,,extempore ,,spee* ,,h[ ,,to ,,acquire ,,& ,,practice ,,x4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,william ,,pitt5g]1 ,in/ructor 9 ! ,national ,s*ool ( ,elocution & ,oratory4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,national ,,s*ool ,,( ,,elocution ,,& ,,oratory1 #adaf & #adah ,*e/nut ,/reet4 #ahhc4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahhc1 by ! ,,national ,,s*ool ,,( ,,elocution ,,& ,,oratory1 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,h\se1 #cba ,*e/nut ,/reet1 ,,phil',a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ pages are ! result ( consid]able obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago ! writ] publi%$ a small volume entitl$ 8,oratory2 ,sacr$ & ,secul>10 9 :i* ! same g5]al views 7 set =?1 ?\gh m slightly & crudely express$4 ,9 ?is "w ! recogniz$ defects ( t e>li] ef=t are suppli$2 & x is believ$ t all p]sons :o h natural adaptation to public spee* w "h f9d all necess>y directions to guide !m by ! %orte/ & sure/ road to success4 ,x is n necess>y or ev5 exp$i5t t a book :i* tea*es ! mode ( eloqu5ce %\ld itself be eloqu5t4 ,we may wat*1 admire1 & describe ! flight ( an eagle :ile /&+ on ! firm gr\nd q z well z if fly+ 9 ! air beside him4 ,no ef=t1 !re=e1 has be5 made to imitate ^? gr& bur/s ( feel+ or l(ty flights ( imag9ation 9 :i* ! popul> orator may indulge2 b we h s\ght to give su* directions ab\t practical details z may be useful to ! highe/ g5ius1 :ile ! broad pa? t[>d t k9d ( excell5ce mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! speak]'s own faculties is cle>ly m>k$ out4 ,! writ] is firmly conv9c$ t m ?an n9e-t5?s ( ^? :o h any fair degree ( ability to speak 9 public w succe$ be/ 9 ! mode laid d[n 9 ! foll[+ pages2 t is1 by ?or\gh prep>ation & arrangem5t ( ?\ght1 comb9$ ) spontane\s selection ( words 9 ! mom5t ( disc\rse4 ,reasons w be giv5 = consid]+ ?is ! mo/ natural1 logical1 impassion$1 & effective mode ( disc\rse2 inde$1 ! sup]ior excell5ce ( extempore spee* is n[ g5]ally conc$$ & w require little argum5t2 b x is m important to enc\rage ! beg9n] by %[+ him j h[ to acquire & practice flu5t1 accurate1 & impressive (f-h& spee* 9 public1 ) z little emb>rassm5t or fe> z if e ^w 7 writt5 out & 9 pla9 sight4 ,?is is ! especial object ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations3 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,c ,eloqu5ce be ,taught8 #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,public ,spee*--,_! ,advantages & ,disadvantages #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,lessons f ! ,exp]i5ce ( ,em95t ,orators #ca ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,an ,embryo ,spee*1 ) ,models ( v ,simple ,plans #dd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,initial ,fe>1 & ,h[ to ,ov]come x #fj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,utility ( ,debat+ ,societies #fe ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,speak]3 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,un=tunates :o nev] c ,extemporize #gc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,?\ght & ,emotion #hg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,language #aja ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,imag9ation #aji ,,*apt] ,v4 ,voice & ,ge/ure #aad ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,confid5ce #abe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,peculi>ities belong+ to ! ,v>i\s ,fields ( ,oratory #ace ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,plan ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,! ,,spee*3 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,p5 & ! ,tongue #ade ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,subject & ,object #adh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,?\ght-ga!r+ #aei ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,con/ruct+ a ,plan #aff ,,*apt] ,v4 ,h[ ,%all ! ,writt5 ,plan be ,us$8 #agg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,fir/ ,mom5t ( ,spee* #ahg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,introduction #aif ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,progress ( ! ,spee* #bjg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,?ree ,plans ( ,great ,addresses #bag ,,*apt] ,x4 ,illu/rations1 ,pa?os1 ,humor #bdc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,orator's ,logic #bdh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,aft] ! ,spee* #bfb ,,"p ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,c ,,eloqu5ce ,,be ,,taught8 ,!re is a widespread op9ion t all /udy ( ! mode ( oratory is unmanly1 & leads to ! sub/itution ( artifice & adornm5t = simplicity & p[]4 8,let a man h some?+ important to say10 x is argu$1 8& he ne$ n wa/e 8 "t 9 try+ to f9d h[ to say x40 ,s g5]al is ?is s5tim5t1 t a m9i/]ial acqua9tance ( ! writ]'s 0 rec5tly v c>eful to conceal f 8 congregation ! fact t he 0 tak+ a s]ies ( lessons 9 elocution1 le/ 8 influ5ce %\ld be dim9i%$4 ,we may admit t ! popul> prejudice aga9/ ! /udy ( eloqu5ce is n )\t a mixture ( reason4 ,x is possible to fo/] a spuri\s k9d ( oratory1 :i* %all be f> inf]ior to ! rude/ g5u9e spee*4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is safe to ma9ta9 t e rational p[] man possesses c be /r5g!n$ by judici\s cultivation1 )\t 9 ! lea/ impair+ its quality4 ,!re is no trick 9 true oratory--no secret magic by :i* a weak-m9d$ man c become ! lead] ( o!rs /rong] & wis] ?an himself4 ,! great prizes ( eloqu5ce _c be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ignorant or slo?ful4 ,b s surely z a raw appr5tice c be trans=m$ into a skillful workman1 any p]son possess$ ( ord9>y faculties1 :o w pay ! price 9 labor1 c be made ma/] ( ! art ( ready & =cible public utt]ance4 ,! me?ods ( oratorical cultivation pres5t$ 9 ?is volume are n bas$ ^u m]e !ory4 ,!y h be5 te/$ 9 hundr$s ( in/ances1 & _! results are beyond "q4 ,a c>p5t] w ass]t ) p]fect assurance1 8,i gu>antee to take an ord9>y "y man1 :o w place himself 9 my h&s = a reasonable "t1 & turn him out a ?or\gh me*anic1 ma/] ( e "p ( 8 trade40 ,! effects ( tra9+ are z m>vel\s & z c]ta9 9 ! fields ( eloqu5ce4 ,b ?is tra9+ mu/ necess>ily comb9e practice ) !ory4 ,to /udy ab\t great orators & obs]ve _! works is n suffici5t4 ,"h aga91 we may take a lesson f ! mode 9 :i* an appr5tice is tra9$4 ,! ma/] ar*itect does n take 8 "y m5 to gaze ^u f9i%$ build+s1 & expect !m1 f m]e admiration & ar*itectural f]vor1 to con/ruct simil> works4 ,he w\ld soon f9d t n "o 9 a hundr$ _h ! 8me*anical g5ius0 = su* an easy triumph4 ,b he takes !m into ! %op1 :]e "w is 9 progress1 places be=e !m "s simple task1 & f t leads !m on1 /ep by /ep1 to m difficult a*ievem5ts4 ,!y le>n h[ to make ! sep>ate p>ts ( a h\se1 & aft]w>d h[ to fit ^? p>ts into a complete "w4 ,"u ?is rational mode ( in/ruction ! great majority ma/] ! :ole bus9ess plac$ be=e !m1 & ! failures are r>e exceptions4 ,if simil> success does n att5d oratorical /ud5ts1 ! explanation mu/ be s\ght1 n 9 ! nature ( oratory1 b 9 wrong me?ods ( tra9+4 ,m]ely read+ ,cic]o & ,demo/h5es1 ev5 9 _! orig9al tongues1 declaim+ *oice selections1 or li/5+ to great orators1 w n make any "o eloqu5t1 unless inde$ he possesses t r>e natural g5ius :i* rises above all rules & sweeps away e ob/acle4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are _m degrees ( eloqu5ce4 ,! popul> conception is some:at unju/ 9 refus+ recognition to ^? :o possess ?is p[] 9 only a fair degree4 ,x is n possible by any mode ( tra9+ to produce _m orators ( ! v highe/ type4 ,su* w ev] be r>e = ! same reason t !re are b few great poets1 g5]als1 or /atesm54 ,b prop] education 9 ! art ( spee* %\ld enable a man to give full1 free1 & adequate expression to :atev] ?\ghts & feel+s he may possess4 ,x may g fur!r1 & make him m fruitful 9 ?\ght1 & m int5se 9 feel+1 ?an he c\ld h be5 9 ! abs5ce ( su* education1 & he may ?us become fairly entitl$ to ! rew>ds ( eloqu5ce )\t1 h[ev]1 rea*+ ! level ( ! few great _w-orators4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a good degree ( practical1 work+ eloqu5ce1 :i* may be successfully taught to ! mass ( /ud5ts1 & ! v highe/ developm5t ( ! same faculty1 %\ld always be kept 9 m9d4 ,ev5 ! mightie/ g5ius may be regulat$1 /r5g!n$1 & direct$ by culture2 :ile mod]ate tal5ts may1 by simil> culture1 rea* a v s]viceable degree ( effici5cy & p[]4 ,:ile ^! consid]ations appe> almo/ self-evid5t1 !y are n unnecess>y4 ,on li/5+ to a true orator--"o :o1 )\t hesitation1 p\rs =? a /ream ( well-*os5 words1 & develops a difficult subject 9 a cle> & ma/]ly mann]--we are apt to receive an impression l t made by ! op]ation ( a law ( nature1 or an un]r+ animal in/9ct4 ,does ! orator acquire eloqu5ce z ! bee le>ns to con/ruct honey cells8 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a f\ndation = eloqu5ce 9 natural ability1 b ! analogy is f> m close ) ! human build]1 :o sees m5tally ! image ( ! h\se he wi%es to con/ruct1 fits ! v>i\s timb]s & o!r mat]ials into _! places1 & works intellig5tly until 8 conception is realiz$4 ,to ,jack ,cade & 8 fell[s ! my/]ies ( read+ & writ+ 8came by nature20 b exp]i5ce has %[n t ?is mu* ( nature c be develop$ 9 ! great majority ( ,am]ican *ildr54 ,9 ! mod]ate & reasonable mean+ ( ! t]m1 eloqu5ce c be made almo/ z g5]al z ! elem5ts ( a common-s*ool education4 ,! *ild t ma/]s ! art ( read+1 really makes a great] conque/ ov] difficulties1 ?an ! av]age well-educat$ y\? ne$s to add to ! /ores he already possesses1 9 ord] to atta9 a good degree ( oratorical p[]4 ,!re are1 inde$1 a few indisp5sable requisites :i* w be enum]at$ 9 ano!r *apt]2 b ! want ( ^! deb>s a small m9ority only1 & _! abs5ce is easily recogniz$4 ,= all o!rs ! pa? ( success lies op54 ,pati5t practice 9 ! use ( ! p5 z a s]vant b n z a ma/]1 ! /udy ( good models1 & ! labori\s ma/]y 9 detail ( ! sep>ate elem5ts ( oratory1 w n fail ( abundant fruit4 ,!re are two classes ( works ) :i* ?is treatise %\ld n be conf\nd$4 ,x aims to occupy an almo/ vacant place betwe5 manuals ( elocution on ! "o h&1 & works ( te*nical in/ruction 9 ! v>i\s oratorical pr(essions1 on ! o!r4 ,bo? ( ^! classes ( books are v useful1 & tea* indirectly _m ( ! elem5ts ( true eloqu5ce4 ,elocution deals ) voice & ge/ure1 :i* are prime elem5ts 9 oratory2 & al?\gh x is popul>ly suppos$ to be applicable only to read+ & recitation1 x is equally s]viceable 9 (f-h& spee*4 ,works ( ! second class give rules = prea*+1 debat+1 plead+ at ! b>1 tea*+1 & all o!r pr(essions :i* involve public spee*4 ,!y %[ h[ v>i\s k9ds ( disc\rses may be con/ruct$1 b h few practical directions ab\t ! mode ( deliv]y1 or t gr& & noble "w--! developm5t ( ! oratorical p[] itself4 ,?is book is writt5 f ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t :o wi%es to wield ! gold5 sceptre ( eloqu5ce & is will+ to put =? all reasonable ef=ts to t end4 ,x w aim to guide him into ! "r pa?2 %[ him :at helps are available1 & :at discipl9e is necess>y2 enc\rage him 9 ov]com+ difficulties1 & /imulate him to seek ! v highe/ excell5ce )9 ! compass ( 8 faculties4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,public ,,spee*--,,_! ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages4 8,:at %all ,i d80 exclaims ! "y /ud5t :o expects soon to face public audi5ces4 8,%all ,i write out :at ,i h to say1 poli% x z highly z possible1 & !n utt] ?is f9i%$ product8 ,or mu/ ,i take ! risk ( be+ able to say no?+ at all1 9 hope ( ga9+ ! ease & naturalness ( spontane\s spee*80 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! fir/ c\rse indicat$ above has _m advantages1 & seems 9 h>mony ) ! m>k$ t5d5cy ( civilization t[>d division ( labor4 ,x is h>d to p]=m sev]al diff]5t op]ations at ! same mom5t4 ,look h[ heavily ! extempore speak] is burd5$4 ,he mu/ ?9k ( 8 subject2 arrange 8 ideas1 s5t5ces1 & words2 rememb] quotations2 orig9ate prop] tones & ge/ures2 & keep 8 att5tion closely fix$ ^u 8 audi5ce4 ,all ?is he mu/ d ) ! utmo/ promptness & regul>ity1 or incur a fe>ful p5alty--t ( emb>rassm5t & failure4 ,few m5 h ! c\rage to /& long be=e an audi5ce1 wait+ = a miss+ ^w or idea4 ,to avoid ?is dang] ! m9d ( an extempore speak] mu/ be accu/om$ to "w ) ! rapidity & precision ( a pr9t+-press2 o!rwise1 ! appall+ dang] ( failure & ridicule w con/antly />e him 9 ! face4 ,x is n wond]ful t su* p]ils h made _m speak]s p]petual slaves ( ! p54 ,b x may be not$ t ! public read] has an equal numb] ( ?+s to d at ! same mom5t4 ,he mu/ look on ! manuscript & recognize ! words--a complicat$ process1 :i* practice has made easy1 b :i* does greatly di/ract att5tion4 ,! :ole disc\rse mu/ be br\ght into m9d z really z if extemporiz$ ) ! diff]5ce t n[1 in/ead ( aris+ f )91 x is br\ght back f )\t--a mu* m difficult a*ievem5t4 ,tones & ge/ures are also increas+ly difficult4 ,! read] w usually wi% to give "s att5tion to ! audi5ce1 :i*1 ) manuscript be=e him1 w be f> f easy4 ,aft] he has done 8 be/ 8 he>]s w ?9k1 8,?is man is read+1 n speak+--giv+ u :at he ?\ght ye/]day or la/ week1 n :at he is ?9k+ n[40 ,possibly ?is w n dim9i% _! pleasure1 b ! s5tim5t ne$s to be recogniz$4 ,! res\rce ( memoriz+ ! disc\rse aft] x has be5 prep>$ relieves ! eye & less5s ! physical di/raction1 b x ?r[s an additional & v heavy burd5 ^u ! m9d1 & introduces new emb>rassm5ts peculi> to itself4 ,! advice en=c$ 9 ^! pages w be3 8,extemporize2 take ! risk2 fail1 if necess>y0 ?\gh precautions w be giv5 mak+ failure well nigh impossible2 8b 9 all cases :5 y speak to ! p ) ! object ( conv9c+ or p]suad+1 let x be se5 t y speak directly ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( t v mom5t40 ,! two extremes ( v]bal communication betwe5 m5 are lett]s1 books1 or essays1 on ! "o side1 & desultory talk on ! o!r4 ,9 ! "o1 ! p5 is ev]y?+2 9 ! o!r1 x is n employ$ at all4 ,nei!r mode ( address con/itutes oratory1 b ! :ole field ( ?is art lies betwe5 !m4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal me?ods ( disc\rse di/+ui%$ 9 ref]5ce to ! mode ( deliv]y1 :i* we may "n z foll[s3 #a4 ,read+4 #b4 ,recitation4 #c4 ,extemporiz+4 #d4 ,! composite me?od4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ two h ! great advantage ( all[+ ! speak] z mu* "t z may be necess>y = ! arrangem5t ( ! spee* d[n to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,words may be select$ ) ! nice/ c>e1 & if ! fir/ ef=t is n satisfactory ! spee* may be writt5 aga9 & aga91 until ! writ]'s full p[] has be5 utiliz$4 ,aft] deliv]y1 ! manuscript is at once available = publication or pres]vation4 ,! fir/ me?od gives ! orator some?+ to lean ^u4 ,%\ld he become emb>rass$1 he c fix 8 att5tion closely ^u 8 writ+ until he recov]s4 ,%\ld 8 att5tion be di/ract$1 & ! ?read ( disc\rse be brok51 x c be tak5 up aga9 at any po9t4 ,9 recitation m declamatory f]vor is possible ?an 9 read+4 ,ge/iculation is less re/ra9$4 ,! speak] ne$ n be conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( a circle1 ! c5tre ( :i* is 8 manuscript1 & ! radius ! di/ance at :i* he c read x4 ,z an (fset1 !re is ! ef=t1 9 "s cases v consid]able1 ( memoriz+2 ! v>iable p[] ( memory 9 diff]5t /ates ( heal?2 & ! possibility ( altoge!r =gett+ ! prep>$ words4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t few m5 c declaim well4 ,"s h ma/]$ ! difficult art1 & h won laurels 9 ?is way2 b _! numb]1 especially 9 ! mod]n _w1 is comp>atively small4 ,extemporiz+ does n exclude ! mo/ exhau/ive /udy ( a subject4 ,x is easi]1 inde$1 to write ^u a subject only p>tially und]/ood1 ?an to address an audi5ce directly ^u ! same topic4 ,nei!r does ?is me?od exclude ! mo/ c>eful pre-arrangem5t ( ! ?\ghts enunciat$4 ,! tra9$ speak] w f9d x comp>atively easy to make a plan at a mom5t's notice :i* w s]ve z a basis = disc\rse2 b he w usually be provid$ ) a plan long be=e he beg9s to speak4 ,he w aim to und]/& 8 subject1 make ! be/ arrangem5t ( x 9 8 p[]1 select :at is mo/ fitt+ = 8 purpose1 & !n1 face to face ) 8 audi5ce1 w give !m1 9 a manly way1 ! outfl[+ ( 8 m9d & he>t4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se alone t ! ^w 8extempore0 w be us$ 9 ?is volume4 ,we ma9ta9 t1 s f> f be+ ! refuge ( ignorance & slo?1 extempore spee* is (t5 ! vehicle ( ! wide/ culture & ! mo/ ext5sive k4 ,! increas$ att5tion paid to extempore spee* )9 a few ye>s indicates a hopeful improvem5t ( ta/e among pr(essional m54 ,! majority ( ! p h always pref]r$ x4 ,!y d n greatly desire ( pulpit1 plat=m1 or b>1 ! v]bal elaboration favor$ by writt5 spee*2 b f]v5t mann]1 e>ne/ conviction1 & directness are highly priz$4 ,read]s & recit]s imitate1 z f> z !y c1 ! mann] ( spontane\s spee*4 ,x is well to rememb] t ?is tribute ( imitation is nev] paid by ! sup]ior to ! inf]ior4 ,"o argum5t 9 favor ( extempore deliv]y has nev] receiv$ due consid]ation3 x is f> m heal?ful ?an o!r =ms ( address4 ,9 ! case ( m5 :o speak only at long int]vals1 ?is consid]ation may n be weighty2 b to o!rs1 x involves ye>s ( add$ usefulness1 or ev5 life itself4 ,?is sup]ior heal?fulness has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 b :at is its s\rce8 ,! answ] w g f> to %[ :y true extempore spee* is m p]suasive & emotional ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a law ( aff9ity has long be5 recogniz$1 accord+ to :i* sub/ances j set free f comb9ation h great] en]gy1 & are m ready to =m new comb9ations1 ?an ev] aft]w>d4 ,9 ! same way1 voice & ge/ure readily respond to nasc5t emotion2 t is1 to emotion ar\s$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,e speak] :o utt]s ! ?\ght ( ! mom5t1 if n fett]$ by bad habits1 or p>alyz$ by fe>1 w exhibit a p]petual *ange ( position1 a v>iety ( muscul> movem5t1 & a play ( expression :i* he c nev] aft]w>d reproduce4 ,! pit*1 rate1 & =ce ( ! voice are controll$ 9 ! same effective & almo/ automatic mann]4 ,an ord9>y extemporiz]1 :5 ?or\ghly ar\s$1 w employ z great a v>iety ( tones & ge/ures z a highly tra9$ elocutioni/ 9 8 mo/ elaborate recitations4 ,no?+ is ass]t$ z to ! skill ( ! comb9ations1 ! melody ( ! voice1 or ! grace ( ! action2 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! ! advantage is n always on ! side ( ! elocutioni/4 ,b 9 di/ribut+ ! ef=t among all ! organs1 & 9 giv+ t alt]nate re/ & action ^u :i* heal? & /r5g? dep5d1 ! elocutioni/ may /rive 9 va9 to equal ! model set him by a good extempore spee*4 ,9 ,we/]n & seaside camp-meet+s1 speak]s :o h nev] sp5t an h\r 9 vocal drill w (t5 address ?\s&s ( p 9 ! op5 air ) an en]gy ( voice & mann] t w\ld1 if employ$ ov] a manuscript by any o!r ?an ! mo/ accompli%$ elocutioni/1 spe$ily br+ all ef=ts & ! speak] himself to an end4 ,b he easily endures ! /ra9 because !re is t cont9ual *ange :i* is ! equival5t ( re/4 ,notice "s ?or\ghly excit$ speak]1 tra9$ only 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce--possibly a m]e demagogue or popul> agitator--at 8 "w4 ,a ^w %ot =? almo/ z pi]c+ z a /eam :i/le is foll[$ by a s5t5ce f> d[n ! scale1 & :5 emotion dem&s ! same high key aga91 ! organs 9 t position are fre% = a new e>-pi]c+ ef=t4 ,!re is equal v>iation 9 ! rate ( spee*4 ,! :ole body jo9s 9 ! expression ( emotion1 )\t ! slighte/ consci\s ef=t1 impell$ only by ! ar\s$ n]v\s en]gy :i* seeks t mode ( dis*>ge4 ,:5 ! ef=t ends1 ! man is we>y1 inde$2 b ) a we>9ess di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole body1 & )\t a trace ( t exhau/ion ( bra91 ?roat1 or ! upp] "p ( ! lungs1 :i* has s5t _m manuscript speak]s--cl]gym51 especially--to untimely graves4 ,:at a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! prea*] :o languidly reads 8 manuscript = tw5ty-five m9utes to a hundr$ p1 & closes ! mighty ef=t ) a*+ head1 quiv]+ n]ves1 & exhau/$ ?roat1 & ! typical camp-meet+ orator6 ,! latt] works h>d1 address+ ?\s&s ( p = an h\r & a half or two h\rs2 b z ! /amp+ foot1 ! t5se arm1 ! nodd+ head1 ! fully exp&$ lungs1 & ! sway+ body h all tak5 "p1 ! blood & n]v\s en]gy h be5 s5t 9 due proportion to e organ1 & !re is no want ( balance4 ,! man c repeat ! same p]=mances ! next day1 & cont9ue x1 z _m it9]ants h done1 = mon?s toge!r4 ,simil> examples ( endurance h (t5 be5 giv5 9 heat$ political canvasses by orators ( ! v highe/ em95ce1 z well z by o!rs unkn[n to fame4 ,diff]5ce ( cultivation or ( e>ne/ness w n suffice to expla9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! two classes ( speak]s4 ,! *emical analogy is in/ructive1 & goes f> to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ diff]5ces4 ,:5 ?\ght passes out ( ! mi/ & %ad[ ( g5]al conceptions into ! def9ite =m ( words1 x has immeasurably great] p[] to ar\se & agitate ! m9d 9 :i* ?is trans=mation is made1 ?an x c h :5 ! same words are m]ely recall$ 9 memory or read f a %eet ( pap]4 ,:5 ! :ole process ( expression takes place at once3--! m5tal glance ov] ! subject2 ! co9age ( ?\ghts into words & s5t5ces2 ! utt]ance ( ! words z !y rise to ! lips2 ! selection ( key1 inflection1 emphasis1 ge/ure3--! man mu/ h a v cold nature1 or 8 !me be v dull1 if1 ) a sympa?iz+ audi5ce be=e him1 ! tides ( emotion d n beg9 to swell4 ,b notice h[ o!r modes ( deliv]y squ&] ?is weal? ( emotion4 ,! writ] c>efully elaborates 8 language4 ,he is p]fectly calm1 or if !re is any excitem5t1 x is purely intellectual1 & ! quick5$ fl[ ( blood is direct$ only to ! bra94 ,:5 ! ardor ( composition subsides1 & he reviews 8 pages1 ! fire seems to h di$ out ( !m4 ,:ile memoriz+1 or mak+ himself famili> en\gh ) :at he has writt5 to read x ) effect1 he may recall "s ( ! fir/ ardor1 b only to h x aga9 subside4 ,:5 at la/ he /&s up to speak1 8 production is a ?rice-told tale4 ,9 b few cases w he feel ! full inspiration ( 8 message4 ,if he recites1 ! ef=t ( memory di/racts 8 att5tion1 & he is probably read+ f a page ( manuscript pres5t$ by 8 m5tal vision4 ,if he reads directly1 he mu/ take a position to see 8 pap]1 & at lea/ "p ( ! "t keep 8 eye fix$ ^u x4 ,! address is felt to come1 not)/&+ all ! artifice he c employ1 at lea/ z mu* f ! pap] z f ! man4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd culture 9 read+ & declamation only suffices to br+ back "p ( ! emotion ) :i* ! g5u9e extemporiz] />ts4 ,z be>+ ^u ! subject ( ! heal?fulness ( extempore spee*1 a ref]5ce to ! writ]'s own exp]i5ce may n be improp]4 ,sev]e & exceptional h>d%ip 9 ! civil w> l$ to a complete breakd[n 9 heal?4 ,! hope ( any k9d ( active "w1 or ev5 ( _m mon?s ( life1 seem$ v slight4 ,! "q 0 n s mu* h[ to speak be/1 z h[ to speak at all4 ,=tunately1 a long s]ies ( daily lectures1 involv+ no great intellectual ef=t1 prov$ t m]e talk+ 0 n necess>ily hurtful4 ,"s elocution>y h9ts at ! "r "t 7 also ( great value4 ,:5 ! pulpit 0 ent]$1 great] difficulty arose4 ,a few trials ( memoriz$ prea*+ produc$ al>m+ n]v\s exhau/ion4 ,read+ 0 equally delet]i\s to ?roat & voice4 ,"o pa? alone seem$ op52 & ent]+ ^u t ) confid5ce1 :i* eighte5 ye>s ( exp]i5ce has only deep5$1 ! writ] f\nd t extempore spee* 01 = him1 probably ! mo/ heal?ful ( all =ms ( ex]cise4 ,x is n likely t "o-?ird ( ?is t]m ( "w w\ld h be5 secur$ by any o!r k9d ( address4 ,ano!r important advantage is ! sav+ ( "t af=d$ by ?is mode ( spee*4 ,! h\rs o!rwise wa/$ 9 ^w-elaboration may be m usefully employ$ 9 g5]al /udies4 ,! field = an orator's improvem5t is b\ndless2 b if oblig$ to fully write a l>ge numb] ( disc\rses1 he mu/ ei!r "w v rapidly or v p]sev]+ly to ent] f> into t field4 ,b if less prep>ation is giv5 to individual spee*es1 m "t w be available = ! improvem5t ( ! speak]4 ,or if he uses ! same l5g? ( prep>ation = ea* disc\rse 9 ! extempore mode1 he c collect & classify a f> great] am\nt ( mat]ial1 & ! m5tal elem5t w ?us ga9 f> m ?an ! m]ely v]bal loses4 ,only ! f\r? or composite me?od ( disc\rse rema9s = our consid]ation4 ,at fir/ glance1 x seems to comb9e ! advantages ( all o!r me?ods1 & = _m m9ds x possesses great attraction4 ,9 x ! less important p>ts ( ! spee* are giv5 (f-h&1 :ile passages ( especial brilliancy or p[] are writt5 fully1 & ei!r read or recit$4 ,add$ v>iety may be giv5 by read+ "s ( ^!1 & declaim+ o!rs f memory4 ,a v brilliant & %[y disc\rse may ?us be con/ruct$4 ,b ! difficulties are also v great4 ,full success requires a r>e comb9ation ( desirable qualities4 ,a good v]bal memory1 ! p[] ( compos+ effective fragm5ts1 & ( declaim+ or read+ !m well1 are n (t5 jo9$ to all ! qualities t make a ready & impressive extemporiz]4 ,= ?is reason x usually foll[s t 9 composite disc\rses "o ( ! elem5ts s greatly pr$om9ates z to dw>f ! o!rs4 ,a manuscript disc\rse 9 :i* an extempore rem>k or two is int]polat$ mu/ be class$ ) writt5 disc\rses4 ,nei!r does extemporiz+ lose its special "*1 ?\gh "s scatt]$ quotations be read or repeat$ f memory4 ,to pick up a book1 9 ! mid/ ( a spee*1 & read a !me or argum5t1 or ! /atem5t ( ano!r's position1 does n make ! disc\rse composite 9 "*1 unless su* read+ be ! pr9cipal "p ( x4 ,an eloqu5t speak] on "o occasion occupi$ m ?an half 8 "t1 & produc$ f> m ?an half 8 effect1 by recit+ poems ( ! au?or :o 0 ! nom9al subject ( 8 lecture4 ,! p]=mance w\ld h be5 m appropriately /yl$1 8,recitations f ! poems ( ----40 ,! few runn+ comm5ts introduc$ did n entitle x to be class$ z an orig9al production1 because !y 7 obvi\sly n its gov]n+ motive4 ,h[ %all ! advantages ( extemporiz+ be secur$1 :ile avoid+ its dang]s8 ,no comm5dation c be giv5 to ^? :o simply talk to an audi5ce1 giv+ =? only :at may happ5 to be 9 m9d at ! mom5t ( deliv]y4 ,! mo/ p$antic writ+ & lifeless read+ w\ld1 z a habit1 be pref]able to su* recklessness4 ,unwritt5 spee* does n preclude ! fulle/ prep>ation4 ,! plans advocat$ 9 ?is volume w enable a speak] to ga!r mat]ials z widely1 arrange !m z sy/ematically1 & hold !m z firmly 9 h&1 z if e ^w 0 writt52 :ile at ! same "t he may h all ! fre$om & play ( ?\ght1 ! ru% ( passion1 & ! en]gy ( deliv]y t comes 9 ! happie/ mom5t ( outgu%+ words4 ,b ^? :o are unwill+ to labor may z well lay d[n ! book4 ,we d n pr(ess to tea* a process ( labor-sav+1 ?\gh mu* labor w be *ang$ f me*anical to intellectual1 & aft] long exp]i5ce ! total sav+ may be great4 ,b 9 ! fir/ /ages ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to write 9 full w f9d t ! *ange involves an increase1 r ?an a dim9ution1 ( "w4 ,on all ord9>y occasions a good spee* mu/ result f a previ\s +a!r+ ( mat]ials--! =mation ( a m5tal treasury 9 connection ) a special subject4 ,! speak] works = days or weeks 9 collect+ f all s\rces & arrang+ 9 ! happie/ mann] t :i* 8 he>]s are to receive 9 an h\r ) no o!r labor ?an t ( li/5+4 ,! great advantage ( writ+ is suppos$ to lie 9 ?is prep>ation4 ,to-day an orator may write ev]y?+ he kn[s ab\t a subject2 to-morr[1 by means ( read+1 conv]sation1 or fur!r ?\ght1 he may h m ideas to record2 & he may ?us cont9ue to wid5 & record 8 k1 until 8 "t1 or ! subject itself1 is exhau/$4 ,!n he may revise1 select :at is mo/ appropriate1 ref9e & poli% 8 language1 & f9ally come be=e an audi5ce confid5t t he holds 9 8 h& ! v be/ t he c give !m4 ,b1 alas6 x is an essay1 or treatise1 r ?an a spee*6 ,s f> z 8 mat]ials are suitable = a spee*1 !y c be ga!r$ & us$ z readily 9 an extempore disc\rse4 ,! use ( ! p5 z an in/rum5t ( accumulation & record is n to be despis$4 ,b 9 its f9al =m1 n a l9e ( ! mo/ massive & complicat$ spee* t ! m9d ( man c produce ne$ be writt54 ,enri*$ by g>n]$ ?\ghts--kn[+ :]e to beg9 & :]e to close--see+ a cle> outl9e ( ! :ole subject 9 m5tal vision--! tra9$ speak] may possess e faculty1 & use e res\rce ( spee*1 9 z s]5e confid5ce z if e ^w 0 fix$ 9 memory or on manuscript4 ,^? :o h only "o spee* to deliv]1 & t = %[ r ?an s]vice1 w h>dly cr$it ^! ass]tions4 ,graduat+ orations w probably always be recit$ f memory4 ,9 su* cases ! matt] is ( little value1 :ile ! =m is ev]y?+4 ,s well is ?is relation ( fitness und]/ood1 t 9 s]i\s address x is a sev]e condemnation to say1 8,he declaims j l a s*ool-boy10 or 8,t is sophomoric40 ,! l9e ( appropriat5ess may be sugge/$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! sole aim is to in=m or please1 or :5 an address is submitt$ = criticism1 ^? :o h ! ne$$ ability may v well read or recite4 ,b :5 conviction or p]suasion is s\ght1 :5 public op9ion or conduct is to be influ5c$1 ! indescribable b mo/ pot5t *>m ( s9c]e1 e>ne/1 spontane\s words w ev] prove mo/ effective4 ,no lead] ( a great1 popul> movem5t ev] tru/$ to manuscript appeals1 & b two or ?ree ( su* lead]s memoriz$ _! orations4 ,^! me?ods may well be res]v$ = ! oratory ( ornam5t & %[4 ,may a ^w ( advice be haz>d$ to ^? :o1 9 spite ( all ^! consid]ations1 pref] to rely ^u manuscript or memory8 ,be hone/ ab\t x6 ,^? modes ( deliv]y h advantages :5 _! res\rces are fully ma/]$4 ,d n seek cr$it = :at y d n possess1 b /& firmly on y\r own gr\nd & make ! mo/ ( x4 ,if y recite1 memorize p]fectly & employ ! mo/ effective elocution>y devices4 ,d n hesitate to /udy ! mann] ( good actors1 = y\r recitations & !irs mu/ h mu* 9 common4 ,if y read1 put ! pap]1 n :]e x w be be/ hidd51 b :]e x w d y ! mo/ good1 & read z well z y c4 ,?or\ghly good read+ is f> m int]e/+ & attractive ?an read+ :i* is a bad imitation--!re are no good imitations--( spontane\s spee*4 ,d n m>k 9 y\r manuscript 8,"h become pa!tic20 or at ano!r place1 8,"h %[ surprise & indignation40 ,read+ is ess5tially quiet 9 its "*1 appeal+ to intellect & g5tle feel+ r ?an /ormy passion4 ,y w ?us realize all ! success t is possible = y 9 ! me?od y h *os51 & escape su* well-gr\nd$ s>casm z t ( ,sydney ,smi?1 :o ?us describes a /yle ( prea*+ common 9 8 day3 8,disc\rses h ins5sibly dw9dl$ f speak+ to read+1 a practice :i* is ( itself suffici5t to /ifle e g]m ( eloqu5ce4 ,x is only by ! fre% feel+s ( ! he>t t mank9d c be v p[]fully affect$4 ,:at c be m ludicr\s ?an an orator deliv]+ /ale indignation1 & f]vor a week old2 turn+ ov] :ole pages ( viol5t passions1 writt5 out 9 goodly text2 read+ ! tropes & apo/rophes into :i* he is hurri$ by ! ardor ( 8 m9d2 & s affect$ at a preconc]t$ l9e & page t he is unable to proce$ any fur!r80 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,lessons ,,f ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,em95t ,,orators4 ,al?\gh unwritt5 spee* is popul> & has innum]able argum5ts 9 its favor1 _m p]sons yet ma9ta9 t eloqu5ce ( ! highe/ "* _c be rea*$ )\t tru/+ to ! memory & ! p54 ,9 va9 we urge t x is m natural to f9d words at ! mom5t ( utt]ance2 t a bett] framework may be con/ruct$ by conf9+ prep>ation to x alone2 t ! he>] & speak] may ?us be br\ght into m p]fect accord2 t ?is1 9 %ort1 is ! me?od ( nature1 :i* p]mits ! solid "p ( ! tree to /& ?r\gh _m w9t]s1 :ile its graceful robe ( foliage is fre%ly be/[$ e spr+4 ,) ! emphasis ( an axiom1 oppon5ts decl>e t ! words ( a great orator mu/ be previ\sly *os51 fitt$1 & poli%$4 ,a spee*-writ] is apt to h "o argum5t drawn f 8 own exp]i5ce :i* outweighs all argum5t4 ,8 own mo/ satisfactory ef=ts are ^? 9 :i* no?+ is left to ! *ance ( ! mom5t4 ,b ev5 exp]i5ce sometimes misleads4 ,we may be bad judges ( our own p]=mances4 ,:5 extemporiz+1 ! be/ utt]ances are (t5 imm$iately =gott5 by ! speak]1 ^: m9d is cr[d$ ) o!r 8?ick-com+ fancies40 ,b 9 writ+ we may l+] lov+ly ov] ea* s5t5ce1 & return to enjoy x z (t5 z we wi%4 ,if any?+ is imp]fect1 we c correct & improve d[n to ! mom5t ( spee*4 ,& :ile 9 ! act ( read+ or recit+ we are 9 a mu* bett] position to admire our own "w1 ?an :5 c>ri$ away by su* an impassion$ torr5t z to sc>cely "k :e!r we h be5 us+ words at all4 ,if our auditors decl>e _! pref]5ce = ! latt]1 we c f9d a ready explanation 9 _! want ( ta/e & culture4 ,x is n d5i$ t great effects may be produc$ by memoriz$ words4 ,! popul>ity ( ! /age is suffici5t pro( ( _! p[]4 ,actors (t5 cause uncontrollable te>s to fl[4 ,if a man c write p[]fully1 & !n recite well1 he may greatly move an audi5ce4 ,massillon1 ,bossuet1 & our own ,john ,b4 ,g\gh1 h ea* a*iev$ great popul> success 9 t mann]4 ,b :ile su* m5 w be li/5$ to ) eag]ness & pleasure1 !y w be reg>d$ z great p]=m]s r ?an z au?orities & guides4 ,!y h plac$ !mselves on a level ) ^? :o deal 9 unreal ?+s1 & mu/ be cont5t$ to rema9 !re4 ,d\btless1 x is m noble to speak 9 ! words t 7 once appropriate to our feel+s & s5tim5ts1 ?an to deal only 9 ! words ( o!rs2 b ! resemblance betwe5 quot+ our own previ\sly prep>$ language & ! language ( o!r p]sons is felt m ke5ly by ! p ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two processes4 ,b ev5 9 mom5t>y effect1 declaim]s ( memoriz$ words h be5 surpass$ by extemporiz]s1 z num]\s examples demon/rate2 :ile 9 p[] ( ?\ght & la/+ influ5ce ! sup]iority ( ! latt] is s great z to make comp>ison almo/ impossible4 ,! great examples ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o are (t5 quot$ to prove t eloqu5ce ( ! highe/ type mu/ be writt54 ,( ^! m5 x may be said t ,demo/h5es _h an assemblage ( great qualities t1 back$ by 8 tireless indu/ry1 w\ld h made any me?od ! road to brilliant success4 ,b he did n always recite1 & he w\ld n h dream$ ( us+ manuscript4 ,cic]o 0 at lea/ z great 9 lit]ature z 9 oratory1 & 8 spee*es are n[ read z lit]>y models4 ,"s ( !m 7 nev] spok5 at all4 ,x may be all[$ t he ord9>ily recit$ previ\s prep>ations1 b "s ( 8 mo/ brilliant passages 7 purely extemporane\s4 ,! outbur/ t ov]:elm$ ,catil9e ^u ! unexpect$ appe>ance ( ! latt] 9 ! ,roman ,s5ate 0 co9$ at :ite heat f ! passion ( ! mom5t4 ,hort5sius1 ! great rival ( ,cic]o--p]haps 8 sup]ior z an advocate--spoke 9 spontane\s words1 z did _m ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,roman orators1 ^: fame n[ is less brilliant ?an ,cic]o's1 ma9ly because no effective means !n exi/$ ( pres]v+ extempore spee*4 ,z an (fset to ! example ( ,demo/h5es1 ! great "n ( ,p]icles may be fairly adduc$4 ,he did n write 8 addresses1 & direct comp>ison is !re=e impossible2 b 8 spee* e/abli%$ a sway ov] ! cultivat$ democracy ( ,a!ns 9 ! day ( _! highe/ glory m indisputable ?an ,demo/h5es ev] atta9$4 ,! case 9 reg>d to ! anci5t _w may be ?us summ$ up3 ,manuscript read+ 0 n consid]$ oratory at all2 all spee*es 7 ei!r recit$ or extemporiz$2 ! latt] h inevitably p]i%$1 :ile "s ( ! =m] h surviv$1 &1 becom+ a "p ( s*ool-book lit]ature1 h conf]r$ a disproportionate fame ^u _! au?ors4 ,an orator :o 0 compell$ to write 8 spee* 9 ord] to pres]ve x _h a mu* great] inducem5t to write ?an exi/s s9ce ! inv5tion ( %or?& report+4 ,yet "s speak]s ( ! highe/ em95ce did n adopt t mode1 & o!rs did n conf9e !mselves to x4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ! weight ( example is decisively on ! side ( unwritt5 spee*4 ,a few in/ances are all t our space w all[ u to adduce4 ,augu/9e1 ! great ,*ri/ian writ] & prea*]1 has n left u 9 ignorance z to :i* mode ( address he pref]r$4 ,he enjo9s ! 8,*ri/ian ,tea*]0 to make 8 he>]s compreh5d :at he says--8to read 9 ! eyes & c\nt5ances ( 8 auditors :e!r !y und]/& him or n1 & to repeat ! same ?+1 by giv+ x diff]5t t]ms1 until he p]ceives x is und]/ood1 an advantage ^? _c h :o1 by a s]vile dep5d5ce ^u _! memories1 le>n _! s]mons by he>t & repeat !m z s _m lessons4 ,let n ! prea*]10 he cont9ues1 8become ! s]vant ( words2 r let words be s]vants to ! prea*]40 ,?is advice w be equally applicable to o!rs ?an prea*]s :o may possess a s]i\s purpose4 ,b ! *>ity ( ,augu/9e all[s ( recit+ "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,he well says3 8,^? :o are de/itute ( inv5tion1 b c speak well1 provid$ !y select well-writt5 disc\rses ( ano!r man1 & commit !m to memory = ! in/ruction ( _! he>]s1 w n d badly if !y take t c\rse40 ,no d\bt he int5d$ t due cr$it %\ld be giv5 to ! real au?or4 ,( ,lu!r x 0 said t 88 words 7 half battles40 ,no man ev] wield$ great] p[] ov] ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,he 0 an excell5t writ]1 & _h great comm& ( words4 ,b he 0 too t]ribly 9 e>ne/ to write 8 disc\rses4 ,f a va/ fullness ( k he spoke "r out1 & evok$ te>s or smiles at pleasure4 ,8 /rong emotions & indomitable w1 be+ giv5 full play1 bore d[n ev]y?+ be=e him4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! eloqu5ce ( ,"l ,*a?am did n surpass1 9 imm$iate effect1 any?+ record$ ( ,demo/h5es or ,cic]o4 ,8 example1 & t ( 8 equally gift$ son1 ?or\ghly refute ^? :o d5y t unwritt5 spee* may convey impressions z /rong z any ev] made by man ^u 8 fell[s4 ,"s ( 8 gr&e/ ef=ts 7 entirely impromptu1 a*iev+ ov]:elm+ success "u circum/ances :i* w\ld h left ! man ( manuscript or ( memory utt]ly helpless4 ,( ,william ,pitt1 ! son ( ,"l ,*a?am1 :o 0 likewise an extempore speak] 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ,macaulay says3 8,at 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ,p>liam5t he %[$ himself sup]ior to all 8 contempor>ies 9 p[] ( language4 ,he c\ld p\r out a long succession ( r\nd$ & /ately p]iods )\t ev] paus+ = a ^w1 )\t ev] repeat+ a ^w1 9 a voice ( silv] cle>ness & ) a pronunciation s articulate t n a lett] 0 slurr$ ov]40 ,^! two m5 7 nev] excell$ 9 debate4 ,!y _h t great advantage peculi> to good extempore speak]s ( be+ always ready4 ,e advantage (f]$ 0 seiz$ at ! mo/ favorable mom5t4 ,"t wa/$ by o!rs 9 writ+ & memoriz+ special orations !y us$ 9 accumulat+ su* /ores ( g5]al k & 9 su* wide culture t !y 7 always prep>$4 ,!y came to great intellectual conte/s ) m9ds un-fagg$ by ! labor ( previ\s composition1 & _! words 7 indescribably fre% & *>m+1 because born at ! mom5t ( utt]ance4 ,! traditions ( ! almo/ sup]natural eloqu5ce ( ,patrick ,h5ry are de> to ! he>t ( e ,am]ican s*ool-boy4 ,:ile few specim5s ( 8 eloqu5ce survive1 x is sure t he ex]t$ wond]ful p[] 9 spee*1 & t he contribut$ n a little to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,am]ican ,republic4 ,he nev] wrote a ^w ei!r be=e or aft] deliv]y1 & 8 mightie/ ef=ts 7 made 9 situations :]e ! use ( ! p5 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! ,virg9ia ,resolutions1 :i* m>k a vital po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution>y /ruggle1 7 writt5 by him on ! blank leaf ( a law book :ile a discussion 0 9 progress4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! t]rible debate :i* foll[$ he 0 ev] ready1 speak+ repeat$ly & ma/]+ e oppon5t4 ,he 0 a great ?9k]1 b a meag] writ]4 ,hi/ory & human "* 7 8 favorite /udies1 & ^! contribut$ to fit 8 wond]ful natural g5ius = com+ triumph4 ,among ! great ,engli% prea*]s ( ! pa/ c5tury two 7 especially great z measur$ by ! degree ( popul> influ5ce !y wield$4 ,we d n wi% to convey ,wesley & ,:itefield 9 any o!r light ?an z effective orators4 ,!y ea* did an am\nt ( speak+ t a manuscript read] w\ld h f\nd impossible1 ev5 if ! latt] _h be5 h9d]$ by no o!r consid]ation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ,:itefield did memorize mo/ ( 8 s]mons4 ,ev5 aft]w>d he treat$ ! same subject s frequ5tly :5 address+ diff]5t audi5ces t ! words1 tones1 & ge/ures1 z well z ! outl9e ( ?\ght1 became q famili>4 ,yet 8 own te/imony is decisive z to ! fact t he 0 n a memorit] prea*] 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,he says t :5 he came to prea* he _h (t51 9 8 own appreh5sion1 8n a ^w to say to ,god or man40 ,?9k ( a p]son :o has a fully memoriz$ spee*1 :i* he is conn+ ov] 9 8 m9d1 mak+ su* a decl>ation1 & aft]w>d ?ank+ ,god = hav+ giv5 him words & wisdom6 ,:itefield's publi%$ s]mons %[ few traces ( ! p51 b be> e m>k ( impassion$ utt]ance4 ,he spoke e day1 until speak+ became "p ( 8 v life4 ,?9k :at a comm& ( language1 & ( all ! res\rces ( spee*1 he mu/ ?us h acquir$6 ,wesley wrote _m s]mons1 & on a v few occasions read !m4 ,he us$ ! p5 almo/ z mu* z ! voice1 b he wrote s]mons1 books1 & lett]s = o!rs to read1 n z mat]ial = 8 own public read+4 ,he 0 less impassion$ & ov]:elm+ ?an ,:itefield b 8 s]mons 7 n less effective4 ,!y 7 not$ = ! quality ( exactness ( /atem5t4 ,9 ! mo/ easy & flu5t mann] he said precisely :at he want$ to say4 ,he 0 nev] compell$ to retract an ungu>d$ expression into :i* he _h be5 hurri$ by ! ardor ( ! mom5t4 ,yet 8 p[] ov] 8 he>]s 0 n dim9i%$ by ?is c>efulness4 ,sc5es ( physical excitem5t1 su* z att5d$ ! prea*+ ( ,:itefield1 7 ev5 m m>k$ "u 8 own calm words4 ,we w ref] to ano!r deceas$ prea*]1 :o pres5ts ! /range peculi>ity ( be+ an extempore speak] ^: great fame has be5 acquir$ s9ce 8 eloqu5t voice became sil5t 9 dea?1 & n[ re/s ^u 8 writt5 s]mons4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,rob]tson labor$ 9 a comp>atively n>r[ field & f9i%$ 8 c>e] 9 y\?1 b he 0 truly eloqu5t4 ,8 example proves t extempore spee* may be ! vehicle ( ! mo/ pr(\nd ?\ght & be cr[n$ ) all ! graces ( /yle4 ,^! qualities h giv5 8 s]mons great] popul>ity 9 high sci5tific1 lit]>y1 & philosophical circles1 ?an ^? ( any prea*] ( ! pres5t day4 ,h[ c\ld su* extempore s]mons be pres]v$8 ,a few 7 tak5 d[n by a %ort-h& report]1 & al?\gh ,rob]tson refus$ to all[ _! publication 9 8 lifetime1 ?us leav+ !m )\t ! b5efit ( 8 corrections1 !y are almo/ faultless 9 =m & expression4 ,o!rs 7 writt5 out by 8 own h& aft] deliv]y1 b ^! are m or less fragm5t>y4 ,_h x be5 necess>y = him to write & memorize ea* s]mon1 he c\ld nev] h pursu$ ^? ?or\gh /udies1 describ$ 9 8 lett]s1 f :i* he d]iv$ s mu* ( 8 p[]4 ,! great trio ( ,am]ican political orators belong+ to ! g5]ation :i* has j gone f ! /age--,clay1 ,web/]1 & ,calh\n--7 extempore speak]s2 ,clay & ,calh\n always1 & ,web/] usually1 speak+ 9 t mann]4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 fond ( elaborat+ "s /rik+ ?\ght 9 8 m9d to ! la/ degree ( ^w-f9i%1 & !n br++ x =? 9 ! ru% ( spontane\s utt]ance4 ,?is did n make 8 spee* composite 9 ! mode ( deliv]y1 = ^! prep>$ gems 7 %ort fragm5ts1 employ$ only = ornam5tal purposes4 ,competitors ( ^! great m5 :o 7 oblig$ to rely ^u manuscript or memory /ood no *ance ( success 9 ! fi]y debates ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,f hundr$s ( liv+ extemporiz]s we w call att5tion to b ?ree1 & ^! ( ! highe/ em95ce4 ,!y are all di/+ui%$ writ]s & d n rely on ! extempore me?od ( disc\rse because ( inability to succe$ 9 o!r me?ods4 ,^! m5 are ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 ,*>les ,h4 ,spurgeon1 & ,william ,e4 ,glad/one4 ,! am\nt & quality ( "w ( all k9ds !y h accompli%$ w\ld h be5 impossible = spee*-read]s or recit]s4 ,bee*] sometimes reads a s]mon or a lecture1 b ?\gh he reads well1 ! effect is small z comp>$ ) ! fire & consummate eloqu5ce ( 8 extempore addresses4 ,spurgeon has drawn toge!r & ma9ta9s probably ! l>ge/ congregation t ev] regul>ly att5d$ ! m9i/ry ( "o man1 & he is purely extemporane\s4 ,bo? ^! m5 are subject$ to ! additional te/ ( hav+ _! s]mons writt5 f _! lips & widely publi%$1 ?us %[+ t _! popul>ity has o!r elem5ts besides ! p]sonal pres5ce & magnetism ( ! speak]s4 ,! wond]ful p[] ( ,glad/one has be5 display$ unceas+ly = half a c5tury4 ,:ile eag] critics1 ho/ile z well z fri5dly1 9 ,p>liam5t or at ! hu/+s1 are wait+ to cat* e ^w f 8 lips1 he does n f9d x necess>y to control 8 utt]ances ?r\gh ! use ( ! p54 ,day aft] day1 9 ! mid/ ( heat$ canvasses1 he discusses a wide range ( complicat$ que/ions1 & nei!r fri5d nor foe ev] sugge/s t he c\ld d bett] if 8 words 7 writt5 out & memoriz$4 ,ev5 9 su* addresses z include ! details ( f9ance & ab\nd 9 /ati/ics he uses b a few disconnect$ figures trac$ on a slip ( pap]4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 8 modes ( spee* 7 less kn[n ?an n[1 ! writ] ask$ him to give a /atem5t ( 8 me?od ( prep>ation1 & any advice he might feel dispos$ to convey to "y /ud5ts ( oratory4 ,! foll[+ c\rte\s & deeply int]e/+ lett] 0 receiv$ 9 reply1 & ) its weighty words we may appropriately close ?is *apt]3 ,,haw>d51 ,,nor? ,,wales1 ,octob] #ab?1 #ahfg4 ,,sir3--,?\gh ,i fe> x is beyond my p[] to comply 9 any useful mann] ) y\r reque/1 ,i am unwill+ to seem ins5sible to y\r wi%es4 ,i v5ture to rem>k1 fir/1 t y\r c\ntrym51 s f> z a v limit$ int]c\rse & exp]i5ce c enable me to judge1 /& v little 9 ne$ ( in/ruction or advice z to public speak+ f ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,& fur!r1 aga9 speak+ ( my own exp]i5ce1 ,i ?9k t ! public m5 ( ,engl& are beyond all o!rs engross$ by ! multitude ( c>es & subjects ( ?\ght belong+ to ! gov]nm5t ( a highly div]sifi$ empire1 & !re=e are probably less ?an o!rs qualifi$ ei!r to imp>t to o!rs ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ public disc\rses or to consid] & adopt !m = !mselves4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 to make ! attempt1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly f\nd myself ma9ly on a d\ble basis1 comp\nd$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ( a wide & ?or\gh g5]al education1 :i* ,i ?9k gives a suppl5ess & read9ess z well z firmness ( tissue to ! m9d n easily to be _h )\t ?is =m ( discipl9e4 ,second1 ( ! habit ( con/ant & se>*+ reflection on ! subject ( any propos$ disc\rse4 ,su* reflection w naturally clo! itself 9 words1 & ( ! phrases x supplies _m w spontane\sly rise to ! lips4 ,i w n say t no o!r =ms ( prep>ation c be useful1 b ,i "k little ( !m1 & x is on ^?1 beyond all d\bt1 t ,i %\ld advise ! "y pr9cipally to rely4 ,i rema91 sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,w4 ,e4 ,,glad/one4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,an ,,embryo ,,spee*1 ,,) ,,models ,,( ,,v ,,simple ,,plans4 ,! fir/ extemporane\s spee*es attempt$ %\ld be ( ! simple/ "*4 ,too high an ideal =m$ at ! outset may be v h>mful by caus+ ne$less disc\ragem5t4 ,to speak freely 9 any mann]1 h[ev] rude1 until confid5ce & ! p[] ( mak+ e faculty available are acquir$1 %\ld be ! fir/ great object4 ,_m p]sons are slaves ( bad habits ?r\gh life because !y began wrong4 ,no?+ h>ms an orator m ?an cultivat+ 8 critical ta/e f> beyond 8 p[] ( ready utt]ance4 ,!re is no necess>y relation betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! two ?+s4 ,to become a f9e ^w-critic & ma/] ( an excell5t writt5 /yle does n imply ! p[] to /rike (f f9ely f9i%$ s5t5ces at ! spe$ ( ! tongue2 b x does t5d to r5d] ! speak] dissatisfi$ ) any?+ bel[ ! level ( 8 writt5 p]=mances1 & ?us *ecks 8 flu5cy4 ,to ma/] ! difficult art ( writt5 composition fir/1 & /rive aft]w>d to ga9 a simil> pr(ici5cy 9 spok5 words1 is a complete rev]sal ( ! natural me?od1 & 9 all b a few gift$ m9ds puts a premium on failure4 ,an unlett]$ ru/ic may speak ) p]fect ease1 because he is n consci\s ( ! numb]less v]bal blund]s he falls into2 b if x 7 possible1 by "s process ( spiritual infusion1 to put him 9 possession ( a f9e1 critical ta/e1 he w\ld be in/antly smitt5 dumb4 ,! true me?od is to cultivate ! faculty ( extemporization side by side ) critical judgm5t4 ,9 case t is done1 ease & confid5ce w n be = a mom5t di/urb$4 ,x ?us appe>s t :ile an extempore speak] c nev] "k too mu*1 x is q possible = 8 k & cultivation to advance 9 ! wrong ord]4 ,! p5 w be ( p]petual use to ! speak]2 b 8 comm& ( x mu/ n increase s rapidly 9 proportion z to make him a%am$ ( 8 tongue4 ,f ?is reason+ x foll[s t ! be/ "t to lay ! f\ndation ( excell5ce 9 spee* is v e>ly 9 life4 ,spee*es made !n are necess>ily flimsy & rudim5t>y1 b !y are n ! less valuable on t acc\nt4 ,!y are to be e/imat$ n = _! own wor?1 b = _! results ^u ! m9d produc+ !m4 ,! s*ool-boy's fir/ 8composition0 has always be5 a m>k = *eap witticism2 b ! boy himself reg>ds x ) ju/ifiable pride1 z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! noble "w ( putt+ ?\ght on pap]4 ,! same pa9s & pati5ce appli$ to ! art ( public talk+ z to writt5 composition w produce equal fruit4 ,a few directions int5d$ to aid 9 ov]com+ "s ( ! initial difficulties ( spee*1 :i* may s]ve z sugge/ions to tea*]s z well z helps to solit>y /ud5ts1 are "h app5d$4 ,!y are purposely made ( almo/ ludicr\s crud5ess1 b w n1 x is tru/$1 be less s]viceable on t acc\nt2 = x is n s important to aid ! mature speak] 9 giv+ ! la/ f9e /rokes ( g5ius to a ma/]ly oration1 z x is to /imulate & guide beg9n]s 9 _! fir/ /amm]+ utt]ances4 ,! simple/ oration or =mal address t c be con/ruct$ has ?ree di/9ct p>ts4 ,) ^! we w beg9 ! great "w ( division & arrangem5t4 ,!y may be nam$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,,! ,,introduction4 #b4 ,,! ,,discussion4 #c4 ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,on ?is framework a spee*-plan c be con/ruct$ simple en\gh = any *ild4 ,& x is at ! same "t true t ev5 a *ild1 ) su* a plan1 might speak appropriately :o w\ld o!rwise n be able to beg9 at all4 ,we w consid] ^! ?ree p>ts 9 _! ord]4 ,! introduction is at once important & emb>rass+4 ,fir/ words are ne>ly always he>d att5tively1 & !y d mu* to det]m9e ! degree ( att5tion t w be be/[$ on ! rema9d] ( ! spee*4 ,! "y speak] %\ld select some?+ z an introduction ^u :i* 8 m9d c fa/51 in/ead ( dwell+ ^u ! frightful g5]ality ( ! nak$ !me4 ,nei!r is x h>d to con/ruct a good introduction if a few pla9 directions are he$$1 :i* w be m fully giv5 9 a succe$+ *apt]4 ,all p]sons feel ! ne$ ( "s k9d ( a =mal op5+1 & !re=e (t5 beg9 ) an apology--! v wor/ =m ( an introduction1 because x is n int]e/+ 9 itself & does n lead up to ! subject4 ,9 rudim5t>y spee*1 :i* we are n[ consid]+1 ! introduction %\ld be simple1 &1 above ev]y?+ else1 easy = ! speak] to compreh5d & rememb]4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! :ole _w :i* he is sure he c talk ab\t = a few mom5ts1 & :i* c be made to h a mod]ate degree ( connection ) 8 subject1 let t be *os5 = an op5+4 ,if x is also vivid & /rik+ 9 itself1 & famili> to ! audi5ce1 s mu* ! bett]2 b ?is quality %\ld n be insi/$ ^u 9 ^! fir/ attempts4 ,:5 ! introductory topic is select$ x %\ld be turn$ ov] 9 ! m9d until ! speak] kn[s j :at he is go+ to say ab\t x4 ,?is process w h a wond]fully quiet+ effect ^u 8 n]ves4 ,he has fairly ma/]$ some?+1 & kn[s t at all ev5ts he c beg9 8 spee*4 ,x is well to make a note ( ?is introduction 9 a few simple words :i* w /rongly fa/5 !mselves 9 ! memory4 ,no ef=t t[>d elaboration %\ld be made1 = t w\ld naturally lead to a memoriz$ introduction1 & ei!r require ! :ole spee* to be writt51 or produce a pa9ful & difficult transition4 ,! discussion deals directly ) ! subject or c5tral idea ( ! disc\rse4 ,"h a cle> /atem5t ( at lea/ "o ?\ght :i* ! speak] c fully grasp %\ld be made4 ,! p5 7or p5cil7 may be us$ 9 prep>ation )\t impropriety4 ,if b "o idea is ?\ght (1 let t be writt5 9 ! fewe/ & /ronge/ words at ! /ud5t's comm&4 ,:ile do+ ?is x is likely t ano!r & relat$ ?\ght w spr+ into m9d :i* c be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,) dilig5t /ud5ts !re may ev5 be a dang] ( gett+ d[n too _m se$-?\ghts4 ,b t cont+5cy is provid$ = 9 ! *apt]s on ! fully develop$ plan1 & ne$s no fur!r notice at ?is "t4 ,:5 ?is c5tral division is completely wr\ght out1 two o!r po9ts claim att5tion4 ,h[ %all ! transition be made f ! introduction to ! discussion8 ,a little reflection w %[ h[ to glide f "o to ! o!r1 & t process %\ld be conn$ ov]1 )\t writ+1 until x is well und]/ood4 ,x is wond]ful h[ _m outl9es ( ideas ! memory w reta9 )\t feel+ burd5$2 & ?is p[] ( ret5tion gr[s enorm\sly ?r\gh ex]cise4 ,aft] ?is1 ! mode ( glid+ f ! discussion to ! conclusion may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ) equal pr(it4 ,! conclusion itself is sc>cely less mat]ial ?an ! introduction2 b !re is mu* less range ( *oice 9 ! mann] ( clos+ ?an 9 t ( beg9n+4 ,! subject is be=e ! audi5ce1 & any wide dep>ture f x seems l ! beg9n+ ( a new spee*--some?+ n usually well receiv$4 ,!re is ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! relative value ( introduction & conclusion3 a good introduction adds mo/ to a speak]'s ease1 confid5ce1 & p[] dur+ ! mom5t ( spee*2 b a good conclusion leaves ! deepe/ p]man5t impression ^u ! audi5ce4 ,x is usually rememb]$ long] ?an any o!r "p ( ! address4 ,:5 a disc\rse has be5 prep>$ 9 ?is simple mann] x has virtually five p>ts--?ree writt5 & two held 9 memory4 ,f su* an outl9e x is f> m easy to make an address ?an f ! b>e ann\ncem5t ( a !me4 ,x is true t all ^! p>ts may be =m$ & held 9 m9d )\t ev] mak+ a p5-/roke4 ,a practic$ orator w d ?is1 9 a mom5t1 :5 unexpect$ly call$ ^u2 or he may only =eca/ ! introduction & tru/ to f9d+ ! plan z fa/ z x is ne$$4 ,b 9 ?is he is no model = imitation by beg9n]s4 ,ev5 p[]ful orators sometimes spoil ! :ole effect ( a good address by an un=tunate mode ( clos+4 ,!y may =get to close 9 "t--a griev\s fault6--or may f9i% ) "s weak ?\ght or extravagant proposition1 by :i* ! :ole spee* is ma9ly judg$ & all its good po9ts neutraliz$4 ,! con/ruction ( ev5 z simple a plan z "h indicat$ w\ld h m ?an d\ble ! effect ( _m spee*es made by great m54 ,a few simple & rude plans are annex$4 ,no m]it is s\ght = 9 any "o ( !m beyond mak+ pla9 ! me?od recomm5d$4 ,,plans ,,( ,,spee*es4 ,,example ,,fir/4 ,,subject4--,,*9ese ,,emigration ,,to ,,am]ica4 ,,introduction4--,! numb] ( emigrants to our c\ntry & ! nations !y repres5t4 ,a totally diff]5t & m effective introduction might be ! description ( a gr\p ( ,*9ese z se5 by ! speak]4 ,,discussion4--,! nature1 am\nt1 & pres5t effect ( ,*9ese emigration4 ,x is possible = ! speak] 9 8 introduction to =e%ad[ ! position he expects to ma9ta9 9 8 spee*2 or he may make a colorless introduction & res]ve 8 op9ion = ! discussion4 ,! mat]ial "u ?is head is unlimit$4 ,x is only necess>y f ! oratorical /&po9t t ! speak] %\ld det]m9e :at c\rse to take1 & !n c>efully ?9k out 9 advance or read--= hi/ory & /ati/ics _c be improvis$--all ab\t t :i* he int5ds to use4 ,:5 he c tell x all ov] easily to himself he may reasonably feel assur$ ( 8 ability to tell x to o!rs4 ,! v>i\s argum5ts %\ld be weigh$ & ! be/ select$4 ,t :i* mo/ naturally connects ) ! introduction %\ld be firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d z ! fir/1 t x may =m ! bridge f ! "o "p to ! o!r4 ,,conclusion4--,results ( policy advocat$1 ei!r pr$ict$1 describ$1 or %[n to be probable4 ,mode ( rem$y+ evils t might be appreh5d$ f t policy4 ,9 ! conclusion ! speak] may take ^u himself ! "* ( a prophet1 poet1 or logician4 ,he may pr$ict results & let ! /atem5t make its own impression4 ,he may put all emphasis ^u a vivid pa9t+ ( ! future color$ by ! views he advocates2 or he may sum up 8 reasons1 d$uce consequ5ces1 & weigh alt]natives4 ,! *oice betwe5 ^! diff]5t modes may be made in/9ctively1 or x may require consid]able m5tal ef=t1 b :5 made1 ! be/ mode ( transition w be v easily f\nd4 ,9 all ?is process1 :i* 9 ! case ( undiscipl9$ speak]s may ext5d ov] _m days ( h>d "w1 ! p5 may be us$ freely1 mak+ copi\s notes ( facts & argum5ts4 ,aft] en\gh has be5 accumulat$ & put 9 su* %ape t ! speak] c easily look ov] ! entire field1 he is ready = ano!r process--t ( simplify+ 8 plan4 ,r\gh & copi\s notes br\ght ) him to ! plat=m w\ld only be a s\rce ( emb>rassm5t4 ,b ! g]m ( 8 ideas1 :i* are n[ famili>1 c be put into v small compass4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ w\ld recall ev]y?+ 9 ! prec$+ outl9e3 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,"q4 #a4 ,,exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,,argum5ts4 #c4 ,,results4 ,b x is cle> t a skeleton conta9+ only ?ree words ne$ n be kept 9 view4 ,! :ole outl9e ( ! spee* w !re=e be 9 ! m9d4 ,if num]\s figures or citations f au?orities are employ$1 !y may be classifi$ & read f books or notes1 z ne$$4 ,su* read+ 9 no way detracts f ! extemporane\s "* ( ! address1 ?\gh if too num]\s !y t5d to damp oratorical fire & break ! unity ( disc\rse4 ,"o :o has _h no p]sonal exp]i5ce1 or :o has n c>efully obs]v$ ! me?ods ( o!r speak]s1 c sc>cely imag9e h[ mu* a simple outl9e1 su* z "h sugge/$1 accompli%es 9 remov+ ! confusion1 fe>1 & hesitation :i* *>act]ize beg9n]s4 ,ano!r specim51 n ( controv]sial "*1 is subjo9$4 ,,example ,,second4 ,,subject4--,,! ,,ocean4 ,,introduction4--,! va/ness ( ! ocean4 ,no "o p]son has se5 m ?an a small "p ( x4 ,p[] evid5c$ by /orm & %ipwrecks4 ,,discussion4--,five great divisions ( ! ocean4 ,use 9 nature1 wat]+ & temp]+ ! l&2 9 comm]ce1 z a highway2 9 hi/ory1 by divid+ & unit+ nations2 its my/]y1 etc4 ,,conclusion4--,pro( ( ! ,creator's p[] & wisdom f\nd 9 ! ocean4 ,! ,same ,plan ,cond5s$4 ,,subject4--,,! ,,ocean4 #a4 ,,va/ness ,,& ,,p[]4 #b4 ,,p>ts1 ,,use1 ,,& ,,my/]y4 #c4 ,,evid5ce4 ,,dean ,,swift',s ,,s]mon4 ,?is ecc5tric cl]gyman once prea*$ a s]mon %ort] ?an its own text1 yet hav+ all ! ?ree p>ts ( :i* we h spok54 ,! text 0 ,prov4 xix1 #bj3 8,he t pitie? ! poor l5de? to ! ,"l2 & t :i* he ha? giv5 w ,he pay him aga940 ,! s]mon 03 8,bre?r51 y he> ! condition2 if y l ! security1 d[n ) ! du/40 ,! collection is said to h be5 munific5t4 ,9 ?is %ort s]mon ! text ) ! ^w 8,bre?r50 con/itutes ! introduction2 ! phrase1 8y he> ! condition10 is a good transition to ! discussion conta9$ 9 ! next memb]1 8if y l ! security10 :i* assumes ! tru? ( ! text1 makes its g5]al decl>ations pres5t & p]sonal1 & prep>es ! way = ! =cible & practical1 if n v elegant1 conclusion1 8d[n ) ! du/40 ,among ! _m spee*es f\nd 9 ,%akespe>e1 ! exi/5ce ( ^! ?ree ess5tial p>ts may easily be not$4 ,! fun]al spee*es ov] ! dead body ( ,julius ,cs> af=d an excell5t example4 ,! m]it ( ! orations ( ,brutus & ,antony are v unequal1 b bo? are in/ructive4 ,we w analyze !m 9 turn4 ,brutus speaks fir/4 ,he %[s 8 want ( appreciation ( ! true nature ( p]suasive eloqu5ce by decl>+ t ?is w be an advantage4 ,8 introduction is also too long & elaborate = ! "w he has 9 h&4 ,! c5tral ?\ght ) :i* he op5s is 9 sub/ance1 8,i am wor?y ( y\r close/ att5tion40 ,?is _c be consid]$ a =tunate beg9n+1 & x w\ld h be5 fatal = any "o less highly e/eem$ by ! p ?an 8! well-belov$ ,brutus40 ,he says3 ,,brutus' ,,spee*4 8,romans1 c\ntrym51 & lov]s6 he> me = my cause1 & be sil5t t y may he>2 believe me = m9e honor1 & h respect to m9e honor t y may believe2 c5sure me 9 y\r wisdom & awake y\r s5ses t y may ! bett] judge40 ,?is introduction is a ma/]-piece ( ,%akespe>e's art1 because x pictures s well ! "* ( ,brutus 9 8 dignity & bl9d self-confid5ce2 b = ,brutus x is un=tunate1 because x puts him on ! def5sive & makes ! p 8 judges4 ,he mu/ n[ plead well1 or !y w condemn him4 ,9 ! discussion ! ?\ght simply is1 8,i 0 ,cs>'s fri5d1 & !re=e y may well believe t ,i w\ld n h kill$ him if he _h n des]v$ dea? because ( 8 ambition40 ,?is is ! :ole argum5t1 & x is weak because x does n prove ! ambition ( ,cs>1 or %[ t ambition on ,cs>'s "p 0 a crime :i* ,brutus _h a "r to puni% ) dea?4 ,! anti!tic s5t5ces lack bo? logic & passion4 ,z !y t\* nei!r head nor he>t1 !y c h b slight & mom5t>y effect4 ,notice ! discussion z an example ( f9e words :i* d n s]ve _! purpose4 8,if !re be any 9 ?is assembly1 any de> fri5d ( ,cs>'s1 to him ,i say t ,brutus' love to ,cs> 0 no less ?an 84 ,if1 !n1 t fri5d dem& :y ,brutus rose aga9/ ,cs>1 ?is is my answ]3 ,n t ,i lov$ ,cs> less1 b t ,i lov$ ,rome m4 ,_h y r ,cs> 7 liv+1 & die all slaves1 ?an t ,cs> 7 dead1 to live all freem58 ,z ,cs> lov$ me1 ,i weep = him2 z he 0 =tunate1 ,i rejoice at x2 z he 0 valiant1 ,i honor him2 b z he 0 ambiti\s1 ,i slew him4 ,!re are te>s = 8 love1 joy = 8 =tune1 honor = 8 valor1 & dea? = 8 ambition4 ,:o is "h s base t w\ld be a bondman8 ,if any1 speak2 = him h ,i (f5d$4 ,:o is "h s rude1 t w\ld n be a ,roman8 ,if any1 speak2 = him h ,i (f5d$4 ,:o is "h s vile t w n love 8 c\ntry8 ,if any1 speak2 = him h ,i (f5d$4 ,i pause = a reply40 ,z sev]al citiz5s cry out1 8,none1 ,brutus1 none10 he passes to ! conclusion1 :i* is z weak z ! discussion4 8,!n none h ,i (f5d$4 ,i h done no m to ,cs>1 ?an y %all d to ,brutus4 ,z ,i slew my be/ lov] = ! good ( ,rome1 ,i h ! same dagg] = myself1 :5 x %all please my c\ntry to ne$ my dea?40 ,he has ga9$ no?+ by ! :ole spee*1 save ! k t none ( ! citiz5s pres5t c>e at t "t to impea* him = 8 crime2 b _! m9ds 7 op5 to o!r influ5ces4 ,%akespe>e ?us %[s h[ an able man might use all 8 p[]s 9 ! p]fection ( oratorical & rhetorical =ms1 )\t produc+ a great or effective spee*4 ,antony n[ comes =w>d4 ,behold ! contra/6 ,,antony',s ,,spee*4 ,! introduction is l & unlike t ( ,brutus4 ,! same ?ree titles are us$2 ! same call = att5tion4 ,b !re is no repetition1 no egotism1 no elaboration4 ,! introduction is %ort1 call+ att5tion to 8 o/5sible purpose1 & prep>es = a beautiful transition to ! discussion4 ,,introduction4 8,fri5ds1 ,romans1 c\ntrym51 l5d me y\r e>s4 ,i come to bury ,cs>1 n to praise him40 ,!re is n a sup]flu\s ^w4 ,b h[ c ,antony glide into ^? praises ( ,cs>1 :i* he has disclaim$1 b :i* are necess>y to 8 purpose8 ,! next s5t5ce solves ! "q3 8,! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m2 ,! good is (t int]r$ ) _! bones2 ,s let x be ) ,cs>40 ,?is leads mo/ naturally to ! ?\ght ( ! discussion1 :i* is1 ,no ev5t ( ,cs>'s life %[s guilty ambition2 b _m d reveal love to ! p & c>e = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 be m\rn$1 &--! next ^w is n suppli$ by ! orator1 b =c$ f ! he>ts ( ! p--av5g$6 ,we quote a few only ( ! well-kn[n words3 ,,! ,,discussion4 8,! noble ,brutus ,ha? told y ,cs> 0 ambiti\s2 ,if x 7 s1 x 7 a griev\s fault1 ,& griev\sly ha? ,cs> answ]$ x4 ,"h1 "u leave ( ,brutus & ! re/1 7,= ,brutus is an honorable man1 ,s are !y all1 all honorable m517 ,come ,i to speak 9 ,cs>'s fun]al4 ,he 0 my fri5d1 fai?ful & j to me2 ,b ,brutus says he 0 ambiti\s1 ,& ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,he ha? br\ght _m captives home to ,rome1 ,^: ransom did ! g5]al c(f]s fill4 ,did ?is 9 ,cs> seem ambiti\s8 ,:5 t ! poor ha? cri$ ,cs> ha? wept4 ,ambition %\ld be made ( /]n] /uff4 ,yet ,brutus says he 0 ambiti\s1 ,& ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,y all did see1 t1 on ! ,lup]cal1 ,i ?rice pres5t$ him a k+ly cr[n1 ,:i* he did ?rice refuse4 ,0 ?is ambition80 ,! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ belief 9 guilty ambition on ! "p ( ,cs> & 9 favor ( puni%+ 8 murd]]s is res]v$ by ! subtle ,antony = ! la/1 & !n he manages to h ! p dem& x ( him4 ,he proce$s v naturally & effectively f ! r5t robe & ! ble$+ body to ! w ( ,cs>4 ,?is in/rum5t gave ! ,romans ea* a l>ge donation 9 money1 & be/[$ ^u !m collectively 88 walks1 8 private arbors1 & new-plant$ or*>ds0 z a public p>k4 ,! argum5t 0 irresi/ible1 & ne$$ no elaboration4 ,if 8 dea? 0 av5g$ z a murd]1 ! w w\ld be valid2 o!rwise1 x w\ld be set aside1 & 8 e/ate confiscat$ by ! conspirators4 ,! p1 ?us fir$ by ! /ronge/ motives ( gratitude & int]e/ !mselves supply ! conclusion1 & ,brutus _h to fly = 8 life4 ,! :ole spee* is wor? /udy z an exhibition ( almo/ p]fect eloqu5ce4 ,%akespe>e meant to draw 9 ,brutus ! picture ( a s*ol> com+ be=e ! p ) f9e words1 & produc+ little m ?an a lit]>y effect4 ,9 ,antony he pictures ! true orator 9 ! pl5titude ( 8 p[]1 to :om words are b s]vants 9 accompli%+ 8 purpose ( p]suad+ & inflam+ ! p4 ,! "o spee* reads z if x might h be5 writt5 out 9 ! closet & memoriz$2 ! o!r gu%es f ! he>t ( ! speak] z he wat*es ! sea ( upturn$ faces1 adapt+ 8 words ) exquisite skill to suit & swell ! passions writt5 !re4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,initial ,,fe> ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,ov]come ,,x4 ,h[ev] num]\s & v>i$ may be ! classes ( ^? :o contemplate extempore spee*1 !y are all confront$ by "o common difficulty4 ,:e!r a boy makes 8 maid5 ef=t1 or a man ( wide ?\ght & ripe culture attempts = ! fir/ "t to disp5se ) ! manuscript 9 :i* he has tru/$ ?r\gh ye>s ( successful public spee*1 ! fe> ( fail+ looms up be=e ea* ( !m 9 a mann] equally =midable4 ,! writ] well rememb]s 8 fir/ boyi% v5ture into ?is ar5a ( p]il4 ,a debate 9 a village %oemak]'s %op furni%$ ! occasion4 ,two or ?ree 8speak]s0 7 rang$ on a side1 & ! "q 0 t "t-honor$ controv]sy ( c\ntry lyceums--! comp>ative magnitude ( ! wrongs suff]$ by ! ,indians & ! ,negroes at ! h&s ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,:i* side ! writ] 0 on1 or :at argum5ts 7 us$1 has long s9ce be5 =gott51 b ! palpitat+ he>t1 ! t]rible susp5se1 z "o aft] ano!r ( ! prec$+ speak]s made 8 rem>ks & br\ght ! t]rible mom5t ( fac+ ! audi5ce ne>]1 c nev] cease to be rememb]$4 ,:5 at la/ call$ out by ! voice ( ! presid+ (fic]1 ,i f\nd my way to ! end ( a rude b5* or c\nt] t ran p>tly across ! room1 lean$ ^u x1 %ut my eyes1 & began to talk4 ,h[ ho>se & holl[ ! s\nd t foll[$6 ,all t 0 utt]$ 0 in/antly =gott5 by ! speak]1 = "o t]rible ?\ght dom9at$ e o!r--a spee* 0 be+ made6 ,my head :irl$1 e n]ve t+l$1 & a confus$1 ro>+ s\nd fill$ my e>s1 :ile ,i mo/ he>tily rep5t$ ( all[+ myself to be p]suad$ into su* a frightful position4 ,a great dread />$ at me f ! end ( ea* s5t5ce--t ( f9d+ no?+ m to say & be+ oblig$ to sit d[n amid ! ridicule ( neighbors & s*ool-fell[s4 ,:5 at l5g? ! agony 0 ov]1 & op5+ my eyes1 ,i dropp$ into a seat1 a /rik+ revulsion ( feel+ occurr$4 ,?is rose to ! height ( joy & triumph :5 ,i le>n$ t 8! spee*0 _h actually be5 t5 m9utes long4 ,x 0 a gr& a*ievem5t6 ,9 all sob] e>ne/1 ,i e/imate t ?is fir/ ef=t 0 probably ! mo/ pr(itable ( my life1 because x 0 a beg9n+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,weeks ( prep>ation prec$$ ! mom5t\s ef=t1 & 9 "s k9d ( a way ! result _h be5 p\r$ ^u ! audi5ce4 ,f t "t ! writ] 0 numb]$ among ! village debat]s & %>$ 9 ! advantages ( ! village ,lyceum--a capital means ( improvem5t4 ,_h ! fir/ extemporane\s ef=t be5 made lat] 9 life1 ! %r9k+ & t]ror w\ld probably h be5 ev5 great]4 ,:ile no way has be5 discov]$ ( altoge!r prev5t+ ! initial fe> t att5ds extemporane\s spee* by ! unpractic$ orator1 yet x may be greatly less5$ & m rapid & p]fect control ( x obta9$ by he$+ a few simple sugge/ions4 ,"s s]viceable exp$i5ts h already be5 po9t$ out1 & w "h only be ref]r$ to4 ,z simple a plan z t describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ) l5g!n$ m$itation on ea* "p1 w give ! m9d ( ! speak] some?+ to d aside f dwell+ ^u 8 own dang]4 ,he %\ld also prep>e f> m matt] ?an c possibly be us$--s mu* t 9 ! simple/ & balde/ /atem5t x w fill a respectable p]iod ( "t4 ,he ne$ n be c>eful z to h[ he speaks1 or 9 h[ _m =ms he repeats ! same idea4 ,orig9ality1 also1 may safely be neglect$4 ,! object is n to talk especially well1 or to utt] t :i* has nev] be5 utt]$ be=e1 b only to keep on talk+ until self-possession & ! ma/]y ( e faculty h be5 fully re/or$4 ,?is prep>ation ( great quantities ( mat]ial ) no c>e z to ! graces ( deliv]y may expose ! speak] 9 "t to ano!r p]il--t ( be+ t$i\s & we>isome2 b ?is is n ! s\rce ( ! initial fe> ) :i* we are n[ deal+1 & :5 x becomes a real evil !re are effectual means ( gu>d+ aga9/ x4 ,a fur!r direction is t ! mode ( introduction be v firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d4 ,?is wond]fully calms ! speak]4 ,he kn[s t he c beg9 ev5 if he nev] gets any fur!r2 & by ! "t ! introduction is pass$1 if ! man possesses any natural aptitude = spee*1 8 m9d w 9 all ord9>y cases h recov]$ its equilibrium1 & be ready to devise & direct ev]y?+ t foll[s4 ,! plan & ! full notes :i* h be5 made %\ld also be kept )9 easy rea*1 or ev5 9 ! h&--n ) ! int5tion ( us+ !m1 = t is ! v ?+ to be avoid$1 b t ! speak]1 by kn[+ t !y c be ref]r$ to 9 an em]g5cy1 may be gu>d$ aga9/ 8/age fright40 ,he may also ex]cise self-control by n look+ at !m unless absolutely driv5 to x4 ,! object ( fir/ ef=ts--ev5 = ! orator :o is great 9 o!r modes ( deliv]y--is n to make a great or admir$ spee*1 b only to get ?r\gh ! ordeal )\t disgrace or failure4 ,quality mu/ be s\ght lat]4 ,to get any reasonable quantity ( spee* at fir/1 to satisfy y\rself t y c bo? ?9k & talk :5 on y\r feet1 is a*ievem5t en\gh4 ,"o caution may be (f]$ to ! man possess+ a good writt5 /yle :i* ! boy w n ne$4 ,d n make y\r prep>ation s m9utely or v]bally t ! v words l+] 9 y\r memory4 ,if y d1 "o ( two ?+s w probably happ53 ei!r y w recite a memoriz$ spee*1 :i*1 h[ev] f9e 9 itself1 w contribute no?+ to ! object ( le>n+ to speak extemporane\sly1 or ! f9e fragm5ts ( rememb]$ diction t flood 9 y\r m9d w be s out ( h>mony ) ! words spontane\sly evolv$ z to produce a cont9ual s]ies ( j>s & discords noticeable to e "o1 & to none m pa9fully ?an to y\rself4 ,! writ] once li/5$ to a spee* ( ?is mix$ "*1 9 :i* ! orator w\ld so> = a "t on ! w+s ( mo/ excell5t words1 & !n drop d[n to 8 ord9>y & v meagre vocabul>y4 ,s frequ5t & unexpect$ 7 ^! transitions t ! orator's progress sugge/$ no?+ s mu* z travel+ ov] "o ( ^? we/]n corduroy roads1 :]e ! :eels ( ! c>riage fir/ rise ) a great ef=t on top ( a log1 & !n plunge into fa?omless dep?s ( mud6 ,r ?an su* jolt+1 x is bett] t ! exp]im5tal spee*es %\ld nev] rise above ! level ( m]e talk1 & ?us ma9ta9 a uni=m progress4 ,9 due "t all qualifi$ p]sons c lift _! extemporane\s words z high z ! utmo/ rea* ( ! p54 ,b fir/ mu/ be ga9$ ! p[] ( /&+ unprotect$ by a pap] wall1 face to face ) an audi5ce & employ+ e faculty z calmly & effici5tly z 9 ! /udy4 ,practice 9 talk+ to ! p w make ?is possible & easy1 b no?+ else w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,utility ,,( ,,debat+ ,,societies4 ,comp>atively little att5tion is paid to ! direct cultivation ( extemporane\s oratory 9 s*ools & colleges4 ,indirectly1 mu* help is giv5 by tea*+ _m ?+s :i* g to furni% ! orator ) ideas & words1 b ! comb9ation ( ^! into t noble ef=t ( human g5ius--a spee*--is left to individual rese>* or to accid5t4 ,a few s*ools ( oratory h be5 f\nd$ :i* give a l>ge & probably disproportionate %>e ( att5tion to elocution 9 ! =m ( /age or dramatic read+2 b ev5 ! be/ ( ^! are z yet b ent]+ ^u _! real "w ( cultivat+ ?or\ghly ! p[] ( p]suasive public spee*4 ,:5 ea* college %all h a *air ( extempore spee*1 & ea* academy %all give z mu* att5tion to unprem$itat$ utt]ances 9 conv]sation & public address z is n[ be/[$ ^u ,greek or ,lat91 ! oratory ( pulpit1 b>1 plat=m1 & legislature w be ( a va/ly high] type4 ,"s newspap] critics h deprecat$ tea*+ ! art ( spee* on ! gr\nd t !re is already too mu* public talk+4 ,?is view1 if s]i\sly ent]ta9$1 is v n>r[ & mislead+4 ,n m1 b bett] spee*--an increase ( quality1 r ?an quantity--w\ld result f cultivation1 & improv$ me?ods4 ,& x may also be argu$ t if a great "p ( ! "w ( life is f\nd 9 conv9c+1 in/ruct+1 & p]suad+ our fell[s1 an abundance ( spee* is absolutely requir$4 ,z fre$om & m5tal activity increase1 ! only practicable modes ( lead+ & gov]n+ m51 :i* re/ ^u p]suasive spee*1 w be m urg5tly dem&$4 ,9 a /ate :]e ! w ( "o man is law1 political spee* has little place2 & 9 a ,*ur* :]e indep5d5t ?\ght is h]esy & ! mass ( ! p accept unque/ion+ly ! precise =m ( fai? 9 :i* !y 7 born1 prea*+ w h a v n>r[ field4 ,b 9 our own c\ntry x is our boa/ t we det]m9e e subject by free discussion2 & x is cle> t a man :o c take no "p 9 ! oral battles t are cont9ually wag$ ab\t him is plac$ at a great disadvantage4 ,b ! lit]>y societies g5]ally connect$ ) s*ools d af=d v valuable help 9 acquir+ ! art ( oratory4 ,n only _! =mal ex]cises1 b _! discussion ( po9ts ( ord] & proc$ure1 & ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess & gov]nm5t ( su* societies1 call out talk+ tal5t4 ,debat+ societies or lyceums give ! same k9d ( facilities to speak]s outside ( educational halls4 ,a spirit$ debate on "s topic n above ! compreh5sion ( ! debat]s af=ds "o ( ! be/ possible means ( acquir+ ! prime faculties ( assurance & flu5cy4 ,9 su* debates ! "q is *os51 ! sides assign$1 & ample "t giv5 = t k9d ( prep>ation :i* c only be effectually made 9 ! g5]al /udy ( ! subject4 ,!re is no great temptation to write a spee* = a com+ debate1 z its =mal s5t5ces w\ld fit poorly into ! l9e ( argum5t1 ! c\rse ( :i* _c be =ese51 ev5 if _! sub/ance %\ld n be anticipat$ by a speak] on ! same side4 ,b ! m g5]al k ( ! subject 9 its entire range t c be acquir$ ! bett]1 s long z x does n ov]:elm ! speak]4 ,! op5+ spee* may inde$ be plann$ 9 advance ) "s def9it5ess1 b all o!rs w be color$ & modifi$ by ! situation into :i* ! debate has be5 drawn4 ,ea* p>ticipant is "u a /rong /imulus to d 8 be/1 sure1 if successful1 ( w>m approval by 8 colleagues & sweet triumph ov] 8 oppon5ts4 ,aft] ! op5+ spee* ea* conte/ant w h ! "t 8 pr$ecessor is speak+ = arrang+ argum5ts & prep>+ an answ]4 ,! /imulus ( contradiction r\ses e faculty to ! highe/ en]gy4 ,ea* argum5t is scrut9iz$ = ! purpose ( discov]+ its weak po9t1 & no?+ w pass on tru/4 ,x may z well be ackn[l$g$ t ! gladiatorial _s1 ?\gh 9 a modifi$ =m1 is /ill rife 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! 8joy ( conflict0 may be ta/$ z well 9 ! %>p enc\nt]s ( an e>ne/ debate ^u "s topic ( absorb+ int]e/ z on ! battle-field4 ,a society :i* furni%es its memb]s cont9ual opportunity = spee*1 "u su* conditions _c fail to be a p[]ful educator 9 ! direction ( extemporane\s spee*4 ,9 su* enc\nt]s1 ! fre$om t belongs to ?is k9d ( address is mo/ highly appreciat$1 & ! mi/ak5 consid]ations ( dignity & propriety :i* s (t5 take all life & he>t f spee* c h little weight4 ,debates h inde$ be5 occasionally c>ri$ on by means ( essays 9 place ( spee*es1 b su* enc\nt]s h be5 tame & li/less affairs1 & h soon giv5 place to ! real article4 ,among ! ,am]ican /atesm5 :o h tak5 _! fir/ lessons 9 ! art :i* pav$ _! way to greatness 9 c\ntry debat+ societies may be reckon$ ,h5ry ,clay1 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,james ,a4 ,g>field1 & _m o!rs only less em95t4 ,en\gh inducem5ts1 we tru/1 h be5 set =? to lead e /ud5t ( spee* to f9d or make an opportunity = avail+ himself ( ?is capital means ( cultivation4 ,let him ent] ^u ! "w ( debat+1 e>ne/ly resolv+ 7aft] ! fir/ few ef=ts7 to d ! v be/ 9 8 p[]4 ,let him arrange 8 mat]ial c>efully1 select a /rik+ mode ( op5+ ea* address1 & /rive to close 9 su* a mann] z to leave ! be/ effect on ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,z he debates = improvem5t r ?an = imm$iate victory1 he w1 ( c\rse1 despise all tricks & seek to w9 fairly1 or--:at is j z important a lesson--he w le>n to accept defeat gracefully4 ,! skeletons ( two spee*es on opposite sides ( ! same "q are "h pres5t$ = ! purpose ( %[+ h[ a simple plan w hold to ! prop] place all ! ?\ghts & argum5ts t may be accumulat$4 ,! same =m ( outl9e is us$ z 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,,"q4 ,w\ld ! annexation ( ,cuba to ! ,unit$ ,/ates be b5eficial8 ,,affirmative ,,argum5t4 ,,introduction4--,h[ small & hemm$ 9 by p[]ful c\ntries ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h be5 if no annexations _h ev] be5 made4 ,to annex ,cuba w\ld be no new policy4 ,,discussion4 ,argum5t ,fir/4--,favorable location ( ,cuba & comm]cial value to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,argum5t ,second4--,! great ri*es & beauty ( ! ,isl&1 :i* make x v desirable4 ,argum5t ,?ird4--,advantages to ! p ( ,cuba !mselves1 9 belong+ to a great & free nation4 ,,conclusion4--,all previ\s annexations _h to enc\nt] /rong opposition :5 fir/ propos$1 b are n[ ackn[l$g$ to h be5 good policy4 ,s1 if ,cuba is br\ght "u our flag1 opposition w die out & all p>ties be glad ( ! result4 ,,negative ,,argum5t4 ,,introduction4--,plausible b inconclusive nature ( ! argum5t advanc$ on ! o!r side4 ,previ\s annexations may n h be5 good1 ?\gh opposition ceas$ :5 x c\ld avail no?+4 ,ev5 if all =m] annexations 7 b5eficial ?is might n be1 z all att5d+ circum/ances are s widely diff]5t4 ,,discussion4 ,argum5t ,fir/4--,! nation has already z mu* t]ritory z c be well gov]n$4 ,an increase w\ld lead to grave dang]s4 ,argum5t ,second4--,! p ( ,cuba are diff]5t 9 language1 race1 & religion f ! majority ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 h diff]5t cu/oms1 & are unacqua9t$ ) ! work+ ( our in/itutions4 ,!y c\ld n !re=e be trans=m$ easily into good citiz5s4 ,,conclusion4--,dreadful w>s & calamities h aris5 9 all ages & all p>ts ( ! _w f gre$9ess 9 absorb+ t]ritory--8e>? hung]10 z ! ,g]mans call x4 ,to annex ,cuba w\ld involve pres5t & future dang]4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,speak]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,un=tunates ,,:o ,,nev] ,,c ,,extemporize4 ,p]sons are met e day :o decl>e _! belief 9 extempore spee*--= o!rs--b :o are fully p]suad$ t ! possibility ( ev] becom+ effective speak]s has be5 plac$ by nature =ev] beyond _! own rea*4 ,9 "s cases ?is p]suasion is well f\nd$4 ,!re are p :o _c by any possible ef=t le>n to speak well )\t manuscript or memoriz$ words4 ,b too mu* mu/ n be made ( ?is ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! numb] ( ^! un=tunates is small] ?an is usually believ$4 ,x is also noticeable t p]sons ( und\bt$ tal5t are (t5 mo/ ready to despair ( _! own future z speak]s1 :ile o!rs1 ^: defects are pat5t to all _! neighbors1 h no fe>s :atev]4 ,! object ( ?is *apt] is to po9t out ! "* ( ! few insup]able disqualifications = extempore spee*1 & supply rational te/s by :i* _! pres5ce 9 any giv5 case may be det]m9$4 ,?is is a task ( no small difficulty & delicacy2 yet x is necess>y4 ,to enc\rage any p]son to /rive = t :i* is =ev] plac$ out ( 8 rea* is cruel--almo/ crim9al4 ,x is equally wrong to disc\rage ^? :o only ne$ p]sev]+ ef=t 9 ord] to a*ieve full success4 ,) reg>d to ! faculty ( eloqu5ce1 mank9d may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,p]sons 9 ! fir/ class h ! oratorical temp]am5t s fully develop$ t !y w speak well & fully succe$ 9 :atev] mode !y may adopt1 or1 inde$1 )\t consci\sly adopt+ any me?od at all4 ,!y h su* a union ( ! p[] ( expression & ( ! impulse t[>d x1 t !y speak z naturally & z surely z ! night+ale s+s4 ,! exi/5ce ( extraord9>y native g5ius mu/ be ackn[l$g$ z a fact 9 e dep>tm5t ( human ef=t4 ,b x by no means foll[s t ^! wond]fully gift$ be+s w rise to ! highe/ em95ce 9 _! own sph]es4 ,!y c]ta9ly w n unless !y add dilig5t ef=t & c>eful cultivation to _! natural p[]s4 ,"s ( ! greate/ orators h n belong$ to ?is class1 b to t next describ$4 ,!y w\ld nev] h be5 he>d (--w\ld probably nev] h address$ an audi5ce at all--if !y _h n =c$ _! way upw>d aga9/ adv]se criticism1 & (t5 aga9/ _! own feel+ & judgm5t1 impell$ only by a s5se ( duty or by en?usia/ic loyalty to "s great cause4 ,! second class is f> l>g] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,! majority ( p h n s great tal5ts = spee* z to drive !m ( necessity into ! oratorical field4 ,nei!r are !y absolutely incapable ( true spee*4 ,if !y w labor = success 9 oratory1 z a photograph] or a sculptor labors to ma/] 8 art1 !y w ga9 x2 o!rwise1 !y w always be sl[ & emb>rass$ 9 utt]ance & be glad to f9d refuge 9 manuscript or 9 complete sil5ce4 ,x is (t5 amus+ to note a p]son ( ?is class :o has nev] le>n$ h[ to be eloqu5t1 b :o is full ( ideas t seek expression1 us+ ano!r p]son :o is a m]e talk+ ma*9e z a m\?piece6 ,!re is no?+ wrong 9 su* a division ( labor1 b ! latt] secures all ! glory1 al?\gh he runs consid]able risk1 z 8 /ock ( borr[$ in=mation _c be repl5i%$ at w4 ,! writ] knew two "y m51 memb]s ( a c]ta9 lit]>y society1 :o su/a9$ ?is relation to ea* o!r4 ,!y usually sat toge!r1 & :ile a debate 0 9 progress ! wis] ( ! two w\ld :isp] ! o!r :at l9e ( argum5t to foll[ & :at illu/rations to employ1 & at ! prop] "t ! latt] w\ld spr+ to 8 feet ) ! utmo/ confid5ce1 & blaze =? 9 borr[$ eloqu5ce4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ! sil5t man tir$ ( 8 "p & took ! pa9s to le>n ! art ( spee* = himself4 ,a great pr(usion ( language is n ! fir/ ne$ ( an orator4 ,q z (t5 z o!rwise x proves a h9drance & a sn>e4 ,! memb]s ( ?is l>ge class h e enc\ragem5t to "w dilig5tly1 & are sure ( ultimate rew>d4 ,b ! rema9+ class c no m le>n to speak well1 ?an a bl9d man c le>n to pa9t1 or a dumb man to s+4 ,h[ %all su* p]sons be made acqua9t$ ) _! condition1 & ?us save !mselves ye>s ( pa9ful & fruitless toil8 ,ma!matical accuracy ( det]m9ation is n practicable1 b any p]son ( c&or & ord9>y judgm5t may apply a few simple te/s :i* w n all[ wide room = error4 ,a dumb man _c be an orator4 ,! physical imp$im5t is "h absolute & recogniz$ by all4 ,b m]e sl[ness & defects ( spee*1 ?\gh hurtful1 are n necess>ily fatal4 ,/amm]+ may 9 almo/ e case be cur$1 & _m /amm]]s h made good speak]s4 ,a weak voice is also a mis=tune2 b x may be greatly /r5g!n$1 & by cultivation & judici\s husb&+ become equal to e purpose4 ,a feeble voice w accompli% mu* m 9 extemporiz+ ?an 9 read+ a manuscript4 ,"s mo/ eloqu5t m5 h rea*$ _! /ations 9 spite ( vocal defects4 ,john ,r&olph1 ,rob]t ,hall1 & ,bi%op ,simpson are cases 9 po9t4 ,aft] all ! examples t h be5 af=d$ ( ! p[] ( cultivat+ ! voice1 supplem5t$ by ! effects ( us+ x 9 a natural mann]1 no man :o c c>ry on an ord9>y p>lor conv]sation ne$ say1 8,my voice is s weak t ,i c nev] be a public speak]40 ,he may require tra9+ 9 ! ways po9t$ out h]eaft]2 b ) prop] ef=t he c reasonably expect a good degree ( success4 ,! writ] "h speaks f exp]i5ce4 ,8 voice 0 s feeble t read+ a s+le p>agraph al\d at s*ool 0 difficult2 & :5 aft]w>d ! /udy ( law 0 contemplat$1 _m fri5ds dissuad$ on ! gr\nd t lack ( voice =bade all hope ( success at ! b>4 ,b special drill & ! heal?ful practice ( extemporane\s spee* h wr\ght su* an improvem5t t n[ no great ef=t is requir$ to make sev]al ?\s& p]sons 9 ! op5 air he> e ^w ( a long address4 ,"s p]sons are ready to assign _! own timidity z an excuse = nev] attempt+ public spee*4 ,9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ ?is is no real disqualification4 ,if ! timidity1 inde$1 be s great t ! p]son w n risk spee*1 t decides ! "q aga9/ him1 b 9 su* a case he %\ld say1 8,i w n10 r ?an 8,i _c40 ,fe> is m "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! w ?an we are apt to imag9e4 ,ev5 :5 excessive1 ! "r k9d ( drill w g f> t[>d ov]com+ x4 ,great c[>ds (t5 make good soldi]s :5 s well discipl9$ t !y "k j :at to d1 & f ! =ce ( habit _c neglect x1 al?\gh _! att5tion may be :olly absorb$ 9 some?+ else4 ,b x is idle to disguise t ! extempore speak] w always run "s risk ( failure4 ,probably no great orator ev] escap$ a mortify+1 if n disa/r\s1 ov]?r[ at "s p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,%]idan & ,"l ,beaconsfield ea* began _! great a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons by a complete breakd[n4 ,b !y also _h ! c\rage to try aga9 & to keep try+ until success came4 ,m]e natural %r9k+ f su* trials is no disqualification1 if :5 ! m9d is fully made up z to ! be/ c\rse !re is suffici5t c\rage & w-p[] to g =w>d4 ,inde$1 a c]ta9 degree ( fe> belongs to ! oratorical temp]am5t4 ,a man :o c at ! fir/ trial calmly face an expectant audi5ce1 probably lacks "s ( ! s5sitiv5ess :i* is "o ( ! qualifications ( ! p[]ful & effective speak]4 ,! only real disqualification1 !re=e1 9 ! direction ( timidity1 is su* a degree ( fe> z w make ! speak] turn away f all ! prizes ( oratory1 unwill+ to enc\nt] ! h>d%ip & ! /ruggle by :i* !y may be won4 ,b is ! position ( ! read] or declaim] bett] 9 ?is p>ticul> ?an t ( ! true speak]8 ,h[ difficult x is to read well be=e an audi5ce6 ,ev5 elocutioni/s :o devote ye>s ( practice to a n>r[ range ( selections f9d _! ef=ts v unequal4 ,!y c nev] be sure ( rea*+ ! full measure ( =m] successes4 ,to read "o's own composition1 & to feel responsible = ! words & ! matt]1 z well z = ! deliv]y1 greatly int5sifies ! fe> ( fall+ bel[ reasonable expectations4 ,! writ] has obs]v$ _m manuscript read]s1 & c te/ify t !y are usually z mu* emb>rass$ :5 ! h\r ( trial arrives z (f-h& speak]s4 ,9 ! latt] mode ( deliv]y ! voice is s mu* m free & v>i$1 & ! m9d is apt to be remov$ s mu* m f self1 t ! balance ( advantages 9 ! matt] ( emb>rassm5t seems to be decid$ly 9 favor ( extemporiz+4 ,! p]ils ( ! recit] are /ill m =midable4 ,! read] seldom gr[s s mu* emb>rass$ z to be unable to see ! words be=e him4 ,if he loses 8 place he c beg9 some:]e else1 & /umble on 9 "s k9d ( way4 ,b v]bal memory1 :5 weight$ ) ! burd5 ( a :ole disc\rse & cl\d$ by emb>rassm5t1 easily give way altoge!r4 ,a slight physical ailm5t may produce ! same result4 ,:5 memory ?us fails1 sc>cely any escape is possible to "o accu/om$ to dep5d ^u x4 ,_m speak]s w recollect occasions on :i* !y 7 unable to recall %ort memoriz$ passages1 b c\ld easily supply extemporiz$ words & ?us foll[ ! l9e ( disc\rse previ\sly m>k$ out )\t any mortify+ confession ( failure4 ,x w !re=e be a ga9 to "o :o aspires to public spee* ( any k9d to settle x f9ally t no o!r mode ( utt]ance c dim9i% ^? risks :i* s t]rify ! extempore speak]4 ,a ?ird disqualification is ! want ( ord9>y m5tal p[]4 ,great m5tal end[m5ts may n be necess>y4 ,9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 ! orator ne$ n be a g5ius4 ,8 education may be v defective1 8 range ( in=mation n>r[1 & 8 g5]al p[]s ( m9d n above ! av]age4 ,b if he is to /& be=e 8 fell[s z a guide & in/ructor--a position assum$ to "s degree by e speak]--he %\ld n be inf]ior 9 a m>k$ degree to 8 he>]s1 at lea/ 9 ^? ?+s :i* relate to ! subjects he discusses4 ,a m$iocre man :o has _h special tra9+ 9 "s "o direction1 & adds native vigor ( m9d1 may be a v in/ructive & ent]ta9+ speak] 9 8 own field4 ,b if ?r\gh m5tal weakness he talks s fooli%ly on any topic t 8 want ( wisdom is app>5t to all 8 he>]s1 he might bett] close 8 lips2 & if 8 m5tal faculties are s defective or badly balanc$ t he _c ma/] ! ord9>y subjects ^u :i* he w be requir$ to speak if he speaks at all1 he %\ld ab&on all ?\ght ( oratory4 ,?is disqualification is ! mo/ difficult = a man to det]m9e 9 himself4 ,a weak voice1 ov]ma/]+ fe>1 infirm heal?1 c all be recogniz$ ) an approa* to c]ta9ty2 b :o c be bold en\gh to settle ! "q :e!r 8 m9d is suffici5tly /rong to pr(itably address 8 fell[s8 ,a few g5]al sugge/ions pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( que/ions are all t w be useful 9 mak+ ?is decision4 ,d y f9d x possible to /udy a subject until all sides ( x are cle>ly visible 9 _! mutual relations8 ,d ! subjects ) :i* y are mo/ famili>ly acqua9t$ /ill seem %ad[y & confus$ 9 y\r own m9d8 ,:5 y try to tell a fri5d ab\t any pass+ ev5t1 d y use words s bungl+ly z to give him no cle> conception ( ! matt]8 ,a speak] mu/ be able to hold a subject firmly 9 8 m9d1 & to make su* a pres5tation ( x to o!rs t !y also may und]/& x4 ,yet 9 answ]+ ^! que/ions let x be rememb]$ t _m p]sons1 exce$+ly self-di/ru/ful1 h put =? _! ef=ts all ! m dilig5tly on t acc\nt1 & h ?us a*iev$ brilliant success4 ,! rule is a safe "o1 t a man ^: m9d furni%es him ) important ideas1 & ) ! desire to communicate !m1 may speak successfully4 ,m5tal p[]s may be greatly improv$ & /r5g!n$1 & no "o :o does n /& f> d[n ! scale 9 natural end[m5t1 or is will+ to use ! means at 8 disposal dilig5tly1 ne$ hesitate to make an attempt :i* c sc>cely fail to be full ( pr(it1 ev5 :5 x does n comm& p]fect success4 ,we w n n[ ent] ^u a consid]ation ( ! modes by :i* ! g5]al /r5g? ( ! m9d may be augm5t$ & its /ores increas$1 = oratory busies itself ) ! me?od ( communication r ?an ) ! illimitable field ( g5]al cultivation4 ,any mortal disease1 or su* physical infirmity z prev5ts ! ex]cise ( bodily & m5tal p[]s1 w be f\nd to int]f]e z mat]ially ) oratory z ) o!r =ms ( labor4 ,= a man :o is f> advanc$ 9 consumption to beg9 a c\rse ( prep>atory tra9+ ) a view to becom+ an orator1 w\ld be an evid5t wa/e ( ef=t4 ,if he has any?+ to say :i* ! _w ought to "k1 he %\ld speak x out at once 9 ! be/ =m t 8 pres5t ability all[s1 or commit ! task to o!rs4 ,?is seems s self-evid5t t x %\ld be und]/ood )\t /atem5t2 b ! opposite idea has atta9$ "s degree ( curr5cy4 ,x is sometimes said ( an individual1 8,poor fell[1 8 heal? is s brok5 t he c nev] make a liv+ by any h>d "w2 x w\ld be well = him to turn 8 att5tion to "s easy pr(ession1 :]e he w\ld h no?+ to d b speak40 ,!re is "o =m ( tru? conceal$ 9 ?is hurtful error4 ,natural spee* does furni% heal?ful ex]cise = ! vocal organs1 :i* 9 _! turn are closely connect$ ) ! mo/ vital p>ts ( ! human body4 ,9 "s cases s]i\s disease has be5 cur$ by ! habit ( public spee*4 ,b ^! cases are exceptional1 & d n 9 ! lea/ invalidate ! pr9ciple "h laid d[n1 :i* is1 t disease1 s f> z x enfeebles ! body1 op]ates z a direct disqualification = effective spee*2 & if ! disease be sev]e & p]man5t ! disqualification is total4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t "s =ms ( disease are r5d]$ worse by ! ef=t & excitem5t insep>able f public address4 ,physicians usually =bid ! heal?ful ex]cise ( surf-ba?+ to p]sons afflict$ ) he>t disease4 ,b ! intellectual waves ( a heat$ discussion buffet no less fi]cely ?an ! ocean surf1 & to be met successfully requires a /eady arm & a /rong he>t4 ,ev5 9 ! calme/ & mo/ passionless disc\rse x is sc>cely possible to avoid hav+ ! pulse quick5$1 & all ! elem5ts ( m5tal & physical endurance sev]ely te/$4 ,! /> ( a mo/ eloqu5t man sudd5ly fad$ a few ye>s ago :ile he 0 /ill 9 middle life1 because he became too feeble to put =? oratorical =ce4 ,he cont9u$ to speak = a few ye>s1 b scores only li/5$ to him :]e hundr$s & ?\s&s _h hung spell-b\nd on 8 utt]ances be=e 8 physical /r5g? decl9$4 ,b x is *e]+ to rememb] t especially 9 y\? ill-heal? may (t5 be entirely remov$4 ,! great majority ( "y p ne$ only ! c>eful obs]vance ( heal?y conditions 9 ord] to make _! bodies effici5t in/rum5ts = ! expression ( all ! fires ( eloqu5ce t may be enk9dl$ 9 _! s\ls4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal m>ks by :i* man is di/+ui%$ f ! l[] animals is ! inv5tion & use ( articulate language4 ,by x1 ! dress = our ideas is =m$1 & x is sc>cely possible ev5 to m$itate )\t m5tally us+ words4 ,dur+ all our wak+ mom5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ idle1 a /ream ( language is runn+ ceaselessly ?r\gh our m9ds4 ,! m completely ! =m ( language is spontane\sly assum$ by ! ?\ght-curr5t1 ! easi] x becomes to op5 ! lips & let x gu% =? 9 words4 ,) mo/ p]sons unspok5 m$itations are v fragm5t>y & obscure--m]e snat*es begun & brok5 (f by pass+ impulses or impressions4 ,an extemporane\s speak] mu/ be able to control 8 ?\ghts & hold !m to a pr$et]m9$ pa?2 & if he also accu/oms himself to =ce !m into a full dress ( language1 ! habit w greatly less5 consci\s ef=t 9 ! mom5t ( spee*4 ,b h[ev] ?is is1 ! p[] ( wield+ ! res\rces ( 8 "m tongue is absolutely ess5tial to ! orator4 ,a great & incurable defici5cy 9 ?is respect is fatal4 ,!re are examples ( almo/ wordless m51 :o1 ?\gh suff]+ no deprivation ( any ( ! physical organs ( spee*1 h yet be5 s defici5t 9 language-p[] t !y c\ld n employ x z ! m$ium ( ord9>y communication4 ,su* a man--an ,ill9ois f>m]--well kn[n to ! writ]1 c\ld n f9d words to make an ord9>y /atem5t )\t long & emb>rass+ pauses4 ,! names ( 8 ne>e/ neighbors 7 usually =gott51 s t he requir$ cont9ual prompt+ 9 conv]sation4 ,he 0 n bel[ ! av]age ( 8 neighbors ei!r 9 education or intellig5ce1 b 0 simply almo/ )\t ! faculty ( language4 ,?is defici5cy 9 a less m>k$ degree is n uncommon4 ,no am\nt ( tra9+ w\ld ev] h conv]t$ ?is f>m] into an orator4 ,_h he attempt$ to discuss ! mo/ famili> topic 8 begg>ly array ( words w\ld h be5 m =lorn ?an ,fal/aff's recruits4 ,ano!r example t may be cit$ 0 9 "o s5se /ill m in/ructive--a prea*] ^: goodness 0 ackn[l$g$ by all :o knew him1 a man ( solid acquirem5ts & ( great dilig5ce & en]gy4 ,b 8 long & emb>rass$ pauses1 toge!r ) 8 /ruggles to get words ( "s k9d to express 8 mean+1 con/itut$ a trial to 8 he>]s s great t no congregation w\ld long endure 8 m9i/ry4 ,x is possible t su* p]sons w\ld ga9 "s relief by writ+ & read+ _! disc\rses4 ,probably !y c\ld n memorize at all4 ,_! read+1 h[ev]1 w\ld mo/ likely be m>k$ by _m ( ! same defects z _! spok5 utt]ances4 ,_m ( ! p]sons :o accuse !mselves ( a lack ( words mi/ake ! nature ( _! difficulty4 ,x is easy to br+ ! matt] to a decisive te/4 ,if y are really v defici5t 9 ! faculty ( language1 y _c tell an ord9>y /ory1 ) ! details ( :i* y are p]fectly acqua9t$1 9 a prompt & intellig5t mann]4 ,try ! exp]im5t4 ,read ov] two or ?ree times a newspap] acc\nt ( a wreck1 a murd]1 or "s o!r common occurr5ce2 !n lay d[n ! pap] & 9 y\r own way tell y\r fri5d :at has happ5$4 ,if y c d ?is easily1 y ne$ nev] compla9 ( ! lack ( words4 ,equal famili>ity ) any o!r subject w produce ! same results4 ,nei!r ! prea*] nor ! f>m] ref]r$ to c\ld h successfully pass$ ?is te/4 ,! prea*] w\ld h told ! /ory badly1 & 9 an incr$ibly long space ( "t2 ! f>m] w\ld n h told x at all4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! mo/ s]i\s disqualifications = ! orator's vocation4 ,_m ?+s :i* are con/antly assign$ by c&idates z ! reasons = conf9+ !mselves to ! use ( manuscript 9 public address h n be5 includ$1 = mo/ ( ^!1 z w appe> 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 are susceptible ( easy rem$y4 ,"h we h only m5tion$ ^? :i* _c be cur$4 ,if a man concludes1 aft] due trial & consultation1 t ^! defects1 or any "p ( !m1 prevail 9 8 own case1 x w be prud5t = him to select "s o!r life-"w to :i* he is bett] adapt$ ?an he c ev] hope to be = public speak+4 ,we sum up ! foll[+ disqualifications = oratory3 incurable defects ( voice1 extreme timidity1 feebl5ess ( m9d1 c]ta9 =ms ( bodily disease1 & great defici5cy 9 ! faculty ( language4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,emotion4 ,two k9ds ( prep>ation contribute to ! production ( eloqu5ce4 ,"o is ! prep>ation ( ! speak]1 ! o!r ( ! spee*4 ,! fir/ is fully z important z ! second4 ,9 ord9>y cases bo? are indisp5sable4 ,"s 8born orators0 speak well )\t appe>+ to pay any att5tion to ! improvem5t ( _! faculties4 ,o!rs are occasionally eloqu5t on a topic )\t special prep>ation4 ,yet ^! cases :5 closely exam9$ w be f\nd app>5t r ?an real exceptions to ! rule above /at$4 ,! man :o seems nev] to h cultivat$ ! p[] ( spee*1 & is yet able to blaze into f]vid eloqu5ce at w1 has usually conceal$ 8 prep>ation or c>ri$ x on 9 su* uncommon me?ods t !y h n be5 recogniz$ z prep>ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man :o speaks well )\t a mom5t's w>n+ c d s only :5 ! subject is ?or\ghly famili> to him4 ,a ready & self-possess$ speak] may grasp ?\ghts :i* h be5 long matur+ 9 8 m9d1 & give !m =? to an audi5ce 9 ob$i5ce to an unexpect$ summons1 b if he is call$ ^u :5 he kn[s no?+ :atev] ( 8 subject1 failure is inevitable1 ?\gh he may possibly veil x m or less 9 a /ream ( platitudes4 ,ask a man at a mom5t's w>n+ to give an a/ronomical lecture4 ,if he is p]fectly famili> ) ! subject 9 g5]al1 & is also a practical orator1 he may succe$ well )\t prep>+ a special spee*4 ,b if he is ignorant ( ,a/ronomy1 :at k9d ( an address c he make8 ,if he is ! mo/ eloqu5t man 9 ! nation t faculty w avail him no?+1 = he _c extemporize ! names ( ! planets1 ! laws :i* gov]n _! motions1 or any ( ! facts out ( :i* 8 lecture mu/ be wov54 ,precisely ! same necessity ( adequate in=mation exi/s 9 e o!r field ( intellig5ce4 ,! ignorant man _c possibly tell t :i* he does n "k1 al?\gh he may make a great %[ ( k out ( small mat]ial2 b ev5 to d t ) c]ta9ty requires c>eful prem$itation & arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is & foll[+ *apt]s we wi% to treat ( ! k9d ( cultivation :i* makes a man ready to speak4 ,! field is "h v wide & "s g5]al consid]ations mu/ be introduc$1 b we hope also to give valuable practical directions1 especially to ^? :o are yet at ! beg9n+ ( _! c>e]4 ,9 consid]+ man z a speak]1 we may classify 8 faculties into two broad divisions2 ^? :i* furni% ! mat]ials ( communication ) 8 fell[s2 & ^? :i* furni% ! means ( su* communication4 ,! fir/ class gives rise to ?\ghts & emotions 9 man's own brea/2 ! second enables him to ar\se simil> ?\ghts & emotions 9 ! brea/s ( o!rs4 ,our c\rse1 !re=e1 w be to consid]1 fir/1 ?\ght & emotion1 & aft]w>d ^? p[]s ( body & m9d by :i* we express1 t is1 press out f ourselves t[>d ! receptive faculties ( our fell[ be+s4 ,?\ght1 9 ! broad s5se "h giv51 embraces ! k ( all facts1 & all ! reason+ t may be bas$ ^u ^? facts4 ,emotion is ! m5tal feel+ or response to k1 & comprises love1 hate1 joy1 fe>1 sorr[1 & hope4 ,^! two elem5ts are ! broad basis ( all eloqu5ce4 ,ke51 pr(\nd1 f>-rea*+ ?\ght--9 o!r words1 ?\ght rais$ to its highe/ t]ms--& quick1 s5sitive1 p[]ful emotion1 are necess>y to ! highe/ eloqu5ce4 ,comp>$ ) !m1 m]e v]bal flu5cy is less ?an du/ 9 ! balance4 ,b su* a comb9ation--! highe/ degree ( bo? ?\ght & emotion--is r>e1 & _m degrees less ?an ! highe/ ( ei!r is available = g5u9e eloqu5ce4 ,to increase ei!r or bo?1 if x c be done )\t any correspond+ sacrifice1 is to increase eloqu5ce 9 precisely ! same proportion4 ,education 9 ! popul> s5se is ! cultivation ( ?\ght ) ! add$ faculty ( language4 ,b we pref] to consid] ! latt] p[] sep>ately z "o among ! means ( communicat+ ?\ght4 ,h[1 !n1 %all ?\ght-p[] be increas$8 ,!re is no royal road4 ,e "o ( ! faculties by :i* k is accumulat$ & arrang$ or dige/$ into new =ms gr[s /rong] by be+ employ$ ^u its own appropriate objects4 ,ex]cise is !n ! means by :i* ! mat]ial ( k is ga!r$1 & all faculties /r5g!n$ = future ga!r+4 ,ea* fact ga9$ adds to ! treasury ( ?\ght4 ,a broad & lib]al education is ( exce$+ advantage4 ,?is may or may n be ( ! s*ools4 ,inde$1 !y too (t5 sub/itute a k ( words = a k ( ?+s4 ,t fault is v s]i\s to ! orator1 = ! only way by :i* ev5 language c be effectively taught1 is by giv+ t]ms to objects1 ! nature ( :i* has be5 previ\sly le>n$4 ,b _m p]sons ne$ to speak :o _c obta9 an education 9 ! usual s5se ( ! words--t is1 college or sem9>y tra9+4 ,mu/ !y keep _! lips =ev] clos$ on t acc\nt8 ,by no means4 ,a ?\s& examples1 "s ( !m ! mo/ em95t speak]s ! _w has produc$1 enc\rage !m to hope4 ,let su* p]sons le>n all !y c4 ,wide1 well-select$1 & sy/ematic read+ w d wond]s 9 supply+ ! necess>y ?\ght-mat]ial4 ,e book ( hi/ory1 biography1 travels1 popul> sci5ce1 :i* is c>efully read1 & its cont5ts fix$ 9 ! m9d1 w be available = ! purposes ( oratory4 ,"h a ^w ( advice may be (f]$1 :i*1 if he$$1 w be wor? _m mon?s ( te*nical education at ! be/ colleges 9 ! l&2 x is ?is3 h always at h& "s "w t 9 its own sph]e possesses real & p]man5t m]it1 & read x daily until complet$4 ,if notes are made ( its cont5ts1 & ! book itself kept on h& = ref]5ce1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,if "s fri5d c be f\nd :o w he> y relate 9 y\r own words :at y h read1 ?is also w be ( great value4 ,_m p]sons1 especially 9 our own c\ntry1 sp5d "t en\gh 9 read+ ! m9ute details ( ! daily pap]s to make !m ?or\ghly acqua9t$ 9 t5 ye>s ) =ty volumes ( ! mo/ useful books 9 ! _w4 ,?9k ( x6 ,?is numb] may include ne>ly all ! lit]>y ma/]pieces4 ,:i* mode ( sp5d+ ! "t w produce ! be/ results8 ,"o newspap] read daily w\ld am\nt to m ?an ?ree hundr$ 9 a ye>1 & all[+ ea* pap] to be equal to t5 ord9>y book pages1 ! result w\ld be ?ree ?\s& pages annually1 or six volumes ( five hundr$ pages ea*4 ,9 t5 ye>s ?is w\ld rea* sixty volumes6 ,?is numb]1 compris+ ! _w's be/ books 9 hi/ory1 poetry1 sci5ce1 & g5]al lit]ature1 might be read sl[ly1 ) m$itation & dilig5t note-tak+1 by ! mo/ busy man :o 0 will+ to employ 8 leisure 9 t way4 ,libr>ies & books are n[ br\ght )9 ! rea* ( all1 & ! mass ( :at man kn[s c be le>n$ 9 outl9e by any /ud5t :o ?ir/s = k4 ,:ile ?us engag$ ! /ud5t is on ! direct road t[>d oratorical effici5cy1 ?\gh su* k w n 9 itself con/itute eloqu5ce4 ,x is b "o ( its elem5ts4 ,nei!r w ! speak] h to wait until any def9ite quantity ( read+ has be5 accompli%$ be=e x becomes s]viceable to him4 ,all t he le>ns w be imm$iately available1 &1 ) prop] ef=t1 ! facility ( spee* & ! mat]ial = speak+ w keep pace ) ea* o!r4 ,b p]sonal obs]vation ( life & nature are j z necess>y z read+4 ,! _w ( books is v ext5sive1 b x yields its treasures only to p]sons :o br+ to its /udy "s indep5d5t k ( _! own4 ,we _c hope to add mu* to ! _w's /ock ( k by :at we see ) our own eyes1 b :at we d see & he> w int]pret = u :at we le>n f ! f> wid] _w ( books4 ,gibbon tells u t 8 militia s]vice1 ?\gh ( no great advantage 9 itself1 0 aft]w>d v useful to ! hi/orian ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,:at we behold ( ! l&scape ar\nd u lays ! f\ndation = und]/&+ :at poets & travel]s tell u ( o!r l&scapes we may nev] see4 ,book k wall become real & vivid j 9 proportion z x is br\ght into comp>ison ) ! obs]vation ( our own s5ses4 ,to ! orator1 ?is is f> m important ?an to ! ord9>y /ud5t1 = x adds greatly to ! royal faculty ( imag9ation4 ,a description f ! lips ( a speak] :o beholds at ! mom5t a m5tal picture1 accurate z a photograph1 & bright ) color1 w be v diff]5t f ano!r description built up only ( words1 h[ev] well *os5 & melodi\s ! latt] may be4 ,a little dabbl+ 9 natural sci5ce1 a few exp]im5ts tri$1 an occasional peep ?r\gh telescope or microscope at ! worlds !y op51 & all o!r means ( br++ k "u ! scrut9y ( our own s5ses1 w greatly contribute to ! p[] ( ! orator4 ,! reason+ faculties mu/ also be tra9$ by ex]cise ^u _! own objects4 ,! k :i* has be5 ga!r$ f p]sonal obs]vation or f ! te/imony ( o!rs 9 books w furni% mat]ial1 b w n enable u to reason4 ,logic & ma!matics h consid]able utility z guides1 b !y _c supply ! want ( cont9u\s application ( ! processes ( argum5t & d$uction4 ,no man becomes a reason] f m]ely le>n+ ! mode 9 :i* ! reason op]ates4 ,( two p]sons1 "o ( :om und]/&s e mood ( ! syllogism & ! s\rce ( e fallacy1 :ile ! o!r has no te*nical k ( logic1 b has be5 engag$ 9 c>eful reason+1 discussion1 & argum5t1 all 8 life1 x may easily happ5 t ! latt] w be ! bett] reason] ( ! two--j z a man might le>n f ! books all ! rules ( ! game ( croquet1 & yet be beat5 by ano!r :o cont9ually h&l$ ! mallet1 b _h nev] read a s+le rule4 ,practice makes p]fect4 ,essay writ+1 con/ruct+ argum5ts1 trac+ effects back to _! causes1 mak+ c>eful comp>ison ( all ?+s t c be comp>$1 9 %ort1 br++ our judgm5t to be> ^u all facts1 =m+ our own op9ions ( e ev5t1 & be+ always ready to give a reason to ^? :o ask1--^! modes ( ex]cise w make ! faculty ( reason gr[ cont9ually /rong]4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ^! or any o!r modes ( cultivation c make all m9ds equal1 b !y w improve any "o--! l[e/ z surely z ! mo/ active--?\gh ! int]val aft] bo? h be5 ?us ex]cis$ w rema9 z great z be=e4 ,extempore spee* itself1 :5 practic$ ^u c>efully arrang$ plans or models z recomm5d$ h]eaft]1 is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful modes ( cultivat+ ! logical faculty4 ,to con/ruct plans1 s t all ?\ghts accumulat$ ^u a giv5 subject may be unfold$ 9 a natural & ord]ly mann]1 _c fail to ex]cise ! reason+ faculties1 & imp>t correspond+ /r5g? to !m4 ,b h[ %all emotion be cultivat$8 ,! wise/ spee*1 if deep feel+ nei!r ?robs 9 ! words nor is manife/$ 9 deliv]y1 _c be eloqu5t4 ,! orator c only speak =? f an ar\s$ & excit$ nature4 ,!re is a k9d ( intellectual excitation k9dl$ by ! pres5tation ( tru? :i* is suffici5tly effective :5 in/ruction is ! only object4 ,b to p]suade & move m5--! usual aim ( ! orator--requires passion4 ,no pret5se w avail ! extempore speak]4 ,he w infallibly be detect$ if c\nt]feit+1 & to succe$ 9 exhibit+ feel+ he mu/ really feel4 ,!re are b two ?+s :i* c ar\se feel+--c>e = a cause or = p]sons4 ,_m a man is eloqu5t :5 8rid+ 8 hobby10 ?\gh at no o!r "t4 ,he has ?\ght s mu* ^u t special subject1 & has s ?or\ghly id5tifi$ himself ) x1 t ev]y?+ relat+ to x becomes inve/$ ) p]sonal int]e/4 ,any cause :i* c ?us be made p]sonal w be apt to ar\se feel+4 ,x w\ld be wise1 !re=e1 = an orator to id5tify himself z closely z possible ) all mann] ( good causes :i* come )9 8 rea*4 ,!n su* well-spr+s ( emotion w gu% out easily & frequ5tly4 ,?is mode ( excitation is l>gely intellectual 9 its "*4 ,! next to be describ$ has m to d ) ! affections4 ,! cl]gyman wants to secure ! welf>e ( 8 congregation1 & ! bett] he is acqua9t$ ) !m individually ! /rong] w be ?is wi%4 ,! lawy] is b a poor attorney if he does n s id5tify himself ) 8 cli5t z to feel m ?an a pr(essional int]e/ 9 ! latt]'s success4 ,! politician ne$s no exhortation to r\se 8 en?usiasm = 8 p>ty & 8 *ief4 ,all ^! are in/ances ( t c>e = p]sons :i* adds s greatly to ! p[]s ( effective spee*4 ,! pla9 inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is t ! speak] w ga9 l>gely by id5tify+ himself z closely z possible ) ! int]e/s ( m51 & by cultivat+ love = !m4 ,a cynical or indiff]5t _s makes a fe>ful disc\nt f ! possibilities ( eloqu5ce4 ,only ! greate/ qualities 9 o!r directions c prev5t x f prov+ fatal4 ,! p[] & s5sitiv5ess ( emotions f\nd$ ^u intimate k & p>tn]%ip ( int]e/ g f> to expla9 ! wond]ful eloqu5ce ( ! old ,greeks4 ,_! c\ntry 0 ! native l& ( eloqu5ce4 ,?is arose n s mu* f ! "* ( t gift$ race z f ! fact t ea* speak] p]sonally knew 8 audi5ce & _h an intimate1 mat]ial int]e/ 9 ! affairs he discuss$4 ,!y reg>d$ _! oppon5ts z t]ribly bad m54 ,_! own lives & ! lives ( _m ( _! fri5ds 7 n unfrequ5tly involv$ 9 ! que/ions !y discuss$4 ,! ,/ates 7 s small1 & ! p]sonal elem5t s important1 t /rongly ar\s$ feel+ became inevitable4 ,! discussion ( w> or peace be=e an audi5ce :o knew t if !y vot$ w> _! t[n might be besieg$ by ! enemy )9 a =tnight1 0 sure to be eag]ly li/5$ to4 ,no platitudes w\ld be tol]at$4 ,! orators spoke be=e _! neighbors1 "s ( !m fri5dly1 o!rs bitt] enemies :o 7 seek+ 9 ea* ^w !y utt]$ an occasion = _! ru94 ,mu* ( ! wond]ful p[] ( ,demo/h5es arose f ! deep solicitude felt by himself & excit$ 9 8 he>]s z !y wat*$ ! swiftly com+ ru9 ( _! common c\ntry4 ,x is also a law ( human nature t we feel deeply = t :i* has co/ u great labor4 ,! collector ( old *9a or ( entomological specim5s le>ns to greatly value ! ugly di%es & bugs he ga!rs1 ?\gh o!rs may despise !m4 ,! m ( real "w we d 9 ! _w1 ! deep] ! hold our he>ts take ^u x4 ,?is is "o ( ! secrets ( ! p[] ( goodness z an elem5t ( oratory4 ,x 0 long ago decl>$ t a good man1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w be a bett] speak] ?an a bad man4 ,8 affections are call$ =? by a great] v>iety ( objects4 ,yet hate c make a man eloqu5t z well z love1 & "s ( ! mo/ eloqu5t orations ev] utt]$ p>took l>gely ( ?is baleful inspiration4 ,b ! occasions on :i* noble feel+s may rise into eloqu5ce are f> m num]\s & important4 ,:y %\ld n a man tra9 himself to take a deep int]e/ 9 all t is br\ght famili>ly to 8 notice8 ,?is wide range ( sympa?y is "o ( ! m>ks :i* di/+ui%es a great f a small m9d4 ,x has be5 said t 8lun> politics0 c h no possible int]e/s = ! inhabitants ( ?is globe4 ,b :o c be sure ( ?is1 if !re be su* a ?+ z 8lun> politics08 ,! wid] our k ! m we recognize ! possibility ( int]e/s :i* we _h n be=e dream$ (4 ,if !re are inhabitants on ! moon1 & if we h an immortal exi/5ce1 x is f> f impossible t we might "s "t be br\ght into ! close/ connection ) !m4 ,no man c tell ! be>+ ( a new fact ^u human welf>e1 m ?an he c write ! hi/ory ( a new-born babe4 ,at any rate1 e fact is a "p ( ! great sy/em ( tru? :i* lies all ab\t u1 & :i* is adapt$ to ! ne$s ( our intellect4 ,let x also be rememb]$ t all m5 are k9dr$1 & t we %\ld make common cause ) !m4 ,:5 ?is comes to be ! habitual attitude ( ! m9d1 n z a m]e s5tim5t1 b z a /rong & /eady impulse1 impassion$ spee* on any great !me affect+ ! int]e/s ( nations or individual m5 w be easy4 ,emotion _c be feign$1 nei!r c x be directly r\s$ by an ef=t ( ! w4 ,we _c say1 8,n[ ,i w be 9 a furi\s passion10 or1 8,n[ ,i w be inflam$ ) wra? aga9/ ?is great wrong10 = ! m]e sake ( speak+ bett] ^u ! subject 9 h&4 ,b we c gaze ^u a great wrong1 & m$itate ^u ! evil x involves1 until ! tides ( indignant emotion arise 9 our brea/4 ,_m a well-prep>$ spee* has fail$ ( effect1 because ! orator 0 s anxi\s ab\t ! =m ( 8 address & 8 own popul>ity z to lose int]e/ 9 ! subject itself4 ,sometimes spee*es read or recit$ fail f an opposite cause4 ,! int]e/ has once be5 ar\s$1 & hav+ burn$ dur+ ! protract$ p]iod ( composition1 x cools & _c be recall$4 ,no en]gy1 declamation1 or elegance ( diction c r$eem ?is capital defect4 ,to tell a man 9 g5]al t]ms h[ he may wid5 8 sympa?ies & ent] into ! close/ bonds ) 8 fell[s is difficult4 ,x is mu* easi] to tell him :at n to d4 ,! h]mits ( ! des]t took exactly ! wrong c\rse4 ,!y lo/ ! p[] ( eloqu5ce except ^u "s !me :i* c\ld be w$d$ to _! solit>y mus+s4 ,pet] ! ,h]mit 0 r\s$ to fury by ! tales ( wrongs to pilgrims 9 ! ,holy ,city--almo/ ! only ?+ t c\ld h made him eloqu5t4 ,b on t "o topic he spoke l a man inspir$ & 0 able to call all ,europe to arms4 ,:atev] sep>ates f ! common int]e/s ( humanity mu/ dim9i% ! p[] or at lea/ ! range ( g5u9e emotion4 ,to "k a great _m m51 to und]/& _! bus9ess affairs1 to ent] into _! joy & fe>1 to wat* ! feel+s t rise & fall 9 _! he>ts1 is sure to deep5 our own feel+s by unconsci\s imitation & sympa?y4 ,ea* new fri5d is an add$ p[] ( noble/ emotion--a new po9t at :i* ! _w takes hold ( our he>ts4 ,h[ _m p]sons are eloqu5t = a cause only6 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s m5 c>e no?+ = g5]al pr9ciples1 b w ?r[ _! :ole s\l into a conflict = fri5ds4 ,t man is well furni%$ = eloqu5ce :o kn[s a great deal1 :o c m5tally comb9e1 arrange1 & reason correctly ^u :at he kn[s1 :o feels a p]sonal int]e/ 9 e fact ) :i* 8 memory is /or$1 & e pr9ciple :i* c be d$uc$ f ^? facts1 & :o has s great an int]e/ 9 8 fell[s t all de$s :i* affect !m awak5 ! same response 9 8 he>t z if done to himself4 ,he w !n possess all ! necess>y treasures ( ?\ght1 & w himself be w>m$ by ! fires ( emotion4 ,! only rema9+ problem w be to f9d ! mann] ( communicat+ 8 ?\ght & emotion 9 undim9i%$ =ce to o!rs ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spee*4 ,! mode ( cultivat+ ! p[]s necess>y to ?is end w next engage our att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,language4 ,! prec$+ *apt] dealt ) ^? faculties :i* provide ! mat]ials ( spee*1 & 9 "o s5se 0 sc>cely appropriate to a treatise design$ to %[ ! be/ modes ( communicat+ k4 ,yet x 0 difficult to approa* ! subject intelligibly 9 any o!r way4 ,s mu* has be5 said ab\t ! natural p[] ( oratory t x 0 necess>y to def9e its "* & to %[ h[ x might be supplem5t$ by cultivation4 ,b x is m directly our task to po9t out ! mode ( improv+ ! communicative faculties4 ,fir/ 9 importance among ^! /&s language4 ,)\t its assi/ance ?\ght c\ld n be consecutively imp>t$4 ,"s vague & intangible conceptions might arise )9 our own m9ds1 b ev5 ^! c\ld n be giv5 to o!r m9ds )\t ! m$ium ( words4 ,! p[] ( language is di/9ct f g5]al intellectual ability4 ,x by no means foll[s t a man :o possesses important ?\ghts & deep emotions w be able to communicate !m well2 b a v mod]ate end[m5t ( ! ^w-faculty may be s cultivat$ z to fulfill e requirem5t4 ,dilig5t practice 9 ! me?ods advis$ bel[ w enable ! great majority ( m5 to express _! ?\ghts ) fullness & accuracy4 ,!re are c]ta9 laws 9 e language made b9d+ by cu/om1 :i* _c be transgress$ )\t expos+ ! (f5d] to ! sev]e p5alty ( ridicule & contempt4 ,^! laws =m ! basis ( gramm>1 & mu/ be ?or\ghly le>n$4 ,if a man has be5 "u ! influ5ce ( good models f *ildhood1 correctness w be a matt] almo/ ( in/9ct2 b ! rev]se ( ?is is frequ5tly ! case4 ,ev5 !n !re is b little difficulty exp]i5c$ by any "o :o w take ! necess>y pa9s1 9 le>n+ to write 9 accordance ) ! rules ( spee*1 & :5 ?is p[] has be5 atta9$ !re is a /&>d =m$ by :i* to judge our spok5 words4 ,b x is n en\gh = ! extempore speak] to be able to r$uce 8 s5t5ces to correctness by reca/+1 prun+1 or add+ to !m4 ,!y %\ld be requir$ to pres5t !mselves at fir/ 9 correct =m & 9 r\nd$ complet5ess4 ,he has no "t to ?9k ( "r or wrong con/ructions1 & ! only safe way1 !re=e1 is to make ! "r s habitual t ! wrong w n once be ?\ght (4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ n only be able to express ourselves correctly by tongue & p51 b ! v curr5t ( unspok5 words t fl[s 9 our bra9s mu/ be %ap$ 9 full con=mity to ! laws ( language4 ,:5 we ex]cise ! p[] ( cont9u\s grammatical ?9k+1 !re w be no difficulty 9 avoid+ ! ridicul\s blund]s :i* are suppos$ to be insep>able f extempore spee*4 ,correctness 9 pronunciation is also ( importance4 ,usage has giv5 ea* ^w its au?oriz$ s\nd1 :i* no p]son c frequ5tly mi/ake )\t r5d]+ himself liable to ! easie/ & mo/ damag+ ( all criticisms4 ,bad pronunciation produces ano!r & extremely hurtful effect ^u extempore spee*4 ,! m5tal ef=t necess>y to discrim9ate betwe5 two modes ( pron\nc+ a ^w1 nei!r ( :i* is kn[n to be "r1 div]ts ! m9d f ! subject & produces emb>rassm5t & hesitation4 ,accuracy 9 ! use ( words1 :i* is a *>m 9 spok5 no less ?an writt5 language1 may also be impair$ f ! same cause2 = if two t]ms t may be us$ = ! same idea are ?\ght (1 only "o ( :i* c be pron\nc$ ) c]ta9ty1 t "o w be pref]r$1 ev5 if ! o!r be ! m suitable4 ,! extemporiz] ought to be s famili> ) ! s\nd ( all common words t none b ! "r pronunciation & acc5t w ev] ent] 8 m9d4 ,flu5cy & accuracy 9 ! use ( words are two qualities t h (t5 be5 conf\nd$1 ?\gh p]fectly di/9ct4 ,to ! speak] !y are ( equal importance1 :ile ! writ] has f> m ne$ ( ! latt]4 ,all words h _! own peculi> %ades ( mean+4 ,!y h be5 build$ up into _! pres5t %ape ?r\gh long ages4 ,by /range turns & ) _m a curi\s hi/ory h !y glid$ into ! significations !y n[ be>2 & ea* "o is imb$d$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p z ! repres5tative ( c]ta9 def9ite ideas4 ,words are delicate pa9ts t1 to ! untutor$ eye1 may seem ( "o color1 b ea* has its own place 9 ! picture pa9t$ by ! h& ( g5ius1 & c be supplant$ by no o!r4 ,_m me?ods h be5 sugge/$ = le>n+ ^! f9e %ades ( mean+4 ,! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 has be5 urg$ z ! be/ & almo/ ! only way3 su* /udy may be v useful = discipl9e1 & w give mu* elem5t>y k ( ! laws ( language3 b ! man :o kn[s no o!r tongue ?an 8 own ne$ n consid] himself deb>r$ f ! v highe/ place z a ma/] ( words4 ,! c>eful /udy ( a good etymological diction>y w1 9 "t1 give him ab\t all ! valuable in=mation be>+ ^u ?is subject t he c\ld obta9 f ! /udy ( _m languages4 ,9 g5]al read+1 let him m>k e ^w he does n p]fectly und]/&1 & f ! diction>y f9d its orig91 ! mean+ ( its roots1 & its v>i$ significations at ! pres5t day4 ,?is w make ! ^w z famili> z an old acqua9tance1 & :5 he meets x aga9 he w notice if ! au?or uses x correctly4 ,! /ud5t may n be able to exam9e e ^w 9 ! language1 b by ?is mode he w be l$ to ?9k ( ! mean+ ( ea* "o he sees2 & f ?is sil5t practice he w le>n ! beauty & p[] ( ,engli% z fully z if he s\ght x ?r\gh ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,if ?is habit is long cont9u$ x w cause words to be us$ correctly 9 ?9k+ z well z 9 speak+4 ,to read a diction>y consecutively & c>efully 7ignor+ ! old /ory ab\t its frequ5t *ange ( subject7 w also be f\nd v pr(itable4 ,translat+ f any language1 anci5t or mod]n1 w h j ! same t5d5cy to tea* accurate expression z c>eful orig9al composition4 ,9 ei!r case ! improvem5t comes f ! se>* = words t exactly convey c]ta9 ideas1 & x matt]s n :at ! s\rce ( ! ideas may be4 ,! use ( a good !saurus1 or /oreh\se ( words1 may also be s]viceable by %[+ 9 "o view all ! words t relate to any subject4 ,b none ( ^! me?ods w greatly increase flu5cy4 ,!re is a practical diff]5ce betwe5 m]ely kn[+ a t]m & t easy use ( x :i* only habit c give4 ,elihu ,burritt1 ) 8 k ( fifty languages1 has (t5 be5 surpass$ 9 flu5cy1 =ce1 & v>iety ( expression by an unlett]$ f>m]1 because ! few words ! latt] knew 7 always ready4 ,!re is no way to increase ?is easy & flu5t use ( language )\t mu* practice 9 utt]ance4 ,:]e & h[ c su* practice be obta9$8 ,conv]sation af=ds an excell5t means = ?is k9d ( improvem5t4 ,we d n mean ! runn+ fire ( "q & answ]1 glanc+ s rapidly back & =? z to all[ no "t = prem$itat+ or expla9+ any?+1 b real & rational talk--an ex*ange ( ?\ghts & ideas cle>ly & intelligibly express$4 ,! man :o engages mu* 9 ?is k9d ( conv]sation c sc>cely fail to become an adept 9 ! art ( express+ 8 ?\ghts 9 appropriate language4 ,talk mu*2 express y\r ideas 9 ! be/ mann] possible2 if difficult at fir/1 p]sev]e1 & x w become easi]4 ,?us y w le>n eloqu5ce 9 ! be/ & mo/ pleas+ s*ool4 ,! common conv]sational /yle--t 9 :i* man deals directly ) 8 fell[ man--is ! g]m ( true oratory4 ,x may be amplifi$ & sy/ematiz$2 b talk+ be>s to eloqu5ce ! same relation t ! soil does to ! tree t spr+s out ( its bosom4 ,b ! be/ ?\ghts ( m5 & ! noble/ expressions are seldom f\nd float+ on ! sea ( common talk4 ,to dr9k ! deepe/ inspiration1 our m9ds mu/ (t5 come 9 lov+ communion ) ! wise & mighty ( all ages4 ,9 ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature we w f9d 8?\ght knit close to ?\ght10 &1 :at is /ill m to our pres5t purpose1 words s appli$ z to brea! & live4 ,^! passages %\ld be read until _! _s s9ks into our he>ts & _! melody r+s l a blissful song 9 our e>s4 ,to memorize _m su* passages w be a pr(itable employm5t4 ,! words ( :i* su* ma/]pieces are compos$1 ) ! mean+s !y be> 9 _! sev]al places1 w ?us be fix$ 9 our m9ds ready to drop on our tongues :5 ne$$4 ,?is conn+ ( beautiful passages is n n[ recomm5d$ = ! purpose ( quotation1 al?\gh !y may (t5 be us$ 9 t mann] to good advantage1 b simply to pr9t ! individual words ) _! signification m deeply 9 memory4 ,?is may be effect$1 also1 by memoriz+ selections f our own be/ writ+s4 ,:at is ?us us$ %\ld be highly poli%$1 & yet pres]ve1 z f> z possible1 ! natural =m ( expression4 ,c>ri$ to a mod]ate ext5t1 ?is ex]cise t5ds to elevate ! "* ( our extemporane\s ef=ts by erect+ a /&>d t is our own1 & !re=e suit$ to our ta/es & capacities2 b if made habitual1 x w induce a reliance ^u ! memory r ?an on ! p[] ( spontane\s production1 & ?us de/roy ! faculty x 0 design$ to cultivate4 ,b no means ( cultivat+ flu5cy 9 language c rival extempore spee* itself4 ,! only difficulty is to f9d a suffici5t numb] ( occasions to speak4 ,long int]vals ( prep>ation h great advantages z f> z ! ga!r+ ( mat]ial = disc\rse is conc]n$2 b !y h disadvantages1 also1 :i* c only be ov]come by m dilig5t ef=t 9 o!r directions4 ,cle> & def9ite ideas greatly increase ! p[] ( language4 ,:5 a ?\ght is fully und]/ood x falls into words z naturally z a summ] cl\d1 riv5 by ! lightn+1 dissolves into ra94 ,s easy is x to express a s]ies ( ideas1 completely ma/]$1 t a successful speak] once said1 8,x is a man's own fault if he ev] fails4 ,let him prep>e z he ought1 & !re is no dang]40 ,! ass]tion 0 too /rong1 = failure may come f o!r causes ?an a want ( prep>ation4 ,yet ! cont9uance ( c>eful drill1 9 connection ) frequ5t speak+ & close prep>ation1 w give v great ease & c]ta9ty ( expression4 ,! 8bl9d b eloqu5t0 prea*]1 ,milburn1 says t he gave f\r ye>s ( 8 life--! "t sp5t z *apla9 at ,wa%+ton--to acquire ! p[] ( speak+ correctly & easily )\t ! previ\s use ( ! p51 & he decl>es t he consid]s ! "t well sp5t4 ,8 /yle is diffuse1 sp>kl+1 rhetorical1 ! mo/ difficult to acquire1 ?\gh n by any means ! mo/ valuable4 ,an e>ne/1 n]v\s1 & yet elegant /yle may be =m$ by ^? :o h ! necess>y qualifications 9 mu* %ort] "t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,imag9ation4 ,no?+ adds m to ! brilliancy & effectiv5ess ( oratory ?an ! royal faculty ( imag9ation4 ,?is weird & glori\s p[] deals ) tru? z well z fiction & gives to its =tunate possessor ! creative1 life-brea?+ _s ( poetry4 ,li/5 to ! description ( natural sc5]y by a p]son ( imag9ation1 & aft]w>d by ano!r de/itute ( t faculty6 ,ea* may be p]fectly accurate & ref] to ! same objects1 ev5 enum]at+ ! same p>ticul>s 9 ! same ord]2 b ! "o gives a catalogue1 ! o!r a picture4 ,9 relat+ a /ory or en=c+ an argum5t1 ! same diff]5ce 9 ! vividness ( impression is app>5t4 ,x is said ( ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 :o possesses a /rong imag9ation1 t ! p w\ld li/5 ) delight$ att5tion if he only describ$ ! mode 9 :i* a potato grew6 ,he w\ld see a ?\s& beauties 9 its budd+ & blossom+1 & pa9t ! picture s vividly z to comm& univ]sal att5tion4 ,! ,bible1 :i* is ! mo/ popul> ( all books1 is pre-em95tly a book ( imag9ation4 ,n[h]e is l(ti] or m beautiful imag]y employ$1 or wr\ght into m exquisite =ms4 ,a few %ort & simple words pa9t pictures t ! _w looks ^u ) a/oni%m5t f age to age4 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! mo/ sublime imag9ative poem 9 ! language ( man1 drew mu* ( its inspiration f a few passages 9 ,g5esis4 ,job & ,isaiah are )\t rivals 9 ! p[] ( pictur+ by means ( words1 sublime objects beyond ! grasp ( mortal vision4 ,:ile illu/rations & comp>isons fl[ pr9cipally f ! reason+ faculties1 _! beauty & sp>kle come f imag9ation4 ,)\t its influ5ce ^! may expla9 & simplify1 b !y h no p[] to int]e/ ! he>] or elevate ! t5or ( disc\rse4 ,h[ may imag9ation be cultivat$8 ,x is said t 8,poets are born1 n made10 b ! f\ndation ( e o!r faculty also is 9 nature1 :ile all are useless1 unless improv$1 & appli$4 ,imag9ation w increase 9 vigor & activity by prop] use4 ,its function is to =m complete m5tal images f ! deta*$ mat]ials furni%$ by ! s5ses4 ,x ga!rs f all s\rces & mixes & m+les until a picture is produc$4 ,! prop] way to cultivate x lies 9 =m+ abundance ( j su* pictures & 9 f9i%+ !m ) all possible c>e4 ,let ! orator1 on ! canvas ( ! m9d1 pa9t 9 full size & p]fect color+1 e "p ( 8 spee* :i* relates to mat]ial or visible ?+s4 ,illu/rations also c usually be repres5t$ 9 picturesque =m4 ,we d n n[ speak ( outw>d repres5tation1 b ( view+ all objects 9 cle> di/9ctness1 ?r\gh ! eye ( ! m9d4 ,x is n en\gh = ! speak]1 if he w\ld rea* ! highe/ success1 to ga!r all ! facts he wi%es to use1 to arrange !m 9 ! be/ ord]1 or ev5 to prem$itate ! v =m ( words4 ,in/ead ( ! latt] process1 he may m pr(itably /rive to embrace all t c be pictur$ 9 "o m5tal view4 ,if he c summon be=e him 9 ! mom5t ( description ! v sc5es & ev5ts ab\t :i* he is disc\rs+1 & behold !m vividly z 9 a wak+ dream1 x is probable t 8 auditors w see !m 9 ! same mann]4 ,a l>ge "p ( all disc\rses may ?us be made pictorial4 ,9 ,ivanhoe1 "o ( ! *>act]s looks out ?r\gh a ca/le w9d[ & describes to a w\nd$ knight )9 ! ev5ts ( ! assault :i* 0 be+ made ^u ! ca/le4 ,any p]son c\ld describe ! mo/ /irr+ sc5e vividly & well 9 ! mom5t ( witness+ x4 ,a /rong imag9ation enables a speak] or poet to see ^? ?+s he speaks ( almo/ z accurately & impressively z if pass+ be=e 8 bodily eyes1 & (t5 ) f> m brightness ( color4 ,to make ! ef=t to see :at we write or read w h a p[]ful effect 9 improv+ ! imag9ative faculty4 ,read+ & c>efully pond]+ ! works ( ^? :o h imag9ation 9 high degree w also be helpful4 ,! "t devot$ to ! enjoym5t ( great poems is n lo/ to ! orator4 ,!y give ri*ness & tone to 8 m9d1 introduce him into sc5es ( ideal beauty1 & furni% him ) _m a /rik+ ?\ght & gl[+ image4 ,mo/ ( ! sci5ces give z full scope to imag9ation 9 its be/ work+s z poetry itself4 ,a/ronomy & geology are pre-em95t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t !m is gr&4 ,!y deal ) imm5se p]iods ( "t1 va/ magnitudes1 & sublime hi/ories4 ,ea* sci5ce requires ! =mation ( m5tal images & ?us gives ! advantages we h already po9t$ out4 ,x is possible = a sci5tific man to deal exclusively ) ! %ell r ?an ! sub/ance ( sci5ce1 ) its te*nical names & def9itions r ?an its gr& tru?s2 b 9 ?is case ! fault is ) himself r ?an ) 8 subject4 ,! dryness ( sci5tific & ev5 ma!matical /udies relates only to ! prelim9>y dep>tm5ts4 ,a philosoph] once said t success 9 sci5ce & 9 poetry dep5d$ ^u ! same faculties4 ,he 0 v ne>ly "r4 ,! poet is a creator :o =ms new worlds ( 8 own4 ,! greate/ ( _! numb] ?us describes ! process by :i* imag9ation p]=ms its magic4 8,! poet's eye1 9 a f9e fr5zy roll+1 ,do? glance f heav5 to e>?1 f e>? to heav52 ,&1 z imag9ation bodies =? ,! =ms ( ?+s unkn[n1 ! poet's p5 ,turns !m to %apes & gives to airy no?+ ,a local habitation & a "n4 ,su* tricks ha? /rong imag9ation40 ,almo/ ! same result mu/ be rea*$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 ) ! aid ( only a few scatt]$ facts = a basis4 ,! geologi/ has "s brok5 bones1 )]$ leaves1 & fragm5ts ( rock1 f :i* to recon/ruct ! primitive _w4 ,f ! half-doz5 facts obs]v$ ?r\gh 8 telescope1 ! a/ronom] pictures ! physical condition ( di/ant planets4 ,9 e sci5ce ! same ne$ exi/s = imag9ation 9 its highe/1 mo/ tru?ful function1 & ! same opportunity is1 !re=e1 af=d$ = its cultivation4 ,an em95t elocutioni/ frequ5tly urg$ 8 classes to employ all pauses 9 m5tally pictur+ ! idea conta9$ 9 ! com+ s5t5ce4 ,he decl>$ t by ?is means ! expression ( ! voice 0 r5d]$ m ri* & true4 ,9 utt]+ our own words ?is process is at once m easy & m fruitful 9 v>i$ advantages4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,voice ,,& ,,ge/ure4 ,voice & ge/ure =m ! imm$iate l9k betwe5 ! speak] & 8 audi5ce4 ,! value ( good quality 9 bo? is sometimes ov]-e/imat$1 ?\gh x is always consid]able4 ,a good voice1 well manag$1 gives p[]ful & vivid expression to ?\ght1 b _c supply ! abs5ce ( x4 ,nei!r is su* a voice indisp5sable4 ,_m in/ances ( high success aga9/ vocal disadvantages might be m5tion$2 b ^! only prove t o!r excell5cies may atone = a s+le defect4 ,we c nev] be indiff]5t to ! *>ms ( a good voice1 t modulates ) e emotion & responds to ! f9e/ %ades ( feel+4 ,x has mu* ( ! pleas+ quality ( music4 ,b ?is h>mony _c be evok$ by m]ely me*anical tra9+4 ,to tea* ! pupil j :at note on ! musical scale he mu/ /rike to express a p>ticul> emotion1 h[ mu* ( an inflection mu/ be us$ to express joy or sorr[1 & h[ _m notes d[n ! scale m>k a complete susp5sion ( s5se1 is absurd3 spee* c nev] be set to music4 ,b let x n be inf]r$ f ?is t voice cultivation is useless4 ,! m p]fect ! in/rum5t = ! expression ( ?\ght c be made1 ! bett] x w be fitt$ = its high (fice4 ,an orator may pr(itably sp5d a little "t daily = ye>s 9 tra9+ ! voice1 = x is a faculty he mu/ cont9ually employ1 & none is m susceptible ( improvem5t4 ,! passion evok$ 9 animat$ spee* w dem& = its adequate expression almo/ e note & key )9 ! compass ( ! voice2 & unless x has previ\sly be5 tra9$ into /r5g? on ea* ( ^!1 x w fail or gr[ we>y4 ,! prop] k9d ( prep>ation op]ates by explor+ ! range ( ! voice1 te/+ its capabilities1 & improv+ ea* tone4 ,?is "w is n imitative or slavi%4 ,x is only l putt+ an in/rum5t 9 tune be=e beg9n+ a musical p]=mance4 ,to give full elocution>y in/ruction "h w\ld be aside f our purpose2 b a few useful modes ( practice may be po9t$ out4 ,good articulation is ( prime importance4 ,no?+ w contribute m to secure ?is valuable quality ?an ! sep>ation ( words into _! elem5ts ( s\nd & cont9u$ practice on ea* elem5t z ?us isolat$4 ,phonetic %or?& af=ds a good means = mak+ su* analysis1 or ! same purpose may be accompli%$ by means ( ! m>ks ( pronunciation f\nd 9 any diction>y4 ,z we practice ^! elem5ts ( s\nd we w discov] ! exact nature ( any defect ( articulation we may suff] f1 & c drill ^u ! s\nds t are difficult until !y become easy4 ,:5 we h ?us le>n$ to pron\nce ^! few elem5ts--n mu* above =ty 9 numb]--& c foll[ !m into all _! comb9ations1 we h ma/]$ ! alphabet ( utt]ance4 ,x w also contribute greatly to /r5g!n ! voice & make x pliable1 if we cont9ue ! same practice on ^! elem5ts at diff]5t degrees ( elevation on ! musical scale until we c utt] ea* "o 9 full1 r\nd di/9ctness1 at any pit* f ! deepe/ bass to ! %rille/ note ev] us$ 9 spee*4 ,?is w br+ all v>ieties ( modulation )9 easy rea*4 ,practice on ^! elem5ts is also a v effective mode ( /r5g!n+ weak voices4 ,by pron\nc+ !m "o by "o1 ) gradually increas+ =ce1 ! degree ( l\dness we c atta9 at any pit*1 w be greatly ext5d$4 ,! am\nt ( improvem5t t may be made w\ld be incr$ible if x 7 n s (t5 exemplifi$4 ,e tea*] ( elocution c te/ify ( /ud5ts1 ! p[] ( ^: voices has ?us be5 multipli$ _m fold2 & almo/ equal advantages may be reap$ 9 p]sev]+ private practice4 ,foll[+ on ! same l9e1 we may le>n to enunciate ! elem5ts1 & especially ! %ort v[els1 9 a quick1 %>p tone1 m rapidly ?an ! tick+ ( a wat*1 & ) ! cle>ness ( a bell4 ,?is w enable ! speak] to avoid drawl+1 & be v fa/ :5 desirable1 )\t fall+ into indi/9ctness4 ,!n1 by an opposite process1 o!r s\nds1 especially ! long v[els1 may be prolong$ ) e degree ( =ce f ! fa9te/ to ! fulle/4 ,p]sev]ance 9 ^! two ex]cises w s improve ! voice t no hall w be too l>ge = its compass4 ,! diff]+ ext5sion ( s\nds1 z well z _! pit* & v>iations 9 =ce1 con/itute ! p]spective ( spee* & give x an agreeable v>iety1 l ! m+l+ ( light & %ade 9 a well-execut$ picture4 ,! opposite ( ?is1 a dull1 dead uni=mity1 ) ea* ^w utt]$ 9 ! same key1 ) ! same =ce1 & at ! same degree ( spe$1 becomes well-nigh unbe>able2 :ile p]petual modulation1 reflect+ 9 ea* rise & fall1 ea* /orm & calm ( s\nd1 ! liv+ ?\ght )91 is ! p]fection ( nature1 :i* ! be/ art c only copy4 ,all vocal ex]cises are ( an ess5tially prep>atory "*4 ,9 ! mom5t ( spee* details may safely be left to ! impulse ( nature4 ,supply ! capability by previ\s discipl9e1 & !n all[ passion to clo! itself 9 ! mo/ natural =ms4 ,!re is su* a vital connection betwe5 emotion & ! tones ( voice1 t emphasis & inflection w be z spontane\s1 on ! "p ( ! discipl9$ speak]1 z brea?+4 ,rules rememb]$ 9 ! act ( speak+ t5d to de/roy all life & fre%ness ( utt]ance4 ,:5 bad habits h be5 correct$1 ! voice made supple & /rong1 confid5ce atta9$1 & deep feel+ evok$ 9 ! speak]'s brea/1 !re w be little ne$ to c>e = ! m9uti ( elocution4 ,! *ild t is burnt ne$s no in/ruction 9 ! mode ( cry+ out4 ,let nature h h] way1 untrammel$ by art1 & all feel+s w dom9ate ! voice & cause e he>] to recognize _! nature & p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,9 ?is way we may n atta9 ! brilliancy ( !atric clap-trap1 b we w be able to give 8! t\* ( nature t makes ! :ole _w k940 ,if c>efully gu>d$1 ! faculty ( imitation may be ( great s]vice 9 ! managem5t ( ! voice4 ,! s\nds t express sympa?y & passion are he>d ev]y:]e1 =m+ a m$ium ( communication m subtle & widespread ?an any language ( e>?4 ,f ! example ( great orators we may le>n :at true excell5ce is1 & become able to reproduce "s1 at lea/1 ( _! effects4 ,x w\ld be hurtful to conf9e our att5tion too long to "o model1 = true excell5ce is _m-sid$1 & if we cont9ually view only "o ( its phases we are apt to fall into slavi% imitation--"o ( ! greate/ ( all vices4 ,by hav+ _m examples to look ^u1 & us+ !m only to elevate our own ideal1 we w escape ?is dang]4 ,! models be=e u w urge u to great] ex]tions & ! :ole level ( our atta9m5ts be rais$4 ,!re are abundant faults to m> ! fre$om & naturalness ( deliv]y1 & ! speak] :o w\ld be truly natural mu/ wat* dilig5tly = !m & ext]m9ate !m )\t m]cy4 ,! s+-song tone1 ! scream1 ! lisp1 ! guttural & tremul\s tones1 ! rhy?mical emphasis :i* falls l a trip-hamm] at measur$ int]vals1 are specim5s ( common1 bad habits t %\ld be we$$ out z fa/ z !y pu% ?r\gh ! soil2 & if ! speak]'s egotism is too great to see !m1 or 8 ta/e n pure en\gh1 "s fri5d %\ld po9t !m out4 ,ev5 ! advice ( an enemy convey$ 9 ! unpleasant =m ( s>casm & ridicule may be pr(itably us$ = ! purpose ( re=m & improvem5t4 ,%\ld a conv]sational tone be employ$ 9 speak+8 ,?is "q has (t5 be5 ask$1 & mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion evok$1 b x may be satisfactorily answ]$4 ,! language ( conv]sation is ! language ( nature 9 its mo/ unfett]$ =m1 & x %\ld1 !re=e1 be ! basis ( all spee*4 ,! same v>iety & "* ( intonations us$ 9 x %\ld be employ$ 9 e v>iety ( oratory4 ,b conv]sation itself v>ies widely ) v>y+ circum/ances4 ,! man talk+ ) a fri5d across a riv] w speak less rapidly b m l\dly ?an if he held t fri5d by ! h&4 ,9 speak+ to a numb] at once1 ! orator mu/1 9 ord] to be he>d1 speak m =cibly & di/9ctly ?an 9 address+ "o only4 ,) ?is explanation1 x may be laid d[n z a safe rule t a spee* %\ld beg9 9 a conv]sational mann]4 ,b %\ld x cont9ue 9 ! same way8 ,a deep1 full tone--! orotund ( ! elocutioni/--w make a /rong] impression ?an a %rill1 feeble utt]ance4 ,& z conv]sation becomes e>ne/ ev5 betwe5 two p]sons1 !re is ! t5d5cy to /rong] & m impressive tones4 ,?is same t5d5cy w be a suffici5t guide 9 spee*4 ,a tra9$ man giv+ utt]ance to a well-prep>$ spee*1 ^u a !me :i* appeals to 8 own emotions1 w adopt ^? oratorical tones :i* =m a prop] m$ium = eloqu5ce1 )\t a s+le ?\ght giv5 to t subject dur+ ! mom5t ( deliv]y4 ,beg9 z a man :o is talk+ to a numb] ( 8 fri5ds ^u an int]e/+ subject2 !n1 z ! int]e/ deep5s1 let g all re/ra9t4 ,z passion rises l an infl[+ tide1 ! voice w be s fully possess$ by x & s fill$ out & /r5g!n$ z to produce all ! effect ( :i* its compass is capable4 ,x w deep5 into ! ?und] roll :5 t is ne$$1 & at ! "r "t w gr[ s(t & pa!tic4 ,b above almo/ e o!r error t ! speak] c commit1 bew>e ( ?9k+ t y mu/ be l\d 9 ord] to be impressive4 ,no?+ is m disgu/+ ?an t int]m9able ro>1 beg9n+ ) a %\t1 & cont9u+ to split ! speak]'s ?roat & ! he>]'s e>s all ?r\gh ! disc\rse4 ,?is fault is n uncommon 9 ! pulpit1 especially among ^? :o desire a reputation = extraord9>y f]vor & e>ne/ness4 ,b x is ! wor/ k9d ( monotony4 ,! l\dness ( tone1 t appli$ at ! "r place w\ld be ov]p[]+1 loses all p[] except to disgu/ & we>y an audi5ce4 ,x expresses no m ?\ght or s5tim5t ?an ! la%+ ( ocean waves conveys to ! /orm-toss$ m>9]4 ,h some?+ to say2 keep ! fires ( passion burn+ 9 y\r own s\l2 le>n ! real /r5g? !re is 9 ! res]ve ( p[]2 & ! cultivat$ voice w n fail 9 its only legitimate (fice--t ( mak+ ! cle> & adequate impression ( y\r ?\ghts & emotions ^u ! s\ls ( o!rs4 ,elocution>y manuals prop]ly devote mu* space to ! consid]ation ( ge/ure1 = ! eye %\ld be address$ & pleas$ z well z ! e>4 ,b we d\bt :e!r ! m>k+ out ( special ge/ures to be imitat$ c d mu* good4 ,a few broad pr9ciples l ^? =mulat$ by ! celebrat$ ,fr5* tea*]1 ,dels>te1 may be pr(itably /udi$ & made famili> by practice ^u a few simple selections4 ,aft] t ! pr9cipal use ( tra9+ is to give confid5ce s t ! speak] may be 9 ! full possession & in/9ctive use ( all 8 p[]s4 ,fe> (t5 freezes ! speak] into ice-l rigidity2 & he>]s are apt to feel ! same deadly *ill :5 li/5+ to "s "o ^: dom9at+ s5tim5t is ! fe> t he may d some?+ ridicul\s1 or fail to w9 _! favor4 ,! second>y use ( tra9+ 9 ge/ure is to disc>d awkw>d & repulsive movem5ts4 ,timidity & fe> may be ov]come by a firm resolution1 & ! object is well wor? ! ef=t4 ,bad or ungraceful actions are f> bett] 9 ! case ( a beg9n] ?an no action at all4 ,! say+ ( ,demo/h5es1 t ! fir/1 ! second1 & ! ?ird ne$ ( an orator is 8,,action10 does n fully apply to ! mod]n speak]4 ,he ne$s _m ?+s m urg5tly ?an action1 ev5 :5 t ^w is tak5 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,b action is important1 & :5 graceful & expressive1 x does p[]fully t5d to arre/ att5tion1 & ev5 to help ! processes ( ?\ght on ! "p ( ! speak] himself4 ,we h he>d sev]al eloqu5t m5 :o sc>cely mov$ dur+ ! deliv]y ( an address1 b nev] )\t feel+ t good ge/iculation w\ld h be5 a great addition to _! p[]4 ,x is unnatural to speak = any consid]able p]iod ( "t )\t mov+4 ,none b a lazy1 sick1 or ba%ful man w d x4 ,let ! laz9ess be %ak5 (f1 ! sickness cur$1 & ! ba%fulness res]v$ = a m fitt+ occasion6 ,a man :o is too ba%ful & diffid5t to move h&1 head1 or foot 9 ! pres5ce ( an audi5ce %\ld 9 consi/5cy refuse to monopolize _! "t at all6 ,practice w usually ov]come ?is fault4 ,:5 a man has /ood a great _m times be=e an audi5ce )\t receiv+ any s]i\s injury1 & has a good purpose 9 ?us claim+ _! att5tion1 & some?+ :i* he ?9ks !y ought to he>1 he w =get 8 fe>s & all[ 8 m9d to be engross$1 z t ( a true speak] %\ld be1 ) ! subject he has 9 h&4 ,!n all 8 ge/ures w h at lea/ ! grace ( unconsci\s & spontane\s orig9ation4 ,b :5 fe> has be5 ov]come s t ! speak] is n afraid to use 8 h&s1 he ne$s to ent] ^u a det]m9$ & compreh5sive campaign aga9/ bad habits4 ,if any?+ is truly natural--t is1 true to ! high] or univ]sal nature--x w be beautiful2 b e>ly examples are s (t5 wrong & corrupt+ t x is h>d to say :at nature is3 ,nature may be a bad nature--! reflection ( all t is l[ & sordid z well z t :i* is high & ennobl+4 ,t nature :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! sum ( all ?+s1 :i* is ! image ( ! ,creator's p]fectness1 mu/ be "r & good2 b we mu/ n too ha/ily conclude t any habits ( our own h ?is high & unque/ionable s\rce4 ,h>dly a speak] lives :o does n at "s "t fall into unsightly or ridicul\s habits4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 9 ?is respect is t "s /eadily accumulate all ! faults !y ev] h contract$1 until ! result is mo/ repulsive2 :ile o!rs1 f ! w>n+s ( fri5ds or _! own obs]vation1 discov] _! errors & ca/ !m (f4 ,a mode by :i* ! solit>y /ud5t may become acqua9t$ ) 8 faults1 & f :i* he %\ld n be driv5 by fooli% ridicule1 is by declaim+ 9 z natural & =cible a mann] z possible be=e a l>ge mirror4 ,?us we may 8see ourselves z o!rs see u40 ,repeat$ practice 9 ?is mann] w enable y to keep ! necess>y wat* ^u y\r motions1 )\t s mu* di/ract+ att5tion z to make ! ex]cise be=e ! glass no tru/wor?y specim5 ( ord9>y habits4 ,9 speak+1 y he> y\r own voice & ?us become s5sible ( audible errors1 b ! glass is requir$ to %[ improp] movem5ts t may h be5 unconsci\sly contract$4 ,x is n advis$ t ea* spee*1 be=e deliv]y1 %\ld be practic$ 9 front ( ! mirror4 ,x is d\btful if su* practice w\ld n *]i% a self-consci\sness worse ?an all ! errors x correct$4 ,b ! same objection w\ld n apply to occasional declamations made = ! v purpose ( self-criticism4 ,by ^! two processes--press+ out into action z freely z possible "u ! impulse ( deep feel+1 & by lopp+ (f ev]y?+ t is n graceful & effective--we may soon atta9 a good /yle ( ge/ure4 ,:5 ! habit ( suit+ ! action to ! ^w is once fully =m$1 all anxiety on t subject may be dismiss$4 ,! be/ ge/iculation is entirely unconsci\s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,confid5ce4 ,h[ may t boldness & confid5ce :i* is indisp5sable to an orator be/ be acquir$8 ,on y\r success 9 ?is direction1 h+es all o!r k9ds ( improvem5t4 ,s long z a n]v\s dread hangs ab\t y1 x w make ! practice ( extemporane\s spee* pa9ful & repulsive1 p>alyz+ all y\r faculties 9 ! mom5t ( utt]ance4 ,y mu/ acquire confid5ce 9 y\r own p[]s & be will+ to tru/ to _! guidance4 ,b x is n necess>y t y %\ld exhibit or ev5 feel ?is confid5ce at ! beg9n+ ( a spee*1 = x may !n appe> l boa/fulness or egotism4 ,x is en\gh if y !n h confid5ce 9 y\r subject1 & 9 ! fullness ( y\r prep>ation4 ,y may !n )\t injury wi% t "s "o1 t y imag9e m wor?y1 /ood 9 y\r place4 ,b if ?is feel+ cont9ues all ?r\gh ! address1 failure is inevitable4 ,_m a man beg9s :ile trembl+ 9 e limb1 especially if ! occasion be ( unusual "*1 b soon becomes inspir$ ) 8 !me & =gets all anxiety4 ,if y\r fe> be great] & m p]si/5t1 keep+ y 9 p]petual t]ror1 x w de/roy all lib]ty & eloqu5ce4 ,:5 labor+ "u su* an influ5ce1 y lose self-possession1 become confus$1 all int]e/ evaporates f y\r mo/ c>efully prep>$ ?\ghts1 & y sit d[n at l5g?1 conv9c$ t y h fail$4 ,x is b little consolation to believe t y _h all ! "t 9 y\r bra9 ! necess>y p[] & mat]ial to a*ieve spl5did success1 if y _h b possess$ ! c\rage to use x aright4 ,!re is no rem$y = fe> m effectual ?an to d all our "w "u ! imm$iate inspiration ( duty4 ,?is feel+ is n ! privilege ( ! m9i/] alone1 b ( ea* "o :o is consci\s t he occupies ! place :]e he /&s because x is 8 "r to be !re1 because he has "s in=mation to give1 "s cause to advocate1 or "s important task to d4 ,) su* consci\sness we c speak our be/1 & f9i% ) ! satisfaction ( hav+ done our "w z truly z if we _h p]=m$ duty plac$ ^u u 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( labor4 ,b if we aim simply at mak+ an exhibition ( self & ( %[+ our own skill & eloqu5ce1 !n ! smiles & fr[ns ( ! audi5ce becomes a matt] ( ov]:elm+ importance1 & if we fail we are deeply mortifi$ & bewail our fooli%ness 9 expos+ ourselves to su* ne$less risk4 ,! lack ( prop] confid5ce is ! great reason = us+ manuscript 9 ! mom5t ( spee*4 ,! speak] makes "o ef=t to extemporize & fails4 ,?is is n wond]ful1 = ! pa? to success usually lies ?r\gh failure f ! "t t we ma/] ! wond]ful art ( walk+ ?r\gh _m failures2 b in/ead ( copy+ ! s*ool-boy motto1 8try1 try aga910 & reap+ wisdom & exp]i5ce f pa/ ef=ts1 he loses all hope--concludes t he is disqualifi$ = t k9d ( "w1 & ?us s9ks to m$iocrity & tam5ess1 :5 he might h be5 brilliant 9 ! fields ( true oratory4 ,! exhibition ( confid5ce & resolution by ! speak] is a draft drawn on ! respect ( an audi5ce :i* is ne>ly always honor$1 :ile ! opposite qualities hide ! possession ( real tal5t4 ,he>]s readily p>don timidity at ! beg9n+ ( an address1 = !n att5tion is fix$ ^u ! speak] himself1 & 8 %r9k+ seems a graceful exhibition ( mode/y4 ,b :5 he has fully plac$ 8 subject be=e !m !y associate him ) x4 ,if he is dignifi$ & assur$1 !y li/5 9 pleas$ att5tion & ackn[l$ge ! weight ( 8 words4 ,^! qualities are v diff]5t f blu/] & bravado1 :i* injure ! cause advocat$ & excite disgu/ t[>d ! speak]4 ,! fir/ appe>s to arise f a s5se ( ! dignity ( ! subject2 ! second1 f an assumption ( p]sonal sup]iority--an op9ion no speak] has a "r to ent]ta91 = 9 ! v act ( address+ an audi5ce he con/itutes !m 8 judges4 ,an orator ne$s confid5ce 9 8 own p[]s 9 ord] to avail himself fully ( ! sugge/ions ( ! mom5t4 ,"s ( ! be/ ?\ghts he w ev] ?9k fla% ^u him :ile speak+1 & are out ( ! l9e ( 8 prep>ation4 ,!re is no "t to c>efully weigh !m4 ,he mu/ reject !m imm$iately or beg9 to foll[1 n kn[+ :i!r !y lead1 & ?is 9 audible words1 ) ! risk t he may be l&$ 9 "s absurdity4 ,he _c pause = a mom5t1 z ! lea/ hesitation breaks ! spell he has wov5 ar\nd 8 he>]s1 :ile if he rejects ! (f]$ idea he may lose a g5u9e inspiration4 ,"o se>*+ glance t w n all[ "t = 8 own feel+s or ^? ( 8 auditors to cool1 & !n--decision to reject1 or to foll[ ! new track ) ! same assurance z if ! end 7 cle>ly 9 view--?is is all t is possible4 ,x requires "s boldness to pursue ! latt] c\rse1 & yet e speak] kn[s t 8 highe/ ef=ts--ef=ts t h seem$ beyond 8 normal p[]1 & :i* h done m 9 a m9ute to ga9 ! object = :i* he spoke ?an all ! rema9d] ( ! disc\rse--h be5 ( ?is "*4 ,x also requires a good degree ( confid5ce to firmly beg9 a s5t5ce1 ev5 :5 ! g5]al idea is pla91 )\t kn[+ j h[ x w end4 ,?is difficulty is exp]i5c$ sometimes ev5 by ! mo/ flu5t4 ,a man may le>n to ca/ s5t5ces v rapidly1 b x w take a little "t to pass !m ?r\gh 8 m9d1 & :5 "o is f9i%$1 ! next may n yet h fully cond5s$ itself into words4 ,to beg9 to utt] a p>tially con/ruct$ s5t5ce1 unc]ta9 h[ x w end1 & press on )\t lett+ ! p see any hesitation1 dem&s no small confid5ce 9 "o's p[] ( comm&+ words & fram+ s5t5ces4 ,yet a bold & confid5t speak] ne$ feel no uneas9ess4 ,he may prolong a pause :ile he is ?9k+ ( a ne$$ ^w1 or ?r[ 9 some?+ extrane\s to fill up ! "t till ! "r t]m & con/ruction are f\nd4 ,yet ! p]fect rem$y = ^! dang]s is to le>n ! difficult art ( /&+ be=e an audi5ce ) no?+ to say & mak+ ! pause z effective z any phase ( spee*4 ,?is c be done1 dang]\s z x seems4 ,x does require f> m ( c\rage to face an audi5ce :5 ! m\? is empty ?an :5 we are talk+2 ! mettle ( troops is nev] s sev]ely tri$ z :5 _! c>tridge-boxes are empty2 b all ! res\rces ( eloqu5ce are n at comm& until ?is te/ c be calmly & successfully endur$4 ,an em95t speak] once said to a fri5d aft] a v successful ef=t1 8,:at "p ( ! address y h be5 prais+ mo/ impress$ y80 8,x 0 n any?+ y said10 0 ! reply1 8b ! ?rill+ pause y made ( ne>ly half a m9ute aft] a bold ass]tion1 z if y 7 *all5g+ any "o to rise & d5y :at y _h ass]t$40 8,oh6 ,i rememb]10 return$ ! o!r2 8,i c\ld n get ! next s5t5ce fix$ q "r1 & 0 fully det]m9$ n to say x at all unless x came into ! prop] %ape40 ,?is necess>y confid5ce c be cultivat$ by /riv+ to ex]cise x1 & by assum+ its appe>ance :]e ! reality is n4 ,! raw recruit is trans=m$ into a vet]an soldi] by meet+ & ov]com+ dang]4 ,all ! drill 9 ! _w w n supply ! want ( actual exp]i5ce on ! battle-field4 ,s ! extempore speak] mu/ make up 8 m9d to accept all ! risk1 & pati5tly endure all ! failures & p]ils t result4 ,if he fully decides t ! rew>d is wor?y ( ! ef=t he w be greatly aid$ 9 ! attempt1 z he w ?us avoid ! wav]+ & %r9k+ & que/ion+ t w\ld o!rwise di/ress him & p>alyze 8 p[]s4 ,a failure w b lead to /rong] & m p]si/5t ef=t1 made ) add$ exp]i5ce4 ,success w be an argum5t = future confid5ce1 & ?us any result w =w>d him on 8 c\rse4 ,9 reg>d to ! difficulty ( fram+ s5t5ces 9 ! mom5t ( utt]ance1 ! exp]i5c$ speak] w become s exp]t1 hav+ f\nd 8 way ?r\gh s _m difficulties ( t k9d1 t ! greate/ dang] exp]i5c$ w be t ( c>elessly all[+ 8 words to fl[ on )\t unity or poli%4 ,x does require a det]m9$ ef=t1 n m]ely to express mean+1 b to pack & compress ! greate/ possible am\nt into /rik+ & cry/all9e words4 ,exp]i5ce also gives him su* a k ( ! work+ ( 8 own ?\ghts t he w be able to decide at ! fir/ sugge/ion :at unbidd5 ideas %\ld be accept$ & :at ones %\ld be reject$4 ,if ^! new ?\ghts1 h[ev] f> outside ( 8 prep>ation1 seem wor?y1 he w give !m in/ant expression2 if n1 he w dismiss !m & cont9ue un*eck$ along 8 int5d$ r\te4 ,x is hop$ t ! read+ ( ?is treatise w increase ! confid5ce ( extempore speak]s 9 two ways2 fir/1 by produc+ 9 ! m9d ( ea* "o p]fect conviction t = him ! bett] way is to adopt unwritt5 spee* )\t res]ve2 & second1 by po9t+ out a mode ( prep>ation :i* w give z good gr\nd = confid5ce z a fully writt5 manuscript c\ld possibly supply4 ,to ga9 confid5ce :i* is n w>rant$ by ! ev5t w\ld only provoke a hurtful reaction2 b confid5ce :i* is ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce gr[s ev] /rong]4 ,we h ?us glanc$ at a few ( ! qualities :i* ne$ to be cultivat$ & /r5g!n$ = ! purposes ( public spee*4 ,! survey does n cov] ! :ole field ( desirable qualities1 = ?is w\ld be to give a treatise on g5]al education4 ,p]fect spee* requires e faculty ( ! m9d to be br\ght to ! highe/ /ate ( effici5cy4 ,!re is no m5tal p[] :i* w n contribute to success4 ,! :ole limits ( possible education are compris$ 9 ! two bran*es already m5tion$ z conc]n+ ! orator--^? relat+ to ! reception ( k & ^? to its communication4 ,! h>moni\s comb9ation & p]fect developm5t ( ^! two is ! ideal ( excell5ce--an ideal s high t x c only be approa*$4 ,all k is ( use to ! orator4 ,he may n h occasion to employ x 9 a p>ticul> spee*1 b x contributes to give c]ta9ty1 bread?1 & scope to 8 views1 & assures him t :at he does put into 8 spee*es is ! be/ t c be select$4 ,if he is ignorant1 he is oblig$ to use = a disc\rse on any subject n t mat]ial :i* is ! be/ 9 itself1 b simply ! be/ t may happ5 to be kn[n to him1 & he _c be sure t some?+ f> m suitable is n ov]look$4 ,! communicat+ faculties are1 if possible1 /ill m important4 ,a great "p ( ! value ev5 ( a diamond dep5ds ^u its poli% & sett+1 & ! ri*e/ & wise/ ?\ghts fail to rea* ! he>t or captivate ! intellect unless !y are ca/ into ! prop] =m1 & giv5 ext]nal beauty4 ,let ! speak]1 !n1 h no fe> ( kn[+ too mu*4 ,nei!r ne$ he despair if he does n n[ "k a great deal4 ,he _c be p]fect at once1 b mu/ build = future ye>s4 ,if he wi%es a sudd5 & local celebrity t w nev] wid51 b w probably mold] away ev5 9 8 own lifetime1 he may possibly ga9 x 9 ano!r way4 ,let him le>n a few ( ! ext]nals ( elocution1 & !n1 ) great c>e1 or by ! free use ( ! mat]ials ( o!rs1 prep>e a few f9ely word$ disc\rses1 & recite or declaim !m ov] & ov] aga9 z (t5 z he c f9d a new audi5ce4 ,he may n ga9 z mu* applause z he desires by ?is me?od1 b x w be suffici5tly evanesc5t4 ,he w n gr[ up to ! measure ( real greatness1 b become daily m dw>f$ & /]eotyp$ 9 intellect4 ,! foll[+ quotation conta9s a good example ( ! s$uctive b mislead+ me?ods sometimes held up be=e ! "y orator3 8,!y talk10 said ,tom ,m>%all to an intimate fri5d1 8( my a/oni%+ bur/s ( eloqu5ce1 & d\btless imag9e x is my g5ius bubbl+ ov]4 ,x is no?+ ( ! sort4 ,i'll tell y h[ ,i d x3 ,i select a subject & /udy x f ! gr\nd up4 ,:5 ,i h ma/]$ x fully1 ,i write a spee* on x4 ,!n ,i take a walk & come back1 & revise & correct4 ,9 a few days ,i subject x to ano!r prun+1 & !n recopy x4 ,next ,i add ! f9i%+ t\*es1 r\nd x (f ) graceful p]iods1 & commit x to memory4 ,!n ,i speak x 9 ! fields1 9 my fa!r's lawn1 & be=e my mirror1 until ge/ure & deliv]y are p]fect4 ,x sometimes takes me six weeks or two mon?s to get up a spee*4 ,:5 ,i am prep>$ ,i come to t[n4 ,i g5]ally select a c\rt day1 :5 !re is sure to be a cr[d4 ,i am call$ on = a spee*1 & am p]mitt$ to select my own subject4 ,i speak my piece4 ,x a/oni%es ! p1 z ,i int5d$ x %\ld1 & !y g away m>vel+ at my p[] ( oratory4 ,!y call x g5ius1 b x is ! h>de/ k9d ( "w40 ,no objection is made to ! quantity ( "w ?us describ$1 b might n ! same am\nt be exp5d$ 9 m pr(itable directions8 ,a spee* ?us prep>$ 0 a m]e trick int5d$ to a/oni% ! p4 ,sometimes ! great ,daniel ,web/] took equal pa9s 9 ! v]bal expression ( "s wor?y ?\ght1 :i* 0 aft]w>d held 9 ! grasp ( a p[]ful memory until a fitt+ place 0 f\nd = x 9 "s ma/]ly spee*4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two processes is great] ?an seems at fir/ glance4 ,m>%all's plan 0 l a beautiful g>m5t ?r[n ov] a clo!s dummy 9 a %op w9d[2 ,web/]'s1 l ! same g>m5t1 worn = com=t & ornam5t by a liv+ man4 ,x is bett] t ! speak] %\ld 8int]m$dle ) all k10 & make ! means ( communicat+ 8 ?\ghts z p]fect z possible4 ,!n out ( ! fullness ( 8 treasure1 let him talk to ! p ) an adequate purpose 9 view1 & if no sudd5 acclaim greets him1 he w be weighty & influ5tial f ! fir/1 & ea* pass+ ye> w add to 8 p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,peculi>ities ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,fields ,,( ,,oratory4 ,! laws :i* gov]n extemporane\s spee* are s g5]ally applicable to all =ms ( address t only a few ?+s :i* are peculi> to ea* ne$ be consid]$ be=e po9t+ out ! be/ modes ( plann+ & deliv]+ a spee*4 ,probably a s]mon diff]s f ! common type ( spee* m ?an any o!r =m ( address4 ,"s ( ! di/9ctions usually made are purely conv5tional1 & n a few are m honor$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 ,a c]ta9 sl[ness & /iffness ( mann] is suppos$ to *>act]ize ! pulpit1 & also ! selection ( grave & solemn tones4 ,all ^!1 s f> z !y t5d to con/itute m9i/]s a class ap>t f o!r m51 ) mann]s & modes ( spee* peculi> to !mselves1 are a m]e survival ( anci5t sup]/ition4 ,! prea*]'s tone & address %\ld be j su* z any o!r compet5t speak] w\ld employ 9 treat+ ! same !mes4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! prea*] makes a solemn appeal1 voice & action %\ld all correspond 9 solemnity4 ,b :5 he d5\nces s91 or holds vice up to ridicule1 !re %\ld be an equal correspond5ce4 ,9 "s d5om9ations1 a peculi> dress is giv5 to ! prea*] z ! g>b ( 8 (fice2 & x may be t a peculi> mann] w be grateful to ^? :o love all ?+s t h ! flavor ( antiquity4 ,b all su* mann]isms belong to ano!r realm ?an t ( eloqu5ce4 ,f ! orator's /&po9t !y c only be condemn$4 ,let ! prea*] speak & act l any o!r educat$ g5tleman1 "u l circum/ances1 & 8 p[] ov] 8 audi5ces w be ! great]4 ,b ! s]mon possesses "s real di/9ctions ( importance4 ,! cu/om ( tak+ a text furni%es a po9t ( dep>ture to ! prea*] & greatly simplifies ! "w ( introduction4 ,! op5+ s]vices 9 ! *ur*--! pray]s & ! music--put 8 audi5ce into a mood to receive 8 words4 ,!y are calm & quiet :5 he beg9s to speak--inde$1 ?is may easily g too f>4 ,ano!r peculi>ity is t he has ! :ole field to himself3 nei!r he nor 8 auditors expect a ^w or ge/ure ( diss5t f any position he may assume3 all ! criticisms ( 8 he>]s w be m5tal1 or res]v$ to ano!r occasion4 ,9 ?is1 8 position is diametrically oppos$ to t ( ! lawy]1 & ! politician1 :o expect all !y say to be contradict$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & are apt to acquire ! fault ( utt]+ self-evid5t tru?s 9 a combative mann]1 z if !y expect$ ! o!r side to d5y ev5 t ! :ole is great] ?an any ( its p>ts1 or t ?+s ea* equal to ano!r ?+1 are equal to ea* o!r4 ,! prea*]1 on ! o!r h&1 is liable to utt] propositions1 :i* to _m ( 8 he>]s are v d\btful1 z if !y 7 axioms4 ,! prea*] %\ld select a text :i* fairly cov]s ! subject ( 8 disc\rse or contributes to advance ! object he has 9 view4 ,! text %\ld always be employ$ 9 its true s5se4 ,x p>takes ( ! nature ( a quotation by :i* ! speak] =tifies 8 position1 & all quotations %\ld be> ! mean+ int5d$ by _! au?ors1 z f> z t mean+ c be asc]ta9$4 ,?is is requir$ by common fairness1 & ! ,bible is surely entitl$ to fair treatm5t z mu* z any o!r book4 ,g5]ally ! text %\ld be read & treat$ z a "p ( ! introduction1 al?\gh "s f9e s]mons h be5 con/ruct$ on ! opposite pr9ciple ( beg9n+ f> f ! text & s lead+ up to x1 t its p]fect illu/ration or application only appe>s 9 ! conclusion4 ,no fault c be f\nd ) ?is me?od if consci5ti\sly adopt$ & consi/5tly c>ri$ out4 ,! great aim ( prea*+ is p]suasion1 & ?is mu/ l>gely influ5ce its :ole "*4 ,x is f ?is cause t emotion--ev] ! mo/ valuable ag5t 9 p]suasion--is s highly valu$ 9 ! pulpit4 ,! he>]s are to be p]suad$1 fir/ to embrace a religi\s life1 & !n to cultivate all ^? virtues & avoid all ^? evils incid5t to su* a life4 ,x may be prop] to devote "s "t & att5tion to m]e in/ruction1 b t in/ruction d]ives all its value f its be>+ ^u action3 x %\ld be giv5 z ! means ( r5d]+ p]suasion m effective4 ,w>n+1 repro(1 exhortation1 consolation1 promise--! :ole field ( motives & inducem5ts--is v wide2 b ! great object is to make m5 bett]1 & only incid5tally to make !m wis] or happi]4 ,?is peculi> "* ( prea*+ r5d]s adh]5ce to extemporane\s spee* 9 ! pulpit at once m important & m difficult ?an any:]e else4 ,! quiet ( ! *ur*1 its solemnity1 ! fact t ! prea*] mu/ speak at a giv5 "t & has ?us ! opportunity to write1 & t a good s]mon deal+ ) tru?s always applicable may1 :5 once writt51 be read to _m successive congregations1 ev5 aft] an int]val ( ye>s2--! fe> ( j>r+ ^u ! associations ( ! *ur* ) any rude s5t5ce or unpoli%$ p>agraph ?r[n (f 9 ! hurry ( spee*3--all ^! consid]ations p[]fully plead = ! manuscript4 ,yet 9 h>dly any o!r =m ( address is ! manuscript s hurtful4 ,extemporane\s spee* is pre-em95tly ! p]suasive =m ( address1 & p]suasion is ! great object ( ! s]mon4 ,if ! prea*] ceases to be p]suasive he may z well cease to prea*1 s f> z ! accompli%m5t ( ! true function ( 8 (fice is conc]n$4 ,! mode po9t$ out 9 ! foll[+ "p ( ?is "w w1 x is believ$1 enable ! extemporane\s prea*] to utilize all ! p]suasiv5ess t belongs to 8 "*1 & at ! same "t escape all ! dang]s :i* h driv5 s _m prea*]s to manuscript4 ,! conditions "u :i* lawy]s speak are v diff]5t4 ,!y are tempt$ by ! surr\nd+s ( ! c\rt-room to set too l[ a value ^u ! graces ( oratory1 :ile ! accompli%m5t ( an imm$iate purpose engrosses _! att5tion4 ,! judge & jury are be=e !m--a cli5t is to be made victori\s1 or a crim9al to be puni%$4 ,ke5 int]e/ & emotion are suppli$ by ! occasion itself4 ,! law mu/ be expla9$1 ! facts elicit$ & weigh$1 & ! jury p]suad$4 ,!re is also ! great advantage ( hav+ ! case decid$ at a def9ite "t4 ,no disposition exi/s on ! "p ( ! jury to po/ponem5t4 ,if ! lawy] once conv9ces !m t law & evid5ce are on 8 side1 ! v]dict foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b :5 ! prea*] gets t f> he has sc>cely begun4 ,8 he>]s may admit ! tru? ( e ^w he speaks & ! goodness ( ! c\rse he advises1 b !y c comply ) 8 advice at any "t1 & 9 t feel+ !y may po/pone _! action = ye>s1 if n p]man5tly4 ,b ! lawy] c press 8 case on to a decision1 :i* may be resi/$ = a "t by "o ( ! p>ties1 b n by ! jury to :om he addresses 8 argum5ts1 & seldom by ! judge4 ,lawy]s h b little temptation to indulge 9 writt5 spee*es3 ! exig5cies ( ! trial make =mal prep>ation ( little s]vice4 ,! great tal5t = a lawy]'s purpose is t favor$ by extemporane\s spee*--! p[] ( a cle>1 ord]ly /atem5t ( facts t are (t5 exce$+ly complex4 ,?is g5]ally proves m effective ?an any argum5t4 ,to grasp all ! evid5ce t has be5 br\ght =w>d1 &1 putt+ x into ! v simple/ =m x w be>1 to %[ on t /atem5t to judge & jury t he is entitl$ to ! v]dict--?is is ! great art ( ! advocate4 ,b 8 /atem5t mu/ include or acc\nt = all ! facts2 o!rwise1 he lays himself op5 to an easy & damag+ reply4 ,! me?od usually adopt$ is to make a note ( ea* fact elicit$1 ea* argum5t us$ by ! opposite attorney1 & ea* sali5t po9t ( ! case4 ,!n ^! are r$uc$ to ! simple/ =m1 an appropriate introduction s\ght1 & ei!r a /rong argum5t1 or an effective summ+ up1 res]v$ = ! conclusion4 ,) ?is mu* ( prep>ation ! lawy] f9ds x easy to provide suitable words = ! expression ( ! :ole spee*4 ,! spee* ( ! judge 9 summ+ up or *>g+ ! jury diff]s only f t ( ! advocate 9 ! great] imp>tiality by :i* x is m>k$4 ,! mo/ fair-m9d$ attorney w be bias$1 m or less unconsci\sly1 by ! great] c>e :i* he be/[s ^u 8 own side ( ! case4 ,anniv]s>y1 plat=m1 & lyceum lectures h mu* 9 common4 ,ent]ta9m5t be+ ! prom95t object 9 !m all1 illu/ration & embelli%m5t are greatly s\ght =4 ,humor is also 9 mo/ cases highly enjoy$4 ,! same address may be repeat$ _m times & comes to h ! f9i% ( a "w ( art4 ,! great camp-meet+ s]mons at seaside resorts1 at anniv]s>ies1 & simil> occasions1 prop]ly belong to ?is class r ?an to t ( s]mons4 ,?is is ! field 9 :i* memorit] addresses are usually suppos$ to be sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,x may be conc$$ t :5ev] =m rises into m prom95ce ?an matt]1 writ+ & memoriz+ w h increas+ claims4 ,a speak] :o wi%es to repeat "o spee* )\t sub/antial v>iation to a hundr$ audi5ces w n f9d x a great task to write x 9 full & memorize x4 ,b if he is really a ma/] 9 spontane\s utt]ance he ne$ n dep>t f 8 usual c\rse4 ,he c fully prep>e 8 mat]ials & !n speak ! words ( ! mom5t1 )\t ! lea/ fe> ( suff]+ 9 comp>ison ) ! recit]4 ,in/ructive addresses by tea*]s & pr(essors are ne>ly always giv5 extempore1 ) ! exception ( ^? writt5 lectures 9 ! high] in/itutions :i* are suppos$ to sum up ! results ( k 9 _! respective dep>tm5ts4 ,ev5 !n ! practice is n uni=m1 z _m pr(essors pref] talk+ to _! pupils r ?an read+ to !m4 ,! practice ( read+ 9 su* cases is really a survival f ! days :5 books 7 sc>ce & high-pric$1 & ! /ud5t f\nd x easi] to write notes f ! lips ( "s ma/] ?an to pur*ase ! volumes conta9+ ! same k1 ev5 :5 x _h be5 publi%$ at all4 ,b ! t5d5cy n[ is to f9d ! /atem5t ( ! facts ( sci5ce1 art1 & lit]ature 9 books1 & dep5d ^u ! liv+ tea*] only to give vividness1 life1 & illu/ration to !m4 ,all ?is c be be/ done by ! extemporane\s me?od4 ,o!r modes ( spee* w naturally sugge/ !mselves1 b !y pres5t no?+ peculi> 9 =m4 ,all t c be said ab\t !m may be compress$ z pr(itably into ! g5]al topics ( subject & object1 ?\ght-ga!r+1 arrangem5t1 & use ( ! plan1 etc41 :i* occupy ! foll[+ pages4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,plan ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,! ,,spee*4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,p5 ,,& ,,! ,,tongue4 ,x does n foll[ f any?+ we h said t ! p5 %\ld be disc>d$ by ! extempore speak]4 ,because he is n oblig$ to write ea* ^w1 he %\ld n feel excus$ f writ+ altoge!r4 ,few great] mis=tunes c\ld happ5 to a speak] ?an be+ depriv$ ( ! p[] ( record+ & pres]v+ notes = ! purposes ( oratory4 ,! mo/ t5aci\s memory is burd5$ by ! weight ( a l>ge numb] ( int5d$ disc\rses1 especially if !y are long & complex4 ,no p]son c feel sure t he w rememb] all p>ts ( ! spee* he int5d$ to utt] ev5 9 outl9e1 unless x has be5 r$uc$ to regul> =m s t "o "p w sugge/ ano!r4 ,9 go+ to a /ore to pur*ase a few articles ! p5 is v useful 9 mak+ a memor&um2 if ! err& boy neglects t precaution "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s may be =gott54 ,among illit]ate p a great _m mnemonic signs h be5 employ$1 su* z associat+ ?+s to be rememb]$ ) ! f+]s1 etc42 b among intellig5t p]sons all ( ^! h be5 sup]s$$ by ! use ( writ+1 & x w\ld be v absurd to advocate a return to ! old modes on ! plea t ! memory might be s /r5g!n$ t all items c\ld be safely rememb]$4 ,! reply w\ld be ready3 8,yes1 x is possible2 b we h a f> bett] & less burd5some way ( accompli%+ ! same object & h no motive 9 return+ to ! m difficult mode40 ,?us :ile x may be possible to arrange 9 ! m9d all ! outl9es ( a long disc\rse1 x is n easy to d x1 & !re is no ga9 9 ! extra labor involv$4 ,ev]y?+ be>+ ^u a disc\rse may be writt5 9 brief outl9e1 & !n a selection made ( :at is be/1 ?r[+ out all o!r portions4 ,! rema9d] c !n be f> bett] arrang$ :5 9 su* a position t ! eye z well z ! m9d c glance at x4 ,! prep>ation = ! int5d$ spee* ?us assumes ! %ape ( a m9iature or outl9e1 & may be fill$ out at any po9t :i* ne$s /r5g!n+4 ,b ev5 if x 7 possible to con/ruct ! plan & speak well )\t any previ\s use ( ! p51 ?is w\ld1 9 ! majority ( cases1 be insuffici5t4 ,! orator ne$s to pres]ve ! mat]ials1 if n ! =m ( 8 oration1 ei!r = use 9 future spee*es or = comp>ison ) lat] ef=ts4 ,x is v wa/eful to ?r[ away valuable mat]ial once accumulat$1 & !n se>* ! same gr\nd ov] aga9 :5 requir$ to treat ! same topic4 ,?is w\ld be act+ 9 ! _s ( ! savage :o eats en\gh to satisfy 8 appetite & ?r[s away all t rema9s1 z he feels no fur!r ne$ = x1 & only beg9s to ga!r aga9 :5 hung] spurs him to ex]tion4 ,! p5 is ! in/rum5t ( accumulation & pres]vation1 & %\ld be dilig5tly employ$4 ,no speak] c rise to p]man5t greatness )\t x4 ,! in/ances giv5 to ! contr>y are m]e delusions or evasions4 ,if ! s]vice ( o!r p5s c be employ$1 z 9 ! case ( %ort-h& report]s & amanu5ses1 ?is is b do+ ! same ?+ "u ano!r =m4 ,! pr9cipal purpose ( ?is ?ird division ( ! "w is to %[ h[ ! p5 may be us$ 9 su* a mann] z to pres]ve & arrange all ! mat]ial we may ga!r1 elaborate1 or orig9ate on any subject1 s z to br+ to ! mom5t ( unfett]$ extempore spee* all ! c]ta9ty ( result & accumulat$ p[] ( :i* our faculties are capable4 ,bacon says3 8,read+ makes a full man1 writ+ an exact man1 & conf]5ce a ready man40 ,all ^! means %\ld be us$ & all ^! qualities atta9$ by ! eloqu5t speak]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,subject ,,& ,,object4 ,we n[ ent] ^u ! mo/ practical "p ( our subject4 ,we h se5 :at natural qualities are indisp5sable1 & h[ ^!1 :5 possess$1 c be improv$ by tra9+4 ,! importance ( a wide scope ( k be>+ ^u oratory1 & ( und]/&+ & hav+ "s comm& ( ! p[]s ( language has be5 po9t$ out4 ,:5 a man has all ( ^!1 & is /ill a dilig5t /ud5t gr[+ daily 9 k1 he is ready to consid] ! me?ods by :i* all 8 gifts & acquirem5ts may be conc5trat$ ^u a s+le spee*4 ,"s ( ! directions 9 ?is & ! imm$iately succe$+ *apt]s are ( univ]sal application1 :ile o!rs are ?r[n out z m]e sugge/ions to be modifi$ & *ang$ accord+ to individual ta/e or p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,a plan is necess>y = e k9d ( spee*4 ,a rude mass ( brick1 lumb]1 mort>1 & iron1 ?r[n toge!r z ! mat]ials *ance to be furni%$1 does n con/itute a h\se until ea* item is built into its own place accord+ to "s intellig5t design4 ,a spee* has ! same ne$ ( organization4 ,a few m9utes ( desultory talk1 :e!r utt]$ 9 a l[ or high voice1 to "o p]son or to _m1 does n make a spee*4 ,! talk may be good1 or useful1 or /rik+3 x may be replete ) sp>kl+ imag]y1 & full ( valuable ideas t comm& att5tion1 & yet be no real disc\rse4 ,! "q1 8,:at 0 all ?is ab\t8 :at end did ! speak] h 9 view80 is a fatal condemnation4 ,! subject & object ( e disc\rse %\ld be p]fectly obvi\s--if n at ! op5+1 surely at ! close ( ! address4 ,! only safe me?od is to h a well-def9$ plan m>k$ out f beg9n+ to end1 & !n to br+ e "p ( ! "w into subord9ation to "o lead+ idea4 ,! plan itself %\ld be con/ruct$ ) "s cle> object 9 view4 ,x is bett] t ?is con/ruction ( ! plan %\ld be complet$ be=e deliv]y beg9s4 ,if y are sudd5ly call$ to speak on "s topic y h (t5 ?\ght ov]1 ! :ole outl9e ( ! address1 ) a plan p]fect 9 e "p1 may fla% ^u y 9 a mom5t1 & y may speak z well z if y _h be5 all[$ mon?s = prep>ation4 ,b su* cases are r>e exceptions4 ,! man :o attempts1 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 to arrange 8 facts1 draw 8 inf]5ces1 & en=ce 8 op9ions1 w usually f9d ! task v difficult1 ev5 if ! topic is )9 8 m5tal grasp1 & 8 memory promptly furni%es him ) all necess>y mat]ials4 ,we w n[ consid] ! subject & object :i* e true disc\rse1 :atev] its "*1 mu/ possess4 ,fir/1 z to ! object3 :y is x t at a p>ticul> "t an audi5ce assembles & sits 9 sil5ce1 :ile "o man /&+ up1 talks to !m8 ,:at is 8 motive 9 ?us claim+ _! att5tion8 ,_m ( !m may h come f m]e impulse1 ( :i* !y c\ld give no rational explanation1 b ! speak] at lea/ %\ld h a def9ite purpose4 ,a cle> aim t5ds p[]fully to give unity & consi/5cy to ! :ole disc\rse1 & to prev5t him f w&]+ into endless digressions4 ,x b9ds all deta*$ p>ts toge!r & infuses a common life ?r\gh 8 address4 ,su* a rul+ aim _c be too def9itely recogniz$ & c>efully kept 9 view1 = x is ! f\ndation ( ! :ole disc\rse4 ,?is object %\ld n be too g5]al 9 "*4 ,x is n en\gh t we wi% to please or to d good3 x may be safely assum$ t speak]s g5]ally wi% to d bo?4 ,b h[ %all ^! ends be rea*$8 8,:at special good d ,i hope to accompli% by ?is address80 ,:5 y h made ! object def9ite1 y are bett] prep>$ to adapt all available means to its accompli%m5t4 ,x %\ld also be /at$ t ! m objects are subdivid$ ! m precision w be augm5t$1 ?\gh !re is a limit beyond :i* su* division w\ld be at ! exp5se ( o!r qualities4 ,y\r object w usually h ref]5ce to ! op9ion or ! action ( ^? address$1 & ! firm] y\r own conviction ( ! tru? ( t op9ion1 or ! desirabl5ess ( t action1 ! great]1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 y\r p]suasive p[] w be4 ,if y d n "k exactly :at y wi%1 !re is little probability t y\r audi5ce w c>e to int]pret y\r ?\ght2 !y w take x = grant$ t y really mean no?+1 & ev5 if y d incid5tally pres5t "s tru? support$ by good argum5ts1 !y w consid] x a matt] n call+ = any imm$iate consid]ation or def9ite decision on _! "p4 ,! speak]'s objects are comp>atively few & are (t5 det]m9$ by 8 v position & employm5t4 ,if y are engag$ 9 a political canvass y are seek+ to confirm & reta9 ! votes ( y\r own p>ty1 :ile p]suad+ ov] to y\r side ! opposition4 ,votes con/itute ! object y seek1 & to w9 !m is y\r purpose4 ,b !re are _m ways by :i* t desirable end may be accompli%$--"s wise & noble1 o!rs ignoble4 ,b a political orator w ga9 9 p[] by keep+ cle>ly 9 view 8 purpose & reject+ f 8 spee*es all ?+s t m]ely ar\se & embitt] oppon5ts1 )\t1 at ! same "t1 contribut+ to /r5g!n ! hold ( ! speak]'s own p>ty ^u its memb]s4 ,if y are a lawy] y wi% to w9 y\r case4 ,! judge's *>ge1 ! jury's v]dict1 are y\r objective po9ts1 & all m]e display :i* does n contribute directly or indirectly to ^! ends is worse ?an wa/$1 z x may ev5 int]f]e ) y\r real purpose4 ,mu* ( y\r success w dep5d ^u keep+ ! "r object be=e y at ! "r "t4 ,if y aim at t :i* is unatta9able1 ! ef=t is n only lo/1 b ! object :i* y c\ld h rea*$ may 9 ! meantime h pass$ out ( y\r rea*4 ,ev]ybody has he>d m9i/]s argu+ aga9/ "s =ms ( unbelief :i* _! he>]s "k no?+ ab\t4 ,?is is worse ?an useless2 x may sugge/ ! v errors int5d$ to be refut$2 & if ?is does n result1 to ?9k t ! refutation w be /or$ up until ! "t :5 ! errors !mselves may be enc\nt]$1 is to take a mo/ flatt]+ view ( ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* s]mons z well z o!r disc\rses are rememb]$4 ,y may avoid ^! errors by select+ "s object :i* is practicable at ! mom5t ( utt]ance3 ! fir/ "r /ep makes all aft] success possible4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! object ( a spee* & its subject2 ! =m] is ! motive t impels u to speak1 :ile ! latt] is :at we speak ab\t4 ,x is n uncommon = talk]s to h a subject )\t any def9ite object1 unless x be ! v g5]al "o ( comply+ ) a =m or fulfill+ an engagem5t4 ,:5 ! p]iod = ! talk comes--x w\ld n be "r to call x a spee*--!y take ! easie/ subject !y c f9d1 express all ! ideas !y happ5 to h ab\t x1 & leave ! matt]4 ,until su* p]sons become 9 e>ne/1 & get a liv+ object1 true eloqu5ce is utt]ly impossible4 ,! object ( a disc\rse is ! s\l1 :ile ! subject is b ! body2 or1 z we may say1 ! "o is ! end1 :ile ! o!r is ! means by :i* x is accompli%$4 ,aft] ! object is cle>ly realiz$ by ! speak]1 he c *oose ! subject to mu* bett] advantage4 ,x may happ5 t "o object is s mu* m important ?an all o!r practicable ones t x =ces itself irresi/ibly on 8 att5tion & ?us saves ! labor ( *oice2 at o!r times he may h sev]al diff]5t objects ) no p>ticul> reason = pref]r+ "o ( !m 9 ! ord] ( "t to ano!r4 ,9 ?is case if a subject fills 8 m9d x w be well to discuss x ) an aim t[>d ! object :i* may be be/ en=c$ by its means4 ,aft] all1 x makes b little diff]5ce :i* ( ^! two is *os5 fir/4 ,x is en\gh t :5 y und]take to speak y h a subject y fully und]/&1 & an object t w>ms y\r he>t & enli/s all y\r p[]s4 ,y c !n speak1 n z "o :o deals ) ab/ractions1 b z hav+ a liv+ mission to p]=m4 ,x is important t ea* subject %\ld be complete 9 itself1 & r\nd$ (f f ev]y?+ else4 ,its b\nd>ies %\ld be run ) su* precision z to include all t belongs to x1 b no?+ m4 ,x is a common b griev\s fault to h ! same ca/ ( ideas fl[+ ar\nd e subject4 ,!re are few ?+s 9 ! univ]se :i* h n "s relation to ev]y?+ else4 ,if we d n1 !re=e1 v /rictly b\nd our subject1 we w f9d ourselves br++ ! same matt] into ea* disc\rse & p]petually repeat+ our ?\ghts4 ,if +5i\s 9 t matt]1 we may f9d a good excuse = gett+ our favorite anecdotes & brilliant ideas into connection ) ! mo/ opposite k9ds ( subjects4 ,an old m9i/] once gave me an amus+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* he made outl9es ( ! s]mons ( a local celebrity4 ,! fir/ "o 0 a v able disc\rse1 ) ?ree pr9cipal divisions--man's fall5 e/ate1 ! glori\s means provid$ = 8 recov]y1 & ! fe>ful consequ5ces ( neglect+ ^? means4 ,lik+ ! s]mon v well1 my in=mant w5t to he> ! same man aga94 ,! text 0 new1 b ! fir/ proposition1 0 man's fall5 e/ate2 ! second1 ! glori\s means provid$ = 8 recov]y2 & ! la/1 ! fe>ful consequ5ces ( neglect+ ^? means4 ,?9k+ t ! repetition 0 an accid5t1 ano!r trial 0 made4 ,! text 0 at z great a remove z possible f ! o!r two4 ,! fir/ proposition 01 man's fall5 e/ate2 & ! o!rs foll[$ 9 due ord]4 ,?is 0 an extreme in/ance ( a common fault1 :i* is by no means conf9$ to ! m9i/ry4 ,:5 an eloqu5t ,congressman 0 once deliv]+ a great address1 a memb] on ! opposite b5*es rubb$ 8 h&s 9 app>5tly ec/atic delight1 & rem>k$ 9 a /age :isp]1 8,oh6 h[ ,i h always lov$ to he> t spee*60 ,9 a book ( widely circulat$ s]mon sket*es1 ne>ly e "o beg9s by ass]t+ t man has fall5 & ne$s ! helps or is liable to ! evils m5tion$ aft]w>d4 ,no d\bt ?is prim>y /atem5t is important1 b x might sometimes be tak5 = grant$4 ,! fault :i* we h "h po9t$ out is n uncommon 9 prea*+4 ,occasionally m9i/]s acquire su* a /]eotyp$ =m ( expression t :at !y say 9 "o s]mon is sure to recur1 p]haps 9 a modifi$ =m1 9 all o!rs4 ,?is is intol]able4 ,!re is an end to ! pati5ce ( man4 ,he tires ( ! same old ideas1 & wi%es1 :5 a new text is tak51 t x may br+ ) x "s novelty 9 ! s]mon4 ,! rem$y aga9/ ! evil "u consid]ation is f\nd 9 ! c>eful selection & def9ition ( subjects4 ,give to ea* its own t]ritory & gu>d rigidly aga9/ all trespass]s4 ,a speak] %\ld n only see t :at he says has "s k9d ( connection ) ! subject 9 h&1 b t x has a clos] connection ) t subject ?an any o!r he may be call$ ^u to discuss at or ne> ! same "t4 ,a v great lectur] adv]tises a numb] ( lectures ^u topics t seem to be totally indep5d5t4 ,yet all ! lectures are b "o1 except a few p>agraphs 9 ! introduction ( ea*4 ,?is is really a less fault 9 ! case ( an it9]at+ lectur] ?an 9 mo/ o!r fields ( oratory1 z ! same p he> ! lecture b once4 ,yet ev5 !n ! false assumption ( intellectual ri*es impli$ 9 ! num]\s titles _c be ju/ifi$4 ,! subject %\ld be s well def9$ t we always "k j :at we are speak+ ab\t4 ,x may be ( a g5]al nature1 b our k ( x %\ld be cle> & adequate4 ,?is is m necess>y 9 an extempore ?an 9 a writt5 spee*1 ?\gh ! want ( x w be sev]ely felt 9 ! latt] also4 ,a /rong1 vividly def9$ subject w give unity to ! :ole disc\rse1 & probably leave a p]man5t impression on ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,to aid 9 secur+ ?is x w be well to r$uce e subject to its simple/ =m1 & !n1 by writ+ x z a compact phrase or s5t5ce1 /amp x on ! m9d1 & let x r+ 9 e utt]ance2 t is1 let ea* ^w aid 9 c>ry+ out ! c5tral idea1 or 9 lead+ up to x4 ,^? int]m9able disc\rses t beg9 any:]e & lead n[h]e1 may be call$ spee*es or s]mons1 by c\rtesy1 b !y are n su*4 ,to always pres]ve ?is unity ( !me & treatm5t is n easy1 & calls1 (t51 = ! ex]cise ( h]oic self-d5ial4 ,to see 9 ! m9d's eye :at we "k w\ld please & delight li/5]s1 p&] to _! prejudices1 or ga9 upro>i\s applause1 & !n turn away ) ! words unspok51 m]ely because x is =eign to our subject--?is is z sore a trial z = a mis] on a s9k+ %ip to ab&on 8 gold4 ,b x is equally necess>y1 if we w\ld n fall into grave rhetorical errors4 ,any spee* :i* is con/ruct$ on ! plan ( putt+ into x all ! wise or witty or pleas+ ?+s ! speak] c ?9k ( w be a m]e mass ( m or less fooli% talk4 ,%akespe>e is (t5 reproa*$ ) hav+ neglect$ ! dramatic unities ( place & "t2 b he nev] ov]look$ ! high] unities ( subject & object4 ,^! rem>ks d n imply t illu/ration %\ld be disc>d$ or ev5 us$ sp>+ly4 ,! :ole realm ( nature may be ransack$ = ^! gems1 & if !y d illu/rate1 !y are (t5 bett] ?an /atem5t or argum5t4 ,if ! ?+ to be illu/rat$ belongs to ! subject1 !n e apt illu/ration ( x also belongs !re4 ,x is possible t m5 ( g5ius may neglect ! unity ( subject & object1 & /ill succe$ by %e] intellectual =ce1 z !y might d "u any o!r circum/ances4 ,b ord9>y m5 _c ) safety foll[ ! example ( ,sidney ,smi?4 ,8 he>]s compla9$ t he did n 8/ick to 8 text10 &1 t he might re=m ! m easily1 !y sugge/$ t he %\ld divide 8 s]mons z o!r m9i/]s did4 ,he promis$ to gratify !m1 & ! next ,sabba?1 aft] read+ 8 text1 he began3 8,we w divide our disc\rse ?is morn+ into ?ree p>ts3 9 ! fir/ place1 we w g up to our text2 9 ! second place1 we w g ?r\gh x2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 we w g f x40 ,!re 0 g5]al agreem5t t he succe$$ be/ on ! la/ head1 b prea*]s :o are n confid5t ( possess+ 8 g5ius _h bett] conf9e !mselves to ! =m] two4 ,a true disc\rse is ! ord]ly developm5t ( "s "o ?\ght or idea ) s mu* cle>ness & p[] t x may ev] aft] live z a po9t ( light 9 ! memory4 ,o!r ideas may clu/] ar\nd ! c5tral "o1 b x mu/ reign supreme4 ,if ! disc\rse fails 9 ?is p>ticul> no?+ else c r$eem x4 ,brilliancy ( ?\ght & illu/ration w be z completely wa/$ z a sculptor's art on a block ( clay4 ,a man ( pr(\nd g5ius once arose to prea* be=e a great assemblage1 & e brea? 0 hu%$4 ,he spoke ) p[]1 & _m ( 8 passages 7 ( ?rill+ eloqu5ce4 ,he p\r$ =? beautiful images & solemn ?\ghts ) ! utmo/ pr(usion2 yet :5 at ! end ( an h\r he took 8 seat1 ! prevail+ s5tim5t 0 "o ( disappo9tm5t4 ,! address 0 confus$--utt]ly de/itute ( any po9t ( union to :i* ! memory c\ld cl+4 ,_m ( 8 /atem5ts 7 cle> & impressive1 b he did n make evid5t :at he 0 talk+ ab\t4 ,x 0 an impressive w>n+ aga9/ erect+ a build+ be=e lay+ a f\ndation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,?\ght-,,ga!r+4 ,aft] ! subject ^u :i* we are to speak has be5 det]m9$ ! logical ord] ( prep>ation is1 fir/1 ga!r+ mat]ial2 second1 select+ :at is mo/ fitt+ & arrang+ ! :ole into p]fect ord]2 ?ird1 fix+ ?is 9 ! m9d s t x may be available = ! mom5t ( use4 ,^! processes are n always sep>at$ 9 practice1 b !y may be be/ consid]$ 9 ! ord] indicat$4 ,:5 a subject is *os5 & ! m9d fa/5$ ^u x1 t subject becomes a c5t] ( attraction & naturally draws all k9dr$ ideas t[>d x4 ,old memories t _h become dim f ! lapse ( "t are sl[ly hunt$ out & gr\p$ ar\nd ! p>5t ?\ght4 ,ea* h\r ( contemplation t elapses1 ev5 if !re is n direct /udy1 adds to ! ri*ness & v>iety ( our available m5tal /ores4 ,! relations betwe5 diff]5t & widely sep>at$ tru?s become visible1 j z new />s are se5 :5 we gaze int5tly t[>d ! ev5+ sky4 ,all t lies )9 our k is subject$ to a rigid scrut9y & all t appe>s to h any connection ) ! subject is br\ght into view4 ,usually a consid]able p]iod ( "t is ne$$ = ?is process1 & ! long] x is cont9u$ ! bett]1 if int]e/ 9 ! subject is n suff]$ to decl9e 9 ! mean:ile4 ,b x is some:at difficult to cont9ue at ?is "w long en\gh )\t we>9ess4 ,! capacity = great & cont9u\s rea*es ( ?\ght con/itutes a pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! sup]iority ( "o m9d ov] ano!r4 ,ev5 ! mightie/ g5ius _c1 at a s+le impulse1 exhau/ ! ocean ( tru? t op5s ar\nd e object ( man's contemplation4 ,x is only by view+ a subject 9 e aspect t sup]ficial & "o-sid$ impressions c be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,b ! cont9u\s ex]tion & toil ?is implies are ne>ly always di/a/eful1 & ! majority ( m5 c only accompli% x by a /]n resolve4 ,:e!r acquir$ or natural1 ! ability to completely 8?9k out0 a subject is ( prime necessity2 ! "y /ud5t at ! outset %\ld le>n to f9i% e inve/igation he beg9s & cont9ue ! habit dur+ life4 ,do+ ?is or n do+ x w g5]ally be decisive ( 8 success or failure f an intellectual po9t ( view4 ,?\ght is a mighty ar*itect1 & if y keep him fully employ$1 he w build up ) sl[ & measur$ /rokes a gorge\s edifice ^u any t]ritory at all )9 y\r m5tal range4 ,y may we>y ( 8 labor & ?9k t ! wall rises s sl[ly t x w nev] be complet$2 b wait4 ,9 due "t1 if y are pati5t1 all w be f9i%$ & w !n /& z no ephem]al /ructure1 to be swept away by ! fir/ /orm t bl[s1 b w be e/abli%$ & un%ak5 on ! basis ( et]nal tru?4 ,m4 ,bauta9 comp>es ! accumulation ( ?\ght ar\nd a subject ^u :i* ! m9d ?us dwells ) ! developm5t ( organic life by cont9u\s gr[? f an almo/ imp]ceptible g]m4 ,/rik+ z is ! analogy1 !re is "o po9t ( m>k$ dissimil>ity4 ,?is gr[? ( ?\ght is volunt>y & may easily be arre/$ at any /age4 ,! introduction ( a new subject or cessation ( ef=t on ! old is fatal4 ,to prev5t ?is & keep ! m9d employ$ until its "w is done requires ) mo/ p]sons a regul> & =mal sy/em4 ,pr(\nd ?9k]s1 :o take up a subject & _c leave x until x is trac$ into all its intricate relations & compreh5d$ 9 e "p1 & :o h at ! same "t ! p[] ( easily recall+ long tra9s ( ?\ght t h once pass$ ?r\gh _! m9d1 h less ne$ ( an artificial me?od4 ,b _! case is n t ( ! majority ( ?9k]s or speak]s4 ,we w give a me?od f\nd useful = secur+ abundant spee* mat]ials1 & all[ o!rs to adopt x z f> z x may prove advantage\s to !m4 ,! ?+s we actually "k are n always kept equally 9 view4 ,sometimes we may see an idea ) great cle>ness & aft] a "t lose x aga91 :ile ano!r1 at fir/ invisible1 comes into sight4 ,ea* idea %\ld be secur$ :5 x occurs4 ,let ea* ?\ght t arises on ! subject y int5d to discuss be not$4 ,a ^w or a brief s5t5ce suffici5t to recall ! conception to y\r own m9d w be en\gh1 & no labor ne$ be exp5d$ on composition or expression4 ,aft] ?is fir/ ga!r+1 let ! pap] be laid aside & ! subject be recommitt$ to ! m9d = fur!r reflection4 ,z o!r ideas arise let !m be not$ d[n 9 ! same mann] & ! process be ?us cont9u$ = days toge!r4 ,sometimes new images & conceptions w cont9ue to float into ! m9d = weeks4 ,mo/ p]sons :o h n tri$ ?is process ( accumulation w be surpris$ to f9d h[ _m ?\ghts !y h on ! simple/ topic4 ,if "s ( ?is ga!r$ matt] rema9s vague & %ad[y1 x w only be necess>y to give x m "t & m e>ne/ ?\ght & all obscurity w vani%4 ,at la/ !re comes ! consci\sness t ! m9d's p[] on t p>ticul> !me is exhau/$4 ,if we also feel t we h all ! mat]ial ne$$1 "o /ep fur!r only rema9s 9 ?is "p ( ! "w2 ! comp>ison ( our treasures ) :at o!rs h accompli%$ 9 ! same field4 ,x may be t ?is comp>ison w %[ ! wor?lessness ( mu* ( our own mat]ial1 b x is bett] to submit to ! humiliation involv$ & be sure t we h ! be/ t c be furni%$ by o!r m9ds z well z our own4 ,if we pref]1 we may speak :5 we h ga!r$ only ! mat]ials t are already )9 our own grasp & ?us h a great] consci\sness ( orig9ality1 b su* consci\sness is a delusion unless bas$ ^u exhau/ive rese>*4 ,ne>ly all t we ?us ga!r w be ! result ( previ\s read+1 & almo/ ! only ?+ 9 its favor ov] ! fre% accumulations t we make by read+ directly 9 ! l9e ( our subject1 is ! probability t ! =m] k w be bett] dige/$4 ,b m frequ5tly1 aft] ! "y orator has recollect$ & briefly not$ all t be>s ^u 8 subject ) :i* 8 own m9d furni%es him1 !re rema9s a s5se ( incomplet5ess1 & he is driv5 to seek a fur!r supply4 ,he is n[ hungry = new in=mation1 & on ?is /ate !re is an intellectual bless+ correspond+ to ! moral bless+ pron\nc$ ^u ^? :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness4 ,he reads ! works ( ^? :o h treat$ ! same or relat$ topics1 conv]ses ) well-in=m$ p]sons1 obs]ves ! _w closely1 /ill putt+ d[n e new idea t seems to be> ^u 8 !me4 ,:5ev] an idea is f\nd :i* supplies a felt want1 x is receiv$ ) great joy4 ,x (t5 happ5s t in/ead ( f9d+ ! v ?+ s\ght = he /rikes ^u ! fir/ l9k ( "s *a9 ( ?\ghts 9 8 own m9d t leads up to :at he desires1 b has hi!rto ov]look$4 ,! new idea is only ! m valu$ :5 x has ?us be5 trac$ out4 ,n[1 we h on pap]1 & (t5 aft] mu* toil1 a numb] ( confus$1 un>rang$ notes4 ,!y are de/itute ( poli%1 & no m con/itute a spee* ?an ! piles ( brick & lumb] a build] accumulates con/itute a h\se4 ,inde$1 ?is comp>ison is too favorable1 = ! build] has c>efully calculat$ j :at he ne$s = 8 h\se1 & has ord]$ ^? v ?+s4 ,b usually we h 9 our notes mu* t c be ( no use1 & at :atev] sacrifice ( feel+ x mu/ be ?r[n out4 ,?is is a matt] ( great importance4 ,x has be5 said t ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! conv]sation ( a wise man & ( a fool is t ! "o speaks all t is 9 8 m9d1 :ile ! o!r gives utt]ance only to c>efully select$ ?\ghts4 ,ne>ly all m5 h at times ideas t w\ld please & pr(it any audi5ce2 & if ^! are c>efully we$$ out f ! pu]ilities by :i* !y may be surr\nd$1 ! rema9d] w be f> m valuable ?an ! :ole mass4 ,ev]y?+ n 9 h>mony ) ! controll+ object or purpose mu/ be ?r[n away at :atev] sacrifice ( feel+4 ,read c>efully y\r scatt]$ notes aft] ! f]vor ( pursuit has subsid$ & erase e phrase t is unfitt+4 ,if b little rema9s y c cont9ue ! se>* z at fir/1 & erase & se>* aga91 until y h all t y ne$ ( matt] truly relevant to ! subject4 ,yet x is n well to be ov]-fa/idi\s4 ,?is w\ld prev5t spee* altoge!r1 or make ! "w ( prep>ation s sl[ & we>isome t :5 ! h\r ( ef=t arriv$1 all fre%ness & vigor w\ld be gone4 ,a knight 9 ,sp5s]'s 8,fa]y ,que50 ent]$ an en*ant$ ca/le & z he pass$ ?r\gh elev5 rooms 9 succession he saw writt5 on ! walls ( ea* ! words1 8,be bold20 b on ! twelf? ! inscription *ang$ to ! advice ( equal wisdom1 8,be n too bold40 ,! same injunctions are appropriate to ! orator4 ,he %\ld be c>eful 9 ! selection ( 8 mat]ial1 b n too c>eful4 ,_m ?+s :i* a f9ical ta/e might reject are all[able & v effective4 ,no def9ite rule1 h[ev]1 c be giv5 on ! subject1 z x is a matt] ( ta/e r ?an ( calculation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,plan4 ,no "p ( ! orator's "w is m important ?an t ( con/ruct+ a good plan4 ,if ?is is n well done ! fulle/ success is impossible4 ,9 spee* all ?\ghts are express$ by ! sl[ process ( successive words4 ,if ^! are badly *os5 & s arrang$ z to c>ry =w>d ! curr5t ( ?\ght 9 ! wrong direction1 almo/ endless h9drance & di/raction may foll[4 ,& z ^! words1 9 extempore spee*1 are giv5 =? on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 x becomes necess>y to make su* an arrangem5t t ! prop] idea to be dissolv$ into words %all always be pres5t$ to ! m9d at ! prop] "t4 ,9 "s cases ?is disposition ( p>ts is v easy4 ,a c\rse indicat$ by ! v nature ( ! subject w sometimes spr+ into view & relieve u ( all fur!r emb>rassm5t4 ,a lawy] may f9d ! discussion ( ! te/imony ( ea* ( sev]al witnesses1 toge!r ) ! =mal op5+ & close1 to be all ! plan t he ne$s4 ,b m frequ5tly ?is portion ( ! orator's task w bo? require & repay sev]e ?\ght4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( plans h be5 po9t$ out by prec$+ writ]s1 b we w indicate ^? only :i* h consid]able practical importance4 ,! fir/ ( ^! may be call$ ! n>rative me?od4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly us$ :5 ! recital ( "s hi/ory =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( ! disc\rse4 ,c]ta9 lead+ ev5ts1 ei!r gr\p$ toge!r accord+ to _! nature or foll[+ ! ord] ( "t1 furni% ! prim>y divisions4 ,?is k9d ( a disc\rse foll[s ! same laws1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 z hi/ories1 romances1 & n>rative poems4 ,! ord] ( "t is ! mo/ obvi\s me?od ( con/ruct+ x1 b ?is ord] %\ld n be adh]$ to :5 ! /ory c be bett] & m dramatically told by v>y+ f x4 ,bo? introduction & conclusion %\ld be v c>efully select$--! =m] to ar\se att5tion & direct x 9 ! "r c\rse2 ! latt] to leave ! /ronge/ impression & ! "o mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! object ( ! speak]4 ,! second me?od is ! textual1 & is especially ?\gh n exclusively adapt$ to s]mons4 ,9 x a v]se f ! ,bible1 a motto1 a s5t5ce us$ by an oppon5t1 or "s def9ite =m ( v significant words1 af=ds a basis = ea* "p ( ! disc\rse4 ,! ord] ( ! disc\rse may1 h[ev]1 be diff]5t f t ( ! words 9 ! text1 any *ange be+ all[able :i* secures m ( ! advantages ( ! n>rative or logical me?ods4 ,:5 ! text is itself well kn[n1 a plan bas$ ^u x has an obvi\s advantage 9 assi/+ ! memory bo? ( speak] & he>]1 by sugge/+ ea* "p ( ! disc\rse at ! prop] "t4 ,:5 any lecture or oration has a =mal motto :i* sums up & fairly expresses ! subject discuss$1 ! textual plan w be z well adapt$ to x z to a s]mon4 ,! logical or ma!matical me?od is ! ?ird & probably ! mo/ symmetrical =m ! plan may assume4 ,a topic is tak51 & aft] ! introduction1 :i* may be ! m]e /atem5t ( ! subject1 or ( ! relations ( ! speak] or ( ! audi5ce to x1 t subject is unfold$ ) all ! precision ( a proposition 9 geometry4 ,ea* ?\ght is prelim9>y to t :i* foll[s1 & ! :ole ends 9 ! demon/ration ( "s great tru? & ! d$uction ( its legitimate coroll>ies4 ,?is me?od is ! be/ possible 9 ^? cases adapt$ to x--p>ticul>ly ^? 9 :i* "s ab/ruse subject is to be unfold$ & prov$4 ,! la/ me?od we w describe proce$s by divisions & subdivisions4 ,x is ! milit>y me?od1 = 9 x ! disc\rse is organiz$ l an army1 into corps1 brigades1 & regim5ts2 or x is l a tree1 :i* divides into two or ?ree pr9cipal bran*es1 & ^! aga9 subdivide until ! f9e/ twigs are rea*$4 ,all ! deta*$ items t h be5 select$ are br\ght into relat$ gr\ps1 ea* gov]n$ by a c5tral ?\ght1 & ^! aga9 are held 9 /rict subord9ation to ! supreme idea4 ,a subject w _m times arrange itself almo/ spontane\sly into sev]al diff]5t p>ts1 :i* ?us =m ! prop] divisions1 & ^! aga9 may be easily analyz$ into _! prop] subdivisions4 ,ev5 :5 ?is is n ! case1 we w see1 z we exam9e ! jott+s we h made :ile ga!r+ our mat]ials1 t a few ( ! ideas /& out 9 special prom95ce1 & ) a little close /udy ( relations & aff9ities all ! o!rs may be made to gr\p !mselves ar\nd ^!4 ,! individual ideas we put d[n on ! fir/ /udy ( ! subject usually =m ! subdivisions1 & "s g5]alization ( !m ! divisions4 ,x is n well to make ! bran*es ( a subject too num]\s or !y w introduce confusion & fail to be rememb]$4 ,f two to f\r divisions ) two or ?ree subdivisions "u ea*1 are 9 a majority ( cases bett] ?an a l>ge numb]4 ,! t5d5cy to multiply !m to a great ext5t1 & !n to "n !m 9 ! mom5t ( deliv]y1 9 _! ord] ( fir/ly1 secondly1 etc41 is 9 a great measure responsible = ! popul> e/imate ( ! dryness ( s]mons1 :]e ?is k9d ( plan prevails m ?an any:]e else4 ,examples ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( disc\rses "h allud$ to may be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! s]mon ( ,paul on ,m>s ,hill 0 logical 9 its developm5t4 ,! introduction is an exquisite adaptation ( 8 !me to ! position ( 8 he>]s1 & f t po9t ea* ?\ght is a developm5t f ! prec$+ ?\ght1 until ! :ole weight ( argum5t conv]ges to ! duty ( rep5tance because ( ! com+ ( a day 9 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ w be ,judge4 ,b :5 ,paul told ! /ory ( 8 conv]sion be=e ,agrippa1 ! n>rative =m1 ) /rict adh]5ce to ! ord] ( "t1 0 naturally adopt$4 ,no bett] example ( ! divisional =m c be f\nd ?an ,*ri/'s ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 :i* ! ?ree *apt]s ab\t correspond ) ! g5]al divisions1 & ! p>agraphs devot$ to su* topics z bless+1 pray]1 fa/+1 & =giv5ess1 ) ! subdivisions4 ,:5 we h accumulat$ our mat]ials1 /rick5 out all t is unfitt+ or sup]flu\s1 & det]m9$ ! g5]al "* ( our disc\rse1 ! rema9d] ( ! "w ( f9i%+ ! plan mu/ be left to individual ta/e & judgm5t4 ,no rules c be giv5 t w meet e case4 ,we might direct to put fir/ ^? /atem5ts or argum5ts :i* are mo/ easily compreh5d$1 & ^? :i* are necess>y = und]/&+ o!r portions ( ! disc\rse1 & also :atev] is lea/ likely to be disput$4 ,some?+ /rong & impressive %\ld be held well 9 res]ve4 ,x w n be accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( t highe/ art :i* is ! be/ mirror ( nature if we exhau/ int]e/ 9 ! op5+ & !n close tamely4 ,beyond ^! obvi\s consid]ations little help c be giv5 to ! orator 9 ?is "p ( 8 "w4 ,he mu/ =m 8 own ideal & !n "w up to x4 ,we d n advise any "o to borr[ o!r m5's outl9es = ! purpose ( fill+ !m up & !n speak+ f !m z if ! "w 0 orig9al4 ,?is is a mo/ pr(itless k9d ( plagi>ism4 ,su* sket*es may be useful to ! v "y speak]1 m]ely z indications ( ! k9d ( excell5ce 9 plans or sket*es at :i* he %\ld aim4 ,& :5 he he>s good disc\rses he may look b5ea? ! burn+ words & criticise ! m]its ( ! framework ^u :i* !y re/4 ,?is may r5d] him less satisfi$ ) 8 own plans1 b su* dissatisfaction ev] af=ds ! be/ hope = future success4 ,! true mode ( improv+ y\r plans is to be/[ a great deal ( "t & ?\ght ^u !m1 & to make no disposition ( any "p = :i* y _c give a satisfactory reason4 ,?is direction relates only to ! beg9n]4 ,9 "t ! =mation ( plans w become s natural t any v>iation f ! mo/ effective arrangem5t w be felt z ke5ly z a discord 9 music is felt by a ma/] 9 t art4 ,f su* c>efully con/ruct$ plans1 firm1 coh]5t1 & logical disc\rses w result4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics t ea* plan %\ld possess4 ,x mu/ fully indicate ! nature ( ! propos$ disc\rse & m>k out ea* ( its successive /eps ) accuracy4 ,any want ( def9it5ess 9 ! outl9e is a fatal defect4 ,y mu/ feel t y c rely absolutely on x = guidance to ! end ( y\r disc\rse or be always 9 dang] ( emb>rassm5t & confusion4 ,ea* clause %\ld express a di/9ct idea1 & b "o4 ,?is %\ld be repeat$ 9 no o!r "p ( ! disc\rse2 o!rwise1 we fall into we>isome repetitions1 ! great vice1 z x is (t5 claim$1 ( extempore speak]s4 ,a brief plan is bett]1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ?an a long "o4 ,(t5 a s+le ^w w recall an idea z p]fectly z _m s5t5ces1 & x w burd5 ! memory less4 ,we d n expect ! draft ( a h\se to equal ! h\se 9 size1 b only to pres]ve a proportionate relation to x ?r\gh\t4 ,! plan _c supply ! ?\ght1 b1 indicat+ :at is 9 ! m9d1 x %[s h[ to br+ x =? 9 regul> succession4 ,x is a pa?way lead+ to a def9ite end1 &1 l all pa?ways1 its cr[n+ m]its are directness & smoo?ness4 ,)\t ^! qualities x w p]plex & h9d] r ?an aid4 ,ea* ^w 9 ! plan %\ld sugge/ an idea1 & be s firmly b\nd to t idea t ! two _c become sep>at$ 9 any exig5cy ( spee*4 ,y w f9d x sorely p]plex+ if1 9 ! heat ( disc\rse1 "s important note %\ld lose ! ?\ght = :i* x previ\sly /ood & become an empty ^w4 ,b ) cle> conceptions cond5s$ into fitt+ words ?is _c easily happ54 ,a famili> idea c be express$ v briefly1 :ile a /range or new conception may require m expansion4 ,b all ?\ghts advanc$ by ! speak] ought to be famili> to himself z ! result ( long m$itation & ?or\gh ma/]y1 no matt] h[ /range or />tl+ !y are to 8 he>]s4 ,mo/ skeletons may be br\ght )9 ! compass ( a hundr$ words1 & e "p be cle>ly indicat$ to ! m9d t conceiv$ x1 ?\gh p]haps n to any o!r4 ,!re may be occasions :5 a speak] is ju/ifi$ 9 ann\nc+ 8 divisions & subdivisions1 b su* cases are exceptions4 ,he>]s d n c>e h[ a disc\rse is con/ruct$1 s x comes to !m w>m & pulsat+ ) life4 ,to give ! plan ( a spee* be=e ! spee* itself is contr>y to ! ord] ( nature4 ,we are n requir$ fir/ to look ^u a grisly skeleton be=e we c see a graceful1 liv+ body4 ,!re is a skeleton inside ea* body1 b dur+ life x is well hidd51 & !re is no reason t ! speak] %\ld anticipate ! "w ( ! tomb4 ,x is h>dly less objectionable to "n ! p>ts ( ! disc\rse dur+ ! progress ( ! discussion1 =--cont9u+ ! =m] illu/ration--bones t project ?r\gh ! sk9 are v unlovely4 ,! only ease1 ,i presume to ?9k1 :]e x is ju/ifiable to "n ! p>ts ( a disc\rse1 ei!r be=e or dur+ its deliv]y1 is :]e ! sep>ate p>ts h an importance ( _! own1 9 addition to _! (fice ( contribut+ to ! g5]al object4 ,mu* ( ! prov]bial 8dryness0 ( s]mons arises f ! prea*] tell+ :at he is ab\t to rem>k1 fir/ly1 be=e he actually makes ! rem>k ?us numb]$4 ,:5ev] we he> a m9i/] read 8 text1 ann\nce 8 !me1 /ate ! p>ts into :i* he means to divide x1 & !n w>n u t ! fir/ head w be subdivid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is also specifi$ 9 advance1 we prep>e our endurance = a sev]e te/4 ,:at great spee*es require are deep1 /rong appeals to ! he>ts ( ! p1 ?r\gh :i* %9es ! radiance ( great tru?s & ! lightn+ ( int5se convictions4 ,^! c all f9d _! place 9 ! mo/ logically con/ruct$ address if ! logic be n br\ght out & p>ad$ 9 its (f5sive nak$ness4 ,no matt] if ! orator's mode ( "w is less und]/ood4 ,a tree is f> m beautiful & impressive :5 cov]$ ) wav+ foliage1 ev5 if "s ( ! bran*es are hidd54 ,let ! tide ( eloqu5ce fl[ on 9 an unbrok5 /ream1 be>+ ) x all he>ts1 b giv+ no indication ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is guid$2 or1 bett] /ill1 let x move ) ! impetus ( ! cannon-ball1 b )\t proclaim+ 9 advance ! m>k t[>d :i* x is fly+4 ,! plan %\ld g j z f> z ! int5d$ spee*1 t we may "k exactly :]e to /op4 ,!n we c arise ) confid5ce1 = we are sure t we h some?+ to say2 we "k :at x is1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 we w "k :5 x is f9i%$4 ,mo/ ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ extempore speak+ apply only to spee*es t h no gov]n+ plan4 ,b :5 a firm & cle> plan is pre>rang$1 !re is no m dang] ( say+ :at we d n int5d1 or ( runn+ into endless digressions1 ?an if e ^w 0 writt54 ,inde$1 !re is no bett] way ( gu>d+ aga9/ undue discursiv5ess 9 a writt5 spee* ?an by arrang+ su* a plan be=e beg9n+ to write4 ,b x may be urg$ t ?is labori\s prep>ation--?is c>eful plac+ ( e ?\ght--w require z mu* "t z to write 9 full4 ,x may at fir/4 ,! m9d ne$s to be drill$ into ! "w1 & x w be ( great value ev5 z a m5tal discipl9e4 ,no /udy ( logic or ( metaphysics w give su* practical insight into ! nature ( ! m9d's work+s z ?is pre-arrangem5t ( ?\ghts & words to frame a spee*4 ,b ! "w gr[s cont9ually easi] ) practice1 until ! mature speak] w save ?ree-f\r?s--or ev5 m ?an t proportion--( ! "t consum$ by ! spee*-writ]4 ,! spee* is n[ cle>ly indicat$4 ,a plan has be5 prep>$ t fixes ea* item 9 its prop] place4 ,!re is no fur!r dang] ( ! loos5ess & desultor9ess ) :i* extempore spee* has be5 reproa*$4 ,yet !re is abundant room = ! inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,x is possible1 9 all ! fire ( utt]ance1 to leave ! beat5 track & give expression to any new ideas t may be call$ up by ! ardor ( spee*4 ,b a sure f\ndation is laid--a c\rse is m>k$ out :i* has be5 deeply prem$itat$1 & :i* gives c]ta9ty to all we say4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,h[ ,,%all ,,! ,,writt5 ,,plan ,,be ,,us$8 ,n[ t ! plan is complet$ & fully writt5 out1 ! next "q arises z to :at %all be done ) x4 ,x may ei!r be us$ or abus$4 ,to read x to ! audi5ce or exhibit x to !m w\ld be an obvi\s abuse4 ,possibly if ! speak] possess$ a l>ge blackbo>d1 ! latt] c\rse might1 9 special cases1 h "s advantages4 ,b ev5 !n x is bett] t ! /ud5ts %\ld1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ex]cise _! own +5uity 9 ga!r+ out ( ! body ( ! spee* ! c5tral ?\ghts :i* !y wi% to pres]ve 9 _! notebooks1 ?an t ! "w %\ld be done = !m 9 advance by hav+ ! :ole plan ( ! lecture plac$ 9 _! sight4 ,! writ] has exp]im5t$ on ?is subject by repeat+ ! same lecture to diff]5t classes ) ! outl9e 9 "s cases expos$ to view1 & 9 ! o!rs conceal$3 ! int]e/ has always seem$ to be great]1 & ! und]/&+ m complete 9 ! latt] case4 ,if ?is is true :]e in/ruction is ! only aim1 x is /ill m necess>y :]e p]suasion is ! object ( ! speak]4 ,! expos+ 9 advance ( ! means by :i* he int5ds to "w1 w put on _! gu>d ! v p]sons ^: he>ts he wi%es to capture1 & ?us lose him all t advantage ( surprise :i* is (t5 z mom5t\s 9 oratorical z 9 milit>y affairs4 ,!re are two o!r ways ( us+ ! plan to be consid]$4 ,"o is to keep x 9 ! speak]'s sight1 s t he may /ep along f "o item to ano!r1 ?us keep+ a f\ndation ( writt5 words 9 ! mid/ ( ! unc]ta9ty ( 8 extemporane\s ef=ts1 l t af=d$ by /epp+-/ones to a man cross+ a runn+ /ream4 ,!re are "s advantages 9 su* use4 ,! speak] w feel fre] 9 mak+ ^? pauses :i* are sometimes necess>y = ! sake ( emphasis4 ,he is bett] able to collect 8 scatt]$ ideas 9 case any unt[>d circum/ance %\ld break ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse4 ,if he is confus$ = a mom5t1 he may look d[n to 8 pap] & recov] himself1 :ile if ?\ghts & words fl[ easily he c ignore ! plan :i* lies be=e him4 ,b all ! reasons = ?us us+ ! plan are ! mo/ emphatic condemnation ( ! practice4 ,!y are all make-%ifts4 ,!y are bas$ ^u ! ?\ght t ! great object is to secure ! speak] f dang] & confusion2 9 o!r words1 !y put him on ! def5sive1 in/ead ( ! aggressive4 ,7 ! "q to be /at$1 8,h[ c a man be/ pres]ve ! =m ( extemporane\s spee* :ile %ield+ himself f ! mo/ dang]\s incid5ts ( t mode ( address80 x might plausibly be repli$1 8,by mak+ a v full plan & conceal+ x at "s po9t )9 ! rea* ( 8 eyes1 & us+ x :5ev] t c\rse becomes easie/40 ,b we h n s\ght to po9t out ! mode ( spee* :i* w be/ protect ! speak] f risks incid5t to 8 "w4 ,= real effectiv5ess1 compromises are usually hurtful1 & ?is exp$i5t =ms no exception4 ,to h a plan 9 sight t5ds p[]fully to break up ! spee* into fragm5ts & de/roy its unity4 ,a s]ies ( %ort addresses on relat$ po9ts1 af=ds no sub/itute = a conc5trat$ disc\rse4 ,! speak] :o publicly uses 8 sket*1 speaks on until he rea*es a po9t at :i* he does n "k :at is to come next1 & on ! br9k ( t gulf1 looks d[n at 8 notes1 &1 p]haps aft] a se>*1 f9ds :at he wants4 ,_h ! ?\ght exi/$ 9 8 m9d1 x w\ld h bl5d$ ! close ( ! prec$+ s5t5ces into h>mony ) x4 ,direct address to ! p1 :i* !y s mu* value 9 a speak]1 is int]f]$ ) 9 ! same way1 = 8 eye mu/ re/ = a portion ( ! "t ^u 8 notes4 ,he w also be apt to m5tion ! divisions ( 8 spee* z !y occur1 because ! eye is re/+ ^u !m at ! same "t ! tongue is engag$1 & x is h>d to keep ! two memb]s f work+ 9 h>mony4 ,if notes mu/ be us$ ! same advice applies t we h already (f]$ to ^? :o read 9 full4 ,be hone/ ab\t x2 d n try to hide ! notes4 ,any attempt to prove to an audi5ce t we are do+ :at we are n do+1 has 9 x an elem5t ( deception1 & is morally objectionable4 ,! use ( notes is n wrong1 b to use !m :ile pret5d+ n to use !m is wrong4 ,"s speak]s c>ry _! notes 9 _! pockets = ! sake ( be+ able to take !m out 9 case !y f9d _! memory fail+1 & ?us !y gu>d aga9/ ! mis=tune :i* once befell ! eloqu5t ,abbe ,bauta91 :o1 on asc5d+ ! pulpit to prea* be=e ! ,fr5* ,k+ & ,c\rt1 f\nd t he _h =gott5 subject1 plan1 & text4 ,?is me?od is hone/ & unobjectionable1 = ! notes ( ! plan are ei!r n us$ by ! speak] at all1 or if he takes !m f 8 pocket1 ! p w und]/& ! action4 ,! only rema9+ me?od1 & t :i* we w\ld urge ^u e extempore speak]1 is to commit ! plan1 z sket*$1 to memory4 ,x is put 9 ! be/ possible %ape = ! expression ( ! subject by ! labor :i* has be5 previ\sly be/[$ ^u x1 & n[ su* review z w give ! m9d a p]fect recollection ( ! :ole subject 9 its ord]ly unfold+ is j :at is ne$$ = f9al ma/]y4 ,previ\sly mu* ( ! "w ( prep>ation 0 giv5 to deta*$ fragm5ts4 ,n[ ! subject z a :ole is spread out4 ,! "t giv5 to a ?or\gh memoriz+ ( ! plan ne$ n be great2 x w inde$ be b small if ! plan itself is s well arrang$ t e prec$+ "p sugge/s :at foll[s2 b x w be ! mo/ fruitful ( all ! "t sp5t 9 prep>ation4 ,x puts y 9 ! be/ condition = speak+4 ,! object is !n fix$ 9 ! he>t & w fire x to e>ne/ness & zeal1 :ile ! subject is spread1 l a map1 be=e ! m5tal vision4 ,all ! p[] y possess c !n be br\ght to be> directly ^u ! p4 ,d n fe> t 9 ! hurry ( disc\rse y w =get "s "p ( :at is cle> :5 y beg94 ,if y are 9 good m5tal & physical condition1 ! act ( spee* w be exhil>at+ & /imulat+1 s t e f9e l9e ( prep>ation w come into cle>ness j at ! "r "t1 & _m a relation unp]ceiv$ be=e1 _m a =gott5 fact1 w spr+ up 9 complete & vivid p]ception4 ,!re is a wond]ful luxury ( feel+ 9 su* spee*4 ,sail+ ) a swift w9d1 rid+ a race-horse1 ev5 ! joy ( victori\s battle--inde$1 all enjoym5ts t arise f ! highe/ p[]s call$ =? into successful ex]cise--are inf]ior to ! ?rill & intoxication ( ! highe/ =m ( successful extemporane\s spee*4 ,to ?9k ( us+ notes !n w\ld seem l a contemptible imp]t95ce6 ,imag9e ,xavi] or ,lu!r ) _! notes spread out be=e !m1 look+ up ! diff]5t items f :i* to address ! multitudes spell-b\nd be=e !m6 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,deacon :o once pray$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 note-us+ ,pa/or1 8,o ,"l6 tea* ,?y s]vants to speak f ! he>t to ! he>t1 & n f a little piece ( pap]1 z ! mann] ( "s is10 0 n s v f> wrong6 ,x is advisable to commit ! plan to memory a consid]able "t be=e speak+4 ,x !n takes m complete possession ( ! m9d & !re is less liability ( =gett+ "s portion4 ,?is is less important :5 ! subject is p]fectly famili>1 = !n 8out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?10 b ^? subjects :i* h be5 rec5tly /udi$ = ! fir/ "t are 9 a diff]5t position2 & "s m$itation ^u t :i* has j be5 arrang$ 9 its be/ =m w be v s]viceable4 ,ev5 if ! sali5t po9ts are firmly grasp$1 "s ( ! m9or p>ts may require fur!r close consid]ation4 ,no /udy is ev] s pr(itable z t :i* is be/[$ aft] ! plan is complete1 = up to t "t !re is dang] t "s ( ! ?\ghts to :i* our att5tion is giv5 may be ultimately reject$ & o!rs radically modifi$4 ,b :5 ! plan is f9i%$ ea* idea has settl$ into its place4 ,if obscurity re/s any:]e1 x may be detect$ at once1 & ! /r5g? ( ! m9d be br\ght to be> = its bani%m5t4 ,impressions d]iv$ f m$itation are !n easily reta9$ until ! h\r ( spee*1 because associat$ ) _! prop] place 9 ! prep>$ outl9e4 ,su* deep m$itation on ea* division ( ! disc\rse c sc>cely fail to make x orig9al 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m1 & weave all its p>ts toge!r ) /rong & massive ?\ghts4 ,aft] ! plan has be5 memoriz$ we c m$itate ^u x n only at ! desk1 b any:]e4 ,z we walk ab\t or lie 9 b$1 or at any o!r "t f9d our m9ds free f di/ractions1 we c pond] ! ideas t clu/] ar\nd our subject until !y gr[ p]fectly famili>4 ,ev5 :5 we are read+ or ?9k+ on o!r topics1 brilliant ?\ghts w n unfrequ5tly spr+ up1 or ^? we possess$ be=e take /rong] & m def9ite outl9es4 ,all su* ga9s c be held 9 memory )\t ! use ( ! p51 because ! plan furni%es a suitable place = !m4 ,! c\rse "h describ$ we w\ld urge /rongly ^u ! consid]ation ( ! "y speak]4 ,if c>efully foll[$1 its results w be invaluable4 ,arrange ! plan f :i* y are to speak z cle>ly z may be 9 ! =m ( a brief sket*2 turn x ov] & ov] aga92 pond] ea* idea & ! mann] ( br++ x out2 /udy ! connection betwe5 all ! p>ts until ! :ole f beg9n+ to end appe>s p]fectly pla9 & simple4 ,s frequ5tly has ?is mode ( prep>ation be5 te/$ t its effectiv5ess is no long] a matt] ( exp]im5t4 ,x is advantage\s to grasp ! :ole subject1 z e>ly z possible1 9 a s+le idea--9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! future tree is compress$ )9 ! g]m f :i* x is to spr+4 ,!n ?is "o ?\ght w sugge/ ! entire disc\rse to ! speak]1 & at its conclusion w be left cle> & positive 9 ! he>]'s m9d4 ,= "s acute auditors ?is may be less necess>y4 ,!y are able to outrun a loose speak]1 arrange 8 scatt]$ fragm5ts1 supply 8 omissions1 & arrive at ! idea :i* has n yet =m$ itself cle>ly 9 8 own m9d4 ,su* p]sons (t5 hone/ly comm5d orators :o are incompreh5sible to ! majority ( _! he>]s4 ,b ! op9ions ( su* auditors are an unsafe guide1 = !y =m a v small m9ority ( any assembly4 ,!re is "o fur!r /ep :i* may sometimes prec$e ! mom5t ( spee* ) pr(it--! plac+ ^u pap] ( a brief b connect$ sket* or /atem5t ( ! :ole disc\rse4 ,if ?is is made 9 ! ord9>y writ+ !re is dang] t its sl[ness w make x m ( a ^w-/udy ?an :at x is int5d$ to be--a te/ ( ideas4 ,a ?or\gh ma/]y ( %or?&1 or ! s]vice ( "s "o :o has su* ma/]y1 w supply ?is defect4 ,if ! plan is well arrang$ !re w be no pause 9 ! mo/ rapid composition1 & if ! :ole disc\rse c at "o ef=t be ?r[n into a dress ( words !re may be full assurance t ! same ?+ c be accompli%$ /ill m easily & effectively :5 ! additional /imulus ( an audi5ce is suppli$4 ,!re %\ld be no attempt1 9 ! mom5t ( speak+1 to recall ! v words us$ 9 writ+1 b ! comm& ( language w und\bt$ly be greatly improv$ by hav+ s rec5tly us$ _m ( ! t]ms t w be aga9 requir$4 ,frequ5tly !re w be f9e passages 9 ! spee* :i* y h ?us /ruck (f at :ite heat t y may be unwill+ to =get1 b x is bett] to make no ef=t to rememb] !m1 = y are almo/ sure to rise /ill high] 9 ! mom5t ( public deliv]y4 ,:5 ?is rapid writ+ is n available1 a p>tial sub/itute = x may be f\nd 9 writ+ 9 ! ord9>y h& a brief sket* or compact model ( ! :ole disc\rse4 ,y w be surpris$ to notice h[ %ort a compass w suffice = a disc\rse requir+ an h\r or m 9 deliv]y1 )\t ! omission ( a s+le mat]ial ?\ght4 ,su* a sket* diff]s f ! plan 9 cle>ly express+ all ! ideas t und]lie ! com+ spee*1 :ile ! latt] w\ld be ne>ly un9telligible to any b its au?or4 ,! "o is only a few m>ks ?r[n out 9 ! field ( ?\ght by :i* an int5d$ pa?way is indicat$2 ! o!r is a v brief view ( ! ?\ghts !mselves1 )\t adornm5t or v]biage4 ,"s speak]s :o might feel insecure 9 tru/+ ! notes & h9ts ( ! plan w\ld feel p]fectly safe 9 enl>g+ ^u a /atem5t ( _! ?\ghts s brief t ! :ole sket* ( ! spee* w\ld n require m ?an ?ree or f\r m9utes to read4 ,b ?is :ole plan ( writ+1 ei!r 9 full or 9 brief1 is only an exp$i5t1 & ne$ n be adopt$ by ^? :o h full confid5ce 9 _! tra9$ & cultivat$ p[]s4 ,aft] y h prep>$ y\r plan x is well to pres]ve x = future use1 :i* may be done by copy+ x into a book kept = t purpose3 or1 :at is m conv5i5t 9 practice1 fold+ ! slip ( pap] on :i* x is writt5 into an envelope ( suitable size ) ! subject writt5 on ! back4 ,^! may be classifi$ & pres]v$1 ev5 9 v l>ge numb]s1 s z to be easily consult$4 ,f "t to "t1 z y\r ability gr[s1 !y may be improv$ ^u s z to rema9 ! complete expression ( y\r ability on e !me treat$4 ,on ! back ( ! envelope may also be writt5 ref]5ces to any s\rce ( additional in=mation on ! same subject1 & pr9t$ or writt5 scraps1 valuable z illu/rations1 or = additional in=mation1 may be slipp$ inside4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mom5t ,,( ,,spee*4 ,hay+ complet$ all y\r prep>ations1 y n[ anxi\sly await ! comm5cem5t ( ! intellectual battle4 ,?is p]iod is (t5 a sev]e trial4 ,m5 :o are physically brave sometimes tremble 9 anticipation ( spe$ily /&+ be=e an audi5ce4 ,! %ame ( failure !n may appe> worse ?an dea? itself4 ,z ! soldi] feels m ( cold & %r9k+ t]ror :5 li/5+ = ! peal ( ! fir/ gun1 ?an aft]w>d1 :5 ! conflict deep5s into blood ar\nd him1 s ! speak] usually suff]s m 9 ?is mom5t ( expectancy ?an 9 any t foll[s4 ,y behold ! dang] 9 its full magnitude1 )\t ! inspiration t att5ds x4 ,yet :atev] ef=t x may co/1 y mu/ rema9 calm & collect$1 = if n ma/] ( y\rself1 y _c expect to rule o!rs4 ,y\r mat]ial mu/ be kept well 9 h&1 ready to be us$ at ! prop] "t1 ?\gh x is n well to be cont9ually conn+ ov] y\r prep>ation4 ,t w\ld de/roy ! fre%ness ( y\r matt] & br+ y to ! decisive te/ we>y & jad$4 ,y only ne$ su* an occasional glance z w assure y t all y\r mat]ial rema9s )9 rea*4 ,x is seldom possible by any means to bani% all fe>1 & x is to ! speak]'s advantage t he _c4 ,8 timidity arises f sev]al causes1 :i* diff] widely 9 ! effects !y produce4 ,a consci\s want ( prep>ation1 especially :5 ?is arises f any neglect or indol5ce1 is "o ( ! mo/ di/ress+ s\rces ( fe>4 ,a species ( remorse !n m+les ) ! emb>rassm5t natural to ! mom5t4 ,if ! speak] has no o!r motive ?an to w9 reputation--to m9i/] to 8 own vanity--he w feel t]rifi$1 z he realizes t %ame in/ead ( honor may be ! result ( 8 ra%ness4 ,t man is =tunate :o c say1 8,i only speak because ,i feel x to be duty :i* ,i d>e n refuse--a "w t ,i mu/ p]=m :e!r well or ill40 ,! lawy] :o mu/ def5d 8 cli5t1 ! m9i/] :o feels t ! h\r ( s]vice has arriv$1 ! tea*] 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 class1 are examples ( ^? :o speak "u ! same k9d ( compulsion t calls a field labor] out into ! burn+ heat ( a ,july noon :e!r he feels l x or n4 ,b if y are ab\t to speak because y h intrud$ into ! "w t prop]ly belongs to ano!r1 y ne$ to be v sure ( y\r prep>ation1 = 9 case ( failure y w n h ev5 y\r own sympa?y4 ,b ! mo/ =midable & common foe ( ! speak]'s1 9 ^! prelim9>y mom5ts1 is a g5]al dread t c nei!r be analyz$ nor acc\nt$ =4 ,p]sons :o h nev] felt its p[] sometimes make light ( x1 b exp]i5ce w *ange _! views4 ,! soldi] :o has nev] witness$ a battle1 or felt ! air ?rob ) ! explosion ( cannon1 or he>d ! awful cries ( ! w\nd$1 is (t5 a great bragg>t2 :ile 8! sc>r$ vet]an ( a hundr$ fights0 nev] speaks ( ! c>nival ( blood )\t %udd]+1 & w\ld be ! la/1 b = ! call ( duty1 to brave ! dang] he kn[s s well4 ,!re may be a few speak]s :o d n feel su* fe>1 b x is because !y d n "k :at true speak+ is4 ,!y h nev] kn[n ! full tide ( inspiration :i* sometimes lifts ! orator f> above 8 conceptions1 b :i* fir/ /ruggles 9 8 own bosom l ! p5t fires ( a volcano4 ,!y only come =w>d to relieve !mselves ( ! int]m9able /ream ( twaddle t wells spontane\sly to _! lips1 & c well be sp>$ ! pangs prec$+ ! bir? ( a p[]ful & liv+ disc\rse4 ,?is k9d ( fe> belongs to e k9d ( oratory1 b is mo/ int5se on ^? great occasions1 9 pres5ce ( l>ge audi5ces1 :5 m5's passions run high4 ,9 m]e in/ructive address1 :]e ! gr\nd has be5 repeat$ly gone ov] & :]e ! ef=t is ma9ly ( an intellectual "*1 x is less noticeable4 ,x resembles ! awe felt on ! eve ( all great ent]prises1 & :5 excessive1 z x is 9 "s highly gift$ m9ds1 x con/itutes an absolute b> to public spee*4 ,b 9 mo/ cases x is a s\rce ( inspiration r ?an ( repression4 ,!re is a /range s5sation (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! pres5ce ( an audi5ce4 ,x may proce$ f ! gaze ( ! _m eyes t turn ^u ! speak]1 especially if he p]mits himself to /eadily return t gaze4 ,mo/ speak]s h be5 consci\s ( ?is 9 a nameless ?rill1 a real some?+1 p]vad+ ! atmosph]e1 tangible1 evanesc5t1 indescribable4 ,all writ]s h borne te/imony to ! p[] ( a speak]'s eye 9 impress+ an audi5ce4 ,?is influ5ce :i* we are n[ consid]+ is ! rev]se ( t picture--! p[] _! eyes may ex]t ^u him1 especially be=e he beg9s to speak3 aft] ! inw>d fires ( oratory are fann$ into flame ! eyes ( ! audi5ce lose all t]ror4 ,by dwell+ on ! object = :i* we speak & endeavor+ to realize its full importance1 we w 9 a measure lose sight ( our p]sonal dang]1 & be m likely to ma9ta9 a calm & tranquil frame ( m9d4 ,no *ange %\ld be made 9 ! plan at ! la/ mom5t1 z t is v liable to produce confusion4 ,?is error is (t5 committ$4 ,! m9d has a natural t5d5cy to g repeat$ly ov] ! same gr\nd1 revis+ & te/+ e po9t1 & x may make *anges ! consequ5ces ( :i* _c be 9 a mom5t =ese54 ,b ! necess>y prep>ation has be5 made & we %\ld n[ await ! result calmly & hopefully4 ,ov]-/udy is q possible1 & :5 accompani$ by great solicitude we>ies our m9d 9 advance & /rips ! subject ( all fre%ness4 ,if ! eye is fix$ too long ^u "o object ) a /eadfa/ gaze1 x loses ! p[] to see at all4 ,s ! m9d1 if ex]t$ /eadily ^u a s+le topic = a long p]iod1 fails 9 vigor & ela/icity at ! mom5t :5 ^? qualities are indisp5sable4 ,t pr(\nd ?9k] & prea*]1 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,rob]tson1 exp]i5c$ ?is difficulty & 0 accu/om$ to f9d relief by read+ "s inspir+ p>agraphs ^u "s totally diff]5t !me f t he int5d$ to speak ab\t4 ,! en]gy & en?usiasm ( our m9ds 9 ! mom5t ( spee* mu/ be rais$ to ! highe/ pit*2 ! deliv]y ( a liv+ disc\rse is n ! dry enum]ation ( a li/ ( p>ticul>s2 b we mu/ actually feel an imm$iate & burn+ int]e/ 9 ! topics ) :i* we deal4 ,?is _c be c\nt]feit$4 ,to cle>ly arrange all ?\ghts t belong to ! subject1 lay !m aside :5 ! "w is done until ! mom5t ( spee*1 & !n ent] confid5tly ^u !m ) only su* a mom5t>y glance z w assure u t all is "r--?is is ! me?od to make our /r5g? fully available4 ,?is confid5ce :ile 9 wait+ seems to ! beg9n] v difficult1 b exp]i5ce rapidly r5d]s x easy4 ,m4 ,bauta9 decl>es t he has be5 repeat$ly s confid5t 9 8 prep>ation z to fall asleep :ile wait+ to be summon$ to ! pulpit6 ,^? :o misimprove ! la/ mom5ts by too mu* ?\ght & solicitude are n ! only class ( (f5d]s4 ,"s p]sons1 ?r\gh m]e indol5ce1 suff] ! f9e l9es ( prep>ation :i* h be5 trac$ ) s mu* c>e to fade into dimness4 ,?is error is n unfrequ5tly committ$ by ^? :o speak a second or ?ird "t on ! same subject4 ,because !y h once succe$$ !y imag9e t ! same success is always at comm&4 ,no mi/ake c\ld be great]4 ,x is n en\gh to h spee*-mat]ial 9 a position f :i* x c be collect$ by a consci\s & prolong$ ef=t1 b x mu/ be 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! m9d4 ,!re is no "t at ! mom5t ( deliv]y = reviv+ half oblit]at$ l9es ( memory4 ,! writ] once saw a notable case ( failure f ?is cause4 ,a prea*] on a great occasion 0 mu* engross$ ) o!r important duties until ! h\r appo9t$ = 8 s]mon _h arriv$4 ,) p]fect confid5ce he select$ a sket* f :i* he _h prea*$ a %ort "t be=e & ) ! g5]al c\rse ( :i* he 0 no d\bt famili>4 ,b :5 he endeavor$ to produce 8 ?\ghts !y 7 n ready4 ,he became emb>rass$1 talk$ at r&om = a %ort "t1 & !n _h ! c&or to tell ! audi5ce t he c\ld n f9i%1 & to take 8 seat4 ,probably half an h\r giv5 to review+ 8 plan w\ld h made all 8 previ\s prep>ation fre% aga91 & h sp>$ him ! mortification ( failure4 ,9 ?is la/ int]val x is also well to c>e = ! /r5g? & vigor ( ! body1 z its condition greatly influ5ces all m5tal op]ations4 ,x is said t ! pe>l-div]1 be=e v5tur+ into ! dep?s ( ! sea1 always sp5ds a few mom5ts 9 deep brea?+ & o!r bodily prep>ations4 ,9 ! excitem5t ( spee*1 ! :irl & hurricane ( emotion1 x is advisable to be well prep>$ = ! high t5sion ( n]ve t is impli$4 ,m5tal excitem5t exhau/s & we>s d[n ! body fa/] ?an bodily labor4 ,we mu/ c>efully husb& our /r5g? t we may be able to meet all dem&s ^u x4 ,holyoake makes ! foll[+ p]t95t obs]vation 9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t3 8,p]haps ! l[e/ quality ( ! art ( oratory1 b "o on _m occasions ( ! fir/ importance1 is a c]ta9 robu/ & radiant physical heal?2 great volumes ( animal heat4 ,9 ! cold ?9ness ( a morn+ audi5ce m]e en]gy & mell[ness is ine/imable2 wisdom & le>n+ w\ld be h>% & unwelcome comp>$ ) a sub/antial man1 :o is q a h\sew>m+40 ,fatigu+ & excessive ex]cise %\ld be v c>efully avoid$4 ,holyoake illu/rates ?is f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,he says3 8,"o ,saturday ,i walk$ f ,%effield to ,hudd]sfield to deliv] on ,sunday two anniv]s>y lectures4 ,x 0 my fir/ appe>ance !re1 & ,i 0 ambiti\s to acquit myself well4 ,b 9 ! morn+ ,i 0 utt]ly unable to d m ?an talk half inaudibly & q incoh]5tly4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i 0 tol]able1 b my voice 0 weak4 ,my annoyance 0 excessive4 ,i 0 a p>adox to myself4 ,my p[] seem$ to come & g by "s ecc5tric law ( its own4 ,i did n f9d out until ye>s aft] t ! utt] exhau/ion ( my /r5g? _h exhau/$ ! p[]s ( spee* & ?\ght1 & t entire repose1 in/ead ( entire fatigue1 %\ld h be5 ! prep>ation = public speak+40 ,! la/ /atem5t is some:at too /rong1 = absolute re/ is n g5]ally advisable4 ,x w\ld leave ! speak]1 :5 he began to speak1 ) languid m9d & sl[ly beat+ pulse--a /ate :i* x w\ld require "s m9utes = him to ov]come4 ,a %ort1 b brisk walk1 :5 ! heal? is good1 w invigorate & refre% all 8 faculties1 & (t5 prev5t a li/less introduction by giv+ him ! vigor to grasp ! subject at once & laun* "r into ! he>t ( x4 ,%\ld any p]son d\bt ! p[] ( ex]cise to produce ?is effect1 let him1 :5 p]plex$ ) difficult que/ions 9 8 /udy1 />t out ov] fields & hills1 & review ! matt] 9 ! op5 air4 ,x is a good ?+ to c>ry ! brea? ( ! fields into ! op5+ ( our addresses4 ,b :5 ! speak] _c take ?is =m ( ex]cise 9 ! mom5ts j prec$+ spee*1 he may easily f9d a sub/itute = x4 ,if alone1 he c pace back & =? & sw+ 8 arms until ! circulation becomes brisk & p\rs a /ream ( art]ial blood to ! bra94 ,ano!r simple ex]cise c be practic$ any:]e1 & w be ( great b5efit4 ,_m p]sons injure !mselves by speak+ too mu* f ! ?roat4 ,?is is caus$ by improp]1 %ort1 & %all[ brea?+4 ,to brea! prop]ly is b5eficial at any "t1 & does mu* to prev5t or rem$y ?roat & lung disease4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( a spee* x is d\bly important3 :5 once "u way1 !re w be no "t to ?9k ( ei!r voice or brea?3 ! only safe plan1 !n1 is to h ! "r mode made habitual & in/9ctive4 ,?is w be greatly promot$ if j be=e beg9n+ we brea! deeply = a few m9utes1 inflat+ ! lungs to _! extremities & s5d+ ! w>m blood to ! v tips ( ! f+]s4 ,hav+ n[ done all we c 9 advance1 no?+ rema9s b to rise & speak4 ,prep>ation & precaution are pass$4 ,actual "w--! mo/ joy\s1 ?rill+1 & spiritual ( all human tasks--is n[ to be ent]$ ^u4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,introduction4 ,! "t = ! spee* hav+ arriv$1 we w n[ consid] its sep>ate p>ts4 ,no division is bett] = our purpose ?an t employ$ 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is "w--a ?ree-fold division into introduction1 discussion1 & conclusion4 ,a good introduction is exce$+ly valuable1 & is to be s\ght = ) great solicitude1 if x does n spontane\sly pres5t itself4 ,"s k9d ( an introduction is inevitable1 = !re w always be a fir/ mom5t :5 sil5ce is brok51 & our ?\ghts introduc$4 ,! subsid+ murmur ( ! audi5ce tells ! speak] t ! "t ( 8 trial has come4 ,if he is v s5sitive1 or if he has seldom1 if ev]1 spok5 be=e1 8 pulse beats fa/1 8 face flu%es1 & an indescribable feel+ ( fa9tness & fe> ?rills e n]ve4 ,he may wi% himself any:]e else1 b !re is n[ no help = him4 ,he mu/ arise1 & = ! "t /& z ! m>k = all eyes & ! subject ( all ?\ghts4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 recit+ & extemporiz+ 9 ^! op5+ mom5ts1 & ! advantage seems to be altoge!r on ! side ( recitation4 ,e ^w is 9 its prop] place & ! speak] may be p]fectly calm & self-collect$4 ,he is sure t 8 memory w n fail him 9 ! op5+1 & enc\rag$ by t assurance1 w usually ?r[ 8 :ole p[] into 8 fir/ s5t5ces1 caus+ 8 voice to r+ cle> & l\d ov] ! h\se4 ,! extemporiz] is 9 a f> m difficult position4 ,he is sure ( no?+4 ,! weight ( ! :ole spee* re/s heavily ^u 8 m9d4 ,he is glanc+ ahead1 /riv+ to =eca/ ! com+ s5t5ces1 z well z c>ry+ =w>d ^? glid+ ov] ! tongue1 &1 di/ract$ by ?is d\ble labor1 8 fir/ expressions may be feeble & ungraceful4 ,yet ?is mode/y & timidity is no real loss3 x goes f> to conciliate an audi5ce & secure _! good-w4 ,we c sc>cely fail to di/+ui% memoriz$ f extemporiz$ disc\rses by ! introduction alone4 ,to avoid ! pa9 & hesitancy ( an unelaborat$ beg9n+1 "s speak]s write & memorize ! op5+ passage4 ,?is may accompli% ! imm$iate object1 b x is apt to be at ! exp5se ( all ! rema9d] ( ! disc\rse4 ,! m9d _c pass easily f recit+ to spontane\s orig9ation2 & ! voice1 be+ too freely us$ at fir/1 loses its p[]4 ,! he>]s1 hav+ li/5$ to highly poli%$ language1 are less dispos$ to reli% ! pla9 words t foll[1 & ! :ole spee*1 :i*1 l ! ,alp9e condor1 may h pit*$ f ! l(tie/ summits1 falls fa/ & f>1 until ! l[e/ level is rea*$4 ,a writt5 introduction may be mode/ & unpret5d+1 b unless x v closely imitates un/udi$ spee*1 pa9ful contra/s & disappo9tm5ts are inevitable4 ,"o mode ( avoid+ ^! difficulties is to make no =mal introduction1 b to plunge at once into ! he>t ( ! subject4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! m9ds ( speak] & he>] are already absorb$ by ! same g5]al topic1 z 9 ! mid/ ( a heat$ political canvass1 ?is mode is v good4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 an int]e/ may soon be ar\s$ :i* removes all emb>rassm5t4 ,b usually ! speak]'s m9d is full ( a subject :i* is unfamili> & indiff]5t to 8 he>]s4 ,x !n behooves him to f9d "s mode ( ga9+ _! att5tion & sympa?y be=e he takes ! risk ( ar\s+ a prejudice aga9/ 8 subject :i* he might aft]w>d /rive 9 va9 to ov]come4 ,if some?+ is f\nd :i* c be made to be> "s relation to 8 subject1 )\t too viol5t /ra9+1 & :i* already excites int]e/ 9 _! m9ds1 x w be f> bett] to beg9 ) t1 & lead !m to ! prop] !me :5 _! att5tion has be5 ?or\ghly ar\s$4 ,! introduction %\ld n be left to ! *ance ( ! mom5t4 ,x may (t51 ) great propriety1 be prep>$ aft] all o!r p>ts ( ! spee* are plann$4 ,b ) ev5 m c>e ?an is giv5 to any o!r portion %\ld ! introduction be pre>rang$4 ,:5 once ! w+s ( eloqu5ce are fully spread we may so> above all ob/ructions2 b 9 />t+ x is well to be assur$ t ! gr\nd is cle> ab\t u4 ,x is only ! sub/ance & n ! words ( ! introduction t %\ld be prep>$4 ,a s+le s5t5ce may be m5tally =eca/1 b mu* beyond w\ld be h>mful2 & ev5 ?is s5t5ce %\ld be simple & easily und]/ood4 ,any?+ t ne$s explanation is v mu* out ( place4 ,nei!r %\ld ! introduction be s /rik+ z to be ! "p ( ! disc\rse longe/ rememb]$4 ,r ?an p]mit ! att5tion to be di/ract$ 9 t mann]1 x w\ld be bett] to h no introduction4 ,a speak] ga9s mu* if he c at ! outset arre/ ! att5tion & w9 ! sympa?y ( 8 he>]s & !n c>ry ^! ov] to 8 prop] subject4 ,b x may be assum$ z c]ta91 t no k9d ( an apology w accompli% ?is object--unless1 inde$1 ! speak] is su* a favorite t ev]y?+ 9 reg>d to 8 heal? or position is an object ( deep solicitude to 8 audi5ce4 ,a popul> speak] :o happ5s to be late & apologizes = x by expla9+ t he _h j escap$ f a t]rible railroad accid5t w\ld make a good introduction4 ,a lov$ pa/or1 9 8 fir/ s]mon aft] s]i\s illness1 might prop]ly beg9 by talk+ ( 8 am5dm5t & 8 joy at address+ 8 flock aga94 ,b ^! are r>e exceptions4 ,! speak] ab\t to make any k9d ( an apology or p]sonal ref]5ce z an introduction1 may well he$ ,pun*'s advice to p]sons ab\t to be m>ri$3 8,don't40 ,9 _m in/ances x is n easy to get ! m]e att5tion ( an audi5ce4 ,!y come toge!r f _m diff]5t employm5ts ) ?\ghts engag$ ^u v>i\s topics1 & x is difficult to remove di/ract+ influ5ces & fix all m9ds ^u "o subject4 ,sometimes a />tl+ proposition1 9 ! nature ( a *all5ge1 w secure ! object4 ,e>ne/ness 9 ! speak] goes f> t[>d x4 ,b above ev]y?+ else1 sam5ess & monotony mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,:5 ! same audi5ce is frequ5tly address$1 v>iety becomes ess5tial4 ,! writ] knew ( a m9i/] :o made x a rule to consid] ! nature1 reason1 & mann] ( 8 subjects1 9 answ] to ! suppos$ que/ions3 8,:at is x8 ,:y is x8 ,h[ is x80 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,paul c\ld n (t5 h r$eem$ ! faults ( su* an arrangem5t4 ,"s inatt5tion may be expect$ & pati5tly borne ) at fir/4 ,"p ( ! op5+ words may be lo/--an additional reason = n mak+ !m ( capital importance to ! address4 ,x is useless to try by l\d tones & viol5t mann] to dispel indiff]5ce4 ,if ! speak]'s words h real weight1 & if 8 mann] indicates confid5ce1 "o by "o ! audi5ce w li/51 until t electric ?rill ( sympa?y1 impossible to describe1 b :i* is z evid5t to ! practic$ orator z an accord 9 music1 tells him t e e> is op5 to 8 words1 & t 8 ?\ghts are occupy+ e m9d4 ,!n ! orator's p[] is fully develop$1 & if himself & 8 !me are equal to ! occasion x is delightful to use t p[]4 ,?is sil5t1 pulsat+ int]e/ is m to be desir$ ?an vehem5t applause1 = x _c be c\nt]feit$1 & x indicates t ! he>t ( ! assembly has be5 rea*$ & melt$ by ! fire ( eloqu5ce1 & is n[ ready to be mold$ into any desir$ =m4 ,!re are two or ?ree g5]al subjects available = introduction :i* e speak] w\ld d well to /udy c>efully1 & :i* w d mu* to furni% him ) ! means ( prop]ly approa*+ 8 !me4 ,we w m5tion ! mo/ useful ( ^!1 premis+ t no "o mode %\ld be dep5d$ ^u to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,a good mode ( introduction consi/s 9 a complim5t to an audi5ce4 ,:5 a tru?ful & manly complim5t c be giv5 x is a mo/ pleasant & agreeable /ep t[>d ! good-w ( ^? we address2 b if us$ on all occasions indiscrim9ately1 x is mean+less2 if transp>5tly false1 x is repulsive & disgu/+2 b :5 true1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be employ$4 ,!re are sev]al good introductions ( ! complim5t>y "* 9 ! #bd? & #bf? *apt]s ( ,acts4 ,:5 ! orator1 ,t]tullus1 accus$ ,paul1 he began by skillful1 b1 f ! /&po9t ( 8 cli5ts1 v ins9c]e flatt]y3 8,see+ t by !e we enjoy great quietness1 & t v wor?y de$s are done unto ?is nation by ?y provid5ce1 we accept x always1 & 9 all places1 mo/ noble ,felix1 ) all ?ankfulness40 ,no fault c be f\nd ) ! =m ( ?is introduction1 b x 0 untrue1 = ! m5 9 ^: names x 0 made 7 ! v rev]se ( ?ankful to ! ,roman ,gov]nor4 ,paul 0 f> too skillful to lose ! advantage ( beg9n+ 8 address ) a complim5t1 & too hone/ to give a false "o4 ,!re 0 "o fact ov] :i* he c\ld rejoice4 ,felix _h be5 long en\gh 9 (fice to "k ! ways ( 8 enemies2 s ,paul uses t z an effective & tru?ful complim5t1 :ile pr(ess+ 8 own confid5ce 9 8 cause4 8,=asmu* z ,i "k t ?\ ha/ be5 = _m ye>s a ,judge unto ?is nation1 ,i d ! m *e]fully answ] = myself1 because t ?\ maye/ und]/&40 ,9 ! same exquisite comb9ation ( tru?fulness & complim5t to a bad man1 ,paul beg9s 8 address :5 be=e ,k+ ,agrippa3 8,i ?9k myself happy1 ,k+ ,agrippa1 because ,i %all answ] = myself ?is day be=e !e1 t\*+ all ! ?+s :]e( ,i am accus$ ( ! ,jews2 especially because ,i "k !e to be exp]t 9 all cu/oms & que/ions :i* are among ! ,jews2 :]e=e1 ,i besee* !e to he> me pati5tly40 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t complim5ts1 ev5 9 ! e/imation ( ^? complim5t$1 are only grateful 9 proportion to _! judici\s "*4 ,_! holl[ness1 if ins9c]e1 is easily detect$ & ?or\ghly despis$4 ,effective introductions c also be con/ruct$ f ^? topics ( ! day :i* may be suppos$ to fill all m9ds4 ,a few words on su* subjects1 fall+ 9 ) ! g5]al curr5t ( ?\ght1 may easily lead up to ! orator's special topic4 ,! newspap]s may ?us furni% u1 especially :ile "s /rik+ ev5t is yet rec5t1 ) ! means ( arre/+ ! att5tion ( newspap] read]s at our fir/ words4 ,ano!r good mode ( introduction is t ( locality4 ,! p ( any t[n may be presum$ famili> ) ! objects or ev5ts ( int]e/ = :i* _! own place is celebrat$4 ,a ludicr\s in/ance ( ?is is n>rat$ ( ! eloqu5t ,daniel ,web/]4 ,he _h visit$ ,niag>a ,falls & 0 to make an oration at ,buffalo ! same day1 b1 un=tunately1 he sat too long ov] ! w9e aft] d9n]4 ,:5 he arose to speak1 ! oratorical in/9ct /ruggl$ ) difficulties1 z he decl>$1 8,g5tlem51 ,i h be5 to look ^u y\r mag--mag--magnific5t cat>act1 "o hundr$--& =ty--sev5--feet high6 ,g5tlem51 ,greece & ,rome 9 _! palmie/ days nev] _h a cat>act "o hundr$--& =ty--sev5--feet high60 ,ano!r mode ( introduction :i* may be v useful "u prop] re/rictions is t ( cit+ "s relevant rem>k made by an au?or ^: "n c>ries great weight1 or s po9t$ 9 itself z to at once arre/ att5tion4 ,a great picture1 "s feature ( a l&scape1 a great hi/orical ev5t1 may be cit$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is me?od ( citation is capable ( v wide application4 ,if ! s5tim5t or impression made by ! citation is directly opposite to t :i* ! speak] wi%es to produce ?is w increase r ?an dim9i% int]e/1 z ! enjoym5t ( contra/ & controv]sy is v ke52 b ! speak] %\ld feel confid5t ( 8 ability to ov]come ! influ5ce ( ! citation :5 ?us ho/ile4 ,a favorite introduction to abolition lectures 9 a =m] g5]ation 0 ! quotation ( "s /rong & %ock+ decl>ation ( ! rightfulness or b5efic5ce ( slav]y4 ,! la/ mode ( introduction we w notice is v simil> 9 "* & may be t]m$ t ( p]ception4 ,some?+ has be5 se51 he>d1 or imag9$ by ! speak]1 :i*1 because ( its simple1 tangible "*1 is easily grasp$1 & yet leads by "s subtle analogy to 8 topic4 ,he has se5 a ragg$1 desolate boy on ! /reet2 he describes t poor fell[ to 8 audi5ce2 & !n f9ds !m f> m ready to li/5 to a plea = orphan asylums1 = education1 = bett] city gov]nm5t1 = any?+ :i* c h any be>+ ^u ! welf>e ( ! boy4 ,"h1 !n1 are five pr9ciples ^u :i* appropriate introductions may be con/ruct$4 ,_m o!rs might be nam$1 b ^! cov] a wide range & may be v useful4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,complim5ts4 #b4 ,curr5t ,ev5ts4 #c4 ,local ,allusion4 #d4 ,citations4 #e4 ,?+s se51 he>d1 or imag9$4 ,a great calamity may come to a speak] f a bad introduction4 ,speak]s :o are great 9 ev]y?+ else (t5 fail at ?is po9t4 ,"s make _! introductions too complicat$1 & ?us defeat _! own end1 z surely z ! eng9e] :o gives 8 railroad su* /eep grades t no tra9 c pass ov] x4 ,o!rs deliv] a /r+ ( m]e platitudes & we>y _! audi5ce f ! beg9n+4 ,:5 f ^! or o!r causes our address is mis-begun1 ! consequ5ces may be s]i\s4 ,! ?\ght settles ^u ! speak] ) icy weight t he is fail+4 ,?is conviction p>alyzes all 8 faculties4 ,he talks on1 b gr[s m & m emb>rass$4 ,incoh]5t s5t5ces are /amm]$ out :i* require pa9ful explanation to prev5t !m f deg5]at+ into p]fect nons5se4 ,! outl9e ( 8 plan dissolves into mi/4 ,! po9ts he int5d$ to make :i* seem$ /rong & important n[ look trivial4 ,) little hope ahead he blund]s on4 ,! room gr[s d>k be=e him1 & 9 ! excess ( 8 mis]y he longs = ! "t :5 he c close )\t absolute disgrace4 ,b alas6 ! end seems f> (f1 & he se>*es 9 va9 = "s av5ue ( escape4 ,!re is none4 ,8 ?roat becomes dry & p>*$1 & comm& ( voice is lo/4 ,! audi5ce gr[ re/ive1 = !y are tortur$ z well z ! speak]1 & if he 7 malici\s & _h "t to ?9k ab\t x1 he might f9d "s alleviation 9 t4 ,no "o c help him4 ,at l5g?1 9 %e] desp]ation1 he does :at he ought to h done long be=e--simply /ops & sits d[n--p]haps hurl+ "s swell+ morsel ( common-place1 z a p>t+ volley1 at ! audi5ce--ba!d 9 sweat1 & feel+ t he is disgrac$ =ev]6 ,if he is v weak or fooli%1 he resolves nev] to speak aga9 )\t hav+ e ^w writt5 out be=e him2 if wis]1 he only resolves1 n only to und]/& 8 spee*1 b h[ to beg9 x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,spee*4 ,! passage f ! introduction to ! discussion %\ld be made smoo?ly & gradually4 ,to accompli% ?is1 & to /rike ! subject at j ! "r angle1 cont9u+ all ! int]e/ previ\sly excit$1 is a mo/ important a*ievem5t4 ,a def9ite object is a great assi/ance 9 ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,if ! object is cle>ly 9 view1 we g "r up to x ) no wa/$ words1 & ! p foll[ our guidance because !y see t we are n proce$+ at r&om4 ,b ) no /rong purpose we are apt to /e] ab\t our subject )\t ev] be+ q ready to ent] ^u x4 ,! m brilliant ! introduction ! m difficult ?is transition w be4 ,b all ^! difficulties may be ov]come ) ! aid ( a well-con/ruct$ plan1 & !n all ! triumphs ( oratory are be=e u4 ,!re is great pleasure 9 speak+ well4 ,an assembly hang+ on ! words & ?9k+ ! ?\ghts ( a s+le man1 gives to him ! mo/ subtle k9d ( flatt]y4 ,b he mu/ n inhale its fragrance he$lessly1 or 8 fall w be spe$y & disa/r\s4 ,! triumphs ( oratory are v fasc9at+--! ability to sway our fell[s at pleasure1 to b9d !m will+ captives ) ! /rong *a9 ( our ?\ght--produces a deliri\s & intoxicat+ s5se ( p[]4 ,b 9 ! be/ ( in/ances su* a*ievem5ts are v transi5t1 & unless tak5 advantage ( at ! mom5t to "w our *]i%$ purposes1 ! opportunity is lo/4 ,ev5 dur+ a s+le address x is h>d to ma9ta9 ! influ5ce ( a happy mom5t4 ,speak]s sometimes utt] a great & noble ?\ght & ! nameless ?rill ( eloqu5ce is felt1 b "s irrelevant phrase or common-place s5tim5t dissolves ! *>m4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! :ole disc\rse mu/ be animat$ ) "s controll+ purpose1 & 9 its g5]al "*1 t5d upw>d1 until its close4 ,! law ( climax ought to be c>efully consid]$ by ! speak]4 ,!re may be m ?an "o culm9ation ( int]e/ 9 an address1 sep>at$ by an int]val less absorb+ & p[]ful1 b ?is decl9e %\ld only be all[$ 9 ord] to prep>e a second or ?ird climax gr&] ?an all be=e4 ,to violate ?is rule & h a spee* 8flatt5 out0 t[>d its close1 is a fe>ful error4 ,bett] r$uce ! l5g? ( ! :ole by "o-half or ?ree-f\r?s1 & ma9ta9 int]e/ & att5tion to ! end4 ,a few miscellane\s consid]ations 9 reg>d to ! /yle & mann] ( ! spee* may be ins]t$ "h z well z any:]e4 ,diffus5ess is (t5 suppos$ to be a necess>y quality ( extemporane\s spee*4 ,_m speak]s d fall into x1 b !y ne$ n4 ,!y are diffuse because !y are unwill+ or unable to say exactly :at !y mean1 b come ne> x1 & cont9ue _! ef=ts until !y are satisfi$4 ,!y furni% no cle> view ( any idea1 b only a k9d ( twilight illum9ation4 ,?is s]i\s fault may be ov]come 9 spontane\s spee* z readily z 9 writ+4 ,he :o ?9ks cle>ly & =cibly w talk 9 ! same mann]4 ,exquisite f9i% & elaborate v]bal arrangem5t are n to be look$ = 9 (f-h& spee*1 b ea* idea may be express$ ) great =ce1 vigor1 & accuracy ( %ad+4 ,?is ability to say precisely :at we mean 9 few words1 & at ! fir/ ef=t1 con/itutes "o ( ! great beauties ( a spok5 /yle4 ,! he>] is fill$ ) grateful surprise :5 "s new & liv+ idea is sudd5ly plac$ be=e him clo!d 9 a s+le ^w or s5t5ce4 ,a diffuse speak] gives s _m premonitions ( 8 ?\ght t ! audi5ce h guess$ x1 & may ev5 come to believe t !y h always kn[n x1 be=e he has made 8 =mal pres5tm5t4 ,( c\rse1 !y are we>i$1 & nev] give him cr$it = an orig9al conception4 ,if tr\bl$ ) ?is fault1 frequ5tly =eca/ :at to say2 drive x into ! smalle/ numb] ( vivid1 expressive words2 !n1 )\t memoriz+ ! language1 reproduce ! same ?\ght briefly 9 ! hurry ( spee*4 ,if n successful 9 mak+ x z brief z be=e1 repeat ! ef=t4 ,?is ex]cise w1 9 "t1 give ! ability to cond5se4 ,b to ex]cise x ! temptation to f9e language mu/ be ov]come4 ,no s5t5ce %\ld be introduc$ = m]e glitt] or sp>kle3 a s+le unnecess>y ^w may require o!rs to ju/ify or expla9 x1 & ?us may ru9 a :ole disc\rse4 ,! dang] ( %[y language 9 spee* is f> great] ?an 9 writ+1 = if ! writ] be drawn too f> away f 8 subject he c /rike out ! (f5d+ s5t5ces & beg9 aga91 :ile ! speak] has b "o trial4 ,if beauty lies 9 8 way1 well2 b if n1 he %\ld nev] ab&on 8 c\rse to seek x4 ,we h se5 _m directions = 8exp&+ ?\ght10 & h he>d "y speak]s admire ! ease & grace ( su* expansion4 ,b ?\ghts are n l m$ic9es :i* require dilution to be m palatable4 ,x is bett] to give ! ess5ce ( an idea & g on to some?+ else4 ,!re %\ld be cle> & ample expression2 cond5sation c>ri$ to ! po9t ( obscurity w\ld be a fault2 b no?+ m ?an cle>ness is ne$$4 ,if ?\ghts are few x is bett] to delve = o!rs r ?an to att5uate & /ret* :at we h4 ,a popul> error exi/s z to ! k9d ( language be/ adapt$ to ! purposes ( oratory4 ,high-s\nd+ epi!ts & ,lat9iz$ words are consid]$ ! fitt+ m$ium ( spee*4 ,^! may ov]awe ignorant he>]s1 b c nev] /rike ! *ords ( liv+ sympa?y :i* b9d all he>ts toge!r4 ,if we use t]ms h>d to be und]/ood ! ef=t put =? by he>]s to ma/] _! mean+ is j s mu* subtract$ f ! =ce ( ! address4 ,! homely ,saxon words t dwell on ! lips ( ! p w unload _! weal? ( mean+ 9 ! he>t z soon z ! s\nd /rikes ! e>4 ,uncommon words build a b>ri] ar\nd ?\ght2 famili> ones are l a railroad ov] :i* x glides swiftly to its de/9ation4 ,all debas$ & slang words %\ld be reject$1 unless ! spee* is to p>take ( ! nature ( burlesque3 we d n advocate 8! famili>ity t bre$s contempt30 ?is is also a hurtful extreme4 ,! two great requisites 9 ! use ( words are t !y %\ld exactly express our ideas1 & t !y %\ld be famili>3 ! *>ms ( melody & association are n to be despis$1 b !y are second>y4 ,e spee* %\ld h its /rong po9ts1 ^u :i* especial reliance is plac$4 ,a skillful g5]al has 8 *oice battalions res]v$ to pi]ce ! enemy's l9e at ! decisive mom5t1 & w9 ! battle4 ,9 bo? ! physical & ! m5tal conte/1 x is important to place ^! res]ves aright t all _! weight may be felt4 ,a crisis occurs 9 ne>ly all liv+ addresses--a mom5t 9 :i* a /rong argum5t or a f]vid appeal w accompli% our purpose--j z a vigor\s *>ge1 or ! arrival ( re9=cem5ts1 w turn ! d\btful scale ( battle4 ,! speak]1 f ! op5+ ( 8 spee*1 %\ld h 8 object cle>ly 9 view & drive /eadily t[>d x1 & :5 )9 rea*1 put =? 8 :ole p[] 9 a mighty ef=t1 a*iev+ ! result = :i* ! :ole spee* 0 devis$4 ,if ! "r opportunity is neglect$ x seldom returns1 & an h\r's talk may fail to accompli% z mu* z "o good burn+ s5t5ce ?r[n 9 at ! "r "t4 ,mu* talk aft] ! real purpose ( an address is accompli%$ also is useless & ev5 p]il\s4 ,x has all along be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! speak] has some?+ wor?y to say4 ,)\t ?is a s]i\s address des]ves no success1 al?\gh "u "s circum/ances no?+ b s\nd to tickle ! e>s is desir$4 ,su* spee*es are well en\gh 9 _! way1 b !y rank ) ! p]=mances on ! piano by :i* a "y lady ent]ta9s h] uncritical visitors4 ,!y _c be call$ spee*es 9 any real s5se4 ,! fact t a speak] has a solid & wor?y f\ndation ( k & an adequate purpose gives him confid5ce4 ,he kn[s t if 8 words are n in/9ct ) music1 & if ! pictures ( 8 fancy are n pa9t$ 9 ! brighte/ colors1 he has yet a j claim ^u ! att5tion ( 8 he>]s4 ,x is n necess>y t ! orator's ?\ghts %\ld be exce$+ly pr(\nd2 ! mo/ vital tru?s lie ne> ! surface1 )9 rea* ( all4 ,b mo/ m5 d n dwell long en\gh ^u "o subject to ma/] its obvi\s features1 & :5 "s "o does fully ga!r up & fairly pres5t :at belongs to a wor?y !me x is l a new revelation4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! sublimity ,dean ,/anley imp>ts to ! /ory ( ! ,exodus ( ,israel4 ,few new facts are pres5t$1 b ^! are s arrang$ & vivifi$ by a ?\ghtful m9d t ! subject gl[s into new mean+4 ,! extemporane\s speak] may h abundant "t = su* /udy ( e topic )9 8 range ( addresses1 & if he uses x aright1 he c soon wield a *>m f> beyond any j+l+ comb9ation ( words4 ,:5 an orator /&s be=e an audi5ce1 %all he expect to ov]:elm !m by 8 eloqu5ce8 ,su* a result is possible b n probable2 & x c nev] be safely calculat$ ^u4 ,if p]sons attempt to be greatly eloqu5t on all occasions1 !y are apt to end by becom+ ridicul\s4 ,good s5se & solid usefulness are bett] objects ( endeavor4 ,any man :o /udies a subject until he kn[s m ab\t x ?an 8 neighbors c int]e/ !m 9 a fireside explanation1 if !y c>e = ! subject at all3 he tells 8 facts 9 a pla9 /yle & is und]/ood4 ,_m p]sons w li/5 delight$ to a man's conv]sation until midnight1 b w fall asleep 9 t5 m9utes if he tries to make a spee* to !m4 ,9 ! fir/ case he talks1 & is simple & unaffect$2 9 ! o!r he speaks & feels t he mu/ use a /yle /iff5$ up = ! occasion4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,clay 0 ask$ h[ he became s eloqu5t1 he said t he c\ld tell no?+ ab\t x2 all he knew 0 t :5 he comm5c$ an address he _h only ! desire to speak :at he _h prep>$ 7n memoriz$71 & adh]$ to ?is l9e ( prep>ation until he 0 enwrapp$ 9 ! subject1 & c>ri$ away1 he knew n h[4 ,?is 0 a good c\rse1 = if ! extraord9>y inspiration did n come1 a good & s5sible spee* 0 secur$ at any rate4 ,"s ( ^! consid]ations may be ( s]vice if weigh$ 9 advance1 b :5 ! speak] once asc5ds ! plat=m he mu/ rely on 8 own tact = ! managem5t ( all details4 ,closely obs]v+ ! condition ( ! audi5ce1 & tak+ advantage ( e favor+ elem5t1 he moves /eadily t[>d 8 object4 ,) an unob/ruct$ road be=e him1 :i* he has travel$ 9 ?\ght until x is famili>1 he w advance ) ease & c]ta9ty4 ,z he looks ^u int]e/$ faces1 new ideas arise1 & if fitt+1 are wov5 into h>mony ) previ\s prep>ations1 (t5 ) ?rill+ effect4 ,ea* emotion enk9dl$ by sympa?y embodies itself 9 words t move ! he>t z prep>$ language c\ld n d1 & ea* mom5t 8 own conviction s9ks deep] into ! he>ts ( 8 he>]s4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal ways ( conclud+ a spee*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ graceful is to cond5se a cle> view ( ! :ole argum5t & t5d5cy ( ! address into a few words1 & leave ! summ+ up ?us made to produce its own effect4 ,disc\rses aim+ pr9cipally to produce conviction may v well be conclud$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,to ?r[ ! :ole sweep ( an argum5t1 e po9t ( :i* has be5 previ\sly elaborat$1 into a few tell+ s5t5ces w contribute p[]fully to make ! impression p]man5t4 ,ano!r & v common mode is to close ) an application or ) practical rem>ks4 ,:5 ! address is a s]mon1 ?is =m ( clos+ is frequ5tly t]m$ an exhortation1 & ! :ole spee* is made to be> ^u ! duty ( ! mom5t4 ,! conclusion %\ld be closely connect$ ) ! rema9d] ( ! address3 if x be s g5]al 9 "* z to fit any spee* x w be ( little s]vice to any4 ,a conclusion %\ld always be %ort & conta9 no new matt]4 ,few ?+s are m disa/r\s ?an ! practice ( draw+ t[>d an end & !n laun*+ out into a new discussion4 ,all good ?+s t h be5 said1 all previ\s favorable impressions1 are oblit]at$ by ?is capital fault4 ,we %\ld be c>eful to f9i% ! discussion ( our !me be=e we indicate t ! conclusion has be5 rea*$4 ,& if1 at ! mom5t ( f9i%+1 we happ5 to ?9k ( any?+1 h[ev] vital1 :i* has be5 omitt$1 x _h bett] be left to ano!r "t & place altoge!r4 ,a ?ird me?od ( clos+ is to simply break (f :5 ! la/ item is f9i%$4 ,! full developm5t ( ! disc\rse is ?us made its end+1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! la/ item discuss$ %all be ( weight & dignity4 ,?is is by no means ! easie/ =m ( conclusion1 b rightly manag$ x is "o ( ! mo/ effective4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,?ree ,,plans ,,( ,,great ,,addresses4 ,= ! purpose ( %[+ h[ completely spee* ( all k9ds may be embrac$ 9 a brief skeleton1 we place be=e ! read] ?ree addresses ( ! mo/ v>i$ *>act]i/ics1 yet ea* mo/ admirable 9 its own dep>tm5t4 ,"o ( ^! is ,engli% 9 orig91 "o ,greek1 & ! la/ may well be /yl$ univ]sal1 compris+1 z x does1 e elem5t ( excell5ce4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ye> ( ! great w> wag$ betwe5 ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 ,p]icles pron\nc$ a fun]al oration ov] ! dead :o _h fall5 9 ! ,a!nian cause4 ,mu* ( ! language employ$ may1 p]haps1 be ascrib$ to ! inv5tion ( ! hi/orian1 ,?ucydides1 b ! sub/ance & _m ( ! /rong expressions probably fell f ! lips ( ! great /atesman & orator ( ,a!ns4 ,! spee* possesses ! simplicity & classic grace = :i* ,grecian art has ev] be5 celebrat$4 ,! orator's ,,subject 0 furni%$ by ! occasion--! wor?9ess ( ! sacrifice :i* ! fall5 h]oes _h made to ! greatness & glory ( _! native l&4 ,8 ,,object 0 to enc\rage ! liv+ to cont9ue ! w> ) ardor & support its privations ) =titude4 ,!re are no digressions1 no anecdotes1 & sc>cely any illu/rations4 ,! glory ( ,a!ns & ( h] dead h]oes is ! "o !me ev] be=e him4 ,?is sev]e simplicity is c>ri$ too f> to be entirely pleas+ to mod]n ta/e1 b ! effect is c]ta9ly gr& & sublime4 ,a few v /rong s5t5ces relieve ! g5]al tone ( cle>1 calm description4 ,! translation is t ( ,pr(essor ,j[ett4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,fun]al ,,spee*4 ,,occasion4--,! burial ( ^? ,a!nians :o fell 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,,subject4--,! glory ( ,a!ns & ( ! h]oes :o di$ = h]4 ,,object4--,to n\ri% patriotism & fan w>like en?usiasm4 ,,introduction4--,inadequacy ( words to ! praise ( ! brave4 ,i4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,a!nian ,,greatness4 #a4 ,! praise ( ance/ors :o procur$ fre$om & empire = ! city4 #b4 ,excell5cies ( ! =m ( our ,gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,ref9em5ts ( our life4 #d4 ,9 w> we are an ov]-mat* = all our enemies4 #e4 ,all our citiz5s are int]e/$ 9 public affairs1 :i* are freely discuss$4 #f4 ,9 %ort1 ,a!ns is ! s*ool ( ,hellas4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,! ,,fall54 #a4 ,! above praise ( ! city is ! praise ( ! dead1 = !y made h] great4 #b4 ,dea? is ! f9al seal ( _! virtues & secures !m f all *ange ( =tune4 #c4 ,! :ole e>? is full ( _! glory1 & _! example is preci\s to _! c\ntry4 ,,iii4 ,,com=t ,,to ,,k9dr$4 #a4 ,to p>5ts4 #b4 ,to sons1 bro!rs1 & wid[s4 ,,conclusion4--,a!ns cr[ns h] h]oes by ^! honors1 & by ma9ta9+ _! *ildr5 at public co/4 ,,fun]al ,,spee*4 8,mo/ ( ^? :o h spok5 "h be=e me h comm5d$ ! lawgiv] :o add$ ?is oration to our o!r fun]al cu/oms2 x seem$ to !m a wor?y ?+ t su* an honor %\ld be giv5 at _! burial to ! dead :o h fall5 on ! field ( battle4 ,b ,i %\ld h pref]r$ t1 :5 m5's de$s h be5 brave1 !y %\ld be honor$ 9 de$ only1 & ) su* an honor z ?is public fun]al1 :i* y are n[ witness+4 ,!n ! reputation ( _m w\ld n h be5 imp]il$ on ! eloqu5ce or want ( eloqu5ce ( "o1 & _! virtues believ$ or n z he spoke well or ill4 ,= x is difficult to say nei!r too little nor too mu*2 & ev5 mod]ation is apt n to give ! impression ( tru?fulness4 ,! fri5d ( ! dead :o kn[s ! facts is likely to ?9k t ! words ( ! speak] fall %ort ( 8 k & ( 8 wi%es2 ano!r :o is n s well in=m$1 :5 he he>s ( any?+ :i* surpasses 8 own p[]s1 w be envi\s & w suspect exagg]ation4 ,mank9d are tol]ant ( ! praises ( o!rs s long z ea* he>] ?9ks t he c d z well or ne>ly z well himself1 b :5 ! speak] rises above him jeal\sy is ar\s$ & he beg9s to be incr$ul\s4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce our ance/ors h set ! seal ( _! approval ^u ! practice1 ,i mu/ obey1 & to ! utmo/ ( my p[] %all endeavor to satisfy ! wi%es & beliefs ( all :o he> me4 8,i w speak fir/ ( our ance/ors1 = x is "r & becom+ t n[1 :5 we are lam5t+ ! dead1 a tribute %\ld be paid to _! memory4 ,!re has nev] be5 a "t :5 !y did n inhabit ?is l&1 :i* by _! valor !y h h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & we h receiv$ f !m a free ,/ate4 ,b if !y 7 wor?y ( praise1 /ill m 7 our fa!rs1 :o add$ to _! inh]itance1 & aft] _m a /ruggle transmitt$ to u1 _! sons1 ?is great empire4 ,& we ourselves assembl$ "h to-day1 :o are /ill mo/ ( u 9 ! vigor ( life1 h *iefly done ! "w ( improvem5t1 & h ri*ly end[$ our city ) all ?+s1 s t %e is suffici5t = h]self bo? 9 peace & w>4 ,( ! milit>y exploits by :i* our v>i\s possessions 7 acquir$1 or ( ! en]gy ) :i* we or our fa!rs drove back ! tide ( w>1 ,hell5ic or ,b>b>ian1 ,i w n speak2 = ! tale w\ld be long & is famili> to y4 ,b be=e ,i praise ! dead1 ,i %\ld l to po9t out by :at pr9ciples ( action we rose to p[]1 & "u :at in/itutions & ?r\gh :at mann] ( life our empire became great4 ,= ,i conceive t su* ?\ghts are n unsuit$ to ! occasion1 & t ?is num]\s assembly ( citiz5s & /rang]s may pr(itably li/5 to !m4 8,our =m ( gov]nm5t does n ent] into rivalry ) ! in/itutions ( o!rs4 ,we d n copy our neighbors1 b are an example to !m4 ,x is true t we are call$ a democracy1 = ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( ! _m & n ( ! few4 ,b :ile ! law secures equal ju/ice to all alike 9 _! private disputes1 ! claim ( excell5ce is also recogniz$2 & :5 a citiz5 is 9 any way di/+ui%$1 he is pref]r$ to ! public s]vice1 n z a matt] ( privilege1 b z ! rew>d ( m]it4 ,nei!r is pov]ty a b>1 b a man may b5efit 8 c\ntry :atev] be ! obscurity ( 8 condition4 ,!re is no exclusiv5ess 9 our public life1 & 9 our private int]c\rse we are n suspici\s ( "o ano!r1 nor angry ) our neighbor if he does :at he likes2 we d n put on our s\r looks at him1 :i*1 ?\gh h>mless1 are n pleasant4 ,:ile we are ?us uncon/ra9$ 9 our private int]c\rse1 a _s ( rev]5ce p]vades our public acts2 we are prev5t$ f do+ wrong by respect = au?ority & = ! laws1 hav+ an especial reg>d to ^? :i* are orda9$ = ! protection ( ! injur$ z well z to ^? unwritt5 laws :i* br+ ^u ! transgressor ( !m ! reprobation ( ! g5]al s5tim5t4 8,& we h n =gott5 to provide = our we>y spirits _m relaxations f toil2 we h regul> games & sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 at home ! /yle ( our life is ref9$2 & ! delight :i* we daily feel 9 all ^! ?+s helps to bani% melan*oly4 ,because ( ! greatness ( our city ! fruits ( ! :ole e>? fl[ 9 ^u u2 s t we enjoy ! goods ( o!r c\ntries z freely z ( our own4 8,!n1 aga91 our milit>y tra9+ is 9 _m respects sup]ior to t ( our adv]s>ies4 ,our city is ?r[n op5 to ! _w1 & we nev] expel a =eign] or prev5t him f see+ or le>n+ any?+ ( :i* ! secret if reveal$ to an enemy might pr(it him4 ,we rely n ^u managem5t or trick]y1 b ^u our own he>ts & h&s4 ,& 9 ! matt] ( education1 :]eas !y f e>ly y\? are always und]go+ labori\s ex]cises :i* are to make !m brave1 we live at ease1 & yet are equally ready to face ! p]ils :i* !y face4 ,& "h is ! pro(4 ,! ,lac$monians come into ,attica n by !mselves1 b ) _! :ole conf$]acy foll[+2 we g alone into a neighbor's c\ntry2 & al?\gh our oppon5ts are fight+ = _! homes & we on a =eign soil1 we h seldom any difficulty 9 ov]com+ !m4 ,our enemies h nev] yet felt our unit$ /r5g?2 ! c>e ( a navy divides our att5tion1 & on l& we are oblig$ to s5d our own citiz5s ev]y:]e4 ,b !y1 if !y meet & defeat a "p ( our army1 are z pr\d z if !y _h r\t$ u all1 & :5 defeat$ !y pret5d to h be5 vanqui%$ by u all4 8,if1 !n1 we pref] to meet dang] ) a light he>t b )\t labori\s tra9+1 & ) a c\rage :i* is ga9$ by habit & n en=c$ by law1 are we n greatly ! ga9]s8 ,s9ce we d n anticipate ! pa91 al?\gh1 :5 ! h\r comes1 we c be z brave z ^? :o nev] all[ !mselves to re/2 & ?us too our city is equally admirable 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,= we are lov]s ( ! beautiful1 yet simple 9 our ta/es1 & we cultivate ! m9d )\t loss ( manl9ess4 ,weal? we employ1 n = talk & o/5tation1 b :5 !re is a real use = x4 ,to av[ pov]ty ) u is no disgrace2 ! true disgrace is 9 do+ no?+ to avoid x4 ,an ,a!nian citiz5 does n neglect ! ,/ate because he takes c>e ( 8 own h\sehold2 & ev5 ^? ( u :o are engag$ 9 bus9ess h a v fair idea ( politics4 ,we alone reg>d a man :o takes no int]e/ 9 public affairs1 n z a h>mless1 b z a useless "*2 & if few ( u are orig9ators1 we are all s\nd judges ( a policy4 ,! great imp$im5t to action is1 9 our op9ion1 n discussion1 b ! want ( k :i* is ga9$ by discussion prep>atory to action4 ,= we h a peculi> p[] ( ?9k+ be=e we act & ( act+ too1 :]eas o!r m5 are c\rage\s f ignorance b hesitate ^u reflection4 ,& !y are surely to be e/eem$ ! brave/ spirits :o1 hav+ ! cle>e/ s5se bo? ( ! pa9s & pleasures ( life1 d n on t acc\nt %r9k f dang]4 ,9 do+ good1 aga91 we are unlike o!rs2 we make our fri5ds by conf]r+1 n by receiv+ favors4 ,n[ he :o conf]s a favor is ! firm] fri5d1 because he w\ld fa9 by k9dness keep alive ! memory ( an obligation2 b ! recipi5t is cold] 9 8 feel+s1 because he kn[s t 9 requit+ ano!r's g5]osity he w n be w9n+ gratitude b only pay+ a debt4 ,we alone d good to our neighbors n ^u a calculation ( int]e/1 b 9 ! confid5ce ( fre$om & 9 a frank & fe>less _s4 ,to sum up3 ,i say t ,a!ns is ! s*ool ( ,hellas1 & t ! individual ,a!nian 9 8 own p]son seems to h ! p[] ( adapt+ himself to ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( action ) ! utmo/ v]satility & grace4 ,?is is no pass+ & idle ^w1 b tru? & fact2 & ! ass]tion is v]ifi$ by ! position to :i* ^! qualities h rais$ ! ,/ate4 ,= 9 ! h\r ( trial ,a!ns alone among h] contempor>ies is sup]ior to ! report ( h]4 ,no enemy :o comes aga9/ h] is indignant at ! rev]ses :i* he su/a9s at ! h&s ( su* a city2 no subject compla9s t 8 ma/]s are unwor?y ( him4 ,& we %all assur$ly n be )\t witnesses2 !re are mighty monum5ts ( our p[] :i* w make u ! wond] ( ?is & ( succe$+ ages2 we %all n ne$ ! praises ( ,hom] or ( any o!r panegyri/ ^: poetry may please = ! mom5t1 al?\gh 8 repres5tation ( ! facts w n be> ! light ( day4 ,= we h compell$ e l& & e sea to op5 a pa? = our valor1 & h ev]y:]e plant$ et]nal memorials ( our fri5d%ip & ( our enmity4 ,su* is ! city = ^: sake ^! m5 nobly f\ght & di$2 !y c\ld n be> ! ?\ght t %e might be tak5 f !m2 & e "o ( u :o survive %\ld gladly toil on h] behalf4 8,i h dwelt ^u ! greatness ( ,a!ns because ,i want to %[ y t we are cont5d+ = a high] prize ?an ^? :o enjoy none ( ^! privileges1 & to e/abli% by manife/ pro( ! m]it ( ^! m5 :om ,i am n[ commemorat+4 ,_! l(tie/ praise has be5 already spok54 ,= 9 magnify+ ! city ,i h magnifi$ !m1 & m5 l !m ^: virtues made h] glori\s4 ,& ( h[ few ,hell5es c x be said z ( !m1 t _! de$s :5 weigh$ 9 ! balance h be5 f\nd equal to _! fame6 ,me?9ks t a dea? su* z !irs has be5 gives ! true measure ( a man's wor?2 x may be ! fir/ revelation ( 8 virtues1 b is at any rate _! f9al seal4 ,= ev5 ^? :o come %ort 9 o!r ways may ju/ly plead ! valor ) :i* !y h f\ght = _! c\ntry2 !y h blott$ out ! evil ) ! good1 & h b5efit$ ! ,/ate m by _! public s]vices ?an !y h injur$ h] by _! private actions4 ,none ( ^! m5 7 en]vat$ by weal? or hesitat$ to resign ! pleasures ( life2 none ( !m put (f ! evil day 9 ! hope1 natural to pov]ty1 t a man1 ?\gh poor1 may "o day become ri*4 ,b1 deem+ t ! puni%m5t ( _! enemies 0 sweet] ?an any ( ^! ?+s1 & t !y c\ld fall 9 no nobl] cause1 !y det]m9$ at ! haz>d ( _! lives to be honorably av5g$1 & to leave ! re/4 ,!y resign$ to hope _! unkn[n *ance ( happ9ess2 b 9 ! face ( dea? !y resolv$ to rely ^u !mselves alone4 ,& :5 ! mom5t came !y 7 m9d$ to resi/ & suff]1 r ?an to fly & save _! lives2 !y ran away f ! ^w ( di%onor1 b on ! battle-field _! feet /ood fa/1 & 9 an in/ant1 at ! height ( _! =tune1 !y pass$ away f ! sc5e1 n ( _! fe>1 b ( _! glory4 8,su* 0 ! end ( ^! m52 !y 7 wor?y ( ,a!ns1 & ! liv+ ne$ n desire to h a m h]oic _s1 al?\gh !y may pray = a less fatal issue4 ,! value ( su* a _s is n to be express$ 9 words4 ,any "o c disc\rse to y =ev] ab\t ! advantages ( a brave def5se :i* y "k already4 ,b in/ead ( li/5+ to him ,i w\ld h y day by day fix y\r eyes ^u ! greatness ( ,a!ns1 until y become fill$ ) ! love ( h]2 & :5 y are impress$ by ! spectacle ( h] glory1 reflect t ?is empire has be5 acquir$ by m5 :o knew _! duty & _h ! c\rage to d x1 :o 9 ! h\r ( conflict _h ! fe> ( di%onor always pres5t to !m1 & :o1 if ev] !y fail$ 9 an ent]prise1 w\ld n all[ _! virtues to be lo/ to _! c\ntry1 b freely gave _! lives to h] z ! faire/ (f]+ :i* !y c\ld pres5t at h] fea/4 ,! sacrifice :i* !y collectively made 0 individually repaid to !m2 = !y receiv$ aga9 ea* "o = himself a praise :i* gr[s n old1 & ! noble/ ( all sepul*res--,i speak n ( t 9 :i* _! rema9s are laid1 b ( t 9 :i* _! glory survives1 & is proclaim$ always & on e fitt+ occasion bo? 9 ^w & de$4 ,= ! :ole e>? is ! sepul*re ( fam\s m52 n only are !y commemorat$ by columns & inscriptions 9 _! own c\ntry1 b 9 =eign l&s !re dwells also an unwritt5 memorial ( !m1 grav5 n on /one b 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,make !m y\r examples1 &1 e/eem+ c\rage to be fre$om & fre$om to be happ9ess1 d n weigh too nicely ! p]ils ( w>4 ,! un=tunate :o has no hope ( a *ange = ! bett] has less reason to ?r[ away 8 life ?an ! prosp]\s1 :o1 if he survive1 is always liable to a *ange = ! worse1 & to :om any accid5tal fall makes ! mo/ s]i\s diff]5ce4 ,to a man ( _s1 c[>dice & disa/] com+ toge!r are f> m bitt] ?an dea?1 /rik+ him unp]ceiv$ at a "t :5 he is full ( c\rage & animat$ by ! g5]al hope4 8,:]e=e1 ,i d n n[ commis]ate ! p>5ts ( ! dead :o /& "h2 ,i w\ld r com=t !m4 ,y "k t y\r life has be5 pass$ amid manifold vicissitudes1 & t !y may be deem$ =tunate :o h ga9$ mo/ honor1 :e!r an honorable dea? l !irs1 or an honorable sorr[ l y\rs1 & ^: days h be5 s ord]$ t ! t]m ( _! happ9ess is likewise ! t]m ( _! life4 ,i "k h[ h>d x is to make y feel ?is1 :5 ! good =tune ( o!rs w too (t5 rem9d y ( ! gladness :i* once light5$ y\r he>ts4 ,& sorr[ is felt at ! want ( ^? bless+s1 n :i* a man nev] knew1 b :i* 7 a "p ( 8 life be=e !y 7 tak5 f him4 ,"s ( y are ( an age at :i* !y may hope to h o!r *ildr51 & !y ought to be> _! sorr[ bett]2 n only w ! *ildr5 :o may h]eaft] be born make !m =get _! own lo/ ones1 b ! city w be d\bly a ga9]4 ,%e w n be left desolate1 & %e w be saf]4 ,= a man's c\nsel _c h equal weight or wor? :5 he alone has no *ildr5 to risk 9 ! g5]al dang]4 ,to ^? ( y :o h pass$ _! prime1 ,i say1 #8,congratulate y\rselves t y h be5 happy dur+ ! great] "p ( y\r days2 rememb] t y\r life ( sorr[ w n la/ long1 & be com=t$ by ! glory ( ^? :o are gone4 ,= ! love ( honor alone is ev] "y1 & n ri*es1 z "s say1 b honor is ! delight ( m5 :5 !y are old & useless4' 8,to y :o are ! sons & bro!rs ( ! dep>t$1 ,i see t ! /ruggle to emulate !m w be an ardu\s "o4 ,= all m5 praise ! dead1 & h[ev] pre-em95t y\r virtue may be1 h>dly w y be ?\ght1 ,i d n say to equal1 b ev5 to approa* !m4 ,! liv+ h _! rivals & detractors1 b :5 a man is out ( ! way1 ! honor & good-w :i* he receives is unalloy$4 ,&1 if ,i am to speak ( womanly virtues to ^? ( y :o w h5ce=? be wid[s1 let me sum !m up 9 "o %ort admonition3 ,to a woman n to %[ m weakness ?an is natural to h] sex is a great glory1 & n to be talk$ ab\t = good or = evil among m54 8,i h paid ! requir$ tribute1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law1 mak+ use ( su* fitt+ words z ,i _h4 ,! tribute ( de$s has be5 paid 9 "p2 = ! dead h be5 honorably int]r$1 & x rema9s only t _! *ildr5 %\ld be ma9ta9$ at ! public *>ge until !y are gr[n up3 ?is is ! solid prize ) :i*1 z ) a g>l&1 ,a!ns cr[ns h] sons1 liv+ & dead1 aft] a /ruggle l !irs4 ,= :]e ! rew>ds ( virtue are greate/1 !re ! noble/ citiz5s are enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,& n[1 :5 y h duly lam5t$1 e "o 8 own dead1 y may dep>t40 ,we next pres5t ! sket* ( a s]mon by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon1 & "p ( ! s]mon itself4 ,?is is ! m in/ructive1 z ! plan 0 prep>$ sub/antially 9 ! way we h advis$1 & ! s]mon prea*$ extemporane\sly f x4 8,,love ,,& ,i0--,a ,,my/]y4 ,a ,,s]mon ,,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,spurgeon4 ,f ,homiletic ,mon?ly1 ,nov41 #ahhb4 ,,pulpit ,,notes ,,us$ ,,by ,,spurgeon4 ,john xvii1 #bf4 ,our ,"l pray+ ) ,8 disciples at ! la/4 ,?is ! climax ( ! pray]4 ,9 ! deep1 scrat*+ ! gr\nd1 get a h>ve/4 ,"h ! f9al ^w is love & union ) 8,i40 ,"l1 :at a subject4 ,i4 ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,love4 #a4 ,k4 #b4 ,k giv5 by ,*ri/4 #c4 ,k gradually increas+4 #d4 ,k di/+ui%+ u f ! _w4 #e4 ,k ( ! "n4 ,righte\s ,fa!r4 ,hol9ess1 goodness1 m]cy1 love4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,love ,,itself4 #a4 ,x is n love t[>d u b 9 u4 #b4 ,x is n love f ! wells ( ! creature4 #c4 ,x is a recognition ( ,fa!r's love to ! ,son4 ,x is a s5se ( ! ,fa!r's love to u4 ,x is a reflection ^u ,jesus ( ! ,fa!r's love4 ,x is a beam+ =? ( love all ar\nd4 #d4 ,x has ! mo/ bless$ results4 ,expulsive1 repulsive1 impulsive4 ,r5d]s supremely happy1 brave1 pati5t1 elevat$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,companion ,,( ,,love4 ,love & ,i4 ,jesus sure to be :]e !re is love1 fai?1 ! ,_s1 ,god4 ,*ri/ ev] ne>4 ,believ] ev] safe4 ,believ] %\ld r5d] good ent]ta9m5t4 ,x w be notic$ t ! prea*]'s subject is ,*ri/ & love dwell+ 9 ! human he>t2 ! object is to induce ^? :o h ?is love to appreciate x m highly1 & all o!rs to seek x4 ,we give only ! introduction & ! ?ird division 7:i* is also ! conclusion71 toge!r ) a "p ( ! fir/ division1 z ! :ole disc\rse is too long to be quot$ "h4 ,x may be add$ t ^! notes & ! developm5t ( ^! p>ts are fair specim5s ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! great ,london prea*] prep>es & deliv]s 8 disc\rses4 ,text4--,i h decl>$ unto !m ,?y "n1 & w decl>e x2 t ! love :]e) ,?\ has lov$ me may be 9 !m1 & ,i 9 !m4--,john xvii1 #bf4 8,= sev]al ,sabba? morn+s my m9d has be5 direct$ into subjects :i* ,i might fitly call ! deep ?+s ( ,god4 ,i ?9k ,i h nev] felt my own incompet5ce m fully ?an 9 try+ to h&le su* subjects4 ,x is a soil into :i* "o may dig & dig z deep z ev] y w1 & /ill nev] exhau/ ! gold5 nuggets :i* lie )9 x4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 com=t$ by ?is fact1 t ^! subjects are s fruitful t ev5 we :o c only scrat* ! surface ( !m %all yet get a h>ve/ f !m4 ,i read once ( ! pla9s ( ,india t !y 7 s f]tile t y _h only to tickle !m ) ! hoe & !y laugh$ ) pl5ty2 & surely su* a text z ?is may be describ$ z equally fruitful1 ev5 "u our feeble husb&ry4 ,pe>ls lie on ! surface "h z well z 9 ! dep?4 ,we h only to se>* its surface1 & /ir ! soil a little1 & we %all be a/oni%$ at ! pl5titude ( spiritual weal? :i* lies be=e u4 ,oh6 t ! ,_s ( ,god may help u to enjoy ! bless$ tru?s :i* are h]e9 set =?6 ,"h is ! priceless treasure1 b x lies hid till ,he reveals x to u4 8,y see1 ?is text is tak5 out ( our ,"l's la/ pray] ) ,8 disciples4 ,he did z good z say1 #8,i am ab\t to leave y2 ,i am ab\t to die = y2 & = a :ile y w n see me2 b n[1 be=e we sep>ate1 let u pray4' ,x is "o ( ^? impulses t y h felt y\rselves4 ,:5 y h be5 ab\t to "p f ^? y love1 to leave !m1 p]haps1 9 dang] & difficulty1 y h felt y c\ld d no less ?an say1 #8,let u draw nigh unto ,god4' ,y\r he>t f\nd no way ( express+ itself at all s fitt+1 s cong5ial1 s satisfactory1 z to draw ne> unto ! great ,fa!r & spread ! case be=e ,him4 ,n[ a pray] f su* a "o z ,jesus1 our ,"l & ,ma/]--a pray] 9 su* a company1 ) ! elev5 :om ,he _h *os51 & :o _h consort$ ) ,him f ! beg9n+1 a pray] "u su* circum/ances1 :5 ,he 0 j on ! br9k ( ! brook ( ,c$ron1 & 0 ab\t to cross t gloomy /ream & g up to ,calv>y1 & !re lay d[n ,8 life--su* a pray] z ?is2 s liv+1 e>ne/1 lov+1 & div9e1 des]ves ! mo/ /udi\s m$itations ( all believ]s4 ,i invite y to br+ hi!r y\r be/ ?\ghts & skill = ! navigation ( ?is sea4 ,x is n a creek or bay1 b ! ma9 ocean itself4 ,we _c hope to fa?om its dep?s4 ,?is is true ( any s5t5ce ( ?is mat*less pray]1 b = me ! "w ( exposition becomes unusually heavy1 because my text is ! close & climax ( ?is m>vel\s supplication1 x is ! c5tral my/]y ( all4 ,9 ! l[e/ dep? !re is /ill a l[] deep1 & ?is v]se is "o ( ^? deeps :i* /ill exce$ ! re/4 ,oh6 h[ mu* we want ! ,_s ( ,god6 ,pray = ,8 b$ew+2 pray t ,8 balmy influ5ces may desc5d ^u u ri*ly n[4 8,y w obs]ve t ! la/ ^w ( our ,"l's pray] is conc]n+ love4 ,?is is ! la/ petition :i* ,he (f]s1 #8,t ! love :]e) ,?\ ha/ lov$ me may be 9 !m1 & ,i 9 !m4' ,he rea*es no great] height ?an ?is1 namely1 t ,8 p be fill$ ) ! ,fa!r's love4 ,h[ c\ld ,he rise high]8 ,= ?is is to be fill$ ) all ! fullness ( ,god1 s9ce ,god is love1 & he t love? dwelle? 9 ,god & ,god 9 him4 ,:at importance ought y & ,i atta* to ! grace ( love6 ,h[ highly we %\ld e/eem t :i* ,jesus makes ! cr[n jewel ( all4 ,if we h fai?1 let u n be satisfi$ unless our fai? worke? by love & purifie? ! s\l4 ,let u n be cont5t1 inde$1 until ! love ( ,*ri/ is %$ abroad 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* is giv5 unto u4 ,well did ! poet say1 #8,only love to u be giv52 ,"l1 we ask no o!r ,heav52' = inde$ !re is no o!r ,heav5 bel[1 & sc>cely is !re any o!r ,heav5 above ?an to rea* to ! fullness ( p]fect love4 ,?is is :]e ! pray] ( ! ,son ( ,david ends1 9 pray+ #8t ! love :]e) ,?\ ha/ lov$ me may be 9 !m4' ,:at a subject6 ,! highe/ t ev5 our ,"l ,jesus rea*$ 9 ,8 noble/ pray]4 ,aga9 ) groan+s my he>t cries1 ,holy ,_s1 help6 8,i4 ,fir/1 ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,love ,,to ,,god3 ,:at is x8 ,x is k4 #8,i h made kn[n unto !m ,?y "n1 & w make x kn[n4' ,we _c love a ,god :om we d n "k2 a measure ( k is ne$ful to affection4 ,h[ev] lovely ,god may be1 a man bl9d ( s\l _c p]ceive ,him1 & !re=e is n t\*$ by ,8 lovel9ess4 ,only :5 ! eyes are op5$ to behold ! lovel9ess ( ,god w ! he>t g out t[>d ,god1 :o is s desirable an object = ! affections4 ,bre?r51 we mu/ "k 9 ord] to believe2 we mu/ "k 9 ord] to hope2 & we mu/ especially "k 9 ord] to love4 ,h5ce ! great desirabl5ess t y %\ld "k ! ,"l & ,8 great love :i* passe? k4 ,y _c reciprocate love :i* y h nev] kn[n1 ev5 z a man _c d]ive /r5g? f food :i* he has n eat54 ,till fir/ ( all ! love ( ,god has come into y\r he>t1 & y h be5 made a p>tak] ( x1 y _c rejoice 9 x or return x4 ,!re=e our ,"l took c>e to fe$ ,8 disciples' he>ts ^u ! ,fa!r's "n4 ,he labor$ to make ! ,fa!r kn[n to !m4 ,?is is "o ( ,8 great ef=ts ) !m1 & ,he is griev$ :5 ,he sees _! ignorance & has to say to "o ( !m1 #8,h ,i be5 s long "t ) y1 & yet ha/ ?\ n kn[n me1 ,philip8 ,he t ha? se5 me ha? se5 ! ,fa!r2 & h[ saye/ ?\ !n1 ,%[ u ! ,fa!r8' ,/udy mu*1 !n1 ! ^w ( ,god3 be dilig5t 9 turn+ ! pages ( ,scripture & 9 he>+ ,god's true m9i/]s1 t ! flame ( love )9 y\r he>ts may be reviv$ by ! fuel ( holy k :i* y place ^u x4 ,pile on ! logs ( s&al wood1 & let ! p]fum$ fires burn be=e ! ,"l4 ,heap on ! h&fuls ( frank9c5se & sweet odors ( sacr$ k1 t on ! alt> ( y\r he>t !re may always be burn+ ! sacr$ flame ( love to ,god 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 8,! k "h spok5 ( is a k :i* ,jesus gave !m4 #8,i h kn[n ,!e1 & ^! h kn[n t ,?\ ha/ s5t me4 ,& ,i h decl>$ unto !m ,?y "n1 & w decl>e x4' ,o belov$6 x is n k t y & ,i pick up z a matt] ( book-le>n+ t w ev] br+ out our love to ! ,fa!r3 x is k giv5 u by ,*ri/ ?r\gh ,8 ,_s4 ,x is n k communicat$ by ! prea*] alone :i* w bless y2 =1 h[ev] mu* he may be taught ( ,god himself1 he _c prea* to ! he>t unless ! bless$ ,_s ( ,god comes & takes ( ! ?+s t are spok51 & reveals !m & makes !m manife/ to ea* individual he>t1 s t 9 consequ5ce x kn[s ! ,"l4 ,jesus said1 #8,o righte\s ,fa!r6 ! _w ha? n kn[n ,!e6' & y & ,i w\ld h be5 9 ! same condition1 /rang]s to ,god1 )\t ,god & )\t hope 9 ! _w1 if ! ,_s ( ,god _h n tak5 ( div9e ?+s & appli$ !m to our s\ls s t we are made to "k !m4 ,e liv+ ^w ( k is ! "w ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,if y only "k :at y h f\nd out = y\rself1 or pick$ up by y\r own indu/ry ap>t f ,jesus1 y "k no?+ aright3 x mu/ be by ! direct & di/9ct tea*+ ( ,god ! ,holy ,gho/ t y mu/ le>n to pr(it4 ,jesus ,*ri/ alone c reveal ! ,fa!r4 ,he ,himself said3 #8,no man come? unto ! ,fa!r b by me4' ,he t kn[s n ,*ri/ kn[s n ! ,fa!r1 b :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ reveals ,him1 ah6 !n we d "k ,him aft] a special1 p]sonal1 peculi>1 inw>d k4 ,?is k br+s ) x a life & a love ) :i* ! s\l is n puff$ up1 b built up4 ,by su* k we gr[ up into ,him 9 all ?+s :o is our head1 be+ taught ( ! ,son ( ,god4 8,?is k1 de> fri5ds1 comes to u gradually4 ,! text indicates ?is3 #8,i h decl>$ unto !m ,?y "n1 & w decl>e x4' ,z if1 ?\gh !y knew ! ,fa!r1 !re 0 f> m to "k & ! ,"l ,jesus 0 resolv$ to tea* !m m4 ,are y gr[+ 9 k1 my bro!rs & si/]s8 ,my labor is lo/ if y are n gr[+ 9 grace & 9 ! k ( our ,"l & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i hope y "k mu* m ( ,god ?an y did tw5ty ye>s ago :5 fir/ y came to ,him4 ,t little k :i* y receiv$ by grace :5 y f\nd #8life 9 a look at ! ,crucifi$ ,"o' has sav$ y2 b 9 ^! aft] ye>s y h add$ to y\r fai? k1 & to y\r k exp]i5ce2 y h gone on to "k m deeply :at y knew be=e1 & to "k ! details ( :at y seem$ to "k 9 ! gross & ! lump at fir/4 ,y h come to look into ?+s z well z ^u ?+s--a look at ,*ri/ saves1 b oh6 x is ! look into ,*ri/ t w9s ! he>t's love & holds x la/ & b9ds u to ,him z ) fett]s ( gold4 ,we ought e day to be add+ some?+ to ?is ine/imably preci\s /ore1 t z we are kn[n ( ,god s we may "k ,god1 & become !reby trans=m$ f glory unto glory ?r\gh ,8 ,_s4 8,are y n ?ankful = ?is bless$ ^w ( ! ,"l ,jesus3 #8,i w decl>e x1' #8,i w make x kn[n'8 ,he did d s at ,8 resurrection1 :5 ,he taught ,8 p ?+s !y knew n be=e2 b ,he did s mu* m aft] ,he _h asc5d$ up on high :5 ! ,_s ( ,god 0 giv54 #8,he %all tea* y all ?+s1 & br+ all ?+s to y\r remembrance1 :atsoev] ,i h said unto y4' ,& n[ to-day 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 p ,he is daily tea*+ u some?+ t we d n "k4 ,all our exp]i5ce t5ds t way4 ,:5 ! ,_s ( ,god blesses an affliction to u1 x is "o ( ! ,savi\r's illum9at$ books out ( :i* we le>n some?+ m ( ! ,fa!r's "n1 & consequ5tly come to love ,him bett]3 = t is ! ?+ ,*ri/ aims at4 ,he w\ld s make kn[n ! ,fa!r1 t ! love :]e) ! ,fa!r _h lov$ ,him may be 9 u1 & t ,he ,himself may be 9 u4 8,?is k di/+ui%es u f ! _w4 ,x is ! m>k by :i* ! elect are made manife/4 ,9 ! six? v]se ( ?is *apt] our ,"l says3 #8,i h manife/$ ,?y "n unto ! m5 :i* ,?\ gave/ me out ( ! _w4 ,?9e !y 71 & ,?\ gave/ !m me2 & !y h kept ,?y ^w4' ,! _w does n "k ! ,fa!r1 & _c "k ,him1 = x abides 9 ! d>kness & dea? ( s94 ,judge y\rselves1 !re=e1 by ?is sure te/1 & let ! love :i* gr[s out ( graci\s k be a tok5 = good unto y4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,iii4 ,?irdly1 "h is ,,! ,,companion ,,( ,,love4 #8,i 9 !m4' ,look at ! text a m9ute & j cat* ^? two words4 ,"h is #8love' & #8,i'--love & ,*ri/ come toge!r4 ,o bless$ gue/s6 #8,love & ,i1' says ,*ri/2 z if ,he felt ,he nev] _h a companion t suit$ ,him bett]4 #8,love' & #8,i3' ,jesus is ev] at home :]e love is reign+4 ,:5 love lives 9 ,8 p's he>ts1 ,jesus lives !re too4 ,does ,jesus1 !n1 live 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 p8 ,yes1 :]ev] !re is ! love ( ! ,fa!r %$ abroad 9 !m ,he mu/ be !re4 ,we h ,8 own ^w = x1 & we are sure t ,jesus kn[s :]e ,he is4 8,we are sure t ,he is :]e love is2 =1 fir/1 :]e !re is love !re is life1 & :]e !re is life !re is ,*ri/1 = ,he ,himself says1 #8,i am ! life4' ,!re is no true life 9 ! believ]'s s\l t is divid$ f ,*ri/4 ,we are sure ( t2 s t :]e !re is love !re is life1 & :]e !re is life !re is ,*ri/4 ,aga91 :]e !re is ! love ( ,god 9 ! he>t !re is ! ,holy ,_s2 b :]ev] ! ,holy ,_s is1 !re is ,*ri/1 = ! ,holy ,_s is ,*ri/'s repres5tative2 & x is 9 t s5se t ,he tells u1 #8,lo1 ,i am ) y alway1' namely1 because ! ,_s is come to be always ) u4 ,s :]e !re is love1 !re is ! ,_s ( ,god2 & :]e !re is ! ,_s ( ,god1 !re is ,*ri/4 ,s x is always1 #8,love & ,i4' 8,fur!rmore1 :]e !re is love !re is fai?1 = fai? worke? by love1 & !re nev] 0 true love to ,*ri/ ap>t f fai?2 b :]e !re is fai? !re is always ,*ri/1 = if !re is fai? 9 ,him ,he has be5 receiv$ into ! s\l4 ,jesus is ev] ne> to t fai? :i* has ,himself = its f\ndation & re/+ place4 ,:]e !re is love !re is fai?1 :]e !re is fai? !re is ,*ri/1 & s x is #8,love & ,i4' 8,ay1 b :]e !re is ! ,fa!r's love t[>d ,*ri/ 9 ! he>t ,god ,himself is !re4 ,i am sure ( t1 = ,god is love4 ,s if !re is love )9 u !re mu/ be ,god1 & :]e ,god is !re ,*ri/ is1 = ,he sai?1 #8,i & my ,fa!r are "o4' ,s y see :]e !re is love !re mu/ be ,jesus ,*ri/1 = ^! reasons & = _m o!rs besides4 8',i 9 !m4' ,yes1 if ,i 7 comm&$ to prea* = sev5 ye>s f ^! ?ree words only1 ,i %\ld nev] exhau/ ! text1 ,i am q c]ta94 ,i might exhau/ y by my dullness1 & exhau/ myself by labor to tell out ! sacr$ secret1 b ,i %\ld nev] exhau/ ! text4 #8,i 9 !m4' ,x is ! mo/ bless$ ^w ,i "k (4 ,y1 belov$1 ne$ n g abroad to f9d ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:]e does ,he live8 ,he lives )9 y4 #8,i 9 !m4' ,z soon z ev] y pray y are sure ,he he>s y1 because ,he is )9 y4 ,he is n knock+ at y\r door2 ,he has ent]$ into y1 & !re ,he dwells1 & w g no m out =ev]4 8,:at a bless$ s5se ( p[] ?is gives to u4 #8,i 9 !m4' ,!n x is no m #8,i' 9 weakness1 b1 s9ce ,jesus dwells 9 me1 #8,i c d all ?+s ?r\gh ,*ri/ t /r5g!n$ me4' #8,i 9 !m4' ,x is ! glory ( ! believ] t ,*ri/ dwells 9 him4 #8,unto y t believe ,he is preci\s4' 8,h5ce we ga!r ! security ( ! believ]4 ,bro!r1 if ,*ri/ be 9 me1 & ,i am ov]come1 ,*ri/ is conqu]$ too1 = ,he is 9 me4 #8,i 9 !m4' ,i _c compreh5d ! doctr9e ( believ]s fall+ f grace4 ,if ,*ri/ has once ent]$ into !m1 w ,he n abide ) !m8 ,paul sai?1 #8,i am p]suad$ t nei!r dea?1 nor life1 nor angels1 nor pr9cipalities1 nor p[]s1 nor ?+s pres5t1 nor ?+s to come1 nor height1 nor dep?1 nor any o!r creature1 %all be able to sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4' ,to t p]suasion ,i set my h& & seal4 ,well1 !n1 if ,*ri/ is 9 u1 :atev] happ5s to u w happ5 to ,him4 ,we %all be los]s if we d n get to ,heav52 b s w ,he be1 = ,he is 9 u1 & s is a p>tak] ( our condition4 ,if x is an indissoluble union--& s ,he decl>es x is--#8,i 9 !m1' !n ,8 de/9y & ours are l9k$ toge!r2 & if ,he w9s ! victory we conqu] 9 ,him3 ,if ,he sits at ! "r h& ( ,god we %all sit at ! "r h& ( ,god ) ,him1 = ,he is 9 u4 8,i "k n :at m to say1 n because ,i h no?+ m1 b because ,i d n "k :i* to br+ =w>d out ( a ?\s& preci\s ?+s2 b ,i leave ! subject ) y4 ,g home & live 9 ! p[] ( ?is bless$ text4 ,g home & be z happy z y c be to live1 & if y get a little happi] t w n hurt y1 = !n y w be 9 ,heav54 ,keep up unbrok5 joy 9 ! ,"l4 ,x is n #8,i 9 !m' = ,sundays1 & away on ,mondays2 #8,i 9 !m' :5 !y sit 9 ! ,tab]nacle1 & out ( !m :5 !y rea* home4 ,no1 #8,i 9 !m' & t =ev] & =ev]4 ,g & rejoice4 ,%[ ?is bl9d _w t y h a happ9ess :i* z mu* out%9es !irs z ! sun out%9es ! sp>ks :i* fly f ! *imney & expire4 ,g =? ) joy & be l$ =? ) peace2 let ! m\nta9s & ! hills break =? be=e y into s++3 #8,all t rema9s = me ,is b to love & s+1 ,& wait until ! angels come1 ,to be> me to ! ,k+4' 8',oh6 b ,i h my tr\bles4' ,i "k y h y\r tr\bles1 b !y are n wor?y to be comp>$ ) ! glory t %all be reveal$ 9 y1 nor ev5 ) y\r pres5t glory4 ,i feel z if ,i c\ld n ?9k ab\t tr\bles1 nor s9s1 nor any?+ else :5 ,i once behold ! love ( ,god to me4 ,:5 ,i feel my love to ,*ri/1 :i* is b ,god's love to ,*ri/1 burn+ )9 my s\l1 !n ,i glory 9 tribulation1 = ! p[] ( ,god %all be ?r\gh ^! afflictions made manife/ 9 me4 #8,i 9 !m4' ,god bless y ) ! k ( ?is my/]y1 = ,jesus' sake4 ,am540 ,our ?ird example is ! outl9e ( t gr& inaugural disc\rse ( ! ,*ri/ian religion f\nd 9 ! #e?1 #f?1 & #g? *apt]s ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is too famili> to ne$ reproduction "h1 b ! outl9e w %[ h[ regul> x is 9 /ructure1 & h[ closely x con=ms to ! laws :i* gov]n disc\rses4 ,! subject is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,spiritual ,k+dom ,*ri/ !n set up1 & ! ,jewi% ,/ate1 ( :i* ,8 he>]s 7 /ill memb]s4 ,! object is to induce ,8 he>]s to ent] imm$iately into ?is new & bett] ,k+dom4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ,,m\nt4 ,,introduction4--#a4 ,:o ! bless$ 7happy7 ones really are2 v1 #b-ab4 #b4 ,! position ( ! bless$2 v1 #ac-af4 #c4 ,! ,old ,k+dom n to be de/roy$ by ! ,new2 v1 #ag-bj4 ,i4 ,,contra/s ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,k+doms ,,conc]n+ ,,?+s ,,=bidd54 #a4 ,! law aga9/ ,kill+2 v1 #ba-bf4 #b4 ,! law aga9/ ,adult]y2 v1 #bg-cb4 #c4 ,! law aga9/ ,pr(anity2 v1 #cc-cg4 #d4 ,! law aga9/ ,injuries2 v1 #ch-dh4 ,,ii4 ,,contra/s ,,conc]n+ ,,practical ,,duties4 #a4 ,almsgiv+2 vi1 #b-d4 #b4 ,pray]2 vi1 #e-ae4 ,example--! ,"l's ,pray]4 #c4 ,fa/+2 vi1 #af-ah4 #d4 ,treasure-ga!r+2 vi1 #ai-cd4 ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,subjects ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,k+dom ,,%\ld ,,reg>d ,,o!r ,,p]sons4 #a4 ,) *>ity 9 ^w & action2 vii1 #a-ab4 #b4 ,b ) caution2 influ5ce ( numb]s & ( false tea*]s deprecat$2 vii1 #ac-bc4 ,,conclusion4--,! :ole subject illu/rat$ by ! evil consequ5ces ( build+ a h\se ^u a f\ndation ( s&1 & ! good consequ5ces ( build+ x ^u a rock4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,illu/rations1 ,,pa?os1 ,,humor4 ,all popul> & effective disc\rses mu/ possess at lea/ "o ( ! above qualities4 ,9 ord9>y spee*es !y d n pres5t !mselves spontane\sly1 b mu/ be s\ght out ) dilig5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,"s speak]s f9d x easy to sp>kle ) illu/rations & to indulge 9 humor & pa?os1 b o!rs c only succe$ 9 t direction ) pa9ful toil4 ,we wi% n[ to consid] a few ( ! me?ods by :i* !y c be secur$ :5 !y d n pres5t !mselves spontane\sly4 ,! ne$ ( abundant illu/rations has be5 felt 9 all k9ds ( address & _m ef=ts h be5 made to supply !m4 ,a numb] ( books h be5 publi%$ 9 :i* illu/rations h be5 ga!r$ f a wide range ( lit]ature1 & catalogu$ = use4 ,! speak] may employ ^! cauti\sly ) great pr(it2 & no long+ = an orig9ality1 :i*1 aft] all1 c nev] be absolute1 %\ld det] him4 ,! labor ( se>*+ = "o or two illu/rations ( an important ?\ght may be great] ?an t devot$ to ! prep>ation ( ! :ole spee*1 b x is labor v pr(itably employ$4 ,:ile ?9k+ :at any p>ticul> ?+ is l1 our conception ( ! ?+ itself & ( all ! ideas t clu/] ar\nd x1 w become mu* m vivid4 ,ev5 ! illu/rations we reject may h great value 9 %>p5+ our conceptions ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?+ inve/igat$ & all o!r ?+s ( a simil> "*4 ,b x is n en\gh to se>* = similes & figures among ready-made selections4 ,all we "k1 he>1 & read1 may be pass$ 9 m5tal review = ! purpose ( see+ :at tru? x w vividly set =?4 ,if we assume t our spee*es mu/ be illu/rat$1 & sp5d mu* "t 9 seek+ = good illu/rations1 *ang+ ^? we h us$ = bett] ones :5ev] possible1 we w come to 8?9k d\ble10 t is1 to see ! lik5ess t exi/ 9 all objects to some?+ else4 ,! habit ( do+ ?is gr[s ) practice4 ,if we pass our addresses 9 review ask+ ourselves1 8,:at po9ts did we fail to make /rong & intelligible = want ( good illu/rations80 we w be able bo? to see our defects 9 ?is l9e & ! means ( rem$y+ !m4 ,!re %\ld be a v c>eful record ( ^! treasures made1 = ) ! majority ( speak]s no?+ else is s preci\s4 ,scraps f newspap]s1 s5t5ces copi$ into common-place books1 all k9ds ( memor&a :i* direct att5tion to a happy figure he>d 9 conv]sation1 enc\nt]$ 9 read+1 or ?\ght (1 w be exce$+ly valuable4 ,x is possible to h too _m illu/rations1 b = "o speak] :o labors "u ?is disadvantage n9e h n en\gh4 ,a bad illu/ration--"o :i* is cl\dy1 tame1 9 bad ta/e1 or :i* does n illum9ate or en=ce "s "p ( our subject--is worse ?an none at all4 ,x %\ld be ?r[n out & its place suppli$ ) some?+ bett]4 ,! p[] to t\* ! he>t1 & z an evid5ce ( deep feel+ to cause te>s to fl[1 is greatly s\ght by orators1 &1 /range z x may seem1 is highly enjoy$ by audi5ces4 ,!re is a luxury 9 ar\s$ feel+1 & multitudes w ?rong to ! *ur* or hall :]e !y are made to weep4 ,if ! ef=t = su* effects is c>ri$ too f>1 x w become unmanly & maudl92 b 9 prop] b\nds x is a g5u9e oratorical res\rce4 ,h[ %all a reasonable degree ( pa?os be br\ght into our disc\rses8 ,incid5ts :i* involve great or h]oic suff]+ & self-sacrifices1 if well told1 ) a direct be>+ ^u ! g5]al !me1 seldom fail to make a deep impression4 ,!y are (t5 inv5t$ by ! speak]1 b :ile t device may n always be wor?y ( condemnation1 its exp$i5cy is que/ionable4 ,reality has f> m p[] ?an fiction4 ,!re is s mu* ( suff]+ & sorr[ 9 ! _w1 & s mu* ( h]oic /ruggle aga9/ x1 t if our addresses fairly reflect ?is 8_w-trag$y0 ! highe/ pa?os w be realiz$4 ,ke51 quick obs]vation & a really sympa!tic nature on ! "p ( ! speak] w %[ him :]e to f9d ! mat]ials to move ! he>ts ( 8 he>]s4 ,b :ile us+ su* mat]ials he mu/ reta9 comm& ( 8 own feel+s4 ,to be truly successful 9 ! use ( pa?os he mu/ give a reasonable f\ndation = ! emotion he wi%es to evoke1 & !n be able to turn ! ar\s$ feel+ into "s *annel :i* w ju/ify ! pa9 caus$4 ,humor is intimately associat$ ) pa?os by ! law ( opposites4 ,"o is almo/ ! direct reaction f ! o!r1 & aft] "o has be5 evok$ ! o!r foll[s m easily ?an x w\ld at ano!r "t4 ,! _s ( humor is valuable 9 all =ms ( address1 b 9 "s--notably 9 ! political ar5a & on ! plat=m--x is invaluable4 ,its range is va/4 ,x may be s rude & unc\? z to less5 ! dignity ( disc\rse1 or x may be ( ! mo/ ref9$ "*4 ,:ile x _c be reli$ ^u z an argum5t1 yet if a good argum5t is employ$ & !n cl5*$ by a humor\s /ory or allusion ( p]fect appropriat5ess1 mu* is ga9$4 ,to make an audi5ce laugh at ! positions ( an oppon5t1 at lea/ prep>es ! way = refut+ him4 ,?is quality may be cultivat$ by seek+ out & enjoy+ ! humor\s elem5t :i* is f\nd 9 ev]y?+4 ,we ought to be able to laugh at all t is ludicr\s1 )\t 9 ! lea/ los+ our respect & v5]ation = :at is good4 ,ev]y?+ co>se & evil %\ld be reject$ f our m9ds in/antly1 h[ev] humor\s2 b all ! really funny ?+s1 :i* c by any possibility be press$ into ! s]vice ( spee*1 %\ld be c>efully not$ & rememb]$4 ,abraham ,l9coln ow$ no small "p ( 8 popul> p[] to 8 m>vel\s fund ( humor\s illu/rations4 ,m ?an "o not$ prea*] has giv5 a ke5] edge to tru? by ! same means4 ,extemporane\s spee* furni%es mu* bett] opportunity ?an writt5 = ! acquirem5t ( all ^! elem5ts ( p[]4 ,:5 a spee* is once writt5 x is f9i%$4 ,b :5 m]ely plann$ & outl9$1 all /ories1 quotations1 incid5ts1 & happy turns ( language discov]$ aft]w>d1 may be not$ on ! writt5 plan1 or slipp$ into an envelope ) x1 & aft]w>d us$ at any "t )\t ! labor necess>y to adju/ !m to a manuscript disc\rse4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,orator',s ,,logic4 ,logic is ei!r "o ( ! mo/ useful or "o ( ! mo/ useless acquisitions ( ! orator4 ,z taught 9 ! middle ages1 ) its b>b>\s j>gon ( symbols & t]ms1 x c add b little directly to ! =ce or tru? ( any man's spee*1 al?\gh ev5 9 t =m x may1 l mo/ o!r /udies1 accompli% some?+ 9 ! way ( %>p5+ ! critical faculty & /r5g!n+ memory & att5tion4 ,its def9itions1 also1 are n altoge!r valueless4 ,b n "o /ud5t 9 a ?\s& w apply its cumbr\s rules 9 %ap+ 8 own reason+1 or 9 judg+ ( ! reason+ ( o!rs4 ,if ! read] has /udi$ logic 8 own exp]i5ce may be confid5tly appeal$ to4 ,d y ev]1 9 read+ an argum5t1 notice to :i* figure & mood ( ! syllogism x con=ms8 ,if ! argum5t seems false1 d y ev] seek to f9d :e!r ! fault is 9 negative promises1 want ( di/ribution ( ! middle t]m1 or 9 ! violation ( any o!r te*nical rule ( logic8 ,! m9d has a mu* m direct & summ>y mode = dispos+ ( unsatisfactory argum5ts4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( logic are few & simple1 & :5 dive/$ ( all te*nicality1 are ( univ]sal application4 ,we w v5ture to po9t out "s t may be ( especial s]vice to ! speak]3 #a/4 ,cle> def9ition4 ,! speak] %\ld "k ! mean+ ( 8 subject & ( all ! important t]ms us$ 9 connection ) x4 ,?is k he %\ld convey to 8 he>]s 9 ! mo/ cle> & /rik+ mann] t 8 own p[]s w p]mit4 ,to h an audi5ce misund]/& ! speak] s f> t :ile he 0 talk+ ( "o ?+ !y are und]/&+ some?+ totally diff]5t 7ev5 if kn[n by ! same "n7 w\ld be a grave logical fault4 ,exact & compreh5sive def9ition1 (t5 enliv5$ & simplifi$ by similes or anecdotes1 w prev5t su* dang]4 #b;d4 ,exact & compreh5sive division ( a subject is sc>cely less important ?an cle> def9ition4 ,?is is ( equal value 9 /udy+ a subject & 9 pres5t+ x to an audi5ce4 ,if we wi%$ to speak or le>n ab\t ! ocean1 "o ( ! fir/ facts to be dealt ) w\ld be its division into five p>ts--,atlantic1 ,pacific1 etc4 ,a good pr9ciple ( division %\ld always be select$ & fai?fully appli$4 ,!n z _m subdivisions may be add$ z naturally foll[ f ! application ( ano!r good pr9ciple ( division4 ,?us1 a/ronomy may be fir/ def9$ z 8! sci5ce ( ! />s40 ,!n x c be divid$ into planet>y & /ell> a/ronomy4 ,! =m] may be subdivid$ into descriptions ( ! individual planets & o!r bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em2 ! latt] into ! classes ( objects f\nd among ! fix$ />s4 ,all ( ?is is n a rhetorical or oratorical device1 b has its f\ndation 9 m5tal laws2 9 o!r words1 x is logical4 #c;d4 ,classification lies at ! f\ndation ( _m ( ! sci5ces1 & is a process ( ! highe/ importance 9 e doma9 ( k4 ,9 no o!r mann] c ! va/ multitude ( facts discov]$ by millions ( obs]v+ eyes be pres]v$ & made useful4 ,! orator mu/ also classify 8 g5]al k1 & t special "p ( x :i* he int5ds to use = a spee*4 ,all 8 pro(s1 appeals1 illu/rative facts1 & ev5 8 digressions %\ld be arrang$ accord+ to ^? natural bonds ( congruity :i* con/itute ! basis ( all classification4 ,b 9 :at way c ! p]son :o is ignorant ( te*nical logic make a h>moni\s classification8 ,x w n add mu* to 8 ability to tell him t two processes--ab/raction & g5]alization--are ! basis ( all true classification4 ,x is simpl] & means ! same to say t ?+s %\ld be class$ toge!r :i* agree 9 "s p]man5t & fundam5tal quality4 ,?us a va/ numb] ( animals ( ! mo/ v>i$ sizes1 %apes1 & p[]s1 agree 9 hav+ backbones & are !re=e put into a class & call$ v]tebrates4 ,! /udy ( agreem5ts & simil>ities 9 ?+s ! mo/ div]se is exce$+ly pr(itable to ! orator 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,x af=ds inexhau/ible mat]ial = illu/rations--8^? w9d[s ( spee*40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lik5ess ^u :i* classification & illu/rations are bas$ is ab\t z foll[s3 ,! simil>ities :i* give rise to sci5tific classes are v important & ess5tial2 ^? f :i* illu/rations spr+ may be slight & sup]ficial4 ,^! ?ree processes are ( m importance to ! orator ?an any o!rs embrac$ 9 logic4 ,!re is no?+ 8dry0 or 8repulsive0 ab\t !m--t]ms q frequ5tly appli$ to disc\rses :i* turn aside f _! own direct purpose to display ! m]e ma*9]y ( reason+4 ,by division a di/9ct impression is made ( ea* "p ( a subject2 by def9ition all misund]/&+s are cle>$ away & att5tion fix$ ^u ! v po9ts at issue2 by classification all ?\ghts f9d _! prop] places & are s ga!r$ up into g5]al ideas & jo9$ ) o!r famili> ?\ghts1 by way ( illu/ration1 t !y may easily be rememb]$ & appli$4 ,b h[ ab\t ! syllogism :i* logical treatises devote s mu* "t to expla9+8 ,its _m v>ieties & endless trans=mations wr\ght out by acute m9ds f ! "t ( ,ari/otle to ! pres5t1 are curi\s & int]e/+1 b !y are n specially available = a speak]4 ,yet1 s9ce !y re/ ^u a few easily und]/ood pr9ciples1 we w ref] to ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,if two ?+s ea* resemble a ?ird x is c]ta9 t !y also resemble ea* o!r4 ,if "o ?+ equals a second1 b does n equal a ?ird1 !n ! second & ?ird d n equal ea* o!r4 ,9 ! syllogism two comp>isons are made & ! result+ agreem5t or disagreem5t is express$ 9 ! conclusion4 ,?us3 ,corrupt m5 are bad citiz5s4 ,m5 buy+ or sell+ votes are corrupt m54 ,!re=e1 m5 buy+ or sell+ votes are bad citiz5s4 ,"h ! class ( corrupt m5 agrees ) ! class ( bad citiz5s2 x also agrees ) ! class :o buy or sell votes2 n[1 z x agrees ) ea* ( ! two classes1 x is c]ta9 t ^? two classes also agree ) ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! pla9 =m ( ! syllogism4 ,! foll[+ is an in/ance ( disagreem5t3 ,good citiz5s are patriotic m54 ,traitors are n patriotic4 ,!re=e1 traitors are n good citiz5s4 ,:5 an agreem5t & disagreem5t are ?us /at$ 9 ! fir/ & second l9es1 ! result /at$ 9 ! ?ird l9e mu/ be a disagreem5t4 ,b if ! fir/ & second l9es bo? /ate disagreem5ts no result c be drawn1 = !re is m ?an "o mode ( disagreem5t4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( two witnesses to ! same circum/ance4 ,if bo? tell ! tru? _! /ories w agree2 if "o tells ! tru? & ! o!r does n1 _! /ories disagree2 b if nei!r tells ! tru?1 _! /ories may or may n agree--t is1 !y may tell ! same falsehood or diff]5t k9ds ( falsehood4 ,9 ! syllogism x is necess>y to see t ! comp>isons made are real & n fictiti\s4 ,false logic or fallacies arise :]e a comp>ison seems to be made :i* is n real4 ,"p ( "o ?+ or class may be comp>$ ) ! :ole ( ano!r1 & !n an agreem5t affirm$ or d5i$ = ! :ole ( ! two ?+s or classes1 & ?is fatal fault 9 reason+ may be v c>efully conceal$4 ,x c usually be detect$ by turn+ ar\nd ! s5t5ce 9 :i* ! defective comp>ison is made4 ,?us3 ,m5 are animals4 ,horses are animals4 ,!re=e1 m5 are horses4 ,?is seems to be a p]fectly fair specim5 ( correct syllogisms4 ,b 9 ! fir/ l9e ! class 8m50 is comp>$ ) only a "p ( ! class 8animals10 & 9 ! second l9e ! :ole ( ! class 8horses0 is comp>$ ) ano!r "p ( ! class 8animals10 & z ! comp>ison is n re/rict$ to ! same objects no /atem5t ( agreem5t or disagreem5t c be made4 ,we detect ! insuffici5cy ( ! comp>ison by say+1 x is true t all m5 are animals1 b n true t all animals are m54 ,ano!r mode ( mak+ a seem+ comp>ison )\t ! reality is by us+ words 9 unlike s5ses4 ,?us3 ,all light bodies dispel d>kness4 ,a bag ( fea!rs is a light body4 ,!re=e1 a bag ( fea!rs w dispel d>kness4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is & all simil> fallacies x is only necess>y to notice :e!r ! comp>ison is fair & complete4 ,practice w give great exp]tness 9 do+ ?is1 ev5 :5 ! comp>ison is impli$ r ?an express$4 ,inde$1 ! great] "p ( reason+ lies outside ! range ( =mal logic4 ,! orator :o w\ld r$uce ea* argum5t to a syllogi/ic =m w\ld be consid]$ a cl[n endeavor+ to make sport (1 or = 8 audi5ce4 ,a /atem5t is (t5 made :i* dep5ds = its validity ^u a comp>ison or ev5 a s]ies ( comp>isons ei!r fla%+ ?r\gh ! m9d at ! mom5t1 or recall$ z hav+ previ\sly be5 made4 ,to ?is !re c be no objection1 provid$ su* comp>isons are obvi\s & indisputable4 ,if a *a9 ( reason+ re/s ^u ! und]/&+ t all m5 desire to be happy1 x w be j z =cible z if t truism 7 /at$ or prov$4 ,any?+ :i* an audi5ce w accept )\t "q is only weak5$ by ! processes ( pro(4 ,some?+ mu/ be tak5 = grant$ 9 all k9ds ( argum5t1 & ! wid] ! doma9 ( su* assumptions c be fairly made ! bett] = ! int]e/ & effectiv5ess ( ! argum5ts :i* foll[4 ,a syllogism 9 :i* "o ( ! ess5tial p>ts is left to be suppli$ 9 ! m9d is call$ an en?ymeme1 & is ! mo/ common ( all =ms ( reason+4 ,:5ev] we /ate a fact1 & adduce a reason = t fact1 x takes ?is =m4 ,z an in/ance1 we may give ! beatitudes 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,9 ea* we h a decl>ation made & a reason giv5 = t decl>ation1 b t reason w\ld h no necess>y validity 7 x n = a well-und]/ood pr9ciple1 ^u :i*1 9 ea* case1 x is f\nd$4 ,:5 x is said1 8,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s2 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav510 we m5tally add1 or conc$e ev5 )\t ?9k+ x1 8:oev] has ! k+dom ( heav5 is bless$40 ,! same decl>ation may be put 9 logical =m1 ?us3 ,:oev] possesses ! k+dom ( heav5 is bless$4 ,! poor 9 _s possess ! k+dom ( heav54 ,!re=e1 !y are bless$4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 all ! beatitudes ! syllogism is inv]t$1 ! conclusion com+ fir/ 7:i* also is plac$ 9 an inv]t$ =m71 :ile ! major premise is left to be m5tally suppli$4 ,ano!r in/ance may be giv5 ( ?is mo/ common ( all ! syllogi/ic =ms--! only "o ( :i* ! orator makes v frequ5t use4 ,x is /at$1 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t2 = !y %all see ,god20 ! read] m5tally supplies1 8& ^? :o see ,god are bless$40 ,or 9 syllogi/ic =m3 ,^? :o see ,god are bless$4 ,! pure 9 he>t see ,god4 ,!re=e1 ! pure 9 he>t are bless$4 ,! great frequ5cy ( ! en?ymeme is expla9$ by ! v nature ( reason+1 :i*--at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! true orator--ev] proce$s f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,"o ( our propositions %\ld ei!r be self-evid5t or tacitly conc$$2 x ne$ n !re=e be express$4 ,! o!r mu/ be br\ght out fully & prov$ by appropriate evid5ce1 & f ^! two f\ndations we draw out ! conclusion1 or1 :at is only ano!r way ( accompli%+ ! same purpose1 we /ate ! conclusion & !n give a reason = x1 :i* itself re/s ^u ano!r reason m5tally suppli$4 ,we may te/ ! correctness ( ! process by inquir+ if ! unexpress$ reason be ( ! nature ( a necess>y1 or at lea/ ( a g5]ally receiv$1 tru?2 !n1 if ! express$ reason is support$ by impregnable evid5ce 7:i* 9 ! case ( ! beatitudes is ! au?ority ( ,tea*] ,himself72 & f9ally1 if ! conclusion inevitably results f ! union ( ! two prec$+ p>ts4 ,mu* might be said ( fallacies & _! v>i\s =ms1 b ! /ud5t :o has n "t to pursue a full c\rse ( logic w\ld f9d little pr(it 9 su* a brief sket* z is "h possible4 ,x w be en\gh to po9t out t all false reason+ involves a violation ( "s logical rules1 ! simple/ & mo/ useful ( :i* we h already po9t$ out4 ,! orator :o c>efully def9es 8 t]ms1 :o wat*es e comp>ison to see if x is real & n m]ely pret5d$1 :o refuses to accept a plausible /atem5t = a univ]sal tru?1 :o notices :at an argum5t takes = grant$ z c>efully z :at x /ates1 w n be likely to commit gl>+ errors himself1 or to be l$ into !m by o!rs4 ,9 controv]sy a mo/ important logical direction may be giv54 ,/rive to asc]ta9 j ! /&po9t ( ! audi5ce 9 reg>d to y\r subject4 ,e speak] has mu* 9 common ) 8 he>]s1 & if he w\ld conv9ce or p]suade !m he mu/ />t f t common position4 ,9 do+ ?is !re is no compromise ( pr9ciple4 ,x is simply leav+ out ( view po9ts ( diff]5ce until po9ts ( agreem5t are explor$4 ,f ^! an argum5t1 z /rong z logic c make x1 %\ld lead to ! conclusion ei!r 9 ?\ght or action to :i* y wi% y\r audi5ce conduct$4 ,! em95t ,me?odi/ mission>y1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,taylor1 9 speak+ to ! hea!n ( ,africa1 us$ fir/ to dwell ^u ^? ?+s 9 _! belief :i* 7 common ) 8 own1 giv+ !m cr$it = try+ to wor%ip ! true ,god z well z !y c\ld1 & !n decl>+ t he came to !m ) a full] revelation f ! same s\rce4 ,9 ?is way he p]suad$ ?\s&s to accept 8 guidance & believe ! ,bible1 :o w\ld h be5 utt]ly repell$ if he _h fir/ attack$ _! sup]/itions1 & tri$ to %[ t !y 7 wrong 9 ev]y?+4 ,9 ! same mann] e ma/]ly p]suad] ( m5 mu/ proce$4 ,seek+ out all t he reg>ds z true 9 _! op9ions & beliefs1 he w wa/e no "t 9 prov+ :at !y already believe1 or 9 p]suad+ !m to d :at !y are already engag$ 91 b w %[ !m o!r ?+s :i* necess>ily foll[ f :at !y already admit4 ,/4 ,paul1 on ,m>s' ,hill1 got a great logical advantage by 8 ref]5ce to ! ,unkn[n ,god1 & f ?is />t+ place he work$ 8 way c>efully to ! new tru? :i* he _h to decl>e4 ,a political orator may simply abuse ! opposite p>ty2 b he makes no conv]ts & w9s no endur+ laurels by t me?od4 ,if he w /rive to und]/& ! position ( 8 oppon5ts & !n f ! great pr9ciples reg>d+ gov]nm5t1 :i* all p>ties hold 9 common1 proce$ to %[ t ! side he advocates c>ries out ^? pr9ciples to _! legitimate result1 he may *ange votes1 & w be s\ght = :]e ! empty declamation ( "o :o pursues ! opposite c\rse w\ld be felt z a h9drance r ?an a help4 8,:at d y d :5 y h no case at all80 said "o lawy] to ano!r4 8,oh60 0 ! reply1 8,i abuse ! opposite c\nsel40 ,?is 0 only a mode ( cov]+ a retreat1 & may h answ]$ t purpose well en\gh aft] ! battle _h be5 lo/2 b z long z !re is any hope ( conv9c+ ! judge or w9n+ ! jury1 su* abuse is worse ?an useless4 ,! advocate %\ld n1 h[ev]1 take 8 oppon5t's view ( ! subject at issue z ! gr\ndwork ( 8 argum5t1 b t :i* he believes ! jury to ent]ta94 ,success 9 ?is in/ance is n won by conv9c+ an oppon5t1 b by br++ ov] to 8 views t body ( m5 9 ! jury-box :o are suppos$ to be imp>tial1 b :o always h _! mode ( view+ any giv5 subject--a mode :i* an +5i\s & obs]vant advocate w n be sl[ to discov]4 ,!re are ?ree phases ( any controv]t$ "q :i* ! orator :o w discuss x successfully ne$s to /udy4 ,he %\ld "k & e/imate ju/ly all t a det]m9$ oppon5t ( 8 own view c advance4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by fail+ to appreciate ! /r5g? & plausibility ( an adv]s>y's position4 ,complete ju/ice to an enemy is (t5 ! fir/ /ep to complete victory ov] him4 ,!n ! position ( t "p ( an audi5ce--possibly few 9 numb]s1 b f ! logical /&po9t exce$+ly important--:o are 9 susp5se1 & z ready to fall to "o side z ! o!r1 ought to be fully weigh$4 ,! m p]fectly intellectual sympa?y exi/s betwe5 !m & ! orator1 ! m likely is he to br+ !m ov] to 8 own p>ty4 ,& ?is is ! great object to be aim$ at4 ,pron\nc$ oppon5ts are n (t5 conv]t$4 8,a man conv9c$ aga9/ 8 w is ( ! same op9ion /ill40 ,! att5tion direct$ to !m is really = ! sake ( ! d\btful class :o may1 unless resi/ance is (f]$1 be won ov] by _! ef=ts4 ,"s att5tion may also prop]ly be giv5 by ! speak] to confirm+ 8 own p>ty by %[+ !m ! solid gr\nds ^u :i* _! op9ions re/4 ,b usually ! same argum5ts :i* are likely to decide ! wav]+ w be/ accompli% ?is purpose also4 ,beg9n+ ) a simple b cle>ly def9$ /atem5t ( ^? pr9ciples or facts ^u :i* he int5ds to base 8 argum5ts1 & ab\t :i* no diff]5ce ( op9ion is possible1 he %[s cle>ly t ! op9ions he & 8 fri5ds hold mu/ foll[ f ! gr\nds already conc$$4 ,?is %\ld be set =? z ! e/abli%m5t ( positive tru? r ?an z ! refutation ( any errors2 !n1 :5 ! wav]]s h be5 conv9c$ & 8 own p>ty /rongly confirm$1 he may1 ) advantage1 %[ ! weakness & absurdity ( ! position ( ^? :o hold oppos$ views4 ,su* a c\rse pursu$ by an able reason] :o really has tru? on 8 side1 :i* he ?or\ghly und]/&s1 w seldom fail to w9 all ^: m9ds are op5 to conviction4 ,x is to ^! broad pr9ciples & to ! c>eful /udy ( all aspects ( ! que/ions he has to treat1 r ?an to ! ref9em5ts ( m$ival logic1 t we w\ld direct ! orator's att5tion4 ,:oev] w foll[ ! c\rse prescrib$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 c>efully arrang+ ! outl9e ( 8 address1 ma/]+ all 8 mat]ial1 & speak+ ! language ( 8 own convictions1 w be truly logical1 & su* logic c>ri$ to ! highe/ degree w take no?+ f any o!r grace ei!r ( =m or sub/ance t belongs to oratory4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,spee*4 ,:5 a f]v5t & successful disc\rse has be5 conclud$ !re comes a feel+ ( inexpressible relief4 ,! burd5 ( an important spee* re/s ) accumulat+ =ce ^u ! m9d f ! "t ! subject is *os5 until x becomes well-nigh intol]able4 ,:5 spee* actually beg9s e p[] is call$ into play & ex]t$ to its utmo/ capacity4 ,! excitem5t ( ! conflict hurries ! speak] on1 & al?\gh he may n at ! "t realize ! gigantic ex]tions put =?1 yet :5 he pauses at l5g?1 p]haps exhau/$1 b ) ! victory won1 ! s5se ( re/1 relief1 & security1 is exce$+ly delightful4 ,aft] su* an ef=t bo? m9d & body d ne$ re/4 ,!re are speak]s :o pr(ess to feel no fatigue aft] an h\r's labor1 b ^! are seldom 9 ! front rank ( orators4 ,if ! s\l has be5 ar\s$ & all ! man's faculties b5t to ! accompli%m5t ( a great purpose1 relaxation is (t5 foll[$ by a s5se ( utt] pro/ration4 ,no?+ bett] = ! mom5t c be advis$ ?an to ab&on "o's self to ! luxury ( utt] repose4 ,social int]c\rse & all di/ractions %\ld z f> z possible be avoid$4 ,if circum/ances p]mit1 a %ort sleep1 if b = a few m9utes1 w af=d great relief2 & 9 mo/ cases sleep w come if wisely c\rt$4 ,aft] re/+1 x is well to pond] closely ! lessons d]iv$ f ea* new exp]i5ce 9 speak+4 ,to indulge 9 exultation ov] success or to lam5t ov] failure is n pr(itable4 ,! speak] is n a p]fect judge ( ei!r4 ,he has probably done ! be/ he c\ld at ! "t1 & !re ! case %\ld re/1 except s f> z he sees ! ne$ or ! means ( future improvem5t4 ,b judgm5t ( success or failure _c easily be avoid$4 ,if ! speak]'s /&>d is l[1 he may pass beyond x )\t accompli%+ any?+ wor?y ( high praise3 or if he is despond5t 9 nature he may h expect$ little & may n[ feel correspond+ly elat$ because he has exce$$ 8 v mod]ate expectations4 ,b x is a curi\s fact t speak]s are (t5 lea/ pleas$ ) _! be/ spee*es4 ,9 ! mightie/ ef=ts ( ! m9d ! /&>d is plac$ v high--p]haps beyond ! possibility ( atta9m5t--& ! speak] works ) 8 eyes fix$ ^u t summit1 & probably1 aft] all 8 ex]tions1 sees x %9+ /ill f> above him4 ,8 ideas are b half express$2 he is mortifi$ t !re %\ld be su* a diff]5ce betwe5 conception & realization4 ,b 8 he>]s h be5 l$ ov] untrodd5 fields ( ?\ght1 & kn[+ no?+ ( ! gr&] heights /ill above ! orator's head1 !y are naturally fill$ ) en?usiasm1 & _c ent] into ! feel+s ( ! speak] if he is fooli% en\gh to tell !m ( 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,?is is ! reason t we are lea/ able to judge ( ! success ( spee*es t h be5 long m$itat$ & ?or\ghly prep>$4 ,! subject exp&s z we /udy1 its outl9es becom+ gr&] & va/] until !y pass beyond our p[] ( adequate repres5tation4 ,ea* sep>ate ?\ght 9 ! :ole discussion t is fully ma/]$ becomes famili>1 & is n1 !re=e1 valu$ at its true wor?4 ,sometimes1 :5 we beg9 to speak ) little ?\ght1 int5d+ to give only easy & common views ( ! subject1 ev]y?+ appe>s fre% be=e u1 & if "s /rik+ ideas arise1 _! novelty gives !m ?ree-fold value1 & we imag9e t we h made a great spee*4 ,all ?is con/itutes no argum5t aga9/ dilig5t prep>ation1 b x %\ld /imulate u to br+ up our p[]s ( expression m ne>ly to ! level ( our conceptions4 ,!re %\ld nev] be extreme disc\ragem5t ov] an app>5t failure4 ,"s good end may be rea*$ ev5 by a v poor spee*4 ,"o ev5+ ! writ] prea*$ :5 we>y & almo/ unprep>$4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! ef=t 0 pa9ful1 & to prev5t absolute failure ! int5d$ plan _h to be ab&on$1 & deta*$ ?\ghts f any s\rce ?r[n 94 ,yet t disc\rse1 :i* 0 sc>cely wor?y ( ! "n1 elicit$ w>m] approval & did m app>5t good ?an any "o prea*$ = sev]al previ\s mon?s4 ,"o or two =tunate illu/rations r$eem$ e defect1 s f> z ! audi5ce 7b n ! speak]7 0 conc]n$4 ,:atev] judgm5t we may ent]ta9 ( our own p]=mances1 x is n usually wise to tell our he>]s1 or to ask _! op9ions4 ,criticisms spontane\sly (f]$ ne$ n be repuls$1 b all seek+ = comm5dation is *ildi% or disgu/+4 ,x is sweet to he> our ef=ts prais$1 & mo/ ( m5 c be> an am\nt ( flatt]y address$ to !mselves :i* w\ld be insuff]able if (f]$ to o!rs2 b ?is disposition1 if mu* indulg$1 becomes ungov]nable & exposes u to well-des]v$ ridicule4 ,x is pitiable to see a man :o has be5 utt]+ wise & eloqu5t words aft]w>d /oop+ to beg cru/s ( indiscrim9at+ flatt]y f 8 he>]s4 ,:5ev] !re is a probability t any disc\rse w be repeat$1 x is well to review x soon aft] deliv]y1 :ile its impression is /ill fre% ^u ! m9d1 & if any defect appe>s1 am5d x 9 ! plan1 & add to ! same plan all ! valuable ideas t h be5 sugge/$ dur+ ! spee* or aft]w>d4 ,9 ?is mann] we keep ea* disc\rse up to ! high wat]m>k ( our ability4 ,"s orators are accu/om$ to write _! spee*es out 9 full aft] deliv]y4 ,:5 ! !me is important & "t p]mits1 ?is is a good ex]cise1 b 9 _m--p]haps ! majority ( cases--! labor w\ld outweigh ! pr(it4 ,no su* objection applies to review+ & correct+ a v]batim report ( our spee*es4 ,to _m speak]s su* a review ( ! exact words !y h utt]$ w\ld be a /rik+ & n altoge!r pleas+ revelation4 ,pet phrases1 :i* might o!rwise be unnotic$ = ye>s2 faults ( expression1 & especially ! pr(us5ess ( words1 9 :i* extemporane\s speak]s are tempt$ to indulge2--w\ld all be =c$ ^u our notice4 ,we w\ld be surpris$ to le>n t we c\ld (t5 write ! disc\rse 9 "o-f\r? ! words employ$ 9 deliv]y4 ,to =m ! habit ( ?us cond5s+ our spee*es aft] deliv]y w\ld h a p[]ful t5d5cy t[>d compact+ ?\ght 9 spee* itself4 ,! only h9drance 9 apply+ ?is capital means ( improvem5t consi/s 9 ! difficulty ( obta9+ su* %or?& reports4 ,:]e ?is _c be ov]come a "p ( ! advantage may be ga9$ by tak+ ! plan & f x writ+ out ! same k9d ( a compact pres5tation ( ! ?\ghts z utt]$4 ,?is diff]s f writ+ 9 full by mak+ no ef=t to record exact words or =ms ( expression1 b only to recall f memory & f ! sket* ! exact ?\ghts t 7 express$ 9 ! language ( ! mom5t4 ,ev5 if ! same k9d ( brief sket* has be5 made previ\s to ! act ( spee*1 ?is does n take ! place ( :at we n[ recomm5d2 = ! =m] outl9e may h be5 greatly modifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( deliv]y4 ,9 :atev] =m ! be/ result ( ! disc\rse is record$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 its pres]vation4 ,! plan1 sket*1 or fully writt5 disc\rse may be slipp$ into an envelope 7:i* may also conta9 all illu/rative scraps1 notes1 or ref]5ces to books t be> ^u ! disc\rse7 & on ! back may be writt5 ! title1 "t1 & "* ( deliv]y1 ) any o!r facts ( importance4 ,if ! "y speak] w fai?fully foll[ up su* a me?od ( record+ ! results ( 8 oratorical exp]i5ce1 he w f9d x "o ( ! be/ =ms ( discipl9e1 & ! record itself--c>efully index$1 frequ5tly review$1 & kept )9 reasonable bulk--w 9 "t possess a value great] ?an gold4 ,,f9is4 ,,alphabetical ,,index4 ,au?or's own exp]i5ce1 #bc ,advice to read]s ( disc\rses1 #bi ,anci5ts & mod]ns1 #cd ,augu/9e1 #cd ,antony's spee* analyz$1 #eg ,articulation1 #aaf ,action 9 ge/ure1 #abb ,ar*itecture ( cont9u\s ?\ght1 #afj ,arrangem5t ( ?\ght1 #afd ,burd5s ( ! extempore speak]1 #ae ,bee*]1 ,h4 ,w41 #dj ,brutus' spee* analyz$1 #ed ,b5evol5t emotion1 #ig ,bauta9's comp>ison1 #afa 8,be bold10 #afe ,bodily vigor1 #aic ,books ( illu/ration1 #bdc ,beatitudes 9 syllogi/ic =m1 #bee ,coldness ( read+ expla9$1 #bc ,composite disc\rse1 #be ,cic]o1 #cc ,*a?am1 ,"l1 #cf ,clay1 #dj ,calh\n1 #dj ,critical ta/e mu/ n be too high1 #dd ,conclusion1 #di ,cultivat+ emotional p[]1 #ie ,conv]sation1 #aje ,correct+ faults ( voice1 #aai ,correct+ faults ( ge/ure1 #abb ,confid5ce acquir$1 #abe ,confid5ce1 false & true1 #abg ,confid5ce1 p[] (1 #abh ,confid5ce :ile sil5t be=e an audi5ce1 #abi ,*ang+ plan at la/ mom5t1 #aij ,complim5t>y introductions1 #bja ,citations z introductions1 #bjd ,calamity f bad introductions1 #bje ,climax1 law (1 #bjh ,crisis ( disc\rse1 #baa ,conclud+1 ?ree ways (1 #bae ,conclusion %\ld h no new matt]1 #bae ,classification1 #bej ,correct+ %or?& reports1 #bff ,demo/h5es1 #cc ,discussion1 #dh ,dean ,swift's s]mon1 #ec ,discussion 9 a free /ate1 #ff ,disease z a h9drance1 #ha ,disqualifications summ$ up1 #hf ,drill on ! elem5t>y s\nds1 #aaf ,duty z a rem$y = fe>1 #abf ,divisional or milit>y plan1 #afh ,deep brea?+1 #aie ,diffus5ess rem$i$1 #bji ,def9ition 9 spee*1 #bdi ,division 9 spee*1 #bdi ,eloqu5ce c be taught1 #i ,eloqu5ce1 degrees (1 #aa ,essay or spee*1 #bi ,extempore spee* 9 s*ools1 #fe ,education 9 ! popul> s5se1 #hi ,extempore spee* cultivates reason1 #id ,emotion & ! w1 #ih ,etymology1 use (1 #ajd ,empty spee*es1 #bab ,enri*+ extempore spee*1 #bdg ,fir/ spee*1 #df ,fe> ov]come1 #fc ,flu5cy & accuracy contra/$1 #ajc ,failure1 a prea*]'s1 #aeh ,five pr9ciples ( introduction1 #bje ,fun]al spee* pron\nc$ by ,p]icles1 #bah ,fallacies 9 reason+1 #bec ,glad/one1 ,w4 ,e41 #da ,glad/one1 lett] f1 #db ,gibbon's militia s]vice1 #ib ,ga!r+ ?\ght1 #aei ,grasp+ ! subject 9 a s+le idea1 #ahc ,great addresses1 ?ree plans (1 #bag ,good results f a poor spee*1 #bfd ,heal?fulness ( extempore spee*1 #ai ,hort5sius1 #cc ,h]oic self-d5ial 9 spee*1 #aef ,holyoke's exp]i5ce1 #aic ,h5ry ,clay's eloqu5ce1 #bad ,humor & pa?os1 #bdf ,humor cultivat$1 #bdf ,introduction1 #df1 #aif ,impromptu spee*es1 #di ,initial fe>1 #fj ,increas+ ?\ght-p[]1 #ij ,intellectual emotion1 #ie ,imag9ation1 #aji ,imag9ation 9 ! ,bible1 #aji ,in/ructive addresses1 #ada ,introduction memoriz$1 #aig ,introduction ne$$1 #aih ,introductions1 k9ds (1 #aii ,keep+ ! spee* fre%1 #aib ,lu!r1 #ce ,lit]>y societies1 #fg ,language1 #aja ,laws 9 language1 #ajb ,l\dness1 #aai ,lawy]s1 #aci ,lawy]s n writ]s ( spee*es1 #adj ,lectures1 plat=m1 anniv]s>y1 & lyceum1 #ada ,lecture ) v>y+ titles1 #aee ,logical or ma!matical plans1 #afh ,local allusions z introductions1 #bjc ,language adapt$ to oratory1 #baj ,luxury ( te>s1 #bde ,logic = ! orator1 #bdh ,logic1 its n>r[ness1 #bdh ,lessons ( spee*1 #bfc ,m5tal weakness1 #gi ,memoriz+ orig9al & select$ gems1 #ajd ,m5tal picture pa9t+1 #aaj ,me?od ( ga!r+ & reta9+ ?\ght1 #afb ,milit>y plans1 #afh ,m>ks ( a good plan1 #aga ,n]ves quiet$1 #dg ,natural orators1 #gd ,nature 9 ! voice1 #aah ,n>rative plans1 #afg ,nam+ divisions 9 advance1 #agc ,ne$ ( illu/rations1 #bdc ,oratory1 natural & acquir$1 #ac ,oratory ( ornam5t1 #bh ,object ( spee*1 #aej ,objection to us+ plan 9 public1 #agh ,oppon5t's position /udi$1 #beg ,prejudice1 gr\nds =1 #i ,popul> desire = extempore spee*1 #ai ,p]icles1 #cd ,p]icles1 fun]al spee* by #bah ,pitt1 ,william1 #cf ,patrick ,h5ry1 #cg ,plan ( spee* on ,*9ese immigration1 #ej ,p]sons :o _c extemporize1 #ge ,pronunciation1 #ajc ,poetry ( sci5ce1 #aab ,poetry describ$1 #aab ,p]suasion 9 prea*+1 #acg ,p5 & tongue1 #ade ,p[] ( memory1 #ade ,p5 9 ga!r+ & arrang+1 #adf ,p5 9 pres]v+ spee*es1 #adf ,plan 9 all disc\rses1 #adh ,plan1 importance ( a good1 #aff ,plans1 v>ieties (1 #afg ,plan1 m>ks ( a good1 #aga ,plan1 h[ to use1 #agg ,plan to be memoriz$1 #ahj ,pres]v+ ! plan aft] speak+1 #ahf ,passage f introduction to discussion1 #bjg ,pleasure ( speak+ well1 #bjg ,pr9ciples ( logic1 #bdi ,read]s deceive !mselves1 #ca ,recitations emotional1 #cb ,rob]tson1 ,fr$]ick ,w41 #cg ,rude spee* plans1 #ej ,r\s+ en]gy at ! la/ mom5t1 #aia ,recit$ & extemporiz$ introductions1 #aif ,re/ aft] spee*1 #bfb ,repeat+ & am5d+ spee*es1 #bfe ,sydney ,smi?'s s]mon1 #bi ,spurgeon1 #dj ,spurgeon1 s]mon by1 #bcj ,simple/ framework1 #df ,sket* conta9+ ?ree words1 #eb ,sket* memoriz$1 #eb ,sket* on ! ocean1 #ec ,/imulus ( controv]sy1 #fg ,sket*es on ! annexation ( ,cuba1 #fi ,see+ ) our own eyes1 #ib ,s\rce ( ,greek eloqu5ce1 #if ,s5t5ce-ca/+1 #aca ,s$uctive b mislead+ me?ods1 #acc ,s]mons1 #acf ,s]mon texts1 #acf ,subject & object comp>$1 #aeb ,subject def9ite1 #aec ,sydney ,smi? 8/ick+ to 8 text10 #aeg ,s]mon on ,m>s' ,hill1 #afi ,s]mon dryness1 #agd ,%or?&1 use (1 #ahd ,spee* z a battle1 #ahg 8,/age fright10 #ahi ,s]mon by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon1 #bcj ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #bda ,s\rces ( illu/rations1 #bdd ,syllogisms1 #bea ,syllogisms abbreviat$1 #bee ,seek+ praise1 #bfe ,tra9+1 effects (1 #aj ,"t sav+1 #bd1 #age ,transition1 #dh ,?ree classes ( m5 9 respect to eloqu5ce1 #gd ,timidity may be ov]come1 #gg ,?\ght & emotion1 #hg ,?\ght-ga!r+1 #aei ,textual plans1 #afg ,t]tullus1 #bja ,topics ( ! day z introductions1 #bjc ,?+s se51 he>d1 or imag9$ z introductions1 #bje ,taylor1 ! ,me?odi/ mission>y1 #beh ,unconsci\s ge/iculation1 #abd ,use ( o!r speak]s' sket*es1 #aga ,voice & ge/ure1 #aad ,v>i\s fields ( oratory1 #ace ,:y extempore spee* is emotional1 #bb ,:itefield1 #ch ,wesley1 #ch ,web/]1 #dj ,writt5 composition a h9drance & a help1 #de ,writ]'s fir/ spee*1 #fa ,weak voices1 #gf ,wordless m51 #hc ,wait+ = ! mom5t ( beg9n+1 #ahi ,web/]1 anecdote (1 #bjc ,writ+ aft] deliv]y1 #bfe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,national ,,s*ool ,,( ,,elocution ,,& ,,oratory4 ,,publication ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,practical ,,elocution4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,%oemak]1 ,a4 ,m4 ,?is "w1 z its "n imports1 is a cond5s$ yet compreh5sive treatm5t ( ! :ole subject ( elocution1 giv+ brief consid]ation to all ! topics be>+ ^u natural expression1 )1 ex]cises illu/rative ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #bjj pages1 #a4be4 ,,elocutioni/',s ,,annual4 #aa ,numb]s n[ ready4 ,ea* numb] conta9s pieces suitable = ! 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