 ,demy #hvo41 pp4 #bjb1 price #aj_/- ,,m$ical ,,education ,,& ,,practice ,,9 ,,all ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 8,?is book conta9s a fund ( in=mation4444 ,! :ole is prec$$ by an introduction1 :i* is wor? ! att5tion ( all p]sons tak+ a broad int]e/ 9 m$ical education4444 ,"s weaknesses 9 home & =eign regulations are lightly pass$ ov]1 & x may well be t su* a mass ( /atem5t w1 on exp]i5ce1 be f\nd to be defective at po9ts4 ,b we accept x gratefully1 z an attempt to supply a v great want1 & we comm5d "s ( ! reflections ( ! au?or on ! defects ( our own sy/em to all :om x may conc]n40--,lancet4 8,"h ! read] w f9d in=mation respect+ ! educational bodies1 exam9ations1 & m$ical laws ( e civilis$ /ate1 & he w also come to ! humiliat+ confession t ?\gh !re exi/ a good _m "t-hon\r$ in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & an anxiety to put matt]s on a sci5tific foot+ 9 o!rs1 yet f>!r s\? ! condition ( m$ic9e is z bad z c possibly be imag9$4' 444 ,b ! au?orities1 & n ,dr4 ,h>dwicke1 are responsible = ?is1 & we cordially ?ank him = 8 decid$ly useful addition to our k ( m$ical education 9 o!r c\ntries40--,m$ical ,press & ,circul>4 8,a good deal ( in=mation w be f\nd 9 a useful book entitl$1 #8,m$ical ,education & ,practice 9 all ,p>ts ( ! ,_w1' by ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,h>dwicke40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,a book :i* ought to cut ! gr\nd f b5ea? all bogus diploma-deal]s40--,m$ical ,times & ,gazette4 8,?is volume1 ext5d+ to #bjb pages1 ) d\ble columns1 really conta9s ! in=mation :i* ! title-page promises4 ,x mu/ h co/ ! au?or a great am\nt ( tr\ble4 ,x is a useful guide = all entrants to ! pr(ession1 ^? especially :o contemplate settl+ 9 =eign p>ts4 ,x w d good also indirectly by lett+ ^? s*ools ^: education is defective see :at o!r s*ools are do+1 & s be ! means ( /imulat+ !m to aim at high] ?+s4 ,to be in=m$1 = example1 t m$ical tea*+ 9 ,japan is already tread+ on ! heels ( "s ( our ,briti% s*ools _c fail to d good40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,dr4 ,h>dwicke's book w prove a valuable s\rce ( in=mation to ^? :o may desire to "k ! conditions ^u :i* m$ical practice is or may be pursu$ 9 any or e c\ntry ( ! _w1 ev5 to ! remote/ corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,! "w has be5 compil$ ) great c>e1 & mu/ h requir$ a va/ am\nt ( lab\r & p]sev]ance on ! "p ( its au?or40--,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,?is "w supplies a want long felt4444 ,! *ief value ( ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's volume1 to /ud5ts1 is 9 ! in=mation he gives conc]n+ ! rules ( practice 9 o!r c\ntries1 & ! possibilities op5$ up ( mak+ a livelihood 9 !m4444 ,to tea*]s ! manual w be invaluable2 x w n only in=m !m ( usages abroad1 b enable !m to glean _m useful h9ts to aid ! conduct ( _! own classes "h4 ,we comm5d ! "w z a mo/ admirable resum ( ! /ate ( m$ical education & practice 9 ! _w40--,/ud5ts' ,j\rnal4 8,?is opportune & v useful "w 444 gives exact & 9 "s in/ances complete in=mation ( ! requirem5ts1 curriculum1 c4 = obta9+ a diploma 9 e "p ( ! _w4444 ,"s idea ( ! lab\r und]tak5 by ! au?or may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! index conta9s ne>ly five hundr$ ref]5ces4444 ,! book w be a m9e ( ref]5ce = m$ical legislators1 & w d\btless col\r ! provisions ( ! new ,m$ical ,act s clamor\sly dem&$ 9 ,engl&1 & ( ! ,act to :i* we are ab\t to commit ourselves "h40--,au/ralian ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,a great deal ( useful & conv5i5t in=mation is conta9$ 9 ?is "w 9 reg>d to ! subjects ( :i* x treats1 & ! in=mation1 z a rule1 seems to be fairly accurate & reliable4 ,! "p devot$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates op5s ) ! ,philadelphia ,record's full acc\nt ( ! bogus traffic 9 t city4 ,! position assign$ to ?is n>rative is1 p]haps1 unnecess>ily prom95t1 b we d n ?9k ! exposure ( ^? vile practices c be too m9ute or widely circulat$4 ,?is diploma traffic1 :e!r c>ri$ on 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 or ,massa*usetts1 0 & is a disgrace to u1 & we may z well ackn[l$ge x40--,bo/on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 ,u4 ,s4 8,! want ( su* a book has be5 long felt by all :o take any int]e/ 9 m$ical education1 & is specially ne$$ at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! att5tion ( our gov]nm5t has be5 call$ to c]ta9 abuses1 & x is ab\t to introduce re=ms4 ,! book is a mo/ exhau/ive "o1 & des]v+ ! att5tion ( all :o are 9 any way int]e/$ 9 ! advancem5t ( m$ical education & re=m40--,am]ican ,speciali/4 8,?is book1 :i* ext5ds to #bjb closely-pr9t$ pages1 ) d\ble columns1 is und\bt$ly ! rem>kably compreh5sive treatise promis$ by ! title4 ,! lab\r ( ! und]tak+ mu/ h be5 inde$ great1 & ! au?or mu/ possess a r>e k ( 8 subject to be able to cond5se su* a huge mass ( in=mation into a s+le volume ( #bjb pages4 ,we c /rongly recomm5d ! "w z be+ ! only complete treatise on ! subject4 ,no portion ( ! :ole _w has be5 omitt$1 & ! au?or is to be congratulat$ on ! v satisfactory result ( 8 em95tly difficult task40--,family ,doctor4 8,?is "w is a valuable manual1 ( int]e/ n only to m$ical m51 b also to ! lit]>y public1 :o ev9ce at ! pres5t day s mu* en?usiasm 9 /udy+ ! intellectual condition ( o!r nations1 *iefly1 no d\bt1 f magaz9e articles4 ,m$ical legislation is1 z exp]i5ce amply proves1 "o ( ! late/ developm5ts ( civilisation4444 ,let u1 = in/ance1 glean f ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's book facts z to ! condition ( m$ic9e 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican republics4444 ,let u turn to civilis$ c\ntries :]e m$ical tea*]s keep /ep ) #8! m>* ( intellect4' 444 ,we h /ill mu* to le>n f ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & ,vi5na1 yet x is und5iable t ! g5]al social & intellectual position ( ! m$ical pr(ession is z high 9 ^! isl&s z abroad1 :]e te*nical education is 9 _m respects bett]4 ,x is by ! "y doctor1 :o f9ds ! pr(ession ov] /ock$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 t ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's manual w be f\nd p>ticul>ly valuable40--,a!num4 8,^? :o are ab\t to engage 9 m$ical /udy w d well to consult ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's #8,m$ical ,education & ,practice1' z an exact k ( ! relative value ( ! innum]able m$ical qualifications w\ld (t5 prev5t mu* aft] annoyance40--,we/m9/] ,review4 8,9 ?is book1 says ! au?or1 #8w be conta9$ ! conditions "u :i* a m$ical practition] may practise 8 pr(ession1 & ! requirem5ts = ! m$ical degree at ! univ]sities & m$ical corporations 9 almo/ all ! civilis$ c\ntries ( ! _w4' ,?is promise is kept4444 ,x conta9s mu* in=mation n easily accessible1 & likely to be useful40--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,*ur*ill1 #aa ,new ,burl+ton ,/41 ,london1 ,w4 #hvo4 #aib pages1 ,price #b_/f4 ,,heal? ,,resorts ,,& ,,spas ,,( ,,europe4 8,we h nev] yet se5 any?+ t q equall$ ! delici\s brevity ( ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's rem>kably curt & incisive little h&-book4 ,9 ! brief space ( #ahd pages he introduces u to all ! heal?-resorts & spas ( ! entire ea/]n hemisph]e1 f ,engl& to ,egypt1 & f ,madeira to ,/4 ,moritz4 ,we are b\nd to admit t1 s f> z x is possible to te/ 8 in=mation by ! light ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 8 %ort p>agraphs are ?or\ghly up to date1 ev5 z reg>ds ! smalle/ & mo/ insignificant wat]+-places40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 8,conta9s1 9 addition to *apt]s on ! climatic & hygi5ic treatm5t ( disease1 & ! prop]ties & uses ( v>i\s m9]al wat]s1 succ9ct acc\nts1 9 alphabetical ord]1 ( ! diff]5t heal?-resorts & spas ( ,brita9 & ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! exposure1 ! elevation1 ! range & limit ( temp]ature1 & o!r am5ities ( ea* wat]+-place1 are briefly describ$2 9 _m cases also an analysis is giv5 ( ! con/itu5ts & prop]ties ( ! v>i\s *alybeate & o!r spr+s4 ,9 %ort1 a great mass ( in=mation1 su* z invalids are mo/ 9 que/ (1 is f\nd 9 cond5s$ & h&y =m40--,scotsman4 8,conta9s "s valuable k ( ! climatic treatm5t ( diseases1 ( :i* all %\ld avail !mselves4 ,! usefulness ( su* a book mu/ appe> evid5t to ^? :o exp]i5ce ! p[] ( climate ov] ! human con/itution4 ,x %\ld be b\ght & /udi$ & w d\btless give b5eficial advice40--,brighton ,gazette4 8,ought to be welcom$ by ! l>ge numb] ( invalids ^: daily avocation1 z ! au?or ju/ly rem>ks1 consi/s almo/ entirely 9 battl+ aga9/ _! =midable foes1 #8wea!r & insalubrity4' ,dr4 ,h>dwicke has "s highly useful obs]vations on ! diff]5t /ages ( consumption4444 ,! *apt] on ! prop]ties & uses ( wat] is also full ( excell5t h9ts4444 ,spa life on ! cont95t is graphically describ$4444 ,a c>efully compil$ index greatly enhances ! value ( ?is "w1 :i* is n to be judg$ m]ely by its size40--,liv]pool ,m]cury4 8,! au?or gives "s v practical rem>ks on ! prop]ties & uses ( wat]1 hygi5ic ablutions & ba?s1 & treats ( m9]al wat]s & spa life4 ,succe$+ *apt]s give brief b evid5tly c>eful & au!ntic acc\nts ( ! lead+ heal? resorts & spas ( ,europe40--,york%ire ,po/4 8,! introductory *apt]s on ! treatm5t ( disease by climate1 ! prop]ties & uses ( wat]1 & on m9]al wat]s & spa life1 conta9 "s valuable advice1 :i* invalids w d well to take4 ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's "w does really supply a want felt by _m p]sons40--,%effield ,indep5d5t4 8,a great deal ( in=mation is convey$1 & ! avoidance ( te*nicalities w be an additional recomm5dation40--,bri/ol ,mirror4 8,a v h&y little manual 444 /at+ cle>ly & concisely ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! v>i\s heal? resorts & spas40--,sussex ,daily ,news4 8,! ord9>y read] w f9d ?is little volume f> m int]e/+ ?an is usually ! case ) books deal+ ) m$ic9e or m$ical matt]s4 ,! subject is "o ( v great importance1 & ! au?or deals ) x 9 a way t w be fully appreciat$ by non-m$ical read]s4 ,he avoids te*nicalities1 & places be=e u ! sali5t po9ts v cle>ly & concisely40--,ro!rham ,adv]tis]4 8,?is little volume w be welcom$ z a guide to ! _m heal? resorts 9 ,europe4444 ,! book %\ld h a l>ge dem&1 = x conta9s a great deal ( in=mation 9 a little space40--,donca/] ,gazette4 8,w be f\nd v useful by ev]yone ^: heal? requires ei!r *ange ( air or ! use ( m9]al wat]s40--,b>nsley ,indep5d5t4 8,z a h&-book to any suff]] desir\s ( kn[+ 9 a g5]al way :i* are ! ba?s mo/ likely to suit 8 p>ticul> compla9t1 ?is volume w be useful40--,brad=d ,obs]v]4 8,_m useful h9ts may be d]iv$ f ?is little book1 = :i* valetud9>ians w be ?ankful40--,*ri/ian ,_w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,all5 ,,co41 #ac ,wat]loo ,place1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 #hvo41 clo? b\nd1 ,price #e_/- ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,manors ,,( ,,patt+ham ,,& ,,worfield4 8,v complete1 & mu/ h be5 a "w ( v great lab\r40--,salopian & ,we/ ,midl& ,mon?ly ,illu/rat$ ,j\rnal4 ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 ,price #e_/-hvo41 clo? b\nd4 ,,guide ,,to ,,european ,,univ]sities4 8,= ^? :o contemplate /udy+ abroad1 ?is guide w prove ( great use40--,lancet4 8,?is little book is a guide to ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( ! v>i\s univ]sities 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy & ,au/ria4444 ,mo/ complete4444 ,^? :o int5d visit+ any cont95tal univ]sity %\ld fir/ ( all read ?is v useful guide40--,family ,doctor4 ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 #hvo41 price #c;d4 7po/ free #c;d47 ,,creation ,,& ,,fall4 ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 #hvo41 price #c;d4 7po/ free #c;d47 ,,man--,,:5ce ,,& ,,:i!r8 ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 #hvo41 price #c;d4 7po/ free #c;d47 ,,intellectual ,,progress ,,9 ,,europe ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 #hvo41 price #c;d4 7po/ free #c;d47 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,idea ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 #hvo41 price #c;d4 7po/ free #c;d47 ,,g5u9e ,,lib]alism4 ,publi%$ by ! au?or4 ,demy #hvo41 pp4 #bgd1 price #e_/f4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,fai? ,,unveil$4 8,we _c d bett] ?an recomm5d all fri5ds ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 &1 to use ,milton's phrase1 #8unlic5s$ pr9t+1' to repay ! au?or's en]gy by writ+ to him = ! volume1 :i* !y w f9d intellig5t & fe>less 9 an em95t degree1 :ile x ev9ces a by no means common acqua9tance ) ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion4 ,! basis ( ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's !ory & argum5ts ab\t ! popul> fai? is ! zodiacal orig9 ( religi\s my?s1 & !re is no d\bt he is 9 agreem5t ) ! greate/ au?orities s f> z ! broad l9es g40--,we/m9/] ,review4 8,dr4 ,h>dwicke treats ! ext5sive & difficult subject ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity f prexi/+ religions ) great boldness & c&\r f ! purely !i/ic & anti-dogmatic /&po9t40--,! ,scotsman4 8,x is an exceptionally valuable book to ,free?9k]s4444 ,! "w af=ds evid5ce ( s*ol>ly atta9m5t & well-direct$ rese>*1 & %\ld occupy a place 9 ! libr>y ( e intellig5t anti-,*ri/ian40--,secul> ,review4 8,! result ( ?is bold measure is m ?an cr$itable 444 consi/s ( a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,biblical records1 full ( sugge/ion40--,! ,free?9k]4 8,9 a mann] at once se>*+ & succ9ct x proves ! ,bible to be little else ?an an effete old almanack1 conceiv$ 9 ! e>lie/ dawn ( ?\ght1 :5 man gl[]$ trembl+ly at ! spectra 9 8 own bra91 nam+ !m heav5 or hell1 god or devil1 z !y produc$ pleasure or pa940--,! ,agno/ic1 ,dallas4 8,a s*ol>ly exam9ation ( ! v>i\s leg5ds t make up :at is call$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4444 ,a v valuable contribution to ! hi/orico-sci5tific free?\ght lit]ature ( ! p]iod40--,lucif]1 ! ,light-be>]1 ,kansas4 8,a bett] book ?an ?is we h sc>cely notic$ 9 our columns4 ,x is ! result ( labori\s rese>*es & a deep erudition on ! "p ( ! au?or40--,! ,anti-,*ri/ian1 ,calcutta4 ,publi%$ by ! ,au?or1 ,%>r[1 ,%effield4 #hvo41 price #a_/- ,,vox ,,humana2 ,,or ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,s++ ,,f ,a ,,m$ical ,,po9t ,,( ,,view4 8,?is multum 9 p>vo is a rem>kably *eap & ?or\ghly exhau/ive pamphlet4444 ,! subject is well dealt )1 & conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( v valuable in=mation40--,family ,doctor4 8,conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( v valuable in=mation & advice4 ,dr4 ,h>dwicke has treat$ 8 subject n only ably1 b 9 a mann] :i* mu/ int]e/ all :o p]use 8 pamphlet40--,ro!rham & ,masbr\gh ,adv]tis]4 8,j ! k9d ( "w to place 9 ! h&s ( vocali/s1 or w\ld-be vocali/s40--,sussex ,c\nty ,h]ald4 8,a p]usal ( ! doctor's rem>ks1 ) reasonable att5tion !reto1 w\ld result 9 a va/ increase ( really good voices40--,ea/b\rne ,gazette4 7,rema9d]s only f ! ,au?or47 #hvo41 price #a_/- ,,sk9 ,,eruptions2 ,,_! ,,causes ,,& ,,prev5tion4 8,w be f\nd v useful read+4 ,x w be especially valuable to ^? :o h any family pr$isposition to sk9 disease1 z !re are giv5 a numb] ( v useful h9ts conc]n+ ! pres]vation ( ! sk9 9 a heal?y condition4 ,!re are also conta9$ _m good sugge/ions = keep+ s*ool-*ildr5 free f sk9 diseases ( an infecti\s or contagi\s nature4 ,we recomm5d ,dr4 ,h>dwicke's production z a v *eap & useful treatise40--,family ,doctor4 8,?r[s consid]able light ^u diseases ( ! sk91 & po9ts out ! g5]al laws ( heal? :i* %\ld be obs]v$ to prev5t su* diseases manife/+ !mselves40--,l9coln%ire ,*ronicle4 8,?is recognis$ au?ority on sk9 diseases has produc$ a tractate :i* appe>s to be ! cond5sation & ess5ce ( mu* obs]vation & practical exp]i5ce40--,sussex ,c\nty ,h]ald4 8,anyone may und]/& ! treatise1 & !re is mu* 9 x t w t5d to correct _m mi/akes on ! subject treat$ ^u40--,ea/b\rne ,gazette4 7,rema9d]s only f ! ,au?or47 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & ligatures h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,! ,errata h be5 implem5t$4 ,m9or re-arrangem5t ( ! *>ts ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,man h be5 made to improve cl>ity & fit4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ! li/ ( books 9 ! *apt] ,,! ,,bible3 ,books ,exclud$ f ! ,jewi% ,canon1 & ,reckon$ z ,apocryphal by "s ( ! ,anci5t ,*ri/ians1 b ,all[$ z ,canonical ( late by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! f add$4 ,books t are ,exclud$ f ! ,canon )\t ,app>5t ,reason4 ,! f add$4 ,! ,preface be=e ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 9 ! vulg> ,lat9 & ,greek text ,! orig9al read ,! preace 444 *ang$ to preface4