,,the ,,chautauquan4          ,a        
,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to     
,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4
          ,,organ ,,of ,,the            
,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and           
,,scientific ,,circle4                  
,,vol4 ,,iv4      ,,april1 #ahhd4       
,no4 #g4          ,chautauqua ,literary 
and ,scientific ,circle4                
,president--,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1     
,ohio4    ,superintendent of            
,instruction--,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1   
,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4             
,counselors--,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1      
,d4,d42 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42  
,bishop ,h4  ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4
 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d4    ,office  
,secretary--,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1   
,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4    ,general        
,secretary--,albert ,m4 ,martin1        
,pittsburgh1 ,pa4          ,contents    
,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of    
contents of this periodical was created 
for the ,,html version to aid the       
reader4        ,,required ,,reading     

,readings from ,french ,history         
,,ix4--,louis ,,xvi4                    
#cgg          ,x4--,the ,great ,french  
,revolution 7#agib-agif7            #chj
          ,,xi4--,napoleon ,i4          
7#agif-ahad7                            
#cha      ,commercial ,law              
,,iii4--,agency                         
#chb      ,readings in ,art             
,i4--,italian ,painters and ,paintings  
#chd      ,sunday ,readings             
,april #f                               
#chh          ,april #ac                
#chi          ,april #bj                
#cij          ,april #bg                
#cia      ,selections from ,american    
,literature          ,thomas ,wentworth 
,higginson                              
#cib          ,henry ,james1 ,jr4       
#cic          ,william ,dean ,howells   
#cid          ,charles ,dudley ,warner  
#cid      ,united ,states ,history      
#cie      ,light at ,eventide           
#cig      ,the ,cooper ,institute       
#cih      ,green ,sun and ,strange      

,sunsets                                
#djj      ,anthony ,trollope's          
,autobiography                          
#djj      ,sabbath ,chimes              
#djb      ,eight ,centuries with ,walter
 ,scott                         #djc    
,geography of the ,heavens for ,april   
#dje      ,edgar ,allen ,poe            
#djg      ,british and ,american        
,english                                
#daj      ,still ,young                 
#dab      ,the ,gospels ,considered as a
 ,drama                         #dab    
,prohibition in ,maine                  
#dae      ,the ,industrial ,schools of  
,boston                          #dag   
,echoes from a ,chautauqua ,winter      
#dai      ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,work         
#dba      ,outline of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4   
,readings                           #dbb
      ,local ,circles                   
#dbb      ,questions and ,answers       
#dbe      ,chautauqua ,normal ,course   
#dbf      ,editor's ,outlook            
#dbh      ,editor's ,note-,book         

#dcj      ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on     
,required ,readings for ,april          
#dcb      ,notes on ,required ,readings 
in 8,the ,chautauquan0           #dcd   
,talk ,about ,books                     
#dcf          ,,required ,,reading      
,,for ,,the    ,chautauqua ,literary and
 ,scientific ,circle for #ahhc-d4       
,,april4          ,,readings ,,from     
,,french ,,history4    ,by ,,rev4 ,j4   
,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4                   
,,ix4--,,louis ,,xvi4    ,about twenty  
years of age1 amiable1 irresolute1 of   
simple tastes and  earnest piety1 ,louis
 ,,xvi4 succeeded to the throne at a    
time when these  qualities of gentleness
 could avail but little against the     
crowning evils  of the age1 and when the
 supreme genius and iron will of a      
,cromwell or a  ,napoleon could alone   
have averted the destruction by which   
the state was  menaced4 ,signs of       
dissolution and prophecies of woe were  
already abroad4  ,long wars and the     
lavish expenditure of the last century  

and a half1 had  reduced the finances of
 the kingdom to a deplorable condition4 
,the public  credit was at its lowest   
ebb4 ,the treasury presented a deficit  
of forty  millions4 ,the people1        
over-taxed1 restless1 half-savage1 and  
dangerously  intelligent1 abandoned     
agriculture and sought a precarious     
subsistence by  smuggling and           
spoliation4 ,a spirit of political and  
religious infidelity  pervaded the      
middle and lower classes4 ,the throne   
had too long been  degraded by excess1  
and tarnished by scandal1 to command the
 affection  of the multitude4 ,the      
nobles were scorned rather than         
reverenced1 and  not even the ancient   
stronghold of terror remained4 ,the     
clergy1 by their  cruelties1 their      
ignorance1 and their debaucheries had   
alienated the  great body of the people1
 and brought down upon themselves the   
satire  and indignation of the          
enlightened4 ,in ,voltaire1 ,rousseau1  
,montesquieu1  and ,d',alembert1 the new

 opinions had found their chief         
advocates and  leaders4 ,before their   
sweeping censures ,christianity1        
loyalty1 tradition  had trembled1 and   
sunk away4 ,they were speedily          
reinforced by all the  intelligence of  
the age4 ,a host of distinguished men   
hastened to their  support1 and the     
innovators carried all before           
them--leveling good as  well as evil1   
trampling upon much that was pure in    
their reckless hatred  of that which was
 foul1 and sapping the foundations of   
truth1 mercy  and chivalry1 while       
compassing the necessary destruction of 
falsehood1  despotism1 imposition and   
vice4    ,to the government of this     
crumbling edifice and this murmuring    
people  came ,louis1 with his good      
heart1 his boyish timidity1 and his     
woful  inexperience4 ,his queen1 ,marie 
,antoinette1 was a daughter of ,maria   
,theresa1 fair1 generous and impetuous4 
,surrounded by eager courtiers1 and     
saluted for the first time as king and  

queen1 they fell upon their knees1  and 
cried1 weeping1 8,oh ,god1 guide us6    
,protect us6 ,we are too young to       
reign60    ,the king's first act was to 
restablish the parliament1 and place the
  financial department in the hands of  
the impartial and provident ,turgot4    
,unfortunately for himself and the      
country1 ,louis suffered his mind to  be
 prejudiced against this able minister1 
and1 dismissing him in #aggf1  gave his 
office to ,m4 ,necker1 a less efficient 
but a less unpopular  politician4 ,a war
 with ,england was now proposed by the  
king's ambitious  statesmen1 who beheld 
at this juncture an opportunity of      
wresting from  their ancient rival a    
large proportion of her foreign         
commerce4 ,england  and her ,american   
colonies were at variance4 ,not much    
more than a year  had elapsed since the 
great battles of ,lexington and         
,bunker's ,hill1  and the ,american     
independence was but just declared4 ,it 
now became the  obvious policy of       

,france to foment this war1 to support  
the rebellious  colonists1 and to       
transfer to the navies of ,louis ,,xvi4 
that maritime  superiority which had so 
long been the bulwark of the ,english   
liberties4  ,the king1 from motives of  
forbearance1 was unwilling to commence  
this  war2 but1 being overruled by his  
ministry1 signed a treaty of alliance   
with the ,united ,states in the         
commencement of the year #aggh4 ,this   
treaty  was equivalent to a declaration 
of war1 and the first important action  
took place by sea off the isle of       
,ushant on the #bgth of ,july4 ,the     
fleets  numbered thirty sail each2 not a
 ship was captured or sunk on either    
side2 and the fortune of the day was    
indecisive4 ,in the following year1  an 
alliance with ,spain doubled the naval  
strength of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,the  ,french 
and ,spanish admirals united their      
fleets1 and hovered about  the coasts of
 ,england without making any descent2   
whilst the ,count  d',estaings1 with    

twelve ships of the line1 took the      
islands of ,granada  and ,st4 ,vincent1 
and made an unsuccessful attack upon    
,st4 ,lucia1 which  had been lately     
conquered by the ,english4 ,on the #afth
 of ,january1 #aghj1  ,admiral ,rodney1 
then on his way to the relief of        
,gibraltar1 encountered  and defeated a 
,spanish fleet commanded by ,don ,juan  
de ,langara4 ,he then  sailed on1       
unopposed1 to ,gibraltar1 and next      
proceeded to the ,west  ,indies4 ,while 
there he thrice engaged with the ,count 
de ,guichen1 who  had succeeded to the  
command of the ,french fleet4 ,none of  
these actions  were productive of       
important results4 ,the ,count de       
,guichen was replaced  in #agha by the  
,count de ,grasse1 a man of great skill 
and courage1 who  defeated the ,english 
admiral1 ,hood1 on the #bhth of ,april1 
and added  ,tobago to the conquests of  
,france4 ,in this year another enemy    
rose  against ,england4 ,the ,dutch     
declared war1 and ,george ,,iii4 was    

involved  at one time1 by sea and land1 
in four great contests1 namely1 with    
,france1 ,spain1 ,america and ,holland4 
,in the month of ,october1 however1  the
 surrender of ,yorktown by ,lord        
,cornwallis virtually ended the contest 
between ,england and the ,united        
,states2 and the four ,european powers  
alone carried on hostilities4 ,the month
 of ,april1 #aghb1 was signalized by  a 
hard-fought and sanguinary engagement   
between the ,count de ,grasse and       
,admiral ,rodney4 ,they met on the      
#abth1 off the island of ,dominique1    
with  nearly equal forces1 and the      
,french were disastrously defeated with 
a  loss of eight ships1 a terrible      
sacrifice of life1 and the captivity of 
the ,count de ,grasse4 ,england was not1
 however1 destined to profit much by    
the victory2 for1 as ,admiral ,rodney   
was sailing back with his well-won      
captures1 a fearful storm arose1 and    
most of the prizes were lost4 ,among    
these was the ,ville de ,paris1 a fine  

ship of #aaj guns1 lately presented  to 
the king by the citizens of ,paris4 ,on 
the #acth of ,october1 in the  same     
year1 the fortress of ,gibraltar was    
made the scene of a formidable  assault1
 which failed utterly4 ,the besiegers   
were commanded by the ,duke  de         
,crillon1 an officer in the ,spanish    
service2 the ,count d',artois1  brother 
to ,louis2 and the ,duke de ,bourbon4   
,negotiations for peace were  now       
commenced1 and her late successes by sea
 enabled ,england to treat  at a less   
disadvantage than might have been       
expected1 considering the  circumstances
 of the war4 ,the preliminaries were    
signed at ,versailles on  the #bjth of  
,january1 #aghc4 ,france restored to    
,england all her conquests1  with the   
exception of ,st4 ,lucia1 ,tobago1 the  
establishments on the river  ,senegal1  
and some trifling possessions in ,africa
 and the ,east ,indies4  ,england       
relinquished all that she had captured4 
,spain acquired the island  of ,minorca4

    ,more embarrassed than ever by the  
cost of the late war1 the finances of   
,france had now fallen into a worse     
state than before4 ,the public debt  was
 increased4 ,the people exasperated by a
 system of taxation which  spared the   
wealthy and oppressed the poor1 and     
imbued1 moreover1 with  those democratic
 principles which had found their way   
from ,america to  ,france1 became still 
louder in the expression of their       
discontent4 ,m4 ,de  ,calonne had by    
this time succeeded ,m4 ,necker4 ,he was
 brilliant1 fluent1  ready with         
expedients4 ,dreading the recriminations
 and plain-speaking  that must have     
attended a meeting of the               
,states-general1 this minister  proposed
 to convene the ,notables--that is to   
say1 an assemblage of  persons gathered 
from all parts of the kingdom1 and      
chiefly from the  higher ranks of       
society4 ,this measure had been taken by
 ,henry ,,iv4 and  by ,louis ,,xiii42 it
 was not1 therefore1 without precedent1 

and much was  hoped by the nation4 ,they
 met1 to the number of #acg1 in         
,february1 #aghg4  ,m4 ,de ,calonne laid
 before them the condition of the       
exchequer1 and  proposed to submit to   
taxation all the landed property of the 
kingdom1  including that of the         
privileged classes4 ,but he addressed an
 assembly  composed almost exclusively  
of the privileged classes1 and they     
would  not hear his arguments4 ,on the  
#ith of ,april1 finding his position    
untenable1 he resigned his office1 and  
was succeeded by ,m4 ,de ,brienne4      
,still the notables refused to abate    
their ancient immunities1 and were  in  
consequence dissolved on the #beth of   
,may4 ,the absolute necessity  of       
procuring money now compelled the king  
arbitrarily to register a  royal edict1 
which met with strong opposition from   
the parliament4 ,this  body was then    
banished to ,troyes1 but again recalled 
in the month of  ,september4 ,in #aghh1 
,m4 de ,brienne1 weary of combating the 

difficulties  of his office1 resigned in
 favor of ,m4 ,necker4 ,this gentleman1 
as the  first act of his second         
ministry1 proposed to convoke the       
states-general1  and on the #eth of     
,may1 #aghi1 that august assembly filled
 the ,hall de  ,menus in the ,palace of 
,versailles4 ,the king1 in a brief      
speech1 spoke  hopefully of the present 
and the future1 trusted that his reign  
might be  commemorated henceforth by the
 happiness and prosperity of his people1
  and welcomed the states-general to his
 palace4 ,unforeseeing and placid1  he  
beheld in this meeting nothing but the  
promise of amelioration1  nor guessed   
how little prepared for usefulness or   
decision were its  twelve hundred4 ,it  
soon became evident that the real       
strength of the  states-general lay in  
the commons4 ,they formed the third     
estate1 and  numbered as many members as
 the clergy and noblesse together4 ,they
 took  upon themselves to decide whether
 the deliberations of the ,assembly     

should be carried on in three chambers  
or one--they covered their heads in     
presence of the king--they constituted  
themselves the 8,national ,assembly10   
and invited the clergy and aristocracy  
to join them4 ,the timid sovereign      
sanctioned these innovations1 and the   
,assembly proceeded to exercise its     
self-conferred functions4 ,supplies were
 voted for the army2 the public  debt   
was consolidated2 a provisional         
collection of taxes was decreed2 and    
the inviolability of the members        
proclaimed4 ,in the meantime the nobles1
  headed by the king's second brother1  
the ,count d',artois1 were collecting   
in the neighborhood of the court and    
capital such troops as they could       
muster from every quarter of the        
kingdom4 ,necker was exiled1 and it     
became evident that the king's imprudent
 advisers had counselled him to  have   
recourse to violence4 ,paris1 long      
prepared for insurrection1 rose  en     
masse4 ,necker alone had possessed the  

confidence of the citizens1  and his    
dismissal gave the signal for arms4     
,camille ,desmoulins1 a young  and      
enthusiastic patriot1 harangued the     
populace at the ,palais ,royal4    ,the 
guards1 when called out to disperse the 
mobs1 refused to fire4 ,the  citizens   
formed themselves into a national guard4
 ,the foodless multitude  attacked and  
pillaged in various quarters4 ,the      
barriers were fired2 and  on the #adth  
of ,july1 this wild army appeared before
 the walls of the  ,bastile4 ,stanch in 
his principles of military honor1 the   
aged ,marquis  de ,launay1 then governor
 of the prison1 refused to surrender1   
raised  the drawbridge1 and fired upon  
the multitude4 ,his feeble garrison1    
consisting of eighty-two invalids and   
thirty-two ,swiss1 was menaced by       
thousands4 ,the siege lasted four hours4
 ,the besiegers were joined by the      
,french guards--cannon were brought--,de
 ,launay capitulated--the drawbridge    
was lowered1 and the ,bastile taken4    

,taken by a lawless sea of raging       
rebels1 who forthwith massacred the     
governor1 his lieutenant1 and some  of  
the aged invalids--set fire to the      
building1 and razed it to the           
ground--freed the few prisoners found in
 the cells--garnished their pikes  with 
the evidences of murder1 and so paraded 
,paris4 ,from this moment the  people   
were supreme4 ,the troops were dismissed
 from ,versailles--,necker was          
recalled--the king visited ,paris1 and  
was invested at the ,hotel de ,ville    
with the tri-colored emblem of          
democracy4    ,then began the first     
emigration4 ,the ,count d',artois1 the  
,prince of ,cond1  the ,polignacs1 and  
other noble and royal families1 deserted
 in the  moment of peril1 and from      
beyond the frontiers witnessed the      
revolution  in ignoble safety4 ,the king
 and his family remained at ,versailles1
 sad  at heart amid their               
presence-chambers and garden-groves1    
just four  leagues from volcanic ,paris4

 ,hither1 from time to time1 during the 
few  days that intervened between the   
#adth of ,july and the #dth of ,august1 
came strange tidings of a revolution    
which was no longer ,parisian1 but      
national--tidings of provincial         
gatherings--of burning chateaux--of     
sudden  vengeances done upon unpopular  
officials1 intendants1 tax-gatherers1   
and  the like4 ,it was plain that the   
,first ,estate must bow its proud head  
before the five-and-twenty savage       
millions1 make restitution1 speak well1 
smile fairly--or die4 ,the memorable    
#dth of ,august came1 when the nobles   
did this1 making an ample confession of 
their weakness4 ,the ,viscount de       
,noailles proposed to reform the        
taxation by subjecting to it every order
  and rank2 by regulating it according  
to the fortune of the individual2  and  
by abolishing personal servitude1 and   
every remaining vestige of  the feudal  
system4 ,an enthusiasm1 which was half  
fear and half reckless  excitement1     

spread throughout the ,assembly4 ,the   
aristocrats rose in their  places and   
publicly renounced their seignorial     
dues1 privileges1 and  immunities4 ,the 
clergy abolished tithes and tributes4   
,the representative  bodies resigned    
their municipal rights4 ,all this       
availed but little2  and should have    
been done many months before to have    
weighed with the  impatient commons4    
,the people scorned a generosity which  
relinquished  only that which was       
untenable1 and cared little for the     
recognition  of a political equality    
that had already been established with  
the  pike4 ,the ,assembly was at this   
time divided into three parties--that   
of the aristocracy1 composed of the     
greater part of the noblesse and        
clergy2 that of the moderate party1     
headed by ,m4 ,necker2 and that of the  
republicans1 among whom the most        
conspicuous were ,lafayette1 ,siyes1    
,robespierre1 and the great1 the        
impetuous1 the profligate ,mirabeau4    

,but  theirs was not the only           
deliberative body4 ,a minor assembly1   
consisting  of one hundred and eighty   
electors2 a mass of special assemblies  
of  mechanics1 tradesmen1 servants1 and 
others2 and a huge incongruous mob  at  
the ,palais ,royal1 met daily and       
nightly for purposes of discussion4     
,these demonstrations1 and the extreme  
opinions to which they hourly  gave     
rise1 alarmed the little court yet      
lingering around the king4 ,they        
persuaded him that he must have military
 assistance1 and the troops were1       
unhappily1 recalled to ,versailles4     
,the regiment of ,flanders and a body of
 dragoons came1 and on the #ast of      
,october the newly-arrived officers were
 invited to a grand banquet by  their   
comrades of the royal body-guard4 ,after
 the dinner was removed  and the wine   
had begun to circulate1 the queen       
presented herself  with the ,dauphin in 
her arms1 and her husband at her side4  
,cries of  loyalty and enthusiasm burst 

forth--their healths were drunk with    
drawn  swords--the tri-colored cockades 
were trampled under foot1 and white     
ones1  emblematic of ,bourbon1 were     
distributed by the maids of honor4 ,the 
news  of this fatal evening flew to     
,paris4 ,exasperated by the arrival of  
the  soldiery--by the insult offered to 
the tri-color--by the fear of famine    
and civil war--the mob rose in fury1 and
 with cries of 8,bread6 bread60  poured 
out of ,paris and took the road to      
,versailles4 ,here1 sending  messages1  
threats1 and deputations to the king and
 to the ,assembly1 the  angry thousands 
encamped for the night1 in inclement    
weather1 round  about the palace4       
,toward morning a grate leading into the
 grand court  was found to be           
unfastened1 and the mob rushed in4 ,on  
they went1 across  the marble court and 
up the grand staircase4 ,the body-guards
 defended  themselves valiantly and     
raised the alarm--the queen fled1       
half-dressed1  to the king's            

chamber--the 8living deluge0 poured     
through galleries and  reception-rooms1 
making straight for the queen's         
apartments4 ,on this  terrible day1     
,marie ,antoinette was1 above all1 the  
object of popular  hatred4 ,separated   
now from the revolutionists by the hall 
of the  il-de-,buf1 where the faithful  
remnant of body-guards had assembled  to
 defend them to the last1 the royal     
family listened tremblingly to  the     
battering of the axes on the yet        
unbroken doors4 ,at this moment of      
peril came ,lafayette1 with the national
 guard of ,paris1 and succeeded  in     
clearing the palace1 in pacifying the   
multitude1 and in rescuing1  for the    
time1 the hapless group in the king's   
apartments4 ,the mob1 now  driven       
outside1 demanded that ,louis should    
show himself1 and go to ,paris  with his
 family4 ,refusal and remonstrance were 
alike useless4 ,the royal  carriage was 
brought out1 the king and his family    
took their places1 the  mob thronged    

round1 and so1 with the defeated        
body-guards in the midst1  and some     
bloody trophies of the struggle carried 
forward upon pikes1 the  mournful       
procession went from ,versailles to     
,paris4 ,lodged thenceforth in  the     
,tuileries1 treated with personal       
disrespect1 and subjected to all the    
restrictions of imprisonment1 ,louis and
 his queen supported indignities  with  
dignity1 and insult with resignation4   
,on the #dth of ,september1 ,m4 ,necker 
relinquished his office4 ,he had been   
so courageous as to oppose the decree of
 the #afth of ,june1 by which all       
distinctions of titles1 armorial        
bearings1 and other hereditary honors   
were abolished4 ,from having been the   
idol of the republicans he now  found   
himself dangerously unpopular1 and so   
retired in safety to ,geneva4  ,during  
all this time the emigration of the     
noblesse went on4 ,assembling  upon the 
,german frontier toward the spring-time 
of the year #agia1 they  formed         

themselves into an army under the       
command of the ,prince of  ,cond1 and   
adopted for their motto1 8,conquer or   
die40 ,fearful1 however1  of endangering
 the king's personal safety1 they took  
no measures to  stay the tide of        
rebellion1 but hovered by the ,rhine1   
watchful and  threatening4 ,soon the    
king and queen1 their two children1 and 
the  ,princess ,elizabeth1 sister to the
 king1 were the only members of the     
royal family left in ,paris4 ,flight had
 long been talked of and frequently     
delayed2 but at last everything was     
arranged1 and ,monday night1 ,june #bj1 
#agia1 was fixed for the attempt4       
,eluding the vigilance of the guards1   
they stole out of the palace in         
disguise1 and after numerous delays and 
misapprehensions1 during which the queen
 lost her way in the ,rue de ,bac1  they
 entered a hackney-coach driven by the  
,count de ,fersen1 and exchanged  it1 at
 the gate ,st4 ,martin1 for a carriage  
and four4 ,thus1 never pausing1  they   

passed ,chalons1 and arrived at ,st4    
,menehould4 ,here they were to  have    
been met by some cavalry1 commanded by  
the ,marquis de ,bouill2 but  the time  
fixed for their arrival was so long gone
 by that the escort1  weary of waiting1 
had given them up1 and gone on to       
,varennes4 ,stopping to  change horses  
at ,st4 ,menehould1 the king was        
recognized2 and at ,varennes1  within   
reach of ,bouill's soldiers1 he was     
stopped and questioned4 ,the  national  
guard flew to arms--an aid-de-camp came 
up in breathless haste1  seeking the    
fugitives and bearing the decree of     
arrest--the horses' heads  were turned  
toward ,paris1 and the last chance for  
life and liberty was  past6 ,after a    
return-journey of eight days1 the king  
and his family  rentered the capital1   
and were received in profound silence by
 an  immense concourse4 ,more closely   
guarded1 more mistrusted than ever1 he  
was now suspended by the ,national      
,assembly from those sovereign functions

  which he had so long ceased to        
exercise or possess4 ,in the meantime   
the  articles of a new ,constitution had
 been drawn up1 and were publicly       
ratified by the royal oath and signature
 on the #adth of ,september4 ,the       
,national ,assembly1 having completed   
this work1 dissolved itself on the      
#cjth1 and the members of the new1 or   
legislative assembly1 took their  seats 
on the #ast of ,october1 #agia4    ,and 
now the violences of late committed1 and
 the anarchy existing not  only in      
,paris1 but in all districts of ,france1
 had roused the indignation  of ,europe4
 ,francis ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,austria1  
entered into an alliance  with the king 
of ,prussia1 hostilities were           
threatened1 and the ,assembly  declared 
for war1 on the #bjth of ,april1 #agib4 
,an invasion of the ,austrian           
,netherlands was attempted2 but the     
,french soldiers fled upon the first    
sight of the ,prussian columns1 and     
,general ,rochambeau laid down his      

command4 ,on the #beth of ,july1 the    
,duke of ,brunswick1 who commanded the  
allies1 issued a violent and imprudent  
manifesto1 declaring himself  authorized
 to support the royal authority in      
,france2 to destroy the city  of ,paris2
 and to pursue with the extremity of    
military law all those who  were        
disposed to resist the policy of        
,europe4 ,he at the same time put  his  
immense army in motion1 and advanced    
over the frontier with #gj1jjj          
,prussians and #fh1jjj ,austrians and   
emigrant ,french4 ,perhaps no effort  on
 the part of his most eager enemy could 
have so injured the cause and  periled  
the safety of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,the        
,assembly replied by fitting out an     
army of #bj1jjj national volunteers1 and
 giving the command to ,general         
,dumouriez4 ,brunswick took ,verdun and 
,longwy1 and advanced toward the        
capital1 confident of victory2 but1     
being met by the active and sagacious   
,dumouriez1 was forced to retreat4      

,verdun was won back again on the #abth1
  and ,longwy on the #ahth of ,october4 
,an ,austrian army1 engaged in the siege
  of ,lille1 was compelled to abandon   
the attempt2 and ,custine on the ,rhine 
took possession of ,trves ,spires1 and  
,mayence4 ,war having also been         
declared against the ,king of ,sardinia1
 ,savoy was taken2 and the great        
victory of ,jemappes1 won by ,general   
,dumouriez1 on the #fth of ,november1   
subjected the whole of the ,austrian    
,netherlands1 with the exception  of    
,luxembourg1 to the power of ,france4   
,on all sides the national  troops      
repelled the invaders1 resumed the      
offensive1 and asserted the             
independence of a victorious revolution4
    ,in the meantime1 enraged at this   
interference of the foreign powers1  and
 fluctuating 7according to the reports  
from the scene of war7 between          
apprehension and exultation1 the        
,parisian mob and the extreme republican
  party came to regard the king with    

increased enmity4 ,he was named in the  
,assembly with violent opprobrium2 the  
mob1 incited to fury by ,robespierre    
and his associates1 demanded the        
abolition of the royal authority2 and on
  the #ajth of ,august the palace of the
 ,tuileries was attacked4 ,the national 
guards1 who had been appointed to the   
defence of the courtyards1 went  over to
 the insurgents1 and pointed their      
cannon against the chateau4  ,only the  
gallant ,swiss were left1 and they1     
overpowered by numbers and  fighting    
gallantly to the last1 were literally   
cut to pieces4 ,the king  and his family
 escaped to the ,national ,assembly1 and
 on the #adth were  removed to the old  
,temple prison4 ,from this time the     
reign of terror may  properly be said to
 have begun4 ,the chronicles of         
,september are written  in blood4       
,supreme in power as in crime1 the party
 of the ,fdrs1 or ,red  ,republicans1   
secured the barriers1 sounded the       
tocsin1 and proceeded to  clear the     

prisons by an indiscriminate massacre4  
,nobles and priests1 aged  men and      
delicate women1 all who were guilty of  
good birth1 loyalty1 or  religion1 were 
slain without distinction4 ,the inmates 
of the ,abbaye1 the  ,conciergerie1 the 
,carmes1 ,la ,force1 and the ,bictre    
were all murdered1  after a hideous     
mockery of trial1 at which neither      
innocence nor evidence  availed4 ,the   
head of the beautiful and hapless       
,princess de ,lamballe was  paraded     
about ,paris on a pike1 and displayed   
before the eyes of the  wretched        
prisoners in the ,temple1 whose         
confidential friend and companion  she  
had been4 ,mademoiselle de ,sombreuil   
only saved her father's life by         
drinking a goblet of blood4             
,mademoiselle ,cazotte flung herself    
between  her father and the murderers4  
,instances of the sublimest resignation1
 of  the loftiest courage1 are abundant 
amid the records of this appalling      
period4 ,thirteen thousand souls are    

said to have been sacrificed in ,paris  
alone1 and similar massacres were       
perpetrated at ,orleans1 at ,rheims1 at 
,lyons1 and at ,meaux4 ,on the #bast of 
,september1 the legislative assembly1   
having presided for the allotted space  
of one year1 was succeeded by a  new    
body of representatives1 chiefly        
consisting of the extreme republican    
party1 and known by the name of the     
,national ,convention4 ,to abolish the  
statutes of the kings1 to leave the     
offices of government open to men of    
every condition1 to persecute the       
members of the more moderate faction1   
and to impeach the king before the bar  
of the convention1 were among the  first
 acts of the new government4    ,on the 
#aath of ,december1 #agib1 ,louis1 still
 placid and dignified1  appeared before 
the tribunal of his enemies4 ,he was    
accused of plots  against the           
sovereignty of the people--of intrigues 
with the ,european  powers--of tampering
 with ,mirabeau1 since dead--in short1  

of everything  that might be construed  
into an effort for life1 liberty1 or    
prerogative4  ,his trial lasted for more
 than a month1 and during that time he  
was  separated from his family4         
,hitherto ,louis and his wife had at    
least  shared their sorrows1 and1 by    
employing themselves in the education   
of the ,dauphin1 had beguiled somewhat  
of the tedious melancholy of  prison    
life4 ,now it was over1 and they were to
 meet but once again--to  bid farewell4 
,on ,christmas day the king drew up his 
will1 and on the  following morning was 
summoned to the ,convention for the     
purpose of  making his defense4 ,this   
paper was read by his counsel1 and1 at  
its  conclusion1 ,louis spoke a few     
simple words relative to his own        
innocence  and the affection which he   
had always felt toward his people4 ,he  
was  then conducted back to the ,temple1
 and the discussions went on till the   
#aeth of ,january1 #agic1 when it was   
resolved to put to the vote the three   

great questions of culpability1 of the  
expediency of an appeal to the  people1 
and of the nature of the punishment to  
be inflicted4 ,on ,tuesday1  the #aeth1 
the first two questions were put1 and   
the replies recorded4  ,by all the king 
was voted guilty1 and by a majority of  
two to one the  appeal to the people was
 negatived4 ,on ,wednesday1 the #afth1  
the question  of punishment was in like 
manner propounded4 ,the agitation of    
,paris was  something terrible to       
witness4 ,a savage mob gathered about   
the doors  of the ,assembly1 heaping    
threats upon all who dared to be        
merciful4  ,even those who most desired 
to save the king became intimidated1 and
  some who had spoken bravely in his    
favor the day before now decreed his    
death4 ,from ,wednesday to ,sunday      
morning this strange scene lasted4      
,seven  hundred and twenty-one members1 
in slow succession1 with trembling1 with
  confidence1 with apologetic speech1 or
 fierce enforcement1 mounted the        

tribune one by one1 gave in their       
8,fate-word10 and went down to hear the 
judgment of their successors4 ,paine1   
the ,english democrat1 entered his  name
 on the side of mercy4 ,louis galit1    
,duke of ,orleans1 and father  to the   
late ,louis ,philippe1 had the          
unparalleled infamy to vote for  death4 
,even the brave ,president ,vergniaud1  
who had pleaded for ,louis  with        
passionate earnestness only a day or two
 before1 wavered in his  allegiance at  
the last1 and spoke the fatal word4 ,at 
length1 when all  had voted1 death was  
found to be decreed by a majority of    
twenty-six  voices4 ,the king's counsel 
appealed against the sentence2 but the  
appeal  was rejected1 and the ,assembly 
recommenced voting1 to fix the time of  
execution4 ,death without delay--death  
within four-and-twenty hours1 was  the  
result4 ,on ,sunday morning1 ,january   
the #bjth1 the messengers of the        
,convention told ,louis he must die4 ,a 
priest1 a delay of three days1 and  an  

interview with his family1 was all that 
he asked4 ,they granted him  the first  
and last request2 but the delay was     
refused4 ,in the evening  he was        
permitted to see his wife1 sister and   
children4 ,they met in a  chamber with  
glass doors1 through which the municipal
 guards watched  all the cruel scene4   
,falling into each other's arms1 they   
were for  some time speechless with     
sorrow1 and the conversation that ensued
 was  interrupted by cries and sobs4    
,then the king rose1 promising to see   
them again on the morrow1 and so ended  
this agony of two hours4 ,about         
midnight1 having recovered his serenity1
 and prayed with his confessor1  the    
,abb ,edgeworth1 he went to bed and     
slept soundly4 ,waking at five1 he      
heard mass and received the sacrament4  
,at eight the municipals summoned  him  
to execution1 and1 willing to spare the 
feelings of those whom he  loved1 he    
left without a second farewell4 ,there  
was a silence of death  upon all the    

city4 ,silent were the lines of         
soldiers--silent the gazing             
multitudes--silent the eighty thousand  
armed men who guarded with cannon  the  
space around the scaffold4 ,through all 
these rolled the solitary  carriage1 and
 to these the king1 advancing suddenly  
as the last moment  came1 said in an    
agitated voice1 8,frenchmen1 ,i die     
innocent4 ,i pardon  my enemies1 and ,i 
hope that ,france4'''0 ,at this moment  
he was seized by  the executioners1 the 
drums beat and drowned his voice1 and in
 a few  seconds he was no more4 ,all at 
once the strange silence was broken--the
  executioner upheld the severed        
head--the shouts of the wild populace   
filled the air--and then they gradually 
cleared off1 and the business of  the   
day went on in ,paris as if no unusual  
thing had been done4 ,such was  the end 
of ,louis ,,xvi41 a virtuous and        
well-intentioned sovereign1 on the      
#bast of ,january1 #agic4--;,edwards4   
,x4--,,the ,,great ,,french ,,revolution

 7#agib-agif74    ,the government1 after
 the king 7,louis ,,xvi47 was deposed1  
was placed  in the hands of the         
,national ,assembly--or ,convention1 as 
it now called  itself--of deputies      
chosen by the people4    ,there is      
nothing but what is sad and terrible to 
be told of ,france for  the next four or
 five years1 and the whole account of   
what happened would  be too hard for you
 to understand1 and some part is too    
dreadful to dwell  upon4    ,the short  
account of it is that1 for years and    
years before1 the kings1  the nobles1   
and some of the clergy too1 had cared   
for little but  their own pride and     
pleasure1 and had done nothing to help  
on their  people--teach1 train1 or lead 
them4 ,so now these people were wild    
with  despair1 and when the hold on them
 was a little loosened1 they threw it   
off1 and turned in furious rage upon    
their masters4 ,hatred grew1 and all    
those who had once been respected were  
looked on as a brood of wolves1  who    

must be done away with1 even the young  
and innocent4 ,the king1 queen1  his    
children1 and sister 7,madame           
,elizabeth71 were shut up in a castle   
called the ,temple1 because it had once 
belonged to the ,knights ,templar1  and 
there they were very roughly and        
unkindly treated4 ,a national guard     
continually watched them1 and these men 
were often shockingly rude and          
insulting to them1 though they were as  
patient as possible4 ,great numbers  of 
the nobles and clergy were shut up in   
the other prisons2 and when news  came  
that an army of ,germans and emigrant   
nobles was marching to rescue  the king1
 a set of ruffians was sent to murder   
them all1 cutting them  down like sheep 
for the slaughter1 men and women all    
alike4 ,the family in  the ,temple were 
spared for the time1 but the emigrant   
army was beaten at  ,jemappes2 and the  
brave nobles and peasants who had risen 
in the district  of ,la ,vende1 in hopes
 of saving them1 could not make head    

against the  regular ,french army1 all  
of which had joined in the ,revolution1 
being  angered because no one not of    
noble birth could be an officer4 ,all   
his  friends did for the king only      
served to make his enemies hate him     
trebly2  and three men had obtained the 
leadership who seemed to have had a     
regular thirst for blood1 and to have   
thought that the only way to make  a    
fresh beginning was to kill every one   
who had inherited any of the  rights    
that had been so oppressive4 ,their     
names were ,marat1 ,danton1 and         
,robespierre2 and they had a power over 
the minds of the ,convention and  the   
mob which no one dared resist1 so that  
this time was called the ,reign  of     
,terror4 ,a doctor named ,guillotin had 
invented a machine for cutting  off     
heads quickly and painlessly1 which was 
called by his name2 and this  horrible  
instrument was set up in ,paris to do   
this work of cutting off  the old race4 
,the king--whom they called ,louis      

,capet1 after ,hugh1 the  first king of 
his line--was tried before the          
,assembly1 and sentenced to  die4 ,he   
forgave his murderers1 and charged the  
,irish clergyman1 named  ,edgeworth1 who
 was allowed to attend him in his last  
moments1 to take  care that1 if his     
family were ever restored1 there should 
be no attempt  to avenge his death4 ,the
 last words of the priest to him were3  
8,son of  ,st4 ,louis1 ascend to the    
skies40    ,the queen and her children  
remained in the ,temple1 cheered by the 
piety  and kindness of ,madame          
,elizabeth until the poor little        
prince--a gentle1  but spirited boy of  
eight--was taken from them1 and shut up 
in the lower  rooms1 under the charge of
 a brutal wretch 7a shoemaker7 named    
,simon1 who  was told that the boy was  
not to be killed or guillotined1 but to 
be 8got  rid of0--namely1 tormented to  
death by bad air1 bad living1 blows and 
rude  usage4 ,not long after1 ,marie    
,antoinette was taken to a dismal       

chamber  in the ,conciergerie prison1   
and there watched day and night by      
national  guards1 until she too was     
brought to trial1 and sentenced to die1 
eight  months after her husband4 ,gentle
 ,madame ,elizabeth was likewise put to 
death1 and only the two children        
remained1 shut up in separate rooms2 but
  the girl was better off than her      
brother1 in that she was alone1 with her
  little dog1 and had no one who made a 
point of torturing her4    ,meanwhile   
the guillotine was every day in use4    
,cart-loads were carried  from the      
prisons--nobles1 priests1 ladies1 young 
girls1 lawyers1 servants1               
shopkeepers--everybody whom the savage  
men who were called the ,committee  of  
,public ,safety chose to condemn4 ,there
 were guillotines in almost every  town2
 but at ,nantes the victims were        
drowned1 and at ,lyons they were  placed
 in a square and shot down with grape   
shot4    ,moreover1 all churches were   
taken from the faithful4 ,a wicked woman

 was  called the ,goddess of ,reason1   
and carried in a car to the great       
cathedral  of ,notre ,dame1 where she   
was enthroned4 ,sundays were abolished1 
and  every tenth day was kept instead1  
and ,christianity was called folly  and 
superstition2 in short1 the whole nation
 was given up to the most  horrible     
frenzy against ,god and man4    ,in the 
midst1 ,marat was stabbed to the heart  
by a girl named ,charlotte  ,corday1 who
 hoped thus to end these horrors2 but   
the other two continued  their work of  
blood1 till ,robespierre grew jealous of
 ,danton1 and had  him guillotined2 but 
at last the more humane of the ,national
 ,convention  plucked up courage to rise
 against him1 and he and his inferior   
associates were carried to prison4 ,he  
tried to commit suicide with  a pistol1 
but only shattered his jaw1 and in this 
condition he was  guillotined1 when the 
,reign of ,terror had lasted about two  
years4    ,there was much rejoicing at  
his fall2 prisons were opened1 and      

people  began to breathe freely once    
more4 ,the ,national ,convention        
governed more  mildly and reasonably2   
but they had a great deal on their      
hands1 for  ,france had gone to war with
 all the countries round2 and the       
soldiers  were so delighted at the      
freedom they had obtained1 that it      
seemed as  if no one could beat them1 so
 that the invaders were everywhere      
driven  back4 ,and thus was brought to  
light the wonderful powers of a young   
,corsican officer1 ,napoleon ,bonaparte1
 who had been educated1 at a  military  
school in ,france1 as an engineer4 ,when
 there was an attempt of  the mob to    
rise and bring back the horrible days of
 the ,reign of ,terror1  ,colonel       
,bonaparte came with his grape shot1 and
 showed that there was a  government    
again that must be obeyed1 so that some 
quiet and good order  was restored4     
,some pity had at last been felt for the
 poor children in the ,temple4  ,it came
 too late to save the life of the boy1  

,louis ,,xvii41 as he is  reckoned1 who 
had for the whole ninth year of his life
 lain alone in  a filthy room1 afraid to
 call any one lest he should be         
ill-used1 and  without spirit enough to 
wash himself1 so that he was one mass of
 sores  and dirt2 and he only lingered  
till the #hth of ,june1 #agie1 when he  
died1  thinking he heard lovely music1  
with his mother's voice among the rest4 
,in the end of the same year his sister 
was released1 and went to ,russia  to   
join her uncle1 who had fled at the     
beginning of the ,revolution1 and  was  
now owned by the loyal among the ,french
 as ,louis ,,xviii4    ,in the meantime 
the ,french army had beaten the ,germans
 on the frontier1  and had decided on   
attacking their power in the north of   
,italy4 ,bonaparte  made a most         
wonderful passage of the ,alps1 where   
there were scarcely any  roads but      
bridle-paths1 and he gained amazing     
victories4 ,his plan was to  get all the
 strength of his army up into one point1

 as it were1 and with  that to fall upon
 the center of the enemy2 and as the old
 ,german generals  did not understand   
this way of fighting1 and were not      
ready1 he beat them  everywhere1 and won
 all ,lombardy1 which he persuaded to   
set up for a  republic1 under the       
protection of the ,french4    ,all this 
time1 the ,french were under so many    
different varieties of  government1 that
 you would not understand them at all2  
but that which  lasted longest was      
called the ,directory4 ,people were     
beginning to feel  safe at last2 the    
emigrants were coming home again1 and   
matters were  settling down a little    
more4--,yonge4      ,,xi4--,,napoleon   
,i4 7#agif-ahad47    ,when ,bonaparte   
had come back from ,italy1 he persuaded 
the ,directory to  send him with an army
 to ,egypt to try to gain the ,east1 and
 drive the  ,english out of ,india4 ,he 
landed in ,egypt1 and near ,grand ,cairo
 gained  the battle of the ,pyramids1   
and tried to recommend himself to the   

people  of ,egypt by showing great      
admiration for ,mahomet and the ,koran4 
,but his  ships1 which he had left on   
the coast1 were attacked by the ,english
  fleet1 under ,sir ,horatio ,nelson1   
and every one of them taken or sunk     
except two1 which carried the tidings   
home4 ,this was the battle of the       
,nile4    ,the ,sultan of ,turkey1 to   
whom ,egypt belonged1 fitted out an army
 against  the ,french1 and ,bonaparte   
marched to meet it half way in the ,holy
 ,land4  ,there he took ,jaffa1 cruelly 
massacred the ,turkish garrison1 and    
beat  the ,sultan's army at ,tabor3 but 
,acre was so bravely and well defended1 
under the management of a brave ,english
 sailor1 ,sir ,sidney ,smith1 that  he  
was obliged to turn back without taking 
it4 ,he led his troops back1  suffering 
sadly from hunger and sickness1 to      
,egypt1 and there defeated  another     
,turkish army in the battle of ,aboukir4
 ,however1 he there heard  news from    
home which showed him that he was       

needed4 ,the ,french had1  indeed1 gone 
on to stir up a revolution both in ,rome
 and ,naples4 ,the pope  was a prisoner 
in ,france1 and the king of ,naples had 
fled to ,sicily2 but  the ,russians had 
come to the help of the other nations1  
and the ,french  had nearly been driven 
out of ,lombardy4 ,beside1 the          
,directory was not  able to keep the    
unruly people in order2 and ,napoleon   
felt himself so  much wanted1 that1     
finding there were two ships in the     
port1 he embarked  in one of them and   
came home1 leaving his ,egyptian army to
 shift for  themselves4    ,however1 he 
was received at home like a conqueror2  
and the people of  ,france were so proud
 of him1 that he soon persuaded them to 
change the  ,directory for a government 
of three consuls1 of whom he was the    
first4  ,he lived in the ,tuileries1 and
 began to keep something very like the  
old  court2 and his wife1 ,josephine1   
was a beautiful1 graceful1 kind lady1   
whom every one loved1 and who helped    

very much in gaining people over to  his
 cause4 ,indeed1 he gave the ,french    
rest at home1 and victories abroad1  and
 that was all they desired4 ,he won back
 all that had been lost in  ,italy2 and 
the battle of ,marengo1 on the #adth of 
,june1 #ahjj1 when the  ,austrians were 
totally routed1 was a splendid victory4 
,austria made peace  again1 and nobody  
was at war with ,france but ,england1   
which conquered  everywhere by sea1 as  
,france did by land4 ,the last remnant  
of the ,french  army in ,egypt was      
beaten in ,alexandria1 and obliged to   
let the ,english  ships transport them  
to ,france2 and after this there was a  
short peace  called the peace of        
,amiens1 but it did not last long2 and  
as soon as  ,bonaparte had decided on   
war1 he pounced without notice on every 
,english  traveler in his dominions1 and
 kept them prisoners till the end of the
  war4    ,he had made up his mind to be
 ,emperor of the ,french1 and before    
declaring  this1 he wanted to alarm the 

old royalists2 so he sent a party to    
seize  the ,duke d',enghien 7heir of the
 princes of ,cond71 who was living at   
,baden1 and conduct him to ,vincennes1  
where1 at midnight1 he was tried  by a  
sham court-martial1 and at six in the   
morning brought down to the  courtyard1 
and shot1 beside his own grave4         
,after this every one was afraid to     
utter a whisper against ,bonaparte      
becoming emperor1 and on the second of  
,december1 #ahjd1 he was crowned  in    
,notre ,dame1 with great splendor4 ,the 
pope was present1 but ,bonaparte  placed
 the crown on his own head--a golden    
wreath of laurel leaves2 and  he gave   
his soldiers eagle standards1 in memory 
of the old ,roman ,empire4  ,he drew up 
an excellent code of laws1 which have   
been used ever since  in ,france1 and   
are known by his name2 and his wonderful
 talent did much  to bring the shattered
 nation into order4 ,still1 ,england    
would not  acknowledge his unlawful     
power1 and his hatred to her was very   

great4 ,he  had an army ready to invade 
,england1 but the ,english fleet never  
allowed  him to cross the ,channel2 and 
his fleet was entirely destroyed by     
,lord  ,nelson1 at the great battle of  
,trafalgar1 on the #bast of ,october1   
#ahje4    ,but ,napoleon was winning    
another splendid victory at ,ulm1 over  
the  ,austrians2 and not long after1 he 
beat the ,prussians as entirely at      
,jena1  and had all ,germany at his     
feet4 ,he was exceedingly harsh and     
savage  to the good and gentle queen    
,louisa1 when she came with her husband 
to  try to make better terms for her    
country1 thus sowing seeds of bitter    
resentment1 which were to bear fruit    
long after4 ,the ,russians advanced  to 
the aid of ,germany1 but the battles of 
,eylau and ,friedland made them  also   
anxious for peace4 ,there never1 indeed1
 was a much abler man than  ,napoleon2  
but he had no honor1 honesty or         
generosity1 and had very  little heart  
amid all his seeming greatness4 ,he made

 his family kings  of conquered         
countries4 ,his brother ,louis was ,king
 of ,holland2 ,jerome1  of ,westphalia1 
and the eldest brother1 ,joseph1 ,king  
of ,naples2 but in  #ahjh1 he contrived 
to cheat the ,king of ,spain of his     
crown1 and keep  him and his son        
prisoners in ,france1 while ,joseph was 
sent to reign in  ,spain1 and ,general  
,murat1 the husband of his sister       
,caroline1 was made  ,king of ,naples4  
,the ,portuguese royal family were      
obliged to flee away to  ,brazil2 but   
the ,spaniards and ,portuguese would not
 submit to the ,french  yoke1 and called
 the ,english to help them4 ,so year    
after year the ,duke  of ,wellington was
 beating ,napoleon's generals1 and      
wearing away his  strength2 but he still
 went on with his ,german wars1 and in  
#ahji1 after  two terrible battles at   
,aspern and ,wagram1 entered ,vienna    
itself4 ,again  there was a peace2 and  
,napoleon1 who was grieved to have no   
child to  leave his empire to1 had the  

wickedness and cruelty to decide on     
setting  aside his good1 loving         
,josephine1 and making the ,emperor     
,francis1 of  ,austria1 give him his    
young daughter1 ,marie ,louise4 ,in     
#ahaj1 the deed was  done2 and it was   
said that from that time all his good   
fortune left him1  though he had one    
little son born to him1 whom he called  
,king of ,rome4    ,he set out with what
 he named the ,grand ,army1 to conquer  
,russia2 and  after winning the battle  
of ,borodino1 he entered ,moscow2 but no
 sooner  was he there than the whole    
town was on fire1 and it burnt on1 so   
that it  was not possible to stay there4
 ,winter was just coming on1 the        
,russian  army was watching everywhere1 
and he could only retreat2 and the      
unhappy  ,grand ,army1 struggling in the
 snow1 with nothing to eat1 and beset by
 the  enemy everywhere1 suffered the    
most frightful misery4 ,napoleon left it
  in the midst1 and hurried home2 but no
 sooner had this blow been given  him1  

than the ,germans--the ,prussians       
especially1 to whom he had been  so     
harsh--rose up and banded together      
against him4 ,france was worn out  with 
the long wars2 and though ,napoleon     
still showed wonderful skill1           
especially at the battle of ,leipsic1 he
 was driven back1 inch by inch1  as it  
were1 across ,germany1 and into ,france1
 by the ,emperors of ,austria  and      
,russia and ,king of ,prussia2 for      
though each battle of his was a         
victory1 force of numbers was too much  
for him4 ,he went to the palace of      
,fontainebleau1 and tried to give up his
 crown to his little son1 but the       
,allies would not accept this2 and at   
last1 in the spring of #ahad1 he was    
forced to yield entirely1 and put       
himself into the hands of the ,english1 
,prussian1 ,russian1 and ,austrian      
sovereigns4 ,they decided on sending him
  to a little isle called ,elba1 in the 
,mediterranean ,sea1 where he was  still
 to be treated as a prince4 ,his        

deserted wife1 ,josephine1 loved him  so
 much that she died of grief for his    
fall2 but ,marie ,louise returned to    
her father1 and did nothing to help     
him4--,yonge4          ,,commercial     
,,law4    ,by ,,edward ,c4 ,,reynolds1  
,,esq4      ,,iii4--,,agency4    ,agency
 is one of the most common relations of 
individual to individual4  ,it is a     
delegation of power that few can avoid1 
in a greater or less  degree of         
importance4 ,the wife who purchases     
goods for household purposes  in her    
husband's name1 is acting purely as his 
agent2 and the clerk who  sells the     
articles to her acts1 in the            
transaction1 as agent for the  merchant 
in whose employment he is4    ,the legal
 maxim1 ,qui facit per alium1 facit per 
se1 which we will make  read here1      
8,what one does by another he does      
himself10 is the essential  idea of     
agency2 that is1 it places on sure      
foundation the question of              
responsibility1 at least1 as to where it

 belongs4 ,this is the whole  doctrine  
so far as responsibility or liability is
 concerned4    ,that it is particularly 
necessary in business life to have this 
delegation of power1 and this           
centralization of responsibility1 needs 
no explanation4 ,the publisher of this  
magazine could be a publisher only  in  
imagination without it1 for he would    
have no influence in his own  sanctum1  
except with himself2 and we should feel 
no security in dealing  with a company  
with no recognized and responsible      
manager4    ,we have to deal with a     
fixed fact4 ,agency exists4 ,the owners 
of  magnificent stores1 the stockholders
 in the railroad and steamship lines    
are all indebted to an army of agents   
whose active brains and eager  efforts  
keep cars and steamers in motion1       
purchase and sell goods1 and  keep the  
accounts of the business world in proper
 balance4    ,how is an agency          
established8 ,our readers probably could
 answer this  question in part2 try it  

and see if we are not right4    ,we must
 answer by remarking that it depends    
somewhat upon what is wanted  of an     
agent4 ,thus1 if one be possessed of    
real estate1 situated in some  distant  
place1 and is desirous of making a sale1
 and of selecting and  commissioning    
some one to represent him in such a     
transfer of property1  the appointment  
would be by a power of attorney1        
executed as described in  our later     
article on real estate1 8to which       
reference is hereby made40    ,to       
represent another in ordinary business  
transactions one may act by  virtue of a
 written or verbal agreement4 ,thus1 if 
,a places goods in ,b's  hands for the  
purpose of selling through ,b1 this will
 be sufficient to  constitute an agency1
 and for the purposes of this business  
,b is ,a's  agent1 and all would be     
protected in dealing with him in such   
capacity4  ,a bookkeeper in the counting
 room of his employer is fairly presumed
 to  have authority to receipt bills1 to

 pay bills1 render accounts1 and in     
some cases to make purchases1           
particularly if such part by him done   
has  been sanctioned by the merchant in 
the past4 ,but he has no authority  to  
sign his employer's name to notes1 bills
 or checks unless specially  authorized4
    ,a minor1 though not capable of     
being a party to a contract himself1    
may do so for an employer1 and thus be  
an agent1 and his principal is          
responsible for his acts in such        
capacity1 unless they be tortious1 or   
wrongs in themselves4 ,there would      
obviously be no security for innocent   
parties in fixing upon any other        
solution of the question of liability1  
because if ,a permits ,b1 though a      
minor1 to act for him and thereby takes 
advantage of his services in that       
capacity when they are favorable to his 
interests1 it would be inequitable for  
him to shift the responsibility  when it
 becomes onerous4    ,while the         
principal is responsible for the acts of

 his agent1 when not  beyond the        
authority given1 it is the duty of the  
agent to obey the  instructions of his  
principal4 ,this he is always to do     
unless some  unforeseen situation       
presents itself1 which requires the     
exercise of a  discretionary power and  
immediate action4 ,and then1 an agent   
would be  justified in acting contrary  
to instructions1 or without instructions
  only when reasonable foresight and    
experience would approve of the  course 
pursued by him4 ,this for legitimate    
pursuits1 our readers always            
remembering that an agent is not        
justified in doing an illegal or immoral
  act1 and that1 even though specially  
instructed so to do4 ,the agency must   
be apparent and known to exist1 that    
third parties may know themselves  to be
 dealing with one in such capacity1 and 
that agents may not be  made to assume  
responsibilities which do not belong to 
them4 ,this may  be accomplished by     
advertising in and transacting all      

business in the  principal's name2 or   
where the name of the principal is not  
necessarily  made use of in the course  
of the business1 the fact of the agent's
  business employment being known as    
such would doubtless be sufficient4     
,a clerk having occasion1 in the course 
of business1 to sign his  employer's    
name to letters1 in receipting bills and
 such routine  business1 does it in this
 manner3                                
,e4 ,e4 ,,emmons1                       
,per ,s4    ,where special authority is 
given to sign checks1 notes and accept  
bills  in his principal's or employer's 
name1 the agent will add his own name1  
with the word 8,attorney40    ,it must  
be remembered that an agency1 so far as 
an agency transaction  is concerned1    
must stand by itself1 and not be        
associated with agent's  private        
business2 that principal's and agent's  
property should be kept  entirely       
distinct4    ,a commission merchant1    
although an agent so far as his dealings

 with his  principal or consignor1 is   
not such in relation to other parties1  
since  he does business in his own name1
 and is recognized as a merchant and not
  an agent1 although his business may be
 largely a commission business4  ,he is 
bound to obey instructions of his       
principal or consignor1 whom he  charges
 a percentage for the handling of the   
goods consigned1 incidental  expenses1  
and1 in cases where he assumes the      
indebtedness resulting from  the sales1 
an extra commission4    ,since mention  
has been made of commission merchants1  
we must  individualize once more1 and   
mention brokers4 ,a broker simply       
effects  a sale or purchase1 as of      
merchandise or stocks4 ,unlike          
commission  merchants they neither have1
 for the purpose of effecting the one1  
nor  acquire by the accomplishment of   
the other1 absolute possession of the   
chattels bought or sold4    ,in whatever
 capacity as special agent for another1 
one is acting1 he is  ever bound to keep

 and render proper account of the       
business entrusted to  his care2 to keep
 his principal properly informed        
regarding it2 to use  due diligence in  
business2 to treat the property of his  
principal with  same care and handle    
with same prudence1 as a man of ordinary
 carefulness  and forethought would his 
own4 ,all this means only1 that he      
should act  with ordinary skill1 and    
should render to his principal fair and 
honest  service4    ,what terminates the
 agency8 ,death or insanity of either   
party2  completion of work undertaken2  
expiration of time agreed upon2 by      
express declaration of either party at  
pleasure1 the other having due          
notification1 and by such action        
acquiring a valid claim for whatever    
damages result on account thereof4      
,partnership4    ,it is of constant     
occurrence that persons deem it         
advisable to unite  themselves together 
for the prosecution of some general or  
particular  business1 paying their      

respects1 by such act1 to the old saw1  
8,in union  there is strength40 ,they   
agree by such an association to         
undertake  the business1 which induced  
them to unite their efforts with the    
hope  of attaining to better results4   
,the partners may or may not equally    
participate in the activities of the    
business to be undertaken1 and may  or  
may not stand on equal footing so far as
 relates to the sharing of  the gains   
and losses4 ,all of this is governed by 
their agreements at the  outset1 and its
 subsequent mutually agreed upon        
changes4    ,like other species of      
contracts1 the conditions of            
partnerships may be  agreed upon        
verbally1 may be in writing1 and may    
result by implication4  ,of the three1  
which8 ,regarding this and all other    
engagements1 establish  a rule to which 
adhere rigidly4 ,the rule3 ,have a      
thorough understanding  with all parties
 with whom you contract2 reduce it to   
writing1 and  have all interested       

parties sign4 ,in this way the          
difficulties of  misunderstandings and  
convenient forgetfulness will be less   
troublesome4  ,it is worth all it costs 
to bear this precaution in mind4        
,partners assume different relations and
 responsibilities as regards the        
partnership and the business world4     
,there are the ostensible partners  who 
boldly advertise themselves as such1 and
 as such assuming the  hazards incident 
to commercial enterprises2 then the     
nominal partner who  seeks to help a    
partnership by lending it his name1 and 
thereby holding  himself out as a member
 of it and making himself liable to     
creditors for  partnership debts1       
providing credit was given1 because of  
his supposed  connection with the firm1 
as a regular partner2 secret partners1  
who keep  their names from the public1  
seeking by this means to avoid          
liability1  but at same time sharing    
with the other partners the profits     
arising from  the business4 ,if such    

partnership becomes known to creditors1 
they may  enforce collection of claims  
due from the partnership1 as against the
  property of the secret partner2 and   
the special partner1 recognized by  the 
laws of some of the states1 which limit 
his liability to the amount  of his     
investment1 on condition that he gives  
public notice of such  partnership      
agreement in a manner prescribed4       
,the partnership is organized1 the      
partners assuming such relation to  the 
partnership as they mutually agree upon1
 bearing in mind the above  description 
of liabilities4    ,the element agency  
becomes quite conspicuous here1 for each
 partner  is an agent of the partnership
 and invested with plenary power to     
bind the other partners by his acts1    
when within the business sphere  of the 
firm4 ,it will be observed that we say  
in the line of the  copartnership       
business1 because otherwise it would not
 be sanctioned4  ,as an illustration3 ,a
 member of a partnership engaged in the 

flour  trade would not have authority to
 bind his partners1 if he attempted to  
involve them in stock speculations1     
unless previous similar enterprises  by 
him had been approved by them1 in which 
case there might be a fair  presumption 
that such authority existed4 ,this leads
 us to the question of  liability2 and  
liable they are1 each and every partner1
 unless by virtue  of exception         
previously mentioned1 exempted4 ,their  
individual property1  in the event of   
there being insufficient partnership    
assets to liquidate  the indebtedness of
 the firm1 must respond to the          
creditors' call4    ,now1 since the acts
 of a partner may result in a manner    
disastrous to all  associated with him1 
it is his duty to act with all fidelity 
and perfect  good faith2 to give his    
attention carefully to the business1    
acting as  his best judgment may advise 
for the benefit of all4 ,while1 however1
 a  breach of these obligations creates 
a liability for such misfeasance or     

wrong act as a partner may be guilty of1
 it does in no way affect outside       
parties1 unless cognizant of and        
participating in same4    ,gains and    
losses how shared8 ,the object of our   
partnership is the hope of  gain2 its   
effect may be the realization of loss4  
,this question of division ought to be  
solved by reference to the articles  of 
agreement1 which should have expressed  
the whole partnership contract1  and    
have been signed by all the partners4   
,this not done8 ,well then1 we  say1 all
 should share in equal proportions the  
gains or losses1 first  making unequal  
investments equal by an allowance of    
interest on net  investments1 and       
equalizing individual ability and       
experience by allowing  each partner    
that salary to which1 measuring his     
services by comparison  with those      
rendered by other partners1 he seems to 
be fairly entitled4  ,where capital and 
skill are equal1 an equal sharing in the
 gains or  losses is equitable4         

,dissolution4    ,the following         
conditions serve to dissolve a          
partnership3    ,the expiration of the  
time for which the partnership was      
organized2  ordinarily the completion of
 the business for the purpose of        
accomplishing which the partnership was 
formed2    ,the misfeasance of a        
partner2 whenever a partner fails to act
 in harmony  with his associates1 or    
disposes of his interest in the         
partnership  affairs2    ,by the death  
of any one of the partners2    ,by      
decree of the court ordering the same2  
,by the consent of all the partners at  
any time4    ,after the dissolution1 a  
partner acts no longer for his former   
copartners  to the extent of entering   
into or incurring new obligations4 ,each
 partner  however has full power to     
collect debts due the firm1 signing the 
firm  name to receipts1 and also to     
liquidate outstanding obligations of the
  firm1 unless by special agreement     
these powers are conferred on one       

partner alone4 ,this is an arrangement  
which affects the partners only1  third 
persons being protected in a settlement 
with any member of a late  partnership  
dissolved4    ,after the business is    
wholly settled1 all liabilities being   
paid1 and not  till then1 is a partner  
entitled to his share of the partnership
 funds4    ,notice of the dissolution of
 a partnership should be publicly given1
 it  being necessary in the case of one 
or more retiring from the firm1 in      
order to secure them from future        
liability4 ,individually this notice  is
 given by mail to all with whom the firm
 has been dealing4 ,this1 in  addition  
to ordinary publication of notice in    
newspaper1 is sufficient4               
,,sales--,personal ,property4    ,a sale
 is the transfer of certain property    
from one to another for a  certain sum  
paid or to be paid1 those being parties 
to it1 to make it  valid1 who are       
competent to enter into a contract4     
,a sale effected entitles the purchaser 

to possession of the goods on  payment  
of price agreed upon2 or1 if purchaser  
be given credit1 at once1  unless there 
be some special agreement to the        
contrary4    ,in the case of goods      
shipped to a purchaser who becomes      
insolvent before  they have been        
delivered1 the vendor may order the     
carrier to hold them  subject to his    
7vendor's7 order1 thereby exercising a  
privilege given him  by law1 and called 
the right of stoppage in transitu4      
,all sales are not made with an actual  
knowledge on the part of the vendee  of 
the quality of his purchase1 some being 
by sample4 ,sales in this  manner give  
credence to the inference that the      
samples constitute a part  of the goods 
sold1 and therefore the goods must be of
 same quality as  the samples1 else the 
vendor does not comply with the         
conditions of the  contract to which he 
is a party1 and the purchaser may refuse
 to complete  the sale by acceptance of 
the goods4    ,the quality of goods sold

 must be as represented by the vendor1  
if he  warrants them by such            
representation1 in order to secure a    
sale4 ,in sales  each one is supposed to
 be on his guard4 8,let the purchaser   
beware10 is  the maxim4 ,and if1 without
 actual fraud1 concealment or           
misrepresentation  on the part of the   
vendor1 the vendee is deceived in a     
purchase because  of poor judgment1 he  
alone must suffer the consequences and  
take the  loss4 ,a warranty of an       
article puts the vendor under the       
necessity of  making compensation to    
vendee1 if the article is defective     
wherein  warranted4    ,a purchase of   
stolen property gives to the purchaser  
no title as against  the true owner1 or 
the one from whom the property was      
stolen1 even though  the purchase be    
made in good faith1 and for a full      
consideration4 8,let  the purchaser     
beware40    ,there is but one species of
 personal property to which this will   
not  apply1 and that negotiable         

commercial paper4    ,some contracts    
regarding sales must be in writing1 and 
signed by the  party to be charged1 or  
his agent4 ,what are they8 ,see article 
on  contracts4          ,,readings ,,in 
,,art4      ,i4--,,italian ,,painters   
,,and ,,paintings4    ,the present paper
 has been abridged from 8,italian       
,paintings10 by ,edward  ,j4 ,poynter1  
,r4 ,a41 and ,percy ,r4 ,head4          
,italian painting is divided into a     
number of schools1 each of which has    
some illustrious artist as its founder1 
and a train of skillful and exact       
workmen following his methods4 ,to study
 the style and methods of the  master is
 to study the school4 ,the most famous  
of these artists have been  selected to 
represent the ,art of ,italy1 the first 
of whom1 the father of  ,italian        
painting1 is      ,,giotto4    ,giotto  
was born near ,florence1 in #abff4      
,employed as a boy in watching  sheep1  
he is said to have been one day         
discovered by the artist ,cimabue1  as  

he was sketching one of his flock upon a
 stone4 ,the painter1 surprised  at the 
promise shown by the boy1 who was not   
more than ten years old1  took him to   
,florence1 and made him his pupil4      
,giotto's earliest works  were executed 
at ,florence1 and at the age of thirty  
he had already  attained such fame that 
he was invited to ,rome by ,pope        
,boniface ,,viii41  to take part in the 
decoration of the ancient ,basilica of  
,saint ,peter4  ,the ,navicella mosaic  
which he there executed1 representing   
the  ,disciples in the ,storm1 is       
preserved in the vestibule of the       
present  ,saint ,peter's4 ,the famous   
story of 8,giotto's ,o0 belongs to this 
episode  in his career4 ,when the envoy 
sent by the pope to engage his services 
begged for some drawing or design which 
might be shown to his holiness in  proof
 of the artist's talent1 ,giotto1 taking
 an ordinary brush full of  color1 and  
steadying his arm against his side1     
described a perfect circle  on an       

upright panel with a sweep of the wrist1
 and offered this manual  feat as       
sufficient evidence of his powers4 ,the 
story shows the importance  attached by 
a great artist to mere precision in     
workmanship1 and teaches  the useful    
lesson that genius1 unsupported by the  
skill only to be  acquired by discipline
 and labor1 is wanting in the first     
condition which  makes great            
achievements possible4 ,this visit to   
,rome took place about  #abih2 soon     
afterward we find ,giotto engaged on his
 frescoes in the church  of ,saint      
,francis at ,assisi1 a series of        
allegorical designs illustrating  the   
saint's spiritual life and character4   
,in #acjf he was working at the  fine   
series of frescoes in the ,arena ,chapel
 at ,padua1 which represent             
thirty-eight scenes from the lives of   
the ,virgin and of ,christ4 ,we here    
see ,giotto in the fulness of his       
powers2 the incidents are treated with  
a charming simplicity and sentiment for 

nature1 and he rises to great  solemnity
 of style in the more important scenes4 
,important works by  ,giotto are found  
in many other places beside those       
mentioned above1  including especially  
,naples1 ,ravenna1 ,milan1 ,pisa and    
,lucca4 ,perhaps  the finest are those  
which have been discovered of late years
 in the  ,church of ,santa ,croce at    
,florence under coats of whitewash which
 happily  had preserved them almost     
intact2 the 8,last ,supper10 in the     
refectory  of the convent attached to   
the church1 is in remarkable            
preservation1  and is a magnificent     
example of the style of the time4 ,the  
twenty-six  panels which he painted for 
the presses in the sacristry of the same
  church are good illustrations of his  
method of treatment2 natural and        
dignified with the interest concentrated
 on the figures2 the background  and    
accessories being treated in the        
simplest possible manner1 and hardly    
more than symbols expressing the        

locality in which the scene is enacted4 
,giotto was the first of the moderns who
 attempted portrait-painting with  any  
success1 and some most interesting      
monuments of his skill in that  branch  
of art have been preserved to us4 ,in   
#ahdj1 discovery was made1  in the      
chapel of the ,podest's palace at       
,florence1 of some paintings by         
,giotto1 containing a number of         
portraits1 among them one of his friend1
  the poet ,dante2 the portraits being  
introduced1 as was usual among the      
early painters1 and indeed frequent at  
all periods1 as subordinate actors  in  
the scene represented4 ,giotto was not  
only a painter2 as a sculptor  and      
architect he was also distinguished4    
,giotto died at ,florence in  ,january1 
#accg1 and was buried with public       
solemnities in the cathedral4  ,his     
style1 though marked by the hardness and
 quaintness of a time when  chiaro-scuro
 and perspective were very imperfectly  
understood1 displays  the originality of

 his genius in its thoughtful and       
vigorous design1 and  shows how         
resolutely the artist relied1 not on    
traditions1 but on keen  and patient    
observation of nature4      ,,fra       
,,angelico4    ,the earliest of the     
great fifteenth-century painters belongs
 in the  character of his works rather  
to the preceding century4 ,the monk     
,guido  di ,pietro of ,fiesole1 commonly
 called ,fra ,angelico from the holiness
 and  purity which were as conspicuous  
in his life as in his works1 was born   
in #achg at ,vicchio1 in the province of
 ,mugello4 ,at the age of twenty he     
entered the order of the ,predicants at 
,fiesole1 and took the name of          
,giovanni1 by which he was afterward    
known4 ,his first art work was the      
illumination of manuscripts4 ,quitting  
the monastery in #adji1 he practiced  as
 a fresco-painter in various places     
until #adah1 when he returned to        
,fiesole1 and continued to reside there 
for the next eighteen years4 ,in  #adcf 

he again quitted his retreat1 to paint a
 series of frescoes on the  history of  
the ,passion for the convent of ,san    
,marco in ,florence4 ,this  work        
occupied nine years1 and on its         
completion ,angelico was invited to     
,rome4 ,the chief work which he         
undertook there was the decoration of a 
chapel in the ,vatican for ,pope        
,nicholas ,v4 ,in #addg he went to      
,orvieto to  undertake a similar task1  
but returned in the same year1 having   
done only  three compartments of the    
ceiling1 and leaving the rest to be     
afterward  completed by ,luca           
,signorelli4 ,he then continued to      
reside in ,rome1 where  he died and was 
buried in #adee4 ,the most striking     
characteristics of  ,angelico's art     
spring from the temper of religious     
fervor with which he  practiced it4 ,he 
worked without payment2 he prayed before
 beginning any  work for the ,divine    
guidance in its conception2 and         
believing himself  to be so assisted1 he

 regarded each picture as a revelation1 
and could  never be persuaded to alter  
any part of it4 ,his works on panel are 
very  numerous1 and are to be found in  
many public and private galleries2  of  
the finest of these are1 a 8,last       
,judgment10 belonging to the ,earl  of  
,dudley1 and the 8,coronation of the    
,virgin0 in the gallery of the  ,louvre4
 ,after his death he was 8beatified0 by 
the church he had served  so            
devotedly--a solemnity which ranks next 
to canonization2 and ,il ,beato         
,angelico is the name by which ,fra     
,giovanni was and is most fondly and    
reverently remembered4 ,his style       
survived only in one pupil who assisted 
him at ,orvieto4      ,,leonardo ,,da   
,,vinci4    ,leonardo da ,vinci belonged
 to the ,florentine school1 the         
fifteenth  century1 of which he was the 
first great example4 ,leonardo was the  
son  of a notary of ,vinci1 near        
,florence1 and was born at that place in
 the  year #adeb4 ,he became the pupil  

of ,andrea ,verrocchio1 the ,florentine 
sculptor and painter1 and progressed so 
rapidly that he soon surpassed  his     
master1 who is said to have thereupon   
given up painting in despair4           
,leonardo's studies at this time ranged 
over the whole field of science  and    
art2 beside being a painter and a       
sculptor1 he was a practiced  architect1
 engineer1 and mechanician2 profoundly  
versed in mathematics  and the physical 
sciences2 and an accomplished poet and  
musician4 ,the  famous letter in which  
he applied to the ,duke of ,milan for   
employment1  enumerates only a few of   
his acquirements2 he represents himself 
as  skilled in military and naval       
engineering1 offensive and defensive1   
and  the construction of artillery1 and 
as possessing secrets in these matters  
hitherto unknown2 he can make designs   
for buildings1 and undertake any  work  
in sculpture1 in marble1 in bronze1 or  
in terra-cotta2 and 8in  painting10 he  
says1 8,i can do what can be done as    

well as any man1 be  he who he may40 ,he
 concludes by offering to submit his own
 account of  himself to the test of     
experiment1 at his excellency's         
pleasure4 ,he  entered the ,duke's      
service about the year #adhb1 receiving 
a yearly salary  of #ejj scudi4 ,under  
his auspices an academy of arts was     
established in  ,milan in #adhe1 and he 
drew round him a numerous school of     
painters4 ,of  the many works executed  
by ,leonardo during his residence at    
,milan1 the  greatest was the world     
renowned picture of the 8,last ,supper10
 painted in  oil upon the wall of the   
refectory of the convent of ,santa      
,maria delle  ,grazie4 ,whether it was  
the fault of the wall or the medium used
 by the  painter1 the great picture     
rapidly faded1 and by the end of fifty  
years  had virtually perished4 ,it is   
still shown1 but decay and restoration  
have  left little of the original work  
of ,leonardo4 ,the best idea of it is to
  be got from the old copies1 taken     

while the picture was yet perfect2 of   
these the most valuable is the one      
executed in #aeaj by ,marco d',oggione1 
now in the possession of the ,royal     
,academy of ,london4 ,his other         
important  achievement1 while at ,milan1
 was a work of sculpture1 which         
unfortunately  perished within a few    
years of its completion4 ,it seems to   
have occupied  him at intervals for     
eleven years1 for the completed model   
was first  exhibited to the public in   
#adic4 ,all that we now know of it is   
from the  numerous sketches in the      
,royal ,collection at ,windsor4 ,the    
model was  still in existence in #aeja1 
after which nothing more is recorded of 
it4  ,he also at this time made a model 
for the cupola of ,milan ,cathedral1    
which was never carried out4 ,in #adii  
,leonardo left ,milan and returned to   
,florence4 ,he received a commission in 
#aejc to paint the wall at one end  of  
the ,council ,hall of the ,palazzo      
,vecchio1 the decoration of the other   

end being at the same time entrusted to 
,michelangelo4 ,leonardo's picture  was 
never completed1 and ,michelangelo's    
apparently never begun2 but the         
cartoons for their two compositions1    
known respectively as the 8,battle of   
the ,standard0 and the 8,cartoon of     
,pisa10 excited the greatest admiration1
  and were termed by ,benvenuto ,cellini
 8the school of the world20 both  have  
been lost or destroyed2 all that we know
 of ,leonardo's composition  is gained  
from a drawing of it by ,rubens in black
 and red chalk in the  gallery of the   
,louvre1 to which1 though spirited      
enough1 he contrived  to impart the     
coarse ,flemish character with which all
 his work is  disfigured4 ,in #aead     
,leonardo visited ,rome1 and was to have
 executed some  work in the ,vatican1   
had not an affront put upon him by the  
pope given  him offence and caused him  
to leave ,rome4 ,he went to the ,king of
 ,france1  ,francis ,i41 who was then at
 ,pavia1 took service with him1 and     

accompanied  him to ,france1 in the     
early part of #aeaf4 ,he was1 however1  
weakened by  age and in bad health1 and 
did little or no new work in ,france4   
,in a  little more than three years'    
time1 in ,may #aeai1 he died1 at ,cloux1
 near  ,amboise1 at the age of          
sixty-seven4    ,those pictures of      
,leonardo1 which we may regard with     
confidence as the  work of his own hand1
 fully justify the exceptional          
admiration with which  he has always    
been regarded4 ,he was excessively      
fastidious in his work1  8his soul being
 full of the sublimity of art10 and     
spent years over the  execution of some 
of his works4 ,the painting of the      
portrait of ,madonna  ,lisa is said to  
have extended over four years1 and to   
have been then  left incomplete4 ,his   
mind also was at times equally bent on  
scientific  matters1 and for long       
periods he was entirely absorbed in the 
study of  mathematics4 ,for these       
reasons he produced but few pictures2   

if1 however1  he had left none1 his     
drawings1 which fortunately exist in    
large numbers1  would suffice to account
 for the enthusiasm which his work has  
always  excited4 ,it is certain that we 
do not see his pictures in the state in 
which they left his easel2 from some    
causes1 unnecessary to discuss1 they    
have blackened in the shadows1 and the  
colors have faded4 ,vasari praises      
beyond measure the carnations of the    
,mona ,lisa1 which1 he says1 8do not    
appear to be painted1 but truly flesh   
and blood20 but no trace of these       
delicate tints now remains4    ,leonardo
 was the author of many treatises1 some 
of which only have been  published4 ,the
 most celebrated is the 8,trattato della
 ,pittura10 still a  book of high       
authority among writings on art4        
,,michelangelo ,,buonarroti    ,was born
 at ,castel ,caprese1 near ,arezzo1 in  
#adge4 ,in #adhh he entered  the school 
of ,ghirlandaio1 the master giving a    
small payment for the  boy's services4  

,his precocious abilities soon attracted
 the notice  of ,lorenzo de' ,medici1   
and until the death of that prince in   
#adib1  ,michelangelo worked under his  
especial patronage4 ,his earliest       
drawings  show a spontaneous power which
 made ,fuseli say that 8as an artist he 
had no infancy20 but for many years he  
confined himself almost entirely  to    
sculpture2 and some of his greatest     
achievements in that kind of art  were  
executed before he undertook his first  
considerable work with the  pencil4     
,this was the 8,cartoon of ,pisa10      
finished in #aeje1 and intended as  a   
design for a mural picture to face that 
of ,leonardo in the ,council ,hall  at  
,florence4 ,this cartoon is lost1 but a 
copy in monochrome1 containing  probably
 the whole of the composition1 exists in
 ,england4 ,during its  progress he had 
broken off to visit ,rome1 and execute  
some sculptural  work for the pope2 and 
in #aejh he went to ,rome again to begin
 the  great achievement of his life1 the

 frescoes of the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,the 
paintings of the ceiling illustrate the 
,creation and the ,fall of ,man1        
together with other scenes and figures  
typical of the ,redemption4 ,the  middle
 part of the ceiling is divided into    
nine compartments1 containing  the      
8,creation of ,eve0 7placed in the      
center1 as symbolizing the woman  of    
whom the ,messiah was born71 the        
8,creation of ,adam10 the 8,temptation1 
,fall and ,expulsion0 in one            
composition1 the 8,separation of ,light 
from  ,darkness10 the 8,gathering of the
 ,waters10 the 8,creation of the ,sun   
and  ,moon10 the 8,deluge10 the         
8,thanksgiving of ,noah10 and the       
8,drunkenness  of ,noah40 ,at the       
corners of the ceiling are four designs 
of the great  deliverances of the       
children of ,israel1 the ,brazen        
,serpent1 ,david and  ,goliath1 ,judith 
with the head of ,holofernes1 and the   
punishment of  ,haman4 ,there are six   
windows on each side of the chapel2 the 

lunettes  which surround them1 and the  
spaces above them1 are occupied by      
groups  of the ancestors of ,christ4    
,between the windows1 at the springing  
of  the vault1 are colossal seated      
figures of the ,prophets and ,sibyls who
  foretold the coming of the ,savior4   
,they are arranged alternately as       
follows3--,jeremiah1 ,persian ,sibyl1   
,ezekiel1 ,erythran ,sibyl1 ,joel1      
,delphic  ,sibyl1 ,isaiah1 ,cuman       
,sibyl1 ,daniel1 ,libyan ,sibyl2 ,jonah 
and ,zachariah  are placed one at each  
end of the chapel1 between the          
historical  compositions at the angles  
of the ceiling4 ,these single figures   
are  the most striking features of the  
design1 and calculated skilfully to     
help the architectural effect4 ,the side
 walls of the chapel1 below the         
springing of the vault1 had already been
 decorated with frescoes executed  by   
,sandro ,botticelli1 ,cosimo ,rosselli1 
,ghirlandaio1 ,luca ,signorelli1 and    
,perugino4 ,michelangelo's frescoes were

 finished toward the end of the  year   
#aeab4 ,vasari's statement that he      
painted them all in twenty months       
without any assistance is undoubtedly   
exaggerated2 it possibly refers to  the 
completion of the first half of the     
ceiling4    ,for the next twenty years  
,michelangelo did little or nothing in  
painting2  but in #aecc1 at the age of  
fifty-nine1 he began the cartoons for   
the  fresco of the 8,last ,judgment0 on 
the wall behind the altar in the        
,sistine  ,chapel4 ,this celebrated     
composition is entirely of nude figures1
 no  accessories being introduced to add
 to the terror of the scene4 ,each      
figure throughout this vast composition 
has its appropriate meaning1  and the   
power of design and mastery of execution
 are unsurpassed and  unsurpassable4    
,the picture was finished in #aeda4 ,two
 frescoes in the  neighboring ,pauline  
,chapel1 the 8,conversion of ,saint     
,paul10 and the  8,crucifixion of ,saint
 ,peter10 which were finished in #aedi1 

were his last  paintings4 ,he had       
accepted1 in #aedg1 the position of     
architect of ,saint  ,peter's1          
stipulating that his services should be 
gratuitous4 ,he continued  to carry the 
building forward1 altering materially   
the original design of  ,bramante1 until
 his death1 which took place in         
,february1 #aefd4 ,his body  was taken  
to ,florence1 and buried in ,santa      
,croce4    ,although the genius of      
,michelangelo has exercised a vast and  
widely  diffused influence over all     
subsequent art1 yet this master1 unlike 
,raphael1 formed no school of his own   
immediate followers4 ,it must be        
admitted that ,raphael owes him much1   
for he never found his full strength    
until he had seen ,michelangelo's works 
at ,rome1 when his style underwent      
immediate improvement4 ,none of those   
who worked under ,michelangelo dared  to
 walk directly in his steps2 there is in
 his style1 as there was in  the        
character of the man himself1 a certain 

stern individuality which  gives the    
impression of solitary and              
unapproachable greatness4 ,of his       
assistants1 the most eminent was        
,sebastiano del ,piombo4                
,,raffaello ,,sanzio1    ,always called 
,raphael1 was born at ,urbino in #adhc4 
,his father died  when he was eleven    
years old1 and the boy was placed by his
 uncles1  who became his guardians1 with
 ,perugino4 ,his handiwork at this time 
is no doubt to be traced in many of     
,perugino's pictures and frescoes2  and1
 as may be seen1 he was an important    
coadjutor with ,pinturicchio  at ,siena4
 ,the earliest picture known to be      
painted entirely by himself  is a       
8,crucifixion10 in the collection of    
,lord ,dudley1 done at the age  of      
seventeen1 which closely resembles the  
style of ,perugino4 ,in #aejd  he first 
visited ,florence1 where he enjoyed the 
friendship of ,francia  and ,fra        
,bartholommeo1 and made acquaintance    
with the works of ,leonardo  and        

,michelangelo--new influences which     
considerably affected his style4  ,with 
the exception of short visits to        
,perugia1 ,bologna1 and ,urbino1 he  was
 resident in ,florence until #aejh4 ,in 
that year he went to ,rome at  the      
invitation of ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 and  
was for the rest of his life            
continually in the employment of that   
pontiff and his successor1 ,leo  ,x4    
,raphael died on his birthday1 the #fth 
of ,april1 #aebj1 aged exactly          
thirty-seven years4    ,raphael's manner
 as a painter is divided into three     
styles1 corresponding  with the broad   
divisions of his life's history4 ,unlike
 ,michelangelo1  whose genius and       
individuality is stamped on the earliest
 works from  his hand1 ,raphael gained1 
as his experience of what had been done 
by  his contemporaries was enlarged1 a  
deeper and further insight into his  own
 powers4 ,his first1 or ,peruginesque   
style1 characterizes those works  which 
he produced while still the companion of

 his master1 before his  first visit to 
,florence2 of these pictures the most   
important are the  8,sposalizio0 7or    
8,marriage of the ,virgin107 at ,milan1 
and the 8,coronation  of the ,virgin10  
in the ,vatican4 ,his second1 or        
,florentine1 style covers  the four     
years from his arrival in ,florence in  
#aejd1 to his departure for  ,rome in   
#aejh2 here the manner of ,fra          
,bartholommeo had great influence  upon 
him2 to this period belong the 8,madonna
 del ,cardellino0 78of the              
,goldfinch107 in the ,uffizi1 8,la      
,belle ,jardinire10 of the ,louvre1 the 
8,madonna del ,baldacchino10 in the     
,pitti 7which was left incomplete by    
,raphael1 and finished by another hand71
 and the 8,entombment0 in the  ,borghese
 ,gallery1 at ,rome1 his first attempt  
at a great historical  composition4 ,it 
is in his third1 or ,roman1 style that  
,raphael fully  asserts that sovereignty
 in art which has earned him the name of
 ,prince  of painters1 and appears as   

the head of his own school1 which1      
generally  called the ,roman ,school1   
might perhaps1 as he collected round him
  followers from all parts of ,italy1   
more fitly be termed the ,raphaelesque4 
,this third period includes all his     
great frescoes in the ,vatican1 with a  
host of easel pictures2 for1 short as   
,raphael's life was1 his works are      
wondrously numerous1 and our space      
permits mention of only a few of even   
the most celebrated4    ,it has been    
questioned whether ,raphael's art gained
 by what he learnt  from ,michelangelo1 
some critics affirming that his earlier 
style is  his best4 ,this1 however1 must
 be considered to be entirely a matter  
of  taste4 ,most painters--unless1 like 
,fra ,angelico1 so entirely absorbed in 
the mystical side of their art as never 
to change their style--as they  gain in 
power of expression1 lose something of  
their youthful emotional  fervor2 and it
 is possible to assert that in the      
magnificent design of  the 8,incendio   

del ,borgo0 the dramatic element is more
 in evidence than  in the 8,disputa40   
,but what is lost on the emotional and  
religious side  is compensated for by   
the gain in power of representation2 and
 it is  difficult to stand before the   
cartoon of 8,the ,miraculous ,draught of
  ,fishes10 and not to confess that     
,giotto himself could not have imparted 
a more implicit trustfulness and        
childlike belief in the power of the    
,redeemer to the look and gesture of    
,st4 ,peter2 and while the magnificent  
simplicity of the youths drawing the net
 is conceived in an equal spirit  of    
truthfulness to nature1 the grandeur of 
style and the knowledge  displayed in   
the drawing is so much pure gain on his 
earlier manner4    ,the ,loggie1 or open
 corridors of the ,vatican1 were also   
adorned by  ,raphael's scholars with a  
series of fifty-two paintings of        
,biblical  subjects from his designs2   
the whole series was known as           
8,raphael's  ,bible40    ,in #aeae he   

was commissioned to design tapestries   
for the ,sistine ,chapel2  of the ten   
cartoons 7distemper paintings on paper7 
for these tapestries  three have been   
lost2 the other seven after many dangers
 and vicissitudes  came into the        
possession of ,charles ,i4 of ,england4 
,they are perhaps the  most remarkable  
art treasures belonging to ,england1 and
 are at present  exhibited1 by          
permission of ,her ,majesty1 in the     
,south ,kensington ,museum4    ,among   
the greatest oil pictures of ,raphael's 
third period may be  enumerated the     
8,madonna di ,foligno0 in the ,vatican2 
the 8,madonna della  ,sedia0 in the     
,pitti ,palace at ,florence2 the 8,saint
 ,cecilia0 at ,bologna2  the 8,madonna  
of the ,fish10 and the picture of       
8,christ ,bearing ,his ,cross10  known  
as the 8,spasimo10 in the splendid      
collection at ,madrid2 the  8,madonna di
 ,san ,sisto0 at ,dresden1 which        
obtained for the artist the name  of    
8the ,divine20 and finally the          

8,transfiguration0 at the ,vatican1 the 
sublime picture on which his last       
working hours were spent1 and which was 
carried at his funeral before its colors
 were dry4      ,,tiziano ,,vecellio1   
,commonly called by the anglicised form 
of his ,christian name1 ,titian1 was    
born at ,cadore1 near ,venice1 in #adgg4
 ,his studies in art began at the age   
of ten1 under a painter named ,zuccato1 
from whose studio he passed to  ,gentile
 ,bellini's1 and from his again to that 
of his brother ,giovanni4  ,space       
forbids us to do more than indicate the 
chief landmarks in ,titian's  long1     
eventful1 and illustrious life4 ,when   
his reputation as a great  artist was   
new1 before he was thirty years old1 he 
visited the court of  ,ferrara1 and     
executed for the duke two of his        
earliest masterpieces1 the  8,tribute   
,money10 now at ,dresden1 and the       
8,bacchus and ,ariadne10 in the         
,national ,gallery of ,london4 ,in #aeaf
 he painted his great altarpiece1 the   

8,assumption10 now removed from its     
church to the ,accademia at ,venice1    
and was at once placed by this          
incomparable work in the highest rank of
  painters4 ,the 8,entombment0 of the   
,louvre was painted about #aebc2 and in 
#aebh he executed another magnificent   
altarpiece1 the 8,death of ,st4 ,peter  
,martyr10 in the church of ,,ss4        
,giovanni e ,paolo1 which was destroyed 
in  the fire of #ahfg4 ,in #aecj ,titian
 was invited to ,bologna1 to paint the  
portrait of the ,emperor ,charles ,v42  
and he is supposed by some writers  to  
have accompanied the emperor shortly    
afterward to ,spain4 ,owing to the      
patronage which ,charles ,v4 and his son
 ,philip ,,ii4 liberally conferred on   
the artist1 ,madrid possesses a         
collection of his works second in number
  and importance only to the treasures  
of ,venice4 ,the 8,presentation in  the 
,temple10 in the ,accademia at ,venice1 
dates from about #aeci1 and the         
8,christ at ,emmaus10 in the ,louvre1   

from about #aedf4 ,in #aede he painted  
at  ,rome the celebrated portrait of    
8,pope ,paul ,,iii410 in the ,naples    
,museum4  ,titian continued active in   
his art even up to the time of his      
death1  which occurred in #aegf1 at the 
great age of ninety-nine4 ,his style1 as
  is to be expected1 changed            
considerably in the course of his long  
life1  and the pictures painted in his  
last years1 though full of color1 are   
infirm in drawing and execution2 in the 
full vigor of his powers he was  a      
draughtsman second to none1 though never
 aiming at the select beauty  of form   
attained by the ,florentine school1 and 
by ,raphael4 ,it was this  that led     
,michelangelo to say that1 with a better
 mode of study1 8,this man  might have  
been as eminent in design as he is true 
to nature and masterly  in              
counterfeiting the life1 and then1      
nothing could be desired better  or more
 perfect20 adding1 8for he has an       
exquisite perception1 and a  delightful 

spirit and manner40    ,the splendid    
artistic power of ,titian may perhaps be
 better discerned  in his portraits than
 in the more ambitious works of sacred  
art4 ,he  stands unquestionably at the  
head of portrait painters of all ages   
and  of all schools2 not even ,velasquez
 equaling him at his best4 ,beside      
religious pictures and portraits he     
painted a great number of subjects  from
 classical mythology4 ,among the most   
famous1 beside the 8,bacchus  and       
,ariadne10 mentioned above--the pride of
 the ,english collection--may  be named 
the 8,bacchanals0 of ,madrid1 the two of
 8,venus0 in the ,uffizi1  at ,florence1
 the 8,danae10 at ,naples1 and the often
 repeated 8,venus and  ,adonis10 and    
8,diana and ,callisto40 ,he is seen at  
his very best in the  8,venus0 of the   
,tribune1 at ,florence1 perhaps the only
 work of his which  has escaped         
retouching1 and in the exquisite        
allegory called 8,sacred and  ,profane  
,love10 at the ,borghese ,palace1 at    

,rome4 ,as a landscape painter1  he     
possessed a sentiment for nature in all 
its forms which had never  before been  
seen1 and his backgrounds have never    
been equaled since4  ,the mountains in  
the neighborhood of his native town1    
,cadore1 of which1  as well as of other 
landscape scenes1 numerous pen and ink  
drawings by  his hand are in existence1 
inspired him1 doubtless1 with that      
solemn  treatment of effects of cloud   
and light and shade and blue distance   
for  which his pictures are conspicuous4
    ,it is unnecessary to deal with the 
school of painting which exists in      
,italy at the present day4 ,it would be 
paying it too high a compliment  to     
regard it as the legitimate successor of
 the art of those great  epochs whose   
course we have tried to sketch4 ,the    
modern ,italian school  is little more  
than an echo of the modern ,french4 ,and
 seeing that  there is no principle     
clearer or more certain than this1 that 
a great  national school of art can     

flourish only when it springs from a    
sane and  vigorous national existence1  
it is not to be wondered at if a country
  so convulsed by the political passions
 and so vulgarized by the social        
triviality and meanness of modern times1
 should be in this respect cast  down   
further than her more fortunate         
neighbors by the same causes which  have
 soiled even the best art of the        
nineteenth century with something of    
dilettantism and affectation4           
,,sunday ,,readings4    ,,selected ,,by 
,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4  
,april #f4    ,,the ,,expulsive ,,power 
,,of ,a ,,new ,,affection4        ,love 
not the world1 neither the things that  
are in the world4 ,if      any man love 
the world the love of the ,father is not
 in him4--,i4      ,john1 ii3#ae4       
,there are two ways in which a practical
 moralist may attempt to displace  from 
the human heart its love of the         
world--either by a demonstration  of the
 world's vanity1 so that the heart will 

be prevailed upon simply  to withdraw   
its regards from an object that is not  
worthy of it1 or by  setting forth      
another object1 even ,god1 as more      
worthy of its attachment1  so as that   
the heart shall be prevailed upon not to
 resign an old  affection1 which shall  
have nothing to succeed it1 but to      
exchange  an old affection for a new    
one4 ,my purpose is to show that from   
the  constitution of our nature1 the    
former method is altogether incompetent 
and ineffectual1 and that the latter    
method will alone suffice for the       
rescue and recovery of the heart from   
the wrong affection that sometimes      
domineers over it4 ,after having        
accomplished this purpose1 ,i shall     
attempt a few practical observations4   
,love may be regarded in two different  
conditions4 ,the first is when the      
object is at a distance1 and then it    
becomes love in a state of desire4  ,the
 second is when its object is in        
possession1 and then it becomes love  in

 a state of indulgence4 ,under the      
impulse of desire1 man feels himself    
urged onward in some path or pursuit of 
activity for its gratification4  ,the   
faculties of his mind are put into busy 
exercise4 ,in the steady  direction of  
one great and engrossing interest1 his  
attention is recalled  from the many    
reveries into which it might otherwise  
have wandered2 and  the powers of his   
body are forced away from an indolence  
in which it else  might have languished2
 and that time is crowded with          
occupation1 which  but for some object  
of keen and devoted ambition1 might have
 driveled  along in successive hours of 
weariness and distaste1 and though hope 
does  not enliven1 and success does not 
always crown this career of exertion1   
yet in the midst of this very variety1  
and with the alternations of  occasional
 disappointment1 is the machinery of the
 whole man kept in a  sort of congenial 
play1 and upholden in that tone and     
temper which are  most agreeable to it4 

,insomuch1 that if through the          
extirpation of that  desire which forms 
the originating principle of all this   
movement1 the  machinery were to stop1  
and to receive no impulse from another  
desire  substituted in its place1 the   
man would be left with all his          
propensities  to action in a state of   
most painful and unnatural abandonment4 
,a sensitive person suffers1 and is in  
violence1 if1 after having  thoroughly  
rested from his fatigue1 or been        
relieved from his pain1 he  continues in
 possession of powers without any       
excitement to these powers2  if he      
possess a capacity of desire without    
having an object of desire2  or if he   
have a spare energy upon his person1    
without a counterpart1  and without a   
stimulus to call it into operation4 ,the
 misery of such  a condition is often   
realized by him who is retired from     
business1 or  who is retired from law1  
or who is even retired from the         
occupations  of the chase and of the    

gaming table4 ,such is the demand of our
 nature  for an object in pursuit1 that 
no accumulation of previous success can 
extinguish it1 and thus it is that the  
most prosperous merchant1 and  the most 
victorious general1 and the most        
fortunate gamester1 when the  labor of  
their respective vocations has come to a
 close1 are often  found to languish in 
the midst of all their acquisitions1 as 
if out of  their kindred and rejoicing  
element4 ,it is quite in vain with such 
a  constitutional appetite for          
employment in man1 to attempt cutting   
away  from him the spring or the        
principle of one employment1 without    
providing  him with another4 ,the whole 
heart and habit will rise in resistance 
against such an undertaking4 ,the else  
unoccupied female1 who spends the  hours
 of every evening at some play of       
hazard1 knows as well as you1 that  the 
pecuniary gain1 or the honorable triumph
 of a successful contest1 are           
altogether paltry4 ,it is not such a    

demonstration of vanity as this that    
will force her away from her dear and   
delightful occupation4 ,the habit  can  
not so be displaced as to leave nothing 
but a negative and cheerless  vacancy   
behind it--though it may be so          
supplanted as to be followed up by      
another habit of employment to which the
 power of some new affection has        
constrained her4 ,it is willingly       
suspended1 for example1 on any single   
evening1 should the time that was wont  
to be allotted to gaming require  to be 
spent on the preparation of an          
approaching assembly4    ,the ascendant 
power of a second affection will do what
 no exposition1  however forcible1 of   
the folly and worthlessness of the      
first1 ever  could effectuate4 ,and it  
is the same in the great world4 ,you    
never will  be able to arrest any of its
 leading pursuits1 by a naked           
demonstration  of their vanity4 ,it is  
quite in vain to think of stopping one  
of these  pursuits in any way else1 but 

by stimulating to another4 ,in          
attempting  to bring a worldly man1     
intent and busied with the prosecution  
of his  objects1 to a dead stand1 you   
have not merely to encounter the charm  
which he annexes to these objects1 but  
you have to encounter the pleasure      
which he feels in the very prosecution  
of them4 ,it is not enough1 then1  that 
you dissipate the charm by your moral1  
and eloquent1 and affecting  exposure of
 its illusiveness4 ,you must address to 
the eye of his mind  another object1    
with a charm powerful enough to         
dispossess the first of  its influence1 
and to engage him in some other         
prosecution as full of  interest1 and   
hope1 and congenial activity1 as the    
former4 ,it is this  which stamps an    
impotency on all moral and pathetic     
declamation of the  insignificance of   
the world4 ,a man will no more consent  
to the misery of  being without an      
object1 because that object is a trifle1
 or of being  without a pursuit1 because

 that pursuit terminates in some        
frivolous  or fugitive acquirement1 than
 he will voluntarily submit himself to  
the torture because that torture is to  
be of short duration4 ,if to be  without
 desire and without exertion altogether1
 is a state of violence  and discomfort1
 then the present desire1 with its      
correspondent train of  exertion1 is not
 to be got rid of simply by destroying  
it4 ,it must be  by substituting another
 desire1 or another line of habit or    
exertion in  its place1 and the most    
effectual way of withdrawing the mind   
from one  object1 is not by turning it  
away upon desolate and unpeopled        
vacancy1  but by presenting to its      
regards another object still more       
alluring4    ,these remarks apply not   
merely to love considered in the state  
of desire  for an object not yet        
attained4 ,they apply also to love      
considered  in its state of indulgence1 
or placid gratification1 with an object 
already in possession4 ,it is seldom    

that any of our tastes are made  to     
disappear by a process of natural       
extinction4 ,at least1 it is very       
seldom that this is done by the         
instrumentality of reasoning4 ,it may be
  done by excessive pampering1 but it is
 almost never done by the mere  force of
 mental determination4 ,but what can not
 be thus destroyed may  be dispossessed1
 and one taste may be made to give way  
to another1 and  to lose its power      
entirely as the reigning affection of   
the mind4 ,it is  thus that the boy     
ceases1 at length1 to be the slave of   
his appetite1  but it is because a      
manlier taste has now brought it into   
subordination1  and that the youth      
ceases to idolize pleasure1 but it is   
because the  idol of wealth has become  
the stronger1 and gotten the            
ascendency--and  that even the love of  
money ceases to have the mastery over   
the heart of  many a thriving citizen1  
but it is because drawn into the whirl  
of city  politics1 another affection has

 been wrought into his moral system1 and
  he is now lorded over by the love of  
power4 ,there is not one of these       
transformations in which the heart is   
left without an object4 ,its desire  for
 one particular object may be conquered2
 but as to its desire for  having some  
one object1 or other1 this is           
unconquerable4 ,its adhesion  to that on
 which it has fastened the preference of
 its regards1 can not  willingly be     
overcome by the rending away of a single
 separation4 ,it can  be done only by   
the application of something else1 to   
which it may feel  the adhesion of a    
still stronger and more powerful        
preference4 ,such is  the grasping      
tendency of the human heart1 that it    
must have something  to lay hold of--and
 which1 if wrested away1 without the    
substitution  of another something in   
its place1 would leave a void and a     
vacancy  as painful to the mind as      
hunger is to the natural system4 ,it may
 be  dispossessed of one object or of   

any1 but it can not be desolated of all4
  ,let there be a breathing and a       
sensitive heart1 but without a liking   
and  without affinity to any of the     
things that are around it1 and in a     
state  of cheerless abandonment1 it     
would be alive to nothing but the burden
  of its own consciousness1 and feel it 
to be intolerable4 ,it would make  no   
difference to its owner1 whether he     
dwelt in the midst of a gay and  goodly 
world1 or placed afar beyond the        
outskirts of creation1 he dwelt  a      
solitary unit in dark and unpeopled     
nothingness4 ,the heart must have       
something to cling to--and never1 by its
 own voluntary consent1 will it  so     
denude itself of all its attachments    
that there shall not be one  remaining  
object that can draw or solicit it4     
,april #ac4    ,the misery of a heart   
thus bereft of all relish for that which
 is wont  to minister to its enjoyment1 
is strikingly exemplified in those who1 
satiated with indulgence1 have been so  

belabored1 as it were1 with  the variety
 and the poignancy of the pleasurable   
sensations that they  have experienced1 
that they are at length fatigued out of 
all capacity  for sensation whatever4   
,the disease of ennui is more frequent  
in the  ,french metropolis1 where       
amusement is more exclusively the       
occupation  of higher classes1 than it  
is in the ,british metropolis1 where the
  longings of the heart are more        
diversified by the resources of business
  and politics4 ,there are the votaries 
of fashion1 who1 in this way1 have  at  
length become the victims of fashionable
 excess1 in whom the very  multitude of 
their enjoyments has at last            
extinguished their power of             
enjoyment--who1 plied with the delights 
of sense and of splendor even to        
weariness1 and incapable of higher      
delights1 have come to the end of all   
their perfection1 and1 like ,solomon of 
old1 found it to be vanity and          
vexation4 ,the man whose heart has thus 

been turned into a desert can  vouch for
 the insupportable languor which must   
ensue1 when one affection  is thus      
plucked away from the bosom1 without    
another to replace it4  ,it is not      
necessary that a man receive pain from  
anything in order to  become miserable4 
,it is barely enough that he looks with 
distaste at  everything--and in that    
asylum which is the repository of minds 
out of  joint1 and where the organ of   
feeling as well as the organ of         
intellect1  has been impaired1 it is not
 in the cell of loud and frantic        
outcries  where you will meet with the  
acme of mental suffering4 ,but that is  
the  individual who outpeers in         
wretchedness all his fellows1 who       
throughout  the whole expanse of nature 
and society1 meets not an object that   
has at  all the power to detain or      
interest him2 who neither in earth      
beneath1  nor in heaven above1 knows of 
a single charm to which his heart can   
send forth one desirous or responding   

movement2 to whom the world1 in  his eye
 a vast and empty desolation1 has left  
him nothing but his own  consciousness  
to feed upon--dead to all that is       
without him1 and alive to  nothing but  
to the load of his own torpid and       
useless existence4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,we hope 
that by this time you understand the    
impotency of a mere  demonstration of   
this world's insignificance4 ,its sole  
practical effect1  if it had any1 would 
be to leave the heart in a state which  
to every  heart is insupportable1 and   
that is a mere state of nakedness and   
negation4 ,you may remember the fond and
 unbroken tenacity with which  your     
heart has often recurred to pursuits1   
over the utter frivolity  of which it   
sighed and wept but yesterday4 ,the     
arithmetic of your  short-lived days1   
may on ,sabbath make the clearest       
impression upon  your understanding1 and
 from his fancied bed of death may the  
preacher  cause a voice to descend in   

rebuke and mockery on all the pursuits  
of  earthliness1 and as he pictures     
before you the fleeting generations of  
men1 with the absorbing grave1 whither  
all the joys and interests of  the world
 hasten to their sure and speedy        
oblivion1 may you1 touched  and         
solemnized by his argument1 feel for a  
moment as if on the eve of a  practical 
and permanent emancipation from a scene 
of so much vanity4    ,but the morrow   
comes1 and the business of the world1   
and the objects of  the world1 and the  
moving forces of the world1 come along  
with it1 and  the machinery of the      
heart1 in virtue of which it must have  
something  to grasp1 or something to    
adhere to1 brings it under a kind of    
moral  necessity to be actuated just as 
before1 and in utter repulsion toward  a
 state so unkindly as that of being     
frozen out both of delight and  of      
desire1 does it feel all the warmth and 
the urgency of its wonted               
solicitations1 nor in the habit and     

history of the whole man can we  detect 
so much as one symptom of the new       
creature1 so that the church1  instead  
of being to him a school of obedience1  
has been a mere sauntering  place for   
the luxury of a passing and theatrical  
emotion2 and the  preaching which is    
mighty to compel the attendance of      
multitudes1 and  which is mighty to     
still and to solemnize the hearers into 
a kind of  tragic sensibility1 and which
 is mighty in the play of variety and   
vigor  that it can keep up around the   
imagination1 is not mighty to the       
pulling  down of strongholds4    ,the   
love of the world can not be expunged by
 a mere demonstration of the  world's   
worthlessness4 ,but may it not be       
supplanted by the love of that  which is
 more worthy than itself8 ,the heart can
 not be prevailed upon  to part with the
 world by a single act of resignation4  
,but may not the  heart be prevailed    
upon to admit into its preference       
another1 who shall  subordinate the     

world1 and bring it down from its wonted
 ascendancy8 ,if  the throne which is   
placed there must have an occupier1 and 
the tyrant  that now reigns has occupied
 it wrongfully1 he may not leave a bosom
  which would rather detain him than be 
left in desolation4 ,but may he not     
give way to the lawful sovereign1       
appearing with every charm that can     
secure his willing admittance1 and      
taking unto himself his great power  to 
subdue the moral nature of man1 and to  
reign over it8 ,in a word1 if  the way  
to disengage the heart from the positive
 love of one great and  ascendant       
object1 is to fasten it in positive love
 to another1 then it is  not by exposing
 the worthlessness of the former1 but by
 addressing to the  mental eye the worth
 and excellence of the latter1 that all 
things are to  be done away1 and all    
things are become new4    ,to obliterate
 all our present affections by simply   
expunging them1  so as to leave the seat
 of them unoccupied1 would be to destroy

 the  old character1 and to substitute  
no new character in its place4 ,but     
when they take their departure upon the 
ingress of others1 when they  resign    
their sway to the power and the         
predominance of new affections1  when1  
abandoning the heart to solitude1 they  
merely give place to a  successor who   
turns it into as busy a residence of    
desire1 and interest1  and expectation  
as before--there is nothing in all this 
to thwart or  to overthrow any of the   
laws of our sentient nature--and we see 
how1  in fullest accordance with the    
mechanism of the heart1 a great moral   
revolution may be made to take place    
upon it4    ,this1 we trust1 will       
explain the operation of that charm     
which  accompanies the effectual        
preaching of the gospel4 ,the love of   
,god1 and  the love of the world1 are   
two affections1 not merely in a state of
  rivalship1 but in a state of          
enmity--and that so irreconcilable that 
they  can not dwell together in the same

 bosom4 ,we have already affirmed how   
impossible it were for the heart1 by any
 innate elasticity of its own1 to  cast 
the world away from it1 and thus reduce 
itself to a wilderness4 ,the  heart is  
not so constituted1 and the only way to 
dispossess it of an old  affection is by
 the expulsive power of a new one4      
,nothing can exceed the  magnitude of   
the required change in a man's          
character1 when bidden1 as he  is in the
 ,new ,testament1 not to love the world2
 no1 nor any of the things  that are in 
the world1 for this so comprehends all  
that is dear to him in  existence as to 
be equivalent to a command of           
self-annihilation4 ,but the  same       
revelation which dictates so mighty an  
obedience1 places within our  reach as  
mighty an instrument of obedience4      
,it brings for admittance1 to the very  
door of our heart1 an affection  which1 
once seated upon its throne1 will either
 subordinate every  previous inmate1 or 
bid it away4 ,beside the world1 it      

places before the  eye of the mind ,him 
who made the world1 and with this       
peculiarity1 which  is all its own--that
 in the gospel do we so behold ,god1 as 
that we may  love ,god4 ,it is there1   
and there only1 where ,god stands       
revealed as an  object of confidence to 
sinners--and where our desire after ,him
 is not  chilled into apathy by that    
barrier of human guilt which intercepts 
every  approach that is not made to ,him
 through the appointed ,mediator4 ,it is
  the bringing in of this better hope   
whereby we draw nigh unto ,god--and to  
live without hope is to live without    
,god1 and if the heart be without  ,god1
 the world will then have the           
ascendancy4 ,it is ,god apprehended  by 
the believer as ,god in ,christ1 who    
alone can disport it from this          
ascendancy4 ,it is when ,he stands      
dismantled of the terrors which belong  
to ,him as an offended lawgiver1 and    
when we are enabled by faith1 which  is 
his own gift1 to see ,his glory in the  

face of ,jesus ,christ1 and to  hear    
,his beseeching voice1 as it protests   
good will to men1 and entreats  the     
return of all who will1 to a full pardon
 and a gracious acceptance--it  is then 
that a love paramount to the love of the
 world1 and at length  expulsive of it1 
first arises in the regenerating bosom4 
,it is when  released from the spirit of
 bondage1 with which love can not dwell1
 and  when to the number of ,god's      
children1 through the faith that is in  
,christ  ,jesus1 the spirit of adoption 
is found upon us2 it is then that the   
heart1 brought under the mastery of one 
great and predominant affection1  is    
delivered from the tyranny of its former
 desires1 and in the only way  in which 
deliverance is possible4 ,and that faith
 which is revealed to us  from heaven1  
as indispensable to a sinner's          
justification in the sight of  ,god1 is 
also the instrument of the greatest of  
all moral and spiritual  achievements on
 a nature dead to the influence1 and    

beyond the reach of  every other        
application4      ,april #bj4    ,thus  
may we come to perceive what it is that 
makes the most effective  kind of       
preaching4 ,it is not enough to hold out
 to the world's eye the  mirror of its  
own imperfections4 ,it is not enough to 
come forth with a  demonstration1       
however pathetic1 of the evanescent     
character of all  its enjoyments4 ,it is
 not enough to travel the walk of       
experience along  with you1 and speak to
 your own conscience and your own       
recollection of  the deceitfulness of   
the heart1 and the deceitfulness of all 
that the  heart is set upon4 ,there is  
many a bearer of the gospel message who 
has  not shrewdness of natural          
discernment enough1 and who has not     
power of  characteristic description    
enough1 and who has not the talent of   
moral  delineation enough1 to present   
you with a vivid and faithful sketch  of
 the existing follies of society4 ,but  
that very corruption which he  has not  

the faculty of representing in its      
visible details1 he may  practically be 
the instrument of eradicating in its    
principle4 ,let him be  but a faithful  
expounder of the gospel testimony2      
unable as he may be to  apply a         
descriptive hand to the character of the
 present world1 let him  but report with
 accuracy the matter which revelation   
has brought to him  from a distant      
world1 unskilled as he is in the work of
 so anatomizing  the heart1 as with the 
power of a novelist to create a         
graphical or  impressive exhibition of  
the worthlessness of its many           
affections--let  him only deal in those 
mysteries of peculiar doctrine1 on which
 the best  of novelists have thrown the 
wantonness of their derision4 ,he may   
not be  able1 with the eye of shrewd and
 satirical observation1 to expose to the
  ready recognition of his hearers the  
desires of worldliness--but with the    
tidings of the gospel in commission1 he 
may wield the only engine that  can     

extirpate them4 ,he can not do what some
 might have done1 when1 as if  by the   
hand of a magician they have brought out
 to view1 from the hidden  recesses of  
our nature1 the foibles and lurking     
appetites which belong to  it4 ,but he  
has a truth in the possession1 which1   
into whatever heart it  enters1 will1   
like the rod of ,aaron1 swallow up them 
all--and unqualified  as he may be1 to  
describe the old man in all the nicer   
shading of  his natural and             
constitutional varieties1 with him is   
deposited that  ascendant influence     
under which the leading tastes and      
tendencies of the  old man are          
destroyed1 and he becomes a new creature
 in ,jesus ,christ our  ,lord4    ,let  
us not cease1 then1 to ply the only     
instrument of powerful and  positive    
operation1 to do away from you the love 
of the world4 ,let us try  every        
legitimate method of finding access to  
your hearts for the love of  ,him who is
 greater than the world4 ,for this      

purpose1 if possible1 clear  away that  
shroud of unbelief which so hides and   
darkens the face of the  ,deity4 ,let us
 insist on ,his claims to your          
affection1 and whether in  the shape of 
gratitude or in the shape of esteem1 let
 us never cease to  affirm that in the  
whole of that wondrous economy1 the     
purpose of which  is to reclaim a sinful
 world unto ,himself1 ,he1 the ,god of  
love1 so sets  ,himself forth in        
characters of endearment1 that naught   
but faith1 and  naught but understanding
 are wanting1 on your part1 to call     
forth the  love of your hearts back     
again4    ,and here let me advert to the
 incredulity of a worldly man2 when he  
brings his own sound and secular        
experience to bear upon the high        
doctrines of ,christianity1 when he     
looks upon regeneration as a thing      
impossible1 when feeling as he does the 
obstinacies of his own heart1  on the   
side of things present1 and casting an  
intelligent eye1 much  exercised1       

perhaps1 in the observations of human   
life1 on the equal  obstinacies of all  
who are around him1 he pronounces this  
whole matter  about the crucifixion of  
the old man1 and the resurrection of a  
new man  in his place1 to be in         
downright opposition to all that is     
known and  witnessed of the real nature 
of humanity4 ,we think that we have seen
 such  men1 who1 firmly trenched in     
their own vigorous and homebred         
sagacity1  and shrewdly regardful of all
 that passes before them through the    
week1  and upon the scenes of ordinary  
business1 look on that transition of    
the heart by which it gradually dies    
unto time1 and awakens in all the  life 
of a new felt and ever growing desire   
toward ,god1 as a mere ,sabbath         
speculation2 and who thus1 with all     
their attention engrossed upon the      
concerns of earthliness1 continue       
unmoved to the end of their days1       
amongst the feelings and the appetites1 
and the pursuits of earthliness4    ,if 

the thought of death1 and another state 
of being after it1 comes  across them at
 all1 it is not with a change so radical
 as that of  being born again1 that they
 ever connect the idea of preparation4  
,they have some vague conception of its 
being quite enough that they  acquit    
themselves in some decent and tolerable 
way of their relative  obligations2 and 
that upon the strength of some such     
social and domestic  moralities as are  
often realized by him in whose heart the
 love of ,god  has never entered1 they  
will be transplanted in safety from this
 world1  where ,god is the ,being with  
whom it may almost be said that they    
have  had nothing to do1 to that world  
where ,god is the ,being with whom they 
will have mainly and immediately to do  
throughout all eternity4 ,they  admit   
all that is said of the utter vanity of 
time1 when taken up with  as a resting  
place4 ,but they resist every           
application made upon the  heart of man1
 with the view of so shifting its       

tendencies that it shall  not henceforth
 find in the interests of time1 all its 
rest and all its  refreshment4 ,they in 
fact regard such an attempt as an       
enterprise that  is altogether aerial1  
and with a tone of secular wisdom caught
 from the  familiarities of every-day   
experience1 do they see a visionary     
character  in all that is said of       
setting our affections on the things    
that are  above1 and of walking by      
faith1 and of keeping our hearts in such
 a love  of ,god as shall shut out from 
them the love of the world1 and of      
having  no confidence in the flesh1 and 
of so renouncing earthly things as to   
have our conversation in heaven4        
,now1 it is altogether worthy of being  
remarked of those men who thus          
disrelish spiritual ,christianity1 and1 
in fact1 deem it an impracticable       
acquirement1 how much of a piece their  
incredulities about the doctrines  of   
,christianity are with each other4 ,no  
wonder that they feel the work  of the  

,new ,testament to be beyond their      
strength1 so long as they hold  the     
words of the ,new ,testament to be      
beneath their attention4 ,neither  they 
nor any one else can dispossess the     
heart of an old affection1 but  by the  
impulsive power of a new one1 and1 if   
that new affection be the  love of ,god1
 neither they nor any one else can be   
made to entertain it1  but on such a    
representation of the ,deity as shall   
draw the heart of the  sinner toward    
,him4 ,now1 it is just their unbelief   
which screens from the  discernment of  
their minds this representation4 ,they  
do not see the love  of ,god in sending 
,his ,son into the world4 ,they do not  
see the expression  of his tenderness to
 men1 in sparing him not1 but giving him
 up unto  the death for us all4 ,they do
 not see the sufficiency of the         
atonement1  or of the sufferings that   
were endured by him who bore the burden 
that  sinners should have borne4 ,they  
do not see the blended holiness and     

compassion of the ,godhead1 in that ,he 
passed by the transgressions of  ,his   
creatures1 yet could not pass them by   
without an expiation4 ,it is  a mystery 
to them how a man should pass to a state
 of godliness from a  state of          
nature--but had they only a believing   
view of ,god manifest in the  flesh1    
this would resolve for them the whole   
mystery of godliness4 ,as it  is1 they  
can not get quit of their old           
affections1 because they are out  of    
sight from all those truths which have  
influence to raise a new one4  ,they are
 like the children of ,israel in the    
land of ,egypt1 when required  to make  
bricks without straw--they can not love 
,god1 while they want  the only food    
which can aliment this affection in a   
sinner's bosom--and  however great their
 errors may be1 both in resisting the   
demands of the  gospel as impracticable1
 and in rejecting the doctrines of the  
gospel as  inadmissible1 yet there is   
not a spiritual man 7and it is the      

prerogative  of ,him who is spiritual to
 judge all men7 who will not perceive   
that  there is a consistency in these   
errors4      ,april #bg4    ,but if     
there be a consistency in the errors1 in
 like manner is there  a consistency in 
the truths which are opposite to them4  
,the man who  believes in the peculiar  
doctrines will readily bow to the       
peculiar  demands of ,christianity4     
,when he is told to love ,god supremely1
 this  may startle him to whom ,god has 
been revealed in grace1 and in pardon1  
and in all the freeness of an offered   
reconciliation4 ,when told he  should   
shut out the world from the heart1 this 
may be impossible with  him who has     
nothing to replace it--but not          
impossible with him who has  found in   
,god a sure and a satisfying portion4   
,when told to withdraw his  affections  
from the things that are beneath1 this  
was laying an order of  self-extinction 
upon the man who knows not another      
quarter in the whole  sphere of his     

contemplation1 to which he could        
transfer them--but it were  not grievous
 to him whose view has been opened up to
 the loveliness and  glory of the things
 that are above1 and can there find1 for
 every feeling  of his soul1 a most     
ample and delighted occupation4 ,when   
told to look  not at the things that are
 seen and temporal1 this were blotting  
out the  light of all that is visible   
from the prospect of him in whose eye   
there  is a wall of partition between   
guilty nature and the joys of           
eternity--but  he who believes that     
,christ has broken down this wall1 finds
 a gathering  radiance upon his soul1 as
 he looks onward in faith to the things 
that  are unseen and eternal4 ,tell a   
man to be holy--and how can he compass  
such  a performance1 when his alone     
fellowship with holiness is a fellowship
 of  despair8 ,it is the atonement of   
the cross1 reconciling the holiness of  
the lawgiver with the safety of the     
offender1 that hath opened the way  for 

a sanctifying influence into the        
sinner's heart1 and he can take a       
kindred impression from the character of
 ,god now brought nigh1 and now at      
peace with him4    ,separate the demand 
from the doctrine1 and you have either a
 system of  righteousness that is       
impracticable1 or a barren orthodoxy4   
,bring the  demand and the doctrine     
together1 and the true disciple of      
,christ is able  to do the one through  
the other strengthening him4 ,the motive
 is adequate  to the movement1 and the  
bidden obedience of the gospel is not   
beyond  the measure of his strength1    
just because the doctrine of the gospel 
is  not beyond the measure of his       
acceptance4 ,the shield of faith1 and   
the  hope of salvation1 and the ,word of
 ,god1 and the girdle of truth--these   
are the armor that he has put on2 and   
with these the battle is won1 and  the  
eminence is reached1 and the man stands 
on the vantage ground of  a new field   
and a new prospect4 ,the effect is      

great1 but the cause is  equal to       
it--and stupendous as this moral        
resurrection to the precepts of         
,christianity undoubtedly is1 there is  
an element of strength enough to  give  
it being and continuance in the         
principles of ,christianity4    ,the    
object of the gospel is both to pacify  
the sinner's conscience1 and  to purify 
his heart2 and it is of importance to   
observe that what mars  one of these    
objects1 mars the other also4 ,the best 
way of casting out  an impure affection 
is to admit a pure one2 and by the love 
of what is  good1 to expel the love of  
what is evil4 ,thus it is1 that the     
freer the  gospel1 the more sanctifying 
the gospel2 and the more it is received 
as  a doctrine of grace1 the more will  
it be felt as a doctrine according to   
godliness4 ,this is one of the secrets  
of the ,christian life1 that the  more a
 man holds of ,god as a pensioner1 the  
greater is the payment of  service that 
he renders back again4 ,on the tenure of

 8,do this and live10  a spirit of      
fearfulness is sure to enter2 and the   
jealousies of a legal  bargain chase    
away all confidence from the intercourse
 between ,god and  man2 and the creature
 striving to be square and even with his
 ,creator1  is1 in fact1 pursuing all   
the while his own selfishness instead of
 ,god's  glory1 and with all the        
conformities which he labors to         
accomplish1 the  soul of obedience is   
not there1 the mind is not subject to   
the law of  ,god1 nor indeed under such 
an economy ever can be4 ,it is only     
when1 as  in the gospel1 acceptance is  
bestowed as a present1 without money and
  without price1 that the security which
 man feels in ,god is placed beyond  the
 reach of disturbance1 or that he can   
repose in him1 as one friend  reposes in
 another1 or that any liberal and       
generous understanding can  be          
established betwixt them--one party     
rejoicing over the other to do him      
good--the other finding that the truest 

gladness of his heart lies in the       
impulse of a gratitude1 by which it is  
awakened to the charms of a new  moral  
existence4 ,salvation by                
grace--salvation on such a footing is   
not  more indispensable to the          
deliverance of our persons from the hand
 of  justice1 than it is to the         
deliverance of our hearts from the chill
 and  the weight of ungodliness4        
,retain a single shred or fragment of   
legality with the gospel1 and you  raise
 a topic of distrust between man and    
,god4 ,you take away from the  power of 
the gospel to melt and to conciliate4   
,for this purpose1 the  freer it is1 the
 better it is4 ,that very peculiarity   
which so many dread  as the germ of     
,antinomianism1 is in fact the germ of a
 new spirit1 and a  new inclination     
against it4 ,along with the light of a  
free gospel1 does  there enter the love 
of the gospel1 which in proportion as   
you impair  the freeness1 you are sure  
to chase away4 ,and never does the      

sinner find  within himself so mighty a 
moral transformation1 as when under the 
belief  that he is saved by grace1 he   
feels constrained thereby to offer his  
heart a devoted thing1 and to deny      
ungodliness4    ,to do any work in the  
best manner1 you would make use of the  
fittest  tools for it4 ,and we trust    
that what has been said may serve in    
some  degree for the practical guidance 
of those who would like to reach the    
great moral achievement of our text--but
 feel that the tendencies and  desires  
of nature are too strong for them4 ,we  
know of no other way by  which to keep  
the love of the world out of our heart1 
than to keep in  our heart the love of  
,god--and no other way by which to keep 
our hearts  in the love of ,god1 than   
building ourselves up on our most holy  
faith4  ,that denial of the world which 
is not possible to him that dissents    
from  the gospel testimony1 is possible1
 even as all things are possible to him 
that believeth4 ,to try this without    

faith1 is to work without the right     
tool or the right instrument4 ,but faith
 worketh by love2 and the way of        
expelling from the heart the love that  
transgresseth the law1 is to admit  into
 its receptacles the love which         
fulfilleth the law4    ,conceive a man  
to be standing on the margin of this    
green world2 and  that1 when he looked  
toward it1 he saw abundance smiling upon
 every  field1 and all the blessings    
which earth can afford scattered in     
profusion throughout every family1 and  
the light of the sun sweetly  resting   
upon all the pleasant habitations1 and  
the joys of human  companionship        
brightening many a happy circle of      
society--conceive of  this as being the 
general character of the scene upon one 
side of his  contemplation2 and that on 
the other1 beyond the verge of the      
goodly  planet on which he was situated1
 he could descry nothing but a dark and 
fathomless unknown4 ,think you that he  
would bid a voluntary adieu to all  the 

brightness and all the beauty that were 
before him on earth1 and  commit himself
 to the frightful solitude away from it8
 ,would he leave  its peopled dwelling  
places1 and become a solitary wanderer  
through the  fields of nonentity8 ,if   
space offered him nothing but a         
wilderness1 would  he abandon the       
homebred scenes of life and of          
cheerfulness that lay so  near1 and     
exerted such a power of urgency to      
detain him8 ,would not he  cling to the 
regions of sense1 and of life1 and of   
society8--and shrinking  away from the  
desolation that was beyond it1 would not
 he be glad to keep  his firm footing on
 the territory of this world1 and to    
take shelter  under the silver canopy   
that was stretched over it8    ,but if1 
during the time of his contemplation1   
some happy island of the  blest had     
floated by2 and there had burst upon his
 senses the light  of its surpassing    
glories1 and its sounds of sweeter      
melody2 and he  clearly saw that there a

 purer beauty rested upon every field1  
and a more  heartfelt joy spread itself 
among all the families2 and he could    
discern  there a peace1 and a piety1 and
 a benevolence1 which put a moral       
gladness  into every bosom1 and united  
the whole society in one rejoicing      
sympathy  with each other1 and with the 
beneficent ,father of them all4 ,could  
he  further see that pain and mortality 
were there unknown1 and above all1  that
 signals of welcome were hung out1 and  
an avenue of communication was  made for
 him1 perceive you not1 that what was   
before the wilderness1  would become the
 land of invitation2 and that now the   
world would be  the wilderness8 ,what   
unpeopled space could not do1 can be    
done by space  teeming with beatific    
scenes and beatific society4 ,and let   
the existing  tendencies of the heart be
 what they may to the scene that is near
 and  visible around us1 still1 if      
another stood revealed to the prospect  
of  man1 either through the channel of  

faith1 or through the channel of his    
senses--then1 without violence done to  
the constitution of his moral  nature1  
may he die unto the present world1 and  
live to the lovelier world  that stands 
in the distance1 away from it4          
,,selections ,,from ,,american          
,,literature4      ,,thomas ,,wentworth 
,,higginson4        ,quiet and fair in  
tone2 condensed to the last point1 and  
still      perfectly clear2 written in  
such pure ,english that the youngest    
reader can understand1 yet free from an 
affectation of baby talk1      which is 
often considered indispensable in       
children's books--the      8,young      
,folks' ,history of the ,united ,states0
 makes a refreshing      contrast to the
 kind of school book with which ,abbott 
and ,loomis1      and men of their stamp
 have inundated the country4 ,not that  
these      latter1 in spite of bombast  
and dryness1 may not have served a      
purpose in their day and generation1 no 
better men having come      forward     

heretofore1 but that a more thoughtful  
and scientific age      demands better  
work4--,scribner's ,monthly4            
,criticism on 8,back-,log ,studies40    
,in 8,back-,log ,studies0 there are1 no 
doubt1 some essentially inartistic      
things--some long episodes2 for example1
 such as the 8,new ,vision of ,sin0  and
 the 8,uncle in ,india10 which are      
clearly inferior in texture to the      
rest1 and not quite worth the space they
 occupy2 but1 as a whole1 the  book is  
certainly a most agreeable contribution 
to the literature of the  ,meditative   
school4 ,and it is saying a great deal  
to say this4 ,to make  such an attempt  
successful there must be a lightness of 
touch sustained  through everything2    
there must be a predominant sweetness of
 flavor1  and that air of joyous ease   
which is often the final triumph of     
labor4  ,there must also be a power of  
analysis1 always subtle1 never          
prolonged2  there must be description1  
minute enough to be graphic1 yet never  

carried  to the borders of fatigue2     
there must also be glimpses of          
restrained  passion1 and of earnestness 
kept in reserve4 ,all these are         
essential1  and all these the           
8,back-,log ,studies0 show4 ,if other   
resources were  added--as depth of      
thought1 or powerful imagination1 or    
wide learning1 or  constructive         
power--they would only carry the book   
beyond the proper ranks  of the         
,meditative school1 and place it in that
 higher grade of literature  to which   
,holmes' 8,autocrat of the ,breakfast   
,table0 belongs4 ,yet it may be  better 
not to insist on this distinction1 for  
it is ,mr4 ,warner himself  who wisely  
reminds us that 8the most unprofitable  
and unsatisfactory  criticism is that of
 comparison40    ,it is as true in      
literature as in painting that 8it is in
 the perfection  and precision of the   
instantaneous line that the claim to    
immortality  is made40 ,the first and   
simplest test of good writing is in the 

fresh  and incisive phrases it yields2  
and in this respect 8,back-,log         
,studies0  is strong4 ,the author has   
not only the courage of his opinions1   
but he  has the courage of his phrases1 
which is quite as essential4 ,what an   
admirable touch1 for instance1 is that  
where ,mr4 ,warner says that a  great   
wood-fire in a wide kitchen chimney1    
with all the pots and kettles  boiling  
and bubbling1 and a roasting spit       
turning in front of it1 8makes  a person
 as hungry as one of ,scott's novels60  
,fancy the bewilderment of  some slow   
and well-meaning man upon encountering  
that stroke of fancy2  his going over it
 slowly from beginning to end1 and then 
again backward  from end to beginning1  
studying it with microscopic eye1 to    
find where  the resemblance comes in1   
until at last it occurs to him that     
possibly  there may be a typographical  
error somewhere1 and that1 with a little
  revision1 the sentence might become   
intelligible6 ,he does not know that  in

 literature1 as in life1 nothing        
venture1 nothing have2 and that it      
often requires precisely such an        
audacious stroke as this to capture the 
most telling analogies4    ,there occurs
 just after this1 in 8,back-,log        
,studies10 a sentence which  has long   
since found its way to the universal    
heart1 and which is worth  citing1 as an
 example of the delicate rhetorical art 
of under-statement4  ,to construct a    
climax is within the reach of every one2
 there is not a  ,fourth-of-,july orator
 who can not erect for himself a        
heaven-scaling  ladder of that          
description1 climb its successive steps1
 and then tumble  from the top4 ,but to 
let your climax swell beneath you like a
 wave of the  sea1 and then let it      
subside under you so gently that your   
hearer shall  find himself more stirred 
by your moderation than by your impulse2
 this  is a triumph of style4 ,thus our 
author paints a day of winter storm2 for
  instance1 the wild snow-drifts beating

 against the cottage window1 and  the   
boy in the chimney-corner reading about 
,general ,burgoyne and the  ,indian     
wars4 8,i should like to know what      
heroism a boy in an old ,new  ,england  
farm-house1 rough-nursed by nature1 and 
fed on the traditions  of the old wars1 
did not aspire to--#8,john1' says the   
mother1 #8you'll  burn your head to a   
crisp in that heat4' ,but ,john does not
 hear2 he is  storming the ,plains of   
,abraham just now4 #8,johnny1 dear1     
bring in a stick  of wood4' ,how can    
,johnny bring in wood when he is in that
 defile with  ,braddock1 and the        
,indians are popping at him from behind 
every tree8  ,there is something about a
 boy that ,i like1 after all40    ,i    
defy any one who has a heart for        
children to resist that last sentence4  
,considered critically1 it is the very  
triumph of under-statement--of          
delicious1 provoking1 perfectly         
unexpected1 moderation4 ,it is a        
refreshing dash of cool water just as we

 were beginning to grow heated4  ,like  
that1 it calls our latent heat to the   
surface by a kindly reaction2  the      
writer surprises us by claiming so      
little that we concede everything2  we  
at once compensate by our own enthusiasm
 for this inexplicable  lowering of the 
demand4 ,like him6 of course we like    
him--that curly-pated1  rosy-cheeked    
boy1 with his story books and his       
,indians6 ,but if we had  been called   
upon to adore him1 it is very doubtful  
whether we should  have liked him at    
all4 ,and this preference for effects   
secured by quiet  methods--for producing
 emphasis without the use of italics1   
and arresting  attention without        
resorting to exclamation points--is the 
crowning merit  of the later style of   
,mr4 ,warner4      ,,henry ,,james1 ,jr4
        ,mr4 ,henry ,james1 ,jr41       
inherits from his father a diction so   
rich      and pure1 so fluent and       
copious1 so finely shaded1 yet capable  
of such varied service1 that it is1 in  

itself1 a form of genius4      ,few men 
have ever been so brilliantly equipped  
for literary      performance4          
,carefully trained taste1 large         
acquirements of      knowledge1         
experience of lands and races1 and      
association with      the best minds    
have combined to supply him with all the
 purely      intellectual requisites    
which an author could desire4--,bayard  
,taylor4        ,as a story-teller1 we  
know of no one who is entitled to rank  
higher1 since ,poe and ,hawthorne are   
gone1 than ,mr4 ,james4      ,his style 
is pure and finished1 and marked by the 
nicety of      expression which is so   
noticeable among the best ,french       
writers      of fiction4--,louisville   
,courier-,journal4        ,the          
8,portrait of a ,lady0 is a very clever 
book1 and a book of      very great     
interest4 ,we do not know a living      
,english novelist who      could have   
written it4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4      
,carlyle's ,letters to ,emerson4        

,carlyle takes his place among the first
 of ,english1 among the very first  of  
all letter-writers4 ,all his great      
merits come out in this form of         
expression2 and his defects are not felt
 as defects1 but only as striking       
characteristics and as tones in the     
picture4 ,originality1 nature1 humor1   
imagination1 freedom1 the disposition to
 talk1 the play of mood1 the  touch of  
confidence--these qualities1 of which   
the letters are full1 will  with the aid
 of an inimitable use of language--a    
style which glances at  nothing that it 
does not render grotesque--preserve     
their life for readers  even further    
removed from the occasion than          
ourselves1 and for whom  possibly the   
vogue of ,carlyle's published writings  
in his day will be to  a certain degree 
a subject of wonder4    ,carlyle is here
 in intercourse with a friend for whom1 
almost alone among  the persons with    
whom he had dealings1 he appears to have
 entertained a  sentiment of respect--a 

constancy of affection untinged by that 
humorous  contempt in which 7in most    
cases7 he indulges when he wishes to be 
kind1  and which was the best refuge    
open to him from his other alternative  
of  absolutely savage mockery4    ,it is
 singular1 indeed1 that throughout his  
intercourse with ,emerson he  never     
appears to have known the satiric fury  
which he directed at so  many other     
objects1 accepting his friend en bloc1  
once for all1 with  reservations and    
protests so light that1 as addressed to 
,emerson's own  character1 they are only
 a finer form of consideration4'''      
,other persons  have enjoyed life as    
little as ,carlyle2 other men have been 
pessimists  and cynics2 but few men have
 rioted so in their disenchantments1 or 
thumped so perpetually upon the         
hollowness of things with the idea of   
making it resound4 ,pessimism1 cynicism1
 usually imply a certain amount of      
indifference and resignation2 but in    
,carlyle these forces were nothing if   

not querulous and vocal4 ,it must be    
remembered that he had an imagination   
which made acquiescence difficult--an   
imagination haunted with theological    
and apocalyptic visions4 ,we have no    
occasion here to attempt to estimate    
his position in literature1 but we may  
be permitted to say that it is  mainly  
to this splendid imagination that he    
owes it4 ,both the moral and  the       
physical world were full of pictures for
 him1 and it would seem to be  by his   
great pictorial energy that he will     
live4      ,anthony ,trollope4    ,his  
great1 his inestimable merit was a      
complete appreciation of reality4  ,this
 gift is not rare in the annals of      
,english fiction2 it would  naturally be
 found in a walk of literature in which 
the feminine mind has  labored so       
fruitfully4 ,women are delicate and     
patient observers2 they  hold their     
noses close1 as it were1 to the texture 
of life4 ,they feel  and perceive the   
real 7as well as the desirable71 and    

their observations  are recorded in a   
thousand delightful volumes4 ,trollope  
therefore1 with  his eyes comfortably   
fixed on the familiar1 the actual1 was  
far from  having invented a genre1 as   
the ,french say2 his great distinction  
is  that1 in resting there1 his vision  
took in so much of the field4 ,and then 
he felt all common1 human things as well
 as saw them2 felt them in a  simple1   
direct1 salubrious way1 with their      
sadness1 their gladness1 their  charm1  
their comicality1 all their obvious and 
measurable meanings4      ,du ,maurier4 
,he is predominantly a painter of       
social1 as distinguished from popular   
life1 and when the other day he         
collected some of his drawings into a   
volume1 he found it natural to give them
 the title of 8,english ,society  at    
,home40 ,he looks at the 8accomplished0 
classes more than at the  people1 though
 he by no means ignores the humors of   
humble life4 ,his  consideration of the 
peculiarities of costermongers and      

8cadgers0 is  comparatively perfunctory1
 as he is too fond of civilization and  
of the  higher refinements of the       
grotesque4 ,his colleague1 the frank and
 as the  metaphysicians say1 objective1 
,keene1 has a more natural familiarity  
with  the ,british populace4 ,there is a
 whole side of ,english life1 at which  
du  ,maurier scarcely glances--the great
 sporting element1 which supplies half  
of their gayety and all their           
conversation to millions of her         
,majesty's  subjects4 ,he is shy of the 
turf and of the cricket field2 he only  
touches  here and there upon the river4 
,but he has made 8society0 completely   
his  own--he has sounded its depths1    
explored its mysteries1 discovered and  
divulged its secrets4 ,his observation  
of these things is extraordinarily      
acute1 and his illustrations1 taken     
together1 form a complete comedy of     
manners1 in which the same personages   
constantly re-appear1 so that we  have  
the sense1 indispensable to keenness of 

interest1 of tracing their  adventures  
to a climax4 ,so many of the conditions 
of ,english life are  picturesque 7and1 
to ,american eyes1 even romantic71 that 
du ,maurier has  never been at a loss   
for subjects4 ,we mean that he is never 
at a loss for  pictures4 ,english       
society makes pictures all round him1   
and he has only  to look to see the most
 charming things1 which at the same time
 have the  merit that you can always    
take the satirical view of them4        
,,william ,,dean ,,howells4        ,he  
is equal as an artist to the best       
,french writers4 ,his books      are not
 only artistically fine1 but morally    
wholesome4--,magazin      fr die        
,literatur des ,auslandes4        ,the  
great body of the cultivated public has 
an instinctive      delight in original 
genius1 whether it be refined or        
sensational4      ,mr4 ,howells's is    
eminently refined4 ,his humor1 however  
vivid in      form1 is subtle and       
elusive in its essence4 ,he depends1    

perhaps1      somewhat too much on the  
feelings of humor in his readers to     
appreciate his own4 ,he has the true    
,addisonian touch2 hits his      mark in
 the white1 and instead of provoking    
uproarious laughter1      strives to    
evoke that satisfied smile which        
testifies to the      quiet enjoyment of
 the reader4 ,his humor is the humor of 
a      poet4--,e4 ,p4 ,whipple4         
,mr4 ,howells has been compared to      
,washington ,irving for the             
exquisite purity of his style1 and to   
,hawthorne for a certain      subtle    
recognition of a hidden meaning in      
familiar things4 ,a more      thoroughly
 genial writer1 certainly1 we have not1 
nor one more      conscientious in the  
practice of his art4--,scribner's       
,monthly4      ,the ,young ,editor1 from
 8,a ,modern ,instance40    8,hullo60 he
 cried1 with a suddenness that startled 
the boy1 who had  finished his          
meditation upon ,bartley's trowsers1 and
 was now deeply  dwelling on his boots4 

8,do you like 'em8 ,see what sort of a  
shine you can  give 'em for             
,sunday-go-to-meeting-to-morrow-morning4
0 ,he put out his hand  and laid hold of
 the boy's head1 passing his fingers    
through the thick  red hair4            
8,sorrel-top60 he said with a grin of   
agreeable reminiscence4  8,they emptied 
all the freckles they had left into your
 face--didn't they1  ,andy80    ,this   
free1 joking way of ,bartley's was one  
of the things that made him  popular2 he
 passed the time of day1 and would give 
and take right along1  as his admirers  
expressed it from the first1 in a       
community where his  smartness had that 
honor which gives us more smart men to  
the square  mile than any other country 
in the world4 ,the fact of his smartness
 had  been affirmed and established in  
the strongest manner by the authorities 
of the college at which he was          
graduated1 in answer to the reference   
he made to them when negotiating with   
the committee in charge for the  place  

he now held as editor of the ,equity    
,free ,press4''' ,they perhaps  had     
their misgivings when the young man1 in 
his well-blacked boots1 his  grey       
trowsers neatly fitting over them1 and  
his diagonal coat buttoned  high with   
one button1 stood before them with his  
thumbs in his waistcoat  pockets1 and   
looked down over his mustache at the    
floor1 with sentiments  concerning their
 wisdom which they could not explore2   
they must have  resented the fashionable
 keeping of everything about him1 for   
,bartley  wore his one suit as if it    
were but one of many2 but when they     
understood  that he had come by         
everything through his own unaided      
smartness1 they  could no longer        
hesitate4 ,one1 indeed1 still felt it a 
duty to call  attention to the fact that
 the college authorities said nothing of
 the  young man's moral characteristics 
in a letter dwelling so largely upon    
his intellectual qualifications4 ,the   
others referred this point by a  silent 

look to ',squire ,gaylord4 8,i don't    
know10 said the ',squire1 8as  ,i ever  
heard that a great deal of morality was 
required by a newspaper  editor40 ,the  
rest laughed at the joke1 and the       
',squire continued3 8,but  ,i guess if  
he worked his own way through college1  
as they say1 that he  hain't had time to
 be up to a great deal of mischief4 ,you
 know it's for  idle hands that the     
devil provides1 doctor40    8,that's    
true1 as far as it goes10 said the      
doctor4 8,but it isn't the  whole truth4
 ,the devil provides for some busy      
hands1 too40    8,there's a good deal of
 sense in that10 the ',squire admitted4 
8,the worst  scamps ,i ever knew were   
active fellows4 ,still1 industry is in a
 man's  favor4 ,if the faculty knew     
anything against this young man they    
would  have given us a hint of it4 ,i   
guess we had better take him2 we shan't 
do  better4 ,is it a vote80             
,,charles ,,dudley ,,warner4            
,humor he has1 and of the very highest  

order4 ,it is as delicate      as       
,washington ,irving's1 and quite as     
spontaneous4 ,but humor is      hardly  
his predominant quality4 ,he has all the
 wit of ,holmes1      and all the       
tenderness of ,ik ,marvel4 ,he is often 
charmingly      thoughtful1 earnest and 
suggestive4--,san ,francisco ,bulletin4 
,there is only one other pair of        
microscopic eyes like his owned      by 
an ,american1 and they belong to ,w4 ,d4
 ,howells4 ,these two men      will     
ferret out fun from arid sands and naked
 rocks1 and in one      trip of a       
league1 less or more1 over a barren     
waste1 see and hear      more that is   
amusing and entertaining than the rest  
of the world      will discover in      
crossing a continent4 ,such men should  
do our      traveling for us4--,chicago 
,tribune4      ,from 8,back-,log        
,studies40    ,the fire on the hearth   
has almost gone out in ,new ,england2   
the hearth has  gone out2 the family has
 lost its center2 age ceases to be      

respected2  sex is only distinguished by
 the difference between millinery bills 
and  tailors' bills2 there is no more   
toast-and-cider2 the young are not      
allowed to eat mince pies at ten o'clock
 at night2 half a cheese is no  longer  
set to toast before the fire2 you       
scarcely ever see in front of  the coals
 a row of roasting apples1 which a      
bright little girl1 with many  a dive   
and start1 shielding her sunny face from
 the fire with one hand1  turns from    
time to time2 scarce are the grey-haired
 sires who strop their  razors on the   
family ,bible1 and doze in the chimney  
corner4 ,a good many  things have gone  
out with the fire on the hearth4    ,i  
do not mean to say that public and      
private morality have vanished  with the
 hearth4 ,a good degree of purity and   
considerable happiness are  possible    
with grates and blowers2 it is a day of 
trial1 when we are all  passing through 
a fiery furnace1 and very likely we     
shall be purified  as we are dried up   

and wasted away4 ,of course the family  
is gone as an  institution1 though there
 still are attempts to bring up a family
 round  a 8register40 ,but you might    
just as well try to bring it up by hand 
as  without the rallying-point of a     
hearth-stone4 ,are there any homesteads 
now-a-days8 ,do people hesitate to      
change houses any more than they do  to 
change their clothes8 ,people hire      
houses as they would a masquerade       
costume1 liking1 sometimes1 to appear   
for a year in a little fictitious       
stone-front splendor above their means4 
,thus it happens that so many  people   
live in houses that do not fit them4 ,i 
should almost as soon  think of wearing 
another person's clothes as his house2  
unless ,i could  let it out and take it 
in until it fitted1 and somehow         
expressed my own  character and taste4  
,from 8,being a ,boy40    ,it is a      
wonder that every ,new ,england boy does
 not turn out a poet1 or a  missionary  
or a peddler4 ,most of them used to4    

,there is something in the  heart of the
 ,new ,england hills to feed the        
imagination of the boy and  excite his  
longing for strange countries4 ,i       
scarcely know what the subtle  influence
 is that forms him and attracts him in  
the most fascinating and  aromatic of   
all lands1 and yet urges him away from  
all the sweet delights  of his home to  
become roamer in literature and in the  
world a poet and a  wanderer4 ,there is 
something in the soil and in the pure   
air1 ,i suspect1  that promises more    
romance than is forthcoming1 and that   
excites the  imagination without        
satisfying it1 and begets the desire of 
adventure4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,what ,john said
 was1 that he didn't care much for      
pumpkin pie2 but that  was after he had 
eaten a whole one4 ,it seemed to him    
then that mince  would be better4 ,the  
feeling of a boy toward pumpkin pie has 
never been  properly considered4''' ,his
 elders say that the boy is always      

hungry2 but  that is a very coarse way  
of putting it4 ,he has only recently    
come into  a world that is full of good 
things to eat1 and there is on the whole
  a very short time in which to eat     
them2 at least he is told1 among the    
first information he receives1 that life
 is brief4 ,life being brief1 and  pie  
and the like fleeting1 he very soon     
decides on an active campaign4  ,it may 
be an old story to people who have been 
eating for forty or fifty  years2 but it
 is different with a beginner4 ,he takes
 the thick and thin  as it comes--as to 
pie1 for instance4 ,some people do make 
them very thin4          ,,united       
,,states ,,history4      ,,settlement   
,,of ,,new ,,york4    ,the most         
favorably situated1 and1 for its extent1
 the most valuable  region of the       
country was first settled by the ,dutch1
 ,hollanders and  ,swedes4    ,for some 
ten years there had been a trading post 
and small village on  ,manhattan        
,island2 and1 in #afbc the 8,dutch ,west

 ,india ,co410 with a charter  covering 
the whole coast from the ,strait of     
,magellan to ,hudson's ,bay1  landed a  
colony of thirty families at ,new       
,amsterdam4    ,the first colonists were
 mostly ,protestant refugees from       
,belgium1 who  came to ,america to      
escape the persecutions endured in their
 own country4  ,a part of the colonists 
took up their abode at ,new ,amsterdam2 
others went  down the ,new ,jersey      
coast1 and landed on the eastern shore  
of the ,bay  of ,delaware4 ,the same    
year a colony of #ah families ascended  
the ,hudson1  and located at or near    
,albany4 ,this was the most northern    
post1 and was  called ,fort ,orange4    
,a civil government was established for 
,new ,netherlands1 in #afbd1  ,cornelius
 ,may being the first governor4    ,in  
#afbf ,peter ,minuit was appointed      
governor1 and during his  administration
 he purchased of the native inhabitants 
the whole of  ,manhattan ,island1       
containing more than #bj1jjj acres1 for 

forty dollars4    ,some settlements were
 also made on ,long ,island4 ,the ,dutch
 of ,new  ,amsterdam and the ,pilgrims  
of ,new ,england were early friends1 and
 helped  each other4 ,both enjoyed a    
good degree of prosperity1 and the      
population  steadily increased4    ,for 
more than ten years the ,indians1 with  
few exceptions1 received the  strangers 
who came among them kindly and in good  
faith4 ,when injured  and wronged their 
resentment was kindled1 and terribly did
 they avenge  themselves on their       
enemies4 ,the first notable instance was
 at ,lewistown1  on ,delaware ,bay1     
where ,hosset1 a governor of violent    
temper and little  sagacity1 seized and 
put to death a chief1 who in some way   
offended him4  ,the tribe was aroused1  
and assailed the place with such        
violence that  not a man was left alive4
 ,when the next ship-load of colonists  
arrived1  instead of a thrifty town1 and
 friends eagerly waiting to receive     
them1  they found but the bones of the  

slain1 and the ashes of the homes that  
had sheltered them4 ,afterward there was
 not1 for many years1 the same  sense of
 security2 and in #afdj ,new            
,netherlands became involved in a       
general war with the ,indians of ,long  
,island and ,new ,jersey1 a war that1   
on both sides1 was far from honorable1  
and marked with treachery1  cruelty1 and
 murders most revolting4 ,if the whites 
were surprised and  massacred by the    
,indians1 there were as terrible        
massacres of ,indians by  the whites1   
who were1 too often1 the aggressors4 ,an
 impartial historian  says3 8,nearly all
 the bloodshed and sorrow of those five 
years of war may  be charged to         
,governor ,kief4 ,he was a revengeful1  
cruel man1 whose idea  of government was
 to destroy whatever opposed him40 ,for 
his headstrong  course and cruelty he   
lost his position1 and1 to the great    
relief of the  colonists1 who had       
suffered much on his account1 sailed for
 ,england4 ,but  the ship was wrecked on

 the coast of ,wales1 and the guilty    
governor found  a grave in the sea4 ,he 
was succeeded by ,peter ,stuyvesant1 a  
resolute  man1 of more ability than most
 who preceded him4 ,he1 for seventeen   
years1 managed the affairs of the       
colonists successfully4 ,he conciliated 
the savages1 settled the boundaries of  
his territory1 and enforced the         
surrender of ,new ,sweden1 which became 
a part of his dominion4 ,there was      
afterward some difficulty with the      
,indians1 but more from a quarter       
whence no danger was expected4 ,lord    
,baltimore1 of ,maryland1 claimed1      
under his charter1 all the territory    
between the ,chesapeake and ,delaware   
,bay4 ,berkley claimed ,new ,sweden1    
while ,connecticut and ,massachusetts   
were  equally aggressive on the         
territories adjacent to their lines4    
,in #affd the unscrupulous king of      
,england1 ,charles ,,ii41 issued patents
  to his brother1 the ,duke of ,york1   
covering the territory called ,new      

,netherlands1 and more beside4 ,it was  
in utter disregard of the rights  of    
,holland1 and of the ,west ,india ,co41 
who had settled the country4 ,no  time  
was given for protest against the       
outrage4 ,an ,english squadron soon     
appeared before ,new ,amsterdam1 and    
demanded the immediate surrender of  the
 country1 and the acknowledgment of the 
sovereignty of ,england4 ,no  effectual 
resistance could be made1 and the       
indignant old governor1  his council    
ordering it1 had to sign the            
capitulation2 and1 on the #hth  of      
,september1 #affd1 the ,english flag was
 hoisted over the fort and  town4 ,the  
,swedish and ,dutch settlements likewise
 capitulated1 and the  conquest was     
complete4 ,from ,maine to ,georgia1 in  
every settlement near  the coast1 the   
,british flag was unfurled4 ,this       
high-handed injustice1  which robbed a  
sister state of her well earned colonial
 possessions1 was  but slightly         
mitigated by the fact that the armament 

was insufficient to  enforce submission 
without the shedding of blood4 ,the     
capitulation was  on favorable terms1   
and with fair promises1 that were never 
fulfilled4  ,the government was         
despotic1 and the people were sorely    
oppressed4 ,the  policy of the          
tyrannical governor was to tax the      
people till they could  do nothing but  
think how possibly to pay the amount    
assessed4    ,in #afgc1 ,england and    
,holland being at war1 the latter sent a
 small  squadron to recover the         
possessions wrested from her in         
,america4 ,when  the little fleet       
appeared before ,new ,york1 the governor
 was absent1 and  his deputy1 either    
from cowardice1 or1 knowing the people  
preferred to  have it so1 at once       
surrendered the city1 and the whole     
province yielded  without a struggle4   
,but the re-conquest of ,new ,york by   
the ,dutch1 gave them no permanent      
possession1 as the war was soon closed  
by a treaty of peace1 in which all  the 

rights of ,holland in ,america were     
surrendered4    ,the ,dutch and ,swedes 
again became subject to ,english        
authority4 ,popular  government was     
overthrown1 and the officers appointed  
by the crown1  directly or otherwise1   
with few exceptions1 were unjust and    
tyrannical4  ,their oppressive measures 
were met with resistance1 and1 so       
intense  was the hatred excited1 that   
obstructions were thrown in the way of  
everything that was attempted4 ,the     
people1 when not repelling the attacks  
of the ,french and the ,indians1 or     
carrying the war into the territory  of 
the invaders--campaigns in which much   
was sacrificed and nothing  gained--were
 in a constant struggle with the royal  
governors1 intent on  collecting the    
revenues and enriching themselves1 but  
careless of the  best interests of the  
people4      ,,pennsylvania4    ,in     
#afha ,william ,penn1 a man of          
convictions1 who1 with other ,quakers1  
had  suffered persecution on account of 

his religious convictions1 obtained a   
charter with proprietary rights1 for a  
large tract of ,american territory4     
,geographically its position was nearly 
central as regards the original         
colonies1 but at first somewhat         
indefinitely bounded4 ,in the final     
adjustment of colonial limits it was    
made a regular parallelogram1 a  small  
addition being made to give access to   
,lake ,erie1 and a good harbor4  ,the   
average length is #caj miles2 the width1
 #afj miles4 ,in naming his  territory  
the proprietor modestly omitted any     
allusion to himself4 ,he  suggested     
,sylvania1 because of the extensive and 
almost unbroken forest4  ,the clerk     
prefixed 8,penn40 ,from this he appealed
 to the king1 who decided  the prefix   
should be retained2 but1 as a relief to 
the wounded modesty of  the ,quaker1    
said it would be in honor of the        
,admiral1 his friend1 and the  deceased 
father of ,william4 ,for whomever the   
compliment was intended1 the  citizens  

of the commonwealth have always liked   
the name4    ,the liberal plan for the  
government of ,west ,new ,jersey1       
previously  drawn up by ,penn1 was      
adopted1 and the colonists encouraged to
 govern  themselves4 ,the powers        
conferred on him personally were never  
used in  selfishness1 or to advance his 
personal interests1 but only to further 
the complete establishment of freedom1  
justice1 and the best interests of  the 
people4    ,to the ,swedes and others   
who had settled within his territory    
before  he took possession1 he          
introduced himself in a way so          
conciliatory and  assuring that their   
friendship was at once won4 ,his first  
message as  governor was an admirable   
document--plain1 honest1 sensible in its
 every  utterance4 ,its brevity allows  
it to be printed in full4 8,my friends1 
,i  wish you all happiness here and     
hereafter4 ,these words are to let you  
know that it hath pleased ,god1 in his  
providence1 to cast you in my lot  and  

care4 ,it is a business that though ,i  
never undertook before1 yet ,god  hath  
given me an understanding of my duty1   
and an honest heart to do it  uprightly4
 ,i hope you will not be troubled at    
your change and the king's  choice2 for 
you are now fixed at the mercy of no    
governor that comes to  make his fortune
 great4 ,you shall be governed by laws  
of your own making1  and live a free1   
and if you will1 a sober1 industrious   
people4'''0    ,before the proprietor's 
arrival1 with three shiploads of ,quaker
  colonists1 his deputy1 as instructed1 
had respected the rights of all  the    
settlers1 of whatever nationality or    
religious faith1 and had been  specially
 careful to cultivate friendly          
relations1 and form treaties  with the  
,indian tribes located in or near the   
territory4 ,the offers  of friendship1  
honestly made1 were received in the same
 kindly spirit  that prompted them1 and 
neither fraud nor violence was feared4  
,not long  after ,penn came1 a general  

council was called of the chiefs and    
sachems1  anxious to see him of whom    
they had heard1 and whose promises1     
reported  to them1 they had believed4   
,he met them1 with a few friends1       
unarmed as  they all were1 and spoke    
kind words by an interpreter4    ,it was
 not his object to purchase lands1 or to
 lay down rules to govern  them in      
trading1 but honestly to assure the     
untutored children of the  forest of his
 friendly purposes and brotherly        
affection4    ,the covenant then made1  
not written with ink1 nor confirmed by  
any oath1  was sacredly kept4 ,no deed  
of violence or injustice ever marred the
 peace  or interrupted the friendly     
relations of the parties4 ,for more than
  seventy years1 during which time the  
province remained under the control  of 
the ,friends1 the peace was unbroken4   
,not a war-whoop was heard1 nor  any    
hostile demonstration witnessed in      
,pennsylvania4    ,in ,december1 #afhb1 
a convention was held of three days'    

continuance1 and  all needful provision 
made for territorial legislation4       
,the generous concessions of the        
proprietor harmonized the views of the  
assembly1 and the results of the        
convention were eminently satisfactory4 
,after a month's absence1 during which  
there was a visit to the  ,chesapeake1  
and an amicable conference with ,lord   
,baltimore1 about the  boundaries of    
their respective provinces1 ,penn       
returned1 and busied  himself in        
locating and making a plot of his       
proposed capital4 ,the  beautiful neck  
between the ,schuylkill and ,delaware   
was wisely chosen2 the  land purchased  
of the ,swedes1 who had begun a         
settlement there1 and map  of the city  
provided4 ,three or four cabins were the
 only dwellings on the  site1 and the   
lines of the streets were indicated by  
marks on the trees4  ,thus in the woods 
was founded ,philadelphia1 the ,city of 
,brotherly ,love4    ,from the inception
 of his ,american enterprise1 ,penn     

showed himself  a true philanthropist1  
not seeking his own aggrandizement1 but 
the  good of others4 ,the oppressed and 
persecuted trusted him and were  not    
disappointed4 ,he promised them freedom1
 the love of which was a  master passion
 with him1 and the charter of their     
liberties dated at  ,philadelphia1 and  
adopted by the first ,general ,assembly1
 was even more  generous than they      
expected4 ,he conceded all the rights of
 legislation  to the representatives of 
the people1 reserving for himself only  
the  right to veto any hasty and        
objectionable enactments of the council4
  ,his administration as executive met  
with much favor1 and the tide of        
prosperity was for years unabated4 ,such
 was the condition of affairs  in       
,pennsylvania when ,king ,james ,,ii4   
abdicated his throne4 ,penn1 being  a   
friend of the ,stuarts1 and having      
received his liberal charter from       
,charles ,,ii41 sympathized with the    
fallen monarch1 and1 though loyal1  had 

less confidence in ,william and ,mary4  
,for his sympathy and supposed          
adherence to the cause of the exiled    
king1 he was persecuted1 several  times 
arrested and cast into prison4 ,but     
investigations showed the  suspicions of
 disloyalty unfounded2 and his rights1  
so unjustly and to  the great grief of  
his colonists1 wrested from him1 were   
fully restored4  ,the new sovereign was 
a ,catholic1 and his                    
fellow-communicants1 like  other        
dissenters from the ,establishment1 had 
suffered much4 ,his anxiety  to restore 
to them all the immunities of           
citizenship disposed him to  listen to  
the logic and eloquence of the          
accomplished ,quaker1 who boldly        
contended for the toleration of all     
creeds1 and the unlimited freedom of    
conscience4 ,his influence during these 
years1 in keeping up the tide of        
immigration to ,america1 and especially 
to ,pennsylvania1 was something         
wonderful4    ,in #afii he again visited

 his ,american colony1 now grown into a 
state--the  increase in population and  
all the resources of a prosperous       
community  far exceeding his            
expectations4    ,in #agja1 having      
carefully and satisfactorily arranged   
all his affairs  in ,america1 ,penn bade
 a final adieu to his many friends1 and 
returned  to ,england4 ,he left them1   
largely through the influence of his    
teaching  and example and spirit1 at    
peace among themselves and with all     
their  neighbors4    ,about this time a 
measure was proposed in ,england that1  
if passed1 would  seriously affect the  
colonists in all parts of the country4  
,the ministers  formed the design of    
abolishing all the proprietary estates1 
with the  view of establishing royal    
governments in their stead4 ,the        
presence of  ,penn was greatly needed in
 ,england to prevent the success of this
 scheme1  and not without much effort   
was the purpose defeated4 ,it required a
 man  of power and influence in the     

king's court to do it4 ,from this time  
the government1 though still in ,penn's 
right1 was administered by his          
deputies1 some of whom disappointed him4
 ,john ,evans1 an ambitious man1  and   
not true to the peace principles of the 
,friends1 greatly troubled the  province
 by purchasing military equipments1 and 
attempting to organize  a regiment of   
militia4 ,the council and citizens      
protested so strongly  against his      
proceedings as irreconcilable with the  
policy of ,penn1 that  ,evans was       
removed from the office1 and another    
appointed4 ,his charge to  the deputies 
appointed had been1 8,you are come to a 
quiet land2 rule  for him under whom the
 princes of this world will one day     
esteem it an  honor to govern in their  
places40 ,those who heeded the charge   
had peace  and prosperity in their      
borders4 ,as proprietor of his vast     
possessions  in ,america1 ,penn was not 
faultless2 but his mistakes bore an     
amiable  character4 ,conscious of his   

own integrity and freedom from cupidity1
  he placed too much confidence in the  
untried virtue of others1 and  exposed  
inferior men in the way of temptation to
 dishonesty that they  were not able to 
resist4 ,the rascality of his agent1    
,ford1 whose false  accounts involved   
the honest proprietor in debt to a large
 amount1 well  nigh accomplished his    
financial ruin4 ,he was imprisoned1 and 
after weary  months of confinement was  
released by influential friends1 who    
compounded  with the creditors in whose 
power the crafty agent had placed him4  
,the simplicity of his ,quaker habits   
and enthusiasm for religion seemed      
inconsistent with his great influence in
 the corrupt court of the king1  and he 
was suspected of acting a double        
part--was thrice arrested1 charged  with
 treasonable intentions1 and as often   
acquitted4 ,but the strain  was too     
great4 ,his natural force abated1 and   
the infirmities of age  came on him     
rapidly4 ,his acquittal1 and the        

complete vindication of his  character  
cast a bright light on the clouds1 and  
its radiance gave a kind  relief for the
 six years of feebleness and suffering  
that remained after  life's mission     
seemed mostly accomplished4 ,the attacks
 of enemies and  contemporary rivals are
 more readily condoned4 ,but the        
abortive attempt  of ,lord ,macaulay to 
asperse the character of the deceased   
governor1 whose  enterprise in the ,new 
,world eclipsed all others1 reflects    
little honor on  the name of the great  
historian4 ,certainly the great         
,quaker's record on  this side of the   
,atlantic can never be tarnished1 and   
his principles of  liberty and equality 
are better understood and appreciated by
 ,american  freemen4    ,the colonial   
possessions of ,penn were bequeathed to 
his three sons1 by  whom1 and their     
deputies1 the government was            
administered until the  ,american       
,revolution4 ,afterward1 in #aggi1 the  
entire claim of the ,penn  family to the

 soil and jurisdiction of the state1 was
 purchased by the  legislature for a    
hundred and thirty thousand pounds      
sterling4 ,the early  history of the    
,keystone state is one of special       
interest and pleasure4  ,the reader     
lingers over it because it recounts     
bloodless victories1 and  the triumph of
 kindness and right over violence and   
wrong4    ,when nations grow mercenary  
and grasping1 the strong justifying     
their  aggressions and conquests by the 
false plea that success1 and the        
probable hereafter of the conquered     
races justify their assaults1 the  early
 annals of ,penn's state will stand a   
perpetual protest against  fraud and    
violence1 however successful for a time4
 ,might does not make  right1 even when 
the highest civilization confronts the  
lowest barbarism4  ,even savages had    
rights that the most cultured           
,englishmen were bound to  respect4     
,the brotherhood of man includes those  
of lowest estate4 ,so thought the       

founder of the great state that bears   
his name4 ,with his charter in  hand he 
fearlessly plunged into the vast        
wilderness1 saying1 8,i will  here found
 a free colony for all mankind40 ,the   
words had the true ring1  and the asylum
 was opened for men of every nation who 
loved liberty and  hated the oppressor's
 wrongs4 ,and it was a most fitting     
thing that the  8bells of his capital   
should ring out the first glad notes of 
,american  independence40               
,,georgia4    ,every philanthropist must
 take satisfaction in the founding of   
the  colony in ,georgia2 for1 perhaps   
beyond any other1 it had its origin  in 
the spirit of pure benevolence4 ,the    
unfortunate debtor in ,england  was by  
the laws liable to imprisonment2 and    
thousands were1 for this  cause alone1  
languishing in prisons4 ,the miserable  
condition of debtors  and their desolate
 families1 was at length thrust on the  
attention of  ,parliament4 ,in #agbh a  
commission was appointed to inquire into

 the state  of the poor1 and report     
measures of relief4 ,the work was       
accomplished1  the jails thrown open1   
and the prisoners returned to their     
families4  ,but1 though liberated1 they 
and their friends were in no condition  
to maintain themselves respectably in   
the land of their birth4 ,there  was a  
land beyond the sea where debt was not a
 crime1 and poverty not  necessarily a  
disgrace4 ,to provide somewhere a refuge
 for the poor  of ,england1 and the     
distressed ,protestants of other        
countries1 the  commission appealed to  
,george ,,ii4 for the privilege of      
planting a colony  of such persons in   
,america4 ,a charter was issued giving  
the desired  territory to a corporation1
 for twenty-one years1 to be held in    
trust  for the poor4 ,in honor of the   
king the new province was named         
,georgia4  ,the high-souled             
philanthropist who initiated and went   
steadily forward  in this enterprise was
 ,james ,oglethorpe4 ,born a loyalist1  

educated at  ,oxford1 a high churchman1 
a soldier1 a member of ,parliament1     
benevolent1  generous1 full of sympathy1
 and far-sighted in comprehending the   
results  of his enterprise1 he          
sacrificed much1 giving the best        
position of a life  so full of energy   
and promise to the noble charity of     
providing homes  for the poor1 under    
such conditions that the largest benefit
 could be  received by them without any 
sense of degradation4 ,ridpath says3    
8,the  magnanimity of the enterprise was
 heightened by the fact that he did  not
 believe in the equality of men1 but    
only in the duty of the strong  to      
protect the weak1 and sympathize with   
the lowly4 ,oglethorpe was the          
principal member of the corporation1 and
 to him the personal leadership  of the 
first colony planted on the banks of the
 ,savannah was naturally  intrusted4    
,his associations were with cultured    
people1 and his refined  tastes would be
 subjected to some crucial tests by the 

rude scenes in the  wilderness1 and his 
association with unlettered men4 ,but he
 was not a man  to shirk responsibility1
 and promptly determined to share the   
privations1  hardships1 and dangers of  
his colony4    8,with one hundred and   
twenty emigrants1 in ,january1 #agce1 he
 safely  reached the coast1 proceeded up
 the river1 and selected1 for the site  
of his first settlement1 the high bluff 
on which ,savannah was built4  ,there1  
amidst the pines1 was soon seen a       
village of tents and rude  dwellings1   
the nucleus of the fine city1 intended  
for the capital of a  new commonwealth1 
in which there would be freedom of      
conscience and no  imprisonment for     
debt40        ,end of ,required ,reading
 for ,april4          ,,light ,,at      
,,eventide4    ,by ,e4 ,g4              
,,charlesworth4          ,i met an old  
man in my way2      ,for many years the 
light of day      ,had been to him but  
memory2      ,poor1 blind1 half-deaf1   
and lame was he3      ,my heart was bent

 to sympathize1      ,i looked toward   
the dead closed eyes1      ,hopeful1 by 
some apt words1 a light      ,to bring  
to mingle with his night4        ,a     
falling tide was on the sand4           
,slowly1 that he might understand1      
,i said1      8,the ebbing tide1 and    
then the flood2      ,the darkest hour1 
then the dawn2      ,death1 then----0   
,some inner sun's streaks in his face   
,shone on this image of his case1       
,and twice1 with ,faith and ,hope's     
sunshine1      ,he brightly filled my   
shortened line--      ,death1 then the  
morn--,death1 then the morn6            
99       99       99       99       99  
,for though you might not be able to    
break or bend the power of genius--the  
deeper the sea1 the more precipitous the
 coast--yet in the most important       
initiatory decade of life1 in the first1
 at the opening dawn of all  feelings1  
you might surround and overlay the      
slumbering lion-energies  with all the  
tender habits of a gentle heart1 and all

 the bands of  love4--,richter4         
,,the ,,cooper ,,institute4    ,by the  
,,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,buckley1 ,d4,d4        
,among the monuments and illustrations  
of the spirit of philanthropy--the      
noblest distinction between ancient and 
modern civilization--the ,cooper        
,institute has stood for a quarter of a 
century1 an object of interest          
proportionate to the intellectual and   
moral elevation of those who behold  it4
    ,the early struggles1 great success 
and marked mental progress of its       
founder1 no less than a liberality as   
beautiful as it was then rare1  invest  
his life with a peculiar charm4 ,nor did
 he retain his possessions  until death 
loosened his grasp1 employing in        
beneficence only that which  he could no
 longer retain4 ,thus he became the     
ancestor of many who are  their own     
executors4 8,may their tribe increase60 
,to these qualities was  added a        
simplicity which made it impossible not 
to feel that ,peter ,cooper  was a kind 

of universal 8,uncle40 ,it pleased      
,almighty ,god in a providence1  which  
was no strain upon faith1 as it seemed  
preminently in harmony with  the sense  
of fitness1 to allow him to live until  
he had seen the desire  of his heart1   
and could not doubt either the          
perpetuity1 the wisdom or  the success  
of his plans for promoting the welfare  
of the people4 ,to  comparatively few   
philanthropists on so large a scale1 has
 this privilege  been vouchsafed2 for   
most of them are old before their       
accumulations  justify large            
responsibilities4    ,the death of      
,peter ,cooper gave to ,new ,york the   
opportunity1 which was  itself a        
blessing1 of showing by spontaneous     
tributes whose reflex  influence        
strengthens every spring of virtue1     
counteracting the  barbarizing          
tendencies of the struggle for bread or 
riches or honors1 and  the weakening    
effects of mere idleness and the        
prevailing distrust of  human goodness1 

its estimate of disinterestedness4 ,the 
opportunity was  improved1 for never    
within the memory of the oldest         
inhabitant has the  death of a private  
citizen evoked more tender exhibitions  
of respect and  affection than that of  
the patriarchal ,peter ,cooper4    ,it  
is my purpose to describe this          
institution2 to tell all about it1 so   
that those who read and have not seen   
may know what those who have seen  are  
pleased to recall4    ,on the #bith of  
,april1 #ahei1 ,peter ,cooper executed a
 deed in fee simple of  the property    
known as the ,cooper ,institute without 
any reservation1 to  six trustees1 upon 
the conditions specified in the act of  
the legislature  authorizing the gift to
 be made1 8that the above mentioned and 
desirable  premises1 together with the  
appurtenances and the rents1 issues1    
income1  and profits thereof shall be   
forever devoted to the instruction and  
improvement of the inhabitants of the   
,united ,states in practical science    

and art40    ,the location of the       
property and its dimensions are thus    
described by the  founder in his letter 
to the trustees accompanying the trust  
deed3        8,,gentlemen3--,it is to me
 a source of inexpressible pleasure1    
after      so many years of continued   
effort1 to place in your hands the      
title of all that piece and parcel of   
land bounded on the west      by ,fourth
 ,avenue1 and on the north by ,astor    
,place1 on the east      by ,third      
,avenue1 and on the south by ,seventh   
,street1 with all      the furniture1   
rents and income of every name and      
nature1 to be      forever devoted to   
the advancement of science and art in   
their      application to the varied and
 useful purposes of life40    ,that the 
spirit of ,peter ,cooper and the        
purposes which he had in this           
munificent gift may be the more fully   
understood1 and the reader may  judge   
how near the trustees have come to      
fulfilling the same1 ,i shall  quote    

some salient passages from that unique  
letter4 8,the great object ,i  desire to
 accomplish by the establishment of an  
institution devoted to  the advancement 
of science and art is to open the volume
 of nature by  the light of truth--so   
unveiling the laws and methods of ,deity
 that the  young may see the beauties of
 creation1 enjoy its blessings1 and     
learn  to love the ,being #8from whom   
cometh every good and perfect gift4' ,my
  heart's desire is1 that the rising    
generation may become so thoroughly     
acquainted with the laws of nature and  
the great mystery of their  own being   
that they may see1 feel1 understand and 
know that there are  immutable laws     
designed in infinite wisdom1 constantly 
operating for our  good--so governing   
the destiny of worlds and men that it is
 our highest  wisdom to live in strict  
conformity to these laws40    ,the      
italics are his4 ,mr4 ,cooper felt a    
special interest in the  advancement of 
women2 nor did this interest take a mere

 sentimental1 much  less an unpractical1
 form4 ,it did not effervesce in honeyed
 compliments  or futile denunciation of 
the existing state4 ,it was thus        
expressed3 8,to  manifest the deep      
interest and sympathy ,i feel in all    
that can advance  the happiness and     
better the condition of the female      
portion of the  community1 and          
especially of those who are dependent   
upon honest labor  for support1 ,i      
desire the trustees to appropriate two  
hundred and fifty  dollars yearly to    
assist such pupils of the ,female       
,school of ,design as  shall1 in their  
careful judgment1 by their efforts and  
sacrifices in the  performance of duty  
to parents1 or to those that ,providence
 has made  dependent on them for        
support1 merit and require such aid4 ,my
 reason for  this requirement is1 not so
 much to reward1 as to encourage the    
exercise  of heroic virtues that often  
shine in the midst of the greatest      
suffering  and obscurity1 without so    

much as being noticed by the passing    
throng40    ,in prescribing rules for   
the practice of debate1 and the         
facilities  for the hearing of lectures1
 he says3 8,to aid the speakers1 and    
those  that hear1 to profit by these    
lectures and debates1 ,i hereby direct  
to  have placed in the lecture room1 in 
a suitable position1 full-length        
likenesses of ,washington1 ,franklin and
 ,lafayette1 with an expression of  my  
sincere and anxious desire that all that
 behold them may remember that          
notwithstanding they are dead they yet  
speak the language of truth and         
soberness40    ,here follows a provision
 far in advance of his time1 but now    
becoming  common1 if not popular3       
8,desiring as ,i do that the students of
 this  institution may become preminent 
examples in the practice of all the     
virtues1 ,i have determined to give them
 an opportunity to distinguish          
themselves for their good judgment by   
annually recommending to the  trustees  

for their adoption such rules and       
regulations as they1 on mature          
reflection1 shall believe to be         
necessary and proper to preserve good   
morals and good order throughout their  
connection with this institution40      
,the letter contains an account of the  
religious opinions which had taken  an  
8irresistible possession0 of his mind4  
,these--which may be inferred  from the 
extracts made--and the offer of ten     
thousand dollars additional1  to the    
board of trustees1 for which they were  
to draw at their pleasure1  as fast as  
the same could 8be wisely used to       
advance the interests of the            
institution10 conclude this remarkable  
letter4    ,mr4 ,cooper continued to    
assist the ,institute in every possible 
way until  his death4 ,in his will he   
bequeathed to it #ajj1jjj4 ,soon after  
his death  his children notified the    
trustees that 8in accordance with what  
they  understood to be ,mr4 ,cooper's   
final wishes1 they would in a few months

  contribute the sum of #ajj1jjj in     
addition to the bequest of #ajj1jjj     
contained in his will40    ,the         
trustees--of whom not one has died in   
the long period of their  service1 the  
only death being that of the ,president1
 ,peter ,cooper--give  the following    
succinct statement of the principles    
upon which they  proceeded in the       
execution of so weighty a trust4 ,they  
say that they  laid down as the         
fundamental basis of their operations   
the following  principles3    ,first1   
that the details of the institution in  
all the departments should  be arranged 
with especial reference to the          
intellectual wants and  improvement of  
the working classes4 ,and1 second1 that 
as far as might be  consistent with the 
first principle1 all interference with  
the plans or  objects of other existing 
institutions in the city should be      
avoided4  ,guided by these principles   
the trustees arrived at the following   
broad  scheme1 as best calculated to    

instruct1 elevate1 and improve the      
working  classes of the city3    #a4    
,instruction in the branches of         
knowledge which are practically applied 
in their daily occupations1 by which    
they support themselves and their       
families4    #b4 ,instruction in the    
laws by which health is preserved and   
the sanitary  condition of families     
improved2 in other words1 in personal   
hygiene4    #c4 ,instruction in social  
and political science1 by virtue of     
which  communities maintain themselves1 
and nations progress in virtue1 wealth  
and power4    #d4 ,instruction addressed
 to the eye1 the ear1 and the           
imagination1 with  a view to furnish a  
reasonable and healthy recreation to the
 working  classes after the labors of   
the day4    ,in pursuance of these      
objects and in harmony with the above   
comprehensive  principles the following 
departments are maintained at the       
present time  in most effective         
operation3    #a4 ,free ,reading ,room  

and ,library4 ,here between #dcj and    
#ddj periodicals  are kept on file1 and 
upward of #ag1jjj volumes are upon the  
shelves4 ,in  #ahhc the number of books 
used was #aid1ifc1 the number of patent 
office  reports examined #h1cbd1 and the
 number of visitors to the patent office
  room #a1dhg4 ,in all #eei1gjg persons 
visited the ,free ,reading ,room and    
,library during #ahhc4    #b4 ,free ,art
 ,school for ,women4 ,there were no less
 than #a1dej applications  for admission
 during the year1 a number far in excess
 of the  accommodations2 #bge were      
admitted to the morning classes1 of whom
 #bjb  remained at the close of the     
term1 and #afj received certificates4   
,there  are also a 8pay class0 for      
pottery painting in this department1 and
 a pay  class for drawing in the        
afternoon2 #dc were in the pottery      
class1 and #bba  in the drawing class4  
#c4 ,free ,school for ,women in ,wood   
,engraving4 ,thirty-two students were   
received during the year #ahhb1 of whom 

#bh continued to the close of the  term4
    #d4 ,free ,school of ,telegraphy for
 ,women4 ,the number of applicants was  
#afj1  of whom #ee were admitted4    #e4
 ,free ,night ,school of ,science4 ,in  
this important department are classes   
in algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1     
analytical geometry1 descriptive        
geometry1 differential and integral     
calculus1 elementary mechanics1  natural
 philosophy1 engineering1 astronomy1    
elementary chemistry1  analytical       
chemistry1 geology1 mechanical drawing1 
oratory and debate4  ,one thousand one  
hundred and sixty-nine were admitted    
into the ,school  of ,science1 #gje     
remained till the close of the year1 and
 #dje obtained  certificates4    #f4    
,the ,free ,night ,school of ,art4 ,here
 is taught perspective drawing1         
mechanical drawing1 architectural       
drawing1 drawing from cast1 form        
drawing1 industrial drawing1 ornamental 
free hand1 rudimental free hand1        
modeling in clay4 ,in this school were  

#a1gig pupils4    ,in addition to these 
departments a course of ten free        
lectures is given  in the great hall on 
successive ,saturday evenings for ten   
weeks4 ,the  lecturers are men of       
considerable eminence and generally     
specialists4  ,probably the most        
interesting ever delivered was the      
course by the  famous naturalist1 the   
,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 of ,london1        
,england4 ,this course  crowded the     
hall1 and was concluded ,january #aith  
of the present year by a  lecture1 with 
illustrations1 on 8,the ,ant40    ,the  
term begins in the free ,night ,schools 
for ,science and ,art on the #ast  of   
,october1 and closes term work in       
,april4 ,applications for admission     
must be made during the month of        
,september on ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1     
,thursday1 and ,friday evenings1 and on 
,thursday evenings afterward4  ,each    
applicant must be at least fifteen years
 old1 and bring a letter  of            
recommendation from his employer4       

,ladies are admitted to any of the      
classes in the ,school of ,science for  
which they are fitted1 but not to  the  
,school of ,art4 ,the regular course of 
study requires five terms1 and  to those
 who successfully complete it the       
,cooper medal and diploma are  awarded4 
,the annual term in the ,woman's ,art   
,school begins ,october #ast and ends   
,may  #cjth4 ,ladies desiring admission 
must apply in person or writing1 and    
give  a written responsible reference as
 to character1 fitness1 and inability   
to pay for instruction4 ,the ages are   
from sixteen to thirty-five years4      
,pupils who do not exhibit proficiency  
after two months' trial will be         
dropped4 ,the morning classes are       
reserved for those who do not pay4  ,but
 to meet the wants of those who wish to 
study as an accomplishment1  8paying    
classes0 are organized for the          
afternoon4 ,lessons are given  in       
elementary drawing from objects1 cast   
drawing1 life drawing1 oil  painting1   

engraving4 ,lessons of two hours in     
length are given three times  a week4   
,terms1 #ae for thirty lessons4    ,the 
rules of admission to the ,free ,school 
in ,telegraphy for ,women are  that the 
candidates shall present themselves for 
examination on the first  ,tuesday in   
,october4 ,they will be examined in     
reading poor manuscript1  writing from  
dictation1 penmanship and spelling4     
,they must be at least  sixteen years   
old1 and positively not over            
twenty-four4    ,in the report for      
#ahhb1 published in ,may1 #ahhc1 ,mrs4  
,carter the ,principal  of the ,woman's 
,art ,school1 says3 8,one hundred and   
twenty-six present  pupils are learning4
 ,of these fifty-four are in the        
photograph classes1  and eighteen in the
 engraving class4 ,twenty-six now in the
 school are  teaching drawing1 and three
 of these are in nineteen public schools
 in  this city4 ,one young woman who    
left the art school in the winter       
teaches  twenty-five hours a week in    

eight public schools here at two dollars
 an  hour40    ,the form of application 
to the ,cooper ,union includes name of  
applicant1  residence1 age1 occupation1 
name of employer1 place of business4    
,parents or guardians1 in the case of   
minors1 fill out the blanks1 but        
applications must be made in person4 ,it
 only remains to say that the           
applications are in advance of the      
capacity of the ,institute1 but that    
the democratic principle of 8first come 
first served0 is rigorously  applied4   
,applications do not hold over from one 
year to another1 but must  be renewed4  
,it is possible for persons from any    
part of the country to  avail themselves
 of the facilities here afforded4 ,board
 for gentlemen can  be obtained at very 
reasonable rates1 not far from the      
,union4 ,two rooming  together and      
lunching at restaurants can live well at
 a low rate4 ,ladies  also can procure  
board in ,brooklyn1 or in the suburban  
towns1 or even in  the city itself1 at a

 rate far below what is generally       
supposed possible4    ,passing the      
,cooper ,institute1 as the writer does  
nearly every day1 he  looks with        
undiminished interest upon the young men
 and young women who  go in and out of  
the building2 while to attend one of the
 lectures is a  pleasure far greater    
than that of merely listening4 ,if it   
were possible  to assemble in one place 
all who have been helped upward and     
onward here1  among them would be found 
men and women now in the most           
influential  positions1 and the         
intelligence visible in the countenances
 of those who1  though still earning    
their bread by the sweat of the brow1   
are filled  with elevating thoughts1 and
 are consciously members of the         
aristocracy  of intellect1 would be an  
ample reward to founder1 trustees and   
teachers1  for all their work and labor 
of love4 ,nor is this all2 these pupils 
will  transmit influences through their 
posterity to the end of time4 ,peter    

,cooper1 like ,washington1 ,lafayette1  
and ,franklin1 still speaks 8words  of  
truth and soberness40 ,he shakes hands  
with every aspiring young man1  saying3 
8,my son1 ,i will help you20 with every 
young woman who cherishes  a high       
ambition3 8,my daughter1 ,i have a deep 
sympathy with you40 ,it is  useless to  
say1 8,long may his memory endure60 ,it 
can not die4    ,in concluding this     
paper the writer must be permitted to   
express his  satisfaction that the      
sketch is to appear in a magazine called
 into being  by an institution which on 
another principle1 equally efficient and
  much more widely diffused in the      
sphere of its influence1 promotes the   
advancement of ,science and ,art by     
bringing them within the reach of all   
aspirants1 without distinction of race1 
sex1 age1 or previous condition  of     
servitude4          ,,green ,,sun ,,and 
,,strange ,,sunsets4      ,during the   
first half of ,september1 the sun in    
,ceylon and ,india1 and also  in the    

,west ,indies1 presented at rising and  
setting the appearance of a  green or   
greenish-blue disc4 ,even when at his   
highest the sun appeared  pale blue in  
,ceylon 7from the other places no       
account of the sun's aspect  at high    
noon has reached me74 ,on ,september #b1
 at ,trinidad1 the sun looked  like a   
blue globe after five in the evening1   
8and after dark10 says  the report1 8we 
thought there was a fire in the town1   
from the bright  redness of the         
heavens40 ,at ,ongole1 as the sun       
approached the horizon1  his disc passed
 from a bluish tinge to green1 which    
became tinged with  yellow as he        
approached the horizon4 8,after he had  
set1 light yellow and  orange appeared  
in the west1 a very deep red remaining  
for more than an  hour after sunset2    
whereas1 under ordinary conditions1 all 
traces of  color leave the sky in this  
latitude10 says the narrator1 8within   
half  an hour after the sun disappears40
 ,these accounts1 from both the eastern 

and western hemispheres1 seem clearly to
 associate the green sun which          
attracted so much attention in the      
tropics early in ,september1 with the   
remarkable sunsets seen in ,arabia1 in  
,africa 7,north and ,south71 and        
throughout ,europe during ,october and  
,november4 ,for we see that whatever    
may have been the explanation of the    
green sun1 the phenomenon must have     
been produced by some cause capable of  
producing after sunset a brilliant  red 
and orange glow1 for a time much        
exceeding the usual duration of  the    
twilight afterglow4 ,the occurrence of  
the afterglow1 with the same  remarkable
 tints and similar exceptional duration 
elsewhere--though some  weeks           
later--shows that a similar cause was at
 work4    ,two points are clear4 ,first1
 the cause alike of the greenness of the
  sun and the ruddy afterglow was in the
 air1 not outside2 and1 secondly1  the  
matter1 whatever it was1 which made the 
sun look green when he was  seen through

 it1 and which under his rays looked    
red1 was high above the  surface of the 
earth4 ,it can readily be shown1 so far 
as this last point  is concerned1 that  
matter at a lower level than sixteen    
miles could not  have caught the sun's  
rays so long after sunset as the glow   
was seen4 ,on  the other point it       
suffices1 of course1 to note that if    
some cause in the  sun himself had been 
at work1 the whole earth would have seen
 the green  sun1 while the afterglow    
would have found no explanation at all4 
,as to the actual cause to which both   
phenomena are to be ascribed1 we  must1 
,i think1 exculpate ,krakatoa from all  
part or share in producing  these       
strange effects4 ,the appearance of a   
blue sun at ,trinidad1 followed  two or 
three days later by a green sun in the  
,east ,indies1 can not  possibly be     
associated with the occurrence of an    
earthquake on the ,javan  shore a few   
days earlier4 ,beside1 it must be       
remembered that we should  have to      

explain two incongruous circumstances2  
first1 how the exceedingly  fine matter 
ejected from ,krakatoa could have so    
quickly reached the  enormous height at 
which the matter actually producing the 
afterglow  certainly was2 and1 secondly1
 how having been able to traverse still 
air  so readily one way1 that matter    
failed to return as readily earthward   
under the attraction of gravity4 ,again 
the explanation1 which at first  seems a
 most probable one1 that unusually high 
strata of moist air1 with  accompanying 
multitudes of ice particles1 caused the 
phenomena alike  of absorption and of   
reflection1 seems negatived--first1 by  
the entire  absence of any other        
evidence of extraordinary meteorological
 conditions  in ,september1 ,october and
 ,november last2 and1 secondly1 by the  
entire  absence of any of the optical   
phenomena which necessarily accompany   
the  transmission of sunlight through   
strata of air strewn with many ice      
particles4    ,we seem obliged then to  

adopt a theory1 first advanced1 ,i      
believe1 by ,mr4  ,a4 ,c4 ,ranyard1 that
 the phenomena were caused by a cloud of
 meteoric  dust encountered by the      
earth1 and received into the upper      
regions of  the air1 thence to penetrate
 slowly 7mayhap not till many months    
have  passed7 to the surface of the     
earth4 ,mr4 ,ranyard calls attention to 
the circumstance that probably the early
 snows of the winter #ahhc-'hd  would   
bring down the advanced guard of such   
meteoric dust2 and even as ,i  write ,i 
learn that ,mr4 ,w4 ,mathieu ,williams  
has followed the suggestion4  ,he       
carefully collected the snow which fell 
in his garden1 eighty yards  from his   
chimneys and half a mile from any to    
windward4 ,slicing off a  top film of   
the snow with a piece of glass he thawed
 it1 and found a  sediment of fine      
brownish-black powder4 ,ferrocyanide of 
potassium added  to the snow-water      
produced no change of color1 showing the
 absence of  iron in solution1 nor was  

there any visible reaction on the black 
dust  till he added some hydrochloric   
acid4 ,then the blue compound indicating
  iron was abundantly formed all round  
the granules1 and presently1 as  their  
solution was effected1 a bluish-green   
deposit was formed1 and the  whole      
liquid deeply tinged with the same      
color4 8,it was not10 says ,mr4         
,williams1 8the true ,prussian-blue     
reaction of iron alone1 but just the    
color that would be produced by mixing  
small quantities of the cyanide of      
nickel 7yellowish green7 and the cyanide
 of cobalt 7brownish white7 with  a     
preponderating amount of ,prussian      
blue40    ,if this explanation of the   
green sun and the extraordinary sunsets 
should  be confirmed1 it appears to me  
that a most interesting result will have
  been achieved4 ,of course1 it is no   
new thing that as the earth rushes      
onward through space she encounters     
yearly many millions of meteoric        
bodies1 large and small2 nor ought it to

 be regarded as strange that  beside    
these separate bodies1 millions of      
millions in the form of fine  cosmical  
dust should be encountered2 but the     
actual evidence1 derived  from the      
behavior of sunlight 7the red and yellow
 rays reflected and  relative           
superabundance of green and blue rays   
therefore transmitted71  would be an    
interesting and important addition to   
our knowledge of  matters               
meteoric4--,the ,contemporary ,review4  
,,anthony ,,trollope',s ,,autobiography4
    ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,gist4      ,a peep    
into a literary workshop is always      
interesting4 ,there is  always some     
curiosity to know how a man of letters  
does his work4  ,this fascinating       
autobiography gives us a clear insight  
into ,anthony  ,trollope's manner of    
study1 and states many other facts that 
are  intensely interesting4    ,anthony 
,trollope's parents were both of a      
literary turn of mind4 ,his  father had 
no business capacity1 and everything he 

attempted went wrong4  ,his mother and  
brother came to ,america and opened a   
bazar at ,cincinnati1  hoping to amass a
 fortune4 ,this proved a failure1 and   
upon returning to  ,england1 ,mrs4      
,trollope wrote a book on ,america1     
which brought a fair  compensation4 ,for
 years she supported the family by her  
pen4 ,there is  indeed something heroic 
in her watching by the bedside of her   
dying  husband and son1 and writing her 
books during the intervals that the sick
  did not demand her attention4 ,her    
first book was written when she was     
fifty years of age4 ,she wrote in all   
one hundred and fourteen volumes4       
,anthony ,trollope's school advantages  
were poor1 and the trials of his        
childhood were greater than those of the
 average youth4 ,in #ahcd1 at the  age  
of nineteen1 he entered the postal      
service and continued in it for         
thirty-three years1 effecting many      
valuable reforms and proving himself  an
 efficient government officer4    ,his  

literary work was done in such a manner 
as not to interfere in the  least with  
his duties as inspector of postoffices4 
,few men have the power  of will to hold
 themselves to the rigid1 exacting plan 
of study that he  imposed upon himself4 
,he hired a man to call him at #e3cj    
each morning1  and his literary work was
 done between that hour and #h3cj1      
before he  dressed for breakfast4 ,he   
did not1 however1 spend the whole of the
 three  hours in writing4 ,during the   
first half hour he read aloud what he   
had  written the day before1 so that his
 ear could detect any lack of harmony   
in expression1 and that he might catch  
the spirit of his last day's work4  ,can
 anything be more systematic than his   
method of writing a book1 as  told in   
his own language3    8,when ,i commenced
 a new book ,i always prepared a diary1 
divided into  weeks1 and carried it on  
for the period which ,i allowed myself  
for the  completion of the work4 ,in    
this ,i have entered1 day by day1 the   

number  of pages ,i have written1 so    
that if at any time ,i have slipped into
  idleness for a day or two1 the record 
of that idleness has been there  staring
 me in the face and demanding of me     
increased labor1 so that the  deficiency
 might be supplied4''' ,i have allotted 
myself so many pages a  week4 ,the      
average number has been about forty4 ,it
 has been placed as low  as twenty1 and 
has risen to one hundred and twelve4    
,and as a page is an  ambiguous term1 my
 page has been made to contain two      
hundred and fifty  words2 and as words1 
if not watched1 will have a tendency to 
straggle1 ,i  have had every word       
counted as ,i went4 ,in the bargains ,i 
have made with  publishers1 ,i          
have--not1 of course1 with their        
knowledge1 but in my own                
mind--undertaken always to supply them  
with so many words1 and ,i have  never  
put a book out of hand short of the     
number by a single word4 ,i may  also   
say that the excess has been very small4

 ,i have prided myself on  completing my
 work exactly within the proposed       
dimensions4 ,but ,i have  prided myself 
especially in completing it within the  
proposed time--and ,i  have always done 
so4 ,there has ever been the record     
before me1 and a week  passed with an   
insufficient number of pages has been a 
blister to my eye1  and a month so      
disgraced would have been a sorrow to my
 heart40    ,he was not satisfied to    
hold himself rigidly to specified hours4
 ,much  of the time he wrote with his   
watch open before him1 and his task was 
to complete a page every fifteen        
minutes4 8,i have found that the two    
hundred and fifty words have been       
forthcoming as regularly as my watch    
went40 ,he seems to feel that the one   
only who has acquired a facile  style   
can expect to produce a given quantity  
in a given time4 8,his  language must   
come from him as music comes from the   
rapid touch of the  great performer's   
fingers2 as words come from the mouth of

 the indignant  orator2 as letters fly  
from the fingers of the trained         
compositor2 as the  syllables tinkled   
out by little bells form themselves to  
the ear of the  telegrapher40    ,in    
comparing himself with the authors who  
follow no systematic method of  work1 he
 says3 8,they have failed to write their
 best because they have  seldom written 
at ease4 ,i have done double their      
work--though burdened  with another     
profession--and have done it almost     
without an effort4 ,i have  not once1   
through all my literary career1 felt    
myself even in danger of  being late    
with my task4 ,i have known no anxiety  
as to copy40    ,in another connection  
he speaks of having three unpublished   
novels in  his desk1 and adds3 8,one of 
these has been six years finished1 and  
has  never seen the light since it was  
first tied up in the wrapper which now  
contains it4 ,i look forward with some  
grim pleasantry to its publication      
after another period of six years1 and  

to the declaration of the critics  that 
it has been the work of a period of life
 at which the power of  writing novels  
had passed from me40    ,his method in  
writing enabled him to produce books    
quite rapidly1 and  this accounts in    
part for the unpublished works on hand4 
,only once did he  permit a story to    
appear as a serial4 ,in all other cases 
the story was  completed before the     
printer saw any part of it4    ,he      
defends his habit of work as follows3   
8,i have been told that such  appliances
 are beneath the notice of a man of     
genius4 ,i have never  fancied myself to
 be a man of genius1 but had ,i been so 
,i think ,i might  well have subjected  
myself to these trammels4 ,nothing1     
surely1 is so  potent as a law that may 
not be disobeyed4 ,it has the force of  
the  water-drop that hollows the stone4 
,a small daily task1 if it be really    
daily1 will beat the labors of a        
spasmodic ,hercules40    ,his duties as 
a government officer required him to    

travel a great  deal1 and he soon       
learned to do much of his literary work 
while on his  journeys4 ,he wrote on a  
tablet while riding in the cars2 one    
story was  written while traveling on   
three different continents2 8,lady      
,anna0 was  written while making a      
voyage from ,liverpool to ,australia4   
,anthony ,trollope had very positive    
views on the subject of criticism4      
,early in his literary career he reached
 this conclusion3 8,i made up my  mind  
then that1 should ,i continue this trade
 of authorship1 ,i would have  no       
dealings with any critic on my own      
behalf4 ,i would neither ask for nor    
deplore criticism1 nor would ,i ever    
thank a critic for praise1 or quarrel   
with him1 even in my heart1 for         
censure40 ,a critic of the ,times once  
commended his books very highly4 ,the   
critic afterward ventured to inform     
,mr4 ,trollope that he was the author of
 the criticism4 ,the blunt reply  was to
 the effect that he was under no        

obligations for the complimentary       
notice4    ,he once censured a          
professional critic for accepting a     
handsome present  from an author whose  
works the critic had commended4 ,his    
idea was that  the man who has received 
a present for praising a book will not  
feel free  to criticise adversely the   
next book by the same author4 ,he states
 his  views at length on this point3 8,i
 think it may be laid down as a golden  
rule in literature that there should be 
no intercourse at all between an  author
 and his critic4 ,the critic1 as critic1
 should not know his author1  nor the   
author1 as author1 his critic4'''       
,praise let the author try to  obtain by
 wholesome effort2 censure let him      
avoid1 if possible1 by care  and        
industry4 ,but when they come1 let him  
take them as coming from some  source   
which he cannot influence1 and with     
which he should not meddle40    ,he once
 made an earnest plea that the critic's 
name should be appended to  his article1

 believing that this would make the     
writer more careful both  of his censure
 and praise1 and that the reader could  
determine the value  of the criticism4  
,on the subject of critical dishonesty  
he says3 8,if the  writer will tell us  
what he thinks1 though his thoughts be  
absolutely  vague and useless1 we can   
forgive him2 but when he tells us what  
he does  not think1 actuated either by  
friendship or animosity1 then there     
should  be no pardon for him4 ,this is  
the sin in modern ,english criticism of 
which there is most reason to complain40
    ,anthony ,trollope thinks that it is
 wrong that a literary name should      
carry so much favor with it4 ,he says3  
8,i1 indeed1 had never reached a  height
 to which praise was awarded as a matter
 of course2 but there were  others who  
sat on higher seats1 to whom the critics
 brought unmeasured  incense and        
adulation1 even when they wrote1 as they
 sometimes did write1  trash which from 
a beginner would not have been thought  

worthy of the  slightest notice4 ,i hope
 no one will think that in saying this  
,i am  actuated by jealousy of others4  
,though ,i never reached that height1   
still  ,i had so far progressed that    
that which ,i wrote was received with   
too  much favor4 ,the injustice which   
struck me did not consist in that which 
was withheld from me1 but in that which 
was given to me4 ,i felt that  aspirants
 coming up below me might do work as    
good as mine1 and probably  much better 
work1 and yet fail to have it           
appreciated40    ,mr4 ,trollope is      
undoubtedly right in his general        
statement4 ,while as a  rule literary   
productions stand on their merits1 the  
name of ,tennyson  or some other writer 
of equal fame will insure the sale of an
 article  which1 if written by an       
unknown writer1 would be promptly       
rejected4 ,young  writers need not      
complain of this4 ,distinguished names  
render articles  marketable1 and give   
them a commercial value that publishers 

can not  ignore4 ,to test the           
correctness of his theory1 ,mr4         
,trollope wrote two  novels anonymously1
 which were not received with favor4    
,mr4 ,trollope's success in a pecuniary 
point of view was very slow4  ,during   
the first ten years of his literary     
career he did not receive  compensation 
enough to buy the pens1 ink and paper he
 used4 ,twelve years  passed before he  
received any appreciable increase of    
salary from his  books4 ,from that time 
his compensation was good4 ,his books   
brought him in  all something like      
#cej1jjj4    ,the chapter that he       
devotes to the ,english novelists of his
 day is very  interesting4 ,he places   
,thackeray first1 ,george ,eliot second1
 and ,dickens  third4 ,most readers     
would perhaps reverse this order4 ,of   
,thackeray's  great work he says3 8,i   
myself regard #8,esmond' as the greatest
 novel in  the ,english language1 basing
 that judgment upon the excellence of   
its  language1 on the clear             

individuality of the characters1 on the 
truth  of its delineations in regard to 
the time selected1 and on its great     
pathos40 ,he pays a high tribute to     
,charlotte ,bronte1 and then adds3      
8#8,jane ,eyre' and #8,esmond1' and     
#8,adam ,bede1' will be in the hands of 
our grandchildren1 when #8,pickwick' and
 #8,pelham' and #8,harry ,lorrequer'    
are forgotten2 because the men and women
 depicted are human in their            
aspirations1 human in their sympathies1 
and human in their actions40 ,he        
commends ,wilkie ,collins and ,charles  
,reade quite highly1 but thinks the     
latter has no clear conception of       
literary honesty4    ,mr4 ,trollope     
relates an amusing incident concerning  
one of his favorite  characters4 ,he was
 seated in a club room1 when two        
clergymen entered  and commenced to     
criticise his works4 8,the gravamen of  
their complaint  lay in the fact that ,i
 introduced the same characters so      
often4 #8,here1'  said one1 #8is the    

archdeacon whom we have had in every    
novel he has  ever written4' #8,and     
here1' said the other1 #8is the old duke
 whom he  has talked about till         
everybody is tired of him4 ,if ,i could 
not invent  new characters1 ,i would not
 write novels at all4' ,then one of them
  fell foul of ,mrs4 ,proudie4 ,it was  
impossible for me not to hear their     
words1 and almost impossible to hear    
them and be quiet4 ,i got up1 and       
standing between them1 ,i acknowledged  
myself to be the culprit4 #8,as to      
,mrs4 ,proudie1' ,i said1 #8,i will go  
home and kill her before the week is    
over4' ,and so ,i did4 ,the two         
gentlemen were utterly confounded1 and  
one  of them begged me to forget his    
frivolous observations4 ,i have         
sometimes  regretted the deed1 so great 
was my delight in writing about ,mrs4   
,proudie1 ''' and ,i still live much in 
company with her ghost40    ,mr4        
,trollope made a number of visits to the
 ,united ,states1 and was in            

,washington at the time of the ,mason   
and ,slidell controversy4 ,mr4 ,sumner  
was opposed to giving up the men4 ,mr4  
,seward's counsel prevailed with        
,president ,lincoln1 and the men were   
released4 ,he says that this 8was the   
severest danger that the ,northern cause
 encountered during the war40 ,he       
describes a visit to ,brigham ,young as 
follows3    8,i called upon him1 sending
 to him my card1 apologizing for doing  
so  without an introduction1 and        
excusing myself by saying that ,i did   
not  like to pass through the territory 
without seeing a man of whom ,i had     
heard so much4 ,he received me in his   
doorway1 not asking me to enter1 and    
inquired whether ,i were not a miner4   
,when ,i told him that ,i was not a     
miner1 he asked me whether ,i earned my 
bread4 ,i told him ,i did4 #8,i guess   
you're a miner1' said he4 ,i again      
assured him that ,i was not4 #8,then how
  do you earn your bread8' ,i told him  
that ,i did so by writing books4 #8,i'm 

sure you're a miner1' said he4 ,then he 
turned upon his heel1 went back  into   
the house1 and closed the door4 ,i was  
properly punished1 as ,i was  vain      
enough to conceive that he would have   
heard my name40    ,this autobiography  
is a delightful book4 ,the candor with  
which the writer  speaks of his own     
books1 pointing out their defects and   
calling attention  to their merits1 the 
freedom with which he speaks of his     
early struggles1  his method of work1   
and his success1 the spirit of fairness 
with which he  criticises his           
contemporaries--all these reveal a mind 
healthy in tone1  and call forth our    
hearty admiration4          ,,sabbath   
,,chimes4    ,by ,,phebe ,a4 ,,holder4  
,o'er the city's restless surges1       
,heaving like the ocean tide1           
,steals the night with hush of silence1 
,and the waves of toil subside4         
,noiseless drops the soft1 dark curtain1
        ,while the mighty throbbings    
cease1      ,starry eyes watch o'er the 

city        ,sleeping in the depths of  
peace4        ,comes the morning fair   
and radiant1        ,bathed in          
sunshine--breathing balm1      ,heaven's
 blue dome a benediction1        ,with  
its pure1 unspotted calm1      ,like    
,jerusalem1 the golden1        ,coming  
down to earth from heaven1      ,clad in
 robes of bridal beauty        ,seems   
this morn the ,lord has given4          
,as ,i tread the streets1 still         
peaceful1        ,turning to the house  
of ,god1      ,drinking in this wondrous
 beauty1        ,and this glory of the  
,lord1      ,through the crystal air of 
morning        ,ring the bells with     
mellow chime1      ,in a strain of      
sweetest music1        ,hallowed as the 
,sabbath time4        ,like the songs ,i
 heard in childhood1        ,or a       
sainted mother's psalm1      ,fell those
 chimes upon my spirit        ,with a   
holy1 restful calm4      ,like the tones
 of angel voices1        ,sounding from 
seraphic choir1      ,seemed this call  

our ,god to worship        ,in this holy
 house of prayer4        ,still         
entranced ,i paused to listen        ,to
 the chiming1 silvery1 clear--          
,when the thrilling strain had ended    
,yet ,i waited--fixed to hear2          
,while upon my listening spirit         
,came a sense unfelt before1      ,of   
our ,lord's most precious blessing      
,in the ,sabbath's holy power4          
,coming like a guest from heaven        
,to our earthly1 toil-worn lives1       
,a sweet influence1 pure1 uplifting1    
,to our struggling souls it gives4      
,pointing with prophetic finger         
,to the perfect ,sabbath rest      ,in  
the fair1 ,celestial ,city        ,of   
the sainted and the blest1--        ,as 
with angel voice it calls us1           
,now to seek that home of light         
,where the gates of pearl shall open    
,to the pure with garments white4       
,day beloved6 thy blessed service       
,in the temple of our ,god1      ,draws 
us nearer--ever nearer1        ,to our  

glorious1 risen ,lord4        ,still    
that soft and mellow cadence            
,lingers like a sacred charm1           
,resting on my waiting spirit           
,with a touch of heavenly calm4         
,like a sweet-toned voice still calling 
,from our home that is to be1           
,while from out its unseen glory        
,floats celestial harmony4              
,,eight ,,centuries ,,with ,,walter     
,,scott4    ,by ,,wallace ,,bruce4      
,queen ,elizabeth died ,march #bd1      
#afjb4 ,james the ,sixth1 of ,scotland1 
became  ,james the ,first of the ,united
 ,kingdoms4 ,according to ancient       
prophecy  the ,scottish kings were to   
follow the ,stone of ,scone1 which1 it  
will be  remembered1 was removed to     
,london by ,edward the ,first4 ,the     
prophecy was  three hundred years in    
being fulfilled4 ,the same strange      
,nemesis of fate1  which1 in the last   
generation1 placed the grandson of      
,josephine upon the  throne of ,france1 
handed the scepter of the haughty       

,elizabeth to the son  of her           
unfortunate rival1 ,mary1 ,queen of     
,scots4 ,but the good fortune  of ,james
 only emphasizes the general misfortune 
of the ,stuart family4  ,his ancestral  
record was not a cheerful retrospect4   
,james the ,first of  ,scotland was     
murdered4 ,james the ,second was killed 
by the bursting of a  cannon4 ,james the
 ,third was privately slain4 ,james the 
,fourth fell on the  disastrous field of
 ,flodden4 ,james the ,fifth died of a  
broken heart4 ,mary  was beheaded4 ,his 
father ,darnley was murdered4    ,could 
he have foreseen the history of the next
 three generations--the  execution of   
his son1 ,charles the ,first2 the       
debauched reign of his  grandson1       
,charles the ,third1 after his return   
from exile2 and the  banishment of      
,james the ,second1 he would have found 
the outlook even more  sad than the     
retrospect4 ,the lines of the ,stuart   
family did not fall in  pleasant places4
 ,some writer has observed that they    

suffered for the  crimes of the ,tudors4
 ,it may be that ,england had piled up a
 century of  wrong which demanded       
atonement1 but1 without prejudice1 the  
proverb was  emphatically true1         
8,sufficient unto each reign was the    
evil thereof40  ,it must also be        
remembered that all ,europe was in a    
ferment4 ,the  celebrated ,thirty       
,years' ,war was raging in ,germany4    
,religious enthusiasm  was asserting its
 power in ,britain4 ,the ,english and   
,scotch people were  jealous of their   
political rights4 ,the reign of a       
,scottish-born king1  after so many     
centuries of bitter hate1 could not be  
entirely acceptable  to the ,english    
race4 ,both sides accused the king of   
partiality4 ,needy  lords and nobles    
poured down from the north1 and ,london 
resembled our own  ,national ,capital at
 the inauguration of a new president4   
,the king was  supplicated in ,court1 in
 the street1 on horseback1 at every     
doorway2 ay1  the very plate that       

contained his food was adorned with     
urgent request  from some impatient     
relative of fifteenth or twentieth      
cousinship4 ,as the  ,court had removed 
from ,edinburgh and ,scotland it seemed 
that ,edinburgh  and ,scotland had      
removed to the ,court4 ,the ancient     
prejudice between ,scot  and ,english   
broke out in street1 palace and inn4    
,these are the historic  events which   
preface the 8,fortunes of ,nigel10 and  
the fray between the  ,scottish servant 
and the 'prentice boys of ,london1 at   
the opening of the  volume1 strikes the 
keynote of universal discord4    ,it was
 a constitutional defect of ,james the  
,first to be without money4  ,as ,nigel1
 the ,scottish lord1 happened to need   
the loan which his father  had made to  
the king1 he presented himself with the 
old fashioned  assurance of a man justly
 demanding his rights1 although at the  
hands of  a monarch4 ,the king was      
incensed1 but the young lord fortunately
 falls in  with ,george ,heriot1 the    

wealthy ,scotch jeweler 8to ,his        
,majesty10 whose  princely bequests     
still adorn the city of ,edinburgh2 but1
 unmindful of  good counsel1 he         
gradually lapses from duty1 becomes a   
murderer in what  he considers a matter 
of honor1 is compelled to find refuge in
 ,alsatia or  ,whitefriars1 a sort of   
privileged den of iniquity4 ,the        
portrayal of his  experience in this    
nest of outlaws is true to the ,london  
of #afbj4    ,it is this blending of    
,scott's dramatic and descriptive power 
which  gives even to his minor works an 
enduring value4 ,we have1 as it were1 a 
photograph of the great city as it      
appeared two hundred and sixty years    
ago4 ,we see the ,strand1 a quiet       
street1 unlike the noisy thoroughfare   
of to-day1 lined on the river-side with 
palaces and pleasure grounds  reaching  
to the ,thames4 ,we see ,whitehall1 with
 its rich gates designed  by ,holbein1  
and stately court planned by ,inigo     
,jones4 ,we walk in the  park with the  

courtly ,duke of ,buckingham1 talk face 
to face with the  king in the palace1 on
 the chase1 in the parlor of the wealthy
 ,londoner2  and at the close of the    
volume we feel that ,scott has justly   
summed  up his character in this        
striking paragraph of the fifth chapter3
 8,he  was deeply learned1 without      
possessing useful knowledge2 sagacious  
in  many individual cases1 without      
having real wisdom2 fond of his power1  
yet willing to resign the direction of  
that1 and himself1 to the most  unworthy
 favorites2 a big and bold asserter of  
his rights and words1 yet  one who      
tamely saw them trampled on in deeds2 a 
lover of negotiations1  in which he was 
always outwitted2 and one who feared    
war1 where  conquest might have been    
easy4 ,he was fond of his dignity1 while
 he was  perpetually degrading it by    
undue familiarity2 capable of much      
public  labor1 yet often neglecting it  
for the meanest amusement2 a wit1 though
  a pedant2 and a scholar1 though fond  

of the conversation of the ignorant  and
 uneducated4 ,even his timidity of      
temper was not uniform2 and there  were 
moments of his life1 and those critical1
 in which he showed the  spirit of his  
ancestors4 ,he was laborious in trifles1
 and a trifler where  serious labor was 
required2 devout in his sentiments1 and 
yet too often  profane in his language2 
just and beneficent by nature1 he yet   
gave way  to the iniquities and         
oppressions of others40    8,rokeby10 a 
poem1 comes next in historic order4 ,the
 scene is laid at  ,rokeby1 near ,greta 
,bridge in ,yorkshire1 and the date is  
immediately  subsequent to the great    
battle of ,marston ,moor1 ,july #c1     
#afdd4 ,it was here  that the bold      
cavaliers learned a lesson never to be  
forgotten1 at the  hand of ,puritan and 
,roundhead4 ,the poem abounds with      
notable and vigorous  passages4 ,it     
throws light on the stormy years of the 
great ,civil ,war2 but  so many of      
,scott's novels are related to this     

period that we must dismiss  the poem   
with a single quotation--a tribute to   
the genius of ,chaucer3        8,o for  
that pencil1 erst profuse       ,of     
,chivalry's emblazoned hues1       ,that
 traced of old in ,woodstock bower      
,the pageant of the ,leaf and ,flower1  
,and bodied forth the tourney high1     
,held for the hand of ,emily6           
,then might ,i paint the tumult broad1  
,that to the crowned abbey flowed2      
,paint the dejected cavalier1           
,doubtful1 disarmed and sad of cheer2   
,and his proud foe1 whose formal eye    
,claimed conquest now and mastery2      
,and the brute crowd1 whose envious zeal
       ,huzzas each turn of ,fortune's  
wheel40    8,the ,legend of ,montrose0  
takes us once more into the ,highlands  
of  ,scotland1 where the same deadly    
feuds divide the clans which we         
witnessed  in reading the 8,fair ,maid  
of ,perth40 ,the ,northern ,highlanders1
 under the  leadership of ,montrose1    
espouse the side of ,king ,charles4 ,the

 ,western  ,highlanders1 under ,argyle1 
rally on the side of ,parliament4 ,the  
picture  of these two leaders is        
admirably drawn1 as well as the         
character of  their bold followers1 who 
seemed unconscious of hardship2 who were
  not only willing 8to make their couch 
in the snow1 but considered it          
effeminate luxury to use a snow-ball for
 a pillow40    ,the principal character 
of the book is ,captain ,dalgetty4 ,a   
critic in  the ,edinburgh ,review       
complained that there was perhaps too   
much of  ,dalgetty2 that he engrossed   
too great a proportion of the work4 ,but
  in the very next line he says that    
8the author has nowhere shown more      
affinity to that matchless spirit1 who  
could bring out his ,falstaffs and  his 
,pistols1 in act after act1 and play    
after play1 and exercise them  every    
time with scenes of unbounded loquacity1
 without exhausting their  humor1 or    
varying a note from its characteristic  
tone1 than in his large  and reiterated 

specimens of the eloquence of the       
redoubted ,dalgetty40  ,like many of the
 ,scottish soldiers the captain had     
served under ,gustavus  ,adolphus1 king 
of ,sweden1 and never lost his          
enthusiasm for the ,lion  of the ,north1
 the bulwark of the ,protestant faith4  
,dalgetty is a rare  specimen of ,scotch
 8canniness10 willing to hire out to the
 side that  paid the most1 but true to  
his contract when made4 ,to him war was 
a sort  of drama1 and he merely engaged 
himself as one of the 8star actors40    
,we dismiss the captain with reluctance1
 and we imagine the reader will         
likewise when he closes the volume4     
,in one of the last chapters ,scott     
treats us to a specimen of the lofty    
eloquence and undying hate of an old    
highland chief in his last words  to his
 grandson3 8,in the thicket of the      
wilderness1 and in the mist of  the     
mountain1 keep thou unsoiled the freedom
 which ,i leave thee as a  birthright4  
,barter it neither for the rich garment1

 nor for the stone  roof1 nor for the   
covered board1 nor for the couch of     
down--on the rock or  in the valley1 in 
abundance or in famine--in the leafy    
summer1 and in the  days of the iron    
winter--son of the mist6 be free as thy 
forefathers4 ,own  no lord--receive no  
law--take no hire--give no              
stipend--build no hut--enclose  no      
pasture--sow no grain2 let the deer of  
the mountains be thy flocks and         
herds--if these fail thee1 prey upon the
 goods of our oppressors--of the  ,saxon
 and of such ,gael as are ,saxon in     
their souls4 ,remember those who  have  
done kindness to our race1 and pay their
 services with thy blood1  should the   
hour require it4 ,farewell1 beloved6 and
 mayst thou die like  thy forefathers1  
ere infirmity1 disease1 or age shall    
break thy spirit40    ,robert ,aytoun in
 his poem on the 8,execution of         
,montrose10 which occurred  a few years 
subsequent to our story1 caught the true
 spirit of the ,gael1  in the           

,highlander's address to ,evan ,cameron3
        8',twas ,i that led the         
,highland host         ,through wild    
,lochaber's snows1       ,what time the 
plaided clans came down         ,to     
battle with ,montrose4       ,i've told 
thee how the ,southrons fell            
,beneath the broad claymore1       ,and 
how we smote the ,campbell clan         
,by ,inverlochy's shore4       ,i've    
told thee how we swept ,dundee1         
,and tamed the ,lindsey's pride2        
,but never have ,i told thee yet        
,how the great ,marquis died4         ,a
 traitor sold him to his foes2--        
,o deed of deathless shame6       ,i    
charge thee1 boy1 if e'er thou meet     
,with one of ,assynt's name--       ,be 
it upon the mountain side1         ,or  
yet within the glen3       ,stand he in 
martial gear alone1         ,or backed  
by armed men--       ,face him1 as thou 
wouldst face the man         ,who       
wronged thy sire's renown2              
,remember of what blood thou art1       

,and strike the caitiff down60          
,between the 8,legend of ,montrose0 and 
8,woodstock0 stands a scaffold3 a       
window is opened in the ,palace of      
,whitehall2 a brave but fickle king1 who
  never lost his dignity1 and rarely    
kept a promise1 walks forth attended  by
 two executioners3 he speaks but one    
word to his attendant1 places his  head 
upon the block1 and by the bravery of   
his death half atones for the  crimes   
and mistakes of his life4 ,as to his    
private character historians1  for the  
most part1 regard ,charles the ,first as
 a brave1 virtuous and  religious man2  
but he entertained 8extravagant ideas of
 the royal power1  unsuitable to the    
time in which he lived40 ,his attempt to
 establish a  ,national ,church1 to     
force upon the ,presbyterians of        
,scotland the ,common  ,prayer1 and     
introduce a ,liturgy similar to that    
used in ,england produced  its logical  
result4 ,the ,star ,chamber with its    
arbitrary arrests and  punishments1 and 

his idea of kingly prerogative1 were not
 suited to  the temper of his people2   
and finally he alienated his best       
friends by  disregarding his word and   
most solemn contracts4 ,the ,house of   
,commons1  led by bold and determined   
men1 asserted the supreme doctrine of   
liberty1  so grandly emphasized one     
hundred years later in our ,declaration 
of  ,independence1 that 8,the power of  
the king1 like any other power in the   
,constitution1 was limited by the laws2 
and was liable to be legally  resisted  
when it trespassed beyond them40    ,it 
must also be remembered1 before we read 
the story of 8,woodstock10 that  the    
party which controlled the ,parliament  
of ,england and finally brought  the    
king to the scaffold1 was divided into  
two factions3 ,presbyterians  and       
,independents4 ,among the ,independents 
were ,sir ,harry ,vane1 ,john ,milton   
and ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,so much for the 
introduction to 8,woodstock10 which     
opens with a picture showing the        

cavaliers crushed under the iron heel   
of ,cromwell4 ,the time of the tale is  
#afeb2 and the story begins with  a     
rather discordant service in the church 
or chapel of ,st4 ,john4 ,the  defaced  
walls and broken windows reveal the     
fanaticism or spite which too  often    
attends the spirit of liberty4 ,we are  
presented with a rude scuffle  between a
 ,presbyterian and ,independent preacher
 in a pulpit formerly  belonging to the 
,established ,church1 in which the      
,independent preacher  wins the victory2
 and the chapter is symbolic of the     
great struggle1 not  only in the        
religious1 but also in the political    
condition of ,britain4  ,the incident is
 a fitting preface to the book1 in which
 ,independent1  ,presbyterian and       
,royalist are shaken together as in a   
kaleidoscope4    ,the story humorously  
gives us the old-time belief that       
,woodstock was  a haunted spot2 and     
,scott refers in his preface to a book1 
printed in  ,london in the year #affj1  

bearing the sombre title of 8,the ,just 
,devil of  ,woodstock2 or a true        
narrative of the several apparitions1   
the fights  and punishments inflicted   
upon the rumpish commissioners sent     
thither to  survey the manors and houses
 belonging to his ,magestie40 ,the sad  
story of  the fair ,rosamond1 murdered  
here by ,queen ,eleanor1 was well       
calculated to  make the ghostly         
apparitions more real2 at least1 the    
place was tragic  enough to impress the 
superstitious of that generation4 ,but  
the great  value of this novel1 apart   
from the picture of the times1 consists 
in  the portrayal of a living1 breathing
 ,cromwell2 such a ,cromwell as no      
history gives1 but the ,cromwell who    
appears as the resultant of them  all2 a
 man of deep emotion1 wary in council   
and unwavering in execution1  a man     
without a single grace of oratory1 who1 
by the force of character1  assumed and 
kept the leadership of the ,house of    
,commons2 in whose  presence the bravest

 men stood lost in fear and wonder4 ,or1
 as ,scott  beautifully puts it3 8,so   
true it is1 that as greater lights      
swallow up  and extinguish the display  
of those which are less1 so men of      
great1  capacious1 and overruling minds1
 bear aside and subdue1 in their climax 
of passion1 the more feeble wills and   
passions of others2 as1 when a  river   
joins a brook1 the fiercer torrent      
shoulders aside the smaller  stream40   
,there is one other sketch which claims 
our attention--that of the  disguised   
wanderer1 ,charles the ,second1 revered 
by ,royalist1 and pursued  by the ruling
 party as an outcast4 8,no person on    
earth10 ,scott says1  8could better     
understand the society in which he      
moved2 exile had made  him acquainted   
with life in all its shades and         
varieties--his spirits1 if  not uniform1
 were elastic--he had that species of   
,epicurean philosophy  which1 even in   
the most extreme difficulties and       
dangers1 can in an  interval of ease1   

however brief1 avail itself of the      
enjoyments of the  moment--he was1 in   
short1 in youth and misfortune1 as      
afterward in his  regal condition1 a    
good-humored but hard-hearted           
voluptuary1 wise1 save  where his       
passions intervened1 beneficent1 save   
where prodigality  had deprived him of  
the means1 or prejudice of the wish to  
confer  benefits--his faults such as    
might have often drawn down hatred1 but 
that  they were mingled with so much    
urbanity1 that the injured person felt  
it  impossible to retain the full sense 
of his wrongs40    ,during his wandering
 he was entertained for a time at the   
home of the old  knight1 ,sir ,henry    
,lee1 proprietor of ,woodstock4 ,the    
attachment formed for  the old knight   
and his family affords ,scott material  
for one of those  dramatic descriptions 
in which he always so much delighted4   
,it was the #bith of ,may4 ,all ,england
 sang4 8,the king enjoys his own        
again40 8,he made his progress from     

,rochester to ,london1 with a reception 
on the part of his subjects so          
unanimously cordial1 as made him say    
gaily1 it must have been his own fault  
to stay so long away from a  country    
where his arrival gave so much joy4 ,on 
horseback1 betwixt his two  brothers1   
the dukes of ,york and ,gloucester1 the 
restored monarch trode  slowly over     
roads strewn with flowers--by conduits  
running wine1 under  triumphal arches1  
and through streets hung with tapestry4 
,there were  citizens in various bands1 
some arrayed in coats of black velvet1  
with  gold chains1 some in military     
suits of cloth of gold1 or cloth of     
silver1  followed by all those          
craftsmen1 who1 having hooted the father
 from  ,whitehall1 had now come to shout
 the son into possession of his         
ancestral  palace4 ,on his passage      
through ,blackheath he passed that army1
 which1 so  long formidable to ,england 
herself1 as well as to ,europe1 had been
 the  means of restoring the monarchy   

which their own hands had destroyed4 ,as
  the king passed the last files of this
 formidable host he came to an open     
part of the heath1 where many persons of
 quality1 with others of inferior  rank1
 had stationed themselves to gratulate  
him as he passed toward the  capital4   
8,there was one group1 however1 which   
attracted particular attention  from    
those around1 on account of the respect 
shown to the party by the  soldiers who 
kept the ground1 and who1 whether       
,cavaliers or ,roundheads1  seemed to   
contest emulously which should          
contribute most to their  accommodation2
 for both the elder and younger of the  
party had been  distinguished in the    
,civil ,war4    8,it was a family group1
 of which the principal figure was an   
old man  seated in a chair1 having a    
complacent smile on his face1 and a tear
  swelling to his eye1 as he saw the    
banners wave on in interminable         
succession1 and heard the multitude     
shouting the long-silenced  acclamation1

 #8,god save ,king ,charles6' ,his cheek
 was ashy pale1 and his  long beard     
bleached like the thistle down2 his blue
 eye was cloudless1  yet it was obvious 
that his vision was failing4 ,his       
motions were  feeble1 and he spoke      
little1 except when he answered the     
prattle of his  grandchildren or asked a
 question of his daughter1 who sat      
beside him1  matured in matronly beauty4
 ,a gigantic dog1 which bore the signs  
of being  at the extremity of canine    
life1 with eyes dim1 and head slouched  
down1  exhibiting only the ruin of his  
former appearance1 formed a remarkable  
figure in the group4    8,and now the   
distant clarions announced the royal    
presence4 ,onward came  pursuivant and  
trumpet--onward came plumes and cloth of
 gold1 and waving  standards displayed1 
and swords gleaming to the sun2 and1 at 
length1  heading a group of the noblest 
in ,england1 supported by his royal     
brothers on either side1 onward came    
,king ,charles4 ,the monarch gazed an   

instant on the party1 sprung from his   
horse1 and walked instantly up to  the  
old knight1 amid thundering acclamations
 of the people1 when they saw  ,charles 
with his own hand oppose the feeble     
attempts of the old man to  rise to do  
him homage4 ,gently placing him on his  
seat--#8,bless1' he said1               
#8father--bless your son1 who has       
returned in safety1 as you blessed him  
when he departed in danger4'            
8#8,excuse me for having made you wait1 
my lords1' said the king as he  mounted 
his horse4 #8,indeed1 had it not been   
for these good folks1 you  might have   
waited for me long enough to little     
purpose4 ,move on1 sirs4'  ,the array   
moved on accordingly2 the sound of      
trumpet and drum again rose  amid the   
acclamations2 but the knight had        
relapsed into earthly paleness2  his    
eyes were closed and opened not again4  
,they ran to his assistance1  but it was
 too late4 ,the light that burned so low
 in the socket had  leaped up and       

expired1 in one exhilarating flash40    
,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens ,,for  
,,april4    ,by ,,prof4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,goff4 
,,the ,,sun4    ,the sun's light        
8exceeds in intensity any that can be   
produced by  artificial means1 the      
electric light between charcoal points  
being the  only one that does not look  
absolutely black against the unclouded  
sun40  8,the heat thrown out from every 
square yard of the sun's surface is     
greater than that which would be        
produced by burning six tons of coal  on
 it each hour4 ,now1 we may take the    
surface of the sun roughly at           
#b1bhd1jjj1jjj1jjj square miles1 and    
there are #c1jig1fjj square yards in    
each square mile40 ,a little calculation
 will show how many tons of coal  must  
be burnt in an hour to represent the    
sun's heat4    ,there comes also from   
the sun chemical force1 which separates 
carbon  from oxygen1 and turns the gas1 
which1 were it to accumulate1 would kill
  all men and animals1 into the life of 

plants1 thus preserving the animal  and 
building up the vegetable world4        
,whether it can keep up this amount  of 
light and heat throughout the 8endless  
ages10 we have no means of  knowing4 ,we
 have1 however1 no evidence even during 
centuries of any loss  of either1 so    
that we may safely say that there will  
be an abundance of  both for all the    
time in which we are interested4    ,on 
the #beth of this month there will be a 
partial eclipse1 beginning at  #a3jj p4 
m41 ,washington mean time1 in longitude 
#hb #c4e west1 latitude  #ei #ab4c      
south4 ,the greatest obscuration 7about 
4#ge7 will occur at  #b3df4d p4 m4 in   
longitude #d #bf4g east1 latitude #gj   
#dh4b south2 will  end at #d3cb4d p4 m4 
in longitude #ab #bj4f east1 latitude   
#cc #f4g south4  ,as it will be visible 
only in the extreme southern part of the
 western  continent and in the south    
,atlantic ,ocean1 no importance is      
attached to  its occurrence4    ,the    
most careless must have observed the    

increase in the amount of  daylight in  
the northern hemisphere since the #bast 
of last ,december4 ,on  the first of the
 present month the sun rises at #e3dc a4
 m4 and sets at  #f3be p4 m42 on the    
#cjth it rises at #d3ei a4 m4 and sets  
at #f3ee p4 m41  so that the increase in
 8day's length10 as we are accustomed to
 call it1  will be one hour and seven   
minutes4 ,to set our time pieces1 we    
must1  when the sun is on the meridian1 
on the #ast1 make them indicate #ab3cg  
p4  m42 on the #aeth1 #aa3ei4h a4 m42 on
 the #cjth1 #aa3eg a4 m4 ,on the #ast   
day  breaks at #d3jd2 on the #cjth at   
#c3ji4 ,in latitude #da #cj north the   
sun  will1 on the #cjth1 reach an       
altitude of #fc #cc above the horizon1  
the  highest for the month4      ,,the  
,,moon',s    ,phases for the month occur
 in the following order and time        
7,washington  mean time73 ,first quarter
 on the #b;d at #d3ji p4 m42 full moon  
on the #ajth  at #f3cf a4 m42 last      
quarter on the #ahth at #aj3df a4 m42   

new moon on the  #beth at #i3di a4 m4   
,it is also on the meridian on the #ast1
 #aeth and #cjth1  at #e3ah p4 m41 #c3ch
 a4 m41 #e3jc p4 m4 respectively4 ,on   
the #b;d it sets at  #ab3da a4 m42 on   
the #aeth rises at #aa3bc p4 m42 and on 
the #bith sets at  #aa3bh p4 m4 ,it is  
farthest from the earth on the #acth at 
#a3cj p4 m42 and  nearest to the earth  
on the #bfth at #c3db a4 m4 ,in latitude
 #da #cj north1  its least elevation    
above the horizon is on the #aeth1 and  
its greatest  on the #bhth2 on the      
former date being #bi #dh1 and on the   
latter #fg  #ab4 ,there will also be a  
total eclipse1 beginning on the #ajth at
 #d3dd  a4 m41 and ending at #h3cc a4 m4
 ,the beginning of the part called      
8total0  continues from #e3eb to #g3be  
a4 m41 or one hour and thirty-three     
minutes4  ,magnitude nearly #a4e4 ,as   
the moon sets in the neighborhood of    
,washington  at about #e3cj a4 m41 only 
the first part and none of the          
8totality0 will  be there visible4 ,our 

neighbor1 the moon1 has one peculiar    
trait1 which  we could wish belonged to 
all our friends4 ,it never 8turns its   
back on  you40 ,cold it may be1 and is  
often so called1 but in darkest hours1  
and  under all circumstances1 it        
presents its face to the earth4 ,it may 
be  only politeness or etiquette1 that  
causes it thus to act2 but the fact     
remains4 ,it may move a trifle1 so that 
we can sometimes see more of it  than at
 others1 but four-sevenths is the limit 
of its surface as seen by  man4 ,what   
may be on the other side has never been 
revealed4 ,for aught we  know1 there may
 be        8,sweet fields arrayed in    
living green1       ,and rivers of      
delight40    ,but the probabilities are 
strongly on the other side4 ,so far as  
we can  discover1 no atmosphere is there
 to catch and hold the rays from the    
burning sun1 and hence it seems that all
 must be cold and bleak and  barren4    
8,distance lends enchantment to the     
view10 and it were perhaps  better that 

we should thus enjoy its mild light and 
gentle influence1  than cultivate a     
closer acquaintance4      ,,mercury4    
,the planet enjoying the distinction of 
being the nearest to the center of  our 
system is too near the 8dazzling        
brightness0 to permit our finding  out  
much about its physical constitution4   
,we suppose1 but do not know1  that it  
revolves on its axis4 ,we guess that it 
has satellites1 but no  one is certain  
that he ever saw one of them4 ,we used  
to think it must be  a very warm planet2
 but now we think it might perhaps be a 
moderately  comfortable place for a     
mortal to reside4 ,the fact is1 what we 
do not  know about it is much more than 
what we do know2 and what we know about 
it for this month is nearly as follows3 
,on the #ast1 #aeth1 #beth and #cjth  it
 will rise after the sun1 and will not  
be visible to the unaided eye2  but on  
the same dates it will set at #f3cb1    
#g3jc1 #h3cg and #h3ce p4 m41           
respectively1 and can therefore be      

easily seen after sunset from the #bjth 
to the end of the month by anybody who  
will take the pains to look for         
it--that is1 within the latitude in     
which most of our readers live4 ,it     
reaches its most easterly limit 7#bj    
#cb7 at #i3jj p4 m4 on the evening  of  
the #beth1 and approaches so much nearer
 to us during the month as to  cause its
 diameter to appear nearly twice as     
large--that is1 to increase  from #e to 
#i4 ,on the #bast at #b3jj a4 m4 it will
 be #d #bj north of  ,neptune1 and on   
the #bfth at #e3ee p4 m41 #e #dg north  
of the moon4      ,,venus1    ,the most 
friendly of our planets1 who comes so   
close at times as to seem  to be within 
8hailing distance0 7only twenty-five    
millions of miles71 is  still our       
delight4 ,she grows brighter and more   
beautiful as time moves  on4 ,her motion
 for the month is direct and amounts to 
#cd #af #c4 ,her  diameter shows an     
increase of #e4d4 ,from our present     
acquaintance we  learn that she         

sometimes shines so brightly as to be   
visible in daylight  to the naked eye1  
and at night1 in the absence of the     
moon1 to cast a  shadow4 ,when viewed   
through a telescope1 she presents phases
 like the  moon2 and in some respects   
she is very much like our earth4 ,for   
example1  her size is not more than #d  
per cent4 less1 and her density and     
force of  gravity must be nearly the    
same4 ,her days are supposed to be a    
little  shorter than ours1 and her years
 are known to be equal to #bbd of our   
days4 ,on the #ast1 #aeth and #cjth she 
will rise at #g3cb1 #g3be and #g3bf a4  
m41 and set at #aj3jd1 #aj3ca and #aj3dh
 p4 m41 respectively4 ,on the #b;d1 at  
#aa3jj p4 m41 she will be nearest the   
sun2 on the #beth1 at #aa3jj p4 m41  #d 
#ac north of ,saturn2 on the #bhth1 at  
#b3da p4 m41 #g #ec north of the  moon4 
,,mars4    ,of this planet we have      
little to report4 ,he continues his     
direct motion1  which amounts to #i #cj 
#cd4 ,as he and the earth are getting   

farther  apart1 his diameter            
7apparently7 diminishes from #aj to #h4 
,he rises on  the #ast1 #aeth and #cjth 
at #ab3bg p4 m41 #aa3ed a4 m41 and      
#aa3bd a4 m41  and sets on the #b;d1    
#afth1 and ,may #ast at #c3ji1 #b3bb1   
and #a3ch a4 m41  respectively4 ,on the 
#dth1 at #aj3bf a4 m41 his position is  
#h #aj north of  the moon1 and on the   
#ast a little northeast of the nebula   
,prsepe in  ,cancer4      ,,jupiter     
,continues to be evening star1 coming to
 the meridian on the #ast1 #aeth and    
#cjth1 at #g3jd1 #f3ac and #e3bj p4 m41 
and setting on the #b;d1 #afth1 and ,may
  #ast at #b3bd1 #a3cb and #ab3ch a4 m4 
,his motion1 which is direct1 amounts   
during the month to #d #bg #cc4 ,his    
diameter diminishes from #cg4h to       
#cd4f1 an indication that our distance  
from him is increasing4 ,on the #c;d1   
at #a3eb p4 m41 he is #f north of the   
moon2 and on the #adth1 at #g3jj p4  m41
 #ij west of the sun4      ,,saturn     
,continues his position not far from the

 bright star ,aldebaran1 in the         
constellation ,taurus1 on the #ast being
 about #b #ec west and #c #cb  north1   
while on the #cjth he will be about #cj 
east and #d #g north  of this star4 ,his
 motion is direct and amounts to #c #bd4
 ,diameter  diminishes from #af4b on the
 #ast to #ae4h on the #cjth4 ,setting at
 #aj3dg1  #i3ei and #i3ji p4 m4 on the  
#ast1 #aeth and #cjth he will be evening
 star  throughout the month4 ,on the    
#abth1 at #aa3jj p4 m41 is #d #ac south 
of  ,venus1 and on the #bgth1 at #a3ef  
p4 m41 #b #ai north of the moon4        
,,uranus1    ,formerly and still        
sometimes called ,herschel1 from the    
name of its  discoverer1 ,dr4 ,herschel1
 has made but about one and one-fifth   
revolutions about the sun1 since its    
discovery in #agha1 more than a  century
 ago4 ,it is now near the star ,beta    
,virginis1 and making a  retrograde     
motion of about #ef #cj in #cj days4    
,its diameter is #c4h4 ,it  rises at    
#d3ec p4 m41 #c3ee p4 m4 and #b3ed p4 m4

 on the #ast1 #aeth and #cjth1  and sets
 at #e3ji a4 m41 #d3ac a4 m4 and #c3ac  
a4 m4 on the #b;d1 #afth1 and  ,may     
#ast4 ,on the #fth1 at #f3bg a4 m41 it  
is #c #bg north of the moon4 ,is        
evening star during the month4          
,,neptune    ,is evening star1 setting  
at #i3bd1 #h3cb and #g3bh p4 m4 on the  
#ast1 #aeth  and #cjth1 respectively4   
,its motion1 #a #b #cg1 is direct4      
,diameter1 #b4f4  ,on the #bast1 at     
#b3jj a4 m41 #d #bj south of ,mercury1  
and on the same day  will set about     
fifteen minutes later than said planet4 
,on the #bfth1 at  #h3bg a4 m41 #dd     
north of moon4           99       99    
99       99       99                    
,,earnestness4--,without earnestness    
there is nothing to be done in life2 yet
  even among the people whom we call men
 of culture1 but little earnestness  is 
often to be found2 in labors and        
employments1 in arts1 nay1 even in      
recreations1 they plant themselves1 if  
,i may say so1 in an attitude of        

self-defense2 they live1 as they read a 
heap of newspapers1 only to be  done    
with them4 ,they remind one of that     
young ,englishman at ,rome1 who  told1  
with a contented air1 one evening in    
some company1 that 8to-day  he had      
despatched six churches and two         
galleries40 ,they wish to know  and     
learn a multitude of things1 and not    
seldom exactly those things  with which 
they have the least concern2 and they   
never see that hunger  is not appeased  
by snapping at the air4 ,when ,i become 
acquainted with a  man my first inquiry 
is3 ,with what does he occupy himself1  
and how1 and  with what degree of       
perseverance8 ,the answer regulates the 
interest ,i  take in that man for       
life4''' ,i reverence the individual who
 understands  distinctly what he wishes2
 who unweariedly advances1 who knows the
 means  conducive to his object1 and can
 seize and use them4 ,how far his object
  may be great or little1 may merit     
praise or censure1 is a secondary       

consideration with me4--,goethe4        
,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe4    ,,the         
,,literary ,,ishmael4    ,by ,c4 ,e4    
,,bishop4      ,less is known while more
 is written and disputed about ,edgar   
,allan ,poe1  than about any other      
character in ,american literature4 ,in  
the narrative  of his life there are    
gaps of months and years in which       
nothing can be  told of his whereabouts 
or acts2 and as if to atone for this    
lack he is  at other times credited with
 feats of ubiquity4 ,there are also     
stories  of a quixotic mission to fight 
for ,greek independence1 a la ,byron2 of
  his escapades in ,st4 ,petersburg2 of 
enlistment in and desertion from  the   
,united ,states army2 of phenomenally   
protracted debauches1 during  which he  
threw off the most wonderful productions
 of his pen--most of  which stories1 so 
far as can be shown now1 were evolved   
from the inner  consciousness of those  
writers who1 upon his death1 8woke to   
ecstacy1 the  living liars10 to blacken 

his name4    ,a general reason for this 
paucity of particulars may be found1    
perhaps1  in ,poe's enforced seclusion  
from the public by the exigencies of    
poverty  during much of his life1 and   
the low rank of authors in the general  
estimation of the times2 a special      
reason may be that ,poe's literary      
executor and biographer1 ,dr4 ,griswold1
 to whom in his lifetime he had         
entrusted all the material he ever      
furnished any one1 suppressed the  facts
 and substituted inventions1 in order to
 assassinate the character  of the dead 
poet4 ,for twenty-six years ,poe's body 
rested in an unmarked  grave1 and his   
character was buried under a living heap
 of obloquy4 ,when  at last1 in #ahge1 a
 few devoted women of ,baltimore sought 
to redeem both  tombs1 nearly all the   
contemporary witnesses to his acts were 
dead4 ,it  was not until twenty-six     
years after the event that ,dr4 ,moran1 
who had  attended ,poe's last illness1  
broke silence and put to rest the story 

that  he died in the midst of a drunken 
debauch in the streets of ,baltimore4   
8,there was no smell of liquor upon his 
person or breath1 and no delirium  or   
tremor10 says this tardy vindicator4 ,it
 was #ahgh 7twenty-nine years  late7    
when ,mrs4 ,weiss1 of ,richmond1 told   
the story of his last visit to  that    
city1 and contradicted ,griswold's story
 of his engagement with ,mrs4  ,stalton1
 and his prolonged inebriety there4 ,it 
was later still1 when  the posthumous   
letter of ,mrs4 ,whitman1 of            
,providence1 was published1  silencing  
the long-accepted tale of ,poe's        
engagement to her1 and his  disreputable
 conduct and intemperance the evening   
before they were to  have been married4 
,many chivalrous pens now--alas6 too    
late--essayed his  defense2 but his true
 history has not yet been written1 and  
it probably  never will be4 ,dr4        
,johnson's summary of ,butler's life    
almost literally  applies to ,poe's3    
8,the date of his birth is doubtful1 the

 mode and place  of his education       
unknown1 the events of his life are     
variously related1  and all that can be 
told with certainty is that he was      
poor40    8,the persistent and palpably 
malignant efforts to damn him with some 
drops of faint praise and some oceans of
 strong abuse10,a have1 indeed1         
produced a reactionary tendency toward  
panegyric1 since the angels rolled  the 
stone away from his tomb4 ,the best any 
one can now do is to pity  the man and  
admire his works1 and weigh             
probabilities4 ,a careful view  as well 
of his time as of his character and     
environment is necessary4  ,premising   
that ,i am not so presumptuous as to    
expect to add much to the  general fund 
of misinterpretation of his acts and    
misunderstanding of  his character1 a   
brief summary of the less controverted  
features of this  history is submitted4 
,in 8that stray child of ,poetry and    
,passion0 concentered hot ,celtic  and  
,southern blood1 stimulated upon his    

father's side by drink1 upon  his       
mother's by the artificial surroundings 
of an actress's life1  and in both      
intensified by a runaway marriage1      
followed by a joint  8barn-storming0    
life4 ,himself an inter-act1 his nursery
 was the green  room1 his necessary     
nourishment narcotics4 ,it is a sad     
thing to say1 but  probably one of the  
few fortunate circumstances of his life 
was that  his parents died in his       
infancy--one of his many misfortunes was
 to have  been adopted and raised by a  
wealthy family 7,mr4 ,allan's of        
,baltimore74  ,he was born in #ahji1 or 
#ahaa1 in either ,boston1 ,baltimore or 
,richmond1  through all of which he1    
living1 8begged his bread10 a la ,homer4
 ,the  ,allans assiduously spoiled the  
child with unlimited money1 indulgence  
and praise4 ,it was easy1 for he was    
rarely beautiful1 affectionate1  and    
precocious2 he recited with marvelous   
childish effect1 spun webs  of          
imaginative stories1 and composed       

rhymes4 8,he lisped in numbers1  for the
 numbers came10 and when he was nine or 
ten years old his proud  foster-father  
seriously contemplated issuing a volume 
of his baby-verse1  but was dissuaded by
 the boy's tutor1 who said he had       
conceit enough  already1 and such       
additional celebrity would probably ruin
 his prospects4    ,edgar was schooled  
in ,england1 at the ,university of      
,virginia1 and  at ,west ,point1 but he 
must have picked up independently of    
schools  and school masters the varied  
culture which shows in his versatile    
writings--especially his acquaintance   
with science1 psychology and            
literature4 ,at these schools he was    
distinguished alike for fast learning   
and fast living--his easy absorption of 
the branches he liked1 his utter        
revulsion against those he did not like 
7mathematics1 notably71 for his         
literary and critical tastes1 athletic  
exercises1 and the lavishness with      
which he scattered his guardian's money4

 ,these characteristics won him  the    
jealousy of his plodding classmates1    
distinction at the university1          
expulsion from ,west ,point1 and        
quarrels with his foster-father4        
,over-indulgence by parents produced the
 usual result of disrespect and         
ingratitude in the youth2 and the       
marriage of ,mr4 ,allan to a second     
wife1  and the birth of heirs to his    
estates brought about a final separation
  and a disinheritance of the adopted   
son1 and so ,edgar1 at about his        
majority age1 was thrown on his own     
resources4 ,he chose literature as his  
profession1 and doomed himself to       
poverty1 anguish1 professional jealousy 
7especially strong among authors71      
triumphs1 defeats1 ruin and insanity4   
,poe's real dbut in letters was in      
#ahcc1 when 7tat #bd7 he won a prize of 
a hundred dollars offered by the        
proprietor of ,the ,saturday ,visitor1  
,baltimore1 for the best story4 ,better 
than the money1 the contest brought  him

 the friendship of the judges1 and about
 a year later the editorship  of ,the   
,southern ,literary ,messenger1         
,richmond1 at ten dollars a week4  ,the 
intervening year is one of the blanks4  
,the ,richmond editorship marks a       
turning point in ,poe's career4 ,he made
  the fortune of the ,messenger2 married
 7'#ce7 his cousin1 ,virginia  ,clem2   
and first began that line of work which 
is1 in my opinion1 its  distinctive     
feature1 as it certainly proved to be   
decisive of his  destiny--to-wit3       
criticism4 ,he published in some issues 
as much as thirty  or forty pages of    
book reviews4 ,they created a tempest2  
for1 rare as is  his imagery and        
wonderful as is his imagination1 ,poe's 
distinguishing  mental characteristic is
 analysis4 ,he is more logician than    
poet1 more  metaphysician than romancer4
    ,poe subsequently 7'#cg-'ch7 edited 
the ,gentlemen's ,magazine1 and then    
,graham's ,magazine1 both in            
,philadelphia1 and in '#dd we find him  

in  ,new ,york1 employed on the ,mirror1
 the journal of the poets ,n4 ,p4       
,willis and ,george ,p4 ,morris4 ,in    
,philadelphia he did the best work of   
his life in romance and criticism4      
,here1 too1 he made the acquaintance  of
 his evil genius1 ,dr4 ,griswold4 ,poe  
believed that ,griswold supplanted  him 
from the editorship of ,graham's2 ,g4's 
subsequent enmity1 while  professing    
friendship1 was of the unforgiving      
nature that often comes of  the         
consciousness of having inflicted a     
secret wrong on another4 ,the only      
other causes of disagreement between    
them alleged are that ,poe criticised   
,griswold's book in a lecture1 and that 
,griswold attempted to buy a  favorable 
criticism from ,poe's pen4 ,but they    
were outwardly friendly1  after a       
reconciliation1 till ,poe's voice and   
pen were beyond the power  of response4 
,the work of detraction had preceded    
,poe to ,new ,york1 for ,mr4  ,willis   
writes of this engagement3        8,with

 the highest admiration for his genius1 
and a willingness      to let it alone  
for more than ordinary irregularity1 we 
were led      by common report to expect
 a very capricious attention to his     
duties1 and occasionally a scene of     
violence and difficulty4 ,time      went
 on1 however1 and he was invariably     
punctual and industrious4      ,to our  
occasional request that he would not    
probe too deep in a      criticism1 or  
that he would erase a passage colored   
too highly      with his resentments    
against society and mankind1 he readily 
and      courteously assented--far more 
yielding than most men1 we thought1     
on points so excusably sensitive4       
,through all this considerable          
period we had seen but one presentment  
of the man--a quiet1      patient1      
industrious1 and most gentlemanly       
person1 commanding the      utmost      
respect and good feeling by his         
unvarying deportment and      ability40 
,in #ahde appeared the work on which    

,poe's poetic fame most depends1 that   
poem in which he wedded ,despair to     
,harmony1 8,the ,raven40 ,it marks the  
acme of his life1 also2 his star        
declined rapidly thereafter4 ,his wife1 
who bore the hereditary taint of        
consumption1 was in a decline2 care and 
anxiety on that account1 and his own ill
 health1 took away his ability  to write
 and he was without means of support4   
,he was driven to ask loans  from one or
 two friends1 and by a fatality such as 
he sometimes made to  drive his         
fictitious characters upon their worst  
expedients1 he chose ,dr4  ,griswold as 
one of them4 8,can you not send me five 
dollars80 he pleaded  with ,g42 8,i am  
ill and ,virginia is almost gone40 ,this
 and one or two  other such letters     
,griswold published1 in connection with 
his slanders  on ,poe's character1 to   
give his attack the cover of friendly   
sincerity4  ,something was published in 
,new ,york papers regarding the distress
 of the  ,poes1 and a lady friend 7,mrs4

 ,shew7 visited them at ,fordham4 ,the  
worst  was confirmed4        8,there was
 no clothing on the bed--which was only 
straw--but a      snow-white spread and 
sheets4 ,the weather was cold1 and the  
sick      lady had the dreadful chills  
that accompany the hectic fever of      
consumption4 ,she lay on the straw bed1 
wrapped in her husband's      great     
coat1 with a large tortoise-shell cat in
 her bosom4 ,the      wonderful cat     
seemed conscious of her great           
usefulness4 ,the coat      and the cat  
were the sufferer's only means of       
warmth1 except as      her husband held 
her hands and her mother her feet40     
,mrs4 ,poe died ,january #cj1 #ahdg4    
,captain ,mayne ,reid1 the novelist1 who
  visited often at her house1 thus      
describes her3    8,no one who remembers
 that dark-eyed1 dark-haired daughter of
 the ,south2  her face so exquisitely   
lovely2 her gentle1 graceful demeanor2  
no one who  has ever spent an hour in   
her society but will endorse what ,i    

have said  of this lady1 who was the    
most delicate realization of the poet's 
ideal40    ,another said3 8,she had     
large1 black eyes1 and a pearly         
whiteness of  complexion which was a    
perfect pallor4 ,her pale face1 her     
brilliant eyes1  and her raven hair gave
 her an unearthly look4 ,one felt that  
she was  almost a disrobed spirit40     
,after this ,poe's decline was rapid4   
,he was ill for a long time1 and  never 
quite recovered his mental balance4 ,in 
the autumn of this year he  visited     
,mrs4 ,shew1 his benefactress4 ,she says
 that at this time1 under  the combined 
influence of her gentle urgency1 a cup  
of tea and the sound  of neighboring    
church bells1 he wrote the first draft  
of 8,the ,bells40 ,she  adds3           
8,my brother took ,poe to his own room1 
where he slept twelve      hours and    
could hardly recall the evening's work4 
,this showed      his mind was          
injured--nearly gone out for want of    
food and from      disappointment4 ,he  

had not been drinking and had only been 
a      few hours from home4 ,evidently  
his vitality was low1 and he was        
nearly insane4 ,i called in ,dr4        
,francis 7the old man was odd but       
very skilful71 who was one of our       
neighbors4 ,his words were1 #8,he       
has heart disease and will die early in 
life4' ,we did not waken      him1 but  
let him sleep40    ,since ,i began      
writing this paper ,i have heard recited
 in a company of  literary people an    
account of ,poe's staggering into a     
stranger's house at  midnight1 calling  
for a pen and dashing off 8,the ,bells20
 then falling  into a drunken stupor on 
the library table4 ,it was evidently    
believed  by the narrator1 despite ,mrs4
 ,shew's circumstantial and more        
rational  account4    ,during these dark
 days1 as indeed during all ,poe's adult
 life1 ,mrs4 ,clem  was his guardian    
angel4 ,the poet ,willis touchingly     
draws this picture of  devotion3        
8,it was a hard fate that she was       

watching over4 ,mr4 ,poe wrote      with
 fastidious difficulty1 and in a style  
too much above the      popular level to
 be well paid4 ,he was always in        
pecuniary      difficulty and1 with his 
sick wife1 frequently in want of the    
merest necessaries of life4 ,winter     
after winter1 for years1      the most  
touching sight to us in this whole city 
has been that      tireless minister to 
genius1 thinly and insufficiently clad1 
going from office to office with a poem 
or an article on some      literary     
subject to sell--sometimes simply       
pleading in a broken      voice that    
#8he was ill1' whatever might be the    
reason for his      writing nothing--and
 never1 amid all her tears and recitals 
of      distress1 suffering one syllable
 to escape her lips that would          
convey a doubt of him1 or a complaint1  
or a lessening of pride      in his     
genius and good intentions4 ,her        
daughter died a year and      a half    
since1 but she did not desert him4 ,she 

continued his      ministering angel1   
living with him1 caring for him1        
guarding him      against exposure1 and 
when he was carried away by temptation1 
amid grief and the loneliness of feeling
 unreplied to1 and      awoke from his  
self-abandonment prostrated in          
destitution and      suffering1 begging 
for him still4 ,if woman's devotion1    
born with      a first love and fed with
 human passion1 hallows its object1 as  
it is allowed to do1 what does not a    
devotion like this--pure1               
disinterested and holy as the watch of  
an invisible spirit--say      for him   
who inspired it40    ,by this test1     
,poe's was always a pure nature1 for he 
inspired respect1  pity and regard in   
every woman he came in contact with4 ,it
 was a reflex  sentiment1 for ,poe      
revered woman1 and there is not in all  
his writings an  impure suggestion or an
 indelicate word4    ,the rest of the   
history is one of occasional indulgence 
in intoxicants  and rarely intermitting 

mental aberration4 ,it is to him during 
these last  months of his unhappy career
 that the least charity has been        
extended4  ,he conducted a courtship of 
three ladies at once1 making to each    
like  frantic protestations of love1 the
 same despairing appeals to each to     
become his savior from some dreadful    
impending fate4 ,in ,june1 '#di1 he     
departed for ,richmond1 for what purpose
 is unknown4 ,in ,philadelphia  he      
appeared the subject of a hallucination 
that he was pursued by  conspirators1   
and had his mustache taken off for the  
sake of disguise4  ,in ,richmond he     
remained until the latter part of       
,september1 writing some  and renewing  
old acquaintances4 ,during these three  
or four months he was  twice known to be
 overcome and in danger of his life from
 drink2 he was  credited with having    
been almost continuously 8in a state of 
beastly  intoxication0 during the whole 
time4 ,mrs4 ,weiss thinks that this was 
one  of the brightest and happiest      

seasons of his life2 if so1 it was light
 at  its eventide4 ,the return voyage is
 shrouded--that is the fit              
word--shrouded  in mystery and          
controversy4    ,this seems to be       
true--that he was taken up unconscious  
in ,baltimore at  daybreak1 taken to a  
hospital1 and died there at midnight of 
the same day  7,october #g1 #ahdi74 ,it 
is also known that he left ,richmond by 
boat on the  evening of the #dth1 he    
then being sober and cheerful4 ,in      
proper course  he must have arrived in  
,baltimore the night of the #eth or     
morning of the  #fth2 he was himself    
then1 for he removed his trunk to a     
hotel4 ,there was  thus left less than  
twenty-four hours in which for him to   
travel to ,havre  de ,grace and back1   
miss the ,new ,york connection1 vote    
eleven times in the  ,baltimore city    
election1 go through the 8prolonged     
debauch10 fall into  the delirium1 and  
lapse into the comatose state in which  
he was found--as  described in most of  

his biographies2 and he immediately     
thereafter is  found to have no smell of
 liquor about him1 no tremor1 and is    
conversing  rationally when roused to   
consciousness4    ,the event was        
announced by ,griswold in the ,tribune  
with this brutal  bluntness3    8,edgar 
,allan ,poe is dead4 ,this announcement 
will startle many1 but few  will be     
grieved by it4 ,he had few or no        
friends40 ,but the ,southern  ,literary 
,messenger said3 8,now that he is gone1 
the vast multitude of  blockheads may   
breathe again40 ,griswold simply elected
 himself mouthpiece  of that host4      
,on ,poe's supersensitive organization  
stimulants told with fearful effect4    
,mrs4 ,clem said 8,a single cup of      
coffee would intoxicate him40 ,n4 ,p4   
,willis explained the vagaries and sins 
of ,poe by supposing him to be          
possessed of two antagonistic spirits1 a
 devil and an angel1 each having        
complete mastery of him by turns4 ,but1 
says ,willis1 8,with a single glass  of 

wine his whole nature was reversed1 the 
demon became uppermost and1  though none
 of the usual signs of intoxication were
 visible1 his will was  palpably insane4
 ,he easily seemed personating only     
another phase of his  natural character1
 and was accused accordingly of         
insulting arrogance and  bad            
heartedness4 ,it was a sad infirmity of 
physical constitution which  puts it    
upon very nearly the ground of temporary
 and almost irresponsible  insanity40   
,that these lapses were infrequent1     
instead of almost continuous1 we  have  
plenty of testimony from those who were 
much with him as business  associates   
and inmates of the same house4 8,i have 
never seen him  otherwise than gentle1  
generous1 well-bred and particularly    
refined10 is  a certificate of one who  
was intimate in the family1 which was   
confirmed  by many witnesses of         
different periods and places4 ,the poet 
,swinburne was  probably right in       
declaring that ,poe's inebriety was 8the

 effect of a  terrible evil1 rather than
 its cause40 ,that evil lay not alone1  
perhaps  not chiefly1 in his inherited  
and educated predisposition to          
indulgence  and his morbidness of       
mentality2 but in the character and     
consequences of  his chiefest literary  
work4    ,it is a hard enough lot1 under
 the best circumstances and in the best 
times1 to live by the pen4 ,the         
characteristics as well of ,poe's genius
  as of his times made that lot a doom  
for him4 ,the rewards of authorship     
were on an eleemosynary scale 7,poe     
received only #aj for 8,the ,raven10 and
  #aj a week as editor-in-chief of a    
magazine3 the ,north ,american ,review  
then paid only #b a page for matter72   
literary taste was unformed and1  worst 
of all1 the market was drugged and      
cheapened and the best public           
appreciation perverted by a silly school
 of writer who had arisen--similar  to  
the 8,della ,crusca ,school0 which a few
 years before had infested  literature  

in ,england4 ,their lucubrations were   
both barren of ideas  and bad in style4 
,it was the lollipop stage of our       
literature4 ,now ,poe  possessed in high
 degree two parts which1 when addressed 
to criticism1  would most offend these  
callow writers1 to-wit3 ,the musical    
sense of  language1 and marvelous       
analytical powers4 ,the most obvious    
quality of  his poetic style is its     
rhythm4 ,the musical ear led him to     
adopt refrains  and euphonious          
syllables1 like 8,never more10          
8,lenore10 8bells10 and to  dwell on    
their cadence2 it made a bad composition
 distract him as a  discord does a      
sensitive musician4 ,for him divine     
harmonies lay in the  relation of words 
to each other1 as if they had been      
notes4    ,coupled with this1 to him1   
uncomfortable sensitiveness to verbal   
sounds1 was his almost superhuman power 
of dissecting thought--extremely        
uncomfortable to others1 even to the    
best of writers4 ,thus gifted with a    

mental touch equally for the substance  
of language and the substance of        
thought which language struggles to give
 birth to2 possessed of the power  of an
 eager and a nipping sarcasm and an     
infernal courage1 fortified  with       
extensive reading and a retentive       
memory1 ,poe became a scourge to        
mediocrity1 imitation1 sham and         
pretense4 ,there could not have been a  
more critical time for such a man to    
attempt a livelihood at letters2  there 
could not have been a man better fitted 
to work havoc among the  essayists and  
poetasters of the day1 to compel        
literary reform and to  bring           
misfortunes on himself4 8,he elected    
himself chief justice of the  court of  
criticism and head hangman of dunces10  
says ,stoddard4 8,he hated  a bad book  
as a misdemeanor40 ,burton1 proprietor  
of the ,gentleman's  ,magazine1         
remonstrated with ,poe against the      
severity of some of his book  reviews4  
8,you say10 said he to ,poe1 8that the  

people love havoc2 ,i think  they love  
justice40 ,one adds1 8,poe thought      
literary justice meant havoc  with such 
mediocrity as then flourished40 ,to the 
cause of pure literature  he thus       
devoted his life with example1 with     
precept and with destructive  force4 ,he
 was the ,wendell ,phillips of ,american
 literature4 ,he did a work  that was   
necessary to be done in behalf of       
,american literature4 ,he pulled  down  
upon his own head and theirs1 the sham  
temple which the little  scribbling     
,philistines had erected4    ,so it is  
not to be wondered at that 8he contrived
 to attach to himself  animosities of   
the most enduring kind10 as the         
,messenger declared4 ,it  became ,poe   
against the whole literary world of     
,america in a very short  time--for he  
had unstinted praise for no one4 ,it is 
doubtless due to  the influence of this 
army of foes that he lost in succession 
all his  editorial situations and was   
impoverished4 ,there were other enemies 

as  unscrupulous as ,griswold4 ,one of  
these put in successful circulation the 
theory that ,poe1 by cruelty1           
deliberately caused the death of his    
wife in  order to get the inspiration   
for 8,the ,raven10 and the story may    
still be  met on its rounds1            
notwithstanding the fact that the poem  
was written two  years before she died4 
7,amiable human nature delights in      
contemplation  of human monsters47 ,she 
declared on her death-bed that her life 
had been  shortened by anonymous letters
 slandering and threatening her husband4
  ,perhaps it was to meet this story    
that he wrote that curious analysis     
78,the ,philosophy of ,composition07 of 
the mechanical and prosaic methods  by  
which he constructed 8,the ,raven40     
,the critical instinct1 coupled with an 
impulsive temperament1 high ideals  of  
perfect performance and a powerful pen1 
is a fatal gift to any man4  ,the path  
of such a one will be strewn with the   
tombs of friendships  which he has      

stabbed1 many and many a time           
unconsciously2 his life will  be haunted
 with vain regrets for words gone past  
recall1 carrying with  them consequences
 he did not reckon upon1 hurting those  
he loves1 missing  those he aimed at4   
,his way leads steadily through bitter  
animosities1  bitterer remorse and1     
bitterest of all1 isolation from his    
fellows1 who  shall clothe him with a   
character foreign1 antagonistic and     
repulsive to  his better nature4 ,if he 
be not possessed of an o'ermastering    
will1 a  thick skin and a healthy1      
cheerful temper it leads to morbidness1 
gloom  and despair4    ,poe was not of  
that will and temper4 ,he was           
affectionate1 sociable and              
supersensitive to coolness of manner in 
others4 ,a rebuff was a stab to  him1   
hatred a calamity4 ,it is said his early
 life was clouded by the  stigma put on 
him by his parents' theatrical          
associations and his own  dependence on 
charity2 and that when a lad he wept    

many wild nights  at the grave of a lady
 who had spoken kindly to him and become
 the  confidante of his boyish sorrows  
and hopes4 ,so with this nature and with
  his devastating pen in hand he traced 
that descent into the living tomb4  ,if 
from its gloom he sometimes sought      
8respite and nepenthe0 in drink  it is  
not to be wondered at2 he was often     
tempted to suicide4 ,he once  solemnly  
protested3 8,i have no pleasure in      
stimulants4 ,it indulgence  in drink has
 been in the desperate attempt to escape
 from torturing  memories--memories of  
wrong1 and injustice and imputed        
dishonor--from a  sense of insupportable
 loneliness and a dread of some strange 
impending  gloom40    ,i fancy he tried 
to typify this unhappy mission that had 
come to blast  his life in that poem in 
which he 8wedded despair to harmony40   
8,the  ,raven0 was a 8grim1 ghastly1    
ominous messenger from the night's      
,plutonian  shore0 that settled on the  
bust of ,pallas1 goddess of wisdom1 even

 as  that critical impulse had settled  
upon his genius4 ,his soul never was    
lifted from the shadow4 ,he was himself1
 of that fell work1 the                 
--8,unhappy master1 whom unmerciful     
disaster      ,followed fast and        
followed faster40    ,and why did he not
 stop the war on the literati and       
pseudo-authors8  ,who can tell8 ,he     
8wasn't practical40 ,he lacked some of  
,falstaff's  8instinct40 ,he was not    
good and sweet4 ,he wasn't              
well-balanced2 he was  an ,eccentric4   
,pity the ,eccentric--the man who knows 
himself called and  chosen to a cause1  
whether by the necessities of his own   
nature or  by divine impulse--if1       
indeed1 this and that be not the same4  
,whether  that cause be warring upon    
high injustice1 exposing hypocrisy in   
high  places1 reforming an art1 lifting 
up the lowly--anything that sets a man  
apart to a purpose other than           
self-seeking1 brings him ingratitude1   
misinterpretation1 isolation and many   

sorrows4 ,hamlet called to set right    
the out-of-joint times would rather1 if 
he had dared1 have taken his  quietus   
with a bare bodkin than face this life  
of heart-ache1 oppressors'  wrongs1     
law's delays to correct the wrongs1 and 
the spurns that patient  merit of the   
unworthy takes4 ,the greatest of        
,eccentrics became a stranger  unto his 
brethren1 was despised and rejected of  
man1 a man of sorrows and  acquainted   
with grief2 even ,his chosen disciples  
when ,he tried to purify  the holy      
places from the profanation of greed    
misunderstood him2 8the  zeal of his    
house hath eaten him up10 sneered they4 
,edgar ,a4 ,poe's personal appearance   
matched his genius4 ,let those who saw  
him tell it3 8,he was the best          
realization of a poet in features1 air  
and manner that ,i have ever seen1 and  
the unusual paleness of his face  added 
to its aspect of melancholy interest40  
8,slight but erect of figure1  of middle
 height1 his head finely modeled1 with a

 forehead and temples  large and not    
unlike those of ,bonaparte2 his hands as
 fair as a woman's2  even in the garb of
 poverty #8with gentleman written all   
over him4' ,the  handsome1 intellectual 
face1 the dark and clustering hair1 the 
clear and  sad gray-violet eyes--large1 
lustrous1 glowing with expression40 8,a 
man  who never smiles40 8,those awful   
eyes10 exclaimed one woman4 8,the face  
tells of battling1 of conquering        
external enemies1 of many a defeat when 
the man was at war with his meaner      
self40 ,he was both much sinned against 
and much sinning4 ,but he was not a     
monster1 nor an ogre4 ,he was only a    
poet and an ,eccentric4        ,no      
farther seek his merits to disclose1    
,nor draw his frailties from their dread
 abode4    ,a ,davidson4                
,,british ,,and ,,american ,,english4   
,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4      ,there are  
many points in which ,english and       
,american speakers and writers  of      
culture differ from each other as to the

 use of certain words and as  to certain
 modes of expression4    ,in ,america   
the word 8clever0 is commonly understood
 to mean pleasant and  of good          
disposition1 not 7as in ,england7       
ingenious and skilful4 ,thus1  though an
 ,american may speak of a person as a   
clever workman1 using the  word as we   
do1 yet when he speaks of another as a  
clever man1 he means1  in nine cases out
 of ten1 that the man is good company   
and well-natured4  ,sometimes1 ,i am    
told1 the word is used to signify       
generous or liberal4 ,i  can not recall 
any passages from early ,english        
literature in which the  word is thus   
used1 but ,i should not be surprised to 
learn that the usage  is an old one4 ,in
 like manner1 the words 8cunning0 and   
8cute0 are often  used in ,america for  
8pretty0 7,german niedlich74 ,as ,i     
write1 an ,american  lady1 who has just 
played a very sweet passage from one of 
,mozart's  symphonies1 turns from the   
piano to ask 8whether that passage is   

not  cute10 meaning pretty4    ,the word
 8mad0 in ,america seems nearly always  
to mean 8angry20 at least1  ,i have     
seldom heard it used in our ,english    
sense4 ,for 8mad10 as we  use the word1 
the ,americans say 8crazy40 ,herein they
 have manifestly  impaired the language4
 ,the words 8mad0 and 8crazy0 are quite 
distinct in  their significance as used 
in ,england1 and both meanings require  
to be  expressed in ordinary parlance4  
,it is obviously a mistake to make one  
word do duty for both1 and to use the   
word 8mad0 to imply what is already     
expressed by other and more appropriate 
words4    ,i have just used the word    
8ordinary0 in the ,english sense4 ,in   
,america  the word is commonly used to  
imply inferiority4 ,an 8ordinary actor10
  for instance1 is a bad actor2 a 8very 
ordinary man0 is a man very much  below 
par4 ,there is no authority for this    
usage in any ,english writer  of repute1
 and the usage is manifestly            
inconsistent with the derivation  of the

 word4 ,on the other hand1 the use of   
the word 8homely0 to imply  ugliness1 as
 is usual in ,america1 is familiar at   
this day in parts of  ,england1 and     
could be justified by passages in some  
of the older ,english  writers4 ,that   
the word in ,shakspere's time implied   
inferiority is shown  by the line--     
,home keeping youths have ever homely   
wits4    ,in like manner1 some authority
 may be found for the ,american use of  
the  word 8ugly0 to signify             
bad-tempered4    ,words are used in     
,america which have ceased to be        
commonly used in  ,england1 and are1    
indeed1 no longer regarded as           
admissible4 ,thus1 the  word 8unbeknown0
 which no educated ,englishman ever     
uses1 either in  speaking or in writing1
 is still used in ,america in common    
speech and by  writers of repute4       
,occasionally1 writers from whom one    
would expect at least correct grammar   
make mistakes which in ,england would be
 regarded as very bad--mistakes  which  

are not1 indeed1 passed over in         
,america1 but still attract less  notice
 there than in ,england4 ,thus1 ,mr4    
,wilkie1 who is so severe on  ,english  
,english in 8,sketches beyond the       
,seas10 describes himself as  saying 7in
 reply to the question whether ,chicago 
policemen have to use  their pistols    
much71 8,i don't know as they have to as
 a matter of  law or necessity1 but ,i  
know they do as a matter of fact20 and  
,i have  repeatedly heard this incorrect
 use of 8as0 for 8that0 in ,american    
conversation4 ,i have also noted in     
works by educated ,americans the use of 
the word 8that0 as an adverb1 8that     
excitable10 8that head-strong10 and  so 
forth4 ,so the use of 8lay0 for 8lie0   
seems to me to be much commoner  in     
,america than in ,england1 though it is 
too frequently heard here also4  ,in a  
well-written novelette called 8,the ,man
 who was not a ,colonel10 the           
words--8,you was0 and 8,was you80 are   
repeatedly used1 apparently without  any

 idea that they are ungrammatical4 ,they
 are much more frequently heard  in     
,america than in ,england 7,i refer1 of 
course1 to the conversation of  the     
middle and better classes1 not of the   
uneducated74 ,in this respect it  is    
noteworthy that the writers of the last 
century resemble ,americans of  to-day2 
for we often meet in their works the    
incorrect usage in question4    ,and    
here it may be well to consider the     
,american expression 8,i guess10  which 
is often made the subject of ridicule by
 ,englishmen1 unaware of  the fact that 
the expression is good old ,english4 ,it
 is found in a few  works written during
 the last century1 and in many written  
during the  seventeenth century4 ,so    
careful a writer as ,locke used the     
expression  more than once in his       
treatise 8,on the ,human                
,understanding40 ,in fact1  the disuse  
of the expression in later times seems  
to have been due to  a change in the    
meaning of the word 8guess40 ,an        

,englishman who should  say 8,i guess0  
now1 would not mean what ,locke did when
 he used the  expression in former      
times1 or what an ,american means when  
he uses it in  our own day4 ,we say1 8,i
 guess that riddle10 or 8,i guess what  
you mean10  signifying that we think the
 answer to the riddle1 or the meaning of
 what  we have heard1 may be such and   
such4 ,but when an ,american says1 8,i  
guess  so10 he does not mean 8,i think  
it may be so10 but more nearly 8,i know 
it to be so40 ,the expression is closely
 akin to the old ,english saying1  8,i  
wis40 ,indeed1 the words 8guess0 and    
8wis0 are simply different forms  of the
 same word4 ,just as we have 8guard0 and
 8ward10 8guardian0 and  8warden10      
8,guillaume0 and 8,william10 8guichet0  
and 8wicket10 etc41 so we  have the     
verbs to 8guess0 and to 8wis40 7,in the 
,bible we have not 8,i  wis10 but we    
have 8he wist407 8,i wis0 means nearly  
the same as 8,i know10  and that this is
 the root-meaning of the word is shown  

by such words as  8wit10 8witness10     
8wisdom10 the legal phrase 8to-wit10 and
 so forth4  8,guess0 was originally used
 in the same sense2 and ,americans      
retain  that meaning1 whereas in our    
modern ,english the word has changed in 
significance4    ,it may be added1 that 
in many parts of ,america we find the   
expression 8,i  guess0 replaced by 8,i  
reckon10 and 8,i calculate0 7the 8,i    
cal'late0 of  the ,biglow ,papers74 ,in 
the ,south1 8,i reckon0 is generally    
used1 and  in parts of ,new ,england 8,i
 calculate10 though 7,i am told7 less   
commonly  than of yore4 ,it is obvious  
from the use of such words as 8reckon0  
and  8calculate0 as equivalents for     
8guess10 that the expression 8,i guess0 
is not1 as many seem to imagine1        
equivalent to the ,english 8,i suppose0 
and 8,i fancy40 ,an ,american friend of 
mine1 in response to the question  by an
 ,englishman 7an exceedingly positive   
and dogmatic person1 as it  chanced71   
8,why do ,englishmen never say #8,i     

guess8'0 replied 7more wittily  than    
justly71 8,because they are always so   
positive about everything40 ,but  it is 
noteworthy that whereas the ,american   
says frequently1 8,i guess10  meaning   
8,i know10 the ,englishman as freely    
lards his discourse with the            
expression1 8,you know10 which is1      
perhaps1 more modest4 ,yet1 on the other
  side1 it may be noted1 that the 8down 
east0 ,american often uses the          
expression 8,i want to know10 in the    
same sense as our ,english expression   
of attentive interest1 8,indeed80       
,among other familiar ,americanisms may 
be mentioned the following3--    ,an    
,american who is interested in a        
narrative or statement will say1 8,is   
that so80 or simply 8,so60 ,the         
expression 8,possible60 is sometimes1   
but  not often1 heard4 ,dickens         
misunderstood this exclamation as       
equivalent  to 8,it is possible1 but    
does not concern me20 whereas1 in       
reality1 it is  equivalent to the       

expression1 8,is it possible80 ,i have  
occasionally heard  the exclamation 8,do
 tell60 but it is less frequently heard 
now than of  yore4    ,the word 8right0 
is more frequently used than in         
,england1 and is used  also in senses   
different from those understood in our  
,english usage of  the word4 ,thus1 the 
,american will say 8right here0 and     
8right there10  where an ,englishman    
would say 8just here0 or 8just there10  
or simply1  8here0 or 8there40          
,americans say 8right away10 where we   
say 8directly40  ,on the other hand1 ,i 
am inclined to think that the ,english  
expression  8right well10 for 8very     
well10 is not commonly used in ,america4
    ,americans say 8yes1 sir10 and 8no1 
sir10 with a sense different from that  
with which the words are used in        
,england2 but they mark the difference  
of sense by a difference of intonation4 
,thus1 if a question is asked to  which 
the reply in ,england would be simply   
8yes0 or 8no0 7or1 according  to the    

rank or station of the querist1 8yes1   
sir10 or 8no1 sir1071 the  ,american    
reply would be 8yes1 sir10 or 8no1 sir10
 intonated as with us in  ,england4 ,but
 if the reply is intended to be         
emphatic1 then the intonation  is such  
as to throw the emphasis on the word    
8sir0--the reply is 8yes1  sir0 or 8no1 
sir40 ,in passing1 ,i may note that ,i  
have never heard an  ,american waiter   
reply 8yessir10 as our ,english waiters 
often do4    ,the ,american use of the  
word 8quit0 is peculiar4 ,they do not   
limit the  word1 as we do1 to the       
signification 8take leave0--in fact1 ,i 
have never  heard an ,american use the  
word in that sense4 ,they generally use 
it as  equivalent to 8leave off0 or     
8stop40 7,in passing1 one may notice as 
rather strange the circumstance that the
 word 8quit10 which properly  means 8to 
go away from10 and the word 8stop10     
which means to 8stay10  should both have
 come to be used as signifying to 8leave
 off407 ,thus1  ,americans say 8quit    

fooling0 for 8leave off playing the     
fool10 8quit  singing10 8quit laughing10
 and so forth4    ,to ,english ears an  
,american use of the word 8some0 sounds 
strange--viz41  as an adverb4 ,an       
,american will say1 8,i think some of   
buying a new house10  or the like1 for  
8,i have some idea of buying10 etc4 ,i  
have indeed heard  the usage defended as
 perfectly correct1 though assuredly    
there is not an  instance in all the    
wide range of ,english literature which 
will justify  it4    ,so also1 many     
,americans defend as good ,english the  
use of the word 8good0  in such phrases 
as the following3--8,i have written that
 note good10 for  8well20 8it will make 
you feel good10 for 8it will do you     
good20 and in  other ways1 all equally  
incorrect4 ,of course1 there are        
instances in  which adjectives are      
allowed by custom to be used as adverbs1
 as1 for  instance1 8right0 for         
8rightly10 etc42 but there can be no    
reason for  substituting the adjective  

8good0 in place of the adverb 8well10   
which  is as short a word1 and at least 
equally euphonious4 ,the use of 8real0  
for 8really10 as 8real angry10 8real    
nice10 is1 of course1 grammatically     
indefensible4    ,the word 8sure0 is    
often used for 8surely0 in a somewhat   
singular way1 as  in the following      
sentence from 8,sketches beyond the     
,sea10 in which ,mr4  ,wilkie is        
supposed to be quoting a remark made by 
an ,english policeman3  8,if policemen  
went to shooting in this country1 there 
would be some  hanging1 sure2 and not   
wholly among the classes that would be  
shot at1  either40 7,in passing1 note   
that the word 8either0 is never         
pronounced  eyether in ,america1 but    
always eether1 whereas in ,england we   
seem to  use either pronunciation       
indifferently47    ,an ,american seldom 
uses the word 8stout0 to signify 8fat10 
saying  generally 8fleshy40 ,again1 for 
our ,english word 8hearty10 signifying  
8in very good health10 an ,american will

 sometimes employ the singularly        
inappropriate word 8rugged40 7,it       
corresponds pretty nearly with our word 
8rude0--equally inappropriate--in the   
expression 8rude health407    ,the use  
of the word 8elegant0 for 8fine0 strikes
 ,english ears as strange4  ,for        
instance1 if you say to an ,american1   
8,this is a fine morning10 he is  likely
 to reply1 8,it is2 an elegant morning10
 or perhaps oftener by  using simply the
 word 8elegant40 ,it is not a pleasing  
use of the word4    ,there are some     
,americanisms which seem more than      
defensible--in fact1  grammatically more
 correct than our ,english usage4 ,thus1
 we seldom hear  in ,america the        
redundant word 8got0 in such expressions
 as 8,i have  got10 etc41 etc4 ,where   
the word would not be redundant1 it is  
generally  replaced by the more         
euphonious word 8gotten10 now scarcely  
ever heard in  ,england4 ,yet again1 we 
often hear in ,america such expressions 
as 8,i shall  get me a new book10 8,i   

have gotten me a dress10 8,i must buy me
 that10 and  the like4 ,this use of 8me0
 for 8myself0 is good old ,english1 at  
any rate4    ,i have been struck by the 
circumstance that neither the           
conventional1  but generally very       
absurd1 ,american of our ,english       
novelists1 nor the  conventional1 but at
 least equally absurd1 ,englishman of   
,american  novelists1 is made to employ 
the more delicate ,americanisms or      
,anglicisms4 ,we generally find the     
,american 8guessing0 or 8calculating10  
if not even more coarsely ,yankee1 like 
,reade's ,joshua ,fullalove2 while  the 
,englishman of ,american novels is      
almost always very coarsely  ,british1  
even if he is not represented as using  
what ,americans persist  in regarding as
 the true 8,henglish haccent40 ,where an
 ,american is less  coarsely drawn1 as  
,trollope's 8,american ,senator10 he    
uses expressions  which no ,american    
ever uses1 and none of those            
,americanisms which1 while  more        

delicate1 are in reality more           
characteristic1 because they are        
common1 all ,americans using them4 ,and 
in like manner1 when an ,american       
writer introduces an ,englishman of the 
more natural sort1 he never makes  him  
speak as an ,englishman would speak2    
before half a dozen sentences  have been
 uttered1 he uses some expression which 
is purely ,american4  ,thus1 no         
,englishman ever uses1 and an ,american 
may be recognized at once  by using1    
such expressions as 8,i know it10 or    
8,that's so10 for 8,it is  true20 by    
saying 8,why1 certainly10 for           
8,certainly20 and so forth4 ,there  are 
many of these slight but characteristic 
peculiarities of ,american and  ,english
 ,english4--8,knowledge0 ,library4      
,,still ,,young4    ,by ,,ellen ,o4     
,,peck4          ,the fleeting years1   
the changing scenes1      ,the light and
 shade that intervenes      ',twixt now 
and youth's rejoicing teens        ,have
 come and gone so silently4      ,tho'  

much from out my life is drawn      ,of 
love and trust ,i leaned upon      ,i   
never thought my youth was gone1        
,but laughed at time defiantly1--       
,until ,i met with those ,i knew        
,when life's first romance burst to     
view1      ,whom long ago ,i bade adieu1
        ,and scanned their faces        
eagerly2      ,alas6 ,i read the fatal  
truth      ,that time indeed with little
 ruth      ,had claimed the beauty of   
their youth1        ,and dealt with them
 most meagerly4        ,amid the brown  
locks shone the gray1      ,and lines of
 care on foreheads lay1      ,and so1 ,i
 read my fate to-day1        ,from their
 faces cheerlessly--      ,what ,i'd not
 read upon my own1      ,that youth1    
with time1 had surely flown1      ,and  
,i with them had older grown2           
,the truth--,i take it fearlessly4      
,and with a sigh o'er vanished years1   
7,i have no time to give to tears7      
,i near life's noontide without fears1  
,bearing its burdens silently2      ,no 

happy song ,i leave unsung1      ,a     
deeper life within has sprung1      ,and
 so my heart forever young1             
,still laughs at time defiantly4        
,,the ,,gospels ,,considered ,,as ,a    
,,drama4    ,lecture by ,david ,h4      
,wheeler1 ,,ll4,d41 ,president of       
,allegheny ,college1  delivered in the  
,amphitheater1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y41    
,august #bc;d1 at #b p4 m4      ,let me 
begin by saying that my subject is not  
theological1 and it will  save us       
trouble if we remember it4 ,let me say  
in the second place that  my subject is 
not the stage1 but a book4 ,i shall not 
discuss the drama  as it is related to  
the stage1 but the drama as a form of   
literature4  ,the theologian may find   
some comfort in the reflection that if  
,god makes  a book it must be the best  
book4 ,by the drama we mean simply the  
best  telling of a story4 ,the gospels  
as ,god's book may therefore be regarded
  as necessarily the best told story in 
the world4 ,but a few things may be     

profitably said with regard to the      
relations of the drama with the stage4  
,first1 this general one1 that the stage
 was a contrivance for ages and  times  
when men could not read2 and that ever  
since men learned to read1  the stage   
has been passing into shadow4 ,an       
illustration of that may be  found in   
the fact that in the sixteenth century1 
the age of ,shakspere1  there were      
probably one thousand men who went to   
the theater to one man  who could read a
 book2 whereas1 in our time1 there are a
 hundred thousand  men who read books to
 one man who frequents the theater4 ,the
 stage1 in  other words1 is an effete   
institution4 ,it is therefore an        
institution  whose death does not carry 
with it the death of the drama2 for1    
along  with the death of the stage1     
there has come an enlargement of the    
scope  of the drama4 ,no important story
 was ever put upon the stage1 or could  
be4 ,the stage is too narrow for a great
 theme2 therefore all the themes  of all

 the plays are necessarily narrow       
themes--a few incidents grouped  about a
 character1 or grouped about a single   
characteristic of human  nature4 ,we    
have need in the world to tell stories  
that are larger1  that require an ampler
 stage for their development2 that deal 
not only  with single principles1 and   
single men1 but with many principles and
  vast masses of men--that concern not  
for a moment1 or an hour1 and a  single 
epoch of human life1 but concern vast   
reaches of time and vaster  interests of
 humanity4 ,and so it has come to pass  
that in our modern  times1 our          
poetry--our epic poetry and our dramatic
 poetry--the two highest  forms of      
literary art1 have undergone a great    
transformation4 ,the poem  has become a 
novel4 ,the epic has passed into this   
form2 and the drama has  become history4
 ,carlyle says that it is the business  
of the poet to write  history4    ,we   
make distinction between prose and      
poetry1 but we ought to remember  that  

with regard to epic poetry1 and dramatic
 poetry1 both are to  be expressed      
either in verse or prose1 and that      
versification is an  accident4 ,there   
may be epic poems in prose2 and1 as the 
freest form1  prose has become the      
prevailing form1 and poetry is1 more and
 more1 as  the world grows older1       
confined to the lyric jingle4 ,poetry1  
in the  old sense1 soon will pass1 and  
the drama has passed into unversified   
poetry4 ,milton made a great change by  
adopting blank verse1 and ,shakspere    
had started us on the same road4 ,in our
 age the great works of poetic  language
 may be expected to be produced in what 
is technically prose4 ,the  epic poem   
may also be dramatically constructed1 so
 that we may have the  prose epic under 
form of the drama4    ,let me call      
attention to the fact that we are       
fortunate in speaking a  tongue1 the    
imperial language1 in which ,shakspere  
practically killed the  old             
,aristotelian unities4 ,he wanted a     

dramatic form in which to tell the      
story of the fall of ,julius ,csar1 and 
the story of ,english history4 ,he  had 
to discard the old unities of time and  
place4 ,the only ,aristotelian  unity   
that remains in our ,english literature 
is that of subject4 ,the  subject of a  
dramatic action1 or an epic story1 must 
have unity4 ,there  must be one action  
having a beginning1 a middle1 and an    
end2 and there  must be a constant1     
regular1 orderly1 striking1 impressive  
advance from  the beginning to the end4 
,now we come to consider whether the    
gospels ought to be regarded as a       
drama4 ,in the first place1 we are      
familiar with the custom of commenting  
on and praising the literary merits of  
the gospel4 ,we say how sweet  and      
fluent and intelligible is the language 
in which it is written4  ,we understand 
that portions of it reach the heights of
 sublimity1  particularly the           
seventeenth chapter of ,john4 ,we are   
familiar with the  fact that its        

,english is so beautiful that there are 
men among us to rise  and complain if we
 interfere with a word in it4 ,we are   
familiar with the  idea that the gospels
 have literary merits of a very high    
order4 ,but we  have been accustomed1 as
 a rule1 to regard these things in      
detail rather  than as a whole4 ,now1   
when ,i say that they may be regarded as
 dramatic1  ,i mean the highest literary
 merit crowns them as a whole4 ,their   
story is  told in a dramatic form4 ,no  
story ever told under the sun was so    
well  told as is this story of the life1
 death1 resurrection and ascension of   
the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,i must treat 
this topic illustratingly1 for my  sole 
purpose is to get an idea before you4   
,look1 then1 at the idea of  dramatizing
 history4 ,it is said that ,lord        
,marlborough read only ,shakspere  for  
,english history4 ,he found that the    
dramatist had put his conceptions  of   
the actions and characteristics of      
leading men in ,english history in  such

 an effective way1 that1 whether he was 
right or wrong1 he had fixed  the       
national estimate of these              
characters--had typed them forever4     
,what  ,shakspere says a man was1 the   
,english people will go on thinking him 
to  have been4 ,these characters give   
us1 on a small scale1 the purpose and   
effect of the dramatization of history4 
,when ,shakspere did his work1  little  
historical study had been done4 ,english
 critical history dates  from after his 
time4 ,but without the help of critics  
he conceived and  typed groups of       
characters1 and he had such power of    
placing himself in  the center of things
 and working out the characteristics1   
that he really  constructed ,english    
history by the dramatic method4 ,he had 
pitifully few  materials1 but historians
 who have come after him have found his 
types  very faithful1 and have been     
content to work out the details1        
accepting  the pictures ,shakspere had  
hung up before the eyes of the nation4  

,shaksperean ,english characters can not
 be much changed by ever so much  study4
 ,this is only an illustration of the   
triumph which the dramatic  form may    
win4 ,another most important distinction
 is the one between the  theatrical and 
the dramatic4 ,we can best understand it
 by looking at  the common significance 
of the words4 ,by 8theatrical0 we mean  
something  false1 fictitious1 showy1    
with no reality behind it4    ,when a   
human action is theatrical it is        
insincere and false to the facts4  ,on  
the other hand1 when you use the word   
8dramatic10 you mean something  entirely
 different4 ,you mean to praise the     
thing and not condemn it4  ,when the two
 ,senators from ,new ,york suddenly     
resigned their position in  #ahha--you  
remember it--the friends of these men   
spoke of their action as  dramatic1 and 
their enemies characterized their action
 as theatrical2  one to praise1 the     
other to blame4 ,an incident like that  
draws the line  better than a           

definition4 ,the word 8drama0 has won a 
place outside of  the stage--and it more
 and more separates itself from the     
stage1 and  becomes a word descriptive  
of the best told story4 ,in such a story
 there  must be reality4 ,it must be a  
story so put together that the meaning  
leaps out as the story goes on1 and the 
mind takes hold of the meaning  easily  
and fully--so that the whole meaning    
flashes on the understanding4  ,you all 
know the power of a good story teller4  
,you all know that every  neighborhood  
has some man who can grasp an incident  
and tell it so that  it comes strikingly
 before the mind4 ,this power of        
narrative is at once  epic and dramatic4
 ,this village story teller is a        
miniature ,milton and  ,shakspere4 ,the 
arrangement of a drama is systematic2   
and moves to a  climax with full force4 
,in order to a dramatic arrangement it  
is not  necessary that the characters   
should be combined1 as in the form of a 
play2 it is only necessary that the     

story should be told in the most        
effective way1 so that its meaning will 
flash clear and strong on the           
understanding4 ,the gospels are told in 
this way2 and it is the only  possible  
way in which their story could reach the
 understanding4 ,if we  consider the    
gospels from this point of view1 there  
are several things  to attract our      
attention4 ,one of them is the          
universality of the human  nature which 
is brought out in the gospel4 ,if you   
take up a picture book1  or a fashion   
book of a hundred years ago1 you are    
interested in a certain  way in studying
 the characters1 and discovering that   
the people dressed  in a way very       
different from the present mode4 ,you   
study the strange  dresses with         
interest1 but at the same time with a   
kind of feeling that  these people were 
not just like yourself4 ,your point of  
observation in  the fashion-plate       
presents you with nothing but unlikeness
 to yourself  and your contemporaries4  

,it is a strange world to you4    ,now1 
what the fashion-plate is1 a great part 
of literature is4 ,it is  something     
which gets old1 out of fashion1 outworn1
 when it is a hundred  years old4       
,people live largely upon a             
contemporaneous literary diet4 ,the     
most of the literature for each         
generation is produced by itself1 and   
therefore the human nature of it1 like  
the dresses of the fashion-plate1  is in
 a little while out of date1 and seems  
old4 ,i am not as old as ,i  look to be1
 but ,i have seen several kinds of      
literary fashions come and  go4 ,i have 
known men to be famous1 producing a book
 nearly every month1  whose name would  
now be strange1 and there are few here  
who have thought  of them for a long    
time4 ,other books have taken their     
places4 ,they were  novels1 stories1    
histories1 and even poems1 but they have
 gone out of  date1 because the human   
nature they dealt with was a temporary  
and  passing human nature--that of a    

fashion-plate4 ,and the same effect must
  attend most of the novels being       
written in our day1 because there is a  
passion upon us for this sort of living 
detail1 this sort of temporary  book4   
,there is so little of permanent        
universal human nature in an ordinary   
novel of the period1 that when you are  
done with it you have learned  but very 
little about man4 ,the great defect with
 this class of books is  that they do   
not deal with universal human nature1   
and it is the power  of ,shakspere that 
he deals largely with universal human   
nature4 ,and  here we discover the      
likeness that reigns there4 ,we         
recognize ourselves  and our neighbors4 
,we have struck one of the old lines of 
humanity1  and are acquainted with the  
people we meet4 ,they wear togas1 we    
wear  trousers2 but we know each other  
for brothers4 ,the defect of            
,shaksperean  human nature very soon    
appears when you lay it down along side 
of the  gospels4 ,you have a little     

universal human nature in ,shakspere1 in
 the  gospels you have almost nothing   
else but universal human nature4 ,if you
  ask yourselves why we are interested  
in certain incidents that occurred      
nearly two thousand years ago1 in a     
foreign land1 that occurred in          
connection with a people for whom we    
have nothing but antipathy1 what  will  
be the answer8 ,why are we interested in
 this old history lying back  there in a
 world that had almost nothing like our 
world except men1  and the eternal      
rocks1 and the ever flowing streams8    
,why1 belting the  green earth1 should  
we find men everywhere singing about    
this passage  in human history8 ,what is
 the charm of it that reaches human     
nature so  widely8 ,undoubtedly there is
 much charm in the delightful truth     
which it  contains2 more in the         
delightful power behind it1 but much    
also in the  fact that when we open     
these gospels we find ourselves in the  
presence of  men and women like         

ourselves1 in the presence of human     
nature1 undying1  eternally the same4   
,in any of these passages you find      
yourself suddenly  reminded of yourself4
 ,you feel in every throb of a human    
heart in the  gospels something which   
allies the old heart with yourself4     
,another proof of the dramatic quality  
of the gospels lies in the fact  that   
the details all work out into one       
picture1 and each trait resembles  the  
whole4 ,what ,i mean here ,i shall try  
to make clear4 ,the ,righi is a         
mountain made up of pudding stones4 ,it 
is a great egg-shaped mass that  leaps  
up out of the plain1 rising thousands of
 feet in the air1 and is  composed      
altogether of these pudding stones4 ,at 
different points up its  rugged sides1  
masses have been broken off by the      
action of the ice1  and if you examine  
them you will find that the fragments   
resemble the  whole4 ,break up one of   
them into the finest pieces1 and each   
bit will  still resemble the whole4 ,in 

any fragment of the vast mass you have a
  picture of the whole mountain4 ,now   
this is true of the highest dramatic    
production1 that every piece and every  
incident is a picture of the  whole4    
,this highest dramatic perfection is    
found only in the gospels4  ,you find   
hints of it elsewhere4 ,many of you have
 read the story of  8,middlemarch10 the 
most perfect piece of art produced in   
the way of a  modern novel4 ,the art    
lies first in the dramatic conception1  
for it has  a theme1 and the theme runs 
clear through1 and the climax leaps out 
of  the theme4 ,this theme is worked out
 through a principal character4 ,in  her
 history the general lesson is          
impressively taught4 ,but the art does  
not end there1 each one of the          
characters is a picture of the heroine  
in  little4 ,the same story is repeated 
over and over again1 in the different   
characters4 ,it is a story of human     
failure1 of the way in which a great    
human purpose1 and high aspirations1    

growing in a youthful mind1 may be      
dispersed and destroyed as human life   
goes on to its conclusion4 ,it is a     
lesson of failure1 and the failure of   
the principal character is repeated  in 
the subordinate characters4    ,take    
another illustration from ,shakspere3   
8,julius ,csar0 is his best  drama1 not 
the best play1 for it does not act well 
on the stage1 as it  lacks singleness   
and simplicity2 nevertheless it is1 ,i  
think1 ,shakspere's  most complete play1
 his most dramatic piece1 and the reason
 is this3 ,his  subject is large and is 
developed on the principle ,i am laying 
down4 ,the  play is narrow1 both in     
8,macbeth0 and 8,othello40 ,in 8,julius 
,csar0 it is  large4 ,the subject may be
 named the weaknesses of great men4 ,the
 play  is constructed so as to develop  
the weaknesses of ,julius ,csar1 and of 
all the rest of the characters grouped  
about him4 ,the story told in the  death
 of ,julius ,csar is told also in the   
death of all the parties in  the        

terrible failure of them all4 ,but you  
must mark that in this case  we have an 
extremely narrow purpose as compared    
with the gospels4 ,in  the gospels you  
can begin anywhere1 and preach the whole
 gospel from  any incident4 ,take the   
case of the ,prodigal ,son1 and you have
 the whole  story of the gospel in that 
short compass4 ,take up the case of the 
man  described as the 8father of the    
child10 crying1 8,i believe10 and you   
have  it over again4 ,it is over and    
over again1 from the beginning to the   
end1  the pieces all conspiring to the  
grand result4 ,it is achieved not by    
ordinary art4 ,the story teller has seen
 or heard or conceived something1  and  
he goes through a mass of details4 ,the 
gospels have nothing of that  sort4     
,they tell you in a few words what they 
have to say of the woman  of ,samaria1  
or the maniac of ,gadara1 or of her who 
loved much and was  forgiven much4      
,names are dispensed with1 details1     
places of residence1  all the tricks by 

which the ordinary story teller         
succeeds4 ,this story  succeeds by pure 
force of an infinite truth behind it4   
,another characteristic of drama is a   
kind of consistency between the         
beginning and the end1 a kind of logical
 order in which it moves1 and  this is  
illustrated in the gospels by the fact  
which must always be  borne in mind1    
that the task is one of supreme         
difficulty4 ,the author  of the gospels 
has to tell the story of the            
,incarnation of ,god's son4 ,a  story in
 which there are human and divine       
actors1 in which there is both  nature  
and the supernatural4 ,it requires vast 
dramatic power4 ,i have  suggested1 yet 
,i may more definitely repeat it1 that  
the human earth on  which you tread is  
not that of old ,palestine1 or ,galilee1
 or ,jerusalem4  ,it is a real          
universal1 a human earth4 ,there is not 
a bit of purer  realism than the        
gospels4 ,take up this story1 walk with 
these men4 ,down  by the lake you find  

the ,gadarene crying among the tombs4   
,you see the  stranger landing and      
healing him4 ,you stand down by the boat
 and hear the  poor man begging ,jesus  
to allow him to go with him4 ,you see   
these human  figures4 ,look into it a   
little1 and there the man stands where  
he has  stood almost two thousand years1
 listening to the words of the ,master  
compelling him to go away4 ,the meaning 
of it you understand1 for the case  is  
before you4 ,on this solid human earth1 
this real human nature1 this  realistic 
character which makes you feel the heart
 beat1 and smell the  real earth1 all is
 combined with something else1 with the 
supernatural4  ,there have been writers 
who have carried us into wonderland4 ,we
 were  glad to be there1 and we traveled
 along delighted with the scenery and   
with the companions created by the      
imagination4 ,the gospels do not do     
this4 ,this solid earth beneath your    
feet is not more real than the  heavens 
that bend over it4 ,human reality is    

combined with heavenly1 and  you are    
continually going to and fro between the
 earth and the sky4 ,the  natural and   
the supernatural are so run together    
that you feel no shock  in passing from 
one to the other4 ,you have men and     
angels1 divine power  and human power1  
associated together4 ,the warp of earth 
is woven into the  woof of heaven until 
it is one piece of cloth of gold4 ,the  
gold of the  skies is braided into the  
earthly so perfectly ,i defy any man to 
take  them apart with consistency or    
success4 ,this is the beauty and        
perfection  of dramatic success4 ,the   
divine and the human are blended in     
,christ so  that you are puzzled to tell
 whether it is a man or a ,god who      
speaks and  works4 ,the blending of the 
human about him1 in him1 through him1   
all this  is an effect utterly beyond   
human art4 ,the story goes straight home
 to  the human heart4 ,the time will    
never come when it will not be a dear   
and  sweet old story to the souls that  

hear it4 ,edward ,eggleston once told me
  that when he was lecturing in some    
strange corner of the earth1 where      
culture in the pulpit was comparatively 
rare1 after the lecture one of  the men 
said1 8,i wish you would come here and  
preach for us4 ,our minister  preaches  
the funeral of ,jesus ,christ twice a   
,sunday1 fifty-two ,sundays  in the     
year40 ,the case seemed to me to be an  
exceedingly sad one until ,i  began to  
ask myself1 of what man that ever lived 
could it be said they  preached his     
funeral sermon twice a ,sabbath for     
fifty-two ,sundays in  the year1 and the
 story still had such freshness that the
 people would  come out and hear it8    
,what other thing was ever so well done 
that a fool  might talk about it1 and   
still a certain amount of interest      
attach to it  despite the poor telling8 
,here lies one of the uses of the       
dramatic power  of the gospel4 ,when a  
man of humble attainments has it to     
tell1 he has  only to follow the book to

 make it an interesting story4 ,the     
moment he  strikes a real point of      
interest1 the attentive soul feels that 
that is  what it came for1 and1 what is 
better1 that it is said to him4 ,in     
short1  the enduring power of this story
 lies in great part in this fact4 ,the  
consistency between the beginning and   
the end and the logical order of        
things1 comes out in a thousand powerful
 ways4 ,for instance1 the peculiar      
truth that reappears in the words which 
are sculptured on ,shakspere's  tomb4   
,take the same thought as it            
reappears--the same thought slightly    
turned  over--as it is repeated in      
8,middlemarch10 or in that best human   
version of  all1 that of ,watts3        
8,princes1 this clay must be your bed1  
,in spite of all your towers2      ,the 
tall1 the wise1 the reverend head1      
,must lie as low as ours40    ,you will 
find the thought1 in good and bad       
versions1 everywhere4 ,do you  wish to  
take this thought fresh from the        

fountain8 ,come to the temple1  where   
the disciples1 accustomed to nothing    
great in art1 fresh from  ,galilee1     
stand gazing in admiration at the glory 
of the great edifice and  one of them   
cries out3 8,master1 behold these       
stones2 and what manner of  a building  
is this80 ,and listen to the ,master as 
he says3 8,there shall  not remain one  
stone upon another10 and you have the   
fountain head of all  these streams     
running down into our poetry4    ,mark  
the wonderful consistency1 and the      
wonderful movement of this              
story--consider it as a drama4 ,you may 
regard the gospels as beginning at  that
 moment when suddenly there was with the
 angel a great company of the  heavenly 
hosts1 appearing to the shepherds as    
they watched their flocks  by night4 ,it
 practically ends when the disciples1   
after the ascension1  returned to       
,jerusalem with great joy1 and were     
continually in the temple  singing the  
song which began in angel mouths and    

ends in human mouths4  ,the purpose of  
the story was to sing that angelic music
 into the human  heart4    ,in          
conclusion3 ,what inferences may be     
drawn from the statements ,i have  made8
 ,certainly not that the gospels have   
attained their success because  they are
 a drama4 ,they had to have the truth to
 succeed4 ,they have the  truth1 and    
that has given them success4 ,it        
behooved that ,christ should  suffer and
 rise from the dead the third day4 ,and 
this behooving lies in  something very  
deep in our nature4 ,we believe that    
these gospels are  inspired2 that the   
authors were moved by the ,holy ,ghost2 
and it seems to  me to be a necessary   
inference that the story should be well 
told2 and  well told means dramatically 
told4 ,if it be true that the gospels   
sweep  a larger circle and involve a    
greater work than was ever attempted by 
a  human brain1 if it be true that you  
can put a million of ,shaksperes into   
their compass and still have an abyss of

 art unfilled1 then you have an         
inference1 an argument1 in the line of  
the evidences of ,christianity  that has
 never been attempted4 ,and that is that
 the best told1 most  dramatically told 
story1 the story of the visit of ,god's 
son to the  earth1 of his life1 death1  
resurrection and ascension1 must have   
been  told by ,god himself4 ,no human   
pen can be eloquent enough1 no heart    
wide  enough1 no intellect could        
penetrate into the human heart deeply   
enough1  to produce these gospels4 ,in  
the literary perfection of the gospel   
there  lies an evidence of the truth1 of
 the divine authorship of the gospels1  
which in time to come1 when all men read
 and think1 will weigh perhaps  more    
than any other kind of argument that has
 been drawn upon to this  hour4         
,,prohibition ,,in ,,maine4    ,by the  
,,hon4 ,,neal ,,dow4      ,the policy of
 license to the liquor traffic had been 
the uniform practice  of the civilized  
world since the reign of ,edward ,,vi41 

of ,england1 when  it was first         
established4 ,since that time1 in       
,england1 there have been  more than    
four hundred and fifty separate acts    
relating to the traffic1  each of them  
being a vain attempt to improve upon all
 that had gone  before1 in the hope1 if 
not in the expectation1 of diminishing  
in some  degree the tremendous evils    
coming from it4 ,for the last twenty    
years  there has been no session of     
,parliament1 ,i think1 at which there   
have not  been several separate bills   
introduced1 relating to that matter2 at 
some  of them1 these bills have been in 
number1 from eight to ten1 sometimes    
even twelve4 ,when our fathers first    
came over the waters to this western    
world1 they brought with them the policy
 of license1 because at that time  no   
other had been attempted or thought of4 
,in #ahbj ,maine was separated from     
,massachusetts and set up housekeeping  
for herself1 bringing with her1 as a    
part of her outfit1 the policy of       

license1 which had been brought over in 
the 8,mayflower0 by the ,pilgrim        
,fathers1 and established in ,plymouth  
colony in the first years of its        
existence4 ,by the peculiar industries  
of ,maine the people were led into  the 
habit of the excessive use of strong    
drink4 ,all our people living  a little 
way back from the sea coast were engaged
 in the lumbering  business4 ,we had    
vast forests of invaluable pine1 whence 
,maine was and  is called the 8,pine    
,tree ,state40 ,the people through all  
the winter  season were living in camps 
in the woods1 engaged in felling the    
trees  and transporting them to the     
water courses1 by which they would be   
taken  to the innumerable saw mills     
which crowded the falls on almost all   
our  streams4 ,in the camps1 away from  
home influences and home restraints1    
the 8lumbermen0 indulged freely in      
strong drink1 which was a large and     
indispensable part of their rations4    
,on the breaking up of the streams in   

the spring1 these men were engaged  in  
8driving river10 as it was called1 i4   
e41 following the 8drives0 of  logs1    
many1 many miles down all the water     
courses to the 8booms10 whence  they    
were impounded and secured ready for the
 saw mills which were kept  in operation
 through the year1 often running night  
and day4 ,on these  drives many of the  
men were often in the icy water more or 
less all day1  dislodging the logs from 
rocks or shallows1 by which they were   
stopped  in their course down stream4   
,in all this laborious and trying work1 
the  men used rum freely and largely1 as
 the universal custom was in those      
days4 ,in those old times ,i have seen  
our great rivers covered for miles1     
from shore to shore1 with innumerable   
logs1 so closely packed as almost  to   
hide the water from view4 ,many 8river  
drivers0 were following along  on either
 shore to prevent the logs from         
8lodging10 and to 8start0 all  that had 
been 8grounded40 ,at night ,i have seen 

these men in great numbers  around their
 camp fires1 wild and boisterous1 under 
the influence of  liquor1 like so many  
,comanche savages just home from the war
 path1 with  many scalps hanging at     
their belts4 ,on many of these drives   
the men  would be engaged for weeks1    
with rum as the most important part of  
their  ration4 ,on the return of these  
men to civilized life a large part of   
them  would spend in a week1 in a       
drunken carouse1 all the wages paid them
 for  their winter's work1 without      
regard to wife and children at home4    
,the saw mills in ,maine were on a very 
large scale1 and were in great  numbers4
 ,there were great masses of men engaged
 in them1 all using rum  freely and in  
immense quantities4 ,i have heard it    
said that two quarts  a day to each man 
was the regular allowance4 ,while all   
these men--in  whatever department      
working--earned large wages1 they were  
not at all  benefited by that1 because  
they spent all in rum1 except a         

miserable  pittance doled out to the    
wretched wife and children4    ,the     
transportation of this 8lumber0 to the  
,west ,indies--the principal  market for
 it--was a very great industry2 it was  
called the 8,west ,india  ,trade40      
,great numbers of vessels were engaged  
in it1 running from all  our principal  
ports which had direct communication    
with the vast system  of saw mills on   
all our streams4 ,the returns for this  
lumber were mostly  ,west ,india rum and
 molasses1 to be converted into ,new    
,england rum1 at  our numerous          
distilleries4 ,all along our sea coast  
great numbers of our  people were       
engaged in the mackerel and cod         
fisheries2 there were a  great many     
vessels employed in that industry1 the  
products of which were  mostly sent to  
the ,west ,indies in the lumber ships1  
the returns for which  were also 8rum   
and molasses60 ,i have heard men say who
 were owners of  timber lands and of saw
 mills--8operators0 on a large scale1   

and owners  of ,west ,india             
traders--that ,maine was never a dollar 
the richer for all  these great         
industries4 ,the returns were mostly in 
rum1 and in molasses  converted into    
rum1 so that our boundless forests of   
invaluable timber  were literally poured
 down the throats of our people in the  
form of rum4  ,the result of all this   
was that ,maine was the poorest state in
 the ,union1  consuming the entire value
 of all its property of every kind in   
rum1 in  every period of less than      
twenty years4    ,i have run hastily    
over this account of the condition of   
,maine in the old  rum time to show that
 our people1 according to the general   
opinion on  this subject1 were most     
unlikely to adopt a policy of           
prohibition to the  liquor traffic1     
which was spread everywhere all over the
 state1 and was  intimately interwoven  
into all the habits and customs of the  
time4 ,all  over the state there was a  
general appearance of neglect and       

dilapidation  in houses1 barns1 school  
houses1 farms1 churches4 ,by their      
habits of  drinking a great many of our 
people were disinclined to work1 and    
many  of them were unfitted for it4 ,it 
used to be said that three-fourths of   
the farms were mortgaged to the town1   
village and country traders1 all of     
whom kept in stock liquors of all sorts 
as the most important and most          
profitable part of their supplies4    ,a
 few men in ,maine resolved to change   
all that by changing the law by  which  
the liquor traffic was licensed1 and by 
substituting for it the  policy of      
prohibition4 ,this was supposed to be a 
great undertaking1  as in fact it was4  
,an indispensable preparatory step was  
to change  public opinion1 on which all 
law is supposed to be founded4 ,to do   
this  meetings were held all over the   
state--not only in the larger towns1    
but in villages and in all the rural    
districts4 ,there was hardly a  little  
country church or town house or roadside

 school house where we  did not lay out 
before the people the fact that the     
liquor traffic was  inconsistent with   
the general good2 that it was in deadly 
hostility to  every interest of nation1 
state and people4 ,in our missionary    
work about  the state1 traveling in our 
own carriages in summer1 and in our own 
sleighs in winter1 we took with us large
 supplies of tracts relating to  the    
liquor traffic and its results4 ,these  
were prepared for the purpose1  and were
 distributed freely at all our meetings1
 and we threw them out to  the people as
 we passed their houses1 and as we met  
them on our way2 and  to the children as
 we passed the country school houses4   
,in this way1 by  persistent work1 we   
changed the public opinion upon the     
matter and fired  the hearts of the     
people with a burning indignation       
against the liquor  traffic1 by which   
they were made poor and kept poor4      
,this work was continued for several    
years without intermission2 we had a    

definite object in view1 and that was to
 overthrow the liquor traffic1 to       
outlaw it1 to put it under the ban1 and 
to drive it out as a pestilent  thing1  
the whole influence of which was to     
spread poverty1 pauperism1  suffering1  
wretchedness and crime broadcast among  
the people1 at the same  time that no   
possible good came from it4 ,in due time
 we made earnest  application to the    
legislature for a law of prohibition1   
but our prayers  were not heeded4 ,we   
were regarded as having no rights which 
politicians  were bound to respect1 and 
we were treated with small courtesy4 ,we
 soon  took in the situation1 and       
addressed ourselves at once to the only 
instrumentality through which we could  
possibly succeed--that is1 the  ballot  
box4 ,we sent in great numbers of       
petitions to the legislature1 but  we   
were beaten by more than two to one4 ,at
 the next election we swept the  ,state 
,house clear of almost every man who had
 voted against us2 we did  this         

irrespective of all party ties and      
affiliations4    ,to the legislature    
thus elected we sent no petitions2 we   
went there in  person1 with a bill all  
prepared1 and offered it as one that    
would be  acceptable to temperance men4 
,it was on ,friday1 the #cjth of ,may1  
#ahea1  that we did this4 ,we had a     
public hearing in the ,representative   
,hall on  the afternoon of that day4    
,saturday1 the #cast of ,may1 was to be 
the last  day of the session4 ,the      
committee voted unanimously to accept   
the bill as  it was1 with no change     
whatever4 ,it was printed on ,friday    
night and laid  upon the desks of the   
members the next morning4 ,immediately  
after the  morning hour it was taken up 
for consideration4    ,now this was the 
situation on that ,saturday morning4    
,the liquor traffic  was a lawful trade 
in ,maine1 as it was throughout the     
civilized world4  ,there were liquor    
shops1 wholesale and retail1 all over   
the state1 with  large stocks of liquor 

for sale1 as there are now in all our   
states1  where the traffic is yet       
prosecuted by authority of law1 and     
under its  protection4 ,the bill lying  
upon the members' desks proposed to     
change  all that2 it forbade the trade  
absolutely2 it declared that there was  
no property in intoxicating liquors kept
 for unlawful sale2 that such  liquors  
so kept1 or supposed to be so kept1     
should be seized on complaint  and      
warrant1 or on sight1 without warrant1  
and should be confiscated and           
destroyed1 unless the claimant could    
show to the satisfaction of the  court  
that they were not intended for sale4   
,they might be seized wherever  seen2 on
 railway cars1 on steamboats1 or in     
transitu by any other mode  of          
transportation2 they might be hunted    
like wild and dangerous beasts1  and    
like them1 if resistance was offered1   
they might be destroyed upon  the spot4 
,if it be decided that the liquors are  
kept for unlawful sale1  the party is   

sentenced1 in addition to the loss of   
the liquor1 to a fine  of one hundred   
dollars and costs1 and on the second    
conviction1 to the  same fine and to    
imprisonment at hard labor for six      
months4 ,and it was  expressly provided 
that no action should be had or         
maintained in any  court in the state   
for the recovery of intoxicating liquors
 nor for the  value thereof4 ,the liquor
 traffic was put by that bill outside   
the law1  beyond its protection1 and was
 denounced as an enemy to the state and 
people--utterly inconsistent with the   
public welfare4    ,on that ,saturday   
this extraordinary measure1 such as had 
never been heard  of in the world       
before1 with no change whatever1 was    
passed through all  its stages to be    
enacted1 and on ,monday1 at nine o'clock
 in the morning1  it was approved by the
 ,governor1 and from that moment it was 
the law1  because the act provided that 
it should take effect when signed by the
  executive4 ,all the stocks of liquors 

in the state were then liable to  be    
seized and destroyed1 but the local     
authorities allowed the parties  having 
them in possession a reasonable time in 
which to 8send them away  to other      
states and countries where they could be
 lawfully sold20 and  this was done4    
,there was a hasty departure of these   
liquors from all  parts of the state4   
,it was not an appeal to the legislature
 by petitions  that accomplished this   
wonderful overturn in the status of the 
liquor  traffic in ,maine1 it was simply
 and only because the people put their  
will in relation to it into the ballot  
box4 ,there is no other way in  which it
 can be done in any other states1 or in 
the nation4 ,this movement  against the 
liquor traffic is now1 as it was then1 a
 far more important  political question 
than any other1 more important than all 
others  combined1 to every interest of  
the nation1 state1 and people4 ,what has
  been the result of this legislation8  
8,in some places liquor is sold secretly

 in violation of law1 as many  other    
offences are committed against the      
statutes1 but in large  districts of the
 state1 the liquor traffic is nearly or 
quite unknown1  where formerly it was   
carried on like any other trade4        
8,,sidney ,,perham1                     
8,governor of ,maine40    8,i can and   
do1 from my own personal observation1   
unhesitatingly affirm  that the         
consumption of intoxicating liquors in  
,maine is not to-day  one-fourth so     
great as it was twenty years ago2 in the
 country portions  of the state the sale
 and use have almost entirely ceased4   
,in my opinion  our remarkable          
temperance reform of to-day is the      
legitimate child of the  law4           
8,,wm4 ,p4 ,,frye1                      
8,m4 ,c4 of ,maine1 and ex-,att'y ,gen'l
 of the ,state40    8,i have the honor  
unhesitatingly to concur in the opinions
 expressed in  the foregoing by my      
colleague1 ,hon4 ,wm4 ,frye4            
8,,lot ,m4 ,,morrill1                   

8,u4 ,s4 ,senate40    8,i concur in the 
foregoing statements2 and on the point  
of the relative  amount of liquors sold 
at present in ,maine and in those states
 where a  system of license prevails1 ,i
 am very sure from personal knowledge   
and  observation that the sales are     
immeasurably less in ,maine4            
8,j4 ,g4 ,,blaine1                      
8,speaker ,u4 ,s4 ,house of             
,representatives40    8,i concur in the 
statements made by ,mr4 ,frye4 ,of the  
great good produced  by the ,prohibitory
 ,liquor ,law of ,maine1 no man can     
doubt who has seen its  result4 ,it has 
been of immense value4                  
8,h4 ,,hamlin1                          
8,u4 ,s4 ,senate40    8,we are satisfied
 that there is much less intemperance in
 ,maine than  formerly1 and that the    
result is largely produced by what is   
termed  prohibitory legislation4        
8,,john ,a4 ,,peters1 ,m4 ,c of ,maine4 
8,,eugene ,,hale1 ,m4 ,c4 of ,maine40   
8,i fully concur in the statement of my 

colleague1 ,mr4 ,frye1 in regard to  the
 effect of the enforcement of the liquor
 law in the state of ,maine4            
8,,john ,,lynch1 ,m4 ,c4 of ,maine40    
,these certificates are from both       
,senators and all the ,representatives  
of  ,maine in ,congress4    ,these      
statements are indorsed by many mayors  
and ex-mayors of cities1 and  many other
 officials in every part of the state2  
by ,general ,chamberlaine1  ex-,governor
 and ,president of ,bowdoin ,college1   
and by many clergymen in  every county  
in the state4    ,the convention of     
,good ,templars resolved1 8,that by the 
operation of  the ,maine law in this    
state1 the traffic in intoxicating      
liquors has  been greatly diminished1   
and that the happy effects of this      
change are  everywhere apparent1 and    
that the quantity of liquors now sold in
 this  state can not be one-tenth as    
much as it was formerly40    ,the ,state
 ,conventions of the ,republican party  
of ,maine have always  adopted resolves 

relating to this matter4 ,i have some of
 them before me  now4    ,republican    
,state ,convention of #ahgh3            
8,temperance among the people may  be   
greatly promoted by wise prohibitory    
legislation1 as well as by all  those   
moral agencies which have secured us    
beneficent results2 and it  is a source 
of congratulation that the principle of 
prohibition1 which  has always been     
upheld by ,republicans1 is now concurred
 in by so large  a majority of the      
people that it is no longer a party     
question1 the  ,democrats having for    
several years declined to contest and   
dispute  it40 #ahgi3 8,we recognize     
temperance as a cause which has         
conferred  the greatest benefits on the 
state1 and we sustain the principle of  
prohibition which in its operation has  
so largely suppressed liquor  selling1  
and added incalculably to the sum of    
virtue and prosperity among  the        
people40 #ahhj3 8,experience has        
demonstrated the wisdom of the policy   

of prohibition as an auxiliary of       
temperance1 and as contributing to the  
material wealth1 happiness and          
prosperity of the state2 and we refer   
with  confidence and pride to an        
undeviating support of the same as one  
of the  cardinal principles of the      
,republican party of ,maine40    ,there 
was no election in #ahha1 and no        
convention1 but the resolve of #ahhb    
is3        8,we refer with confidence   
and pride to the general result of      
the ,republican party in support of the 
policy of prohibiting      the traffic  
in intoxicating liquors1 the wisdom and 
efficiency      of which legislation in 
promoting the moral and material        
interests of ,maine have been           
demonstrated through the practical      
annihilation of that traffic in a large 
portion of the state2      and we favor 
such legislation and such enforcement of
 law as      will secure to every       
portion of our territory freedom from   
that      traffic4 ,we further recommend

 the submission to the people of a      
prohibitory ,constitutional amendment40 
,such is the latest authoritative and   
comprehensive testimony to the  actual  
results of prohibition in ,maine4       
,similar testimonies could easily  be   
obtained from the most influential      
sources in every part of the state4     
,every brewery and distillery has been  
suppressed4 ,molasses1 which is yet     
imported into the state in large        
quantities1 is no longer converted into 
rum1 but is used exclusively for        
domestic purposes1 while a large part of
  it is converted into sugar by improved
 processes4 ,the share of ,maine of  the
 national drink bill would be about     
#ac1jjj1jjj1 but ,i am far within  the  
truth in saying that one million will   
cover the cost of all liquors  smuggled 
into the state in violation of law4     
,from the poorest state in  the ,union1 
,maine has become one of the most       
prosperous1 and it has gained           
immeasurably in many other ways from the

 policy of prohibition4          ,,the  
,,industrial ,,schools ,,of ,,boston4   
,by ,e4 ,e4 ,,hale4      ,i4    ,it was 
the morning after the funeral4 ,aunt    
,fanny had tried to make the  breakfast 
seem cheerful to the children1 or at    
least tolerable4 ,she had  herself gone 
into the kitchen to send up some trifle 
a little out of the  way for the family 
meal4 ,she talked to the children of the
 ,west1 of the  ways in which her life  
in ,wisconsin differed from their lives 
in ,boston4  ,and ,aunt ,fanny succeeded
 so far that ,george passed his plate   
for oatmeal  a second time1 and little  
,sibyl did not ask leave to go before   
her aunt  had poured out her second cup 
of coffee4    ,aunt ,fanny made the     
breakfast as long as she could4 ,then   
she folded her  napkin slowly1 and led  
the children into the other room for    
morning  prayer4 ,they read the last    
chapter of ,proverbs1 and then all knelt
 down  and said the ,lord's ,prayer4    
,then ,aunt ,fanny took ,nahum's hand   

and took  little ,sibyl on her lap1 and 
she said to all four of the children1   
8,it is  very hard for us all1 dear     
children1 but ,i must tell you all about
 what  the plans are4 ,i have a letter  
from ,uncle ,cephas1 and you know ,i had
 a  long talk with ,mr4 ,alfred after he
 came here yesterday4 ,we will not break
  up here yet40    8,oh1 ,i am so glad  
of that10 said poor1 sturdy ,belle1 who 
generally said  so little4    8,no1 we  
will not break up here yet4 ,in the     
spring we will all go to  ,wisconsin1   
and you shall learn to like my home at  
,harris as much as you  like ,roxbury40 
,so spoke ,aunt ,fanny1 as cheerfully as
 she could4 ,and not  daring to wait a  
reply1 she hurried on3 8,see here1      
,uncle ,george writes  that ,i may stay 
till late in ,march1 or early in ,april1
 if ,i think best1  but that then we    
must all be ready to go on40    ,you    
must know that the four children were   
orphans4 ,their father had died  in     
,april1 and now1 in the middle of       

,december1 their mother had died4 ,aunt 
,fanny had been with them for the last  
month4 ,but she knew1 and they knew1    
that their pleasant home was to be      
broken up forever4    8,and now10 she   
said1 8we must all see what we have to  
do this winter1 to  be ready for        
,wisconsin4 ,belle and ,sibyl1 you may  
come up stairs with me1  and we will    
look through your clothes and the boys'4
 ,i must not be lazy  this winter1 and  
,i will have it for my morning work to  
put everything in  order40    ,and when 
they came up stairs1 and this business  
like1 energetic ,belle  took their      
frocks and underclothes from the        
drawers1 ,aunt ,fanny was  indeed       
surprised4 ,the girl was grave beyond   
her years2 so long had her  poor mother 
been ill1 and so much of the care of the
 family had fallen  on her4 8,i should  
think you were an old housekeeper10 said
 ,aunt ,fanny1  in admiration1 as ,belle
 explained how she had mended this1 and1
 on the  whole1 determined to retain    

that4 ,and when ,belle took her into the
 little  room which she called the      
8sewing room10 and showed her drawers1  
and even  shirts for the boys1 which she
 had under way1 ,aunt ,fanny squarely   
told  her that she was quite her own    
equal in such management4    8,how did  
ever come to be such a thorough         
seamstress80 said she4 8,dear  ,mary has
 been sick so long that ,i had somehow  
imagined that such things  as these must
 slip by40    8,oh6 of course mamma told
 us everything4 ,but you know we learn  
this at  school40    8,i do not know any
 such thing10 confessed ,aunt ,fanny1   
promptly4    8,oh1 yes10 said ,belle1   
8we learn more or we learn less4 ,but so
 soon as ,i  found ,i could help mamma  
about it ,i went into the advanced      
class4 ,there  we learned to cut shirts 
and to make them4 ,i can make a shirt   
now as  well as anybody10 said the girl1
 laughing4 8,but of course ,i do not in 
practice40    8,why of course80         
persisted ,aunt ,fanny4    ,belle opened

 her eyes as much as to say1 8,how      
little these people in  ,wisconsin      
know40 ,but she did not say so in words1
 she only said3 8,oh1  ,i can buy my    
collars and wristbands and fronts ready 
made a great deal  cheaper than ,i can  
make them1 if my time is worth anything4
 ,and you must  not laugh1 ,aunt ,fanny1
 but papa said my time is worth a good  
deal40    ,aunt ,fanny did not laugh4   
,she smiled very kindly1 and drew ,belle
 to her  and kissed her4    8,you see1  
the boys run the machine for me1 and    
,sibyl can do perfectly  well any plain 
sewing we need4 ,we do not think a set  
of shirts such  a very heavy job10 said 
the little matron1 quite unconscious of 
the  amusement she was giving ,aunt     
,fanny4    8,do you mean that every girl
 in ,boston learns to do this80    8,why
 yes1 if she goes to a public school4   
,she learns it1 or she may4 ,i  think   
perhaps she might shirk a good deal4    
,but if the teacher sees you  are       
interested1 and you do as well as you   

can1 she helps you on4 ,i know  a great 
many girls who have made dresses for    
their friends4 ,and ,i know  there are  
girls who went directly to dress-makers 
from schools1 and  earned good wages at 
once4 ,some girls1 you know1 have a gift
 for cutting  and fitting40      ,,ii4  
,it must be confessed that ,aunt ,fanny 
went down stairs a little relieved  in  
mind after this talk with ,belle4 ,here 
was one1 at least1 of her little        
charges1 who would be worth her weight  
in the new home to which they  were to  
be transferred4 ,as the boys came in    
from school1 she had another  such      
lesson4 ,she asked ,nahum who would be a
 good man to whom to send her  trunk1   
which needed some repair4 ,the boy gave 
her his views1 and then  asked what she 
wanted to have done4 ,aunt ,fanny       
explained that in coming  on she had1   
wisely or not1 left the dress tray of   
her trunk at home4 ,in  going back she  
was sure she would need a tray1 and she 
must have a new  one made4    8,is that 

all80 said ,nahum4 8,i should never send
 to ,sage's for that40    8,what would  
you do80 asked ,aunt ,fanny4    8,i     
should make the tray myself10 said      
,nahum1 quite unconsciously4 8,when     
,belle made her famous visit to         
,swampscott1 she found that that trunk  
she has now would not take in some      
dandy-jack hat she wanted to carry4     
,and ,i made a new tray for her40 ,so he
 brought his aunt to the 8trunk         
closet10 dragged out ,belle's trunk1 and
 showed her a neat tray1 made of        
white-wood1 and very perfectly fitted4  
8,is that good enough80 asked the  boy4 
,of course it was good enough1 and ,aunt
 ,fanny explained that she had not      
known that ,nahum was fond of tools4    
8,oh1 ,i might have been as fond of     
tools as of candy10 said ,nahum4 8,but  
that would not have come out for much4  
,i learned to handle tools at  school40 
8,school60 said ,aunt ,fanny4    8,yes1 
they wanted to try it at the ,dwight1   
where ,i was4 ,so they got some  benches

 put into the ,ward ,room1 which is in  
their building1 and is only  used by the
 voters twice a year4 ,they had a first 
rate teacher1 ,mr4  ,batchelder4 ,we had
 one lesson a week4 ,they would not let 
us go on unless  we kept up in the      
regular school lessons4 ,so it made the 
fellows spur up1  ,i tell you1 because  
we all liked the shop1 though that was  
extra40    8,how many lessons have you  
had80 said ,aunt ,fanny4    8,oh1 ,i was
 in the first class1 and so ,i had only 
one year's course4 ,it  was eighteen    
lessons4 ,the first day we tried to     
strike square blows with  the hammer4   
,some of us did not strike very square1 
,i tell you4 ,all the  beginning with   
nails came the first day4 ,the last     
lesson was #8planing and  squaring1     
marking1 making tenon1 making mortise1  
and fastening mortise  and tenon4' ,i   
wrote a letter to another fellow1 and ,i
 copied it from the  school             
regulations40    ,so ,nahum went out to 
his own work shop in the shed1 which1 as

 it  happened1 ,aunt ,fanny had never   
seen before1 because ,nahum kept it     
under  his own key4 ,in the afternoon   
the tray was made4    8,this will make  
you no end of comfort in ,wisconsin1    
,nahum40    8,but if ,i am to do        
carpenter work1 really10 said the boy1  
8,i ought to go  to the ,technology40   
,he meant to the ,institute of          
,technology4    8,would you like to go  
there80    8,of course ,i would4 ,why1  
if ,i went there ,i could make the frame
 of my own  house1 and raise it1 if the 
neighbors would help40    ,nor was the  
boy wrong4 ,and his ,aunt ,fanny and    
,uncle ,asaph determined he  should go1 
and go he did4 ,he spent three months of
 that winter there1  four days of every 
week2 and worked steadily eight hours a 
day4 ,still it  was different from what 
it would have been had he gone to a     
carpenter as  an apprentice4 ,for then  
he would have had to do whatever the    
carpenter  was doing2 and he would have 
had to take his chance for instruction4 

,but  at the ,technology he had regular 
teachers and regular practical lessons4 
,of course he needed practice1 and in   
the long run1 it is only practice  which
 makes a first rate workman4 ,but at the
 end1 he had seen every  important part 
of a good carpenter's work done1 he knew
 why it was done1  and had had a hand in
 the doing of it4    ,the ,institute of 
,technology is not a public school as   
the ,dwight ,school  is1 where ,nahum   
had picked up his elementary            
instruction2 and for his  lessons here  
they had to pay thirty dollars4 ,but    
when1 the next summer1  all the barns on
 his uncle's farm in ,harris were       
carried fourteen miles  by a tornado1   
and ,nahum found himself directing the  
framing of a new  barn1 and doing half  
the work1 he and his aunt thought that  
those thirty  dollars had been well     
invested4    ,she took very good care   
that ,george should go into the         
carpenter's class  at the ,dwight       
,school while they staid in ,boston4 ,he

 would not have been  obliged to go4 ,no
 scholar took this course1 excepting as 
an extra1 but  he took it because he    
wanted to4 ,and1 as ,nahum had said1    
they were  obliged to keep in good      
standing in their other studies4    ,as 
for little ,sibyl1 ,aunt ,fanny judged1 
after full consultation with  her       
confidential adviser1 ,belle1 that      
,sibyl had better stay where she        
was--at the ,grammar ,school4 ,aunt     
,fanny went down and made a state call  
on  ,miss ,throckmorton1 the teacher of 
the school1 and also saw ,miss ,bell1   
the sewing teacher4 ,she explained to   
them that while she did not want  to    
break any school rules1 she should be   
well pleased to have as much  attention 
as possible given to ,sibyl's sewing4   
,miss ,bell was really  pleased with the
 attention4 ,she said a good many       
parents did not seem to  care anything  
about it4 ,but if ,sibyl would really   
give her mind to it1  she would see that
 she was able1 before she left them in  

the spring1 to  cut and fit a frock for 
,aunt ,fanny or for her sister4 ,and    
before they  went to ,wisconsin1 it     
proved that ,miss ,bell was as good as  
her word to  her little friend1 and     
,sibyl made a very pretty dress for     
,aunt ,fanny1  before she left school4  
,,iii4    ,as ,aunt ,fanny herself made 
her inquiries into these practical      
matters1  she resolved to try an        
experiment1 which she would have laughed
 at when  she left ,wisconsin4 ,she was 
asked to a lunch party of ladies one    
day1 and  was a little amused and a     
little amazed at first1 when she        
observed how  much they said about what 
they had to eat4 ,aunt ,fanny had been  
trained  to a little of the western     
ridicule of ,boston1 and had supposed   
that a  bubble rechauffe or a fried     
rainbow was the most material article   
that  anybody would discuss4 ,and here  
these ladies were volubly telling of the
  merits of oysters in batter and       
oysters in crumbs--of one and another   

way  to serve celery--in a detail which 
,aunt ,fanny found quite puzzling1 and1 
indeed1 quite out of place in the       
manners to which she had been bred1     
which had taught her never to criticise 
what was on the table4    ,perhaps her  
silence showed her surprise4 ,this is   
certain1 that all of a  sudden a very   
pretty and gay ,mrs4 ,frchette turned   
round and said1 8,here  is ,mrs4        
,turnbull1 horrified because we talk so 
much of what we eat4 ,dear  ,mrs4       
,turnbull1 it is not what we eat1 it is 
the cooking we care for4  ,you must know
 we have all been to the ,cooking       
,schools--all who are not  managers40   
,aunt ,fanny confessed that she had been
 puzzled a little1 and ,mrs4  ,frchette 
and ,mrs4 ,champernom1 her hostess1     
explained4 ,in point of fact  this very 
lunch had been cooked1 8,from egg to    
apple10 as the ,romans would  say1 by   
,mrs4 ,champernom and her two daughters4
 ,it may be worth while1  therefore1 to 
give the bill of fare3                  

,raw ,oysters on the shell4             
,bouillon in cups4                      
,scalloped ,lobster in its own shell4   
,quails on ,toast1 with ,white ,sauce4  
,sweet ,breads1 with ,green ,peas4      
,capons1 with ,salad4                   
,ice ,creams4      ,frozen ,pudding4    
,jelly4                                 
,fruit4      ,coffee4    ,how good cooks
 the mother and daughters had been      
before1 they did not  explain4 ,but     
these particular results were due to    
their training at the  ,cooking ,school4
 ,they had made the rolls as well4      
8,i came out of it so well10 said ,mrs4 
,champernom1 laughing1 8and ,mary       
,flannegan approved the results so well1
 that when ,i told her and ,ellen       
,flynn1 my waiter girl1 that if they    
liked to go to the cooks' class1  which 
is a class for special instruction to   
servant girls1 ,i would pay  half1 they 
both consented to go2 ,mary ,flannegan  
to keep ,ellen ,flynn  company1 and to  
see that she was not taught wrong4 ,the 

cooks' class is  twelve lessons1 and    
costs three dollars each4 ,i shall pay a
 dollar and  a half for each of them1   
and as ,ellen ,flynn is a bright girl1  
,i shall  have four good cooks in the   
house instead of three4 ,for really10   
she  said1 8there is nothing that       
,hester and ,maria can not do4 ,they    
went down  to the beach with their      
father and the boys1 and for a week they
 cooked  everything that was eaten4     
,they made the boys wash the dishes40   
,this started ,aunt ,fanny herself4 ,she
 found there were four classes she      
could attend3    #a4 ,the ,cooks'       
,class1 for people who had some         
experience4 ,twelve lessons  would have 
cost three dollars4    #b4 ,the         
,beginners' ,class of twenty lessons1   
for which she must pay eight  dollars4  
,here she would be trained to make      
bread1 and to prepare the  ordinary     
dishes for family use at breakfast and  
dinner and supper4    #c4 ,the ,second  
,class1 also of twenty lessons1 but more

 advanced4 ,here  she must pay twelve   
dollars4 ,but here more elegant dishes1 
what ,mrs4  ,frchette called 8company   
dishes10 were part of the program4      
#d4 ,what ,mrs4 ,frchette called 8,the  
,swell ,course40 ,here every lady paid  
fifteen dollars for her twenty lessons4 
,per contra1 they had what they  cooked1
 and very jolly parties they seemed to  
make1 when they dared ask  their friends
 to their entertainments4    ,aunt      
,fanny was a good housekeeper1 but she  
thought she should like to  astonish her
 friends at ,harris with some of the    
best seaboard elegancies1  so she and   
,belle entered the 8second class40 ,and 
pleasant and profitable  they found it4 
,,iv4    8,sibyl1 my dear10 said ,aunt  
,fanny one morning1 8,i have only just  
found  out that you and ,belle make my  
bed4 ,you need not do it again2 ,i      
always  make it at home1 and ,i should  
have done it here1 but you have been too
  quick for me40    8,we shall not give 
you a chance1 ,aunt ,fanny2 we shall not

 let you40    8,but when do you do it1  
you little witches2 you are always at   
breakfast  and at prayers2 and when ,i  
go up into my room1 it is all in order4 
,i  supposed ,delia did it while we were
 at breakfast40    ,then1 with much     
joking1 it was made clear that every    
day1 while ,aunt  ,fanny saw ,george and
 ,nahum off1 and spoke to the butcher in
 the kitchen1  ,sibyl and ,belle slipped
 up stairs1 and 8did0 her room4         
8,that is a piece of your dear mother's 
training10 said ,aunt ,fanny1 as she    
patted ,sibyl's head4    8,as it        
happens1 it is1 ,aunt ,fanny10 said     
,belle4 8,but dear mamma said even  she 
got points from ,miss ,homans1 and ,i am
 sure ,sibyl and ,i both learned  the   
reasons of some things at the           
,kindergarten that we did not know      
before40    8,reasons for making a bed10
 said ,aunt ,fanny4 8,why1 you do not   
tell me  that you learn to make beds at 
school40    8,we did not1 because mamma 
had taught us4 ,but the kitchen         

,kindergarten  was such fun that we     
liked to go2 and if you like to see it1 
we will take  you40 ,so ,aunt ,fanny was
 taken to see that very pretty sight4   
,and she  understood at once1 how even  
very little children can be taught      
housework  thoroughly1 and taught to    
like it too4 ,each child had a doll's   
bed to  make1 and to unmake2 and each   
child1 in unison with thirty or forty   
others1 made it and unmade it1 singing  
little songs and going through  other   
such exercise as made the thing amusing1
 while it was methodical4  ,in the same 
way each child set a baby house table   
with the most perfect  precision1 and   
swept a floor1 and dusted a room4 ,it   
was play to them1 but  they learned what
 they never forgot1 as ,aunt ,fanny had 
occasion to see  every day in the neat  
order of her dear brother's orphaned    
household4    ,thus was it that it      
happened that when ,aunt ,fanny took    
home in ,april her  little flock of     
orphans1 she did not bring to their     

wholly new life four  mere cumberers of 
the ground4        ,,note4--,in         
preparing this little sketch of         
8,industrial ,education in              
,boston10 at ,dr4 ,flood's request1 ,i  
have selected what seem to me1      on  
the whole1 the most important branches  
of such education for      illustration4
 ,it has not seemed advisable to        
introduce too much      detail4         
#a4 ,the instruction in sewing is given 
in all public schools to      all girls4
        #b4 ,the instruction in         
carpenter work has been attempted only  
in      two public schools4 ,a central  
school is now to be established1        
where classes of volunteers from the    
different grammar schools      will be  
received4 ,the full course described1 of
 eight hours a      day1 for four days a
 week1 of thirteen weeks1 is one of the 
,technology courses1 and there is a fee 
for instruction4        #c4 ,the        
,cooking ,schools are under the         
direction of a society for      that    

purpose4 ,it also maintains ,normal     
,classes for teachers of      cooking4  
,different churches and charitable      
societies maintain      free cooking    
classes1 and free carpenter classes4    
#d4 ,drawing is taught in all public    
schools4        #e4 ,schools of design  
and of carving are maintained by        
different      societies4        ,i have
 confined myself to instruction which is
 to a certain      extent training in   
handiwork1 and in this ,i have not      
included      musical or other artistic 
performance4          ,,echoes ,,from ,a
 ,,chautauqua ,,winter4    ,by ,,rev4   
,h4 ,h4 ,,moore4      ,now that winter  
is gone and the time for the singing of 
birds is near1  the readers of ,,the    
,,chautauquan1 especially those who have
 spent a summer  at this place1 will    
inquire3 8,how does ,chautauqua appear  
in autumn1 with  flowers withered1 trees
 naked1 and not a robin or thrush to be 
seen or  heard8 ,what a contrast must be
 the sudden change from a summer world  

to  the wild desolations of a           
semi-,arctic winter60 and perhaps it    
seems to  them that the place was dead  
and buried beneath a monument of snow   
and  ice4 ,a feeling of chilliness comes
 over them1 and possibly they half      
resolve never to visit these groves     
again4 ,pity1 and possibly a prayer  are
 indulged for the poor unfortunates     
resident here4 ,lonesome things1  shut  
up in the woods1 how can they stand it8 
,with all respect and due  thanks for   
good intentions1 we will excuse the     
pity1 that it may be  bestowed where it 
is more needed1 and will be better      
appreciated4 ,if  contentment1 good     
cheer1 and the elements of good society 
can be found  anywhere1 it is at        
,chautauqua4    ,let man's environments1
 duties and responsibilities be what    
they may1  if his mind and heart are in 
harmony and sympathy with them1 he is   
satisfied1 and at rest4    ,if          
,chautauqua is stirring and rosy and    
beautiful in summer to all people1  to a

 nature that can appreciate it it is    
gorgeous1 savage1 grand and  thoughtful 
in winter4 ,at the one season we float  
carelessly along in  the midst of scenes
 of sunshine1 loveliness and gaiety2 at 
the other  we are more1 alone with ,god1
 we commune with the stars1 and become  
familiar with the sterner aspects of    
life4 ,the change from one season  to   
another is simply turning over a leaf in
 the book of nature1 and  receiving     
additional instruction1 but of equal    
value4 ,to our astronomers1  the        
heavens1 whenever they could be seen1   
have presented an aspect of  surpassing 
beauty4 ,just after sunset in the west1 
,venus1 from beyond  the sun has been   
seen climbing toward the zenith1 and is 
now rapidly  approaching the earth1     
dropping down between it and the sun2 we
 have  swept by fiery ,mars1 which has  
been nearly over our heads during the   
winter2 further to the east1 ,jupiter   
and ,saturn have held high court2  over 
the southern heavens has swept ,sirius1 

the brightest star to be  seen2 to the  
north and northwest1 ,vega1 the largest 
of the stars yet  measured1 has been    
steadily looking down upon us1 and to   
crown all1  ,orion1 the most magnificent
 of the constellations has illumined the
  southern sky4    ,january was a month 
of storms1 and often did we contrast its
 desolations  with the excitement of a  
summer ,assembly1 but such was our      
satisfaction  with the present that we  
were in no haste for a change4 ,the     
wild1 weird  elements of the season     
interested us2 the opportunity afforded 
for  reading1 rest and recuperation was 
what was needed1 and we felt that  these
 things could not be too long continued4
 ,what1 have the beautiful  lake        
ice-locked for months1 and used as a    
public highway8 ,listen day and  night  
to the moaning and howling of the winds 
as they swept through  the branches of  
the naked trees1 often threatening to   
tear them up by  the roots8 ,live weeks 
together without sight of the sun by    

day1 or of  a star by night8 ,yes1 for  
all these things accorded with each     
other1  and with the general aspect of  
nature4 ,the music was of a class1 and  
each note was in harmony with the       
general movement of the grand anthem4   
,when nature had savagely arrayed itself
 in frost and snow and cloud and        
tempest1 hiding the earth and filling   
the heavens1 had the sun put in an      
appearance what a ghastly display would 
it have made6 ,but in the midst  of this
 desolation the snow-birds appeared1 and
 they were beautiful1  for they were the
 flowers of the season4 ,we realized    
that the power of  harmony could be     
heard in a tempest as well as in a      
seraph's song4 ,it is  the extreme of   
folly to waste a winter watching for the
 coming of spring4  ,the soul that is   
free from shams and is a pure part of   
nature itself1 is  attuned to the real  
and the true1 and accepts the nature    
that is as the  best1 and would         
resolutely resist a change4    ,our snow

 storm continued about twenty-eight     
days1 and its coming was  heralded by   
the play of lightning and the music of  
thunder4 ,it never  ceased to be a      
pleasure to watch the falling of the    
snow2 to see the  curiously wrought     
crystals drift out of the sky down among
 the branches  of the trees1 filling the
 air till it seemed mantled in white--a 
new  creation4 ,as an aid to the        
expression of our feelings we read the  
poem of  ,emerson4 ,we quote a few      
lines3        8,come see the north      
wind's masonry1       ,out of an unseen 
quarry evermore       ,furnished with   
tile1 the fierce artificer       ,curves
 his white bastions with projected roof4
       ,round every windward stake1 or  
tree1 or door1       ,speeding1 the     
myriad-handed1 his wild work       ,so  
fanciful1 so savage1 naught cares he    
,for number or proportion4 ,mockingly   
,on coop1 or kennel he hangs ,parian    
wreaths4       ,a swan-like form invests
 the hidden thorn1       ,fills up the  

farmer's lane from wall to wall         
,maugre the farmer's sighs2 and at the  
gate       ,a tapering turret overtops  
the work1       ,and when his hours are 
numbered1 and the world       ,is all   
his own1 retiring1 as he were not1      
,leaves when the sun appears1 astonished
 ,art       ,to mimic in slow           
structures1 stone by stone       ,built 
in an age1 the mad wind's night work    
,the frolic architecture of the snow40  
,had the storm completed its work in a  
day1 the snow at ,chautauqua would  have
 been from six to ten feet deep2 but as 
it extended over the most of  a month1  
changing occasionally into rain1 it     
became so packed that at no  time was it
 more than three feet deep4 ,on some of 
the buildings1 where  two roofs met at  
right-angles it was six or eight feet   
deep at the angle4  ,but we suffered no 
inconvenience from the long storm4 ,our 
stalwart young  men1 with heavy teams   
and strong-built snow-plows1 kept the   
streets open  to all parts of the       

grounds4 ,for a short time1 as our      
greatest trouble1  in common with other 
places1 we were a little vexed because  
of the  irregularities of the mail4     
,but in our safe retreat we could but   
think of the time when this immense     
mass of snow would melt away1 perhaps   
attended by falling rain1 and of  the   
suffering which the floods would cause  
in the valleys below4 ,our  gravest     
apprehensions have since been more than 
realized4 ,as the snows  disappeared the
 waters of the lake began to rise1 and  
the low lands about  ,ashville1 the     
,narrows1 ,griffiths1 and other places  
were flooded1 and the  area of the lake 
was sensibly enlarged4 ,the upper dock  
at ,chautauqua  stood out at least two  
rods in the lake1 and in the baggage    
room1 by  actual measurement1 the water 
stood fourteen inches deep4 ,as the     
stage of  water was unprecedented1 we   
intend to sink a stone at high water    
mark as  a monument of the phenomenal   
flood of the year #ahhd4    ,up to the  

#aeth of ,january the game laws permit  
our fishermen to take  with spear       
pickerel from the lake1 through the ice1
 and the time was  well improved1 but   
with poor success4 ,an almost air-tight 
house1 about  four feet square1 is      
placed on the ice where the water is    
from twelve to  fifteen feet deep4      
,brush and snow are packed about the    
base of the house1  and not a ray of    
light is allowed to enter2 then the     
fisherman1 closely  shut inside1 can see
 into the clear water1 but the fish     
cannot catch a  glimpse of anything in  
the house4 ,having thus taken all the   
advantages  to himself1 he keeps a decoy
 chub moving about in the water1 and as 
the  pickerel comes in sight to seize   
its prey1 it is saluted with the deadly 
spear4 ,one year ago tons of pickerel   
were taken from the lake1 and many  of  
them were shipped to distant cities as  
rare luxuries2 but this has  been a very
 unfavorable season1 for which all      
,chautauquans should be  thankful4      

,during the legal fishing season1 the   
wind was in the north1  and at such     
times1 the fishermen say1 the fish keep 
in deep water1 and  will not 8run40     
,however1 some were taken1 and those    
left we may troll for  during the       
,august ,assembly4    ,when the ice in  
the lake was at its best1 the ,assembly 
ice house and many  individual houses   
were filled1 and in that respect we are 
prepared for a  long1 hot summer1 and   
for supplying the wants of the thousands
 of people  who may visit the place in  
,july and ,august4    ,late last autumn1
 quite a company of old ,chautauquans   
repaired to ,florida  to spend the      
winter2 but fifty-nine families         
remained1 and some that left  us have   
returned1 so that the place is blest    
with the elements of good  society4 ,the
 ,sabbath services are largely attended2
 a choir of excellent  singers adds much
 to the interest of the occasion4 ,the  
average attendance  at the              
,sunday-school was about ninety-six     

during the winter4 ,it is  thoroughly   
manned and well supplied with lesson    
helps4 ,the assistant  superintendent1  
,a4 ,p4 ,wilder1 deserves much credit   
for the prosperity  of the school4 ,the 
social and devotional exercises of the  
church are  spiritual1 and special      
attention is given by competent teachers
 to the  religious education of the     
children4 ,thus an intelligent and      
,christian  class of people are keeping 
watch and ward of ,chautauqua interests 
in the  absence of the ,assembly        
authorities4    ,the local ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4 is under the direction of ,mrs4     
,sarah ,stephens1 a  lady graduate1 who 
brings to her duties1 ability1 culture1 
and the ardor  of woman's heart4 ,she   
follows closely the prescribed course of
 study1 and  by the general circulation 
of written questions1 endeavors to reach
 and  interest the entire community4    
,the meetings are held ,tuesday         
evenings1 in  the chapel1 and are       
largely attended by enthusiastic        

students4 ,most of  the people here live
 at their leisure1 and much of their    
time is given to  reading and study4 ,i 
have noticed that subjects discussed at 
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  ,c4 meetings often come
 up for further examination in shops1   
stores1 on  the street1 and in the      
family1 and these discussions ,i judge  
go far to  fix in the mind the subjects 
discussed4 ,at any rate they are a      
splendid  substitute for the empty or   
slanderous gossip which is bred in minds
 that  have nothing else to do4    ,the 
,good ,templars hold their meetings on  
,friday night and occasionally  favor   
the public with a lecture4 ,sometime in 
the winter1 under the  auspices of the  
order1 an oyster festival was given     
which brought  together a large crowd4  
,the evening was devoted to feasting1   
music1  gossip and addresses4 ,it was   
really an enjoyable occasion1 without   
any  discount4 ,the addresses were so   
well received as to elicit1 in          
miniature1  the 8,chautauqua salute40   

,to accommodate the little folks who    
were not able to go outside the gates   
to the public school1 ,miss ,carrie     
,leslie has kept a private school1 and  
given entire satisfaction4    ,not much 
has been done during the winter in the  
way of building and  improvements4 ,late
 in autumn1 ,a4 ,norton1 ,esq41         
commenced the erection of  a fine       
cottage1 at the corner of ,vincent and  
,terrace ,avenues1 which is  now nearing
 completion4 ,he is building a private  
cottage for a permanent  home1 and will 
expend upon house and lot from #b1ejj to
 #c1jjj4 ,the ,rev4  ,frank ,russell1   
,d4 ,d41 of ,mansfield1 ,ohio1 has under
 way a unique cottage1  a little back of
 the ,amphitheater1 which1 when         
completed1 will present a  fine         
appearance4 ,the prospect from his upper
 verandas will be the widest  and best  
on the grounds1 away from the lake4     
,the ,sixby store1 embracing dry goods1 
groceries1 drugs1 and hardware1  under  
the management of the gentlemanly and   

accommodating ,mr4 ,herrick1  has been  
open during the winter1 and has done a  
good business4    ,we have had some     
sickness and one death since the        
,assembly4 ,mr4  ,crossgrove1 a very    
good man1 came here some two years ago1 
the victim of  consumption1 and passed  
away in ,september last1 leaving a widow
 and other  friends to mourn their loss4
    ,the first notes of preparation for 
the next ,assembly have been heard4 ,the
  appointment of ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan as
 superintendent of grounds gives entire 
satisfaction4 ,a modification of policy 
in some respects is anticipated1  which 
will reduce expenses and work general   
improvement4    ,we feel that we are    
nearing the time when a large group of  
boys will  be on the ground1 receiving  
an education according to the enlarged  
,chautauqua ,idea4    ,i am here        
interrupted by the tolling of our bell1 
reminding us of  ,longfellow1 and one of
 our ,memorial ,days4    ,chautauquans  
everywhere should know that the         

,chautauqua ,vesper ,service  is read   
every ,sunday eve1 and that all these   
,chautauqua interests and  peculiarities
 are cared for from one ,assembly to    
another4 ,chautauqua  is not a six weeks
 summer affair1 but in spirit1 and to   
some extent in  form1 it lives through  
all the months of the year1 and twelve  
months are  none too many for the full  
development of all its interests4 ,again
 am ,i  interrupted1 this time to attend
 a wedding at the parsonage1 and here   
shall close this survey of ,chautauqua  
in the winter season4          ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c4 ,,work4    ,by ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4   
,,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,,superintendent ,,of
 ,,instruction4      ,will local circles
 please report to ,miss ,k4 ,f4         
,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4  ,j41 as well
 as to ,,the ,,chautauquan8 ,please     
attend to this4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,persons        
desiring graduates' badges in the ,c4   
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 should address ,mrs4  ,rosie
 ,m4 ,baketel1 ,methuen1 ,mass41 as she 

has now entire charge of ,mrs4          
,burroughs' business4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,saturday ,union1 published in ,lynn1   
,mass41 contains a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4      
column4 ,the number for ,february #b has
 an original ,chautauqua song1 and  a   
column and a half of questions and      
answers in ,political ,economy4 ,the    
questions are by ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,howard1 
,a4,m4 ,this is an advance movement1 and
  will undoubtedly help our cause4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,will all members take notice not to    
send letters1 postals or papers to me   
at ,hartford1 ,connecticut8 ,my personal
 postoffice address is ,drawer #ge1     
,new ,haven1 ,conn42 ,miss ,kimball's   
address is ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,letters
  addressed to me at ,plainfield are    
forwarded4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,the ,alma      
,mater1 the new bi-monthly to be sent to
 all recorded members  of the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c4 at ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 will   

contain original answers  by ,dr4       
,william ,m4 ,taylor1 of the ,broadway  
,tabernacle1 ,new ,york ,city2  ,dr4    
,john ,hall1 ,fifth ,avenue             
,presbyterian ,church1 ,new ,york ,city2
 ,john  ,wanamaker1 ,esq41 of           
,philadelphia2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,hatfield1  
of ,chicago1 ,ill42  ,dr4 ,joseph ,t4   
,duryea1 of ,boston1 and ,prof4 ,j4 ,w4 
,dickinson1 of ,boston1  written        
expressly for this number of the ,alma  
,mater1 to the following  question3     
8,what advice do you give to a person   
who has had but little  school          
opportunity since he or she was fifteen 
years of age--a person  busy in         
mechanical1 commercial or domestic      
duties much of the time1 who  complains 
of a very poor memory1 and desires to   
improve it--how may such  person improve
 the memory80           99       99     
99       99       99    ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 
,a4 ,m4 ,fairbairn1 principal of        
,airedale ,college1 ,bradford1          
,england1 who was announced to give a   

course of lectures on the 8,history  of 
,philosophy0 at ,chautauqua last summer1
 but who was detained at home  by       
business connected with the college1    
writes to ,dr4 ,vincent under date  of  
,january #bi1 #ahhd1 as follows3 8,i    
intend1 all well1 to be with you in     
,august2 the latter part of the month   
will be most convenient for me4 ,the    
subjects the same as before stated4     
,sincerely yours1 ,a4 ,m4 ,fairbairn40  
99       99       99       99       99  
,persons desiring copies of the         
,chautauqua ,songs or of the ,sunday    
,vesper  ,service may procure them of   
,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4
 ,j41 at the  rate of #b4jj per #ajj    
copies each1 postage paid4           99 
99       99       99       99    ,there 
are some members of the class of #ahhg  
who have not yet returned  the blank    
form of application4 ,such blank should 
be filled at once and  forwarded to     
,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4
 ,j4           99       99       99     

99       99    ,the badge of the ,c4 ,l4
 ,s4 ,c4 furnished by ,mr4 ,henry ,hart 
is not in any  sense an official badge1 
nor does the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 receive any
 percentage  from the sale of the same4 
,this has been offered1 but not         
accepted4 ,the  badges furnished by ,mr4
 ,hart are very beautiful4 ,this is all 
that the  officers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 can say4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,alma ,mater is 
the name of our new bi-monthly          
communication to be sent  from the ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 office at ,plainfield to all
 members of the ,circle  whose annual   
fees are paid4 ,the first number will   
contain some valuable  hints on         
8,memory10 8,the ,laws of ,memory10     
etc41 by prominent educators4  ,the     
second number of ,alma ,mater will      
contain a very ingenious study  in      
,english--a series entitled 8,where the 
every-day words come from40             
,communications to the members of the   
,circle which have heretofore been      

printed separately1 as well as the      
memoranda1 will be published in the     
,alma ,mater4 ,all members whose names  
are recorded at ,plainfield1 and  whose 
annual fees are paid1 will receive ,alma
 ,mater4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,to all recorded members 
whose annual fees are paid will be      
forwarded  in ,march an envelope        
containing a petite calendar for '#hd1 a
 most  humorous1 brilliant and effective
 tract on evolution entitled 8,saw-mill 
,science10 a copy of the 8,sunday       
,vesper ,service10 specimens of the new 
and  brilliant ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4          
envelopes1 and a copy of the little     
tract entitled  8,memorial ,days40      
99       99       99       99       99  
,our ,alma ,mater4--,the contributions  
to this magazine are copyrighted1 and   
are not designed for publication        
anywhere else than through this medium4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,a correspondent kindly criticises a    
statement in the 8,outlines of ,roman   

,history10 on page #fh1 in which it     
speaks of ,polycarp as being in ,rome   
in #bdj4 ,assuming that this is #bdj ,a4
 ,d41 he says3 8,now what ,polycarp do  
you mean8 ,not the disciple of ,john1   
who was afterward ,bishop of ,smyrna1   
for1 according to ,prof4 ,r4 ,w4        
,hitchcock1 the church historian1 and   
other  excellent authorities1 ,polycarp 
suffered martyrdom between the years    
#aff and #afg ,a4 ,d40 ,we referred the 
question of our critic to an expert  in 
such matters1 and this is the reply3    
8,in all the authorities ,i find        
mention of but one ,polycarp1 the       
,disciple of ,john and ,bishop of       
,smyrna1  and his death is given as     
either #afh or #afi1 but they add that  
it is  uncertain4 ,as to the ,polycarp  
mentioned by your critic1 ,i feel sure  
that  there is a mistake1 and ,polycarp 
of ,smyrna is meant1 who did visit ,rome
  during the controversy about the      
celebration of ,easter1 probably about  
#adj ,a4 ,d4 ,with dates it is easy to  

make a slip of a century1 and probably  
this was the trouble in this case2      
certainly there is no mention of a      
,polycarp in ,rome as late as #bdj40    
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,chautauqua ,university is         
gradually developing its courses of     
study4  ,the preparatory and college    
courses in ,german1 ,french1 ,latin1    
,greek and  ,english are already        
announced4 ,a practical department has  
also been  recognized1 and a            
corresponding class in connection with a
 technical  school for draftsmen and    
mechanics is now in full working order4 
,the  lesson papers prepared by ,profs4 
,gribbon and ,houghton are divided into 
eight series of about twelve lessons    
each1 treating upon the following       
topics3 ,first series1 free-hand        
drawing2 second1 mechanical drafting2   
third1 fourth and fifth1 geometry       
applied to carriage construction2       
sixth1 miscellaneous problems in        
carriage construction2 seventh1 review  

tables useful in carriage construction2 
eighth1 miscellaneous lessons4  ,young  
men1 apprentices1 journeymen1 and others
 desiring to take this  course1 should  
correspond at once with ,george ,w4     
,houghton1 ,esq4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,there are many 
persons who are taking up the           
,chautauqua ,spare-minute  ,course1     
which is a course of readings1 short1   
practical1 simple1  attractive1 in      
biography1 history1 literature1 science1
 and art4 ,this  course is printed in   
twenty-one ,home ,college ,series and in
 two numbers  of the ,chautauqua        
,text-,book ,series4 ,they cost in one  
package #a4jj1 sent  by mail4 ,the      
reading in this course can be carried   
along steadily1 and1  after a while1 one
 who has prosecuted the course will find
 himself well  along in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 
,c4           99       99       99      
99       99    ,the following pleasant  
little domestic picture comes from ,new 
,hampshire3  8,i can not thank you      

enough for what the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has 
done for us all4  ,you should see us    
some evening now4 ,we sit around the    
table1 every one  interested in some ,c4
 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 books4 ,even my little boy 
of seven years  will tease me to read   
aloud to him1 and nearly every evening  
this month  gets his dumb-bells1 and    
wants to go through gymnastics with me40
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,members must not return   
memoranda to the ,plainfield office     
until all the  reading for the year has 
been completed4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,a ,white ,seal 
will be given all graduates of '#hd who 
read the following3  8,the ,hall in the 
,grove10 8,hints for ,home ,reading10   
and the following  numbers of the 8,home
 ,college ,series0 7price #e cents      
each73 ,no4 #a1 ,thomas  ,carlyle2 #b1  
,wm4 ,wordsworth2 #d1 ,longfellow2 #h1  
,washington ,irving2 #ac1  ,george      
,herbert2 #ag1 ,joseph ,addison2 #ah1   
,edmund ,spenser2 #ba1 ,prescott2 #bc1  

,wm4 ,shakspere2 #bf1 ,john ,milton4    
,address ,phillips  ,hunt4              
,,outline ,,of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4          
,,readings4    ,,april1 #ahhd4      ,the
 ,required ,readings for ,april include 
the second half of ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4       
,wilkinson's 8,preparatory ,latin       
,course in ,english10 ,chautauqua       
,text-,book  ,no4 #af--,roman ,history  
and the ,required ,readings in ,,the    
,,chautauquan4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,first ,week    
7ending ,april #h74--a4 8,preparatory   
,latin ,course0 from 8,fifth  ,book10   
page #afg to the first paragraph on page
 #bjb4    #b4 ,readings in ,french      
,history in ,,the ,,chautauquan4    #c4 
,sunday ,readings for ,april #f in ,,the
 ,,chautauquan4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,second ,week   
7ending ,april #ae74--a4 8,preparatory  
,latin ,course0 from the  first         
paragraph on page #bjb to the           
8,georgics0 on page #bcf4    #b4        
,readings in ,art in ,,the              

,,chautauquan4    #c4 ,sunday ,readings 
for ,april #ac in ,,the ,,chautauquan4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,third ,week 7ending ,april #bb74--a4   
8,preparatory ,latin ,course0 from the  
8,georgics10 page #bcf to the middle of 
page #bgb4    #b4 ,readings in          
,commercial ,law and ,american          
,literature in ,,the ,,chautauquan4     
#c4 ,sunday ,readings for ,april #bj in 
,,the ,,chautauquan4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,fourth
 ,week 7ending ,april #cj74--a4         
8,preparatory ,latin ,course10 from the 
middle of page #bgb to the end of the   
volume4    #b4 ,readings in ,united     
,states ,history in ,,the ,,chautauquan4
    #c4 ,sunday ,readings for ,april #bg
 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4                
,,local ,,circles4      ,now that       
,longfellow's ,day is gone1 we have no  
,memorial ,day until ,april  #bcrd4 ,so 
many and so delightful are the ways of  
celebrating ,shakspere's1  that it is to
 be hoped that every circle will do     

something extra4 ,to  read from         
,shakspere1 to have an essay on his     
life1 another on his  characteristic as 
a writer1 and a scene from a play1 all  
followed by an  elaborate supper1 is the
 usual order4 ,do something new this    
time4 ,try  ,shaksperean tableaux--an   
evening of them1 with music1 is         
delightful4 ,if  the expense of the     
8properties0 needed for successful      
tableaux is too  heavy1 dispense with   
the supper1 and let the cost of butter1 
sugar1 eggs1  the meats and fruits1 be  
contributed for buying an apparatus     
which1 once  owned1 will always be ready
 for use4 ,get ,mr4 ,george ,w4         
,bartlett's little  book on parlor      
plays1 published by ,dick  ,fitzgerald1 
,new ,york1 and with  little expense you
 will be able to prepare an excellent   
arrangement for  the tableaux which in  
,shakspere are 8as thickly strewn as    
leaves in  ,vallambrosa40 ,or1 if you   
wish to be strictly literary1 take one  
character  as ,hermione1 or ,portia1 or 

,cornelius1 and read everything that has
 been  said on it4 ,study one character 
thoroughly4 ,try a ,shaksperean         
carnival4  ,do something fresh4 ,do not 
fall into the danger of wearing out the 
pleasure of ,memorial ,days by monotony 
of program4 ,there are an infinite      
variety of means for brightening and    
freshening1 not only special  occasions1
 but the ordinary ones as well4 ,one of 
the most entertaining  devices we have  
had comes in a breezy letter from       
,titusville1 ,pa41 a  place about fifty 
miles from ,chautauqua1 where there is  
an excellent  circle of fourteen        
members4 ,our friend writes3 8,we make  
it a point to  commit our text-books to 
memory and recite from them2 but aim to 
bring  in all the outside information   
possible1 and to present and draw out   
ideas suggested by our books1 rather    
than simply to recite over what we  have
 been reading in them4 ,in ,greek       
history we found ,adams's ,historical   
chart very useful4 ,by close study of   

various authorities we extemporized  a  
model of ,athens1 on a round table with 
green spread4 ,my writing desk  served  
as the ,acropolis1 and paper bunched up 
under the cloth1 as ,mars'  ,hill1 the  
,pnyx1 etc4 ,out of the children's      
blocks we erected the various           
buildings1 while ,noah's wife1 clad in  
gilt paper1 and mounted on a  spool1    
rose in calm majesty from behind the    
,propylea4 ,a slate frame1  with        
pasteboard porch on one side1 decorated 
with paintings1 represented  the ,agora 
and ,stoa ,poecil1 and in the street of 
the ,tripods a cologne  bottle received 
great admiration as the choragic        
monument of ,lysicrates4  ,wavy strips  
of paper suggested the rippling ,ilyssus
 and ,cphisus1 while  a wall of brown   
paper encircled the whole4 ,outside the 
city limits1  under the shadow of       
,lycabettus 7brown paper with clay      
coating on the  summit17 on one side1   
and about a mile out on the other1      
flower pots with  drooping vines brought

 to mind the classic groves of          
,aristotle and ,plato2  while the street
 leading through the ,ceramicus to the  
,academic shades  of the latter1 was    
lined on either side with chalk pencil  
monuments  to the illustrious dead6     
,this attempt met with so much favor    
that ,i  was prevailed upon to repeat   
it1 substituting for the blocks         
cardboard  models quite characteristic  
of the ,parthenon1 ,erechtheum1 etc41   
while the  ,theater of ,dionysius1 the  
,odeum of ,jupiter1 ,cave of ,pan1 steps
 to the  ,propylea1 and the ,bema of the
 ,pnyx1 were done in clay4 ,the hard    
names1  in this way1 soon became        
familiar1 and each object served as a   
sort of  peg upon which to hang a good  
amount of ,grecian history and          
mythology4  ,after reading1 as a sort of
 finish1 ,mark ,twain's account of his  
midnight  visit to ,athens1 we were     
quite possessed with the fancy that we1 
too1 had  been actual sight-seers in    
that wonderful city40 ,everybody that   

reads  this will undoubtedly feel as we 
do1 that we would like to go back and   
read ,greek history over again1 for the 
sake of building up ,athens2 but  why   
can we not utilize the idea when we read
 the voyage of neas this  month in the  
8,preparatory ,latin ,course08 ,and when
 we come to ,english  history why not   
build a ,london8 ,plans like the above  
for interesting  circles must be        
supplemented by plans for keeping the   
members at work1 a  matter especially   
difficult in large circles4 ,in a late  
issue we called  attention to the       
program plan used at ,union ,city1 ,ind4
 ,the secretary  has kindly sent us an  
outline of their method1 which we are   
sure will  be useful3 8,we prepare and  
have printed a neat program for four    
months1  giving the places and times of 
holding meetings1 specifying the        
different  exercises1 with those who are
 to carry them out4 ,these programs cost
 each  of us about fifteen cents each1  
and enable us to have about five apiece4

  ,each person knowing his duty1        
prepares for it from the beginning and  
no  excuse for non-performance of duty  
is left except unavoidable absence1     
etc4 ,our experience for this year      
renders it certain that the circle can  
no longer get on well without our       
printed programs40    ,along with the   
plans and suggestions come cheery       
reports of how the  circles everywhere  
are growing and spreading4 ,mrs4        
,fields1 the secretary  of the ,pacific 
coast ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 writes us3 8,it  
has been quite negligent  in the        
secretary of this branch not to have    
reported long ere this the  growing     
interest and increased numbers of       
,chautauquans on this coast1  and       
especially in ,california4 ,perhaps one 
reason of this remissness has  been the 
very fact that every mail has brought to
 the aforesaid secretary  letters of    
inquiry concerning ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41     
which must be answered  sometimes quite 
at length2 or applications for          

membership1 which must  be acknowledged1
 registered and forwarded to            
headquarters2 or letters  from faithful 
old members with words of cheer and     
renewal of fees1 all  of which certainly
 should be replied to in the secretary's
 most cordial  style4 ,we have five     
hundred and forty new members this year 
and two  hundred old members have       
renewed their allegiance4 ,if1 as is    
generally  the case1 the old members    
continue to renew to the very end of the
 year1  we may hope for a list of nearly
 a thousand names before next ,july1 as 
the record of this year's students40    
,the circle at ,knoxville1 ,tenn41      
,monteagle ,assembly1 in which we all   
became so interested by their rousing   
letter in ,,the ,,chautauquan of        
,november last1 has written us a        
characteristic bit of experience1 which 
we quote3 8,the dark1 rainy nights of   
,january are rather discouraging1 but   
we keep at work4 ,one rainy night1 on   
our arrival at the parlors we found  no 

light1 and out of a membership of       
thirty-three but three were present4    
,we had one visitor1 whose words ,i     
quote3 #8,i had no idea they would hold 
a meeting1 but they were not at all     
disconcerted4 ,the whole program1       
prayer1 minutes1 lesson and music1 was  
carried out as though the number        
present was fifty instead of three4'    
,the result8 ,the visitor became a      
member1 saying1 #8that's the kind of    
society ,i wish to join4' ,i wish to    
state1 however1 that so small an        
attendance is quite exceptional40       
,another circle whose history offers us 
some wise suggestions is that  of       
,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 the home of the new 
secretary of the ,chautauqua  ,assembly1
 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan4 ,indeed1 ,mr4    
,duncan has the honor of having  founded
 this circle1 which dates back to the   
inauguration of the ,c4  ,l4 ,s4 ,c4    
,the city has fine public schools and   
its university is well  known for its   
able professors and superior apparatus2 

the circle has  been wise enough to use 
the material within its reach4 ,it      
secured ,prof4  ,rollins1 of the high   
school1 as its first leader2 for three  
years he  conducted a circle of fifty4  
,his successor1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,mundy1  
brought  to them a large knowledge of   
art1 gained by travel and study4 ,when  
they came to science1 again they chose a
 leader particularly fitted by  taste   
and profession to lead them through     
geology and astronomy4 ,this  plan of   
selecting leaders who are skilled in    
certain studies is very  advantageous4  
,the enthusiasm and knowledge of a      
specialist in a branch  must always     
remain superior to that of the one who  
has only given a  little attention to   
the subject4 ,in spite of excellent     
leaders and  earnest members1 their     
numbers did fall off a little last year4
 ,a class  graduated and they did not   
secure new members to supply the        
deficiency4  ,the plan they followed for
 a re-awakening was excellent4          

,returning from  ,chautauqua last summer
 they held a public meeting and         
explained the plan  of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4 and its benefits4 ,that night       
brought them several  new names4 ,then  
they secured ,dr4 ,vincent for the next 
week to give  them a sketch of the aims 
and methods of the organization4 ,at the
 next  regular meeting the secretary    
received the names of forty-two members 
of the class of '#hg4 ,the circle is    
certainly to be congratulated for  its  
proximity to so much local talent and   
still more for its enterprise  in       
utilizing it so diligently4 ,the        
neighboring circle of ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41   
continues to maintain its enviable      
standing under the leadership of ,rev4  
,h4 ,c4 ,farrar4 ,his indomitable energy
 and perseverance are felt along all    
the lines4 ,the plan of presenting      
subjects in three minute essays is      
being tried with interest and profit at 
their monthly meetings4    ,all of the  
old circles show a steady growth4 ,at   

,claremont1 ,n4 ,h41  8,minerva         
,circle10 organized a year ago with a   
membership of ten1 has  grown to twenty2
 the 8,atlantis10 of ,lynn1 ,mass41     
commenced its second  year in ,october  
last with a membership of eighteen1 an  
increase of ten2  the year-old circle of
 ,pittsfield1 ,mass41 has gained thirty 
members  since its organization in      
,february of #ahhc4    ,since #ahha a   
little 8,pentagon0 of ladies has been   
meeting in ,greenwich1  ,ct4 ,a member  
writes of their circle3 8,although      
composed of particularly  busy people1  
we have the conviction that we have been
 patient over our  hindrances1 punctual 
in attendance and persevering in the    
work4 ,we have  run the scale of        
questions and answers1 topics1 essays   
and memorial  readings1 but prefer1 on  
the whole1 the conversational plan as   
being best  adapted to bring out        
individual thought40    ,cambridgeboro1 
,pa41 has an interested circle of twelve
 members1 and  ,blairsville1 of the same

 state1 reports twenty1 with a prospect 
of an  increase4    ,new ,london1 ,ohio1
 claims that their circle1 organized one
 year ago last  ,september1 and now     
numbering twenty1 might with propriety  
be called the  incomparable4    ,at     
,hennepin1 ,ill41 there is a circle of  
fourteen ladies now reading the  second 
year of the course4    ,a lady writes   
from ,marion1 ,ind43 8,we have great    
reason to congratulate  ourselves upon  
the deep and constantly growing interest
 felt in our  circle1 and which is      
plainly manifested not only by our own  
members1  but by those who do not       
belong1 away off here in the very center
 of  ,hoosierdom40 ,this 8deep and      
growing interest0 is the unfailing      
result of  earnest work in the ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c41 and how can it be otherwise    
when the  idea continually develops new 
phases8 ,the experience of the circle at
  ,little ,prairie ,ronde1 ,mich41 that 
8each year the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 unfolds  
new beauties1 awakens new incentives for

 more earnest action1 calls  to the     
foremost the very best of kindliness and
 cheer1 and incites to  diligence1      
research and thought10 is universal4    
,the 8,centenary ,circle10 of           
,minneapolis1 ,minn41 has long been a   
leading  one4 ,it is by no means        
lagging--a late letter reports them as  
fifty  strong--their graduates reading  
the seal courses1 the ,memorial ,days   
all  celebrated1 and a big delegation   
contemplating a visit this summer to    
,chautauqua4 ,that1 has a genuine ring1 
particularly the reading for seals  by  
graduates4 ,hold on to your reading     
habits4    ,the first and only circle to
 report an observance of ,college ,day  
was  the 8,alden10 of ,marshalltown1    
,ia41 where it was recognized by a      
large gathering of ,chautauquans and    
their friends4 ,marshalltown has  been  
faithful in reporting all their         
meetings4 ,they have the western        
enterprise1 but we believe ,sioux       
,falls1 ,dak41 ranks first in that      

quality4 ,the following explains why3   
8,we have an interesting circle  here4  
,we hold meetings weekly1 and they are  
interesting and profitable4  ,we purpose
 to double or treble our circle next    
year4 ,we have sent you  reports of our 
circle for ,,the ,,chautauquan1 but you 
have failed to notice  us4 ,we have     
decided to ,flood you with letters till 
you notice the ,c4  ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in the  
largest and most beautiful city in      
southeastern ,dakota40  ,we shall only  
be too glad to receive such stirring    
letters4    ,a few circles have reported
 lectures4 ,from ,seward1 ,neb41 where  
there is  a circle of sixteen1 the      
secretary writes that they have had a   
lecture  on ,emerson1 a reading by      
,prof4 ,cumnock1 ,chautauqua's favorite 
of last  year1 and that they are        
expecting others4 ,salt ,lake ,city1    
,utah1 had the  pleasure of hearing     
,bishop ,warren last fall in his lecture
 on 8,the ,forces  of the ,sunbeam40    
,the circle in this city numbers        

thirty-seven1 and is  composed of       
ministers1 teachers1 business men and   
housekeepers2 that they  have caught the
 spirit of our work is very evident1 for
 they write us  that many of their      
number have in joyful anticipation the  
time when the  long distance that       
separates them from home and friends    
shall be paved  over1 and they shall be 
permitted to join the number of those   
who pass  beneath the ,arches of        
,chautauqua4    ,we have received this  
month 7,february7 reports of thirty new 
local  circles4 ,salem ,depot1 ,n4 ,h41 
has organized a circle of fifteen       
members2  ,west ,medway1 ,mass41 one    
with a membership of a dozen2           
,somerville1  ,mass41 has a class of    
thirty-five reading the course1 fifteen 
of  them have joined the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4
 as members of the class of '#hg2 two   
villages of ,massachusetts1 ,amesbury   
and ,salisbury1 have united their       
members in one organization4 ,their     
membership at present is twenty-one1    

consisting mostly of beginners of #ahhg1
 a few of #ahhe and #ahhf1 and of  local
 members4 ,at ,madison1 ,conn41 there is
 a circle which traces its  organization
 to the interest of a lady who had taken
 up the reading  alone4 ,she writes3    
8,january last ,i began the work of the 
,c ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 and  finished the year   
alone1 but decided that another year    
should find a  circle in our village1 if
 my powers of persuasion were worth     
anything4 ,i  had no difficulty in      
forming a small circle1 some members of 
which have  since basely upbraided me   
for not telling them of it before40     
,they have  named their circle after the
 pleasant and capable office secretary  
of the  ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the 8,k4 ,f4   
,k4 ,circle10 and true to their         
allegiance1 suggest  that the local     
circles ought to see to it that she and 
her aids have a  building which could   
have ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 suitably inscribed 
on any part of  its front1 instead of   
meekly abiding in a hired house4 ,some  

day we may  expect this4    ,new ,haven1
 ,conn41 the home of ,dr4 ,vincent1     
organized1 in ,october  last1 8,the     
,woolsey ,circle10 so called in honor of
 their eminent fellow  townsman1        
ex-,president ,woolsey1 of ,yale        
,college4    ,a new circle called       
8,washington ,heights0 is reported from 
,new ,york ,city4    ,at ,bethel1 ,n4   
,y41 they started off last ,october with
 thirty members1  while from ,buffalo1  
same state1 a friend writes3 8,we have a
 wide awake  circle here1 the membership
 of which has increased from six to     
twenty  since ,october #ast1 when the   
circle was organized40 ,this circle has 
found  8review evenings0 of great       
service to them4 ,after finishing a     
subject  they devote one evening to a   
review1 securing a leader competent to  
answer all their questions and settle   
their disputes2 thus for the review  of 
,biology they secured ,dr4 ,kellicott1  
of the ,buffalo ,normal ,school1  who   
kindly answered all questions1 and with 

the aid of his microscopes1  explained  
much that before had been obscure4      
,from ,lisle1 ,n4 ,y41 we have word of a
 circle of nine4    ,north ,east1 ,pa41 
has a newly organized circle1 among whom
 are several  yearly visitors at        
,chautauqua2 ,newville1 of the same     
state1 reports a  flourishing circle of 
nine members2 from the class of '#hg in 
,allegheny1  ,pa41 we have received the 
program of the services held by them on 
,february #aj1 special ,sunday4 ,it is  
particularly good4 ,this circle is      
following one plan which deserves more  
attention from all circles4 ,they  are  
giving a good deal of attention to      
singing the ,chautauqua songs1  devoting
 a portion of each evening to practice4 
,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 the place which   
enjoys the honor of being 8the          
headquarters of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c410   
was without a local circle for several  
years1 though many individual readers   
have pursued the course4 ,last fall  the
 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut invited    

those who wished to form a local  circle
 to meet at his residence4 ,the result  
was a houseful of people1  and a circle 
which has met fortnightly since1 and now
 numbers forty-five  members4 ,a friend 
writes us from there3 8,we allow no     
#8associate members'  7persons not      
connected with the general ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c47 and none who will  not attend      
regularly and take active part4 ,for    
every meeting ,dr4 ,hurlbut  prepares a 
program of fifteen topics selected from 
the fortnight's  reading1 and assigned  
to the various members4 ,the program is 
printed by  the #8hectographic process1'
 and distributed to all the members at  
the  meeting in advance of its date4 ,we
 take a recess in the middle of the     
evening's exercises for social enjoyment
 and conversation1 and afterward        
generally listen to a vocal or          
instrumental solo1 and a reading from   
one  of the members4 ,at the close of   
the evening the critic dispenses his    
delicate attentions1 his motto being    

#8with malice toward all1 and charity   
toward none4' ,on ,sunday evening1      
,february #aj1 we held the ,chautauqua  
,vesper ,service in one of the largest  
churches1 filled with an audience  which
 participated in the responses4 ,we     
regard our relation to the ,c4 ,l4  ,s4 
,c4 as among the most pleasant1 and our 
circle as one of the best in  the land40
    ,camden1 ,n4 ,j41 has also recently 
formed the 8,bradway ,circle0 of        
thirty-two members4 ,this circle has a  
novel way of managing its session1      
which may furnish a suggestion to some  
one wanting a new idea4 ,after  their   
general exercises and transaction of    
business they separate into  two classes
 for the study of some subject selected 
at the previous  meeting by the members 
of the class4 ,after devoting about half
 an hour  to the separate classes1 they 
again unite into one general class for  
the  discussion of some topic4    ,we   
are very glad to welcome into our midst 
two new circles from the  ,south1 one at

 ,salem1 ,n4 ,c41 of thirty-eight       
members1 and another at  ,atlanta1 ,ga4 
,at the ,january meeting of the ,salem  
circle the exercises  were on           
8,germany10 and as most of the members  
understand the language  of that        
country1 part of the exercises were in  
,german4 ,a very pleasant  feature of   
their program was an account of the     
customs1 traits and people  of the      
country as they appeared to one of the  
members who had lately  traveled through
 that land4    ,our space forbids our   
giving long accounts of the new circles 
in the  ,west4 ,in ,illinois there is a 
new class of thirteen at ,janesville1   
and another at ,jacksonville1 a place   
famous among its neighbors as  8the     
,athens of the ,west40 ,it contains no  
less than five excellent  institutions  
of learning1 and yet they find a place  
for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  ,c4 ,at            
,litchfield1 ,mich41 is another new     
circle1 and from the college  town of   
,appleton1 ,wis41 the president writes3 

8,it was considered  impracticable at   
first1 in view of college and other     
literary societies  in the town1 to     
start a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,these          
objections soon vanished4 ,we  have a   
most enthusiastic circle of thirty-eight
 members1 including two  college        
professors and wives1 a physician1 a    
clergyman and wife1 and  several        
graduates of this and other colleges40  
,iowa reports three  new circles4 ,from 
,fairchild the secretary writes3 8,we   
have a most  enthusiastic circle of     
twenty-five members4 ,at our opening in 
,october we  thought one meeting a month
 sufficient1 but as we warmed up we     
multiplied  them by two1 and last week  
we doubled them again1 so that now we   
meet  each week4 ,you see this interest 
compounds more rapidly than that on most
  other investments40 ,if one still     
imagines that the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is in 
any  sense denominational in its        
tendency1 let him read the experience of
 one  of the members of the new class at

 ,grundy ,center1 ,ia43 8,i had a little
  prejudice once against the course1 as 
,i thought that it would naturally  run 
into ,methodist channels2 but ,i have   
outgrown that4 ,as a matter of  fact1 of
 our fifteen enrolled members eight are 
,presbyterians and four                 
,congregationalists2 but as members of  
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 we are entirely     
unconscious that we belong to any       
denomination40 ,at ,belle ,plaine1      
,ia41 there is a circle of fifteen      
ladies2 at ,clarksville1 ,mo41 one      
numbering fourteen4 ,kansas reports two 
new circles1 one at ,wyandotte1  where  
in a month they increased from four     
members to twenty-one2 and  another of  
twenty members at ,sabetha1 including   
the professor of the  high school1 and  
the teachers in the community4 ,york1   
,neb41 has lately  organized a circle of
 fifteen members4          ,,questions  
,,and ,,answers4    ,,fifty ,,questions 
,,and ,,answers ,,on ,,preparatory      
,,latin ,,course ,,in ,,english--,,from 

,,page #afg ,,to ,,end ,,of ,,book4     
,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,martin1 ,,general         
,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4      #a4 ,q4
 ,of what is the ,fifth ,book of        
8,csar's ,commentaries0 mainly one      
unbroken record8 ,a4 ,of disasters to   
,csar's armies1 barely retrieved from   
being irreparable4    #b4 ,q4 ,with what
 episode does this book begin8 ,a4 ,the 
last expedition1 on  ,csar's part1 to   
,great ,britain4    #c4 ,q4 ,after      
,csar's return to ,gaul1 what did the   
poor harvests compel him  to do with his
 legions for the winter8 ,a4 ,to        
distribute them to different  points4   
#d4 ,q4 ,what chance did this seem to   
offer to the natives8 ,a4 ,to fall on   
the ,roman camps simultaneously and     
overpower them one by one4    #e4 ,q4   
,by whom was one legion commanded that  
was destroyed by the ,gauls  under      
,ambiorix8 ,a4 ,by ,titurius ,sabinus4  
#f4 ,q4 ,what lieutenant of ,csar again 
encounters the ,nervii1 and is with     
difficulty rescued by ,csar8 ,a4        

,cicero1 a brother of the great orator4 
#g4 ,q4 ,with what account is the ,sixth
 ,book largely occupied8 ,a4 ,with an   
account of the ineffectual efforts of   
,csar to capture ,ambiorix4    #h4 ,q4  
,in the narrative of the ,seventh ,book1
 who becomes the head of  the last and  
greatest confederate revolt of ,gaul    
against ,rome8 ,a4  ,vercingetorix4     
#i4 ,q4 ,after the final defeat and     
surrender of ,vercingetorix1 what was   
his  fate8 ,a4 ,he was taken to ,rome   
and there beheaded4    #aj4 ,q4 ,by whom
 was the ,eighth ,book of the           
8,commentaries0 written8 ,a4 ,by  ,aulus
 ,hirtius1 one of ,csar's lieutenants4  
#aa4 ,q4 ,what does this book relate8   
,a4 ,the incidents of the last ,gallic  
campaign4    #ab4 ,q4 ,how did ,csar    
raise his legions and wage war8 ,a4 ,on 
his own  responsibility4 ,his wars were 
mostly personal wars1 and had no        
sanction  of government4    #ac4 ,q4    
,what do ,cicero's writings form8 ,a4   
,what has been finely called a  library 

of reason and eloquence4    #ad4 ,q4    
,what is the amount of reading in       
8,cicero's ,orations0 required for      
entrance at most colleges8 ,a4 ,the four
 orations against ,catiline1 and two  or
 three others variously chosen4    #ae4 
,q4 ,from what oration of ,cicero does  
our author first give an extract8  ,a4  
,his oration for ,marcus ,marcellus4    
#af4 ,q4 ,what was the occasion of this 
oration8 ,a4 ,the pardon by ,csar of    
,marcellus1 who had fought for ,pompey  
against ,csar in the civil war1 and  was
 now living in exile4    #ag4 ,q4 ,what 
gave rise to ,cicero's orations against 
,catiline8 ,a4 ,the  ,catiline          
conspiracy1 which contemplated the      
firing of ,rome and the death  of the   
,senate1 as well as the personal and    
political enemies of the  conspirators4 
#ah4 ,q4 ,how many are there of these   
orations against ,catiline8 ,a4 ,four4  
#ai4 ,q4 ,where were the first and last 
delivered8 ,a4 ,in the ,senate4    #bj4 
,q4 ,where were the second and third    

delivered8 ,a4 ,in the ,forum1 to the   
popular assembly of citizens4    #ba4   
,q4 ,what ,english clergyman and author 
has written a tragedy entitled          
8,catiline08 ,a4 ,george ,croly4    #bb4
 ,q4 ,what is the subject of the fourth 
speech delivered in the ,senate8  ,a4   
,the disposal of the conspirators then  
in custody4    #bc4 ,q4 ,by what name   
are fourteen of ,cicero's other orations
 known8 ,a4 ,the  8,philipics40    #bd4 
,q4 ,against whom were the 8,philipics0 
directed8 ,a4 ,mark ,antony4    #be4 ,q4
 ,what was the fate of ,cicero8 ,a4 ,he 
was assassinated by the command  of     
,antony4    #bf4 ,q4 ,next to the       
8,iliad0 of ,homer1 and hardly second to
 that1 what is  the most famous of      
poems8 ,a4 ,the 8neid0 of ,virgil4      
#bg4 ,q4 ,when and where was ,virgil    
born8 ,a4 ,in #gj ,b4 ,c41 at ,andes1   
near  ,mantau1 northern ,italy4    #bh4 
,q4 ,what is the first of the three     
classes of poems of which ,virgil's     
works consist8 ,a4 ,bucolics or         

,eclogues--pastoral poems4    #bi4 ,q4  
,what is the most celebrated of these   
minor poems8 ,a4 ,pollio1  supposed to  
have been the poet's friend in need4    
#cj4 ,q4 ,what famous imitation of the  
,pollio did ,pope write in ,english8 ,a4
  8,messiah10 a sacred ,eclogue4    #ca4
 ,q4 ,what is the second class of       
,virgil's poems8 ,a4 ,georgics1 or poems
  on farming4    #cb4 ,q4 ,whom does our
 author consider in many important      
respects the best  of all of ,virgil's  
,english metrical translators8 ,a4 ,the 
late ,professor  ,john ,conington1 of   
,oxford1 ,england4    #cc4 ,q4 ,name two
 other ,english translators of the      
8neid08 ,a4 ,john ,dryden  and ,william 
,morris4    #cd4 ,q4 ,name two ,american
 translators of the 8neid08 ,a4 ,c4 ,p4 
,cranch and  ,john ,d4 ,long4    #ce4   
,q4 ,of what set deliberate purpose is  
the 8neid08 ,a4 ,a ,roman national  epic
 in the strictest sense4    #cf4 ,q4    
,who was neas8 ,a4 ,the son of ,venus by
 the ,trojan shepherd ,anchises4    #cg4

 ,q4 ,seven years after the fall of     
,troy for what purpose did neas and  his
 companions embark from ,sicily8 ,a4 ,to
 found a new ,troy in the west4    #ch4 
,q4 ,in the first book of the 8neid10   
where was the fleet conveying  neas and 
his companions driven8 ,a4 ,to the coast
 of ,carthage4    #ci4 ,q4 ,by whom were
 the ,trojans received with generous    
hospitality8 ,a4  ,dido1 the            
,carthaginian queen4    #dj4 ,q4 ,with  
what are the third and fourth books of  
the 8neid0  principally occupied8 ,a4   
,with the relation by neas to ,queen    
,dido of his  previous adventures and   
wanderings1 including an account of the 
siege and  fall of ,troy4    #da4 ,q4   
,to what is the fourth book devoted8 ,a4
 ,to the sad tale of ,dido and  her     
fatal passion for her guest4    #db4 ,q4
 ,what is the course of neas in this    
affair8 ,a4 ,he ruins ,dido1 and  under 
the cover of night deserts ,carthage    
with his ships4    #dc4 ,q4 ,what is the
 fate of ,dido8 ,a4 ,she commits        

suicide1 ending her  sorrow on the      
funeral pyre4    #dd4 ,q4 ,with what is 
the fifth book largely occupied8 ,a4    
,with an elaborate  account of games    
celebrated by the ,trojans on the       
hospitable shores of  ,sicily1 in honor 
of the anniversary of the death of      
,anchises1 the father  of neas4    #de4 
,q4 ,what is the principal matter of the
 sixth book8 ,a4 ,an account of  neas's 
descent into ,hades4    #df4 ,q4 ,by    
whom is neas accompanied as guide on his
 visit to the lower  world8 ,a4 ,by the 
,sibyl at ,cum4    #dg4 ,q4 ,what does  
,anchises1 the father of neas1 relate to
 his son in  ,elysium8 ,a4 ,the name and
 quality of the illustrious descendants 
who  should prolong and decorate the    
,trojan line4    #dh4 ,q4 ,how many     
books of the neid are usually read by   
students in  preparation for college8   
,a4 ,six4    #di4 ,q4 ,of what is an    
account given in the remaining six      
books8 ,a4 ,the  journey of neas from   
,cum to ,latium1 and his adventures     

there4    #ej4 ,q4 ,with what episode   
does the poem close8 ,a4 ,the death of  
,turnus1 a  rival chief1 in single      
combat with neas4          ,,chautauqua 
,,normal ,,course4    ,season of #ahhd4 
,,lesson ,,vii4--,,bible ,,section4     
,the ,history of ,the ,bible4    ,by    
,,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,hurlbut1 ,d4,d41 ,,and 
,r4 ,s4 ,,holmes1 ,a4,m4    ,i4 ,general
 ,periods4--,bible history1 according to
 the common chronology1  which we       
accept1 but do not indorse as correct1  
embraces the events of  #dajj years4    
,this may be divided into six general   
periods1 as follows3    #a4 ,the ,period
 of the ,human ,race1 from the creation 
of man ,b4 ,c4 #djjd to  the call of    
,abraham1 ,b4 ,c4 #aiba4 ,during this   
period the whole race comes  under      
consideration4    #b4 ,the ,period of   
the ,chosen ,family1 from the call of   
,abraham ,b4 ,c4 #aiba  to the exodus   
from ,egypt1 ,b4 ,c4 #adia4 ,during this
 period the family of  ,abraham forms   
the only subject of the history2 hence  

it might be called  the period of the   
,patriarchs4    #c4 ,the ,period of the 
,israelite ,people1 from the exodus     
#adia to the  coronation of ,saul1 ,b4  
,c4 #ajie2 the period of the ,theocracy4
    #d4 ,the ,period of the ,israelite  
,kingdom1 from the coronation of ,saul1 
,b4 ,c4 #ajie1 to the captivity at      
,babylon1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg2 the period of   
the  ,monarch4    #e4 ,the ,period of   
the ,jewish ,province1 from the         
captivity at ,babylon1 ,b4  ,c4 #ehg1 to
 the birth of ,christ1 ,b4 ,c4 #d2 a    
period of foreign rule during  most of  
the time4    #f4 ,the ,period of the    
,christian ,church1 from the birth of   
,christ1 ,b4 ,c4  #d1 to the destruction
 of ,jerusalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4    ,,ii4   
,subdivisions4--,the general periods may
 be subdivided as follows3    #a4 ,the  
,human ,race into--7#a7 the early race  
#djjd ,b4 ,c4 to the dispersion ,b4  ,c4
 #bbcd2 7#b7 the dispersed race1 #bbcd  
to #aiba4    #b4 ,the ,chosen ,family   
into--7#a7 ,the journeyings of the      

,patriarchs #aiba1 to  the descent into 
,egypt1 #agjf2 7#b7 the sojourn in      
,egypt1 #agjf-adia4    #c4 ,the         
,israelite people into--7#a7 ,the       
wandering in the wilderness1 from  the  
exodus1 #adia1 to the crossing of the   
,jordan1 #adea2 7#b7 the settlement  in 
,canaan1 from #adea to the death of     
,joshua1 #adbf2 7#c7 the rule of the    
,judges1 from #adbf to #ajie4    #d4    
,the ,israelite kingdom into--7#a7 ,the 
age of unity1 from #ajie to the         
division1 #ige2 7#b7 the age of         
division1 from #ige to the fall of      
,samaria1  #gba2 7#c7 the age of decay1 
from #gba to the captivity1 #ehg4    #e4
 ,the ,jewish ,province into--7#a7      
,chaldean rule1 from #ehg to the return 
from captivity1 #ecf2 7#b7 ,persian     
rule1 from #ecf to ,alexander's         
conquest1  #ccj2 7#c7 ,greek rule1 #ccj 
to the revolt of ,mattathias1 #afh ,b4  
,c42 7#d7  ,maccabean rule1 the period  
of ,jewish independence1 from #afh to   
#cg ,b4 ,c42  7#e7 ,roman rule1 #cg ,b4 

,c4 to #d ,b4 ,c4    #f4 ,the ,christian
 ,church into--7#a7 ,the preparation1   
from the birth of  ,christ1 ,b4 ,c4 #d1 
to the baptism of ,christ1 ,a4 ,d4 #bf2 
7#b7 ,the ministry of  ,jesus1 from ,a4 
,d4 #bf to the ascension ,a4 ,d4 #cj2   
7#c7 ,jewish ,christianity1  from the   
ascension to the conversion of ,paul1   
,a4 ,d4 #cg2 7#d7 ,transition1  from    
,jewish to ,gentile1 from ,a4 ,d4 #cg to
 the council at ,jerusalem1 ,a4  ,d4    
#ej2 7#e7 ,gentile ,christianity1 from  
,a4 ,d4 #ej to the destruction of       
,jerusalem ,a4 ,d4 #gj4    ,,iii4 ,we   
notice next a few of the great events in
 the periods1 beside  those already     
named at their beginning and ending3    
#a4 ,in the period of the human         
race--7#a7 ,the ,fall2 7#b7 ,the        
,translation of  ,enoch2 7#c7 ,the      
,deluge4    #b4 ,in the period of the   
chosen family--7#a7 ,the ,covenant with 
,abraham2 7#b7  ,the ,selling of        
,joseph2 7#c7 ,the ,enslavement of the  
,israelites4    #c4 ,in the period of   

the ,israelite people--7#a7 ,the ,giving
 of the ,law2 7#b7  ,the ,conquest of   
,canaan2 7#c7 ,gideon's ,victory4    #d4
 ,in the period of the ,israelite       
kingdom--7#a7 ,the ,building of the     
,temple2  7#b7 ,elijah's ,victory on    
,carmel2 7#c7 ,the ,destruction of the  
,assyrian ,host  at ,jerusalem4    #e4  
,in the period of the ,jewish           
,province--7#a7 ,the ,fiery ,furnace2   
7#b7  ,esther's ,deliverance2 7#c7      
,ezra's ,reformation4    #f4 ,in the    
period of the ,christian ,church--7#a7  
,the ,preaching of ,john the  ,baptist2 
7#b7 ,the ,transfiguration2 7#c7 ,the   
,crucifixion2 7#d7 ,the ,death of       
,stephen2 7#e7 ,the ,journeys of ,paul4 
,,iv4 ,we connect with each period1 the 
names of its most important  persons3   
#a4 ,with the first period1 ,adam1      
,enoch1 ,noah4    #b4 ,with the second  
period1 ,abraham1 ,jacob1 ,joseph4      
#c4 ,with the third period1 ,moses1     
,joshua1 ,gideon1 ,samuel4    #d4 ,with 
the fourth period1 ,david1 ,elijah1     

,hezekiah4    #e4 ,with the fifth       
period1 ,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,simon the      
,just1 ,judas ,maccabeus1  ,herod the   
,great4    #f4 ,with the sixth1 ,john   
the ,baptist1 ,,jesus ,,christ1 ,peter1 
,paul4      ,,lesson ,,viii4--,,the     
,,golden ,,age ,,of ,,bible ,,history4  
,this lesson deals with ,israel at the  
time of the ,empire4 ,lack of space     
forbids more than a general outline4    
,israel's history is familiar to  every 
reader of the ,bible4 ,egypt1 the       
,desert1 and ,canaan2 ,slavery1         
,training and ,war2 these words give    
their geography and history till        
,joshua's death4 ,the ,theocracy        
follows2 then the kingdom under ,saul   
and  ,david1 and then the ,empire1 or   
the ,golden ,age under ,solomon the     
peaceful4  ,we call it the ,golden ,age 
because3    ,i4 ,it was the time of     
their widest dominion4--7a7 ,for        
centuries the  ,israel of possession was
 not the ,israel of promise4 ,read      
,deuteronomy  #aath chapter1 verse #bd1 

for the promise1 and the first chapter  
of ,judges  for the possession4 7b7 ,the
 people were bound by no national       
feeling4  8,every man went to his own   
inheritance40 ,the last verse of ,judges
 is a  vivid picture of disunion4 ,under
 such a condition there could be no such
  thing as wide and powerful dominion4  
7c7 ,under ,david and ,solomon the      
promised boundaries were reached4 ,see  
#ast ,kings1 #d3ba4 ,let the student    
find the extreme northern and southern  
limits of the ,empire of ,solomon4  7d7 
,immediately after ,solomon came        
disruption1 and the loss of portions  of
 the ,empire1 which were never regained4
 ,read the history of ,jeroboam  and    
,rehoboam and their successors4    ,,ii4
 ,it was the time of their greatest     
national wealth1 and individual         
welfare4--7a7 ,read #ast ,kings1        
#aj3ad-bc4 7b7 ,read #ast ,kings1 #d3bj 
and #be4 ,brief as is the record in each
 of these references1 there can  be no  
doubt as to the fact recorded4 ,there is

 no such picture suggested  elsewhere1  
either before or after this period4     
,,iii4 ,it was the time of the          
production of the finest portion of     
their  literature4--,the second book of 
,samuel1 which we have1 ,ruth1 and a    
large  portion of the ,psalms1 and all  
the wonderful writings of ,solomon      
belong  to this period4 ,this last and  
greatest king of all ,israel seems to   
have  made very large additions to the  
literature of the people4 ,see #ast     
,kings1  #e3cb-cc4    ,let us note some 
of the causes of this power and         
prosperity3    ,i4 ,the growth of the   
people4--,the people are said1 in       
,solomon's reign1  to have numbered five
 millions1 or five hundred to every     
square mile4  ,compare with our present 
population4 ,the army was of vast       
numbers4 ,see  ,joab's report1 #b;d     
,samuel1 #bd3i4    ,,ii4 ,the character 
of the king4--,he was 7a7 a statesman2  
he ignored  tribal lines2 he recognized 
the value of extended commercial        

relations2  he opened intercourse with  
foreign nations1 #ast ,kings1 #d3cd2 he 
made a  powerful foreign alliance1 #ast 
,kings1 #i3af2 he built a navy1 #ast    
,kings1  #i3bf2 he attended personally  
to the affairs of his kingdom1 #b;d     
,chron41  #h3ag2 he fortified his       
outposts1 #ast ,kings1 #i3ag-ai2 he     
centralized  the religious worship by   
building the magnificent temple at      
,jerusalem2  he built permanent         
buildings for the seat of the nation's  
capital4  7b7 ,a lover of ,liberal      
,arts4--,he was a poet himself1 #ast    
,kings #d3cb4  ,literature affords      
nothing more gorgeous in imagery than   
the ,song  of ,songs2 he was famed for  
his conversational powers2 he engaged in
  conversational controversies with the 
most noted of his time--see his  riddles
 as preserved in ,proverbs #f3f1 and    
#cj3ae-af-ah2 he was a lover of         
architecture--witness his building2 he  
was a lover of music1 inherited  from   
his father1 and the musical service of  

the temple was one of its  most         
attractive features4    ,,iii4 ,the     
character of his court4--,all his       
counselors were men of note4  ,let the  
student see what he can find from the   
,bible as to the worth of  his high     
priest1 ,zadok2 his nearest friend1     
,zabud2 his chief priest1  ,azariah1 son
 of ,zadok2 his captain of the guard1   
,azariah1 son of ,nathan2  his general  
in chief1 ,benaiah2 his historian1      
,jehoshaphat2 and his grand  vizier1    
,ahishar4    ,,iv4 ,david's work4--,this
 was 7a7 a widely extended kingdom2 7b7 
a  centralized government2 7c7 peace    
with all the world4 ,his son's name1    
,solomon1 ,shelomoh1 ,peace4    ,v4 ,the
 country's external relations4--7a7 ,by 
,ezion-,geber a water route  was opened 
to the far east4 ,traces of this        
commerce with ,india can be  found in   
their language4 ,see ,stanley1 8,jewish 
,church10 ,vol4 ,i4    7b7 ,by          
,damascus1 a land route to the far      
interior highlands4    7c7 ,by the      

,mediterranean traffic with ,spain--in  
ships of ,tarshish4    7d7 ,by ,tyre1   
commerce with ,phnicia4                 
,,sunday-,,school ,,section4    ,,lesson
 ,,vii4--,,the ,,teaching               
,,process4--,,adaptation4    ,there are 
certain heresies of common speech4 ,one 
is1 that a man can be  only what he is  
born to be4 ,apply it to the teacher's  
art and it is a  heresy4 ,the majority  
of men and women can become teachers if 
only they  will be at pains to become   
familiar with the secrets of the        
science1  study with care the best      
models in books1 and as often as may be 
come  into contact with the best living 
teachers4 ,there is such a thing as  the
 teaching process4 ,we outline some     
needful steps in that process4  ,the    
first is adaptation4 ,by it we do not   
mean the adaptation of the  lesson to   
the pupil2 that belongs to the teacher's
 preparation4 ,we  mean adaptation of   
the teacher to the pupil2 such a coming 
together  of teacher and pupil as shall 

cause them to agree1 be in harmony1 fit 
to--that is1 be adapted to each other4  
,this adaptation must be1    #a4 ,in the
 matter of knowledge4 ,the teacher knows
 much more than the  pupil4 ,his        
knowledge is his treasury4 ,from it he  
draws in his work as a  teacher4 ,that  
which he draws must be fitted to his    
pupil's want1 else  it is valueless4 ,he
 must therefore learn what the pupil    
knows1 and  work along the line of that 
knowledge4 ,in such a process they      
become  companions1 and the teacher can 
lead the pupil almost at will4 ,with    
adaptation of knowledge--progress3      
without it--nothing4    #b4 ,in the     
matter of personality4 ,the teacher and 
pupil who meet but  once each week1 must
 meet on the plane of a common          
personality1 or  their meeting will be  
vain4 ,this is something finer than     
adaptation of  knowledge to knowledge4  
,it is adaptation of heart to heart4 ,it
 makes  teacher and pupil for the time  
of their intercourse in class absolutely

  one4 ,teacher and pupil forget that   
either one or the other1 no matter      
which1 is either rich or poor1 well or  
ill dressed1 old or young1  graceful or 
awkward1 wise or ignorant1 clever or    
stupid1 and remember  only that each is 
the other's hearty friend4 ,this is one 
of the highest  possible acquirements of
 the teacher's art1 and the one who     
possesses it  has the gift of           
soul-winning4    #c4 ,in the matter of  
thought4 ,as the former is the secret of
  soul-winning1 this is the secret of   
soul-feeding4 ,the average scholar is  a
 poor thinker4 ,he thinks that he       
thinks1 but his is not his teacher's    
thinking4 ,it is the ploughing of the   
ancients4 ,it only scratches the        
surface of the soil3 and the human heart
 is too hard and barren to be  made     
productive of divine fruit by any such  
process4 ,this essential goes  deeper   
than the other two4 ,its burden is to   
answer how shall the pupil  be brought  
to think on ,bible themes as the teacher

 thinks4 ,this is the  teacher's most   
difficult problem4 ,its solution is     
possible through  community of thought1 
or an adaptation of the teacher's way of
 thinking  to the pupil's way of        
thinking4    ,the three essentials      
enumerated are possible1    #a4 ,through
 a close and intimate acquaintance with 
the pupil4 7a7  ,socially2 7b7          
religiously2 7c7 literarily2 7d7 in     
business  relations2 7e7 ,biblically4   
,let the student give a reason why      
knowledge in these particulars would    
bring teacher and pupil together4    #b4
 ,through personal sympathy with the    
pupil in 7a7 cares2 7b7 hopes2  7c7     
fears2 7d7 temptations2 7e7 joys2 7f7   
pursuits4 ,let the  student give an     
illustration showing how adaptation of  
person to person  could be produced by  
such sympathies4    #c4 ,through        
occasional study with the pupil of the  
appointed ,bible  lesson--to show how   
7a7 to select the most available part   
for study2  7b7 to arrange it           

harmoniously2 7c7 to outline it2 7d7 to 
show its  relations to other scriptures2
 7e7 to trace its historic connections2 
7f7 to understand its obscure allusions 
or phrases4 ,let the student  show that 
adaptation of thought to thought or     
mutuality of thought would  result from 
such study4      ,,lesson ,,viii4--,,the
 ,,teaching ,,process--,,approach4    ,a
 second needful step in the teaching    
process is approach3 not the  approach  
of teacher to pupil simply1 but of the  
teacher to the lesson  in the act of    
teaching4 ,this can therefore be no part
 of the teacher's  preparation4 ,for    
this step there is no uniform law4 ,each
 teacher's  approach must be his own4   
,what is successful with one will not be
  with another4 ,an exact copying of    
methods will be of no avail unless      
circumstances are exactly alike4        
,approach may occupy a large or small   
portion of the time allotted for        
teaching4 ,a teacher may be twenty-nine 
minutes of his half hour making  his    

approach1 and in the remaining one      
minute flash the lesson straight  into  
the center of the pupil's soul4 ,a      
teacher may reach his lesson in  one    
minute and spend the whole remaining    
time in pressing it home to his  pupil's
 hearts4    ,imagine a ,sunday-school   
hour4 ,picture3 ,a new teacher for the  
first time  with a class4 ,boys--six2   
age1 fourteen years2 unconverted2 one   
dull1 one  stubborn1 one restless1 the  
rest mischievous4 ,opening exercises    
finished2  lesson read2 superintendent  
announces 8,thirty minutes for the      
lesson40  ,the teacher alone with the   
class2 four things press on that teacher
 with  a mighty force3    #a4 ,self ,i4 
,untaught in teaching1 and the center   
for a circumference of  eyes4    #b4    
,need4 ,the power of the word must was  
never felt before so fully4  ,here is a 
lesson to be taught1 and the thoughts in
 the teacher's mind can  only shape     
themselves into these two words3 8,i    
must40    #c4 ,immediateness4 ,now4     

,minutes become small eternities1 while 
the  cordon of eyes draws closer4 8,i   
must now1 at once1 teach this lesson10  
but    #d4 ,how8 ,after all it becomes a
 mere question of knowledge4 ,there are 
three elements which enter in to make   
the answer--    #a4 ,how to prepare for 
the lesson work1 making necessary a     
study of the  7a7 necessity1 7b7 nature1
 and 7c7 methods of preparation4    #b4 
,how to plan the conduct of the lesson1 
a step which costs 7a7  earnest thought1
 7b7 fixed purpose1 7c7 persistent      
effort1 and 7d7  patient prayer4    #c4 
,how to perform4 ,this makes necessary a
 fertile brain and a ready tact4  ,the  
actual step-taking on the line of a     
well-prepared plan consists  in 7a7     
using good illustrations2 7b7 in        
attracting attention to  noticeable     
things in the text2 7c7 in exciting     
curiosity to find things  not on the    
surface2 7d7 in asking right questions2 
7e7 in using  elliptical readings2 7f7  
in working out topical outlines2 7g7 in 

concert responses1 and 7h7 in map       
drawing4    ,all these are steps toward 
the real lesson which the teacher would 
bring  to his class4                    
,,editor',s ,,outlook4      ,,founder',s
 ,,day4    ,we have received the        
following document1 which will1 we have 
no doubt1  meet a hearty response among 
members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4          
everywhere3  8,the ,counselors of the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 acting in this instance
 without the  knowledge of the          
,superintendent of ,instruction1 but in 
consultation  with ,president ,miller   
and ,secretary ,martin1 propose that1 in
 honor of  ,,john ,h4 ,,vincent1 the    
#bcrd of ,february1 the anniversary of  
his birth1 be  designated #8,founder's  
,day1' and as such be entered on the    
calendar of  the organization for future
 observance by the members1 as one of   
their  ,memorial ,days4 ,signed by      
,counselors ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,william   
,c4 ,wilkinson1  ,lyman ,abbott1 ,henry 
,w4 ,warren1 and approved by ,president 

,lewis ,miller  and ,secretary ,a4 ,m4  
,martin40 ,with this came a letter      
stating that at  the banquet of the ,new
 ,england graduates of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c41 held in  ,boston on ,saturday1     
,february #bc1 it was announced that the
 ,counselors had  decided unanimously to
 adopt the resolution4 ,we believe we   
are not wrong  in saying that members of
 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 everywhere will be 
heartily  pleased with this honor       
conferred on ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,indeed1 we 
predict that  there will be a universal 
lament because the ,counselors did not  
adopt the  measure long enough before   
,february #bcrd to have made it possible
 for the  circles to have celebrated    
this year instead of being obliged to   
wait  until ,february #ahhe4    ,there  
are many reasons why this measure is    
peculiarly acceptable to the  members of
 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the majority of   
our readers feel that in this  course of
 reading they are personally indebted to
 ,dr4 ,vincent for a plan  which has    

been of infinite service to them4 ,they 
know1 too1 that he is  their friend1    
thoughtful of their interests1 mindful  
of their trials and  hindrances4 ,they  
will heartily rejoice in the new        
,memorial ,day as that of  a personal   
friend and benefactor1 and will         
celebrate it with the peculiar  delight 
and enthusiasm with which we love to    
honor our friends4 ,there  are more     
powerful reasons for observing the day  
than this feeling of  love and          
gratitude4 ,the days we do celebrate are
 in memory of men whose  written        
thoughts are leavening the world4 ,we   
delight to honor them for  their        
thoughts4 ,we honor ,dr4 ,vincent for   
the strong thoughts which he has        
wrought into acts4 ,there are many minds
 capable of brilliant ideas1 of         
philanthropic plans2 but there are few  
capable of carrying them out1 of  making
 them active agencies in society4 ,it is
 this ability to make a plan  a reality1
 to prove it1 which is a distinguishing 

characteristic of ,dr4  ,vincent's mind4
 ,he has that rare gift1 first-class    
organizing ability4  ,a course of       
reading planned for those who wanted to 
read1 but did not  know what to         
undertake1 had been often tried1 on a   
small scale1 before  the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4
 was organized1 but to extend such a    
course to the world  at large was a new 
idea1 and to most minds one entirely    
impracticable4  ,the magnitude of such  
an undertaking would have staggered any 
man but  one of the broadest sympathies 
and largest organizing powers4 ,as ,dr4 
,vincent had both of these qualities1 he
 did not hesitate to undertake the      
organization1 especially since he had   
the prestige of ,chautauqua1 with  its  
wonderful history1 behind him1 and      
,lewis ,miller1 ,esq41 his friend and   
co-laborer1 to lend a helping hand in   
the great work4 ,a purely unselfish     
enterprise is always treated skeptically
 by the world at large4 ,the flaws  in  
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have been           

persistently pointed out4 ,steady       
sustained  enthusiasm in the face of    
such difficulties is the quality of a   
hero1 and  it has been with this        
unfailing faith and interest that ,dr4  
,vincent has  met every doubt or        
complaint4 ,very much of the success of 
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  ,c4 is due to this one 
characteristic in its founder4 ,his warm
 sympathies  and broad humanity1 joined 
to his mental ability and enthusiasm1   
make  him a typical nineteenth century  
hero2 a man whom the world delights to  
honor1 and whom the readers of the ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 will be glad to remember  by
 celebrating ,founder's ,day4           
,,political ,,methods4    ,with quite   
sufficient reason1 the public mind has  
long been disturbed by  our political   
tendencies4 ,this dissatisfaction does  
not arise from the  fact that in matters
 of principle and public policy1        
intelligent people  think we are on     
dangerous roads4 ,in what are called    
questions1 such as  those of banks1     

tariffs1 coinage of silver1 payment of  
the national debt1  etc41 etc41 it may  
be that the majority would prefer       
changes of policy2  but there is a      
conviction abroad that we are as a      
people free to change  in these matters 
if we really and earnestly desire new   
policies which  we are able to define4  
,our feeling of apprehension springs    
from the  knowledge that our political  
methods are bad1 undemocratic and       
dangerous1  and from a fear that the    
fountains of public life are being      
defiled by  the wicked spirit of        
8practical politics40 ,it is not easy to
 corrupt the  moral sense of such a     
people as ours4 ,the level of           
intelligence is high1  and patriotic    
impulses are strong in us4 ,and yet we  
have gone down some  steps4 ,at the end 
of the war1 men physically wrecked      
refused to take  pensions2 they would   
not take pay for a religious            
self-sacrifice4 ,now1  men who came out 
of the army without a scratch and are   

still sound in  health swear falsely to 
obtain pensions4 ,these greedy seekers  
of pensions  did not dream fifteen years
 ago that they could sink so low4 ,any  
one of  them would then have said3      
8,what1 is thy servant a dog1 that he   
should  do this thing80 ,their fall is  
directly traceable to the corruption of 
the civil service1 to the fact that in  
the theory of our public life1  bounties
 should be given to men who handle      
political organizations  successfully4  
,salaries for civil service are bounties
 to be had by  scrambling for them1 or  
by earning them in the service of       
,party4    ,the theory of 8practical    
politics0 converts the salaries paid for
  public service into a pool which      
parties are organized to secure for     
distribution among the sergeants1       
corporals1 lieutenants1 captains1       
colonels and generals of the order4     
8,what are we here for10 cried a        
delegate in the ,republican ,national   
,convention of #ahhj1 8if we are not    

after the offices80 ,that indignant     
question expressed the very heart  of   
the practical politicians4 ,a party1 in 
his view1 is an organization  to get    
offices4 ,and as much of its work is1 in
 the same view1 secret1  dirty and      
wicked work1 he believes that the party 
should be under the  strict control of  
8bosses40 ,each town should have its    
leader1 all the  town leaders should be 
under the control of the county leader1 
and county  leaders should obey the     
state 8boss0--and the edifice should be 
crowned  with a national committee of   
8bosses40 ,this committee the           
politicians  struggled to create by the 
famous theory of 8the courtesy of the   
,senate40  ,that theory made the        
,president the clerk of the party's     
,senators in each  state4 ,it gave      
,senator ,conkling the vast ,federal    
8patronage0 of ,new ,york  to distribute
 at his will4 ,the edifice was not      
crowned2 the ,senatorial  8boss0 system 
went down in the terrible struggle of   

the spring of #ahha4  ,our readers know 
that history4 ,we do not recall it to   
reproach anybody4  ,senator ,conkling   
was the victim of a theory that he      
ought1 under the rule  of 8the courtesy 
of the ,senate10 to be ,president within
 the state of ,new  ,york4 ,the theory  
is silent now2 it will rise again if the
 people do not  disestablish political  
machines in towns1 cities1 counties and 
states4    ,turning to a more gloomy    
side of the subject1 we observe that    
there has  been a vast increase in the  
amount of money spent in politics4      
,thousands  of persons are1 while we pen
 these lines1 living on the patrons who 
hire  them and send them forth to 8mould
 public opinion0--or in the choicer     
phrase of the men themselves1 8to set   
things up40 ,it is the business  of this
 perambulating political machine to     
invent and distribute lies1  to purchase
 useful sub-agents1 to promise funds for
 the election day  bribery4 ,the        
floating vote increases each year1 and  

four-fifths of this  vote is a corrupt  
vote--the voters stand about the market 
place waiting  until some man shall hire
 them4 ,we tolerate and smile at all    
this  business--except the concealed    
bribery--and this tolerance of ours is  
the  sign that the malarious atmosphere 
of 8practical politics0 is beginning  to
 weaken our moral sense4 ,if we are     
still in full vigor1 this year will     
probably afford us a large number of    
opportunities to wreck the local        
political machine--without distinction  
of party4 ,reform will have to begin  by
 disestablishing local machines and     
bruising with conscience votes the  men 
who corrupt the popular verdict with    
money4      ,,wendell ,,phillips4    ,we
 are glad1 though at a late hour1 to    
pay1 with many others1 our tribute  to  
the ability and worth of ,wendell       
,phillips1 and to review his life  and  
work4 ,glad to do this1 for his life was
 clean and clear1 the kind  men love to 
honor2 his work was that of the         

philanthropist and patriot4  ,he had    
entered his seventy-third year1 having  
been born ,november #bi1  #ahaa1 in a   
house which is still standing on the    
lower corner of ,beacon  and ,walnut    
streets1 ,boston4 ,he came from one of  
,boston's aristocratic  families2 for   
several generations the ,phillipses were
 well known1 rich  and influential4 ,his
 father1 ,john ,phillips1 was chosen    
first mayor  of ,boston in #ahbb1 in a  
triangular contest1 with ,harrison ,gray
 ,otis  and ,josiah ,quincy as rival    
candidates4 ,young ,phillips had the    
best of  educational advantages4 ,he    
prepared for college at the famous      
,boston  ,latin ,school2 entered        
,harvard in his sixteenth1 and graduated
 in his  twentieth year4 ,one of his    
classmates was the historian ,motley1 a 
man1  like ,phillips1 of handsome       
person1 of courtly manners1 and high    
social  position4 ,from college         
,phillips passed to the ,cambridge ,law 
,school1 from  which he graduated in    

#ahcc1 and the following year he was    
admitted to the  bar4 ,but he was not   
long to follow the law4    ,the public  
career of this man whose name is known  
in every land1 dates  from a certain    
illustrious meeting held in ,faneuil    
,hall1 ,boston1 in #ahcg4  ,it was an   
era of great excitement4 ,in ,congress1 
,john ,quincy ,adams1 the  undaunted1   
was presenting petitions for the        
abolition of slavery1 in the  midst of  
the howls and execrations of the friends
 of the institution4  ,elijah ,i4       
,lovejoy had been murdered by a         
pro-slavery mob at ,alton1  ,illinois1  
while defending his printing press4 ,two
 years before1 ,boston  had witnessed   
the mobbing of ,garrison4 ,phillips     
himself was a witness of  the spectacle1
 and the following year he joined the   
,american ,anti-,slavery  ,society4 ,a  
meeting was called in ,faneuil ,hall by 
,dr4 ,channing and other  friends of    
freedom to express indignation over     
,lovejoy's murder4 ,that  meeting will  

long live in history4 ,jonathan         
,phillips1 a second cousin  of ,wendell1
 presided4 ,dr4 ,channing and others    
spoke4 ,at length1 the                  
,attorney-,general of the ,state1 ,james
 ,t4 ,austin1 took the platform and     
delivered a speech in direct opposition 
to the sentiments which had been        
expressed4 ,it was not without effect4  
,the people cheered as the speaker      
declared that ,lovejoy died as the fool 
dieth1 and placed his murderers  by the 
side of the men who destroyed the tea in
 ,boston ,harbor4 ,the  meeting1        
designed to be one of indignation for   
the murder of ,lovejoy1  bid fair to    
turn into a meeting of approbation4 ,but
 ,wendell ,phillips was  the next       
speaker1 and he had not spoken long     
before the tide was again  reversed4    
,this1 his first public plea for free   
speech1 human freedom and  equal rights1
 was wonderfully effective4 ,it carried 
the audience and  established at once   
the speaker's fame as the foremost      

orator of the  anti-slavery cause4      
,from this time on1 until in those years
 of blood the shackles were struck  from
 the slaves of ,america1 ,phillips was a
 man of one work4 ,he lived for  the    
cause of abolition4 ,his motto might    
have been3 8,one thing ,i do40 ,by  the 
side of ,garrison he stood1 in full     
sympathy with his ideas4 ,his name  has 
long been the synonym of extreme        
radicalism4 ,he held1 with ,garrison1   
that the constitution was 8a league with
 hell10 and would not vote1 or  take an 
oath to support the iniquitous document4
 ,in the years before the  war of the   
rebellion1 he freely advocated a        
dissolution of the ,union2 but  when the
 war came1 he was found a stanch        
defender of the ,union cause4 ,in  that 
band of once execrated1 but now honored 
abolitionists1 who 8prepared  the way of
 the ,lord10 there may have been others 
who did as effective  work as ,wendell  
,phillips2 but he was the incomparable  
orator1 gifted with  eloquent speech to 

a degree unapproachable4 ,stories of his
 power over  an audience will long be   
told4 ,delightedly the people have      
listened to  his silver tongue and      
chaste diction when he spoke upon purely
 literary  themes2 the lyceum in our    
land had no more popular lecturer4 ,but 
he  will live in our history as the     
matchless abolitionist orator4 ,since   
the death of slavery he has been a      
prominent worker in different reform    
movements1 and the advocate--as it seems
 to us--of certain vagaries1 but  his   
fame is inseparably connected with the  
colored race1 of whose rights  he was   
the devoted1 unselfish1 and fearless    
champion4 ,his private life  was        
singularly simple1 sweet and beautiful4 
,his wife1 an invalid of  many years1   
his devotion to whom was beautiful      
indeed1 survives him2  and an adopted   
daughter1 ,mrs4 ,smalley1 wife of the   
well known newspaper  correspondent1 is 
also left to mourn his loss4            
,,floods4    ,in this country and in    

,england the ravages of high waters have
 become  a matter of much seriousness   
and alarm4 ,nor have we failed to       
observe  that in recent years the floods
 have been far greater and more numerous
  than they were a generation ago4 ,this
 is due1 we are told1 to the  clearing  
away of the forests1 allowing the water 
to rush1 unhindered by  the undergrowth 
and fallen leafage1 into the rivers1    
thus causing their  sudden swell and    
overflow4    ,the serious and practical 
question is how to avert1 in some degree
 at  least1 the frequent wholesale      
destruction of life and property1 as has
  been experienced in the exposed       
districts during the last few years4 ,it
  is mere nonsense to talk as some have 
done of condemning the flooded          
districts as dangerous and unfit for    
human habitation4 ,any one acquainted   
with the human family knows how little  
it is restrained by the motives  of fear
 or danger in choosing its              
dwelling-place4 ,men will build their   

houses where the ashes of muttering     
volcanoes fall on their roofs1  and with
 the knowledge that underneath their    
foundations lie their  predecessors     
buried by former eruptions4 ,how absurd1
 then1 to talk of  abandoning as places 
of human dwelling those great valleys1  
the most  fertile1 and in many other    
ways the most highly favored on the     
continent4  ,for fertility of soil and  
beauty of situation1 the valleys of the 
,ohio  and ,mississippi may safely      
challenge the world4    ,neither will it
 do to say that by heeding the warnings 
given by the  ,signal ,service          
,department much of these calamities can
 be averted4 ,the  ,service published   
its warnings to the people of the ,ohio 
valley a week  in advance of the recent 
floods1 but no attention was paid to    
them4 ,and  though the time is coming   
when the statements of meteorological   
science  will command general           
confidence1 still it will not suffice to
 avert the  great loss of life and      

property4 ,men are not easily warned1   
and besides  there is the impossibility 
in many cases1 of providing against     
danger and  loss1 even though warning   
has been received4    ,since it is now  
too late in the ,ohio and ,mississippi  
valleys for the  method at present being
 discussed1 with reference to the waters
 of the  ,hudson1 viz43 ,to spare the   
,adirondacks1 there is nothing left but 
to  refer this important subject to the 
,state and ,national ,committees on     
8,levees and other ,improvements against
 ,destructive ,floods40 ,nor do we  have
 to look long for encouraging examples  
of this mode of prevention4  ,a large   
part of ,louisiana is habitable and     
cultivable only through the  protection 
afforded by hundreds of miles of levees4
 ,for six centuries  ,holland has shown 
to the world what can be done by this   
method of  protection4 ,her whole ,north
 sea coast and a hundred miles of the   
,zuyder  ,zee is provided with dikes1   
her constant safeguard from inundation4 

,before the dikes were built in the     
thirteenth century1 a single flood      
destroyed #hj1jjj lives4 ,at an annual  
expense of #b1jjj1jjj1 those rich  lands
 yielding their luxuriant pastures and  
crops of hemp and flax1 are  defended   
from the waters4    ,we are persuaded   
that this is the only solution of the   
flood problem in  this country4 ,whether
 partial or entire1 it should be        
attempted without  delay4 ,in the light 
of recent experience government can not 
begin its  work too soon4 ,the vast     
amount of property swept away during the
 last  decade would have gone no little 
way in defraying the expense of dikes   
as solid and sufficient as those of     
,holland4 ,add the amount given by      
,congress for the relief of the         
suffering districts1 together with the  
amount given in benevolence and sympathy
 for the same purpose1 and the  sum is  
much increased4 ,by procrastination we  
may expend in the above  painful manner 
treasure equal to the whole cost of the 

needed protection  before the work is   
begun4 ,let us hope that the year will  
not pass without  decisive action by the
 government4          ,,editor',s       
,,note-,,book4      ,a party is reported
 in ,ohio claiming to organize ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c4 local  circles1 taking          
collections1 etc4 ,now be it known that 
no agents for such  purposes are        
appointed by the ,chautauqua            
authorities4 ,such self-appointed       
agents are likely to be swindlers4 ,our 
workers render their services           
voluntarily4 ,we appoint no agents4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,general ,gordon's proclamation of      
freedom for slave-holding and           
slave-dealing in the ,soudan has created
 a great surprise4 ,it is even          
suggested that his religious enthusiasm 
has toppled over into insanity4         
,perhaps we can not hope to understand  
the case4 ,but we need not              
misunderstand the facts4 ,slavery was   
never practically abolished in that     

country4 ,even in ,egypt it continues to
 exist4 ,general ,gordon has not        
restablished slavery4 ,starting from    
that fact1 we may easily reach the      
inference that the heroic and           
simple-minded ,gordon has merely done   
away  with one of the pretexts by means 
of which corrupt ,egyptian officials    
plundered the natives4 ,slavery can not 
be abolished by slave-traders1 and      
their ways of enforcing any law which   
naturally renders it odious and         
despicable4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,john ,ruskin is
 not always exactly level with common   
sense1 but perhaps  he is nearly right  
in saying 8,never buy a copy of a       
picture4 ,it is  never a true copy40 ,it
 would probably be much wiser in people 
who pay  considerable sums for copies of
 old paintings if they spent their money
  upon inferior original works by living
 artists4 ,we have come to a place      
where the tide should turn in favor of  
our own young artists2 and we  believe  

the turn in the tide is not far ahead4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the weather prophets have let us alone 
this winter4 ,but on the ,pacific  coast
 a sidewalk philosopher has tried to    
explain the cold weather of  the sunset 
slope4 ,he says that an earthquake off  
the coast of ,japan  has filled up the  
,straits of ,sunda1 and so diverted the 
warm current  that should flow to the   
coast of ,oregon4 ,this is an           
improvement upon  the last prophet1 who 
regulated the weather astrologically--by
 studying  the positions of the stars4  
,the new man comes back to the earth and
  is chiefly at fault in his facts4 ,we 
welcome him in the room of the          
astrologer of last year4           99   
99       99       99       99           
8,ruined by speculation40 ,they have to 
keep that 8head0 standing in the        
newspaper offices4 ,the last case which 
has fallen under eye is that of a  bank 
in ,philadelphia1 whose manager         
speculated in tin4 ,when a bank fails1  

or a trustee betrays a trust1 we always 
ask3 8,what did he speculate in80  ,the 
story is trite4 ,we know of nothing     
better to write than the laconic  advice
 of ,general ,clinton ,b4 ,fisk3        
8,,don',t60           99       99       
99       99       99    ,sir ,james     
,caird was part of a commission to study
 the causes of the  great famine in     
,india in #ahgf-g1 and has written a    
book on the subject4  ,the trouble of   
course is that the farmers are poor1    
their methods bad1  and that population 
keeps ahead of the food supply4 ,one    
mode of relief  is emigration4 ,this    
reminds us that ,charles ,kingsley1 who 
studied the  ,hindoo laborers in the    
,west ,indies1 wrote very               
enthusiastically of their  qualities4   
,will the ,hindoos come into our own    
,south1 and what will come  of it8 ,in  
the ,west ,indies1 ,kingsley says that  
negro and ,hindoo lived and  worked     
together peacefully4 ,we may not like   
it1 but that side of the  world is      

top-heavy with humanity1 and steam will 
go on distributing the  people among the
 less crowded nations4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,what  
is money worth in this country8 ,the    
discussions at ,washington1 and  the    
prices of government bonds1 seem to show
 that it is worth between  two and three
 per cent41 and there is not much doubt 
that a hundred-year  government bond    
bearing only two per cent4 would sell at
 par4 ,an incident  in ,new ,york ,city 
confirms this opinion4 ,a recent call   
for bids on city  bonds bearing three   
per cent4 interest1 and payable in five 
years or  thirty1 at the will of the    
city1 was answered by bids for six times
 the  amount required at from par up to 
#ajc4 ,if short ,new ,york threes are at
  a premium1 a long government two would
 be worth par4 ,why1 then1 it will  be  
asked1 do we pay from six to ten per    
cent4 in different parts of the         
country8 ,the answer is that risk and   
superintendence of short loans  makes   

the difference4 ,the real value of money
 is found by taking for a  measure long 
loans1 in which there is absolutely no  
risk4 ,the ,times of  ,new ,york        
expresses the opinion that thirty-year  
threes of that city would  sell at #aae4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,a correspondent of the    
,new ,york ,evening ,post furnishes some
 interesting  incidents in the life of  
,joel ,barlow1 the father of ,american  
epic  poetry4 ,redding1 ,conn41 was the 
early home of ,barlow1 and the visitor  
is shown the house in which the poet    
constructed his commencement poem  in   
#aggh4 ,it is said that ,barlow's one   
romance was a common one among  college 
students4 ,he fell in love with a sweet 
girl whom he privately  married soon    
after graduation4 ,he served as a       
chaplain in the ,continental  army1 but 
at ,redding he is best remembered as the
 promoter of several  industrial        
enterprises designed to promote the     
welfare of the town4  ,barlow was not a 

great father of our epic1 but his sons  
have1 perhaps1  not greatly surpassed   
him4           99       99       99     
99       99    ,the enthusiasm of       
science1 in alliance with the passion of
 boys for  killing birds1 is making     
trouble in ,massachusetts4 ,the         
taxidermists  want birds to stuff1 and  
average boys want to slay birds4 ,the   
law is  loose1 and any boy can get a    
license to kill birds in the service of 
science4 ,the dead birds are oftener    
eaten than stuffed4 ,the song birds  and
 insectivorous birds are rapidly        
diminishing4 ,of course the boys rob    
the nests of the birds and kill the     
young in the nests4 ,there is a period  
in a boy's life when he loves such work4
 ,maine has abolished the system  of    
licensing taxidermists1 in consequence  
of the wholesale slaughter of  birds    
that went on under that system4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,there is no doubt that the tobacco     
habit1 or any other bad habit1 can  be  

more easily overcome with the aid of    
prayer than without it4 ,but  there are 
two objections to a common way of       
stating the case4 ,the first  is that   
many tobacco users have ceased using it 
without the aid of  prayer4 ,the second 
objection is that there is danger of    
teaching that  men cannot reform bad    
habits without special divine help4 ,the
 word  we spell c-a-n-t has two         
meanings1 and both are present in the   
plea of  helplessness4 ,it is           
understood1 of course1 that ,god helps  
men who help  themselves2 that is the   
reason why a wicked farmer can raise    
good crops  by being a good             
agriculturist1 though he is a bad       
sinner4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,congress is struggling  
with a foreign copyright bill4 ,the bill
 is a  bungling one and really opens the
 ,american market to free trade in      
books4 ,this may be desirable1 but it is
 well to keep distinct measures  in     
different baskets4 ,the free book       

question belongs in the tariff  bill4   
,international copyright means putting a
 foreign author on a level  with the    
home author4 ,we ought to do it without 
delay1 but we need not  confer any      
favors on foreign publishers in a       
copyright bill4 ,we have  international 
patent-right1 but we did not think it   
necessary when we  protected the foreign
 inventor to put the foreign maker of   
the inventor's  machines under shelter  
of the 8,free ,list40           99      
99       99       99       99    ,john  
,bright is still the most vigorous      
handler of a rhetorical club in  all    
,england4 ,in the course of the great   
debate1 last month1 in the ,house  of   
,commons1 the ,tories of high birth were
 badly represented by two or  three     
orators of their rank4 ,mr4 ,bright     
crushed them fine by saying that  8the  
brothers and sons of dukes use language 
more virulent1 more coarse1  more       
offensive and more ungentlemanly than is
 heard from a lower rank of  speakers40 

,we suspect that the sentence is the    
reporter's1 not ,bright's2  but the     
rebuke which he administered made a     
sensation which reminded  ,englishmen of
 the days when he described the         
political 8,cave of ,adullam0  and its  
inhabitants4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,the ,prussian  
,chamber of ,deputies recently debated  
the question of  dueling1 especially in 
the universities4 ,a critical member    
began it  by complaining of the         
idleness1 drinking1 gaming and dueling  
of the  students4 ,the curiosity which  
the debate brought to light is the fact 
that though dueling is forbidden by law1
 it has powerful friends in the         
,chamber and the government4 ,germany   
has forbidden the barbaric custom2  but 
young ,germans grow up in the belief    
that dueling is manly1 and their        
seniors remember that they had the same 
disease in the universities4 ,the       
,german people are very sensitive to    
foreign criticism on this point2  and   

probably the other civilized nations    
will by and by ridicule ,german  dueling
 out of existence4           99       99
       99       99       99             
,curiosities of speech are always       
interesting1 and it is a delightful     
business for grammatical people to scold
 their neighbors4 ,the ,new ,york       
,tribune has had a bout with a few score
 correspondents on the duties  of the   
neuter verb between subject and         
predicate2 which must it agree  with8   
,the ,tribune says with the real        
subject2 the other folks say there  are 
two subjects1 and that the verb must    
agree with the last4 ,all the           
malcontents quote 8,the wages of sin is 
death40 ,the ,tribune has three or  four
 answers2 its best is that death is the 
true subject2 its second  best is that  
wages used to be singular4 ,in 8,the    
,contributors' ,club0 of  the ,atlantic 
,monthly1 another class of errors is    
discussed1 such as the  dropping of h in
 which and when1 a common thing in and  

around ,new  ,york1 and the suppression 
of r in many words4 ,the ,english say   
lud1 we  say lawd4 ,while just touching 
this interesting topic we call attention
  to a ,meadville eccentricity4 ,it is  
the rising inflection at the end of     
questions1 such as1 8,is he sick80 ,can 
any reader tell us whether this         
locution 7or rather inflection7 is a    
localism only8           99       99    
99       99       99    ,there is a     
lamentably large number of illiterates  
in the ,united ,states4  ,let us reduce 
the number as fast as possible4 ,but let
 us stop assuming  that the spelling    
book will rub the ,decalogue into the   
conscience4 ,our  immediate troubles and
 dangers come from literates who are as 
bright as  lightning1 and almost as     
destructive4 ,we shall not get moral    
education by  way of the spelling book4 
,the statistical proof that we do is    
defective4  ,we may count up the        
illiterate rogues in prison with much   
satisfaction1  if we forget that the    

literate rogues are too smart to be     
caught and  caged4 ,moral character does
 not result from intellectual training4 
,thirty  years ago we had this straight1
 and taught that an educated bad man was
 a  much more dangerous beast than an   
uneducated bad man4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,a few 
kind-hearted people have for several    
years conducted a crusade  against      
horse-shoes4 ,they claim that the       
horse-shoe is a piece of  unprofitable  
cruelty4 ,they furnish examples and     
drive their own horses  unshod4 ,among  
their examples is this3 8,in ,africa1 a 
horse working in  a post-cart does1     
barefoot1 over hard ground1 twenty-four 
miles in  two hours40 ,one view is that 
our horse-shoeing bill would pay off the
  national debt in a few generations4   
,it is rather remarkable that these     
reformers do not receive more attention4
 ,we hope they will soon get the        
general ear2 hence this note4           
99       99       99       99       99  

,president ,eliot1 of ,harvard1 in a    
recent address1 makes a suggestion      
which is likely to arrest attention4    
,the clergy are likely to have  a       
monopoly of classical education1 perhaps
 of liberal education1 if  present      
tendencies are not overcome4 ,one of    
these tendencies is to give  candidates 
for the ministry a monopoly of ,greek   
study in colleges4  ,president ,eliot   
thinks that increased and more thorough 
study of ,english  may help in resisting
 the tendency toward purely mechanical  
education4  ,english study of a thorough
 sort requires and promotes classical   
study4 ,we add our thought that real    
liberal education is a fruit of  study  
after the school-boy discipline1 and    
that a classical revival  and an        
,english literature revival are both    
clear possibilities of the  ,chautauquan
 organization and methods4 ,the most    
thorough study1 with the  best helps1 is
 within the plan of our university4     
99       99       99       99       99  

,salmi ,morse was last year at this time
 struggling to exhibit his 8,passion    
,play0 in ,new ,york4 ,the religious    
feeling of the country won a conspicuous
  victory in defeating the purpose of   
,mr4 ,morse4 ,near the end of last month
  the dramatist drowned himself in the  
,east river1 and an actress whose       
relations to him were questionable1 is  
trying to gain notoriety by a  theory   
that a rejected suitor of hers murdered 
,mr4 ,morse4 ,there are a  dozen good   
morals in the story4           99       
99       99       99       99           
,frederick ,douglas having at #gj       
married a white wife1 the public has    
had to listen to a great many homilies  
on the general subject of               
inter-marriage among races4 ,we are not 
about to add another to the long  list  
of sociological essays4 ,we suggest two 
things3 ,first1 it is best to  leave the
 whole matter to individuals4           
,therefore1 the laws which forbid       
marriage between whites and blacks      

should be repealed4 ,second1 the real   
evil--if there be one--is scarcely      
touched by the prohibitive laws4 ,as    
,mr4 ,douglas puts it3 ,it is permitted 
to white men to beget children by       
dark-skinned mothers1 provided they do  
not marry these mothers of their        
copper-colored children4 ,the nobler of 
two ignoble white men--the one who      
marries the black mother of his         
children--should be left in peace until 
we  can invent some means of punishing  
the ignoble wretch who does not marry   
her4 ,the former is a very rare man2 the
 growing lights in the ,african  face   
show us that the other men are numerous4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,everybody has heard of the
 8,great ,eastern0 steamship1 an eighth 
of a mile  long and thirty feet under   
water4 ,the great ship was a failure1   
and after  an unsuccessful pursuit of   
genteel occupations for many years1 she 
has  gone to ,gibraltar to be used as a 
coal hulk4 ,if any sailor ever loved    

this leviathan1 he will feel 8the pity  
of it0 in this unromantic end2  and most
 of us feel a touch of sadness in       
reading the story4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,the     
honors paid to the dead ,arctic         
explorers in ,new ,york1 on             
,washington's  birthday1 lost none of   
their significance by the association4  
,the flags  were at the peak in honor of
 the father of his country1 in the      
morning2  in the afternoon they dropped 
to half-mast in memorial mourning for   
the  heroes of the ill-fated            
8,jeannette40 ,to young eyes seeing both
 memorial  honors1 the spectacle must   
have been inspiring--as showing that the
 paths  to glory are still open to      
heroic souls4 ,the booming guns1 the    
wistful  and reverent throngs1 the      
military tramping along the streets1 all
 had  the same cheering lesson4 ,we do  
not measure men or honor them by        
success2  for utter failure heroically  
faced we have the funeral pageant and   

the  historic record4 ,we are not at all
 interested in the ,north ,pole4 ,we    
soberly think the ,arctic exploration   
business a foolhardy one4 ,but we       
forget our indifference1 and our sober  
judgment1 when we meet the cold  corpses
 of those who have vainly fought the    
cruel ,north--and say1 8,well  done2    
like heroes you died2 like heroes you   
shall be buried40           99       99 
99       99       99    ,in the         
graduating list published in the        
,february ,,chautauquan1 the name  8,j4 
,van ,alstyne10 from ,new ,jersey1      
should be ,wm4 ,l4 ,van ,alstyne1 ,jr42 
also the name ,emily ,hancock1 which    
appears under ,new ,york1 should be     
under ,indiana1 and 8,mrs4 ,john        
,romeo10 of ,new ,york1 should read     
,mrs4 ,john  ,romer4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,a     
correspondent kindly calls our attention
 to two errors in ,,the  ,,chautauquan  
for ,february4 ,we 8stand corrected40   
,whittier's birthday comes  on ,december

 seventeenth1 instead of the sixteenth1 
as stated on page #cjb1  and there are  
thirty-eight states in the ,union1 not  
thirty-nine4          ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4   
,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for
 ,,april4      ,,preparatory ,,latin    
,,course4    ,p4 #agd4--8;,havelock40   
7#agie-aheg47 ,a ,british soldier who in
 #ahbc was  sent to ,india4 ,he served  
in the ,burmese war1 in the ,ava        
campaign1 in  two invasions of          
,afghanistan1 and in #ahef in a war with
 ,persia4 ,on his  return to ,bombay he 
was sent to ,calcutta to aid the        
,british in the  ,sepoy rebellion4      
,after raising the siege of ,cawnpore1  
he started toward  ,lucknow1 where the  
garrison was closely beset4 ,havelock   
was two months in  fighting his way to  
the city1 and when there1 the relievers 
and garrison  had to stand a siege until
 the arrival of ,campbell with forces4  
,havelock1  however1 lived only a few   
days after succor came1 being worn out  
by  sickness and hardships4 ,the arrival

 of ,campbell has been celebrated in a  
touching and popular poem--8,the ,relief
 of ,lucknow40    ,p4                   
#agg4--8;,ardennes40 ,see 8,notes0 on   
page #ahe of ,,the ,,chautauquan for    
,december4    ,p4 #ahj4--8;,hector40    
,the chief hero of the ,trojans in the  
war with the  ,greeks1 the eldest son of
 ,priam1 king of ,troy4 ,having slain   
,patroclus1  the friend of ,achilles1   
the latter was aroused to revenge1 and  
came out  to fight4 ,hector remained    
bravely without the walls until he saw  
his  enemy1 when he took to flight1 but 
he was finally pierced with ,achilles'  
spear1 and his body dragged into the    
camp of the ,greeks4 ,hector was the    
stay of the ,trojans4 ,he is represented
 by ,homer as a man of all virtues1  and
 is claimed to be the noblest conception
 of the 8,iliad40    ,p4 #ahd4--8;,boll 
of grain40 ,the ,scotch formerly used a 
measure called the  bll1 or bole4 ,its  
capacity varied with the article        
measured4 ,a boll of  wheat or beans    

held four bushels2 of oats or potatoes1 
six bushels4    8,cevennes10 s-ven4 ,a  
mountain range of ,france1 separating   
the valleys  of the ,garonne and the    
,loire from those of the ,saone and the 
,rhone4    ,p4 #ahg4--8,santa ,scala10  
or the holy staircase1 called also      
,pilate's  staircase1 is a flight of    
twenty-eight marble steps in a little   
chapel of  ,rome4 ,they are said to be  
the steps which ,christ passed up and   
down in  going before ,pilate1 and that1
 like the ,holy ,house at ,loreto1 they 
were  transported by angels to their    
present position4 ,multitudes of        
pilgrims  crawl up this staircase1      
kissing each step as they go4 ,it is    
related  of ,luther that wishing to     
obtain the indulgence promised by the   
pope  for this devout act1 he was slowly
 ascending the steps when he suddenly   
heard a voice exclaiming1 8,the just    
shall live by faith alone40 ,he was so  
terrified by his superstitious folly    
that he at once fled from the place4    

,p4 #aij4--8;,aulus10 aulus hirti-us4   
,p4 #aid4--8,protagonist10 pro-tgo-nst4 
,the first or leading actor in a  drama4
    ,p4 #aif4--8,obsolescence10         
b-so-lscence4 ,the going out of style1  
becoming  old1 obsolete4    ,p4         
#bjb4--8,lucius ,catilina10 lci-s       
cati-lina4    ,p4 #bje4--8,spurius      
,mlius10 spuri-us mli-us4 ,a rich       
plebeian who in the  famine at ,rome in 
,b4 ,c4 #ddj bought up corn to          
distribute to the poor4  ,his liberality
 won him the favor of the plebeians1 but
 the hatred of  the patricians4 ,in the 
following year he was accused of a      
conspiracy  against the government4     
,having refused to appear before the    
tribunal when  summoned1 ,ahala1 the    
master of the horse1 rushed out with an 
armed band  and slew him4    8,opimius40
 ,a patrician1 the leader of his party  
in the proceedings  against ,caius      
,gracchus in #abj ,b4 ,c4 ,through his  
violence some three  hundred people were
 slain after the death of ,gracchus4    

8,saturnius40 ,a demagogue who in ,b4   
,c4 #ajb was elected tribune of the     
plebs4 ,he allied himself with ,marius  
and his party and won much favor by  his
 popular measures4 ,he was twice        
relected1 but the third time it was     
feared that his colleague1 ,glaucia1 who
 had held office during each of  his    
tribunates1 would be defeated4 ,the     
friends had the rival candidate         
murdered4 ,this act caused a reaction   
against ,saturnius1 and the senate      
ordered that he and his associates      
should be slain4 ,marius endeavored  to 
save his friend1 but the mob pulled the 
tiles from the senate house1  where the 
parties were concealed1 and pelted them 
to death4    ,p4 #bbj4--8,minucian      
,colonnade40 ,a portico built about #ajj
 ,b4 ,c4 by the  consul ,minucius1 in   
memory of the triumph which he received 
after waging  a successful war against  
the ,thracians4    8,pan40 ,in ,grecian 
mythology1 a god who watched over flocks
 and herds2 was  the patron of hunters1 

bee-keepers and fishermen1 and the      
inventor of a  shepherd's flute4 ,he is 
represented with horns1 goat's beard1   
feet and  tail1 and often as playing on 
the flute4 ,the ,romans worshiped him   
under  the name of ,faunus4    ,p4      
#bba4--8,lupercalia10 lper-c-li-a4      
,lupercus was a name applied to  ,pan1  
and a feast given in honor of the god by
 the ,romans was called  ,lupercalia4   
8,tarquinius10 tar-quini-us4 ,surnamed  
,superbus1 was the last of the  ,roman  
kings4 ,though he was cruel and         
tyrannical1 he is said to have  greatly 
increased the power of the city4        
,brutus1 his nephew1 was aroused        
against the royal family because of an  
outrage committed upon his wife  by     
,tarquin's son4 ,he stirred up popular  
feeling against the king1  and succeeded
 in driving him from ,rome4 ,consular   
government was then  substituted for the
 monarchy4    8,spurius ,cassius10      
spuri-us cassi-us4 ,a famous ,roman of  
the fifth  century4 ,he was three times 

consul4 ,in his last consulship he      
passed a  law which provided that the   
patricians should receive only a portion
  of the public lands1 and that the rest
 should be divided among the  plebeians4
 ,the next year he was accused of aiming
 at regal power and was  put to death4  
8,manlius40 ,consul in #cib ,b4 ,c4 ,in 
#cie he defended the plebeians against  
the higher classes1 but was accused of  
aiming at kingly power1 and  was thrown 
into prison4 ,the plebs showed such     
indignation at this that  ,manlius was  
liberated4 ,he only became bolder in his
 support of the  people1 and in the     
following year was accused of treason1  
condemned1 and  thrown from the         
,tarpeian rock4    ,p4 #bbh4--8;,dante10
 dnte4 7#abfe-acba47    8,inferno10     
in-ferno2 8,purgatorio10 pur-g-tore-o2  
8,divina ,commedia10  dee-ven           
com-medee-4    ,p4 #bcj4--8,mincius10   
minci-us4 ,a river of northern ,italy   
emptying into the  ,po1 a little below  
,mantua1 which is situated on an island 

in the middle  of a lagoon formed by the
 river4    ,p4 #bcb4--8;,bucolic10      
bu-clic2 8,eclogues10 klogs4            
8,dactylic hexameter10 dac-tylic        
hex-me-ter4 ,a verse of poetry          
consisting of six feet1 parts1 or       
measures 7hexameter means of six        
measures71 the first four of which may  
be dactyls1 that is feet of three       
syllables1 one long and two short2 or   
spondees1 feet of two syllables1  one   
long and one short3 the fifth must be a 
dactyl1 and the sixth a  spondee4       
8,theocritus10 the-kr-tus4 ,was born in 
,syracuse about #bej ,b4 ,c4 ,he is     
known as the creator of pastoral poetry4
 ,about thirty poems by him are  still  
extant1 and several epigrams4    ,p4    
#bcd4--8,sibyl10 sbyl4 ,a name given by 
the ,greeks and ,romans to several      
women who were supposed to have been    
able to foretell1 to avert trouble1  and
 to appease the gods4 ,some writers     
mention four ,sibyls1 others ten4  ,the 
most famous of all was this ,cuman      

,sibyl1 and to her the ,romans  traced  
the origin of the 8oracles40 ,it is     
fabled that she offered to sell  to one 
of the ,tarquins nine books1 but the    
king refused4 ,going away she  burnt    
three1 and then offered the six at the  
same price4 ,being refused  again she   
destroyed a second three1 and at her    
first price the king  finally took those
 remaining4 ,these were carefully       
preserved1 but burnt  in ,b4 ,c4 #hc4 ,a
 new compilation was made by consulting 
the various oracles  of the world4 ,the 
8,sibyline oracles0 mentioned here are  
in eight books1  and were collected     
after the second century2 they consist  
of a mixture of  heathen1 ,christian and
 ,jewish poems4    ,p4 #bce4--8,lucina10
 lu-cina4 ,the goddess who was supposed 
to preside over  the birth of children4 
8,tiphys10 tiphys4 ,the pilot of the    
8,argo40 ,he died before the ship       
reached ,colchis4 ,for the story of the 
8,argo0 see ,grecian history4    ,p4    
#bcf4--8;,fates10 or ,parc1 were        

mythological beings who cared for human 
life4    8,linus40 ,the personification 
of the dirge4    8,calliope40 ,the muse 
of epic poetry4 ,she usually appears    
with a stylus  and a wax tablet4    ,p4 
#bcg4--8;,hesiod10 hes-od4 ,greek epic  
poet2 #hjj ,b4 ,c4    8,iambic          
pentameter40 ,a verse of five feet      
7pentameter71 or ten syllables4  ,each  
foot is an iambus2 that is1 is composed 
of one short and one long  syllable4    
8,alexandrine10 lex-ndrne4 ,a verse     
composed of twelve syllables1  named    
from a ,french poem on ,alexander4      
,p4 #bch4--8;,ceres40 ,the ,demeter of  
the ,romans1 the goddess who presided   
over  grain and the harvest4            
8,fauns40 ,the rural divinities of the  
,romans4 ,they were supposed to have    
introduced the worship of the gods and  
agriculture4 ,they are represented  as  
possessed of horns1 and having the      
figure of a goat below the waist4       
8,courser's birth40 ,the reference is to
 the creation of the horse by  ,neptune4

 ,it is said that ,neptune and ,minerva 
7,athene7 contested for the  honor of   
naming ,attica4 ,the gods decided that  
it should be the one who  should give   
the most useful gift to man4 ,neptune   
struck the ground with  his trident and 
the horse appeared4 ,athene created the 
olive tree2 the  latter received the    
honor4    8,pallas40 ,a name frequently 
given to ,athene4    8,cypress40 ,the   
cypress was sacred to ,pluto1 the god of
 the lower world4    ,p4 #bci--8,thule40
 ,the land which in the time of         
,alexander the ,great was  believed to  
be the northernmost part of ,europe4    
8,fasces10 fssz4 ,an emblem of authority
 among the ,romans4 ,it was an ax  tied 
up in a bundle of rods4    8,balance40  
,the constellation ,libra1 or the       
,scales4 ,it lies in the ,zodiac        
between the ,virgin and the ,scorpion4  
8,elysium10 e-lz-um4 ,a dwelling place  
for the good after death4               
8,proserpine10 pro-serpine4 ,the        
daughter of ,ceres1 who was carried off 

by  ,pluto1 to ,hades4 ,her mother1     
discovering that ,jupiter had given     
consent  to the abduction1 withdrew from
 ,olympus1 and did not allow the earth  
to  bring forth fruit4 ,jupiter tried to
 dissuade her1 but failing1 sent for    
,proserpine4 ,she returned1 but as she  
had eaten in the lower world could  not 
remain all the time on earth1 but was   
obliged to spend one-third of  the year 
with ,pluto4    ,p4 #bed4--8olus10      
o-lus4 ,the god of the winds4           
8,sarpedon10 sar-pedon4 ,a son of       
,jupiter and a prince of ,lycia4 ,he was
 an  ally of the ,trojans in the ,trojan
 war1 but was slain by ,patroclus1 the  
friend of ,achilles4    8,simois40 ,one 
of the prominent rivers in the country  
of ,troy4    ,p4 #bee4--8,orontes10     
o-rontes4 ,a ,lycian leader and ally of 
the ,trojans2  8,aletes10 a-l-tes2      
8,abas10 abas2 8,achates10 a-chates4    
,p4 #beh4--8;,harpalyce10 har-paly-ce4  
,a ,thracian princess whose mother died 
in her infancy4 ,she was trained to     

outdoor exercise and sports1 and on  the
 death of her father she turned robber4 
,she lived in the woods and was  so     
fleet that not even horses could        
overtake her4    ,p4                    
#bfb4--8;,amaracus10 a-mara-cus4 ,the   
sweet marjoram or feverfew4    ,p4      
#bfc4--8;,acidalian40 ,venus was        
sometimes called ,acidalia1 from a well1
  ,acidalius1 in ,greece1 where she used
 to bathe with the ,graces4    ,p4      
#bfd4--8;,demodocus40 ,in ,ulysses's    
wanderings1 after the fall of ,troy1 he 
was thrown on the island of ,scheria1   
where the king of the people1 the       
,phacians1 honored him with feasts1 at  
which ,demodocus1 a minstrel1 sang  of  
the fall of ,troy4    ,p4               
#bff4--8;,danaan10 dana-an4 ,danaus1 the
 name from which this word is  derived1 
was a former king of ,argos4    ,p4     
#bgj4--8,thessander10 thes-sander4      
8,sthenelus10 sthene-lus4 ,the friend of
 ,diomede1 under whom he commanded  the 
,argives in the ,trojan war4            

8,acamas10 aca-mas4 ,a son of ,theseus4 
8,pelides10 pe-lides4 ,a name given to  
,achilles1 whose father's name  was     
,peleus4 ,the 8youthful heir0 here      
spoken of was ,neoptolemus1 son of      
,achilles4    8,machaon10 ma-chaon4 ,the
 surgeon of the ,greeks in the ,trojan  
war4 ,he was  the son of sculapius1 the 
god of the medical art4 ,machaon was a  
warrior  as well as a doctor1 and with  
his brother led thirty ships to ,troy4  
8,menelaus10 men-e-laus4 ,the king of   
,lacedmon1 and husband of ,helen4       
8,epeus10 e-peus4    ,p4 #bhh4--8;,dis40
 ,a contraction of ,dives1 a name given 
sometimes to ,pluto1  and hence to the  
lower world4    ,p4                     
#bhi4--8,phlegethon10 phlege-thon4 ,a   
river of liquid fire flowing  through   
,hades4    8,orcus40 ,another name for  
,hades1 or for ,pluto4    8,tartarus10  
tarta-rus4 ,like ,orcus and ,dis1       
,tartarus is sometimes used             
synonymously with ,hades4    8,acheron10
 acher-on4 ,the name of a river of the  

lower world1 flowing1  according to     
,virgil1 into the ,co-cytus4    ,p4     
#bij4--8;,charon10 charon4    8,treen40 
,an obsolete plural of tree4    ,p4     
#bia4--8,palinurus10 pa-li-nurus4 ,he   
had been the pilot of neas's ship1  but 
fell into the sea and was murdered on   
the coast of ,lucania1 by the  natives4 
8,cerberus10 cerbe-rus4 ,the dog that   
guarded the entrance to ,hades4    ,p4  
#bic4--8,marpesian10 mar-pesi-an4       
,derived from ,marpessa1 a mountain in  
,paros1 from which the ,parian marble   
was taken4    ,p4 #bid4--8;,hecate10    
heca-te4 ,an ancient divinity1 the only 
,titan which  ,jupiter allowed to retain
 power4 ,she was thought to rule in     
heaven1 earth  and hell2 this three-fold
 power led to her being sometimes       
represented  with three heads4          
8,gnosian10 gnosi-an4 ,from ,gnosus1 or 
,cnosus1 an ancient city of ,crete4     
,the adjective is used here as          
equivalent to ,cretan4                  
8,rhadamanthus10 rha-da-manthus4 ,the   

brother of ,king ,minos1 of ,crete4 ,his
  justice through life led to his being 
made a judge in the lower world4        
8,tisiphone10 ti-sipho-ne4 ,one of the  
,fates4    ,p4 #bie4--8;,hydra10 hydra4 
,a monster which formerly lived in a    
marsh in  the ,peloponnesus4 ,it had    
many heads1 one of which being cut off  
was  immediately succeeded by two new   
ones4 ,it was slain by ,hercules4       
8,aloeus10 a-loe-us4 ,the son of        
,neptune2 the sons here referred to were
  of enormous size and strength4 ,when  
but nine years of age they threatened   
the ,olympian gods with war4 ,apollo    
destroyed them before they reached      
manhood4 8,salmoneus10 sal-mone-us4     
8,levin10 lvin4 ,an obsolete word for   
lightning4    ,p4 #bif4--8,lapith40 ,a  
race living in ,thessaly4               
8,pirithous10 pi-ritho-us4 ,the ,king of
 the ,lapith4 ,he descended to the      
nether world in order to carry off      
,persephone1 but was seized by ,pluto   
and fastened to a rock with ,theseus1   

who had accompanied him4 ,theseus was   
afterward released by ,hercules1 but    
,pirithous remained4    8,ixion10       
ix-ion4 ,the father of the above4       
,having committed a murder on  earth for
 which he was never purified1 ,jupiter  
took pity on him1 purified  him1 and    
took him to heaven1 where he tried to   
win the love of ,juno4  ,for his        
ingratitude he was sent to ,hades1 and  
fastened to a perpetually  rolling      
wheel4    ,p4 #big4--8,teucer10 teucer4 
,the first king of ,troy4    8,ilus40   
,the grandfather of ,priam1 and the     
founder of ,ilion or ,troy4             
8,assaracus10 as-sara-cus4 ,the         
great-grandfather of neas4              
8,dardany10 or ,dardania1 was a region  
adjacent to ,ilium1 lying along the     
,hellespont4 ,it was named from         
,dardanus1 the son-in-law of ,teucer4   
,p4 #bih4--8;,eridanus10 e-rida-nus4 ,a 
river god4    8,musus10 mu-sus4 ,a      
mythological character1 the author of   
various  poetical compositions and of   

certain famous oracles4    ,p4          
#cjj4--8,procas40 ,one of the fabulous  
kings of ,alba ,longa4    8,numitor10   
numi-tor4 ,the grandfather of ,romulus  
and ,remus4    8,capys40 8,silvius40    
,mythical kings of ,alba ,longa4        
8,gabii10 gabi-i4 ,in early times a     
powerful ,latin city near ,rome4        
8,nomentum10 no-mentum4 ,a ,latin town1 
about fourteen miles from ,rome4        
8,collatia10 col-lati-a4 ,a ,sabine     
town4 8,cora40 ,an ancient town in      
,latium4 8,bola40 ,a town of the qui4   
8,inuus40 ,usually written ,inui        
,castrum4 ,a town on the coast of       
,latium4    ,p4 #cja4--8;,ind40 ,the    
country of the ,indus4    8,garamant10  
gara-mant4 ,the most southernly of the  
known people of ,africa4    8,alcides10 
al-cides4 ,a name given to ,hercules4   
8,erymanthus10 e-ry-manthus4 ,a lofty   
mountain of ,arcadia1 the haunt of  the 
boar which ,hercules killed4            
8,lerna40 ,a marsh and river not far    
from ,argos1 where ,hercules killed the 

,hydra4    ,p4 #cjb4--8;,decii10 deci-i4
 8,drusus10 drusus4 8,torquatus10       
tor-quatus4  ,famous ,roman leaders in  
the early days of the ,republic4        
8acides10 -aci-des4 ,a name given to the
 descendants of acus1 among  whom were  
,peleus1 ,achilles and ,pyrrhus4    ,p4 
#cjc4--8;,feretrian10 fer-retri-an4 ,a  
name given sometimes to ,jove4 ,it  is  
probably derived from the verb to       
strike1 as persons taking an oath       
called on ,jove to strike them if they  
swore falsely4          ,,notes ,,on    
,,required ,,readings ,,in 8,,the       
,,chautauquan40      ,,french ,,history4
    ,p4 #cgg1 c4 #a4--8,voltaire10      
vol-tr4 7#afid-aggh47 ,french author4   
8,rousseau10 ,jean ,jacques1 roos4      
7#agab-aggh47 ,french philosopher and   
writer4    8,montesquieu10 mnts-k4      
7#afhi-agee47 ,french jurist and        
philosopher4    8,d',alembert10 dlnbr4  
7#agag-aghc47 ,french mathematician4    
,p4 #cgg1 c4 #b4--8,maria ,theresa10    
ma-ra te-rees4 7#agag-aghj47 ,empress of

  ,germany and ,queen of ,hungary and   
,bohemia4    8,turgot10 trgo4           
7#agbg-agha47 ,at the time of his       
appointment to the  control of finance1 
,turgot had won a fine reputation by his
 papers on  political economy1 tolerance
 in governing1 and like subjects4 ,he at
 once  undertook to carry out his views1
 abolishing all taxes save those on     
land1 doing away with compulsory labor  
for the state1 the privileges of        
trading corporations and the like2 this 
made him very unpopular among the       
favored classes1 and ,louis was forced  
to dismiss him4    8,necker10 nker4     
7#agcb-ahjd47 ,necker's policy was to   
restore order and  confidence4 ,he      
restrained the prodigality of the court1
 cut down the  expenses of the          
government1 regulated taxes1 and laid   
the foundation  of the ,bank of ,france4
 ,after his final withdrawal from       
,france1 ,necker  lived in ,geneva1     
where he wrote several essays4 ,it is   
said that on the  accession of          

,bonaparte to power he attempted to     
obtain the position of  minister of     
finance1 but was rejected4    8,ushant10
 ushant4 ,the largest of the ,ouessant  
,isles1 off the coast of  the department
 of ,finisterre in ,france4             
8,d',estaings10 dstn4 7#agbi-agid47 ,he 
was brought up to military  service1 was
 twice taken prisoner by the ,english   
but released1 and in  #agfc was         
appointed lieutenant-general of the     
navy4 ,d',estaings was sent  to the     
,united ,states in #aggh1 where he      
planned attacks on ,new ,york and       
,newport1 but was unsuccessful in both4 
,after the campaign in the ,west        
,indies he coperated with the ,americans
 in an attack upon ,savannah1 but  was  
wounded4    8,granada10 8,st4 ,lucia10  
8,st4 ,vincent40 ,three islands of the  
,windward  group of the ,west ,indies4  
8,langara10 lg-r4 7#agcj-ahjj47    8,de 
,guichen10 deh-gshon4 7#agab-agij47 ,a  
,french naval officer1 made             
lieutenant-general in #aggi4 ,the next  

year after the victory here given he    
was defeated by the ,english4    8,de   
,grasse10 deh grs4 7#agbc-aghh47 ,count 
de ,grasse served in the  ,american war1
 and in #agha aided ,washington and     
,lafayette in the capture  of           
,cornwallis4    8,hood40 7#agbd-ahaf47  
,he entered the navy at sixteen4 ,in    
#aghj he was  made second in command in 
the ,west ,indies4 ,the year after his  
defeat he  defeated ,de ,grasse and was 
made a baron4 ,in #agic he commanded the
 ,english  in the ,mediterranean against
 the ,french1 and in #agif was made a   
viscount4    8,tobago10 to-bgo4 ,an     
island of the ,windward group of the    
,west ,indies4    ,p4 #cgh1 c4          
#a4--8,ville de ,paris40 ,the city of   
,paris4    8,crillon10 kreyon4          
7#agah-agif47 ,a lieutenant-general in  
the ,seven  ,years' ,war1 and afterward 
captain-general of ,spain4              
8,senegal10 sene-gawl4 ,a river of      
western ,africa4    8,calonne10 klon4   
7#agcd-ahjb47 ,calonne had been a law   

student and a  courtier1 when appointed 
to succeed ,necker4 ,after his dismissal
 he went  to ,london1 where he wrote    
many able political and financial       
tracts4    8,brienne10 bren4            
7#agbg-agid47 ,brienne was an archbishop
 and a member  of the academy when he   
succeeded ,calonne4    ,p4 #cgh1 c4     
#b4--8;,en ,masse40 ,in a body4         
8,desmoulins10 dmooln4 7#agfb-agid47 ,a 
schoolmate of ,robespierre1 and  a      
partisan of the ,revolution4 ,he was    
called the 8,attorney-,general of the   
lamp post10 for his share in street     
mobs4    8,launay10 lna4 ,he was        
massacred immediately after the capture 
of the  place4    8,cond10 knd          
7#agcf-ahah72 8,polignac10 polnyk2      
8,noailles10 nol2  8,seignioral10       
seenyur-al4 ,lordly1 kingly2 belonging  
to a seignior4    ,p4 #cgi1 c4          
#a4--8,siyes10 se-ys4 7#agdh-ahcf47 ,at 
the beginning of the  ,revolution ,siyes
 wrote a pamphlet which placed him at   
the head of the  publicists4 ,he was a  

member of the ,assembly1 of the         
,convention1 and in  #agii of the       
,directory4 ,when the new rgime began he
 was one of the three  consuls1 but soon
 after lost his influence1 which he     
never regained4    8,robespierre10      
robes-peer4 7#ageh-agid47 ,he was       
educated for the law1 and  practicing1  
when in #aghi he was sent to the        
,states-,general4 ,his radical          
democratic views gained him a prominent 
place4 ,he afterward was a member  of   
the ,assembly1 and in #agib was elected 
to the ,convention4 ,he became the      
leader of one party there1 and was      
instrumental in bringing on the ,reign  
of ,terror1 of which he was the         
acknowledged head4 ,his cruelty at last 
turned the people against him1 and he   
was guillotined in #agid4               
8,mirabeau10 mra-b4 7#agdi-agia47 ,he   
was descended from a family of high     
rank1 but was passionate and            
uncontrolled4 ,until #aghh his life was 
spent  in all sorts of employments and  

intrigues4 ,at that time he made up his 
mind to enter ,french politics1 and     
succeeded in getting himself elected  to
 the ,states-,general of #aghi4 ,in     
#agia he was elected president of the   
,national ,assembly1 but died soon      
after1 a victim to excess4              
8il-de-,buf10 eel-deh-bf4    ,p4 #cgi1  
c4 #b4--8;,chalons10 shln2 8,menehould10
 mnh4    8,bouill10 booy4 7#agci-ahjj47 
8,varennes10 vren4    8,rochambeau10    
roshnb4 7#agbe-ahjg47 ,a ,french        
marshal4 ,in early life  he fought in   
several minor campaigns4 ,in #aghj he   
was sent to the ,united  ,states with   
#f1jjj men1 and the next year fought at 
,yorktown4    8,dumouriez10 dmoore-4    
7#agci-ahbc47 ,after the battle of      
,jemappes1 the  convention being jealous
 of ,dumouriez's loyalty to the         
,bourbons1 summoned  him to their bar4  
,he refused to go1 and was obliged to   
spend the rest of  his life in exile4   
8,verdun10 vrdun2 8,longwy10 lngve4     
8,custine10 kstn4 7#agdj-agic47         

8,jemappes10 zhem-map4    ,p4 #chj1 c4  
#a4--8;,fdrs10 fdr2 8,abbaye10 -b2      
8,conciergerie10  koncerjare2 8,carmes10
 krm2 8,bictre10 bectr4 ,the names of   
famous  ,french prisons4    8,lamballe10
 lnbl4 7#agdi-agib47    8,sombreuil10   
snbrul4 ,the sister of an officer       
prominent in support of  the ,royalists4
    8,cazotte10 kzot4 ,jacques ,cazotte1
 her father1 was a ,french poet4    ,p4 
#chj1 c4 #b4--8;galit10 -gle-t4         
8,vergniaud10 veryne-4 7#agei-agic47    
,p4 #cha1 c4 #a4--8,marat10 mr4         
7#agdd-agic47 ,before the ,revolution   
,marat  had practiced medicine4 ,in     
#aghi he gained great popularity among  
the  ,revolutionists by his journal1    
,the ,friend of the ,people4 ,after his 
election in #agib to the ,convention and
 the formation of the triumvirate  with 
,danton and ,robespierre1 he wielded    
great power by his decisive  opinions4  
8,danton10 dnton4 7#agei-agid47 ,he was 
a lawyer by profession4 ,at the         
beginning of the ,revolution he became a

 popular leader and orator4 ,when  the  
supreme power fell into the hands of the
 triumvirate ,danton was  elected       
minister of justice1 thus having chief  
control of the city4  ,afterward he was 
elected to the ,convention1 where he    
became a prominent  leader1 but excited 
the jealousy of ,robespierre4 ,the      
latter triumphed in  the contest for the
 first rank1 and ,danton was            
guillotined4 ,lamartine  says of him3   
8,nothing was wanting to make ,danton a 
great man1 except  virtue40    ,p4 #cha1
 c4 #b4--8;,corday10 korda4             
7#agfh-agic47    ,p4 #chb1 c4           
#a4--8;,aboukir10 -boo-keer4            
8,tuileries10 t-eel-r4 ,a royal palace  
of ,paris4    8,d',enghien10 dn-gn4     
7#aggb-ahjd47 8,eylau10 lou2            
8,friedland10  frdland4                 
,,commercial ,,law4    ,p4 #chd1 c4     
#a4--8,misfeasance10 mis-fzans4 ,a wrong
 act4    ,p4 #chd1 c4 #b4 8,in          
transitu40 ,on the passage4             
,,readings ,,in ,,art4    ,p4 #chd1 c4  

#b4--8;,cimabue10 che-m-boo4            
7#abdj8-acjb87 ,called 8the father  of  
modern painting40    ,p4 #che1 c4       
#a4--8,navicella10 nv-i-cella4 ,the name
 of the mosaic1 meaning  the little     
ship4    8,assisi10 as-seesee4 ,a       
picturesque town of central ,italy1     
chiefly noted  as the birthplace of ,st4
 ,francis1 who founded the ,franciscan  
order of  monks4    8,podest10 po-des-t4
 ,in #abjg the chief executive power of 
,florence was  put into the hands of a  
single officer called the podesta2 hence
 the  reference is to the chief         
magistrate's palace4    8,chiaro-scuro10
 chi-ro-s-curo4 ,the effective          
distribution of lights  and shades in a 
picture4    8,guido di ,pietro10 gweedo 
de pe-atr4    8,fiesole10 fyeso-l4 ,a   
town of ,italy1 near ,florence4         
8,vicchio10 vekkee-o2 8,mugello10       
mu-gell4    ,p4 #che1 c4                
#b4--8,orvieto10 or-ve-to4 ,a town of   
central ,italy1 not far  from ,perugia4 
8,luca ,signorelli10 luca sn-yo-rellee4 

7#adci-aeba47 ,an ,italian painter1  a  
nephew of ,vasari4 ,his frescoes are his
 most noteworthy pieces4    8,scudi10   
skodee4 ,the plural of scudo1 an        
,italian coin used in ,italy and        
,sicily1 and worth about #if cents4     
8,santa ,maria delle ,grazie10 snt m-ree
 dell grtse-4    8,marco d',oggione10   
marco dd-gon4 7#adgj-aecj47 ,a pupil of 
,leonardo4 ,he  made two copies of 8,the
 ,last ,supper0--his most important     
works4    ,p4 #chf1 c4 #a4--8;,cloux10  
clou2 8,amboise10 almost nbwz4 ,a town  
on the  ,loire1 in western central      
,france4    8,vasari10 v-sree4          
7#aeab-aegd47 ,a pupil of               
,michaelangelo1 and a  successful       
painter4 ,his fame rests on his 8,lives 
of the most excellent  ,painters1       
,architects and ,sculptors10 one of the 
most valuable books ever  written on the
 subject4    8,trattato10 etc4 ,treatise
 on painting4    8,castel ,caprese40    
ks-tel k-pres2 8,arezzo10 -retso4       
8,ghirlandaio10 gr-ln-dyo4 7#adea-adie47

 ,a painter famous for his  invention4  
,his chief works1 8,the ,massacre of the
 ,infants0 and 8,the ,death  of ,st4    
,francis0 are still preserved in the    
,sistine chapel4    8,fuseli10 fseh-le4 
7#agdb-ahbe47 ,a celebrated historical  
painter4    8,monochrome10 mno-chrme4 ,a
 painting with a single color4    ,p4   
#chf1 c4 #b4--8,sandro ,botticelli10    
bot-te-chellee4 7#addj-aeae47 ,an       
eminent ,italian painter4 ,his frescoes 
in the chapel of the ,vatican are  his  
most powerful works4    8,cosimo        
,rosselli10 ro-sellee4 7#adci-aejf47    
8,perugino10 p-roo-jeen4 7#addf-aebd47  
,the master of ,raphael4 ,he  received  
his name1 8,the ,perugian10 from the    
work which he did at ,perugia1  where   
there still exist some of his best      
frescoes4    8,raffaello ,sanzio10 r-f-l
 snze-o2 8,pinturicchio10               
pn-too-rkke-o4 7#aded-aeac47    ,p4     
#chg1 c4 #a4--8;,francia10 frnch4       
7#adej-aecc87 ,a celebrated ,italian    
painter4    8,fra ,bartholommeo10       

barto-lo-m4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,for help in    
pronouncing the ,italian names which are
 so numerous in this  paper1 we give a  
set of simple rules for ,italian vowels 
and consonants4    ,a like a in father4 
,e like e in met1 more prolonged and    
open at the close of a syllable4    ,i  
like ee in feet4    ,o4 ,pronounce roll 
and stop on the middle of the word1 and 
it is  precisely the ,italian o4    ,u  
like oo in root4    ,c or g followed by 
a1 o or u1 as in ,english1 but followed 
by  e or i1 c has the sound of ch as in 
cherry1 and g is like g  in gem4    ,gn 
is like ni in poniard4    ,gl as in     
,english1 except before i1 when it has  
the sound of ll in  brilliant4    ,s at 
the beginning of a word has the hissing 
sound1 as between two  vowels1 or       
followed by b1 d1 r or v1 is pronounced 
like z4    ,sc1 followed by e or i1 like
 sh4    ,z like dz in words which have z
 in the ,english word2 like tz when     
preceded by l or r1 or followed by two  

vowels1 and in nouns ending in  zzo4    
,single consonants are generally soft2  
double consonants are pronounced in  one
 sound1 but stronger and more marked    
than when single4      ,,selections     
,,from ,,american ,,literature4    ,p4  
#cic1 c4 #b4--8;,en bloc40 ,in a lump4  
8,genre40 ,a style2 a peculiar kind or  
species4    8,du ,maurier10 d mre-a4 ,an
 ,english caricaturist who for over     
twenty  years has been connected with   
,punch4          ,,talk ,,about ,,books4
    ,most indefinite ideas exist among  
even very well informed people          
concerning the ,soudan and its tribes4  
,what is the ,soudan8 ,who people it8   
,what does ,england want of it8 ,such   
questions are worrying many heads1  and 
there has been a general search for     
information4 ,a very timely book  to    
those interested1 is 8,the ,wild ,tribes
 of the ,soudan40,b ,the author1  so    
late as ,december1 #ahha1 started on a  
trip of exploration and sport  through  
the ,bas country--a small part1 it is   

true1 of the ,soudan1 but the  people1  
customs and country serve as reliable   
examples4 ,the experiences  of this     
company of sportsmen with the people1   
their adventures and  dangers1 furnish  
us with much useful information about a 
people in whom  we are all just now     
interested4 ,the book is furnished with 
excellent maps4    ,the erudition       
embraced in ,dr4 ,winchell's digest,c of
 ,cosmical ,science  exhausts the       
contributions of the ,french1 ,german   
and ,english languages1  and is simply  
enormous4 ,as the author con amore has  
made this subject  the study of an      
average lifetime1 his personal          
contributions of  original thought      
constitute a large part of the book4 ,it
 is written in  a calm1 judicial spirit 
and incisive style1 and increases in    
strength  and interest to the close4    
,the universe of matter is the field of 
observation1 and starting with the      
principles which are worked out before  
our eyes on this planet1 the mechanism  

of the solar system is subjected  to    
analysis in regard to the order of its  
structure and final destiny4  ,he then  
passes into the stellar universe1 and   
finds evidence that the  same kinds of  
substances are there1 subject to the    
same laws1 and tending  to the same     
results4 ,the speculative reasoning of  
the volume of course  covers much space1
 but the trustworthy information        
obtained is all that  could be expected2
 in fact1 all that is known to science4 
,we know of no  other book which gives  
to the mind so clear a view of the      
incomparable  vastness of the universe1 
and the rationale of its existing as    
does  this4 ,the conclusion reached is1 
that the surface of our moon is made up 
mostly of the craters1 cinders1 and     
lava-beds of spent volcanoes4 ,all  the 
other planets1 the sun included1 are    
tending in the same direction  and      
destiny4 ,in the stellar world other    
systems of sun and planets have  reached
 this goal of desolation2 others are on 

the way1 and new systems1  originating  
in nebul1 are taking on form and order4 
,when a cycle is once  completed by a   
system its career is ended forever and  
ever4 ,on the whole1  this is one of the
 most instructive and fascinating       
volumes we have read  for a long time4  
8,oregon0,d is one of a series of       
volumes entitled 8,american             
,commonwealths10 edited by ,h4 ,e4      
,scudder4 ,the monograph was furnished  
by ,w4 ,barrows1 ,d4,d41 and is both    
well written and carefully edited4  ,the
 subject of the narrative and the       
sources from which the materials  were  
drawn may have somewhat affected the    
style of the writing1 which  is         
exuberant and picturesque4 ,suppository 
details are suggested with  a freedom   
that shows a desire to make the account 
impressive without  lessening its       
historical value4 ,the most valuable    
part is given to the  question of       
national right1 and the long struggle of
 ,england and ,america  for possession4 

,americans who found fault with the     
,ashburton-,webster  treaty as conceding
 too much1 while ,oregon was left out1  
should read this  book4    8,arius ,the 
,libyan0,e is a historical romance1 and 
one of the very best  of the class4 ,it 
deals vigorously with early             
ecclesiastical matters1 and  draws1 with
 consummate skill1 some well known      
prominent characters of the  third and  
fourth centuries4 ,its literary merits  
are of a high order1 and  whether we do 
or do not accept the doctrines as true1 
and the estimates  of the characters    
introduced as just1 all will confess the
 story is well  planned1 and told with  
great power4 ,constantine is sketched as
 a very  able1 far-seeing1 but intensely
 selfish and unscrupulous politician1 a 
man evilly ambitious1 and the lust of   
power his ruling passion4 ,he and  the  
bishops he influenced completely        
secularized the ,church1 left the       
common primitive ,christianity1 and     
established a politico-ecclesiastical   

institution intended to conserve the    
interests of the empire4 ,the book  is  
thoroughly self-consistent1 and all the 
characters1 good and bad1 are  well     
sustained4    ,there are few women in   
the country who do not know something of
 ,mary ,a4  ,livermore1 who directly or 
indirectly have not been influenced by  
her  earnest pleas for strong1          
self-reliant1 womanly living among      
women4 ,when  she began her lectures    
several years ago1 she was ahead of her 
time1 but  public sentiment has made    
rapid strides1 and is fast gaining pace 
with  her4 ,the need of physical        
culture1 of higher education1 of        
practical  training for women is        
acknowledged on every side1 and has     
never been more  clearly shown than by  
,mrs4 ,livermore in her lectures4 ,the  
hope that these  lectures might have a  
wider influence by publication has led  
to their  being put into book form1     
under the title of 8,what ,shall we ,do 
,with our  ,daughters80,f    8,mexico   

and the ,mexicans0,g is a very readable 
book2 not specially  fascinating in     
style1 but of substantial value4 ,it is 
modest in  pretentions1 as real worth   
usually is4 ,promising only a narrative 
of  personal observations and           
experiences1 the writer has managed to  
collect  from reliable sources much     
information concerning the country1 its 
people and institutions1 that will be of
 interest to ,american freemen  and     
philanthropists4 ,we like it as a       
clever1 matter-of-fact book1 whose      
author1 fitted for the work assumed1    
does not attempt fine writing1 or  the  
role of delineator4 ,not much attention 
is given to the religious  phase of     
society4 ,in a single paragraph of ten  
lines1 respectful mention  is made of   
the fact that the ,american ,board has a
 station at ,monterey1  and that the    
,baptists have some zealous missionaries
 in the same region4  ,in the capital1  
,roman ,catholic institutions alone     
seemed worthy of  notice4 ,a longer stay

 and closer observation would have      
discovered  ,protestantism established  
there also4    8,great ,events of       
,history0,h is a well written1 readable 
book from the  pen of ,w4 ,f4 ,collier1 
,,ll4,d4 ,it presents important facts   
succinctly1 yet  with sufficient        
fullness1 and so clearly that the memory
 can easily  retain them4 ,it presents  
the great events from the commencement  
of  the ,christian era to the present   
century in eight periods1 without       
confusion1 and so clearly as to give    
assured possession of the facts1  while 
much is done to lessen the labor of the 
learner1 and sweeten the  toil that to  
many is irksome4 ,the geographical      
appendix will prove very  useful1 as the
 kindred studies of history and         
geography are pursued with  best        
advantage when taken in connection4     
,b ,the ,wild ,tribes of the ,soudan4   
,an account of ,travel and ,sport1      
chiefly in the ,bas country4 ,by ,f4 ,l4
 ,james1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,new      

,york3  ,dodd1 ,mead  ,co4    ,c        
,world-,life1 or ,comparative ,geology4 
,by ,alexander ,winchell1 ,,ll4,d41 of  
the ,university of ,michigan4 ,s4 ,c4   
,gregg  ,co41 ,chicago4 #ahhc4    ,d    
,oregon1 the ,struggle for ,possession4 
,by ,william ,barrows4 ,boston3         
,houghton1 ,mifflin  ,co4 #ahhd4    ,e  
,arius1 ,the ,libyan4 ,an ,idyl of the  
,primitive ,church4 ,new ,york3 ,d4     
,appleton  ,co4 #ahhd4    ,f ,what      
,shall we ,do with our ,daughters8      
,superfluous ,women1 and other          
lectures4 ,by ,mary ,a4 ,livermore4     
,boston3 ,lee  ,shepard4 #ahhc4    ,g   
,mexico and the ,mexicans2 or ,notes of 
,travel in the ,winter and ,spring  of  
#ahhc4 ,by ,howard ,conkling4 ,with     
illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,taintor     
,brothers1 ,merrell  ,co4 #ahhc4    ,h  
,great ,events of ,history4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 
,collier1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,nelson  
,sons4           99       99       99   
99       99        ,illustration3       
,,royal ,,baking ,,powder               

,absolutely ,pure4        ,this powder  
never varies4 ,a marvel of purity1      
strength and      wholesomeness4 ,more  
economical than the ordinary kinds1 and 
can      not be sold in competition with
 the multitude of low test1 short       
weight1 alum or phosphate powders4 ,sold
 only in cans4 ,,royal      ,,baking    
,,powder ,,co41 #ajf ,wall ,street1 ,new
 ,york4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,transcriber's ,notes3   
,obvious punctuation errors repaired4   
,accents corrected and made  consistent4
    ,page #chg1 8,bartolommeo0 changed  
to 8,bartholommeo0 7,fra ,bartholommeo  
had  great influence7    ,page #cii1    
8earning0 changed to 8learning0 7pupils 
are learning7    ,page #dad1 8somthing0 
changed to 8something0 7combined with   
something else7    ,page #dag1 8,sybil0 
changed to 8,sibyl0 7and ,sibyl can do  
perfectly well7    ,page #dbd1 8,in0    
changed to 8,it0 7,it contains no less  
than five7    ,page #dbg1 8wel0 changed 
to 8well0 7a well-prepared plan7        

,page #dcj1 8governnent0 changed to     
8government0 7the prices of government  
bonds7    ,page #dca1 8socialogical0    
changed to 8sociological0 7the long list
 of  sociological essays7    ,page #dcb1
 8hired0 changed to 8had0 7had the rival
 candidate murdered7    ,page #dce1     
8prisoners0 changed to 8prisons0 7,the  
names of famous ,french  prisons7       
,page #dce1 8poinard0 changed to        
8poniard0 7like ni in poniard7    ,page 
#dcf1 8of0 added 7,the subject of the   
narrative7