,,evolution ,,and ,,creation4           
,illustration3 ,,chimpanzees            
7,troglodytes74      ,illustration3     
,,gorillas 7,troglodytes74              
,,evolution ,,and ,,creation3           
,,by                        ,,herbert   
,,junius ,,hardwicke1 ,m4,d41           
,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,college   
,,of ,,surgeons1 ,,and ,,member ,,of    
,,the ,,royal ,,college ,,of            
,,physicians ,,of ,,edinburgh2 ,,fellow 
,,of ,,the      ,,london ,,medical      
,,society2 ,,honorary ,,fellow ,,of     
,,the ,,anthropological  ,,society ,,of 
,,liverpool1 ,,the ,,society ,,of       
,,medicine ,,of ,,athens1 ,,and ,,the   
,,societies   ,,of ,,dosim4 ,,medicine  
,,of ,,paris ,,and ,,madrid2            
,,vice-,,president ,,of ,,the ,,medical 
,,branch ,,of ,,the ,,malthusian        
,,league2 ,,late ,,editor ,,of 8,,the   
,,specialist40      ,,hon4 ,,physician  
,,to ,,sheffield ,,public ,,hospital    
,,for ,,skin ,,diseases1       ,,and    
,,to ,,sheffield ,,and ,,south          

,,yorkshire ,,ear ,,and ,,throat        
,,hospital2   ,,hon4 ,,consulting       
,,physician ,,to ,,leeds ,,public       
,,hospital ,,for ,,skin ,,diseases2     
,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,popular ,,faith  
,,unveiled10 ,,etc4      ,illustration3 
,decoration        8#8,learn what is    
true in order to do what is right' is   
the summing    up of the whole duty of  
man for all who are unable to satisfy   
their    mental hunger with the east    
wind of authority40--,huxley4           
,illustration3 ,decoration              
,,published ,,by ,,the ,,author4        
#ahhg4          ,,preface4      ,many   
imperfections1 as ,i anticipated1 have  
been discovered in my  8,popular ,faith 
,unveiled10 some of importance and      
others of little  consequence2 and many 
suggestions have been offered in all    
kindness by  those who have done me the 
honour of reading my work1 for          
consideration  in case ,i should issue  
another edition4 ,the strongest of all  
the  arguments urged in favour of the   

real necessity for a second and  revised
 edition is that that part of the       
subject treated upon which  related more
 particularly to the true origin of man 
was not dealt  with in a sufficiently   
exhaustive manner in the last work4     
,this1 of  course1 is a true charge3 but
 it should be borne in mind that the    
main object of the book was to expose   
the real nature of the popular          
superstition1 and not to trace out the  
pedigree of man2 and1 moreover1  to have
 entered fully into such subjects as the
 evolution of mind and  matter would    
have considerably augmented the bulk of 
the work1 and  consequently have        
necessitated such an increase in the    
price as to have  made it prohibitory to
 a large number of thinkers1 who have   
not too  much spare cash to throw away4 
,i therefore determined not to re-issue 
the work in an amplified form1 but to   
supplement it with a number of          
published lectures 7delivered here and  
in various other large towns7  and      

articles1 which should be ultimately    
brought out as an illustrated  volume4  
,these lectures1 etc41 some of which are
 re-prints from journals and  some of   
which ,i have myself printed in my      
leisure moments1 ,i now  offer to the   
public in book form1 together with a    
number of figures1  maps1 etc41         
illustrative of the subjects treated    
upon4 8,man--,whence  and ,whither0 and 
8,evolution of the ,god-idea0 are       
re-printed from  ,the ,agnostic2 8,man's
 ,antiquity10 8,evolution of ,mind10    
8,zodiacal  ,mythology10 8,intellectual 
,progress in ,europe0 and 8,the ,annals 
of  ,tacitus0 from the ,secular ,review2
 and 8,the ,special ,senses0 and 8,the  
,bible0 from ,the ,agnostic ,annual3 the
 remainder of the text1 as before       
stated1 has been printed by myself4     
,i must acknowledge with gratitude my   
indebtedness to ,mr4 ,john ,bennett1  of
 ,prince's ,buildings1 ,dronfield1 who  
has been kind enough to assist  me by   
drawing the zodiacal signs1 the         

,bacchanalian insignia1 the  oriental   
and ,egyptian zodiacs1 ,amen-,ra1       
,mafuca1 ,aidanill and the negro  head1 
the two hands1 the ,fuegans1 the        
,australian 7#b71 ,african and          
,european skulls1 and ,botes1 ,virgo1   
,cetus1 ,aquarius and ,sagittarius2  and
 also to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,gill ,hall1 of #ff  
,cecil ,road1 ,sheffield1 who has       
kindly drawn for me the single          
chimpanzee1 the orang1 the lemur1 the   
face of the proboscis monkey1 the moor  
monkey1 the hairy couple from  ,burmah1 
the genealogy of man1 the earth's       
section1 and the ascent of  mind4 ,the  
remainder of the illustrations1 with the
 exception of the  two zincographs of   
the gorillas and chimpanzees 7the       
frontispiece71  have been drawn by      
myself2 and ,i must trust to the        
generosity of my  readers to overlook   
the amateur style of my productions1    
which1 it is  hoped1 will be found      
sufficiently well done to serve the     
purpose for  which they are intended4   

,however amateur the illustrations may  
be in  appearance1 this ,i can          
truthfully say1 that every sketch in the
 book  is a faithful reproduction of the
 original4 ,some of the illustrations1  
however1 have been derived from such    
gross originals that it has not  been   
considered advisable1 for many reasons1 
to reproduce the figures  in their      
entirety2 but wherever part of a figure 
has been modified by  the substitution  
of a symbolical or other device the fact
 has been  notified to the reader at the
 foot of the illustration4    ,in the   
course of the following lectures the    
opportunity has been seized  to rectify 
some of the mistakes inadvertently      
committed in my 8,popular  ,faith       
,unveiled20 but there are two errors in 
printing that have not yet  been set    
right1 and to which1 therefore1 ,i      
should now like to call  attention4 ,the
 first occurs on page #ajb1 lines #i    
#aj from the bottom1  where             
--,a4,l4,e4,i4 should have been written 

--,a4,l4,y 7or4,i47,e4  7,el ,yah71 or  
--,a4,l4,,ou4,e4 7,eloh71 etc4 ,the next
 occurs on page  #aji1 line #f from     
bottom1 where millions should read      
thousands4    ,i have only now to       
frankly admit that during the last few  
years my  views as regards the theories 
of ultimate causation and the future    
state have undergone some modification2 
that consequently ,i now regard  the    
line of argument adopted in support of  
the theory of a future state  of        
consciousness on pages #e  #f of my     
above named work as a false one  and the
 conclusions arrived at as consequently 
false also2 and that  respecting the    
existence of a ruling power in the      
universe1 ,i neither  affirm nor deny   
such a condition1 being contented with  
the knowledge  that ,i neither know nor 
apparently can ever know anything at all
 about  the matter1 and recognizing1    
with ,moleschott1 the incontrovertible  
truth that 8there is nothing in our     
intellect which has not entered by  the 

gate of the senses40      ,h4 ,j4 ,h4   
,purton ,lodge1 ,sheffield4    ,january 
#ahhg4          ,,contents4             
,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4            
,,explanatory ,,notes4      ,,errata4   
,,man--,,whence ,,and                   
,,whither8--,nebular                    
,hypothesis--,formation of ,earth's     
crust--,fossil remains in stratified    
rocks--,pedigree of ,man--,pleistocene  
and ,neolithic ,ages--,spontaneous      
evolution of life--,theories of         
existence    and ultimate               
causation--,man's future state4         
,,man',s ,,antiquity4--,cave            
explorations--,british and continental  
discoveries--,glacial periods--,tertiary
 upheaval and submergence in            
,europe--,tertiary fauna and            
flora--,pleistocene ice age--,palolithic
    age--,tropical origin of            
,man--,neolithic age--,shell-mounds and 
remains of    lake-dwellings--,bronze   
and ,iron ages--,aryan invasion of      
,europe--,historic    era4              

,,evolution ,,of ,,mind4--,universal    
life or motion--,protoplasmic           
life--,cell    life--,origin of organs  
of sense--,embryonic development--,dawn 
of    infantile intellect--,intellectual
 and emotional evolution in the         
individual--,corresponding development  
in the race--,animals reflective    and 
emotional--,language in man and animals4
      ,,the ,,special                   
,,senses4--,evolution of4               
,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,god            
,,idea4--,dawn of intellect--,earliest  
conception    of ,deity--,sun           
worship--,first human tribes--,aryan    
mythology--,vedic                       
system--,brahmanism--,hindu virgin and  
child-saviour--,boodhism--,western      
,aryan mythology--,zeus1 ,apollo1       
,prometheus1 ,hercules1 ,dionysos1      
,yao--,central ,aryan                   
mythology--,mazdeism--,mithra--,egyptian
 mythology--,osiris1    ,isis           
,horus--,amen-,ra1 ,mises--,chinese     
mythology--,semitic                     

mythology--,akkadian and ,chaldean      
myths--,adonis1 ,el1 ,yahouh--,jewish   
origin--,bible                          
gods--,confucianism--,mohammedanism--,ch
ristianism4      ,,zodiacal             
,,mythology4--,ancient and modern       
zodiacs--,precession of                 
equinoxes--,deification of zodiacal     
signs and other celestial               
bodies--,savior-sun-god dramas--,sacred 
numbers  symbols--,ancient and    modern
 phallic worship--,dionysia1 ,adonia    
,agap4      ,,intellectual ,,progress   
,,in ,,europe4--,egypto-,greek or       
classic    era--,alexander the          
,great--,the ,alexandrian               
,ptolemies--,essenian                   
revivalism--,destruction of the         
,serapion--,murder of                   
,hypatia--,christian    annihilation of 
science--,birth of ,mohammed--,the      
,koran--,saracen    learning--,tenth    
century                                 
scare--,crusades--,averroism--,annihilat
ion of    ,saracen power--,establishment

 of ,inquisition--,discovery of         
,america--,martin    ,luther--,the      
,reformation--,copernicus--,revival of  
,arianism--,murder of                   
,servetus--,index ,expurgatorius--,first
 newspaper--,murder of ,bruno--,kepler's
    laws--,galileo--,newton's theory of 
gravitation--,discovery of              
,oxygen--,first    locomotive engine and
 screw steamer--,telegraphy--,christian 
,church    opposed to progress4         
,,the ,,bible--,origin of ,authorised   
,version--,list of ,bible               
books--,description    of               
,,mss--,ancient ,hebrew                 
language--,invention of                 
vowel-points--,dates of    earliest     
,hebrew and ,greek ,,mss4      ,,annals 
,,of ,,tacitus4--,abelard--,arnold of   
,brescia--,wicliffe's heresy and        
trials--,papal schism--,jerome of       
,prague--,john ,huss--,triple           
,popedom--,council    of                
,constance--,search for old             
,,mss--,boggio ,bracciolini1 ,niccolo   

,niccoli     ,lamberteschi--,the        
forgery--,extracts from                 
letters--,discovery of 8,the            
,annals40      ,,creation ,,and         
,,fall4--,faith and reason--,mosaic     
narratives--,creation    opposed to     
science--,genesis absurd and            
immoral--,authorship of                 
,pentateuch--,christianity a            
failure--,the real trinity--,religious  
hypocrites--,morality not ,christianity4
          ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4  
,frontispiece--,chimpanzees and         
gorillas4      ,lemur and face of       
,proboscis ,monkey 7after ,mivart74     
,moor ,monkey 7after ,mivart74          
,chimpanzee 7after ,mivart74      ,adult
 male ,orang 7after ,mivart74           
,mafuca and ,aidanill 7after ,mivart71  
and ,swaheli ,negro 7after ,tylor74     
,hands of ,gorilla and ,hammegh man     
7after ,hartmann74      ,natives of     
,tierra del ,fuego4      ,the hairy     
family of ,burmah4        ,man--,whence 
and ,whither8      ,genealogy of ,man4  

,section of ,earth's crust4             
,tertiary period in ,europe4            
,eocene seas4      ,pleiocene seas4     
,pleistocene submergence during         
temperate inter-glacial epoch4          
,pleistocene ,europe during post-glacial
 continental condition4      ,skeleton  
of man4      ,skeletons of gorilla and  
chimpanzee4      ,outlines of the skulls
 of a chimpanzee1 the ,neanderthal man  
and a    modern ,european4              
,outlines of the skulls of the          
,neanderthal man1 a modern ,australian  
and the ,engis man4      ,australian1   
,african and ,european skulls 7after    
,tylor and ,hartmann74        ,man's    
,antiquity4      ,evolution of mind in  
man4      ,amba and ,gasteropoda4       
,evolution of ,mind4        ,the        
,special ,senses4      ,androgynous     
,brahm4      ,isis1 ,horus and fish4    
,indranee and ,indra2 and ,lakshmi and  
,vishnu4      ,devaki and ,kristna3 and 
,parvati and ,siva4      ,amen-,ra      
7after ,drummond74      ,crucifixion of 

,kristna2 ,crux ,ansata2 ,assyrian      
virgin ,ishtar2 ,cyprian    virgin and  
child2 ,isis and ,horus4                
,evolution of the ,god ,idea4           
,zodiacal ,signs1 showing the precession
 of the equinoxes4      ,bacchanalian   
insignia4      ,oriental ,zodiac 7after 
,sir ,wm4 ,jones74      ,egyptian       
,zodiac 7after ,sir ,wm4 ,drummond74    
,northern signs and extra-zodiacal      
constellations4      ,southern signs and
 extra-zodiacal constellations4         
,zodiacal line1 or ,ecliptic1 showing   
the precession of the equinoxes4        
,botes1 ,adam1 ,joseph--,virgo1 ,eve1   
,mary--,cetus1 ,blasphemy4              
,aquarius1 ,john ,baptist1              
,peter--,sagittarius1 ,joseph1 ,philip4 
,god incarnate with man4      ,phallic  
amulet and phallic lamp4      ,votive   
offerings to god ,priapus4      ,phallic
 crux ansata and amulet4                
,zodiacal ,mythology4      ,vedic and   
,hindu ,earths4      ,greek ,earth1 and 
,pomponius ,mela's cosmography4         

,eighth and tenth century maps4         
,fourteenth century maps4      ,egyptian
 and ,ptolemaic planetary system4       
,planetary systems of ,tycho ,brahe and 
,copernicus4      ,the ,iron            
,virgin--inside view4                   
,ditto--outside view4                   
,intellectual ,progress in ,europe4     
,sixth century ,,ms4 of ,luke xx4 #i1   
#aj4      ,fragmentary ,,ms4 from       
,john's gospel4        ,the ,bible4     
,,explanatory ,,notes4      ,the        
illustration of ,brahm1 the androgynous 
creator of the ,hindus1  8is a copy of  
an original drawing made by a learned   
,hindu pundit for  ,wm4 ,simpson1 ,esq41
 of ,london1 whilst he was in ,india    
studying its  mythology4 ,it represents 
,brahm supreme1 who in the act of       
creation made  himself double1 i4e41    
male and female4 ,in the original the   
central  part of the figure is occupied 
by the triad and the unit1 but far too  
grossly shown for reproduction here4    
,they are replaced by the ,crux  ,ansata

 a cross and circle representing the    
male and female elements  in nature4    
,the reader will notice the triad and   
the serpent in the  male hand1 whilst in
 the female is to be seen a germinating 
seed1  indicative of the relative duties
 of father and mother4 ,the whole       
stands upon a lotus1 the symbol of      
androgyneity4 ,the technical word for   
this incarnation is ,arddha ,nari40     
7,inman's 8,ancient ,faiths407    ,the  
illustration of the god ,siva1 nursed by
 his virgin-wife-mother1  ,parvati1     
requires some explanation4 ,the right   
hand of the virgin makes  the symbol of 
the yoni 7female principle7 with the    
forefinger and  thumb1 the rest of the  
fingers typifying the triad4 ,in the    
palm and on  the navel is a lozenge1    
emblematic of woman4 ,in the infant's   
hand is  one of the many emblems of the 
linga 7male principle71 whilst under his
  feet a lotus supports his body4 ,the  
monkey is emblematic of the carnal      
desire4 ,the relationship existing      

between the mother and child was of a   
twofold nature4 ,the deities of the     
ancients were usually androgynous1  and 
thus each of the members of the ,hindu  
triad possessed two parts1 a  male half 
and a female half1 which he inherited   
from his androgynous  parent ,brahm1    
whose female principle brought forth the
 three essences1  ,brahma1 ,vishnu and  
,siva4 ,thus each god became the husband
 as well as  the son of the divine      
female principle1 just as ,virgo of the 
zodiac  was both mother and wife of the 
sun-god of the annual revolution1       
mother at his birth at the winter       
solstice and wife at his ascension  at  
the summer solstice4 ,the female part or
 wife-mother of ,siva was the  virgin   
goddess ,parvati2 of ,vishnu1 ,lakshmi2 
of ,krishna1 ,devaki2 of  ,indra1       
,indranee2 of ,horus1 ,isis2 etc4       
,the illustration of the amulet of the  
double ,crux ,ansata1 represents  the   
female principle at the top in the shape
 of a ring 7which has the  same meaning 

as the winged disc1 cup1 and shell1 or  
,concha ,veneris72  the male principle  
in full vigour on the right side in the 
shape of a  cross 7male organ of        
generation in the original72 the        
unprolific male  principle of infancy on
 the underneath side1 also in the shape 
of a  cross 7infantine male organ in the
 original72 and the act of generation   
on the left side1 in the shape of a     
clenched hand1 with the thumb bent      
across the back of the first finger4    
,the illustration of god incarnate with 
man represents the saviour of  the      
world-- ,s,t,r ,,kosmou--as a cross1 or 
phallic symbol 7an  erect male organ in 
the original71 which forms the beak on  
the head  of a cock1 the symbol of the  
rising sun1 the whole resting on the    
shoulders of a man1 symbolical of the   
incarnation of god and man4    ,the     
illustration of the amulet in ,mr4      
,townley's museum represents the  female
 principle at the top1 in the form of a 
circle1 under which  is the victorious  

sun-god of the vernal equinox1 in the   
shape of a  bull's head with a cross or 
phallic symbol 7erect male organ in the 
original7 on either side of the mouth1  
the whole being emblematic of  the      
sexual union of the powers of heaven and
 earth1 and the consequent  regeneration
 of nature at the spring equinox4       
,mafuca1 whose portrait is given in the 
following pages1 was a female  ape from 
the ,loango coast1 placed in the        
,dresden ,zoological ,gardens4          
,hartmann1 in his 8,anthropoid ,apes10  
describes her as being 8#abj cm4  in    
height1 reminding us in many respects of
 the gorilla4 ,the face was             
prognathous2 the ears were comparatively
 small1 placed high on the  skull1 and  
projecting outwards2 the supra-orbital  
arch was strongly  developed2 the end of
 the nose was broad2 and there were     
rolls of fat  on the cheeks40 ,k4 ,th4  
von ,siebold also classed her as a      
gorilla2 but  ,bolau and ,a4 ,b4 ,meyer 
opposed this view2 while ,bischoff1     

judging by the  structure of the brain1 
thought she was a chimpanzee4 ,now it is
 pretty  generally believed that she was
 either a cross between the gorilla and 
the chimpanzee1 or else a member of a   
distinct species of anthropoids         
intermediate between the gorilla and the
 chimpanzee4 ,in ,hartmann's  account of
 ,mafuca we read that she was 8a        
remarkable creature1 not  only in her   
external habits1 but in her             
disposition4444 ,she hardly  obeyed     
anyone except ,schpf1 the director of   
the gardens1 and when  in a good humour 
she would sit on his knee and put her   
muscular arms  round his neck with a    
caressing gesture4444 ,mafuca was able  
to use a  spoon1 although somewhat      
awkwardly2 and she could pour from      
larger  vessels into smaller ones       
without spilling the liquor4 ,she took  
tea  and cocoa in the morning and       
evening1 and a mixed diet between       
whiles1  such as fruit1 sweetmeats1 red 
wine and water1 and sugar4444 ,if she   

was left alone for any time she tried to
 open the lock of her cage  without     
having the key1 and she once succeeded  
in doing so4 ,on that  occasion she     
stole the key1 which was hanging on the 
wall1 hid it in  her axilla arm-pit1 and
 crept quietly back to her cage4 ,with  
the key  she easily opened the lock2 and
 she also knew how to use a gimlet4 ,she
  would draw off the keeper's boots1    
scramble up to some place out of  reach 
with them1 and throw them at his head   
when asked for them4 ,she  could wring  
out wet cloths1 and blow her nose with a
 handkerchief4  ,when her illness began1
 she became apathetic1 and looked about 
with a  vacant1 unobservant stare4 ,just
 before her death1 from consumption1 she
  put her arms round ,schpf's neck when 
he came to visit her1 looked at  him    
placidly1 kissed him three times1       
stretched out her hand to him1  and     
died40 ,it may be added to this that    
,mafuca exhibited the greatest  decorum 
and modesty in the performance of all   

her daily and other  natural functions4 
,aidanill1 the hairless ,australian1 is 
a good specimen of a low type of  human 
being2 having a superciliary prominence 
greater than is usually  found amongst  
races of men1 with a remarkably small   
cranial capacity  and almost entire     
absence of frontal development4 ,the    
skull1 in fact1  differs but little from
 that of ,mafuca1 given beneath it2 and 
its owner  belonged to those races      
described on p4 #ad of 8,evolution of   
,mind40    ,the ,swaheli ,negro is a    
good specimen of the dolichocephalic    
prognathous  type of head1 considerably 
higher in intellectual capacity than    
that of  ,aidanill4    ,the hands are   
intended to illustrate the close        
resemblance between  the hand of a      
gorilla and that of a man belonging to  
the ,hammeghs  of the ,nubian ,soudan4  
,it will be observed that while the     
fingers of  the gorilla are webbed1 the 
second and third fingers of the man are 
slightly webbed and his thumb and first 

finger very considerably  webbed4       
,,errata4      ,,man--,,whence ,,and    
,,whither8--,page #ab1 line #aa from    
top1 for 8,palolithic0  read            
8,pleistocene20 and line #ab from top1  
for 8on the earth0 read 8in  ,europe1   
for the human remains found in ,france  
clearly testify to the  fact2 and even  
in ,america his antiquity must be very  
great indeed10 etc4    ,,evolution ,,of 
,,mind--,page #a1 line #f from top1 for 
8,protamnia0 read  8,protista40         
,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,god            
,,idea--,page #be1 line #ag from top1   
for  read 4    ,,intellectual ,,progress
 ,,in ,,europe--,page #ag1 line #i from 
top and line #g  from bottom for        
8,purgatorious0 read 8,expurgatorious40 
,,annals ,,of ,,tacitus--,page #ae1 line
 #ac from top1 for 8that religion0 read 
8that the religion40    ,,creation ,,and
 ,,fall--,page #f1 last line1 and page  
#g1 last line but one1 for  8mammals0   
read 8placental mammals40               
,illustration3 ,,lemur--,half           

,ape--7,after ,mivart7    ,illustration3
 ,,face ,,of ,,proboscis ,,monkey       
7,after ,mivart7      ,illustration3    
,,the ,,moor ,,monkey 7,after ,mivart7  
,illustration3 ,,chimpanzee             
7,troglodytes7 7,after ,mivart7         
,illustration3 ,,adult ,,male ,,orang   
7,after ,mivart7      ,illustration3    
,,swaheli ,,negro 7,after ,tyler7       
,illustration3 ,,aidanill4 ,,hairless   
,,australian4 7,after ,hartmann7        
,illustration3 ,,mafuca  ,the           
,anthropoid ,ape at ,dresden 7,after    
,hartmann7      ,illustration3 ,hand of 
a very aged male gorilla4 7,after       
,hartmann7    ,illustration3 ,hand of a 
,hammegh man from ,roseres1 ,blue ,nile4
 7,after  ,hartmann7      ,illustration3
 ,,natives ,,of ,,tierra ,,del ,,fuego4 
,illustration3     ,moung-,phoset ,the  
,son     ,mahphoon ,the ,mother   ,,the 
,,hairy ,,family ,,of ,,burmah          
,exhibited at the ,piccadilly ,hall     
,london in #ahhf          ,,man3        
,,whence ,,and ,,whither8      ,the     

fables of the creation of nature and man
 by various fantastic and  ridiculous   
means1 which have1 for thousands of     
years1 found favour with  the unthinking
 multitudes inhabiting the earth1 and   
which even now  are1 one or other1      
firmly believed by the large majority of
 both the  ,eastern and ,western        
populations1 must1 ere long1 gradually  
give way to  the truer and grander      
theory of ,evolution1 resulting from the
 study  of the natural sciences4        
,priests1 monks1 and other interested   
people1  backed up by the enormous      
wealth which has accumulated to the     
various  religious creeds during the    
past centuries of darkness1 ignorance1  
and  gross credulity1 will1 no doubt1   
oppose all their tremendous forces      
against the new philosophy1 thus1 for a 
while1 delaying the inevitable  result4 
,but this condition of things cannot    
last long4 ,education is  doing1 and    
will continue to do1 its work1 until1 at
 length1 falsehood  and slavery will    

give place to truth and liberty4    ,in 
order to discover the origin of man1 it 
is necessary to carry the  mind back to 
a very remote period1 and observe the   
mode of development  of our planetary   
system2 for1 according to the theory of 
,evolution1  there were no starting     
points for particular forms in nature1  
the whole  universe consisting of one   
continuous unfolding of phenomena4      
,the modern theory of the mode of       
development of our earth1 as also  of   
all other planets and suns1 is the one  
known as the 8,nebular  ,hypothesis10   
which is the prelude to the great theory
 of ,evolution1 and  which teaches us   
that the earth1 the sun1 the moon1 the  
planets1 and  all the heavenly host are 
the effects or results of the           
condensation of  a nebulous vapour1     
which took place many millions of years 
ago1 after  having been diffused for an 
incalculable period of time throughout  
the illimitable expanse of space4 ,the  
cause of this nebulous vapour1  or      

attenuated matter1 is unknown to us1 and
 will probably ever remain  enshrouded  
in the profound mystery which at present
 envelopes it4  ,beyond this limit all  
is mere speculation or hypothesis2 and  
the  ,agnostic philosopher and the man  
of science1 humbly acknowledging  their 
complete inability to solve this mighty 
problem of ultimate  causation1 are     
content to leave further speculation in 
this direction  to metaphysicians and   
poets4    ,during many long ages this   
process of condensation of the nebulous 
vapour steadily continued1 being        
controlled by the laws of gravitation   
and transformation1 until1 at length1 a 
number of rotating spherical  nebular   
masses were formed1 in a state of high  
heat from the shock  of their           
recently-united atoms1 which spheres    
gradually cooled by  radiation1         
consequently contracting and becoming   
possessed of a more  rapid rotary       
motion1 giving off from their equatorial
 regions large  rings of vapour1 which1 

in their turn1 condensed and1 under the 
influence of the same two laws1 formed  
separate spheres for themselves4  ,this 
is the mode by which our planetary      
system was formed1 as taught by         
,laplace and accepted by the scientists 
of to-day4    ,the earth1 then1 in      
common with other planets1 may be said  
to have  passed from the condition of a 
gaseous to a highly-heated fluid mass1  
and to have gradually become plastic1   
and moulded by revolution on its  own   
axis to its present shape--i4e41 an     
oblate spheroid1 or globe1  flatter at  
the poles than at the equator1 with a   
polar diameter about  twenty-six miles  
shorter than the equatorial diameter4   
,this is the  shape that all plastic    
bodies which rotate on their axes must  
assume1  as we are clearly taught by    
mathematics4    ,assuming1 then1 that   
the earth was in a state of             
incandescence when it  began to take a  
definite form1 we shall at once see that
 the denser  materials composing it     

would gravitate towards the centre1     
forming  a semi-plastic mass surrounded 
by an envelope of gases and watery      
vapour4 ,the gases would be quickly     
disposed of in various chemical         
combinations1 and the watery vapour     
would be condensed and deposited in     
depressions on the surface of the       
central mass as soon as it had become   
cooled sufficiently4 ,the outer crust of
 this central1 semi-solid mass  was soon
 converted1 under the intense heat1 into
 a hard1 granite-like  rock1 which was  
continually subject to sudden upheavals1
 resulting  partly from the violent     
escape of gases1 and partly from water  
passing  through fissures on the surface
 to the heated interior and giving rise 
to steam of great expansive power4 ,in  
this manner great inequalities  of the  
surface were1 no doubt1 produced1 whose 
rugged edges1 after  the lapse of a vast
 period of time1 were gradually softened
 down by  the subsequent action upon    
them of air and water4 ,this first rock 

formation is termed by geologists the   
,plutonic 7from ,pluto1 monarch of      
hell71 on account of its being the      
result of intense heat1 and not1  as is 
the case with all other rock formations1
 laid down in layers by  water4 ,whether
 the ,plutonic rock forms a solid centre
 to our earth is  matter of uncertainty2
 but all are agreed that the internal   
heat of  our planet1 whether caused by  
the friction of the particles of a solid
  substance or by a molten fluid1 is    
still1 even in these later times1       
intense4 ,in boring through the earth's 
crust1 the average increase in          
temperature for every fifty feet of     
descent1 after the first hundred  feet  
from the surface1 is one degree ,fahr41 
which would give us1 at a  depth of #abe
 miles1 sufficient heat to melt most of 
the rocks4 ,this  intense internal heat 
has generated1 in times long gone by1   
enormous  forces1 by which rocks of all 
ages have been raised and depressed1    
twisted and distorted1 broken and forced

 out of position1 and forcibly          
compressed1 so as to eventually cause   
most important changes of surface       
level4    ,the next class of            
rock-formation is totally different from
 the  ,plutonic1 or unstratified series1
 in that it is the result of the  wear  
and tear of the surface when acted upon 
by air and water1 and is  laid down1 in 
the first instance1 by water1 as        
sediment4 ,water1 in  the forms of seas1
 rivers1 rain1 and ice1 has been the    
chief agent  in the arrangement of all  
the stratified rocks1 the determination 
of the earth's contour1 the direction of
 valleys1 and1 in fact1 the  regulation 
of the whole physical geography of the  
visible portion of  the earth4 ,with the
 help of this mighty agent1 so soon as  
the earth  had become sufficiently cool 
to permit condensation to take place in 
its vapoury envelope1 the ceaseless wear
 and tear of the ,plutonic--and1        
subsequently1 of all other--rocks1 which
 has accumulated so vast a  mass of     

material1 commenced4 ,large volumes of  
water were gradually  deposited1 without
 intermission1 until permanent seas and 
rivers had  become established1 and the 
new process of stratification1 which was
  henceforth destined to shape the crust
 of the earth and to provide the        
conditions of life1 commenced to        
operate4 ,this action is taking place   
daily in rivers and seas1 as we may     
observe at any time4 ,on the tops  of   
mountains the same action is in         
operation1 though under different       
conditions1 snow and ice splitting      
fragments from the rocks to be borne    
away as grit into the valleys by        
impetuous torrents and deposited  in    
other places4 ,within the ,polar circles
 ice on a grander scale is  levelling   
down the land2 glaciers1 covering       
thousands of square miles1  are slowly  
sliding down the valleys1 grinding their
 surfaces still  deeper--forming sands1 
clays1 and gravels1 and forcing these   
down to the  sea-shore2 and icebergs1   

many miles in circumference1 are carried
 by  currents along coasts and against  
cliffs like huge ploughs1 completely    
altering the face of the rocks beneath4 
,this wear and tear results in  the     
formation of immense quantities of      
detritus1 which is deposited in  layers 
at the bottom of seas and rivers1 and   
consolidated by pressure1  being        
frequently assisted by lime1 iron1 or   
silica as a cement4 ,the                
coarser-textured rock has been laid down
 in rapidly-moving1 shallow  water2 and 
the finer-textured in still1 deep water4
 ,thus1 through many  long              
ages--probably millions of years--the   
surface of the earth underwent          
continual change from the constant      
deposition of stratified rock1 each     
layer of which completely buried beneath
 it the various life forms  of the      
previous period1 which circumstance     
enables us to ascribe to  the various   
members of the animal and vegetable     
kingdoms particular  geological periods2

 for fossilised remains of animals and  
vegetables  have been unearthed in the  
different layers of the stratified      
rocks1  conclusively proving their      
existence on the earth at those periods4
    ,in the ,plutonic or unstratified   
rock-formation period there was1  of    
course1 no life upon the earth1 the     
conditions necessary for  such          
development not being present2 but in   
the very earliest of the  stratified    
formations we find evidence of the dawn 
of marine life1  both vegetable and     
animal4 ,geologists have divided the    
stratified rock  into three chief       
divisions1 the ,palozoic 7ancient life71
 or ,primary2  the ,mesozoic 7middle    
life71 or ,secondary2 and the ,kainozoic
 7latest  life71 or ,tertiary4 ,each of 
these1 again1 has been subdivided into  
smaller sections1 according to the      
particular kind of deposit met with1    
the particular places where the best    
examples are to be found1 or the        
particular life-forms existing4 ,the    

,primary1 the depth of which is         
unknown1 is subdivided into seven       
periods--viz43--    ,laurentian1        
consisting of highly metamorphosed 7that
 is1 changed in  appearance from the    
original stratified rock character1     
owing to its  proximity to the molten   
,plutonic rock7 limestone1 containing   
fossil  remains of the ,foraminifera1   
some of the first living organisms4     
,huronian1 consisting of less highly    
metamorphosed sandstone1 limestone1     
etc41 and containing fossil remains of  
lowly-organised molluscs  7soft-bodied  
organisms74    ,cambrian1 consisting of 
slates1 sandstones1 and conglomerates1  
and containing fossil remains of        
sponges1 sea-weeds1 star-fishes1        
sea-lilies1 lowly shell-fish1 marine    
worms1 and the first land plants4       
,silurian1 consisting of slates1        
limestones1 etc41 and containing fossil 
remains of corals1 chambered spiral     
shell-fish1 crabs1 sea-worms1 and  bony 
plates and scales of a low form of fish4

    ,devonian1 consisting of old red    
sandstone1 shales1 and coralline        
limestone1 and containing fossil land   
plants1 fishes1 belonging to  shark1    
ray1 and sturgeon families1 and first   
fossil insect4    ,carboniferous1       
consisting of mountain limestone1 coal1 
sandstone1  ironstone1 clays1 etc41 and 
containing fossil scorpions1 beetles1   
and  amphibians4    ,permian1 consisting
 of new red sandstone1 marls1 magnesian 
limestones1  etc41 and containing       
fossils of true reptiles4    ,the       
,secondary division is subdivided into  
three periods1 viz43--    ,triassic1    
consisting of sandstone1 limestone1 and 
clays1 and containing  fossils of       
gigantic reptiles and first mammals     
7small marsupials74    ,jurassic1 or    
,olitic1 consisting of limestones1 coral
 rags1 clays1 and  marls1 and containing
 fossils of bird-reptiles and several   
species of  marsupials4    ,cretaceous1 
consisting of clays1 sands1 soft        
limestone1 and lignites1  and containing

 fossils of new bird-reptiles4    ,the  
,tertiary division is subdivided into   
four periods--viz43--    ,eocene 7dawn  
of recent life71 consisting of          
sandstone1 limestone1  sands1 clays1    
marls1 coral rags1 and lignites1 and    
containing fossil  equine forms1 birds1 
reptiles1 bats1 and marsupials4         
,meiocene 7less recent life71 consisting
 of arctic coal1 limestone1  sands1     
clays1 and lignites1 and containing     
fossil apes and marsupials4             
,pleiocene 7more recent life71 the white
 and red crags of ,britain1  containing 
fossil apes1 bears1 and hyenas4         
,pleistocene 7most recent life71        
consisting of glacial accumulations of  
all kinds of earths1 and containing     
fossil remains of apes and men1  and    
implements of stone1 bone1 and horn1 and
 later still of remains of              
lake-dwellings1 shell-mounds1 etc4      
,these different layers of stratified   
rocks have not always kept  their proper
 positions with regard to each other in 

the order they  were originally laid    
down2 but1 owing to volcanic eruption1  
have  frequently intruded upon each     
other1 so that1 at first sight1 it would
  sometimes appear as though the regular
 order of deposition had not  been      
adhered to2 but that this is not so has 
been made apparent by  careful          
investigation over large areas4 ,the    
depth of the ,secondary and  ,tertiary  
is from twenty to twenty-five miles4 ,we
 see1 therefore1 that  the first        
life-forms made their appearance as     
marine organisms in the  ,laurentian1 or
 first stratified rock period2 but      
whether the animal  or the vegetable    
form first appeared1 or whether both    
were developed  from one primordial     
organism1 it is impossible at present to
 say4 ,in  each successive layer of rock
 we meet with fossil remains of animal  
and vegetable life1 which steadily      
develop into more highly organised      
forms1 through the different periods1   
until1 at last1 they assume the         

exquisite phases we now behold around   
us4 ,the vegetable kingdom was the      
first to exist upon the land1 the first 
land-plant being found in the  fossil   
state in the ,cambrian layer1 at the    
same time that marine animal  life was  
assuming the forms of worms1 shell-fish1
 and star-fishes4 ,in  the ,silurian    
period the first vertebrate animals made
 their appearance  in the form of       
lowly-organised fishes1 from which1 in  
the ,carboniferous  age1 developed      
amphibious creatures1 the first         
breathing animals1  living both in and  
out of water1 and the progenitors of the
 large  kingdom of land animals1        
including man4    ,now1 if we take the  
pedigree of man1 as arranged by ,darwin 
and ,haeckel1  and compare it with this 
geological tree1 we shall see how       
perfectly  the sister sciences of       
,paleontology and ,biology corroborate  
each other4  ,the first form of life1   
says ,haeckel1 was the ,moneron1 a      
structureless  albuminous atom of       

bioplasm1 not even possessing the       
structure of  a mere cell4 ,we place    
this1 which belongs to the primitive    
order  ,protozoa1 in the ,laurentian    
period1 where we are told by geologists 
that fossil foraminifera have been      
found4 ,this promordial organism        
gradually developed into single         
nucleated cells1 called ,amb1 and  these
 again into masses of nucleated cells1  
called ,synamb4 ,these  simple and      
multiple cell organisms we place in the 
next period1  ,huronian1 in the strata  
of which geologists tell us have been   
found  fossil remains of lowly organised
 molluscs1 or soft-bodied animals4      
,ciliata are the next forms of life1    
which consist of ,synamb1 covered  with 
vibratile cilia4 ,these gradually       
developed a mouth1 becoming  ,gastrada1 
and afterwards ,turbellaria1 a low form 
of worm 7,vermes71  with a mouth and    
alimentary canal2 and are placed in the 
,cambrian  period1 in which stratum have
 been found remains of this kind of     

life4  ,the ascent continues through the
 transition stage of ,scolecida to      
,himatega1 or sack-worms1 with their    
rudimentary spinal cords2 from  which   
gradually evolved ,acrania1 or the first
 vertebrate animals1  without skulls1   
brains1 central heart1 jaws1 or limbs2  
but with a true  vertebral cord4 ,this  
peculiar little animal was a            
lancet-shaped marine  worm1 akin to the 
lancelet or amphioxus of to-day4 ,from  
these developed  ,monorrhini1 or        
vertebrate hybrid worms and fishes1 with
 skull1 brain1  and central heart1 but  
no sympathetic system1 jaws1 or limbs1  
and with  a single nasal cavity         
7lampreys74 ,these three forms are      
placed in the  ,silurian period1 in     
which stratum have been found fossilised
 bony  plates and scales of fishes and  
,annelides1 or sea-worms4    ,the next  
forms of life to be developed1 from the 
,monorrhini1 were the  ,selachii        
7,amphirrhini71 or true fishes1 of the  
shark family1 with two  nasal cavities1 

swim-bladder1 two pairs of fins1 and    
jaws4 ,from these  evolved the          
,ganoidei1 and thence all osseous       
fishes2 and ,dipnoi 7mud  fish71 or     
hybrid fishes and amphibians1 with both 
gills and lungs4  ,these little animals 
live during winter in water1 when they  
breathe  air dissolved in water through 
their gills2 and during the summer in   
mud1 when they breathe with their lungs4
 ,both these are placed in the          
,devonian period1 in which have been    
found fossil sharks1 etc4 ,the next     
forms are ,sozobranchii1 or amphibians  
with persistent gills1 from which       
evolved ,urodela1 or amphibians with    
transitory gills1 but persistent  tails1
 and legs2 allied to the salamander4    
,these are placed in the  ,carboniferous
 period1 in which have been found       
fossilised amphibians4  ,we next get    
,protamnia1 or hybrid salamanders and   
lizards 7frogs and  toads71 with no     
gills or tails1 but possessing an amnion
 and cloaca4  ,these represent the      

parent forms of the three great higher  
branches of  vertebrates--,reptilia1    
,aves 7which evolved from reptiles71 and
 ,mammalia1  and are placed in the      
,permian period1 in which have been     
found  fossilised amphibians and true   
reptiles4 ,monotremata 7,promammalia7   
are  the next forms developed in our    
pedigree1 the parent forms of the class 
,mammalia2 with cloaca1 amnion1 and     
marsupial bones2 which are placed in    
the ,triassic period2 and from which    
evolved ,marsupialia1 mammals with      
amnion and marsupial bones1 but no      
cloaca2 allied to the kangaroo and      
opossum of to-day4 ,this species we     
place in the ,jurassic and ,cretaceous  
periods4 ,from ,marsupialia developed   
the large kingdom of ,placentalia1      
which lose the marsupial bones and      
cloaca1 and acquire a placenta1 and     
which we divide into three main         
branches1 according to the particular   
placental formation4 ,the first division
 we call ,villiplacentalia 7tufty       

placenta71 from which evolved ,edentata 
7sloth1 ant-eaters1 and tertiary        
monsters71 ,cetacea 7marine placental   
mammals1 such as whale1 dolphin1        
porpoise1 and sea-cow71 and ,ungulata   
7horse1 cow1 pig1 rhinoceros1 and       
hippopotamus74 ,the second division we  
term ,zenoplacentalia 7ring-like        
placenta71 the earliest forms of which  
were ,carnaria1 or flesh-eaters1  from  
which came ,carnivora1 or land beasts of
 prey 7cats1 dogs1 bears1  etc471 and   
,pinnipedia1 or marine beasts of prey   
7seal and walrus74 ,the  third division 
we name ,discoplacentalia 7discoid      
placenta72 and here  we find1 as the    
first development1 the ,prosimi1 or     
tailed lemurs1  quadrupeds with claws1  
and having the appearance of hybrid cats
 and  monkeys4 ,all these are placed in 
the ,eocene period1 in which stratum    
geologists have found fossilised        
placentals4    ,from the                
discoplacental-mammal ,prosimi evolved  
the following  species--viz41 ,prosimi  

of ,madagascar 7lemurs of to-day71 with 
four feet  and claws2 ,cheiroptera      
7bats72 ,rodentia 7squirrels1 mice1     
porcupines1  hares72 ,insectivora       
7moles1 shrew-mice1 and hedgehogs72 and 
,simi1  or quadruped monkeys1 with two  
feet1 two hands1 nails1 and tails4 ,we  
divide ,simi into two classes1 the      
,platyrrhini1 or ,new ,world apes1 with 
thirty-six teeth1 tails1 no             
cheek-pouches or callosities1 and nasal 
cavities pointing outwards and divided  
by a thick septum 7from which  came the 
,american howlers1 weepers1 capuchins1  
and squirrel-monkeys72  and the         
,catarrhini 7,menocerca71 or ,old ,world
 apes1 with thirty-two  teeth 7like     
man71 tails1 cheek-pouches1 callosities1
 and nasal cavities  pointing downwards 
and divided by a thin septum 7like man74
 ,these are  placed in the ,meiocene    
period1 in which have been discovered   
the first  fossil apes4 ,from the       
,catarrhini developed the tailed baboons
 and  macaques1 with thirty-two teeth1  

cheek-pouches1 and callosities2 and  the
 ,anthropoid1 with thirty-two teeth1 but
 no tails1 cheek-pouches1  or           
callosities4 ,these were evolved during 
the ,pleiocene period4 ,from  the       
anthropoid 7man-like7 apes we get three 
distinct divisions--viz41  the gibbon   
and orang families1 with no tails or    
cheek-pouches1  walking partly on hind  
legs1 and wandering in companies in     
,india2  the chimpanzee and gorilla     
families of ,africa1 with no tails or   
cheek-pouches1 no articulate speech1    
walking on hind legs only1 living  in   
companies in caves1 and carrying their  
babes in their arms2 and  ,alali1 or    
ape-like men1 commonly called the       
8missing links10 who  were probably     
developed1 during the ,pleiocene period1
 in ,lemuria1 a  submerged continent    
which formerly occupied the position of 
the ,indian  ,ocean2 or in the districts
 of the ,nile and ,ganges4    ,these    
primitive ape-like men were the         
connecting links between men and  the   

apes1 and are divided into two main     
branches--viz41 woolly-haired  ,alali1  
who migrated from ,lemuria1 west and    
south2 and straight-haired  ,alali1 who 
migrated from ,lemuria1 north1 east1 and
 south4 ,both  these branches had skulls
 of the same character as those of the  
chimpanzee and gorilla--that is1 they   
were dolichocephalic 7long-headed7      
prognathous 7prominent jaws71 and also1 
like their ape brethren1 were           
troglodytes1 or cave-dwellers4 ,from the
 woolly-haired ,alali evolved the       
,papuans of ,new ,guinea and ,tasmania1 
and the ,hottentots of ,africa1 whose   
descendants of to-day are but little    
removed in brain development from  the  
higher apes4 ,they are dolichocephalic  
prognathous savages1 with  black1 hairy 
skins1 long arms1 and short1 thin legs1 
with ill-developed  calves2 are         
semi-erect1 walk on hind legs1 and have 
no true articulate  speech4 ,a higher   
development of the woolly-haired ,alali 
is the  ,negro1 and higher still the    

,caffre1 both of whom are               
dolichocephalic  prognathous savages1   
with black1 semi-hairy skins1 and       
imperfect  articulation4 ,from the      
straight-haired ,alali are derived the  
,australian  natives and the large      
family of ,malays or ,polynesians4 ,the 
,australians  migrated south1 and were  
dolichocephalic prognathous savages1    
with  smooth1 dirty brown skins1 and    
straight black hair4 ,the lowest tribes 
of the present day have no true         
articulate speech4 ,the ,polynesians    
migrated north and east1 and were       
dolichocephalic prognathous  troglodytes
 7as the gorilla and chimpanzee71 with  
clear1 smooth brown  skins1 and true    
articulate speech4 ,this branch split up
 into two large  families1 the          
,mongolian or ,turanian1 and the        
,caucasian or ,iranian4  ,the former    
covered ,northern and ,eastern ,asia1   
,polynesia1 and ,america1  and were     
originally brachycephalic 7broad-headed7
 prognathous men4  ,they subdivided into

 two distinct species1 the ,mongols of  
,china1  ,japan1 ,lapland1 ,finland1 and
 ,hungary1 who are brachycephalic1 but  
not  prognathous1 with smooth1 brownish 
yellow skin1 and straight black  hair2  
and the ,mongols of ,america1 who are   
mesocephalic 7round-headed71  but not   
prognathous1 with smooth red skins and  
straight black hair4  ,the ,caucasian   
family covered ,western ,asia and most  
of ,europe1 being  mesocephalic         
prognathous troglodytes 7afterwards     
agriculturalists7  with smooth dark     
skins and long straight hair2 and       
subdivided into  two branches1 the      
,semitic1 of ,arabia and ,syria1 and the
 ,aryan or  ,indo-,european2 both of    
whom are mesocephalic1 but not          
prognathous4    ,it is true that1 so    
far1 no fossil remains of ,alali have   
been found1  with the exception of the  
,neanderthal skull2 but it is equally   
true  that they may soon be discovered4 
,it is only comparatively recently  that
 the other species have been found      

fossilised2 and it must be  recollected 
that only a very small portion of the   
earth's crust has yet  been explored1   
and that not the most likely for        
finding4 ,no attempts  have been yet    
made to unearth the life-remains in the 
neighbourhood  of the ,indian ,ocean1   
where it is believed man first evolved  
from his  ape-like ancestors4 ,it does  
not1 however1 seem to me to be          
essentially  necessary that the 8missing
 link0 be found in order to substantiate
  the ,evolution theory4 ,there is so   
little difference between the higher    
anthropoid apes and man1 compared with  
the enormous differences  observed      
between the earlier forms of life and   
the ape species1 that  the sequence and 
continuity appear now conclusively      
settled to any  reasonable observer4    
,comparative anatomists and             
embryologists both  declare in favour of
 the theory of development of ,darwin   
and ,haeckel4  ,it is a fact beyond     
dispute that every human being commences

 his  individual existence as a tiny    
piece of structureless bioplasm1 from   
which condition he passes through the   
,amba stage to the ,synamba1 and  thence
 in regular order through each          
successive stage of development  marked 
in the genealogy given above1 becoming  
worm1 fish1 and mammal  in turn1 and    
finally being born into the world as a  
member of the  human family4 ,each of   
these lower forms also passes through   
all the  species preceding it in        
precisely the same manner4 ,this is one 
of the  strongest arguments in favour of
 ,evolution4 ,it is said that the power 
of speech possessed by man opposes a    
strong barrier to the theory2  but it   
has been shown clearly that other       
animals besides man can  use articulate 
sounds1 which convey meanings to each   
other4 ,monkeys  certainly understand   
each other's chattering1 and it is      
highly probable  that birds also        
understand each other's cries4 ,it is   
true that the  sounds made by animals   

are chiefly monosyllabic2 but           
philologists  now tell us that the      
languages spoken by primitive races of  
men are  compounded of quite simple     
elements1 perfectly within the grasp of 
an  ape's voice4 ,travellers1 whose     
veracity and ability cannot be impugned1
  have described long conferences held  
by monkeys1 where one individual        
addressed the assembly at great length1 
fixing the attention of all  upon       
himself1 and quelling every disturbance 
by a loud and harsh  cry1 which was at  
once recognised and obeyed by the       
multitude4 ,is  it credible that this   
should be purposeless8 ,is it not       
actually the  exercise of speech8    ,is
 it not possible--nay1 even extremely   
probable--that1 under the  irresistible 
pressure of civilised man1 his immediate
 precursor may  have become extinct8    
,all the human races that now tend to   
bridge the  interval between the highest
 man and the highest ape are fast       
becoming  extinct under this very       

pressure4 ,the gulf widens1 and will    
widen4  ,the ,caribs and ,tasmanians    
have passed away1 while the             
,australians1  ,new ,zealanders1        
aboriginal ,americans1 ,eskimo1 and     
others1 are fast  following in their    
wake1 and this all in a comparatively   
short space  of time4 ,there is         
undoubtedly now a far greater physical  
and mental  interval between the        
,hottentot woman and such men as        
,gladstone and  ,darwin than between the
 ,hottentot and an ape4 ,it is a fact   
beyond  dispute that man was not in such
 a high state of development ages gone  
by as at present4 ,the earliest traces  
of man exhibit him to us in the         
,palolithic1 or old stone1 age1 as wild 
and living in caves1 using only  the    
rudest stone implements with which to   
battle with the ferocious  monsters     
around him4 ,his jaw was then           
prognathous1 like the ape1 and  his body
 large and powerful4    ,in the         
limestone caverns of ,france have been  

discovered the fossil  remains of men   
who inhabited caves and belonged to the 
,palolithic1  or early ,pleistocene1    
period4 ,together with these            
troglodytes1 or  cave-dwellers1 were    
rough1 unpolished stone implements and  
weapons1  denoting a low state of       
civilisation4 ,other caves1 in later    
strata1  give us lighter stone weapons1 
of better finish1 and occasionally horn 
dart-points1 such as would be used for  
catching smaller game4 ,numbers  of     
skin-scrapers also were found1          
suggesting the idea that the people     
used the hides of animals for clothing1 
instead of going naked1 as  their       
ancestors4 ,the hairy character of the  
body would be probably  giving place to 
a finer1 smoother1 and more delicate    
outer skin1  which would necessitate    
clothing of some kind4 ,still later we  
find  implements altogether of flint1   
lancet-shaped1 admirably-proportioned1  
and of three sizes1 adapted for arrow1  
javeline1 and lance points              

respectively1 and designed to be fitted 
to wooden and bone shafts4  ,after these
 appear arrows and darts of deer's horn 
and bone1 and stone  and flint tools1   
which were used for making these arrows4
 ,we also find  such implements as bone 
awls and needles for piercing and sewing
 skins1  arrow-heads furnished with     
barbs on each side1 and harpoons barbed 
on  one side only4    ,now was man's    
intellect fairly on the swing2 but still
 he was1 as yet1  only in the           
,palolithic period1 for not one polished
 implement nor  fragment of pottery is  
found in their stations4 ,they were     
surrounded  by ferocious carnivora1     
which sometimes fell victims to their   
weapons4  ,the mammoth still tenanted   
the valleys1 and the reindeer was the   
common  article of food4 ,they were     
hunters1 possessed of the rudest modes  
of  existence1 and with but little of   
what is now called civilisation4    ,in 
,britain the troglodyte man was         
contemporary with the mammoth1          

rhinoceros1 lion1 and hyena1 none of    
which existed in the later  ,pleistocene
 era2 but there have been no perfect    
skeletons found here  like those in     
,france4 ,human bones1 however1 have    
been discovered in  various deposits1   
together with the skeletons of          
long-extinct animals4  ,the best        
,british human fossil is the portion of 
an upper jaw containing  four teeth1    
from ,kent's ,cavern4 ,hermetically     
sealed in stalagmite1  deposited on the 
floor of the cavern by water dropping   
from the roof1  this jaw lay below the  
remains of extinct mammals2 while       
beneath all  were bone and stone        
implements of human workmanship1 equally
 firmly  fixed in a natural limestone   
cement4 ,geology fixes the date of this 
troglodyte at the early ,pleistocene    
period1 and it is beyond doubt that  man
 existed at this remote period1 or even 
earlier1 in ,europe1 for the  human     
remains found in ,france clearly testify
 to the fact2 and even in  ,america his 

antiquity must be very great indeed1 for
 a human skull was  found in the delta  
of the ,mississippi beneath four        
different layers  of forest growth1     
which must have formed part of a living 
human being  #ej1jjj years since4 ,the  
celebrated ,neanderthal skull1 of which 
so much  has been heard1 certainly      
belongs to the mammoth age1 if not      
earlier2  and1 if it represent a race1  
and not merely an individual1 that race 
would lie in a position intermediate    
between the lowest man and the  highest 
ape4 ,it may only represent a man of    
peculiar formation1 as we  often see men
 in the present day deformed or of      
eccentric build2 and1  therefore1 we    
cannot look upon it positively as the   
8missing link40  ,one other similar     
find1 however1 would for ever settle the
 question1  and proclaim to the world   
that the 8missing link0 was1 at last1   
found4  ,in capacity1 the cranium is    
human1 while the superciliary arches    
and the brow are distinctly ape-like4   

,professor ,huxley sums up his          
examination of this skull with the      
remark that 8the ,neanderthal skull  is1
 of human remains1 that which presents  
the most marked and definite  characters
 of a lower type40    ,following the    
,palolithic era1 or rude stone age1 is  
the ,neolithic1  or new stone1 age2 and 
now we find man using polished weapons1 
making  pottery1 using fire to warm     
himself with1 and developing social     
manners4 ,instead of living in caves1 he
 lived in lake dwellings1 with  others  
of his species1 and gradually developed 
agricultural tastes4  ,this             
metamorphosis1 we know from the fossil  
remains found deposited  in various     
strata1 occupied a long period of time1 
probably thousands  of years2 and even  
then we are left thousands of years     
before the  historical era1 which       
followed the bronze and iron ages4      
,compare these  men with those who lived
 in the ,grecian and ,egyptian eras1 and
 again  compare these latter with       

ourselves1 and the record is one of     
trial  and failure through long ages1   
and of experiment crowned at last by    
attainment4 ,has not the invention of   
the steam-engine alone been a  means of 
extending man's dominion in a marvellous
 manner8 ,think what  has been achieved 
through electricity6 ,there has1        
undoubtedly1 been a  continued struggle 
from barbarism to civilisation1 and the 
little we  know of the early history of 
man tells us that he lived the life of a
  wild beast1 leaving no impression on  
the earth save one of the victims  of   
his well-aimed stone or flint-pointed   
spear4    ,so much for the 8missing     
link40 ,there is one other point to be  
settled  before we have completed the   
sequence of evolution1 which commences  
with the condensation of the nebulous   
vapour and terminates with the          
development of man2 and that is the     
question of how life originated4  ,we   
have found that the first dawn of life  
was in the form of a simple  speck of   

bioplasm1 void of any structure2 and    
that this primordial  germ1 which we    
call a ,moneron1 was developed in the   
earliest period  of deposition of       
stratified rock at the bottom of the    
sea1 and is now  being constantly       
developed as of old4 ,now1 if the theory
 of evolution  be not mere talk1 this   
primordial germ must have been          
spontaneously  evolved from inanimate   
matter1 for the theory allows of no     
break1  being a gradual unfolding of    
phenomena4 ,we are told that there is no
  experience in nature of such a        
development4 ,perhaps so2 but that is no
  argument against it4 ,there is no     
experience in nature of any special     
creation either2 so why fly to this     
alternative1 which is the only  one     
presented to us1 instead of adopting the
 theory which agrees so  harmoniously   
with the whole evolutionary process8    
,why make this abrupt  break in the     
chain of sequence8 ,does it not         
annihilate completely the  whole theory 

of evolution8 ,it is not more wonderful 
that life should  be evolved from       
inanimate nature than that man should be
 evolved from  a structureless bioplasm4
 ,the continuity of evolution once      
broken1 why  may it not be broken again 
and again8    ,if we are to accept the  
theory of evolution1 we are bound to    
admit  that animate was evolved from    
inanimate matter4 ,and the difficulty of
  this admission is not1 after all1 so  
great as appears at first sight2  for   
who is to say whether such a condition  
really exists as inanimate  matter8 ,it 
is a fact that every particle of matter 
in nature is in a  state of active      
motion2 every molecule and atom is      
constantly active4  ,and why is this not
 life as much as the animal or          
vegetable1 though  in a modified degree 
of development8 ,evolution1 if it mean  
anything1  should admit this2 and ,i    
will show you that it does not admit it 
only1 but absolutely declares that it is
 so4 ,in the first place1 it  must be   

recollected that ,balfour ,stewart1 and 
all other physical and  chemical        
scientists1 declare that every thing in 
nature is composed of  molecules and    
atoms4 ,the molecules are the smallest  
quantities into  which any individual   
body or substance can be divided without
 losing  its individuality4 ,for        
instance1 table-salt1 or chloride of    
sodium1 can  be divided and subdivided1 
until you get to the limit of           
subdivision1  which is a molecule       
composed of chlorine and sodium in      
chemical  combination4 ,further         
subdivision annihilates its             
individuality as salt1  and leaves us   
with the two elementary chemical atoms1 
chlorine and  sodium1 existing          
independently of each other4 ,these     
atoms are incapable  of further         
subdivision4 ,in the same manner1 the   
whole matter of the  universe may be    
subdivided into molecules1 which consist
 of atoms of  some two or more of about 
sixty-seven chemical elements in various

  combinations4 ,these atoms are the    
smallest separate particles of  masses  
of matter1 and are separated from each  
other by what is termed  hypothetical   
ether--that is1 the fluid ether we      
believe to be pervading  every portion  
of space4 ,each atom possesses an       
inherent sum of force1  or energy4 ,the 
well-established and                    
universally-admitted theory of  chemical
 affinity teaches us that these atoms   
are capable of attracting  and repelling
 each other1 and1 therefore1 also       
teaches us1 by  implication1 that they  
are possessed with definite             
inclinations1 follow  these sensations  
or impulses1 and have also the will and 
ability to  move to and from one        
another4 ,this we are clearly taught by 
chemistry4  ,thus every atom in the     
universe possesses sensation and will1  
pleasure  and displeasure1 desire and   
loathing1 attraction and repulsion2 and 
its mass is1 moreover1 indestructible   
and unchangeable1 and its energy        

eternal1 as we are again taught by the  
theory of conservation of  energy and   
matter4 ,these sentient atoms of        
universal matter1 whose  aggregate      
energy is the great animating spirit of 
the universe1 have  the power of uniting
 together in various chemical           
combinations to  form molecules1 or     
chemical unities1 developing fresh      
properties in  the process1 and forming 
the lowest conceivable division of      
compound  material substances1 some     
atoms uniting to build up crystals and  
other inorganic masses1 and others to   
develop the various organic or  life    
forms4 ,the atoms of the ultimate       
molecules of both organic and  inorganic
 bodies are identically the same4 ,it   
depends entirely upon  what particular  
combination of atoms takes place whether
 an organic or  inorganic form is       
developed4 ,the primordial life-form we 
have found  to be simple homogeneous    
plasm1 consisting of molecules1 each of 
which is composed of atoms of five      

elements--carbon1 oxygen1 nitrogen1     
hydrogen1 and sulphur1 differing not one
 iota from the molecules  of inorganic  
bodies1 except that it acquires the     
special power of  reproduction1 by      
virtue of the peculiar combination of   
its atoms1 which  power is wanting in   
the inorganic world1 whose molecules are
 composed  of similar atoms1 but in     
different combinations4 ,this is the    
only  difference between the organic1 or
 life1 world1 and the inorganic1 or     
lifeless1 world--life being1 as compared
 with unlife1 but the power  of         
reproduction4 ,as examples of this1 we  
may take crystals1 the most  perfect    
development of inorganic nature1 and the
 moneron1 the least  perfect development
 of organic nature2 and the difference  
between them  is almost nil1 certainly  
less than between the parents and       
offspring  in many life-forms4 ,the     
crystal molecules are composed of       
elementary  chemical atoms1 as are the  
moneron molecules2 but the former grow  

by  particles being deposited on        
particles externally1 while the latter  
grow by particles penetrating from      
without1 or being absorbed into  the    
interior and becoming assimilated by the
 plasm1 fresh molecules  being evolved  
in the process1 this special power of   
reproduction being  generated by the    
peculiar combination of the atoms4 ,this
 argument  appears to me to be logically
 and scientifically sound1 and disposes 
altogether of the notion of a break of  
continuity between the living  and the  
unliving worlds1 which is such a        
formidable difficulty to many  minds4   
,the plasm thus formed by the           
aggregation of life molecules  gradually
 differentiates into protoplasm and     
nucleus1 which together  form a simple  
cell2 and this cell partakes1 by        
heredity1 of the nature  and properties 
of its parent form1 and also1 by        
adaptation to different  circumstances  
surrounding its existence1 acquires     
fresh properties1  which1 together with 

the inherited properties1 it transmits  
to its  progeny1 thus evolving a still  
more complex form1 inheriting the       
acquired and inherited properties of its
 parent1 and again acquiring  fresh     
properties2 and so on1 ad infinitum1    
through the various  life-forms we know 
have been developed in the pedigree of  
man and  animals1 through ,amb1 ,synamb1
 etc41 as in the genealogy given above4 
,in the course of the development of    
different life-forms  heredity--which1  
in plain ,english1 is unconscious memory
 generated  in the first life-form and  
transmitted through all the different   
species--is the sole factor in the      
preservation of the parent  properties2 
while adaptation to surrounding         
conditions and  circumstances1 natural  
selection in the struggle for existence1
 and  sexual selection in the struggle  
of the males for females are the        
principal factors in the differentiation
 of species4    ,having traced man's    
pedigree according to the ,evolution    

theory1 from  primitive nebulous matter 
to his present commanding position1 and 
found  him possessed with reason and the
 power of controlling and regulating    
the forces of nature1 our next inquiry  
is naturally for what purpose  is he    
here and what will become of him        
eventually4 ,here we come to  the most  
difficult problem of all ages1 which has
 baffled learned men  of all            
nationalities1 and which will probably  
never be satisfactorily  solved4        
,intimately connected with it is the    
almost as difficult  problem1 ,how was  
the universe caused at all8 ,there are  
eminent  scientific men who think they  
can conclusively show that the universe 
existed from eternity2 others as        
positively assert that it must have     
been caused by a power outside and      
independent of itself2 while others  are
 equally convinced that it was          
self-created4 ,but when we examine      
their arguments we find ourselves unable
 logically to accept any of  their      

conclusions4    ,the ,atheist declares  
that the universe has existed from      
eternity1 not  having been produced by  
any other agency1 and1 therefore1       
without  any beginning2 which           
necessarily implies the conception of   
infinite  past time--an effort of which 
the human mind is quite incapable4 ,the 
,pantheist declares that the universe   
evolved out of potential existence  into
 actual existence by virtue of some     
inherent necessity2 which  is as        
unthinkable as the previous one1 for    
potential existence must  be either     
something1 in which case it would be    
actual existence1  or nothing1 which it 
could not possibly be4 ,but admitting1  
for the  sake of argument1 the          
possibility of potential existence as   
nothing1  still we should have to       
account for its origin1 which would     
involve  us in an infinity of still more
 remote potentialities4 ,the ,theistic  
theory of creation by external agency   
implies either formation of  matter out 

of nothing1 which is inconceivable1 or  
out of pre-existing  materials1 which   
leaves us under the necessity of showing
 the origin  of the pre-existing        
elements1 and1 like the preceding       
theory1 would  involve us in an infinity
 of remote pre-existences4 ,it also     
involves  the existence of a            
potentiality outside matter1 which must 
either be  caused1 which involves a     
prior cause1 or uncaused1 in which case 
it  must be either finite or infinite4  
,if it be finite1 it must be limited1   
and1 consequently1 there must exist     
something outside its limits1 which     
destroys the notion of its being a first
 cause4 ,therefore1 it must be          
infinite4 ,also1 as first cause1 it must
 be independent2 for dependency  would  
imply a more remote cause4 ,the first   
cause must1 therefore1 be  both infinite
 and absolute1 which is an absurdity2   
for a cause can only  exist in relation 
to its effect1 and therefore cannot be  
absolute2 and  the fact of its being    

infinite deprives us of the only means  
of escape  from the difficulty1 by      
showing the impossibility of its being  
first of  all absolute and afterwards   
cause2 for the infinite cannot become   
what  it once was not4    ,thus1 then1  
we are driven to the conclusion that    
logic shows the  ,theistic conception of
 the origin of nature1 equally as much  
as the  ,pantheistic and the ,atheistic1
 to be utterly impossible2 but it must  
be admitted that if1 instead of matter1 
we substitute time and space  in our    
consideration of this most important    
matter1 the ,atheistic  theory more     
nearly approaches the conceivable than  
either of the other  two2 for by no     
mental effort can we conceive the       
formation of time and  space either by  
external agency or inherent necessity4  
,it is absolutely  impossible for us to 
conceive the idea of the non-existence  
of either  time or space4    ,because   
the human mind cannot conceive the      
possibility of nature  being produced by

 external agency1 it does not follow    
that we are  bound to admit the         
impossibility of the existence of an    
intelligence  controlling nature's laws2
 for it is quite possible that such an  
existence may be1 though our finite     
minds cannot comprehend it4 ,the        
,agnostic philosopher1 although he      
cannot logically demonstrate the        
existence of the ,divine ,being1 yet    
declares that1 inasmuch as this         
universe consists of existing phenomena1
 it is absolutely necessary  that there 
should be some cause adequate for the   
production of the  effects manifested4  
,by this process of reasoning he arrives
 at the  conclusion that there exists a 
something controlling nature1 which is  
utterly incomprehensible--an ultimate   
reality1 of which force and matter  are 
alike merely the phenomenal             
manifestations4 ,this ultimate reality1 
moreover1 is intelligent4    ,we cannot 
recall the wonders of the evolutionary  
development of the  universe without at 

once seeing that there is purpose at the
 bottom of  all1 and that chance is no  
factor in the process4 ,we cannot       
believe  that man is but a fortuitous   
concourse of atoms4 ,reason tells us    
clearly that we are here for a          
well-ordained purpose2 but what that    
purpose is we cannot tell4 ,the old     
notion that our destiny is to  prepare  
ourselves here1 to live again in our    
bodily forms1 play harps1  and sing     
halleluyah to all eternity1 ,i regard as
 mere moonshine4 ,such  a fate would be 
to me far worse than annihilation4 ,but 
that we have a  future destiny of some  
sort ,i have no doubt4 ,we know we must 
die1 and  that when we die our bodily   
functions1 including brain functions1   
will cease to be performed4 ,are we1    
then1 annihilated8 ,the answer of       
scientists is decisively 8,yes1 so far  
as we are concerned as sentient         
individual beings40 ,science teaches us 
that the three things which  make up    
consciousness1 or man's mental side1 are

 thought1 emotion1  and volition2 that  
they are inseparably bound up with the  
brain and  the nervous system1 whose    
functions they are2 and that when the   
brain  dies these functions cease4 ,this
 is undeniable4 ,therefore1 if there  is
 any future existence1 it is not one of 
consciousness4 ,the power of  muscular  
movement is arrested at death1 and1     
therefore1 we must admit  that the power
 of thought1 emotion1 and volition      
ceases at death4 ,why  should the       
appearance be deceptive in one case and 
not in the other8  ,it is not the case  
of a separate entity in the body1 but of
 a distinct  function--an effect which  
ceases with its proper cause4 ,it is    
absolutely  certain1 from the teaching  
of science1 that the consciousness grows
 as  the brain and body grow1 varies    
according to the standard of health in  
the brain1 and declines as the general  
vigour of the brain declines2  and1     
therefore1 we can but admit that it dies
 with the brain4 ,we also  learn from   

,embryology that consciousness evolved  
by slow degrees from  unconsciousness1  
and that once there was no thought in   
any of us4 ,even  if science were to    
admit that man's consciousness continued
 after  death1 it would be equally      
rational to admit that animals also had 
a  future consciousness2 for it is quite
 clear we have slowly evolved  from the 
lowest germ of animal life4 ,man's very 
attributes are found  in a lower degree 
in animals1 and yet it is the possession
 of his  lofty attributes which he says 
entitles him to conscious immortality4  
,the intellectual qualities in animals  
differ from those in man only  in       
degree1 while in the possession of some 
of the highest moral  attributes--such  
as courage1 fidelity1 patience1         
self-sacrifice1 and  affection--some of 
the lower animals1 as the dog1 the      
horse1 and the  ant1 far surpass him4   
,even among human beings themselves     
these higher  qualities1 mental and     
moral1 exist in all degrees1 from their 

almost  total absence in the savage up  
to the mental and moral splendour of a  
,buddha1 a ,socrates1 a ,disraeli1 or a 
,gladstone4 ,are all these lower        
animals1 savage men1 and intellectual   
and moral geniuses1 to have  individual 
conscious immortality8 ,if1 as some say1
 man only and not  animals are immortal1
 then the question naturally arises1    
,when and how  came man so8 ,if he was  
always immortal1 so were animals4 ,if he
 became  immortal later on1 he must     
either have slowly acquired the gift1 or
 it  must have been suddenly conferred  
upon him4 ,in either case there must    
have been a particular moment when he   
became immortal4 ,can we conceive  of   
such a thing as the species being mortal
 one moment and immortal the  next8 ,the
 question of how he became immortal is  
still more difficult1  as the question  
why1 or for what merit1 is wholly       
unanswerable4  ,then1 again1 science    
teaches us that animal life1 of whatever
 form1  will vanish from the earth long 

before the inevitable decay of the      
planet itself4 ,geologists tell us that1
 in obedience to a general law1  all    
species have their term of living4 ,they
 appear1 and after a time  disappear4   
,how absurd1 then1 to raise a question  
as to the conscious  individual         
immortality of the countless myriads of 
a species that shall  itself have       
utterly vanished without leaving a      
trace6    ,are we1 then1 annihilated at 
death8 ,yes1 as conscious individuals4  
,we  are bound to admit the force of all
 the arguments brought forward by       
science against the theory of a future  
conscious existence2 but these          
arguments in no way affect the great    
problem of the 8ego10 or 8self10  which 
exists in all of us1 irrespective of    
consciousness1 memory1 or  other brain  
function4 ,a man may be unconscious1 and
 yet live2 therefore  consciousness is  
not necessary to life4 ,when we ask     
ourselves whether  we shall be          
annihilated at death1 we should first of

 all have a clear  definition of the    
word 8we0 before we reply4 ,what are we8
 ,what am ,i8  ,i am not consciousness1 
which is but a function of one of my    
organs1  the brain1 and which merely    
enables me to know myself4 ,then what am
  ,i8 ,i cannot conceive that ,i am     
anything but the energy or life-power   
developed by the aggregation of my      
life-particles1 which causes the        
various organs of my body to perform    
their functions1 as cerebrating1  etc4  
,the primordial germ of my body was a   
simple bioplasm1 consisting  of a       
combination of life-molecules1 composed 
of energetic atoms4  ,from these        
molecules evolved fresh molecules1      
which1 under the laws  of heredity and  
variation1 acquired new properties2     
until1 at last1  a complex organism     
became developed1 possessing far higher 
powers  than those belonging to the     
primordial germ4 ,as the development of 
species continued1 higher forces became 
manifested2 until1 at last1  the        

condition of man was reached1 and a     
life-power developed of a much  higher  
order than any previously known4 ,this  
life-power1 or human  energy1 is the    
8ego10 the 8self10 the cause of the     
bodily functions1  and is eternal4 ,kant
 declared there was a world unknown1    
independent  of our conscious phenomenal
 world2 and this we must admit to be    
true1  for we have already granted the  
existence of an unknown cause1 of  which
 force and matter are merely the        
phenomenal manifestations4 ,it is  this 
outer world of unknown and invisible    
energy that the scientist  finds himself
 unable to deal with4 ,the death of the 
body is simply  the cessation of        
cohesion1 or dissolution of partnership1
 between the  ultimate atoms of the     
plasm life-molecules1 by which          
dissolution the  property called life   
ceases1 and the atoms of the body assume
 their  original condition1 again       
containing their original sum of force4 
,but  what becomes of the huge force    

developed during the lifetime of the    
bodily organism8 ,does that vanish and  
become a thing of naught8 ,my  opinion  
is that this human force1 which is the  
outcome of the complex  union of the    
ultimate atoms of the plasm             
life-molecules1 and which is  but a     
phenomenal manifestation of the great   
incomprehensible cause of  all          
phenomena1 will1 at the death of the    
body1 be re-absorbed into the  great    
animating spirit of the universe1 and   
partake of the nature and  properties of
 the ,unknown4 ,this is but my opinion1 
from which many may  differ4 ,i merely  
offer it as an opinion1 and in no way   
shut my eyes to  the great fact that    
man's destiny is a riddle as yet        
unsolved4 ,we may  safely leave the     
matter to be dealt with according to the
 wisdom of  that unknown cause of all   
things1 resting quite assured that we   
shall  be far better disposed of than we
 could possibly dispose of ourselves1   
even if we had the power4 ,we must bow  

the head in a truly scientific  spirit1 
and reply to the great question1 8,i    
cannot tell40    8,to be or not to be8  
that is the question10 says the immortal
  ,shakespeare2 after which he sums up  
the whole argument in two short         
lines3--        8,to die1 to sleep4 ,to 
sleep8 perchance to dream--      ,aye1  
there's the rub40      ,,printed ,,by   
,,watts  ,,co41 #ag1 ,,johnson',s       
,,court1 ,,fleet ,,street1 ,,london4    
,,genealogy ,,of ,,man                  
,monera 7,plasm7                        
,amb 7,cells7                           
,synamb 7,multiple cell-forms7          
,ciliata                                
,gastrada                               
,turbellaria 7,vermes7                  
,scolecida                              
,himatega 7,sack-worm7                  
,acrania 7,vertebrata7                  
,monorrhini                             
,selachii 7,pisces7                     
,dipnoi                    ,ganoidei    
,sozobranchii                ,teleostei 

,urodela                                
,protamnia                              
,reptilia                   ,monotremata
 7,mammalia7                            
,marsupialia    ,aves         ,reptilia 
,placentalia                            
,placentalia                            
,villiplacentalia                       
,zenoplacentalia      ,discoplacentalia 
,carnaria             ,prosimi          
,carnivora  ,pinnipedia                 
,edentata  ,ungulata  ,cetacea          
,simi   ,prosimi  ,insectivora          
,rodentia                               
7,apes7  7,lemurs7                      
,cheiroptera                            
,solidungula   ,ruminantia              
,pachydermata    ,catarrhini            
,platyrrhini                            
,menocerca                              
,tailed ,baboons    ,authropoid         
,macaques     ,man-like ,apes           
,gibbon and     ,chimpanzee       ,alali
                          ,orang        
,gorilla       7,ape-like ,men7         

,woolly-haired      ,straight-haired    
,alali             ,alali               
,papuan   ,hottentot    ,negro   ,caffre
   ,polynesian   ,australian            
or ,malay                               
,caucasian                              
,mongolian                              
or ,iranian                    or       
,turanian                               
,aryan or    ,semitic    ,mongols       
,mongols                                
,indo-,european             of ,china   
of ,america                             
,,section ,,of ,,earth',s ,,crust       
,showing the different ,geological      
,strata and ,biological ,ascent         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------                                
,strata     ,fossils1 ,bones1     ,man's
                                        
,deposits       etc ,found       ,ascent
                                        
----------------------------------------

--------------------------------------  
,,iron  ,recent ,earth ,historic ,era   
,,recent    ,,age    ,deposits          
,manufacture of ,iron ,homo             
,articles           ,sapiens            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------                              
,,bronze,recent ,earth  ,considerable   
advance,homo                            
,,age     ,deposits    in civilization4 
,cultus                                 
,manufactureof ,bronze                  
implements                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,,post-      ,,neo-     ,glacial        
,remains of ,lake     ,homo             
,,pleiocene  ,,lithic   ,deposits       
,dwellings4 ,manu-    ,semi-            
facture of ,pottery ferox               
,,kainozoic,,quaternary                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------

----------    ,,or           ,,or       
,,pal,o-   ,glacial    ,fossil          
,cave-men1    ,homo    ,,tertiary       
,,pleistocene,,lithic   ,deposits       
,stone1 bone1  horn ,ferox              
implements4 ,mammoth                    
,reindeer1 ,hyna1 etc4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,,pleiocene  ,white and ,red ,crags     
,apes1 ,bears  ,hynas,alali             
of ,britain                             
,anthro-                                
pd                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,,meiocene   ,arctic ,coal1             
,marsupials1                            
,limestone1 ,sands1    ,squirrels1      
,mastodon1,meno-                        
,clays1 and ,lignites  ,rhinoceros1     
cerca                                   
,anthropomorphous    ,simi              

,apes                                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,,eocene     ,sandstone1                
,limestone1,equine forms1 ,bats1        
,prosimi                        ,sands1 
,clays1 ,marls1 ,lemurs1 ,marsupials    
,placent-                               
,lignites1 ,coral1 ,rag                 
alia                                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------             ,,cretaceous     
,clays1 ,sands1 ,soft   ,birds1         
,reptiles and ,marsup-                  
,limestones1 ,lignites ,marsupials      
ialia                                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,mesozoic ,,jurassic   ,limestones1    
,coral    ,bird-reptiles1      ,marsup- 
,,or         ,,or       rags1 ,clays1   

,marls1  several ,marsupial   ialia     
,,secondary,o,,litic    ,coal ,lies at  
base    species                         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,triassic   ,sandstones1               
,gigantic ,reptiles1  ,promamm          
,limestones1 ,clays    ,small           
,marsupials    alia                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------             ,,permian        
,marls1 ,magnesian         ,reptiles    
,protam-                                
limestones1 ,conglomerates4             
nia                                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,carboni-   ,carboniferous             
limestone1,scorpions1       ,urodela    
,,ferous   ,coal1 ,ironstone1           
,spiders1 ,beetles1,sozo-               

,sandstone1 ,clay1 ,shales ,flies1      
,amphibia  branchii                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,devonian   ,old ,red ,sandstone1      
,fossil land plants1 ,dipnoi            
,shales1 ,coralline    ,fishes1 ,first  
,selachii                               
,limestone            fossil insect     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,silurian   ,slates1 ,limestone1       
,corals1 ,spiral      ,monorrh-         
,,pal,,ozoic           ,conglomerates1  
,shells1 ,king-,crabs1 ini    ,,or      
,shales1 ,sandstones   ,plates  ,scales 
of  ,acrania    ,,primary               
,fishes1 ,annelides                     
7sea-worms7                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,cambrian   ,slates1 ,limestone1       

,sea-weeds1 ,sponges1 ,himatega         
,conglomerates1       ,star-fishes ,sea-
    ,turbell-                           
lilies1 ,shell-fish1 aria               
,first land plant   ,gastrada           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,huronian   ,partially                 
,metamorphosed,lowly organized          
,ciliata                                
,limestone1 ,sandstone1  ,molluscs      
,synamb                        ,slates1 
and ,conglomerates                ,amb  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,laurentian ,highly ,metamorphosed     
,fossil ,foraminifera ,monera           
,limestone             7,protozoa7      
7,bioplasm7                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------    ,,azoic    ,,plutonic     

,molten ,granite  ,quartz ,no life      
remains  ,no life                       
,partially or ,wholly                   
,igneous4 ,base of all rocks            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------                              
,,tertiary ,,period ,,in ,,europe4      
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------              ,,iron ,,age    
,,historic ,,era                        
,,britain                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-     ,,recent   ,,bronze ,,age--,homo  
,semi-cultus             ,,an ,,island  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,climate ,,temperate--,neolithic man   
,,land ,,sinking                        
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------              ,,climate       
,,cold-,,temperate--,palolithic man     
,,continental                           
,neolithic man    ,,condition           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,climate ,,slightly ,,milder           
,,land ,,rising                         
,palolithic and ,neolithic man4         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,glacial ,,epoch ,,of ,,moderate       
,,intensity                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-     ,,pleisto- ,,climate              
,,temperate--,palolithic man            
,,british      ,,cene                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-              ,,climate                

,,sub-,,tropical--,palolithic man       
,,archipelago                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-              ,,climate                
,,temperate--,palolithic man            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,climate ,,cold-,,temperate            
,,continent                             
,,sinking                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,,glacial ,,epoch ,,of ,,great          
,,intensity                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-              ,,climate                
,,cold-,,temperate--,palolithic         
,,land ,,rising               men or    
,ape-men                          ,,in  
,,north                                 
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
-------------- ,,england1               
,,wey-  ,,climate ,,cold-,,temperate4   
,,france1                   ,,bourne    
,existence of ,cromer        ,,scotland 
,,and                   ,,sands         
,forest1 ,palolithic        ,,norway    
men or ape-men4           ,,united      
,,newer                                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,,norwich ,,climate ,,warm-,,temperate4 
,,crag  ,sub-tropical fauna  flora      
,,pleiocene-----------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
                                        
,,continent                    ,,red    
,,climate ,,sub-,,tropical              
,,sinking ,,in ,,north                  
,,crag                                  
,,west4 ,,europe             ,,older    
----------------------------------------
------------------------- ,,separated   
,,from                   ,,coral- ,apes4

 ,bears4 ,hynas4       ,,america        
,,britain                   ,,line      
,sub-tropical flora4      ,,from        
,,norway4                   ,,crag      
,,england1 ,,ireland                    
,,france ,,united                       
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------                    ,,climate   
,,sub-,,tropical                        
,,continent             ,,upper         
,antelopes4 ,gazelles4 ,tropical        
,,rising ,,on                           
,sub-tropical flora4                    
,,south-,,east                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,,meiocene,,middle ,mastodon4      
,rhinoceros4 ,anthropo-   ,,of ,,britain
                    morphous ,apes4     
,sloths4 ,anteaters4 ,,denmark          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
 ,,england             ,,lower          

,placental mammals4 ,very few           
,,united                    ,marsupials4
 ,tropical flora4                       
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------                    ,,climate   
,,tropical                              
,,upper     ,anehitheres4 ,hynodon4     
,lemur4  ,,europo-                      
,tapir-like beasts4                     
,,american                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,,eocene  ,,middle ,lion-like      
,carnivora4              ,,continental  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
 ,,condition4             ,,lower       
,marsupials4 ,reptiles4 ,birds4         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------      ,illustration3 ,,eocene  
,,seas ,after ,dawkins                  

,illustration3 ,,pleiocene ,,seas ,after
 ,dawkins      ,illustration3 7,after   
,lyell7  ,,pleistocene ,,submergence    
,,during ,,temperate ,,inter-,,glacial  
,,epoch  7,south of ,england and ,france
 only submerged during the  --,,glacial 
,,period ,,of ,,submergence7            
,illustration3 ,,pleistocene ,,europe   
,,during ,,post-,,glacial ,,continental 
,,condition ,after ,dawkins             
,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of ,,man    
,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of ,,gorilla
    ,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of      
,,chimpanzee      ,illustration3        
,outlines of the skulls of a            
,chimpanzee1 the ,neanderthal  man1 and 
a modern ,european4 ,after ,lyell4      
,illustration3 ,outline of the skulls of
 the ,neanderthal man1 a modern         
,australian1 and the ,engis man4 ,after 
,lyell4      ,illustration3 ,,side      
,,view ,,of ,,skulls 7,after ,tyler7    
,a4 ,,australian 7,,prognathous74   ,b4 
,,african 7,,prognathous74   ,c4        
,,european 7,,orthognathous74           

,illustration3 ,,australian ,,type ,,of 
,,skull4 7,after ,topinard47            
,,man',s ,,antiquity4      ,when we     
reflect on the magnitude of the         
pre-,christian ,alexandrian  libraries1 
as well as the magnificent appointments 
attaching to and  lavish wealth expended
 upon the ancient ,university of the    
capital of  the ,ptolemies1 we seem     
almost unable to realise the fact that  
people  of education and intellect1     
until quite lately1 believed that all   
this intellectual and literary          
magnificence had reached that pitch  of 
excellence in the short space of less   
than four thousand years4  ,in this     
period of time it was believed that man 
had so far risen in  intellectual       
capacity from the absolutely ignorant   
condition of the  first pair as         
described in ,genesis as to have reached
 that state of  mental perfection       
possessed by the professors in the      
,alexandrian1  ,athenian1 and ,sicilian 
schools4 ,we can see ,professor ,euclid 

pointing  out on the blackboard how1 the
 sides of a rectilinear polygon all     
touching a circle1 the area of the      
polygon is equal to the rectangle       
contained by the radius of the circle   
and the semi-perimeter of the  polygon2 
,professor ,archimedes would be         
explaining the theory that1 if  a force 
act upon a body1 the measure of the     
force in absolute units  is numerically 
equal to the time-rate of change of     
momentum and to  the space-rate of      
change of kinetic energy2 ,professor    
,eratosthenes  would be impressing upon 
his class the importance of the         
knowledge  of the globular shape of the 
earth2 and ,professor ,hipparchus would 
be startling his hearers by stating that
 he would show them how the  failure of 
the sun to reach the same point in the  
same time in his  annual circuit        
7according to the old geocentric theory7
 caused the  vernal equinoxial sign to  
give place to the next zodiacal sign    
every  #b1aeb years4    ,here was a     

galaxy of intellectual attainments      
indeed6 ,with such  a picture before our
 eyes we are calmly asked to believe    
that so  little time as less than four  
thousand years had been sufficient  for 
the building up of this vast            
intellectual edifice out of such  rude  
materials as the man and woman of ,eden1
 when the two thousand  years following 
have been productive of so little       
advancement1  notwithstanding the       
exquisite materials upon which to work  
that were  left for us by the           
,alexandrian and ,athenian sages4 ,we   
cannot believe  so evident an absurdity 
to-day2 and yet it is little more than  
half  a century since the whole of      
,christendom accepted without any doubt 
whatever the old traditional statement  
of the ,church that man had only        
inhabited this earth for rather less    
than six thousand years4    ,how is it1 
then1 that we have believed the         
traditionary story for so  long and now 
reject it as absurd8 ,people have       

believed the story of  the creation     
according to ,genesis partly because it 
was dangerous  to do otherwise and      
partly because there was no absolute    
proof to  the contrary4 ,in #aggd1      
however1 a ,german of the name of ,esper
 made a  discovery which gave the       
finishing touch to the mortal wound     
inflicted  upon the ,christian and      
,jewish superstitions by the previous   
adoption  of the ,copernican system of  
astronomy2 and1 just as ,copernicus1    
,bruno1  ,kepler1 ,galileo1 ,descartes1 
and ,newton drove the first half-dozen  
nails into the coffin of the ,bible1 so 
did this discovery of ,esper  drive into
 it the first of the last half-dozen1   
the remaining five  to be subsequently  
added by ,darwin1 ,huxley1 ,lyell1      
,spencer1 and  ,carpenter4 ,the         
discovery made by ,j4 ,f4 ,esper        
consisted of some human  bones1 mingled 
with remains of the ,northern bear and  
other species  then unknown1 which were 
lying in the famous cavern of           

,gailenreuth1 in  ,bavaria2 and this was
 soon followed by the discovery1 in     
#agig1 by ,john  ,frere1 at ,hoxne1 in  
,suffolk1 of a number of flint weapons1 
mixed up  with bones of extinct animals1
 the whole being embedded in rocks4     
,these  and other similar discoveries   
made some sensation among scientific    
men1  which resulted in the publication1
 in #ahbc1 of ,dr4 ,buckland's 8,reliqui
  ,diluvian10 in which the author summed
 up all the facts then known  tending to
 the establishment of the truth that man
 co-existed with  animals long since    
extinct4 ,immediately after this1 in    
#ahbf1 ,tournal1  of ,narbonne1 gave to 
the world an account of some discoveries
 he had  made in a cave in ,aude        
7,france71 where he had found bones of  
the bison  and reindeer1 cut and carved 
by the hand of man1 together with       
remains  of edible shell-fish1 which    
must have been brought there by some one
  who dwelt there4 ,a few years         
afterwards ,de ,christol1 of            

,montpellier1  discovered human bones   
and fragments of pottery1 mixed with the
 remains  of the ,northern bear1 hyna1  
and rhinoceros1 in the caverns of       
,pondres  and ,souvignargues4 ,in #ahcc 
,schmerling found in the caverns of     
,engis and  ,enghihoul1 in ,belgium1 two
 human skulls1 surrounded by teeth of   
the  rhinoceros1 elephant1 bear1 and    
hyna1 on some of which were marks of    
human workmanship1 and under which were 
flint knives and arrow-heads4  ,two     
years afterwards ,joly1 a ,montpellier  
professor1 found in the cave  of        
,nabrigas 7,lozre7 the skull of a       
cave-bear1 having upon it marks  made by
 an arrow1 beside which were scattered  
fragments of pottery  bearing the       
imprints of human fingers4 ,following   
upon these discoveries  were those made 
in #ahdb by ,godwin ,austen at ,kent's  
,cavern1 near  ,torquay1 consisting of  
animal remains and results of man's     
handiwork2  and those made in #ahdd1 by 
,lund1 in the caves of ,brazil1         

consisting of  skeletons of thirty human
 beings1 an ape1 various carnivora1     
rodents1  pachyderms1 sloths1 etc4      
,kent's ,cavern1 in #ahdg1 was again the
 spot to  which all eyes were turned2   
for there ,mc,enery had found1 under a  
layer  of stalagmite1 the remains of men
 and extinct animals4 ,this remarkable  
discovery was followed1 in the same     
year1 by the appearance of a work  by   
,boucher de ,perthes1 of ,abbeville1 in 
which he described the flint  tools1    
etc41 found in the excavations made     
there and in the ,somme  valley as far  
as ,amiens4 ,in #aheg the celebrated    
,neanderthal skull was  discovered2 and 
in #aheh ,prestwich1 ,falconer1 and     
,pengelly 7,englishmen7  found more     
flint implements in the lower strata of 
the ,baumann cave1  in the ,hartz       
mountains1 at the same time that ,gosse 
fils obtained  from the sand-pits of    
,grenelle various flint implements and  
bones of  the mammoth2 while in the     
following year ,fontan discovered in the

 cave  of ,massat 7,arige7 utensils1    
human teeth1 and bones of the cave-bear1
  hyna1 and cave-lion4 ,near ,bedford1  
about the same time1 ,wyatt found1  in  
the gravel-beds1 flints similar to those
 found at ,abbeville1 and  bones of the 
mammoth1 rhinoceros1 hippopotamus1 ox1  
horse1 and deer2  which discovery was   
soon followed by that of the celebrated 
human  burial place at ,aurignac1 by    
,lartet1 in #ahfj1 in which were found  
human  remains1 together with bones of  
the bear1 reindeer1 bison1 hyna1 wolf1  
mammoth1 and rhinoceros1 a number of    
flint and horn implements1 and  the     
remaining ashes of fires4 ,the world was
 at last induced to give  some heed to  
the new cry of man's extreme antiquity  
when ,boucher de  ,perthes1 of          
,abbeville1 in #ahfc1 discovered at     
,moulin-,quignon1 at a  depth of fifteen
 feet1 in a virgin argilo-ferruginous   
bed belonging to  the later ,pleiocene  
or early ,pleistocene period1 the half  
of a human  lower jaw-bone 7which had   

belonged to an aged person of small     
stature71  covered with an earthy crust1
 by the side of which lay a flint       
hatchet1  covered with the same kind of 
crust2 and not far from which were also 
buried1 in the same bed1 two mammoths'  
teeth4 ,after this discovery  scientific
 men generally subscribed to the new    
theory of the antiquity  of man1 and all
 seemed eager to pursue their           
investigations without  delay1 the      
result being that we are now receiving1 
almost day by day1  fresh evidence on   
the subject1 and hope soon to arrive at 
a tolerably  accurate conclusion as to  
the earliest date of man's appearance   
upon  earth4    ,let us now look more   
closely at the discoveries made in the  
various  caves referred to above1 and   
also see what advances had been made by 
geologists in other directions during   
the same period1 as well as what  amount
 of progress has been made during the   
last twenty years4 ,dr4  ,schmerling1   
the ,belgian geologist and comparative  

anatomist1 after  exploring the ,engis  
and other caves in the province of      
,lige1 published  an illustrated work1  
giving the results of his               
investigations1 which  were highly      
interesting1 and contributed largely to 
the establishment  of the theory of     
man's antiquity4 ,in these caves        
,schmerling found the  bones of the     
cave-bear1 hyna1 elephant1 and          
rhinoceros1 together with  human bones1 
none of which gave any evidence of      
having been gnawed1  from which         
circumstance it was inferred that these 
caves had not  been the dwelling-places 
of wild beasts2 and the fact that the   
bones  were scattered about without any 
order having been observed in their     
distribution pointed to the conclusion  
that the caves had not been used  as    
burying-places4 ,probably1 therefore1   
these remains had been washed  into the 
caves from time to time1 and had        
gradually become covered  with deposit1 
and thus protected and preserved4 ,there

 were no complete  skeletons found2 but 
in the ,engis cave were discovered the  
remains of  at least three human beings1
 the skull of one being embedded by the 
side of a mammoth's tooth1 and in such a
 state of disintegration that  it fell  
to pieces on being moved2 while the     
skull of another1 an adult1  was buried1
 five feet deep1 by the side of a tooth 
of a rhinoceros1  several bones of a    
horse1 and some reindeer bones4 ,besides
 the bones1  there were also discovered 
some rude flint implements1 a polished  
bone  needle1 and other products of     
man's industry1 all embedded in the same
  layer as the bones4 ,it follows from  
these facts that man lived on the  banks
 of the ,meuse at the same time as the  
rhinoceros1 mammoth1 hyna1  and         
cave-bear1 extinct animals of the       
,pleiocene and early ,pleistocene  era4 
,not far from these caves are those of  
the ,lesse ,valley1 in which ,dupont    
discovered1 in #ahfd1 three different   
layers of human and other remains1  the 

lowest of which contained the bones of  
the mammoth1 rhinoceros1 and  other     
extinct animals1 together with flint    
instruments of the rudest  type1        
instruments of reindeer horn1 and a     
human lower jaw with a marked           
resemblance to the lower jaw of the     
higher apes4 ,another discovery at  some
 little distance away from these caves  
was made in #aheg in what  is called the
 ,neanderthal ,cave1 in the valley of   
the ,dssel1 between  ,dsseldorf and     
,elberfeld1 which is important1 not so  
much as an  indication of the length of 
time that man has lived on the earth1 as
  of the close resemblance existing     
between the skulls of human beings  in  
the early ,pleistocene era and the      
skulls of apes4 ,the discovery          
consisted of a human skull and a number 
of human bones1 together with  the bones
 of the rhinoceros1 which latter were   
subsequently unearthed4  ,the skull was 
of such a character as to raise the     
question of whether  it was human or    

not1 the forehead being narrow and very 
low and the  projection of the          
supra-orbital ridges enormously great4  
,the long bones  of the skeleton agreed 
with those of men of the present day in 
respect  to length1 but were of         
extraordinary thickness1 and the ridges 
for the  attachment of muscles were     
developed in an unusual degree1 showing 
that  the individual was possessed of   
great muscular strength1 especially  in 
the thoracic neighbourhood4 ,drs4       
,schaafhausen and ,fuhlrott pointed  out
 that the depression of the forehead was
 not due to any artificial  pressure1 as
 the whole skull was symmetrical1 and   
that the individual  must have been     
distinguished by an extraordinarily     
small cerebral  development as well as  
uncommon corporeal strength4 ,professor 
,huxley  considers this ,neanderthal    
skull to be the most ape-like one he    
ever  beheld1 and ,busk1 a great        
authority1 gives valuable reasons for   
supposing it to be the skull of an      

individual occupying a position  midway 
between the man and the gorilla or      
chimpanzee4 ,huxley has  carefully      
compared the ,engis and ,neanderthal    
skulls1 and his remarks  upon them are  
given in their entirety in ,lyell's     
8,antiquity of ,man40  ,from these      
remarks we gather that the ,engis skull 
was dolichocephalic  in form1 extreme   
length #g4g inches1 extreme breadth not 
more than #e4be  inches1 forehead well  
arched1 superciliary prominences well   
but not  abnormally developed1          
horizontal circumference #bj inches1    
longitudinal  arc from nasal spine to   
occipital protuberance #ac inches1      
transverse  arc from one auditory       
foramen to the other1 across the middle 
of the  sagittal suture1 #ac inches4    
,the ,neanderthal skull is so different 
from the ,engis skull that ,huxley says 
8it ,neanderthal might well  be supposed
 to belong to a distinct race of        
mankind40 ,it is #h inches  in extreme  
length1 #e4ge inches in breadth1 and    

only #c4d inches from  the              
glabello-occipital line to the vertex2  
the longitudinal arc is #ab  inches1 and
 the transverse arc probably about #aj  
inches1 but1 owing  to incompleteness of
 temporal bones1 this could not be      
correctly  ascertained2 the horizontal  
circumference is #bc inches1 which high 
figure is due to the vast development of
 the superciliary ridges2 and  the      
sagittal suture1 notwithstanding the    
great length of the skull1  only #d     
inches4 ,huxley sums up his examination 
of the ,neanderthal  skull in these     
words3 8,there can be no doubt that1 as 
,professor  ,schaafhausen and ,mr4 ,busk
 have stated1 this skull is the most    
brutal of  all known human skulls1      
resembling those of the apes1 not only  
in the  prodigious development of the   
superciliary prominences and the forward
  extension of the orbits1 but still    
more in the depressed form of the       
brain-case1 in the straightness of the  
squamosal suture1 and in the  complete  

retreat of the occiput forward and      
upward from the superior  occipital     
ridges20 and he then proceeds to clearly
 show that the skull  could not have    
belonged to an idiot4 ,on the whole1 the
 ,engis skull more  clearly approaches  
the ,caucasian type1 while the          
,neanderthal differs  entirely from all 
known human skulls1 being more nearly   
allied to the  chimpanzee than to the   
human4 ,both these skulls belonged to   
individuals  who lived in the early     
,pleistocene era1 the ,engis being      
probably  the older of the two1 and yet 
the ,engis is the most like the modern  
,european skull1 which tells us plainly 
that in those remote times there  were  
existing in ,belgium and the surrounding
 districts two different  races of men1 
one highly advanced in brain evolution  
and the other in a  wretchedly low      
condition of intellectual development4  
,the ,neanderthal  skull probably formed
 part of an individual belonging to the 
tail-end  of a semi-human race1 while   

the ,engis skull1 in all probability1   
belonged to an oriental immigrant       
belonging to a more advanced race4 ,it  
must be always remembered that          
scientific men have long since admitted 
the truth of the theory that the        
differences in character between the    
brain of the highest races of men and   
that of the lowest1 though less  in     
degree1 are of the same order as those  
which separate the human from  the ape  
brain1 the same rule holding good in    
regard to the shape of the  skull4      
,the discoveries made in ,kent's        
,cavern1 in the year #ahdb and again  in
 #ahdg1 led to a thorough investigation 
of the series of galleries  forming the 
now celebrated ,brixham ,caves1 near    
,torquay1 and as early as  #ahei the    
labours of the explorers were rewarded  
by the discovery of a  number of flint  
implements in the cave-earth or loam1   
underneath the  layer of stalagmite1    
which were the work of men living in    
,palolithic  times1 prior to the        

existence of the reindeer1 whose antlers
 were found  deposited in the layer of  
stalagmite4 ,previous to this time1 when
  ,mc,enery1 in #ahbf1 examined ,kent's 
,cavern1 he had stated that he had      
found several teeth of ,ursus           
cultridens1 a huge carnivore belonging  
to ,tertiary formations1 but now        
extinct2 and as this monster was first  
known in ,meiocene deposits in ,france1 
but had never been traced in any  cavern
 or fluviatile ,pleistocene deposits1   
although it had occurred in  ,pleiocene 
formations1 considerable excitement was 
caused on the score  that the flint     
implements lately found might possibly  
have belonged  to ,meiocene1 or at      
latest early ,pleiocene men4 ,further   
investigations  were accordingly        
commenced for the purpose of solving    
this problem1  the explorations being   
under the superintendence of ,messrs4   
,vivian and  ,pengelley2 and in #ahgb   
they at last came upon a fine incisor of
 ,ursus  cultridens in the uppermost    

part of the cave-earth1 which settled   
the  point as to man's existence at the 
same time with the extinct bear  in     
,england4 ,the ,kent's ,cavern deposits 
are as follows3--#a4 ,limestone4  #b4   
,black mould1 containing articles of    
medival1 ,romano-,british1 and          
pre-,roman date4 #c4 ,stalagmite floor1 
from #af to #bj inches thick1           
containing a human jaw and remains of   
extinct animals4 #d4 ,black  earth1     
containing charcoal and other evidence  
of fire1 and also bone  and flint       
instruments4 #e4 ,red cave-earth1       
containing ,palolithic  implements and  
bones and teeth of extinct animals1 such
 as cave-lion1  mammoth1 rhinoceros1 and
 hyna1 and including the tooth of the   
,ursus  cultridens1 or ,machairodus     
latidens4 #f4 ,second stalagmite floor1 
from #c to #ab feet thick1 covering     
bones of bears only4 #g4 ,dark red      
sandy loam1 containing bones of bears1  
three flint implements1 and  one flint  
chip4 ,the fact of the ,ursus cultridens

 being contemporary  in ,england with   
man is of enormous interest to          
geologists and  anthropologists1 for it 
places the date of ,palolithic man as   
far back  as the ,pleiocene age1 instead
 of1 as heretofore1 in the ,pleistocene4
    ,the caves of the ,dordogne ,valley 
in south-western ,france have supplied  
us with some very good relics of a very 
remote period4 ,they are  situated in   
rocks of ,cretaceous age1 and form      
shelters in which  ancient huntsmen used
 to find dwelling-places1 leaving behind
 them  refuse-heaps and instruments of  
various kinds4 ,in the ,vezre ,caves1   
which are included in the ,dordogne     
series1 there is one of very  ancient   
date1 ,le ,moustier1 in which is a bed  
of sand having both above  and below    
floors of a similar character1          
containing charcoal1 flint  instruments1
 and other remains4 ,the depth of this  
sandy bed is about #aj  inches1 having  
the appearance of a river deposit2 and1 
although many  flint instruments have   

been found in it of a more ancient date 
than  those unearthed in the other      
caves1 yet no worked bone instruments   
have  been discovered4 ,in another cave1
 the ,langerie1 bronze and polished     
stone objects have been found1 together 
with various kinds of pottery1  below   
which1 and under masses of fallen rock1 
covered with ,palolithic  flints and    
sculptured bones and antlers of         
reindeer1 a human skeleton  was         
discovered lying under a block of stone4
 ,in another cave1 ,la  ,madeleine1 was 
found a mammoth tusk1 on which was      
rudely carved a  picture of the animal  
itself1 proving incontestably that      
cave-men  lived here in mammoth times4  
,in the ,mentone cave ,dr4 ,rivire1 in  
#ahgb1  suddenly came upon the bones of 
a human foot1 which caused him to make  
a very careful examination of the       
deposit1 the result being that he       
unearthed an entire human skeleton at a 
depth of #bj feet1 surrounded by  a     
large number of unpolished flint flakes 

and scrapers1 and a fragment  of a      
skewer1 about six inches long4 ,no      
metal1 pottery1 or polished  flint was  
found2 but bones of extinct mammals were
 scattered about1  thus suggesting a    
remote ,palolithic antiquity4 ,the      
skeleton is #e feet  #i inches high1 the
 skull dolichocephalic1 forehead narrow1
 temple  flattened1 and facial angle    
measuring #hj to #he degrees2 the teeth 
were worn flat by eating hard food1 and 
the long bones are strong and           
flattened4    ,no human bones have as   
yet been discovered in the deposit of   
the ,somme  valley1 where so many       
,palolithic flints have been found2 but 
in the  valley of the ,seine1 at        
,clichy1 ,messrs4 ,bertrand and ,reboux 
found1 in  #ahfh1 portions of human     
skeletons in the same beds where        
,palolithic  implements had been        
embedded4 ,these bones were found at a  
depth of  seventeen feet1 and included a
 female skull of very inferior type1    
having enormously thick frontal bone and

 a low1 narrow roof1 slanting  from     
before backwards4 ,a very good specimen 
of human fossil is that  known as the   
8,denise ,fossil ,man10 comprising the  
remains of more  than one skeleton found
 in a volcanic breccia near ,le         
,puy-en-,velay1  in ,central ,france4   
,these bones have been very carefully   
examined by  the members of the ,french 
,scientific ,congress1 as also the      
deposit  in which they were found1 and  
the opinion arrived at is that the      
fossils are genuine and their age early 
,pleistocene4 ,another most  interesting
 specimen of ancient human remains is   
the skeleton found  buried under four   
,cypress forests1 superimposed one upon 
the other1 in  the delta of the         
,mississippi1 near ,new ,orleans1 at a  
depth of sixteen  feet4 ,dr4 ,dowler    
ascribes to this skeleton an antiquity  
of at least  #ej1jjj years1 reckoning by
 the minimum length of time that must   
have  elapsed during the formation of   
the deposits found and the sinking of   

the four successive forest beds4 ,in    
another part of the same delta1  near   
,natchez1 a human bone1 os innominatum1 
accompanied by bones  of the mastodon   
and megalonyx1 was washed out of what is
 believed  to be a still more ancient   
alluvial deposit4 ,dr4 ,dickeson1 in    
whose  possession the said bone is now1 
states that it was buried at a depth  of
 thirty feet1 and geologists agree that 
its date is very early1 some            
maintaining that it is probably of a    
higher antiquity than any yet           
discovered4    ,from these discoveries  
it is abundantly evident that man       
existed  on the earth contemporaneously 
with the mastodon and other extinct     
mammals belonging to the ,pleiocene and 
early ,pleistocene eras4 ,there  are1   
however1 people who stoutly deny that   
this can be so--at any rate1  as regards
 ,northern and ,central ,europe--and who
 rank the discoveries  at ,moulin       
,quignon1 ,engis1 ,kent's ,cavern1 etc41
 with late ,pleistocene  remains4 ,they 

maintain that the beds in which these   
relics were found  could not have been  
of ,pleiocene or early ,pleistocene     
formation1  inasmuch as they lie above  
the till and boulder-clay which form the
  glacial deposits of the time when     
,europe was an ,arctic region--that  is 
to say1 of late ,pleistocene times4     
,therefore1 they say1 man's  earliest   
existence in ,europe was post-glacial or
 late ,pleistocene4  ,but while the fact
 of the human remains having been       
discovered above  the boulder-clay      
appears to point to a post-glacial date1
 still  there is confronting us the     
perplexing anomaly of the contemporary  
existence of extinct mammals belonging  
to a tropical fauna1 which1  if we      
accept this theory1 involves the        
necessity of admitting that a  tropical 
climate followed the last glacial       
epoch--a condition of things  that we   
know never existed at all4 ,the fact is 
there have been more  periods of        
glaciation than one1 each being followed

 by the deposition  of boulder-clays2   
and between the periods of intense      
,arctic cold  there were intervals of   
tropical or sub-tropical heat1 when     
mammals  belonging to and requiring a   
tropical climate ventured as far north  
as  the north of ,england1 to become    
extinct when the period of glaciation   
supervened4 ,the last glacial period1 we
 know1 extended its area of  influence  
as far as the high peaks of ,switzerland
 and ,northern ,italy1  completely      
overwhelming the whole of ,northern     
,europe as far south as  the latitude of
 #de1 and the whole of ,north ,america  
as far south as  the latitude of #dj2   
since when there has been a gradual     
diminution  of cold until the present   
temperate climate supervened4 ,now1 if  
it  can be positively ascertained that  
all the boulder-clays found in  ,england
 and ,northern ,europe were deposited   
during and immediately  after this last 
glacial period1 the date of man's first 
appearance  in those districts1 as far  

as we have as yet any evidence1 must be 
post-glacial2 but in such a case it     
would have been impossible that a       
tropical fauna and flora could have     
existed in the same localities1  whereas
 their remains have been abundantly     
found lying side by side  with the      
remains of ,palolithic man4 ,the        
conclusion we must draw is  that the    
boulder-clays found below the remains of
 ,palolithic man could  not have been   
deposited after the last period of      
glaciation1 but must  have followed some
 prior glacial condition1 and that man  
existed in  ,england and ,northern      
,europe contemporaneously with extinct  
mammalia  during inter-glacial or       
pre-glacial times1 when the climate of  
,england  was tropical or               
sub-tropical--that is to say1 in middle 
,pleistocene or  late ,pleiocene times4 
,if man really existed in ,england in   
,pleiocene  times1 in favour of which   
view there appears to be strong         
evidence1  he would have been in all    

probability the companion of the extinct
  tropical mammalia found deposited in  
the ,cromer ,forest beds1 and some  of  
which belonged to ,meiocene times4 ,this
 forest was in existence at  the close  
of the ,pleiocene era1 and stretched    
from ,cromer far away into  what is now 
the ,german ,ocean1 uniting ,norfolk and
 ,suffolk to ,holland  and ,belgium2 but
 soon after the commencement of the     
,pleistocene period  the ,north ,sea    
gradually swept over the old continent  
between ,britain  on the west and       
,sweden1 ,denmark1 and the ,netherlands 
on the east1 thus  converting the old   
forest at ,cromer into the bed of the   
ocean1 where  the stumps of the trees   
may now be seen embedded in deposit at  
very  low tide4 ,immediately after the  
disappearance of this forest the first  
period of glaciation commenced1 from    
which moment until the close of  the    
glacial periods the alternations in     
temperature and surface level  were     
frequent and of enormous magnitude1 the 

correct sequence of which  changes we   
have as yet no proper conception4    ,if
 we go back to the commencement of the  
,tertiary great division of the         
geological periods1 we shall find that1 
at the beginning of the ,eocene         
deposits1 the ,secondary cretaceous     
rocks had been upheaved from the  bottom
 of the sea1 and had become the dry     
ground of a large continent1  of which  
the ,british ,islands formed a part2 so 
that ,eocene fauna and  flora in        
,england had free communication with    
continental life4 ,the  relative        
positions of land and water during this 
first ,tertiary period  were as follows3
 ,the great continent spread from ,north
 ,america to  ,europe1 uniting ,canada1 
,greenland1 ,iceland1 ,faroes1          
,shetlands1 ,orkneys1  ,ireland1 and    
,britain 7except south-east portion71   
with ,scandinavia  and ,spitzbergen on  
the north-east1 and with ,france        
7,brittany7 and  ,spain on the south4   
,there were three seas--the ,north ,sea1

 which1 like  a wedge with its point    
downwards1 separated ,greenland1        
,iceland1 and  ,faroes from ,spitzbergen
 and ,scandinavia2 the ,south-,eastern  
,sea1 which  stretched from the top of  
,denmark to ,boston in ,lincolnshire1   
thence  to ,lyme ,regis in ,dorsetshire1
 and on to ,cherbourg1 covering the     
whole  of the east and south-east of    
,england2 and the ,atlantic1 which was  
separated from the ,north ,sea by       
,iceland1 ,faroes1 and intermediate     
lands1 and from the ,south-,eastern ,sea
 by the ,british ,islands1 ,western     
,france1 and intermediate lands4 ,these 
,eocene seas teemed with fish  now only 
found in more ,southern latitudes2 while
 the inland lakes and  rivers abounded  
with reptilian life4 ,on the land       
tropical flora and  fauna flourished1   
among the former being palms1 cypresses1
 and giant  cacti1 and among the latter1
 in ,lower ,eocene times1 large numbers 
of  marsupial species1 in the ,middle   
,eocene also lion-like carnivora1 and   

in ,upper ,eocene tapir-like animals1   
herds of ,anchitheres 7ancestors  of the
 horse71 ,hynodon 7ancestors of hyna71  
and ,lemurs4 ,the ,miocene  period      
opened with a lower temperature than    
that of the ,eocene1 and  with a        
considerable difference of surface level
 in ,denmark and on the  ,south of      
,england1 the land having been upheaved 
to such an extent as  to leave no part  
of the country under water1 uniting     
,yorkshire with  ,denmark1 and dividing 
the ,south-,eastern ,sea into two       
portions1 the  ,northern one stretching 
from ,schleswig as far as a few miles   
from  the present ,lincolnshire coast   
and then back to the present mouth  of  
the ,scheldt2 and the latter stretching 
from ,boulogne-sur-,mer to  ,hastings   
and ,portland ,bill1 and back to        
,cherbourg4 ,otherwise the  relationship
 between land and water was much the    
same as in ,eocene  times4 ,the climate 
of the ,meiocene period was             
sub-tropical1 and in  the lower strata  

were found placental mammals1 but few   
marsupials2 in  the middle beds remains 
of the mastodon1 rhinoceros1            
anthropomorphous  apes1 sloths1 and     
ant-eaters2 and in the upper layers     
antelopes  and gazelles2 but no         
mammalian species in any ,meiocene      
deposit has  continued to present times1
 all having become extinct4 ,when we    
arrive  at the ,pleiocene age we have   
quite a different state of things2 the  
,atlantic and ,north ,seas gradually    
united together1 thus separating        
,europe from ,faroes1 ,iceland1         
,greenland1 and ,north ,america2 and on 
the  east of ,britain the ,north ,sea   
slowly descended as far as the present  
mouth of the ,thames1 thus separating   
,britain from ,norway1 ,denmark1 and    
the ,netherlands2 while the two         
,southern seas disappeared altogether1  
leaving a huge continent1 the borders of
 which stretched from the  present west 
coast of ,norway to ,denmark1 the       
,netherlands1 across to  ,essex1 central

 ,norfolk 7east ,norfolk and ,suffolk   
being part of ,north  ,sea71 and up to  
the ,shetlands1 at which point a turn   
was made south  to a few miles west of  
present west coast of ,ireland1 and     
thence  southward to a few miles west of
 present coast of ,brittany1 in ,france1
  thus leaving the ,british ,isles1     
,france1 and the rest of ,europe as one 
large continent4 ,to accomplish these   
enormous changes1 a very long  time was 
required1 during which the climate was  
gradually becoming  more temperate1     
being in older ,pleiocene times         
sub-tropical and in  newer ,pleiocene   
warm-temperate2 while the fauna and     
flora gradually  became less tropical in
 kind4 ,the older ,pleiocene deposits   
are divided  into coralline crag and reg
 crag1 while the newer ,pleiocene       
consist  of ,norwich crags and          
,weybourne sands1 on a level with which 
latter  was the ,cromer forest1         
submerged by the ,north ,sea during the 
earlier  ,pleistocene period4    ,at    

this point commence those enormous      
alterations in the surface level  and   
climate of this part of the world which 
produced such extraordinary  results1   
and during which man made his first     
appearance in ,britain4 ,at  the very   
commencement of the ,pleistocene era the
 temperature in ,britain  was lowered to
 such an extent as to produce a sudden  
disappearance  of the semi-tropical     
fauna and flora3 the land had reached   
the high  elevation of #ejj feet above  
the present level1 joining ,scotland and
  ,scandinavia1 and there had appeared  
in the ,north ,sea large blocks of  ice1
 which rapidly increased in size and    
quantity1 and continually  pushed       
farther south1 until at length1 after a 
long lapse of time1 the  whole of       
,northern ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america  
as far as the latitude  of about #de    
became like a huge ice-house1 the       
,arctic cold driving  all life before it
 to a more southern latitude1 those     
forms which had  lived in ,britain      

during ,meiocene and ,pleiocene times   
being the first to  disappear on the    
earliest sign of the approaching cold1  
and the ,arctic  flora and fauna which  
took their place being afterwards       
compelled also  to move southward1 owing
 to the intense severity of the         
glaciation4    ,when this state of      
things had lasted a very considerable   
time the  climate became milder1 the    
melting ice deposited its boulder-clay1 
and  the high continent commenced to    
sink again to its former level1 during  
which gradual submergence the climate   
became still warmer1 until it  at length
 reached a more than temperate mildness1
 at one time being  almost tropical4    
,still the land continued to sink1 and  
this submergence  lasted until the      
,british part of the great continent had
 become a large  archipelago of small   
islands1 the surface of the land being  
upwards  of one thousand feet below the 
present level4 ,it has been calculated  
that such a submergence would require at

 the least #hh1jjj years to  be         
completed2 so that a general idea may be
 formed of the enormous  periods of time
 occupied by these glacial and          
inter-glacial epochs4  ,while the       
,british archipelago existed1 another   
change of climate  took place1 resulting
 in another glacial period1 but probably
 not of  such intensity as the previous 
one4 ,at this period the upper boulder  
clay was deposited in the sea1 to be    
afterwards upheaved above the  sea level
 in ,yorkshire and other places4 ,after 
a long continuance of  this glaciation  
the land commenced to rise again and the
 climate to  improve1 until1 after a    
period of about #acf1jjj years          
7according to  careful computation71    
there was produced another continental  
condition1  the ground reaching about   
#fjj feet higher than now1 and the      
climate  becoming temperate once more4  
,england1 ,ireland1 ,scotland1          
,scandinavia1  ,denmark1 the            
,netherlands1 ,france1 and ,spain once  

again formed a mighty  continent1 the   
climate of which was cold-temperate1    
becoming milder  year by year1 and the  
elevation of which was gradually        
declining1 as it  has continued to do   
until the present time1 the ,british    
islands slowly  becoming once more      
separated from the continent of ,europe4
 ,during the  last temperate continental
 condition ,palolithic and ,neolithic   
man  lived in ,britain1 as is clearly   
proved by the evidence brought forward  
by various authors in support of the    
contention2 but1 as we have seen1       
,palolithic man's remains discovered in 
the various deposits were  often in the 
company of the bones of extinct mammals 
belonging to a  tropical fauna1 which   
species could not have existed in       
,britain with  such a climate as that   
which followed the last period of       
glaciation1  but must have lived either 
in pre-glacial times1 or1 in other      
words1 at  the end of ,pleiocene or very
 beginning of ,pleistocene times1 or    

else  in inter-glacial or               
mid-,pleistocene times2 and whichever   
alternative  be adopted we are bound to 
fix the date of the ,palolithic remains 
at  the same period4 ,to fix their date 
in the very earliest of ,pleistocene1   
or latest of ,pleiocene times1 would    
give them an antiquity of nearly        
#cjj1jjj years2 to fix it in            
mid-,pleistocene times1 during the      
temperate  or inter-glacial period of   
submergence1 would give them an         
antiquity  of upwards of #agj1jjj years2
 and to fix it in post-glacial times    
would  give them an antiquity of        
probably #gj1jjj or #hj1jjj years at    
most4 ,the  inter-glacial theory would1 
on the whole1 appear most likely to be  
the  correct one1 were it not for the   
fact that1 during the inter-glacial     
period1 this country was partially      
submerged1 which would probably have    
prevented any communication in those    
times between the islands and  the      
mainland4 ,we must1 however1 not forget 

that the great submergence  commenced   
during the first period of glaciation1  
and did not cease  until the second     
period had been reached1 so that the    
inter-glacial  period of warmth would   
take place when ,england and ,scotland  
were but  little different from now in  
their relationship to the continent1 and
  long before the archipelago was       
formed4 ,whether it would have been     
possible under these conditions for     
,palolithic man to cross from the       
continent to the ,british islands we    
cannot say2 but the probability is  that
 the distance to travel by water would  
have been far too great in  such early  
times2 in which case we have no         
alternative but to place the  date of   
man's earliest existence in ,england at 
the latest ,pleiocene  age1 as indeed we
 are compelled to do by the fact that   
,palolithic  implements have been found 
in ,kent's cavern side by side with     
teeth of  the extinct bear of that      
period1 as well as by the discoveries   

made in  the ,engis and other caves4    
,in ,southern ,europe and the ,southern 
,states of ,north ,america the glacial  
epoch had little effect1 so that man's  
age upon the earth in those  districts  
will be better calculated than it can   
ever be here or in  ,france and         
,belgium2 and it will not be surprising 
if we learn before  long that man lived 
in the districts surrounding the        
,mediterranean  ,sea in early ,pleiocene
 times4 ,this sea1 it must be           
recollected1 was  almost dried up during
 the early and middle ,pleistocene      
periods1 and  there was no communication
 between it and the ,atlantic ,ocean1 so
 that  ,europe was connected both on the
 east and west with ,africa1 and was    
also one continuous continent with      
,asia1 there being then no ,black  ,sea 
and no ,caspian ,sea4 ,the probability1 
therefore1 is that man first  became a  
rational being1 parting with his        
ape-like characteristics1  somewhere in 
,southern ,asia or ,northern ,africa1   

or1 more probably still1  in the now    
submerged continent of ,lemuria1 which  
once joined ,china1  ,india1 and ,africa
 in one continental system2 after which 
he emigrated  in different directions1  
finding his way north-westwards over the
  ,european continent as far as the very
 limit of the ,franco-,british          
continental system4 ,at what period man 
first existed in the districts  around  
the ,mexican ,gulf it is at present     
impossible to say2 but the  skull found 
in the ,mississippi beds is calculated  
to be at least  #ej1jjj years old1 and  
by some the date is fixed at #ajj1jjj   
years1  which would carry us back to    
middle ,pleistocene times at least4     
,man1  therefore1 most probably existed 
in ,europe long before he had made  his 
appearance in the new world1 although it
 is quite possible that  further        
investigation may lead to the discovery 
of a still more  ancient stock than that
 to which the ,mississippi skull        
belonged4 ,how  long a time elapsed     

between the first appearance of         
,palolithic man  in ,northern ,europe1  
and the subsequent advent of ,neolithic 
man1 it is  at present impossible to say
 with any degree of certainty2 but the  
interval must have been of enormous     
length1 for we find no traces of        
polished stone implements until the very
 close of the ,pleistocene era  during  
the last ,franco-,british continental   
system4 ,at this period man  had become 
much more civilised than his ancestors  
of the ,palolithic  age2 his implements 
were more ornamental and better fitted  
for the  purposes for which they were   
intended2 his mode of life had become   
more  settled2 and he had developed     
primitive industries4 ,in the ancient   
8hut  circles0 found at ,standlake and  
at ,fisherton1 near ,salisbury1 have    
been found instruments used for spinning
 and weaving1 which date back  to       
,neolithic times1 also fragments of     
pottery and stones used for  grinding   
corn1 side by side with the remains of  

domestic animals4 ,from  this we        
conclude that ,neolithic man was at this
 time a companion of  domestic animals1 
a keeper of flocks and herds1 and an    
agriculturalist4  ,he very soon became1 
in addition to this1 a miner1 as is     
evident from  the remains found at      
,cissbury1 on the ,south ,downs1 and at 
,grimes  ,graves1 near ,bandon1 in      
,suffolk4 ,shafts had been sunk and     
galleries  dug out of the ground in     
order to unearth a better kind of flint 
for  manufacturing useful implements2   
and in some of these galleries the      
tools of the workmen have been          
discovered1 consisting of picks made out
  of stags' antlers1 polished stone     
celts1 chisels of bone and antler1  and 
small cups made of chalk4 ,with these   
and other primitive tools the  flint had
 been worked out in several places1     
forming deep hollows in  and near which 
were the remains of birds1 sheep1 goats1
 horses1 pigs1  and dogs1 which         
evidently had served as companions to   

and food for  the miners4 ,canoes1      
hollowed out of large trees by the use  
of fire  and axes1 have also been       
discovered1 together with huge paddles  
for  propelling them2 and numerous have 
been the discoveries of heads of        
javelins1 arrows1 and spears1 which were
 probably used as weapons of  warfare1  
the population by this time having grown
 large and divided  itself into small   
communities more or less at enmity with 
each other4    ,similar progress was    
made by ,neolithic man on the continent 
of ,europe1  as we know from the        
discoveries made in ,switzerland4 ,as   
early as #ahbi  very ancient piles had  
been discovered in the lake of ,zrich1  
which  have since been found to be the  
remains of primitive lake-dwellings1    
dating from ,neolithic times4 ,these    
peculiar habitations consisted of       
wooden houses built on platforms erected
 on a number of wooden piles  driven    
into the bottom of the lake1 and were1  
no doubt1 so constructed  with the view 

of protecting the small colony from the 
raids of wild  beasts and warlike people
 from other parts of the country4 ,most 
of  these lake-dwellings were burnt     
down1 their charred remains sinking  to 
the bottom of the lake1 where they have 
been discovered together  with heaps of 
corn1 pieces of woven and plaited cloth1
 mealing or  grinding stones1           
earthenware implements1 nets and mats1  
and implements  of stone1 antler1 and   
bone4 ,numbers of domestic and other    
animals  were kept in these dwellings1  
such as the dog1 horse1 pig1 sheep1 and 
cow2 and fish appears to have been a    
regular article of consumption4         
,similar discoveries have been made in  
,denmark by ,professor ,steenstrup  and 
others1 which show an equal advance in  
civilisation and culture  during early  
,neolithic times4 ,vast accumulations of
 refuse matter1 in  the form of         
oyster-shells1 fish-bones1 and animal   
remains1 have been  found near the      
shores of the ,baltic1 the whole being  

heaped up into  mounds1 evidently having
 formed public refuse-heaps for         
communities  of settlers4 ,scattered    
about were also found polished stone    
axes1 but  no metal implements2 while   
upon some of the stones were well-drawn 
engravings1 pointing to a considerable  
advance in culture2 and the fact  that  
the remains of the domestic animals     
prove them to be of southern  and       
eastern origin suggests the probability 
that these settlers were  immigrants    
from the south-east of ,europe1 where we
 should expect  considerable advance to 
have been effected in civilisation4     
,it is extremely probable and generally 
admitted that man became  civilised in  
oriental countries1 and made his way    
northwards and  westwards1 gradually    
covering the whole of ,europe2 so that  
we should  expect the races of ,egypt1  
,persia1 and ,india to be far more      
highly  cultured than those who were    
establishing themselves in the west at  
the same time4 ,it would take a very    

long time indeed for people to  spread  
themselves from ,egypt and ,persia over 
the whole of ,europe1 and  during all   
this time they would naturally1 owing to
 their wandering  habits1 advance in    
civilisation far more slowly than those 
who remained  in their original homes4  
,at the time1 therefore1 that ,neolithic
 man  had become a settler in ,europe   
and ,britain we may fairly suppose that 
,egypt1 ,persia1 and ,india were great1 
powerful1 and prosperous states1  well  
advanced in civilisation and art1 and1  
perhaps1 even the tail-end  of a mighty 
and prosperous civilisation that had    
preceded them long  ages before4 ,it was
 probably from these highly-civilised   
centres that  the discovery of bronze   
was carried into ,europe1 which marked  
the  commencement of what is called the 
,bronze or ,prehistoric ,age1 during    
which period the use of bronze          
implements almost entirely superseded   
that of polished stone weapons4         
,before the ,bronze ,age had fairly     

commenced the last of the ,pleistocene  
deposits had taken place1 and the recent
 layers of earth had begun to           
distribute themselves upon the older    
strata2 but how long a time has         
actually elapsed since the completion of
 the ,pleistocene stratification  has   
not been accurately ascertained4 ,a     
rough approximation to the  relative    
length of the ,pleistocene and          
,prehistoric periods may be  obtained   
from the fact that the valleys were cut 
down by streams  flowing through them as
 much as a hundred feet deep in the     
former  period1 while the work done by  
the rivers during the latter period is  
measured by the insignificant fluviatile
 deposits close to the adjacent         
streams4 ,we may1 therefore1 conclude   
that the ,pleistocene era was1  beyond  
all calculation1 of longer duration than
 the ,prehistoric4 ,it  must not be     
imagined from this that the ,prehistoric
 period was a short  one1 for there have
 been a series of changes in the fauna1 

and a series  of invasions of different 
races of men into ,europe1 which must   
have  required a very long time to have 
been brought about1 judging from        
similar changes recorded in history4    
,it is believed that1 soon after the    
commencement of the ,bronze ,age1 an    
,aryan stream of life poured over       
,europe from ,central ,asia1 and finally
  invaded ,england1 driving out the old 
inhabitants and re-stocking the  country
 with a host of ,aryan ,celts1 who      
brought with them the knowledge  of     
bronze manufacture4 ,the defeated       
natives retreated to ,ireland  and the  
west of ,england and ,scotland1 and     
finally gave themselves  up to their    
conquerors1 whom they in future served  
as slaves4 ,thus  were annihilated the  
,neolithic men of ,britain1 and thus was
 the use  of polished stone weapons     
superseded by that of bronze implements4
  ,these ,celtic invaders1 like their   
conquered predecessors1 lived upon  the 
flesh both of wild and domestic animals1

 as is evident from the  discovery made 
in #ahfg at ,barton ,mere1 near ,bury   
,st4 ,edmunds1 where  bronze spear-heads
 were found in and around large piles   
and blocks  of stone1 together with vast
 quantities of the broken bones of the  
stag1 roe1 wild boar1 hare1 urus1 horse1
 ox1 hog1 and dog1 as well  as fragments
 of pottery4 ,fire was produced by these
 men by striking a  flint flake against 
a piece of iron pyrites1 as is evident  
from the  discovery of these articles in
 and around charred remains of fires2   
thus a great advance was made in this   
direction upon the habits of the  older 
inhabitants1 who had only been able to  
procure fire by rapidly  turning a piece
 of wood between their two hands1 the   
point being fixed  in a hollow on       
another piece of wood1 so that the great
 friction which  resulted produced heat 
sufficient to generate flame4           
,following the ,bronze ,age was the     
,iron ,age1 during which period the     
historic era commenced2 and thus we have

 not only various discoveries  to prove 
that iron gradually supplanted bronze1  
but history bears  witness to the same  
truth4 ,the ,homeric legends abound with
 feats  performed by heroes who wielded 
bronze and iron weapons2 and from       
,hesiod1 who wrote nearly five hundred  
years before ,herodotus1 we learn  that 
iron had already superseded bronze among
 the ,greeks1 and that the  archologists
 of his day recognised a distinct era of
 the past as the  ,age of ,bronze4 ,the 
probability is that the discovery of the
 mode of  separating iron from its ore  
and turning it into useful articles was 
made in ,asia1 from whence it was       
afterwards introduced into ,europe2  for
 we find that at the very first         
appearance of iron in ,britain and      
,france there were iron coins and iron  
ornaments in regular use among  the     
people1 which articles were no doubt    
brought by invading tribes of  oriental 
people4 ,in the early or prehistoric    
portion of the ,iron ,age  the practice 

of burying the dead at full length first
 became known in  ,britain1 cremation   
having always been practised previously4
    ,having now arrived at historic     
times1 our inquiry into man's antiquity 
need not be further continued4 ,for the 
searcher after truth there only  now    
remains the task of carefully           
considering the facts here brought      
forward and comparing the conclusions   
arrived at with the old orthodox  story 
of the creation of the world and man as 
found in the ,bible4 ,if  the story read
 in the ,book of ,nature be a true one1 
then man has lived  upon the earth      
several hundred thousand years1 and has 
passed from  a state of unconscious     
animal existence1 through innumerable   
stages  of savage1 semi-savage1 and     
civilised conditions1 to his present    
commanding position4 ,if the story read 
in the so-called ,book of ,god be  a    
true one1 then the world and man were   
created less than six thousand  years   
ago4 ,the reader must judge for himself 

which is the truth4                     
,,plan ,,of ,,evolution ,,of ,,mind ,,in
 ,,man       ,,individual               
,,intellectual                          
,,race     ,,ascent        ,,products   
,,emotional ,,products      ,,ascent    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #ae ,yrs4     ,science  
,rational ,emotion       ,homo ,sapiens 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #aj ,yrs4               
,monotheism         ,melancholy         
,ecstasy   ,homo ,cultus                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #e ,yrs4                
,polytheism         ,reverence1 ,remorse
     ,homo                              
,courtesy             ,semi-,cultus     
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #c-a_/b ,yrs4           
,fetishism          ,awe and            
,homo                                   
,appreciation of ,art    ,semi-,ferox   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #c ,yrs4                
,superstition       ,avarice1 ,envy1    
,hate1                                  
,hope1 ,vanity1                         
,mirth1 ,love of ,beauty                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #b-a_/b ,yrs4  ,definite
 ,morality                         ,homo
 ,ferox                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #bf ,mos4     ,judgment1
                                 ,alali 

,recollection                           
,self ,consciousness                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #bb ,mos4     ,speech   
,semi-,human                            
,apes                                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #bj ,mos4     ,concerted
 ,action                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #af ,mos4     ,knowledge
 of the                                 
use of ,simple                          
,instruments                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #ad ,mos4               
,articulation                           

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #ac ,mos4               
,indefinite                             
,anthropoid                   ,morality 
,apes                                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #h ,mos4      ,true     
,reason        ,pride1 ,shame1 ,deceit1 
,monkeys1 ,dogs                         
,passion1 ,cruelty                      
,ludicrousness           ,elephants     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #f ,mos4                
,understanding      ,sympathy1          
,curiosity1  ,horses1 ,pigs             
of ,words         ,revenge  ,gratitude  
,cats                                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
-----------     #e ,mos4      ,dreaming 
,emulation1             ,birds          
,jealousy1 ,joy1 ,grief4                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #d ,mos4                
,recognition        ,anger              
,reptiles                       of      
,persons                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #ae ,wks4               
,recognition        ,play               
,insects                        of      
,places                                 
and ,fishes                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #ad ,wks4               
,association        ,pugnacity          
,crustaceans                    of      

,ideas                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #ac ,wks4     ,conscious
 ,memory   ,fear                        
,crustaceans                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #a to #b      ,pain and 
,pleasure                               
,vermes           ,mos4                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     #c ,wks4                
,consciousness                          
,higher                                 
,molluscs                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     ,birth       ,imperfect 
,sense                           ,lower 

organs                                  
,molluscs                     ,primary  
,instincts                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     ,embryo                 
,non-,nervous                           
,amb                                    
,adjustment                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------     ,germ                   
,protoplasmic                           
,protoplasm                     ,motion 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------      ,illustration3 ,a      
creeping ,amba1 or unicellular ,protist 
that changes  its form continually2 with
 cell-nucleus in the middle1 within     
which is  the nucleolus4 ,after         
,haeckel4    ,illustration3 ,gastrula of

 a ,gasteropoda 7,gastrada7 ,after      
,haeckel4  ,a4 ,ectoderm4 ,b4 ,endoderm4
 ,c4 ,mouth4 ,d4 ,gastric cavity4       
,,evolution ,,of ,,mind4      ,it seems 
hardly credible that there should exist 
people who profess  to accept the       
,darwinian theory of development of     
species in all  its fulness1 and yet    
reject the idea of the human mind having
 been  evolved by slow stages from the  
primitive sense-organ of our lowliest   
ancestors1 the ,protista4 ,such         
inconsistency seems almost puerile1 and1
  were it not for the fact that the     
admission of this truth would be the    
final blow at the various faiths of the 
world1 we should not be called  upon    
to-day to defend a position so utterly  
impregnable as that assumed  by ,haeckel
 and others in regard to the evolution  
of the human mind4  ,when education has 
advanced further there will1 we must    
hope1 be less  of this shutting of the  
eyes to obvious truths for the mere sake
 of  propping up for a little while     

longer the belief in a batch of fairy   
tales and preposterous legends4 ,as we  
look around us upon the wonderful       
objects of nature we see everywhere     
animation and law2 the heavens  above   
are full of life--suns1 planets1 moons1 
and other celestial  bodies incessantly 
moving to and fro1 all bound in their   
courses by  the immutable laws of       
nature2 the vast ocean1 teeming with    
myriads  of living beings1 is           
incessantly rolling and roaring like    
some great  monster1 but never exceeds  
the limits which nature has assigned to 
its action2 and the whole face of the   
earth presents a constant scene  of     
activity of some kind or                
other--volcanoes discharging their      
molten  fluid1 huge glaciers grinding   
along the ground1 monster rivers rushing
  forward with incessant roar1 and the  
vegetable and animal kingdoms           
increasing and multiplying at a         
marvellous pace4 ,all this is life--in  
fact1 everything we see around us1 of   

whatever form or shape1 is life  of some
 sort4 ,the very ground upon which we   
stand is full of life1  each particle of
 dust being held to its fellow particles
 by mutual  attraction2 and there is not
 a single atom of the earth's substance 
or  of the whole universe that we can   
say is minus this property of life  or  
activity2 nothing in the universe that  
we know of ever remains for  one moment 
in a state of rest2 everything is       
constantly moving1 and  every particle  
of the whole contributes its own share  
to the general  activity which we term  
motion or life4 ,the whole universe is a
 huge  manifestation of phenomena1 which
 make up the sum-total of life or       
activity4 ,the sun rotating on its axis 
is one form of life2 the moon  silently 
wandering round our planet is another   
form of life2 the trees  and animals    
growing and multiplying on the land are 
other forms2 and  every lump of ore     
taken out of the ground and every paving
 stone in  our streets are other forms  

of life4 ,every particle of every       
substance  whatever is in a state of    
continual motion1 and therefore full of 
life4  ,in fact1 it is this very motion 
or life that sustains matter2 for       
matter could not exist--that is1 its    
particles could not hold together1  and 
thus form substance--without the life1  
motion1 activity1 or whatever  we like  
to term the property which operates upon
 them and produces  mutual cohesion4    
,life has always1 therefore1 been active
 in matter1 and always will be1  for    
life or motion cannot be separated from 
matter2 and1 just as matter  has passed 
from a condition of homogeneity to one  
of heterogeneity1  so has life done     
likewise4 ,life possesses infinite      
potentiality1 and  manifests itself in  
an infinite variety of ways by means of 
different  combinations1 which it brings
 about in the molecular atoms of        
universal  matter4 ,it acts1 for        
instance1 upon a planet by causing its  
particles  to hold together in one mass 

apart from other bodies of a similar or 
dissimilar character2 it also acts upon 
what we unscientifically call  inanimate
 nature by causing its particles to hold
 together1 forming in  one case a stone1
 in another a metal1 etc42 and it acts  
upon what we  term animated nature by   
causing its molecules to combine and    
procreate4  ,this power of attraction   
and cohesion of particles of universal  
matter  is life1 and it depends entirely
 upon what particular combination of    
the molecular atoms of universal matter 
takes place whether a sun1 a  moon1 a   
planet1 a stone1 a crystal1 a sponge1 a 
tree1 or a man be the  result4 ,this    
much is certain1 however1 that not one  
of these bodies  can ever be produced   
except by an evolutionary process       
subject to the  universal and           
unchangeable law which fixes the        
sequence4    ,animal life1 as distinct  
from all other life1 is a comparatively 
late  development or manifestation in   
the sequence of universal phenomena4    

,this world on which we live had existed
 as a compact body for millions  of ages
 before life assumed the character of   
animal life2 and so  gradual was the    
process of evolution from the primal    
condition of  homogeneity1 through all  
the manifold stages of life1 until the  
condition of animal life was reached1   
that it is impossible to fix  a         
particular moment when such life became 
manifest4 ,so it is with  every stage of
 the evolutionary process2 there are no 
starting-places  for particular species1
 the whole being one continuous         
unfolding of  phenomena1 without arrest 
of any kind4    ,it is equally          
impossible to fix a particular point or 
moment for the  manifestation of the    
crystal life as it is for that of the   
animal or  the vegetable life4 ,all are 
but gradual unfoldings of the universal 
potentiality4 ,crystal life is the      
highest development of what is          
popularly but erroneously termed        
inanimate nature1 and differs not one   

iota from ,moneron life1 which is the   
lowest form of animal life1 in  its     
constituent elements1 the only          
difference between the two being in  the
 mode of combination of the elementary  
particles composing each4  ,the crystal 
elements combine in such proportions as 
to cause the mass  to hold together like
 other solid bodies1 its bulk being     
increased by  the deposition of fresh   
particles upon its outer surface2 while 
the  ,moneron elements combine in such a
 manner as to render the body soft  and 
yielding1 so that it can absorb         
nutriment from without to within  and   
multiply by fission4 ,the elements of   
both are identically the same3  the     
manner of combination causes the        
differences between them4 ,many  learned
 men declare that1 if this were true1 we
 ought to be able to  take the five     
elements--viz41 ,oxygen1 ,hydrogen1     
,nitrogen1 ,carbon1 and  ,sulphur--in   
the necessary proportions1 and1 by      
uniting them1 form animal  life4 ,this1 

they say1 has been attempted1 and the   
result has been  failure2 therefore1    
animal life could not have been         
generated in that  manner1 but must have
 been specially created at some         
particular moment4  ,this argument is   
absurdly unsound4 ,these persons might  
just as well  say that1 to substantiate 
the assertion that crystals are formed  
of a  combination of elementary         
molecules1 we ought to be able to take  
the  necessary quantity of these        
elements1 and1 by uniting them together1
  form a crystal2 and that1 if this     
cannot be done1 then crystals also      
require a special creation4 ,the same   
argument for a special creation  will   
apply to every species of the animal1   
vegetable1 and mineral  kingdoms4       
,protoplasm is the lowest form of animal
 life1 differing from  the highest form 
of mineral life only in the mode of     
combination of  its elementary          
particles2 but this difference causes   
the manifestation  of fresh phenomena1  

in this case as in every other          
modification of a  previous state of    
nature1 which gives it the appearance of
 possessing  a property that had not    
been possessed by any substance         
previously1  whereas1 in truth1 the     
apparently new property is but a further
  development of that previously        
possessed by inorganic bodies4 ,in      
short1  the power of absorption         
possessed by the ,moneron is simply one 
of the  many manifestations of that     
universal life or energy that is        
inherent  in all matter1 and has been so
 from all time2 but it is a             
comparatively  late development1        
occurring at a particular period in the 
world's  history1 when the conditions   
necessary for such a development were   
present4 ,before this period no such    
combination of molecular atoms took     
place with the same result1 simply      
because the necessary conditions of     
development were absent4 ,in the same   
manner precisely there was a prior      

period when no such substance as a      
crystal existed1 the conditions         
requisite for the peculiar combination  
of molecular atoms to result in  the    
formation of a crystal having been      
absent4    ,when the world had undergone
 sufficient evolutionary development    
there  came a time when such atmospheric
 and other conditions were present  as  
to permit of a modification of the then 
existing substances and  properties1    
which resulted in the formation of the  
crystal2 and1  precisely in the same    
manner1 and for the same reason1 a      
further and  later modification resulted
 in the formation of ,protoplasm1 which 
is  the earliest form of animal life4   
,this little substance gradually        
differentiated into two distinct parts1 
by a nucleus being formed  in the centre
 of the protoplasmic mass1 and became   
possessed with a  peculiar power of     
locomotion1 which caused a still greater
 difference  to exist between itself and
 its ancestral stock4 ,this power of    

locomotion1 again1 is but a modification
 of that life-power of which we  have   
spoken1 and forms a stepping-stone      
between the molecular action  of mineral
 substances and the mental wonders of   
the human being4 ,the  crystal1 in      
common with all other bodies in the     
mineral kingdom1 always  possessed this 
power of locomotion to a limited extent2
 every one of  the individual atoms     
which make up the whole substance has   
always had  the power of locomotion1 for
 they all attract and repel each other  
and  effect cohesions by their mutual   
attraction4 ,this locomotive power      
underwent such a modification when      
cell-life 7,protozoa7 was manifested    
that not only were the constituent      
molecular atoms individually  possessed 
of this power1 as before1 but the whole 
mass of the cell  became endowed with   
the same property1 just as a whole      
continent of  free people who have been 
in the habit of defending themselves    
singly  against their enemies sometimes 

combine and co-operate with each  other 
in the form of a republic1 the function 
of the individual being  assumed by the 
body as a whole4 ,the little cellular   
organisms1 which  are called ,amb1      
possess this extended power of          
locomotion1 and may be  seen constantly 
moving about in the endeavour to locate 
themselves in  the brightest part of    
their dwelling place1 frequently a      
little pond4  ,they are attracted by    
light1 which clearly proves that they   
possess  a degree of sensory perception1
 although special sense-organs are of   
course wanting1 the whole mass of the   
body being nothing more than a  single  
cell composed of protoplasm and nucleus4
 ,these little cellular  organisms soon 
unite with each other1 forming small    
bodies composed of  several cells in a  
state of cohesion 7,synamb71 and on the 
surface of  these multicellular         
organisms are shortly afterwards thrown 
out minute  threads or ciliae1 the first
 attempt at separation of sense-organs  

from the surface of the body4 ,in these 
tiny ,protozoa1 those organisms  which  
consist of one single cell only1 the    
,amb1 as well as those  consisting of   
several cells in a state of union1 the  
,synamb1 are  able to perform all the   
functions of animal life--cohesion1     
sensation1  motion1 digestion1 and      
reproduction2 but1 as the organism      
becomes more  and more complex1 these   
different functions are shared among    
several  groups of cells4 ,this         
differentiation proceeds steadily stage 
by stage1  until at last different      
senses are located in different parts of
 the  body1 and we find animals         
possessing eyes1 ears1 noses1 and       
mouths1 one  organ performing the       
function of sight1 another that of      
hearing1 and  so on4 ,all these organs  
of sense are but parts of the general   
nervous  organisation of the body1 which
 is apparently absent in the ,protista1 
but existing potentially in the         
protoplasmic substance1 as it also does 

in every other substance in the         
universe4    ,the ciliated multiple     
cell-organism1 in course of time1       
becomes  transformed into a hollow body1
 having a wall composed of a single     
layer of cells1 and this again1 by      
invagination1 or folding of itself      
within itself1 forms a double-walled    
cavity1 or ,gastrula1 having an         
external opening like a mouth4 ,these   
little animals1 the ,gastrada1  having  
an inner layer of cells 7the endoderm71 
which carries on the  nutritive and     
assimilative functions of the organism1 
and an outer  layer 7the ectoderm71     
which forms the general motor and       
sense-organ of  the body1 are the first 
animal organisms to possess a real      
sense-organ  separate and distinct from 
other parts of the body4 ,from this     
epidermal  organ of sense are developed1
 as higher forms of animal life make    
their appearance1 the nerve-cells and   
sense-cells which form the whole        
nervous system4    ,in the fresh-water  

polyp1 or ,hydra1 which is wanting in   
distinct  organs of sense and nervous   
system1 we find a remarkable            
sensitiveness  to touch1 warmth1 and    
light1 individual ectodermic            
neuro-muscular  cells performing these  
functions1 but a far greater sensibility
 being  exhibited in the circle of fine 
prehensible tentacles surrounding the   
mouth than elsewhere4 ,here we have a   
marked attempt at localisation of       
sense-organs1 and a manifestation of    
instinct1 which makes the little  animal
 shrink from the touch4    ,from the    
,hydr evolved the ,medus1 which1 instead
 of being dependent  entirely on        
neuro-muscular cells like the parent    
forms1 developed  minute sets of nerves 
and muscles1 by the use of which they   
became  enabled to swim about easily and
 at their own will and pleasure4 ,we get
  in this little animal the first       
appearance of real nerve function1 or   
conductibility of stimulus along the    
nervous fibre to a muscle which it      

causes to contract--a totally different 
function to the contraction of  the     
whole body upon a stimulus being applied
 to it1 as in the case of  the ,hydr4   
,in the worm forms1 which evolve from   
the ,gastrada1 we come across  the first
 attempt at special sense-organ         
formation1 in the shape of  depressions 
on the integument of the body4 ,the     
,himatega1 or sack-worms1  possess a    
rudimentary spinal cord1 and were the   
parents of the first  true vertebrates1 
organisms without skulls or brains1 but 
with a true  vertebral cord4 ,these     
little vermiform animals1 in addition to
 their  rudimentary spinal cords1       
exhibited upon the surface of the body  
several small depressions1 which        
answered the purpose of a set of        
special sense-organs1 one tiny          
depression being set apart especially   
for the perception of light waves1      
another for the perception of sound     
waves1 another for the perception of    
odours1 etc42 and thus gradually  came  

about that wonderful evolutionary       
process by which bodies became  endowed 
with more or less perfect special       
sense-organs4    ,as the animal kingdom 
developed into higher and higher forms  
of  life1 and skulls and brains became  
the order of the day1 the special       
sense-organs became possessed of larger 
powers1 at the same time  that the whole
 nervous organisation assumed higher and
 more complex  functions1 resulting     
eventually in a very gradual unfolding  
of the most  wonderful of all the latent
 potentialities of universal life--the  
marvel  of consciousness4 ,this is the  
present climax of ,nature's evolution1  
the  grandest and most awful achievement
 of that hidden and mysterious force    
which baffles comprehension1 and beside 
which all things seen1 heard1  or felt  
pale into insignificance4    ,to point  
out the precise method of the evolution 
of mind1 step by step1  until the final 
climax of consciousness was reached1    
would require an  abler pen than mine2  

therefore ,i shall be content to briefly
 notice  the different products of      
intellectual development in the order in
  which they are unfolded1 showing the  
analogy between ontogenesis1 or  the    
life-history of the individual1 and     
phylogenesis1 or that of the  whole     
race1 not now as regards bodily1 but    
only mental1 evolution4 ,we  must ever  
remember that the biogenetic law insists
 that the process  of development in the
 race is reflected in miniature in the  
embryonic  history of every individual4 
,in other words1 it is1 beyond doubt1 an
  accepted article of faith with        
biologists that the development of the  
individual from the embryo in utero to  
the full-grown man is an exact          
counterpart of the development of the   
whole race from the primitive           
protoplasmic atom1 the lowly ,moneron1  
to homo sapiens1 equally in  regard to  
mental as to bodily evolution4    ,every
 human individual commences his term of 
separate existence  as a tiny speck of  

protoplasm1 and slowly advances through 
the  phases of separate cell-life1      
multicellular existence1 and the        
gastrula1 vermiform1 and pisciform      
stages1 being finally born as a         
partially-developed member of the human 
family1 from which moment  he grows     
rapidly to the perfection of the adult  
state1 having  accomplished1 in the     
short period of about a score of years1 
precisely  what his counterpart1 the    
race1 effected in many millions of      
years4  ,during the period in which the 
individual dwells in utero great  and   
rapid modifications take place in the   
general construction of  the ftus2      
sensory perception makes its appearance 
very early1 being  followed quickly by  
the first attempt at differentiation of 
special  sense-organs in the form of    
tiny surface depressions2 the brain and 
spinal system gradually take shape and  
make ready for future action2  and the  
little body slowly assumes a form       
suitable for separate  extra-uterine    

existence4 ,at the moment of birth the  
brain and special  sense-organs are not 
yet developed to such a degree that they
 can  properly discharge the functions  
they are called upon to perform in the  
mature state2 they have to advance      
gradually to perfection in harmony  with
 the growth of the whole body2 and thus 
it is that a newly-born  individual does
 not see1 hear1 or exhibit signs of     
consciousness until  some time has      
elapsed from birth1 although it is1 at  
first1 quite  sensitive to cold and     
heat4 ,if a lighted candle be held in   
front of  the eyes of a newly-born      
infant1 and moved to and fro1 it will be
  at once observed that the child is    
totally unconscious of it2 and1  if a   
gun be fired off in the room occupied by
 the child1 the effect  upon the        
infantile organism is nil2 but1 if the  
air of the room be  allowed to cool1 the
 effect will be at once perceived1 for  
the muscles  of the child will soon     
begin to contract1 and his vocal bellows

 to  act vigorously4 ,gradually1        
however1 the sight1 hearing1 etc41      
become  adjusted1 and the infant begins 
to take notice of surrounding objects1  
until at about a month after birth pain 
and pleasure1 the first  indications of 
the dawn of the mental powers1 manifest 
themselves4  ,conscious1 as             
distinguished from instinctive or       
non-conscious1 memory  appears to be    
exercised at about the thirteenth week1 
and to be  immediately followed by      
association of ideas1 the recognition of
 places  and persons1 and dreaming4 ,at 
the same time that these indications of 
intellectual development are manifesting
 themselves1 a corresponding  unfolding 
of the emotions is observed4 ,side by   
side with memory appears  fear1 followed
 by pugnacity1 play1 and1 later1 anger2 
while1 still  later1 about on a par with
 the first period of dreaming1 or at    
about  the age of five months1 are      
manifested emulation1 jealousy1 joy1 and
  grief4 ,in about another month we     

notice that the child begins to         
understand words1 while1 on the         
emotional side1 he evinces signs of     
awakening sympathy1 curiosity1 revenge1 
and gratitude1 followed within  a couple
 of months by pride1 shame1             
deceitfulness1 passionateness1  cruelty1
 and ludicrousness1 which show          
themselves at the moment the  child     
appears to first exercise what we term  
true reason4 ,from this  point we see   
rapidly unfolded the higher products of 
intellectual  development1 the first of 
which is morality of a very indefinite  
kind1  which immediately precedes       
articulation at the age of about        
fourteen  months1 being closely followed
 by knowledge of the use of various     
simple instruments1 afterwards at the   
age of twenty months by concerted       
action1 and still later by speech1 which
 generally is effected at the  age of   
two years1 or rather earlier4 ,following
 quickly upon speech we  observe        
judgment1 recollection1 and             

self-consciousness manifesting          
themselves1 and1 by the time the child  
has attained the age of two  years and a
 half1 morality of a definite kind makes
 its appearance4    ,tracing the child's
 development still further1 we find the 
next  important intellectual            
manifestation--viz41 superstition--to   
take place  at about three years of age1
 while concurrently the following       
emotional  products appear--avarice1    
envy1 hate1 hope1 vanity1 mirth1 and a  
love of  the beautiful1 which are       
followed1 in the course of a few months1
 by  awe and an appreciation of art4    
,from this age to the condition of adult
  life1 the intellectual faculties      
develop according to the surroundings   
of the individual1 while1 on the        
emotional side1 reverence1 remorse1  and
 courtesy make their appearance at about
 the age of five years1 and  melancholy 
and ecstasy at about the tenth year4    
,in the foregoing ontogenetic mirror    
will be found the key to the  unfolding 

of the great mystery of the evolution of
 mind in the animal  kingdom4 ,we have  
only to take the geological periods one 
after the  other1 and study the various 
life-forms found in each to see at once 
that1 with the race1 the order of       
sequence in the appearance of the       
intellectual and emotional faculties is 
precisely the same as with the          
individual4 ,we may place the new-born  
infant intellectually on a par  with the
 lowly molluscs or the vermiform little 
animals which existed  in the ,cambrian 
period1 in which little organisms       
probably pain first  made its entry upon
 the earth1 followed by the appearance  
of pleasure1  memory 7conscious71 and   
association of ideas in the lowly       
crustaceans  of the later ,cambrian and 
early ,silurian periods4 ,with the      
spiders1  fishes1 and crabs of the later
 ,silurian and ,devonian periods we have
  brought before us the faculty of      
recognising places of which these       
animals are capable1 which places them  

intellectually on a level with a  child 
of four or five months old4    ,the     
recognition of individuals next made its
 appearance in the reptiles  of the     
,carboniferous and ,permian epochs2     
while the birds of the ,olitic  and     
,cretaceous periods were the first to   
dream1 and are thus placed on  an       
intellectual level with a child of five 
or six months4 ,the emotional           
development coincides with the          
intellectual1 just as in the case of the
  infant1 for we find fear manifesting  
itself among the lower molluscs1        
pugnacity among the crustaceans1 play   
among spiders and crabs1 anger  among   
reptiles1 and emulation1 jealousy1 joy1 
and grief among birds4 ,we  now rise in 
the palontological scale to the         
,tertiary period1 and find  in the      
,eocene age equine and other mammal     
forms1 such as cats and pigs1  which are
 capable of understanding words and     
signs1 and among which we  notice a     
manifestation of sympathy1 curiosity1   

revenge1 and gratitude4  ,in the early  
,meiocene age we have monkeys1 dogs1 and
 elephants  exhibiting the clearest     
signs of true reason1 as may be observed
 at  the present day1 and at the same   
time manifesting such emotional  signs  
as pride1 shame1 deceitfulness1         
passionateness1 cruelty1 and            
ludicrousness1 which places them on an  
intellectual par with the infant  of    
less than a year old4    ,in the later  
,meiocene age we have anthropoid apes1  
which may be placed  on a level with    
one-year-old infants1 and from which    
evolved apes  of a higher order1 which  
acquired the faculty of articulation1   
and1  afterwards becoming more human1   
the knowledge of the use of simple      
instruments1 thus reaching the          
intellectual level of the child of      
fifteen months old4 ,as the apes became 
more and more human in the  later       
,meiocene and early ,pleistocene ages1  
they gradually acquired  the faculty of 
acting in concert and of speech2 and    

when1 having  arrived at that stage of  
development in which they partook more  
of  the character of savage man than    
human ape1 judgment1 recollection1      
self-consciousness1 and1 lastly1        
definite morality manifested            
themselves1 thus raising the ape-like   
man to the level of the child of  two   
and a half years4 ,in the lowest savages
 of to-day1 as well as in  the old      
descendants of the ape-like men1        
superstition developed to a  large      
extent at the same time that the        
emotional unfolding proceeded  in the   
direction of avarice1 envy1 hate1 hope1 
vanity1 mirth1 a love  of the beautiful1
 and afterwards art appreciation1 awe1  
reverence1  remorse1 courtesy1          
melancholy1 and ecstasy1 precisely as   
with the  child of from five to ten     
years of age4 ,as the race improved1    
becoming in turn semi-savage1           
semi-civilised1 civilised1 and cultured1
  the intellectual powers1 of course1   
developed similarly1 until1 at  the     

present day1 we find men possessed of   
the most wonderful mental  grandeur1 we 
might almost say1 conceivable4 ,but this
 would be saying  too much1 for we must 
not forget that1 just as evolution has  
continued  in the past from eternity1 so
 will it continue in the future to      
eternity2 and who can tell to what      
heights the human mind may soar in  the 
future8    ,lofty as is the human       
intellect at the present time1 as       
compared with  the mental powers of     
those we have left far behind in the    
march of  evolution1 it is yet very far 
from being able to grasp many of the    
great problems of the universe1 such as 
that of existence4 ,perhaps at  some    
future time1 in millions of ages to     
come1 these great questions  may be     
answered2 but at present we know they   
baffle the wisest men1  and continually 
remind us of the finite and limited     
character of our  intellectual          
faculties4    ,this comparison of the   
mental development of the individual    

with that  of the whole race is         
extremely interesting1 and provides     
ample material  for thought4 ,by such   
comparison1 and by it alone1 can the    
science of  psychology ever be based on 
a sure and enduring foundation4 ,it is  
all  very well for theologians and other
 biased people to declare that  animal  
intelligence has nothing in common with 
the reasoning powers  of man2 but let   
them honestly look at the facts as they 
are1 thanks  to the indefatigable energy
 and indomitable perseverance of lovers 
of science and truth1 now presented to  
us4 ,candid observers cannot  fail to   
notice that the difference between the  
intelligence of man  and that of the    
lower animals is one only of degree1 and
 not of kind4  ,when we see the order of
 sequence being followed in the         
development  of the individual so like  
that of the whole race1 not only as     
regards  the bodily structure1 but also 
as regards the mental functions1 can  we
 help arriving at the conclusion that   

the one is but the epitome  of the      
other1 and that the superior intellect  
of man is but a higher  development of  
the so-called instincts of the lower    
animals8 ,have we  not at the present   
day1 among members of the human family  
itself1  various degrees of             
intelligence1 from the almost barren    
brains of the  lowest races of savages  
to the brilliant mental achievements of 
a  ,newton or a ,spencer8    ,it is     
beyond doubt that the intellectual      
superiority of civilised man  over his  
savage brethren is due to the greater   
multiplicity of his  objects of thought1
 and it follows that savage man's       
intellectual  superiority over the lower
 animals is due to the same cause4 ,the 
actions of both have the same aim--viz41
 the supplying of the wants  of the     
physical nature and the gratifying of   
the desires aroused in  the mind4 ,it is
 frequently asserted that man differs   
from the lower  animals in possessing   
the power of reflection2 but this ,i    

hold to  be an exploded argument1 and at
 variance with all recent teaching4     
,dogs1 elephants1 and monkeys most      
certainly possess the faculty of        
reflection1 and it is not difficult to  
find races belonging to the  human      
family whose powers of reflection       
transcend hardly in the least  degree   
those possessed by the higher apes2     
while the difference  between the       
reflective capacity of the lowest       
savage1 which is of the  simplest       
conceivable kind1 and that of the       
civilised ,european1 which  has         
developed into genius1 is enormous4     
,then1 again1 it is often  said that    
only man is emotional2 but one need only
 have an ordinary  acquaintanceship with
 domestic animals to at once see the    
absurdity of  this argument1 for dogs   
are frequently observed to laugh1 to    
cry1 to  express joy and gratitude by   
their actions1 and to betray feelings of
  shame and remorse2 while horses and   
elephants have been observed to  punish 

their cruel keepers in the most cunning 
manner and then to laugh  at the poor   
fellows' discomfiture4 ,as to the       
8conscience argument10  so frequently   
brought forward1 by religionists        
especially1 all ,i have  to say here is 
that conscience1 or the knowledge of the
 distinction  between right and wrong1  
is not an inherent quality of the human 
mind1  being merely a result of the     
operation of the reflective faculty     
aided  by experience1 as is quite       
evident from the fact that the ideas of 
morality vary according to the age in   
which we live4 ,the same may be  said   
about the greatest of all the arguments 
against evolution--viz41  that of       
language2 for1 just as conscience is but
 a product of  reflection and           
experience1 so is language also4 ,it is 
a mistake to  imagine that the power of 
speech is possessed by man alone1 and   
that  his language differs altogether   
from the cries and signals of the lower 
animals1 for such is not the case4 ,many

 animals possess the faculty of  speech1
 and human language differs from that of
 the lower animals only  in its degree  
of development1 and in no sense in its  
origin4 ,probably  all language         
originated in interjection1 or the      
8instinctive expression  of the         
subjective impressions derived from     
external nature10 as ,mr4  ,farrar puts 
it4 ,and1 just as the reflective powers 
of the race were  developed and shone   
more brilliantly as each stage in the   
evolutionary  march of intellect was    
passed1 so did language pass from the   
simple  monosyllabic cries to the       
complex dialects of modern civilisation2
 and  it is worthy of notice that1 at   
the present day1 or at any rate very    
recently1 there were races of savage men
 inhabiting this earth who  possessed no
 language at all1 and could not1 on     
account of their mode  of living1 be    
placed on a higher intellectual level   
than the higher  apes2 while we have the
 authority of the leading philologists  

of the  times in support of the fact    
that the monosyllabic cries of some of  
the  lower human tribes are quite within
 the grasp of the ape's voice4    ,human
 beings have been discovered in wild and
 hitherto unexplored  regions who have  
not the remotest idea of what we should 
term  civilisation4 ,they lead a        
wandering and useless life1 sleeping at 
nights1 not in huts1 nor in caves1 but  
squatting among the branches of  tall   
trees1 where they are placed out of the 
reach of savage animals4  ,they do not  
appear capable of expressing their      
thoughts in sentences1  but make use of 
exclamatory grunts1 which serve the     
purposes of speech  quite sufficiently  
for their limited requirements2 and     
their general  appearance approaches to 
a remarkable extent that of the higher  
apes1  in that they are almost          
completely covered with hair1 possess a 
dirty  brown skin1 short legs1 long     
arms1 and full abdomens1 can pick up    
stones1 sticks1 etc41 with their toes as

 well as their fingers1 and  show few if
 any signs of intellectual powers4 ,let 
any one visit the  ,zoological ,gardens1
 in ,london1 and carefully observe the  
apes exhibited  there1 and then say     
whether there is a vast difference      
between some  of them and the human     
beings who answer to the above          
description4 ,one  need but visit the   
travelling menagerie of ,messrs4        
,edmunds1 and view  their 8missing      
link10 an excellent sample of the       
chimpanzee troglodyte1  to see that the 
difference between man and the lower    
animals is one  only of degree1 quite as
 much as regards intellect as bodily    
form4 ,i  once saw exhibited in the     
,jardin d',acclimatation1 in ,paris1 a  
lot of  ,patagonian or ,fuegan 7,i      
forget which7 natives1 who were very    
little  superior intellectually to the  
chimpanzee4 ,they were stark naked1 in a
  wretchedly dirty condition1 and       
appeared quite incapable of anything    
like sustained mental effort4 ,but these

 are by no means the lowest  among the  
human species4    ,in conclusion1 ,i    
need only re-state my opinion that all  
so-called  living things are but        
products of the development of          
protoplasm1  whether belonging to the   
animal or vegetable kingdoms2 that this 
protoplasm possesses the property of    
vitality1 or the power of  perceiving   
stimuli of various kinds and responding 
to them by definite  movements2 that the
 phenomena of mind are but functional   
manifestations  of this protoplasmic    
development2 and that the highest       
intellectual  product of the human mind 
exists and has existed from eternity in 
a  state of latent potentiality in every
 atom of protoplasm1 as well as in      
every particle of matter in the         
universe4          ,,the ,,special      
,,senses4      ,according to the now    
almost universally 7that is1 among      
educated  scientific people7 accepted   
theory of ,evolution1 each living being 
upon  this earth is a result of a very  

slow process of development1 which      
commenced with a low form of life many  
millions of years ago1 and has  since   
been operating continuously1 becoming   
more and more complex1 and              
imperceptibly attaining greater         
perfection as each fresh stage was      
accomplished4 ,from the homogeneous to  
the heterogeneous1 from inorganic  to   
organic1 from ,amba to man1 the         
evolutionary development has slowly1    
steadily1 and surely advanced step by   
step1 in obedience to certain           
well-defined laws4 ,yet it is impossible
 to discern in this slow process  of    
evolution any well-marked difference    
between one particular species  and the 
next of kin1 although the difference    
becomes clearly apparent  if we take two
 species separated from each other by   
considerable  time2 just as it is       
impossible to detect any alteration in  
form and  feature between a child of six
 days old and the same child of seven   
days old1 while the change is very      

evident after the lapse of several      
weeks or months4 ,if we were to         
photograph a human being regularly  each
 day from the moment of its birth to the
 time of its decease at  the age of     
eighty1 we should be unable to detect   
any real difference  between the        
portraits on any two consecutive days2  
but the difference  between the child of
 a week old and the young man of twenty 
years would  be enormous1 as would be   
that between the full-grown youth and   
the  tottering old man4 ,as the human   
individual in its earliest condition  of
 existence is not possessed of the same 
faculties as it afterwards  enjoys as a 
more perfect development1 so1 in like   
manner1 the species  in its primal      
condition was wanting in the loftier    
qualities now  possessed by the higher  
animals1 such as consciousness1 sight1  
hearing1  taste1 smell1 and touch1 all  
of which have been gradually evolved  as
 the various life-forms developed from  
lower and more simple to  higher and    

more complex kind4 ,for instance1 at a  
very early period of  man's individual  
existence he possessed no brain1 eyes1  
ears1 mouth1  or nose1 and1 therefore1  
was quite incapable of mentating1       
seeing1  hearing1 tasting1 or smelling2 
but1 as the organism very gradually     
developed into a higher and more complex
 kind1 these various organs  manifested 
themselves1 and slowly arrived at such  
perfection as we  find in the human     
infant at birth4 ,precisely so was it   
with the race4  ,the lowly ,moneron was 
of homogeneous structure1 possessing    
neither  parts nor kind1 but gradually  
differentiating into nucleus and cell2  
its descendants1 the ,gastrada1 becoming
 possessed1 by a process of             
invagination1 of an external layer of   
nucleated cells and an internal  and    
more delicate layer1 thus forming a     
hollow organism1 or ,gastrula4  ,this   
external cellular integument was the    
original sense-organ of the  animal     
kingdom1 from which developed the organs

 of special sense4  ,though without     
nerve and special sense-organs1 yet     
these little hollow  ,gastrada1 and1 in 
fact1 their ancestors1 the ,amb1 which  
consisted  of simple protoplasmic cells1
 each enclosing a nucleus1 were         
possessed  with sensory perception1     
being influenced by light1 and by       
variations  of pressure and temperature4
 ,as the evolutionary process continued1
 and  the animal kingdom assumed higher 
forms1 the original epidermal general   
sense-organ became converted into       
several special organs of sense1 each   
specialisation commencing with a simple 
depression upon the integument  of the  
organism2 numerous little epidermal     
nerves of perception were  formed1 which
 could perceive changes of pressure and 
of temperature1  and some of which      
gradually became enabled to understand  
particular  influences affecting them1  
such as those produced by a strong      
odour1  light-waves1 and sound-waves4   
,by adaptation1 the extremities of these

  sense-nerves became expanded and      
enlarged1 so as to enable them the      
better to understand the particular     
influences2 and this expansion was      
accompanied by a corresponding          
depression on the integument1 which     
cup-like formation afterwards became    
converted into an eye1 or other  organ  
of special sense1 very imperfect in the 
invertebrate forms of  life1 imperfect  
in the fish1 more perfect in the        
amphibian1 and still  more perfect in   
the mammal forms1 such as apes and men4 
,in short1 the  life-history of the     
individual is an exact counterpart in   
miniature of  the life-history of the   
species up to the particular point      
reached by  the particular individual4  
,the order and mode of development is   
precisely the same in all animal        
organisms1 and may be conveniently      
studied by placing a hen's egg in  an   
incubating machine1 and carefully       
watching it for the space of  three     
weeks4 ,it will be observed that the    

eye1 ear1 nose1 and mouth  are not      
present at the commencement of the      
process1 but make their  appearance     
later on1 about the third or fourth day 
of incubation1 as  tiny depressions on  
the integument1 from which condition    
they gradually  develop into perfect    
organs of special sense1 as possessed by
 the  full-grown chicken2 the eyes1     
which receive the impressions caused  by
 light-waves2 the ears1 which receive   
those made by sound-waves2  the nose1 by
 which odours are discerned2 the mouth1 
which holds the  taste-organ2 and the   
skin1 which remains the organ of touch  
and  perception of temperature4 ,now1   
when we consider for a moment these     
wonderful phenomena1 we cannot help     
being struck by the remarkable  manner  
in which the animal kingdom has been    
slowly and steadily  progressing towards
 perfection1 in spite of the enormous   
physical  difficulties encountered2 and 
we cannot help coming to the conclusion 
that1 inasmuch as there was once a time 

when no animal existed having  eyes1    
ears1 nose1 or mouth1 and1 still later1 
a period when these  special            
sense-organs existed in a very imperfect
 condition1 it is  highly probable that 
in the future ages man1 who now         
possesses special  senses of a high     
order1 will acquire even still more     
highly-developed  faculties4    ,in     
congratulating ourselves upon the       
advance made by our own particular      
species over other members of the animal
 kingdom1 we must never forget  that1   
although we can mentate1 see1 hear1     
smell1 taste1 and feel1  while myriads  
of our lowly brethren can do none of    
these1 we yet are  incapable of solving 
the mighty problems of the universe with
 any  or all of these organs without    
artificial aid4 ,no man on earth has    
ever yet been able to solve the mighty  
problem of existence1 in spite  of his  
great intellectual powers4 ,no man has  
ever yet been able to  see a millionth  
part of the wonders in the heavens      

above1 or in the  earth beneath1 with   
his own unaided eye2 but with the       
telescope and  microscope new worlds    
have been opened out to him4 ,we are as 
yet1  undoubtedly1 in but a transitory  
condition1 the victims of an imperfect  
organisation1 subject to a              
partially-developed brain and nervous   
system1 and to five imperfect special   
senses4 ,we must accept the  situation  
philosophically1 and without grumbling1 
and do our best to  make good use of the
 senses we have1 and leave the solution 
of problems  we are unable to solve to  
future races of men1 who will be        
possessed of  better materials with     
which to operate4                       
,illustration3 8,,the ,,supreme ,,spirit
 ,,in ,,the ,,act ,,of ,,creation       
,,became ,,by  ,,voga1 ,,two-,,fold1    
,,the ,,right ,,side ,,was ,,male1 ,,the
 ,,left ,,was ,,prakriti40  7,brahma    
,vaivartta ,puranu47    ,,brahm ,,the   
,,hindu ,,androgynous ,,creator  ,copied
 from ,inman's 8,ancient ,faiths04      

,illustration3 ,,isis1 ,,horus ,,and    
,,fish    ,from a photograph of a small 
bronze image in the ,mayor collection   
of ,browne's ,museum1 ,liverpool4       
,copied from ,d7r7 ,inman's 8,ancient   
,faiths04      ,illustration3 ,,the     
,,vedic ,,virgin1 ,,indranee1           
,,wife-,,mother ,,of ,,saviour-,,god1   
,,indra4 ,from ,hislop's 8,two          
,babylons04    ,illustration3 ,,the     
,,hindu ,,god ,,vishnu1 ,,nursed ,,by   
,,his ,,virgin ,,wife-,,mother1         
,,lakshmi4 ,from ,moore's 8,hindu       
,pantheon04    ,illustration3 ,,devaki  
,,and ,,christna ,from ,moore's 8,hindu 
,pantheon04    ,illustration3 ,,the     
,,hindu ,,god ,,siva1 ,,nursed ,,by     
,,his ,,virgin ,,wife-,,mother1         
,,parvati4   ,copied from statuette in  
,liverpool museum4      ,illustration3  
,,amen-,,ra 7,after ,drummond47         
,illustration3 ,,crux ,,ansata  ,found  
marked on the breast of an ,egyptian    
mummy in the ,university  ,college      
,museum1 ,london4    ,illustration3     

,,the ,,assyrian ,,virgin ,,ishtar      
,from ,rawlinson's 8,ancient            
,monarchies04    ,illustration3         
,,crucifixion ,,of ,,christna  ,from old
 ,hindu engraving4 ,after ,higgins4     
,illustration3 ,,virgin ,,and ,,child   
,,at ,,idalium ,,in ,,cyprus    ,after  
,rawlinson    78,herodotus07            
,illustration3 ,,isis ,,and ,,horus     
,,the ,,egyptian ,,virgin ,,and         
,,saviour-,,god    ,from ,rawlinson's   
8,herodotus04          ,,evolution ,,of 
,,the ,,god ,,idea4      8,knowing his  
adopted land well1 the ,eastern does not
 require recondite  volumes to explain  
#8,dionysiak myths' or #8solar          
theories1' as the old  faiths are now   
called in the ,west4 ,he sees these     
pervading the tales  and epiks of ,east 
and ,west alike1 just as ,yahvism or    
,yahu-ism pervades  the ,scriptures of  
,jews or ,yahus--that ever-familiar and 
expressive  faith-term by which alone   
,asia knows the #8,yahudean' race40     
,while fully  admitting the true        

character of the old faith as here      
expressed1 yet1  with all due deference 
to one of such acknowledged repute in   
the  literary world as ,major-,general  
,forlong1 whose splendid work1 entitled 
8,rivers of ,faith0 7,preface1 p4 xxi47 
contains the above paragraph1 it  may be
 fairly urged that the educated few     
only1 both among ,easterns and          
,westerns1 have hitherto been capable of
 discerning the vein of solar  myth     
which pervades all systems of religion2 
while the vast multitude  of ignorant   
and credulous people even yet perceive1 
or think they  perceive1 the ,divine    
handiwork in the particular sacred      
oracle to which  they firmly pin their  
faith4 ,the ,hindu supreme deity is     
known as ,brahm1  the ,persian as       
,ormuzd1 the ,mohammedan as ,allah1 and 
the ,jewish and  ,christian as ,el1     
,elohim1 ,yahouh 7or ,jehovah71 ,god1   
etc4 ,probably few  among the many      
millions who worship these various      
deities know much or  anything about    

their origin1 innocently imagining that 
the ,deity they  bow allegiance to once 
manifested itself to some chosen        
individual1  to whom it gave a          
revelation1 the facts of which were     
handed down to  posterity4 ,they little 
dream of the vast cycles of time that   
have  rolled past since the brain of man
 attained such a state of perfection  as
 to enable it to evolve the idea of     
,deity4 ,it is utterly impossible  for  
the human mind to grasp the enormous    
interval of time that has  elapsed since
 primeval man emerged from the condition
 of unreasoning  existence to enter upon
 the bright dawn of intellectual        
activity1 which  has developed into such
 mighty proportions as we behold to-day4
 ,let  us carry the mind back far beyond
 the ,dark ,ages1 through the classic   
era1 as far even as the very            
commencement of ,egyptian history2 and  
even  then we find ourselves but little 
nearer that remote period in which  the 
first spark of intelligence made its    

debt upon the platform of  life4 ,in    
imagination we may go still further     
back1 and view the wonders  of that     
ancient ,asian civilisation which       
preceded that of the ancient  ,egyptians
 and ,greeks1 and which was probably    
derived very gradually  from the        
earliest social conceptions of the      
,caucasian branch of the  ,polynesian   
primitive man4 ,still we are ages away  
from the period we  desire to arrive at2
 and even were we able to trace the     
human family  back to that remote time  
when man could not be said to partake   
more of  the character of the human than
 the ape species1 still we should even  
then be unable to point to the precise  
moment when intellect shed its  glorious
 rays upon the race1 making bright1     
clear1 and beautiful what  before was   
dark1 misty1 and unmeaning4 ,the ancient
 ,prosimi gradually  became ,catarrhine 
apes1 which1 in their turn1 as slowly   
assumed the  characters of the          
,anthropoid1 and afterwards of ape-like 

men2 but  the time required for this    
imperceptibly gradual process of        
evolution  was probably many hundred    
thousands of years1 during which period1
  or perhaps even at a prior time the   
first intellectual spark became         
manifest3 how1 when1 or for what        
ultimate purpose it is apparently       
beyond our power to devise4    ,how soon
 after the dawn of intellect the        
conception of ,deity was  evolved in the
 human brain it is equally impossible to
 say2 but the  probability is that the  
date was a very early one1 for it seems 
highly probable that such a conception  
would be among the very first  efforts  
of the mind1 the materials necessary for
 the stimulation of  such an effort     
being at hand at any moment4 ,we can    
imagine our early  fathers groping in   
the darkness of ignorance1 with mental  
powers on  a par with those of the      
awakening minds of our own children1    
seeing  bogies in every natural         
phenomenon1 and tremblingly glowering at

 the  spectra of their own imaginations4
 ,having no experience of the past  or  
knowledge of the future1 they would     
indeed be in a most helpless  condition1
 relying entirely upon the instinctive  
capabilities they had  inherited from   
their ancestors4 ,by degrees1 however1  
their various  faculties would be       
further awakened by impressions received
 from  external objects2 their wants    
would be multiplied in proportion to    
their intellectual development1 causing 
them to manifest a desire  for industry2
 and their self-consciousness would     
arouse within them  a feeling of dignity
 and importance to which they had       
hitherto been  strangers4 ,thus         
gradually would the race cast off its   
animal and put  on its human clothes4   
,the old plan of hand-to-mouth existence
 would be  abolished by the             
newly-developed reason of man2 the      
innumerable dangers  which confronted   
him would undoubtedly stimulate him to  
approach his  fellows with the object of

 establishing mutual aid and of         
co-operating  for their common welfare2 
and a feeling of confident superiority  
over  others of the animal kingdom would
 become apparent among them4 ,not only  
would man's attention be arrested by the
 impending dangers of each  day1 the    
necessity of procuring sustenance for   
himself and family1 and  the obvious    
advantages accruing from co-operation1  
but also by the  constantly-recurring   
natural phenomena1 such as the rising   
and setting  of the sun1 moon and stars1
 the never-ending succession of day and 
night1 etc41 as well as by the no less  
wonderful1 and certainly more  awful1   
occasional natural occurrences1 such as 
lightning1 thunder1 and  earthquake4 ,he
 would be as much struck with wonder and
 amazement at the  one set of phenomena 
as with awe at the other4 ,the returning
 sun-light  would each morning produce  
joy in his heart equally as much as the 
inevitable recurrence each night of     
darkness would produce a feeling of     

sadness1 dread1 and despair4 ,we can    
easily imagine the long hours of  horror
 our first fathers must have passed     
through each night among the  yells and 
howls of the savage monsters by which   
they were surrounded1  and how they     
anxiously looked forward to the return  
of that glorious  orb which would bring 
back to them daylight1 sunshine1 warmth1
 and  happiness4 ,what a boon it must   
have been to them6 ,can we wonder that  
they should have regarded the sun with  
particular affection8 ,it would  have   
been remarkable1 indeed1 had they not   
done so2 and it is more  than probable  
that this daily re-appearance of the sun
 on the eastern  horizon was actually   
what prompted the first conception of   
deity4 ,the  very oldest mythology with 
which we are acquainted appears strongly
  to bear out this theory1 and1 indeed1 
in every other mythological  system we  
find the re-appearing sun to be one of  
the principal objects  of devotion and  
affection4 ,if we turn our gaze to that 

part of ,asia1  along the banks of the  
,oxus1 over which our ,aryan ancestors  
wandered  thousands of years before the 
time of the earliest ,egyptian dynasty1 
we  find there a clue to the origin of  
the original conception of deity4       
,among these early people were composed 
the hymns of the ,rig-,veda1  which are 
probably the earliest records of any    
race1 and in which we  find personified 
the phenomena of the heavens and earth1 
the storm1 the  wind1 the rain1 the     
stars1 etc4 ,the earth is represented as
 a flat1  indefinite surface1 existing  
passively1 and forming the foundation of
  the whole universe2 while above it the
 luminous vault of heaven forms a       
dwelling place for the fertile and      
life-giving light and a covering for    
the earth below4 ,to the earth the      
,aryans gave the name of ,prihovi1 8the 
wide expanse20 the vault of heaven they 
called ,varuna1 8the vault20  while the 
light between the two1 in the cloud     
region1 they named ,dyaus1  8the        

luminous air10 8the dawn40 ,varuna and  
,prihovi1 in space1 together  begat     
,agni1 the fire-god1 the sun in heaven  
and life-giver of the  universe2 and    
,soma1 the ambrosial deity of earth1 god
 of immortality1  fertiliser of the     
waters1 nourisher of plants1 and        
quickener of the  semen of men and      
animals4 ,in these hymns frequent       
mention is made of  the joy experienced 
at the return of dawn1 and of the       
saddening effect  produced upon the mind
 by the ever-recurring twilight which   
ushered  in the dark and dreary night4  
,we meet with incantations expressive   
of the wildest excitement at the welcome
 appearance of the dawn-god1  ,dyaus1   
which heralded the approach of the      
sun-god1 ,agni1 who is led up  to the   
summit of his ascension1 or bosom of    
,varuna1 by the conquering  god of      
battle1 ,indra1 the defeater of the evil
 powers of darkness2  and we find the   
most pathetical appeals both to ,agni   
and ,indra to  remain longer over the   

earth1 and co-operate with ,soma in     
replenishing  nature1 instead of sinking
 into the twilight1 or shades of        
evening1 to  be slain by ,vritra1 8the  
coverer10 and tormented in the darkness 
of  night by ,ahi1 the dragon1 and other
 cruel monsters4 ,this is precisely  the
 drama we should expect to find depicted
 in the earliest writings  of man2 is   
the root of all future religious ideas2 
and is still to be  found pervading     
almost every modern religious faith4 ,it
 is a beautiful  representation of the  
earliest yearnings and fears of our     
forefathers2  and1 though the picture is
 now and then almost effaced by numerous
  subsequent additions of mythological  
lore1 yet the original conception       
remains indelibly depicted in the       
religions of the present day1           
furnishing us with the key to the study 
of comparative mythology4    ,it will be
 necessary1 in order to compare1 with   
any degree of accuracy1  the            
mythological systems which subsequently 

developed from this  primitive          
conception of a ruling power1 to glance 
at the mode of  distribution of the     
various branches of the earliest human  
family2  and in doing so we must ever   
keep in mind the more than probable fact
  that that portion of the earth's      
surface which is now covered by  the    
,indian ,ocean once formed a large      
equatorial continent1 uniting  the east 
coast of ,africa with ,arabia1 ,india1  
,ceylon1 and the ,malay  ,peninsula4    
,instead of the rivers ,tigris and      
,euphrates emptying their  waters into  
the ,persian ,gulf1 and the ,indus into 
the ,arabian ,sea1 it  is highly        
probable that these rivers united to    
form one large estuary1  which emptied  
itself into the ocean on the south of   
the now submerged  continent of         
,lemuria4 ,it is equally probable that  
the large rivers1  ,ganges and          
,brahmapootra1 likewise found an outlet 
south of a line drawn  from ,point de   
,gall to ,singapore4 ,on this submerged 

continent1 and on  the shores of these  
long-lost streams1 it is supposed man   
evolved  from the anthropoid apes1 in   
the early ,pleiocene1 or perhaps even in
  the later ,meiocene1 geological period
 of the world's history4 ,the           
transition stage in the pedigree of man 
between the ,anthropoid and  true       
men--that is to say1 between man-like   
,catarrhine apes and beings  possessing 
a larger proportion of the              
characteristics of the human  than of   
the ape species--is known to            
,anthropologists by the name of  ,alali1
 or ape-like men4 ,these wild and       
ill-formed savages wandered  about in   
bands along the banks of these monster  
rivers1 passing their  time in hunting  
their less fortunate brethren of the    
animal kind4 ,in  course of time they   
multiplied and spread over the entire   
continent1  killing all such monsters as
 interfered with their safety or        
comfort1  and gradually dividing and    
sub-dividing into families and races1   

each acquiring1 under the influence of  
the two laws of selection  and          
adaptation1 peculiarities and           
characteristics not common to the       
remainder4 ,one branch wandered away to 
the west and south1 becoming the        
progenitors of the ,south ,african      
races2 another found its way to the     
east and south1 to people ,australasia2 
while a third struck out towards  the   
north1 overrunning ,malaya1 ,burmah1 and
 ,southern ,india4 ,this last  branch1  
which we term the ,malay1 or            
,polynesian1 subdivided into two        
distinct families--the ,mongolian1 or   
,turanian1 the progenitors of the       
ancient ,chinese1 ,ural ,turks1         
,akkadians1 and ,finns2 and the         
,caucasian1  or ,iranian1 the first     
human inhabitants of ,south-,western    
,asia4 ,of these  ,iranians one stream1 
it is supposed1 found its way to the    
banks of the  ,nile1 and became1 in     
course of time1 a distinct and powerful 
,egyptian  race2 another1 the ,semitic1 

followed the direction of the ,persian  
,gulf1 and settled in ,arabia and along 
the banks of the ,euphrates2  while a   
third1 which we call the ,aryan or      
,indo-,germanic1 covered  ,india1       
,afghanistan1 and ,northern ,persia1    
gradually extending along the  northern 
shores of the ,black ,sea into ,europe4 
,now1 as already stated1 the earliest   
known records of any race are the  hymns
 of the ,rig-,veda1 composed among the  
,aryans of ,northern ,persia1  probably 
from earlier traditions handed down to  
them from the older  ,iranian stock1 or 
even from the still earlier             
,polynesians2 and it is  remarkable that
 in all ancient mythological records1 as
 well as on  monumental inscriptions1   
the same vein of solar myth as is found 
in the  ,rig-,veda is clearly traceable 
beneath the accumulated mythological    
lore of future ages4 ,the main idea in  
all mythologies seems to have  been that
 of a saviour-deity conquering the evil 
genius of night1 or  winter1 and        

bringing back the day1 or summer1 to    
replenish the earth4  ,as already       
stated1 ,indra was to the ,aryans of the
 early ,vedic period  the saviour-god   
who1 with his companions1 ,vishnu and   
,rudra1 leads  forth ,agni1 the god of  
celestial and terrestrial fire1 to the  
bosom  of ,varuna1 where his influence  
operates upon ,soma1 the fertilizer of  
earth4 ,a conqueror from early morn to  
mid-day1 ,indra's power grows  weaker as
 the evening approaches1 until at last  
the twilight yields him  up to ,vritra1 
who slays him1 after which he is        
tormented by ,ahi1 the  dragon1 for the 
remainder of the night4 ,this drama was 
probably derived  from the original     
,iranian stock1 and as probably         
underwent considerable  modification    
before being finally committed to       
writing as a cultus by  the ,aryans2    
and1 therefore1 we should expect to find
 some resemblance  between the ,aryan1  
,semitic1 and ,egyptian mythological    
systems4 ,this is  precisely what we do 

find on carefully comparing these three 
oldest  of all known mythologies1       
though1 as will be seen further on1 each
  accumulates such a vast quantity of   
fresh mythological matter that the      
original conception is considerably     
obscured1 and in each the original      
deities become in course of time so     
mixed up with one another that it  is   
almost impossible to separate their     
individual characteristics4    ,although
 ,agni was said to have been begotten by
 the conjunction in the  air of ,varuna 
and ,prihovi 7,prithivi71 all the       
principal gods1 or ,devas1  originally  
conceived as the phenomena and power of 
heaven1 were called  the children of    
,dyaus and ,prihovi1 ,agni and ,indra   
being considered  the two chief of the  
twelve ,devas4 ,dyaus1 ,prihovi1 and    
their progeny  afterwards became endowed
 with moral qualities1 and were looked  
upon as  creators and governors of the  
world2 and as time wore on the original 
,vedic deities gradually gave place to  

purely solar deities3 the sun  was      
called ,surya1 and differed from ,agni1 
who was god of terrestrial  and         
celestial fire--sun1 lightning1 and     
altar fire in one1 the soul  of         
universe1 and mediator between the gods 
and men2 ,surya was also  ,savitri1 the 
quickener1 who in the early morn rouses 
the sleepers1 and  in the evening       
twilight buries them again in sleep2 he 
is also ,vishnu1  the companion of      
,indra1 who traverses the celestial     
space in three long  strides2 he is     
,pushan1 the nourisher and faithful     
guide of men and  animals2 and he is    
,yama1 who traverses the steep road to  
death and the  shades4 ,thus the gods   
multiplied--the original supreme deity1 
,varuna1  who was one with ,indra1      
though different from him1 giving place 
to a  multitude of solar deities1       
children of ,dyaus1 the great dawn-god  
or  day-father4    ,as the old ,vedic   
language became lost to the people there
 arose a  custom of setting apart       

certain individuals to faithfully       
preserve the  old and sacred records1   
and thus arose the priestly caste of    
,brahmans1  whose duties consisted in   
transcribing the sacred hymns of the    
,rig-,veda and preserving the knowledge 
of the sacred language in which  they   
were first written4 ,the great          
day-father1 ,dyaus1 now received the    
name of ,brahma1 the magic power1 and   
,prajapeti1 the lord of creatures1  and 
was endowed with three divine           
energies--,agni 7fire71 ,vayu 7air71    
and ,surya 7the sun71 which together    
formed a subordinate triad4 ,soma       
became associated with the moon2 ,asura 
became the demon of hell1 which  was    
peopled with tormenting monsters2 ,indra
 and ,vishnu became blended  with       
,surya2 and ,rudra was converted into   
,siva and identified with  ,agni4 ,as   
,brahmanism progressed the principal    
worship on the shores  of the ,ganges   
gradually centred round ,vishnu1 who was
 supposed to  undergo periodically a    

number of ,avataras1 or incarnations1 by
 means  of which he rescued fallen man  
from the fate awaiting him4 ,these      
descents to the lower world were very   
frequent1 and appear to have  had some  
connection with the zodiacal            
constellations2 for we find the         
incarnation at one time taking place as 
a man1 at another as a fish1 at  another
 as a lion1 and so on4    ,the most     
ancient of the ,avataras was probably   
the incarnation of  ,krishna1 the       
,indian ,hercules1 who was mentioned in 
the ,vedic writings  as 8,krishna1 the  
son of ,devaki10 and in whose honour    
festivals were  kept1 at a very early   
period1 similar to those connected with 
the  cultus of ,bacchus4 ,megasthenes   
found the worship of ,krishna prevailing
  along the shores of the ,ganges at the
 beginning of the third century  before 
our era1 and described it as the worship
 of ,hercules4 ,this  incarnate         
offspring of the ancient sun-god1       
,vishnu1 was said to have  been born at 

,mathura1 a place situated between      
,delhi and ,agra1 and to  have acted the
 part of a saviour of the world and a   
mediator between  the gods and men4     
,soon after his birth his life was      
sought by the  reigning tyrant1 ,kamsa1 
who feared for the safety of his throne1
 which  necessitated the removal of     
,krishna to a place of safety4 ,arriving
  at manhood1 this young divinity slew  
the serpent ,kaliya1 and sported  with  
the ,gops1 or female cowherds1 among    
whom he had been brought up4  ,he was   
fond of wine1 ,bacchanalian revels1 and 
sensualities1 though  considered to be  
immaculately holy1 and resigned to his  
fate1 which was  to suffer death in     
order to relieve the earth of the burden
 of a proud  race4 ,for this purpose he 
was incarnated in the womb of his       
mother1  ,devaki1 and for this purpose  
he lived and died4    ,in the           
mountainous regions away from the       
,ganges the cultus of ,siva was  the    
more prevalent1 ,vishnu being considered

 of secondary importance2  but1 as sects
 gradually were formed out of the       
ancient religion1 one  party preferring 
this deity and another that1 an attempt 
was made1  which eventually proved      
successful1 to re-unite the various     
religious  parties and re-instate the   
principal gods in their original places4
  ,the ancient orthodoxy was brought    
into sympathy with the new religion  in 
a very curious manner1 by making        
,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva a trinity   
of essences or attributes of the supreme
 ,brahm1 each a supreme god in  itself1 
and each equal with the others in       
importance2 ,brahma being  specially the
 creator1 ,vishnu the redeemer or       
preserver1 and ,siva the  destroyer4 ,at
 times ,krishna was added to the new    
trinity as a fourth  figure2 but this   
was an innovation which found little    
favour1 inasmuch  as ,vishnu and        
,krishna were the same god1 the one but 
the incarnation of  the other4 ,thus the
 old idea of ,prajapeti1 or ,brahma1    

with the three  divine energies--,agni  
7fire71 ,vayu 7air71 and ,surya 7the    
sun7--were  revived in a manner as a new
 trinity of essences of the supreme     
deity1  under other names2 and the      
arrangement thus concluded has continued
  in use to this day with the orthodox  
,hindus4 ,we find1 therefore1  that1    
despite the accumulation of fresh myths1
 which grew larger as  time wore on1 the
 original conception of the constant    
necessity for  a divine saviour was     
never lost1 and that1 as the approach of
 night  in the ,vedic system was        
followed by the torments of the shades1 
and  the powers of darkness were        
destroyed by the re-appearance of the   
dawn-god1 so also the approaching       
extinction of the people under a  wicked
 tyrant was followed by the misery which
 preceded the appearance  of the        
saviour-god1 ,krishna4 ,in fact1 every  
myth that occurs in the  religions of   
,india is built out of this original    
idea of the powers of  light being      

overcome by the powers of darkness and  
finally rescued by a  redeeming god4 ,in
 later times1 as the science of         
astronomy became more  popular and      
better understood1 not only was the     
daily apparent course  of the sun the   
source from which myths were fabricated1
 but his annual  apparent march through 
the zodiacal signs was also drawn upon  
for the  creation of more imposing and  
elaborate dramas2 and in this manner    
were produced the fables containing     
allusions to the two crucifixions1  or  
passage of the sun across the equator at
 the vernal and autumnal  equinoxes1 and
 the rites of baptism when the sun was  
passing through  the sign ,aquarius1 and
 fasting during the period of the sun's 
transit  through ,pisces1 etc4    ,the  
religion of ,boodhism is an offshoot of 
the ,brahman system1 having  originated 
in the so-called incarnation of ,vishnu1
 ,gautama ,boodha1  whose powerful      
personality has left an indelible       
impress upon the  religion4 ,this       

remarkable man lived about the end of   
the sixth century2  but the real history
 of ,boodhism does not commence until   
about the  middle of the third century  
before our era4 ,the doctrines taught   
by this great reformer were brotherly   
love1 self-sacrifice1 and an  eternal   
,nirvana as the consummation of all     
bliss4 ,the doctrine of  the            
transmigration of the soul was still    
maintained2 but a state of  ,nirvana1 or
 absolute non-existence1 was declared to
 be the deliverance  from the endless   
succession of re-births for those who1  
by their  purity of life and heart1     
merit such a blissful end4 ,admitting   
that  men were born in different castes1
 determined by their good or evil  deeds
 in a prior existence1 ,boodha yet      
declared that all might attain  the     
highest salvation1 and that none1 not   
even those of the highest  caste and    
most sacred offices1 could do this      
without having regard  to the well-being
 of all his fellow creatures4 ,the      

authority of the  ,vedas was rejected by
 the ,boodhists1 as also the whole      
dogmatic system  of the ,brahmans2 and  
in their place was substituted a higher 
moral  teaching1 a more equitable       
relationship of men1 and a              
wide-spreading  system of communism4    
,this reformation of ancient dogmatic   
faith was not  destined to last long    
uncorrupted1 for the monasteries        
established by  the ,boodhists for the  
purpose of affording an asylum to the   
poor and  destitute soon became infested
 with religious fanatics--,jainas1 as   
they  were called1 some of whom went    
naked1 while others robed themselves in 
white linen4 ,these ascetic monks looked
 forward to ,nirvana as their  final    
goal1 practised the most severe         
austerities1 received confession1       
administered priestly absolution1 and   
kept regular feast and fast days2  but  
they discountenanced the growing custom 
of worshipping relics  which was finding
 favour with other ,boodhist sects4     

,thus gradually the  primitive ,aryan   
conception of a ruling power developed  
into a huge  system of dogmatism1       
monachism1 and ritual in the countries  
south and  east of the ,indus1 as far   
even as the confines of the country of  
the  great ,mongol race1 whose religion 
is as yet but little known to us1       
although it bears strong marks of having
 been originally derived from  the same 
source as that from which came the      
,vedic system4    ,having glanced       
somewhat cursorily at the religious     
development of  the ,eastern ,aryan     
peoples1 we will now turn to the        
,western ,aryans1  and observe the      
manner in which the old ,vedic myth was 
perpetuated  in ,western ,europe1       
leaving the ,central ,aryans1 or that   
branch which  remained in and around    
,persia and ,western ,afghanistan1 for  
subsequent  consideration2 for1 in this 
central district1 the ,mongol ,akkadians
 and  the ,semites intermingled so      
frequently with the ,aryans that a very 

intricate mythological system gradually 
came into operation in some  districts1 
bearing resemblance to the ,vedic1 the  
,semitic1 and the  ,mongolian           
mythologies4    ,the ,western branch of 
the great ,aryan family1 after          
penetrating into  ,southern ,europe1    
became the progenitors of the ancient   
,pelasgi1 the  earliest known           
inhabitants of ,greece1 and through them
 transmitted  the original ,aryan myth  
to their successors1 the ,hellenes4     
,homer1 in  his 8,iliad0 and 8,odyssey10
 written at latest ,b4,c4 #ijj1 well    
describes  the religion of the ,acheans1
 who inhabited ,hellas for centuries    
prior  to ,b4,c4 #ajjj1 and long before 
the supremacy of the ,dorians2 and1 in  
this description1 as well as in that of 
,hesiod's 8,theogony10 written          
immediately afterwards1 there is        
exhibited a remarkable similarity  to   
the old ,vedic system1 the very name of 
the supreme deity being  clearly derived
 from an ,aryan source1 and that root   

being the identical  expression used to 
designate the ,vedic ,dawn ,god4 ,from  
,dyaus ,pitar1  the ,day ,father or     
,dawn ,god of the ,aryans1 the ,greeks  
derived their  ,zeus ,pater1 from whence
 we get ,dios1 ,theos1 the ,latin ,deus 
,pater1  ,dies ,pater and ,jupiter1 and 
the ,french ,dieu4 ,zeus was supreme    
god1 high above all others1 having      
unlimited power1 and living up  in the  
vault of heaven1 surrounded by the      
inferior and subordinate  deities1 who  
together formed his ,olympian court4    
,instead of being  nature powers1 these 
gods were endowed with freedom of       
action1 subject  to pain and pleasure1  
and depended for their sustenance upon  
food4  ,the supremacy of ,king ,zeus was
 firmly established2 he presided over   
councils of the gods to deliberate great
 matters1 and was not bound  or fettered
 by any recognised restraint4 ,with     
,athena and ,apollo1 he  formed a       
supreme triad1 himself being the head1  
,athena the reason or  wisdom of the    

,divine ,father1 and ,apollo the mouth1 
revealer of his  counsel1 and loving    
son1 who is always of one will with his 
father4  ,with ,apollo was closely      
associated ,prometheus1 the great       
benefactor and  liberator of the race of
 man1 who1 according to that beautiful  
tragedy  of 8schylus10 brought salvation
 to the world in spite of ,jupiter1  his
 father and torturer1 by whom he was    
crucified on a rock1 where  he remained 
in fearful anguish until liberated by   
,hercules4 ,here we  find the old ,vedic
 saviour redeeming the world from the   
darkness and  misery of night or winter1
 the same drama precisely as that       
described  in connection with the       
,eastern ,aryan mythology4 ,in both     
instances the  apparent daily and annual
 ascension and decline of the sun is    
depicted3  in the one case it rises     
again after its period of defeat in     
winter1 or  night1 as the sun-god       
,indra1 afterwards ,surya1 and still    
later ,krishna2  while in the other case

 it resuscitates the earth as           
,prometheus1 the  benefactor of mankind4
 ,just as ,prometheus was but the ,greek
 counterpart  of the ,hindu ,krishna1 so
 also were ,apollo1 ,hercules1 ,iao1 and
 ,dionysos  precisely the same4 ,each   
was the new-born sun1 bringing back     
light and  glory to suffering humanity2 
and each passed through the very same   
periods of power1 decline1 and misery   
before being born again4    ,zeus was   
the sun-god par excellence1 residing on 
the summit of  ,olympus1 or in the      
highest part of the heavenly vault1     
during the  summer months1 when he was  
called ,olympian ,zeus1 and down in     
,hades  during the winter period1 when  
he was known as the ,stygian ,zeus2 and 
thus the oracle of the ,klarion ,apollon
 taught that the supreme ,god was       
called1 according to the seasons of the 
year1 ,hades1 ,zeus1 ,helios1 and  ,iao4
 ,apollo and ,prometheus1 although      
saviour sun-gods1 representing  the     
new-born sun victorious over death and  

winter1 were yet one with  ,zeus1 and   
merely repetitions of the same character
 under different  names4 ,so1 in like   
manner1 ,hercules was not only son of   
,zeus1 but ,zeus  himself1 and may be   
traced right through the complete annual
 circuit  in his twelve labours1 from   
,hades to ,olympus1 and from ,olympus to
  ,hades again4 ,dionysos was1 in       
reality1 not an ,aryan deity1 but of    
,egyptian origin1 having been introduced
 into ,greece at a very early  time1    
either from ,egypt1 where he was        
worshipped as ,mises1 or1 more          
probably1 from ,phnicia1 where he was   
worshipped under the name of ,is1  which
 accounts for the fact that hero        
personifications of ,dionysos in  later 
times were accorded the designation of  
,iesous1 71 or in  capitals --,latin    
,jesus71 the ,greek form of ,is 71 or in
  capitals 74 ,this ,egyptian saviour   
sun-god became later the popular  god   
,bacchus of the ,romans1 just as ,apollo
 had been the popular ,greek  divinity1 

and was thus described by ,macrobius3   
8,the images or statues  of ,bacchus    
represent him sometimes under the form  
of a child1 sometimes  under that of a  
young man1 at other times with a beard  
of a mature man1  and1 lastly1 with the 
wrinkles of old age1 as the ,greeks     
represent  the god whom they call       
,baccapee and ,briseis1 and as the      
,neapolitans  in ,campania paint the god
 whom they honour under the name of     
,hebon4  ,these differences of age      
relate to the sun1 who seems to be a    
tender  child at the winter solstice1   
such as the ,egyptians represent him on 
a certain day ,december #beth1 when they
 bring forth from an obscure  nook of   
their sanctuary his infantine image1    
because1 the day being  then at the     
shortest1 the god seems yet to be but a 
feeble infant3  gradually growing from  
this moment1 he arrives1 by degrees1 at 
the  vernal equinox1 under the form of a
 young man1 of which his images  at that
 time bear the appearance2 then he      

arrives at his maturity1  indicated by  
the tufted beard with which the images  
which represent him  at the summer      
solstice are adorned1 the day having    
then taken all the  increase of which it
 is susceptible4 ,lastly1 he decreases  
insensibly1  and arrives at his old age1
 pictured by the state of decrepitude in
  which he is portrayed in the images40 
,yao1 ,iao1 or ,adonis was of ,semitic  
origin1 although widely worshipped  in  
,greece1 and generally identified with  
,zeus1 whose ,semitic  counterpart he   
really was1 although himself a saviour  
sun-god4 ,yao1  to the ,phnicians and   
,chaldeans1 was as ,zeus and ,prometheus
 to the  ,greeks1 and represented the   
whole annual circuit1 though he was     
always  called by the ,greeks specially 
the god of the autumn1 on account of his
  having1 at that period1 to part from  
his lover1 ,aphrodite 7,venus71 for  six
 months2 and thus there was usually a   
certain melancholy attached to  his     
worship1 the oracle of the ,klarion     

,apollon terming him the darling  or    
tender ,yao 771 god of the autumn4      
,as the ,greek power and civilisation   
declined and the ,roman advanced1  the  
god ,yao1 like his counterpart ,is1     
became one of the most popular  of the  
,roman deities1 being worshipped under  
the name ,adonis in every  city of      
,italy2 and the mythological horizon    
became crowded with gods  and demi-gods 
of every description1 until1 at length1 
it became a very  difficult matter to   
determine who was a god and who was not 
worthy  of that distinction2 for the    
,roman ,emperors were invariably        
deified1  as well as others of less     
degree4 ,the old ,aryan drama1 however1 
was  preserved throughout in the worship
 of the principal gods1 and has even    
been perpetuated in the reformed        
religion of the ,semitic communistic    
enthusiast1 ,yahoshua1 which became1    
soon after the commencement of our  era1
 the popular religious system of the    
whole of ,europe4    ,we have now to    

deal with the ,central ,aryans1 or      
,eranians2 and1 in doing  so1 must bear 
in mind that1 while the ,eastern        
,aryans1 or ,hindus1 and  the ,western  
,aryans of ,europe1 were almost         
altogether uninfluenced for  many       
centuries by the mythologies of         
surrounding tribes of other and         
distinct families of the human race1    
this was far from being the case  with  
the ,eranians1 who were almost entirely 
cut off from their ,western  brethren2  
and1 although still in comparatively    
close contact with the  ,eastern        
,aryans1 were yet completely wedged in  
between the ,turanian  ,urals on the    
north1 and the great ,semitic stream of 
life on the south  and west4 ,such being
 the case1 it is at once apparent that  
the religion  of the ,eranian people    
would quickly lose many of its          
distinctive  ,aryan marks and acquire   
many ,turanian and ,semitic             
characteristics4  ,bactria1 in ,eastern 
,eran 7,persia71 appears to have been   

the ancient  birth-place of this        
semi-,aryan religion1 which afterwards  
developed1  under the influence of that 
great reformer1 ,zoroaster              
7,zarathustra71  into the cultus called 
,mazdeism1 or ,parsism4 ,from the       
,avesta1 the  sacred writings of the    
,parsis1 written in the old ,zend       
language1 we  derive considerable       
knowledge of ,mazdeism4 ,ahura ,mazdao  
7,ormazd71 the  all-wise spirit1 is     
supreme god1 far above all gods1 being  
creator of  the world1 god of light and 
truth1 existing from the beginning1 and 
eternal4 ,inferior to him are ,mithra1  
god of light2 ,nairyo ,sanha1 god of    
fire2 ,apan ,napat1 god of water2       
,haoma1 god of the drink of immortality2
  and ,tistrya1 the dog-star god4 ,the  
chief goddess of fruitfulness was       
,anahita1 who in later time became an   
important deity in association  with the
 worship of ,mithra1 the son of ,ormuzd4
 ,mazdeism also recognised  a god of    
evil1 ,ahro ,mainyus 7,ahriman71 who1   

with the evil ,devas1  inhabit the      
under-world1 and oppose ,ormuzd on every
 occasion2 the world  lying between the 
two kingdoms of righteousness and evil1 
ruled over  respectively by ,ormuzd and 
,ahriman4 ,this dualism is the most     
marked  feature of ,mazdeism1 and runs  
through the whole religion1 being found 
in every myth1 and giving rise to the   
most hideous conceptions of  morality4  
,in the cosmogony of the ,parsis the    
great creator1 ,ormuzd1  after making a 
perfect world and introducing a perfect 
pair of human  beings1 is defeated by   
the wicked ,ahriman1 who creates evil1  
and  seduces the man and woman to sin1  
thus placing in opposition to each      
other upon this earth the two forces1   
good and evil4 ,to avoid the  influence 
of this evil force1 and to gain that of 
the good power1 was  the great aim of   
all true ,mazda-worshippers2 and the    
means whereby  this much-desired end    
could be attained was the fire-god1     
,nairyo  ,sanha1 to whom constant       

supplications were made for this        
purpose4 ,so  great was the influence of
 ,ahriman upon human beings that the god
 of  light1 ,mithra1 was promised as a  
saviour to come upon the earth and      
rescue his people from the power of     
evil1 his mission being to avenge  his  
father's defeat by the god of the       
under-world1 after doing which  he would
 ascend to his father and become one    
with him for ever4 ,the  ,magi1 or      
,mithraitic priests of the 8black art10 
or 8hidden science of  astrology10 are  
thus addressed in the                   
8,zend-,avesta03--0,you1 my children1   
shall be first honoured by that divine  
person who is to appear in the  world2 a
 star shall be before you to conduct you
 to the place of his  nativity2 and when
 you have found him1 present to him your
 oblations  and sacrifices1 for he is   
indeed your lord and an everlasting     
king10  meaning that after the          
constellation of the virgin came to the 
eastern  line of the horizon1 as it did 

at twelve o'clock at midnight1 between  
,december #bdth and ,december #beth1 in 
the period immediately following  that  
in which the words were written1 the    
great star1 ,vindemiatrix1  in the      
virgin's elbow1 would1 on ,january #fth1
 begin to shine1 pointing  out to the   
astrologers1 or ,magi1 her exact        
situation1 who would then  know that the
 birth of the god-light of the new      
revolution had taken  place1 and that by
 his re-appearance he would declare     
himself to be  the everlasting ruler of 
the universe4 ,consequently1 for        
centuries  after this time the image of 
the god-light ,mithra was presented to  
the  people for adoration every year on 
,december #beth1 soon after midnight1   
in the shape of a newly-born male child1
 brought from the recesses of  the      
sacred grotto1 or mystic cave of        
,mithra4 ,another image1 supposed  to be
 the same deity fully grown1 was said to
 die1 and was carried  to the tomb after
 death by the priests1 who chanted      

solemn hymns and  groaned4 ,after       
pretending to mourn for three days1 the 
sacred torch1 or  emblem of new life1   
was lighted1 and the priests exclaimed1 
8,reassure  yourselves1 sacred bands of 
initiated2 your god is restored to life2
  his pains and sufferings procure your 
salvation40 ,this took place at  the    
vernal equinox1 and the people          
responded3 8,i salute you1 new light2   
,i salute you1 young bridegroom and new 
light40    ,like the old ,aryan scheme1 
this ,mithra myth was derived from the  
constellations1 having reference to the 
decline of the year in autumn1  the     
defeat of the sun by the powers of      
darkness 7or winter71 and the  rebirth  
and ascension of that grand luminary in 
the spring of the  year4 ,mithra was    
8spiritual life contending with         
spiritual darkness1  and through his    
labours the kingdom of darkness will be 
lit with  heaven's own light3 the       
eternal will receive all things back    
into his  favour2 and the world will be 

redeemed to ,god4 ,the impure are to be 
purified1 and the evil made good1       
through the mediation of ,mithras1  the 
reconciler of ,ormuzd and ,ahriman4     
,mithras is the good2 his name is       
,love4 ,in relation to the ,eternal he  
is the source of grace2 in relation  to 
men he is the life-giver and mediator4  
,he brings the ,word1 as ,brahma  brings
 the ,vedas from the mouth of the       
,eternal0 7,plutarch1 8,de ,iside  et   
,osiride 074 ,the close connection of   
the later ,eranians with the  ,chaldeans
 no doubt gave the former facilities for
 studying the ,akkadian  astronomy2 and1
 therefore1 it is fair to presume that  
the phenomenon  of the precession of the
 equinoxes was well understood by them1 
which  would account for the fact that  
,mithra is always represented in        
earlier times under the figure of a     
bull1 and afterwards under that  of a   
lamb4 ,the reason of this is that1 prior
 to about ,b4,c4 #b1bjj1 the  vernal    
equinoxial sign was the zodiacal figure 

of the bull 7,taurus72  while1 after    
that period1 the figure of the lamb or  
ram 7,aries7 took  its place2 and as the
 saviour sun-god ,mithra was the        
personification  of the new annual sun1 
born in the ,december constellation1    
crossing  the equator in ,march1 and    
thereby conquering the powers of evil or
  darkness1 he was invariably           
represented by the figure of that       
zodiacal  constellation which happened  
to be at the vernal equinoxial point at 
the time4#a    ,having thus briefly     
glanced at the religious cults of the   
three  branches of the great ,aryan     
family1 and found the very same         
religious  conception of a divine and   
incarnate saviour1 redeeming the        
universe  from the powers of darkness   
and evil1 running through each          
mythological  system1 we cannot help    
coming to the conclusion that1 inasmuch 
as the  saviour-myth was developed into 
its full proportions long after the     
separation of the families took place1  

and inasmuch as the development         
followed similar lines in each separate 
case1 there must have been  some common 
guide1 and that guide was the unwritten 
word of nature as  expressed in the     
heavens above4    #a ,vide my 8,popular 
,faith ,unveiled40    ,leaving the      
,aryan stream1 and turning back to that 
division of the  great ,iranian family  
which migrated to the valley of the     
,nile1 and  which we call the ,egyptian1
 we find a very similar religious system
  in vogue among them from the very     
earliest times1 as existed among  the   
,aryans4 ,the first settlers in ,egypt  
carried with them1 no doubt1  the       
primitive religious conceptions of their
 ,iranian fathers1 which  were derived  
from a contemplation of the various     
phenomena of nature1  as previously     
stated2 and it is highly probable that1 
at a very  early period1 they gave      
considerable attention to the movements 
of  the heavenly bodies1 for from       
monumental inscriptions1 unearthed in   

modern times1 which geologists inform us
 must have lain sub terra  for several  
thousands of years1 we learn that the   
,egyptians1 at that  remote time1 well  
understood the theory of the precession 
of the  equinoxes1 placing the zodiacal 
constellation of the bull at the vernal 
equinoxial point in the period prior to 
about ,b4,c4 #dcjj1 and that of  the ram
 in the period immediately following4   
,it is probable1 therefore1  that       
hundreds of years before this time these
 primitive men of the  ,nile were       
engaging themselves with the study of   
astronomy1 and using  effective         
astronomical instruments1 which         
indicates a high state of  civilisation2
 and this is further borne out by the   
fact that1 at the  commencement of the  
first ,egyptian dynasty1 about the year 
,b4,c4 #ejjj1  when ,menes reigned over 
,egypt1 there was every appearance of a 
very  advanced civilisation that had    
lasted for centuries4 ,from the 8,book  
of the ,dead0 and the ,prisse ,papyrus  

7most of the former written at  latest  
prior to ,b4,c4 #djjj1 and the latter   
very soon after7 we derive a  tolerably 
accurate notion of the mythological     
system of the ,egyptians  during the    
first portion of the ,old ,empire1 and  
probably many hundreds  of years        
previously2 while1 from the writings of 
,herodotus1 ,diodorus1  ,plutarch1 and  
,manetho1 we learn the progress the     
religion made during  the #d1jjj        
following years4    ,the 8,book of the  
,dead0 treats principally of the        
refining processes  through which the   
spirits of dead people passed in the    
under-world1  or ,cher ,nuter1 before   
being purified sufficiently to inherit a
 state  of bliss and become spirits of  
light 7,chu7 to be absorbed into the    
sun at the point where it is born1 and  
taken within it to ,an1 the  celestial  
,heliopolis4 ,before the time of ,menes 
the religion of ,egypt  was animistic1  
blended with a vague kind of            
sun-worship1 the supreme  deity being1  

at ,thinis-,abydos1 the ancient capital1
 called ,osiris1 the  god of gods1 son  
of ,seb1 god of earth1 and ,nu1 goddess 
of the heavenly  ocean1 and grandson of 
,ra4 ,osiris was the sun-god of the     
daily and  annual circle1 who enjoyed   
his spouse1 ,isis1 the great mother1    
during  the summer months and the       
daytime1 after which he was overcome by 
the  evil ,set-,typhon and his wife     
,nephthys1 and tortured in the          
under-world1  until released by his son 
,horus1 the conqueror sun-god1 who rose 
into  the upper world as the avenger of 
his father's defeat1 and liberated  the 
soul of ,osiris from torture1 to be     
absorbed by1 and for ever shine  forth  
in the constellation ,orion1 as the soul
 of ,isis shines for  ever in ,sirius4  
,at ,heliopolis1 ,an1 ,on1 or ,para1 the
 city of the sun1  ,ra was worshipped as
 supreme god1 who as ,tum1 the hidden   
god1 fought  the demon of darkness1 the 
serpent ,apap1 in ,amenti1 and who rose 
again from the under-world as           

,harmachis4 ,later1 when ,menes reigned 
as  the first monarch of the ,old       
,empire 7circa ,b4,c4 #ejjj71 ,memphis1 
or  ,mennefer1 was the capital city1 in 
which ,phtah was worshipped as the      
supreme god or creator of the world     
7called ,sekru1 the slain god1 when  in 
the lower world71 together with ,ma1    
goddess of righteousness1 and  ,imhotep1
 the chief of priests1 whose name       
signified 8,i come in peace10  and who  
formed the third part of a kind of      
trinity1 with ,phtah and  ,ma4 ,all     
these1 and other minor deities1 such as 
deified kings1 etc41  were represented  
on earth by incarnations in the shape of
 animals1 ,ra1  ,osiris1 and ,phtah1 the
 supreme gods1 being manifested in the  
sacred  bull ,apis1 representing the sun
 at the vernal equinoctial point in  the
 zodiacal constellation ,taurus4 ,during
 six dynasties these gods  were         
worshipped peacefully1 their            
incarnations and religious rites  being 
protected by the kings2 but about the   

year ,b4,c4 #chjj the kingdom  appears  
to have dropped to bits1 its religion to
 have been mixed up in  a most confused 
manner1 and its people divided into a   
number of small  nationalities1 with    
separate kings and separate laws2 until1
 at length1  the whole country was once 
more united under the reigning monarchs 
of  the eleventh dynasty 7,second       
,empire71 whose capital was ,thebes1 and
  whose popular deity was ,amen1 the    
hidden god1 called also ,amen-,ra1 to   
signify that he was not only the sun-god
 in the under-world1 but also  the      
rising and conquering sun-god of the    
early morn and spring of the  year4 ,in 
fact1 ,amen was the sun-god of the whole
 revolution1 the ,theban  ,yao1 one with
 his father ,osiris in the mid-day and  
mid-summer1 one  with his counterpart   
,horus at the early morn and spring of  
the year1  and one with ,tum in the     
darkness of night and winter2 just as   
,zeus of  the ,greeks was ,zeus ,amen   
7,jupiter ,ammon71 ,olympian ,zeus1     

,zeus ,yao1 and  ,stygian ,zeus1        
according to the season of the year4    
,between the ,middle ,empire and the    
,new ,empire another catastrophe        
occurred to the ,egyptians1 in the form 
of an invasion of the ,hyksos1 or       
shepherd kings of ,arabia1 who overran  
the whole country1 destroyed the        
temples1 and levied heavy tribute on the
 people1 eventually settling  down for  
four centuries as ,kings of ,egypt1     
adopting many of the native  customs1   
and introducing many ,semitic deities   
and observances4 ,at  last the ,hyksos  
were driven forth1 and the ,new ,empire 
commenced with  the eighteenth dynasty2 
but a considerable difference was now   
found  to exist in the religion of the  
country1 partly on account of the       
introduction of ,semitic rites1 and     
partly owing to the change that  had    
taken place at the vernal equinoctial   
point1 by the precessional  movement of 
the zodiacal constellation ,taurus4 ,the
 vernal equinoctial  point was now      

7,b4,c4 #bjjj7 in the sign ,aries1 and  
therefore the  principal deities should 
be no longer represented as incarnate   
bulls1  but as incarnate rams4          
,accordingly1 we find that after this   
date the  bull-god ,apis1 or ,serapis1  
gradually fell into disrepute2 and      
,amen1  who was now the supreme and     
representative god1 was worshipped as an
  incarnate ram1 being depicted as a man
 wearing ram's horns4    ,another mode  
of worshipping the young sun-god1 born  
at the winter  solstice1 ,december      
#beth1 was that known as the ,mysteries 
of the  ,night1 or ,passion of ,osiris1 
at which an idol of the infant ,horus1  
or  ,amen1 called also the ,holy ,word1 
was presented to the people in its      
mother's arms1 or exposed to view in a  
crib for the adoration of the  people by
 the priests1 who were1 according to    
,adrian1 called ,bishops  of ,christ 71 
the anointed one72 and when ,king       
,ptolemy1 ,b4,c4  #cej1 asked the       
meaning of the custom1 he was informed  

that it was a  sacred mystery4 ,during  
these mysteries1 which took place       
annually1  bread1 after sacerdotal      
rites1 was mystically converted into the
 body  of ,osiris1 to be partaken of by 
all the faithful1 who were called       
,christians2 and an idol representing   
the body of the god1 stretched on  a    
cross within a circle1 was placed upon  
the mystic table for adoration  and     
praise4    ,the winter solstitial point 
is really ,december #bast2 but the      
ancients  always kept the festival of   
the birth of the sun-god on ,december   
#beth1  because at twelve o'clock1      
midnight between ,december #bdth and    
#beth the  uppermost stars in the       
constellation ,virgo made their         
appearance  above the horizon1 being the
 first indication of the birth of the   
new sun1 which had taken place exactly  
three days and three nights  previously4
 ,this gave rise to the popular         
superstition that the new  sun-god was  
born of a virgin1 from whose womb he had

 been trying to  extricate himself for  
the space of three days and three       
nights4 ,from  this the idea prevailed  
that the sun-god underwent similar      
periods of  struggle also at the summer 
solstice and the two equinoctial points2
  and thus arose the legend of the two  
crucifixions1 the one at the  vernal    
equinox1 when the sun in ,aries crossed 
the ,equator and was  crucified as the  
8,lamb of ,god0 on ,march #bast1        
commencing the ascension  to heaven on  
,march #beth2 and the other at the      
autumnal equinox1 when  the sun in      
,libra 7the balance of justice7 crossed 
the ,equator and was  crucified as the  
8,just ,man0 on ,september #bcrd1       
descending to hell for  three days and  
three nights1 after which he emerged    
into the shades  until born again at the
 winter solstice4    ,a very popular    
deity of the ,lower ,nile was ,mises    
7drawn from water71  the sun-god of wine
 and mirth1 who was born on ,mount      
,nyssa 7,sinai71  and was found as a    

babe in a box floating on the ,red ,sea1
 and who1 by  means of his magic wand1  
took his army dry-shod through the ,sea 
and  the rivers ,orontes and ,hydaspes1 
drew water from rocks1 and caused the   
land through which he passed to flow    
with milk1 wine1 and honey4 ,he was     
depicted with a ram's horn on his       
forehead1 being the personification  of 
the new-born sun delivering the world   
from the powers of darkness1  and was   
afterwards worshipped in ,phnicia as    
,is1 in ,greece as ,dionysos  71 ,god of
 ,nyssa71 son of ,zeus1 and in ,rome as 
,bacchus4 ,the  temples dedicated to    
this sun-god were1 in the time of the   
,greek kings  of ,egypt1 very gorgeous1 
the mystic table having upon it1 not    
only the  infant in its cradle1 the     
transubstantiated bread1 and the        
,osirian  crucifix1 but also a bleeding 
lamb1 the emblem of the sun-god at the  
vernal equinox1 over which was placed   
the ,phnician name of ,mises1 ,is1  in  
,greek capitals 771 surrounded by the   

rays of glory1 to signify  that he was  
the risen and crucified sun-god1 and one
 with ,horus and  ,amen-,ra4    ,turning
 to the third great division of the     
,iranians--viz41 the ,semites1  who     
migrated to the ,valley of the          
,euphrates1 we find a more or less      
complicated religious system1 varying in
 accordance with the amount of          
intercommunication which took place     
between the ,semites and the tribes     
belonging to the ,aryan1 ,mongolian1 and
 ,egyptian families4 ,the earliest      
,semitic settlement was in the district 
stretching from the ,euphrates to  the  
,red ,sea and ,mediterranean1 and their 
religion was1 at first1 one of  pure    
animistic polydmonism1 varying          
enormously in details of drama in  the  
different tribes1 but exhibiting in all 
common characteristics4    ,all early   
,semitic peoples worshipped the sun-god1
 ,shamsh1 and all  were moon1 planet1   
and star-worshippers to a very large    
extent2 but1  as the race became divided

 into ,northern and ,southern ,semites1 
a  distinct difference gradually arose  
between the religious cults of  the two 
branches4 ,the ,southern1 or ,arab1     
tribes1 on account of their  more       
isolated situation1 retained the        
original ,semitic mythology1            
worshipping the sun as their chief god1 
,shamsh1 the moon as his  consort1 and  
the stars and planets as inferior gods  
and goddesses1 the  ,pleiades being     
objects of special homage4 ,shamsh was  
father of all1  and disappeared to the  
under-world at night to rest in slumber 
until  awakened into activity in the    
morning as ,yachavah1 his son1 who      
became  one with his father4    ,the    
,northern ,semites1 on penetrating1 at a
 later period1 the borders of           
,mesopotamia1 came in contact with a    
powerful and advanced civilisation1     
which had been already established by   
the ,akkadian branch of the  ,northern  
,mongolian family1 and thus the original
 ,semitic religion  became very much    

modified by the introduction into it of 
many of the  ,mongol1 as well as some   
also of the ,aryan1 myths4    ,very     
little is known of the ,akkadian        
mythology2 but it is pretty  certain    
that they were1 at a very early period1 
acquainted with the  science of         
astronomy1 and that the ,chaldeans1     
their successors1 who  were a mongrel   
race1 partly ,akkadian and partly       
,semitic1 invented the  cuneiform       
writing to take the place of the old    
,mongolian hieroglyphic  characters4    
,from what we know of the religion of   
the old ,mongol  ,chinese empire prior  
to #abjj ,b4,c41 it was a kind of       
spirit-worship1  the ,shang-ti1 or      
supreme spirit1 being ,thian 7,heaven71 
who1 in  co-operation with ,heu-thu     
7earth71 produced everything4 ,man1     
according  to this cultus1 had two      
souls1 one of which ascended after death
 to  heaven1 while the other descended  
into the earth1 both being absorbed     
respectively into ,thian and ,heu-thu4  

,the ,akkadians1 who were but a branch  
of the same race as the  progenitors of 
the ancient ,chinese1 also worshipped   
spirits1 the  greatest of whom was ,ana 
7the highest heaven71 the next ,mulge   
7the  hidden heaven in the interior of  
the earth71 and the third ,ea1 the  god 
of the atmosphere and of moisture4      
,after these came an inferior           
group--,uru-ki1 the moon-god2 ,ud1 the  
sun-god2 and ,im1 the wind-god4  ,the   
spirits were divided into good and bad1 
which were constantly at  war with each 
other2 and thus was introduced into the 
religion of the  semi-,semitic          
,chaldeans the dualistic notion of good 
and evil existing  in conflict          
throughout all time4    ,the ,northern  
,semites may be conveniently divided    
into four distinct  nations--viz41 the  
,chaldeans 7,babylonians and            
,assyrians71 who were  partly ,semitic  
and partly ,akkadian1 the ,aramans1 the 
,canaanites1  and the ,phnicians4 ,these
 peoples soon became acquainted with the

  astronomical learning of the          
,akkadians1 and were taught the         
wonderful  phenomenon of the precession 
of the equinoxes2 and it is highly      
probable that the fact of the vernal    
equinoctial sign having changed  shortly
 before ,b4,c4 #bjjj from that of the   
,bull to that of the ,ram or  ,lamb had 
much to do with the changing of the old 
,semitic name ,shamsh  to that of ,el1  
as a designation of the sun-god1 ,el 77 
being the old  ,chaldean word for ,ram4 
,owing to the mixed character of the    
,chaldean nation1 their religion was  a 
peculiar blending of the ,akkadian and  
,semitic mythologies1 ,el ,ilu1 or      
,ilah1 being their chief deity2 but1    
instead of sinking into the lower  world
 each night for peaceful slumber1 as the
 older ,shamsh had done1 he  became the 
victim of the wicked demons1 who        
tormented him all through  the dark     
hours1 until he was avenged by his son  
,yachavah1 who thereby  became the      
conqueror and saviour god1 one with his 

father ,ilu1 and yet  different4 ,to a  
great extent the religion of the purely 
,semitic tribes  of the north was       
affected by this ,chaldean myth2 but    
there arose many  points of difference  
between them4 ,the ,assyrians worshipped
 ,el under  the name of ,asur1 their    
national deity1 the ,babylonians        
converting the  name into ,bel2 while   
the pure ,semites worshipped him as ,bel
 and ,baal in  the west1 and as ,al in  
the south4 ,out of the story of ,el and 
,yachavah  was fabricated the great     
,adonis myth of the ,chaldeans1 which   
became  so popular in future times among
 all the ,semites except the ,arabs of  
the south1 who retained the original    
character of the supreme ,shamsh1  ,el  
or ,al 7afterwards ,allah71 and his son 
,yachavah1 afterwards ,yahouh4  ,this   
,adonis drama1 as originally conceived1 
was that ,el reigned in  supreme power  
and glory in the highest heaven1        
enjoying the delights  of his spouse    
,istar1 but that in the autumn the      

wicked gods of winter  overcame him1    
separating him from his lover1 and      
tormenting him all  through the winter  
months1 until in the spring he conquered
 the evil  demons as ,adon1 the         
beautiful youth1 who is restored to his 
mourning  ,istar4 ,the worship of       
,adonis1 or ,adon was generally adopted 
by all  the ,northern ,semites1 the god 
becoming eventually the most popular    
deity of the ,semitic people1 being     
known as ,yao 7 of the ,greeks7  to the 
,phoenicians1 ,yahoo 77 to the          
,canaanites1 and ,tammuz to the         
,aramans1 while his lover ,istar became 
the ,phoenician ,ashtoreth4 ,is1  the   
god of wine1 and ,greek ,dionysos1 was  
another saviour sun-god  worshipped     
largely by the ,phnicians2 but was most 
probably of ,egyptian  origin1 being    
identical with ,mises1 the ,egyptian    
,bacchus4 ,as already  stated1 the      
,southern ,semites of ,arabia retained1 
in common with their  ,ethiopian        
brethren1 the old and simpler worship of

 the supreme god ,el  and his son       
,yahouh1 although1 owing to their       
propinquity to ,egypt1  many strange    
inferior deities had been introduced    
into ,arabia from  that country1 which  
resulted1 in much later times1 in the   
formation  of various religious sects1  
each having a particular tribal deity1  
or  patron god1 though all recognising  
,el as supreme4 ,one of these tribes1   
with ,yahouh as their tribal god1 on    
which account they were called          
,yahoudi1 having left their native      
,arabian home1 penetrated far into  the 
country of the ,northern ,semites1      
learning from the ,canaanites1          
,phnicians1 and ,babylonians the strange
 legends of the ,northern ,semitic      
deities1 including the ,adonis myth2    
and1 after wandering about for many     
years1 one large portion of their tribe 
settled in the delta of the  ,nile1     
while the remainder crossed the desert  
of ,syria and approached  the confines  
of ,babylonia1 finally settling in the  

barren and rocky  interior of ,syria1   
and making the spot where now stands the
 small  town of ,el-,khuds 7,jerusalem7 
their headquarters4 ,during their long  
wanderings they became acquainted not   
only with the various ,semitic  myths of
 the north1 but also with the           
,babylonian and ,persian legends1  and  
incorporated a quantity of strange      
deities and customs into their  own rude
 and primitive religion1 thus           
manufacturing a very complicated  and   
weird system of mythology4    ,the date 
of the ,yahudean migration into ,syria  
was certainly not earlier  than about   
,b4,c4 #bej1 despite the declaration of 
interested parties  that these people   
were known as ,israelites and ,jews for 
centuries  before that time4 ,the       
following quotation from ,major-,general
 ,forlong's  8,rivers of ,faith0 is     
worth reproducing on this point3--8,the 
first  notice of the ,jews is1 possibly1
 that of certain ,shemitic rulers of    
the ,aram1 paying tribute about #hej    

,b4,c4 to ,vool-,nirari1 the successor  
of ,shalmaneser of ,syria1 regarding    
which1 however1 much more is made  by   
,biblicists than the simple record      
warrants4 ,this is the case also  where 
,champollion affirms that mention is    
made on the ,theban temples  of the     
capture of certain towns of the land we 
call ,judea1 this being  thought to     
prove the existence of ,jews4 ,similar  
assumption takes  place in regard to the
 hieratic papyri of the ,leyden ,museum1
 held to  belong to the time of ,rameses
 ,,ii42 an inscription read on the rocks
  of ,el-,hamamat1 and the discovery of 
some names like ,chedorlaomer in  the   
records of ,babylonia2 but this is all  
the #8evidence' as to the  existence of 
ancient ,jews which has been advanced1  
and the most is  made of it in ,dr4     
,birch's opening address on #8,the      
,progress of ,biblical  ,archology1' at 
the inauguration of that ,society4 ,the 
only logical  conclusion justifiable1   
when we give up the inspiration theory1 

is  that ,arabs and ,syro-,phenicians   
were known to ,assyrians and ,egyptians1
  and this none would deny4 ,indeed1 we 
readily grant with ,dr4 ,birch that1    
#8under the nineteenth and twentieth    
,egyptian dynasties1 the influence  of  
the ,armenan nations is distinctly      
marked2 that not only1 by blood  and    
alliances1 had the ,pharaohs been       
closely united with the princes  of     
,palestine and ,syria1 but that the     
language of the period abounds  in      
,semitic words1 quite different from the
 ,egyptian1 with which they  were       
embroidered and intermingled4' ,could it
 possibly be otherwise8 ,is  it not so  
this day8 ,is a vast and                
rapidly-spawning ,shemitic continent    
like ,arabia not to influence the narrow
 delta of a river adjoining  it1 or the 
wild highlands of ,syria to its north8  
,of course1 ,arabs1 or  ,shemites1 were 
everywhere spread over ,egypt1 ,syria1  
and ,phenicia1 as  well as in their     
ancient seats of empire in ,arabi ,irak 

7,kaldia71 and on  the imperial mounds  
of ,kalneh and ,kouyunjik1 but not      
necessarily as  ,jews4 ,i cannot find   
that these last were anything more than 
possibly a  peculiar religious sect of  
,arabs1 who settled down from their     
pristine  nomadic habits1 and obtained a
 quasi government under petty princes   
or sheks1 such as we have seen take     
place in the case of numerous  ,arabian 
and ,indian sects40    ,again1 the      
author of 8,rivers of ,faith0 remarks3  
8,no efforts1 say the  leaders of the   
,biblical ,archological ,society1 have  
been able to find1  either amid the     
numerous engravings on the rocks of     
,arabia ,petrea or  ,palestine1 any save
 ,phenician inscriptions--not even a    
record of  the ,syro-,hebrew character1 
which was once thought to be the        
peculiar  property of ,hebrews4 #8,most 
of those inscriptions hitherto          
discovered  do not date anterior to the 
,roman ,empire' 7,dr4 ,birch1 ,president
 of  ,soc1 op4 cit41 p4 #i74 #8,few1 if 

any1 monuments 7of ,jews7 have been     
obtained in ,palestine' or the          
neighbouring countries of any useful    
antiquity1 save the ,moabite ,stone1 and
 the value of this last is all  in      
favour of my previous arguments on these
 points4 ,at the pool of  ,siloam we    
have an #8inscription1 in the ,phenician
 character1 as old  as the time of the  
kings4444 ,it is incised upon the walls 
of a rock  chamber1 apparently dedicated
 to ,baal1 who is mentioned on it4' ,so 
that here1 in a most holy place of this 
#8peculiar people1' we find  only       
,phenicians1 and these worshipping the  
,sun-,god of ,fertility1 as  was        
customary on every coast of ,europe1    
from unknown times down to the  rise of 
,christianity4 ,the ,biblical           
,archological ,society and ,british     
,museum authorities tell us frankly and 
clearly that no ,hebrew square          
character can be proved to exist till   
after the ,babylonian captivity1  and   
that1 #8at all events1 this inscription 

of ,siloam shows that the  curved or    
,phenician character was in use in      
,jerusalem itself under the  ,hebrew    
,monarchy1 as well as the conterminous  
,phenicia1 ,moabitis1 and  the more     
distant ,assyria4 ,no monument1 indeed1'
 continues ,dr4 ,birch1  #8of greater   
antiquity1 inscribed in the square      
character 7,hebrew71 has  been found1 as
 yet1 older than the fifth century1     
,a4,d42 and the coins  of the ,maccabean
 princes1 as well as those of the       
revolter ,barcochab1  are impressed with
 ,samaritan characters4'0 ,as to the    
,moabite ,stone1  ,i would refer my     
readers to a little work entitled 8,an  
,inquiry into  the ,age of the ,moabite 
,stone10 by ,samuel ,sharpe1 the        
celebrated author  of 8,the ,history of 
,egypt10 in which will be found abundant
 evidence to  prove that the inscription
 on the ,stone is a forgery of about the
 year  ,a4,d4 #bfj4    ,apart from the  
history contained in the books of the   
,old ,testament1  there is absolutely no

 record of the ,jews as an independent  
people1  except that contained in the   
writings of ,josephus 7about ,a4,d4     
#ajj72 and1 although that author may be 
tolerably trustworthy when  relating    
matters near to his own time1 yet in his
 description of  ,jewish antiquities he 
evidently1 as he himself asserts1 rests 
only  on tradition4 ,for instance1 he   
alone records the story of ,alexander   
entering the holy place at ,jerusalem   
and offering sacrifice on the  altar2   
but ,arrian1 in his 8,anabasis of       
,alexander the ,great10 where he        
specially treats of the life and actions
 of this great conqueror1 says  not one 
word about such a place as ,jerusalem1  
or about such a story  as that recorded 
by ,josephus4 ,curtius1 who wrote a far 
more detailed  account of the life and  
conquests of ,alexander1 mentions       
neither  ,jerusalem nor the story of    
,alexander and the holy place4          
,herodotus1  about ,b4,c4 #dcj1 when    
narrating the two raids of the          

,scythians through  ,syria1 as far as   
,egypt1 says not a word about any ,jews4
 ,xenophon1 who  wrote #aej years after 
they were said to have returned from    
,babylon1 or  about ,b4,c4 #chf1 appears
 to have been unconscious of their      
existence1  only mentioning the ,syrians
 of ,palestine4 ,neither did            
,sanchoniathon1  ,ctesias1 ,berosus1 nor
 ,manetho even once mention them as a   
nation4  ,diodorus also1 when writing of
 the siege of ,tyre by the soldiers of  
,alexander1 neither mentions the ,jews  
as a nation nor ,jerusalem as  their    
chief town4 ,in fact1 we have no account
 of them at all1 except  that contained 
in the ,old ,testament and that in the  
writings of  ,josephus1 until we find   
them subject to the ,romans1 under      
,antiochus  ,epiphanes1 about ,b4,c4    
#afe1 when in all probability they had  
just  settled down into a dependent     
nation1 having been driven into ,syria  
by the ,babylonians1 whose fertile      
valleys these ,arabian nomads had       

attempted to colonise4 ,being surrounded
 on all sides by nations whose          
religions so very far surpassed their   
own in development1 it did not  take    
long for the ,yahoudi 7afterwards called
 ,jews7 to become affected  by the      
mythological dramas of their neighbours2
 and1 in carefully  examining the       
mythical records of their tribe1 we find
 that they very  soon became acquainted 
with1 and in some cases offered worship 
to1  almost all the purely ,semitic and 
,chaldean1 as well as to a few of  the  
,egyptian1 deities4 ,their principal god
 always remained as before1  ,el 77     
signifying the zodiacal sign ,aries1 the
 heavenly ram and  first of the twelve  
zodiacal figures4 ,combined with ,yah   
771 the  abbreviation of ,yahouh 771    
their tribal deity1 it formed a compound
  word1 ,eloh 771 or ,elyah 71 the  and 
being interchangeable71  the plural of  
which was ,elohim 771 a word used       
frequently in the  ,bible to signify the
 supreme ,god4 ,bearing in mind the fact

 that the  fables of the ,bible are not 
actual history1 but merely so many      
accounts  of the ever-recurring         
phenomena of the sidereal heavens1 and  
that in  the various saviour myths the  
vernal equinoxial sign1 or saviour sign1
  ,aries1 was looked upon as the supreme
 god1 who housed the new-born  sun on   
his first appearance in the upper world1
 just as in the present  day the song of
 praise on ,easterday is 8,worthy is the
 lamb who was  slain 7crucified7 to     
receive the power and bring back        
salvation to  the world10 the meanings  
of these names of the supreme deity     
become  apparent at once4 ,all the      
words--and1 in fact1 almost every divine
  name found in every divine            
record--signify the sun in one or other 
of  the divisions of his annual or daily
 apparent march1 or else one of  the    
divisions itself4 ,el signifies the     
first and saviour sign of the  zodiac1  
the celestial ram1 and is always used   
when the winter period  is referred to1 

because from the autumnal to the vernal 
equinox the  sun-god1 ,yahouh1 is       
separated from the ram1 ,el1 which      
remains god of  the lower world1 until  
again united with its spouse1 the sun1  
at the  vernal equinox1 becoming the    
ram-sun-god1 ,el-,yah or ,eloh1 whose   
plural  is ,elohim1 the ram-sun-gods1   
from the vernal to the autumnal equinox1
  when the sun and ,aries are together  
for six months4 ,at a later time1  when 
the old ,bacchus worship was revived at 
,alexandria in the person  of the young 
,semitic ,yahoshua1 who was named       
,iesous1 we have a good  illustration of
 this when the sun-god1 in his agony at 
being separated  from the ram at the    
autumnal equinox or crucifixion1        
exclaimed3 8,eloi1  ,eloi1 lama         
sabachthani80--8,my ram1 my ram1 why    
hast thou forsaken me80  ,in1 ,i        
believe1 every instance in which the    
plural word1 ,elohim1 is used  in the   
,bible the reference is to the summer   
half of the year1 from the  vernal to   

the autumnal equinox1 when ,el and ,yah 
are together4 ,we meet  with ,el--in its
 ,babylonian form1 ,bel2 in its ,araman 
forms1 ,bel and  ,belus2 and in its     
,phenician form1 ,baal--frequently in   
the ,bible1 and  often in combination   
with other deities1 as ,el-,shaddai and 
,bel-,shaddai  771 signifying the       
8breasted ram10 or the ram at the vernal
  equinox1 the period of suckling4#b    
,other forms of the same divine name    
were ,baal-,berith1 god of the equinox  
or covenant 7co-venire1 to come         
together1 as when the ecliptic crosses  
the equator at the two equinoxes  or    
crucifixions72 ,baal-,yah and ,el-,yah1 
rendered in the authorised  version     
respectively ,bealiah and ,elijah1 when 
in reality they signify  the god        
,yahouh1 or ram-sun-god2 ,el-,yah also  
does duty for ,joel2 ,elishah  signifies
 the saviour ram2 ,eliakim1 the setting 
ram2 ,eleazar1 the  creating ram2       
,samuel1 the god of fame1 or famous ram2
 ,daniel1 the  ram judge2 and ,israel1  

the struggle with ,el4 ,the ,phenician  
,hercules  wrestled with ,typhon 7the   
sun at the meridian7 in the sand1 just  
as  ,israel or ,jacob wrestled with     
,elohim in the dust--,hercules1 like    
,jacob1  being wounded in the thigh2 and
 the ,canaanites knew the ,greek        
,hercules1  who wrestled with ,zeus1 by 
the name of ,ysrael4    #b ,el not only 
signified a ram1 but also a lamb1 or any
 other kind of  sheep4 ,the vernal      
equinoxial sign1 for instance1 of the   
,persians was a  lamb1 while that of the
 ,egyptians was a ram4    ,baal-gad 77  
was the god of ,fortune1 ,gad being a   
,babylonian deity  representing fortune1
 which was placed at the foot of ,hermon
 for public  worship4 ,from this deity  
,g ,d 77 are derived the ,english words 
,god  and ,good1 the ,german ,gott and  
,gut1 the ,danish and ,swedish ,gud1 and
  the ,wesleyan ,methodist ,gawd4       
,baal-,peor was the ,phallic deity      
7,deus  ,vulv71 god of the opening1     
worshipped largely by the ,hebrews1 who1

 as  ,general ,forlong points out1 8had 
a strong solo-phalik fire-and-serpent   
cult4 ,they all had ,baal1 ,nebu1 and   
,peor on their high places2 ,yachavah   
or ,yahu1 the #8,grove1' or ,asherah    
,ashtoreth and fire in their  central   
groves40 ,baal ,zephon was the god      
,typhon2 ,baal ,hermon was  another name
 for ,gad1 god of ,fortune2 ,baal ,hazor
 was the god ,hathor2  and ,baal ,hamon 
77 was the god ,amen1 or ,jupiter       
,ammon4 ,the word  ,yahouh1 in various  
terminal forms1 was frequently used to  
designate  the sun at different times   
and seasons--as ,joseph1 the lamented   
,yah2  ,jehu1 ,yahouh himself2 and1     
according to ,gesenius1 ,jehozabad1     
,yeho the  giver2 ,jehohanan1 ,yeho is  
good2 ,jehoiada1 ,yeho is knowing2      
,jehoshua1  or ,joshua2 ,jehoshaphat2   
,jehoiakim2 ,hoshea2 ,zedekiyah1 etc4   
,yahoshua  7,joshua7 was the            
,canaanitish name for the ,phoenician   
,ys or ,is1 and  ,egyptian ,mises1 and  
became in ,latin ,josue1 or ,jesus1     

according to  whether the ,romans       
referred to the ,phenician or           
,canaanitish ,bacchus1  whose histories1
 though similar in the main1 differed   
considerably  in details4 ,the ,egyptian
 ,mises became also the ,jewish         
law-giver and  leader1 ,moses1 and is   
described in ,ex4 xxxiv4 as being horned
 like  ,bacchus 7vide my 8,popular      
,faith ,unveiled074 ,the ,adonis myth   
occurs  over and over again in fragments
 throughout the ,bible1 the ,babylonish 
name ,adon frequently being found in    
that form 771 in its ,hebrew  rendering 
,adonai 771 and occasionally in its     
,araman form of  ,tammuz4 ,it occurs    
alone1 as in ,psalm cx4 #a1 8,yahouh    
said to ,adonis1 sit  at my right hand20
 in ,isaiah vii4 #ad1 8,therefore our   
,adonis himself  shall give you a sign20
 and in conjunction with ,yahouh1 as in 
,isaiah  vii4 #g1 8,thus saith ,yahouh1 
our ,adonis10 and numerous other places4
 ,it  also occurs with different        
terminations1 to signify different forms

 and  positions of the sun-god--as      
,adoniyah or ,adonijah1 ,adonis is      
,yahouh2  ,adoni-zedek1 the liberated   
,adonis2 ,adoni-bezek1 the rising       
,adonis2 etc4  ,the old ,semitic sun-god
 ,shamsh remained1 as of old1 the       
,hebrew   7,shemosh71 signifying the    
sun2 and his ,greek alter ego1          
,hercules1 the  sun-hero1 was not       
forgotten either1 for we find a very    
poor attempt  to reproduce him in the   
history of ,samson4 ,moloch1 ,dagon1 and
 other  ,semitic deities are also       
introduced into the ,jewish ,scriptures4
 ,there  is one other deity frequently  
met with which must now be named1 and   
that is the ,egyptian ,amen--the ,zeus  
,amen 7 7 of the ,greeks1  and the      
,jupiter ,ammon of the ,romans4 ,this   
god ,ammon 7 or 7  was worshipped by the
 ,jews as the equal in power to1 and the
 very  counterpart of1 ,yahouh1 and was 
called by the very same names by which  
he was known to the ,egyptians--viz41   
the hidden god1 true and faithful       

witness 7which epithet gave origin to   
the ,greek adverb1 1 truly71  and       
saviour of the world1 or regenerator of 
nature4 ,in ,isaiah xlv4 #ae  we read1  
8,truly thou art the hidden god of      
,israel1 the saviour20 and1  again1 in  
chapter lxv4 #af1 8,he who blesses      
himself on earth shall bless  himself by
 his god ,ammon 772 and he who sweareth 
in the earth  shall swear by the god    
,ammon1 because the former troubles are 
delivered  to oblivion1 and because they
 are hidden from mine eyes40 ,this      
hidden  or occult god1 ,ammon1 or ,amen1
 is frequently addressed in the ,psalms 
and other places1 and is there          
identified with ,yahouh and ,adonis4 ,in
  ,psalm xxvii4 #h1 #i1 we read1 8,seek 
ye my face4 ,my heart said to thee1     
,thy face1 ,o ,yahouh1 will ,i seek4 ,o 
hide not thy face from me20 and  ,psalm 
x4 #a1 8,and why standest thou so far   
off1 ,yahouh1 and hidest thy  face in   
the needful time of trouble80 ,psalm    
lxxxix4 #df says1 8,yahouh1  how long   

wilt thou hide thyself80 ,verses #di1   
#ej1 8,o our ,adonis1 where  are thy    
loving kindnesses of old1 which thou    
swearest to ,david in thy  truth80 and  
verse #eb1 8,blessed be ,yahouh for     
evermore 7who is7 ,ammon1  even ,ammon40
 ,in ,isaiah i4 #ae we also read1 8,when
 ye spread forth your  hands ,i will    
hide myself from you2 yea1 when ye make 
many prayers ,i  will not hear you40 ,we
 find the same god also in the ,new     
,testament  ,scriptures of the later    
,christian sect of ,eclectic ,egyptian  
,jews4 ,in  the ,apocalypse1 for        
instance1 the word  is rendered 8,amen0 
in the  authorised version1 and is      
sometimes met with as a ,greek noun1    
7never heard of in the classics71 when  
it is rendered 8the ,amen10  which      
senseless rendering is no doubt intended
 to conceal the real  and obvious       
meaning4 ,in ,rev4 i4 #ah we read1 8,i  
am he that liveth and  was dead1 and    
behold ,i1 ,ammon1 am alive for         
evermore10 the word   being rendered    

8,amen20 and in chap4 iii4 #ad1 8,these 
things saith ,ammon  8the ,amen0 in the 
authorised version1 the true and        
faithful witness1  the beginning of the 
creation of ,god40 ,as the celestial ram
 or lamb1  ,aries1 ,amen is again       
mentioned in chap4 xiii4 #h1 8,the lamb 
which has  been slain from the          
foundation of the world0--that is1 each 
year at the  vernal equinox1 when the   
occult god rose from his hiding-place in
 the  lower hemisphere to bring         
salvation to the world4    ,this        
concludes the examination of the old    
sun-myth religions2 but there  are yet  
three very important religious systems  
to be dealt with--viz41  ,confucianism1 
,mohammedanism1 and ,christianism4      
,confucianism took its birth in the     
sixth century ,b4,c41 at a time  when   
the old solar myth was very extensively 
believed in ,china and  the neighbouring
 countries1 and was1 strictly speaking1 
a system of  morality and conduct4 ,its 
author1 ,confucius 7,kong-fu-tse71 was  

born  ,b4,c4 #eej1 in ,lu1 a province of
 ,china1 and at a very early age        
commenced  to preach a higher and purer 
morality among the ,chinese people1 many
  of whom became regular followers of   
the young reformer1 and followed  his   
good example by likewise teaching the   
people at every favourable  opportunity4
 ,he was strongly opposed to all false  
show1 hypocrisy1 and  deceit1 and       
abhorred the life of a hermit as        
unnatural and mischievous4  ,he         
preferred not to speak of heaven as a   
personal being1 as was the  habit of his
 countrymen1 but was exceedingly fond of
 quoting its  example as the preserver  
of order1 frequently alluding to its    
commands1  ordinances1 and purposes4 ,he
 attached no value to prayer1 preached  
the  doctrine that good and evil are    
rewarded on the earth by prosperity and 
adversity1 and expressed his disbelief  
in special revelations to men4  ,the    
canonical books of the ,confucians are  
known as the five ,kings  7the          

historical ,shu-,king1 the psalms of the
 ,shi-,king1 and the  ritual of the     
,li-ki1 the chronicles of the           
,tshun-tsiew1 and the  magical          
,yi-,king71 and the three volumes       
containing the remarkable  and          
benevolent utterances of the master     
,confucius himself--viz41 the  ,lun-yu1 
the ,ta-hio1 and the ,tshung-yung4 ,in  
the ,ta-hio occur  those celebrated and 
beautiful moral passages which have so  
justly  immortalised the name of        
,confucius4 ,the one is the #bdth moral3
 8,do  unto another what you would he   
should do to you1 and do not to another 
what you would should not be done to    
you4 ,thou needest this law alone2  it  
is the foundation and principle of all  
the rest40 ,the other is the  #ecrd     
moral3 8,acknowledge thy benefits by    
return of other benefits1  but never    
avenge injuries40 ,notwithstanding the  
great persecution of  ,confucians in    
b4c4 #bab1 by the ,ts'in rulers1 and    
other smaller attempts  to destroy the  

new system of morality in favour of the 
sun-gods1 the  moral code of ,confucius 
was publicly permitted to be used in    
,a4,d4 #eg1  and since the seventh      
century has almost entirely taken the   
place of  god-worship1 a few only of the
 more uneducated classes still          
professing  to worship ,fo-hi4          
,mohammedanism1 or ,islamism1 the       
reformed faith of ,arab polytheists1    
arose in the sixth century of our era4  
,mahomet1 or ,mohammed1 was a  young    
religious enthusiast1 a camel-driver of 
,mecca1 who determined  to uproot the   
idolatry and superstition of the ,arab  
tribes1 and was  singularly successful  
in his arduous undertaking4 ,he had a   
powerful  aversion to all kinds of      
priestcraft1 sacrifices1 and            
superstitious  ordeals1 and boldly      
preached the unity of ,god1 declaring   
that 8there  is but one ,god1 and       
,mahomet is his prophet40 ,of all the   
religions  of the world1 perhaps none   
has been more successful than this2 and1

  certainly1 not one ever spread so     
rapidly over the face of the earth4  ,in
 less than #ajj years after the decease 
of the prophet the ,khalifs  of         
,islamism were masters of the whole of  
,northern ,africa1 ,spain1 and  part of 
,france1 besides a great portion of     
,asia2 which vast territories  they     
retained possession of for about #fjj   
years1 encouraging the while            
philosophical and scientific studies1   
establishing libraries1 schools1  and   
universities1 and otherwise benefitting 
the human race4 ,at the  present day    
upwards of #ajj1jjj1jjj people embrace  
this faith1 whose ,god  is ,allah1 the  
great unity1 whose prophet is ,mahomet1 
and whose ,bible is  the ,koran4    ,we 
now come to ,christianism1 that         
widely-spread faith1 whose cradle was   
,alexandria1 whose nursery was ,rome1   
and whose workshop was ,europe4 ,the    
founder of this religion1 if he ever    
lived at all1 about which there is      
considerable doubt1 was a young ascetic 

monk belonging to the ,essenes--a       
,syrian branch of the large order of    
,therapeut--whose headquarters were  in 
,alexandria4 ,his name was ,yahoshua ben
 ,pandira and ,stada2 he was born  about
 ,b4,c4 #abj1 in the reign of ,alexander
 ,jannus2 and he preached the  doctrines
 of ,confucius1 declaring publicly that 
the priests were liars  and hypocrites1 
and inculcating communistic and         
socialistic theories4  ,he gained many  
lowly followers1 who followed him about 
preaching in the  open air1 and begging 
their bread from day to day1 and1 at    
last1 was  publicly executed for his    
seditious conduct4    ,at the same time 
a remarkable mental revolution was      
taking place in  ,greece and ,egypt1 the
 natural homes of mythology2 the        
,university of  ,alexandria and the     
,academic ,groves of ,athens were fast  
sending to the  right-about-face the old
 superstitions1 much to the dismay of   
the  priests and religious fanatics1 who
 were driven to their wits' end to  know

 how to counteract this dangerous       
tendency of the age towards  infidelity 
and science4 ,the idea struck them of   
utilising for their  purpose the new    
sect of religious reformers1 who lived  
according to  the teaching of the young 
socialist1 ,yahoshua2 they boldly       
declared  that this man was1 when on    
earth1 an incarnate deity1 and proceeded
  to attribute to him all the miraculous
 performances that had been  previously 
imputed to the sun-god ,bacchus2 and    
commenced forthwith  to prepare their   
documentary evidences ready for the     
ignorant and  credulous multitudes4 ,a  
new sect of the ,therapeut monks of     
,alexandria  came into existence1 called
 ,eclectics1 whose mission was to       
collect  all that was good and useful in
 the religions of their neighbours1 and 
commit them to manuscript for the use of
 their monasteries and the  priestly    
class generally4 ,it did not take long  
to fabricate a very  imposing story of  
the young man ,yahoshua1 whom they now  

called ,iesous  71 a name used by the   
,greeks to signify a hero               
personification  of the sun-god         
,bacchus1 the ,phnician 71 ,greek being 
at that time  the prevailing language of
 ,lower ,egypt4 ,the performances of the
 ancient  sun-gods of ,egypt1 ,persia1  
,arabia1 ,india1 ,greece1 ,phnicia1 and 
,italy  were recalled to the minds of   
these ,eclectic monks1 by diligent      
search  among their old musty ,,mss41   
and1 after carefully and judiciously    
collating the fables1 they were enabled 
to clothe their new ,iesous1 or  ,jesus1
 with all the leading characteristics of
 these various deities4  ,he was born of
 a virgin at midnight between ,december 
#bdth and ,december  #beth1 as were all 
the sun-gods3 his birth1 like that of   
,mithra and that  of ,krishna1 was      
foretold3 a star pointed out the place  
of his nativity1  as in the case of     
,mithra3 his birth-place was a manger in
 a stable1 as  in the case of ,hercules2
 or1 according to another account1 a    

cave1 as  in the case of ,mithra and    
,horus3 he cured the sick1 as did       
sculapius3  he fasted in the wilderness1
 as did ,buddha3 he performed miracles1 
as  did ,bacchus1 ,hercules1 and others3
 he turned water into wine1 as did  the 
,egyptian ,bacchus1 and as was done at  
the ,bacchanalian orgies3 he  was       
crucified1 as were also ,krishna1       
,osiris1 and ,prometheus3 he rose  from 
the dead after having been in the grave 
three days and three  nights1 as did all
 the sun-gods3 he descended to hell1 as 
did all the  sun-gods3 he was called    
,saviour 71 ,gr41 and ,saots1 ,egyp47   
and  ,lamb of ,god 7,agnus ,dei71 as    
were all the sun-gods 7 1 ,mises        
,saots1 etc472 ,amen1 as was ,jupiter   
,ammon 7 72 ,christ1 or the  ,anointed  
771 as was ,osiris2 ,son of ,god1 as    
were ,plato's ,logos  771 ,bacchus1     
,mithra1 and ,horus2 ,holy ,word 7of    
,plato and ,philo71 as  also was ,horus2
 ,god of ,love1 as were ,adonis1        
,mithra1 and ,krishna2 ,light  of the   

,world1 as were all the sun-gods2 and1  
like his alter ego1  ,krishna1 ,the     
,resurrection1 ,the ,incarnate1 ,the    
,beginning and the ,end1  ,existing     
before ,all ,things1 ,chief of          
,prophets1 and ,messenger of ,peace3  he
 was the incarnation of one third of a  
trinity1 as were also ,horus1  ,krishna1
 and ,plato's ,logos3 his day was called
 the ,day of the ,sun3 his  followers   
were called ,christians1 and his priests
 ,bishops of ,christ1  just as were     
those of ,osiris3 his priests absolved  
sins1 received  confessions1 and        
practised celibacy1 as did the priests  
of ,bacchus1  ,adonis1 ,mithra1         
,krishna1 ,buddha1 etc43 his feast was  
called the ,lord's  ,supper and the     
,mystery of the ,night1 as were those of
 ,bacchus1 ,adonis1  and ,osiris3 these 
suppers became1 in course of time1      
obscene midnight  orgies1 as did those  
of ,bacchus and ,adonis3 at these       
suppers the  insignia over the table    
were the letters    7the ,phnician name 

of ,bacchus1 in ,greek capitals71       
surrounded by the rays of light and     
surmounted by a crucifix and a bleeding 
lamb1 precisely as was the case  with   
the ,bacchanalian orgies3 at the ,lord's
 ,supper bread and wine were            
transubstantiated into the body and     
blood of ,jesus1 exactly as was done  in
 the case of ,bacchus and ,osiris3 and  
lights were used at these feasts  just  
as they were at the ,bacchanalian       
orgies4    ,these fables were carefully 
compiled together1 attributed to various
  imaginary authors1 and finally issued 
to the people as an appendix1  or ,new  
,testament1 to the volume of the old    
,jewish ,scriptures1 or ,old            
,testament4 ,thus were gathered together
 by the ,alexandrian ,eclectics  the    
principal essentials of all the old     
mythological cults1 and thus  came into 
existence the huge and powerful system  
of religion called  ,christianism1 which
 has been the great curse of ,europe for
 well nigh  two thousand years4 ,from   

the brutal murder of ,hypatia1 in a     
,christian  church1 by the fanatical mob
 of a ,christian bishop1 down to the    
last  poor wretch burnt alive at the    
stake by the orders of the ,church of   
,jesus1 the story of ,christian infamy  
is not relieved by one bright  spot4    
,humanity stands aghast1 and shudders at
 the hideous tale of crime  which the   
history of ,christian ,europe unfolds4  
,it is one long wail of  anguish1 poured
 forth by suffering man1 finding relief 
only in the  silence of the grave--that 
stronghold of peace within which neither
  god1 devil1 priest1 nor tyrant can    
wreak their diabolical vengeance        
further4 ,how terrible have been the    
sufferings of poor ,humanity under  the 
ghastly shadow of the ,cross is         
beautifully expressed in ,shelley's     
8,queen ,mab10 in the dialogue between  
the spirit of ,ianthe and the ,fairy    
,queen3--      ,,spirit4   ,i was an    
infant when my mother went      ,to see 
an ,atheist burned4 ,she took me there3 

,the dark-robed priests were met around 
the pile      ,the multitude was gazing 
silently2      ,and as the culprit      
passed with dauntless mien1             
,tempered disdain in his unaltering eye1
      ,mixed with a quiet smile1 shone  
calmly forth3      ,the thirsty fire    
crept round his manly limbs2      ,his  
resolute eyes were scorched to blindness
 soon2      ,his death-pang rent my     
heart6 the insensate mob      ,uttered a
 cry of triumph1 and ,i wept4      ,weep
 not1 child6 cried my mother1 for that  
man      ,has said1 ,there is no ,god4  
,,fairy4   ,there is no ,god6           
,nature confirms the faith his          
death-groan seal'd3      ,let heaven and
 earth1 let man's revolving race1       
,his ceaseless generations1 tell their  
tale2      ,let every part depending on 
the chain      ,that links it to the    
whole1 point to the hand      ,that     
grasps its term6 ,let every seed that   
falls1      ,in silent eloquence unfold 
its store      ,of argument3 infinity   

within1      ,infinity without1 belie   
creation2      ,the exterminable spirit 
it contains      ,is ,nature's only     
,god2 but human pride      ,is skilful  
to invent most serious names      ,to   
hide its ignorance4                     
,the name of ,god      ,has fenced about
 all crime with holiness1      ,himself 
the creature of his worshippers1        
,whose names and attributes and passions
 change1      ,seeva1 ,buddh1 ,foh1     
,jehovah1 ,god1 or ,lord1      ,even    
with the human dupes who build his      
shrines1      ,still serving o'er the   
war-polluted world      ,for            
desolation's watchword2 whether hosts   
,stain his death-blushing chariot       
wheels1 as on      ,triumphantly they   
roll1 whilst ,brahmins raise      ,a    
sacred hymn to mingle with the groans2  
,or countless partners of his power     
divide      ,his tyranny to weakness2 or
 the smoke      ,of burning towns1 the  
cries of female helplessness1           
,unarmed old age1 and youth1 and        

infancy1      ,horribly massacred1      
ascend to heaven      ,in honour of his 
name2 or1 last and worst1      ,earth   
groans beneath religion's iron age1     
,and priests dare babble of a ,god of   
peace1      ,even while their hands are 
red with guiltless blood1               
,murdering the while1 uprooting every   
germ      ,of truth1 exterminating1     
spoiling all1      ,making the earth a  
slaughter-house6    ,there is no ,god6  
,what1 then1 caused this mighty         
universe8 ,to be caused  implies a      
cause1 certainly2 and that cause must1  
in the very nature of  things1 be       
adequate for the production of the      
effect manifested4 ,but1  inasmuch as   
cause and effect are but relative terms1
 the cause could  not exist             
independently of the effect1 and vice   
vers4 ,therefore1 as  far as the human  
mind is capable of mentating1 the       
universe could not  have been caused4   
,it is1 therefore1 eternal4 ,what that  
inherent power  of matter is that hides 

itself so mysteriously behind the       
phenomena of  nature we cannot tell1    
farther than that1 being the inherent   
property  of eternal matter1 it also is 
eternal4 ,this point is the limit of    
the human understanding1 beyond which it
 is apparently impossible  at present   
for the mind of man to soar4 ,in the    
words of ,mr4 ,herbert  ,spencer1 8there
 is a power behind humanity and behind  
all things2 a  power of which humanity  
is but a small and fugitive product2 a  
power  which was1 in the course of      
ever-changing manifestations1 before    
humanity was1 and will continue through 
all other manifestations when  humanity 
has ceased to be40 ,this power1 of which
 matter and motion1  thought and        
volition1 are but the phenomenal        
manifestations1 and which  regulates the
 varied movements of those myriads of   
stellar systems  interspersed throughout
 the infinity of space--this exhaustless
 power  of life and energy is to the    
human mind1 as at present constituted1  

unknowable4 ,call it ,law2 call it      
,gravity2 call it the ,mysterious       
,unknown2 but call it not ,god1 that    
word which has brought so much  bitter  
anguish to humanity1 and which blighted 
the beauty of nature1  causing hate     
where love should be1 and tears to fall 
where smiles  should gladden the heart  
of man4 ,whether or not the mind of man 
in  future ages will be able to lift the
 veil that at present lies between  him 
and the ,great ,unknown time alone can  
tell4    ,at present we are at the mercy
 of an imperfectly-developed nervous    
organisation1 with its five special     
senses1 which1 though very far  superior
 to the lowly nervous development of our
 remote ancestors  of millions of       
centuries back in the history of life1  
is perfectly  inadequate for the        
solution of the great problem of        
existence4 ,but  a time will probably   
arrive in the dim and misty future when 
other  and more important senses will be
 evolved within the human frame1  which 

may bring man nearer the elucidation of 
this greatest of all  mysteries4        
,meanwhile let us apply ourselves boldly
 to the uprooting of  the old ,upas tree
 of religious faith--that pernicious    
development of the  god-idea that has   
been the constant blight of all ages1   
stifling reason  by fostering blind     
faith and gross credulity1 robbing the  
race of all  that is noble1 manly1 and  
honest1 by the propagation of those     
canker  worms1 hypocrisy and cant1 and  
retarding the temporal salvation of man 
by the substitution of the vain and     
foolish theory of future rewards  and   
punishments4      ,printed by ,watts    
,co41 #ag1 ,johnson's ,court1 ,fleet    
,street1 ,london1  ,e4,c4               
,illustration3 ,,zodiacal ,,signs       
,,libra        ,a    ,,virgo        ,b  
,,leo          ,c    ,,cancer       ,d  
,,gemini       ,e    ,,taurus       ,f  
,,aries        ,g    ,,pisces       ,h  
,,aquarius     ,i    ,,capricornus  ,j  
,,sagitarius   ,k    ,,scorpio      ,l  

,a  ,earth's position at ,vernal        
,equinox ,b4,c4      #dcdj4    ,b       
#bahh4    ,c                            
#cf4    ,d                   ,winter    
,solstice         #dcdj4    ,e          
#bahh4    ,f                            
#cf4    ,g                   ,autumnal  
,equinox        #dcdj4    ,h            
#bahh4    ,i                            
#cf4    ,j                   ,summer    
,solstice         #dcdj4    ,k          
#bahh4    ,l                            
#cf4        ,illustration3 ,,insignia   
,,on ,,the ,,walls ,,in ,,the ,,temples 
,,of ,,bacchus      ,illustration3      
,,oriental ,,zodiac4 ,after ,sir ,w7m7  
,jones4      ,illustration3 ,,ancient   
,,egyptian ,,zodiac ,,from ,,the        
,,temple ,,of ,,isis ,,dendera  ,after  
,sir ,wm4 ,drummond4      ,illustration3
 ,,northern ,,signs ,,and               
,,extra-,,zodiacal ,,constellations4    
,b4,c4 #cf to ,a4,d4 #baaf4             
,illustration3 ,,southern ,,signs ,,and 
,,extra-,,zodiacal ,,constellations4    

,b4,c4 #cf to ,a4,d4 #baaf4             
,illustration3 ,b4,c4 #dcdj ,,to ,b4,c4 
#bahh4    ,illustration3 ,b4,c4 #cf ,,to
 ,a4,d4 #baaf4      ,illustration3      
,,zodiacal ,,line ,,or ,,ecliptic4      
,b4,c4 #bahh ,,to ,b4,c4 #cf4           
,illustration3 ,botes  ,adam  ,joseph   
the ,carpenter    ,virgo  ,eve  ,v4     
,mary    ,cetus  ,blasphemy             
,illustration3 ,aquarius  ,john the     
,baptist4  ,peter4    ,sagittarius4     
,joseph son of ,jacob4  ,philip of      
,bethsaida4    ,j4 ,,bennett4           
,illustration3      ,,god ,,incarnate   
,,with ,,man    ,,copy ,,of ,,celebrated
 ,,bronze ,,in ,,the ,,vatican          
--,,saviour ,,of ,,the  ,w#j,,rld       
,taken from ,payne ,knight's 8,priapus  
,worship40    ,a ,cross1 the ,phallic   
symbol1 has been substituted for the    
male organ  erect of the original4      
,illustration3 ,,amulet ,,in            
,,townley',s ,,museum    ,representing  
the sexual union of the bull-sun-god1 or
 ,active principle  of generation1 with 

the ,passive1 or female principle of    
nature or earth4    ,crosses have been  
here substituted for the erect male     
organs of the  original4                
,illustration3 ,,phallic ,,lamp         
,found buried in ,london4    ,both      
figures are copied from 8,priapus       
,worship04      ,illustration3 ,,votive 
,,offerings ,,to ,,god ,,priapus    ,i4 
,the god's assistance was sought on     
behalf of a couple1 ,,priminus and      
,,mentila1 who were probably childless4 
,found in ,roman camp at ,adel1         
,yorkshire1 and now in ,leeds           
,philosophical ,society's museum4       
,,ii4 ,found in ,roman camp at          
,westerford ,fort1 ,scotland1 upon the  
wall of  ,antoninus4    ,,iii4 ,found on
 one of the gateways of ,hadrian's wall1
 in the ,roman camp  at ,homesteads1    
,northumberland4    ,the above are taken
 from 8,priapus ,worship04              
,illustration3 ,,amulet ,,forming       
,,double ,,crux ,,ansata    ,from       
8,priapus ,worship04 ,two ,crosses are  

here substituted for the male  organs of
 the original4    ,illustration3        
,,ancient ,,amulet    ,copied from one  
in the ,british ,museum4    ,a ,cross is
 here substituted for the male organ of 
the original as shown  in 8,priapus     
,worship04          ,,zodiacal          
,,mythology4      ,to us of the         
nineteenth century1 who have our        
national institutions for  the discovery
 and propagation of scientific truths1  
thus being saved  the trouble of        
investigating for ourselves1 having only
 to open a book  to see when the next   
eclipse of the sun will take place1 or  
whether  the ,easter holidays fall      
later1 or earlier than usual1 it seems  
almost  incredible that there once      
existed races of men who devoted almost 
all their time to the study of          
astronomy2 but such is nevertheless  the
 fact2 and when we consider the         
different conditions under which        
society existed in very remote times    
from what we are now subject to1  we    

shall at once see that it was not       
altogether a pleasure1 but in  fact a   
stern necessity1 that impelled the      
people of those early times  to make    
themselves thoroughly acquainted with   
the various natural  phenomena taking   
place around them day after day1 month  
after month1  and year after year4 ,in  
those days1 when writing was either     
altogether  unknown or limited entirely 
to a few1 and when such things as       
almanacks  and encyclopedias were not   
the order of the day1 people had to     
trust  to their own knowledge of the    
movements of the heavenly bodies and the
  properties and uses of plants1 etc41  
for the successful carrying on of  their
 daily pursuits1 which were then        
principally of an agricultural  nature4 
,instead of watches and clocks1 the     
people had only the sun in  heaven to   
tell them the hours of the day2 instead 
of monthly almanacks1  they had the moon
 for their guide2 and1 instead of annual
 calendars to  mark the commencement of 

the seasons1 they had only the stars    
above to  teach them the proper times to
 till their lands and sow their grain4  
,consequently1 it was absolutely        
necessary that they should be well      
acquainted with all the movements of the
 heavenly bodies2 and we need  only     
glance at the earliest records of the   
human race to find that  they were more 
or less full of astronomical            
allusions--in fact1 that the  principal 
study which engaged the attention of    
primitive man was the  study of the     
starry heavens4    ,in my lecture on    
8,the ,evolution of the ,god ,idea0 ,i  
have already pointed  out how the       
earliest religious conceptions arose    
from this study2 and  in my 8,popular   
,faith ,unveiled0 ,i have endeavoured to
 show that1 in  naming the              
constellations1 the ancients adopted the
 wise device of  giving to groups of    
stars the names of the particular earth 
productions  or earth phenomena that    
happened to take place at the time when 

such  star groups made their appearance 
in the heavens4 ,now1 it is a very      
remarkable fact that in those ancient   
countries of which we have any  exact   
knowledge the heavenly bodies received  
very similar and1 in many  instances1   
identical names1 which is just what we  
should expect if the  above theory of   
the naming be correct4 ,take the zodiac1
 for example1  which is the line of the 
apparent annual circuit of the sun1 and 
we  find that in ,egypt1 ,india1        
,persia1 and ,greece it was divided into
  twelve portions of #cj degrees each1  
the whole circuit consisting of  #cfj   
degrees2 and the equivalent signs bore a
 wonderful similarity to  each other4   
,in the old ,indian zodiac published in 
the 8,philosophical  ,transactions0 of  
#aggb the signs are as follows1         
commencing at the  vernal equinoxial    
point3--,ram1 ,bull1 ,man with two      
shields1 ,crab1 ,lion1  ,virgin1        
,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,bow and ,arrow1  
,monster with goat's head  and fish's   

hindquarters1 ,urn1 ,fish4 ,in the      
,indian zodiac published by  ,sir ,w4   
,jones they are as follows3--,ram1      
,bull1 ,youth and ,damsel1 ,crab1       
,lion1 ,virgin in a boat1 holding an ear
 of rice-corn1 ,man holding the         
balances1 ,scorpion1 ,centaur shooting  
with a bow and arrow1 ,monster  with    
antelope's head and fish's hindquarters1
 ,man carrying a water-pot  on his      
shoulder1 ,two ,fishes4 ,the ancient    
,persian zodiacal signs were3  ,lamb1   
,bull1 ,twins1 ,crab1 ,lion1 ,ear of    
,corn1 ,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,bow1      
,goat1 ,pitcher of ,water1 ,two ,fishes4
 ,in the zodiac depicted on the  ceiling
 of the ,egyptian temple of ,isis at    
,dendera the following are  the         
signs3--,ram1 ,bull1 ,twins1 ,beetle1   
,lion1 ,virgin holding an ear of  corn1 
,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,centaur shooting 
with bow and arrow1 ,monster  with      
goat's head and fish's hindquarters1    
,man pouring water from two  water-pots1
 ,two ,fishes4 ,in ,kircher's ,egyptian 

zodiac the signs are3--,man  with ram's 
horns1 ,bull1 ,twins1 ,hermes with head 
of an ,ibis1 ,lion1  ,virgin holding an 
ear of corn1 ,man holding the balances1 
,man with  serpents for legs and having 
a serpent twisted round his body1       
,centaur  shooting with bow and arrow1  
,monster with goat's head and fish's    
hindquarters1 ,man with an urn from     
which water was falling1 ,woman with    
fish's tail4 ,ancient ,greek zodiacs had
 the following signs3--,ram1 ,bull1     
,twins1 ,crab1 ,lion1 ,virgin1          
,balances1 ,scorpion1 ,centaur shooting 
with  bow and arrow1 ,goat with fish's  
hindquarters1 ,canobus with his pitcher 
of water1 ,two ,fishes4 ,the ,romans    
followed the ,greeks1 and these signs   
have since remained unchanged in all    
modern zodiacs1 being now known  under  
the following names3--,aries1 the ram2  
,taurus1 the bull2 ,gemini1  the twins2 
,cancer1 the crab2 ,leo1 the lion2      
,virgo1 the virgin2 ,libra1  the        
balances2 ,scorpio1 the scorpion2       

,sagittarius1 the centaur-archer2       
,capricornus1 the goat-fish2 ,aquarius1 
the water-bearer2 ,pisces1 the  fishes4 
,each of these signs corresponds with a 
particular portion of the year1  varying
 according to the slow movement known as
 the precession of the  equinoxes1 by   
which all the signs are moved forward   
very slightly  year by year1 at the rate
 of one degree in #ga or #gb years1     
until1 at  the end of about #b1aeb      
years1 a whole sign has moved forward   
into the  position previously occupied  
by the sign immediately preceding it4   
,this is caused by the failure of the   
sun to reach the same point in  the same
 time in his apparent circuit each year2
 and thus it happens  that1 in a period 
of rather less than #bf1jjj years1 each 
sign will have  moved completely round  
the zodiacal band4 ,now1 by careful     
calculation  it has been found that the 
vernal equinoxial point coincided with  
the  first degree of ,aries about       
#bh1jjj years ago1 with the first degree

  of ,libra about #ag1jjj years ago1    
with the first degree of ,taurus ,b4,c4 
#d1cdj1 with that of ,aries ,b4,c4      
#b1ahh1 and with that of ,pisces ,b4,c4 
#cf2 so that1 at the present time1 the  
vernal equinoxial point is  really      
occupied by the sign of the fishes1     
although1 for astronomical  purposes1   
the sign of the ram is always placed in 
that position1 and  will1 for the       
future1 always be considered as the     
first sign of the  zodiac1 no matter    
what sign may really occupy that        
position4 ,thus there  is now what is   
called a fixed zodiac1 which never      
changes1 and which  is an arbitrary     
arrangement made for scientific         
purposes1 and a real  zodiac whose      
figures move steadily and slowly year by
 year1 until at  the end of rather more 
than two thousand years the vernal      
equinoxial  point is occupied by the    
sign immediately following the one which
  occupied it during that period of     
time4    ,although now the fixed zodiac 

is an established fact1 such an         
arrangement was undreamed of by the     
ancients1 who regulated their  almanacks
 from the actual sign at the time       
occupying the vernal  equinoxial point2 
so that between the years #dcdj ,b4,c4  
and #bahh ,b4,c4  the sign of the bull  
was the first and chief sign of the     
zodiac1 while  during the two thousand  
years following--that is1 until #cf     
,b4,c4--the  sign of the ram or lamb    
took its place4 ,the vernal equinox     
falls on  ,march #bast each year1 at    
which time the sun1 having ascended from
 its  lowest point of declination       
7,december #bast71 arrives at that      
portion  of its annual course at which  
the equator and the ecliptic cross each 
other2 and thus during the period when  
the sign of the bull was the  vernal    
equinoxial sign the sun was said to be  
in ,taurus1 while in  the following     
period1 when the sign of the ram took   
the place of that  of the bull1 the sun 
was said to be in ,aries4 ,in order to  

understand  thoroughly the apparent     
annual march of the sun round our earth1
 it  will be necessary to observe the   
actual double motions of our earth      
round the sun and upon its own axis4    
,let us suppose that we are again  in   
the period when the sun was in ,aries at
 the vernal equinox2 on the  #bast of   
,march our earth1 in travelling round   
the sun 7annual motion71  has reached a 
point at which the sun is placed between
 us and the first  stars of ,aries1     
which are then1 of course1 invisible1   
because when  the sun is visible it is  
daytime--that is1 the part of the earth 
on  which we stand is opposed to the    
sun1 which renders all the stars in     
that part of the heavens invisible2 but1
 as the earth continues to turn  upon   
its axis 7daily motion71 we gradually   
lose sight of the sun1 and  as the      
darkness closes around us the stars upon
 the opposite side of  the heavens      
become visible2 so that1 when the sun is
 in ,aries1 or any  other sign1 that    

sign is always invisible to us1 and at  
night we see  the sign that occupies the
 opposite side of the zodiac4 ,day after
 day1  as the earth continues to move   
round the sun1 a few more stars in the  
sign ,aries are covered1 until at the   
end of a month the sun reaches  the next
 sign1 ,taurus2 and the opposite signs1 
which we see at night1  have also moved 
on to the same extent4 ,thus at noon on 
,march #bast the  sun is at its highest 
daily ascension1 south of the zenith1 or
 highest  point of the heavens1         
obliterating by its effulgence the first
 stars  of the sign ,aries1 through     
which it is apparently about to pass1   
and  at midnight following the opposite 
sign1 ,libra1 is seen at the same       
distance from the nadir1 or highest     
point of the darkened heavens2  while a 
month later1 when the sun at noon is in 
,taurus1 the sign  ,scorpio is seen at  
the opposite point at midnight2 and so  
on through  all the signs1 one month    
being occupied by the passing of the sun

  through each sign1 so that it passes  
through ,aries in ,march1 ,taurus  in   
,april1 ,gemini in ,may1 ,cancer in     
,june1 ,leo in ,july1 ,virgo in         
,august1 ,libra in ,september1 ,scorpio 
in ,october1 ,sagittarius in  ,november1
 ,capricornus in ,december1 ,aquarius in
 ,january1 ,pisces  in ,february4 ,this 
was precisely what occurred in the      
zodiac during the  years from ,b4,c4    
#bahh to ,b4,c4 #cf2 but in the period  
of two thousand  years immediately      
preceding this1 owing to the precession 
of the  equinoxes1 the order was        
changed1 so that ,taurus was the sign of
  ,march1 ,gemini of ,april1 and so on1 
each sign being a month earlier2  while 
at the present time ,pisces is the sign 
of ,march1 and each other  sign one     
month later than when ,aries was at the 
vernal equinoxial  point4 ,each of these
 signs occupies #cj degrees of the      
zodiac1 the  whole twelve making up #cfj
 degrees1 which is the total length of  
the  imaginary sphere of the heavenly   

vault2 and the ancients again divided   
each of these signs into three portions 
of ten degrees each1 called  decans     
making #cf decans for the complete      
zodiacal circle4 ,when the  sun was     
passing through a sign the astrologers  
publicly proclaimed  the exact moment of
 its entry upon the first decan1 which  
they called  the upper room1 the whole  
sign being called the house of the sun2 
the  second decan they called the middle
 or inner room1 and the third the  lower
 room4 ,on each side of the zodiacal    
band there are also a number  of what   
are called extra-zodiacal               
constellations1 which never vary  their 
position with regard to the zodiacal    
signs1 the constellations on  either    
side of ,aries always rising and setting
 at the same time with  that sign1 those
 on each side of ,taurus doing likewise1
 and so on  through all the signs4      
,as the various astronomical figures    
became endowed by the ancients with     
divine honours1 each of these signs     

became associated with a number of      
romantic stories1 until at length the   
struggles1 victories1 and defeats  of   
the gods were told in such a variety of 
ways that sufficient lore  existed to   
fill1 if written down1 whole libraries4 
,the zodiacal signs  were all gods of   
great importance2 the planets were gods1
 the sun was  a god1 the moon was a     
goddess1 and the extra-zodiacal         
constellations  were either gods or     
heroes2 but all were not of equal       
importance1 and1  owing to the constant 
changing of positions1 some were        
powerful and  victorious at one time and
 weak and dying at another4 ,the chief  
deity1  which to the ,aryans was ,dyaus1
 the day-father1 became in later times a
  concentrated essence of all the gods1 
and was supposed to undergo all  the    
vicissitudes to which they were         
subjected2 but1 inasmuch as the         
new-born sun was the life of the world1 
bringing back happiness1 and  the vernal
 equinoxial sign was the one at which   

his influence began to  be felt1 these  
two deities were looked upon as god par 
excellence1 a  dual deity1 separate yet 
conjoined1 and of equal power and       
authority4  ,so1 when the bull was the  
vernal equinoxial point1 the            
sun-in-,taurus  was supreme god2 and    
when the ram1 or lamb1 was the vernal   
equinoxial  point the sun-in-,aries was 
supreme ,god2 and1 although it was only 
in ,march that the sun was at the vernal
 equinoxial point1 yet the  bull-god1   
for two thousand years prior to ,b4,c4  
#bahh1 was always  supreme1 and the     
ram-god 7in ,egypt7 or lamb-god 7in     
,persia7 after that  date4 ,on leaving  
the vernal equinoxial sign the sun      
passed into the  next in order2 but1    
although then not actually in           
conjunction with  the chief sign1 it yet
 was but slightly removed from it1 the  
distance  growing larger as each fresh  
sign was occupied2 and never were the   
sun and the principal sign actually     
separated from each other in the        

zodiac1 so as to pass into opposite     
hemispheres1 until the autumnal         
equinoxial point was crossed1 after     
which the sun passed successively       
through all the winter constellations1  
being separated for the space  of six   
months from the sign of the vernal      
equinox4 ,therefore the six  summer     
signs were accounted specially bountiful
 and holy1 the sign of  the vernal      
equinox being the head and chief of the 
six1 while the six  winter signs were   
accounted less holy1 but quite as       
powerful for evil  as the others were   
for good4    ,from this was formed the  
main drama of all subsequent            
mythological  systems1 the groundwork of
 which was1 briefly1 as follows3--,the  
saviour-sun-god was born at the winter  
solstice1 and ascended to  the vernal   
equinox1 where he was united with the   
bull1 becoming the  bull-god1 and in    
aftertime with the ram or lamb1 becoming
 the ram-god  or lamb-god3 after        
crossing the equator at the spring      

covenant1 or  coming together of the    
equator and ecliptic1 he ascended to the
 summit  of the heavens1 becoming the   
lion-god1 at the height of his power1   
and  then descending again to the       
autumnal covenant1 or equinox1 to pass  
through the winter or scorpion signs1   
alone1 and mourning the loss of  the    
vernal equinoxial sign1 which was torn  
from him at the autumnal  equinox4 ,this
 simple narrative received numerous     
embellishments in  after times1         
according to the fancy of the           
astrologers and priests1  who1 in many  
cases1 contrived to make out of it a    
beautiful poem or a  sublime allegorical
 drama4    ,in describing the entry of  
the sun upon any particular sign the    
ancient  astrologers were in the habit  
of referring1 not only to the sign      
itself and to its decans1 but also to   
the accompanying extra-zodiacal         
constellations1 as well as to the       
visible zodiacal signs and              
extra-zodiacal constellations of the    

opposite hemisphere4 ,for instance1     
during the period of the lamb's         
supremacy 7,b4,c4 #bahh to ,b4,c4 #cf7  
the  position of the stars at the moment
 of the commencement of the annual      
apparent march of the sun round the     
zodiac was as follows3--,the first      
stars of the zodiacal sign ,capricornus 
were at the winter solstitial  point1   
,december #bast1 and invisible to the   
eye1 being directly south of  the zenith
 at noon1 the extra-zodiacal            
constellations ,picis ,australis  on the
 south1 and ,aquila on the north1 being 
on either side of it1  and the zodiacal 
signs ,sagittarius in front and         
,aquarius behind1  accompanying it in   
its march2 while on the opposite side of
 the  zodiac1 at midnight1 was seen1    
directly to the south of the nadir1 the 
sign ,cancer1 in which were the ,prsepe1
 or stable of ,augias2 the  ,io-sepe1   
cradle of ,jupiter or manger of ,jao2   
and the ,aselli1 or two  asses2 on the  
east the sign ,virgo was just about to  

appear above the  horizon2 on the       
western horizon was the sign ,aries1    
above which1 and  crossing the equator1 
was the extra-zodiacal constellation    
,orion1  with the three large stars in  
his belt2 and immediately below which   
was  the sea monster ,cetus1 just       
sinking below the horizon4 ,in          
proclaiming  the birth of the sun at    
,christmas1 therefore1 the astrologers  
would  make mention of all these points2
 and1 consequently1 the more prominent  
and interesting of them would become    
impressed more or less upon the  minds  
of the people1 to be converted in after 
times into various  fantastic and       
romantic fables1 as the manufacture of  
gods out of these  astronomical         
phenomena proceeded4    ,the principal  
astronomical features of this annual    
sun-birth were1  therefore1 as          
follows3--,the birth took place in the  
house of the goat1  exactly opposite to 
which were the manger of ,jao and the   
stable of  ,augias1 between two asses2  

at the same moment the virgin was about 
to  appear above the eastern horizon2   
the lamb was1 as it were1 hurling  the  
sea monster ,cetus below the western    
horizon2 and the three  brilliant stars1
 called the three kings1 in the belt of 
,orion1 were  shining above the lamb1 on
 the opposite horizon to where1 after   
the  lapse of sixteen days 7,january    
#fth71 would appear that brilliant star 
,vindemiatrix1 the ,virgin by that time 
having risen sufficiently high  above   
the horizon for that orb1 which is      
situated in her elbow1 to be  seen at   
midnight4    ,all the subsequent fables 
concerning the birth of a saviour-god   
were  but modifications of this4        
,mithra1 ,krishna1 ,horus1 ,bacchus1    
,jesus1  and1 in fact1 all the sun-gods1
 were born on ,december #beth1 at       
midnight2 and the stories related of    
each bore a marked resemblance  to each 
other4 ,the real birthday of the sun-god
 was ,december #bbnd1  at the first     
hour2 but it was always reckoned from   

the same time on  ,december #beth1      
because at that moment1 and not before1 
the first stars  of ,virgo appeared     
above the horizon1 which was the sign by
 which it  became known that the birth  
had actually taken place three days and 
three nights previously4 ,this gave rise
 to a popular notion that the  sun-god  
struggled for that length of time at    
each of the solstitial and  equinoxial  
points1 and accounts for the fable of   
the two crucifixions  when the sun-god1 
in crossing the equator in ,march and   
,september1 was1  for three days and    
three nights1 in torture before he      
finally ascended  to heaven in the one  
case1 and descended to hell in the      
other4    ,the ,christian myth of the   
birth and death of the saviour-god1     
although  now considerably amplified and
 converted into a long history1 was     
originally1 no doubt1 of a much simpler 
form1 and1 probably1 of the  following  
nature3--,jesus1 the sun-god1 was born  
at midnight1 between  ,december #bdth   

and ,december #beth1 his mother1 ,virgo1
 having been three  days and three      
nights in the agony of childbirth2 the  
virgin1 not  being allowed to enter the 
house of the goat1 being on the opposite
  side of the zodiac1 was obliged to    
seek refuge in the stable of ,augias    
7,cancer71 and place her baby in the    
manger of ,jao1 at which moment  the    
lamb of god1 ,aries1 hurled into the    
abyss the great monster of  evil1 or    
,cetus2 the three kings in the belt of  
,orion1 perceiving1  on ,january #fth1  
the great star ,vindemiatrix rise in the
 east1  which was their guiding star1   
made obeisance to the new-born god  and 
disappeared below the horizon1 going    
down by the west1 instead  of returning 
by the east1 or way they had come4      
,growing from this  moment1 the young   
sun-god commenced his journey towards   
the city of  god1 the summer solstice1  
at the top of the hill1 or height of    
annual  ascension1 meeting at the outset
 ,aquarius1 the man with the pitcher  of

 water1 or ,john the ,baptist1 with whom
 he remained for a time2 after  which he
 entered upon the season of fasting1 or 
the sign ,pisces1  the fishes1 and      
prepared by austerities for the coming  
feast of the  ,passover1 or coming      
together 7covenant7 of the ecliptic and 
equator1  when he would be              
crucified--that is1 be placed cross-wise
 on the two  lines 7ecliptic and        
equator74 ,after this he entered into   
the sign1  ,aries1 the lamb1 having been
 shown the way by the man with the      
pitcher of water1 ,aquarius1 and partook
 of the feast in the upper  room or     
first decan1 immediately after which he 
was crucified as the  lamb of god--that 
is1 passed the crossing of the equator  
and ecliptic  in the sign of the lamb4  
,for three days and three nights he     
struggled  in the tomb1 or suspense1 and
 then ascended into heaven1 accompanied 
by the lamb1 passing the signs ,taurus  
and ,gemini1 saying to the  twins that  
he could stay with them but a little    

while1 and where he  was going they     
could not go 7,john xii471 and finally  
reaching the  city of heaven1           
,jerusalem1 or ,cancer1 passing over the
 two asses  7,aselli7 at the entrance to
 it4 ,here1 on the top of the mount1 or 
at the height of his annual ascension1  
he had another three days and  three    
nights of tribulation1 struggling with  
the devil1 the heavenly  serpent1 who   
had led or preceded him up the mount1   
but who left him as  soon as he arrived 
at the top2 for ,serpens1 at this point1
 returns  while the sun commences his   
descent towards the autumnal            
crucifixion4  ,passing into ,leo1 he was
 transfigured on the mount--that is1    
became  more resplendent than ever1     
after which he entered ,virgo1 where the
  seductions of the lady sorely tempted 
him1 for being offered the juice  of the
 autumn grape he drank copiously with   
the damsel until none was  left2        
whereupon she suggested that he should  
turn water into wine1 but  he resisted  

further temptation1 exclaiming1 8,woman1
 what have ,i to do  with thee80 and    
pursued his course towards the autumnal 
equinox1 where  he passed into ,libra   
and crossed the equator and ecliptic    
again1  or1 in other words1 was         
crucified in ,egypt as the 8just man10  
being  at length separated from ,aries  
for six months1 which caused him to     
exclaim in grief1 8,my ram6 my ram6 why 
hast thou forsaken me80 ,after  three   
days' and three nights' struggle he     
descended into hell1 the  tomb1 or the  
dark regions1 to be born again at the   
winter solstice  as before2 after which 
he would reconquer the powers of evil1  
or the  winter signs1 and again become  
the lamb of god1 8slain from the        
foundation of the world0 7,rev4 xiii4   
#h7 the ,amen1 or ,jupiter ,ammon1 of   
the ,apocalypse1 at which moment he     
exclaims1 8,i am he that liveth and  was
 dead1 and behold ,i1 ,amen1 am alive   
for evermore0 7,rev4 i4 #ah71 and       
8,these things saith ,amen1 the true and

 faithful witness1 the beginning  of the
 creation of ,god0 7,rev4 iii4 #ad74    
,the winter period1 commencing  with    
,libra1 was called by the ancients the  
period of scorpions1  because ,scorpio  
was the principal sign of the period1   
and next after  the equinoxial sign2    
,egypt 7see ,rev4 xi4 #h71 because1 that
 being the  most southerly country then 
known1 the sun appeared to descend into 
it  at that time of the year2 and       
,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 etc41 because it was 
a  period of evil4 ,the sea-monster1    
,cetus1 is the same that is referred  to
 in ,rev4 xiii4 as blasphemy1 with a    
mouth like a lion1 feet like a  bear1   
and leopard-like marks on its           
forequarters1 and whose number was      
declared to be #fff1 which figure being 
made up of  #fj1  #djj1  #f1 and   #bjj1
 stands for the word 1 ,setur1 the      
concealed one1 the ,latin  equivalent of
 which is ,cetus4 ,this was probably    
something like the  original ,christian 
myth1 which1 as time wore on1 became    

converted into  the absurd story        
presented to us in the four ,gospels4   
,the story of ,adonis being separated   
from his darling ,venus for six  months1
 and being afterwards re-united to her  
in love for another six  months1 was    
fabricated from the same source2 as also
 were the legends  of ,osiris and       
,horus1 ,vishnu and ,krishna1 ,ormuzd   
and ,mithras1 ,jupiter  and ,apollo1    
,jupiter and ,bacchus1 and ,jupiter and 
,hercules4 ,the cult  of ,bacchus1      
indeed1 was almost a fac simile of those
 of ,jesus and  ,adonis1 the three being
 but representations in different       
countries of  the very same drama4 ,the 
twelve labours of ,hercules were no more
 than  the passage of the sun through   
the twelve signs of the zodiac1 just as 
the twelve patriarchs1 the twelve       
tribes1 the twelve stones1 and the      
twelve apostles were the twelve signs   
themselves4 ,in my 8,popular ,faith     
,unveiled0 ,i have pointed out the      
reasons for thinking the twelve sons  of

 ,jacob and the twelve apostles to be   
the twelve zodiacal signs2 but ,i  may  
here state that1 on re-consideration1 ,i
 am inclined to modify the  order       
maintained there in regard to the twelve
 sons of ,jacob 7p4 #abb7  by changing  
the places of ,benjamin and ,zebulun1   
the former being1 in  my present        
opinion1 the sign ,gemini1 and the      
latter ,capricornus2  and as to the     
twelve apostles1 ,i may here supply an  
omission made in  the same work1 by     
stating that ,andrew 7p4 #aih7          
represents ,aries1 of  ,march1 being    
always depicted with a 1 which forms the
 angle made by  the crossing of the     
equator and ecliptic on ,march #bast4   
,the mystic  number seven was derived   
from the summer signs of the zodiac1    
including  the two equinoxial signs1    
which were called the pillars of the    
temple1  the vault of the summer heavens
 being the temple itself4 ,thus arose   
the allusions to the seven trumpets1 the
 seven candlesticks1 the seven          

churches1 and the seven seals in the    
,apocalypse1 each of which was a  summer
 zodiacal sign2 and here ,i may again   
supply an omission in my  8,popular     
,faith ,unveiled0 7p4 #bdf7 by stating  
that the church of ,smyrna  represented 
,virgo1 of ,august1 in which month      
bundles of myrrh were  always offered to
 the sun1 the word  signifying 8myrrh40 
,besides mystic numbers1 there were a   
number of mystic symbols in use  among  
the ancients1 by which the great and    
important phenomena in  nature were kept
 constantly before the eyes of the      
people4 ,the chief  and most widely     
known symbol is the cross1 representing 
the ascending  sun bringing back fresh  
life to the world at the vernal equinox2
 but  the cross was by no means the only
 symbol of this important occurrence2   
trees1 torches1 the male organs of      
generation1 or phallus1 and  various    
animals were frequently used for the    
same purpose--in fact1  the symbolical  
worship of the ancients assumed gigantic

 proportions1  almost every conceivable 
device being seized upon to render      
homage to  the great re-fertiliser of   
the earth4 ,no one of the religious     
cults was  free from a large admixture  
of what is known as phallic             
worship--that  is1 worship of the       
fertilising principle2 and it was a     
common custom  for people to swear by   
their generative organs1 as being the   
most  sacred things on earth1           
representing the divine energy in a     
state of  procreative activity4 ,thus we
 find in ,psalm lxxxix4 #di the         
following  words 7literally translated73
 8,o my ,adonis1 where are thy          
endearments  of old1 which thou         
swearedst for the sake of love by thy   
phallus1 ,o  ,ammon80 ,the ,hebrew      
letter  was the sign of the cross1 or   
phallus1  which was also used by the    
,phnicians1 being derived from the      
,arabic  1 the sybol of the life-giver4 
,this passage evidently had reference   
to the violent death of ,adonis1 who1 at

 the autumnal equinox1 was  attacked by 
a wild boar1 which tore away his        
generative organs and  rendered him     
consequently impotent1 until he was born
 again1 when he  acquired fresh powers  
and grew in beauty and stature1 ready to
 re-unite  with ,venus at the spring    
equinox4    ,on the mithraitic monuments
 the spring equinox is represented by   
lighted and elevated torches1 trees     
covered with leaves1 entire bulls1  and 
young men holding lighted torches2 while
 the autumnal equinox is  represented by
 a hydra1 or long serpent1 a scorpion1  
reversed and  extinguished torches1     
trees loaded with autumn fruits1 a bull 
with  its generative organs torn away1  
and old men holding reversed and        
extinguished torches4 ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4
 ,cox1 ,m4,a4 and scholar of ,trinity   
,college1 ,oxford1 in his 8,mythology of
 the ,aryan ,nations10 says3 8,the  male
 and female powers of nature were       
denoted respectively by an  upright and 
an oval emblem1 and the conjunction of  

the two furnished  at once the altar and
 the ashera1 or grove1 against which the
 ,hebrew  prophets lifted up their voice
 in earnest protest4444 ,in the kingdom 
both of ,judah and ,israel the rites    
connected with these emblems assumed    
their most corrupting form4 ,even in the
 temple itself stood the ,ashera1  or   
the upright emblem on the circular altar
 of ,baal-,peor1 the ,priapos  of the   
,jews1 thus reproducing the ,linga and  
,yoni of the ,hindu4 ,for this  symbol  
the women wove hangings1 as the         
,athenian maidens embroidered the       
sacred peplos for the ship presented to 
,athene at the great ,dionysiac         
festival4 ,here1 at the winter solstice1
 they wept and mourned for  ,tammuz1 the
 fair ,adonis1 done to death by the     
boar4444 ,here1 also1  on the third day1
 they rejoiced at the resurrection of   
the lord of  light4 ,hence1 as most     
intimately connected with the           
reproduction of  life on earth1 it      
became the symbol under which the sun1  

invoked with  a thousand names1 has been
 worshipped throughout the world as the 
restorer of the powers of nature after  
the long sleep or death of  winter40    
,this symbol was from the earliest times
 venerated as a protecting  power1 and  
,jacob1 on his journey to ,laban1 slept 
under its protecting  influence3 placed 
erect--sometimes as a tree1 at others as
 a cross1 and  often as a phallus--and  
resting on a crescent1 the modified form
 of the  yoni1 this symbol set forth the
 marriage of heaven and earth2 and in   
the form of a serpent1 representing life
 and healing1 it was worshipped  by the 
,egyptians and ,jews4 ,in the book of   
,genesis the phallic tree is            
introduced1 where it is called the tree 
of knowledge of good and evil4  ,from   
,plutarch we learn that the ,egyptians  
represented ,osiris with the  organ of  
generation erect1 to show his generative
 and prolific power1  and that he was   
the same deity as the ,bacchus of the   
,greek mythology  and the first begotten

 love 7 7 of ,orpheus and ,hesiod4  ,in 
an excellent work entitled 8,discourse  
on the ,worship of ,priapus10  by       
,richard ,payne ,knight1 there are a    
number of plates illustrating the  mode 
in which this phallic worship was       
carried on by the ancients1  some of    
which are very curious and well worth   
the trouble of studying  carefully4 ,one
 plate represents a celebrated bronze in
 the ,vatican1  with the male organs of 
generation placed on the head of a cock1
 the  emblem of the rising sun1         
supported by the neck and shoulders of a
 man1  the whole being emblematical of  
god incarnate with man1 and on the  base
 of which are inscribed the words  1    
8,saviour of the  world40 ,another      
figure on the same plate represents an  
ornament in the  ,british ,museum1      
consisting of a male organ with wings   
and the foot of  a man suspended from a 
chain4 ,another plate shows two         
representations  of the god ,pan1 one   
with the organ erect1 the symbol of     

power1 or  spring1 the other with the   
organ in a state of tumid languor1 and  
loaded with the productions of the      
earth1 the symbol of the results of     
prolific efforts4 ,both these last are  
copies of bronzes in the museum  of ,c4 
,townley4 ,on another plate is a copy of
 another of ,mr4 ,townley's  treasures1 
representing the incarnation of deity1  
in the shape of a  man having sexual    
intercourse with a goat1 the emblem of  
the new-born  deity at the winter       
solstice1 to which is appended the      
following note  by ,mr4 ,payne ,knight3 
8,at ,mendes a living goat was kept as  
the image  of the generative power1 to  
whom the women presented themselves     
naked1  and had the honour of being     
publicly enjoyed by him4 ,herodotus saw 
the  act openly performed 7  71 and     
calls it a prodigy  774 ,but the        
,egyptians had no such horror of it2 for
 it was to them  a representation of the
 incarnation of the deity1 and the      
communication  of his creative spirit to

 man4 ,it was one of the sacraments of  
that  ancient church1 and was1 without  
doubt1 beheld with that pious awe and   
reverence with which devout persons     
always contemplate the mysteries of     
their faith1 whatever they happen to    
be40 ,this figure represented the  human
 male symbol as incarnate with the      
divine1 instead of the divine  male     
incarnate with the human1 as in the     
well-known one found among the  ruins of
 ,herculaneum and kept concealed in the 
,royal ,museum of ,portici4  ,it is     
unnecessary to describe the whole of the
 interesting plates which  illustrate   
,mr4 ,knight's work1 copies of all of   
which ,i have carefully  taken4         
,there is abundant evidence in ancient  
authors as to the prevalence  of this   
worship of the generative organs1 and   
all agree as to the  real meaning of the
 symbol4 ,in every part of the then     
known world the  conquering sun bringing
 back life to the world at the spring   
equinox  was represented in some phallic

 form or other1 either as a cross1 a    
phallus1 a tree1 a serpent1 a goat1 a   
bull1 a torch1 or some other  device    
emblematic of the sexual union of the   
powers of heaven with  mother earth4    
,the cross was the most commonly used   
phallic symbol1  and was generally of   
the following form--1 the  being the    
emblem of  the earth1 or female organ1  
and the ,t that of the sun1 or          
fecundating  principle1 the combination 
forming a crux ansata1 which was worn as
  a charm by devout people4 ,this was   
converted into a simple cross1 in  which
 form1 as well as in many others1 it is 
found on ancient temples  of the most   
remote periods1 as well as at the       
corners of roads1 where  it evidently   
was used as a sign-post1 as well as a   
religious symbol4  ,among the paintings 
found at ,pompeii there are some in     
which the god  ,priapus is represented  
as a ,hermes1 on a square pedestal1 with
 an  enormous phallus2 and others in    
which he is represented with the usual  

prominent feature1 and1 in addition1    
with a long stick in his hand to  point 
out the way to travellers4 ,herodotus   
thus describes a festival in            
,egypt3--8,the festival is celebrated   
almost exactly as ,bacchic festivals  in
 ,greece4 ,they also use1 instead of    
phalli1 another invention1  consisting  
of images a cubit high1 pulled by       
strings1 which the women  carry round to
 the villages4 ,the virile member of    
these figures is  scarcely less than the
 rest of the body1 and this member they 
contrive  to move4 ,a piper goes in     
front1 and the women follow1 singing    
hymns in  honour of ,bacchus40    ,among
 the royal offerings to the god ,amen by
 ,rameses ,,iii4 in the great  ,harris  
,papyrus are loaves 7called             
8,taenhannur07 in the form of the       
phallus4#c ,in the ,pamelia the         
,egyptians exhibited a statue provided  
with three phalli2 and in the festivals 
of ,bacchus1 celebrated by  ,ptolemy    
,philadelphus1 a gilt phallus1 #abj     

cubits high1 was carried in  procession4
 ,st4 ,jerome tells us that1 in ,syria1 
,baal-,peor1 the ,hebrew  ,priapus1 was 
represented with a phallus in his mouth2
 and in ,ezekiel  xvi4 #ag we find the  
,jewish women manufacturing silver and  
golden phalli4    #c 8,primitive        
,symbolism10 by ,hodder ,m4 ,westropp4  
,according to ,herodotus and ,diodorus  
,siculus1 the worship of ,bacchus was   
imported into ,greece by ,melampus1 who 
taught the ,greeks the mysteries        
connected with phallic worship2 and     
,plutarch says that 8nothing1 is        
simpler than the manner in which they   
celebrated formerly in my country  the  
,dionysiaca4 ,two men walked at the head
 of the procession2 one  carried an     
amphora of wine1 the other a vine       
branch2 a third led a  goat2 a fourth   
bore a basket of figs2 a figure of a    
phallus closed the  procession40        
,tertullian tells us that that which in 
the mysteries of ,eleusis is  considered
 as most holy1 concealed with most care1

 and only explained  to the initiated at
 the last moment1 is the image of the   
virile member4  ,the festival of ,venus1
 held at ,rome in the beginning of      
,april each  year1 was in honour of the 
sexual union of the powers of heaven and
  of earth4 ,the ,roman ladies led a    
cart1 in which was a huge phallus1  to  
the temple of ,venus1 outside the       
,colline gate1 and there presented  the 
member to the sexual part of the        
goddess4 ,spring was1 indeed1 the       
special season for phallic processions1 
as we learn from a passage of           
8,iamblichus de ,mysteriis10 given by   
,mr4 ,westropp3 8,we say the erection   
of the phalli is a certain sign of      
prolific power1 which1 through this1  is
 called forth to the generative energy  
of the world2 on which account  many    
phalli are consecrated in the spring1   
because then the whole world  receives  
from the gods the power which is        
productive of all generation40    ,it is
 sufficiently obvious that the return of

 the sun to the vernal  equinoxial sign 
each year1 or the union of the active   
and passive  principles1 formed the     
cornerstone of the various religious    
systems1  and that this marriage1 as it 
were1 of heaven with earth1 occurring   
each springtime1 and bringing with it   
such a train of good results1  gave rise
 to the most sacred institutions and    
rites1 which to us may  appear          
disgusting1 but which1 to the ancients1 
were looked upon with  the greatest awe 
and veneration4    ,it was not to the   
generative organs that the ancients     
offered  homage1 but to the principles  
represented by them--to the active and  
procreative power of the god of nature1 
the prolific ram-sun1 at  the spring    
equinox1 and to the passive and         
recipient mother-earth1  the womb of    
nature1 from which we all emanate and to
 which we all  return4 ,it is1 however1 
reasonable to imagine1 with the ,rev4   
,g4 ,w4  ,cox1 that 8it is clear that   
such a cultus as this would carry with  

it a constantly-increasing danger1 until
 the original character of  the emblem  
should be as thoroughly disguised as the
 names of some of  the ,vedic deities   
when transferred to ,hellenic soil40    
,indeed1 it is  matter of history that  
these rites1 which were held so sacred  
by the  ,egyptians1 were turned to the  
basest and most wicked purposes in after
  times by the worshippers of ,bacchus1 
,adonis1 and other deities4 ,the        
,bacchanalian mysteries and secret rites
 called ,dionysia1 or ,supper  of the   
lord ,dionysos1 were publicly denounced 
by the ,roman authorities  at the       
commencement of our era1 as were also   
the ,adonia1 or ,suppers  of the lord   
,adonis1 and the ,love ,feasts1 ,agap1  
or ,suppers of the  lord ,jesus4 ,from  
,gibbon we learn that the early         
,christians were in the  habit of       
committing at their ,love ,feasts the   
most unnatural crimes  with sisters1    
mothers1 and others1 as is also clearly 
testified by  ,justin ,martyr1          

,athenagoras1 ,tertullian1 and ,minucius
 ,felix2 and ,livy's  account of similar
 practices indulged in by the           
,bacchanalians at their  ,dionysia      
leaves no doubt as to their             
participation in these horrors4  ,so    
widely spread was this phallic worship  
that1 within one hundred  years of the  
present time1 it was openly followed in 
some parts of  ,europe1 as appears from 
a letter of ,sir ,william ,hamilton1    
,k4,b41 ,british  ,minister at the      
,court of ,naples1 to ,sir ,joseph      
,banks1 ,bart41 ,president  of the      
,royal ,society4 ,accompanying the      
letter the writer sends an  amulet worn 
by women and children of ,naples and the
 neighbourhood as  ornaments of dress1  
which they imagine will be a            
preservative against  mal occhii 78evil 
eyes071 or enchantment4 ,it represents a
 hand  clenched1 with the point of the  
thumb thrust between the index and      
middle finger1 on one side1 and a male  
organ erect on the other side1  with a  

ring1 or female organ1 above1 and a     
flaccid male organ and  scrotum beneath1
 the whole in the form of a cross4 ,the 
letter is so  remarkable that it is     
worth while reproducing a considerable  
portion of  it1 as it appears in ,mr4   
,knight's work4    8,the following is   
the account of the ,fte of ,st4 ,cosmo  
and ,damiano1  as it was actually       
celebrated at ,isernia1 on the confines 
of ,abruzzo1  in the kingdom of ,naples1
 so late as in the year of our ,lord    
#aghj4 ,on  the #bgth of ,september1 at 
,isernia1 one of the most ancient cities
 of  the kingdom of ,naples1 situated in
 the province called the ,contado di    
,molise1 and adjoining to ,abruzzo1 an  
annual fair is held1 which lasts  three 
days4 ,the situation of this fair is on 
a rising ground1 between  two rivers1   
about half a mile from the town of      
,isernia2 on the most  elevated part of 
which there is an ancient church1 with a
 vestibule4  ,the architecture is of the
 style of the lower ages2 and it is said

  to have been a church and convent     
belonging to the ,benedictine monks  in 
the time of their poverty4 ,this church 
is dedicated to ,st4 ,cosmus  and       
,damianus4 ,one of the days of the fair 
the relics of the saints  are exposed1  
and afterwards carried in procession    
from the cathedral  of the city to this 
church1 attended by a prodigious        
concourse of  people4 ,in the city1 and 
at the fair1 ex-voti of wax1            
representing  the male parts of         
generation1 of various dimensions1 some 
even of the  length of a palm1 are      
publicly offered to sale4 ,there are    
also waxen  vows1 that represent other  
parts of the body mixed with them2 but  
of  these there are few in comparison of
 the number of ,priapi4 ,the devout     
distributors of these vows carry a      
basket full of them in one hand1  and   
hold a plate in the other to receive the
 money1 crying aloud1 #8,st4  ,cosmo and
 ,damiano6' ,if you ask the price of    
one1 the answer is1 ,pi  ci metti1 pi   

meriti--',the more you give1 the more's 
the merit4' ,in  the vestibule are two  
tables1 at each of which one of the     
canons of  the church presides1 this    
crying out1 ,oui si ricevina le ,misse1 
e  ,litanie--',here ,masses and         
,litanies are received2' and the other1 
,oui  si riceveno li ,voti--',here the  
,vows are received4' ,the price of a    
mass  is fifteen ,neapolitan grains1 and
 of a litany five grains4 ,on each      
table is a large basin for the reception
 of the different offerings4  ,the vows 
are chiefly presented by the female sex2
 and they are seldom  such as represent 
legs1 arms1 c41 but most commonly the   
male parts  of generation4 ,the person  
who was at this fte in the year #aghj1  
and  who gave me this account 7the      
authenticity of every article of which  
has since been fully confirmed to me by 
the ,governor of ,isernia71 told  me    
also that he heard a woman say1 at the  
time she presented a vow1  like that    
which is represented in ,plate ,i41     

,fig4 ,i41 ,santo ,cosimo  benedetto1   
cosi lo voglio--',blessed ,st4 ,cosmo1  
let it be like this2'  another1 ,st4    
,cosimo1 a te mi raccommendo--',st4     
,cosmo1 ,i recommend  myself to you2'   
and a third1 ,st4 ,cosimo1 ti           
ruigrazio--',st4 ,cosmo1 ,i  thank you4'
 ,the vow is never presented without    
being accompanied by  a piece of money1 
and is always kissed by the devotee at  
the moment  of presentation4 ,at the    
great altar in the church another of its
  canons attends to give the holy       
unction1 with the oil of ,st4 ,cosmo2   
which is prepared by the same receipt as
 that of the ,roman ,ritual1  with the  
addition only of the prayer of the ,holy
 ,martyrs1 ,st4 ,cosmus  and ,damianus4 
,those who have an infirmity in any of  
their members  present themselves at the
 great altar1 and uncover the member    
affected  7not even excepting that which
 is most frequently represented by  the 
ex-voti72 and the reverend canon anoints
 it1 saying1 ,per  intercessionem beati 

,cosmi1 liberet te ab omni malo1 ,amen4 
,the  ceremony finishes by the canons of
 the church dividing the spoils1 both   
money and wax1 which must be to a very  
considerable amount1 as the  concourse  
at this fte is said to be prodigiously  
numerous40    ,at the present day       
phallic symbolism is perpetuated in our 
church  steeples1 in the crosses and    
circles on our altars and prayer-books1 
in the pictures of the lamb holding a   
cross within a circle on our  church    
windows1 in the cross-buns eaten at the 
paschal feast1 in the  ,easter eggs1 and
 in various other ways2 while the       
,pyramids of ,egypt  and the ,luxor     
obelisks--one in ,london1 one in ,paris1
 and one in ,st4  ,petersburg--form a   
connecting phallic link between the     
ancient ,egyptians  and ourselves4 ,the 
sphynx has been said by some to be a    
phallic figure2  but ,i do not subscribe
 to this view at all1 holding the       
opinion that  it is simply a union of   
two zodiacal signs1 ,july and ,august of

 the  fixed zodiac4 ,it appears to me   
that at a very remote time1 when the    
sign ,virgo was about to be supplanted  
at the vernal equinox by the  next sign1
 ,leo--somewhere about fifteen thousand 
years ago1 or rather  later--the priests
 or astrologers hit upon the idea of    
placing the head  of ,virgo upon the    
shoulders of ,leo1 thus manufacturing a 
new kind  of figure1 which1 on account  
of its partaking of the dual nature of  
the  then most prominent of the gods1   
became very popular1 and was depicted   
in various forms and in many parts of   
the country4 ,this may also have  been  
the modus faciendi of ,capricornus and  
,sagittarius1 if we  can imagine a still
 earlier period when the zodiac was so  
different  from the present form as to  
have signs represented by a fish1 a     
goat1 a  horse1 and an archer           
respectively4    ,next to the vernal    
equinoxial sign the ancients held the   
winter  solstitial sign in the greatest 
veneration1 and consequently the  goat  

was a very sacred animal and occupied a 
prominent place in all  symbolical      
mythologies4 ,it was from this point    
that the ,egyptians  calculated their   
new year1 although the ,persians always 
reckoned theirs  from the vernal        
equinox2 and it was on ,december #bast  
that the ,egyptians  fixed the creation 
of the world1 which gave origin to the  
fable of a  goat having been the        
creator1 thus accounting for the fact of
 the  early copies of the ,samaritan    
,pentateuch commencing with the         
following  words3 8,at the commencement 
the goat 77 renovated the heavens and   
the earth0 7,genesis ,i4 #a74 ,here we  
meet with a very good example of the    
patchwork style in which the ,bible was 
compiled4 ,in ,egypt the new year       
reckoned from ,december #bast1 and the  
creation was supposed to date from  the 
same time of the year1 and consequently 
in all records emanating  from the ,nile
 district the celestial goat was        
honoured for the occasion  with the     

chief godship2 but in ,persia the new   
year commenced on ,march  #bast1 the    
date of the creation being fixed at the 
same point of the  zodiac1 so that the  
chief godship was assigned to the       
celestial lamb  or ram and its five     
fellow signs of the summer hemisphere4  
,therefore1  as the ,hebrews derived    
their creation fable from the ,persians1
 using  also the ,egyptian mythology    
with which to embellish their newly-made
  cosmogony1 the two fables became mixed
 somewhat in the minds of these         
ignorant wanderers1 the consequence     
being that in some of their ,,mss4  the 
creation was said to have been the act  
of the goat 771 while  in others it was 
attributed to the ram-sun1 ,elyah 771 or
 the six  summer signs commencing with  
the ram-sun1 and called on that account 
the ,elohim 771 this word being the     
plural form of ,eloh 77 or  ,elyah 771 a
 compound word made up of ,yah 771 the  
,hebrew name for  the sun-god1 and ,el  
771 the celestial lamb or ram4    ,not  

only were the three principal signs--the
 bull1 the ram1 and the  goat--held in  
great veneration by the ,egyptians1 but 
all the zodiacal  signs were worshipped 
in various degrees2 indeed1 each figure 
of the  zodiac can be easily assigned to
 one of the principal gods of ,egypt1   
as they were known prior to ,b4,c4      
#bahh4 ,the ram was ,amen1 the ,egyptian
  ,jupiter1 called ,zeus ,amen 7 7 by   
the ,greeks and ,jupiter ,ammon  by the 
,romans1 who was represented with a     
ram's head and horns4 ,the  bull was    
,apis1 or ,serapis1 worshipped as a     
living bull1 the incarnation  of the    
principal deity at the vernal equinox4  
,the twins were the ,greek  ,castor and 
,pollux1 who were worshipped by the     
,egyptians under similar  names4 ,the   
crab was ,anubis1 the ,egyptian         
,mercury4 ,the lion was ,osiris1  ,ra1  
or ,phthah1 according to the district   
and age1 the sun-god at the  height of  
his power at the summer solstitial      
point1 ,june #bdth4 ,the  virgin was    

,isis1 the beloved of ,osiris4 ,the     
balances were included  with the        
scorpion1 the two being worshipped as   
,set-,typhon1 ,tum1 or  ,sekru1         
according to the district and age1 the  
sun-god at the autumnal  equinox1       
suffering defeat at the hands of the    
powers of darkness4  ,the centaur-archer
 was the ,egyptian ,hercules4 ,the goat 
was ,pan1 or  ,mendes4 ,the water-bearer
 was ,horus1 the avenger of his father's
 defeat1  born ,december #bast1 and a   
conqueror on ,march #bast2 also ,mises1 
the  ,egyptian ,bacchus1 who1 being the 
sign of the sun-god's birth1 leads the  
twelve signs out of the land of bondage1
 and institutes the feast of            
commemoration at the sign of the lamb1  
whose horns he wears2 and also          
,harmachis4 ,the fishes are ,oannes1 the
 ,egyptian saviour-fish1 who1 when  that
 sign was at the winter solstitial      
point1 saved the world as the  new-born 
sun4    ,these twelve signs of the      
zodiac were1 in fact1 the twelve        

principal  gods of all races2 the seven 
summer signs1 including the two         
equinoxial  signs1 being the seven      
specially sacred gods1 inhabiting the   
upper  temple of the most high god1     
which was the vault of the summer       
heavens1 supported by the two pillars of
 the equinoxes or covenants4  ,almost   
every race had temples divided into     
upper and lower courts or  rooms1 the   
upper one being the residence of their  
chief gods2 and  these temples were     
originally meant to represent the       
universe1 having  an upper hemisphere1  
governed by the good principle1 and a   
lower  hemisphere1 governed by the bad  
principle1 this idea being frequently   
further represented by a closed ark or  
chest1 representing the lower  or dark  
hemisphere1 upon which sat the chief    
deity1 representing the  good principle 
of the upper hemisphere4 ,the           
,egyptians1 according to  ,plutarch1    
enclosed the body of ,osiris in an ark  
every year at the  autumnal equinox1    

when the sun was in ,scorpio1 which was 
a rite  emblematical of the annual death
 of the sun-god of summer2 and the      
,jews1 it will be remembered1 suffered  
defeat at the hands of the              
,philistines1 immediately after they had
 taken the ark out of ,shiloh1  where it
 had been deposited1 the word ,shiloh   
being the name of a  tiny group of stars
 in the sign ,scorpio4 ,the movable     
temple of the  ,hebrews1 or tabernacle1 
as described in ,exodus1 is the best    
example we  have of this representation 
of the universe1 being described in such
  minute detail as to betray its meaning
 to the dullest mind4 ,it was  divided  
into two portions--the lower or outer   
portion1 and the upper or  inner        
portion1 the holy of holies1 where dwelt
 the ,hebrew chief tribal  god1 ,yahouh1
 or ,yah1 sitting upon the ark of the   
covenant1 representing  the winter part 
of the heavens between the two covenants
 or equinoxes4  ,on each side of ,yah   
was a cherub1 or monster with four faces

 7or1  according to some1 with four     
bodies7--one like a bull1 another like a
  man1 a third like an eagle1 and the   
last like a lion1 as we find fully      
described by ,ezekiel 7chap4 i474 ,in my
 8,popular ,faith ,unveiled0 7pp4  #aca1
 #agd1 and #bdg7 ,i have attributed     
these heads 7or bodies7 to the  four    
zodiacal signs of ascension after the   
vernal equinox1 that like  a bull to    
,taurus1 that like a man to ,gemini1    
that like an eagle  to ,cancer1 and that
 like a lion to ,leo2 but1 according to 
,sir ,w4  ,drummond1 in his 8dipus      
,judaicus10 they correspond with the    
signs  at the four quarters of the      
sphere--viz41 the man to ,aquarius1 the 
ox to ,taurus1 the lion to ,leo1 and the
 eagle to ,scorpio1 this  calculation   
being based on the supposition that the 
cherubim were  first introduced during  
the period prior to ,b4,c4 #bahh1 when  
,taurus  was the vernal equinoxial      
point1 while mine supposes ,aries to    
have  been the chief zodiacal sign4     

,which calculation is right the reader  
must decide for himself1 after carefully
 studying the reasons given  for both   
conclusions4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 in
 his 8,stromata10 says  of these        
cherubim3 8,each of them has six wings1 
whether they typify  the two bears1 as  
some will have it1 or1 which is better1 
the two  hemispheres4444 ,both have     
twelve wings1 and thus through the      
circle of  the zodiac1 and of           
self-marrying time1 they typify the     
world perceived  by the senses40 ,the   
table in the temple was symbolical of   
the earth1  as we learn from ,clement of
 ,alexandria again1 when he says3 8,the 
table1 as ,i think1 signifies the image 
of the earth2 it is sustained by  four  
feet1 answering to the summer1 autumn1  
spring1 and winter40 ,the  shew-bread   
was placed on the table in front of     
,yah1 and was divided  into twelve      
pieces1 typical of the twelve signs1 as 
we find stated in  ,ex4 xxv4 #bb and #cj
 7literally translated73 8,and ,i will  

hang or be  deposited there1 set or     
sitting before thee2 and ,i will talk to
 thee  from above the mercy seat1 from  
between the two cherubim1 which are     
upon the ark of the testimony 444 and   
thou shalt set shew-bread always  upon  
the table in front of me40 ,the         
candlesticks1 with three branches  on   
each side and one in the centre1 having 
seven lamps burning on them1            
represented the seven summer signs1     
including both the equinoxial ones4     
,josephus tells us that the candlesticks
 were divided into seventy  parts1      
answering to the seventy decans of the  
seven signs4 ,the veil  of the temple   
was of blue1 purple1 and scarlet1 and   
represented the  atmospheric vault of   
heaven tinged1 as it frequently is1 by  
the sun's  rays4 ,the pomegranates      
represented the fixed stars4 ,the dress 
of the  high priest was ornamented with 
#eff bells1 corresponding with the days 
of the sidereal year1 with two bright   
emeralds and twelve precious  stones1   

which1 according to ,clement of         
,alexandria1 represented the sun  and   
moon and the twelve signs of the zodiac4
    ,sufficient has been said to leave  
no doubt as to the real meaning of  the 
tabernacle and its appurtenances1 and1  
,i think1 to establish the  truth of    
what ,i have previously stated--viz41   
that the ancient religions  were of     
astronomical origin and abounding in    
symbolical rites and  ceremonies4 ,it   
only remains for me now to repeat what  
,i have maintained  before in other     
essays--that the ,christian religion of 
to-day1  although modified by time and  
circumstances1 having been considerably 
manipulated so as to be brought within  
touch of modern requirements1 is        
nothing more or less than a rehash of   
the ,egyptian1 ,persian1 ,hindu1 and    
,phnician mythologies--an old worn-out  
faith1 in fact1 dressed in gaudy  and   
attractive garments4      ,illustration3
 ,,the ,,earth ,,of ,,the ,,vedic       
,,priests4    ,illustration3 ,,hindu    

,,earth4    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,earth
 ,,of ,,the ,,later ,,greeks4 ,b4,c4    
,illustration3 ,,pomponius ,,mela',s    
,,cosmography4  #a7st7 ,century4        
,heathen4    ,illustration3 ,,christian 
,,maps ,,of ,,the ,,world ,,in the      
#ajth4 ,century4    ,illustration3      
,,christian ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,world    
,,in ,,the #hth4 ,century4              
,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,marco ,,polo
 ,end of #adth4 ,century4               
,illustration3 ,,cosmography ,,of ,s7t7 
,,denis ,mid #adth4 ,century            
,illustration3 ,,egyptian ,,planetary   
,,system    ,illustration3 ,,ptolemaic  
,,system    ,illustration3 ,,tycho      
,,brahe',s ,,planetary ,,system         
,illustration3 ,,copernican ,,system    
,illustration3 ,,the ,,iron ,,virgin4   
,inside ,view4    ,the unbeliever or    
heretic was placed upright inside the   
virgin1 and  the doors were closed so   
that the spikes penetrated the victim's 
eyes   chest1 after which the body was  
dropped through the floor into the      

river ,pegnitz4    ,illustration3 ,,the 
,,iron ,,virgin4 ,outside ,view4        
,fixed in a vault cut out of the rock   
beneath the ,nuremberg ,town ,hall1  in 
,bavaria1 and used as an instrument of  
torture by the ,christian  ,church4     
,,intellectual ,,progress    ,,in       
,,europe4      ,no scientific student or
 observer of nature will have failed to 
notice  that all phenomena around him   
are ever in a condition of progressive  
change1 ever advancing from the simple  
to the complex1 and ever  conforming to 
specific laws4 ,just as the world in    
which we live has  gradually developed  
from a condition of nebulous vapour to  
its present  complex form1 and just as  
man has evolved from a simple molecule  
of  protoplasm by wonderful and manifold
 stages to his present commanding       
position1 so have civilisation1 trade1  
politics1 arts1 literature1 and  science
 all been slowly and gradually evolved  
from the primitive mind  of prehistoric 
man4 ,a continual change has ever been  

going on from the  simple to the        
complex1 from the homogeneous to the    
heterogeneous1 from  the imperfect to   
the more perfect4 ,this continual       
progress has been in  operation during  
all time1 and will proceed in the future
 as of old1  leaving the present day far
 behind in its march1 as the present day
 has  left behind it the past4    ,in   
considering the evolution of reform1 or 
progress of civilisation1  we are       
necessarily limited to a comparatively  
late period in man's  history1 for many 
thousands of years had passed away1     
during which time  man had gradually    
established himself as a social animal1 
before any  trustworthy records appeared
 to throw light in future ages upon the 
primitive condition and habits of the   
human family4 ,from the patient  and    
persevering studies of scientific men1  
we are now in possession of  a number of
 facts which lead us to the conclusion  
that primitive man  first lived the life
 of a wild beast1 inhabiting caves1 and 

devoting  all his energies to battling  
with the ferocious monsters around him4 
,from this condition he developed into a
 more civilised being1 becoming  an     
agriculturalist1 afterwards a           
manufacturer of stuffs and hardware1    
and still later a member of an organised
 state4 ,these changes probably         
occupied hundreds of thousands of years1
 compared to which enormous  lapse of   
time the period embraced between the    
,egypto-,greek or classic  era and the  
present moment is a mere speck on the   
face of time4 ,we are  now tolerably    
well acquainted with the civilisation of
 the ancient  ,egyptians and ,greeks1   
which had existed for many centuries    
before  the time of ,aristotle1 and     
which some four or five centuries before
  our era had commenced its entry upon  
the wide field of scientific            
development which followed the conquest 
of ,persia by ,alexander the  ,great4   
,these civilisations1 which for         
centuries had been bound up  with the   

vain superstitions connected with the   
legion of divinities  of ,olympus1 of   
,memphis1 and of ,thebes1 were gradually
 casting off the  yoke of ignorance1 and
 becoming more acquainted with the      
majesty of the  operations of nature4   
,philosophers began to publicly declaim 
against  the ,olympian absurdities1 and 
to ridicule the notion of miracles or   
prodigies2 traditions began to be       
doubted and were fast being cast  aside2
 ,zeus and his court were ceasing to    
command respect2 and the  priests were  
often publicly insulted4 ,the ,ionian   
gods of ,homer1 as well  as the ,doric  
of ,hesiod1 appeared likely to be       
quickly committed to  the darkness of   
oblivion4 ,powerful and influential     
resistance was1 of  course1 opposed to  
the wave of progress and reason2 the    
philosophers  were branded as ,atheists 
and their followers persecuted          
rigorously2  ,euripides was declared a  
heretic1 and schylus narrowly escaped   
being  stoned to death for blasphemy4   

,so great was the opposition offered  to
 the movement that the philosophers     
would undoubtedly have been  silenced   
for some time to come had it not been   
for the sudden military  expedition     
against the ,persians4 ,alexander1 with 
his #ch1jjj ,macedonian  soldiers1      
having crossed the ,hellespont1 ,b4,c4  
#ccd1 proceeded to  subjugate the       
imperious monarch of ,persia1 and1 after
 successfully  conquering ,asia ,minor  
and ,syria1 completely defeated the     
,persian army  led by ,king ,darius1 and
 took possession of the great city of   
,babylon4    ,this war engrossed the    
attention of all classes at home1 so    
that the  philosophers were enabled to  
prosecute their studies unmolested4 ,it 
also in many other ways was a means of  
furthering the scientific  efforts of   
that and of future ages4 ,for the first 
time the ,macedonians  beheld the ebbing
 and flowing of the tides2 they         
discovered and  examined the ,chaldean  
astronomical instruments1 and learnt    

their  calculations1 extending over     
several thousand years2 and they        
observed  the ,chaldean division of the 
zodiac into twelve portions1 and of  the
 day and night into twelve hours each4  
,the particulars of these  they sent    
home to ,aristotle4 ,what a field was   
here opened out for  ,greek speculation6
 ,the ,chaldeans had detected the       
precession of the  equinoxes1 and were  
well acquainted with the causes of      
eclipses2 they  printed from a revolving
 roller1 on which they had engraved     
cuneiform  letters2 they possessed      
magnifying instruments2 and were1 in    
fact1  the tail-end of a mighty and     
advanced ,accadian civilisation which   
had been in existence for thousands of  
years4 ,not satisfied with  these       
achievements1 the conquering ,alexander 
next subdued the ancient  monarchy of   
,egypt1 learnt the great feat of the    
,pharaohs--viz41 the  circumnavigation  
of ,africa by the ,cape of ,good ,hope  
and the pillars of  ,hercules1 and      

founded the celebrated city of          
,alexandria4 ,he died at  ,babylon      
,b4,c4 #cbc1 after which his huge empire
 was divided among his  generals2 his   
half brother1 ,ptolemy ,soter1 who had  
been governor of  ,egypt during         
,alexander's lifetime1 taking possession
 of that country1  and establishing his 
seat of government at the new city of   
,alexandria4    ,this period marks the  
commencement of ,european civilisation4 
,owing to  the excellent government     
adopted by ,ptolemy1 large numbers of   
,arabians1  ,jews1 and ,greeks were     
induced to take up their residence at   
,alexandria1  which quickly became the  
centre of learning and first commercial 
city of the whole known world1 and the  
resort of people of all  nationalities4 
,the celebrated museum1 which was       
commenced by ,ptolemy  ,soter and       
completed by his successor1 ,ptolemy    
,philadelphus1 contained a  library1    
which grew so largely that #djj1jjj     
volumes were soon acquired  by it1 and a

 daughter library1 containing #cjj1jjj  
volumes1 built at the  ,serapion1 or    
,temple of ,serapis4 ,books were freely 
bought1 transcribers  engaged1          
apartments set aside1 at the king's     
expense1 for the residence  of ,greek   
philosophers and students1 and four     
faculties established1  for literature1 
mathematics1 astronomy1 and medicine1   
including  natural history4 ,there were 
also in connection with the university  
botanical and zoological gardens1 an    
astronomical observatory1 with  spheres1
 globes1 parallactic rules1 etc41 and an
 anatomical theatre  for the dissection 
of dead bodies4 ,it was here that       
,euclid produced  his celebrated        
geometrical demonstrations1 which are at
 this day used  in our schools4 ,here   
also ,archimedes proclaimed his method  
for the  determination of specific      
gravities1 and invented the theory of   
the  lever4 ,here ,eratosthenes daily   
taught that the earth was a globe1 and  
determined the interval between the     

tropics4 ,the earth was described  as   
possessing imaginary poles1 axis1       
equator1 arctic and antarctic  circles1 
equinoxial points1 solstices1 climate1  
etc4 ,hipparchus taught  the precession 
of the equinoxes1 catalogued the stars1 
and adopted  lines of latitude and      
longitude in describing the situations  
of places4  ,thus science progressed    
under the wise and beneficent rule of   
the  ,ptolemies4    ,but a dark cloud   
was already looming in the distance1    
which was  destined to develop into a   
fierce storm1 the effect of whose fury  
was  felt for centuries afterwards4     
,julius ,csar1 in ,b4,c4 #cj1 defeated  
,cleopatra1 then ,queen of ,egypt1 and  
added that country to the ,roman        
dominions1 the museum and larger library
 being entirely destroyed  during the   
siege of ,alexandria4 ,from this time   
learning and science  began to decline4 
,numerous religious sects arose around  
,alexandria1  the old mythologies were  
revived1 and the priests once more      

gained  influence4 ,the temples of      
,jupiter ,ammon and ,apollo in ,egypt1  
of ,adonis  and ,ies in ,phnicia1 of    
,dionysos in ,greece1 and of ,bacchus in
 ,rome1  were again filled to           
overflowing1 and miracles were performed
 in  abundance4 ,in the short space of  
about fifty years all the work of the   
,ptolemies appeared to have been undone1
 and the world once more given  up to   
darkness1 superstition1 and ignorance1  
the popular frenzy being  kept up by a  
number of ascetic monks1 called         
,therapeut1 who inhabited  the hills    
around ,alexandria1 the desert and rocky
 plains of ,arabia  ,petra1 and the     
barren hills of ,syria1 and travelled   
about the country1  preaching in the    
open air to the ignorant and credulous  
multitudes4  ,matters progressed        
favourably for the revivalists for a    
short time2  but there had shortly      
before occurred a circumstance which    
proved to  be1 for us1 the most         
important event in the world's history1 

and which  considerably modified the    
,therapeut programme4    ,according to  
ancient records1 it appears that a monk1
 of the ascetic  order of ,essenes1     
called ,yahoshuah 7,joshua7 ben         
,pandira1 was born  in ,syria1 in the   
fourth year of the reign of ,alexander  
,jannus1 or  about ,b4,c4 #abj2 and1    
being educated in ,egypt1 under the     
supervision  of ,yahoshuah-ben          
,perachia1 soon made himself specially  
obnoxious to  the priests by his        
heterodox teaching4 ,from the           
exceedingly scanty  information to be   
obtained from the historical writers of 
the time1  it appears that this young   
man had1 in addition to his knowledge of
  ,egyptian sorcery1 a large            
acquaintance with the sublime and moral 
teachings of ,confucius1 for whose      
memory he appears to have had a         
profound respect4 ,observing the        
despicable manner in which the priests  
manipulated their sacred offices for    
their own advantage1 robbing the  poor  

and credulous people of their hard      
earnings and indulging in all  kinds of 
immoralities1 this young man boldly     
attacked these human  parasites in the  
public places1 calling them liars and   
hypocrites1  preaching ,socialistic and 
,communistic doctrines1 and declaring   
that  there was but one law necessary   
for man--viz41 the golden rule of       
,confucius1 8,do unto another10 etc4    
,the wrath of the priests knew no       
bounds2 a council was called to consider
 the matter1 and the bold  reformer was1
 it is said1 sentenced to death for his 
noble efforts on  behalf of suffering   
humanity4 ,whether or not this young man
 ever lived1  or whether he was merely  
an ideal creation of the fanatical minds
 of  these therapeut monks1 suggested by
 necessity1 it is impossible to say     
positively2 for there are no really     
trustworthy records from which a  safe  
conclusion can be deduced4 ,it is1      
however1 probable that such a  man did  
actually exist1 for it is not likely    

that1 had he been but  an idea1 the fact
 of his having declared one law to be   
sufficient  for man's moral guidance    
would have been included among the      
fabulous  performances afterwards       
attributed to him1 as such a declaration
 was  destructive of all priestcraft2   
besides which1 we are told in the       
,babylonian ,gemara to the ,mishna that 
,yahoshua1 8son of ,pandira and         
,stada10 was stoned to death as a wizard
 in the city of ,ludd1 or ,lydia1  after
 which he was crucified on a tree on the
 eve of the ,passover1  about ,b4,c4    
#gj1 which was the punishment generally 
inflicted on  preachers of heresy and   
sedition4 ,whether he had an actual     
existence  or was but an idea1 it is an 
undisputed fact that his name has been1 
during the past eighteen hundred years1 
a household word1 and that the  whole   
face of ,european history has been      
moulded by the various sayings  and     
doings fabulously attributed to him4    
,the reason of this is as follows4 ,the 

therapeut monks of ,alexandria1  who    
flourished in the first and second      
centuries of our era1 in  attempting to 
revive the old mythological systems1 and
 thus to deprive  scientists and        
philosophers of their late              
rapidly-increasing power1  were at a    
great disadvantage1 owing to the length 
of time that had  elapsed since the     
wonderful feats of the gods had been    
performed4 ,they  well understood the   
absolute necessity of keeping alive in  
the memories  of the people the older   
miraculous events by the performance of 
fresh  wonders in their own day2 but the
 difficulty they had to encounter was   
in finding suitable individuals for the 
occasion4 ,the ,syrian ,essene  monk1   
who had infected a great number of the  
lower classes of society  by his        
heretical and revolutionary teachings1  
which1 at first sight1  appeared likely 
to be damaging to the cause of the      
priesthood1 was  quickly requisitioned  
by these astute monks for the great     

purpose  they had in view--viz41 the    
reproduction on earth of the popular god
  ,bacchus1 the ,greek ,dionysos1 and   
,phnician ,ies4 ,they boldly declared   
that this man was1 when on earth1 an    
incarnate deity1 and proceeded to       
attribute to him all the wonderful      
performances that had previously  been  
imputed to the young sun-god ,bacchus1  
such as miraculous birth  from a virgin1
 resurrection from the grave three days 
after death1  ascension to heaven1 etc42
 and1 finally1 gave him the ,phnician   
name  of ,bacchus1 ,ies1 in its ,greek  
form ,iesous--,greek being1 at that     
time1  the prevailing language around   
,alexandria4 ,the new religion gradually
  spread from ,egypt over the ,european 
provinces of the ,roman empire1  and    
soon became such a great political power
 in the ,state that the  incarnate fiend
 and ,emperor ,constantine1 in ,a4,d4   
#cab1 was induced  to place himself at  
its head1 and use its increasing        
influence to  further his own wicked    

projects4 ,the new ,church1 by this act1
 gained an  enormous power2 its priests 
became arrogant1 the philosophers were  
even  more persecuted than before1 and  
learning was fast approaching its end4  
,the only scientific work which the     
,church retained was the 8,syntaxis0  of
 ,ptolemy1 the ,alexandrian astronomer1 
which taught that the earth  was the    
fixed centre of the universe1 around    
which all other heavenly  bodies        
rotated4 ,it also treated of the        
precession of the equinoxes1  the milky 
way1 and the distances of the various   
bodies in the heavens  from the earth2  
but1 as the geocentric theory was       
clearly taught in  conformity with the  
,bible records and the religious        
convictions of the  people1 this system 
was gradually adopted by all classes of 
society1  and became the recognised     
authority on astronomy4    ,a furious   
and important controversy about this    
time broke out between  ,arius1 the     
leader of those who retained the        

original belief in the  manhood of      
,jesus1 and ,athanasius1 the leader of  
the ,christians1 who  declared him to be
 divine1 which culminated in the        
celebrated ,council  of ,nicea1 ,a4,d4  
#cbe1 at which it was decided that he   
was actually god4  ,from this moment not
 only ,arians1 but all others who       
refused to believe  in the god ,jesus1  
were savagely persecuted1 until1 at     
last1 science  and learning received    
their death-blow by the destruction of  
the  ,serapion1 under the order of the  
,emperor ,theodosius1 and the murder of 
,hypatia at ,alexandria4 ,this          
philosopher was in the habit of         
lecturing  on mathematics at the        
university1 and was so popular that the 
jealousy  of ,cyril1 ,bishop of         
,alexandria1 was aroused2 she was seized
 by his  fanatical followers as she was 
going to her lecture-room1 stripped     
naked1 dragged into a ,christian church1
 and there brained by the club  of      
,peter the ,reader1 in ,a4,d4 #dad4     

,justinian next ordered the teaching of 
philosophy to be discontinued  at       
,athens1 and closed all the schools4    
,the sciences were made to  conform to  
,genesis1 which was declared to be the  
only true account of  the origin of     
nature2 and the earth was declared to be
 flat1 the sky  spreading over it like a
 dome--or1 in the words of ,st4         
,augustine1 like  a skin--in which all  
the bodies moved to give light to man4  
,lactantius  declared the globular      
theory to be heretical4 8,is it         
possible10 he  said1 8that man can be so
 absurd as to believe that the crops and
 the  trees on the other side of the    
earth hang downwards1 and that men have 
their feet higher than their heads8 ,if 
you ask them how they defend  these     
monstrosities1 how things do not fall   
away from the earth on  that side1 they 
reply that the nature of things is such 
that heavy  bodies tend towards the     
centre1 like the spokes of a wheel1     
while light  bodies1 as clouds1 smoke1  

fire1 tend from the centre to the       
heavens  on all sides4 ,now1 ,i am      
really at a loss what to say of those   
who1  when they have once gone wrong1   
steadily persevere in their folly1  and 
defend one absurd opinion by another40  
,st4 ,augustine also said  that 8it is  
impossible there should be inhabitants  
on the opposite  side of the earth1     
since no such race is recorded by       
,scripture among  the descendants of    
,adam20 and again3 8,in the day of      
judgment men on  the other side of a    
globe could not see the ,lord descending
 through  the air40 ,thus perished all  
the grand work effected by the          
,ptolemies4  ,science was annihilated1  
progress arrested1 and the dark ages had
  commenced1 which lasted until the time
 of ,luther and ,copernicus1  in the    
commencement of the sixteenth century4  
,throughout this long  and dreary period
 the most cruel enormities were         
practised upon  unoffending people2 the 
,church became gorged with wealth2 the  

clergy  gave themselves up to all kinds 
of lust and debauchery2 relics were     
sold1 dispensations bartered2 and no    
one's property or person was safe4      
,progress was1 however1 only arrested   
for a time4    ,about the year #egj     
,mohammed was born in ,arabia1 and in   
#faj he declared  to the world that he  
had been commissioned by the angel      
,gabriel to  preach the unity of god4   
,he appears to have been a very         
remarkable  religious enthusiast1 who   
believed himself in his divine mission1 
and was eminently successful in his     
arduous undertaking4 ,idolatry was      
quickly abolished among the ,arabs1 and 
replaced by the religion of  ,mohammed4 
,on the death of the prophet his        
successors as vigorously  pursued the   
course he had entered upon4 ,ali1 the   
general of ,khalif  ,omar's army1 in    
,a4,d4 #fcg1 captured ,jerusalem and    
conquered ,syria in the  name of the one
 true god and his prophet ,mohammed4    
,the ,khalif rode from  ,medina to      

,jerusalem upon a red camel1 and1 as he 
entered the conquered  city1 issued the 
following proclamation3 8,in the name of
 the most  merciful ,god4 ,from ,omar   
,ebno'l ,alchitb to the inhabitants of  
lia4  ,they shall be protected and      
secured1 both in their lives and their  
fortunes2 and their churches shall      
neither be pulled down nor made use  of 
by any but themselves40 ,sophronius1 the
 chief ,christian priest1  having       
invited the conqueror to pray in a      
,christian church1 received  a polite   
refusal1 ,omar contenting himself with  
kneeling on the steps  outside1 so that 
his followers might not have any excuse 
for seizing  the edifice or otherwise   
annoying the conquered ,christians4 ,the
 ,khalif  and his followers then pressed
 northwards1 conquered the ,roman       
,emperor  ,heraclius1 sent a fleet to   
the ,hellespont1 defeated the ,roman    
fleet1  and laid siege to               
,constantinople1 then called ,byzantium4
 ,egypt was  next conquered1 the        

remnants of the ,serapion destroyed1 and
 the whole  of ,north ,africa added to  
the dominions of the ,khalif4 ,spain was
 then  seized upon1 and the entire      
country1 as far north as the ,loire1    
annexed  to the growing empire4 ,in #gcb
 ,charles ,martel succeeded in stopping 
the  ,saracen foe at ,poictiers and     
driving him back to ,spain1 thus        
relieving  the anxiety of the ,church1  
which was now becoming intense4 ,in #hdf
 a  ,mussulman fleet sailed up the      
,tiber1 menaced ,rome1 and carried away 
,st4 ,peter's altar to ,africa1 the     
,christian empire being saved from      
further trouble only by the ,mohammedan 
power being divided into three          
,khalifates4    ,according to the       
,koran1 the earth was a square plane1 on
 the edges of  which rested the heavenly
 vault1 divided into seven stories1 in  
the  topmost of which dwelt god in his  
omnipotence4 ,this theory1 however1  was
 quickly given up by the learned        
,saracens1 ,al-,mamun declaring it  to  

be unscientific1 and asserting that the 
earth was globular1 with  a             
circumference of about #bd1jjj miles1   
which was not far wrong4 ,in  #ffa the  
,khalif ,moawyah encouraged this new    
teaching1 and ordered the  writings of  
the ,greek philosophers to be translated
 into ,arabic4 ,in  #gec the ,khalif    
,almansar recommended the study of      
astronomy1 medicine1  and law at        
,bagdad2 and his grandson1              
,haroum-al-,raschid1 ordered that  every
 mosque should have a school attached to
 it1 and established  a large library at
 ,bagdad for the use of learned men4    
,the sciences  of chemistry and geometry
 were revived1 and algebra invented by  
the  ,saracens4 ,at ,cairo the ,fatimist
 ,library became the wonder of the      
world2 and the great library of the     
,spanish ,khalifs had #fjj1jjj  vols41  
its catalogue alone occupying #dd vols4 
,gibbon tells us that  they 8diffused   
the taste and the rewards of science    
from ,samarcand  and ,bokhara to ,fez   

and ,cordova1 and that the vizier of a  
sultan  consecrated a sum of two hundred
 thousand pieces of gold to the         
foundation of a college at ,bagdad1     
which he endowed with an annual  revenue
 of fifteen thousand dinars40 ,the first
 medical college in  ,europe was founded
 by the ,saracens at ,salerno in ,italy1
 and the first  astronomical observatory
 was erected by them at ,seville in     
,spain4 ,the  streets in ,spain were    
lighted1 baths were erected1 and total  
abstinence  universally practised4 ,thus
 we see that1 while the power of the    
,church  was gradually steeping central 
,europe in darkness1 ignorance1 and     
wretchedness1 progress was on the march 
again in ,western ,asia1 ,africa1  and  
,spain4 ,during this period1 however1   
there were not wanting in  ,europe bold 
men who attempted a revival of          
philosophy2 but these were  quickly     
suppressed by the ,church4 ,in ,a4,d4   
#hjj there appeared a man  in ,britain  
called ,john ,erigena1 who1 having read 

,aristotle's works1  adopted his views  
and attempted to reconcile them with the
 ,christian  religion4 ,there were also 
many ,christian divines who had crossed 
the  ,mediterranean to study philosophy 
secretly from ,mohammedan doctors4      
,erigena declared that every living     
thing evolved from something that  had  
previously lived2 that each particular  
life-form was but a part of  general    
existence or mundane soul2 and that all 
life must be eventually  re-absorbed in 
deity4 ,the ,church became infuriated   
and alarmed at this  heretical          
barbarian1 who taught the pernicious    
doctrines of emanation  and absorption1 
and steps were immediately taken to     
suppress him4    ,during the period of  
quiet which followed a certain priest of
  ,thuringia1 ,bernhardt by name1       
created a great sensation in central    
,europe by declaring that the end of the
 world was fast approaching2  that the  
prophecy contained in the twentieth     
chapter of ,revelation  would be        

fulfilled on ,december #cast1 in the    
year #ajjj--or possibly  immediately    
before that time--when the devil would  
be unbound2 and that  unutterable       
calamity or annihilation would come upon
 the world4 ,the  clergy quickly        
followed suit1 and as the fearful day   
approached every  church and cloister in
 ,europe resounded with the frantic     
appeals of  the monks and priests for   
their flocks to prepare for the awful   
doom4  ,europe was turned upside down2  
business was suspended2 kings1 princes1 
senators1 nobles1 and peasants all alike
 left their occupations to  seek refuge 
in some holy sanctuary against the      
coming event4 ,as the  dread moment     
approached there was not a church or    
convent in ,europe  that was not crowded
 to suffocation1 the people imagining   
that1 if  they were found at the last   
moment in some consecrated place1 their 
chances of being saved would be better4 
,hundreds and thousands of these  poor  
wretches never had opportunity of       

obtaining the coveted shelter1  having  
been bereft of their reason under the   
awful excitement of the  hour4 ,amid    
prayer1 faintings1 hysterical screaming1
 and chanting of  choirs--priests1      
monarchs1 and beggars all huddled       
together anyhow--the  clock struck      
twelve1 and dead silence prevailed4     
,gradually the people  roused themselves
 from their stupor to find themselves   
the victims of  a cruel hoax4 ,strange  
to say1 not any attempt was made to     
punish those  who had produced such a   
melancholy state of things4 ,kings and  
nobles  had endowed monasteries and     
churches with lands and wealth1 which   
they  believed would soon be of so      
little use to them1 and became suddenly 
penitent1 assuming the monk's shirt of  
hair1 and otherwise showing  evidence of
 their piety and humility4 ,william of  
the ,long ,sword1 ,duke  of ,normandy1  
,hugh ,duke of ,burgundy1 ,hugh ,count  
of ,arles1 the ,emperor  ,henry ,,ii41  
all renounced their wealth and position 

to become monks4  ,nobles had left lands
 and castles to the ,church1 the deeds  
being drawn  up by monks and witnessed  
by prelates and sovereigns1 as though no
  day of reckoning was at hand1 the form
 being invariably as follows3  8,seeing 
that the end of the world is now        
approaching1 and that every  day        
accumulates fresh miseries1 ,i1 ,baron  
---- 7or ,king ----71 for the  good of  
my soul1 give to the monastery of ----10
 etc4 ,the ,church1 which  before was   
poor1 now became gorged with wealth1 and
 the ignorance and  credulity of the    
people secured the treasures to the now 
powerful  prelates4    ,during this     
period of excitement and terror the     
number of pilgrimages  to the ,holy     
,land had enormously increased1 so much 
so that the ,saracen  masters of        
,jerusalem1 with the view of putting a  
stop to the now  troublesome and        
inconvenient influx of ,christians to   
the ,holy ,city1  commenced to persecute
 the pilgrims1 thus creating a very     

great  ill-feeling against themselves   
throughout ,europe4 ,peter the ,hermit1 
a monk of ,amiens1 took up the cause of 
his ill-treated brethren1 and  forthwith
 commenced to preach a holy war against 
the ,saracens of  ,syria1 ,pope ,urban  
,,ii4 and his priests promising         
absolution from all  sin to those who   
took up arms against the ,infidel4 ,a   
vast multitude  of rabble from all parts
 of ,europe soon started on their march 
to  the ,holy ,land1 being divided into 
three large armies1 one led by  ,walter 
the ,penniless1 another by ,peter the   
,hermit1 and the third  by ,gottschalk1 
a monk4 ,the armies gave themselves up  
to unheard-of  iniquities1 spreading    
poverty and misery on all sides in their
 march1  braining all who refused to    
give up their provisions and property to
  them1 and1 at last1 arriving in       
,constantinople footsore and diseased1  
having left two-thirds of their comrades
 to die of starvation on the  road4     
,crossing over into ,syria1 they met the

 ,saracen foe1 who quickly  put an end  
to their sufferings by annihilating the 
whole lot4 ,seven  other ,crusades      
followed1 one composed altogether of    
children1 who1  the priests declared1   
were to be the inheritors of the ,holy  
,land1 it  being now apparent that      
full-grown men were too sinful to       
conquer the  ,infidel4 ,the army of     
children was accordingly shipped off to 
destroy  the ,saracen foe1 but never    
reached ,palestine1 the boys having been
  sold as slaves1 and the girls drafted 
into ,turkish harems4 ,when1 at  last1  
,acre surrendered to the ,crusaders     
under ,richard ,cur de ,lion1  the      
leniency displayed by the ,khalif ,omar 
in his capture of ,jerusalem  in #fcg   
was repaid by #b1gjj ,saracen hostages  
being brutally beheaded  outside the    
city walls for the sport of the         
,christian soldiers4 ,all  this time    
,europe was in a constant state of      
agitation and alarm1 which  was further 
intensified by the revival in #aahj of  

the doctrines of ,john  ,erigena by the 
,saracen philosopher ,averroes1 who     
boldly preached them  in ,spain1 making 
converts in all directions1 among whom  
was the great  ,jewish writer1          
,maimonides1 who had been held by the   
,jews in the highest  esteem1 and       
considered second only in wisdom to     
,moses4    ,under the tolerant and      
liberal rule of the ,saracens ,averroism
 made  great progress in ,spain1 where  
,mohammedans1 ,christians1 and ,jews    
were  permitted to live peaceably       
together1 and where philosophical       
theories  were openly and fearlessly    
taught2 but a day of reckoning was at   
hand4  ,on the death of the ,caliph     
,hakem1 ,almansor usurped the throne1   
and1 in  order to secure his position1  
entered into a secret treaty with the   
orthodox section of the ,mohammedans1   
thus establishing a ,church and  ,state 
party of enormous power1 which          
culminated in the expulsion of          
,averroes from ,spain and the           

suppression of the study of philosophy4 
,thus were crushed again philosophy and 
progress in #aaih4 ,the ,christians  of 
,italy1 ,germany1 and ,france followed  
suit1 ordering all ,averroists  to be   
seized and punished1 and shortly        
afterwards extending the order  also to 
,jews and ,mohammedans4 ,from the       
accession of ,almansor dates the        
downfall of the ,mohammedan power in    
,spain and the commencement of the      
fearful persecutions of ,infidels by the
 ,christian ,church1 which has  left    
such a dark blot upon the pages of      
,european history4    ,the ,saracen     
power in ,europe was annihilated by     
,ferdinand and ,isabella1  and the      
,inquisition established by ,pope       
,innocent ,,iv4 in #abdc4 ,for  two     
hundred years it seemed as though       
philosophy and progress were  indeed    
dead1 so relentlessly did the ,church   
persecute all heretics and  denounce all
 scientific studies4 ,but an occurrence 
took place in #addj  which completely   

turned the tide of events4 ,in that year
 the art of  printing was introduced    
into ,europe by the ,venetians1 who had 
learnt  it from the ,chinese2 and in    
#adfi it was carried to ,france1 and    
from  thence to all the great cities of 
the continent4 ,at first the ,church    
paid little heed to the innovation2 but 
it soon became apparent that  a         
dangerous medium had been introduced for
 intercommunication of the  people and  
their governments1 which must lessen the
 need and importance  of a religious    
medium4 ,books were only allowed to be  
published under  the supervision of the 
ecclesiastical authority1 and heavy     
penalties  inflicted upon all who       
attempted to circulate any heretical    
works4 ,the  writings of ,averroes1     
,maimonides1 and other heretics1 were   
ordered to  be burnt1 the doctrines     
taught by them being declared           
blasphemous and  subversive of all good 
government4 ,the leading and most       
learned ,jews  and ,mohammedans in      

,spain and ,southern ,france were avowed
 ,averroists1  and did not shrink from  
preaching their doctrines in the public 
thoroughfares2 and the infection was    
extending so rapidly that the  ,church  
feared that a great calamity would      
overtake the orthodox  faith unless some
 steps were taken to put a stop to the  
heresy4 ,the  ,inquisition1 which had   
been found so effective in silencing    
heretics  in ,france1 was now utilised  
for dealing with the ,jews and ,moors4  
,a cry  was made in ,castile by the     
orthodox ,christians for the            
establishment  of the ,inquisition in   
,spain1 which was immediately taken up  
by all  haters of progress2 and so great
 was the influence brought to bear by   
the ,dominican monk and arch-fiend1     
,torquemada1 upon the ,queen ,isabella  
that the ,pope was petitioned for a     
bull1 which was issued in #adgh1  for   
the detection and suppression of heresy 
in ,spain4 ,the ,christian  monster1    
,torquemada1 proved himself a worthy    

agent of the ,inquisition1  burning at  
the stake in eighteen years about       
#aj1bbj persons of both  sexes4         
,dispensations from the operation of the
 ,inquisition were sold  by the ,pope to
 such as could afford to purchase them2 
and in #adib all  unbaptised ,jews1 old 
or young1 were ordered by ,torquemada to
 leave  ,spain within four months1 and  
to leave behind them all those effects  
they could not sell in the meantime4    
,these poor wretches swarmed in  the    
roads in their thousands1 rending the   
air with their piteous  cries1 the      
,christian ,spaniards being forbidden to
 render assistance  under penalty of    
torture4 ,the consequence was that      
hundreds and  thousands of men1 women1  
and children died by the wayside from   
hunger1  thirst1 and fatigue4 ,in #aejb 
a further order was issued at ,seville  
for the ,spaniards to drive out of their
 country every ,infidel they  could hear
 of1 no matter what the nationality     
might be4 ,the ,moors  were particularly

 indicated in the document1 one clause  
stating that  it was justifiable to kill
 ,mohammedans on account of their       
shameless  infidelity4 ,the consequence 
was that1 in a marvellously short space 
of time1 there was not a ,mohammedan to 
be found on the ,european side  of the  
,straits of ,gibraltar4 ,in spite of the
 precautions made use of  by the        
,christians for the prevention of the   
study of philosophy and  the acquirement
 of knowledge1 the news of the discovery
 of ,america by  ,columbus1 in #adib1   
very soon found its way all over        
,europe1 producing  the most intense    
sensation1 for the discovery came as a  
terrific  blow to the ,church and its   
inspired ,bible4 ,to make matters worse1
 in  #aebb ,magellan sailed completely  
round the world1 thus demonstrating     
conclusively that the earth was a globe4
    ,matters appeared to be going wrong 
with the ,church1 in spite of the       
recent bloody triumphs of the           
,inquisition2 and the clergy and laity  

were not slow to notice the turn events 
were taking4 ,martin ,luther1  a young  
,augustinian monk1 in particular1 took  
advantage of the  unsettled state of the
 mind of ,europe to make a furious      
onslaught  against the ,pope and the    
,church4 ,having been told by ,cajetan  
that he  must 8believe that one single  
drop of ,christ's blood is sufficient to
  redeem the whole human race1 and the  
remaining quantity that was shed  in the
 garden and on the cross was left as a  
legacy to the ,pope1 to  be a treasure  
from which indulgences were to be       
drawn10 this young  priest declared he  
never would accept such a doctrine1 and 
commenced  forthwith to preach openly   
against the sale of indulgences1        
declaring  that the ,church must stand  
or fall on the ,bible1 which taught no  
such  doctrine4 ,the orthodox clergy1 on
 the contrary1 declared that the  ,bible
 derived its authority from the ,church1
 and not the ,church from  the ,bible1  
and demanded that ,luther should be     

arrested for heresy4 ,in  #aebj the     
,pope excommunicated the bold monk1 who1
 in return1 defiantly  burnt the ,papal 
bull1 for which he was ordered to appear
 before the  ,imperial ,diet at ,worms1 
when he deliberately refused to retract4
  ,the views of the reformer quickly    
spread through ,switzerland and         
,germany1 ,pope ,leo thundering forth   
his anathemas upon all who joined  the  
dangerous movement1 until1 at length1   
after many bloody wars and  horrible    
massacres1 such as the slaughter of the 
,huguenots1 etc41  the ,reformation was 
firmly established1 and the ,bible      
became1 to the  ,reformed ,church1 the  
only guide to morals and duty4 ,at      
first1 the ,pope  sullenly submitted to 
what appeared to be the inevitable2 but 
soon  it became apparent that1 in order 
to keep any authority at all over  the  
people1 some plan would have to be      
adopted to curtail the growing          
influence of the ,reformed ,church4     
,accordingly1 ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 in    

#aedj1  established the ,society of     
,jesus1 the members of which order were 
sent  abroad all over ,europe for the   
purpose of secretly undermining the     
influence of the ,reformers4 ,three     
years afterwards1 as if to counteract   
the evil designs of the ,jesuits1 there 
appeared on the scene the  celebrated   
work of ,copernicus1 which was destined 
for ever to demolish  the geocentric    
theory of ,ptolemy1 and to establish the
 heliocentric  philosophy1 which taught 
that the sun was the centre of our      
system1  and that all the planets1      
including our earth1 revolved in regular
  order round it1 and which1 of course1 
called forth a volley of abuse  from the
 ,vatican1 the theory being declared    
heretical and its author  anathematised4
 ,the effect of all this was to cause   
quite a revolution  in thought among the
 learned of ,europe1 which gave rise to 
another  schism in the ,church1         
departure being this time from the ranks
 of the  ,reformers4    ,arianism was   

once more revived by a number of people1
 who maintained  that the doctrine of   
the ,trinity was un-,scriptural1 and    
that ,jesus was  but a man like         
themselves1 though endowed with great   
authority from  god4 ,the orthodox and  
reformed ,churches both alike were      
alarmed at this  turn of events1 and    
co-operated to suppress the new heresy1 
denouncing  all philosophical studies1  
and branding the ,unitarians as         
,infidels4  ,the upshot was that        
,servetus was burnt to death at the     
stake by the  order of the ,trinitarian 
,calvin1 and a check was thereby given  
to the  propagation of the ,arian       
doctrines4 ,it is satisfactory to note  
that  a ,unitarian ,college now stands  
upon the very spot where ,servetus was  
murdered4    ,again progress was        
arrested1 and this time it seemed as    
though a mortal  blow had been dealt at 
all acquirement of knowledge1 for       
shortly  afterwards1 in #aeei1 ,pope    
,paul ,,iv4 established the             

,congregation of  the ,index            
,expurgatorius for the purpose of       
examining all books and  manuscripts    
intended for publication1 and of        
deciding whether the  people should read
 them4 ,the usual counterpoise1 however1
 quickly made  its appearance1 proving  
once more that progress cannot be       
arrested for  long4    ,in #aefc the    
first newspaper was produced in ,venice1
 which again set the  ball of intellect 
rolling along1 never more to be stopped 
by priest  or prince4 ,the new          
,copernican philosophy was now accepted 
by many  learned men1 among whom even   
were some of the priesthood4 ,giordano  
,bruno1 an ,italian ,dominican monk1    
among others1 embraced these truths1    
and was not afraid to openly teach them1
 for which daring act he  was soon      
obliged to seek refuge in ,switzerland1 
where he prosecuted  his studies for    
some time in peace4 ,the fiends of the  
,inquisition1  however1 soon discovered 
his whereabouts and drove him into      

,france1  then into ,england1 and then  
back to ,germany2 in the end arresting  
him  at ,venice4 ,he was taken thence to
 ,rome1 publicly accused of teaching    
the plurality of worlds1 and burnt at   
the stake by the ,inquisition in  #afjj4
 ,eighteen years after the murder of    
this noble ,italian1 ,kepler1  of       
,wrtemberg1 published his 8,epitome of  
the ,copernican ,system10 in  which he  
demonstrated for the first time that all
 the heavenly bodies  are bound in their
 courses by various laws4 ,this work1   
like those  of ,copernicus and ,bruno1  
was prohibited by the ,congregation of  
the  ,index ,purgatorius1 and ,kepler   
himself declared a dangerous infidel4   
,still1 in spite of the fury of the     
priesthood1 ,catholic and ,reformer     
alike1 the study of the sciences made   
rapid strides1 and in #afcb the         
venerable ,galileo published his        
8,system of the ,world10 in which he    
maintained the accuracy of the          
,copernican theory4 ,for this daring    

disregard of the ,church's warnings he  
was summoned to ,rome and brought       
before the ,inquisition1 accused of     
having taught that the earth moves      
round the sun4 ,the poor old man was    
compelled to kneel on the floor  of the 
court1 place his hand on the ,bible1 and
 recant1 after which he  was            
incarcerated in the prison of the       
,inquisition1 where1 ten years          
afterwards1 he died4 ,still science     
progressed1 and was considerably  aided 
by the rapid increase in the number of  
newspapers throughout  ,europe4 ,in     
#afca the ,french ,gazette was          
established1 and1 soon after1           
newspapers appeared in all important    
cities1 much to the discomfiture  of the
 ,church1 whose power was now more      
seriously imperilled than ever4         
,confidence was gradually becoming      
established1 and ,descartes dared1  in  
#afhj1 to make an attempt to analyse the
 mind1 declaring that the  necessity of 
universal doubt was the only            

starting-point of all true  philosophy4 
,he was followed1 six years later1 by   
,newton1 who published  his             
8,principia10 in which he demonstrated  
the grand truth which has  immortalised 
his name--viz41 that all bodies attract 
each other with  forces jointly         
proportionate to their masses1 varying  
universally as  the squares of their    
distances4 ,thus was established the    
great law  of universal gravitation1    
which marks an epoch in the intellectual
  development of man4 ,owing to the     
constantly-recurring feuds between the  
,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 and ,catholics1
 this great discovery passed for  a     
while almost unnoticed2 but it soon     
became apparent that the final  blow had
 been given to the old theory of divine 
intervention in the  movements of the   
universe1 and that learned men of all   
countries were  rapidly embracing the   
,newtonian theory of irreversible laws4 
,it was1 however1 now too late for the  
,church to interfere1 for all  classes  

were quickly becoming impressed with the
 grand theory of  gravitation1 which was
 destined for ever to remain the most   
wonderful  discovery of man2 and1       
although the clergy still continued to  
anathematise all scholars and           
scientists1 the study of nature was     
pursued with rapidly-increasing         
enthusiasm1 as though to make up for    
lost time4 ,in #afij ,locke1 the        
physician and philosopher1 published his
  8,essay on the ,human ,understanding10
 in which he declared all human         
knowledge to be the result of           
experience1 thus entirely upsetting the 
old theory of intuition4 ,twenty years  
later ,leibnitz published his work      
entitled 8,theodice10 in which he       
endeavoured to solve the difficult      
problem of existence of evil in the     
world under the moral government  of    
,deity4 ,these two rival philosophers   
soon became the leaders of  philosophic 
thought in their respective countries2  
but barely thirty  years had passed away

 before an iconoclast appeared1 in the  
person  of ,david ,hume1 who cut away   
the ground ruthlessly from beneath their
  feet4 ,his 8,treatise on ,human       
,nature10 published in #agci1 upset all 
the philosophical systems of the past1  
replacing them by the great  theory of  
causation1 which was soon accepted by   
every philosopher and  scientist4 ,kant 
followed in #agha with his 8,critique of
 ,pure ,reason10 in  which he submitted 
matter to analysis1 and declared it to  
be possessed  of inherent force4    ,the
 other sciences were also joining in the
 march of progress4  ,chemistry was fast
 becoming a settled science2            
,priestley's discovery  of oxygen1 in   
#aggd1 had created a great sensation2   
,cavendish shortly  afterwards1 in      
#aghc1 discovered the constitution of   
water2 and  ,lavoisier1 in #aghi1       
summarised the combined researches of   
these two  chemists and himself in his  
8,elements of ,chemistry10 which at once
 was  recognised as the standard work on

 the subject4 ,astronomy had1 since     
,newton's discovery of gravitation1     
assumed a more settled condition1  but  
was destined to further modification by 
the enunciation of the  nebular         
hypothesis by ,laplace1 who commenced to
 publish his bulky work1  8 ,mecanique  
,celeste10 in #agii4    ,the nineteenth 
century opened with progress1 as it     
were1 on the gallop4  ,in #ahjd the     
first locomotive engine was started in  
,england1 at the same  time that the    
first screw steamer was run at ,new     
,york4 ,it is needless  to enumerate all
 the inventions of scientific men during
 the century1  which are so well known  
to every one4 ,suffice it to say that1  
in a  marvellously short space of time1 
the whole face of ,europe has been      
changed4 ,railways cross each other at  
all points1 like a huge network2        
telegraph wires link together as one    
place all important centres of          
population2 public buildings are        
protected from nature's freaks by       

lightning conductors2 lighthouses dot   
the whole length of our coasts2  the    
penny postage conveys our thoughts to   
and fro throughout the  length and      
breadth of the land2 a free press       
ventilates our grievances  and          
enlightens our minds2 hospitals and     
dispensaries minister to the  sick and  
maimed wherever we go2 and the ,habeas  
,corpus ,act endows each  well-disposed 
individual with freedom and liberty4    
,what a metamorphosis  to be effected in
 so short a time6    ,the lesson we     
learn from such a cursory glance as this
 necessarily is  at the intellectual    
progress of ,europe during the last two 
thousand  years is full of the deepest  
meaning4 ,we cannot help being struck by
  the dogged manner in which the        
,christian religion has opposed all     
progress1 ruthlessly murdering in cold  
blood any who dared to suggest  that the
 now-established and                    
universally-accepted theories might     
possibly possess some little of the     

truth4 ,every new scientific truth  or  
discovery has been denounced by the     
,church1 every great benefactor  to the 
human race persecuted and hunted to     
death by the sleuth-hounds  of bigotry  
and intolerance1 and every ,european war
 or massacre hatched  out of religious  
differences4 ,to this very day the      
,church1 though  robbed of all its old  
power to inflict evil and misery1       
persists in its  denunciation of all    
scientific discoveries2 and not one of  
the numerous  sects which at present    
divide the ,christian ,church is exempt 
from  this charge4 ,hegel1 ,bunsen1     
,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,rnan1 ,huxley1    
,darwin1  ,tyndall1 ,oliver ,wendell    
,holmes1 ,carpenter1 ,herbert ,spencer1 
,emerson1  ,haeckel1 ,schopenhauer1     
,victor ,hugo1 and1 in short1 all the   
leaders  of thought of our century1 have
 incurred the bitter hostility of the   
various ,christian sects2 and yet what a
 heirloom the works of these men  form  
for the coming generation6    ,the      

discovery of the power of chloroform and
 ether to relieve pain was  denounced by
 the ,church because it was proposed to 
apply it to the  relief of the agony of 
childbirth1 the natural inheritance of  
woman  under the divine curse of ,eden2 
the abolition of slavery was also       
opposed by these human parasites because
 the practice was ordered in  the       
,bible2 and it is well known how the    
priests of the ,church utilised  for    
their own purposes those abominable     
texts of the ,old ,testament1  8,thou   
shalt not suffer a witch to live10 and  
8,neither shalt thou  countenance a poor
 man in his own cause40    ,the ,middle 
,ages bear attestation to the fidelity  
of the priesthood to  their sacred      
oracles4 ,have not two honest citizens  
of ,london quite  lately undergone one  
whole year's imprisonment for the grave 
sin of  ridiculing the notion of the    
,hebrew and ,christian gods being other 
than creations of man's imagination8    
,this very lecture will probably  be the

 means of bringing down the wrath of the
 priesthood--,state ,church  and        
,nonconformist alike--upon its author4  
,and why8 ,are the facts  untrue8 ,just 
the reverse4 ,the writer1 historian1 or 
pseudo-scientist  who writes volumes of 
falsehoods for the purpose of propping  
up for  a short time longer priestcraft 
and tyranny will assuredly fare well  at
 the hands of these insinuating         
gentlemen of the cloth2 but let  the man
 who dares to write the honest1         
unvarnished truth beware6  ,his fair    
name1 his business1 and his social and  
family ties will be  undermined and     
destroyed in an incredibly short space  
of time4 ,all  honor1 therefore1 be     
given to those brave ones who have dared
 to stand  before the world and speak   
out the truth in the cause of humanity6 
,they  have done their share in helping 
forward the march of intellect1 in      
stifling superstition1 and in uprooting 
ignorance4 ,the state of ,europe        
to-day1 as compared with its condition  

two thousand years since1 is            
overwhelming evidence of the continual  
progress of civilization1 which1  in    
spite of the opposition from its old    
enemy1 the ,church1 in the past  and1 to
 a limited extent1 in the present1 has  
proved to the world that  it must1 of   
necessity1 continue for all time as one 
of the great and  immutable laws of     
,nature4          ,,genesis ,i4 #a1     
according to authorised ,hebrew version1
 with final  letters1 but without vowel 
points and breathings4                  
8,in the beginning the ram 7or          
lamb7-sun-gods 7or the good gods7       
renovated 7reorganized or re-started7   
the heavens and the earth40    ,this    
refers to the commencement of the       
,persian new-year1 at the vernal        
equinox1 ,aries1 the ram or lamb4       
,,genesis ,i4 #a1 according to the      
,samaritan ,pentateuch1 transcribed into
  ante-,masoretic1 or original ,hebrew1 
as written before the invention of  the 
five final letters4                     

8,in the beginning the goat renovated   
the heavens and the earth40    ,this    
refers to the commencement of the       
,egyptian new-year1 at the winter       
solstice1 ,capricornus1 the goat4       
,illustration3 ,fac ,simile of          
fragmentary ,,ms4 of sixth century      
7,luke  ,,xx4#i4aj471 written in ,greek 
and partially covered with ,syrian      
writing  of #aj7th7 century4  ,copied   
from 8,secular ,review10 of ,march #bg  
#ahhf4      ,illustration3 ,small       
fragment from ,john's ,gospel1 taken    
from the ,cotton  ,manuscript4          
,,the ,,bible4      ,there is probably  
no book on earth that has ever had      
anything like  so large a circulation as
 that which is known as the ,bible2 and 
yet  few among the many millions who    
possess a copy ever think of asking     
themselves the question1 8,where and how
 did it originate80 ,they are  satisfied
 with the ipse dixit of their parson    
that it 8came from  ,god40 ,that may be 
sufficient to satisfy the unthinking    

multitude1 but  it does not suffice for 
thinking people1 who prefer to follow   
the  dictates of their reason rather    
than rest on the mere word of a man or  
a number of men who are paid to preach  
that the ,bible is the word of  ,god1   
and whose incomes would cease if their  
followers thought otherwise4    ,what is
 this ,bible8 ,where did it come from8  
,let us see4 ,as we now  have it1 it    
consists of a number of books1 which are
 divided into two  main portions1 the   
,old and the ,new ,testaments1 the      
former being made  up of the five books 
said to have been written by ,moses     
under ,god's  inspiration1 and called   
the ,pentateuch1 and a number of        
historical1  poetical1 and prophetic    
writings2 and the latter consisting of  
four  narratives of the life of ,jesus1 
called the ,gospels1 a narrative of  the
 ,acts of the ,apostles1 a number of    
letters1 and the ,vision or  ,revelation
 of one ,john4 ,the number of books     
which make up the ,bible  has varied    

from time to time1 according to the     
fancy of the age2 but  about #cfj years 
since a ,council of ,protestants        
determined that a number  of hitherto   
received sacred writings were not the   
8,word of ,god10 and  finally decided   
that only those now included in the     
authorised version  were of divine      
origin4 ,before that time the following 
books had formed  part of the           
,bible--viz41 ,tobit and ,judith1       
,wisdom1 ,ecclesiasticus1  ,baruch1     
,epistle of ,jeremiah1 ,song of the     
,three ,children1 ,susanna1 ,bel  and   
the ,dragon1 and ,maccabees1 all of     
which are considered canonical at  the  
present time by the ,roman ,catholic    
,church4 ,besides these writings  there 
are a large number of others that have1 
at different times1  occupied positions 
of honour in this ever-varying          
compilation1 but  which are now almost  
forgotten by pious divines1 and entirely
 unknown  by their credulous and        
ignorant dupes4    ,dr4 ,dupin1         

,professor of ,philosophy at the ,paris 
,university1 and one of  the most pious 
and learned ,christian writers of his   
time1 gives a list  of over #aej books  
that have1 from time to time1 been held 
sacred1 and  said to have formed part of
 the 8,word of ,god10 as follows3--     
,,old ,,testament4     ,books now       
,considered ,canonical by ,jews and     
,christians4      ,the five ,books of   
,moses4    ,the ,book of ,joshua4       
,the ,book of ,judges4    ,the ,book of 
,samuel1 or the first and second ,books 
of ,kings4    ,the third and fourth     
,books of ,kings4    ,isaiah4           
,jeremiah4    ,ezekiel4    ,the ,twelve 
,minor ,prophets4    ,the ,book of ,job4
    ,the ,hundred and ,fifty ,psalms4   
,the ,proverbs of ,solomon4    ,the     
,ecclesiastes4    ,the ,canticles4      
,daniel4    ,the ,chronicles4           
,esdras1 divided into two ,books4       
,books ,received as ,canonical by some  
,jews and ,rejected by ,others4         
,esther1 ,ruth4     ,books ,excluded    

from the ,jewish ,canon1 and ,reckoned  
as ,apocryphal by   some of the ,ancient
 ,christians1 but ,allowed as ,canonical
 of late by   the ,church of ,rome4     
,baruch1 ,tobit1 ,judith1 the ,book of  
,wisdom1 ,ecclesiasticus1 the two       
,books of the ,maccabees4   ,the ,song  
of the three ,children in the ,fiery    
,furnace4   ,the ,history of ,susanna4  
,the ,history of ,bel and the ,dragon4  
,books that are ,excluded from the      
,canon without ,apparent ,reason4       
,the ,prayer of ,manasseh1 inserted in  
the ,apocrypha4   ,the third and fourth 
,books of ,esdras 7ibid74   ,the third  
and fourth ,books of ,maccabees1 in the 
,septuagint ,bible4   ,the ,genealogy of
 ,job1 and his ,wife's ,speech1 at the  
end of the ,greek   text of the ,book of
 ,job4   ,the #aeast ,psalm1 at the end 
of the ,greek ,psalms4   ,a ,discourse  
of ,king ,solomon1 at the end of the    
,book of ,wisdom4   ,the ,preface before
 the ,lamentations of ,jeremiah1 in the 
vulgar ,latin   and ,greek text4        

,other ,apocryphal ,books of the same   
,nature1 which are ,lost4      ,the     
,book of ,enoch4    ,the ,book of the   
,assumption of ,moses4    ,the          
,assumption1 ,apocalypse1 or ,secrets of
 ,elias4    ,the ,secrets of ,jeremiah4 
,books ,full of ,fables and ,errors1    
which are ,lost4      ,the ,generation1 
or the ,creation of ,adam4    ,the      
,revelation of ,adam4    ,of the        
,genealogy1 or of the sons and daughters
 of ,adam4    ,cham's ,book of ,magic4  
,a ,treatise1 entitled ,seth4    ,the   
,assumption of ,abraham4    ,jetsira1 or
 concerning the ,creation ascribed to   
,abraham4    ,the ,book of the ,twelve  
,patriarchs4    ,the ,discourses of     
,jacob and ,joseph4    ,the ,prophecy of
 ,habakkuk4    ,a ,collection of the    
,prophecies of ,ezekiel4    ,the        
,prophecy of ,eldad and ,medad4    ,the 
,treatise of ,jannes and ,jambres4      
,the ,book of ,king ,og4    ,jacob's    
,ladder1 and several other ,tracts4     
,,new ,,testament4     ,books ,owned as 

,canonical at all times and by all      
,christians4      ,the ,four ,gospels of
 ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john4     
,the ,acts of the ,apostles4            
,thirteen ,epistles of ,st4 ,paul4      
,the ,first ,epistle of ,st4 ,peter4    
,the ,first ,epistle of ,st4 ,john4     
,books ,questioned1 but afterwards      
,admitted by the ,church as ,canonical4 
,the ,epistle to the ,hebrews4    ,the  
,epistle of ,st4 ,james4    ,the ,second
 ,epistle of ,st4 ,peter4    ,the       
,second and ,third of ,st4 ,john4       
,the ,epistle of ,st4 ,jude4    ,the    
,apocalypse1 or ,revelations of ,st4    
,john1 which was a long time    before  
it was admitted as ,canonical4    ,the  
history of the angel and the agony of   
our ,saviour related 7,luke    xxii474  
,the end of the last chapter of ,st4    
,matthew's ,gospel4    ,the history of  
the woman taken in adultery1 related in 
the eighth    chapter of ,st4 ,john's   
,gospel4    ,the end of ,st4 ,john's    
,gospel4    ,the passage concerning the 

,trinity1 taken out of the fifth chapter
 of    the ,first ,epistle of ,st4      
,john4     ,apocryphal ,writings which  
are not ,full of ,errors4      ,the     
letter of ,jesus ,christ to ,abgarus4   
,the letter of the ,blessed ,virgin4    
,the ,gospel according to the           
,egyptians4    ,the ,gospel according to
 the ,hebrews4    ,additions to the     
,gospel of ,st4 ,matthew and ,st4 ,luke1
 in the ,cambridge    ,manuscript4      
,the ,proto-,evangelicum of ,st4 ,james4
    ,the ,gospel of ,nicodemus4    ,the 
,ancient ,acts of ,paul and ,thecla4    
,the ,epistle of the ,laodicans4    ,the
 ,epistle of ,st4 ,paul to ,seneca4     
,the ,epistle of ,st4 ,barnabas4    ,the
 ,liturgies of ,st4 ,peter4    ,the     
,liturgies of ,st4 ,mark4    ,the       
,liturgies of ,st4 ,james4    ,the      
,liturgies of ,st4 ,matthew4    ,the    
,canons and ,constitutions of the       
,apostles4    ,the ,treatise of         
,prochorus4    ,the ,books of ,st4      
,linus4    ,the ,treatise of ,abdias4   

,the ,acts of the ,passion of ,st4      
,andrew4       ,books ,full of ,errors2 
almost all of them ,lost4      ,the     
,gospel of ,st4 ,peter4    ,the ,gospel 
of ,st4 ,thomas4    ,the ,gospel of ,st4
 ,matthias4    ,the ,gospel of ,st4     
,bartholomew4    ,the ,gospel of ,st4   
,philip4    ,the ,gospel of ,judas      
,iscariot4    ,the ,gospel of ,thaddus4 
,the ,gospel of ,barnabas4    ,the      
,gospel of ,truth by the ,valentinians4 
,the ,gospel of ,perfection by the      
,gnostics4    ,the ,gospel of ,eve by   
the ,gnostics4    ,a ,book concerning   
the ,infancy of ,jesus ,christ4    ,a   
,treatise concerning the ,birth of our  
,saviour1 the ,virgin ,mary1 and    her 
,midwife4    ,a ,treatise concerning the
 ,virgin's ,lying-in1 and the questions 
she    asked4    ,a ,treatise of the    
,nativity of the ,virgin ,mary1 cited by
 ,st4 ,jerome4    ,the ,apocryphal      
,treatise of the ,life of the ,virgin1  
cited by ,st4    ,gregory ,nysene4      
,another ,apocryphal ,book on the       

,virgin1 cited by ,faustus4    ,the     
,writings of ,jesus ,christ about       
,miracles4    ,the ,acts of ,st4 ,peter4
    ,the ,acts of ,st4 ,paul4    ,the   
,acts of ,st4 ,andrew4    ,the ,acts of 
,st4 ,john4    ,the ,acts of the        
,apostles4    ,the ,acts of ,st4        
,philip4    ,the ,acts of ,st4 ,thomas4 
,the ,doctrine1 ,preaching1 and         
,itinerary of ,st4 ,peter4    ,the      
,rapture of ,st4 ,paul4    ,the ,memoirs
 of the ,apostles4    ,the ,lots of the 
,apostles4    ,the ,itinerary of the    
,apostles4    ,the ,treatise concerning 
the ,priesthood of ,jesus ,christ4      
,the ,apostolical ,tract4    ,the       
,treatise of the ,death and ,assumption 
of the ,virgin4    ,the ,apocalypses or 
,revelations of ,st4 ,peter4    ,the    
,revelations of ,st4 ,paul4    ,the     
,revelations of ,st4 ,thomas4    ,the   
,revelations of ,st4 ,stephen4    ,the  
,revelations of the ,great ,apostle4    
,the ,revelations of ,abraham4    ,the  
,revelations of ,seth4    ,the          

,revelations of ,noriah4    ,in addition
 to those already named there were a    
number of lost books  referred to and   
quoted from by the authors of the       
various canonical  books1 such as3--    
,the ,book of the ,wars of the ,lord    
7,numbers xxi4 #ad74    ,the ,book of   
the ,covenant 7,exodus xxiv4 #g74       
,the ,book of ,jasher1 or the ,upright  
7,joshua x4 #ac1 #b ,samuel i4 #ah74    
,the ,book of the ,acts of ,solomon 7#a 
,kings xi4 #da74    ,the ,book of the   
,chronicles of the ,kings of ,israel 7#a
 ,kings xiv4 #ai1    and eighteen other 
places in the ,books of ,kings2 also #b 
,chron4 xx4 #cd    and xxxiii4 #ah74    
,the ,chronicles of the ,kings of ,judah
 7#a ,kings xiv4 #bi1 and twelve        
other places in the ,books of ,kings74  
,the ,book of ,samuel the ,seer 7#a     
,chronicles xxix4 #bi74    ,the ,book of
 ,nathan the ,prophet 7#a ,chronicles   
xxix4 #bi74    ,the ,book of ,gad the   
,seer 7#a ,chronicles xxix4 #bi74       
,the ,chronicles of ,king ,david 7#a    

,chronicles xxvii4 #bd74    ,the ,book  
of ,nathan the ,prophet 7#b ,chronicles 
ix4 #bi74    ,the ,prophecy of ,ahijah  
the ,shilomite 7#b ,chronicles ix4 #bi74
    ,the ,visions of ,iddo the ,seer    
against ,jeroboam the son of ,nebat 7#b 
,chron4 ix4 #bi74    ,the ,book of      
,shemaiah the ,prophet 7#b ,chronicles  
xii4 #ae74    ,the ,book of ,iddo the   
,seer concerning ,genealogies 7#b       
,chronicles xii4    #ae74    ,the ,story
 of the ,prophet ,iddo 7#b ,chronicles  
xiii4 #bb74    ,the ,book of the ,kings 
of ,judah and ,israel 7#b ,chronicles   
xvi4 #aa1 and    six other places in the
 same ,book74    ,the ,book of ,jehu 7#b
 ,chronicles xx4 #cd74    ,the ,memoirs 
of ,hircanus 7mentioned in #a           
,maccabees74    ,the ,books of ,jason   
7mentioned in #b ,maccabees ii474       
,the ,acts of ,uriah 7mentioned in #b   
,chronicles xxvi4 #bb74    ,three       
thousand ,proverbs of ,solomon          
7mentioned in #a ,kings iv4 #cb74    ,a 
thousand and five ,songs 7mentioned in  

ibid74    ,several other volumes by the 
same author 7mentioned in ibid74    ,the
 ,prophecy of ,jeremiah1 torn in pieces 
by ,jehoiakim 7cited in    ,jeremiah    
xxxvi474    ,another ,prophecy of his   
upon the city of ,babylon 7mentioned in 
,jeremiah li474    ,memoirs or          
descriptions of the same author         
7mentioned in #a ,maccabees    ii474    
,the ,prophecy of ,jonah 7mentioned in  
the ,book of ,jonah74    ,we can readily
 imagine what trouble our pious         
ancestors must have  experienced in     
deciding which of these writings really 
emanated from  the ghost of ,god and    
which were fraudulent productions1 for  
the style  in which most of them were   
written rendered it almost impossible   
to decipher them3 written on rough      
skins1 in ink which had become          
obliterated by age1 many of them had    
fallen into the hands of monks and      
other rogues1 who appeared to have      
suffered severely from cacothes         
scribendi1 and who recorded events      

connected with their own persons  or    
surroundings over the original writing1 
like a lady 8crosses0 her  letters1 so  
that the whole manuscript became a      
complete jumble4 ,in  most cases the    
original or ground language was ,hebrew 
or ,greek in  ill-formed and continuous 
capitals1 undivided into words1 and     
without  accents1 points1 or breathings1
 while the 8crossing0 was in ,arabic1   
,latin1 or some other different dialect1
 badly written and accompanied  with ink
 spots and senseless dashes4 ,out of    
this heterogeneous mass of  scribblings 
the pious divines of the ,reformation   
period compiled our  authorised version 
of the ,bible1 the translation into     
,english being  made1 in the case of the
 ,old ,testament1 from the modern       
,hebrew text1  and in that of the ,new  
,testament from ,beza's fifth edition of
 the ,greek  text4    ,there are three  
different versions of the complete ,old 
,testament--viz41  the ,hebrew1 the     
,greek ,septuagint1 and the ,latin      

,vulgate1 and two  ,samaritan versions  
of the ,pentateuch1 one written in      
,aramn and the  other in ,arabic4 ,the  
,,mss4 of the ,hebrew version are all   
written in  modern or ,masoretic        
,hebrew1 which dates from about the year
 #a1jjj  ,a4,d4 ,the original language  
of the ,hebrews1 which was derived from 
the  ,egyptians and afterwards modified 
by contact with the ,chaldeans1 was     
very different from that we are         
accustomed to read to-day in ,hebrew    
,bibles3 instead of each word being     
separated from its neighbour1 and  vowel
 points being subscribed to assist in   
the reading1 sentences1  paragraphs1 and
 even pages were written as though the  
whole formed  but one long word2 and1   
considering that the ,hebrew alphabet   
consists  of consonants only1 the       
absence of the vowel points and final   
letters  afterwards introduced rendered 
the meaning of the writer most  obscure4
 ,for instance1 the first verse of      
,genesis would have been  written as    

follows in ancient ,hebrew1 but in      
letters more nearly  approaching the    
cuneiform type1 4 ,the  equivalent      
letters in ,english are 7reading from   
right to left1 as in  ,hebrew7          
,,ts4,r4,a4,h4,t4,a4,v4,m4,y4,m4,,sh4,h4
,t4,a4,m4,y4,h4,l4,a4,a4,r4,b4,t4,y4,,sh
4,a4,r4,b  and the translators tell us  
that they signify1 8,in the beginning   
,god  created the heavens and the       
earth40 ,now1 as they stand1 it is      
utterly  impossible to pronounce the    
words2 and1 even supposing that vowels  
were added1 this could be done in such a
 variety of ways that hundreds  of      
different pronunciations might result2  
so also might the sense  be varied by   
many different renderings4 ,suppose we  
wrote down the  authorised translation1 
using consonants only1 and leaving      
entirely  out the vowels1 the result    
would be as follows 7reading from left  
to  right1 as in ,english71             
,,nthbgnnggdcrtdthhvnsndthrth1 which    
would be  entirely unpronounceable      

unless we added vowels2 and1 by adding  
vowels  indiscriminately1 a variety of  
renderings would result4 ,the absurdity 
of a written language composed only of  
consonants is thus made very  apparent4 
,this difficulty opposed itself to the  
,jewish priests1 and  was obviated by   
the introduction of vowel points1 the   
manufacture of  five final letters1 and 
the division of sentences into words    
according  to the arbitrary rendering of
 the introducers of the vowel points2 so
  that now we possess a ,hebrew language
 which may be1 and probably is1 as      
unlike the ancient ,hebrew dialect as   
chalk is unlike cheese4    ,by slightly 
altering the vowel points of a sentence 
or a word1  the whole sense may be      
entirely destroyed2 and that this has   
been  frequently enough done requires no
 proof here1 for it has been  abundantly
 shown elsewhere4 ,certain priests have 
attempted to prove  that the vowel      
points and final letters were in use in 
,ezra's time2  but it is now generally  

admitted by scholars that they were     
inventions  of the middle ages4 ,hear   
what the learned ,christian ,dupin1     
,doctor of  the ,sorbonne1 says3--8,the 
,hebrew alphabet is composed of         
twenty-two  letters1 like those of the  
,samaritans1 ,chaldeans1 and ,syrians4  
,but1 of these letters1 none are vowels1
 and1 in consequence1 the  pronunciation
 cannot be determined4 ,the ,hebrews    
have invented points1  which1 being put 
under the letters1 answer the purpose of
 vowels4  ,those vowel-points serve not 
only to fix the pronunciation1 but also 
the signification of a word1 because1   
many times1 the word being  differently 
pointed and pronounced alters the       
meaning entirely4 ,this  is the         
consideration which has made the        
question as to the antiquity  of the    
points of so much importance1 and has1  
consequently1 had such  elaborate       
treatment4 ,some have pretended that    
these points are as  ancient as the     
,hebrew tongue1 and that ,abraham made  

use of them4 ,others  make ,moses the   
author of them4 ,but the most common    
opinion among the  ,jews is that1 ,moses
 having learnt of ,god the true         
pronunciation of  ,hebrew words1 this   
science was preserved in the synagogue  
by oral  tradition till the time of     
,ezra1 who invented the points and      
accents  to fix the meaning4 ,elias     
,levita1 a ,german ,jew of the last     
generation1  and deeply learned in      
,hebrew grammar1 has rejected this      
opinion1 and  contended that the        
invention of points took place in much  
more recent  times4 ,he ascribes the    
invention to the ,jews of ,tiberias and 
to the  year #ejj ,a4,d41 and alleges   
that the invention was not perfected    
till  about the year #ajdj ,a4,d41 by   
two famous ,maserites1 ,ben-,ascher and 
,ben-,naphtali40    ,hear1 also1 what   
the learned and pious ,dr4 ,prideaux    
says3--8,the sacred  books made use of  
among the ,jews in their synagogues have
 ever been1  and still are1 without the 

vowel-points1 which could not have      
happened had they been placed there by  
,ezra1 and had1 consequently1  been of  
the same authority with the letters2    
for1 had they been so1  they would      
certainly have been preserved in the    
synagogues with the  same care as the   
rest of the text40 ,he then goes on to  
say that no  mention is made of the     
points in either the ,mishna or ,gemara1
 and  continues3 8,neither do we find   
the least hint of them in ,philo-,judus 
or ,josephus1 who are the oldest writers
 of the ,jews1 or in any of the  ancient
 ,christian writers for several hundred 
years after ,christ4  ,and1 although    
among them ,origen and ,jerome were well
 skilled in the  ,hebrew language1 yet  
in none of their writings do they speak 
the least  of them4 ,origen flourished  
in the third1 and ,jerome in the fifth1 
century2 and the latter1 having lived a 
long while in ,juda1 and there  more    
especially applied himself to the study 
of the ,hebrew learning1  and much      

conversed with the ,jewish rabbis for   
his improvement herein1  it is not      
likely that he could have missed making 
some mention of  them through all his   
voluminous works1 if they had been      
either in  being among the ,jews in his 
time1 or in any credit or authority with
  them1 and that especially since1 in   
his commentaries1 there were so  many   
necessary occasions for taking notice of
 them40 ,the ,doctor then  declares that
 after the ,babylonish ,captivity 8the  
,hebrew language  ceased to be the      
mother tongue of the ,jews10 ,aramn1 as 
we know1 being  the dialect of ,juda at 
the time of ,herod4    ,we may1 then1   
safely fix the date of our earliest     
,hebrew ,,ms4 at a  later period than   
#ajjj ,a4,d41 for there does not exist  
one single  ante-,masoretic or unpointed
 ,hebrew ,,ms4 of the ,bible4 ,the      
,greek  ,septuagint was also written in 
,greek capitals1 without accents and    
breathings and without divisions between
 the words1 and continued thus  until   

the eighth century1 when accents and    
breathings came into use1  which were   
followed1 in the tenth century1 by small
 letters1 as we have  them now in our   
,greek ,bibles4 ,the very same may be   
said about the ,new  ,testament ,,mss41 
all of which are written in continuous  
,greek capitals4    ,the oldest ,,ms4 of
 the ,new ,testament is the ,codex      
,sinaiticus1  discovered by ,tischendorf
 at the convent of ,st4 ,catherine1 on  
,mount  ,sinai1 in #ahei1 and supposed  
to belong to the fourth century4 ,the   
,codex ,vaticanus is also supposed to   
belong to the fourth century1  and was  
first published at ,rome by ,vercellone1
 in #aheh4 ,the ,codex  ,alexandrinus1  
containing both ,old and ,new           
,testaments1 is supposed  to belong to  
the fifth century1 and was first        
published by ,woide1  in #aghf1 and     
afterwards by ,cowper1 in #ahfj4 ,of the
 ,old ,testament it  contains1 besides  
the canonical and most apocryphal books 
found in  our editions1 the third and   

fourth books of the ,maccabees1 ,epistle
 of  ,athanasius to ,marcellinus        
7prefixed to the ,psalms71 and fourteen 
hymns1  the eleventh in honour of the   
,virgin4 ,ecclesiasticus1 the ,song of  
the  ,three ,children1 ,susannah1 and   
,bell and the ,dragon do not appear4 ,of
 the  ,new ,testament there is1 in      
addition to the received books1 the     
,first  ,epistle of ,clement to the     
,corinthians and part of the ,second4   
,the ,codex  ,ephraemi is supposed to   
belong to the fifth century1 and was    
published  by ,tischendorf in #ahdc4    
,the ,codex ,bez is a ,grco-,latin      
,,ms41 said to  belong to the sixth     
century1 and first published by         
,kipling1 in #agic1  and afterwards by  
,scrivener1 in #ahfd4 ,all these ,,mss4 
are written in  continuous capitals1 so 
badly formed1 and so jumbled together1  
as to be  almost illegible4             
,according to the showing of those most 
interested in proving the  antiquity of 
sacred writings1 the very earliest ,,ms4

 cannot lay claim  to an earlier date   
than the fourth century2 and1 if the    
authors to  whom the ,church has        
attributed the various writings in the  
,bible wrote  the said records1 it is   
clear that the latest originals must    
date  from the first century4 ,but the  
originals do not anywhere exist1 and    
consequently it is utterly impossible   
for anybody to know who wrote  any one  
of the books of the ,bible1 which is1   
therefore1 a compilation  of anonymous  
writings1 and1 as such1 is of no        
authority whatever4 ,so  far from being 
a divinely-inspired record1 it is1 as we
 have seen1  a product of the cunning   
and ingenuity of knaves and fanatics1   
who  deserve credit for only one thing1 
and that is that they managed to  make  
any sense whatever out of the wretched  
scribble and scrawl from  which they    
derived their information4              
,,the    8,,annals0 ,,of ,,tacitus4     
,one of the darkest epochs in the       
history of ,christianity is that period 

which commenced with the annihilation of
 the ,saracen power in ,europe  and the 
establishment of the ,inquisition by    
,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 in #abdc1  and    
continued until about the end of the    
fifteenth century4 ,the ghastly  horrors
 perpetrated by the ,christian ,church  
at this time against  unoffending people
 are too well known to need any         
reproduction here1  and may be found    
fully detailed in ,rule's 8,history of  
the ,inquisition10  ,draper's           
8,conflict10 and other similar works4   
,my purpose just now is  not to follow  
in detail these wicked and cruel        
abominations connected  with the        
,christian superstition1 but to study   
carefully the various  circumstances    
surrounding the sudden appearance1 in   
the early part of  the fifteenth        
century1 of so many ,,mss4 purporting to
 have been written  by the ancients4    
,among these manuscripts were the       
so-called 8,annals  of ,tacitus10 which 
have since become so celebrated on      

account of the  reference made by the   
author in his fifteenth book to the     
persecution  of the early ,christians by
 ,nero4 ,it has long been suspected by  
learned  scholars that these 8,annals10 
and in particular the passage relating  
to ,nero's persecution of ,christians1  
were never written by ,tacitus2  but1   
owing to the danger usually incurred in 
giving expression to  opinions so       
detrimental to the interests of the     
,church1 no one ventured  until quite   
lately publicly to state his doubts as  
to the genuineness  of these celebrated 
writings4 ,it is now1 however1 pretty   
generally  admitted among such scholars 
as do not make their honour subservient 
to  their interests that the author of  
the 8,history0 and the author of the    
8,annals0 were not the same person1 and 
that the latter1 moreover1 were  not    
written until many centuries after the  
death of ,tacitus4    ,to find out who  
was the real author of these 8,annals10 
and how they  became associated with the

 name of ,tacitus1 it will be necessary 
to  glance at the condition of the      
,christian ,church during the period    
referred to above2 and in doing so none 
but authors of the highest  repute will 
be consulted4    ,for some time after   
the establishment of the ,inquisition in
 #abdc the  ,church had been able to    
suppress1 to a very large extent1 the   
growing  tendency of the age towards the
 acquirement of knowledge3 by the rack1 
the stake1 and the gibbet1 by torture1  
by fire1 and by the knife1 she  had     
relentlessly pursued her horrid and     
diabolical career1 hoping by  these     
means to preserve the faith and silence 
her enemies4 ,to a large  extent it is  
admitted she was successful2 but in     
remote places the  spirit of inquiry    
lived and grew in spite of her3         
,abelard1 the first  ,freethinker1 had  
well sown his seeds in ,france2 ,arnold 
of ,brescia had  left to his brethren in
 ,italy a scheme of reform which was    
destined to  take practical shape in the

 autumn of #ahgj2 and ,wicliffe had     
preached  from his chair at ,oxford     
doctrines which could not fail ere long 
to  have their effect upon the intellect
 of ,england4 ,this bold ,yorkshireman  
did not scruple to publicly declare that
 the mendicant friars who were          
commissioned by the ,pope to travel over
 ,england and grant absolution  and     
indulgences to the people were a pack of
 thieves and sensualists1  that the     
clergy were indulging in open           
wickedness1 that the indulgences  of the
 ,pope were a manifest blasphemy1 and   
that the priesthood had no  right to    
deprive the people of the right to      
search the ,bible4 ,he even  went so far
 as to speak of the ,pope as            
8,antichrist1 the proud worldly  priest 
of ,rome1 and the most cursed of        
clippers and purse-kervers40  ,from the 
pulpit of his little church at          
,lutterworth he openly preached  against
 the authority of the ,pope in ,england1
 and declared that ,christ  had given no

 temporal lordship to the popes and no  
supremacy over  kings4 ,the ,pope and   
the ,sacred ,college very naturally     
resented this  behaviour1 and ordered   
copies of ,wicliffe's works to be sent  
forthwith  to ,rome for inspection1 the 
result being that three bulls were      
drafted  on ,may #bbnd1 #acgg1 and      
despatched to ,england1 one being       
addressed  to ,simon ,sudbury1          
,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and ,william
 ,courtenay1  ,bishop of ,london1       
another being addressed to the ,king1   
and the third  to the ,university of    
,oxford4 ,these bulls expressed the     
surprise of his  ,holiness that such a  
fearful heresy had not been at once     
suppressed1  and commanded that         
immediate steps should be taken for     
silencing the  author of it4 ,he was to 
be apprehended and shut up in prison    
until the  further orders of the ,pope  
arrived2 and all proofs and evidence of 
his  heresy were to be sent by special  
messenger to ,rome without delay4       

,these bulls1 however1 arrived too late 
to be of much use4 ,already  ,wicliffe  
had been brought to trial before the    
,bishop of ,london and his  court at    
,st4 ,paul's1 with a result not at all  
to the liking of his  ,holiness or any  
of his pious followers1 as he very soon 
discovered4    ,on ,february #aith1     
#acgg1 ,courtenay sat in ,our ,lady's   
,chapel in ,st4  ,paul's1 surrounded by 
,church dignitaries1 to hear the        
accusation  against the reformer1 a     
large and excited crowd1 favourably     
disposed  towards ,wicliffe1 howling    
outside the doors4 ,suddenly a          
disturbance  took place inside the      
chapel1 caused by ,lord ,percy and ,john
 of ,gaunt  forcing their way towards   
the reformer2 the ,bishop and his court 
were  scandalised1 and immediately      
called upon the intruders to withdraw2  
but1 instead of doing so1 ,percy quietly
 turned to ,wicliffe and politely       
requested him to be seated1 whereupon   
,courtenay became furious and  yelled   

out3 8,he must and shall stand2 it is   
unreasonable that one on  his trial     
before his ordinary should sit40 ,high  
words followed2 the  mob outside was in 
a state of fury1 and the bishops and    
clergy were  terrified4 ,the end soon   
came1 for ,john of ,gaunt1 ,duke of     
,lancaster1  stepping in front of the   
,bishop1 shouted3 8,as for you1 who are 
growing  so arrogant and proud1 ,i will 
bring down the pride1 not of you alone1 
but that of all the prelacy in          
,england10 and then declared that in a  
few moments he would drag him out of the
 court by the hair of his head4  ,this  
brought matters to a climax2 the mob    
burst into the chapel1 the  ,bishop and 
clergy fled1 and the reformer was set   
free4 ,the greatest  consternation      
prevailed among the clergy upon the news
 of this outrage  being carried through 
the country1 and for several weeks      
secret  deliberations were carried on   
for the purpose of devising some good   
plan for restoring the visibly          

decreasing prestige of the clerical     
party4    ,at last the three bulls      
arrived from ,rome1 but were1 as we have
 seen1  too late in the field2 for not  
only had the trial of ,wicliffe turned  
out a failure1 but the ,king had in the 
meantime died1 and the ,oxford  doctors 
had almost all sided with the reformer4 
,still1 the ,church  determined to      
punish ,wicliffe1 who was summoned to   
appear before  ,sudbury1 ,archbishop of 
,canterbury1 in ,lambeth ,chapel1 to    
answer charges  of heresy and           
insubordination2 but this trial proved  
as unfortunate for  the clergy as the   
former one1 for another angry mob       
besieged the chapel  and demanded the   
release of the reformer1 in addition to 
which ,sir  ,lewis ,clifford arrived in 
haste from the ,queen to forbid the     
bishops  passing any sentence upon      
,wicliffe4 ,this was indeed a surprise  
for  their reverences1 who precipitately
 left the chapel and reached their      
homes in the best way they could4 ,all  

this had a great effect upon  the minds 
of the people both in ,england and on   
the ,continent2 for the  ,pope and his  
satellites had not only been attacked1  
but1 what was more  amazing1 they had   
suffered an unparalleled defeat2 and the
 probability  was that the discontented 
of ,france and ,italy would follow the  
example  of the ,english reformer and   
attempt to put into practice the        
theories  of ,arnold and ,abelard4 ,the 
times certainly looked black for the    
,church2  but an event happened shortly 
afterwards which added still more to the
  general dismay of the clericals1 and  
was near being the end of the  ,papacy4 
,pope ,gregory ,,xi4 died on ,march     
#bgth1 #acgh1 at the ,vatican1 where he 
had  arrived shortly before from his    
beautiful residence at ,avignon2 and    
the ,italian clergy1 fearing that the   
next pope would also take up his        
residence in ,france1 determined to     
exert every effort to place upon the    
vacant chair of ,st4 ,peter an ,italian 

who would be likely to remain at  the   
,vatican4 ,at this time the sacred      
college consisted of twenty-two         
cardinals1 twelve of whom were ,french1 
so that it would have been  an easy     
matter for the ,french majority to elect
 a ,french pope2 but  the clamour1 not  
only of the clergy1 but of the laity of 
,rome1 was so  great that the majority  
did not avail themselves of their       
opportunity1  and allowed the           
,archbishop of ,bari1 a ,neapolitan1 to 
be nominated and  unanimously elected to
 the vacant see1 under the title of     
,urban ,,vi4 ,not  many weeks passed    
away before the ,french majority began  
to repent their  haste1 and ended by    
publicly excommunicating ,pope ,urban   
,,vi41 calling  him apostate and        
antichrist1 and electing in his stead1  
on ,september  #bast1 ,robert of        
,geneva1 under the title of ,clement    
,,vii4 ,the ,italian  bishops and clergy
 stood by the ,pope of their choice1 who
 resided at  the ,vatican1 while the    

,french bishops and clergy bowed        
allegiance only  to their ,pope1 who    
took up his residence at the old papal  
palace at  ,avignon2 and thus it        
happened that for the first time in the 
history  of the ,church there were two  
popes at the same time1 each pouring    
forth his anathemas at the other1 and   
each declaring himself to be  the       
divinely-ordained vicar of ,christ on   
earth4 ,owing to this schism1  ,wicliffe
 was allowed to preach his heresy       
without let or hindrance1 for  the whole
 of ,europe was in a constant ferment1  
and the bishops could  ill bestow time  
upon such an insignificant person when  
two such lofty  individuals were        
attracting the attention of both clergy 
and laity4    ,for forty years these    
rival popes and their successors carried
 on a  perpetual warfare1 both with the 
sword and the pen1 ,pope ,urban being   
succeeded in turn by ,pope ,boniface    
,,ix41 ,pope ,innocent ,,vii41 and ,pope
  ,gregory ,,xii41 and ,pope ,clement by

 ,pope ,benedict ,,xiii4 ,during this   
time  there were not wanting men who    
were bold enough to turn to account this
  papal schism in the interest of       
reform4 ,wicliffe was working silently  
but steadily in ,england1 and actually  
had the audacity to render the  ,bible  
in the vulgar tongue1 so that the people
 could read it in the  churches1 the    
thing of all others that the popes and  
the cardinals  dreaded1 for they well   
knew that1 as soon as the ,bible was    
read and  understood1 the authority of  
the ,church would gradually wane1 and   
eventually cease to exist at all4 ,in   
vain did the popes thunder forth  their 
curses upon ,wicliffe's venerable head1 
for was not the whole  of ,europe at    
that very time discussing more or less  
fiercely the very  question as to which 
of the two holy ones was really ,pope8  
,of what use  was it that he of ,avignon
 denounced ,wicliffe1 when half of      
,christendom  denied his right to the   
papal chair8 ,he of ,rome was in        

precisely the  same position1 so that   
the high-sounding anathemas fell but    
lightly on  the old reformer2 but it was
 far otherwise with the heretical       
teachings  which called forth the papal 
curses2 for they were carried into the  
most remote corners of ,europe1 causing 
quite a sensation among the  hitherto   
loyal servants of the ,church4 ,jerome  
of ,prague1 in the year  #adjj1 just    
sixteen years after ,wicliffe's death1  
carried across the  channel a large     
assortment of ,wicliffe's writings1 and 
immediately  commenced to carry on the  
work of the great reformer in ,europe1  
challenging the doctors of ,paris and   
,vienna on his way home4 ,uniting  with 
,john ,huss1 a ,professor of ,prague    
,university1 he attacked with  great    
violence the ,papacy1 declaring that the
 very fact of the head of  the ,church  
being split into two was sufficient to  
destroy for ever the  notion of papal   
infallibility4 ,things had now arrived  
at such a pass  that the doctors of the 

,sorbonne in ,paris made a desperate    
attempt to  settle the difficulty4 ,for 
fifteen years past they had been urging 
the two popes to resign simultaneously1 
so that one successor to both  could be 
unanimously elected1 and the dispute    
thus settled2 but neither  party would  
yield an inch4 ,at last1 in #adji1      
driven to desperation by  the effect    
produced by ,wicliffe's writings1 and by
 the bold preaching  of ,huss and       
,jerome1 the ,council of ,pisa deposed  
both popes1 and  elected a third--viz41 
,balthazar ,corsa1 who assumed the title
 of ,pope  ,john ,,xxiii4 and took up   
his residence at ,bologna4 ,the two     
deposed  pontiffs1 however1 refused to  
recognise the decree of the ,council1   
the  consequence being that1 instead of 
there being two popes1 there were       
three4 ,this strengthened the position  
of ,huss and ,jerome1 who said3 8,if  we
 must obey1 to whom is our obedience to 
be paid8 ,if all three are  infallible1 
why does not their testimony agree8 ,and

 if only one of them  is the most ,holy 
,father1 why is it that we cannot       
distinguish him from  the rest80 ,the   
,bolognan ,pope declared the ,roman     
,pope to be a heretic1  a demon1 and    
antichrist2 the ,roman ,pope entertained
 similar views about  his holy brother  
of ,bologna2 and both stigmatised the   
,avignon ,pope as  an impostor and      
schismatic2 while his ,holiness of      
,avignon had as much  affection for his 
two holy brethren as they had for him4  
,another ,council was held at ,constance
 in #adah1 at which all three           
,holinesses were deposed1 excellent     
precautions being at the same  time     
taken to ensure the proper carrying out 
of the sentences4 ,otho  ,colonna was   
then elected to the chair of ,st4       
,peter1 as ,martin ,v41 and  the schism 
at last put an end to4 ,but at what a   
cost had this schism  been kept up for  
forty years6 ,people had begun to       
seriously question  the right of the    
popes to claim infallibility2 many were 

now in the  habit of daily reading the  
,bible1 and some had even dared to      
search  ancient authors for fuller      
information respecting the establishment
 of  ,christianity4 ,unless these three 
ulcers were immediately cauterised and  
effectively effaced1 the ,church must   
fall from its high position1 as  the    
holy ones at the ,vatican well knew4    
,accordingly1 the ,inquisition  was     
brought into service of the ,pope1 to   
put a stop to the insolence  of those   
who dared to assail the dogma of        
infallibility1 and who had  been guilty 
of the blasphemy of reading the ,bible4 
,huss and ,jerome  had already been     
burnt at the stake4 ,in addition to     
this1 large sums  of money were offered 
for freshly-discovered ,,mss4 of the    
ancients1 in  order that all the        
evidence it was possible to collect     
together might  be available in case of 
emergency4 ,these means were very       
effectual2  for troublesome people1 who 
had inquiring minds or who had learnt to

  read and write1 were quickly          
despatched to a happier land by the     
agents  of the ,inquisition1 while the  
money offered for newly-discovered      
,,mss4  acted like magic in causing old 
musty writings to turn up in every      
direction4    ,while the ,council of    
,constance was being held for the       
purpose of  electing one pope1 and one  
only1 to sit in the chair of ,st4       
,peter1  ,henry ,beaufort1 ,bishop of   
,winchester1 second son of ,john of     
,gaunt1 ,duke  of ,lancaster1 happened  
to pass through the town1 and took      
advantage  of the opportunity thus      
offered him to attend the sittings1     
where he  made the acquaintance of many1
 among whom was ,boggio ,bracciolini1   
one of the ,papal ,secretaries4 ,a      
friendship soon sprang up between  the  
two1 which resulted in ,bracciolini     
returning to ,england with              
,bishop--afterwards                     
,cardinal--,beaufort1 in the autumn of  
#adah4 ,after a  year or two spent with 

,beaufort1 the late ,secretary became   
dissatisfied  with his lot1 complaining 
bitterly in his letters to his friend1  
,niccolo ,niccoli1 of the many          
unfulfilled promises of the ,cardinal4  
,at  last he was offered1 and duly      
accepted1 a small living of #abj florins
 a  year1 which he soon afterwards      
exchanged for one worth #dj a year1 and 
having fewer duties attached to it1     
which gave him more leisure time  for   
study1 and1 consequently1 made him      
considerably happier1 for his  passion  
for studying ancient authors was as     
intense as his knowledge of  the classic
 languages was profound4    ,in a very  
short time1 however1 he became again    
dissatisfied with his  lot1 and begged  
the ,cardinal to supply him with an     
honorary canonry1 so  that he might     
visit ,italy and prosecute his studies1 
at the same time  that he drew a snug   
little salary from ,england4 ,he was not
 successful1  for the ,cardinal probably
 had many such applications1 and found  

more  suitable objects upon which to    
bestow his favours4    ,just at this    
time the rage for finding old ,,mss4    
increased enormously1  owing to the     
large sums of money given by the        
,vatican to the lucky  finders1 who1 as 
a rule1 were simply villains of the monk
 type and the  most impudent forgers4   
,bracciolini1 whose passion for money   
was even  greater than his passion for  
knowledge1 bitterly bewailed his fate1  
and longed for an opportunity to turn   
his wits to account1 and thus  secure   
some of the fine prizes which were being
 so lavishly bestowed  by his ,holiness 
upon indigent ,italian and ,hungarian   
monks4 ,while he  was despairing of any 
such good fortune turning up he         
unexpectedly  received from ,piero      
,lamberteschi of ,florence1 agent to    
,cosmo de ,medici1  an offer which      
greatly gratified him1 and which he     
could plainly  see emanated in the first
 instance from his old friend ,niccoli4 
,the  nature of this offer was1 for     

obvious reasons1 kept strictly secret2  
but1 from a perusal of some of the      
letters which passed between            
,bracciolini and ,niccoli1 no doubt now 
exists that it was really a  proposal   
that ,bracciolini should enter into     
retirement and forge an  introduction to
 the 8,history0 of ,tacitus1 for which  
work he would  be paid #ejj gold        
sequins1 equivalent to upwards of       
#aj1jjj4 ,niccoli  strongly urged his   
friend to accept the offer1 and         
,bracciolini1 in  reply1 8thinks he will
 follow his advice20 but the venture was
 such  a daring one that #ejj sequins   
appeared to him insufficient2 so he     
wrote again to ,niccoli about this      
8suggestion0 and 8offer0 made by        
,lamberteschi1 who1 he states1 8will    
endeavour to procure for me in  three   
years #ejj gold sequins4 ,if he will    
make it #fjj1 ,i will at once  close    
with his proposal4 ,he holds forth      
sanguine hopes about several  future    
profitable contingencies1 which1 ,i am  

inclined to believe1 may  probably be   
realised2 yet it is more prudent to     
covenant for something  certain than to 
depend on hope alone4444 ,i like the    
occupation to  which he has invited me1 
and hope ,i shall be able to produce    
something  worth reading2 but for this  
purpose1 as ,i tell him in my letters1  
,i require the retirement and leisure   
that are necessary for literary  work40 
,an arrangement was eventually arrived  
at1 and it was definitely  settled that 
,bracciolini should leave ,england and  
go to ,hungary1 in  which country it was
 popularly believed were to be found    
lost literary  treasures4 ,still1       
,bracciolini had his doubts about the   
due payment of  the money1 and1 as he   
was about to give up a living in        
,england1 he was  anxious to have some  
security for the money promised by      
,lamberteschi1  for we find him writing 
to ,niccoli as follows3 8,you know well 
how ,i  prefer liberty and literary     
leisure to the other things which the   

vast  majority hold in the highest      
estimation and make the objects of their
  ambition4444 ,if ,i were to see that  
,i should get that which our friend     
,piero expects1 ,i would go not only to 
the end of ,europe1 but as far  as the  
wilds of ,tartary1 especially as ,i     
should have the opportunity  of paying  
attention to ,greek literature1 which it
 is my desire to  devour with avidity1  
were it but to avoid those wretched     
translations1  which so torment me that 
there is more pain in reading than      
pleasure  in acquiring knowledge40 ,he  
then wrote3 8,if ,i undertake a journey 
to ,hungary1 it will be unknown to      
everybody but a few1 and down the       
throats of these ,i shall cram all sorts
 of speeches1 since ,i will  pretend ,i 
have come from here ,england40          
,apparently matters were soon           
satisfactorily arranged2 for1 from this 
time1 ,bracciolini commenced to prepare 
for his forgery4 ,he made good  use of  
the library of ,cardinal ,beaufort1 and 

searched everywhere for  old writers    
from whom he could gather information   
respecting the old  ,roman empire2 and1 
finally1 made arrangements for quitting 
,england4 ,in  a letter to ,niccoli1    
dated ,london1 ,july #agth1 #adbj1 he   
says that he  has 8skimmed over         
,aristotle during the spring of the     
year1 not for the  purpose of studying  
him then1 but reading and seeing what   
there was  in each of his works40 ,he   
had found that sort of 8perusal not     
wholly  unprofitable1 as he had learnt  
something every day1 superficially      
though it might be1 from understanding  
,aristotle in his own language1  where  
he found him in the words of translators
 either incomprehensible  or            
nonsensical40 ,it was arranged between  
the three friends that  ,bracciolini    
should repair at once to ,italy1 where  
consultations could  be held frequently1
 8to deliberate fully what was best to  
be done20 so1  after vainly attempting  
to dispose of his living1 ,bracciolini  

finally  departed for ,france1 en route 
for ,italy4 ,before doing so1 however1  
he wrote to ,niccoli1 expressing his    
fear that the forgery he had  undertaken
 was too great a toil for him1 but      
declaring his intention  to proceed at  
all hazards4 ,he says3 8,i want you to  
have no distrust2  give me the leisure  
and the time for writing that history1  
and ,i  will do something you will      
approve4 ,my heart is in the work1      
though ,i  question my powers 444 ,i    
have not for four years devoted any     
attention  to literature1 nor read a    
single book that can be considered well 
written--as you may judge from these    
letters of mine1 which are not what     
they used to be2 but ,i shall soon get  
back into my old manner4 ,when ,i       
reflect on the merits of the ancient    
writers of history1 ,i recoil with  fear
 from the undertaking1 though1 when ,i  
consider what are writers  of the       
present day1 ,i recover some confidence 
in the hope that1 if ,i  strive with all

 my might1 ,i shall be inferior to few  
of them40 ,a few  days afterwards he    
wrote his last letter from ,england to  
,niccoli on  ,june #beth1 #adbb1 still  
expressing fear about the ultimate      
result1 and  especially the payment3    
8,if ,lamberteschi would only place     
something  certain before us1 which we  
could adopt or approve10 he wrote2 and  
8,how  heartily ,i hope that            
,lamberteschi will do what would be     
agreeable to us  both40    ,arrived in  
,rome1 ,bracciolini was offered and     
accepted the post of  ,principal        
,secretary to the ,pope1 and1           
consequently1 did not go1 as  previously
 arranged1 to ,hungary1 but set himself 
to work instead1  examining the old     
,,mss4 in the ,vatican ,library1 for    
which he had ample  time1 as his new    
post was almost a sinecure4 ,he also    
wrote to his  friend ,niccoli on ,may   
#aeth1 #adbc1 asking him to forward to  
him without  the least delay all his    
notes and extracts from the various     

books which  he had read2 after         
receiving which he commenced in earnest 
his labour4  ,he had not worked long1   
however1 before he discovered what an   
arduous  task he had undertaken1 and    
again fear overcame him lest he should  
find  himself unequal to the effort2    
but1 pulling himself together again1 he 
determined once more to keep up his     
courage and persevere to the end1  the  
gold sequins probably acting as a       
stimulus to him4    ,writing to his     
friend ,niccoli on ,october #hth1 #adbc1
 he says that 8  beginnings of any kind 
are arduous and difficult20 and         
continues3 8,what  the ancients did     
pleasantly1 quickly1 and easily1 is to  
me troublesome1  tedious1 and           
burdensome40 ,in another letter to      
,niccoli1 dated ,rome1  ,november #fth1 
#adbc1 he begs his friend to make every 
effort to procure  for him some map of  
,ptolemy's 8,geography10 and not to     
forget ,suetonius  and the other        
historians1 above all ,plutarch's       

8,lives of ,illustrious  ,men40    ,for 
upwards of three years after this period
 ,bracciolini shut himself  up with his 
papers1 extracts1 maps1 etc41 and worked
 steadily and  laboriously at his task1 
and1 at the end of that time1 had       
completed  the first instalment of his  
forgery4 ,the next part of the process  
was  to find a suitable place in which  
the forged ,,ms4 could be discovered2   
consequently1 ,bracciolini and ,niccoli 
put their heads together in             
consultation1 finally settling upon     
,hirschfeldt1 a small ,saxon town  on   
the borders of ,bohemia1 which was      
celebrated for an old abbey of  the     
,benedictine monks4 ,bracciolini had    
accidentally met with one of  the monks 
from this place in ,rome1 and had       
managed to place this man  under an     
obligation to him2 so1 finding that he  
was needy1 ignorant1  and stupid1 he    
determined to make use of him for       
producing his ,,ms4 to  the public4     
,speaking of this monk in one of his    

letters to ,niccoli1 he  says3 8,the    
good fellow1 who has not our            
attainments1 thought that we  were      
equally ignorant of what he found he did
 not know himself40 ,to  this ignorant  
fellow he gave a long list of books that
 he wished him  to hunt up in the ,abbey
 library1 including a copy of ,tacitus1 
telling  him to send a full description 
of each as soon as found4 ,the object   
of this was to find out whether the     
,abbey possessed a copy of ,tacitus  in 
the oldest writing possible1 which could
 be used as a guide to the  transcriber 
of the forgery2 and the reason of giving
 such a long list  was to throw the monk
 off the scent4    ,with all their      
precautions1 however1 their scheme was  
all but  discovered in the summer of    
#adbg1 for we find ,bracciolini1 on     
,september  #beth of that year1 writing 
to ,niccoli that1 8when ,tacitus came1  
he  would keep it a secret2 that he knew
 all the tittle-tattle that was  going  
on--whence it came1 through whom1 and   

how it was got up2 but that  he need    
have no fear1 for that not a syllable   
should escape him4444  ,i hear nothing  
of the ,tacitus that is in ,germany4 ,i 
am expecting an  answer from the monk40 
,from this it would appear that the monk
 had not  yet supplied the information  
about the books2 but1 in the following  
,october1 ,niccoli had forwarded to     
,bracciolini an old copy of ,tacitus    
that he had become possessed of4        
,bracciolini1 however1 returned it at   
once1 saying that it was so badly       
damaged as to be illegible to an        
ordinary transcriber1 and continuing3   
8,take care1 therefore1 that ,i  have   
another1 if it can be done2 but you can 
do it1 if you will strive  your         
utmost4444 ,you have sent me the book   
without the parchment4 ,i know  not the 
state of mind you were in when you did  
this1 except that you  were as mad as a 
,march hare4 ,for what book can be      
transcribed if there  be not the        
parchment8 ,have a care to it1 then1 and

 also to a second  manuscript2 but1     
above all1 keep in mind the vellum40    
,after a while the  parchment arrived1  
together with an old copy of ,tacitus   
that could be  easily read by a         
transcriber2 and then all was silence   
again for about  a year4 ,during this   
period the old monk was busily engaged  
transcribing  the forged writings into  
very ancient characters1 using the old  
copy of  ,tacitus supplied by ,niccoli  
as an example of style1 the forgery     
being  intended as an introduction to   
the 8,history40    ,on ,september #aath1
 #adbh1 ,bracciolini was evidently      
becoming impatient  with the work1 for  
he wrote to ,niccoli as follows3 8,not a
 word of  ,cornelius ,tacitus from      
,germany2 nor have ,i heard thence any  
further  news of his work40 ,then1      
again1 he writes ,february #bfth1 #adbi3
 8,the  ,hirschfeldt monk has come      
without the book1 and ,i gave him a     
sound  rating for it4 ,he has given me  
his assurance that he will be back again

  soon1 for he is carrying on a suit    
about his abbey in the law courts1  and 
will bring the book4 ,he made heavy     
demands upon me2 but ,i told him  ,i    
would do nothing for him until ,i have  
the book2 ,i am1 therefore1  in hopes   
that ,i shall have it1 as he is in need 
of my good offices40  ,the book at      
length arrived1 and ,bracciolini wrote  
to ,niccoli that1 so  far as he was     
himself concerned1 everything was 8now  
complete with  respect to the ,little   
,work1 concerning which he would1 on    
some future  opportunity1 write to him2 
and1 at the same time1 send it to him to
  read1 in order to get his opinion of  
it40    ,so the forgery was complete1   
and there can be no doubt that          
,bracciolini  from this date was a rich 
man1 living in his own villa at         
,valdarno in  ,tuscany4 ,the forged     
writings were handed over to ,cosmo de  
,medici in  return for #ejj gold        
sequins1 according to arrangement1 and  
remained  in the ,library at ,florence  

ever after4 ,it was not1 however1       
published  before #adfh1 when ,johannes 
de ,spire produced what are now known as
 the  last six books of the 8,annals0 of
 ,tacitus1 which he declared had been   
copied from an 7imaginary7 original in  
,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 but which  we now
 know were really copied from the       
forgery of ,bracciolini1 in  possession 
of the ,medicis at ,florence4    ,what  
are now known as the first six books of 
the 8,annals0 did not make  their       
appearance until #aead1 and most        
probably had also been forged  by       
,bracciolini immediately after he had   
finished the last six books4  ,the      
delight of the clergy at the sudden and 
unexpected discovery of  these hitherto 
altogether unknown writings knew no     
bounds2 for they  now possessed the most
 precious heathen testimony to the      
sufferings  of the early ,christians on 
account of their religion1 which would  
form a valuable addition to the evidence
 in course of collection by  pious monks

 intended to show forth clearly and     
indisputably the divine  origin of      
,christianity4 ,the wily ,pope knew well
 enough the enormous  value of such a   
record as this2 for it was quite evident
 that a vein  of scepticism was         
permeating every class of society1 in   
spite of the  vigilance of the          
,inquisitioners4    ,the reformers who  
succeeded ,wicliffe1 ,jerome1 and ,huss 
had been waxing  bolder day by day1 and 
had even repulsed a large army sent     
against  them by his ,holiness and led  
by ,cardinal ,cesarini and a host of    
,german  princes1 since which they had  
boldly and openly preached against the  
papal supremacy1 and were in many       
districts publicly distributing  copies 
of the writings of ,aristotle and       
,averroes4 ,the ,church and the  ,papacy
 were thus in real and imminent danger1 
for hitherto the people  had believed   
whatever the priests had told them1     
whereas now they  appeared determined to
 investigate the whole matter themselves

 and  to dispense with the services of  
the priestly mediator4 ,at such a  time 
the discovery of the 8,annals0 came as a
 windfall to the ,church2  every one    
apparently accepting them as having been
 originally written  by ,tacitus2 and   
every author1 from this time forward1   
quoted them  repeatedly4 ,the strangest 
thing about the affair is that no one   
even  thought of questioning the        
genuineness of the writings1 especially 
when it must have been well known that  
not one historian or writer1  from the  
time of ,tacitus1 who lived in the first
 century1 down to  the end of the       
fifteenth century1 when the 8,annals0   
7so-called for  the first time by       
,beatus ,rhenanus in #aecc7 were        
discovered1 had ever  once quoted or    
even referred to them2 not even         
,christian writers had  as much as once 
noticed them1 which they could not have 
failed to do  had such valuable evidence
 of the sufferings of their brethren    
really  existed4 ,besides the 8,annals0 

other ,,mss4 were produced by pious     
monks and passed off as ancient         
writings1 until at length the ,vatican  
and other papal libraries were literally
 swarming with them2 but all  these     
writings paled into insignificance      
before such a record as the  8,annals10 
which was destined henceforth to be the 
chief evidence in  support of           
,christianity4 ,together with the       
passages in the writings  of ,josephus1 
which were forged beyond doubt by       
,eusebius1 ,bishop of  ,csarea1 and the 
doubtful letter of the younger ,pliny to
 the ,emperor  ,trajan1 which time most 
assuredly will prove to be as great a   
forgery  as the other two1 the ,church  
had now heathen testimony in abundance  
to  prove that the religion was divinely
 instituted and that many suffered      
death in defence of it4 ,neither        
,averroism nor ,arianism could shake    
this  testimony1 which would be a       
powerful prop to the religion for       
centuries  to come4 ,it remained for    

,dr4 ,lardner and others1 in the        
commencement of  last century1 to expose
 the forgery in ,josephus2 to the       
present century  has been reserved the  
honour of unveiling the real authorship 
of the  forged 8,annals0 of ,tacitus2   
and to future searchers after truth is  
left  the duty of discovering the real  
perpetrator of the forged letter which  
has hitherto been known as from ,pliny  
to ,trajan4    ,if any one should still 
doubt that ,bracciolini forged the      
8,annals10  let me recommend him to     
carefully read a work entitled 8,tacitus
 and  ,bracciolini10 and published by   
,messrs4 ,diprose  ,bateman1 of         
,lincoln's  ,inn ,fields1 ,london1 in   
which will be found the most convincing 
proofs  that ,bracciolini1 and no other 
than he1 was the real author of the     
work4 ,in that able indictment1 from    
which ,i have drawn extensively  for    
this essay1 the writings and            
peculiarities of both ,tacitus and      
,bracciolini have been most carefully   

detailed1 with the result that  no one  
can help arriving at the conclusion that
 one person could  not have written both
 the 8,history0 and the 8,annals20 that 
,tacitus  could not possibly have       
written the 8,annals10 owing to         
chronological  difficulties2 and that   
suspicion points so forcibly to         
,bracciolini as  the author that it     
almost amounts to positive proof4       
,what ,i have endeavoured to show is    
7#a7 that1 owing to the teachings of    
,abelard1 ,arnold1 ,wicliffe1 ,jerome1  
,huss1 and other fifteenth-century      
reformers1 the authority of the ,church 
and the very existence of  ,christianity
 were seriously menaced2 7#b7 that1 on  
account of the  failure of the          
,inquisition to stem the current of     
scepticism1 large  sums of money were   
offered for the discovery of ancient    
writings which  would bear testimony to 
the divine authority of the ,church and 
the  divine establishment of            
,christianity2 7#c7 that1 in consequence

 of this  bribe1 shoals of writings were
 forged by needy monks and scholars1    
and attributed to ancient authors2 and  
7#d7 that among these forgeries  were   
the 8,annals0 of ,tacitus1 which were   
composed by ,bracciolini and  re-written
 by the ,hirschfeldt monk in a style as 
nearly as possible  like a very old copy
 of the 8,history0 of ,tacitus1 which   
was supplied to  him as a guide4        
,,creation ,,and ,,fall4      ,the one  
great differential mark between man and 
the brutes is  his higher development of
 brain power1 by which he is enabled to 
discriminate between right and wrong1 or
 good and evil1 and thus to  improve his
 bodily and social condition4 ,the      
individual who obstinately  refuses to  
avail himself of the great mental power 
within him not only  deprives himself of
 the greatest pleasure in life1 but also
 allows  himself to sink to the level of
 the brutes from which he evolved1      
exhibiting at the same time a gross want
 of gratitude to the being  who endowed 

him with so lofty an attribute4 ,on the 
other hand1 he who  cultivates his      
mental faculties1 and uses them for his 
own improvement  and advancement1 and   
also that of his fellows1 fulfils the   
highest  mission of man1 and continually
 shows his deep gratitude to his        
mysterious benefactor4    ,to think is  
the grandest faculty of man4 ,to think  
logically and  well ought to be his     
noblest aspiration4 ,to prevent1 by any 
means  whatever1 the individual from    
exercising his right to think1 and from 
giving expression to his thoughts1 is a 
direct outrage upon the great  author of
 us all1 upon the individual himself1   
and also upon the  whole human race4    
,the greatest thinker of modern times1  
,john ,stuart  ,mill1 says1 8,the       
peculiar evil of silencing the          
expression of an  opinion is that it is 
robbing the human race1 posterity as    
well as the  existing generation2 those 
who dissent from the opinion still more 
than those who hold it4 ,if the opinion 

is right they are deprived of  the      
opportunity of exchanging error for     
truth2 if wrong1 they lose  what is     
almost as great a benefit1 the clearer  
perception and livelier  impression of  
truth1 produced by its collision with   
error4 ,no one can  be a great thinker  
who does not recognise that1 as a       
thinker1 it is  his first duty to follow
 his intellect to whatever conclusions  
it may  lead4 ,truth gains more even by 
the errors of one who with due study    
and preparation thinks for himself1 than
 by the true opinions of those  who only
 hold them because they do not suffer   
themselves to think 444  complete       
liberty of contradicting and disproving 
our opinion is the  very condition which
 justifies us in assuming its truth for 
purposes of  action2 and on no other    
terms can a being with human faculties  
have any  rational assurance of being   
right40    ,we claim the right to think 
upon any and every subject1 and also to 
express our thoughts before the world1  

in spite of the menace held out  to us  
by those whose interests conflict with  
any honest expression of  opinion4      
,there is no tribunal but that of reason
 to which we possibly  can submit any   
theory or proposition4 ,to talk of faith
 as opposed to  reason is to speak      
without seriously thinking4 ,such faith 
is but a  weird phantom that haunts the 
irresolute and credulous unthinker1 but 
which really has no existence at all4 ,a
 man may say that he believes  something
 entirely opposed to reason1 but he     
deceives himself1 for it  is quite      
impossible to believe what does not     
appear to the mind to be  in accordance 
with reason4 ,such a man accepts1 but   
does not believe4  ,we have faith in the
 existence of the island of ,otaheite1  
although  we have never been there      
ourselves4 ,geographers tell us that    
such an  island exists on the other side
 of the world2 and we have full faith   
in such an existence1 because it is in  
accordance with reason4 ,but if  we were

 told that the king of ,otaheite had    
never been born1 but had1  like ,topsy1 
#8grow'd1' or that he and his subjects1 
instead of talking1  crowed like cocks1 
or brayed like donkeys1 we should not   
believe it1  because it would be        
contrary to reason4 ,sensible and       
thoughtful people  will1 therefore1 not 
accept anything as truth that does not  
accord with  reason and ,i ask you      
tonight to follow me in my endeavour to 
submit the  two important dogmas of my  
lecture to the test of reason1 in the   
full  belief that you are as anxious as 
myself to arrive at a reasonable and    
true conclusion regarding them4    ,the 
doctrines of the creation and fall are1 
as it were1 the foundations  upon which 
the huge superstructure of ,christianity
 has been founded4  ,take away these    
fundamental doctrines1 and the whole    
fabric totters  to the ground2 for      
without a fall there can be no possible 
need for a  redemption1 and the         
etceteras of the religion1 such as the  

miraculous  conception and ascension1   
baptism1 and the eucharistic feast1     
vanish  into thin air as vain           
imaginations and things of naught4      
,it cannot be too clearly and forcibly  
insisted upon that no fall  necessitates
 no redemption1 for the proposition is  
self-evident1 and  thus incapable of    
contradiction4 ,if1 therefore1 we find  
the story of  the creation and fall1 as 
given to us in the first three chapters 
of ,genesis1 to be credible and         
reasonable1 then our duty1 upon  another
 occasion1 will be to examine the       
evidence for and against the  subsequent
 theories of the religion1 in order to  
discover whether they  also are credible
 and reasonable4 ,if1 on the other hand1
 we find the  story to be incredible and
 absurd1 it will be our duty to reject  
the  whole ,christian scheme that has   
emanated from it4 ,our business at the  
present time is with these fundamental  
doctrines of creation and the  fall1 and
 our sole object is the elucidation of  

the truth1 no matter  whether it should 
be palatable or not to our minds4 ,no   
sensible man  can desire to retain that 
which is not true1 for no system that is
 not  founded on truth can be of any    
permanent service to the human race1 but
  must on the contrary produce most     
pernicious results4    ,having thus     
clearly explained my premisses1 ,i shall
 now proceed to the  examination of the 
first three chapters of ,genesis1 and   
shall divide  my text into the two      
natural divisions suggested in the      
authorised  version4 ,the first chapter 
and first three verses of the second    
chapter  contain what is known as the   
,elohistic narrative1 so called on      
account  of the deity being throughout  
designated ,elohim--1 the plural of     
,eloh 771 or ,elyah 771 a compound word 
made up of ,el 771 a  ram1 and ,yah 771 
an abbreviation of ,yahouh 771 the      
future tense  of the verb ,hahouh 771 to
 be4 ,eloh literally means #8the ram    
will  be1' and is used to signify the   

ram-sun1 the sun-god1 or the sun in  the
 zodiacal sign ,aries1 at the vernal    
equinox2 the plural form1  ,elohim1     
being used to signify the ram-suns1 or  
the six summer months of  the year1 in  
which the ram and the sun are together1 
from equinox to  equinox4 ,el signifies 
ram1 or god1 alone1 or without the sun1 
in the  winter period1 and is always    
used to designate the evil principle1   
the  wicked god1 or the winter period1  
in contradistinction to ,eloh1 the      
ram-sun of the vernal equinox1 and      
,elohim1 the ram-suns of the summer     
months1 the good principle1 or the good 
gods4 ,in this first narrative  of the  
creation ,elohim is rendered #8,god' in 
the authorised version1  though in other
 parts of the ,bible it is rendered     
#8gods1' #8men1' or  #8angels4' ,the    
remainder of the second and the third   
chapters contain  the second1 or        
,jehovistic narrative1 so called on     
account of the deity  being designated  
throughout1 ,yahouh1 or ,jehovah 7so    

pronounced by  ,christians7 ,elohim 7 71
 rendered in the authorised version     
#8the ,lord ,god4' ,that these two      
accounts were not written by one person 
will become clear enough as we proceed  
in our examination1 in which the        
rendering of the authorised version will
 be strictly adhered to4    ,according  
to the first narrative1 god 7,elohim7   
created the heavens and  the earth and  
all they contain in six ordinary days1  
and rested from  his work on the seventh
 day4 ,it has been asserted by some     
zealous but  not over scrupulous        
,christians that days of twenty four    
hours' duration  were not meant by the  
writer1 but that the word  7day7        
signifies an  enormous lapse of time2   
but it is quite clear to anyone with    
average  intelligence that an ordinary  
day was meant1 or else there would have 
been no use in saying that the evening  
and the morning were the first  day4    
,moreover1 we are distinctly told in    
,exodus ,,xx4 #aj1 #aa1 that we  are to 

keep the seventh day as a holiday1 8for 
in six days the ,lord  made heaven and  
earth1 the sea and all that is in them1 
and rested the  seventh day40 ,we       
therefore have here the creation of the 
world1 with  day and night1 but no sun1 
in one day1 which we must admit at once 
is  an absurdity1 for it is beyond all  
doubt scientifically proved that  this  
world could never have existed for one  
moment without the sun  round which it  
revolves1 and our common sense tells us 
plainly that  without a sun there could 
never have been days and nights1 or     
evenings  and mornings4    ,on the      
second day we are told that god created 
the firmament1 and  called it heaven1   
and that this firmament separated the   
waters above  from those below1 which   
clearly proves that the writer had no   
other  conception of the universe than  
that it was limited above to the height 
of the clouds1 and bounded below by the 
earth itself4 ,the third day  was set   
apart for the gathering together of the 

waters into seas and  rivers1 and for   
the creation of the vegetable kingdom1  
which again is  contradictory of all    
known scientific facts1 for there was   
still no  sun in existence4 ,at last1 on
 the fourth day1 the sun was created1 as
  also the moon and stars1 all being    
placed in the firmament1 between  the   
clouds and the earth1 for the sole      
purpose of acting as lamps and  marking 
time for this world4 ,the writer        
evidently imagined that the  only object
 of the heavenly orbs is to light up    
this world1 to divide  our day from our 
night1 and to limit our seasons1 being1 
apparently1  ignorant of the fact that  
our days and seasons are regulated by   
the  motions of the earth itself1 quite 
irrespective of the movements of the    
celestial bodies4 ,he was also clearly  
under the impression that the sun  was1 
after our earth1 the largest body in the
 universe1 the moon being  next1 and the
 stars the smallest2 whereas the sun is 
five hundred times  larger than the     

earth and all the planets and their     
moons put together2  while the earth is 
about forty nine times larger in bulk   
than the moon2  and some of the stars   
are immensely larger than our sun1 and  
all of  them1 moreover1 suns themselves4
    ,it is sufficiently evident from    
this account that the world had been in 
existence for three days and three      
nights before the sun was made1 and     
that vegetation had in the meantime been
 produced1 which is1 we know1  an       
absurdity4 ,there are some ingenious    
individuals who have declared  that this
 is quite possible1 for there are1 they 
say1 lights that are  unconnected with  
the sun1 and that the writer evidently  
alluded to  these faint glimmerings2 but
 ,i assert confidently that1 leaving out
 of  the question the light derived from
 the stars1 so far as we know from      
science1 there is no light known which  
is not either directly produced  from   
the sun1 or a reflection of the sun's   
light from some other object4    ,on the

 fifth day were created fishes1 birds1  
and mammals in the form  of whales4 ,now
 there has been so far no creation of   
land animals  except birds1 and yet the 
writer declares that whales were made1  
being  clearly quite ignorant of the    
fact that whales are not true fishes1   
but  mammals1 belonging to the          
sub-kingdom ,mammalia1 to which belong  
also  horses1 cows1 apes and men4       
,whales were not evolved until long     
after  creeping animals1 such as        
lizards1 serpents1 etc41 and took to the
  water again after having been1 in the 
parent form1 long accustomed to  dry    
land1 just in the same manner as did the
 walrus1 porpoise1 sea-cow1  dolphin and
 seal1 all of which are mammals4 ,it was
 not until the next  7sixth7 day that   
creeping animals were created1 according
 to ,genesis1  and yet we know well     
enough that they slowly evolved from    
molluscs1 or  soft-bodied animals1 at a 
very early period1 ages before such     
species  as whales and cattle existed4  

,on the very same day1 according to the 
narrative1 god formed an androgynous1 or
 hermaphrodite man1 having two  sexes1  
and being the fac-simile of himself4    
,many ancient races believed  that their
 god was androgynous1 and no doubt the  
writer of this account  held the same   
opinion1 regarding the good principle of
 the summer  months1 or ,elohim1 as a   
bi-sexual and reproductive deity4 ,if   
this be  not the correct view of the    
matter1 it would be interesting to know 
which of the two sexes the god of       
,genesis partakes of4    ,on the seventh
 day god rested from his work2 but we do
 not find any  record of his having done
 anything to cause fatigue1 except      
giving  utterance to his fiat day by    
day4    ,this story is so palpably      
absurd as to need no argument to prove  
it so1  were it not for the fact that   
certain crafty persons1 seeing the utter
  impossibility of reconciling it with  
science and reason1 have seen fit  to   
invent new interpretations of the       

original1 in order to give it an        
appearance of truth4 ,one sect maintains
 that the days were epochs1 and  not    
ordinary days1 which1 if it were true1  
would merely augment the  difficulty by 
making the earth to have existed1 with  
vegetation1 for  ages instead of days1  
without the sun2 but we have already    
seen that  this theory will not hold    
ground for a moment4    ,another more   
cunning class of religionists have      
propounded the  hypothesis that the     
whole story is meant to be an epitome of
 what  occurred at the origin of the    
universe and life1 and that ordinary    
days  were really meant1 and purposely  
utilised to epitomise long periods of   
time1 as was customary with ancient     
writers1 who frequently availed         
themselves of poets' licence in this    
manner4 ,this theory is prim  facie a   
plausible one1 and has1 no doubt1       
satisfied many restless and  thoughtless
 spirits amongst us2 but in reality it  
differs but little1  if at all1 from the

 preceding hypothesis1 both leaving us  
in much the  same position4 ,they       
declare that the very same order is     
maintained in  the narrative as that    
adopted by scientists2 that both agree  
that the  earth was formed first1 and   
then1 in the following order1           
vegetation1  fishes1 birds1 beasts of   
the field1 and man4 ,we know well       
enough1  however1 that the sun is       
absolutely necessary for the existence  
of the  vegetable kingdom2 that birds   
did not appear before reptiles and      
worms1  but long after them2 and that   
placental mammals made their appearance1
  not before creeping animals1 and      
kangaroos1 opossums and others of the   
marsupial species1 but many ages after  
them4    ,in direct contradiction of    
this fable in ,genesis1 we learn from   
science  that our solar system once     
existed in a condition of highly        
attenuated  nebulous vapour2 and that in
 the course of millions of years this   
huge  chaotic mass of matter1 with its  

sum of force or energy1 subject alike   
to the laws of gravitation and          
transformation1 gradually condensed1 and
  became moulded into cosmic order1     
forming in process of time a number  of 
rotating spherical nebular masses1 in a 
state of intense heat1 owing  to the    
shock of their recently united atoms4   
,these spheres gradually  cooled by     
radiation1 consequently contracting and 
becoming possessed  of a more rapid     
rotary movement1 throwing off from their
 equatorial  regions large rings of     
vapour1 which in their turn also        
condensed1 and1  under the influence of 
the same two laws1 formed separate      
spheres for  themselves4 ,thus gradually
 came into existence our sun1 planets   
and  moons4    ,in the course of time1  
as our earth cooled down1 large volumes 
of  water were precipitated on the      
surface1 causing an enormous wear and   
tear of the now solid rock of the       
earth's crust1 which eventually gave    
rise to depositions of various kinds of 

earth grits1 in layers1 one  above the  
other2 which strata have been divided by
 geologists into  periods1 according to 
various peculiarities observed in the   
course  of their deposition4 ,in the    
earliest of these periods1 owing to the 
gradual change that took place in the   
relative proportions of the  atmospheric
 gases1 and to the great decrease in    
temperature1 a peculiar  combination of 
the molecular atoms of the earth's      
substance took place1  which resulted in
 the formation of an albuminous         
substance1 called  protoplasm1          
possessing the power of absorption1     
assimilation1 and  reproduction by      
fission1 or1 in other words1 developing 
the property  called life4 ,under the   
influence of the laws of heredity and   
selection  this primordial germ of life 
gradually developed into higher and     
still higher organic forms of existence1
 from ,amb to ,gastrada1 or  molluscs   
with mouths2 next to ,vermes1 or worm   
life2 then to ,vertebrata1  or          

back-boned animals2 through fishes2     
amphibians1 living both in  and out of  
water2 reptiles1 from which eventually  
evolved birds2 and  marsupials2 up to   
placental mammals1 such as whales1      
quadrupeds1 apes  and men4 ,the gradual 
evolution of these species occupied many
 millions  of years before the date of  
the creation in ,genesis 7,b4,c4 #djjd71
  during which period the face of the   
earth underwent manifold and great      
changes4    ,now1 in the name of common 
sense and reason1 does this hypothesis  
agree with and corroborate1 as it is    
said to do by some divines1 the  #ast   
,bible story of creation1 in any manner 
at all8 ,i maintain that the  man who   
replies in the affirmative does an      
injustice to his reasoning  faculties   
and outrages the common sense of his    
fellows4 ,the theory of  creation is    
absolutely opposed to that of evolution 
on every point4    ,now let us examine  
the second narrative1 as given in the   
second and  third chapters of ,genesis4 

,here we have a direct contradiction of 
the  story in the first chapter2 for we 
are told that god created the earth1    
the heavens1 vegetation and man1 but not
 woman1 all in one day4 ,we are  also   
told that there had been no rain upon   
the earth1 and yet that  8there went up 
a mist from the earth10 which we know is
 impossible4  8,but10 say the orthodox1 
8everything is possible with god40 ,the 
reply  of the evolutionist is1 8,can    
god1 then1 make a stick with one end    
only80 ,god next planted a garden1 in   
which he placed his newly made  man1    
after giving him instructions to eat of 
every tree within it1  except the tree  
of the knowledge of good and evil1 the  
fruit of which  was not to be touched1  
and the penalty of disobedience being   
instant  death4 ,then1 in fresh         
contradiction of the first narrative1   
beasts of  the field and birds were     
created1 after man2 after which ,adam1  
the  man1 named them all2 but how he    
acquired the power of speech necessary  

for such a feat is not recorded4 ,for   
absurdity the next part of the          
narrative exceeds all that has preceded 
it4 ,god created cattle and  birds in   
abundance1 but yet could not manufacture
 a suitable partner  for the man2 so he 
adopted the strange device of taking    
from ,adam's  body1 while he slept1 one 
of his ribs1 with which he made a woman4
 ,now  it must strike every thoughtful  
man and woman that this act was the     
very acme of stupidity1 for surely it   
would have been far easier to  have     
created the woman at once by another    
fiat1 or to have created a  spare rib   
with which to make the woman4 ,to       
attribute such conduct to  the great    
author is surely the height of          
irreverence4    ,it is quite evident    
that both these stories were not written
 by one  author1 and that both cannot be
 true1 for they totally contradict each 
other1 and are written in quite         
different styles1 the deity himself     
being differently designated in each4   

,we are told by certain parties  that if
 we do not believe these stories we     
shall most certainly be  roasted for all
 eternity2 and indeed the ,new          
,testament distinctly bears  out this   
fearful fiat4 ,according to this1 every 
man in the whole world  who has been    
unfortunate enough to hear these two    
accounts read1 and  who is endowed with 
sufficient intelligence to discriminate 
between a  pop-gun and an elephant1 will
 inevitably perish2 for it is impossible
  for any sane man to believe two such  
contradictory statements4 ,it is  not   
within the power of any man to do so4   
,you might just as well demand  of a man
 that he must believe that a brick and a
 pan-cake are identical  articles4 ,he  
could not do so1 no matter how hard he  
tried4    ,compared with these fables1  
how ennobling1 grand and sublime is the 
theory of evolution4 ,we behold the     
great and mysterious energy of  universe
 operating in a manner calculated to    
inspire our minds with  wonder1 awe and 

admiration4 ,the truly marvellous       
development of  ourselves from a chaotic
 nebula of attenuated matter1 through   
all the  varied and manifold stages of  
existence1 with their beautiful and     
useful properties1 is indeed an         
overwhelmingly convincing evidence of   
the existence of an omniscient and      
omnipotent1 although absolutely         
inscrutable author2 and ,i doubt much   
whether anyone ever approached  this    
subject with an honest desire to be     
guided by reason in his search  for     
truth1 who did not experience this      
profound reverence for the  unknown     
author4 ,can we believe that these two  
narratives in ,genesis are  also        
calculated to inspire such a sentiment  
in the minds of those who  are fairly   
well educated and amenable to reason8   
,what kind of a deity1  think you1 is   
this god of ,genesis8 ,the concluding   
portion of the #bnd  narrative will at  
once inform us4    ,this story is well  
known to all of us1 and is a very       

remarkable one1  for we learn from it   
the startling fact that the serpent1 or 
devil1 was  the greatest benefactor to  
the human race1 and1 moreover1 truthful2
  while god was the greatest enemy the  
race ever had1 and was guilty of        
falsehood and treachery4 ,god placed    
this man and woman in the garden1  in   
front of a very strong temptation1      
pointed out the temptation to  them1 and
 threatened them with instant death if  
they yielded to it4  ,this god is       
supposed to be omniscient1 and therefore
 knew well enough  before he placed them
 there that the poor creatures would    
fall on the  very first temptation4 ,can
 we conceive more glaring injustice and 
diabolical cruelty than this8 ,now the  
serpent knew very well that they  would 
not die if they ate the fruit1 but that1
 instead1 they would  become wise2 and  
eventually he persuaded them to eat4    
,who spoke the  truth1 god or the devil8
 ,did the man and woman die on the day  
they ate  the fruit8 ,far from it4 ,that

 day1 were there any truth at all in the
  narrative1 would have been the        
grandest day ever known to man2 for by  
the eating of that fruit was made known 
to him the difference between  good and 
evil1 that he might be able to seek the 
one and avoid the  other2 his benefactor
 being the serpent1 or devil1 the       
circumventor and  conqueror of god4     
,but notice further on how impotent this
 so-called almighty deity really  was4  
,he exclaimed in fear1 8,behold1 the man
 is become as one of us  which was      
precisely what the devil predicted to   
know good and evil1  and now1 lest he   
put forth his hand and take also of the 
tree of life  and live for ever1        
therefore the ,lord ,god sent him forth 
from the  garden40 ,now how easy it     
would have been for an omnipotent       
creator to  have annihilated his own    
work1 and thus cleared the way for a    
fresh  start4 ,it would be interesting  
to know who the 8we0 were that the      
writer refers to1 if not an androgynous 

deity or a multitude of gods or         
goddesses4    ,what was the consequence 
of this sin of ,adam and ,eve8 ,every   
man and  every woman ever born upon this
 earth is guilty of this sin1 and will  
eternally burn in hell fire1 says the   
,christian church1 unless they  believe 
that this circumvented god became a man1
 lived on this earth1  and died the     
death of a criminal1 in order to give   
satisfaction to  himself for the outrage
 committed on his divine majesty by     
three  of his creatures4 ,the countless 
myriads of human beings who have        
inhabited this earth during the six     
thousand years 7according to ,bible     
chronology7 that the world has existed1 
are all and each under this  fearful    
curse1 although they had no more to do  
with ,adam's sin than the  man in the   
moon1 and had no power to prevent it4   
,these people have been  brought into   
the world1 whether they liked it or not1
 and are subject  to this penalty1 the  
enormous majority of them being         

inevitably doomed  to eternal torment2  
for there have lived many millions of   
people who  never even heard of the     
,bible1 its gods or its scheme of       
redemption4  ,we may go farther and     
declare that all are inevitably doomed1 
for  we cannot conceive that anyone can 
believe such a story as that of  the    
fall4 ,no one will venture to assert    
that infants and idiots can  believe    
anything1 therefore there is no hope for
 these unfortunates1  whatever chances  
there may be for others4    ,as the     
expression of the infantile imagination 
of primitive man1 after  emerging from  
his brute ancestry1 and commencing to   
exercise more fully  his reasoning      
faculties1 these fables are easily      
understood2 but as  the writings of men 
who had been inspired by the almighty   
power to  record a true account of the  
origin of nature and man for the use of 
others1 they must be at once rejected by
 all reasonable and thoughtful  people  
as gross absurdities4 ,we can easily    

understand how the mind  of primitive   
man pondered over the strange mixture of
 good and evil  in the world1 just as   
the awakening mind of a child would do  
to day2  how the mystery would be       
explained by the analogy of the         
celestial  movements2 and how1 as the   
result of the infantile reasoning1 the  
good  principle became associated with  
the mental conception of a venerable    
old gentleman1 who planted a garden1 and
 performed the principle part  in the   
drama just described from the third     
chapter of ,genesis4    ,tho whole story
 bears the strongest marks of being the 
production of  an infantile intellect4  
,the simple manner in which the writer  
tells us  that the man and woman sewed  
fig leaves together and made aprons for 
themselves is sufficient evidence of    
this4 ,we cannot believe that ,adam  and
 ,eve went through the many processes   
necessary for the production  of the    
needles and thread1 with which to sew   
their leaves together4  ,then the       

conversation between god1 as he took his
 stroll in the garden  in the cool of   
the evening1 and ,adam and ,eve1 is just
 what we should  expect from the crude  
imaginations of our early ancestors2 as 
also is  the manner in which the man    
placed the blame on the woman1 and she  
in  her turn upon the serpent4 ,the     
curse1 too1 is precisely in the same    
style2 first the serpent1 then the      
woman1 afterwards the man1 and  lastly  
the earth itself being brought under the
 divine anathema4 ,no  less apparent is 
the absurdity of the writer stating that
 ,adam called  his wife ,eve 8because   
she was the mother of all living10 when 
there  were then no other human beings  
in existence2 and declaring that god    
made coats and breeches 7see 8,breeches 
,bible07 of skins1 when as yet  death   
had not entered into the world4 ,such   
fables cannot be accepted as  true      
history by the intellect of the         
nineteenth century4    ,that we suffer  
for the sins of our fathers is          

unfortunately too true2  but that we    
shall eternally frizzle for them ,i     
declare1 without  the least hesitation1 
to be a vile falsehood and an insult to 
our  intellects4 ,the vices and diseases
 of our ancestors are undoubtedly       
reproduced in ourselves1 as are their   
good deeds and lofty sentiments2  and we
 again transmit these properties to our 
offspring4 ,we have1 in  fact1 the power
 of rendering happy or miserable those  
who follow us1  and making the general  
state of society somewhat better or     
worse4  ,our great mental attributes    
were not surely evolved within us for no
  purpose1 and to lie dormant1 but that 
we should exercise them and use  them   
for the moral and social improvement of 
ourselves and our fellows4  ,but to     
imagine that we shall suffer again in   
some other condition of  existence1     
because of our fathers' sins1 is the    
height of insanity4    ,respecting the  
authorship of these fables1 we are told 
that the book  which contains them1 as  

well as the other four books of the     
,pentateuch1  were written by ,moses1   
under the inspiration of what is called 
the holy  ghost2 but when we examine    
these books we find that this is without
  doubt false1 for it is not possible   
for any man to record his own death  and
 burial1 and the lives of a succession  
of prophets who lived after  him1 as is 
done in the last chapter of             
,deuteronomy4 ,then1 again1 in the      
seventh chapter of ,genesis clean and   
unclean beasts are mentioned in         
connexion with the ark fable1 whereas1  
according to the ,bible1 clean  and     
unclean beasts were not declared such   
until #fjj years after ,moses  is said  
to have died2 which proves that ,genesis
 was not written before  that late      
period4 ,the town of ,dan is also       
mentioned in the fourteenth  chapter1   
which town had no existence until #cca  
years after the recorded  death of      
,moses4 ,in chap4 ,,xxxvi4 a list is    
given of all the kings that  reigned    

over ,edom 8before there reigned any    
king over the children of  ,israel10    
proving once more that this book was not
 written until long  after kings had    
reigned over ,israel4 ,numerous other   
passages might be  quoted to show that  
,moses could not have written the books 
that are  ascribed to him4 ,to cut the  
matter short1 however1 we are told in   
the  #bnd apocryphal book of ,ezra that 
he and his clerks wrote all the books   
of ,moses2 and in ,chronicles and ,kings
 that ,shaphan discovered the  writings 
in an old chest4    ,we find1 therefore1
 not only that these fables of the      
creation and  fall are not true records1
 but that it is not known who wrote     
them1  although suspicion attaches to   
one ,ezra2 and yet we are expected to   
hang our chances of salvation upon them4
 ,we are handed these books  and told by
 a priest that they were originally     
derived from god4 ,now  instead of      
believing the man1 and taking no pains  
to find out what the  volume really     

contains1 as is unfortunately the habit 
of most people1  our duty is clearly to 
investigate the matter1 and try to find 
out  whether that priest speaks the     
truth or not1 whether he has any sort   
of interest in making us believe the    
volume to be the word of god1 or1       
assuming that he himself honestly       
believes it to be so1 whether he is  a  
sufficient authority on the point4 ,let 
us1 for instance1 take the  case of a   
stranger to the ,christian faith1 one   
who never heard of the  ,bible or its   
gods1 and who meets a ,christian priest 
in the backwoods  of ,america4 ,the holy
 one informs the stranger that he       
possesses a book  which has been written
 by god1 through the medium of the      
inspired  minds of a number of holy men4
 ,would you consider the stranger to be 
a  man of sound mental faculties if he  
at once accepted the word of the        
parasite1 and shaped his whole career   
according to the teaching of that  book8
 ,most assuredly not4 ,the most natural 

thing for the stranger to  do would be  
to stare in amazement at the saint1 and 
wonder whether he  was quite right in   
his mind4 ,observing that the priest was
 really in  earnest1 and apparently of  
sane mind1 he would parley with him1    
asking  where he procured his book from2
 who were the very holy parties who  had
 been inspired to write it2 when and    
where they lived2 and who knew  anything
 about them3 in short he would demand   
from the unctions one his  credentials  
before believing such an astounding     
assertion as that god  wrote a book4    
,the replies would be after this        
fashion4 ,the book was  derived in the  
first instance from a publisher's shop1 
where it had  been printed with lead    
type and black ink1 from another printed
 copy1  which had been printed from     
another copy1 and so on back to the     
first  printed edition1 which was copied
 from a translation of various ,hebrew  
and ,greek #8originals4' ,it was about  
two thousand years1 he would say1  since

 some of these #8originals' were        
written1 and the remainder were         
supposed to be of much earlier date2 but
 who the actual writers were  he could  
not tell1 although it was beyond doubt  
they were guided by  god's inspiration1 
for it was so declared in the writings  
themselves1  which had never yet been   
doubted1 except by a few naughty men who
 were  now in hell4 ,do you think this  
would be good enough for the stranger8  
,of course not4 ,then1 in the name of   
common sense1 why should we accept      
these ,bible books without enquiry8 ,to 
accept any anonymous writings in  blind 
faith as being the production of        
particular individuals1 without         
corroborative evidence1 is the act of a 
fool1 not of a wise man4 ,a  sensible   
person will make some enquiry about them
 before accepting them4                 
,unfortunately for ourselves it is only 
lately that people have been  wise or   
bold enough to use their reasoning      
faculties in these matters1  the        

consequence being that the ordinary mind
 is now almost unequal to  the task of  
unravelling the net which has been so   
cunningly spun around  society by the   
,christian church4 ,a careful           
investigation of the matter1  however1  
leads to the inference that about ,b4,c4
 #bej or #cjj the ,jewish  chief priest 
,ezra1 assisted by a number of clerks1  
commenced to form  a national history   
out of the various legends they had     
picked up in  their long wanderings1    
soon producing what are now known as the
 books  of ,judges 7from the #crd       
chap471 ,samuel1 ,kings and ,chronicles1
 which1  together with the poems and    
incantations of various men of the      
tribes1  they set forth as the divinely 
inspired history of their people4 ,not  
long afterwards the ,persian system of  
creation1 and story of the fall  of man 
were committed to manuscript1 and       
adapted to the requirements  of the     
,jewish people by the substitution of   
their race in place of the  ,chaldeans  

as the chosen people of god2 and thus   
were produced the books  of the         
,pentateuch1 with ,joshua1 and the two  
first chapters of ,judges4  ,this       
explains why the stories of the         
creation1 fall1 flood1 tower of  ,babel1
 etc41 are never mentioned in any of the
 books of the ,bible after  ,genesis for
 the space of about a thousand years2   
why in all the books  from ,joshua as   
far as ,,ii4 ,kings the name of ,moses  
is never met with1  the most remarkable 
man in the whole ,jewish history2 and   
why such  names as ,adam1 ,eve1 ,seth1  
,cain1 ,abel1 ,enoch1 ,noah1 ,shem1     
,ham1 ,japhet1  ,abraham1 ,isaac and    
,jacob never occur again after ,genesis 
till the time  of the so-called return  
from ,babylon4    ,the real meaning of  
the ,chaldean and ,jewish stories of the
 creation and  fall1 which were derived 
originally from the constellations      
above1 it  would take too long here to  
unfold1 but the riddle has been         
explained  in my 8,popular ,faith       

,unveiled10 to which those who desire to
 further  pursue the subject are        
referred4    ,for nearly two thousand   
years ,christianity1 based on these     
fables of  the creation and fall1 has   
had an unfettered career throughout     
,europe1  its avowed object being to    
bring salvation to men in the next      
world1  and to teach the doctrines of   
love1 forbearance1 humility and charity 
while in this world4 ,respecting the    
bringing of salvation to men in  the    
next world1 we cannot well determine to 
what extent the religion  has been      
successful2 but with regard to its      
earthly mission it has  signally and    
utterly failed4 ,the two thousand years 
have passed away  and still the evils   
surrounding us continue1 and are even   
intensified2  poverty1 misery1          
immorality and tyranny exist as of old1 
in spite  of the promise to the church  
that she should be helped1 even to the  
end1 by the divine power4 ,so far from  
love1 charity1 forbearance  and humility

 being inculcated by the church1 we find
 the followers  of the meek and lowly   
one occupying high and lucrative        
offices1 one  declaring himself the     
vice-regent of god on earth1 and others1
 in our  own country1 being in receipt  
of salaries ranging from fifteen and    
ten thousand pounds annually to two or  
three hundred1 driving their  carriages1
 sporting livery servants and cockades1 
stiling themselves  as ,reverend1 ,very 
,reverend1 ,venerable1 ,most ,reverend  
,father in ,god1  ,right ,honorable and 
other titles expressive of superior     
quality of  make2 and all in a constant 
state of warfare amongst themselves4    
,one  cannot take up a daily paper      
without seeing an instance of clerical  
intolerance1 hatred1 envy or malice4    
,the ,romanist damns the ,protestant2   
the churchman rides the high horse over 
the dissenter1 and would like  to       
deprive him of what is vulgarly         
considered to be decent burial2 the     
evangelicals denounce the high church   

party2 the nonconformist bodies  are all
 at constant war with each other on     
points of doctrine2 and  while all are  
eaten up with pride1 egotism1           
selfishness1 greed and  mutual hatred1  
each sect declares itself to be the     
genuine teacher of  love1 forbearance1  
humility and charity4    ,as a body the 
church has from the first opposed all   
progress4 ,as early  as the year #dad   
,bishop ,cyril's mob brained the learned
 ,hypatia in a  ,christian church1 for  
the heinous crime of teaching           
mathematics4 ,the  ,pope and his pious  
court attempted to prevent the art of   
printing  becoming known in ,europe4    
,copernicus was excommunicated for the  
sin  of announcing the grand truth that 
the earth revolves round the sun4       
,galileo rotted in the prison of the    
,inquisition for daring to say  that the
 earth rotates on its axis4 ,bruno was  
burnt at the stake for  declaring his   
belief in the ,copernican philosophy4   
,newton's theory of  gravitation was    

denounced by the church4 ,descartes1    
,kepler1 ,locke1  ,laplace and ,darwin  
all were abused and insulted by the holy
 ones for  their heretical writings1    
which have brought us such blessings4   
,the  church opposed the abolition of   
slavery1 both here and in ,america1 the 
bishops in the ,house of ,lords         
applauding king ,george when he said    
that  slavery was a useful institution  
because it was taught in the holy       
,bible1 and the southern ,states of the 
,union appealing to the #8word of  god' 
in justification of their cruelty4 ,the 
burning of witches1 taught  in the      
,bible1 was vigorously encouraged by the
 church2 and the cruel  horrors of the  
,inquisition are too well known to need 
description4 ,all  measures of reform in
 our own country have been opposed by   
bishops and  nobles together2 the church
 and the state having aided each other  
in  trampling on the people's rights1   
and enslaving both their minds and      
bodies4 ,in spite of the present very   

apparent poverty and misery1 the  people
 are exhorted by the church to increase 
and multiply1 being told  that it is a  
blessed thing to have one's quiver full1
 and that it is  wicked to listen to    
those who preach conjugal prudence1     
small families1  and social thrift4 ,in 
short the ,christian religion has       
entirely failed  in its mission1 being a
 standing menace to all progress1 and a 
cause of  unceasing animosity all over  
,europe4    ,do we imagine that all the 
priests and ministers of the ,christian 
church believe the fables of the        
creation and fall8 ,i would stake my    
existence on it that if we were to cut  
off their salaries there would  be      
barely half a dozen parsons in each     
denomination who would stick to  their  
soul-saving business4 ,their trinity is 
supposed to consist of god  the father1 
god the son1 and god the holy ghost2 but
 if we represent  the first by the      
letter l1 the second by s1 and the third
 by d1 we  should be much nearer the    

mark4 4 s4 d4 is the ,christian trinity1
 and  pew rents1 tithes1 etc41 the means
 by which the one thing needful is  kept
 up4 ,ten million pounds sterling are   
annually spent in supporting  the clergy
 of the established church alone1 while 
poverty1 wretchedness  and crime        
confront us at every turn4 ,the         
struggling workers of this  country1 not
 content with having to contribute      
towards the payment of  #bi1jjj1jjj     
annually1 as interest on the national   
debt resulting from  accumulated        
religious war charges1 are foolish      
enough to spend more  than a third of   
this amount in keeping a host of        
state-made drones1  who oppose all      
progress1 drain the hard earnings from  
the workers1  and assume haughty airs   
towards their poor dupes4 ,in the face  
of the  depressed state of our trade1   
and the poverty and misery around us1 it
  is appalling to think of the enormous 
quantity of money that annually  drifts 
into the pockets of these human         

parasites1 both episcopalian and        
nonconformist alike4    ,we know well   
enough that the large majority of those 
laymen who profess  to believe the fall 
and redemption scheme do not really     
believe it at  all1 but play the part of
 the believer in order to serve their   
own  private interests4 ,the laity may  
be divided into four classes3--#ast1    
those few honest and sincere men who    
deceive themselves by imagining  that   
they can really believe such            
unreasonable doctrines1 and who  attempt
 by their means to do what could be done
 so very much better  without them4     
#bnd1 those who are deficient in        
education and mental  power1 and who    
will accept anything the priest tells   
them1 no matter  how absurd4 #crd1 those
 who have some little education but very
 little  brain power1 and who consider  
themselves very important members of    
society1 when in reality the world does 
not know them even by name4  ,they      
resent in their little minds the silent 

affront offered to them  by their       
fellows1 who1 they think1 ought to know 
their superior worth2  and they look    
around for a little church or chapel1   
where the stream of  intellect is       
sufficiently thin to allow of their     
feeble mental power  being perceived4   
,they join1 take a leading part in the  
performances1  carry the collecting box1
 open pew doors1 hand hymn-books to     
strangers1  and are happy in the        
consciousness of their importance1 being
 gazed  at ,sunday after ,sunday by an  
admiring congregation4 ,were these folk 
obliged to do their religious work under
 cover of masks1 their names  being at  
the same time studiously concealed from 
the congregation1  the race of pew      
openers1 box carriers1 etc41 would soon 
die out2 but  as it is1 vanity1 egotism 
and pomposity yet keep the race alive4  
,the  fourth class consists of sharp    
business men1 with plenty of brains and 
fair average education1 who join a      
church with a large congregation1  and  

adopt the particular creed in vogue     
there1 as a means of pushing  their     
business1 by assuming a mien of pious   
8respectability40 ,these  are the men1  
devoid of all honour1 who forfeit their 
manhood at the  shrine of hypocrisy1 and
 who ought more particularly to be shewn
 up  in their true colors4 ,without     
these four classes the religion of the  
fall and redemption scheme would soon   
become a thing of the past4 ,no  mention
 has been made of the ladies1 who1      
according to some rude and  ungallant   
people1 look forward to the lord's day  
as one on which they  can display their 
new bonnets1 procure food for another   
week's gossip1  or hold sweet communion 
with the unmarried curate--all for      
,jesus4 ,it is  unnecessary to say that 
this may not be true1 and that a higher 
and  nobler motive may prompt the ardent
 zeal of the fair sex4    ,do not       
believe the parsons when they tell you  
that your souls are in  jeopardy for    
rejecting the ,christian doctrines2 the 

truth is that  their incomes are in     
danger1 not your souls4 ,take care not  
to follow  their evil advice that it is 
a blessed thing to have your quiver     
full1  and that the lord loves a        
cheerful giver4 ,have small families1   
being  careful to bring into the world  
only as many as you can decently        
provide for1 so as to give them a fair  
chance in the world2 and let  your      
creditors and your saving-banks1 and not
 your lord1 have your  spare cash--your 
lord being but another name for your    
parson4 ,when they  tell you that you   
must take no thought for the morrow1 and
 must not lay  up treasure on earth1    
where moths and rust corrupt1 and where 
thieves  break through and steal1 give  
them the cold shoulder1 insure your life
  in some sound office1 and leave the   
laws of the country in which you  live  
to take care of the thieves1 and their  
reverences to look after  the moths and 
rust4    ,it will1 no doubt1 be urged   
that ,christianity has done1 and is     

doing  a great good in the world4 ,this 
,i emphatically deny4 ,i readily admit  
that some good has been effected in the 
name of ,christianity1 but deny  that   
the fall and redemption religion has    
been the cause4 ,the same  amount of    
good would have resulted with any other 
religion1 and much  more with no        
religion at all4 ,all the good that has 
ever been effected  in the world has    
emanated from lofty individual minds2   
but as chance  has had it1 the majority 
of these men in the past have been      
,christians1  simply because that       
religion has prevailed in ,europe for   
nearly two  thousand years4 ,in the     
present day this is not the case2 and it
 is a  fact beyond contradiction that   
all the leaders of thought of our time  
are men who have rejected the fables of 
the creation and fall as given  in      
,genesis1 together with the consequent  
redemption scheme1 as false  and vain4  
,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,herbert ,spencer1 
,charles ,darwin1 ,tyndal1  ,carpenter1 

,huxley1 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1      
,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 ,rnan1  ,victor 
,hugo1 ,schopenhauer1 ,haeckel1 and in  
fact every other modern  leader of      
thought1 have rejected the orthodox     
faith2 and yet we look  forward to the  
future with bright hope1 expecting a    
steady progress  in man's general       
welfare4 ,even when ,christians         
themselves in days  long gone by1       
attempted to introduce any useful       
reform1 their church  invariably        
persecuted them1 as for instance        
,copernicus1 ,galileo1  ,bruno1 ,luther1
 etc42 and the only ,christian priest   
who ever propounded  any theory which   
was calculated to be a lasting boon to  
society was  ,malthus1 who declared that
 over population was the great cause of 
all  misery1 and that until people were 
taught conjugal prudence it was  useless
 to attempt to ameliorate their social  
condition4 ,this friend  of humanity was
 bitterly denounced by the church1 and  
to this day his  followers are held in  

contempt1 notwithstanding that the      
,malthusian  principles are now endorsed
 by the leading social scientists1 and  
that  it is as clear as the sun at noon 
day that within the short space of #de  
years the present population of this    
country--now about #cf1jjj1jjj--will    
have doubled itself4 ,the people now    
cannot support themselves1 so how  they 
will manage when the population is      
#gb1jjj1jjj it is hard to say4  ,what   
with over population and land monopoly  
the future has indeed some  terrible    
social evils in store for us4           
,individual ,christians undoubtedly have
 done something towards  making their   
fellows happy1 but not so ,christianity1
 as witness the  ,inquisition and other 
enormities of the middle ages4 ,but do  
the ,jews1  ,unitarians and ,infidels of
 to day do nothing for their fellows8   
,what  about ,sir ,moses ,montefiore1   
who rejects the atonement8 ,have not the
  ,agnostics just founded the           
,whitminster ,college for purely secular

  education8 ,and what do we not owe to 
those heterodox scientists just         
mentioned8 ,it is the fashion with some 
people to give the name of              
,christianity to the morality of this   
century2 but this very ingenuous        
attempt to clothe one of the most       
immoral of the world's religions with   
the garment of righteousness carries no 
weight for the scholar and the          
historian4 ,there is as much difference 
between the morality of to day  and the 
genuine ,christian religion as there is 
between the north and  south poles4 ,the
 two are the exact antitheses of each   
other4 ,the real  reason that the human 
race has in the last hundred years so   
rapidly  advanced in intellectual       
qualities and moral progress is not     
because it  has become more ,christian  
in its character but because it has     
gradually  shaken off the yoke of       
,christianity piece by piece4 ,the whole
 ,mosaic  cosmogony1 with its flat earth
 theory1 creation of man1 etc41 as      

taught  in ,genesis1 has been destroyed 
by ,copernicus1 ,newton1 ,laplace and   
,darwin2 slavery has been abolished2    
witches are no longer burnt at  the     
stake2 polygamy is discountenanced2 and 
human sacrifice1 murder1  rapine1 theft 
and personal assaults are no longer     
justified4 ,all these  immoralities are 
distinctly and prominently taught in the
 ,christian  ,bible1 but have been      
expunged from the moral code of this    
century4  ,were ,christianity now dead  
instead of dying the same amount of good
  would accrue to the race as before2   
and1 judging from past history1  there  
would be a very vast decrease in the    
opposition that has for two  thousand   
years been offered to progress4    ,the 
question after all is not what          
,christianity has done1 but whether  or 
not its story is a true one4 ,as already
 stated1 if the creation and  fall      
stories are not true the whole scheme of
 ,christianity1 with its  god-man and   
its sacraments1 is a fraud and a        

delusion4 ,no religion that  cannot bear
 the test of reason1 and be maintained  
on a public platform  can be founded on 
truth4 ,if the ,christian story be true 
there is no  need for the holy ones to  
secure themselves behind the            
fortifications  of 'coward's castle'    
every ,sunday to preach their doctrines2
 the open  platform being a more        
suitable place from which to propagate  
the truth4  ,but what are the facts8    
,the man who dares to submit the        
religion to the  test of reason1 or even
 to discourse publicly upon evolution or
 any  other scientific theory that is   
likely to interfere with the steady     
flow of bullion into the collection box1
 is denounced from the pulpit1  the holy
 ones branding him as a dangerous       
infidel1 and using all the  means in    
their power to blacken his character and
 to insidiously  undermine his business4
 ,the challenge to debate is never      
accepted4    ,the question before us is 
a momentous one4 ,creation or           

,evolution8 ,moses  or ,darwin8 ,we     
cannot follow both4          ,,works    
,,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hardwicke4         
,demy #hvo41 pp4 #bjb1 price #aj_/-     
,,medical ,,education ,,and ,,practice  
,,in ,,all ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,world4  
8,this book contains a fund of          
information4444 ,the whole is preceded  
by  an introduction1 which is worth the 
attention of all persons taking a  broad
 interest in medical education4444 ,some
 weaknesses in home and  foreign        
regulations are lightly passed over1 and
 it may well be that  such a mass of    
statement will1 on experience1 be found 
to be defective  at points4 ,but we     
accept it gratefully1 as an attempt to  
supply a very  great want1 and we       
commend some of the reflections of the  
author on the  defects of our own system
 to all whom it may concern40--,lancet4 
8,here the reader will find information 
respecting the educational  bodies1     
examinations1 and medical laws of every 
civilised state1 and he  will also come 

to the humiliating confession that      
though there exist  a good many         
time-honoured institutions in the       
,united ,states1 and an  anxiety to put 
matters on a scientific footing in      
others1 yet farther  south the condition
 of medicine is as bad as can possibly  
be imagined4'  444 ,but the authorities1
 and not ,dr4 ,hardwicke1 are           
responsible for  this1 and we cordially 
thank him for his decidedly useful      
addition to  our knowledge of medical   
education in other countries40--,medical
 ,press  and ,circular4    8,a good deal
 of information will be found in a      
useful book entitled1  #8,medical       
,education and ,practice in all ,parts  
of the ,world1' by ,dr4 ,h4  ,j4        
,hardwicke40--,british ,medical         
,journal4    8,a book which ought to cut
 the ground from beneath all bogus      
diploma-dealers40--,medical ,times and  
,gazette4    8,this volume1 extending to
 #bjb pages1 with double columns1 really
  contains the information which the    

title-page promises4 ,it must have  cost
 the author a great amount of trouble4  
,it is a useful guide for all  entrants 
to the profession1 those especially who 
contemplate settling  in foreign parts4 
,it will do good also indirectly by     
letting those  schools whose education  
is defective see what other schools are 
doing1  and so be the means of          
stimulating them to aim at higher       
things4 ,to  be informed1 for example1  
that medical teaching in ,japan is      
already  treading on the heels of some  
of our ,british schools cannot fail to  
do  good40--,edinburgh ,medical         
,journal4    8,dr4 ,hardwicke's book    
will prove a valuable source of         
information to  those who may desire to 
know the conditions upon which medical  
practice  is or may be pursued in any or
 every country of the world1 even to the
  remotest corners of the earth4 ,the   
work has been compiled with great  care1
 and must have required a vast amount of
 labour and perseverance  on the part of

 its author40--,dublin ,medical         
,journal4    8,this work supplies a want
 long felt4444 ,the chief value of ,dr4 
,hardwicke's volume1 to students1 is in 
the information he gives  concerning the
 rules of practice in other countries1  
and the  possibilities opened up of     
making a livelihood in them4444 ,to     
teachers  the manual will be invaluable2
 it will not only inform them of usages 
abroad1 but enable them to glean many   
useful hints to aid the conduct  of     
their own classes here4 ,we commend the 
work as a most admirable  resum of the  
state of medical education and practice 
in the  world40--,students' ,journal4   
8,this opportune and very useful work   
444 gives exact and in some  instances  
complete information of the             
requirements1 curriculum1 c4  for       
obtaining a diploma in every part of the
 world4444 ,some idea of  the labour    
undertaken by the author may be gathered
 from the fact that  the index contains 
nearly five hundred references4444 ,the 

book will  be a mine of reference for   
medical legislators1 and will doubtless 
colour the provisions of the new        
,medical ,act so clamorously demanded   
in ,england1 and of the ,act to which we
 are about to commit ourselves          
here40--,australian ,medical ,journal4  
8,a great deal of useful and convenient 
information is contained in this  work  
in regard to the subjects of which it   
treats1 and the information1  as a rule1
 seems to be fairly accurate and        
reliable4 ,the part devoted  to the     
,united ,states opens with the          
,philadelphia ,record's full  account of
 the bogus traffic in that city4 ,the   
position assigned to  this narrative is1
 perhaps1 unnecessarily prominent1 but  
we do not  think the exposure of those  
vile practices can be too minute or     
widely  circulated4 ,this diploma       
traffic1 whether carried on in          
,pennsylvania1  ,new ,york1 or          
,massachusetts1 was and is a disgrace to
 us1 and we may as  well acknowledge    

it40--,boston ,medical and ,surgical    
,journal1 ,u4 ,s4    8,the want of such 
a book has been long felt by all who    
take any  interest in medical education1
 and is specially needed at the  present
 time1 when the attention of our        
government has been called  to certain  
abuses1 and it is about to introduce    
reforms4 ,the book is  a most exhaustive
 one1 and deserving the attention of all
 who are  in any way interested in the  
advancement of medical education and    
reform40--,american ,specialist4        
8,this book1 which extends to #bjb      
closely-printed pages1 with double      
columns1 is undoubtedly the remarkably  
comprehensive treatise promised  by the 
title4 ,the labour of the undertaking   
must have been indeed  great1 and the   
author must possess a rare knowledge of 
his subject  to be able to condense such
 a huge mass of information into a      
single  volume of #bjb pages4 ,we can   
strongly recommend the work as being the
  only complete treatise on the subject4

 ,no portion of the whole world  has    
been omitted1 and the author is to be   
congratulated on the very  satisfactory 
result of his eminently difficult       
task40--,family ,doctor4    8,this work 
is a valuable manual1 of interest not   
only to medical  men1 but also to the   
literary public1 who evince at the      
present day  so much enthusiasm in      
studying the intellectual condition of  
other  nations1 chiefly1 no doubt1 from 
magazine articles4 ,medical legislation 
is1 as experience amply proves1 one of  
the latest developments of              
civilisation4444 ,let us1 for instance1 
glean from ,dr4 ,hardwicke's  book facts
 as to the condition of medicine in some
 parts of the  ,spanish-,american       
republics4444 ,let us turn to civilised 
countries  where medical teachers keep  
step with #8the march of intellect4' 444
  ,we have still much to learn from     
,paris1 ,berlin1 and ,vienna1 yet it  is
 undeniable that the general social and 
intellectual position of  the medical   

profession is as high in these islands  
as abroad1 where  technical education is
 in many respects better4 ,it is by the 
young  doctor1 who finds the profession 
over stocked in his own country1 that   
,dr4 ,hardwicke's manual will be found  
particularly valuable40--,athenum4      
8,those who are about to engage in      
medical study will do well to consult   
,dr4 ,hardwicke's #8,medical ,education 
and ,practice1' as an exact knowledge   
of the relative value of the innumerable
 medical qualifications would  often    
prevent much after                      
annoyance40--,westminster ,review4      
8,in this book1 says the author1 #8will 
be contained the conditions under  which
 a medical practitioner may practise his
 profession1 and the  requirements for  
the medical degree at the universities  
and medical  corporations in almost all 
the civilised countries of the world4'  
,this  promise is kept4444 ,it contains 
much information not easily accessible1 
and likely to be useful40--,chemist and 

,druggist4    ,j4  ,a4 ,,churchill1 #aa 
,new ,burlington ,st41 ,london1 ,w4     
#hvo4 #aib pages1 ,price #b_/f4         
,,health ,,resorts ,,and ,,spas ,,of    
,,europe4    8,we have never yet seen   
anything that quite equalled the        
delicious  brevity of ,dr4 ,hardwicke's 
remarkably curt and incisive little     
hand-book4 ,in the brief space of #ahd  
pages he introduces us to all  the      
health-resorts and spas of the entire   
eastern hemisphere1 from  ,england to   
,egypt1 and from ,madeira to ,st4       
,moritz4 ,we are bound to  admit that1  
so far as it is possible to test his    
information by the  light of personal   
experience1 his short paragraphs are    
thoroughly  up to date1 even as regards 
the smallest and most insignificant     
watering-places40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4
    8,contains1 in addition to chapters 
on the climatic and hygienic  treatment 
of disease1 and the properties and uses 
of various mineral  waters1 succinct    
accounts1 in alphabetical order1 of the 

different  health-resorts and spas of   
,britain and of the continent of        
,europe4  ,the exposure1 the elevation1 
the range and limit of temperature1 and 
other amenities of each watering-place1 
are briefly described2 in many  cases   
also an analysis is given of the        
constituents and properties  of the     
various chalybeate and other springs4   
,in short1 a great mass  of information1
 such as invalids are most in quest of1 
is found in  condensed and handy        
form40--,scotsman4    8,contains some   
valuable knowledge of the climatic      
treatment of  diseases1 of which all    
should avail themselves4 ,the usefulness
 of such  a book must appear evident to 
those who experience the power of       
climate  over the human constitution4   
,it should be bought and studied and    
will  doubtless give beneficial         
advice40--,brighton ,gazette4    8,ought
 to be welcomed by the large number of  
invalids whose daily  avocation1 as the 
author justly remarks1 consists almost  

entirely in  battling against their     
formidable foes1 #8weather and          
insalubrity4'  ,dr4 ,hardwicke has some 
highly useful observations on the       
different  stages of consumption4444    
,the chapter on the properties and uses 
of  water is also full of excellent     
hints4444 ,spa life on the continent is 
graphically described4444 ,a carefully  
compiled index greatly enhances  the    
value of this work1 which is not to be  
judged merely by its  size40--,liverpool
 ,mercury4    8,the author gives some   
very practical remarks on the properties
 and  uses of water1 hygienic ablutions 
and baths1 and treats of mineral  waters
 and spa life4 ,succeeding chapters give
 brief but evidently  careful and       
authentic accounts of the leading health
 resorts and spas  of                   
,europe40--,yorkshire ,post4    8,the   
introductory chapters on the treatment  
of disease by climate1  the properties  
and uses of water1 and on mineral waters
 and spa  life1 contain some valuable   

advice1 which invalids will do well to  
take4 ,dr4 ,hardwicke's work does really
 supply a want felt by many             
persons40--,sheffield ,independent4     
8,a great deal of information is        
conveyed1 and the avoidance of          
technicalities will be an additional    
recommendation40--,bristol ,mirror4     
8,a very handy little manual 444 stating
 clearly and concisely the  advantages  
and disadvantages of the various health 
resorts and  spas40--,sussex ,daily     
,news4    8,the ordinary reader will    
find this little volume far more        
interesting  than is usually the case   
with books dealing with medicine or     
medical  matters4 ,the subject is one of
 very great importance1 and the author  
deals with it in a way that will be     
fully appreciated by non-medical        
readers4 ,he avoids technicalities1 and 
places before us the salient  points    
very clearly and concisely40--,rotherham
 ,advertiser4    8,this little volume   
will be welcomed as a guide to the many 

health  resorts in ,europe4444 ,the book
 should have a large demand1 for it     
contains a great deal of information in 
a little space40--,doncaster  ,gazette4 
8,will be found very useful by everyone 
whose health requires either  change of 
air or the use of mineral               
waters40--,barnsley ,independent4       
8,as a hand-book to any sufferer        
desirous of knowing in a general way    
which are the baths most likely to suit 
his particular complaint1 this  volume  
will be useful40--,bradford ,observer4  
8,many useful hints may be derived from 
this little book1 for which             
valetudinarians will be                 
thankful40--,christian ,world4    ,w4   
,h4 ,,allen  ,,co41 #ac ,waterloo       
,place1 ,london1 ,s4,w4      #hvo41     
cloth bound1 ,price #e_/-               
,,historical ,,sketch ,,of ,,the        
,,manors ,,of ,,pattingham ,,and        
,,worfield4    8,very complete1 and must
 have been a work of very great         
labour40--,salopian and ,west ,midland  

,monthly ,illustrated ,journal4         
,published by the author4      ,price   
#e_/-hvo41 cloth bound4    ,,guide ,,to 
,,european ,,universities4    8,for     
those who contemplate studying abroad1  
this guide will prove of  great         
use40--,lancet4    8,this little book is
 a guide to the medical department of   
the various  universities in ,france1   
,germany1 ,belgium1 ,holland1           
,switzerland1  ,italy and ,austria4444  
,most complete4444 ,those who intend    
visiting  any continental university    
should first of all read this very      
useful  guide40--,family ,doctor4       
,published by the author4      #hvo41   
price #c;d4 7post free #c;d47           
,,creation ,,and ,,fall4    ,published  
by the author4      #hvo41 price #c;d4  
7post free #c;d47    ,,man--,,whence    
,,and ,,whither8    ,published by the   
author4      #hvo41 price #c;d4 7post   
free #c;d47    ,,intellectual ,,progress
 ,,in ,,europe    ,published by the     
author4      #hvo41 price #c;d4 7post   

free #c;d47    ,,evolution ,,of ,,the   
,,god ,,idea    ,published by the       
author4      #hvo41 price #c;d4 7post   
free #c;d47    ,,genuine ,,liberalism4  
,published by the author4      ,demy    
#hvo41 pp4 #bgd1 price #e_/f4    ,,the  
,,popular ,,faith ,,unveiled4    8,we   
cannot do better than recommend all     
friends of independent thought1  and1 to
 use ,milton's phrase1 #8unlicensed     
printing1' to repay the  author's energy
 by writing to him for the volume1 which
 they will find  intelligent and        
fearless in an eminent degree1 while it 
evinces a by no  means common           
acquaintance with the science of        
comparative religion4 ,the  basis of    
,dr4 ,hardwicke's theory and arguments  
about the popular faith  is the zodiacal
 origin of religious myths1 and there is
 no doubt he is  in agreement with the  
greatest authorities so far as the broad
 lines  go40--,westminster ,review4     
8,dr4 ,hardwicke treats the extensive   
and difficult subject of the  evolution 

of ,christianity from prexisting        
religions with great  boldness and      
candour from the purely theistic and    
anti-dogmatic  standpoint40--,the       
,scotsman4    8,it is an exceptionally  
valuable book to ,freethinkers4444 ,the 
work  affords evidence of scholarly     
attainment and well-directed research1  
and should occupy a place in the library
 of every intelligent                   
anti-,christian40--,secular ,review4    
8,the result of this bold measure is    
more than creditable 444  consists of a 
careful examination of the ,biblical    
records1 full of  suggestion40--,the    
,freethinker4    8,in a manner at once  
searching and succinct it proves the    
,bible to be  little else than an effete
 old almanack1 conceived in the earliest
  dawn of thought1 when man glowered    
tremblingly at the spectra in his  own  
brain1 naming them heaven or hell1 god  
or devil1 as they produced  pleasure or 
pain40--,the ,agnostic1 ,dallas4    8,a 
scholarly examination of the various    

legends that make up what is  called the
 ,christian religion4444 ,a very        
valuable contribution to the            
historico-scientific freethought        
literature of the period40--,lucifer1   
the ,light-bearer1 ,kansas4    8,a      
better book than this we have scarcely  
noticed in our columns4 ,it is  the     
result of laborious researches and a    
deep erudition on the part of  the      
author40--,the ,anti-,christian1        
,calcutta4    ,published by the ,author1
 ,sharrow1 ,sheffield4      #hvo41 price
 #a_/-    ,,vox ,,humana2    ,,or ,,the 
,,art ,,of ,,singing ,,from ,a ,,medical
 ,,point ,,of ,,view4    8,this multum  
in parvo is a remarkably cheap and      
thoroughly exhaustive  pamphlet4444 ,the
 subject is well dealt with1 and        
contains a large  amount of very        
valuable information40--,family ,doctor4
    8,contains a large amount of very   
valuable information and advice4 ,dr4   
,hardwicke has treated his subject not  
only ably1 but in a manner which  must  

interest all who peruse his             
pamphlet40--,rotherham and ,masbrough   
,advertiser4    8,just the kind of work 
to place in the hands of vocalists1 or  
would-be  vocalists40--,sussex ,county  
,herald4    8,a perusal of the doctor's 
remarks1 with reasonable attention      
thereto1  would result in a vast        
increase of really good                 
voices40--,eastbourne  ,gazette4        
7,remainders only from the ,author47    
#hvo41 price #a_/-    ,,skin            
,,eruptions2    ,,their ,,causes ,,and  
,,prevention4    8,will be found very   
useful reading4 ,it will be especially  
valuable to  those who have any family  
predisposition to skin disease1 as there
  are given a number of very useful     
hints concerning the preservation  of   
the skin in a healthy condition4 ,there 
are also contained many  good           
suggestions for keeping school-children 
free from skin diseases  of an          
infectious or contagious nature4 ,we    
recommend ,dr4 ,hardwicke's  production 

as a very cheap and useful              
treatise40--,family ,doctor4    8,throws
 considerable light upon diseases of the
 skin1 and points out  the general laws 
of health which should be observed to   
prevent such  diseases manifesting      
themselves40--,lincolnshire ,chronicle4 
8,this recognised authority on skin     
diseases has produced a tractate  which 
appears to be the condensation and      
essence of much observation  and        
practical experience40--,sussex ,county 
,herald4    8,anyone may understand the 
treatise1 and there is much in it that  
will  tend to correct many mistakes on  
the subject treated upon40--,eastbourne 
,gazette4    7,remainders only from the 
,author47             99       99       
99       99       99    ,transcriber's  
,notes     ,obvious typographical errors
 have been silently corrected4          
,variations   in hyphenation and        
ligatures have been standardised but all
 other   spelling and punctuation       
remains unchanged4     ,the ,errata have

 been implemented4     ,minor           
re-arrangement of the charts ,,genealogy
 ,,of ,,man have been made   to improve 
clarity and fit4     ,italics are       
represented thus italic4     ,the       
following corrections have been made to 
the list of books in the   chapter ,,the
 ,,bible3     ,books ,excluded from the 
,jewish ,canon1 and ,reckoned as        
,apocryphal by   some of the ,ancient   
,christians1 but ,allowed as ,canonical 
of late by   the ,church of ,rome4 ,the 
from added4     ,books that are         
,excluded from the ,canon without       
,apparent ,reason4 ,the   from added4   
,the ,preface before the ,lamentations  
of ,jeremiah1 in the vulgar ,latin   and
 ,greek text ,the original read ,the    
preace 444 changed to preface4