,transcrib]'s notes3 ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly 7e4g4 miss+ full /ops aft] abbreviat$ words su* z ,fig71 z h ! foll[+ misspell+s3 ,bretah+ ,brea?+1 ,p$icill>ia ,p$icell>ia1 ,p$icel>ia ,p$icell>ia1 ,*tonotus ,*tonotus1 ,spurganium ,sp>ganium1 veiw view4 ,unor?odox spell+ & inconsi/5t hyph5ation has n be5 alt]$4 ,sev]al wrongly numb]$ cross-ref]5ces to ,plates & ,figures h be5 correct$4 ,plate ,,viii 7& its accompany+ key7 0 orig9ally display$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! book1 be=e ! ,title ,page1 b has be5 reposition$ 9 ! body ( ! text 9 correct num]ical sequ5ce4 ,,common ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,by ,,! ,,late ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,common ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry0 8,,common ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,sea-,,%ore0 8,,my ,,fea!r$ ,,fri5ds0 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,tuff5 ,,we/ ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,re-,,writt51 ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,b\sfield1 ,l4,r4,c4,p47,lond47 ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,photo-,,micrography0 ,,) ,,additional ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,! ,,revis] ,,london ,,george ,,r\tl$ge ,,& ,,sons1 ,limit$ ,,broadway ,,h\se1 ,,ludgate ,,hill #aijj ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! task ( revis+ & br++ up to date a "w :i* has be5 ! guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d ( ?\s&s ( comm5c+ microscopi/s has be51 9 ! pres5t case1 "o ( no small difficulty4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re 0 ! natural desire to int]f]e z little z possible ) ! orig9al "w2 & on ! o!r1 ! necessity ( r5d]+ available1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ! enorm\s advance 9 e dep>tm5t :i* has tak5 place 9 ! ?irty-six ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! "w 0 fir/ (f]$ to ! public4 ,! revis] has done 8 be/ n only to fulfil ^! two objects1 b to keep 9 view ! orig9al purpose ( ! book4 ,9 ! popul> dep>tm5t ( pond-life especially1 ab\t fifty new illu/rations h be5 add$1 mo/ly f ! revis]'s own notebook sket*es4 ,! :ole ( ! botanical "p has be5 revis$ by "o ( our fir/ ,engli% au?orities1 &1 9 %ort1 no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to make ! "w z accurate z its necess>ily cond5s$ =m p]mits (4 ,x is hop$1 !re=e1 t x may be f\nd n less useful ?an its pr$ecessor by ^? = :om x is alone int5d$4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,9 my two previ\s h&books1 ! 8,common ,objects0 ( ! ,sea-%ore & ,c\ntry1 ,i c\ld b slightly glance at ! m9ute be+s :i* sw>m 9 e locality1 or at ! wond]ful /ructures :i* are discov]$ by ! ,microscope )9 or ^u ! creatures !re9 describ$4 ,s9ce t "t a g5]al dem& has aris5 = an elem5t>y h&book ^u ! ,microscope & its practical appliance to ! /udy ( nature1 & 9 ord] to supply t want ?is little volume has be5 produc$4 ,i mu/ w>n ! read] t he is n to expect a "w t w figure & describe e object :i* may be f\nd on ! sea-%ore or 9 ! fields1 b m]ely "o by :i* he w be enabl$ to guide himself 9 microscopical rese>*1 & avoid ! loss ( "t & pati5ce :i* is almo/ inv>iably ! lot ( ! novice 9 ^! int]e/+ /udies4 ,upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ objects h be5 figur$1 includ+ _m repres5tatives ( ! animal1 vegetable1 &1 m9]al k+doms1 & among !m ! read] w f9d types suffici5t = 8 e>ly guidance4 ,nei!r mu/ he expect t any draw+s c fully r5d] ! lovely /ructures :i* are reveal$ by ! microscope4 ,_! =m c be giv5 fai?fully en\gh1 & _! col\r c be indicat$2 b no p51 p5cil1 or bru%1 h[ev] skilfully wield$1 c reproduce ! s(t1 gl[+ radiance1 ! delicate pe>ly transluc5cy1 or ! fla%+ effulg5ce ( liv+ & ev]-*ang+ light ) :i* ,god wills to imbue ev5 ! smalle/ ( ,8 creatures1 ^: v exi/5ce has be5 hidd5 = c\ntless ages f ! inquisitive rese>* ( man1 & ^: wondr\s beauty a/oni%es & delights ! eye1 & fills ! he>t ) awe & adoration4 ,ow+ to ! _m claims on my "t1 ,i left ! selection ( ! objects to ,mr4 ,tuff5 ,we/1 :o employ$ ! great] "p ( a ye> 9 collect+ specim5s = ! express purpose1 & ^: well-kn[n fidelity & wide exp]i5ce are ! be/ gu>antees t c be (f]$ to ! public4 ,to him ,i also owe _m ?anks = 8 k9d revision ( ! pro(-%eets4 ,my ?anks are also due to ,messrs4 ,g4 & ,h4 ,brady1 :o l5t _m beautiful objects1 & to ,messrs4 ,bak]1 ! well-kn[n opticians ( ,holborn1 :o lib]ally plac$ _! :ole /ock ( slides & in/rum5ts at my disposal4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,pleasures & ,uses ( ,microscopy--,developm5t ( ! ,microscope--,extemporis$ ,app>atus #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,optics--,simple ,microscopes--,comp\nd ,microscope--,accessory ,app>atus--,cov]-glasses--,tr\ghs-- ,cond5s]s--,dissection--,dipp+-tubes--,d raw+--,measurem5t #g ,,*apt] ,,iii ,exam9ation ( ,objects--,pr9ciples ( ,illum9ation--,mirror & its ,action--,sub/age ,cond5s]--,use ( ,bull's-eye--,opaque ,objects--,photography ( ,microscopic ,objects #bh ,,*apt] ,,iv ,vegetable ,cells & _! ,/ructure--,/ellate ,tissues-- ,second>y ,deposit--,ducts & ,vessels--,wood-,cells--,/omata1 or ,m\?s ( ,plants--,! ,cam]a ,lucida1 & ,mode ( ,us+-- ,spiral & ,r+$ ,vessels--,hairs ( ,plants--,res9s1 ,sc5ts1 & ,oils--,b>k ,cells #cg ,,*apt] ,v ,/>*1 its ,gr[? & ,prop]ties--,surface ,cells ( ,petals-- ,poll5 & its ,functions--,se$s #fc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,alg & _! ,gr[?--,desmidiace1 :]e f\nd--,diatoms1 _! ,fl9ty ,deposit--,volvox--,m\ld1 ,blight1 & ,mildew-- ,mosses & ,f]ns--,m>e's-,tail & ! ,spores--,common ,sea-we$s & _! ,gr[? #gh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,ant5n1 _! ,/ructure & ,use--,eyes1 ,comp\nd & ,simple--,brea?+ ,organs--,jaws & _! ,app5dages--,legs1 ,feet1 & ,suck]s--,dige/ive ,organs--,w+s1 ,scales1 & ,hairs--,eggs ( ,insects--,hair1 ,wool1 ,l951 ,silk1 & ,cotton--,scales ( ,fi%--,fea!rs--,sk9 & its ,/ructure-- ,epi!lium--,nails1 ,bone1 & ,tee?--,blood ,corpuscles & ,circulation--,ela/ic ,tissues--,muscle & ,n]ve #if ,,*apt] ,,viii ,pond-,life--,app>atus & ,in/ructions = ,collect+ ,objects--,me?ods ( ,exam9ation--,sponge--,infusoria #acb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,fre%-wat] ,worms--,plan>ians--,hydra--,polyzoa--,r otif]s ,*tonotus--,wat]-,be>s #add ,,*apt] ,x ,m>9e ,life--,sponges--,infusoria--,=am9if]a-- ,radiol>ia-- ,hydroid ,zoophytes--,polyzoa--,worms--,l+ual ,ribbons & ,gills ( ,mollusca--,/>-,fi%es & ,sea-,ur*9s--,cuttle-,fi%-- ,corall9es--,miscellane\s ,objects #aed ,,*apt] ,,xi ,h9ts on ! ,prep>ation ( ,objects--,pres]vative ,fluids-- ,m\nt+ ,m$ia--,treatm5t ( ,special ,objects #afh ,,*apt] ,,xii ,section-,cutt+--,/a9+ #agi ,,common ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,*apt] ,i ,pleasures & ,uses ( ,microscopy--,developm5t ( ! ,microscope--,extemporis$ ,app>atus4 ,)9 ! la/ half-c5tury ! use ( ! microscope1 n only z an in/rum5t ( sci5tific rese>*1 a tool 9 ! h&s ( ! inve/igator ( ! f9] organisation ( ! _w ( nature1 nor ev5 z an adjunct to ! app>atus ( ! *emi/ or ! manufactur]1 b z a means ( innoc5t & in/ructive recreation1 has become s firmly root$ among/ u t x seems h>dly necess>y to advocate its claims to att5tion on any ( ^! gr\nds4 ,s wond]ful is ! in=mation :i* x af=ds1 s indisp5sable is x 9 _m1 if n 9 all1 bran*es ( sci5tific rese>*1 t n only w\ld ! lov] ( nature be depriv$ ( "o ( 8 mo/ valu$ s\rces ( in=mation & enjoym5t1 b "s sci5ces w\ld be br\ght absolutely to a /&/ill if by any conceivable means ! microscope 7 to be )drawn f _! foll[]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f e improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! latt]1 a correspond+ enl>gem5t & enlight5m5t ( ! fields review$ by ^! sci5ces has tak5 place1 & ! beauty & int]e/ ( ! revelations made by its means has attract$ an ev]-increas+ ho/ ( e>ne/ & intellig5t volunte]s1 :o h r5d]$ yeoman s]vice to ! cause ( k4 ,moreov]1 s va/ is ! scope ( ! in/rum5t1 t :il/ discov]ies 9 o!r fields ( rese>* are few & f> betwe51 comp>atively speak+1 9 microscopic sci5ce !y are ( ev]yday occurr5ce1 & ! numb] ( problems call+ = solution by means ( ! in/rum5t 9 "q is s va/ t ev5 ! humble/ work] may be ( ! greate/ assi/ance4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we propose to c>ry out1 z f> z possible ) ref]5ce to ! microscope1 ! sy/em foll[$ 9 ! 8,common ,objects ( ! ,sea%ore & ( ! ,c\ntry10 & to treat 9 z simple a mann] z may be ( ! m>vell\s /ructures :i* are f\nd s pr(usely 9 our fields1 woods1 /reams1 %ores1 & g>d5s4 ,moreov]1 our obs]vations w be re/rict$ to an in/rum5t ( su* a class z to be inexp5sively pur*as$ & easily h&l$1 & to ^? pieces ( supplem5t>y app>atus :i* c be extemporis$ at small co/ ( money & +5uity by ! obs]v] himself1 or obta9$ ( ! opticians = a few %ill+s4 ,) ! same view1 ! descriptions w be giv5 9 language z simple & z free f te*nicalities z possible1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t = _m ( ! organisms & /ructures :i* we %all h to describe !re are none b sci5tific names2 & s9ce1 moreov]1 ?is little "w is int5d$ to furni% a /epp+-/one betwe5 ! v elem5ts ( microscopic sci5ce1 & ^? high] developm5ts ( x :i* %\ld be ! aim ( e work]1 x w\ld be unwise to attempt to inv5t commonplace appellations = ! purpose ( ?is book1 & leave him to discov]1 :5 he came to consult works ( ref]5ce 9 any p>ticul> subject1 t 8 8simplifi$0 k _h all to be unle>nt1 & a new vocabul>y acquir$4 ,r w x be our purpose to use correct t]ms1 & expla9 !m1 z f> z necess>y1 z we introduce !m4 ,! comm5c+ microscopi/ is /rongly recomm5d$1 :il/ n conf9+ 8 int]e/ entirely to "o bran* ( rese>* or obs]vation1 to adopt "s "o z 8 p>ticul> prov9ce4 ,! opportunities = discov]y & orig9al "w1 :i* are af=d$ by all alike1 w be m readily appreciat$ & utilis$ by adopt+ su* a plan ?an by a g5]al & purposeless di/ribution ( ef=t4 ,to m5tion "o or two4 ,! /ud5t ( ! fasc9at+ field ( pond-life w f9d new organisms await+ description by ! hundr$1 & ( ! old ones1 life-hi/ories to make out2 if he be attract$ r to ! vegetable inhabitants ( ! same realm1 ! diatoms w furni% him ) ! opportunity ( /udy+1 & p]haps solv+1 ! enigma ( _! spontane\s movem5t1 & ( wat*+ _! developm5t4 ,! small] fungi1 & inde$ ! l>g] ones too1 w amply repay ! close/ & mo/ labori\s /udy ( _! habits ( life & processes ( developm5t4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 publi%$1 ! :ole subject has be5 practically revolutionis$1 & m rema9s to be done ?an has yet be5 accompli%$4 ,9 %ort1 !re is sc>cely an organism1 ev5 ( ^? be/ kn[n & mo/ /udi$1 :i* is s completely exhau/$ t p]sev]+ inve/igation w\ld reveal no?+ new conc]n+ x4 ,!re c be little d\bt b t if any work]1 ) mod]ate in/rum5tal means1 b ) an obs]vant m9d1 7 to set det]m9ately to "w at ! /udy ( ! commone/ we$ or ! mo/ famili> insect1 he1 or %e1 w\ld by pati5t lab\r accompli% "w :i* w\ld n only be ( value to sci5ce1 b w\ld r$\nd to ! cr$it ( ! work]4 ,some?+ l f9ality appe>s to h be5 rea*$1 at lea/ = ! pres5t1 9 ! developm5t ( ! microscope2 & :il/ x is beyond ! scope ( ?is "w to treat ( ! ref9$ & co/ly app>atus :i* is ess5tial to useful "w 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( rese>*1 ! result has1 on ! :ole1 be5 highly fav\rable to ! work] ( mod]ate means & ambitions1 s9ce l5ses are n[ accessible1 at ! co/ ( a few %ill+s1 comp>atively speak+1 :i* c\ld n h be5 pur*as$ at all :5 ?is "w fir/ appe>$4 ,x is ) su* appliances t we h "h to deal4 ,! work] ^: f9ances are re/rict$ mu/ be cont5t$ to extemporise = himself _m pieces ( app>atus1 & w f9d pleasure & occupation 9 do+ s4 ,& let him rememb]1 = 8 enc\ragem5t1 t _m su* home-made appliances w fulfil _! purpose q z well z ! impos+ p>aph]nalia ( glitt]+ brass & glass :i* decorates ! table ( ! weal?y amateur4 ,x is n ! man :o possesses ! be/ or mo/ co/ly app>atus1 b ! "o :o be/ und]/&s ! use ( t :i* he possesses1 t w make ! mo/ successful microscopi/4 ,a good obs]v] w discov]1 ) only ! aid ( a pocket-magnifi]1 secrets ( ,nature :i* h escap$ ! notice ( a :ole army ( dilettante microscopi/s1 9 spite ( ! advantages :i*1 z reg>ds in/rum5ts1 ! latt] may enjoy4 ,x is = ^? :o desire to be ( ! =m] class t ?is book is writt51 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages in/ances w be giv5 9 :i* ! ex]cise ( a small am\nt ( +5uity & ! exp5diture ( a few p5ce w be f\nd equival5t to ! pur*ase ( co/ly & complicat$ app>atus4 ,an enorm\s am\nt ( valuable "w 0 done 9 ! e>lie/ days ( microscopy1 :5 ! be/ app>atus available 0 a s+le l5s1 compos$ ( ! bead =m$ by fus+ ! drawn-out end ( a rod ( glass4 ,ins]t$ into a plate ( metal1 or a piece ( c>d1 su* a primitive in/rum5t 0 capable ( af=d+ a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation4 ,simil> in/rum5ts are to be pur*as$ = a few p5ce at ! pres5t day1 & are n )\t _! use = purposes ( imm$iate exam9ation ( mat]ial4 ,a v common =m is a glass m>ble1 gr\nd flat on "o side1 & m\nt$ 9 a tube4 ,! mat]ial to be exam9$ is plac$ ^u ! flat side1 & is se5 magnifi$ to an ext5t inv]sely proportional to ! diamet] ( ! sph]e ( glass4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,optics--,simple ,microscopes--,comp\nd ,microscope--,accessory ,app>atus--,cov]-glasses--,tr\ghs-- ,cond5s]s--,dissection--,dipp+-tubes--,d raw+--,measurem5t4 ,be=e proce$+ to deal ) ! microscope itself1 x may be useful to give a %ort summ>y ( ! optical laws ^u :i* its work+ dep5ds4 ,to g into ! m9uti ( ! matt] "h w\ld be out ( place1 b x w be f\nd v helpful1 especially 9 ! matt] ( illum9ation1 to acquire "s k (1 & facility 9 apply+1 ^! elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,we %all conf9e our rem>ks to convex l5ses1 z be+ ! =m to :i* all ! comb9ations 9 ! microscope may be ultimately r$uc$4 ,e convex l5s has "o 8pr9cipal0 focus1 & an inf9ite numb] ( 8conjugate0 foci4 ,! pr9cipal focus is ! di/ance at :i* x br+s toge!r 9 "o po9t ! rays :i* fall ^u x p>allel to its axis1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 9 :i* ,a is ! axis ( ! l5s ,l1 & ! rays ,,rr are br\ght toge!r 9 ! pr9cipal focus ,p4 ,?us a ready means ( f9d+ ! focal l5g? ( any l5s is to see at :at di/ance x =ms an image ( ! sun1 or ( any o!r di/ant object1 ^u a scre51 su* z a piece ( smoo? :ite c>dbo>d4 ,9 ! figure ?is di/ance w be ,,pl4 ,conv]sely1 if ! s\rce ( light be at ,p1 a p>allel beam ( light w be emitt$ f ! l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! focal l5g? may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 an object is plac$ at a di/ance f a l5s equal to twice ! pr9cipal focal l5g? ( ! latt]1 an image ( ! object is =m$ at ! same di/ance ^u ! o!r side ( ! l5s1 inv]t$ 9 position1 b ( ! same dim5sions z ! orig9al object4 ,! object & image !n occupy ! equal conjugate foci ( ! l5s1 s t by caus+ !m to assume ^! relative positions1 & halv+ ! di/ance at :i* ei!r ( !m is f ! l5s1 ! focal l5g? ( ! latt] is kn[n4 ,^! po9ts w be se5 on ref]5ce to ,fig4 #b1 9 :i* ,l be+ ! l5s1 & ,p ! pr9cipal focus1 z be=e1 rays f ! po9t ,c are br\ght toge!r at ! conjugate focus ,c'1 at ! same di/ance on ! o!r side ( ,l4 ,9 ?is case x manife/ly does n matt] :e!r ! object be at "o or ! o!r ( ^! po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ ) po9ts on ! l9e ( ! axis ( ! l5s4 ,! facts m5tion$ apply equally1 h[ev]1 to rays ent]+ ! l5s at an angle to ! axis1 only t 9 ?is case !y div]ge or conv]ge1 correspond+ly1 ^u ! o!r side4 ,x is evid5t1 f ,fig4 #a1 t no image is =m$ ( a po9t situat$ at ! di/ance ( ! pr9cipal focus2 b ,fig4 #c1 :i* is really an ext5sion ( ,fig4 #b1 %[s h[ ! rays pass+ along second>y axes =m an inv]t$ image ( ! same size z ! object1 :5 ! latt] is situat$ at twice ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s f ?is la/4 ,to avoid confusion1 ! b\nd+ l9es only are %[n1 b simil> l9es might be drawn f ea* & e po9t ( ! object2 & if ! l9es ,,ala'1 ,,bl',b' be suppos$ to be balanc$ at ,l & ,l' respectively1 !y w indicate ! po9ts at :i* ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! object & image w be situat$ along ! l9es ,,ab1 ,b',a' respectively4 ,moreov]1 rays pass f e "p ( ! object to e "p ( ! l5s1 s t we mu/ imag9e ! cones ,,lal'1 ,,la',l' to be fill$ ) rays div]g+ on "o side ( ! l5s & conv]g+ on ! o!r4 ,! image s =m$ is a 8real0 image1--t is to say1 x c be ?r[n ^u a scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! microscopic image1 on ! o!r h&1 is a virtual image1 :i* c be view$ by ! eye b _c be ?us project$1 = x is =m$ by an object plac$ ne>] to ! l5s ?an ! pr9cipal focal l5g? ( ! latt]1 s t ! rays div]ge1 in/ead ( conv]g+1 z !y leave ! l5s1 & ! eye looks1 z x 71 back along ! pa? 9 :i* ! rays appe> to travel1 & s sees an enl>g$ image situat$ 9 ! air1 f>!r away ?an ! object1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ?is case1 z ! diagram %[s1 ! image is upright1 n inv]t$4 ,images ( ! latt] class are ^? =m$ by simple microscopes1 ( ! k9d describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,9 ! comp\nd microscope ! initial image1 =m$ by ! object-glass1 is fur!r magnifi$ by ano!r set ( l5ses1 =m+ ! eye-piece1 by :i* ! div]g+ rays ( ! virtual image are br\ght toge!r to a focus at ! eye-po9t2 & :5 view$ directly1 ! eye sees an imag9>y image1 z 9 a simple microscope1 :il/1 :5 ! rays are all[$ to fall ^u a scre51 !y =m a real image ( ! object1 l>g] or small]1 z ! scre5 is f>!r f or ne>] to ! eye-po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,^! rem>ks mu/ suffice = our pres5t purpose4 ,^? :o are suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 ! subject to desire to "k m ( ! delicate corrections to :i* ^! broad pr9ciples are subject$ 9 practice1 t objectives may give images :i* are cle> & free f col\r1 to say no?+ ( o!r faults1 w d well to consult "s su* "w z ,lommel's ,optics1 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies4 ,9 foll[+ a "w su* z ! pres5t "o1 ! simple microscope1 9 "s =m or o!r1 w be f\nd almo/ indisp5sable4 ,x w be requir$ = exam9+ raw mat]ial1 su* z leaves or o!r p>ts ( plants1 = ga!r+s ( life 9 fre% or salt wat]1 = dissections4 ,) su* p[]s z ^? ) :i* we %all h to deal1 x w r>ely happ5 t1 = example1 a bottle ( wat] 9 :i* no life is visible w be wor? ! c>ry+-home2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 a few mon?s' practice w r5d] x n only possible1 b easy1 n only to recognise ! pres5ce1 b to id5tify ! g5us1 & (t5 ev5 ! species1 ( ! =ms ( life pres5t4 ,moreov]1 ^! l[ p[]s1 af=d+ a g5]al view ( ! object1 all[ ! relation to ea* o!r ( ! details reveal$ by ! p[] ( ! comp\nd microscope to be mu* m easily grasp$4 ,a r\gh example may suffice to illu/rate ?is4 ,a p5ny is a suffici5tly evid5t object to ! nak$ eye1 b x w require a %>p "o to foll[ ! details 9 ,britannia's %ield1 :il/ ! m9ute scrat*es or ! bloom ^u ! surface w\ld be invisible 9 detail )\t optical aid4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be ra% to conclude f an exam9ation ( a portion ( ! surface ) ! microscope alone t ! portion 9 view 0 a sample ( ! :ole surface4 ,! m ! surface is magnifi$1 ! less are ! details grasp$ z a :ole1 & = ?is reason ! obs]v] is /rongly recomm5d$ to make out all t he c ( an object ) a simple magnifi] be=e resort+ to ! microscope4 ,= g5]al purposes1 ! int5d+ obs]v] _c d bett] ?an supply himself ) a common pocket-magnifi]1 ) "o1 two1 or ?ree l5ses1 pref]ably ! la/1 z al?\gh ! absolute p]=mance is n s accurate1 ! v consid]able range ( p[] available by us+ ! l5ses s+ly1 or 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 is ( great advantage4 ,su* a magnifi] may be obta9$ f ,bak] = ab\t ?ree-&-sixp5ce1 or1 ) ! addition ( a p[]ful ,codd+ton l5s 7,fig4 #e7 9 ! same m\nt1 = n9e %ill+s m4 ,aplanatic l5ses1 su* z ! "o %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #f1 ) a mu* flatt] field ( vision1 b ( "o p[] only ea*1 co/ ab\t fifte5 %ill+s1 & a simple /&1 :i* adapts !m = dissect+ purposes1 may be obta9$ ( ! same mak] = half a cr[n1 or may easily be extemporis$ f a cork slid+ /iffly on an iron rod set 9 a heavy foot1 ! cork c>ry+ a loop ( wire t]m9at+ 9 a r+ :i* c>ries ! l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,s mu* may suffice = ! simple microscope4 ,we pass on n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! in/rum5t :i* =ms ! subject ( ! pres5t "w1 an in/rum5t :i*1 :il/ mod]ate 9 price1 is yet capable ( do+ a l>ge am\nt ( useful & valuable "w 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful own]1 & ( af=d+ him a va/ am\nt ( pleasure & recreation1 ev5 if ^! be 8 only objects 9 ! pur*ase1 ?\gh x is difficult to und]/& t1 an insight be+ once atta9$ into ! revelations effect$ by ! in/rum5t1 )\t a desire be+ excit$ 9 any intellig5t m9d to pursue ! subject z a /udy z well z a delightful relaxation4 ,! microscope describ$1 & adopt$ z 8 text by ! au?or ( ?is "w1 is /ill made1 & has %>$ to a v consid]able ext5t 9 ! g5]al improvem5t ( optical app>atus :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,x is to be obta9$ f ,bak]1 #bdd ,high ,holborn1 & is provid$ ) mo/ ( ! app>atus :i* w be f\nd indisp5sable by ! beg9n]1 co/+1 ) a case 9 :i* to keep x1 ! mode/ sum ( ?ree gu9eas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,if ?is in/rum5t repres5t ! limit ( ! pur*as]'s p[] ( purse1 he may v well make x answ] 8 purpose = a consid]able "t4 ,! same in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 ) sep>ate objectives ( good quality1 toge!r ) a bull's-eye cond5s] 7an almo/ indisp5sable adjunct71 a plane mirror 9 addition to a concave "o1 & a simple b effici5t =m ( sub/age cond5s]1 may be obta9$ = #e1 #abs4 #f;d41 & ! extra outlay w be well repaid by ! advantage 9 work+ :i* is ga9$ by ! possession ( ! additional app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,a /ill bett] /&1 & "o :i* is good en\gh = almo/ any class ( "w1 is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 :i* is kn[n z ! 8,portable0 microscope4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! body is made up ( two tubes1 s t ! l5g? may be v>i$ at w1 & ?is gives a v consid]able range ( magnification )\t *ang+ ! object-glass1 a great conv5i5ce 9 practice2 :il/ ! legs fold up = conv5i5ce ( c>riage1 s t ! :ole in/rum5t1 ) all necess>y appliances1 may be readily pack$ 9 a corn] ( a portmanteau = transport to ! c\ntry or seaside4 ,! objectives suppli$ ) ! simple/ =m ( microscope above ref]r$ to are comb9ations ( ?ree p[]s 9 "o1 & ! p[] is v>i$ by us+ "o1 two1 or ?ree ( ^! 9 comb9ation4 ,?is =m ( objective is v good1 z f> z x goes1 ?\gh x is impossible to correct su* a comb9ation ) ! accuracy :i* is possible 9 manufactur+ "o ( a fix$ focal l5g?4 ,p]haps ! be/ ?+ = ! beg9n] to d w\ld be to pur*ase ! comb9ation fir/1 &1 lat] on1 to dispose ( x & buy sep>ate objectives (1 say1 "o-in*1 half-in*1 & qu>t]-in* focal l5g?s4 ,x may be expla9$ "h1 t :5 a l5s is spok5 ( z hav+ a c]ta9 focal l5g?1 x is meant t ! magnification obta9$ by its use is ! same1 at a di/ance ( t5 in*es f ! eye1 z w\ld be obta9$ by us+ a simple sph]e ( glass ( ! same focal l5g? at ! same di/ance4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is simply a matt] ( !ory1 = su* l5ses are nev] us$ actually4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,( accessory app>atus1 we may m5tion fir/ ! /age =ceps 7,fig4 #i1 a74 ,^! are made to fit into a hole ^u ! /age1 s z to be capable ( be+ turn$ ab\t 9 any direction1 ) an object 9 _! grasp1 & = "s purposes1 especially su* z ! exam9ation ( a ?9 object1 say ! edge ( a leaf1 !y are extremely useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! live box1 9 :i* drops ( wat] or portions ( wat]-plants1 or ! l1 may be exam9$1 w be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,by adju/m5t ( ! cap ^u ! cyl9d]1 ) prop] att5tion to ! ?ickness ( ! cov]-glass 9 ! cap1 any requir$ am\nt ( pressure1 f t m]ely suffici5t to fix a re/less object to an am\nt suffici5t to cru% a resi/5t tissue1 may easily be appli$1 :il/ ! result ( ! op]ation is wat*$ ?r\gh ! microscope4 ,?is proce$+ is greatly facilitat$ if ! cap ( ! live-box be slott$ spirally1 ) a /ud on ! cyl9d]1 s t a half-turn ( ! cap br+s ! glasses into contact4 ,by ?is means ! pressure may be adju/$ ) ! greate/ nicety4 ,9 exam9+ delicate objects1 su* z l>ge infusoria1 :i* inv>iably commit suicide :5 pressure is appli$1 a good plan is to re/rict _! movem5ts by plac+ a few ?reads ( cotton-wool1 well pull$ out1 9 ! live-box ) ! drop ( wat]4 ,a v>iety ( in/rum5ts has be5 inv5t$ = ! same purpose1 ( :i* ,beck's p>allel compressorium may be m5tion$ z ! mo/ effici5t1 ?\gh x is some:at complicat$1 & consequ5tly exp5sive1 co/+ ab\t tw5ty-five %ill+s4 ,a few glass slips & cov]-glasses w also be requir$4 ,! latt] _h bett] be ^? kn[n z 8,no4 #b10 s9ce ! beg9n] w f9d x almo/ impossible to clean ! ?9n] ones satisfactorily )\t a l>ge p]c5tage ( fractures4 ,! safe/ way is to boil ! ?9 glass circles 9 dilute nitric acid 7half acid1 half wat]7 = a few m9utes1 wa% well 9 sev]al wat]s1 fir/ tap-wat] & !n di/ill$1 & f9ally to place ! cov]s 9 me?ylat$ _s4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 ! _s may be burnt (f by apply+ a light1 ! cov]-glass1 held 9 a pair ( =ceps1 be+ 9 no way injur$ by ! process4 ,9 addition to ! glass slides1 ! obs]v] w f9d x advisable to be provid$ ) a few glass tr\ghs1 ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 9 :i* portions ( wat]-plants1 hav+ organisms atta*$ to !m1 may be exam9$4 ,conf9$ 9 ! live-box1 _m ( ! organisms ord9>ily f\nd "u su* circum/ances c r>ely be induc$ to unfold _! beauties1 :il/ 9 ! comp>ative fre$om ( ! tr\gh !y d s readily4 ,! tr\ghs may be pur*as$1 or may be made ( any desir$ %ape or size by cutt+ /rips ( glass ( a ?ickness correspond+ to ! dep? desir$1 cem5t+ ^! to a glass slide some:at l>g] ?an ! ord9>y "o1 & cem5t+ ov] ! frame s =m$ a piece ( ?9 glass1 ,no4 #c2 ! be/ mat]ial to use z cem5t be+ m>9e glue ( ! be/ quality1 or1 fail+ ?is1 ,pr\t's ela/ic glue1 :i* is mu* *eap]1 b also less satisfactory4 ,! glass surface mu/ be made1 9 ei!r case1 suffici5tly hot to ensure ?or\gh adhesion ( ! cem5t1 z ! use ( any solv5t entails long wait+1 & consid]able risk ( poison+ ! organisms4 ,a useful practical h9t 9 ! use ( ^! tr\ghs is t ! corn]s1 at ! top1 %\ld be greas$ slightly1 o!rwise ! wat] f9ds its way out by capill>y attraction1 to ! detrim5t ( ! /age ( ! microscope4 ,( optical accessories1 ! bull's-eye is almo/ ! mo/ valuable4 ,s mu* may be effect$ by its means alone1 9 practis$ h&s1 t x is well wor? ! :ile ( ! beg9n] to ma/] its use ?or\ghly1 & ! me?ods ( do+ s w be expla9$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,! sub/age cond5s]1 too1 ev5 9 its mo/ simple =m1 is an invaluable adjunct1 ev5 ?\gh x be only a hemisph]e ( glass1 half an in* or s 9 diamet]1 m\nt$ 9 a r\gh slid+ jacket to fit und]nea? ! /age4 ,su* an in/rum5t1 prop]ly fitt$1 w co/ ab\t fifte5 %ill+s1 b ! +5i\s work] w easily extemporise "o = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,_m plants & animals require to be dissect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t be=e ! details ( _! /ructure c be made out1 & = ?is purpose ! nak$ eye alone w r>ely s]ve4 ,! ord9>y pocket magnifi]1 h[ev]1 if m\nt$ z describ$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 w greatly facilitate matt]s1 & ! light may be focus$ ^u ! object by means ( ! bull's-eye cond5s]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 ! figure ! latt] is repres5t$ z us$ 9 conjunction ) ! lamp1 b daylight is pref]able if x be available1 ! /ra9 ^u ! eyes be+ v mu* less ?an ) artificial light4 ,two blocks ( wood1 ab\t f\r in*es high1 w =m conv5i5t re/s = ! h&s1 a plate ( glass be+ plac$ ^u ! blocks to support ! di%1 & a mirror be+ put 9 ! int]space at an angle ( #de or s if requir$4 ,a piece ( black pap] may be laid ^u ! mirror if reflect$ light alone is to be us$4 ,z all delicate /ructures are dissect$ "u fluid1 a %all[ di% is requir$4 ,= ?is purpose no?+ is bett] ?an "o ( ! di%es us$ = develop+ photographic negatives4 ,! bottom ( ! di% is occupi$ by a flat cork1 to :i* a piece ( flat lead is atta*$ bel[1 & ! object hav+ be5 p9n$ on to ! cork 9 ! requir$ position1 ! fluid is c>efully run 94 ,?is fluid w naturally v>y accord+ to ! results desir$ to be obta9$1 b x mu/ n be pla9 wat]1 :i* s alt]s all cellul> /ructures z to practically make !m unrecognisable "u ! microscope4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =mal91 7 x n = ! some:at irritat+ od\r ( ?is fluid1 s9ce x at once fixes ! cells & pres]ves ! figure4 ,= _m purposes a solution ( salt1 9 ! proportion ( a saltspoonful ( ! latt] to a p9t ( wat]1 w answ] well = %ort dissections4 ,= m prolong$ ones1 a mixture ( _s-&-wat]1 "o "p ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]1 answ]s well1 especially = vegetable /ructures4 ,:5 ! dilution is fir/ made1 ! fluid becomes milky1 unless pure _s be us$1 b ) a little tr\ble ! ,rev5ue au?orities may be induc$ to give p]mission = ! use ( pure me?ylat$ _s1 :i* answ]s e purpose4 ,! tr\ble !n is t n less ?an five gallons c be pur*as$1 an emb>ras de ri*esses = ! av]age microscopi/1 b1 aft] all1 ! _s is extremely *eap1 & does n det]iorate by keep+4 ,:5 ! dissection 9 ei!r ( ^! m$ia is complet$1 _s %\ld be gradually add$ to br+ ! /r5g? up to #ej p] c5t41 9 :i* ! prep>ation may rema9 = a day or two1 aft] :i* x is gradually br\ght into pure _s1 or into wat] aga91 accord+ to ! m$ium 9 :i* x is to be m\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,z to ! tools requir$1 !y are nei!r num]\s nor exp5sive4 ,f9e-po9t$ b /rong =ceps 7,fig4 #i1 c71 curv$ & /raight2 a c\ple ( pairs ( scissors1 "o /rong & /raight1 ! o!r m delicate1 & hav+ curv$ blades1 & a few ne$les ( v>i\s ?icknesses & curves1 are ! *ief ones4 ,! latt] may be made by ins]t+ ord9>y ne$les1 = ?ree-f\r?s ( _! l5g?1 into /icks ( /raight-gra9$ deal 7ord9>y firewood answ]s be/71 & !reaft] b5d+ !m z requir$4 ,a bett] plan1 h[ev]1 is to be provid$ ) a few ( ! ne$le-hold]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 b4 ,^! are v simple & inexp5sive1 & 9 !m brok5 ne$les are readily replac$ by o!rs4 ,dipp+-tubes1 su* z are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 w also be extremely useful = _m purposes4 ,^! are v easily made by heat+ ! c5tre ( a piece ( s(t glass tub+ ( ! requir$ size1 &1 :5 x is q r$-hot1 draw+ ! ends ap>t4 ,! f9e tube 9 ! c5tre %\ld n[ be divid$ by scrat*+ x ) a f9e triangul> file1 & ! scrat* may ( c\rse be made at su* a po9t z to af=d a tube ( ! requir$ f95ess4 ,! edges %\ld be smoo!d by hold+ !m 9 ! flame until !y j run 7n melt1 or ! tube w close74 ,^! tubes c (t5 be made to supply ! place ( a glass syr+e4 ,!y may be us$ ei!r = suck+ up fluid or = transf]r+ x1 plac+ ! f+] ov] ! wide end1 all[+ ! tube to fill by displacem5t ( air1 & !n re-clos+ x ) ! f+]4 ,?is la/ me?od is especially useful = transf]r+ small objects f "o receptacle to ano!r4 ,9 speak+ ( ! dissection ( objects1 x %\ld h be5 m5tion$ t ! microscope itself may1 "u c>eful h&l+1 be made to s]ve v well1 only1 z ! image is rev]s$1 x is almo/ impossible to "w )\t us+ a prism to re-erect ! image4 ,su* a prism is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! microscope is plac$ v]tically1 & ! obs]v]1 look+ /raight into ! prism1 sees all ! p>ts ( ! image 9 _! natural positions4 ,?is appliance is extremely useful = ! purpose ( select+ small objects1 & arrang+ !m on slides 9 any desir$ mann]4 ,a few words may be add$ z to ! reproduction ( ! images ( objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! beg9n] is /rongly recomm5d$ to practise himself 9 ?is f ! outset4 ,ev5 a r\gh sket* is wor? pages ( description1 especially if ! magnification us$ be app5d$2 & ev5 ?\gh ! work] may be devoid ( arti/ic tal5t1 he w f9d t ) practice he w acquire a v consid]able am\nt ( facility 9 giv+ tru?ful outl9es at lea/ ( ! objects :i* he views4 ,v>i\s aids h be5 devis$ = ! purpose ( assi/+ 9 ! process4 ,! simple/ & *eape/ ( ^! consi/s ( a cork cut s z to fit r\nd ! eye-piece4 ,into ! cork are /uck two p9s1 at an angle ( #de to ! plane ( ! cork1 &1 ! microscope be+ plac$ horizontally1 a ?9 cov]-glass is plac$ ^u ! two p9s1 ! light be+ arrang$ & ! object focus$ aft] ! microscope is incl9$4 ,on look+ v]tically d[n ^u ! cov]-glass1 a bright spot ( light w be se51 & z ! eye is br\ght d[n into close proximity ) x ! spot w exp& & all[ ! obs]v] to see ! :ole ( ! image )\t look+ into ! microscope4 ,if a %eet ( pap] be n[ plac$ ^u ! table at ! place occupi$ by ! image s project$1 ! :ole ( ! details w be cle>ly se51 z w also ! po9t ( a p5cil plac$ ^u ! pap] 9 ! c5tre ( ! field ( view2 &1 aft] a little practice1 x w be f\nd easy to trace r\nd ! *ief details ( ! object4 ,two po9ts require att5tion4 ,! fir/ is t if ! light ^u ! pap] be /rong] ?an t 9 ! app>5t field ( ! microscope1 ! image w n be well se51 or if ! pap] be too feebly light$1 x w be difficult to keep ! po9t ( ! p5cil 9 view4 ,! light f ! microscope is ?r[n into ! eye1 & ! view ( ! image ^u ! pap] is ! effect ( a m5tal act1 ! eye look+ out 9 ! direction f :i* ! rays appe> to come4 ,! pap] has !re=e to be illum9at$ indep5d5tly1 & half ! battle lies 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! relative brightness ( image & pap]4 ,! second po9t is1 t x is ess5tial to fix "o p>ticul> po9t 9 ! image z ! />t+-po9t ( ! draw+1 & ?is be+ fir/ depict$1 ! image & draw+ ( ?is po9t mu/ be kept always co9cid5t1 or ! draw+ w be di/ort$1 s9ce ! smalle/ movem5t ( ! eye alt]s ! relations ( ! :ole4 ,! reflector mu/ be plac$ at an angle ( #de1 or ! field w be oval in/ead ( circul>4 ,! simple =m ( app>atus j describ$ has "o drawback1 inasmu* z ! reflection is d\ble1 ! front & back ( ! cov]-glass bo? act+ z reflectors4 ,! image f ! latt] be+ mu* ! m feeble ( ! two1 c>e 9 illum9ation w d mu* to elim9ate ?is difficulty2 b !re are v>i\s o!r =ms 9 :i* ! defect 9 "q is got rid (4 ,! pres5t writ] has work$ ) all ( !m1 f ! simple neutral t9t reflector ( ,beale to ! elaborate & co/ly app>atus ( ,zeiss1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 ?9ks t he pref]s ! cov]-glass to !m all4 ,a v simple plan1 n s me*anical z ! la/-nam$1 consi/s 9 ! use ( 8draw+-squ>es10 :i* are delicate l9es rul$ ^u a piece ( ?9 glass1 & dropp$ into ! eye-piece s t ! l9es re/ ^u ! diaphragm ( ! eye-piece1 & !re=e are 9 focus at ! same "t z ! object4 ,by ! use ( ^!1 9 comb9ation ) pap] simil>ly rul$1 a diagram ( any requir$ size c be drawn ) v great facility4 ,! squ>es1 if comp>$ ) a micromet]1 w furni% an exact /&>d ( magnitude = ea* object-glass employ$4 ,! micromet] is a piece ( ?9 glass ^u :i* are rul$ m9ute divisions ( an in* or a millimet]4 ,suppose ! micromet] to be plac$ "u ! microscope :5 ! squ>es are 9 ! eye-piece1 & x be f\nd t ea* division corresponds ) "o squ>e ( ! latt]1 !n1 if ! micrometric division be "o "o-hundr$? ( an in*1 & ! squ>es ^u ! pap] measure "o in*1 x is cle> t ! draw+ w repres5t ! object magnifi$ a hundr$ 8diamet]s02 if two divisions ( ! micromet] correspond to ?ree squ>es1 ! amplification w be a hundr$ & fifty diamet]s2 if ?ree divisions correspond to two squ>es1 sixty-six diamet]s1 & s on4 ,if a draw-tube be us$1 x w be necess>y to "k ! value ( ! squ>es at ea* in* ( ! l5g?1 if !y are to be us$ = measur+ magnification4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,exam9ation ( ,objects--,pr9ciples ( ,illum9ation--,mirror & its ,action--,sub/age ,cond5s]--,use ( ,bull's-eye--,opaque ,objects--,photography ( ,microscopic ,objects4 ,s mu* dep5ds ^u a "r me?od ( employ+ ! microscope1 z reg>ds bo? com=t & accuracy1 t we propose to devote a little space to ! consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,let u fir/ w>n ! int5d+ obs]v] aga9/ ! use ( p[]s high] ?an are requir$ to br+ out ! details ( ! object4 ,m]e magnification is ( v little use3 x increases ! difficulties bo? ( illum9ation & ( manipulation1 &1 z already said1 int]f]es ) t grasp ( ! object :i* x is mo/ desirable to obta94 ,r let ! beg9n] lay himself out to get ! v mo/ he c out ( 8 l[e/ p[]s1 & he w f9d t1 by s do+1 he w be able f> bett] to avail himself ( ! high] ones :5 _! use is indisp5sable4 ,! ess5tial means to ?is end is a ma/]y ( ! pr9ciples ( illum9ation1 :i* we n[ proce$ to describe4 ,we suppose ! microscope to be incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #gj to ! horizontal1 ) a l[-p[] objective atta*$ to x1 a "o-in* by pref]5ce4 ,opposite to ! microscope1 & ab\t a foot away f x1 is a lamp ) ! edge ( ! flame pres5t$ to ! microscope1 ! concave mirror ( :i* is s arrang$ z to receive ! rays f ! flame & direct !m up ! tube ( ! microscope4 ,^u ! /age is plac$ a piece ( gr\nd-glass1 & ! mirror-arm is n[ to be mov$ up or d[n ^u its support until ! gr\nd-glass receives ! maximum ( illum9ation1 :i* x w d :5 ! lamp-flame is at "o conjugate focus ( ! mirror & ! gr\nd-glass at ! o!r4 ,! focus w n be an image ( ! flame1 b a b> ( light4 ,if an object be n[ plac$ ^u ! /age1 in/ead ( ! gr\nd-glass1 & ! objective focus$ ^u x1 x w1 if ! mirror be prop]ly adju/$1 be brilliantly illum9at$4 ,x w be und]/ood t e concave mirror has a focus1 & conv]ges ! rays :i* fall ^u x to ?is focus1 behav+ exactly l a convex l5s4 ,! pr9cipal focus ( a concave mirror is its radius ( curvature1 & ?is is n difficult to det]m9e4 ,place side by side a deep c>dbo>d box & ! lamp1 s t ! concave mirror may s5d ! rays back1 along a pa? only slightly incl9$ to t by :i* !y rea*$ x1 to ! bottom ( ! box4 ,! lamp & box be+ equidi/ant f ! mirror1 x is evid5t t :5 ! mirror =ms an image ( ! =m] ^u ! latt] equal to ! flame 9 size1 we h ! equival5t ( ! equal conjugate foci %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ move ! box to ! di/ance f ! mirror :i* corresponds to ! di/ance ( ! /age ( ! microscope f ! mirror :5 ! latt] is 9 position ^u ! microscope1 & !n move ! lamp to or fro until ! mirror ca/s a %>p image ( ! flame ^u ! bottom ( ! box1 :i* is n to be mov$4 ,! lamp di/ance s f\nd w be ! correct "o = work+ ) ! concave mirror4 ,! writ] is l$ to lay special /ress ^u ?is matt]1 f ! fact t he almo/ inv>iably f9ds t ! mirror is arrang$ to be us$ = p>allel rays1 i4e4 = daylight1 & is !re=e fix$ f> too close to ! /age to be available = correct or advantage\s work+ ) ! lamp1 unless1 inde$1 ! bull's-eye cond5s] be us$1 z h]e9aft] describ$1 to p>allelise ! rays f ! lamp4 ,"w done ) ! concave mirror c1 h[ev]1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 only be look$ ^u z a pis all]4 ,! advantages ga9$ by ! use ( "s sub/age cond5s]1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 9 conjunction ) ! plane mirror1 or ev5 )\t any mirror at all1 are s manifold t ! beg9n] is /rongly urg$ to provide himself ) "s =m or o!r ( x1 & we n[ proce$ to describe ! way 9 :i* ?is %\ld be us$ to produce ! be/ effect4 ,to r$uce ! problem to its mo/ simple elem5ts1 turn ! mirror altoge!r out ( ! way1 & place ! microscope ^u a block at su* a height z %all be conv5i5t = obs]vation1 & %all all[ ! rays f ! lamp1 plac$ 9 a l9e ) x on ! table1 to %9e directly into ! tube ( ! microscope4 ,asc]ta9 t ?is is s by remov+ bo? objective & eye-piece & look+ d[n ! tube1 :5 ! flame %\ld be se5 9 ! c5tre1 edgewise4 ,n[ replace ! eye-piece1 & screw on to ! tube ! "o-in* comb9ation or objective4 ,place ^u ! /age an object1 pref]ably a r\nd diatom or an e*9us-sp9e1 & focus x z %>ply z possible4 ,n[ place ! sub/age cond5s] 9 its jacket1 & slide x up & d[n until ! image ( ! object is bisect$ by ! image ( ! flame4 ,! c5tre ( ! object w n[ be brilliantly illum9at$ by rays travell+ 9 ! prop] direction = yield+ ! be/ results4 ,! object is situat$ at ! common focus ( ! microscope & ! cond5s]1 &1 :atev] means ( illum9ation be adopt$1 ?is is ! result :i* %\ld always be aim$ at4 ,satisfactory z ?is critical arrangem5t is1 h[ev]1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 x has its drawbacks f an arti/ic & /hetic "o4 ,x is n pleasant1 = mo/ purposes1 to h m]ely ! c5tre ( an object light$ up1 & we h n[ to consid] h[ ! image ( ! edge ( ! flame may be s exp&$ z to fill ! field )\t sacrific+ m ?an a v small fraction ( ! accuracy ( ! arrangem5t j atta9$4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #a1 we see t if we place ! lamp at ! pr9cipal focus ( a l5s1 x w emit a bundle ( p>allel rays equal 9 diamet] to ! diamet] ( ! l5s4 ,?is is ! key ( ! position4 ,we _c place ! lamp at an inf9ite di/ance f ! sub/age cond5s]1 b we c supply ! latt] ) rays approximately p>allel1 s t x %all br+ !m to a focus ^u ! object at v ne>ly its own pr9cipal focus4 ,?is we d by means ( ! bull's-eye cond5s]4 ,place ! latt]1 ) its flat side t[>d ! edge ( ! flame1 & at its pr9cipal focal di/ance 7! me?od ( det]m9+ :i* has already be5 describ$7 f ! latt]1 s t ! bundle ( p>allel rays :i* issue f x may pass up to ! sub/age cond5s]4 ,on exam9+ ! object aga91 x w be f\nd t1 aft] slight adju/m5ts ( ! position ( ! bull's-eye h be5 made1 ! object lies 9 ! c5tre ( an ev5ly & brilliantly light$ field4 ,x may be necess>y to place ! bull's-eye a little f>!r f or ne>] to ! lamp1 or to move x a little to "o side or ! o!r1 b :5 x is at ! correct di/ance1 & on ! c5tral l9e betwe5 ! lamp & ! sub/age cond5s]1 at "r angles to ?is l9e1 ! effects w be z describ$4 ,x may help 9 secur+ ?is result if we m5tion t :5 ! bull's-eye is too f> f ! lamp1 ! image ( ! flame is a sp9dle-%ap$ "o2 :il/1 :5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two is too %ort1 i4e4 less ?an ! pr9cipal focal l5g? ( ! l5s1 ! field is cross$ by a b> or light1 ! ends ( :i* are jo9$ by a r+1 :il/ on ei!r side ( ! b> !re is a semi-circul> d>k space4 ,we h hi!rto suppos$ ! objects view$ to be transp>5t1 b !re are _m1 ( great int]e/1 :i* are opaque1 & call = o!r means ( illum9ation4 ,( ^! !re are sev]al4 ,! simple/ &1 9 _m ways1 ! be/ is to use ! bull's-eye cond5s] to br+ to a focus ^u ! object ! rays ( light f "s s\rce plac$ above ! /age ( ! microscope4 ,if light c be obta9$ f ! sun itself1 no l5s w be ne$$ to conc5trate x2 & inde$1 if ?is 7 done1 !re w\ld be consid]able risk ( burn+ ! object4 ,! light f a :ite cl\d1 h[ev]1 ) ! help ( ! bull's-eye1 answ]s admirably4 ,at night-"t an artificial s\rce ( light1 ! m int5se & ! m di/ant ! bett]1 is requir$4 ,= mo/ cases1 & ) p[]s n high] ?an "o in*1 a good p>aff9 lamp1 plac$ ab\t two feet away f ! /age1 & on "o side ( x1 s z to be ab\t a foot above ! level ( ! object1 w give all t is ne$$4 ,su* a lamp is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,l[ magnifications are1 z a rule1 all t is call$ = 9 ?is me?od4 ,lieb]kuhn's cond5s]s are useful aids1 b are some:at exp5sive4 ,!y are concave mirrors1 :i* are s adju/$ to ! objective t ! latt] & ! reflector come into focus toge!r1 ! light be+ s5t 9 f bel[1 or f "o side4 ,"o o!r me?od ( illum9ation mu/ be m5tion$ be=e leav+ ! topic1 & ?is is ! illum9ation ( objects ^u a 8d>k field40 ,) suitable subjects1 & :5 c>efully manag$1 !re is no me?od :i* gives m beautiful effects1 & x has ! great advantage ( all[+ ! object to be brilliantly light$1 )\t ! /ra9 to ! eyes :i* is involv$ 9 su* light+ by ! usual me?od ( direct illum9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 all[+ ! light to fall ^u ! object f bel[1 at su* an angle t none ( x c ent] ! objective directly4 ,?us ! concave mirror1 turn$ z f> z possible to "o side1 & reflect+ on to ! object ! rays f ! lamp plac$ ^u ! opposite side1 w give v fair results ) l[ p[]s2 ?is plan1 h[ev]1 is capable ( b v limit$ application4 ,aga91 a disc ( black pap] may be /uck on to ! middle ( ! bull's-eye1 & ! latt] be plac$ bel[ ! /age betwe5 x & ! mirror4 ,9 ?is case ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! disc1 :i*1 if too small1 w n give a black gr\nd1 & if too l>ge w cut (f all light f ! object4 ,! be/ & only really satisfactory plan is to arrange ! illum9ation ) ! sub/age cond5s]1 z previ\sly describ$1 & !n to place bel[ ! l5s ( ! latt] a c5tral /op ( a suitable size1 :i* c only be det]m9$ by trial4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done ! object w be se5 brilliantly illum9at$ ^u a field ( velvety blackness4 ,su* /ops are suppli$ ) ! cond5s]4 ,we h devot$ a consid]able portion ( space to ?is "q1 s9ce x is1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ important to a successful1 satisfactory1 & reliable manipulation ( ! microscope2 b ev5 n[1 only ! ma9 po9ts ( ! subject h be5 t\*$ ^u1 & ! work] w f9d x necess>y to supplem5t ! in=mation giv5 by actual exp]im5t4 ,a few failures1 rightly consid]$1 w af=d a great am\nt ( in=mation1 b ^? :o desire to g ?or\ghly into ! matt] are recomm5d$ to consult ! pres5t writ]'s ,guide to ! ,sci5ce ( ,photomicrography1 :]e x is treat$ at mu* great] l5g?1 z an ess5tial "p ( ! subject-matt] ( ! book4 ,x may be add$ "h1 t no me?od ( reproduc+ ! images ( objects is on ! :ole s satisfactory z ! photographic "o2 & :il/ a l5g!n$ ref]5ce to ! topic w\ld be out ( place 9 a "w ( ! "* ( ! pres5t "o1 ! "o j m5tion$ w be f\nd to conta9 all t is necess>y to enable ! beg9n] to produce results :i*1 = fai?fulness & beauty1 f> excel any draw+1 :il/ !y h ! additional advantage t !y c1 if requir$1 be exhibit$ to hundr$s simultane\sly4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,vegetable ,cells & _! ,/ructure--,/ellate ,tissues--,second>y ,deposit--,ducts & ,vessels--,wood-,cells--,/omata1 or ,m\?s ( ,plants--,! ,cam]a ,lucida1 & ,mode ( ,us+--,spiral & ,r+$ ,vessels--,hairs ( ,plants--,res9s1 ,sc5ts1 & ,oils--,b>k ,cells4 ,we w n[ suppose ! "y obs]v] to h obta9$ a microscope & le>n$ ! use ( its v>i\s p>ts1 & w proce$ to "w ) x4 ,z ) "o or two exceptions1 :i* are only giv5 = ! purpose ( fur!r illu/rat+ "s curi\s /ructure1 ! :ole ( ! objects figur$ 9 ?is "w c be obta9$ )\t any difficulty1 ! be/ plan w be = ! read] to procure ! plants1 insects1 etc41 f :i* ! objects are tak51 & foll[ ! book ) ! microscope at h&4 ,x is by f> ! be/ mode ( obta9+ a sy/ematic k ( ! matt]1 z ! quantity ( objects :i* c be plac$ "u a microscope is s va/ t1 )\t "s guide1 ! tyro fl\nd]s hopelessly 9 ! sea ( unkn[n my/]ies1 & (t5 becomes s bewild]$ t he gives up ! /udy 9 despair ( ev] ga9+ any true k ( x4 ,i w\ld !re=e recomm5d ! read] to "w out ! subjects :i* are "h m5tion$1 & !n to laun* out = himself on ! voyage ( discov]y4 ,i speak f exp]i5ce1 hav+ myself kn[n ! difficulties "u :i* a "y & inexp]i5c$ obs]v] has to lab\r 9 s wide a field1 )\t any guide to help him to set ab\t 8 "w 9 a sy/ematic mann]4 ,! objects t c be mo/ easily obta9$ are ^? ( a vegetable nature1 z ev5 9 ,london !re is n a squ>e1 an old wall1 a gre5h\se1 a flori/'s w9d[1 or ev5 a gre5groc]'s %op1 t w n af=d an exhau/less supply ( microscopic employm5t4 ,ev5 ! humble vegetables t make _! daily appe>ance on ! d9n]-table are highly int]e/+2 & 9 a crumb ( potato1 a morsel ( gre5s1 or a fragm5t ( c>rot1 ! en?usia/ic obs]v] w f9d occupation = _m h\rs4 ,foll[+ ! be/ examples1 we w comm5ce at ! beg9n+1 & see h[ ! vegetable /ructure is built up ( t9y p>ticles1 te*nically call$ 8cells40 ,t ! v>i\s portions ( e vegetable %\ld be ref]r$ to ! simple cell is a matt] ( "s surprise to "o :o has _h no opportunity ( exam9+ ! vegetable /ructure1 & inde$ x does seem m ?an rem>kable t ! t\gh1 co>se b>k1 ! h>d wood1 ! s(t pi?1 ! gre5 leaves1 ! delicate fl[]s1 ! almo/ invisible hairs1 & ! pulpy fruit1 %\ld all />t f ! same po9t1 & owe _! orig9 to ! simple vegetable cell4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! case2 & by means ( a few objects *os5 f diff]5t portions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 we %all obta9 "s def9ite idea ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on4 ,i4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,/rawb]ry1 cellul> tissue #b4 ,butt]cup leaf1 int]nal lay] #c4 ,privet1 ,se$ ,coat1 %[+ />-%ap$ cells #d4 ,ru%1 ,/>-%ap$ cells #e4 ,mi/letoe1 cells ) r+$ fibre #f4 ,cells f int]ior ( ,lilac bud #g4 ,bur-re$ 7,sp>ganium71 squ>e cells f leaf #h4 ,six-sid$ cells1 f /em ( ,lily #i4 ,angul> dott$ cells1 r9d ( ,g\rd #aj4 ,elongat$ r+$ cells1 an!r ( ,n>cissus #aa4 ,irregul> />-l tissue1 pi? ( ,bulru% #ab4 ,six-sid$ cells1 pi? ( eld] #ac4 ,"y cells f ,:eat #ad4 ,d4 rootlets ( ,:eat #ae4 ,wood-cells1 ,eld] #af4 ,gl&ul> m>k+s & res91 8,c$>0 p5cil #ag4 ,d4 ,yew #ah4 ,scal>i=m tissue1 ,/alk ( ,f]n #ai4 ,dott$ ,duct1 ,will[ #bj4 ,d4 ,/alk ( ,:eat #ba4 ,wood-cell1 ,*rysan!mum #bb4 ,d4 ,lime-tree #bc4 ,dott$ ,duct1 ,c>rot #bd4 ,cone-be>+ wood1 ,deal #be4 ,cells1 out] coat1 ,g\rd #bf4 ,ducts1 ,elm #bg4 ,cellul> tissue1 ,/alk ( ,*ickwe$ #bh4 ,holly-b]ry1 out] coat ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,on ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a1 may be se5 ?ree cells ( a some:at globul> =m1 tak5 f ! common /rawb]ry4 ,any "o wi%+ to exam9e ^! cells = himself may readily d s by cutt+ a v ?9 slice f ! fruit1 putt+ x on a slide1 cov]+ x ) a piece ( ?9 glass 7:i* may be *eaply b\ght at ! optician's1 toge!r ) ! glass slides on :i* ! objects are laid71 & plac+ x "u a p[] ( two hundr$ diamet]s4 ,%\ld ! slice be r too ?ick1 x may be plac$ 9 ! live-box & well squeez$1 :5 ! cells w exhibit _! =ms v di/9ctly4 ,9 _! prim>y =m ! cells seem to be sph]ical2 b z 9 _m cases !y are press$ toge!r1 & 9 o!rs are =m$ simply by ! process ( subdivision1 ! sph]ical =m is n v (t5 se54 ,! /rawb]ry1 be+ a s(t & pulpy fruit1 p]mits ! cells to assume a tol]ably regul> =m1 & !y consequ5tly are m or less globul>4 ,:]e ! cells are ( ne>ly equal size1 & are subject$ to equal pressure 9 e direction1 !y =ce ea* o!r into twelve-sid$ figures1 hav+ ! appe>ance "u ! microscope ( flat six-sid$ =ms4 ,fig4 #h1 9 ! same ,plate1 tak5 f ! /em ( a lily1 is a good example ( ?is =m ( cell1 & _m o!rs may be f\nd 9 v>i\s famili> objects4 ,we mu/ "h pause = a mom5t to def9e a cell be=e we proce$ fur!r4 ,! cell is a close sac or bag =m$ ( a sub/ance call$ f its function 8cellulose10 & conta9+ c]ta9 semi-fluid cont5ts z long z x reta9s its life4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! cell may g5]ally be f\nd a little d>k spot1 t]m$ ! 8ncleus10 & :i* may be se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,! object ( ! nucleus is r a bone ( cont5tion among ! le>n$1 b ! be/ au?orities on ?is subject consid] x to be ! vital c5tre ( ! cells1 to & f :i* t5ds ! circulation ( ! protoplasm1 & :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! gr[? & reproduction ( ! cell4 ,on look+ a little m closely at ! nucleus1 we %all f9d x m>k$ ) sev]al small light spots1 :i* are t]m$ 8nucloli40 ,on ! same ,plate 7,fig4 #b7 is a pretty gr\p ( cells tak5 f ! int]nal lay] ( ! butt]cup leaf1 & *os5 because !y exhibit ! s]ies ( t9y & brilliant gre5 dots to :i* ! col\r ( ! leaf is due4 ,! te*nical "n = ?is sub/ance is 8*lorophyll10 or 8leaf-gre510 & x may always be f\nd ?us dott$ 9 ! leaves ( diff]5t plants1 ! dots be+ v v>iable 9 size1 numb]1 & arrangem5t4 ,a v f9e object = ! exhibition ( ?is po9t is ! leaf ( ,an*>is1 ! 8,canadian timb]-we$10 to be f\nd 9 almo/ e brook & riv]4 ,x also %[s admirably ! circulation ( ! protoplasm 9 ! cell4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! same ,plate 7,fig4 #ab7 is a gr\p ( cells f ! pi? ( ! eld]-tree4 ,?is specim5 is notable = ! numb] ( little 8pits0 :i* may be se5 scatt]$ across ! walls ( ! cells1 & :i* resemble holes :5 plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! tru? ( ?is appe>ance1 ! specim5 0 col\r$ blue by ! action ( iod9e & dilute sulphuric acid1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! blue t9t spread ov] ! pits z well z ! cell-walls1 %[+ t ! membrane is cont9u\s ov] ! pits4 ,fig4 #g exhibits ano!r =m ( cell1 tak5 f ! ,sp>gnium1 or bur-re$4 ,^! cells are tol]ably equal 9 size1 & h assum$ a squ>e %ape4 ,!y are obta9$ f ! l[] "p ( ! leaf4 ,! read] :o has any k ( entomology w n fail to obs]ve ! simil>ity 9 =m betwe5 ! six-sid$ & squ>e cells ( plants & ! hexagonal & squ>e facets ( ! comp\nd eyes ( insects & cru/aceans4 ,9 a future page ^! w be sep>ately describ$4 ,sometimes ! cells take mo/ s+ul> & unexpect$ %apes1 sev]al examples ( :i* w be briefly notic$4 ,9 c]ta9 loosely made tissues1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! ru%es & simil> plants1 ! walls ( ! cells gr[ v irregul>ly1 s t !y pu% out a numb] ( arms :i* meet ea* o!r 9 e direction1 & assume ! peculi> =m :i* is t]m$ 8/ellate10 or />-%ap$ tissue4 ,fig4 #c %[s a specim5 ( /ellate tissue tak5 f ! se$-coat ( ! privet1 & r deeply col\r$1 exhibit+ cle>ly ! beautiful mann] 9 :i* ! arms ( ! v>i\s />s meet ea* o!r4 ,a small] gr\p ( /ellate cells tak5 f ! /em ( a l>ge ru%1 & exemplify+ ! peculi>ities ( ! /ructure1 are se5 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! read] w at once see t ?is mode ( =mation leaves a va/ numb] ( int]/ices1 & gives great /r5g? ) little exp5diture ( mat]ial4 ,9 wat]-plants1 su* z ! re$s1 ?is prop]ty is extremely valuable1 z !y mu/ be greatly light] ?an ! wat] 9 :i* !y live1 & at ! same "t mu/ be end[$ ) consid]able /r5g? 9 ord] to resi/ its pressure4 ,a less m>k$ example ( /ellate tissue is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aa1 :]e ! cells are extremely irregul>1 9 _! =m1 & d n coalesce ?r\gh\t4 ,?is specim5 is tak5 f ! pi?y "p ( a bulru%4 ,!re are v _m o!r plants f :i* ! /ellate cells may be obta9$1 among :i* ! orange af=ds v good examples1 9 ! s-call$ 8:ite0 t lies "u ! yell[ r9d1 a section ( :i* may be made ) a v %>p razor1 & plac$ 9 ! field ( ! microscope4 ,look+ t[>d ! bottom ( ! ,plate1 & ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bg1 ! read] w obs]ve a s]ies ( n9e elongat$ cells1 plac$ end to end1 & dott$ pr(usely ) *lorophyll4 ,^! are obta9$ f ! /alk ( ! common *ickwe$4 ,ano!r example ( ! elongat$ cell is se5 9 ,fig4 #ad1 :i* is a magnifi$ repres5tation ( ! rootlets ( :eat4 ,"h ! cells w be se5 set end to end1 & ea* conta9+ its nucleus4 ,on ! left h& ( ! rootlet 7,fig4 #ac7 is a gr\p ( cells tak5 f ! l[e/ "p ( ! /em ( a :eat plant :i* _h be5 wat]$ ) a solution ( c>m9e1 & _h tak5 up a consid]able am\nt ( ! col\r+ sub/ance4 ,_m exp]im5ts on ?is subject 7 made by ! ,rev4 ,"l ,s4 ,g4 ,osborne1 & may be se5 at full l5g? 9 ! pages ( ! ,microscopical ,j\rnal1 ! subject be+ too l>ge to receive prop] treatm5t 9 ! v limit$ space :i* c "h be giv5 to x4 ,x mu/ be add$ t lat] rese>*es h caus$ ! results "h describ$ to be gravely disput$4 ,fig4 #i on ! same ,plate exhibits two notable peculi>ities--! irregul>ity ( ! cells & ! copi\sly pitt$ deposit ) :i* !y are cov]$4 ,! irregul>ity ( ! cells is mo/ly produc$ by ! way 9 :i* ! multiplication takes place1 namely1 by division ( ! orig9al cell into two or m new ones1 s t ea* ( ^! takes ! %ape :i* x assum$ :5 a compon5t "p ( ! p>5t cell4 ,9 ?is case ! cells are necess>ily v irregul>1 & :5 !y are compress$ f all sides !y =m solid figures ( _m sides1 :i*1 :5 cut ?r\gh1 pres5t a flat surface m>k$ ) a v>iety ( irregul> outl9es4 ,?is specim5 is tak5 f ! r9d ( a g\rd4 ,! 8pitt$0 /ructure :i* is s well %[n 9 ?is figure is caus$ by a lay] ( matt] :i* is deposit$ 9 ! cell & ?ick5s its walls1 & :i* is p]=at$ ) a numb] ( v m9ute holes call$ 8pits40 ,?is sub/ance is call$ 8second>y deposit40 ,t ^! pits d n ext5d ?r\gh ! real cell-wall has already be5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,?is second>y deposit assumes v>i\s =ms4 ,9 "s cases x is deposit$ 9 r+s r\nd ! cell1 & is cle>ly plac$ !re = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! g5]al /ructure4 ,su* an example may be f\nd 9 ! mi/letoe 7,fig4 #e71 :]e ! second>y deposit has =m$ itself into cle> & bold r+s t evid5tly give consid]able /r5g? to ! delicate walls :i* !y support4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ano!r good in/ance ( simil> /ructure2 diff]+ f ! prec$+ specim5 9 be+ mu* long] & conta9+ a great] numb] ( r+s4 ,?is object is tak5 f an an!r ( ! n>cissus4 ,among ! _m plants f :i* simil> objects may be obta9$1 ! yew is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ prolific1 z r+$ wood-cells are abundant 9 its =mation1 & probably aid greatly 9 giv+ to ! wood ! /r5g? & ela/icity :i* h long made x s valuable 9 ! manufacture ( b[s4 ,be=e tak+ leave ( ! cells & _! rem>kable =ms1 we w j notice "o example :i* has be5 drawn 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is is a cong]ies ( cells1 conta9+ _! nuclei1 />t+ orig9ally end to end1 b swell+ & divid+ at ! top4 ,?is is a v "y gr\p ( cells 7a "y hair1 9 fact7 f ! inn] "p ( a lilac bud1 & is "h introduc$ = ! purpose ( %[+ ! great simil>ity ( all vegetable cells 9 _! e>lie/ /ages ( exi/5ce4 ,hav+ n[ exam9$ ! pr9cipal =ms ( cells1 we arrive at ! 8vessels10 a t]m :i* is appli$ to ^? long & delicate tubes :i* are =m$ ( a numb] ( cells set end to end1 _! walls ( sep>ation be+ absorb$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ai ! read] w f9d a curi\s example ( ! 8pitt$ vessel10 s call$ f ! multitude ( little m>k+s :i* cov] its walls1 & are arrang$ 9 a spiral ord]4 ,l ! pits & r+s already m5tion$1 ! dots are compos$ ( second>y deposit 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube1 & v>y v greatly 9 numb]1 function1 & dim5sions4 ,?is example is tak5 f ! wood ( ! will[1 & is rem>kable = ! extreme clos5ess ) :i* ! dots are pack$ toge!r4 ,imm$iately on ! "r h& ( ! prec$+ figure may be se5 ano!r example ( a dott$ vessel 7,fig4 #bj71 tak5 f a :eat /em4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! cells are n ne>ly s long1 b are wid] ?an 9 ! prec$+ example1 & are m>k$ 9 mu* ! same way ) a spiral s]ies ( dots4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! topmo/ cell is %[n ! %ort bran* by :i* x communicates ) ! neighb\r+ vessel4 ,fig4 #bc exhibits a vessel tak5 f ! common c>rot1 9 :i* ! second>y deposit is plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to resemble a net ( irregul> me%es wrapp$ tightly r\nd ! vessel4 ,= ?is reason x is t]m$ a 8nett$ vessel40 ,a v curi\s in/ance ( ^! /ructures is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bf1 at ! bottom ( ! ,plate1 :]e are repres5t$ two small vessels f ! wood ( ! elm4 ,"o ( !m--t on ! left h&--is :olly m>k$ ) spiral deposit1 ! turns be+ complete2 :ile1 9 ! o!r in/ance1 ! spiral is comp>atively imp]fect1 & ! cell-walls are m>k$ ) pits4 ,if ! read] w\ld l to exam9e ^! /ructures m att5tively1 he w f9d pl5ty ( !m 9 _m famili> g>d5 vegetables1 su* z ! common radi%1 :i* is v prolific 9 ^! int]e/+ portions ( vegetable nature4 ,!re is ano!r rem>kable =m 9 :i* ?is second>y deposit is sometimes arrang$ t is well wor?y ( our notice4 ,an example ( ?is /ructure is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ah1 tak5 f ! /alk ( ! common f]n or brake4 ,x is also f\nd 9 v great p]fection 9 ! v9e4 ,on inspect+ ! illu/ration1 ! read] w obs]ve t ! deposit is arrang$ 9 successive b>s or /eps1 l ^? ( a w9d+ /aircase4 ,9 allusion to ! ladd]-l appe>ance ( ?is =mation1 x is call$ 8scal>i=m0 7,lat91 scala1 a ladd]74 ,9 ! wood ( ! yew1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 !re is a v peculi> /ructure1 a s]ies ( pits f\nd only 9 ^? trees t be> cones1 & !re=e t]m$ ! conif]\s pitt$ /ructure4 ,fig4 #af is a section ( a common c$> p5cil1 ! wood1 h[ev]1 n be+ t ( ! true c$>1 b ( a species ( fragrant ,junip]4 ,?is specim5 %[s ! peculi> =mation :i* has j be5 m5tion$4 ,any piece ( deal or p9e w exhibit ! same peculi>ities 9 a v m>k$ mann]1 z is se5 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a specim5 may be readily obta9$ by mak+ a v ?9 %av+ ) a %>p plane4 ,9 ?is example ! deposit has tak5 a p>tially spiral =m1 & ! num]\s circul> pits ) :i* x is m>k$ are only 9 s+le r[s4 ,9 sev]al o!r specim5s ( conif]\s woods1 su* z ! ,arauc>ia1 or ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 !re are two or ?ree r[s ( pits4 ,a peculi>ly elegant example ( ?is spiral deposit may be se5 9 ! wood ( ! common yew 7,fig4 #ag74 ,if an exce$+ly ?9 section ( ?is wood be made1 ! v rem>kable appe>ance w be %[n :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! deposit has n only assum$ ! p]fectly spiral =m1 b !re are two complete spirals1 arrang$ at "s little di/ance f ea* o!r1 & produc+ a v pretty effect :5 se5 ?r\gh a good l5s4 ,! po9t$1 elongat$ %ape ( ! wood-cells is v well %[n 9 ! common eld]-tree 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,9 ?is in/ance ! cells are )\t m>k+s1 b 9 g5]al !y are dott$ l ,fig4 #ba1 an example cut f ! woody "p ( ! *rysan!mum /alk4 ,?is af=ds a v good in/ance ( ! wood-cell1 z its l5g? is consid]able1 & bo? ends are p]fect 9 %ape4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! figure is a draw+ ( ! wood-cell f\nd 9 ! lime-tree 7,fig4 #bb71 rem>kable = ! extremely delicate spiral m>k+s ) :i* x is adorn$4 ,9 ^! wood-cells ! second>y deposit is s pl5tiful t ! orig9al membran\s "* ( ! cell-walls is entirely lo/1 & !y become elongat$ & ne>ly solid cases1 hav+ b a v small cavity 9 _! c5tre4 ,x is to ?is deposit t ! h>dness ( wood is ow+1 & ! read] w easily see ! reason :y ! old wood is s mu* h>d] ?an ! "y & new %oots4 ,9 ord] to p]mit ! passage ( ! fluids :i* ma9ta9 ! life ( ! "p1 x is ne$ful t ! cell-wall be left ?9 & p]meable 9 c]ta9 places1 & ?is object is atta9$ ei!r by ! 8pits0 describ$ on page a href,page#dcdc_/;a1 or by ! int]vals betwe5 ! spiral deposit4 ,at ! "r-h& bottom corn] ( ,plate ,i4 7,fig4 #bh7 may be se5 a prettily m>k$ object1 :i* is ( "s int]e/4 ,x is a slice /ripp$ f ! out] coat ( ! holly-b]ry1 & is giv5 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! me?od by :i* plants are enabl$ to brea! ! atmosph]ic air on :i* !y dep5d z mu* z ourselves1 ?\gh _! respiration is sl[]4 ,among ! mass ( net-l cells may be se5 ?ree curi\s objects1 be>+ a r close resemblance to split kidneys4 ,^! are ! m\?s1 or 8/mata10 z !y are sci5tifically call$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! m\?s may be se5 a d>k spot1 :i* is ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! air communicates ) ! passages betwe5 ! cells 9 ! int]ior ( ! /ructure4 ,9 ! fl[]+ plants _! %ape is g5]ally r\nd$1 ?\gh !y sometimes take a squ>$ =m1 & !y regul>ly occur at ! meet+ ( sev]al surface cells4 ,! two kidney-%ap$ cells :i* =m ! 8m\?0 are ! 8gu>d-cells10 s call$ f _! function1 s9ce1 by _! *ange ( =m1 !y cause ! m\? to op5 or %ut1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! plant4 ,9 "y plants ^! gu>d-cells are v little bel[ ! surface ( ! leaf or sk91 b 9 o!rs !y are sunk q b5ea? ! lay] ( cells =m+ ! out] coat ( ! tissue4 ,!re are o!r cases :]e !y are slightly elevat$ above ! surface4 ,/omata are f\nd *iefly 9 ! gre5 portions ( plants1 & are mo/ pl5tiful on ! "u side ( leaves4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( notice1 t :5 an aquatic leaf floats on ! wat]1 ! m\?s are only to be f\nd on ! upp] surface4 ,^! curi\s & int]e/+ objects are to be se5 9 _m /ructures :]e we %\ld h>dly ?9k ( look+ = !m2 = in/ance1 !y may be f\nd exi/+ on ! delicate sk9 :i* envelops ! k]nel ( ! common walnut4 ,z might be expect$1 _! dim5sions v>y ) ! "* ( ! leaf on :i* !y exi/1 be+ l>ge ^u ! s(t & pulpy leaves1 & small] ^u ^? ( a h>d & lea!ry consi/5ce4 ,! read] w f9d ample amusem5t1 & w ga9 great practical k ( ! subject1 by tak+ a plant1 say a tuft ( gr\ndsel1 & /ripp+ (f portions ( ! ext]nal sk9 or 8epid]mis0 f ! leaf or /em1 etc41 s z to note ! diff]5t sizes & %apes ( ! /omata4 ,on ! opposite bottom corn] ( ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #be1 is an example ( a /oma tak5 f ! out] sk9 ( a g\rd1 & "h giv5 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* ! cells are arrang$ ab\t ! m\?1 no less ?an sev5 cells be+ plac$ r\nd ! s+le m\?1 & ! o!rs arrang$ 9 a p>tially circul> =m ar\nd !m4 ,turn+ to ,plate ,,ii41 we f9d sev]al o!r examples ( /omata1 ! fir/ ( :i* 7,fig4 #a7 is obta9$ f ! "u surface ( ! butt]cup leaf1 by /ripp+ (f ! ext]nal sk91 or 8epid]mis10 z x is sci5tifically t]m$4 ,! read] w "h notice ! slightly wav$ outl9es ( ! cell-walls1 toge!r ) ! abundant spots ( *lorophyll ) :i* ! leaf is col\r$4 ,9 ?is example ! /omata appe> op54 ,_! closure or expansion dep5ds *iefly on ! /ate ( ! wea!r2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 !y are op5 by day & clos$ at night4 ,a rem>kably pretty example ( /omata & elongat$ cells is to be obta9$ f ! leaf ( ! common iris1 & may be prep>$ = ! microscope by simply te>+ (f a /rip ( ! epid]mis f ! "u side ( ! leaf1 lay+ x on a slide1 putt+ a little wat] on x1 & cov]+ x ) a piece ( ?9 glass4 7,see ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #b47 ,!re are a numb] ( longitud9al b&s runn+ along ! leaf :]e ^! cells & /omata appe>4 ,! latt] are n plac$ at regul> int]vals1 = x (t5 happ5s t ! :ole field ( ! microscope w be fill$ ) cells )\t a s+le /oma1 :il/ else:]e a gr\p ( ?ree or f\r may be se5 clu/]$ closely toge!r4 ,fig4 #c on ! same ,plate exhibits a specim5 ( ! beautifully wav$ cells1 )\t m\?s1 :i* are f\nd on ! upp] surface ( ! ivy leaf4 ,^! are difficult to arrange f ! fre% leaf1 b are easily %[n by /eep+ ! leaf 9 wat] = "s "t1 & !n te>+ away ! cuticle4 ,! same process may be adopt$ ) _m leaves & cuticles1 & 9 "s cases ! imm]sion mu/ be cont9u$ = _m days1 & ! process ( decomposition aid$ by a v little nitric acid 9 ! wat]1 or by boil+4 ,on ! same ,plate are ?ree examples ( spiral & r+$ vessels1 types ( an endless v>iety ( ^! beautiful & int]e/+ /ructures4 ,fig4 #d is a specim5 ( a spiral vessel tak5 f ! lily1 & is a beautiful example ( a d\ble spire4 ,! deposit :i* =ms ?is spiral is v /rong1 & x is to ! va/ numb] ( ^! vessels t ! /alk owes its well-kn[n ela/icity4 ,9 _m cases ! spiral vessels are suffici5tly /rong to be visible to ! nak$ eye1 & to be> uncoil+4 ,= example1 if a leaf-/alk ( g]anium be brok5 across1 & ! two fragm5ts g5tly drawn asund]1 a great numb] ( ?reads1 drawn f ! spiral vessels1 w be se5 connect+ ! brok5 ends4 ,9 ?is case ! delicate membran\s walls ( ! vessel are torn ap>t1 & ! /rong] fibre :i* is coil$ spirally )9 x unrolls itself 9 proportion to ! =ce employ$4 ,9 _m cases ^! fibres are s /rong t !y w su/a9 ! weight ( an in* or s ( ! /alk4 ,9 ,fig4 #e is se5 a /ill m bold & complex =m ( ?is curi\s /ructure2 be+ a coil ( five ?reads1 laid closely aga9/ ea* o!r1 & =m+1 :ile rema9+ 9 _! natural position1 an almo/ cont9u\s tube4 ,?is specim5 is tak5 f ! root ( ! wat] lily1 & requires "s little c>e to exhibit its /ructure prop]ly4 ,e /ud5t ( nature mu/ be greatly /ruck ) ! analogies betwe5 diff]5t portions ( ! visible creation4 ,^! spiral /ructures :i* we h j exam9$ are almo/ id5tical 9 appe>ance1 & to "s ext5t 9 _! function1 ) ! ?reads t are coil$ )9 ! brea?+ tubes ( insects4 ,?is is 9 bo? cases tw(old1 namely1 to give support & ela/icity to a delicate membrane1 & to pres]ve ! tube 9 its prop] =m1 despite ! b5d+ to :i* x may be subject$4 ,:5 we come to ! anatomy ( ! insect 9 a future page we %all see ?is /ructure fur!r exemplifi$4 ,9 "s cases ! deposit1 in/ead ( =m+ a spiral coil1 is arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( r+s1 & ! vessel is !n t]m$ 8annulat$40 ,a v good example ( ?is =mation is giv5 9 ,fig4 #f1 :i* is a sket* ( su* a vessel1 tak5 f a /alk ( ! common rhub>b4 ,to see ^! r+$ vessels prop]ly1 ! simple/ plan is to boil ! rhub>b until x is q s(t1 !n to break d[n ! pulpy mass until x is flatt5$1 to take "s ( ! mo/ promis+ portions ) ! =ceps1 lay !m on ! slide & press !m d[n ) a ?9 glass cov]4 ,!y w n be f\nd scatt]$ at r&om ?r\gh ! fibres1 :i* else:]e pres5t only a cong]ies ( elongat$ cells1 b are se5 gr\p$ toge!r 9 bundles1 & ) a little tr\ble may be well isolat$1 & ! pulpy mass work$ away s z to %[ !m 9 _! full beauty4 ,z may be se5 9 ! illu/ration1 ! numb] ( ! r+s & _! arrangem5t is extremely v>iable4 ,a bett]1 b some:at m tr\blesome1 plan is to cut longitud9al sections ( ! /em1 z describ$ 9 our conclud+ *apt]1 :5 n only ! v>i\s =ms ( cells & vessels1 b _! relations to ea* o!r1 w be well %[n4 ,! num]\s cry/als ( oxalate ( lime1 :i* make rhub>b s injuri\s a food = c]ta9 p]sons1 w also be well se54 ,^! cry/als are call$ 8raphides10 & are to be f\nd 9 v _m plants 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,,ii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,cuticle1 ,butt]cup leaf #b4 ,d4 ,iris #c4 ,d4 ,ivy leaf #d4 ,spiral vessel1 ,lily #e4 ,d4 root1 7rhizome7 ,wat] ,lily #f4 ,r+$ vessel1 ,rhub>b #g4 ,*aff1 aft] burn+ #h4 ,bifid hair1 ,arabis #i4 ,hair1 ,m>vel ( ,p]u #aj4 ,end ( hair1 leaf ( ,hollyhock #aa4 ,hair1 ,s[?i/le leaf #ab4 ,d4 ,tobacco #ac4 ,d4 ,s\!rnwood #ad4 ,gr\p ( hairs1 ,hollyhock leaf #ae4 ,hair1 ,yell[ ,snapdragon #af4 ,d4 ,moneywort #ag4 ,hair1 ,geum #ah4 ,d4 ,fl[] ( ,he>tsease #ai4 ,d4 ,dockleaf #bj4 ,d4 ,?roat ( ,pansy #ba4 ,d4 ,dead-nettle ,fl[] #bb4 ,d4 ,gr\ndsel #bc4 ,cell1 ,bee*-nut #bd4 ,d4 ,p9e cone #be4 ,vitta1 ,c>away ,se$ #bf4 ,cork #bg4 ,hair1 ,fl[] ( ,g>d5 ,v]b5a #bh4 ,d4 fruit ( ,plane #bi4 ,d4 d4 #cj4 ,d4 d4 #ca4 ,d4 ,lobelia #cb4 ,d4 ,cabbage #cc4 ,d4 ,dead-nettle fl[] #cd4 ,d4 ,g>d5 ,v]b5a fl[] #ce4 ,fruit-hair1 ,d&elion #cf4 ,hair1 ,?i/le leaf #cg4 ,d4 ,cactus #ch4 ,d4 d4 #ci4 ,d4 ,virg9ian ,spid]-wort #dj4 ,d4 ,lav5d] #da4 ,section1 ,lav5d] leaf1 ,hairs & p]fume-gl& #db4 ,section1 ,orange ,peel #dc4 ,/+ ( ,nettle #dd4 ,hair1 ,m>igold fl[] #de4 ,d4 ,ivy ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hairs ( plants =m v int]e/+ objects1 & are in/ructive to ! /ud5t1 z !y af=d valuable indications ( ! mode 9 :i* plants gr[4 ,!y are all app5dages ( & arise f ! sk9 or epid]mis2 & al?\gh _! simple/ =m is t ( a project+ & elongat$ cell1 ! v>iety ( %apes :i* are assum$ by ^! organs is inexhau/ible4 ,on ,plate ,,ii4 are examples ( "s ( ! m /rik+ =ms1 :i* w be briefly describ$4 ,! simple hair is well %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 & #cb1 ! fir/ be+ f ! fl[] ( ! he>tsease1 ! second f a dock-leaf1 & ! ?ird f a cabbage4 ,9 ,fig4 #ah ! hair is se5 to be b a s+le project+ cell1 consi/+ only ( a wall & ! cont5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #ai ! hair has become m decid$ 9 %ape1 hav+ assum$ a some:at dome-l =m2 & 9 ,fig4 #cb x has become consid]ably elongat$1 & may at once be recognis$ z a true hair4 ,9 ,fig4 #h is a curi\s example ( a hair tak5 f ! :ite ,arabis1 "o ( ! crucif]\s fl[]s1 :i* is rem>kable = ! mann] 9 :i* x divides into two bran*es1 ea* spread+ 9 opposite directions4 ,ano!r example ( a =k$ hair is se5 9 ,fig4 #ac1 b 9 ?is in/ance ! hair is compos$ ( a *a9 ( cells1 ! ?ree l[] =m+ ! /em ( ! hair1 & ! two upp] be+ l5g!n$ into ! lat]al bran*es4 ,?is hair is tak5 f ! common s\!rnwood4 ,9 mo/ cases ( long hairs1 ! peculi> elongation is =m$ by a *a9 ( cells1 v>y+ greatly 9 l5g? & developm5t4 ,sev]al examples ( ^! hairs w be se5 on ! same ,plate4 ,fig4 #i is a bead$ hair f ! ,m>vel ( ,p]u1 :i* is compos$ ( a numb] ( sep>ate cells plac$ end to end1 & connect$ by sl5d] ?reads 9 a mann] t /rongly rem9ds ! obs]v] ( a *a9 ( beads /rung loosely toge!r1 s z to %[ ! ?read by :i* !y are connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,ano!r good example is se5 at ,fig4 #aa1 9 a hair tak5 f ! leaf ( ! s[?i/le4 ,9 ?is case ! beads are /rung closely toge!r1 & :5 plac$ "u a r high p[] ( ! microscope h a beautifully :ite & pe>ly aspect4 ,! leaf mu/ be dry & q fre%1 & ! hairs se5 aga9/ ! gre5 ( ! leaf4 ,fig4 #ci repres5ts ano!r bead$ hair tak5 f ! ,virg9ian ,spid]wort1 or ,tradescantia4 ,?is hair is f\nd ^u ! /am5s1 & is rem>kable = ! beautifully bead$ outl9e1 ! f9e col\r+1 & ! spiral m>k+s ) :i* ea* cell is adorn$4 ,a /ill fur!r modification ( ^! _m-cell$ hairs is f\nd 9 sev]al plants1 :]e ! hairs are =m$ by a r[ ( ord9>ily %ap$ cells1 ) ! exception ( ! topmo/ cell1 :i* is sudd5ly elongat$ into a :ip-l =m4 ,fig4 #bb repres5ts a hair ( ?is k9d1 tak5 f ! common gr\ndsel2 & ,fig4 #cf is a /ill m curi\s in/ance1 f\nd ^u ! leaf ( ! ?i/le4 ,! read] may h notic$ ! peculi> :ite 8fluffy0 appe>ance ( ! ?i/le leaf :5 x is wet aft] a %[] ( ra94 ,?is appe>ance is produc$ by ! long la%-l ends ( ! hairs1 :i* are b5t d[n by ! weight ( ! moi/ure1 & lie almo/ at "r angles ) ! ?ick] portions ( ! hair4 ,an int]e/+ =m ( hair is se5 9 ! 8/+0 ( ! common nettle4 ,?is may readily be exam9$ by hold+ a leaf edgewise 9 ! /age =ceps1 & lay+ x "u ! field ( ! microscope4 ,9 ord] to get ! prop] focus ?r\gh\t ! hair1 ! f+] %\ld be kept ^u ! screw movem5t1 & ! hair br\ght gradually into focus f its top to its base4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ?is hair is n unlike t :i* *>act]ises ! fang ( a v5om\s s]p5t4 ,! acrid fluid :i* causes ! pa9 is situat$ 9 ! enl>g$ base ( ! hair1 & is =c$ ?r\gh ! long /raight tubul> extremity by means ( ! pressure ex]t$ :5 ! /+ ent]s ! sk94 ,at ! v extremity ( ! p]fect /+ is a slight bulb-l swell+1 :i* s]ves to conf9e ! acrid juice1 & :i* is brok5 (f on ! lea/ pressure4 ,! /+ is se5 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! extremities ( _m hairs pres5t v curi\s =ms1 "s be+ long & sl5d]1 z 9 ! examples already m5tion$1 :ile o!rs are tipp$ ) knobs1 bulbs1 clubs1 or rosettes 9 endless v>iety4 ,fig4 #ab is a hair ( ! tobacco leaf1 exhibit+ ! two-cell$ gl& at ! tip1 conta9+ ! peculi> pr9ciple ( ! plant1 kn[n by ! "n ( 8nicot9e40 ,! read] w see h[ easy x is to detect adult]ation ( tobacco by means ( ! microscope4 ,! leaves mo/ g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose are ! dock & ! cabbage1 s t if a v little portion ( leaf be exam9$ ! "* ( ! hairs w at once in=m ! obs]v] :e!r he is look+ at ! real article or its sub/itute4 ,fig4 #ae is a hair f ! fl[] ( ! common yell[ snapdragon1 :i* is rem>kable = ! peculi> %ape ( ! enl>g$ extremity1 & = ! spiral m>k+s ) :i* x is decorat$4 ,fig4 #af is a curi\s little knobb$ hair f\nd ^u ! moneywort1 & ,fig4 #ag is an example ( a d\ble-knobb$ hair tak5 f ! ,geum4 ,fig4 #cd af=ds a v curi\s in/ance ( a gl&ul> hair1 ! /em be+ built up ( cells dispos$ 9 a v peculi> fa%ion1 & ! extremity be+ develop$ into a beautiful rosette-%ap$ head4 ,?is hair came f ! ,g>d5 ,v]b5a4 ,curi\sly bran*$ hairs are n at all uncommon1 & "s v good & easily obta9$ examples are giv5 on ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #bh is "o ( ! multitude ( bran*$ hairs t surr\nd ! well-kn[n fruit ( ! plane-tree1 ! bran*es be+ =m$ by "s ( ! cells po9t+ outw>d4 ,^! hairs d n assume precisely ! same %ape2 = ,fig4 #bi exhibits ano!r hair f ! same locality1 on :i* ! spikes are diff]5tly arrang$1 & ,fig4 #cj is a sket* ( ano!r su* hair1 :]e ! bran*es h become s num]\s & s well develop$ t !y are q z conspicu\s z ! p>5t /em4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ =ms ( hair is t :i* is f\nd ^u ! lav5d] leaf1 & :i* gives x ! peculi> bloom-l appe>ance on ! surface4 ,?is hair is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #dj & #da4 ,on ,fig4 #dj ! hair is %[n z x appe>s :5 look+ directly ^u ! leaf1 & 9 ,fig4 #da a section ( ! leaf is giv51 %[+ ! mode 9 :i* ! hairs gr[ into an upright /em1 & !n ?r[ out horizontal bran*es 9 e direction4 ,betwe5 ! two upright hairs1 & %elt]$ "u _! bran*es1 may be se5 a gl&ul> app5dage n unlike t :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,?is is ! res]voir conta9+ ! p]fume1 & x is evid5tly plac$ "u ! spread+ bran*es = ! b5efit ( _! %elt]4 ,on look+ ^u ! leaf by reflect$ light ! hairs are beautifully %[n1 ext5d+ _! arms on all sides2 & ! globul> p]fume cells may be se5 scatt]$ pl5tifully ab\t1 gleam+ l pe>ls ?r\gh ! hair-bran*es "u :i* !y repose4 ,!y w be f\nd m num]\s on ! "u side ( ! leaf4 ,?is object w s]ve to answ] a "q :i* ! read] has probably put to himself ere ?is1 namely1 ,:]e are ! fragrant res9s1 sc5ts1 & oils /or$8 ,on ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #af1 w be se5 ! reply to ! fir/ "q2 ,fig4 #da ( ! pres5t ,plate has answ]$ ! second "q1 & ,fig4 #db w answ] ! ?ird4 ,?is figure repres5ts a section ( ! r9d ( an orange1 ! flatt5$ cells above con/itut+ ! delicate yell[ sk91 & ! great sph]ical object 9 ! c5tre be+ ! res]voir 9 :i* ! fragrant ess5tial oil is /or$4 ,! cov]+ is s delicate t x is easily brok51 s t ev5 by h&l+ an orange "s ( ! sc5t is sure to come (f on ! h&s1 & :5 ! peel is /ripp$ (f & b5t d\ble1 ! res]voirs bur/ 9 myriads1 & fl+ _! cont5ts to a wond]ful di/ance4 ,?is may be easily se5 by squeez+ a piece ( orange peel opposite a light$ c&le1 & not+ ! di/ance ov] :i* ! oil w pass be=e rea*+ ! flame1 & bur/+ into little fla%es ( light4 ,o!r examples are giv5 on ! same plate4 ,return+ to ! b>b$ hairs1 we may see 9 ,fig4 #ce a highly magnifi$ view ( ! 8pappus0 hair ( a d&elion1 i4e4 ! hairs :i* fr+e ! arms ( ! p>a*ute-l app5dage :i* is atta*$ to ! se$4 ,! :ole app>atus w be se5 m fully on ,plate ,,iii4 ,figs4 #dd1 #de1 #df4 ,?is hair is compos$ ( a d\ble lay] ( elongat$ cells ly+ closely aga9/ ea* o!r1 & hav+ ! ends ( ea* cell jutt+ out f ! orig9al l9e4 ,a simpl] =m ( a d\ble-cell$1 or m prop]ly a 8duplex0 hair1 w be se5 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is is "o ( ! hairs f ! fl[] ( ! m>igold & has none ( ! project+ ends to ! cells4 ,9 "s in/ances ! cell-walls ( ! hairs become greatly h>d5$ by second>y deposit1 & ! hairs are !n kn[n z sp9es4 ,two examples ( ^! are se5 9 ,figs4 #cg & #ch1 ! =m] be+ pick$ f ! ,indian fig-cactus1 & well kn[n to ^? p]sons :o h be5 fooli% en\gh to h&le ! fig r\ghly be=e feel+ x4 ,! w\nds :i* ^! sp9es w inflict are said to be v pa9ful1 & h be5 comp>$ to ^? produc$ by ! /+ ( ! wasp4 ,! latt] hair is tak5 f ! ,opuntia4 ,^! sp9es mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ?orns2 :i* latt] are modifi$ bran*es4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts ! extreme tip ( a hair f ! hollyhock leaf1 subject$ to a l5s ( v high p[]4 ,_m hairs assume a />-l appe>ance1 an aspect :i* may be produc$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,sometimes a numb] ( simple hairs />t f ! same base1 & by radiat+ 9 diff]5t directions produce ! /ellate effect4 ,an example ( ?is k9d ( hair may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ad1 :i* is a gr\p ( hairs f ! hollyhock leaf4 ,!re is ano!r mode ( produc+ ! />-%ape :i* may be se5 9 ,fig4 #de1 a hair tak5 f ! leaf ( ! ivy4 ,v f9e examples may also be f\nd ^u ! leaf ( ,deutzia scabra4 ,hairs are (t5 cov]$ ) curi\s little bran*es or protub]ances1 & pres5t _m o!r peculi>ities ( =m :i* ?r[ a consid]able light ^u c]ta9 problems 9 sci5tific microscopy4 ,fig4 #cc repres5ts a hair ( two cells tak5 f ! fl[] ( ! well-kn[n dead-nettle1 :i* is rem>kable = ! numb] ( knobs scatt]$ ov] its surface4 ,a simil> mode ( m>k+ is se5 9 ,fig4 #ca1 a club-%ap$ hair cov]$ ) ext]nal projections1 f\nd 9 ! fl[] ( ! ,lobelia4 ,9 ord] to exhibit ^! m>k+s well1 a p[] ( two hundr$ diamet]s is ne$$4 ,fig4 #ba %[s ?is dott+ 9 ano!r hair f ! dead-nettle1 :]e ! cell is drawn out to a great l5g?1 b is /ill cov]$ ) ^! m>k+s4 ,fig4 #bj is an example ( a v curi\s hair tak5 f ! ?roat ( ! pansy4 ,?is hair may readily be obta9$ by pull+ out "o ( ! petals1 :5 ! hairs w be se5 at its base4 ,"u ! microscope x has a p>ticul>ly beautiful appe>ance1 look+ j l a glass walk+-/ick cov]$ ) knobs1 n unlike ^? huge1 knobby club-l /icks 9 :i* "s f>m]s delight1 :]e ! projections h be5 =m$ by ! pressure ( a honeysuckle or o!r climb+ plant4 ,a hair ( a simil> "*1 b ev5 m curi\s1 is f\nd 9 ! same "p ( ! fl[] ( ! ,g>d5 ,v]b5a 7see ,fig4 #bg71 & is n only beautifully transluc5t1 b is col\r$ accord+ to ! t9t ( ! fl[] f :i* x is tak54 ,its :ole l5g? is cov]$ ) l>ge projections1 ! jo9ts mu* resembl+ ! ant5n ( c]ta9 insects2 & ea* projection is pr(usely spott$ ) little dots1 =m$ by elevation ( ! out] sk9 or cuticle4 ,^! are ( "s value 9 det]m9+ ! /ructure ( c]ta9 appe>ances ^u petals & o!r portions ( ! fl[]s1 & may be comp>$ ) ,figs4 #cc to #ce on ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #bf (f]s an example ( ! squ>e cells :i* usually =m ! b>k ( trees4 ,?is is a transv]se section ( cork1 & p]fectly exhibits ! =m ( b>k cells4 ,! read] is v /rongly advis$ to cut a delicate section ( ! b>k ( v>i\s trees1 a matt] v easily accompli%$ ) ! aid ( a %>p razor & a /eady h&4 ,fig4 #bd is a transv]se section ?r\gh "o ( ! scales ( a p9e-cone1 & is "h giv5 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! num]\s res9-fill$ cells :i* x displays4 ,?is may be comp>$ ) ,fig4 #af ( ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #be is a "p ( "o ( ! 8vitt10 or oil res]voirs1 f ! fruit ( ! c>away1 %[+ ! cells conta9+ ! globules ( c>away oil4 ,?is is r a curi\s object1 because ! specim5 f :i* x 0 tak5 0 boil$ 9 nitric acid1 & yet reta9$ "s ( ! oil globules4 ,imm$iately above x may be se5 7,fig4 #bc7 a transv]se section ( ! bee*nut1 %[+ a cell ) its lay]s ( second>y deposit4 ,9 ! cuticle ( ! grasses & ! m>e's-tails is deposit$ a l>ge am\nt ( pure fl9t4 ,s pl5tiful is ?is sub/ance1 & s equally is x di/ribut$1 t x c be sep>at$ by heat or acids f ! vegetable p>ts ( ! plant1 & w /ill pres]ve ! =m ( ! orig9al cuticle1 ) its cell-walls1 /omata1 & hairs p]fectly well def9$4 ,fig4 #g1 ,plate ,,ii41 repres5ts a piece ( :eat *aff1 or 8bran10 t has be5 kept at a :ite heat = "s "t1 & !n m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,i prep>$ ! specim5 f :i* ! draw+ 0 made by lay+ ! *aff on a piece ( plat9um1 & hold+ x ov] ! _s-lamp4 ,a good example ( ! silex or fl9t 9 :eat is (t5 giv5 by ! rema9s ( a /raw fire1 :]e ! /ems may be se5 /ill reta9+ _! tubul> =m b fus$ toge!r into a h>d glassy mass4 ,x is ?is sub/ance t cuts ! f+]s ( ^? :o h&le ! wild grasses too r\ghly1 ! edges ( ! blades be+ s]rat$ ) fl9ty tee?1 j l ! obsidian swords ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 or ! %>k's-too? fal*ion ( ! ,new ,zeal&]4 ,^! are b %ort & meagre acc\nts ( a v few objects1 b space w n p]mit ( fur!r elucidation1 & ! purpose ( ?is little "w is n to exhau/ ! subjects ( :i* x treats1 b to incite ! read] to und]take inve/igation on 8 own acc\nt1 & to make 8 task easi] ?an if he _h done x unaid$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,/>*1 its ,gr[? & ,prop]ties--,surface ,cells ( ,petals--,poll5 & its ,functions--,se$s4 ,! :ite sub/ance s de> to ! laundries "u ! "n ( />* is f\nd 9 a va/ v>iety ( plants1 be+ di/ribut$ m widely ?an mo/ ( ! products :i* are f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( vegetable cells4 ,! />* gra9s are ( v v>iable size ev5 9 ! same plant1 & _! =m is z v>iable z _! size1 ?\gh !re is a g5]al resemblance 9 ^? ( ! same plant :i* all[s ( _! be+ fairly easily id5tifi$ aft] a mod]ate am\nt ( practice4 ,sometimes ! gra9s are f\nd loosely pack$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cells1 & are !n easily recognis$ z />* gra9s by _! peculi> =m & ! delicate l9es ) :i* !y are m>k$2 b 9 _m places !y are press$ s closely toge!r t !y assume an hexagonal %ape "u ! microscope1 & be> a close resemblance to ord9>y twelve-sid$ cells4 ,9 o!r plants1 aga91 ! gra9s nev] advance beyond ! v m9ute =m 9 :i* !y seem to comm5ce _! exi/5ce2 & 9 "s1 su* z ! common oat1 a great numb] ( v little granules are compact$ toge!r s z to resemble "o l>ge gra94 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( detect+ />* 9 ^? cases :]e its pres5ce is d\btful2 & ! two modes t are usually employ$ are pol>is$ light & ! iodide ( potassium4 ,:5 pol>is$ light is employ$--a subject on :i* we %all h some?+ to say pres5tly--! />* gra9s assume ! *>act]i/ic 8black-cross10 & :5 a plate ( sel5ite is plac$ imm$iately b5ea? ! slide conta9+ ! />* gra9s1 !y gl[ ) all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,! second plan is to treat !m ) a v weak solution ( iod9e & iodide ( potassium1 & 9 ?is case ! iod9e has ! effect on ! />* granules ( /a9+ !m blue4 ,!y are s susceptible ( ?is reaction t :5 ! liquid is too /rong ! gra9s actually become black f ! am\nt ( iod9e :i* !y imbibe4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to procure />* granules 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,take a raw potato1 & ) a razor cut a v ?9 slice f its int]ior1 ! direction ( ! cut n be+ ( ! slighte/ importance4 ,put ?is delicate slice ^u a slide1 drop a little wat] ^u x1 cov] x ) a piece ( ?9 glass1 give x a good squeeze1 & place x "u a p[] ( a hundr$ or a hundr$ & fifty diamet]s4 ,any "p ( ! slice1 provid$ t x be v ?91 w !n pres5t ! appe>ance %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #i1 :]e an ord9>y cell ( potato is se5 fill$ loosely ) />* gra9s ( diff]5t sizes4 ,ar\nd ! edges ( ! slice a va/ numb] ( />* granules w be se51 :i* h be5 squeez$ out ( _! cells by pressure1 & are n[ float+ freely 9 ! wat]4 ,z cold wat] has no p]ceptible effect ^u />*1 ! gra9s are n alt]$ 9 =m by ! moi/ure1 & c be exam9$ at leisure4 ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,laurel leaf1 transv]se section #b4 ,/>*1 ,:eat #c4 ,d4 f ,pudd+ #d4 ,d4 ,potato #e4 ,out] ,sk91 ,capsicum pod #f4 ,/>*1 ,p>snip #g4 ,d4 ,arr[ ,root1 ,we/ ,indian #h4 ,d4 8,t\sles ,mois0 #i4 ,d4 9 cell ( ,potato #aj4 ,d4 ,indian ,corn #aa4 ,d4 ,sago #ab4 ,d4 ,tapioca #ac4 ,root1 ,yell[ ,wat]-,lily #ad4 ,/>*1 ,rice #ae4 ,d4 ,horsebean #af4 ,d4 ,oat #ag4 ,poll51 ,sn[drop #ah4 ,d4 ,wallfl[] #ai4 ,d4 ,will[ ,h]b1 a poll5 tube #bj4 ,d4 ,violet #ba4 ,d4 ,musk ,plant #bb4 ,d4 ,apple #bc4 ,d4 ,d&elion #bd4 ,d4 ,s[?i/le #be4 ,d4 ,lily #bf4 ,d4 ,hea? #bg4 ,d4 ,hea?1 ano!r species #bh4 ,poll51 ,furze #bi4 ,d4 ,tulip #cj4 ,petal1 ,pel>gonium #ca4 ,d4 ,p]iw9kle #cb4 ,d4 ,gold5 ,balsam #cc4 ,d4 ,snapdragon #cd4 ,d4 ,primrose #ce4 ,d4 ,sc>let ,g]anium #cf4 ,poll51 ,crocus #cg4 ,d4 ,hollyhock #ch4 ,fruit1 ,galium1 ,goosegrass #ci4 ,a hook ( ditto m magnifi$ #dj4 ,se$1 ,r$ ,val]ian #da4 ,portion ( ,p>a*ute ( same1 m magnifi$ #db4 ,se$1 ,foxglove #dc4 ,d4 ,sunspurge #dd4 ,p>a*ute1 ,d&elion se$ #de4 ,se$1 ,d&elion #df4 ,d4 ,hair ( ,p>a*ute #dg4 ,d4 ,yell[ ,snapdragon #dh4 ,d4 ,mulle9 #di4 ,d4 ,rob9 ,hood #ej4 ,d4 ,bur-re$ #ea4 ,d4 ,will[ ,h]b #eb4 ,d4 ,musk ,mall[ ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,on focus+ ) great c>e1 ! surface ( ea* granule w be se5 to be cov]$ ) v m9ute d>k l9es1 arrang$ 9 a mann] :i* c be readily compreh5d$ f ,fig4 #d1 :i* repres5ts two granules ( potato />* z !y appe> :5 remov$ f ! cell 9 :i* !y took _! orig94 ,all ! l9es evid5tly ref] to ! little d>k spots at ! end ( ! granule1 call$ te*nically ! 8hilum10 & repres5t ! limits ( successive lay]s ( mat]ial deposit$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,! l9es 9 "q are v mu* bett] se5 if ! sub/age cond5s] be us$ ) a small c5tral /op1 s z to obta9 p>tial d>k-field illum9ation4 ,o!rwise !y are (t5 v difficult ( detection4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( _! gr[? ! />* granules appe> to be de/itute ( ^! m>k+s1 or at all ev5ts !y are s few & s delicate z n to be visible ev5 ) ! mo/ p]fect in/rum5ts1 & x is n until ! granules assume a comp>atively l>ge size t ! ext]nal m>k+s become di/9ctly p]ceptible4 ,we w n[ glance at ! examples ( />* :i* are giv5 9 ! ,plate1 & :i* are a v few out ( ! _m t might be figur$4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! />* ( :eat1 ! upp] gra9 be+ se5 9 front1 ! "o imm$iately bel[ x 9 pr(ile1 & ! two o!rs be+ examples ( small] gra9s4 ,fig4 #f is a specim5 ( a v m9ute =m ( />*1 :]e ! granules d n seem to advance beyond _! e>lie/ /age4 ,?is specim5 is obta9$ f ! p>snip2 & al?\gh ! magnify+ p[] is v great1 ! dim5sions ( ! granules are exce$+ly small1 & except by a v practis$ eye !y w\ld n be recognisable z />* gra9s4 ,fig4 #c is a good example ( a />* gra9 ( :eat1 exemplify+ ! *ange t takes place by ! comb9$ effects ( heat & moi/ure4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t cold wat] ex]cises little1 if any1 p]ceptible influ5ce ^u />*2 b x w be se5 f ! illu/ration t hot wat] has a v p[]ful effect4 ,:5 subject$ to ! action ( wat] at a temp]ature ov] #adj ,fahr41 ! granule swells rapidly1 & at la/ bur/s1 ! cont5ts escap+ 9 a gelat9\s mass1 & ! ext]nal membrane collaps+ into ! =m :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* 0 tak5 out ( a piece ( hot pudd+4 ,a simil> =m ( :eat />* may also be detect$ 9 bread1 accompani$1 un=tunately1 by sev]al o!r sub/ances n g5]ally presum$ to be compon5t p>ts ( ! 8/aff ( life40 ,9 ,fig4 #g are repres5t$ "s gra9s ( />* f ,we/ ,indian arr[root1 & ,fig4 #h exhibits ! l>ge/ k9d ( />* gra9 kn[n1 obta9$ f ! tub] ( a species ( canna1 suppos$ to be ,c4 edlis1 a plant simil> 9 *>act]i/ics to ! arr[root4 ,! popul> "n ( ?is />* is 8,t\s les ,mois10 & "u t title x may be obta9$ f ! opticians1 or *emi/s4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! />* granules f ,indian corn1 z !y appe> be=e !y are compress$ into ! honeycomb-l /ructure :i* has already be5 m5tion$4 ,ev5 9 t /ate1 h[ev]1 if !y are treat$ ) iod9e1 !y exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( />* 9 a v p]fect mann]4 ,fig4 #aa is />* f sago1 & ,fig4 #ab f tapioca1 & 9 bo? ^! in/ances ! sev]al gra9s h be5 injur$ by ! heat employ$ 9 prep>+ ! respective sub/ances = ! m>ket4 ,fig4 #ac exhibits ! granules obta9$ f ! root ( ! wat]-lily1 & ,fig4 #ad is a good example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! />* granules ( rice are press$ toge!r s z to alt] ! %ape & puzzle a novice4 ,fig4 #af is ! comp\nd granule ( ! oat1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$1 toge!r ) "s ( ! simple granules sep>at$ f ! mass2 & ,fig4 #ae is an example ( ! />* gra9s obta9$ f ! und]gr\nd /em ( ! horse-bean4 ,x is wor?y ( m5tion t ! close adhesion ( ! rice />* into ^? masses is ! cause ( ! peculi> gritt9ess :i* di/+ui%es rice fl\r to ! t\*4 ,:il/ v easily act$ on by heat1 />*-granules are v resi/5t to c]ta9 o!r reag5ts4 ,weak alkalies1 9 wat]y solution1 readily attack !m1 b by treat+ portions ( plants ) cau/ic pota% dissolv$ 9 /rong _s1 ! woody & o!r p>ts may be dissolv$ away2 & aft] repeat$ wa%+ ) _s ! />* may be m\nt$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ nev] be 9 any glyc]9e m$ium1 except t giv5 on p4 a href,page#agbagb_/;a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a1 may be se5 a curi\s little draw+1 :i* is a sket* ( ! laurel-leaf cut transv]sely1 & %[+ ! entire ?ickness ( ! leaf4 ,along ! top may be se5 ! delicate lay] ( 8v>ni%0 ) :i* ! surface ( ! leaf is cov]$1 & :i* s]ves to give to ! foliage its peculi> poli%4 ,?is v>ni% is no?+ m ?an ! transluc5t matt] :i* b9ds all ! cells toge!r1 & :i* is p\r$ out v lib]ally ^u ! surface ( ! leaf4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is section exhibits ! cells ( :i* ! leaf is built1 & t[>ds ! left h& may be se5 a cut end ( "o ( ! ve9s ( ! leaf1 m rightly call$ a wood-cell4 ,we w n[ exam9e a few examples ( surface cells4 ,fig4 #e is a portion ( epid]mis /ripp$ f a ,capsicum pod1 exhibit+ ! rema9s ( ! nuclei 9 ! c5tre ( ea* cell1 toge!r ) ! great ?ick5+ ( ! wall-cells & ! num]\s pores = ! transmission ( fluid4 ,?is is a v pretty specim5 = ! microscope1 z x reta9s its bright r$ col\r1 & ev5 9 old & dri$ pods exhibits ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! ,plate may be se5 a :eel-l arrangem5t ( ! peculi> cells f\nd on ! petals ( six diff]5t fl[]s1 all easily obta9able1 & m\nt$ )\t difficulty4 ,fig4 #cj is ! petal ( a g]anium 7,pel>gonium71 a v common object on pur*as$ slides4 ,x is a mo/ lovely subject = ! microscope1 :e!r x be exam9$ ) a l[ or a high p[]1--9 ! =m] in/ance exhibit+ a mo/ beautiful 8/ippl+0 ( p9k1 :ite1 & black1 & 9 ! latt] %[+ ! six-sid$ cells ) _! curi\s m>k+s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* cell is se5 a radiat+ arrangem5t ( d>k l9es ) a light spot 9 ! middle1 look+ v l ! m\nta9s on a map4 ,^! l9es 7 long ?\ght to be hairs2 b ,mr4 ,tuff5 ,we/1 9 an int]e/+ & elaborate pap] on ! subject1 has %[n _! true nature4 ,f 8 obs]vations x seems t ! beautiful velvety aspect ( fl[] petals is ow+ to ^! arrangem5ts ( ! surface cells1 & t _! ri* brilliancy ( col\r is due to ! same cause4 ,! c5tre ( ea* cell-wall is elevat$ z if pu%$ up by a po9t$ in/rum5t f ! "u side ( ! wall1 & 9 diff]5t fl[]s ?is elevation assumes diff]5t =ms4 ,sometimes x is m]ely a slight w>t on ! surface1 sometimes x becomes a dome1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances x is s develop$ z to resemble a hair4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,we/ has conclud$ t ^! elevations are no?+ m ?an rudim5t>y hairs4 ,! d>k radiat+ l9es are %[n by ! same au?ority to be =m$ by wr9kl+ ( ! membrane =m+ ! walls ( ! elevat$ c5tre1 & n to be compos$ ( 8second>y deposit10 z has g5]ally be5 suppos$4 ,fig4 #ca repres5ts ! petal ( ! common p]iw9kle1 diff]+ f t ( ! g]anium by ! /raight sides ( ! cell-walls1 :i* d n pres5t ! too!d appe>ance s conspicu\s 9 ! =m] fl[]4 ,a numb] ( little too?-l projections may be se5 on ! int]ior ( ! cells1 _! bases affix$ to ! walls & _! po9ts t5d+ t[>d ! c5tre1 & ^! tee? are1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,we/1 =m$ ( second>y deposit4 ,9 ,fig4 #cb is %[n ! petal ( ! common g>d5 balsam1 :]e ! cells are elegantly wav$ on _! outl9es1 & h pla9 walls4 ,! petal ( ! primrose is se5 9 ,fig4 #cd1 & t ( ! yell[ snapdragon 9 ,fig4 #cc2 9 ! latt] in/ance ! surface cells assume a mo/ rem>kable %ape1 runn+ out into a v>iety ( zigzag outl9es t q bewild]s ! eye :5 ! object is fir/ plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,fig4 #ce is ! petal ( ! common sc>let g]anium4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ^! petals are too ?ick to be exam9$ )\t "s prep>ation1 & glyc]9e w be f\nd well adapt$ = t purpose4 ,! "y microscopi/ mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e ( =m+ 8 ideas f prep>ations ( dri$ leaves1 petals1 or hairs1 & %\ld always procure !m 9 _! fre% /ate :5ev] he desires to make out _! /ructure4 ,ev5 a fad+ petal %\ld n be us$1 & if ! fl[]s are ga!r$ = ! occasion1 _! /alks %\ld be plac$ 9 wat]1 s z to give a s]ies ( leaves & petals z fre% z possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ pass f ! petal ( ! fl[] to ! poll51 t col\r$ du/1 g5]ally yell[ or :ite1 :i* is f\nd ^u ! /am5s1 & :i* is v pl5tiful 9 _m fl[]s1 su* z ! lily & ! hollyhock4 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd only ^u ! /am5s or an!rs ( full-bl[n fl[]s 7! an!rs be+ ! male organs71 & is int5d$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! female portion ( ! fl[] to produce f]tile se$s4 ,9 =m ! poll5 gra9s are wond]fully div]se1 af=d+ an endless v>iety ( beautiful %apes4 ,9 "s cases ! ext]ior is smoo? & m>k$ only ) m9ute dots1 b 9 _m in/ances ! out] wall ( ! poll5 gra9 is cov]$ ) spikes1 or decorat$ ) /ripes or belts4 ,a few examples ( ! commone/ =ms ( poll5 w be f\nd on ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #ag is ! poll5 ( ! sn[drop1 :i*1 z w be se51 is cov]$ ) dots & m>k$ ) a def9ite slit along its l5g?4 ,! dots are simply tub]cles 9 ! out] coat ( ! gra91 & are presum$ to be =m$ = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! membrane1 o!rwise too delicate1 ^u ! same pr9ciple :i* gives to 8corrugat$0 iron su* /r5g? 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,fig4 #ah is ! poll5 ( ! wall-fl[]1 %[n 9 two views1 & hav+ _m ( ! same *>act]i/ics z t ( ! sn[drop4 ,fig4 #ai is ! poll5 ( ! will[-h]b1 & is "h giv5 z an illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! poll5 aids 9 ! g]m9ation ( plants4 ,9 ord] to und]/& its action1 we mu/ fir/ exam9e its /ructure4 ,all poll5-gra9s are furni%$ ) "s means by :i* _! cont5ts :5 ?or\ghly rip5$ c be expell$4 ,9 "s cases ?is end is accompli%$ by sundry little holes call$ pores2 9 o!rs1 c]ta9 t9y lids are pu%$ up by ! conta9$ matt]2 & 9 "s1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! walls are ?9n$ 9 c]ta9 places s z to yield to ! int]nal pressure4 ,:5 a ripe poll5-gra9 falls ^u ! /igma ( a fl[]1 x imm$iately beg9s to swell1 & seems to 8spr\t0 l a potato 9 a damp cell>1 s5d+ out a sl5d] 8poll5-tube0 f "o or o!r ( ! ap]tures already m5tion$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ai a poll5-tube is se5 issu+ f "o ( ! projections1 & illu/rates ! process bett] ?an c be a*iev$ by m]e v]bal description4 ,! poll5-tubes ins9uate !mselves betwe5 ! cells ( ! /igmas1 &1 cont9ually elongat+1 worm _! way d[n ! 8/yle0 until !y come 9 contact ) ! 8ovules40 ,by v c>eful dissection ( a f]tilis$ /igma1 ! beautiful sight ( ! poll5-tubes w9d+ along ! tissues ( ! /yle may be obs]v$ "u a high p[] ( ! microscope4 ,! poll5-tube is no?+ m ?an ! int]ior coat ( ! gra91 v mu* develop$1 & fill$ ) a sub/ance te*nically nam$ 8fovilla10 compos$ ( 8protoplasm0 7! semi-liquid sub/ance :i* is f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( cells71 v m9ute />* gra9s1 & "s app>5tly oily globules4 ,9 ord] to exam9e ! /ructure ( ! poll5-gra9s prop]ly1 !y %\ld be exam9$ "u v>i\s circum/ances--"s dry1 o!rs plac$ 9 wat] to :i* a little sug> has be5 add$1 o!rs 9 oil1 & x w (t5 be f\nd useful to try ! effect ( diff]5t acids ^u !m4 ,fig4 #bj is ! poll5 ( ! common violet1 & is easily recognisable by its peculi> %ape & m>k+s4 ,fig4 #ba is ! poll5 ( ! musk-plant1 & is notable = ! curi\s mode 9 :i* its surface is belt$ ) wide & deep b&s1 runn+ spirally r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,fig4 #bb exhibits ! poll5 ( ! apple1 & ,fig4 #bc af=ds a v curi\s example ( ! rais$ m>k+s ^u ! surface ( ! d&elion poll54 ,9 ,fig4 #bd !re are also "s v wond]ful m>k+s1 b !y are dispos$ aft] a diff]5t fa%ion1 =m+ a sort ( network ^u ! surface1 & leav+ sev]al l>ge free spaces betwe5 ! me%es4 ,! poll5 ( ! lily is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 & is a good example ( a poll5-gra9 cov]$ ) ! m9ute dott+s :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,figs4 #bf & #bg %[ two v>ieties ( comp\nd poll51 f\nd 9 two species ( hea?4 ,^! comp\nd poll5-gra9s are n ( unfrequ5t occurr5ce1 & are acc\nt$ = 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! poll5 is =m$ 9 c]ta9 cavities )9 ! an!rs1 by means ( ! cont9ual subdivision ( ! 8p>5t-cells0 f :i* x is develop$4 ,9 _m cases ! =m ( ! gra9 is cle>ly ow+ to ! direction 9 :i* ^! cells h divid$1 b !re is no great c]ta9ty on ?is subject4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t if ! process ( subdivision be sudd5ly arre/$1 ! gra9s w be f\nd adh]+ to ea* o!r 9 gr\ps ( great] or small] size1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! species & ! am\nt ( subdivision t has tak5 place4 ,! read] mu/1 h[ev]1 be> 9 m9d t ! :ole subject is z yet r obscure1 & t fur!r discov]y may ?r[ d\bt on _m !ories :i* at pres5t are accept$ z e/abli%$4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! poll5 ( ! furze1 9 :i* are se5 ! longitud9al slits & ! num]\s dots on ! surface2 & ,fig4 #bi is ! curi\sly %ap$ poll5 ( ! tulip4 ,! two l>ge yell[ globul> figures at ea* side ( ! ,plate repres5t ! poll5 ( two common fl[]s2 ,fig4 #cf be+ t ( ! crocus1 & ,fig4 #cg a poll5-gra9 ( ! hollyhock4 ,z may be se5 f ! illu/ration1 ! latt] is ( consid]able size1 & is cov]$ ) v num]\s projections4 ,^! s]ve to raise ! gra9 f a level surface1 ov] :i* x rolls ) a surpris+ ease ( motion1 s mu* s inde$ t if a little ( ?is sub/ance be plac$ on a slide & a piece ( ?9 glass laid ov] x1 ! glass slips (f z soon z x is 9 ! lea/ incl9$1 & =ces ! obs]v] to fix x ) pap] or cem5t be=e he c place x on ! incl9$ /age ( ! microscope4 ,! little projections h a v curi\s effect "u a high p[]1 & require c>eful focus+ to obs]ve !m prop]ly2 = ! diamet] ( ! gra9 is s l>ge t ! focus mu/ be alt]$ to suit ea* individual projection4 ,_! (fice is1 probably1 to aid 9 f]tilisation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! se$s ( plants are ev5 easi] ( exam9ation ?an ! poll51 & 9 mo/ cases require no?+ b a pocket l5s & a ne$le = mak+ out _! g5]al /ructure4 ,! small] se$s1 h[ev]1 mu/ be plac$ "u ! microscope1 _m ( !m exhibit+ v curi\s =ms4 ,! ext]nal coat ( se$s is (t5 ( great int]e/1 & ne$s to be dissect$ (f be=e x c be rightly exam9$4 ,! simple/ plan 9 su* a case is to boil ! se$ well1 press x :ile /ill w>m into a plate ( wax1 & !n dissect ) a pair ( ne$les1 =ceps1 & scissors "u wat]4 ,_m se$s may also be m\nt$ 9 cells z dry objects1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly dri$ !mselves4 ,a few examples ( ! se$s ( common plants are giv5 at ! bottom ( ,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #ch exhibits ! fruit1 popul>ly call$ ! se$1 ( ! common goosegrass1 or ,galium1 :i* is rem>kable = ! array ( hooklets ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,imm$iately above ! figure may be se5 a draw+ ( "o ( ! hooks mu* magnifi$1 %[+ its %>p curve 7,fig4 #ci74 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! hook is n a simple curv$ hair1 b a /ructure compos$ ( a numb] ( cells t]m9at+ 9 a hook4 ,fig4 #dj %[s ! se$1 or r ! fruit1 ( ! common r$ val]ian1 & is introduc$ = ! purpose ( %[+ its plum$ extremity1 :i* acts z a p>a*ute1 & causes x to be c>ri$ ab\t by ! w9d until x meets ) a prop] re/+-place4 ,x is also notable = ! s]ies ( /rong longitud9al ribs :i* support its ext]nal /ructure4 ,on ,fig4 #da is %[n a portion ( "o ( ! p>a*ute hairs mu* m magnifi$4 ,! se$ ( ! common d&elion1 s de> to *ildr5 9 _! play-h\rs1 :5 !y amuse !mselves by puff+ at ! :ite plumy globes :i* tip ! ripe d&elion fl[]-/alks1 is a v int]e/+ object ev5 to _! p>5ts1 on acc\nt ( its beautiful /ructure1 & ! wond]ful way 9 :i* x is adapt$ to ! place :i* x fills4 ,fig4 #de repres5ts ! se$ portion ( "o ( ^! objects1 toge!r ) a "p ( ! p>a*ute /em1 ! rema9d] ( t app5dage be+ %[n ly+ across ! brok5 /em4 ,! %ape ( ! se$ is n unlike t ( ! val]ian1 b x is easily di/+ui%$ f t object by ! s]ies ( %>p spikes :i* fr+e its upp] end1 & :i* s]ve to an*or ! se$ firmly z soon z x t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,f ?is end ( ! se$ proce$s a long sl5d] %aft1 cr[n$ at its summit by a radiat+ plume ( delicate hairs1 ea* ( :i* is pl5tifully jagg$ on its surface1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #df1 :i* %[s a small portion ( "o ( ^! hairs greatly magnifi$4 ,^! jagg$ po9ts are evid5tly int5d$ to s]ve ! same purpose z ! spikes bel[1 & to arre/ ! progress ( ! se$ z soon z x has f\nd a conv5i5t spot4 ,fig4 #db is ! se$ ( ! foxglove1 & ,fig4 #dc ! se$ ( ! sunspurge1 or milkwort4 ,fig4 #dg %[s ! se$ ( ! yell[ snapdragon2 rem>kable = ! membran\s w+ ) :i* ! se$ is surr\nd$1 & :i* is compos$ ( cells ) p>tially spiral m>k+s4 ,:5 view$ edgewise1 x looks some?+ l ,saturn ) 8 r+1 or1 to use a m homely b p]haps a m intelligible simile1 l a m>ble set 9 ! middle ( a p5ny4 ,fig4 #dh is a se$ ( mulle91 cov]$ ) net-l m>k+s on its ext]nal surface4 ,^! are probably to increase ! /r5g? ( ! ext]nal coat1 & are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! m m9ute se$s4 ,on ,fig4 #ej is %[n a se$ ( ! burr-re$2 a /ructure :i* is rem>kable = ! extraord9>y projection ( ! f\r out] ribs1 & _! p[]ful armature ( rev]t$ b>bs4 ,fig4 #ea %[s ano!r =m ( p>a*ute se$1 f\nd 9 ! will[-h]b1 :]e ! p>a*ute is n exp&$ ne>ly s widely z t ( ! val]ian2 nei!r is x set ^u a long sl5d] /em l t ( ! d&elion1 b proce$s at once f ! top ( ! se$1 wid5+ t[>ds ! extremity1 & hav+ a v comet-l appe>ance4 ,two m se$s only rema91 ,fig4 #di be+ ! se$ ( ,rob9 ,hood1 & ! o!r1 ,fig4 #eb1 t ( ! muskmall[1 be+ giv5 9 consequ5ce ( ! ?ick coat ( hairs ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,_m se$s c be well exam9$ :5 m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,alg & _! ,gr[?--,desmidiace1 :]e f\nd--,diatoms1 _! ,fl9ty ,deposit--,volvox--,m\ld1 ,blight1 & ,mildew--,mosses & ,f]ns--,m>e's-,tail & ! ,spores--,common ,sea-we$s & _! ,gr[?4 ,on ,plate ,,iv4 w be se5 _m examples ( ! curi\s vegetables call$ respectively alg & fungi1 :i* exhibit "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( vegetable life1 & are rem>kable = _! almo/ univ]sal pres5ce 9 all p>ts ( ?is globe1 & also almo/ all conditions ( cold1 heat1 or climate4 ,_m ( !m are well kn[n "u ! popul> "n ( sea-we$s1 o!rs are equally famili> "u ! titles ( 8m\ld10 8blight10 or 8mildew10 :ile _m ( ! m9ut] k9ds exhibit su* capability ( motion1 & su* app>5t symptoms ( volition1 t !y h long be5 describ$ z microscopic animalcules1 & ?\ght to belong to ! animal r ?an to ! vegetable k+doms4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts "o ( ! v l[e/ =ms ( vegetable life1 be+ kn[n to ! man ( sci5ce z ! ,palmella1 & to ! g5]al public z 8gory dew40 ,x may be se5 on almo/ any damp wall1 ext5d+ 9 r$ pat*es ( v>i\s sizes1 look+ j z if "s blood _h be5 da%$ on ! wall1 & all[$ to dry !re4 ,) a tol]ably p[]ful l5s ?is sub/ance c be resolv$ into ! exce$+ly m9ute cells depict$ 9 ! figure4 ,g5]ally1 ^! cells are s+le1 b 9 _m in/ances !y are d\ble1 ow+ to ! process ( subdivision by :i* ! plant gr[s1 if su* a t]m may be us$4 ,fig4 #b af=ds an example ( ano!r v l[ =m ( vegetable1 ! ,palmogla1 t gre5 slimy sub/ance :i* is s common on damp /ones4 ,:5 plac$ "u ! microscope1 ?is plant is resolvable into a multitude ( gre5 cells1 ea* be+ surr\nd$ ) a k9d ( gelat9\s sub/ance4 ,! mode ( gr[? ( ?is plant is v simple4 ,a l9e appe>s across "o ( ! cells1 & aft] a :ile x assumes a k9d ( h\r-glass aspect1 z if a /r+ _h be5 ti$ tightly r\nd its middle4 ,by degrees ! cell fairly divides into two p>ts1 & !n ea* "p becomes surr\nd$ ) its own lay] ( gelat9e1 s z to =m two sep>ate cells1 plac$ end to end4 ,"o ( ! figures1 t on ! "r h&1 repres5ts ! v>i\s processes ( 8conjugation10 i4e4 ! union & fusion toge!r ( two cells4 ,ea* cell ?r[s out a little projection2 ^! meet toge!r1 & !n unit+1 =m a sort ( i/hmus connect+ ! two ma9 bodies4 ,?is rapidly wid5s1 until ! two cells become fus$ into "o l>ge body4 ,! :ole subject ( conjugation is v int]e/+1 & is treat$ at great l5g? 9 ! ,micrographic ,diction>y ( ,messrs4 ,griffi? & ,h5frey1 a "w to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = fur!r in=mation on _m ( ! subjects t1 9 ?is small "w1 c receive b a v ha/y treatm5t4 ,few p]sons w\ld suppose t ! slug-l object on ,fig4 #c1 ! little r\nd$ globules ) a pair ( hair-l app5dages1 & ! r\nd disc ) a d>k c5tre1 are only diff]5t =ms ( ! same organism4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! case1 & ^! are ?ree ( ! modifications :i* ! ,protococcus und]goes4 ,?is vegetable may be se5 float+ l gre5 fro? on ! surface ( ra9-wat]4 ,on collect+ "s ( ?is fro? & putt+ x "u ! microscope1 x is se5 to consi/ ( a va/ numb] ( little gre5 bodies1 mov+ briskly ab\t 9 all directions1 & guid+ _! c\rse ) su* app>5t ex]cise ( volition t !y might v readily be tak5 = animals4 ,x may be notic$ t ! col\r ( ! plant is sometimes r$1 & 9 t /ate x has be5 call$ ! ,hmatococcus4 ,! 8/ill0 /ate ( ?is plant is %[n 9 ! r\nd disc4 ,aft] a :ile ! int]ior sub/ance splits into two portions2 ^! aga9 subdivide1 & ! process is repeat$ until sixte5 or ?irty-two cells become develop$ out ( ! s+le p>5t-cell4 ,^! little ones !n escape1 &1 be+ furni%$ ) two long 8cilia0 or ?read-l app5dages1 :irl !mselves m]rily ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:5 !y h sp5t "s "t 9 ?is /ate1 gr[+ all ! :ile1 !y lose _! cilia1 become clo!d ) a /rong envelope1 & pass into ! /ill /age f :i* !y _h previ\sly em]g$4 ,?is curi\s process is repeat$ 9 endless succession1 & causes a v rapid gr[? ( ! plant4 ,! mov+ bodies are te*nically call$ zoospores1 or liv+ spores1 & are f\nd 9 _m o!r plants besides ^? ( ! l[e/ ord]4 ,,iv4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,gory ,dew1 ,palmella cru5ta #b4 ,palmogla macrococca #c4 ,protococcus pluvialis1 a1 9 its motile1 b1 9 its fix$ /ate1 c1 zoospores #d4 ,clo/]ium #e4 ,ditto1 end m magnifi$ #f4 ,p$ia/rum #g4 ,sc5$esmus #h4 ,oscillatoria #i4 ,spirogyra #aj4 ,tynd>idea #aa4 ,d4 spore #ab4 ,sphrozosma #ac4 ,*lorococcus #ad4 ,sc5$esmus #ae4 ,p$ia/rum1 to %[ cells #af4 ,anki/rodesmus #ag4 ,cosm>ium #ah4 ,desmidium #ai4 ,cosm>ium1 =mation ( ,re/+ ,spore #bj4 ,cocconema lanceolatum #ba4 ,diatoma vulg>e ,d4 l>g] fru/ules1 at ! side #bb4 ,volvox globator ,d4 s+le gre5 body1 above #bc4 ,syn$ra #bd4 ,gomphonema acum9atum ,d4 l>g] fru/ules1 bel[ #be4 ,yea/ #bf4 ,s>c9a v5triculi #bg4 ,eunotia diadema #bh4 ,melosira v>ians ,d4 two blea*$ fru/ules #bi4 ,cocconeis p$iculus #cj4 ,a*nan!s exilis #ca4 ,navicula amphisbna #cb4 ,ur$o1 8,r$-ru/0 ( corn #cc4 ,pucc9ea1 ,mildew ( corn #cd4 ,botrytis1 m\ld on grapes ,d4 ,sporules1 beside x #ce4 ,d4 p>asitica1 ,potato blight #cf4 ,ectoc>pus siliculosus #cg4 ,ulva latissima #ch4 ,polypodium ,d4 s+le spore1 bel[ #ci4 ,moss capsule1 ,hypnum #dj4 ,m>e's tail1 ,equisetum1 a ,d4 d4 b & c #da4 ,porphyra lac9iata ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 ,on ,fig4 #ac is del9eat$ a v m9ute plant1 call$ f its col\r ,*lorococcus4 ,x may be f\nd ^u tree-trunks1 walls1 etc41 9 ! =m ( gre5 du/1 & has rec5tly be5 f\nd to take "p 9 =m+ ! fir/ /age ( li*5s4 ,a l>ge & int]e/+ family ( ! 8conf]void alg10 z ^! l[ =ms ( vegetable life are t]m$1 is ! ,desmidiace1 call$ 9 m common p>lance desmids4 ,a few examples ( ?is family are giv5 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 wat]1 always pref]r+ ! cleane/ & ! brighte/ pools1 mo/ly congregat+ 9 masses ( gre5 film at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 or inve/+ ! /ems ( plants4 ,_! removal is n v easy1 b is be/ accompli%$ by v c>efully tak+ up ?is gre5 slipp]y sub/ance 9 a spoon1 & /ra9+ ! wat] away ?r\gh f9e musl94 ,!y may also be sep>at$ by all[+ a r+1 cov]$ ) musl91 to float ^u ! surface ( ! wat] collect$ 9 a j>1 =1 be+ great lov]s ( light1 !y assemble :]e x is mo/ abundant4 ,an opaque j> %\ld be us$4 ,= pres]vation1 glyc]9e-gelat9e seems to be ! be/ fluid4 ,a v full & accurate description ( ^! plants may be f\nd 9 ,ralfs' ,briti% ,desmidie4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts "o ( ! species ( ,clo/]ium1 m ?an tw5ty ( :i* are kn[n4 ,^! beautiful objects c be obta9$ f ! bottom ( almo/ e cle> pool1 & are ( "s int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! circulat+ curr5ts t may be se5 )9 ! liv+ plants4 ,a high p[] is requir$ to see ?is ph5om5on cle>ly4 ,! ,clo/]ia are reproduc$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,mo/ly !y divide across ! c5tre1 be+ jo9$ = a :ile by two half-cells4 ,sometimes !y reproduce by means ( conjugation1 ! process be+ almo/ entirely conduct$ on ! convex sides4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! end ( a ,clo/]ium1 mu* magnifi$ 9 ord] to %[ ! actively mov+ bodies conta9$ )9 x4 ,fig4 #af is a suppos$ desmid1 call$ ,anki/rodesmus1 & presum$ to be an e>li] /age ( ,clo/]ium4 ,fig4 #f is a v pretty desmid call$ ! ,p$ia/rum1 & valuable to ! microscopi/ z exhibit+ a curi\s mode ( reproduction4 ,! figure %[s a p]fect plant compos$ ( a numb] ( cells arrang$ sy/ematically 9 a />-l %ape2 ,fig4 #ae is ! same species )\t ! col\r+ matt]1 9 ord] to %[ ! %ape ( ! cells4 ,! ,p$ia/rum reproduces by cont9ual subdivision ( ! cont5ts ( ea* cell into a numb] ( small] cells1 t]m$ 8gonidia0 on acc\nt ( _! function on ! p]petuation ( ! species4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] has be5 =m$1 !y bur/ ?r\gh ! envelope ( ! orig9al cell1 tak+ ) !m a portion ( its int]nal lay]1 s z to =m a vesicle1 9 :i* !y move actively4 ,9 a few m9utes !y arrange !mselves 9 a circle1 & aft] a :ile !y gradually assume ! p]fect =m1 ! :ole process occupy+ ab\t two days4 ,fig4 #ah exhibits an example ( ! g5us ,desmidium4 ,9 ?is g5us ! cells are ei!r squ>e or triangul> 9 _! =m1 hav+ two tee? at _! angles1 & twi/$ regul>ly ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 caus+ ! wavy or oblique l9es :i* di/+ui% !m4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us are common1 & may be f\nd almo/ 9 any wat]4 ,i may z well m5tion t ,i h obta9$ ne>ly all ! prec$+ species1 toge!r ) _m o!rs1 f a little pond on ,blackhea?4 ,fig4 #g is ano!r desmid call$ ,sc5$esmus1 9 :i* ! cells are arrang$ 9 r[s ( f two to t5 9 numb]1 ! cell at ea* extremity be+ (t5 furni%$ ) a pair ( bri/le-l app5dages4 ,fig4 #ad is ano!r species ( ! same plant1 & bo? may be f\nd 9 ! wat] suppli$ = dr9k+ 9 ,london1 z well z 9 any pond4 ,a common species ( desmid is se5 at ,fig4 #ab1 call$ ,sphrozosma1 look+ mu* l a r[ ( /omata set *a9wise toge!r4 ,x multiplies by self-division4 ,fig4 #ag is a specim5 ( desmid nam$ ,cosm>ium1 pl5tifully f\nd 9 ponds on hea?s & commons1 & hav+ a v pretty appe>ance 9 ! microscope1 ) its glitt]+ gre5 c5tre & beautifully transp>5t envelope4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,cosm>ium conjugates is v rem>kable1 & is %[n at ,fig4 #ai4 ,! two conjugat+ cells become v deeply cleft1 & by degrees sep>ate1 suff]+ ! cont5ts to p\r out freely1 &1 z at pres5t appe>s1 )\t any envelope to protect !m4 ,! mass1 h[ev]1 soon acquires an envelope ( its own1 & by degrees assumes a d>k r$di%-br[n t9t4 ,x is n[ t]m$ a sporangium1 & is cov]$ ) a va/ numb] ( projections1 :i* 9 ?is g5us are =k$ at _! tip1 b 9 o!rs1 :i* also =m sporangia1 are simply po9t$4 ,! ,clo/]ia conjugate aft] a some:at simil> mann]1 & x is n unfrequ5t to f9d a pair 9 ?is condition1 b 9 _! case ! sporangium is q smoo? on its surface4 ,ano!r v rem>kable family ( conf]void alg is t :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,oscillatori1 f ! oscillat+ movem5t ( ! plant4 ,!y are always long & filam5t\s 9 "*1 & may be se5 mov+ up & d[n ) a curi\s irregul>ity ( motion4 ,_! gr[? is extremely rapid1 & may be wat*$ "u a tol]ably p[]ful l5s1 ?us giv+ _m valuable h9ts z to ! mode by :i* ^! plants are reproduc$4 ,"o ( ! commone/ species is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #h4 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 & #aa are examples ( ano!r family1 call$ te*nically ! ,zygnemace1 because !y are s con/antly yok$ toge!r by conjugation4 ,!y all consi/ ( a s]ies ( cyl9drical cells1 set end to end1 & hav+ _! gre5 cont5ts arrang$ 9 simil> patt]ns4 ,two ( ! mo/ common & typical species are "h giv54 ,fig4 #i is ! ,spirogyra1 s call$ f ! spiral arrangem5t ( ! *lorophyll2 & ,fig4 #aj is ! ,tynd>idea1 or ,zygnema1 z x is call$ by "s writ]s4 ,a casual inspection w %[ h[ easy x is to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts a portion ( ! ,tynd>idea dur+ ! process ( conjugation1 %[+ ! tube ( connection betwe5 ! cells & "o ( ! spores4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ arrive at ! diatoms1 s call$ because ( _! me?od ( reproduction1 9 :i* x appe>s z if a cut 7 made "r along ! orig9al cell4 ,! commone/ ( ^! plants is ! ,diatma vulgre1 se5 9 ,fig4 #ba z x appe>s :ile gr[+4 ,! reproduction ( ?is plant is effect$ by splitt+ d[n ! c5tre1 ea* half increas+ to ! full size ( ! orig9al cell2 & 9 almo/ e specim5 ( wat] tak5 f a pond1 examples ( ?is diatom und]go+ ! process ( division w be di/+ui%$4 ,x also gr[s by conjugation4 ,! diatoms are rem>kable = ! delicate %ell or fl9ty matt] :i* =ms ! cell skeleton1 & :i* w reta9 its %ape ev5 aft] int5se heat & ! action ( nitric acid4 ,:ile ! diatoms are alive1 swimm+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 _! beautiful m>k+s are cle>ly di/9ct1 glitt]+ z if ! =m 7 spun f cry/all9e glass4 ,j above ! figure1 & to ! "r h&1 are two outl9es ( s+le cells ( ?is diatom1 ! "o %[+ ! front view & ! o!r ! pr(ile4 ,fig4 #bj is an example ( a diatom--,cocconma lanceoltum--furni%$ ) a /alk4 ,! left-h& bran* su/a9s a 8fru/ule0 exhibit+ ! front view1 :ile ! o!r is se5 sideways4 ,ano!r common diatom is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ,syn$ra4 ,?is con/itutes a v l>ge g5us1 conta9+ ab\t sev5ty kn[n species4 ,9 ?is g5us ! fru/ules are at fir/ arrang$ ^u a sort ( cu%ion1 b 9 c\rse ( "t !y mo/ly break away f _! atta*m5t4 ,9 "s species !y radiate 9 e direction f ! cu%ion1 l ! spikes ( ! anci5t cavali]'s mace4 ,fig4 #bd is ano!r /alk$ diatom call$ ,gomphonma acum9tum1 f\nd commonly 9 ponds & dit*es4 ,!re are ne>ly =ty species belong+ to ?is g5us4 ,a pair ( fru/ules are also %[n :i* exhibit ! beautiful fl9ty outl9e )\t ! col\r$ cont5ts 7te*nically call$ endo*rome74 ,fig4 #bg is a side view ( a beautiful diatom1 call$ ,euntia diadma f its diadem-l =m4 ,!re are _m species ( ?is g5us4 ,:5 se5 ^u ! upp] surface1 x looks at fir/ sight l a m]e r[ ( cells ) a b& runn+ along !m2 b by c>eful arrangem5t ( ! light its true =m may easily be made out4 ,fig4 #bh repres5ts a v common fre%-wat] diatom1 nam$ ,melosra vrians4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us look l a cyl9drical rod compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( segm5ts1 mo/ly cyl9drical1 b sometimes disc-%ap$ or r\nd$4 ,an end view ( "o ( ! fru/ules is se5 at ! left h&1 /ill col\r$ ) its dots ( 8endo*rome10 & %[+ ! cyl9drical %ape4 ,imm$iately above is a figure ( ano!r fru/ule se5 "u bo? aspects ) ! endo*rome remov$4 ,a r curi\s species ( diatom1 call$ ,coccones p$culus1 is se5 at ,fig4 #bi z x appe>s on ! surface ( common wat]-cress4 ,sometimes ! fru/ules1 :i* 9 all cases are s+le1 are cr[d$ v closely ^u ea* o!r & almo/ :olly hide ! sub/ance on :i* !y repose4 ,fig4 #cj is ano!r diatom ( a flag-l %ape1 nam$ ,a*nan!s1 hav+ a long sl5d] filam5t atta*$ to "o end ( ! l[] fru/ule1 repres5t+ ! flag-/aff4 ,!re are _m wond]ful species ( su* diatoms1 "s runn+ almo/ end to end l a bundle ( /icks1 & !re=e call$ ,bacillria2 o!rs spread+ out l a numb] ( fans1 su* z ! g5us ,licmophora2 :ile "s assume a beautiful :eel-l aspect1 ( :i* ! g5us ,m]idion af=ds an excell5t example4 ,a v rem>kable1 & n uncommon1 fre%-wat] diatom is ! ,bacillria p>adxa4 ,x looks1 :5 at re/1 l a broad br[n ribbon ( v>y+ l5g?4 ,! diatoms lie across ! ribbon1 on edge1 & slide ^u ea* o!r exactly l ! ladd]s ( a fire-escape1 s t ! broad ribbon is conv]t$ into a f9e long ?read1 :i* spe$ily closes up aga9 into ! orig9al ribbon1 & s da capo4 ,! reason = ?is movem5t1 & h[ x is effect$1 is absolutely unkn[n2 inde$1 no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n z to ! way 9 :i* diatoms move1 nor has ev] a probable guess yet be5 made4 ,! la/ ( ! diatoms :i* we %all be able to m5tion 9 ?is "w is t repres5t$ on ,fig4 #ca4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us h ! "n ( ,navcula1 on acc\nt ( _! boat-l %ape & _! habit ( glid+ ?r\gh ! wat] 9 a canoe-l fa%ion4 ,!re are _m species ( ?is g5us1 all ( :i* are notable = ! graceful & v>i$ c\rses =m$ by _! outl9es1 & ! extreme delicacy ( _! m>k+s4 ,9 _m species ! m>k+s are s extremely m9ute t !y c only be made out ) ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope & ! mo/ c>eful illum9ation1 s t !y s]ve z te/ objects :]eby ! p]=mance ( a microscope c be judg$ by a practical man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l>ge sph]ical figure 9 ! c5tre ( ,plate ,,iv4 repres5ts an example ( a family belong+ to ! conf]void alg1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,volvox globator4 ,!re seems to be b "o species kn[n4 ,?is s+ul> plant has be5 greatly b&i$ ab\t betwe5 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 b seems n[ to be satisfactorily settl$ among ! vegetables4 ,9 ! summ] x may be f\nd 9 pools ( wat]1 suffici5tly l>ge to be visible to ! nak$ eye1 l a little gre5 speck proce$+ sl[ly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:5 a mod]ate p[] is us$1 x appe>s z %[n 9 ! figure1 & always conta9s )9 its body a numb] ( small] individuals1 :i* aft] a :ile bur/ ?r\gh ! envelope ( ! p>5t & />t ^u an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,on a clos] exam9ation1 a fur!r g5]ation may be discov]$ ev5 )9 ! bodies ( ! *ildr54 ,! :ole surface is pr(usely cov]$ ) little gre5 bodies1 ea* be+ furni%$ ) a pair ( movable cilia1 by means ( :i* ! :ole organism is mov$ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,^! bodies are analog\s to ! zoospores already m5tion$1 & are connect$ ) ea* o!r by a network ( filam5ts4 ,reproduction also takes place by conjugation z 9 o!r alg4 ,a m magnifi$ repres5tation ( "o ( ! gre5 bodies is %[n imm$iately above ! l>g] figure4 ,! volvox is apt to die soon :5 conf9$ 9 a bottle4 ,fig4 #be is ! common yea/-plant1 consi/+ simply ( a *a9 ( cells1 :i* increase by budd+1 & only =m spores :5 !y h exhau/$ ! nutrim5t 9 ! fluid 9 :i* !y live4 ,fig4 #bf is a curi\s object1 ^: sci5tific "n is ,src9a v5trculi4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! human /oma*4 ,simil> =ms are (t5 to be f\nd 9 ! air2 = in/ance1 a piece ( cocoa-nut w exhibit ?is1 & _m o!r k9ds ( ,bact]ia & m\lds1 aft] a few days' exposure to ! air1 pref]ably 9 a d>k cupbo>d4 ,we n[ come ^u a few ( ! blights & mildews4 ,a v int]e/+ s]ies ( =ms is fir/ to be allud$ to4 ,^u ! bramble-leaf may (t5 be f\nd spots1 at fir/ r$1 !n orange1 !n r$di% black4 ,^! are kn[n z cidium b]b]idis4 ,fig4 #cb %[s ! 8r$-ru/0 ( :eat1 ! ,urd2 & ,fig4 #cc is ! mildew ( corn1 kn[n z ,pucc9ia4 ,! int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t ^! ?ree =ms are successive /ages 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! same plant4 ,ano!r species ( ,urd1 toge!r ) a ,phragmdium1 once ?\ght to be ano!r k9d ( fungus1 is se5 on a rose-leaf on ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a4 ,on ,fig4 #aj1 h[ev]1 ( ! same ,plate1 ! ,phragmdium may be se5 proce$+ f ,urd1 ?us prov+ !m to be b two /ates ( ! same plant4 ,!re is room = any am\nt ( obs]vation & "w 9 connection ) ! life-hi/ories ( _m ( ^! fungi4 ,ano!r species ( ,pucc9ia1 f\nd on ! ?i/le1 is %[n on ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #cd is ! m\ld f\nd ^u decay+ grapes1 & call$ !refrom1 or f ! clu/]$ spores1 ,botrtis4 ,"s ( ! deta*$ spores are se5 by its side4 ,fig4 #ce is ano!r species ( ! same g5us1 t]m$ ,botrtis p>astica1 & is ! cause ( ! well-kn[n 8potato-disease40 ,! mosses & f]ns af=d an endless v>iety ( int]e/+ objects to ! microscopi/2 b z _! numb]s are s va/1 & ! details ( _! /ructure s elaborate1 !y c only be casually notic$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,fig4 #ch repres5ts a spore-case ( ! ,polypodium1 "o ( ! f]ns1 z x appe>s :ile 9 ! act ( bur/+ & scatt]+ ! cont5ts ar\nd4 ,"o ( ! spores is se5 m magnifi$ bel[4 ,! spore-cases ( _m f]ns may be se5 bur/+ "u ! microscope1 & h a v curi\s appe>ance1 wri?+ & twi/+ l worms1 & !n sudd5ly fill+ ! field ) a cl\d ( spores4 ,fig4 #i1 ,plate ,v41 is a piece ( ! br[n1 *aff-l1 scaly /ructure f\nd at ! base ( ! /alk ( male f]n cells1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* a flat membrane is =m$4 ,fig4 #ci is a capsule ( ! ,hypnum1 "o ( ! mosses1 %[+ ! beautiful d\ble fr+e ) :i* its edge is cr[n$4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,v41 is ! capsule ( ano!r moss1 ,polytr*um1 to %[ ! too!d rim2 on ! "r h& is "o ( ! tee? mu* m magnifi$4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,v41 is ! capsule ( ! ,jung]mannia1 "o ( ! liv]worts1 %[+ ! 8elat]s0 bur/+ out on e side1 & scatt]+ ! spores4 ,fig4 #d is a s+le elat] mu* magnifi$1 %[+ x to be a spirally coil$ filam5t1 t1 by sudd5 expansion1 %oots out ! spores j z a *ild's toy-gun dis*>ges ! arr[4 ,fig4 #e is a "p ( ! leaf ( ! ,sphagnum moss1 common 9 fre% wat]1 %[+ ! curi\s spiral arrangem5t ( second>y fibre :i* is f\nd 9 ! cells1 z well z ! circul> pores :i* are f\nd 9 ea* cell at a c]ta9 /age ( gr[?4 ,j bel[1 & to ! left h&1 is a s+le cell greatly magnifi$1 9 ord] to %[ ^! peculi>ities m /rongly4 ,fig4 #h is "p ( a leaf ( ,jung]mannia1 %[+ ! dott$ cells4 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,v41 is a "p ( a rootlet ( moss1 %[+ h[ x is =m$ ( cells elongat$ & jo9$ end to end4 ,on ! common m>e's-tail1 or ,equistum1 may be se5 a v rem>kable arrangem5t = scatt]+ ! spores4 ,on ! la/ jo9t ( ! /em is a process call$ a fruit-spike1 be+ a po9t$ head ar\nd :i* are set a numb] ( little bodies j l g>d5-tables1 ) _! tops outw>d4 ,"o ( ^! bodies is se5 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,f ! top ( ! table dep5d a numb] ( t9y p\*es1 :i* are call$ sporangia2 ^! lie closely aga9/ ea* o!r1 & conta9 ! spores4 ,at ! prop] mom5t ^! p\*es bur/ f ! inside1 & fl+ out ! spores1 :i* !n look l r\nd balls ) irregul> surfaces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 c4 ,?is irregul>ity is caus$ by f\r ela/ic filam5ts1 knobb$ at ! end1 :i* are orig9ally coil$ tightly r\nd ! body ( ! spore1 b by rapidly untwi/+ !mselves cause ! spore to leap ab\t1 & s aid 9 ! di/ribution4 ,a spore ) uncoil$ filam5ts is se5 at ,fig4 #dj1 b4 ,by brea?+ on !m !y may be made to repeat ?is process at w4 ,fig4 #cf is a common little sea-we$1 call$ ,ectoc>pus siliculsus1 t is f\nd p>asitically adh]+ to l>ge plants1 & is figur$ 9 ord] to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! extremities ( ! bran*es are develop$ into sporangia4 ,fig4 #cg is a piece ( ! common gre5 lav]1 ,ulva latssima1 %[+ ! gre5 masses t are ultimately conv]t$ into zoospores1 & by _! extraord9>y f]tility cause ! plant to gr[ ) su* rapid luxuriance :]ev] ! conditions are fav\rable4 ,e possessor ( a m>9e aqu>ium kn[s h[ rapidly ! glass sides become cov]$ ) gr[+ masses ( ?is plant4 ,! small] figure above is a section ( ! same plant1 %[+ t x is compos$ ( a d\ble plate ( cellul> tissue4 ,fig4 #da is a piece ( purple lav] or 8sloke10 ,porphra lac9ita1 to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! cells are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 te*nically nam$ 8tetraspores40 ,?is plant has only "o lay] ( cells4 ,on ,plate ,v4 may be se5 a numb] ( curi\s details ( ! high] alg4 ,fig4 #aa is ! ,sphacelria1 s call$ f ! curi\s capsule cells f\nd at ! end ( ! bran*es1 & t]m$ sphacel4 ,?is portion ( ! plant is %[n m magnifi$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,ano!r sea-we$ is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ac1 9 ord] to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! fruit is arrang$2 & a portion ( ! same plant is giv5 on a l>g] scale at ,fig4 #ad4 ,a v pretty little sea-we$ call$ ,c]mium is %[n at ,fig4 #ae2 & a portion %[+ ! fruit mu* m magnifi$ is drawn at ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #bc is a little alga call$ ,myrionma1 gr[+ p>asitically on ! prec$+ plant4 ,fig4 #af is a section ( a capsule belong+ to ! ,hlydris siliqusa1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! fruit is arrang$2 & ,fig4 #ag %[s "o ( ! spores m magnifi$4 ,fig4 #ah %[s ! ,polysiphnia p>astica1 a r common species ( a v ext5sive g5us ( sea-we$s1 conta9+ ne>ly ?ree hundr$ species4 ,fig4 #ai is a portion ( ! /em ( ! same plant1 cut across 9 ord] to %[ ! curi\s mode 9 :i* x is built up ( a numb] ( longitud9al cells1 surr\nd+ a c5tral cell ( l>ge dim5sions1 s t a section ( ?is plant has ! aspect ( a rosette :5 plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,a capsule or 8c]amdium0 ( ! same plant is %[n at ,fig4 #bj1 = ! purpose ( exhibit+ ! pe>-%ap$ spores1 & ! mode ( _! escape f ! p>5t-cell previ\s to _! own developm5t into fre% plants4 ,! same plant has ano!r =m ( reproduction1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 :]e ! 8tetraspores0 are se5 imb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! bran*es4 ,!re is yet a ?ird mode ( reproduction by means ( 8an!ridia10 or elongat$ :ite tufts at ! extremities ( ! bran*es4 ,! cells produc$ by ^! tufts f]tilise ! rudim5t>y capsules1 & s fulfil ! function ( ! poll5 9 fl[]+ plants4 ,fig4 #be is ! ,cladphora1 a gre5 alga1 figur$ to illu/rate its mode ( gr[?2 & ,fig4 #bf repres5ts "o ( ! r$ sea-we$s1 ,ptilta legans1 beautifully fea!r$1 & ) a small portion %[n also on a l>g] scale1 9 ord] to %[ its /ructure m fully4 ,a good contra/ to ?is species is se5 on ,fig4 #bg1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! long1 sl5d]1 filam5t>y fronds are built up ( _m-sid$ cells is se5 j to ! left h& ( ! upp] frond4 ,fig4 #bd is a portion ( ! lovely ,delessria sangunea1 giv5 9 ord] to %[ ! =mation ( ! cells1 z also ! arrangem5t by :i* ! indi/9ct n]vures are =m$4 ,v4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,rose ,leaf1 ) fungus #b4 ,moss capsule1 ,polytri*um #c4 ,jung]mannia1 capsule #d4 ,d4 an elat] m magnifi$ #e4 ,leaf ( ,moss1 ,sphagnum #f4 ,rootlet1 ,moss #g4 ,pucc9ia1 f ,?i/le #h4 ,jung]mannia1 leaf #i4 ,scale f /alk ( male f]n #aj4 ,ur$o #aa4 ,sphacel>ia filic9a #ab4 ,d4 top1 m magnifi$ #ac4 ,seawe$1 %[+ fruit #ad4 ,d4 fruit1 m magnifi$ #ae4 ,c]amium #af4 ,capsule1 ,halidrys #ag4 ,spore ( d4 #ah4 ,polysiphonia p>asitica #ai4 ,d4 /em1 m magnifi$ #bj4 ,d4 ,capsule1 tetraspores escap+ #ba4 ,d4 fruit1 ano!r =m #bb4 ,c]amium1 fruit #bc4 ,myrionema1 p>asitic ,seawe$ #bd4 ,deless]ia sangu9ea1 ,frond #be4 ,cladophora #bf4 ,ptilota elegans #bg4 ,ent]omorpha cla?rata #bh4 ,nitophyllum lac]atum ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,! figure on ! bottom left-h& corn] ( ,plate ,v4 is a portion ( ! pretty ,nitophyllum lac]tum1 a plant belong+ to ! same family z ! prec$+ "o4 ,! specim5 "h repres5t$ has a ga!r+ ( spores ^u ! frond1 9 :i* /ate ! frond is said to be 89 fruit40 ,fig4 #bg repres5ts a portion ( ! common sea-grass 7,ent]omorpha71 s common on rocks & /ones betwe5 ! range ( high & l[ wat]4 ,on ! left h& ( ! figure1 & ne> ! top1 is a small piece ( ! same plant mu* m magnifi$1 9 ord] to %[ ! =m ( its cells4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,ant5n1 _! ,/ructure & ,use--,eyes1 ,comp\nd & ,simple--,brea?+ ,organs--,jaws & _! ,app5dages--,legs1 ,feet1 & ,suck]s--,dige/ive ,organs--,w+s1 ,scales1 & ,hairs--,eggs ( ,insects--,hair1 ,wool1 ,l951 ,silk1 & ,cotton--,scales ( ,fi%--,fea!rs--,sk9 & its ,/ructure--,epi!lium--,nails1 ,bone1 & ,tee?--,blood ,corpuscles & ,circulation--,ela/ic ,tissues--,muscle & ,n]ve4 ,we n[ take leave ( ! vegetables = a "t1 & turn our att5tion to ! animal k+dom4 ,on ,plate ,,vi4 may be se5 _m beautiful examples ( animal /ructures1 mo/ ( !m be+ tak5 f ! insect tribes4 ,we w beg9 ) ! ant5n1 or horns1 z !y are popul>ly t]m$1 ( ! insect4 ,! =ms ( ^! organs are z v>i$ z ^? ( ! insects to :i* !y belong1 & !y are s well def9$ t a s+le ant5na w1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 enable a good entomologi/ to designate ! g5us to :i* ! insect belong$4 ,! functions ( ! ant5n are n satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,!y are c]ta9ly (t5 us$ z organs ( spee*1 z may be se5 :5 two ants meet ea* o!r1 cross _! ant5n1 & !n />t (f simultane\sly to "s task :i* is too mu* = a s+le ant4 ,?is pretty sc5e may be witness$ on any f9e day 9 a wood1 & a v animat$ s]ies ( conv]sations may readily be elicit$ by lay+ a /ick across _! pa?s1 or putt+ a dead m\se or l>ge insect 9 _! way4 ,i once saw a v curi\s sc5e ( ?is k9d take place at an ant's ne/ ne> ,ha/+s4 ,a great daddy long-legs _h1 un=tunately = itself1 settl$ on ! ne/1 & 0 imm$iately 8p9n$0 by an ant or two at ea* leg1 s effectually t all its /ruggles avail$ no?+4 ,help 01 h[ev]1 ne$$1 & away ran f\r or five ants 9 diff]5t directions1 int]cept+ e comrade !y met1 & by a t\* ( ! ant5n s5d+ !m (f 9 ! prop] direction4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! wise insects soon cr[d$ r\nd ! poor victim1 ^: fate 0 rapidly seal$4 ,e ant took its prop] place1 j l a gang ( lab\r]s "u ! ord]s ( _! =eman2 & by d9t ( pu%+ & pull+1 ! long-legg$ insect 0 dragg$ to "o ( ! entrances ( ! ne/1 & spe$ily disappe>$4 ,_m ( ! i*neumon-flies may also be se5 quiv]+ _! ant5n ) eag] zeal1 & evid5tly us+ !m z feel]s1 to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( ! insect 9 :i* !y int5d to lay _! eggs2 & _m o!r simil> in/ances w be famili> to anyone :o has be5 9 ! habit ( wat*+ insects & _! ways4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mo/ likely t ! ant5n s]ve o!r purposes ?an t :i* has j be5 m5tion$1 & _m entomologi/s are ( op9ion t !y s]ve z organs ( he>+4 ,fig4 #ae1 ,plate ,,vi41 repres5ts a "p ( "o ( ! jo9ts belong+ to ! ant5n ( ! common h\se-fly2 x is se5 to be cov]$ ) a multitude ( little depressions1 "s be+ small1 & o!rs v mu* l>g]4 ,a section ( ! same ant5na1 b on a l>g] scale1 is %[n by ,fig4 #af1 9 ord] to exhibit ! real =m ( ^! depressions4 ,n]ves h be5 trac$ to ^! curi\s cavities1 :i* evid5tly s]ve "s v useful purpose1 "s au?ors ?9k+ !m to belong to ! s5se ( smell1 & o!rs to t ( he>+4 ,p]haps !y may be ! av5ues ( "s s5sation n possess$ by ! human race1 & ( :i* we are !re=e ignorant4 ,fig4 #ag repres5ts a section ( ! ant5n ( an i*neumon-fly1 to %[ ! /ructure ( ^! organs ( s5se4 ,we w n[ glance cursorily at ! =ms ( ant5n :i* are depict$ 9 ! ,plate4 ,fig4 #a is ! ant5na ( ! common cricket1 :i* consi/s ( a va/ numb] ( little jo9ts1 ea* a trifle small] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 ! :ole =m+ a long1 ?read-l organ4 ,fig4 #b is tak5 f ! gras%opp]1 & %[s t ! jo9ts are l>g] 9 ! middle ?an at ei!r end4 ,figs4 #c & #e are f two m9ute species ( cocktail$ beetles 7,/aphylnid71 :i* sw>m ?r\gh\t ! summ] mon?s1 & ev5 9 ! w9t] may be f\nd 9 pr(usion "u /ones & moss4 ,! insect f :i* ,fig4 #e 0 tak5 is s small t x is almo/ invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & 0 captur$ on ! w+ by wav+ a %eet ( gumm$ pap] "u ! %ade ( a tree4 ,^! are ! tiresome little insects t s (t5 get into ! eye 9 ! summ]1 & cause su* pa9 & inconv5i5ce until !y are remov$4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! ant5na ( ! tortoise beetle 7,cssida71 s common on _m leaves1 & rem>kable = its lik5ess to ! reptile f :i* x d]ives its popul> "n4 ,fig4 #c is f "o ( ! weevils1 & %[s ! extremely long basal jo9t ( ! ant5n ( ^! beetles1 z well z ! clubb$ extremity4 ,fig4 #g is ! beautifully not*$ ant5na ( ! c>d9al beetle 7,pyro*ra71 & ,fig4 #aa is ! fan-l "o ( ! common cock*af]4 ,?is specim5 is tak5 f a male insect1 & ! read] w f9d 8 tr\ble repaid on m\nt+ "o ( ^! ant5n z a p]man5t object4 ,fig4 #ab is an ant5na f "o ( ! common gr\nd beetles 7,crabus7 look+ l a /r+ ( elongat$ pe>s1 f ! =m ( ! jo9ts4 ,! read] w see t 9 beetles he is sure to f9d elev5 jo9ts 9 ! ant5n4 ,fig4 #aj is ! entire ant5na ( a fly 7,syrphus71 "o ( ^? pretty flies :i* may be se5 hov]+ ov] "o spot = a m9ute1 & !n d>t+ (f l lightn+ to hang ov] ano!r4 ,! l>ge jo9t is ! "o on :i* are f\nd ^? curi\s depressions t h already be5 m5tion$4 ,fig4 #h is "o ( ! ant5n ( a tortoise-%ell butt]fly 7,vanessa71 %[+ ! sl5d]1 knobb$ =m :i* butt]fly ant5n assume2 & ,figs4 #ac & #ad are specim5s ( mo?s' ant5n1 %[+ h[ !y always t]m9ate 9 a po9t4 ,fig4 #ac is ! beautiful fea!ry ant5na ( ! erm9e mo? 7,spilosma72 & ,fig4 #ad is ! too!d "o ( ! tig] mo? 7,arctia caja74 ,9 all ^! fea!r$ & too!d ant5n ( mo?s1 ! male insects h !m mu* m develop$ ?an ! female1 probably = ! purpose ( enabl+ !m to detect ! pres5ce ( _! mates1 a prop]ty :i* "s possess 9 wond]ful p]fection4 ,! male oak-egg] mo?1 = example1 c be obta9$ 9 any numb] by putt+ a female into a box ) a p]=at$ lid1 plac+ ! box 9 a room1 & op5+ ! w9d[4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+ sev5 or eight males are se5 to make _! appe>ance1 & !y are s anxi\s to get at _! int5d$ mate t !y w suff] !mselves to be tak5 by h&4 ,fig4 #i is an ant5na ( ! male gnat1 a mo/ beautiful object1 rem>kable = ! delicate transp>5cy ( ! jo9ts1 & ! exquisitely f9e fea!r+ ) :i* !y are adorn$4 ,we n[ arrive at ! eyes ( ! insects1 all ( :i* are v beautiful1 & _m s+ul>ly full ( int]e/4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ,plate ,,vi4 may be se5 ! front view ( ! head ( a bee1 %[+ bo? k9ds ( eyes1 ?ree simple eyes arrang$ triangul>ly 9 ! c5tre1 & two l>ge masses1 comp\nd eyes1 at ! sides4 ,! simple eyes1 t]m$ 8ocelli10 are f "o to ?ree 9 numb]1 & usually arrang$ 9 a triangul> =m betwe5 ! two comp\nd eyes4 ,ext]nally !y look m]ely l %9+ r\nd$ projections1 & c be se5 to great advantage 9 ! dragon-flies4 ,! comp\nd eyes may be consid]$ z aggregations ( simple eyes1 set closely toge!r1 & ea* assum+ a m or less p]fect six-sid$ =m4 ,_! numb] v>ies v greatly2 9 "s insects1 su* z ! common fly1 !re are ab\t f\r ?\s& ( ^! simple eyes 9 "o comp\nd "o1 9 ! ant only fifty1 9 ! dragon-fly ab\t twelve ?\s&1 & 9 "o ( ! beetles m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s&4 ,fig4 #ah %[s a portion ( ! comp\nd eye ( ! ,atalanta butt]fly1 & ,fig4 #bj ! same organ ( ! dea?'s-head mo?4 ,a numb] ( ! protect+ hairs may be se5 /ill adh]+ to ! eye ( ! butt]fly4 ,fig4 #bb is a rem>kably good specim5 ( ! eye ( a fly 7,heliphilus71 %[+ ! facets1 ne>ly squ>e1 ! tubes to :i* !y are atta*$1 & portions ( ! optic n]ves4 ,fig4 #bc is "p ( ! comp\nd eye ( a lob/]1 %[+ ! facets q squ>e4 ,all ^! draw+s 7 tak5 by ! cam]a lucida f my own prep>ations1 s t ,i c answ] = _! au!nticity4 ,on ,plate ,,viii4 ,figs4 #f & #ab1 ! read] w f9d two m examples ( eyes1 ^! be+ tak5 f ! spid]s4 ,fig4 #f is an example ( ! eight eyes ( ! well-kn[n zebra spid]1 s common on our g>d5 walls & simil> situations1 hunt+ incessantly aft] flies & o!r prey1 & captur+ !m by a sudd5 p\nce4 ,! eyes are l ! ocelli ( insects1 & are simple 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! numb]1 arrangem5t1 & situation ( ! eyes is extremely v>i$ 9 spid]s1 & s]ves z "o ( ! readie/ modes ( di/+ui%+ ! species4 ,fig4 #ab1 ,plate ,,viii41 repres5ts "o ( ! curi\s eyes ( ! common h>ve/ spid]1 p]*$ on a prom95ce or 8wat*-t[]0 7z x has be5 aptly nam$71 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! creature to take a m compreh5sive view ( surr\nd+ objects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,return+ to ,plate ,,vi41 9 ,fig4 #ba we see a curi\sly bran*$ appe>ance1 some?+ l ! holl[ root ( a tree1 & cov]$ ) delicate spiral m>k+s4 ,?is is "p ( ! brea?+ app>atus ( ! silkworm1 extract$ & prep>$ by myself = ! purpose ( %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! tubes bran* (f f ! 8spiracle0 or ext]nal brea?+-hole1 a r[ ( :i* may be se5 along ! sides ( insects1 toge!r ) ! beautiful spiral filam5t :i* is w\nd r\nd ea* tube = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ x4 ,"o ( ^! spiracles may be se5 9 ! neck ( ! gnat 7,fig4 #bg74 ,ano!r spiracle1 m enl>g$1 may be se5 on ,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #cd1 tak5 f ! wireworm1 i4e4 ! l>va ( ! skipjack beetle 7,elt]71 to %[ ! app>atus = exclud+ du/ & admitt+ air4 ,! object ( ! spiral coil is v evid5t1 = z ^! brea?+-tubes ext5d ?r\gh\t ! :ole body & limbs1 !y w\ld fail to p]=m _! (fice :5 ! limbs 7 b5t1 unless = "s especial provision4 ,?is is a*iev$ by ! w9d+ ( a v /rong b sl5d] filam5t betwe5 ! membranes ( :i* ! tube is compos$1 s t x always rema9s op5 = ! passage ( air ?r\gh\t all ! b5ds to :i* x may be subject$4 ,flexible tubes = gas & simil> purposes are made aft] ! same fa%ion1 spiral metal wire be+ coil$ )9 ! india-rubb] pipe4 ,a little piece ( ?is ?read is se5 unw\nd at ! end ( a small bran* t[>ds ! top1 & ?is ?read is s /rong t x reta9s its ela/icity :5 pull$ away f ! tube1 & spr+s back into its spiral =m4 ,i h succe$$ 9 unw9d+ a consid]able l5g? ( ?is filam5t f ! brea?+-tube ( a humble bee4 ,fig4 #bh repres5ts ! two curi\s tub]cles ^u ! h9d] qu>t]s ( ! common gre5-blight1 or ,aphis1 s v common on our g>d5 plants1 z well z on _m trees & o!r vegetables4 ,f ! tips ( ^! tub]cles exudes a sweet col\rless fluid1 :i*1 aft] x has fall5 ^u ! leaves1 is popul>ly kn[n by ! "n ( honey-dew4 ,ants are v fond ( ?is sub/ance1 & are 9 ! habit ( haunt+ ! trees ^u :i* ! aphides live1 = ! purpose ( suck+ ! honey-dew z x exudes f _! bodies4 ,a drop ( ?is liquid may be se5 on ! extremity ( ! l[] tub]cle4 ,! head ( ! same insect may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bd1 :]e ! read] may obs]ve ! bright sc>let eye1 & ! long beak ) :i* ! aphis punctures ! leaves & sucks ! sap4 ,fig4 #bi is ! head ( ! %eep-tick1 exhibit+ ! organ by :i* x pi]ces ! sk9 ( ! creature on :i* x lives4 ,fig4 #be is ! head ( ano!r curi\s p>asite f\nd ^u ! tortoise1 & rem>kable = ! p[]ful hook$ app>atus :i* projects 9 front ( ! head4 ,turn+ to ,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #d1 we f9d ! head ( a gr\nd beetle 7,crabus71 valuable z exhibit+ ! :ole ( ! organs ( ! head & m\?4 ,imm$iately above ! comp\nd eyes are se5 ! roots ( ! ant5n1 ^? organs !mselves be+ cut away4 ,above !re are two pairs ( simil>ly con/ruct$ organs t]m$ ! 8maxill>y palpi10 because !y belong to ! less] jaws or maxill1 se5 j )9 ! pair ( great curv$ jaws call$ ! m&ibles1 :i* are ext5d$ 9 s ?reat5+ a mann]4 ,! 8labial palpi10 s call$ because !y belong to ! 8labium10 or "u lip1 are se5 j )9 ! o!rs2 ! tongue is se5 betwe5 ! maxill1 & ! *9 or 8m5tum0 =ms a def5ce = ! base ( ! maxill & ! palpi4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( a beetle's m\? ) ! aid ( a pocket l5s is v in/ructive z well z int]e/+4 ,fig4 #a on ! same ,plate %[s ! jaws ( ! hive bee1 :]e ! same organs are se5 modifi$ into _m curi\s %apes4 ,9 ! c5tre may be se5 ! tongue1 elongat$ into a flexible & hair-cov]$ in/rum5t1 us$ = lick+ ! honey f ! int]ior ( fl[]s4 ,at ea* side ( ! tongue are ! labial palpi1 hav+ _! out]mo/ jo9ts v small1 & ! o!rs extremely l>ge1 ! latt] act+ z a k9d ( %ea? = ! tongue4 ,outside ! labial palpi are ! maxill1 sep>at$ 9 ! specim51 b capable ( be+ laid closely ^u ea* o!r1 & outside all are ! m&ibles4 ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,ant5na1 ,cricket #b4 ,d4 ,gras%opp] #c4 ,d4 ,/aphyl9us #d4 ,d4 ,cassida #e4 ,d4 ,/aphyl9us #f4 ,d4 ,weevil #g4 ,d4 ,pyro*roa #h4 ,d4 ,butt]fly1 ,tortoise%ell #i4 ,d4 ,gnat1 male #aj4 ,d4 ,syrphus #aa4 ,d4 ,cock*af]1 male #ab4 ,d4 ,gr\nd ,beetle #ac4 ,d4 ,erm9e ,mo? #ad4 ,d4 ,tig] ,mo? #ae4 ,d4 ,bl[fly #af4 ,d4 d4 section #ag4 ,d4 ,i*neumon #ah4 ,eye ( ,butt]fly1 ,atalanta #ai4 ,eyes1 ,bee #bj4 ,eye1 ,dea?'s ,head ,mo? #ba4 ,brea?+-tube1 ,silkworm #bb4 ,eye1 ,heliophilus #bc4 ,d4 ,lob/] #bd4 ,d4 ,aphis ( ,g]anium #be4 ,head1 ,p>asite ( ,tortoise #bf4 ,h9d leg1 ,aphis ( ,g]anium #bg4 ,head1 ,gnat #bh4 8,paps0 ( ,aphis #bi4 ,head1 ,%eep-tick #cj4 ,foot1 ,tipula ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,! curi\sly elongat$ head ( ! scorpion-fly 7,panorpa71 se5 at ,fig4 #g1 af=ds ano!r example ( ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* ^! organs are develop$ 9 diff]5t insects4 ,ano!r elongat$ head1 belong+ to ! daddy long-legs1 is se5 9 ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #bg1 & well %[s ! comp\nd eyes1 ! ant5n1 & ! palpi4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! coil$ tongue ( ! ,atalanta butt]fly2 x is compos$ ( ! maxill1 v greatly develop$1 & appe>+ z if ea* _h orig9ally be5 flat1 & !n roll$ up s z to make ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a tube4 ,a numb] ( projections are se5 t[>ds ! tip1 & "o ( ^! little bodies is %[n on a l>g] scale at ,fig4 #c4 ,^! curi\s organs h probably "s connection ) ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,along ! edges ( ! semi-tubes are arrang$ a numb] ( v t9y hooks1 by means ( :i* ! insect c unite ! edges at w4 ,fig4 #aa1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,plate1 %[s "o ( ! mo/ curi\s examples ( insect /ructure1 ! proboscis or trunk ( ! common bluebottle-fly4 ,! maxill>y palpi cov]$ ) bri/les are se5 project+ at ea* side1 & ^u ! c5tre are ?ree lancet-l app5dages1 two small & "o l>ge1 :i* are us$ = p]=at+ v>i\s sub/ances on :i* ! insect fe$s4 ,! great d\ble disc at ! end is compos$ ( ! l[] lip greatly develop$1 & is fill$ ) a mo/ complex arrangem5t ( suck+-tubes1 9 ord] to enable x to fulfil its prop] functions4 ,! num]\s tubes :i* radiate t[>ds ! circumf]5ce are /r5g!n$ by a va/ numb] ( p>tial r+s ( /rong filam5t>y sub/ance1 l t :i* we h already se5 9 ! brea?+-tube ( ! silkworm4 ,"s ( ^! p>tial r+s are se5 on ,fig4 #ab1 a little above4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! horny matt] compos+ ! r+s is arrang$ ^u ! tubes is mo/ wond]ful1 & requires a tol]ably high p[] to %[ x4 ,! f9e hairs ^u ! proboscis itself af=d mo/ admirable practice = ! "y microscopi/4 ,!y %\ld1 :5 prop]ly light$ & focus$1 be q black & %>p4 ,any errors ( manipulation w cause !m to be 8fuzzy40 ,fig4 #e %[s ! tongue ( ! common cricket1 a mo/ elegantly =m$ organ1 hav+ a numb] ( radiat+ b&s cov]$ ) zigzag l9es1 due to ! triangul> plates ( /r5g!n+ sub/ance ) :i* !y are furni%$1 in/ead ( ! r+s4 ,a portion m highly magnifi$ is %[n at ,fig4 #f1 exhibit+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! bran*es are arrang$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! legs ( insects n[ claim our att5tion4 ,fig4 #i1 ,plate ,,vii41 %[s ! 8pro-leg0 ( a cat]pill>4 ,! pro-legs are situat$ on ! h9d] p>ts ( ! cat]pill>1 &1 be+ set 9 pairs1 take a wond]fully firm hold ( a bran* or twig by pressure t[>d ea* o!r4 ,ar\nd ! pro-legs are arrang$ a s]ies ( %>p hooks1 set ) _! po9ts inw>ds1 = great] p[] 9 hold+4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts "o ( ! hooks m magnifi$4 ,fig4 #ae is ! l[] portion ( ! _m-jo9t$ legs ( ! long-legg$ spid] 7,phalngium71 ! :ole /ructure look+ v l ! ant5na ( ! cricket4 ,fig4 #ag is ! leg ( ! gl[-worm1 %[+ ! s+le claw ) :i* x is arm$4 ,fig4 #bf %[s ! foot ( ! flea1 furni%$ ) two simple claws4 ,fig4 #af is ! foot ( ! ,trombdium1 a g5us ( p>asitic creatures1 to :i* ! well-kn[n h>ve/-bug belongs4 ,fig4 #bf1 ,plate ,,vi41 %[s ! leg ( ! gre5 ,aphis ( ! g]anium1 exhibit+ ! d\ble claw1 & ! pad or cu%ion1 :i* probably s]ves ! same purpose z ! pads f\nd ^u ! feet ( _m o!r insects4 ,fig4 #h is ! l[] portion ( ! leg ( ! ant1 %[+ ! two claws & ! curi\s pad 9 ! c5tre1 by means ( :i* ! insect is able to walk ^u slipp]y surfaces4 ,! ,tpula has a foot also furni%$ ) a s+le pad 7see ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #cj74 ,?is organ is se5 "u a v high p[] to be cov]$ ) long hair-l app5dages1 ea* hav+ a little disc at ! end1 & probably secret+ "s glut9\s fluid :i* w enable ! creature to hold on to p]p5dicul> & smoo? surfaces4 ,_m ( my read]s w d\btless h notic$ ! common fly1 t[>ds ! end ( autumn1 walk+ /iffly ^u ! walls1 & evid5tly deta*+ ea* foot ) great difficulty1 age & infirmity hav+ made ! insect unable to lift its feet ) ! requisite =ce4 ,fig4 #ba is ! foot ( "o ( ! i*neumon-flies 7,ophon71 ! hairy fr+e be+ app>5tly = ! purpose ( enabl+ x to hold firmly to ! cat]pill> 9 :i* x is deposit+ its eggs1 & :i* wriggles s viol5tly "u ! infliction t x w\ld soon ?r[ its torm5tor _h n "s special means be5 provid$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! latt] to keep its hold4 ,fig4 #bj is a beautiful example ( a padd$ foot1 tak5 f ! little r$ p>asitic creature s pl5tifully f\nd ^u ! dor or dung beetle 7,geotrpes71 & ( :i* ! afflict$ insect is said to rid itself by ly+ on its back ne> an ant's ne/1 & wait+ until ! ants c>ry (f its torm5tors4 ,fig4 #ah is ! foot ( ! common yell[ dung-fly 7pl5tiful 9 pa/ure l&s71 hav+ two claws & two pads2 & ,fig4 #ai %[s ! ?ree pads & two claws f\nd 9 ! foot ( ! hornet-fly 7silus74 ,few microscopic objects call =? su* g5]al & des]v$ admiration z ! =e-foot ( ! male wat]-beetle 7,dytiscus71 :5 prop]ly prep>$ & m\nt$1 = :i* see ,fig4 #ac4 ,on exam9+ ?is prep>ation "u ! microscope1 x is se5 t ?ree ( ! jo9ts are greatly exp&$1 & t ! :ole ( _! "u surface is cov]$ pr(usely ) c]ta9 wond]ful projections1 :i* are kn[n to act z suck]s4 ,"o ( !m is exce$+ly l>ge1 & occupies a v consid]able space1 its hairs radiat+ l ! rays ( ! h]aldic sun4 ,ano!r is also l>ge1 b sc>cely half ! diamet] ( ! =m]1 & ! rema9d] are small1 & m\nt$ on ! extremities ( delicate foot-/alks1 look+ some?+ l wide-m\!d trumpets4 ,9 ! specim5 f :i* ! draw+ 0 tak5 ! small] suck]s are well %[n1 z !y protrude f ! m>g9 ( ! foot4 ,"o ( ! l>g] suck]s is se5 m magnifi$ on ,fig4 #ad4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a1 exemplifies ! mann] 9 :i* ! muscles ( insects d _! "w1 be+ well atta*$ 9 ! limbs to ! c5tral t5don1 & pull+ 8) a w0 9 "o direction1 ?us giv+ v great /r5g?4 ,?is leg is tak5 f ! wat] boatman 7,notonecta71 & has be5 m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,on ,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #bi1 may be se5 a curi\sly =m$ creature4 ,?is is ! l>va ( ! tortoise beetle 7,cssida71 ! sk9 hav+ be5 flatt5$ & m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,! spiracles are visible along ! sides1 & at ! end is se5 a d>k =k-l /ructure4 ,?is is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is creature1 & is employ$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ ! refuse ( its food1 :i* is always pil$ ^u its back1 & reta9$ 9 its place by ! =k$ sp9es1 aid$ probably by ! num]\s small] sp9es t project f ! side4 ,fig4 #cc %[s "p ( ! /oma* & ga/ric tee? ( ! gras%opp]4 ,?is /ructure may be se5 to p]fection 9 ! 8gizz>d10 z x is call$1 ( ! great gre5 locu/ ( ,engl& 7crida viridssima74 ,! organ looks l a sudd5 swell+ ( ! sophagus1 & :5 slit longitud9ally "u wat]1 ! tee? may be se5 9 r[s set side by side1 & evid5tly hav+ a great gr9d+ p[]4 ,! common h\se cricket has a simil> organ ( rem>kable beauty4 ,j above 7,fig4 #bg7 is ! correspond+ /ructure 9 ! hive bee1 ?ree ( ! tee? be+ %[n sep>ately at ,fig4 #bh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ ca/ a rapid glance at ! w+s ( insects4 ,!y h no analogy1 except 9 _! use1 ) ! w+s ( birds1 z !y are n modifications ( exi/+ limbs1 b entirely sep>ate organs4 ,!y consi/ ( two membranes unit$ at _! edges1 & trav]s$ & support$ by sundry holl[ bran*es or 8n]vures10 :i* admit air1 & s]ve z useful guides to entomologi/s = sep>at+ ! insects into _! g5]a4 ,inde$1 ! g5]al "* ( ! w+s has long be5 employ$ z ! means ( divid+ ! insect race into _! diff]5t ord]s1 z may be se5 9 any "w on entomology4 ,! typical numb] ( w+s is f\r1 b x (t5 happ5s t two are almo/ :olly abs5t1 or t ! upp]mo/ pair are ?ick5$ into a %elly k9d ( sub/ance :i* r5d]s !m useless = flight2 :ile 9 _m insects1 su* z ! gr\nd beetles & o!rs1 ! upp] w+s become h>d5$ into firm cov]+s = ! body1 & ! l[] pair are %rivell$ & useless4 ,fig4 #bb %[s two ( ! w+s ( a humble bee1 toge!r ) _! n]vures1 & ! peculi> sy/em by :i* ! upp] & l[] pair are unit$ toge!r at ! w ( ! insect4 ,at ! upp] edge ( ! l[] w+1 & ne>ly at its extremity1 may be se5 a r[ ( v t9y hooks1 %[n on a l>g] scale at ,fig4 #be4 ,^! hooklets hit* into ! /r5g!n$ membrane ( ! upp] w+1 :i* is se5 imm$iately above !m1 & s conjo9 ! two toge!r4 ,! curi\s w+-hooks ( ! ,aphis may be se5 on ,fig4 #bd1 v highly magnifi$4 ,fig4 #ca is ! w+ ( ! midge 7,psy*da71 t odd little insect :i* is se5 hopp+ & popp+ ab\t on ! w9d[s ( ou?\ses & simil> localities1 & is s h>d to cat*4 ,! :ole w+ is pl5tifully cov]$ ) elongat$ scales1 & is a mo/ lovely object "u any p[] ( ! microscope4 ,^! scales run along ! n]vures & edges ( ! w+s1 & "p ( a n]vure is %[n m highly magnifi$ at ,fig4 #cb4 ,at ,fig4 #bc is %[n ! w+ ( "o ( ! hemipt]\s insects1 common along ! banks ( dit*es & 9 %ady lanes1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,cxius4 ,x is rem>kable = ! num]\s spots :i* /ud ! n]vures1 "o be+ always f\nd at ea* =k+1 & ! o!rs be+ v irregul>ly dispos$4 ,fig4 #cj is "o ( ! balanc]s or 8haltres0 ( ! h\se-fly4 ,^! organs are f\nd 9 all ! two-w+$ insects1 & are evid5tly modifications ( ! second pair ( w+s4 ,!y are cov]$ ) little vesicles1 & protect$ at _! base by scales4 ,"s writ]s suppose t ! s5se ( smell resides 9 ^! organs4 ,:atev] o!r purpose !y may s]ve1 !y cle>ly aid 9 ! flight1 z1 if ! insect be depriv$ ( "o or bo? ( ! balanc]s1 x has ! greate/ difficulty 9 /e]+ itself ?r\gh ! air4 ,! w+s ( insects are mo/ly cov]$ ) hairs or scales1 sev]al examples ( :i* are giv5 9 ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #d %[s "o ( ! scales ( ! ,adippe or fritill>y butt]fly1 exhibit+ ! d\ble membrane--"p ( :i* has be5 torn away--& ! beautiful l9es ( dots ) :i* x is m>k$4 ,! /ructure ( ! scales is fur!r %[n by a torn specim5 ( tig] mo? scale se5 on ,fig4 #af4 ,on _m scales ^! dots assume a 8wat]$0 aspect :5 ! focus or illum9ation *anges1 an example ( :i* may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ae1 a scale ( ! peacock butt]fly4 ,fig4 #aa is "o ( ! ord9>y scales ( ! azure blue butt]fly1 & ,fig4 #aj %[s "o ( ! curi\s 8battl$ore0 scales ( ! same insect1 ) its r[s ( di/9ct dott+s4 ,fig4 #ad is "o ( ! prettily tuft$ scales ( ! orange-tip butt]fly1 & ,fig4 #h is ! spl5did bran*$ scale ( ! dea?'s-head mo?4 ,fig4 #ai %[s a scale ( ! sug>-runn] 7,lepisma sac*>na71 a little silv]y creature ) gli/5+ sk91 & long bri/les at ! head & tail1 t is f\nd runn+ ab\t cupbo>ds1 w9d[-sills1 & simil> places4 ,x is n easy to cat* ) ! f+]s1 z x slips ?r\gh !m l oil2 b by hold+ a cov]-glass 9 a pair ( =ceps1 & press+ x ^u "o ( ! little creatures1 a numb] ( ! scales may be caus$ to adh]e to x1 & ^! %\ld be m\nt$ dry = exam9ation4 ,! gnats also possess v pretty scales1 ) ! ribs project+ beyond ! membrane4 ,,vii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,tongue1 ,hive ,bee #b4 ,d4 ,tortoise%ell ,butt]fly #c4 ,d4 d4 "o ( ! b>rel-%ap$ bodies #d4 ,head1 ,violet ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c>abus7 #e4 ,tongue1 ,cricket #f4 ,d4 d4 #g4 ,head1 ,scorpion ,fly 7,panorpa7 #h4 ,leg1 ,ant #i4 ,proleg1 ,cat]pill> #aj4 ,d4 d4 s+le hook #aa4 ,proboscis1 ,fly #ab4 ,d4 d4 8modifi$ tra*ea0 #ac4 ,"p ( ,=eleg ( ,wat] ,beetle 7,acilius7 #ad4 ,d4 l>ge suck] #ae4 ,leg1 long-legg$ ,spid] 7,phalangium7 #af4 ,d4 ,h>ve/-bug 7,trombidium7 #ag4 ,d4 ,gl[-worm #ah4 ,d4 ,dung fly #ai4 ,d4 ,asilus #bj4 ,d4 ,ac>us ( ,dor-beetle #ba4 ,claws & ,pad1 ,ophion #bb4 ,w+s1 ,humble ,bee #bc4 ,d4 #bd4 ,w+ hooks1 h9d w+ ( ,aphis #be4 ,w+ hooks1 ,humble ,bee #bf4 ,foot1 ,flea #bg4 ,/oma* & ga/ric tee?1 ,bee #bh4 ,?ree tee? ( d4 #bi4 ,ca/ sk91 ,l>va ( ,tortoise ,beetle 7,cassida7 #cj4 ,balanc]1 ,bl[ fly #ca4 ,w+1 ,midge 7,psy*oda7 #cb4 ,d4 d4 "p ( a n]vure ) scales #cc4 ,/oma* & ga/ric tee?1 ,gras%opp] #cd4 ,spiracle1 ,wire-worm ,illu/ration3 ,,vii4 ,fig4 #ba is a scale f ! common spr+-tail 7,podra plmbea71 a little creature :i* is f\nd pl5tifully 9 cell>s & o!r damp places1 skipp+ ab\t ) great activity4 ,"s fl\r scatt]$ on a piece ( pap] is a sure trap = ^! little be+s4 ,fig4 #c is "o ( ! scales tak5 f ! back ( ! celebrat$ diamond beetle1 %[+ ! cause ( ! magnific5t gem-l aspect ( t insect4 ,we h 9 ,engl& _m beetles ( ! same family--! weevils--:i*1 al?\gh mu* small]1 are q z spl5did :5 exhibit$ "u a microscope by reflect$ light4 ,! w+-case or 8elytron0 ( a little gre5 weevil1 v common 9 ! h$ges1 may be se5 on ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! read] w obs]ve t all ^! scales are furni%$ ) little root-l app5dages1 by means ( :i* !y are affix$ to ! insect4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a portion ( ! w+ ( ! azure blue butt]fly1 f :i* ne>ly all ! scales h be5 remov$1 = ! purpose ( exhibit+ ! pits or depressions 9 :i* !y _h =m]ly be5 fa/5$1 & "o or two ( ! scales are left /ill adh]5t to _! places4 ,! scales are arrang$ 9 equal r[s l ! slates ( a h\setop1 z may be se5 on ,fig4 #ah1 :i* repres5ts "p ( ! same w+1 to %[ ! scales ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 & ! elegant =m :i* !y take ne> ! edges ( ! w+1 s z to =m a delicate fr+e4 ,! long hair-l d[n :i* cov]s ! legs & bodies ( ! mo?s & butt]flies 7:i* are call$ ,lepidpt]a1 or scale-w+$ insects1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is peculi>ity71 is se5 "u ! microscope to be compos$ ( scales v mu* elongat$1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 a portion tak5 f ! leg ( a tig] mo?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! eggs ( insects are all v beautiful1 & ?ree ( ! mo/ curi\s =ms are giv5 on ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #b is ! empty egg ( ! gad-fly1 z x appe>s :5 fa/5$ to a hair ( ! horse4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! pretty ribb$ egg ( ! common tortoise-%ell butt]fly2 & ,fig4 #g is ! v beautiful egg ( ! v horrid b$-bug1 wor?y ( notice on acc\nt ( ! curi\s lid ) :i* its extremity is clos$1 by means ( :i* ! "y l>va creeps out z soon z x is hat*$4 ,! fea!rs ( birds1 & ! fur ( animals1 w furni% _m examples ( ! eggs ( p>asites1 "s ( :i* are ( extreme beauty4 ,! fea!r or hair may be m\nt$ 9 a cell )\t di/urb+ ! eggs1 :i* %\ld1 h[ev]1 be heat$ suffici5tly to kill ! embryo if pres5t4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! p5etrat+ portions ( ! /+ ( ! wasp4 ,! two b>b$ /+s1 :i* seem to be ! m9ute prototypes ( ! _m-b>b$ spe>s ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s1 are se5 ly+ "o at ea* side ( _! %ea?1 & a s+le b>b is drawn a little to ! left on a v mu* l>g] scale4 ,x is by reason ( ^! b>bs t ! /+ is always left adh]+ to ! w\nd1 & is g5]ally drawn :olly out ( ! insect1 caus+ its dea? 9 a %ort :ile4 ,! /+ is only f\nd 9 female insects1 & is suppos$ to be analog\s to ! 8ovipositor0 ( o!r insects1 i4e4 ! in/rum5t by :i* ! eggs are deposit$ 9 _! places4 ,fig4 #bj %[s ! curi\s egg-plac+ app>atus ( "o ( ! saw-flies4 ,! backs ( ^! 8saws0 "w 9 grooves1 & !y "w alt]nately1 s t ! fly takes b a v %ort "t 9 cutt+ a slit 9 ! "y b>k ( a t5d] %oot1 & lay+ h] eggs 9 ! slit4 ,:5 %e has complet$ "o ( ^! *annels1 %e sets to "w ^u ano!r1 & 9 ! e>ly spr+ ! "y bran*es ( ! gooseb]ry bu%es may be se5 pl5tifully cov]$ ) ^! grooves & ! eggs4 ,:5 hat*$1 black cat]pill>-l grubs f ! eggs issue1 & deva/ate ! bu%es sadly1 turn+ 9 process ( "t into blacki% flies1 :i* are se5 hov]+ 9 numb]s ov] ! gooseb]ries1 & may be kill$ by ?\s&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! scales & hairs ( o!r animals des]ve great att5tion4 ,fig4 #bc is a s+le hair ( ! human be>d1 z x (t5 appe>s :5 ti$ 9 a knot--by ,que5 ,mab & h] fairies1 accord+ to ,m]cutio4 ,fig4 #bb is a portion ( ! same hair z x appe>s :5 splitt+ at its extremity4 ,! /ructure ( ! hair is n1 h[ev]1 s well se5 9 ?is object z 9 t repres5t$ on ,fig4 #bd1 :i* is a beautiful example ( :ite human hair t once adorn$ ! head ( ! victor ( ,wat]loo4 ,x =m$ "o ( a t9y lock giv5 to me by a fri5d1 & is s admirable an example ( human hair1 t ,i =?) m\nt$ x = ! microscope4 ,9 ?is hair ! cells may be se5 ext5d+ d[n its c5tre1 & ! peculi> r\gh5$ surface produc$ by ! flatt5$ cells :i* are arrang$ ar\nd its circumf]5ce are also se54 ,by /eep+ 9 cau/ic pota%1 ^! scales c be sep>at$1 b g5]ally !y lie along ! hair 9 su* a mann] t if ! hair be drawn ?r\gh ! f+]s f base to po9t1 _! project+ ends p]mit x to pass freely2 :il/ if x be drawn 9 ! rev]se direction1 !y cause x to feel v h>% to ! t\*4 ,9 ! %eep's wool 7,fig4 #cj7 ?is /ructure is mu* m develop$1 & gives to ! fibres ! 8felt+0 p[] t causes !m to int]lace s firmly ) ea* o!r1 & enables clo?--:5 really made ( wool--to be cut )\t unravell+4 ,fig4 #cg is ! smoo? hair ( ! badg]2 & ,fig4 #cd is ! curi\s hair ( ! r$ de]1 :i* looks z if x _h be5 cov]$ ) a delicate net4 ,fig4 #bh is ! s(t1 grey1 wool-l hair ( ! rat2 & ,fig4 #bi is "o ( ! l>g] hairs t protrude s pl5tifully1 & =m ! gli/5+ br[n coat ( t animal4 ,fig4 #ch is ! curi\sly knobb$ hair ( ! long-e>$ bat1 ! knobs be+ =m$ ( protub]ant scales t c easily be scrap$ (f4 ,fig4 #ca %[s a hair ( ! common mole2 & ,fig4 #cb is "o ( ! long hairs ( ! rabbit4 ,fig4 #bg is a flat hair ( ! dorm\se1 slightly twi/$1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! bread? %[+ :]e ! twi/ has tak5 place4 ,! hair ( ! m\se is beautifully ribb$1 s z to look l a ladd]4 ,fig4 #bf is "o ( ! v long hairs t s ?ickly clo! ! tig] mo? cat]pill>2 & ,fig4 #be is a beautifully bran*$ hair tak5 f ! common humble bee4 ,all hairs %\ld be exam9$ by pol>is$ light1 ) a plate ( sel5ite1 :5 mo/ gorge\s col\r effects may be obta9$4 ,! f\r fibres mo/ly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( app>el are3 wool1 ,fig4 #cj1 :i* has already be5 describ$2 l951 ,fig4 #ci2 cotton1 ,fig4 #dj2 & silk1 ,fig4 #da4 ,! /ructure ( ea* is v well m>k$ & easily made out ) ! microscope2 s t an adult]at$ article c readily be detect$ by a practis$ eye4 ,cotton is ! mo/ common adult]ation ( silk & l95 fabrics1 & may at once be detect$ by its flat twi/$ fibre4 ,silk is always compos$ ( two p>allel ?reads1 ea* proce$+ f "o ( ! sp9n]ets ( ! cat]pill>1 & x may be "h rem>k$ t if ^! ?reads are n q p>allel ! silk is ( bad quality4 ,silk5 fibre is always cov]$1 :5 new1 ) a k9d ( v>ni%1 usually ( a bright orange col\r1 :i* gives ! undress$ 8floss0 silk its peculi> hue1 b :i* is soluble & easily wa%$ away 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture4 ,figs4 #ce & #cf are ! small & l>ge hairs ( t magnific5t creature1 ! sea m\se 7,aphrodte aculeta71 ^: cov]+1 al?\gh x lies 9 ! mud1 gl[s ) e hue ( ! ra9b[1 & 9 a brilliant light is almo/ pa9fully dazzl+ to ! eye4 ,,viii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,boat-fly1 leg #b4 ,gadfly1 empty egg #c4 ,diamond ,beetle1 scale #d4 ,scale1 ,fritill>y1 ,adippe #e4 ,egg1 ,tortoise%ell ,butt]fly #f4 ,head & ,eyes1 ,zebra ,spid] #g4 ,eyes1 ,b$-,bug #h4 ,scale1 ,dea?'s-,head ,mo? #i4 ,/+1 ,wasp #aj4 ,scale1 battl$ore1 ,azure blue #aa4 ,d4 ord9>y scale #ab4 ,eye1 ,h>ve/ ,spid] #ac4 ,w+ ,membrane1 ,azure ,blue #ad4 ,scale1 ,an?oc]a c>dam9is #ae4 ,d4 ,peacock ,butt]fly #af4 ,d4 ,tig] ,mo? #ag4 ,d4 ,?igh ( ,tig] ,mo? #ah4 ,w+ & ,scales1 ,azure ,blue #ai4 ,scale1 ,lepisma #bj4 ,saws1 ,sawfly #ba4 ,scale1 ,podura #bb4 ,hair1 ,black ,human #bc4 ,d4 ,human ,be>d #bd4 ,d4 d4 ag$ #be4 ,d4 ,humble ,bee #bf4 ,d4 ,tig] ,mo?1 ,l>va #bg4 ,d4 ,dorm\se #bh4 ,d4 ,rat #bi4 ,d4 d4 long hair #cj4 ,d4 ,%eep #ca4 ,d4 ,mole #cb4 ,d4 ,rabbit #cc4 ,scale1 ,gre5bone ,pike #cd4 ,hair1 ,r$ ,de] #ce4 ,d4 f9e1 ,sea ,m\se #cf4 ,d4 d4 l>ge #cg4 ,d4 d4 ,badg] #ch4 ,d4 d4 long-e>$ ,bat #ci4 ,fibre1 ,l95 #dj4 ,d4 ,cotton #da4 ,d4 ,silk #db4 ,scale1 ,p]* #dc4 ,d4 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4 ,! scales ( "s ( ! fi%es are %[n on ,plate ,,viii41 9 ord] to exhibit _! mode ( gr[? by successive lay]s4 ,! scales are always envelop$ 9 membran\s sacs1 & 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! eel1 !y d n project beyond ! surface1 & require "s little obs]vation to detect !m4 ,a scale ( an eel is %[n on ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #ad1 & is a magnific5t object "u pol>is$ light4 ,fig4 #cc is a scale ( ! gre5bone pike2 & ,figs4 #db & #dc are scales ( ! p]*1 %[+ ! roots by :i* !y are held 9 _! places4 ,! roa*1 dace1 bleak1 & _m o!r simil> fi% h a beautiful silv]y sub/ance on ! "u surface ( ! scales1 :i* 0 greatly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial pe>ls1 glass beads be+ ?9ly coat$ 9 ! int]ior ) ! glitt]+ sub/ance1 & !n fill$ 9 ) wax4 ,a piece ( sole-sk91 :5 pres]v$ 9 ,canada balsam & plac$ "u ! microscope1 is a v beautiful object4 ,m examples ( hairs1 & o!r processes f ! sk91 toge!r ) ! /ructure ( ! sk9 itself1 ( bone1 ( blood1 & ! mode 9 :i* x circulates1 are giv5 on ,plate ,x4 ,9 all important po9ts ( _! /ructure ! fea!rs ( birds are simil> to ! hairs ( animals1 & are develop$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,!y are all compos$ ( a quill portion1 9 :i* ! pi? is conta9$1 & ( a %aft1 :i* c>ries ! vane1 toge!r ) its b>bs4 ,! =m ( ea* ( ^! portions v>ies mu*1 ev5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same bird1 & ! same fea!r has almo/ always two k9ds ( b>bs2 "o close & firm1 & ! o!r loose1 float+1 & d[ny4 ,if a small fea!r be pluck$ f ! brea/ or back ( a sp>r[ or any o!r small bird1 ! upp] "p ( ! fea!r is se5 to be close & firm1 :ile ! l[] is loose & d[ny1 ! upp] "p be+ evid5tly int5d$ to lie closely on ! body & keep out ! wet1 :ile ! l[] portion af=ds a s(t & w>m protection to ! sk94 ,fig4 #ab1 ,plate ,x41 %[s ! fea!r ( a peacock1 :]e9 ! b>bs are v slightly fr+$ & lie q loosely side by side4 ,fig4 #ah is "p ( ! same /ructure1 9 a duck's fea!r1 :]e9 are se5 ! curi\s hooks :i* enable ea* vane to take a firm hold ( its neighb\r1 ! :ole fea!r be+ ?us r5d]$ firm1 compact1 & capable ( repell+ wat]4 ,! read] w n fail to notice ! rem>kable analogy betwe5 ^! hooks & ^? :i* connect ! w+s ( ! bee4 ,fig4 #ag is a "p ( ! %aft ( a "y fea!r tak5 f ! can>y1 giv5 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! =m ( ! cells ( :i* ! pi? is compos$4 ,fig4 #bj is "p ( ! d[n f a sp>r['s fea!r1 %[+ its peculi> /ructure2 & ,fig4 #ba is a portion ( "o ( ! long droop+ fea!rs ( ! cock's tail4 ,fig4 #ac exhibits a transv]se section ( "o ( ! l>ge hairs or sp9es f ! h$gehog1 & %[s ! disposition ( ! firm1 horn-l ext]ior1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! cells4 ,sections ( v>i\s k9ds ( hair are int]e/+ objects1 & are easily made by ty+ a bundle ( !m toge!r1 soak+ !m 9 gum1 h>d5+ 9 _s1 & !n cutt+ ?9 slices ) a razor4 ,a little glyc]9e w dissolve ! gum1 & ! sections ( hair w be well %[n4 ,unless "s su* precaution be tak51 ! ela/icity ( ! hair w cause ! t9y sections to fly 9 all directions1 & !re w be no hope ( recov]+ !m4 ,sev]al examples ( ! sk9 are also giv54 ,fig4 #bg is a section ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! human f+]1 includ+ ! :ole ( "o ( ! little ridges :i* are se5 ^u ! extremity ( e f+]1 & half ( two o!rs4 ,! cuticle1 epid]mis1 or sc>f-sk91 z x is indiff]5tly t]m$1 is =m$ ( cells or scales1 mu* flatt5$ & horny 9 ! upp] lay]s1 r\nd] & plump] bel[4 ,! true sk91 or 8cutis10 is fibr\s 9 /ructure1 & lies imm$iately b5ea?1 ! two toge!r con/itut+ ! sk91 prop]ly s call$4 ,b5ea? lies a lay] ( tissue fill$ ) fatty globules1 & conta9+ ! gl&s by :i* ! p]spiration is secret$4 ,"o ( ! tubes or *annels by :i* ^! gl&s are enabl$ to p\r _! cont5ts to ! outside ( ! body1 &1 if !y be kept p]fectly clean1 to disp]se !m into ! air1 is se5 runn+ up ! c5tre ( ! figure1 & t]m9at+ 9 a cup-%ap$ orifice on ! surface ( ! cuticle4 ,on ! palm ( ! h& v ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ( ^! ducts lie )9 ! compass ( a squ>e in*1 & m ?an a ?\s& 9 e squ>e in* ( ! arm & o!r portions ( ! body1 s t ! multitude ( ^! valuable organs may be well e/imat$1 toge!r ) ! absolute necessity = keep+ ! sk9 p]fectly clean 9 ord] to enjoy full heal?4 ,fig4 #a %[s a specim5 ( epid]mis tak5 f ! sk9 ( a frog1 exhibit+ ! flatt5$ cells :i* con/itute t /ructure1 & ! oval or slightly elongat$ nuclei1 ( :i* ea* cell has "o4 ,9 ,fig4 #cb1 a portion ( a bat's w+1 ! arrangem5t ( ! pigm5t is rem>kably pretty4 ,imm$iately above1 at ,fig4 #ca1 is "s ( ! pigm5t tak5 f ! back ( ! human eye-ball4 ,! %ape ( ! pigm5t cells is well %[n4 ,simil> specim5s may easily be obta9$ f ! back ( a %eep's eye :i* has be5 h>d5$ 9 _s1 or f t ( a boil$ fi%4 ,fig4 #cc %[s ! pigm5t 9 ! %ell ( ! prawn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on v>i\s p>ts ( animal /ructures1 su* z ! l9+ ( int]nal cavities1 ! int]ior ( ! m\?1 & o!r simil> portions ( ! body1 ! cells are develop$ into a special =m1 :i* is call$ 8,epi?lium10 & :i* corresponds to ! epid]mis ( ! ext]ior surface ( ! body4 ,! cells :i* =m ?is sub/ance are ( diff]5t %apes1 accord+ to _! locality4 ,on ! tongue1 = example 7= :i* see ,fig4 #aa71 !y are flatt5$1 & exhibit _! nucleus1 9 :i* ! nuclolus may be discov]$ ) a little c>e4 ,cells ( ?is k9d are r\nd$1 z 9 ! case j m5tion$1 or angul>1 & 9 ei!r case !y are t]m$ squam\s 7i4e41 scaly7 epi!lium4 ,sometimes !y are l a numb] ( cyl9d]s1 cones1 or pyramids1 rang$ closely toge!r1 & are !n call$ cyl9drical epi!lium4 ,sometimes ! free ends ( cyl9drical epi!lium are furni%$ ) a numb] ( vibrat+ filam5ts or cilia1 & 9 ?is case ! /ructure is call$ 8ciliat$0 epi!lium4 ,cyl9drical epi!lium may be f\nd 9 ! ducts ( ! gl&s :i* op5 into ! inte/9es1 z well z 9 ! gl&s t secrete te>s2 & ciliat$ epi!lium is se5 l>gely 9 ! w9dpipe1 ! int]ior ( ! nose1 etc4 ,a specim5 tak5 f ! nose is se5 at ,fig4 #ae4 ,a beautiful example ( ciliat$ epi!lium is to be f\nd 9 ! gills ( ! mussel4 ,a portion ( "o ( ! yell[i% b&s :i* lie along ! edge ( ! %ell on ! op5+ side is c>efully remov$ ) %>p scissors1 & exam9$ 9 ! %ell-liquor1 be+ protect$ f pressure by plac+ a piece ( pap] b5ea? ea* end ( ! cov]-glass4 ,su* a prep>ation is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #ci1 b no draw+ c give an idea ( its wond]ful beauty & int]e/4 ,! cilia w cont9ue to move = a long "t aft] removal f ! %ell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bone 9 its v>i\s /ages is figur$ on ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #i is a good example ( human bone1 & is a ?9 transv]se section tak5 f ! ?igh4 ,:5 cut across1 bone exhibits a :iti% /ructure fill$ ) little dott+s t become m num]\s t[>ds ! c5tre1 & are almo/ invisible t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! bone !re is a cavity1 :i* conta9s m>r[ 9 ! mammalia & air 9 ! birds4 ,:5 plac$ "u a microscope1 bone pres5ts ! appe>ance %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! l>ge ap]ture 9 ! c5tre is "o ( innum]able tubes t run along ! bone1 & s]ve to all[ a passage to ! vessels :i* convey blood f "o "p ( ! bone to ano!r4 ,!y are te*nically call$ ,hav]sian canals1 & if a longitud9al section be made !y w be f\nd runn+ tol]ably p>allel1 & communicat+ freely ) ea* o!r4 ,ar\nd ea* ,hav]sian canal may be se5 a numb] ( little black spots ) l9es radiat+ 9 all directions1 & look+ some?+ l flatt5$ insects4 ,^! are t]m$ bone-cells or 8lacn10 & ! little black l9es are call$ 8canalculi40 ,9 ! liv+ /ate !y conta9 cells :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! bone1 & ^! may be made evid5t by s(t5+ fre% bone ) acid1 cutt+ sections ( x1 & /a9+4 ,:5 view$ by transmitt$ light ! lacun & canaliculi are black2 b :5 se5 by d>k-field illum9ation ! ,hav]sian canals become black1 & ! lacun are :ite4 ,z ^! canaliculi exi/ equally 9 e direction1 x is impossible to make a section ( bone )\t cutt+ myriads ( !m across2 & :5 a high p[] is employ$ !y look l little dots scatt]$ ov] ! surface4 ,a v pretty object c be made ( ! bone tak5 f a "y animal :i* has be5 f$ ) madd]1 z ! col\r gets into ! bone & settles *iefly r\nd ! ,hav]sian canal4 ,a "y pig is a v good subject1 s is a rabbit4 ,fig4 #af is a simil> section cut f ! leg-bone ( an o/ri*4 ,! developm5t ( bone is beautifully %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 a delicate slice tak5 f a pig's rib4 ,above may be se5 ! gri/le or c>tilage1 ) ! num]\s r[s ( cells2 bel[ is ! =m$ bone1 ) "o ( ! ,hav]sian canals & its cont5ts2 :ile betwe5 ! two may be se5 ! c>tilage-cells ga!r+ toge!r & arrang+ !mselves into =m4 ,! c>tilage-cells are well %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 :i* is a portion ( ! cup :i* _h conta9$ ! eye ( a haddock4 ,! horn-l sub/ances at ! end ( our f+]s1 :i* we call ! nails1 are compos$ ( innum]able flatt5$ cells4 ,^! cells are g5]ally s fus$ toge!r z to be q indi/+ui%able ev5 ) a microscope1 b c be r5d]$ visible by soak+ a section ( nail 9 liquor potass1 :i* causes ! cells to swell up & resume to a degree _! orig9al r\nd$ =m4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! animal =m is built up ( cells1 z is ! case ) ! vegetables1 al?\gh ! cells are n s v>iable 9 %ape4 ,!y g5]ally may be f\nd to conta9 well-m>k$ nuclei1 two or m ( ! latt] be+ (t5 f\nd )9 a s+le cell1 & 9 _m cases ! t9y nucleoli are also visible4 ,good examples ( ^! cells may be obta9$ f ! yolk ( an egg1 & by c>eful managem5t !y may be trac$ ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! animal =m4 ,! tee? h _m ( ! con/itu5ts ( bone1 & 9 "s ( _! p>ts are made aft] precisely ! same fa%ion4 ,:5 cut1 ! tee? are se5 to consi/ ( a h>d sub/ance1 call$ enamel1 :i* coats _! upp] surfaces1 ( d5t9e1 or ivory1 )9 ! enamel1 & ( 8cem5t10 :i* surr\nds ! fangs4 ,9 ,fig4 #bf1 ,plate ,x41 :i* is a longitud9al section ( ! human 8eye0 too?1 is se5 ! ivory occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! too?1 coat$ by ! enamel at ! top & ! cem5t at ! bottom4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* too? !re is a cavity1 :i* is pl5tifully fill$ ) a pulpy sub/ance by :i* ! too? is n\ri%$1 & :i* conveys ! n]ves :i* end[ x ) s5sation4 ,a trav]se section ( ! same too? is se5 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! enamel is made ( little elongat$ prisms1 all po9t+ to ! c5tre ( ! too?4 ,:5 view$ transv]sely1 _! ends are ( a some:at hexagonal %ape1 some?+ l an irregul> honeycomb4 ,! d5t9e is compos$ ( a sub/ance pi]c$ ) myriads ( m9ute tubes4 ,!y require a r high p[]--say #cjj diamet]s--to %[ !m prop]ly4 ,! cem5t is f\nd at ! root ( ! fangs1 & is be/ %[n 9 ! too? ( an ag$ individual1 :5 x assumes v cle>ly ! "* ( bone4 ,sections may be made by saw+ a slice 9 ! requir$ direction1 poli%+ "o side1 & cem5t+ x ) old ,canada balsam to a slide4 ,x may !n be fil$ d[n to ne>ly ! requir$ ?9ness1 f9i%$ by c>efully rubb+ ) a hone1 & poli%$ ) buff lea!r4 ,canada balsam may !n be dropp$ ^u x1 & a glass cov] press$ firmly d[n4 ,sections ( "y bone =m magnific5t objects = ! pol>is]4 ,fig4 #bi is a section cut f "o ( ! palate tee? ( ! ray 7,myliobtes74 ,a r important elem5t 9 ! /ructure ( animals is ! 8ela/ic ligam5t10 :i* is f\nd 9 ! back ( ! neck & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 especially ab\t ! sp9e4 ,x is made ( a va/ numb] ( fibres ( v>iable %ape & l5g?1 bran*+ & communicat+1 arrang$ g5]ally 9 bundles1 & rem>kable = conta9+ v few vessels1 & no n]ves at all4 ,at ,fig4 #ad may be se5 an example ( ela/ic ligam5t1 popul>ly call$ 8paxwax10 tak5 f ! neck ( a %eep4 ,! :ite fibr\s tissue by :i* all ! p>ts ( ! body are b\nd toge!r is se5 at ,fig4 #aj2 & at ,fig4 #aa is a beautiful example ( ! 8ultimate fibres0 ( ! cry/all9e l5s ( a /urgeon's eye4 ,! muscles ( animals are ( two k9ds1 ! "o t]m$ ! /rip$1 & ! o!r ! un/rip$4 ,( ^!1 ! latt] belongs to organs :i* "w indep5d5tly ( w1 su* z ! /oma*1 etc41 :ile ! =m] belongs to ^? portions ( ! body :i* are subject to volunt>y motion1 su* z ! arm & ! leg4 ,! un/rip$ muscle is v simple1 consi/+ m]ely ( long sp9dle-%ap$ cells1 b ! /rip$ or volunt>y muscle is ( m complex con/ruction4 ,e volunt>y muscle consi/s ( myriads ( t9y fibres1 b\nd toge!r 9 little bundles1 envelop$ 9 a k9d ( %ea?4 ,fig4 #bd is an example ( ?is muscul> fibre1 tak5 f beef4 ,:5 soak$ 9 _s1 x (t5 splits into a numb] ( discs1 ! edges ( :i* are m>k$ by ! transv]se l9es4 ,a fibre ( n]ve is drawn at ,fig4 #bc1 & is giv5 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! n]ve is conta9$ 9 & protect$ by its %ea?1 j l a telegraph-wire 9 its cov]+s4 ,j above is a transv]se section ( ! same fibre1 %[+ ! same arrangem5t f ano!r po9t ( view1 & also illu/rat+ ! curi\s ph5om5on1 t :5 n]ve-fibres are treat$ ) c>m9e ! c5tre takes up ! col\r+ matt]1 :ile ! %ea? rema9s :ite z be=e4 ,! be/ way ( /udy+ n]ves is to decapitate a frog1 & cut (f a piece ( "o ( ! n]ves1 :i*1 l f9e silk ?reads1 come out betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! sp9e inside ! abdom54 ,by c>eful teas+ out x is easy to obta9 prep>ations %[+ all ! above po9ts1 &1 9 addition1 ! fold+-9 ( ! int]nal %ea? :i* correspond to ! insulators ( a telegraph-l9e4 ,! blood ( animals is analog\s 9 its (fice to ! sap ( plants1 b diff]s greatly f x "u ! microscope4 ,9 sap !re seem to be no microscopic *>act]s1 except t :5 a bran* is cut1 z 9 ! v9e1 ! fl[+ sap may conta9 c]ta9 sub/ances =m$ 9 ! w\nd$ cells1 su* z *lorophyll1 />*1 & raphides2 b ! blood is kn[n to be an exce$+ly complex sub/ance bo? 9 a microscopic & a *emical po9t ( view4 ,:5 a little fre% blood is plac$ "u ! microscope1 x is se5 to consi/ ( a col\rless fluid fill$ ) num]\s little bodies1 commonly call$ 8blood-globules10 v>y+ v greatly 9 size & %ape1 accord+ to ! animal f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,^? ( ! reptiles are v l>ge1 z may be se5 at ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,x41 :i* repres5ts a blood corpuscle ( ! ,proteus4 ,9 ?is curi\s reptile ! globules are s l>ge t !y may be di/+ui%$ dur+ its life by means ( a common pocket l5s4 ,9 ! v]tebrat$ animals ^! corpuscles are r$1 & give to ! blood its peculi> t9t4 ,!y are accompani$ by c]ta9 col\rless corpuscles1 sph]ical 9 =m1 :i* are sometimes1 z 9 man1 l>g] ?an ! r$ globules1 & 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! sir5 & ! newt1 consid]ably small]4 ,! g5]al view ( ! r$ corpuscles has suffici5t "* to enable ! practis$ obs]v] to "n ! class ( animal f :i* x 0 tak51 & 9 "s cases !y are s di/9ctive t ev5 ! g5us c be asc]ta9$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,9 po9t ( size1 ! reptiles h ! l>ge/ & ! mammalia ! smalle/1 ^? ( ! ,proteus & ! musk-de] be+ p]haps ! mo/ decid$ly oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ?is respect4 ,,ix4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,amba difflu5s #b4 ,arcella #c4 ,sun animalcule #d4 ,miliol9a #e4 ,p>amcium #f4 ,*ilodon subdivid+ #g4 ,melic]ta r+5s #h4 ,spicula ( ,sponge1 ,grantia #i4 ,noctiluca mili>is #aj4 ,rotif] vulg>is #aa4 ,d4 jaws #ab4 ,sponge animalcule #ac4 ,s]tul>ia op]culata #ad4 ,sponge1 ,grantia #ae4 ,s]tul>ia op]culata1 ) ovicells #af4 ,act9ia1 %[+ weapons #ag4 ,d4 base ( weapon m magnifi$ #ah4 ,sponge granule1 ciliat$ #ai4 ,angu9>ia angu9a #bj4 ,spicules ( sponge f ,oy/] ,%ell #ba4 ,head ( ,snake-head$ ,zoophyte #bb4 ,bugula avicul>ia #bc4 ,polyzon1 ,eretea #bd4 ,d4 ,notamia #be4 ,zoea1 ,"y ( ,crab #bf4 ,hydra tuba #bg4 ,m$usa1 ca/ (f f above #bh4 ,nak$-ey$ ,m$usa1 ,?aumantias #bi4 ,comp\nd ,eye1 ,m$usa #cj4 ,l>va1 ,snake ,/> #ca4 ,wat] ,flea #cb4 ,s]pula1 ,pu%+ ,pole #cc4 ,comatula1 e>ly /age ( ,/>fi% #cd4 ,c>bonate ( ,lime1 artificial #ce4 ,sea ,ur*91 transv]se section ( sp9e #cf4 ,s]pula1 bundle ( spe>s #cg4 ,sun-/>1 "p ( sk9 #ch4 ,oy/] %ell 9 diff]5t /ages #ci4 ,cilia on mussel ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4 ,9 %ape1 ^? ( ! mammalia are circul> discs1 mo/ly ) a concave c5tre1 ?\gh ! camel has oval ones2 ^? ( ! birds are m or less oval & convex2 ^? ( ! reptiles are decid$ly oval1 v ?91 & h ! nucleus project+2 & ^? ( ! fi%es are oval & mo/ly convex4 ,dur+ ! process ( coagulation ! blood corpuscles run toge!r into a s]ies ( r[s1 j z if a heap ( p5ce _h be5 pil$ on ea* o!r & !n pu%$ d[n1 s t ea* p5ny ov]laps its next neighb\r4 ,^! objects are illu/rat$ by six examples on ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #b is human blood1 %[+ "o ( ! :ite corpuscles2 ,fig4 #c is ! blood ( ! pigeon2 ,fig4 #d1 ( ! ,proteus angunus2 ,fig4 #e1 ( ! tortoise2 ,fig4 #f1 ( ! frog1 %[+ ! project+ nucleus2 & ,fig4 #g1 ( ! roa*4 ,! blood possesses _m curi\s prop]ties1 :i* _c be describ$ 9 ^! few & simple pages4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ,plate ,x4 is a l>ge circul> figure repres5t+ ! membrane ( a frog's foot z se5 ?r\gh ! microscope1 & exhibit+ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! mode ( arrang+ ! foot s z to exhibit ! object )\t hurt+ ! frog is simple en\gh4 ,take an oblong slip ( wood1--my own 0 made 9 five m9utes out ( ! top ( a cig>-box1--bore a hole ab\t an in* 9 diamet] ne> "o end1 & cut a numb] ( little slits all r\nd ! edge ( ! wood5 slip4 ,!n get a small l95 bag1 put ! frog into x1 & dip him into wat] to keep him com=table4 ,:5 he is want$1 pull "o ( 8 h9d feet out ( ! bag1 draw ! neck tight en\gh to prev5t him f pull+ 8 foot back aga91 b n suffici5tly tight to /op ! circulation4 ,h a tape fa/5$ to ! end ( ! bag1 & tie x d[n to ! wood5 slide4 ,!n fa/5 a ?read to ea* ( 8 toes1 br+ ! foot well ov] ! c5tre ( ! hole1 /ret* ! toes well ap>t1 & keep !m 9 _! places by hit*+ ! ?reads into ! not*es on ! edge ( ! wood5 /rip4 ,p]haps an easi] plan is to secure ! ?reads by drops ( seal+-wax :5 9 ! desir$ position4 ,pu% a glass slide c>efully betwe5 ! foot & ! wood1 s z to let ! membrane re/ ^u ! glass1 & be c>eful to keep x well wett$4 ,if ! frog kick1 z he w mo/ likely d1 pass a ?9 tape ov] ! middle ( ! leg1 & tie him g5tly d[n to ! slide4 ,br+ ! glass into focus1 & ! foot w pres5t ! appe>ance s well depict$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,! ve9s & art]ies are se5 spread+ ov] ! :ole ( ! membrane1 ! l>g] art]ies be+ (t5 accompani$ by a n]ve1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?r\gh all ^! *annels ! blood cont9ually p\rs ) a r irregul> motion1 caus$ mo/ probably by ! peculi> position ( ! reptile4 ,x is a mo/ wond]ful sight1 ( :i* ! obs]v] is nev] tir$1 & :i* seems almo/ m int]e/+ e "t t x is beheld4 ,! corpuscles g pu%+ & jo/l+ "o ano!r 9 ! odde/ fa%ion1 j l a ,briti% cr[d ent]+ an exhibition1 ea* "o seem+ to be elb[+ its way to ! be/ place4 ,to see !m turn+ ! corn]s is v amus+1 = !y always seem z if !y nev] c\ld get r\nd ! small] vessels1 & yet inv>iably accompli% ! task ) p]fect ease1 turn+ ab\t & /e]+ !mselves z if possess$ ( volition1 & ins9uat+ _! ends :5 !y c\ld n pass crosswise4 ,by putt+ v>i\s sub/ances1 su* z _s or salt1 ^u ! foot1 ! rapidity ( ! circulation at ! spot c be greatly increas$ or r$uc$ at w1 or ev5 /opp$ altoge!r = a :ile1 & ! ph5om5on ( inflammation & its gradual natural cure be beautifully illu/rat$4 ,! num]\s black spots ^u ! surface are pigm5t-cells4 ,! tails ( "y fi% also af=d excell5t objects "u ! microscope1 z ! circulation c be se5 ne>ly z well z 9 ! frog's foot4 ,! gills ( tadpoles c also be arrang$ ^u ! /age ) a little c>e1 & ! same organs 9 ! "y ( ! common newt w also exhibit ! circulation 9 a fav\rable mann]4 ,! frog1 h[ev]1 is p]haps ! be/1 z x c be arrang$ on ! 8frog-plate0 )\t difficulty1 & ! creature may be kept = mon?s by plac+ x 9 a cool1 damp spot1 & fe$+ x ) flies1 little slugs1 & simil> creatures4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,pond-,life--,app>atus & ,in/ructions = ,collect+ ,objects--,me?ods ( ,exam9ation--,sponge--,infusoria4 ,( all dep>tm5ts ( microscopic rese>* ! mo/ fasc9at+ & ! mo/ popul> is t :i* deals ) :at is kn[n by ! g5]ic "n ( 8pond-life40 ,! m9ute =ms ( ! animal creation includ$ 9 ?is t]m are ( su* exquisite beauty1 & all[ ! processes ( _! life-hi/ory to be foll[$ ) su* facility1 f ! cradle 7:5 !y h "o7 to ! grave 7:i* is v (t5 ! body ( ano!r1 l>g]1 organism71 t !re is none :i* has attract$ m obs]v]s4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ application ( ! microscope1 by ,leeuw5hoek1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 to ! obs]vation ( ^! =ms ( life4 ,x4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,sk91 ,frog #b4 ,blood1 ,human #c4 ,d4 ,pigeon #d4 ,d4 ,proteus #e4 ,d4 ,tortoise #f4 ,d4 ,frog #g4 ,d4 ,fi% #h4 ,human nail #i4 ,bone1 ,human #aj4 ,:ite fibr\s tissue #aa4 ,epi!lial cells f tongue #ab4 ,fea!r1 ,peacock #ac4 ,sp9e1 ,h$gehog1 transv]se section #ad4 ,pax-wax #ae4 ,epi!lial cells f nose #af4 ,bone1 ,o/ri* #ag4 ,fea!r1 ,%aft ( ,can>y's #ah4 ,d4 ,wild ,duck #ai4 ,circulation ( blood1 ,frog's foot #bj4 ,fea!r1 ,sp>r[ #ba4 ,d4 ,cock's tail #bb4 ,fibre1 cry/all9e l5s ( fi% #bc4 ,n]ve #bd4 ,muscle1 ,meat #be4 ,too?1 transv]se section #bf4 ,d4 ,longitud9al section #bg4 ,sweat duct #bh4 ,eye ( ,haddock #bi4 ,myliobates1 palate #cj4 ,gri/le1 ,pig #ca4 ,pigm5t1 ,human eye #cb4 ,d4 ,w+ ( ,bat #cc4 ,d4 ,%ell ( ,prawn ,illu/ration3 ,x4 ,a few words may be said1 9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! outfit4 ,a v useful "p ( x is a walk+-/ick1 to :i* c be atta*$ ei!r a net = captur+ ! l>g] =ms ( life1 or a hook = collect+ ! we$s1 to :i* _m =ms ( great int]e/ & beauty are atta*$ 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! /ick is telescopic1 & c also h atta*$ to x a bottle1 :i*1 put into ! wat] at any desir$ spot1--say1 among/ a clump ( we$s1 or ne> ! bottom1 upside d[n1 & !n sudd5ly rev]s$1--w br+ away samples ( ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ^! are sp>sely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! latt] may be conc5trat$ by ! use ( a bottle r\nd ! neck ( :i* is firmly ti$ a co>se calico bag1 funnel-%ap$1 & support$ by a wire r+1 some:at z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,musl9 is1 h[ev]1 too co>se = _m organisms4 ,?is net is imm]s$ 9 ! wat] s t ! r+ is j above ! surface1 & "o bottleful aft] ano!r p\r$ ?r\gh4 ,! wat] /ra9s (f1 ! organisms are left beh9d4 ,! imm]sion is necess>y to r$uce ! pressure to :i* delicate organisms w\ld o!rwise be subject$4 ,:5 ! bottle is full1 or suffici5tly conc5trat$ z to its cont5ts1 ! latt] are p\r$ into "o ( ! ord9>y collect+-bottles1 ( :i* half a doz5 at lea/ %\ld always be tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,on rea*+ home1 & z (t5 z possible on ! way1 ! corks %\ld be remov$1 z ^! organisms soon use up ! air 9 ! wat]4 ,= exam9ation a glass tr\gh ( consid]able size1 say ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 half an in* 9 dep?1 & two in*es 9 height1 %\ld be half fill$ ) ! wat]1 & exam9$ ) ! pocket magnifi]4 ,) a little practice x w be f\nd easy to take up n only ! l>g] organisms1 b ev5 v m9ute ones1 ) "o ( ! dipp+-tubes ) a long tap]+ po9t already ref]r$ to4 ,! organism1 :5 8spott$10 is foll[$ by eye & tube1 ! f+] be+ held ov] ! m\? ( ! latt]1 & at ! critical mom5t ! f+] is remov$1 & ! organism swept into ! tube by ! 9-ru%+ wat]4 ,n[ wipe (f ! excess ) a clean h&k]*ief1 8spot0 ! organism 9 ! tube aga91 & c>efully absorb ! sup]flu\s wat] ) a piece ( blott+ pap]2 & f9ally1 g5tly b %>ply bl[ ! rema9d] on to ! plate ( ! live-box1 put on ! cov]1 & exam9e ) a "o-in* p[]4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! organism /icks to ! side ( ! tube1 a little m wat] mu/ be drawn 91 & ! process repeat$4 ,! use ( ! cotton-wool trap spok5 ( previ\sly w (t5 be v helpful 9 ! exam9ation ( actively mov+ organisms4 ,9 ! case ( we$s1 a small portion %\ld be plac$ 9 ! tr\gh & c>efully exam9$ f end to end1 fir/ ) ! pocket l5s & !n ) ! "o-in* p[]4 ,let u n[ consid] ! objects mo/ likely to be met )4 ,a piece ( /ick may be coat$ ) a :ite lay]1 feel+ r\gh to ! t\*1 & full ( small holes4 ,! *ances are t ?is w be a piece ( fre%-wat] sponge1 ,spongilla fluviatlis1 & by d>k-field illum9ation p>ticles may be se5 to ent] at "s orifices & be eject$ at o!rs4 ,) a v high p[] & a v ?9 section1 prop]ly prep>$1 ^! holes w be se5 to be ! m\?s ( *annels :i* are l9$ by ! mo/ delicate organisms possible1 ea* hav+ a m9ute body cr[n$ ) a t9y cry/al cup1 9 ! middle ( :i* is a long cilium1 or flagellum1 z x is "h call$ 7,plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a74 ,! curr5ts are produc$ by ! comb9$ action ( ^! flagella4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! sponge is a colony ( m9ute animals work+ h>moni\sly = ! common good4 ,if ! specim5 be f\nd 9 w9t] ! sponge w be full ( t9y balls1 ! 8gemmules0 ( ! next season's gr[?4 ,! r\ghness is due to ! fl9ty spicules1 :i* are at once ! scaffold+ & ! protection ( ! sponge1 & by boil+ ! sponge 9 a mixture ( nitric acid & wat] 7half & half7 ^! spicules w be set free1 & may be wa%$1 all[$ to settle1 wa%$ aga91 dri$1 & m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,! gemmules are coat$ by v beautiful spicules1 consi/+ ( two :eels connect$ by a rod4 ,^! may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ! common sponge is z yet b imp]fectly kn[n4 ,p]haps ! l[e/ =m ( life is ! ,amba1 %[n 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a1 a m]e lump ( jelly1 :i* fl[s along1 & :5 x comes into contact ) any likely subject = dige/ion fl[s r\nd x1 encloses x1 absorbs :at x c f x1 & leaves x beh9d4 ,a ne> relative ( ! ,amba is ! ,arcella 7,fig4 #b71 :i* is simply an ,amba ) a %ell4 ,be+ unable to swim1 ^! organisms are naturally to be mo/ (t5 f\nd at ! bottom ( ! collect+ bottle1 & x is always advisable to take up a portion ( ! dbris ) a dipp+ tube1 :i* is !n held upright on a slide ) ! f+] ^u x until ! dirt settles on to ! slide1 :5 x is remov$1 a cov]-glass put ^u ! dirt1 & a qu>t]-in* p[] us$ = exam9ation4 ,_m =ms w be discov]$ 9 ?is way :i* w\ld o!rwise escape obs]vation4 ,ano!r curi\s organism1 ( great size 7comp>atively7 & extreme beauty1 is ! sun animalcule 7,actnophrys71 :i* has a r\nd body & long t5tacles 7,fig4 #c71 to :i* free-swimm+ organisms adh]e1 & by ! comb9$ action ( ! neighb\r+ ones are drawn to ! body & receiv$ into x2 "o _c say swall[$4 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,ix41 %[s ! curi\s ari?metical process :]eby ! ,infusoria multiply by division1 a groove appe>+ at "o po9t1 rapidly deep5+1 & f9ally sep>at+ ! animal completely into two4 ,! species is ! ,*lodon1 a flatt5$ creature1 ciliat$ all ov]1 hav+ a set ( tee? arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a tube1 & at its =e-"p a k9d ( membran\s lip4 ,a simil> ph5om5on1 9 an e>li] /age1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ,plate ,,xiii41 ! organism 9 ?is case be+ ,eupltes4 ,x has be5 said t sponges are colonies ( extremely m9ute organisms1 ea* furni%$ ) a membran\s coll> or funnel1 ! :ole look+ l an exquisite w9e-glass )\t a foot4 ,^! organisms are n always gr\p$ 9 colonies1 h[ev]4 ,_m are free-gr[+1 & may be f\nd atta*$ to ! /ems ( wat]-plants1 b !y are extremely m9ute1 & w h>dly be notic$ until ! microscopi/ has acquir$ consid]able exp]i5ce1 nor ev5 !n--) su* an in/rum5t z we h po/ulat$--w he see m ?an a t9y pe>1 ) a /raight l9e1 ! m>g9 ( ! cup1 on ea* side ( its summit4 ,! flagellum w be q invisible4 ,"s simil> organisms may1 nev]!less1 be f\nd :i*1 ?\gh /ill m9ute1 are )9 ! range ( a prop]ly manag$ qu>t]-in* objective4 ,su* an "o1 ( extreme beauty1 is ! ,d9obron %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #c4 ,ea* 8zoid10 z ! sep>ate animals are call$1 among ! ,infusoria1 or ea* g5]ation ( zoids1 /&s ^u its p>5t & has two flagella4 ,:5 al>m$1 ! zoid s9ks to ! bottom ( its cell1 & )draws its flagella4 ,9 ,fig4 #b 7,euglna7 we h a simil> zoid1 b ( f> great] size1 & free-swimm+4 ,x is a v common object1 & possesses a r$ eye-speck close to ! 8contractile vesicle40 ,all ,infusoria h ! latt]1 "s a great numb]1 z 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! vesicle contracts at regul> int]vals1 & is !n simply blott$ out1 b re=ms 9 ! same place1 s t x is probably ! he>t or ! ur9>y bladd] ( ^! m9ute animals4 ,! lovely rosette %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is ! ,synura1 a sph]ical colony ( zoids1 ea* ( :i* has two flagella1 & is 9 addition clo!d ) r[s ( cilia4 ,a beautiful sight x is to wat* ^! colonies roll+ ?r\gh ! field ( view4 ,n uncommon1 especially 9 bracki% wat]1 is ! ,p]id9ium 7,fig4 #e71 ) its plate arm\r1 long flagellum1 & girdle ( cilia4 ,a gigantic species ( ! same family is common 9 sea-wat]1 & w be easily recognis$ by its body1 n mu* l>g] ?an t ( ,p]id9ium1 be+ furni%$ ) ?ree long arms1 curi\sly b5t4 ,x is call$ ,c]atium1 & is sometimes pres5t 9 su* abundance z to ?ick5 ! wat]1 ne> ! surface ( :i* x swims4 ,we n[ come to a class ( ,infusoria :i* is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a complete cov]+ ( cilia1 arrang$ 9 r[s all ov] ! body4 ,! numb] ( ^! is enorm\s2 we c only glance at a few types1 by ma/]+ :i* ! obs]v] w1 at all ev5ts1 "k :]eab\ts he is4 ,! fir/ we w take is ! ,coleps 7,fig4 #f71 a v common k9d1 ^: body is m>k$ by a s]ies ( geometrical l9es1 s t ! organism looks v mu* l an elongat$ geographical globe4 ,^! m>k+s are on ! tunic1 :i* is ( a br[ni% col\r4 ,v diff]5t is ! ,tra*eloc]ca 7,fig4 #g71 ) its long flexible neck1 :i* is 9 con/ant movem5t f side to side z ! creature swims along4 ,z se5 9 ! figure1 ! neck is cle> & ! head has a fr+e ( long] cilia4 ,! ,tra*elius 7,fig4 #h7 is p]haps ! l>ge/ ( all ! ,infusoria1 be+ readily visible to ev5 an inexp]i5c$ eye4 ,its body is ri*ly furni%$ ) contractile vesicles1 & ! protoplasm is curi\sly reticulat$4 ,we may "h rem>k t ! ,tra*elius is especially prompt 9 do+ :at mo/ ( ^! organisms d :5 put "u pressure 9 a live-box1 namely1 9 p]=m+ a k9d ( h>akiri4 ,! outl9e fir/ becomes irregul>1 !n ! body rapidly swells & f9ally comes to pieces1 ! fragm5ts danc+ mock+ly away "u ! influ5ce ( _! /ill-mov+ cilia4 ,! rem$y is to use ! cotton-wool trap & ! lighte/ possible pressure4 ,a v elegant organism is %[n 9 ! bottom "r-h& corn] ( ! ,plate 7,fig4 #be74 ,x is ! ,loxophyllum1 & has a /rongly m>k$ contractile vesicle4 ,ano!r l>ge =m is ,amphileptus 7,fig4 #i71 already ref]r$ to z hav+ a l>ge numb] ( contractile vesicles arrang$ 9 a regul> r[2 & m massive /ill is ,burs>ia 7,fig4 #aj71 a v curi\s organism1 v mu* l a purse inde$1 & possess+ a wond]ful arrangem5t ( cilia inside ! funnel4 ,^! are arrang$ l a ladd]1 a s]ies ( r[s ( %ort /iff cilia1 :i* move at %ort int]vals 9 unison1 & t5d to sweep d[n into ! cavity any small p>ticles ( food4 ,?is arrangem5t is "h describ$ = ! fir/ "t1 & appe>s to be q unlike any?+ else among ! ,infusoria4 ,n unlike ,burs>ia1 b hav+ no ladd]1 & be+ furni%$ ) a delicate membran\s p\* 9 front ( ! slit ( ! purse1 is ,condylo/oma1 :i* we %rewdly suspect to be ! "y =m ( ,burs>ia4 ,?is is a po9t :i* requires elucidation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all ^! =ms is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 ,follicul9a1 a type ( a l>ge gr\p *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a transp>5t case1 ( extremely elegant =m1 )9 :i* ! animal retreats on ! slighte/ al>m4 ,fe>less & indep5d5t1 z becomes its size1 is ! trumpet-%ap$ ,/5tor 7,fig4 #ab71 :i* may easily be se5 :5 pres5t1 z x is 9 almo/ e good ga!r+ ( wat]-we$4 ,! p>ticul> =m drawn 7,s4 ,mll]i7 does n make a case1 b _m memb]s ( ! g5us d1 & x is v common to see a /em almo/ cov]$ ) !m4 ,su* a sight1 once se5 "u d>k-field illum9ation1 w nev] be =gott54 ,! me?od ( multiplication ( ! ,/5tors 7by division7 is extremely easy to wat*1 & v in/ructive4 ,a curi\s organism is ,tri*od9a 7,fig4 #ac71 :i*1 ?\gh a free-swimm]1 is always p>asitic ^u ! body ( "s high] animal4 ,we h f\nd x sometimes ^u ,hydra1 & always 9 hundr$s ^u ! /ickleback4 ,! next gr\p ( ,infusoria is di/+ui%$ by ! body's be+ only ciliat$ at p>ticul> po9ts1 usually r\nd ! m\?1 or :at acts z su*4 ,! fir/ =m is ,vorticella 7,fig4 #ad71 a beautiful vase-l creature ^u a /em4 ,d[n ! /em runs a muscul> fibre1 & on ! lea/ %ock ! fibre contracts & draws ! /em into a beautiful spiral1 :il/ ! cilia are drawn 91 & ! zoid assumes ! appe>ance ( a ball at ! end ( a wat*-spr+4 ,an exquisite sight is a colony ( ,vorticell1 = ^! actions are always go+ on1 z1 = example1 :5 "o memb] ( ! family t\*es ano!r1 :i* is q suffici5t to provoke ! contraction4 ,,xi4 ,,pol>iz$ ,,light4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,c>bonate ( ,lime #b4 ,/>fi% #c4 ,?i/le d[n #d4 ,/>*1 ,:eat #e4 ,d4 ,potato #f4 ,prawn-%ell #g4 ,/>*1 8,t\s les mois0 #h4 ,bone1 cancell\s #i4 ,gun-cotton #aj4 ,c['s hair #aa4 ,ho(1 donkey1 longitud9al #ab4 ,d4 transv]se #ac4 ,nitre1 ,cry/als #ad4 ,scale1 ,eel #ae4 ,w+1 ,wat]-,boatman #af4 ,*lorate ( ,pota%1 ,cry/als #ag4 ,cellul>ia reptans #ah4 ,/>-%ap$ hair1 ,/alk ( ,yell[ ,wat]-,lily #ai4 ,tee?1 ,palate ( ,:elk #bj4 ,zoophyte1 ,b[]bankia #ba4 ,raphides1 i4e4 cry/all9e =mations 9 vegetable cells1 ,bulb ( ,hyac9? #bb4 ,d4 ,rhub>b #bc4 ,sulphate ( ,magnesia1 ,cry/als #bd4 ,bone1 ,skate #be4 ,*]ry/one1 transv]se section #bf4 ,sug>1 ,cry/als 9 honey #bg4 ,t5don1 ,ox #bh4 ,calc>e\s plates4 ,too? ( ,e*9us ,illu/ration3 ,,xi4 ,_m comp\nd tree-l =ms ( ,vorticella are kn[n1 "o ( :i*1 ,c>*esium 7,fig4 #ae71 may s]ve z a type ( all4 ,9 ! case ( ?is organism1 ! colony contracts 9 sections on a mod]ate %ock2 9 ! second1 ,zoo?amnium1 z a :ole2 :il/ 9 ,epi/ylis ! /alks are rigid1 & ! individuals contract s+ly4 ,:5 ! %ock is viol5t1 ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! two =m] is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,9 all ?ree cases ! colonies are usually s l>ge t !y are visible z trees to ! nak$ eye1 & "s memb]s ( ! gr\p are extremely common4 ,moreov]1 !y are (t5 p>asitic1 z1 = example1 ^u ,cyclops1 :i* is frequ5tly load$ ) !m4 ,ano!r comp\nd =m is ,ophrydium1 a colony ( :i* 7n unusually l>ge7 is %[n ( ! natural size 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ) a s+le zoid1 magnifi$1 by ! side ( x1 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,la/ly1 we h an exquisite gr\p ( organisms relat$ to ,vorticella1 b possess+ a transp>5t envelope1 ! =ms ( :i* are mo/ v>i$1 b always graceful4 ,vag9icola 7,fig4 #ag7 is a good example ( ?is1 & ,co?urnia 7,fig4 #bj7 /ill m s4 ,_m ( ^! organisms1 too1 are furni%$ ) a plate1 atta*$ ei!r to ! head or to ! body1 :i* plate1 :5 !y )draw into _! cases1 closes ! latt] p]fectly1 z 9 ! case ( ! exquisite ,pyxicola 7,fig4 #ba74 ,a v int]e/+ b s+ul>ly obtrusive organism is ! ,/ylony*ia 7,figs4 #bb1 #bc74 ,h[ (t5 has x happ5$ to u to h an int]e/+ object nicely 9 ! field ( view1 & !n to h x knock$ out ( sight by ! blund]+ incursion ( ?is burly fell[1 :o runs s rapidly by means ( 8 8/yles0 t he gives no?+ "t to get out ( ! way4 ,he is ( int]e/ to u1 h[ev]1 z ! repres5tative ( a class 9 :i* ! body is n ciliat$1 or v p>tially & slightly s1 usually r\nd ! m\?4 ,we h frequ5tly f\nd ,/ylony*ia1 9 company ) ,vorticella & ,p>amcium 7,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #f71 9 ! wat] 9 :i* fl[]s h be5 /&+ = a few days2 sometimes ! numb]s are s great z to make ! wat] q milky4 ,"o m =m mu/ conclude ?is %ort sket* ( ! great ,infusorial family4 ,x is ! ,ac9eta 7,fig4 #bd71 :i*1 atta*$ by its foot-/alk1 & devoid ( cilia1 pati5tly waits1 ) outspread arms1 to receive & embrace small] memb]s ( ! family z !y dance m]rily ab\t4 ,alas6 its embrace is z fatal z t ( ! image ( ! ,virg9 :i* bore b5ea? its robe spikes & dagg]s1 = ! victim /ruggles va9ly to escape1 & ! n\ri%m5t f its body is rapidly absorb$4 ,& "h we take our leave ( a gr\p :i*1 simple z is ! con/ruction ( ! animals :i* x includes 7= e "o1 great & small alike1 is compos$ ( a s+le cell71 is yet full ( beauty & int]e/4 ,he :o wi%es to pursue ! matt] fur!r w f9d 9 ,saville ,k5t's ,manual ( ! ,infusoria a p]fect m9e ( in=mation1 to :i* we gladly ackn[l$ge our indebt$ness1 bo? n[ & 9 "t pa/4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,fre%-wat] ,worms--,plan>ians--,hydra--,polyzoa--,r otif]s--,*tonotus-- ,wat]-,be>s4 ,! fre%-wat] worms =m a l>ge & well-def9$ gr\p1 & a few words reg>d+ !m may be useful4 ,!y are v common1 & v difficult to f9d in=mation ab\t1 mo/ ( ! "w relat+ to !m hav+ be5 done 9 ,g]many4 ,at ! same "t1 !y are s highly organis$ & s transp>5t t ! process ( _! life-hi/ory may be easily foll[$4 ,"o l>ge gr\p has ! peculi>ity ( multiply+ by division1 ! la/ jo9ts or segm5ts be+ devot$ to ! =mation ( ! new individual4 ,at "o "t ( ! ye> ! ord9>y sexual process ( reproduction takes ! place ( ?is me?od1 & ea* worm is !n surr\nd$ by a belt su* z may be se5 9 ! common e>?worm "u simil> conditions4 ,fur!r in=mation on ?is subject is greatly ne$$4 ,! type is ! common ,nas1 :i* has a body ( ?irty segm5ts or m1 two eye-specks on ! head1 & a d\ble r[ ( bri/les along ! back2 :il/ bel[1 ea* segm5t c>ries /rong hook$ bri/les1 ne>ly buri$ 9 ! body1 by means ( :i* ! worm crawls4 ,inside ! m\? is a l>ge proboscis1 :i* c be protrud$1 & ?is leads into a /oma* :i* is m]ely an enl>gem5t ( ! inte/9e :i* succe$s x4 ,! circulation ( ! blood 7:i* is col\rless7 c be easily wat*$4 ,x beg9s at ! tail ) a contraction ( ! dorsal vessel1 passes up to ! head1 & !n d[n bel[ ! inte/9e to ! tail aga94 ,! inte/9e is ciliat$ inside1 & x is by a curr5t ( wat] c>ri$ into ! inte/9e by ^! cilia t ! blood is arat$4 ,9 ! next g5us1 ,d]o1 ?is is cle>ly se51 = ! tail 7,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #a7 is op5$ out into a wide %ield1 f :i* rise f\r1 six1 or ev5 eight f+]-l processes4 ,^! p>ts are all ciliat$1 & conta9 a network ( blood-vessels4 ,! worm lives 9 a case :i* x builds 9 ! mud1 & ! way to f9d x is to put "s ( ! mud into a glass beak] ) wat]1 & all[ x to /&4 ,if !re be memb]s ( ?is family 9 x1 _! tails w be se5 protrud+ above ! wat]4 ,p\r out ! mud %>ply1 fill up ) wat]1 & all[ ! dirt to subside1 & ! worms may !n be made to leave _! cases by pressure by a camel hair p5cil on ! l[] end ( ! tube1 & may be caught ) ! dipp+ tube & plac$ 9 ! live-box4 ,!y h no eyes1 o!rwise ! g5]al outl9e ( ! body closely resembles t ( ,nas4 ,slavna 7,fig4 #b7 has a r[ ( t\*-organs1 l pimples1 r\nd ea* segm5t1 & is a dirty look+ creature1 ) an inord9ately long fir/ pair ( bri/les1 b ?is rea*es its acme 9 ,pri/9a 7,fig4 #c7 7sometimes1 ?\gh wrongly1 call$ ,/yl>ia7 p>asita1 :i* has ?ree long sets ( bri/les ^u ! back1 & keeps ^! 9 con/ant w+-l motion4 ,! true ,/yl>ia has a long trunk1 set "r 9 ! head1 & tubul> 7,fig4 #f72 x gr[s to a consid]able l5g?1 & :5 9 ! /age ( fission x is v funny to see ! two proboscides wav+ ab\t1 "o on ! middle1 z well z ! orig9al "o at ! head4 ,!re is also a =m ) a %ort] proboscis ( ! same k9d4 ,bohemilla has a trem5d\s array ( saw-l bri/les ^u ! back1 :il/ ,*toga/] has none at all 9 ?is position1 & few bel[4 olosoma has m]ely tufts ( hair in/ead ( bri/les1 & swims freely4 ,x is easily recognis$ by ! r$1 yell[1 or gre5 pigm5t spots 9 its sk91 & by ! ciliat$ head4 ,r>e/ ( all ! family is ! "o :i* connects x ) ! ord9>y ,tubifex1 ! r$ worm :i* lives 9 masses 9 ! mud ( brooks & ponds1 ! wav+ tails protrud+ above ! wat]1 & be+ in/antly )drawn :5 a foot is /amp$ ^u ! bank4 ,_! ,naid c\s9 is ,naidium1 & has r$ blood1 b multiplies by fission1 :i* ,tubifex does n4 ,ano!r gr\p ( worms is ! ,plan>ians1 small lee*-l worms1 black1 :ite1 or br[n1 :i* are r>ely abs5t f a ga!r+4 ,! w\ld-be inve/igator w f9d 9 !m an abundant field = "w1 z !y are b v imp]fectly kn[n or /udi$4 ,! great enemy ( all ^! worms is ! ,hydra1 a good idea ( :i* may be =m$ f ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,!re are ?ree species1 all ( :i* are fairly common4 ,!y capture _! prey 9 exactly ! same way z sea-anemones & ! m>9e hydroid =ms1 s num]\s & v>i$4 ,nor mu/ we omit to notice ! exquisitely beautiful ,polyzoa1 su* z ,lophopus 7,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #d71 ) its ciliat$ t5tacles & transp>5t social home2 ,fr$]icella 7,fig4 #e71 ) its graceful /ems1 & _! /ill m graceful inhabitants2 & ! wond]ful ,cri/atella1 ^: colonies =m bodies :i* crawl ov] ! /ems ( wat] plants4 ,b = grace1 beauty1 & v>iety1 ! ,rotif]s assur$ly out%9e all _! fell[ inhabitants ( our ponds & /reams4 ,we c only take a few types1 & ( all ^! ! mo/ common is ! common ,rotif] 7,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #aj74 ,x is !re %[n 9 ! act ( swimm+1 b x c )draw its 8:eels0 & creep l a lee*1 protrud+ its foot z x does s4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! two eye-spots on ! proboscis f ,philod9a1 9 :i* !y are on ! brea/1 & ,callid9a1 :i* has none4 ,:5 at ease 9 its m9d1 ! animal protrudes its :eels1 & by _! action draws 9 p>ticles ( food1 ^! pass+ d[n to ! incessantly mov+ jaws1 :i* act l a mill & cru% ! food be=e x passes on to be dige/$4 ,! movem5t ( ! jaws may ev5 be se5 9 ! "y ,rotif] :il/ /ill 9 ! egg )9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 & z ! egg rea*es its full developm5t o!r eggs aga9 are visible )9 x1 s t we may h ?ree g5]ations 9 "o individual4 ,! males ( mo/ ( ! ,rotif]a are unkn[n4 ,^? t are kn[n are v l[ly organis$1 hav+ only ! cili>y wrea? & ! reproductive organs1 & are only f\nd at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,= ! rema9d] ( ! "t p>!nog5esis is ! rule1 j z among ! ,aphides4 ,we select a few individuals = illu/ration z types4 ,^? :o wi% to pursue ?is /udy fur!r mu/ be ref]r$ to ! monum5tal "w ( ,hudson & ,gosse4 ,! common ,rotif]1 already ref]r$ to1 may be tak5 z ! type ( ! ,bdelloida1 or lee*-l class1 s call$ f _! mode ( 8loop+0 !mselves along4 ,! gr\p is a comp>atively small "o 9 comp>ison ) ! next1 ! ,ploma1 or free-swimm]s4 ,we c only select f ! va/ v>iety a few species1 fir/ ( ^? class$ z illoricat$1 f _! be+ )\t a lorca1 or case1 & !n ( ! loricat$1 :i* possess x4 ,a v l>ge & common =m is ,hydt9a 7,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #g71 :i* lives by *oice 9 ! r$di% pools ( wat] f\nd (t5 by ! roadside4 ,x %[s ! :ole organisation ( ! class magnific5tly2 ! cili>y wrea? on ! head1 ) ! /rip$ muscles :i* draw ! latt] back1 ! p[]ful jaws1 ! dige/ive canal ) its crop & inte/9e1 ! ov>y ) ! develop+ eggs1 ! wat]-vascul> sy/em ) ! curi\s vibratile tags1 & f9ally1 ! cloaca1 :i* receives ! wa/e ( ! body & expels x at int]vals4 ,ano!r =m1 also common1 especially 9 cle> wat]1 is ,syn*ta 7,fig4 #h71 v mu* l a kite or peg-top 9 %ape1 :i* has ! p[] ( atta*+ itself by a glut9\s ?read1 & sp9n+ r\nd at a trem5d\s rate4 ,!n !re is ! gigantic ,asplan*na 7,fig4 #i71 :i* has no op5+ bel[1 s t ! wa/e mu/ be dis*>g$ by ! m\?2 & curi\s ,sacculus1 :i* gorges itself ) *lorophyll until x looks l a gre5 bag ) a /r+ r\nd x1 b cle> & sp>kl+4 ,( ! ,notommat !re is a :ole ho/1 b we c only m5tion ! beautiful ,n4 ,aurita 7,fig4 #aj71 ) an eye ( a beautiful violet col\r1 compos$ ( sev]al sph]ules mass$ toge!r1 & two curi\s e>-l processes on ! head1 f :i* x takes its "n4 ,"s ( ! ,ploma h p[]s ( leap+ :i* mu/ be notic$4 ,! ,tri>?ra 7,fig4 #aa7 has ?ree arms1 or :at we may call su*1 :i* x c /ret* out sudd5ly & leap to a consid]able di/ance1 :il/ 9 ,poly>?ra ! arms become a :ole clu/] ( broad saw-l bri/les4 ,we pass on to note a few species ( ! mail-clad or loricat$ ,rotif]s1 *ief among :i* ! great ,eu*lanis 7,fig4 #ab71 a noble-look+ fell[1 calls = our att5tion1 8 great size r5d]+ him easily visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x is difficult to avoid us+ ! mascul9e g5d]1 b1 ( c\rse1 all ^? figur$ & describ$ are ( ! g5tl] sex4 ,salp9a1 too 7,fig4 #ad71 ) its box-l lorica1 arm$ ) sp9es at ea* ( ! upp] angles1 & hav+ ?ree bel[1 is q easily recognis$1 & v common4 ,bra*ionus 7,fig4 #ac7 has a %ield-%ap$ case1 well furni%$ ) sp9es1 symmetrically arrang$ at ! top1 & an op5+ bel[ = ! flexible wr9kl$ tail1 l ! trunk ( an elephant4 ,pt]od9a 7,fig4 #ae7 has a simil> tail1 b a r\nd case1 & ! head is mu* m l t ( ! common ,rotif] :5 ext5d$4 ,anura 7,fig4 #af71 on ! o!r h&1 has no tail1 & its case is %ap$ l a but*]'s tray1 ) a h&le at ea* corn]4 ,d9o*>is 7,fig4 #ag7 has a ro(-l case1 ) long sp9es on ! root ( ! tail1 & a =k$ /iff foot4 ,noteus 7,fig4 #ah7 is mu* l ,pt]od9a1 except 9 its foot1 :i* m ne>ly resembles t ( ,d9o*>is4 ,! li/ might be indef9itely ext5d$1 b suffici5t has probably be5 said to enable ! tyro to f9d 8 be>+s 9 ?is l>ge1 beautiful1 & int]e/+ class4 ,we pass on to notice 9 conclusion two or ?ree ( ! fix$ =ms1 ( :i* a beautiful example is ! ,melic]ta r+5s 7,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #g71 ^: build+ op]ations h a nev]-end+ *>m4 ,p>ticles ( dbris are accumulat$ 9 a curi\s little cavity 9 ! *91 9 :i* !y are :irl$ r\nd1 & mix$ ) a secretion :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 & :5 a brick is made ! head is b5t d[n & ! brick appli$ to ! desir$ spot ) ma!matical regul>ity4 ,by supply+ f9e p>ticles ( innocu\s col\r+ matt]s1 ! ,melic]ta may be made to build a v>iegat$ case4 ,! mo/ rem>kable specim5 kn[n is ! "o figur$ 9 ,hudson & ,gosse's "w1 :i* 0 f\nd by ! pres5t writ] 9 a specim5 ( wat] f :i* he _h already obta9$ five-&-tw5ty species ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,rotif]2 ! wat] 0 collect$ by an inexp]i5c$ p]son1 & !re 0 only a p9t ( x4 ,x _h1 moreov]1 be5 kept = ?ree weeks1 & ! moral ( t is1 to pres]ve "o's ga!r+s1 & keep an aqu>ium into :i* !y may be p\r$ :5 done ) = ! mom5t4 ,new =ms w (t5 develop ) />tl+ rapidity1 _! eggs hav+ be5 pres5t 9 ! orig9al ga!r+4 ,! "y =m ( ,melic]ta1 %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #bj1 is /rangely unlike its "m1 & mu* m ne>ly resembles its fa!r4 ,ano!r gr\p ( extreme beauty is ! ,floscul>i 7,fig4 #ai71 sev]al species ( :i* are v common4 ,!y w be easily kn[n by _! appe>ance1 :i* resembles a %av+ bru% :5 clos$2 :il/1 :5 op5+1 ! %av+ bru% resembles a cl\d ( delicate %imm]+ ?reads1 :i* at la/ /& out /raight1 radiat+ all r\nd ! head ( ! creature1 & =m+ ! trap by means ( :i* x cat*es its prey4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! lovely ,/ephanoc]os 7n1 un=tunately1 v common71 ) its five symmetrically plac$ & gracefully curv$ arms1 p]haps ! mo/ lovely ( all ,rotif]s1 ) its exquisitely transp>5t body1 sp>kl+ ) masses ( gre5 & gold5 br[n4 ,he :o f9ds ?is has a treasure inde$1 & w be enc\rag$ to prosecute 8 /udies 9 ?is 8,fairyl& ( ,microscopy40 ,two irregul> =ms call = a ^w ( rem>k4 ,! fir/ is ,*tonotus 7,plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #bg71 :i* /&s on ! bord]l& ( ! ,infusoria & ! ,rotif]s1 neglect$ z a rule by ! /ud5ts ( bo?2 & ! second ! ,t>digrada 7,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #ba71 or wat]-be>s1 :i* h feet l ^? ( ! r$ wriggl+ l>va ( ,*ironomus1 ^: silky tubes are common en\gh on subm]g$ walls & on ! /ems ( plants1 ^! feet consi/+ ( a mass ( radially arrang$ hooklets1 :i* c be protrud$ or )drawn at w2 :il/ ! head ( ! wat]-be> is f> m l t ( a l\se1 po9t$ & h>d1 & suit$ = burr[+ ab\t1 z ! animal does1 among ! rubbi% at ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,bo? ! g5]a j ref]r$ to w repay c>eful /udy1 z little is kn[n ( _! life-hi/ory or developm5t4 ,a few words mu/ be devot$1 9 conclusion1 to ! ,entomo/raca1 ^? %rimp-l animals :i*1 l _! m>9e relatives1 act z scav5g]s to ! community4 ,fig4 #bb is a portrait ( ,cypris1 a n v h&some =m1 b "o v commonly f\nd4 ,its %ell is opaque1 s t ! int]nal organs are difficult to obs]ve4 ,f> diff]5t 9 ?is respect is ! beautiful ,daphnia1 ! wat]-flea p> excell5ce1 ^: c>apace is ( cry/all9e cle>ness1 s t e movem5t ( e "o ( ! int]nal organs may be foll[$ ) ! greate/ facility4 ,!re are _m species ( ! g5us1 & "s ( !m are v common1 s t ! opportunity ( exam9+ ^! lovely objects is easily obta9$4 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #bc1 %[s ! mo/ common ( all ! class "u notice1 ! ,cyclops1 s nam$ f ! fact t1 l ! fabl$ giants ( classical lit]ature1 x has a s+le eye 9 ! middle ( its =ehead4 ,x is (t5 load$ ) ,infusoria1 especially ,vorticella & ,epi/ylis1 already describ$1 to su* an ext5t t its movem5ts are greatly hamp]$4 ,,xii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,tub]cle1 ,sun-/> #b4 ,zoophyte1 ,gemell>ia #c4 ,cuttle bone #d4 ,plate ( ditto f above #e4 ,zoophyte1 ,ant5nul>ia #f4 ,p$icell>ia1 sk9 ( ,/>fi% #g4 ,%ell1 ,=am9if] #h4 ,snake-/>1 disc f bel[ #i4 ,p$icell>ia1 ,e*9us #aj4 ,w+-case1 ,weevil #aa4 ,corall9e #ab4 ,sp9e1 ,e*9us #ac4 ,=am9if]1 ,poly/omella #ad4 ,d4 ,truncatul9a #ae4 ,d4 ,polymorph9a #af4 ,d4 ,miliol9a #ag4 ,gold du/1 ) qu>tz #ah4 ,=am9if]1 ,lag5a vulg>is #ai4 ,p\*es1 ,sk9 ( ,rat's tail #bj4 ,=am9if]1 ,bilocul9a r+5s #ba4 ,ore1 ,copp] #bb4 ,zoophyte1 ,membranipora pilosa #bc4 ,human sk91 inject$ #bd4 ,coal1 ,longitud9al section #be4 ,d4 ,transv]se section #bf4 ,lung1 ,frog ,illu/ration3 ,,xii4 ,we h n space to figure m ( ^! creatures1 b o!r =ms w be f\nd n inf]ior 9 int]e/ to ^? m5tion$4 ,! mo/ curi\s ( all are ^? :i* e>n a di%one/ & lazy liv+ by atta*+ !mselves to ! bodies ( o!r & l>g] animals1 *iefly fi%4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ is ! ,argulus1 ! bane ( aqu>ium keep]s1 :i* is ( consid]able size1 & attacks gold-fi%1 & 9 fact almo/ any fi% to :i* x c obta9 access4 ,! gills ( ! /ickleback w furni% examples ( ! curi\s ,ergasilus1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( an enorm\s pair ( hooks & two long egg-bags1 ! latt]1 9 v>y+ =m1 be+ c>ri$ by _m ( ! ,entomo/raca4 ,^u ! f9s ( ! same fi% w be f\nd ! rem>kable ,gyrodactylus1 a worm-l animal :i* atta*es itself by a l>ge umbrella-l foot1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* are two huge claws4 ,! head is split d[n ! middle = "s di/ance4 ,we may m5tion1 9 conclud+ our notice ( ! ext]nal & involunt>y gue/s ( ! unlucky /ickleback1 t its sk9 is usually frequ5t$ by ho/s ( ! ,tri*od9a describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,( ! int]nal p>asites1 want ( space =bids u to speak4 ,,*apt] ,x ,m>9e ,life--,sponges--,infusoria--,=am9if]a-- ,radiol>ia--,hydroid ,zoophytes--,polyzoa--,worms--,l+ual ,ribbons & ,gills ( ,mollusca--,/>-,fi%es & ,sea-,ur*9s--,cuttle-,fi%-- ,corall9es--,miscellane\s ,objects4 ,great z is ! range ( objects pres5t$ to ! /ud5t ( fre%-wat] life1 ! latt] field is limit$ inde$ z comp>$ ) t af=d$ by ! sea4 ,! ,infusoria & ,rotif]s furni%$ by ! latt] are1 inde$1 mu* few] 9 numb] & v>iety1 b ! va/ ho/ ( sponges1 polyzoa1 hydroids1 cru/acea1 molluscs1 ascidians1 & worms1 to say no?+ ( ! weal? ( vegetable life1 r5d]s ! sea ! happy hunt+-gr\nd ( ! microscopi/4 ,:e!r x be along ! edge ( ! wat]1 z ! tide retreats1 especially aft] a gale2 or 9 ! rock-pools2 or1 p]haps be/ ( all1 ^u ^? portions ( ! %ore left uncov]$ only by ! l[e/ spr+-tides1 ! h>ve/ is simply inexhau/ible4 ,/ones turn$ up w exhibit a _w 9 m9iature4 ,encru/$ ) gre5 or p9k sponges1 or ) gelat9\s masses ( ascidians1 fr+$ at its edges ) hydroids1 coat$ above ) polyzoa1 a s+le "o w (t5 supply m "w ?an c\ld be got ?r\gh 9 a week ( /eady application4 ,a description ( ! fre%-wat] sponge already giv5 may s]ve v well to indicate ! g5]al outl9es ( ! organisation ( ! m>9e ones too4 ,! spicules ( ! latt] are1 h[ev]1 n always fl9ty2 v (t51 z 9 ! case ( ,grantia 7,plate ,,ix4 ,figs4 #h & #ad71 !y are calc>e\s1 a po9t :i* c be settl$ by ! application ( a little nitric acid & wat]4 ,if lime be pres5t !re w be /rong eff]vesc5ce1 & ! sep>ation ( ! spicules c only be effect$ by g5tly w>m+ a portion ( ! sponge 9 cau/ic pota% solution1 p\r+ ! result+ mass into wat]1 & all[+ ! spicules to settle4 ,! wa%+ & settl+ mu/ be repeat$ sev]al times1 & a portion ( ! deposit may !n be tak5 up ) a dipp+-tube1 spread ^u a slide & dri$1 & !n cov]$ 9 balsam solution4 ,! =ms are endless1 & ! same sponge w (t5 supply ?ree or f\r1 or ev5 m4 ,among !m may be se5 accurate lik5esses ( p9s1 ne$les1 m>l9-spikes1 cucumb]s1 grappl+-hooks1 fi%-hooks1 port]s'-hooks1 cal?rops1 knife-re/s1 fi%-spe>s1 b>b$ arr[s1 spik$ globes1 w>-clubs1 boom]angs1 life-pres]v]s1 & _m o!r indescribable =ms4 ,! fl9ty =ms mu/ be prep>$ by boil+1 z describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! m\nt+ ( diatoms 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 except t1 ( c\rse1 only "o settlem5t is requir$ aft] ?or\gh wa%+4 ,e "o :o has be5 by or on ! sea on a f9e summ] night mu/ h notic$ ! bright fla%es ( light t appe> :5ev] its surface is di/urb$2 ! wake ( a boat1 = example1 leav+ a lum9\s track z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,?is phosphoresc5ce is caus$ by _m animals resid5t 9 ! sea1 b *iefly by ! little creature repres5t$ at ,fig4 #i1 ! ,noctilca1 myriads ( :i* may be f\nd 9 a pail ( wat] dipp$ at r&om f ! gl[+ waves4 ,a too? ( ?is creature m magnifi$ is %[n imm$iately above4 ,a l>ge gr\p ( microscopic organisms is kn[n to zoologi/s "u ! "n ( ,=am9if]a1 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s holes 9 _! beautiful %ells1 mo/ ( :i* are compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime1 ?\gh "s are horny & o!rs are compos$ ( aggregations ( m9ute gra9s ( s&1 ! =ms 9 "o class (t5 closely imitat+ ^? 9 ano!r4 ,x is ( ! %ells ( ^! m9ute animals t ! 8:ite cliffs ( old ,engl&0 are v l>gely compos$1 & ^? :o desire to und]/& ! "p :i* ^! t9y creatures h play$1 & are play+1 9 geology1 w d well to /udy ,huxley's fasc9at+ essay on 8,a ,piece ( ,*alk40 ,,xiii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,grantia compressa #b4 ,eugl5a viridis #c4 ,d9obryon s]tul>ia #d4 ,synura uvella #e4 ,p]id9ium tabulatum #f4 ,coleps hirtus #g4 ,tra*eloc]ca viridis #h4 ,tra*elius ovum #i4 ,amphileptus gigas #aj4 ,burs>ia ,mll]i #aa4 ,follicul9a elegans #ab4 ,/5tor polymorphus #ac4 ,tri*od9a p$iculus #ad4 ,vorticella nebulif]a #ae4 ,zoo?amnium arbuscula #af4 ,d4 d4 contract$ #ag4 ,vag9icola cry/all9a #ah4 ,ophrydium v]satile 7colony7 #ai4 ,d4 d4 7s+le zoid7 #bj4 ,co?urnia imb]bis #ba4 ,pyxicola aff9is #bb-bc4 ,/ylony*ia mytilus #bd4 ,ac9eta gr&is #be4 ,loxophyllum meleagris #bf4 ,euplotes *>on 7divid+7 #bg4 ,*tonotus l>us ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! %ells are ,amb1 m]e masses ( jelly1 & "s =ms may be f\nd slid+ ov] ! we$s 9 almo/ e rock-pool4 ,! an*or-mud1 already spok5 (1 always conta9s "s1 & _m =ms may be f\nd 9 ! s& f sponges1 :i* %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( wire sieves1 ( increas+ f95ess1 & ! residuum 9 ea* case be exam9$ dry "u a "o-in* p[]4 ,! %ells may be pick$ up ) a ne$le :i* has be5 slightly greas$ by be+ pass$ ov] ! hair1 & !y may be m\nt$ by /ick+ !m to ! slide ) ?9 />* pa/e1 putt+ on a cov]-glass prop]ly support$1 & !n runn+ turp5t9e "u ! cov]-glass1 heat+ to expel ! air1 & f9ally fill+ up ) balsam4 ,or1 z opaque objects1 !y may be m\nt$ 9 a cell dry4 ,! =ms are endless1 b all are beautiful1 & a few examples are giv5 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #d 7,miliolna71 & ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #g1 :i* is a portion ( ! %ell to %[ ! holes1 ,fig4 #ac 7,poly/omella71 ,fig4 #ad 7,truncatulna71 ,fig4 #ae 7,polymorphna71 ,fig4 #af 7,miliolna1 p>tly fossilis$71 ,fig4 #ah 7,lagna74 & ,fig4 #bj 7,biloculna74 ,alli$ to ^! are ! lovely ,radiol>ia1 ^: %ells1 con/ruct$ on a simil> plan1 are compos$ ( fl9t4 ,!y are f\nd 9 rem>kable pr(usion 9 ! deposit f ,cambridge1 ,b>bados1 b also 9 a liv+ /ate at ev5 enorm\s dep?s 9 ! ocean4 ,! pres5t writ] has obta9$ _m =ms f ,*all5g] s\nd+s1 & ! great au?ority on ?is subject is ,haeckel's report 9 ! (ficial acc\nts ( ! exp$ition ( ! above-nam$ vessel4 ,! ,hydroid ,zoophytes are repres5t$ by sev]al examples4 ,^! creatures are s(t & almo/ gelat9\s1 & are furni%$ ) t5tacles or lobes by :i* !y c cat* & reta9 _! prey4 ,9 ord] to support _! t5d] /ructure !y are end[$ ) a horny skeleton1 sometimes outside & sometimes inside !m1 :i* is call$ ! polypidom4 ,!y are v common on our coa/s1 :]e !y may be f\nd ?r[n on ! %ore1 or may be dr$g$ up f ! deep] portions ( ! sea4 ,fig4 #ac is a portion ( "o ( ! commone/ g5]a1 ,s]tul>ia1 %[+ "o ( ! inhabitants project+ its t5tacles f its domicile4 ,fig4 #ae is ! same species1 giv5 to %[ ! egg-cells4 ,?is1 z well z o!r zoophytes1 is g5]ally class$ among ! sea-we$s 9 ! %ops t ?rong all wat]+-places4 ,! =m j ref]r$ to is a ne> relative ( ! ,hydra1 already describ$1 & belongs to ! same great family z ! sea-anemones4 ,"o =m1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 is ! ,hydra ,tuba1 long ?\ght to be a di/9ct animal1 b n[ kn[n to be ! "y =m ( a jelly-fi%1 or ,m$usa4 ,! ,hydra ,tuba ?r[s (f jo9ts at int]vals1 ea* ( :i* becomes a p]fect jelly-fi%4 ,"o ( !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bh repres5ts a v small & pretty ,m$usa1 ! ,?aumantias4 ,:5 ?is animal is t\*$ or />tl$1 ea* ( ! purple globules r\nd ! edge fla%es into light1 produc+ a mo/ beautiful & s+ul> appe>ance4 ,fig4 #bi exhibits ! s-call$ comp\nd eye ( ano!r species ( ,m$usa1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> t ^! are really connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! animal1 & h to d ) ! pulsat+ contractions ( ! bell by :i* x is propell$ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,9 my ,common ,objects ( ! ,sea-,%ore ! ,actni1 or ,sea-,anemones1 are treat$ ( at "s l5g?4 ,at ,fig4 #af is %[n "p ( a t5tacle fl++ out ! poison-d>ts by :i* x secures its prey2 & ,fig4 #ag is a m magnifi$ view ( "o ( ^! d>ts & its case4 ,mu* m might be said "u ?is head1 b we mu/ pass on to ano!r gr\p1 :i*1 :il/ possess+ a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance to ! hydroid zoophytes1 diff]s utt]ly f !m 9 int]nal organisation4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! fre%-wat] polyzoa4 ,! m>9e =ms are va/ly m num]\s1 & m easily f\nd1 s9ce n only pieces ( we$ ^u :i* !y gr[ are to be f\nd ^u e bea*1 b :ole masses ( leaf-l colonies1 =m+ :at is kn[n z horn-wrack1 may be pl5tifully f\nd4 ,in/ead ( ! t5tacles arm$ ) /+-cells1 l ! anemone's1 possess$ by ! ,hydrozoa1 ! ,polyzoa h arms clo!d ) active cilia1 by :i* ! food is swept into ! m\?1 pass+ on into ! /oma*1 & !n ?r\gh ! inte/9e to ano!r op5+4 ,fig4 #ai is a v curi\s zoophyte call$ ,angu9>ia1 or snake-head1 on acc\nt ( its %ape1 ! end ( ! polypidom resembl+ ! head ( ! snake1 & ! t5tacles look+ l its tongue z !y are ?ru/ =w>d & rapidly )drawn4 ,fig4 #ba is ! same creature on an enl>g$ scale1 & j bel[ is "o ( its t5tacles /ill m magnifi$4 ,fig4 #bc is ! ladies'-slipp] zoophyte 7,eretea72 & ,fig4 #bd is call$ ! tobacco-pipe or %eph]d's-purse zoophyte 7,notamia74 ,fig4 #bb is a portion ( ! ,bugula1 ) "o ( ! curi\s 8birds'-head0 processes4 ,^! app5dages h ! mo/ absurd lik5ess to a bird's head1 ! beak op5+ & %utt+ ) a sm>t snap 7s sm>t1 inde$1 t ! e> in/9ctively tries to cat* ! s\nd71 & ! head nodd+ backw>d & =w>d j z if ! bird 7 peck+ up its food4 ,on ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #b1 is a pretty zoophyte call$ ,gemell>ia1 on acc\nt ( ! d\ble or tw9-l =m ( ! cells2 & ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! ,ant5nul>ia1 s call$ on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! ant5n ( an insect4 ,fig4 #bb is an example ( a pretty zoophyte f\nd p>asitic on _m sea-we$s1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,membranipora4 ,two m specim5s ( zoophytes may be se5 on ,plate ,,xi4 z !y appe> "u pol>is$ light4 ,fig4 #ag is ! ,cellul>ia reptans2 & ,fig4 #bj is ! ,b[]bankia1 "o =m ( :i* occurs 9 fre% wat]4 ,among ! worms we may ref] to ! beautiful little ,spirorbis1 ^: t9y coil$ spiral tube may be f\nd atta*$ to almo/ e sea-we$1 & :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 a tr\gh ( sea-wat]1 protrudes its beautiful cr[n ( plumes4 ,9 *alk or o!r s(t rocks1 aga91 ! tubes ( ,spio1 ) its two long wav+ t5tacles1 may be f\nd by hundr$s4 ,!n !re are ! c5tip$e-l worms1 :i* may be f\nd "u ne>ly e /one1 & :i* belong to ! great family ( ,n]eids1 provid$ ) =midable jaws & /iff bri/les ( v>i\s =ms4 ,! ,s]pul are alli$ to ! ,spirorbis already m5tion$4 ,p>ts ( ! s-call$ feet ( "o ( ^! worms are %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 :]e ! spe>s or 8pu%+-poles0 are se5 ga!r$ into bundles1 z dur+ life4 ,"o ( !m1 on a l>g] scale1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! gorge\s hairs ( ,aphrodite h already be5 allud$ to4 ,9 ! sea ! few species ( ,cru/acea :i* fre% wat] (f]s to ! obs]v] 9 ! %ape ( ,cyclops & its allies become ?\s&s1 & _! *anges dur+ developm5t are num]\s & puzzl+4 ,:o1 = example1 w\ld suppose t ! "y /age ( ! ,cyclops 0 indi/+ui%able 9 habits1 & almo/ 9 =m1 f t ( ! b>nacle :i* adh]es to ! rocks8 ,yet su* is ! case1 & !re are o!r metamorphoses ev5 m />tl+4 ,fig4 #be is ! l>va ( ! common crab1 once ?\ght to be a sep>ate species1 & describ$ z su* "u ! "n ( ,zoa4 ,! ,mollusca prop] w n af=d u _m objects1 except 9 ! =m ( _! l+ual ribbon1 :i* may be extract$ f ! m\?1 g5tly heat$ 9 liquor potass1 & m\nt$ 9 balsam aft] well wa%+1 :5 ! r[s ( tee? =m spl5did objects by pol>is$ light4 ,! palate ( a :elk is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,aga91 ! gills ( ! mussel w af=d a beautiful illu/ration ( cili>y action4 ,if a portion ( ! ?9 plates :i* lie along ! edge ( ! %ell be exam9$ 9 a little ( ! liquor1 ! action may be spl5didly se51 & wat*$ = a long "t 7,fig4 #ci74 ,! /ructure ( %ell1 e4g4 oy/]-%ell1 is well %[n 9 ?ree examples3 ,fig4 #cd is a gr\p ( artificial cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime2 & on ,figs4 #ch & #ci may be se5 "p ( an oy/]-%ell1 %[+ h[ x is compos$ ( simil> cry/als aggregat$ toge!r4 ,_! appe>ance "u pol>is$ light may be se5 on ,plate ,,xi4 ,figs4 #a & #f4 ,we n[ pass on to ! ,e*9od]ms1 includ+ ! />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s4 ,! old /ory ( ! goose-be>+ tree is an example ( h[ tru? may be /rang] ?an fiction4 ,= if ! fable _h said t ! "m goose laid eggs :i* grew into trees1 budd$ & fl[]$1 & !n produc$ new geese1 x w\ld n h be5 "o :it a /rang] tale ?an ! tru?4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #cc1 %[s ! "y /ate ( "o ( ! common />-fi%es 7,comtula71 :i* 9 its e>ly days is l a plant ) a /alk1 b aft]w>ds breaks loose & becomes ! w&]+ sea-/> :i* we all "k s well4 ,9 ?is process !re is j ! rev]se ( t :i* *>act]ises ! b>nacles & sponges1 :]e ! "y are at fir/ free & !n become fix$ = ! rema9d] ( _! lives4 ,fig4 #cj is ! "y ( ano!r k9d ( />-fi%1 ! long-arm$ ,ophiris1 or snake-/>4 ,fig4 #cg is a portion ( ! sk9 ( ! common sun-/> 7,sola/]71 %[+ ! s+le l>ge sp9e surr\nd$ by a circle ( small] sp9es1 suppos$ to be organs ( t\*1 toge!r ) two or ?ree ( ! curi\s app5dages call$ p$icell>i4 ,^! are f\nd on />-fi%es & ,e*9i1 & be> a close resemblance 9 _m respects to ! bird-head app5dages ( ! zoophytes4 ,!y are fix$ on foot-/alks1 "s v long & o!rs v %ort1 & h jaws :i* op5 & %ut regul>ly4 ,_! use is d\btful1 unless x be to act z police1 & by _! cont9ual movem5ts to prev5t ! spores ( alg1 or ! "y ( v>i\s m>9e animals1 f effect+ a lodgm5t on ! sk94 ,a gr\p1 ( p$icell>i f a />-fi% is %[n on a l>ge scale on ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #f1 & ,fig4 #i ( ! same ,plate %[s ! p$icell>i ( ! ,e*9us4 ,^u ! ext]ior ( ! ,e*9i1 or sea-ur*9s1 are a va/ numb] ( sp9es hav+ a v beautiful /ructure1 z may be se5 by ,fig4 #ce1 ,plate ,,ix41 :i* is "p ( a transv]se section ( "o ( ^! sp9es4 ,an entire sp9e is %[n on ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #ab1 & %[s ! ball-&-socket jo9t on :i* x moves1 & ! membran\s muscle t moves x4 ,fig4 #h is ! disc ( ! snake-/> z se5 f bel[4 ,fig4 #a is a portion ( sk9 ( ! sun-/>1 to %[ "o ( ! curi\s madrepore-l tub]cles :i* are f\nd ^u ?is common />-fi%4 ,fig4 #c is a portion ( cuttle 8bone10 v slightly magnifi$1 9 ord] to %[ ! beautiful pill>-l =m ( its /ructure2 & ,fig4 #d is ! same object se5 f above4 ,:5 gr\nd v ?9 ?is is a magnific5t object = ! pol>iscope4 ,"o or two miscellane\s objects n[ come be=e our notice4 ,fig4 #aa is "o ( ^? curi\s m>9e plants1 ! ,corall9es1 :i* are rem>kable = deposit+ a l>ge am\nt ( *alky matt] among _! tissues1 s z to leave a complete ca/ 9 :ite *alk :5 ! col\r$ liv+ portion ( ! plant dies4 ,! species ( ?is example is ,jania rub5s4 ,fig4 #ai is "p ( ! p\*-l inflation ( ! sk91 & ! hairs f\nd ^u ! rat's tail1 :i* is a curi\s object z be>+ s close a similitude to ,fig4 #bb1 ! sea-mat zoophyte4 ,fig4 #bc is a portion ( ! sk9 tak5 f ! f+]1 :i* has be5 inject$ ) a col\r$ prep>ation 9 ord] to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9ute blood-vessels or 8capill>ies0 are di/ribut$2 & ,fig4 #bf is a portion ( a frog's lung1 also inject$4 ,! process ( injection is a r difficult "o1 & requires consid]able anatomical k4 ,! pr9ciple is simple en\gh1 be+ m]ely to fill ! blood-vessels ) a col\r$ sub/ance1 s z to exhibit _! =m z !y appe> :ile di/5d$ ) blood dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 an animal is kill$ sudd5ly )\t effusion ( blood1 z is (t5 se5 9 ! case ( a m\se caught 9 a spr+ trap1 ! m9ute vessels ( ! lungs & o!r organs become s fill$ ) coagulat$ blood z to =m :at is call$ a natural injection1 ready = ! microscope4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ,i mu/ ask ! read] to ref] aga9 = a mom5t to ! frog's foot on ,plate ,x41 & to notice ! arrangem5t ( ! d>k pigm5t spots4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 frogs live 9 a cle> s&y pond1 well expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 _! sk9s are bright yell[1 & t :5 _! resid5ce is 9 a %ady locality1 especially if %elt]$ by heavy ov]hang+ banks1 !y are ( a deep blacki%-br[n col\r4 ,moreov]1 "u ! influ5ce ( fe> !y w (t5 *ange col\r in/antane\sly4 ,! cause ( ?is curi\s fact is expla9$ by ! microscope4 ,"u ! effects ( sunlight ! pigm5t granules are ga!r$ toge!r into small r\nd$ spots1 z se5 on ! left h& ( ! figure1 leav+ ! sk9 ( its own bright yell[ hue4 ,9 ! %ade ! pigm5t granules spread !mselves s z to cov] almo/ ! entire sk9 & to produce ! d>k br[n col\r4 ,9 ! int]m$iate /ate !y assume ! bold /ellate =m 9 :i* !y are %[n on ! "r h& ( ! r\nd spots4 ,v rem>kable =ms ( ^! cells may be f\nd 9 ! sk9 ( ! cuttle-fi%4 ,figs4 #bd & #be are two examples ( coal1 ! =m] be+ a longitud9al & ! latt] a transv]se section1 giv5 9 ord] to %[ its woody "*4 ,fig4 #ag is a specim5 ( gold-du/ int]mix$ ) cry/als ( qu>tz s&1 br\ght f ,au/ralia2 & ,fig4 #ba is a small piece ( copp]-ore4 ,e possessor ( a microscope %\ld1 z soon z he c af=d x1 add to 8 in/rum5t ! beautiful app>atus = pol>is+ light4 ,! optical explanation ( ?is ph5om5on is f> too ab/ruse = ^! pages1 b ! practical application ( ! app>atus is v simple4 ,x consi/s ( two prisms1 "o ( :i*1 call$ ! pol>is]1 is fa/5$ by a cat* j bel[ ! /age2 & ! o!r1 call$ an analys]1 is plac$ above ! eye-piece4 ,9 ord] to aid ^? bodies ^: pol>is+ p[]s are b weak1 a ?9 plate ( sel5ite is g5]ally plac$ on ! /age imm$iately bel[ ! object4 ,! col\rs exhibit$ by ?is in/rum5t are gorge\s 9 ! extreme1 z may be se5 by ,plate ,,xi41 :i* af=ds a mo/ feeble repres5tation ( ! gl[+ t9ts exhibit$ by ! objects !re depict$4 ,! value ( ! pol>is] is v great1 z x (t5 enables obs]v]s to di/+ui%1 by means ( _! diff]5t pol>is+ prop]ties1 "o class ( objects f ano!r4 ,if ! exp5se ( a pol>is+ app>atus be too great = ! means ( ! microscopi/1 he may manufacture a sub/itute = x by tak+ sev]al ?9 plates ( glass1 arrang+ !m 9 a pap] tube s t ! light may meet ! surface ( ! l[e/ "o at an angle ( ab\t #eb1 & plac+ ! bundle above ! eye-piece to act z an analys]2 :il/1 by us+ a plate ( glass1 & s arrang+ ! lamp t ! light falls ^u x at ! above angle1 & is reflect$ up ! tube ( ! microscope1 he w f9d on rotat+ ! extemporis$ analys] t ! ph5om5a ( pol>isation are to a great ext5t reproduc$2 :il/ by splitt+ an extremely ?9 film f ! surface ( a %eet ( mica1 su* z is employ$ = mak+ smoke-scre5s above glass globes1 he w h a sub/itute = ! sel5ite by means ( :i* alone c ! gorge\s effects be produc$4 ,! extemporis$ app>atus w n1 ( c\rse1 give su* p]fect effects1 b ?is is sometimes an advantage1 & ! pres5t writ] has us$ ! same means ) consid]able success 9 photograph+ />*-granules4 ,,xiv4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,d]o latissima #b4 ,slav9a s]p5t9a #c4 ,pri/9a longiseta #d4 ,lophopus cry/all9us #e4 ,fr$]icella sultana #f4 ,/yl>ia proboscidea 7head7 #g4 ,hydat9a s5ta #h4 ,syn*ta mordax #i4 ,asplan*na ,brightwellii #aj4 ,notommata aurita #aa4 ,tri>?ra longiseta #ab4 ,eu*lanis triquetra #ac4 ,bra*ionus amphic]os #ad4 ,salp9a mucronata #ae4 ,pt]od9a pat9a #af4 ,anura brevisp9a #ag4 ,d9o*>is tetractis #ah4 ,noteus quadricornis #ai4 ,floscul>ia ornata #bj4 ,"y ,melic]ta #ba4 ,macrobiotus 7sp487 #bb4 ,cypris fusca #bc4 ,cyclops quadricornis ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,h9ts on ! ,prep>ation ( ,objects--,pres]vative ,fluids--,m\nt+ ,m$ia--,treatm5t ( ,special ,objects4 ,! microscopi/ :o relies altoge!r on ! deal] = 8 p]man5t prep>ations may exp5d a good deal ( money1 b ! satisfaction :i* he d]ives f 8 hobby w be v inf]ior to t exp]i5c$ by ! work] :o endeav\rs to secure1 = exhibition or = ref]5ce1 specim5s ( ! objects :i* he f9ds mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive to himself4 ,x w be our endeav\r 9 ! foll[+ pages to give a summ>y ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ^u :i* reliance is to be plac$1 ?\gh x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! te*nique ( ! subject1 already occupy+ a va/ am\nt ( lit]ature1 is ext5d+ day by day1 s t x is impossible to deal exhau/ively ev5 ) "o s+le section ( x4 ,ref]5ce mu/ be made1 = fur!r in=mation1 to su* publications z ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society1 or t ( ! ,quekett ,club1 or to ! monographs on ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,davies' "w on ! g5]al subject w also be f\nd useful by ! beg9n]4 ,tak+ fir/ ! "q ( reag5ts1 we may m5tion five :i* leave ! cells ( a tissue z ne>ly z possible 9 ! natural condition1 b fit = p]man5t pres]vation4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 9 ord] ( importance & ( g5]al applicability1 is alcohol1 repres5t$ = mo/ purposes by me?ylat$ _s1 :i* conta9s ab\t #hd p] c5t4 ( absolute alcohol1 ?\gh1 un=tunately = our purpose1 !re is a c]ta9 quantity ( m9]al naph?a 9 x 9 addition4 ,?is la/ has ! effect ( mak+ x g milky ^u dilution ) wat]1 :i* is a consid]able disadvantage1 ?\gh ! milk9ess disappe>s to "s ext5t on /&+1 & x is r>ely wor? ! :ile ( ! ord9>y microscopi/ to g ?r\gh ! =malities necess>y to obta9 p]mission to pur*ase unm9]alis$ _s1 :i* _c be _h 9 quantities ( less ?an five gallons 7z x is only to be _h f ! di/ill]s "u an ,excise p]mit71 & di/ill]s may n supply less4 ,f\r p>ts ( me?ylat$ _s ) "o ( wat] =ms ! classical 8#gj p] c5t40 alcohol1 ! mo/ g5]ally useful ( all fluids = h>d5+ & pres]v+ purposes4 ,a consid]able quantity ( ?is fluid %\ld always be available4 ,:atev] o!r fluid may be us$ to beg9 )1 _s mu/ almo/ always be us$ to f9i% ! process1 & fit ! tissue = section-cutt+ & /a9+4 ,( purely pres]vative1 or fixative1 fluids1 we may m5tion 8=mal910 a #dj p] c5t4 solution ( =mic aldehyde1 :i* is rapidly com+ to ! front1 z inde$ x des]ves to d4 ,x is b slightly poison\s1 if at all1 & leaves 9 ! tissue no?+ :i* requires subsequ5t removal be=e proce$+ to h>d5 = section-"w1 :il/ x is an admirable pres]vative ( cell-=m4 ,ano!r admirable b highly poison\s reag5t is corrosive sublimate1 9 saturat$ solution1 ) #b p] c5t4 ( acetic acid4 ,a f\r? is osmic acid1 us$ 9 #a p] c5t4 solution4 ,?is is a highly valuable reag5t1 b extremely exp5sive1 v poison\s1 & giv+ (f fumes :i* are mo/ irritat+ to ! eyes4 ,! fif?1 a v g5tle1 b 9 _m respects v satisfactory "o1 is picric acid 9 saturat$ solution4 ,tissues pres]v$ 9 ?is m$ium mu/ n be wa%$ out ) wat]1 z x ent]s into v feeble comb9ation ) protoplasm1 & ! cells swell & dis9tegrate z ! reag5t is dissolv$ out4 ,( m\nt+ m$ia we may m5tion glyc]9e1 glyc]9e jelly 7made by dissolv+ />* 9 glyc]9e ) ! aid ( heat71 & ,canada balsam1 dissolv$ 9 xylol or b5zole4 ,! ,canada balsam mu/ be dri$ h>d by evaporation ov] a wat]-ba?1 & dissolv$ z want$4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld raw balsam be us$1 z x takes ye>s to set h>d1 & turns ( a deep yell[ col\r 9 ! process4 ,*lor(orm is frequ5tly us$ z a solv5t1 b x has ! disadvantage ( attack+ & extract+ a l>ge numb] ( ! anil9e dyes us$ = /a9+ /ructures1 an objection f :i* ! m9]al solv5ts are free4 ,we w n[ proce$ to g ?r\gh ! objects already ref]r$ to1 & indicate ! me?od ( pres]vation4 ,= ! /udy ( ! cell-/ructures ( plants ! portion to be exam9$ is to be plac$ 9 _s ( ab\t #cj p] c5t4 /r5g?1 :i* is *ang$ aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs = #dj p] c5t41 aft] a fur!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs = #ee p] c5t41 & f9ally1 z reg>ds our pres5t purpose1 9 #gj p] c5t4 _s1 9 :i* x may rema9 until requir$ = section-cutt+4 ,! effect ( ?is treatm5t is to extract ! bulk ( ! wat] f ! tissue1 ) ! m9imum ( %r9kage ( ! cells1 ! latt] be+ pres]v$ 9 _! natural relations to surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x is desirable to exam9e & pres]ve delicate /ructures1 or p>ts1 or dissections1 9 a m$ium :i* all[s ( ! ret5tion ( ! great] "p ( ! natural moi/ure1 & 9 su* a case ! tissue is imm]s$ 9 glyc]9e dilut$ v mu* 9 ! same way z ! alcohol 9 ! la/ process1 b ) v mu* long] int]vals betwe5 ! alt]ations ( /r5g?1 until x rea*es pure glyc]9e1 9 :i* x rema9s = a consid]able "t1 z ! ex*ange betwe5 ! tissue & ! d5se fluid surr\nd+ x goes on v sl[ly4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two me?ods is also possible1 ! _s-h>d5+ be+ c>ri$ out = a portion ( ! "t1 & ! tissue be+ !reaft] transf]r$ to glyc]9e1 dilut$ or pure4 ,! object ( us+ glyc]9e at all is m]ely t x has a mu* l[] refractive index ?an balsam1 s t delicate /ructures may sometimes be bett] se5 9 ! =m] m$ium1 b balsam is to be pref]r$ :]ev] x is possible to use x1 i4e4 almo/ always4 ,! writ] has n m\nt$ a prep>ation 9 glyc]9e or a m$ium conta9+ x = _m ye>s1 nor1 ) prop] /a9+1 does he ?9k x c ev] be necess>y to d s1 except 9 ! case ( dissections 9 :i* ! glyc]9e c be sl[ly run 9 )\t di/urb+ ! arrangem5t1 z _s w\ld be pretty sure to d4 ,! h>d] portions ( plants1 woody /ems1 %ells ( fruit1 or ! l1 require diff]5t treatm5t1 & mu/1 z a rule1 be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly be=e be+ cut4 ,/>* granules are some:at tr\blesome to m\nt satisfactorily4 ,! writ] has tri$ _m me?ods1 &1 on ! :ole1 pref]s a glyc]9-gelat9 m$ium1 :i* keeps = an almo/ indef9ite "t1 & may be made z foll[s3 ,?irty gra9s ( gelat9e 7,nelson's 8brilliant0 or o!r transp>5t gelat9e is to be pref]r$7 are all[$ to soak 9 wat]1 & ! swoll5 gelat9e is dra9$1 & dissolv$ 9 ! wat] :i* x has absorb$1 by ! aid ( a g5tle heat4 ,an equal bulk ( pure glyc]9e is !n add$4 ,9 us+1 a small portion is transf]r$ to a slide ) ! po9t ( a knife & melt$1 a small quantity ( />* granules add$1 & /irr$ into x ) a ne$le4 ,! cov]-glass is !n laid up on ! /ill-fluid drop1 press$ g5tly d[n s t ! drop is ext5d$ to ! m>g9 ( ! cov]1 & ! :ole all[$ to cool4 ,x is !n to be pa9t$ r\nd ) sev]al lay]s ( ,brunswick black1 or ,hollis's glue1 or z9c-:ite cem5t1 to prev5t evaporation1--,hollis's glue be+ p]haps ! be/ m$ium = ! purpose4 ,petals1 or o!r p>ts ( :i* x is desir$ to obta9 a surface view1 mu/ be m\nt$ 9 cells1 :i* may be made by ! use ( button-m\lds ( suitable size1 cem5t$ to ! glass slide ) m>9e glue4 ,! slide mu/ be free f grease1 z ! tissue mu/ be fix$ 9 position by ! use ( gum1 & all[$ to dry ?or\ghly be=e clos+ ! cell1 or ! cov]-glass w be b$ew$ ) moi/ure :5 ! cell is clos$4 ,! be/ plan is1 aft] air-dry+ = a c\ple ( days1 to place ! prep>ation on a metal plate ov] a beak] ( boil+ wat] = an h\r or m1 & !n to close ! cell imm$iately ) ,brunswick black1 ma9ta9+ ! heat at fir/ to ensure rapid dry+1 & !n sl[ly )draw+ x4 ,:5 cool1 ano!r coat %\ld be giv51 & r ?ick cov]s %\ld be us$1 z ^! prep>ations are nev] requir$ to be exam9$ ) high p[]s4 ,to m\nt poll5-gra9s1 !y %\ld be spr9kl$ ^u ! surface ( a slide :i* has be5 previ\sly moi/5$ ) ?9 gum1 & all[$ to dry until x has become j 8tacky02 ! dry+ is !n complet$ by g5tle heat & a drop ( balsam plac$ ^u ! gra9s1 ) a cov]-glass ov] all4 ,bubbles w probably =m1 b ) ,canada balsam ?is is n ( ! slighte/ importance1 z !y always come out ( _! own accord1 & balsam m\nts %\ld nev] be clos$ ) cem5t ( any k9d until ?or\ghly dry4 ,air-bubbles 9 o!r m$ia may be elim9at$ by ! use ( ! air-pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 :i* may be obta9$ f ,bak] at a v reasonable rate1 & :i* is useful n only = t purpose1 b = accel]at+ ! dry+ ( moi/ tissues4 ,to d ?is1 !re is plac$ ^u ! plate ( ! pump a porcela9 di% conta9+ /rong sulphuric acid1 & ^u ?is is plac$ a little triangle ( plat9um wire1 :i* s]ves to support ! prep>ation4 ,! air is n[ exhau/$2 ! tissue p>ts ) moi/ure to supply its place1 & ?is moi/ure is 9 turn gre$ily absorb$ by ! sulphuric acid1 s t dry+ is rapid & cont9u\s1 z well z v ?or\gh1 :il/ ! process has ! great advantage ( disp5s+ entirely ) ! use ( heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,portions ( _m ( ! delicate alg may be m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e1 hav+ previ\sly be5 soak$ 9 x z already describ$2 :il/ ! unicellul> =ms1 su* z desmids & diatoms1 may be pres]v$ 9 almo/ exactly ! natural condition by simply m\nt+ !m 9 a saturat$ solution ( picric acid4 ,probably =mal91 9 a solution ( #aj p] c5t4 /r5g?1 w\ld answ] ! purpose equally well1 b ! writ] has n tri$ x4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t1 ) su* extremely fluid m$ia1 great c>e is requir$ 9 clos+ ! cell4 ,a ?9 lay] ( ,hollis's glue %\ld be fir/ pa9t$ on1 to secure ! cov] 9 position1 & :5 ?is is ?or\ghly dry1 sev]al successive lay]s mu/ be add$ 9 ! same way4 ,x may be said "h1 t x is advisable 9 all cases to use circul> cov]-glasses1 z f> z possible1 z !y l5d !mselves ) great facility to a me*anically accurate closure4 ,?is slide is plac$ ^u a turn-table1 c>efully adju/$ until ! cov] is se5 to be c5tral :5 rotat$1 & a bru%1 pref]ably a small camel-hair p5cil1 *>g$ ) ! desir$ fluid1 b n 9 l>ge excess1 is held aga9/ ! junction ( ! slide & cov]1 :il/ ! table is rapidly spun4 ,a little exp]i5ce w tea* bett] ?an any description :at am\nt ( fluid !re %\ld be 9 ! bru%1 & h[ ?ick ! cem5t %\ld be4 ,if too ?ick1 x w drag (f ! cov]2 if too ?91 x w fl[ ov] ! latt] & ov] ! slide4 ,! prep>ation ( diatom-skeletons z p]man5t objects is easy4 ,consi/+1 z !y d1 ( pure silex1 or fl9t1--i4e41 practically glass1--!y resi/ long boil+ 9 acids1 s t !re is little difficulty 9 isolat+ !m f any organic matt] ) :i* !y are m+l$4 ,x is g5]ally recomm5d$ to treat !m ) /rong nitric acid4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,! acid acts mu* m p[]fully & less viol5tly :5 dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]1 & x is 9 an acid s dilut$ t portions ( wat]-plants1 or o!r diatomace\s mat]ial1 %\ld be boil$ 9 a glass beak] until all ! organic matt] is dissolv$4 ,! beak] %\ld be cov]$ ) a glass plate1 to prev5t dissipation ( ! acid fumes4 ,:5 ! process is complete1 usually 9 ab\t half an h\r1 ! cont5ts ( ! beak] are ?or\ghly /irr$ ) a glass rod1 p\r$ rapidly (f into a l>g] bulk ( cold wat]1 & all[$ to settle = ano!r half-h\r4 ,! process is !n repeat$ ) a small] bulk ( wat]1 sev]al times1 to all[ ! removal ( ! la/ traces ( acid1 & f9ally ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! sep>ation ( ! diatoms into grades is effect$ by settlem5t4 ,! f9al result is p\r$ into a tall glass vessel1 & all[$ to settle =1 at fir/1 a m9ute1 ! sup]natant fluid aga9 p\r$ (f1 & all[$ to settle = two m9utes1 & s on1 ! p]iod be+ gradually increas$1 & ea* s$im5t pres]v$ ap>t4 ,! fir/ w probably only be s&1 b ! proportion ( diatoms w increase ) ea* sep>ation1 ?\gh !re w always be a c]ta9 proportion ( s& ( su* a size z to settle at ! same rate z ! diatoms4 ,m>9e plants especially w furni% a ri* h>ve/ by treatm5t z describ$4 ,solid diatomace\s deposits1 su* z kiesel-guhr1 m\nta9-meal1 & especially ! fam\s ,oam>u deposit f ,new ,zeal&1 dem& diff]5t treatm5t1 & p]haps ! be/ way is to dis9tegrate ! mass1 ei!r by boil+ ) ,sunlight soap 7?\gh ! alkali attacks ! fl9t to "s ext5t7 or to mix ! mass ) a sup]-saturat$ solution ( acetate ( soda 7made by saturat+ wat] ) ! cry/als :il/ boil+71 & by successive cool+s1 heat+s1 & /irr+s to cause ! process ( cry/allisation to break up ! mass1 :i* x w d v ?or\ghly4 ,! diatoms are !n sep>at$ by s$im5tation1 z above describ$4 ,a small portion ( ! deposit may n[ be spread ?9ly on a glass slide1 all[$ to dry ?or\ghly1 be treat$ ) balsam1 & cov]$4 ,if x be desir$ to select individual diatoms1 ?is mu/ be done "u ! microscope1 by means ( a bri/le fix$ 9 a h&le ei!r ) glue or seal+-wax4 ,! diatom select$ w adh]e to ! bri/le if ! latt] be slightly greasy1 & %\ld !n be transf]r$ to a slightly adhesive slide1 coat$ ei!r ) ?9 solution ( :ite %ellac1 or ) ?9 gum ne>ly dry4 ,:5 ! =ms desir$ are m\nt$1 ! prep>ation %\ld be cov]$ 9 balsam4 ,! process is by no means z easily effect$ z describ$1 h[ev]4 ,! prep>ation ( insects1 or p>ts ( insects1 z microscopic objects is a t$i\s & difficult task4 ,! ma9 po9t is ! tr\ble ( s(t5+ ! integum5t & elim9at+ ! col\r4 ,! latt] c1 9 any case1 be only p>tially effect$4 ,! beg9n] w\ld d well to beg9 ) a fairly easy =m1 su* z ! work]-ant4 ,a good supply ( ^! insects may be plac$ 9 a bottle ( liquor potass1 & left !re = at lea/ "s days until !y beg9 to become cle> & limp4 ,f "t to "t a specim5 may be tak51 well wa%$ ) sev]al wat]s1 !n ) acetic acid & wat] ( a /r5g? ( ab\t #aj p] c5t41 !n ) weak _s1 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,an attempt may !n be made to arrange ! insect ^u a slide1 spread+ out ! legs s z to exhibit !m to ! be/ advantage1 & :5 ?is has be5 done a cov]-glass may be put on1 support$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t absolute pressure4 ,! _s is !n )drawn by means ( a piece ( filt]+-pap] cut to a po9t1 & /rong _s add$4 ,?is is aga9 succe$$ by absolute alcohol1 !n by a mixture ( turp5t9e & cry/al c>bolic acid 9 equal proportions1 & f9ally ! cov]-glass is c>efully lift$1 & "s ?ick balsam solution dropp$ on1 ! limbs f9ally arrang$ by means ( w>m ne$les1 & ! cov]-glass c>efully replac$ & press$ g5tly d[n by means ( a clip1 :i* may be obta9$ = a few p5ce4 ,! :ole is !n set aside to h>d51 ! defici5cy caus$ by evaporation made good1 ! balsam all[$ to dry1 & ! prep>ation f9ally pa9t$ r\nd4 ,! cont5ts ( ! body1 9 l>ge insects1 mu/ be remov$1 & ?is is effect$ dur+ ! wa%+ 9 wat] by g5tle pressure ) a camel-hair bru%1 ! process be+ aid$1 if necess>y1 by a small incision made ?r\gh ! integum5t at ! root ( ! tail4 ,sections ( insects require v special me?ods1 :i* w h>dly fall )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,section-,cutt+--,/a9+ ,no me?od ( exam9ation c equal1 = g5]al applicability & usefulness1 t ( section-"w4 ,! relations ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r be+ pres]v$1 x is possible to draw conclusions z to _! actual relations :i* no o!r mode all[s (1 & we %all devote ?is conclud+ *apt] to "s acc\nt ( ! me?ods to be employ$ to ?is end4 ,! app>atus requir$ is n necess>ily complicat$4 ,r$uc$ to its elem5ts1 x consi/s ess5tially only ( a razor to cut ! sections & a di% to receive !m4 ,x b seldom happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! relations ( ! p>ts 9 suffici5tly ?9 sections c be pres]v$ by su* a r\gh-&-ready me?od1 & frequ5tly ! object to be cut is ( su* small dim5sions z to r5d] x impossible to deal ) x 9 ?is way4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to 8imb$0 x1 s z to obta9 a h&le by :i* to hold x1 9 su* a way t x %all be equally support$ 9 all directions4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! human h& c only 9 exceptional cases be br\ght to su* a pit* ( skill z to cut a s]ies ( sections1 or ev5 s+le ones1 ( ! ne$ful delicacy1 "s me*anical means ( rais+ ! object ?r\gh a def9ite di/ance is highly desirable4 ,! writ] has cut _m ?\s&s ( sections ) ! 8free h&10 b ! p]sonal equation is a l>ge "o1 & is n always ! same 9 ! same p]son4 ,= s+le sections ! me?od w1 ) practice1 succe$ v well1 b "s means ( secur+ a numb] ( sections ( m or less ! same ?ickness is usually requir$4 ,let u deal ) ! imb$d+ fir/4 ,if x be desir$ to imb$ a tissue :i* has m]ely be5 fix$ ) =mal91 ! block %\ld be imm]s$ 9 /rong gum 7made by saturat+ wat] ) pick$ gum arabic1 :ite & clean7 = sev]al days4 ,x is !n tak5 out &1 )\t dra9+1 transf]r$ to ! plate ( a freez+ microtome1 & ! sections cut f ! froz5 block1 & m\nt$ 9 glyc]9e at once4 ,?is plan is ( limit$ usefulness1 s9ce x all[s ( v little diff]5tiation ( ! tissue elem5ts1 & t only optical4 ,to get ! be/ results1 "s plan ( /a9+ mu/ be adopt$4 ,p]haps ! simple/1 & c]ta9ly a v excell5t "o1 is z foll[s4 ,aft] ! tissue has be5 pass$ f ! h>d5+1 or fix+1 fluid into ! successive alcohols1 z describ$1 x is plac$ 9 ! foll[+ solution4 ,take ab\t =ty gra9s ( c>m9e & eighty gra9s ( borax1 dissolve 9 ab\t an ounce ( wat]1 add to ! mixture an ounce ( me?ylat$ _s1 & let x /& = "s "t ) frequ5t %ak+2 ab\t a week w be suffici5t1 & ! process ( solution may be ha/5$ by g5tle w>m+ at int]vals4 ,! cle> upp] portion is !n p\r$ (f1 & into ?is ! block ( tissue is dropp$1 & all[$ to rema9 until ?or\ghly p5etrat$4 ,p]haps ! be/ plan is to sub/itute ! c>m9e solution = ! #ej p] c5t4 alcohol1 & ?us to make ! /a9+ a /age 9 ! h>d5+ process4 ,f ! c>m9e solution ! tissue is transf]r$ to #gj p] c5t4 alcohol1 to ea* ounce ( :i* two drops ( hydro*loric acid h be5 add$1 & aft] rema9+ 9 x = a day 7) a piece ( ! usual size7 is plac$ 9 #gj p] c5t4 alcohol1 9 two successive quantities4 ,sections f ?is mat]ial n[ only require treatm5t ) ! c>bolic acid & turp5t9e above m5tion$ to be fit = m\nt+ & cov]+ 9 balsam4 ,we n[ proce$ to indicate h[ ! sections may be cut4 ,a mixture ( wax & almond oil1 9 proportions v>y+ ) ! heat ( ! wea!r1 usually ab\t equal ones1 is prep>$4 ,! piece ( tissue is fre$ f sup]flu\s _s by be+ plac$ on a bit ( blott+-pap] = a m9ute or two1 & is !n imm]s$ 9 a quantity ( ! wax-&-oil mixture conta9$ 9 a little box ( pap] or lead-foil4 ,! tissue is held on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 & lift$ up & d[n until x is coat$ ) ! mixture1 &1 be=e solidification ( ! mass sets 91 is l[]$ into ! box & left to cool4 ,! block n[ furni%es a h&le1 & ?is %\ld be wrapp$ r\nd ) pap]1 ! sections cut ) ! ke5e/ possible razor1 & z ?9 z possible1 & plac$ 9 _s z cut4 ,f ! _s1 :i* mu/ be ! /ronge/ obta9able1 !y are plac$ 9 ! cle>+ liquid1 c>bolic & turp5t9e1 & !n slid on to ! slide1 a drop ( balsam plac$ on ! section1 & ! cov] ov] all4 ,( late ye>s all sections ( ord9>y s(t tissues1 animal or vegetable1 h be5 cut by "o ( ! infiltration me?ods1 9 :i* ! int]/ices ( ! tissue are fill$ up by "s mat]ial :i* prev5ts ! relations ( ! cells f be+ alt]$ dur+ ! process ( cutt+4 ,to ent] fully into ?is matt] w\ld occupy too mu* space1 & w\ld s]ve no useful purpose1 = ! work] :o requires to make use ( su* means w f9d x indisp5sable to obta9 ,bolles ,lee's ,microtomi/'s ,vade ,mecum1 9 :i* ! :ole matt] is exhau/ively treat$4 ,! simple me?od above detail$ w answ] mo/ ord9>y purposes1 provid$ t a few precautions be att5d$ to4 ,! *ief are z foll[s4 ,! outside ( ! block ( tissue mu/ be suffici5tly dry = ! wax-&-oil to adh]e to x4 ,! razor mu/ be extremely %>p1 & mu/ be kept s by application to a ,turkey /one dur+ ! section-cutt+4 ,! blade mu/ be drawn across ! tissue f heel to po9t1 & kept wett$ ) _s ! :ole "t1 s z to prev5t any dragg+ ( ! section4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! section to ! slide mu/ be effect$ by means ( a section-lift]1 :i* may be made by beat+ out a piece ( /\t copp] wire to a ?9 flat blade2 or a small palette-knife1 or ,g]man-silv] lift]1 may be pur*as$ = a few p5ce4 ,! c>bolic turp5t9e is be/ us$ by plac+ a little 9 a wat*-glass1 & float+ ! sections on to x by lift+ !m s+ly ) ! lift]1 free+ !m f sup]flu\s _s by dra9+ on to blott+-pap]1 & all[+ !m to float on to ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! wat*-glass1 s t ! _s may evaporate f above1 & be replac$ by ! cle>+ ag5t f bel[ ,! balsam solution %\ld be ?91 & ! cov]-glass mu/ be all[$ to settle d[n into place )\t pressure4 ,! "q ( /a9+ sections is a v l>ge "o1 & is becom+ ( daily increas+ complexity4 ,we _c g into x "h1 fur!r ?an to say t mo/ sections cut f un/a9$ tissue w yield excell5t results if /a9$ fir/ ) ,delafield's logwood solution 7to be obta9$ at ,bak]'s7 to a v slight ext5t1 & !n ) a solution ( safran94 ,! sections %\ld be wa%$ ) tap-wat] aft] ! logwood /a91 & %\ld be ( a pale violet col\r4 ,if ov]-/a9$1 ! col\r may to a great ext5t be remov$ by wa%+ ) a v weak solution ( hydro*loric acid1 ab\t two drops ( acid to ea* ounce ( wat]1 & repeat$ wa%+ 9 tap-wat] to remove ! acid1 & re/ore ! violet4 ,! safran9 /a9 %\ld be weak1 & %\ld be all[$ to act = "s "t4 ,f ?is la/ ! sections are transf]r$ to /rong _s1 ! latt] be+ r5ew$ until ! sections cease to give up ! r$ dye2 & !y may !n be m\nt$ z describ$4 ,! results ) mo/ tissues are sup]b1 e detail ( ! /ructure be+ spl5didly br\ght out4 ,safran9 alone is also an admirable /a9 = _m purposes4 ,fur!r in=mation mu/ be s\ght 9 ! book already m5tion$4 ,let u1 9 clos+1 w>n ! beg9n] ( two ?+s :i* are ( g5]al application 9 practical microscopy4 ,! fir/ is1 n to be disc\rag$ by failures4 ,! manipulations are 9 _m cases v delicate1 & premiums mu/ be paid to exp]i5ce = insurance aga9/ failure 9 e "o ( ! processes4 ,! second is1 t ! mo/ scrupul\s cleanl9ess w h>dly suffice to prev5t contam9ation ( prep>ation by ! all-p]vasive du/ :i*1 invisible to ! eye1 assumes colossal proportions "u ! microscope1 & ! p>ticles ( :i* h an unpleasant habit ( collect+ on ! mo/ int]e/+ or mo/ beautiful portion ( ! prep>ation4 ,?is c only be gu>d$ aga9/ by c>eful filtration ( all fluids1 & con/ant wat*fulness4 ,a prep>ation prop]ly made is a ?+ ( beauty1 & a joy = ev]1--or if n = ev]1 at any rate = _m ye>s2 & "o su* w repay an inf9itude ( pa9s tak5 9 its production4 ,,index ,,page ,air-pump1 #agd ,alg1 #gh m>9e1 #ib ,anemones1 sea1 #aei ,ant5n1 #if ,ants1 #ig ,bacill>ia1 #hg ,balanc]s ( ,fly1 #aab ,b>k1 #fa ,blights1 #hi ,blood1 circulation (1 #abi corpuscles (1 #abh ,bone1 #abc ,brea?+-tubes1 #aji ,bull's-eye1 use (1 #cb ,cam]a lucida1 #be ,canada ,balsam1 #agj ,c>tilage1 #abd ,cells1 animal1 #abb circulation 91 #dj m\nt+ dry 91 #agc pigm5t1 #aba1 #afe spiral1 #df vegetable1 #cg ,c]amidia1 #ic ,*lorophyll1 #dj ,compressorium1 ,beck's1 #ah ,cond5s]1 bull's-eye1 #ai sub/age1 #ai ,conf]v1 #hd ,conjugation1 #hb1 #hd ,convex l5ses1 #g foci (1 #g1 #h image =m$ by1 #aj virtual image1 #aa ,corall9es1 #afd ,corrosive sublimate1 #agj ,cov]-glasses1 #ah ,desmids1 #ha ,diatoms1 #he prep>ation (1 #age ,dipp+-tubes1 #bb ,dissection1 #bj in/rum5ts1 #ba "u microscope1 #bd ,draw+1 #be squ>es1 #bf ,e*9od]ms1 #afb ,entomo/raca1 #aeb ,epid]mis1 animal1 #abb vegetable1 #fh ,extemporis$ app>atus1 #e ,fea!rs1 #aai ,fi%1 scales (1 #aah p>asites (1 #aec ,fixation ( cell-=ms1 #aga ,focus ( mirror1 #bi ,=am9if]a1 #aef ,=mal91 #afd ,frog-plate1 #abi ,gills ( mussel1 #abb ,gizz>d ( insects1 #aji ,glyc]9e-gelat9e1 #agb jelly1 #aga ,hairs1 animal1 #aaf vegetable1 #ec ,heads ( ,insects1 #ajd ,illum9ation1 correct1 #ca1 #cb d>k-field1 #cd = opaque objects1 #cc ,imb$d+1 #ahj by infiltration1 #ahb ,infusoria1 #ace ,injection1 #afd ,insects1 #ig m\nt+ (1 #agg ,jelly-fi%1 #aeh ,l>va ( ,*ironomus1 #aeb ,light1 arrangem5t (1 #bi ,live-box1 #ag ,logwood solution1 #ahc ,magnification1 to measure1 #bg ,m>e's tail1 #ia ,m>9e life1 #aee ,microscope1 ,bak]'s1 #ad 8portable01 #ae primitive1 #e simple1 #ab1 #ac ,mildew1 #hi ,mirror1 concave1 #bi ,mollusca1 #afa ,m\nt+1 #afh dry1 #agc =am9if]a1 #aeg ,mosses1 #if ,muscle1 #abg ,nails1 #abd ,ne$les1 #bb ,n]ve1 #abg ,net1 #acc ,nucleus1 #dj ,objectives1 #af ,objects1 draw+ (1 #bd photography (1 #cf ,oil-cells1 #eh1 #fa ,oscillatori1 #hd ,osmic acid1 #agj ,p>asites1 #aec ,petals1 #fi ,picric acid1 #agj ,pigm5t1 #aba ,pocket magnifi]s1 #ac ,pol>iscope1 #aff ,poll51 #ga ,polyzoa1 #adg ,pond-hunt+1 #acb ,pres]vatives1 #afi ,radiol>ia1 #aeg ,rotif]s1 #adg ,safran9 /a91 #ahc ,sap1 #abh ,sc5t-gl&s1 #eg ,sea-we$s1 #ib ,section-cutt+1 #agh ,se$s1 #ge ,sk91 #abj ,spiracles1 #ajb ,sponge1 fre%-wat]1 #ace spicules1 #aee ,sporangia1 #ib ,/age-=ceps1 #aaf ,/>*1 #fc m\nt+1 #agb ,/omata1 #di ,suck]s1 #ajh ,tee?1 #abe ,tr\ghs1 glass1 #ah ,wat]-be>s1 #aeb ,w+s1 #aaj ,wool1 #aaf ,worms1 fre%-wat]1 #ad m>9e1 #afj ,yea/1 #hi ,zoa1 #afa ,zoophytes1 #aeg ,zygnemace1 #he ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,morrison ,,& ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,,ed9burgh