,,porcela9 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,japanese ,,im>i ,,w>e ,,porcela9 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,dillon1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,connoisseur's ,libr>y ,,me?u5 ,,& ,,co4 #cf ,,essex ,,/reet ,,london ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aijd4 ,,preface ,h[ ext5sive is ! lit]ature t has gr[n up ( late ye>s r\nd ! subject ( porcela9 may be judg$ f ! l5g? ( our #8select$' li/ ( books deal+ ) ?is mat]ial4 ,ap>t f ! n inconsid]able numb] ( g5]al works on ! pott]'s art 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%1 !re is sc>cely to be f\nd a kiln :]e pott]y ( "o k9d or ano!r has be5 manufactur$ :i* has n be5 made ! subject ( a sep>ate /udy4 ,& yet1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! v def9ite subdivision ( c]amics1 :i* includes ! porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/ & ( ,europe1 has nev] be5 made ! basis ( an indep5d5t "w 9 ,engl&4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! writ] to dwell m especially on ! nature ( ! pa/e1 on ! glaze1 & on ! decoration ( ! v>i\s w>es1 & above all to acc5tuate any po9ts t ?r[ light ^u ! relations ) "o ano!r--especially ! hi/orical relations--( ! diff]5t c5tres :]e porcela9 has be5 made4 ,less att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! "q ( m>ks4 ,9 ! au?or's op9ion1 ! exagg]at$ importance t has be5 giv5 to ^! m>ks1 bo? by collectors & by ! writ]s t h cat]$ to !m1 has m ?an any?+ else t5d$ to degrade ! /udy ( ! subject1 & to turn (f ! att5tion f m ess5tial po9ts4 ,?is has be5 above all ! case 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! te*nical side has be5 /rangely neglect$4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ turn to ,fr5* works = any ?or\gh in=mation on ?is head4 ,9 ! bibliographical li/ x has be5 impossible to di/+ui% ! relative value ( ! books includ$4 ,i ?9k t some?+ ( value may be f\nd 9 ne>ly e "o ( ^! works1 b 9 _m1 :atev] !re is ( orig9al in=mation might be summ$ up 9 a few pages4 ,9 fact1 ! books really ess5tial to ! /ud5t are few 9 numb]4 ,= ,ori5tal *9a we h ! ,franks catalogue1 ,m4 ,vogt's little book1 ,la ,porcela9e1 & above all ! great "w ( ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 :i* is un=tunately n v accessible4 ,= ,cont95tal porcela9 !re is no #8up-to-date' "w 9 ,engli%1 b ! brief notes 9 ! catalogue prep>$ %ortly be=e 8 dea? by ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks h ! advantage ( be+ absolutely tru/wor?y4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,g]man porcela9 is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,br9ckmann's bulky description ( ! ,hamburg ,museum1 :i* deals1 h[ev]1 ) _m subjects besides porcela91 :ile = ,svres we h ! works ( ,g>ni] & ,vogt4 ,= ,engli% porcela9 ! lit]ature is enorm\s1 b !re is little ( importance t w n be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,*ur*'s little h&book1 or 9 ! lately publi%$ works ( ,mr4 ,burton & ,mr4 ,solon4 ,! la/ edition ( ! guide to ! collection lately at ,j]myn ,/reet has be5 well edit$ by ,mr4 ,rudl]1 & conta9s mu* in=mation on ! te*nical side ( ! subject4 ,on _m hi/orical po9ts ! notes 9 ! la/ edition ( ,m>ryat are /ill invaluable3 ! quotations1 h[ev]1 require *eck+1 & ! orig9al passages are (t5 v difficult to une>?4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is book ,i h t\*$ ^u sev]al int]e/+ problems :i* x w\ld be impossible to ?or\ghly discuss 9 a g5]al "w ( ?is k9d4 ,i take1 h[ev]1 ! occasion ( br++ "o or two ( ^! po9ts to ! notice ( future inve/igators4 ,mu* light rema9s to be ?r[n ^u ! relations ( ! ,*9ese ) ! p ( ,we/]n ,asia dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we want to "k at :at "t & "u :at influ5ces ! ,*9ese began to decorate _! porcela91 fir/ ) blue "u ! glaze1 & aft]w>ds by means ( glazes ( ?ree or m col\rs1 pa9t$ on ! biscuit4 ,! relation ( ?is latt] me?od ( decoration to ! true enamel-pa9t+ :i* succe$$ x is /ill obscure4 ,s aga91 to come to a lat] "t1 !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! date ( ! fir/ introduction ( ! r\ge d'or1 a v important po9t 9 ! hi/ory & classification ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,we are mu* 9 ! d>k z to ! s\rce ( ! porcela9 export$ bo? f ,*9a & ,japan 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 especially ( ! r\ghly pa9t$ #8blue & :ite1' ( :i* su* va/ quantities w5t to ,india & ,p]sia4 ,s ( ! ,japanese #8,kakiyemon1' :i* _h s mu* influ5ce on our ,european w>es1 :at 0 ! orig9 ( ! curi\s design1 & :at 0 ! relation ( ?is w>e to ! n[ bett] kn[n #8,old ,japan'8 ,:5 we come ne>] home1 to ! ,european porcela9 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m obscure po9ts /ill rema9 to be cle>$ up4 ,! curr5tly accept$ acc\nts ( ,bttg]'s great discov]y pres5t _m difficulties4 ,at ,svres1 :y 0 ! use ( ! newly discov]$ rose ,pompad\r s soon ab&on$8 ,& f9ally1 9 ,engl&1 :at 7 we do+ dur+ ! long ye>s betwe5 ! "t ( ! e>ly exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,dwight & ! great outbur/ ( en]gy 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury8 ,! illu/rations h be5 *os5 = ! mo/ "p f specim5s 9 our national collections4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ! (ficials 9 *>ge ( ^! collections = ! facilities !y h giv5 to me 9 ! selection ( ! examples1 & to ! photograph] 9 ! reproduction ( ! pieces select$4 ,to ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & to ,mr4 ,sk9n] ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 my ?anks are above all due4 ,to ! latt] g5tleman ,i am mu* indebt$ = ! tr\ble he has tak51 amid ardu\s (ficial duties1 9 mak+ arrangem5ts = photograph+ n only examples belong+ to ! ,museum1 scatt]$ z ^! are ?r\gh v>i\s wide-ly+ dep>tm5ts1 b also sev]al o!r pieces ( porcela9 at pres5t deposit$ !re by private collectors4 ,to ^! g5tlem51 f9ally1 my ?anks are due = p]mission to reproduce examples ( _! porcela9--to ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 to ,mr4 ,fitzh5ry1 to ,mr4 ,david ,currie1 & above all to my fri5d ,mr4 ,george ,salt+1 :o has int]e/$ himself 9 ! selection ( ! objects f 8 unrivall$ collection4 ,! small collection ( m>ks at ! end ( ! book has no claim to orig9ality4 ,! examples h be5 select$ f ! catalogues ( ! ,s*reib] collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & f ^? ( ! ,franks collections ( ,ori5tal & ,cont95tal *9a4 ,= p]mission to use ! blocks my ?anks are due1 z f> z ! fir/ two books are conc]n$1 to ,h4 ,m4's ,/ation]y ,(fice & to ! ,education ,dep>tm5t2 9 ! case ( ! la/ "w1 to ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 :o1 ,i und]/&1 himself drew ! orig9al m>ks = ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks's catalogue4 ,9 a g5]al "w ( ?is k9d mu* important matt] has _h to be omitt$4 ,t is inevitable4 ,i only hope t speciali/s 9 c]ta9 def9ite p>ts ( ! wide field cov]$ w n f9d t ,i h committ$ myself to ra% or ungr\nd$ g5]alisations4 ,let !m rememb] t ! c>efully gu>d$ /atem5ts & ! res]vations suitable to a sci5tific pap] w\ld be out ( place 9 a "w int5d$ 9 ! ma9 = ! g5]al public4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface1 v ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations1 xii ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,on ,,porcela91 xxvi ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,bibliographical ,,li/1 xxxiii ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,on ,,o!r ,,subjects ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text1 xxxv ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory & ,sci5tific1 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,mat]ials3 ,mix+1 ,fa%ion+1 & ,fir+1 #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,glazes1 #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,decoration by means ( ,col\r1 #ch ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,*9a4 ,introductory--,classification--,! ,sung ,dyna/y--,! ,mongol or ,yuan ,dyna/y1 #di ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,*9a 7cont9u$74 ,! ,m+ ,dyna/y1 #gh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,*9a 7cont9u$74 ,! ,man*u or ,ts+ ,dyna/y1 #if ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,*9a 7cont9u$74 ,m>ks1 #aag ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,*9a 7cont9u$74 ,k+-te-*5 & ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 #abc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,*9a 7cont9u$74 ,=ms & uses--,descriptions ( ! v>i\s ,w>es1 #acg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,korea & ( ! ,indo-,*9ese ,p59sula1 #afh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,porcela9 ( ,japan1 #agg ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,f ,ea/ to ,we/1 #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,fir/ ,attempts at ,imitation 9 ,europe1 #bcc ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,h>d-,pa/e ,porcela9 ( ,g]many4 ,bttg] & ! ,porcela9 ( ,meiss51 #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,h>d-,pa/e ,porcela9 ( ,g]many 7cont9u$74 ,vi5na--,b]l9--,h*/--,fr/5b]g--,ludwigsb urg--,nymph5burg --,frank5?al--,fulda--,/rassburg4 ,! ,h>d & ,s(t ,pa/es ( ,switz]l&1 ,hung>y1 ,holl&1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,russia1 #bei ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! ,s(t-,pa/e ,porcela9 ( ,france4 ,sa9t-,cl\d--,lille--,*antilly-- ,m5necy--,p>is--,v9c5nes--,svres1 #bgg ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! ,h>d-,pa/e ,porcela9 ( ,svres & ,p>is1 #cje ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,s(t & ,hybrid ,porcela9s ( ,italy & ,spa91 #caf ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,engli% ,porcela94 ,introduction4 ,! ,s(t-,pa/e ,porcela9 ( ,*elsea & ,b[1 #cbf ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,engli% ,porcela9 7cont9u$74 ,! ,s(t ,pa/e ( ,d]by1 ,worce/]1 ,caughley1 ,coalport1 ,swansea1 ,nantg>w1 ,l[e/(t1 ,liv]pool1 ,p9xton1 ,rock+ham1 ,*ur* ,gresley1 ,spode1 & ,belleek1 #cej ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,engli% ,porcela9 7cont9u$74 ,! ,h>d ,pa/e ( ,plym\? & ,bri/ol1 #cge ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,contempor>y ,european ,porcela91 #chg ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,m>ks ,,on ,,! ,,plates1 #cie ,,m>ks ,,on ,,porcela91 #djj ,,index1 #dje ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,i4 ,,japanese1 ,im>i porcela9 7#8,old ,japan'74 7,h4 c4 #ai 947 ,vase1 slaty-blue "u glaze1 iron-r$ ( v>i\s %ades & gold ov] glaze4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4444447,frontispiece47 ,,ii4 ,,*9ese1 ,m+ porcela94 7,h4 c4 #ae 947 ,j> ) blue-black gr\nd & ?91 sk9-l glaze4 ,decoration 9 relief slightly c\nt]-sunk1 pale yell[ & gre5i% to turquoise blue4 ,probably fifte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4444447,to face p4 #dd47 ,,iii4 7#a7 ,,*9ese4 7,h4 c4 #i 947 ,figure ( ! ,tea*+ ,buddha4 ,celadon glaze1 ! hair black4 ,unc]ta9 date4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,,*9ese1 probably ,m+ dyna/y4 7,h4 #aa 947 ,vase ) op5-"w body1 enclos+ pla9 inn] vessel4 ,?ick celadon glaze4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4444447,to face p4 #fd47 ,,iv4 ,,*9ese1 ,sung porcela94 7,h4 c4 #ab 947 ,small j> ) ?ick pale-blue glaze1 & "s pat*es ( copp]-r$2 fa9tly crackl$4 ,circa #abjj4 ,briti% ,museum4444447,to face p4 #ga47 ,v4 ,,*9ese1 ,m+ porcela94 ,?ree small b[ls ) apple-gre5 glaze4 ,fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,floral design 9 gold on gre5 gr\nd4 7,diam4 #d 947 ,on base a co9-l m>k1 inscrib$ ,*ang m+ fu kwei--#8long life1 ri*es1 & hon\r4' 7#b7 ,simil> decoration & id5tical inscription to above 7diam4 #d 9471 set 9 a ,g]man silv]-gilt m\nt+ ( sixte5? c5tury4 7#c7 ,%all[ b[l 7diam4 #e 9474 ,inside1 apple-gre5 b& ) gold patt]n simil> to above2 9 c5tre1 cranes among cl\ds--blue "u glaze4 444447,to face p4 #ha47 ,,vi4 ,,*9ese4 ,m+ porcela94 7,h4 #g ins47 ,sph]ical vase1 floral decoration ( ,p]sian type 9 blue "u glaze2 ! neck has probably be5 remov$ = conv]sion into base ( hookah4 ,probably sixte5? c5tury4 ,b\ght 9 ,p]sia4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4444447,to face p4 #hd47 ,,vii4 7#a7 ,,*9ese4 ,m+ porcela94 7,h4 c4 #ah 947 ,balu/]-%ap$ vase2 greyi% crackle gr\nd1 pa9t$ ov] ! glaze ) turquoise blue fl[]s 7) t\*es ( cobalt71 gre5 leaves & manganese purple scrolls2 a little yell[ 9 places1 & ar\nd neck cobalt blue b& "u glaze4 ,on base1 m>k ( ,*5g-hua1 possibly ( z e>ly a date 7#adfd-hg74 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,,*9ese4 ,m+ porcela94 7,h4 c4 #ai 947 ,vase ( squ>e section ) f\r mask h&les1 imitat+ old bronze =m4 ,enamell$ ) dragons & phnixes2 copp]-gre5 & iron-r$ ov] glaze ) a few t\*es ( yell[1 comb9$ ) cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,inscription1 "u upp] edge1 #8,dai ,m+ ,wan-li ni5 %i4' ,circa #afjj4 ,briti% ,museum4444447,to face p4 #ij47 ,,viii4 ,,*9ese4 ,m+ porcela94 ,cov]$ inkslab 7,l4 #i 9471 p5-re/ 7,l4 #i 9471 & sph]ical vessel 7,h4 #h 9474 ,decorat$ ) scroll-"w 9 cobalt blue "u ! glaze4 ,p]sian inscriptions 9 c>tels1 relat+ to lit]>y pursuits4 ,m>k ( ,*5g-te 7#aeje-ba74 ,obta9$ 9 ,pek94 ,briti% ,museum4444447,to face p4 #id47 ,,ix4 ,,*9ese1 turquoise w>e4 ,probably e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4 7#a7 ,pe>-%ap$ vase 7,h4 #h 9471 decorat$ ) phnix 9 l[ relief4 ,six-lett] m>k ( ,*5g-hua4 7#b7 ,plate ) pi]c$ m>g9 7diam4 #aa 9474 ,filfot 9 c5tre encircl$ by cl\d patt]n1 9 l[ relief4 7#c7 ,small sph]ical inc5se-burn] 7,h4 #e 9474 ,floral design 9 l[ relief4444447,to face p4 #ih47 ,x4 ,,*9ese1 famille v]te4 7,h4 #ah 947 ,vase ( squ>e section1 decorat$ ) fl[]s ( ! f\r seasons4 ,gre51 purple1 & yell[ enamels & :ite1 z res]ve1 on a black gr\nd4 ,m>k ( ,*5g-hua4 ,circa #agjj4 ,salt+ collection4 444447,to face p4 #ajj47 ,,xi4 ,,*9ese1 famille v]te4 7,h4 #bf 947 ,balu/]-%ap$ vase1 decorat$ ) dragons ) f\r claws & snake-l bodies amid cl\ds4 ,poor yell[1 pass+ into :ite1 gre5 ( two %ades1 & manganese purple ^u a black gr\nd4 ,a v ?9 sk9 ( glaze1 ) dulli% surface4 ,probably be=e #agjj4 ,salt+ collection4 7,to face p4 #ajb47 ,,xii4 ,*9ese1 egg-%ell porcela94 ,famille rose4 7#a7 ,plate 7diam4 #h 9474 ,on bord]1 v9e ) grapes1 9 gold4 ,9 c5tre1 lady on horseback1 accompani$ by old man & boy c>ry+ scrolls4 #agcj-ej4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,plate 7diam4 #h 947 ,9 c5tre ! arms ( ! ,okeov] family ) elaborate mantl+4 ,initials ( ,luke ,okeov] & 8 wife on m>g94 ,e>ly famille rose1 ! r\ge d'or only sp>+ly appli$4 ,circa #agbe4 ,briti% ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #ajh47 ,,xiii4 7#a7 ,,*9ese1 famille v]te4 ,long-neck$1 globul> vase 7,h4 #ag 9471 enamell$ ) figures ( ,taoi/ sages1 etc43 gre51 iron-r$1 yell[1 purple1 & opaque blue1 all ov] ! glaze4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4 7#b7 ,,*9ese4 ,tall cyl9drical vase 7,h4 #ah 9474 ,r$ fi% among eddies ( gold on blue gr\nd4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4 7#c7 ,,*9ese4 ,sp9dle-%ap$ vase 7,h4 #ah 9474 ,pure :ite1 *alky gr\nd2 ?ree fabul\s animals seat$4 #agbj-dj4 ,salt+ collection4 444447,to face p4 #aaj47 ,,xiv4 ,,japanese4 ,im>i porcela94 ,l>ge di% 7diam4 #bj 9474 ,pa9t$ "u ! glaze ) cobalt blue 9 v>i\s %ades1 reliev$ ) gold4 ,9 c5tre1 l&scape ) ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,bel[1 9 panel on m>g9--,mat4 #c #af4 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #acc47 ,,xv4 7#a7 ,,*9ese4 ,op5-"w cyl9d] 7,h4 #e 947 =m$ ( n9e int]lac+ dragons2 ! top pi]c$ ) n9e holes4 ,pla9 :ite w>e1 ) greyi% :ite glaze4 ,probably ,t+ w>e ( ,m+ p]iod4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#b7 ,,*9ese4 ,m+ porcela94 ,wat]-vessel = base ( hookah 7,h4 #d 9474 ,cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,*9ese sixte5? c5tury2 made = ! ,p]sian m>ket4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #adb47 ,,xvi4 ,,*9ese4 ,two vases = fl[]s 7,h4 #aa & #aj 9474 ,floral design 9 :ite slip ^u a fond laque or #8dead leaf' gr\nd4 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b\ght 9 ,p]sia4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4444447,to face p4 #adf47 ,,xvii4 ,,*9ese4 ,?ree vases1 examples ( flamb or #8transmutation' glazes4 ,fir/ half eighte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4 7#a7 ,vase ) mon/] h&les 7,h4 #i 9472 glaze irregul>ly crackl$4 7#b7 ,cyl9drical vase1 made 9 a m\ld 7,h4 #aj 9474 7#c7 ,small pe>-%ap$ vase 7,h4 #g 9471 mottl$ r$ & blue4444447,to face p4 #aej47 ,,xviii4 7#a7 ,,*9ese #8blue & :ite4' ,small vase 7,h4 #g 9474 ,! pa/e pi]c$ be=e glaz+ to =m an op5-"w patt]n fill$ up by glaze4 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,,*9ese #8blue & :ite4' ,mort>-%ap$ vase 7,h4 #aj 9474 ,scatt]$ figures ( ,taoi/ sages 9 pale blue4 ,*9ese1 probably sixte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #aed47 ,,xix4 ,,*9ese1 ,m+ porcela94 ,vase 7,h4 #i 9471 %ap$ into v]tical1 convex panels4 ,! top has be5 gr\nd d[n4 ,v ?ick pa/e1 %[+ m>ks ( juncture ( m\lds4 ,decoration ( kil9s & p9e-trees 9 exceptionally brilliant cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,probably fifte5? c5tury4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #aeg47 ,,xx4 ,,*9ese4 ,globul> vase ) long neck 7,h4 #ag 9474 ,design built up ( l9es ( iron-r$ & gold4 ,circa #agbj4 ,b\ght 9 ,p]sia4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4444447,to face p4 #afb47 ,,xxi4 ,,*9ese armorial porcela94 ,octagonal plate 7diam4 #af 9474 ,talbot arms 9 c5tre surr\nd$ by design ( books1 scrolls1 etc4--all 9 blue "u glaze4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4444447,to face p4 #afd47 ,,xxii4 ,,*9ese porcela9 f ,siam4 ,?ree cov]$ b[ls1 probably enamell$ 9 ,canton = ! ,siamese m>ket4 ,e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#a7 ,floral design 9 iron-r$1 gre5 & yell[ ov] glaze4 7,h4 #f 947 7#b7 ,buddhi/ div9ities 9 panels amid flame-l gr\nd4 ,opaque enamels--iron-r$1 p9k1 yell[ & black4 7,h4 #i 947 7#c7 ,floral design 9 cobalt blue "u glaze4 7,h4 #f 947 ,brass rim & foot4 ,said to be a c9]>y urn4 7,?o-kht47444447,to face p4 #agd47 ,,xxiii4 ,,japanese1 ,kakiyemon w>e4 ,circa #afej4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,sauc] or plate ) scallop$ edge 7diam4 #i 9474 ,prunus spr++ f /raw h$ge1 ,*9ese boy & tig]s4 ,enamels--gre51 yell[1 iron-r$ & blue1 all ov] glaze4 7#b7 ,f\r-sid$ bottle 7,h4 #h 9474 ,=mally treat$ fl[]s 9 iron-r$1 gre5 & blue1 all ov] glaze4 7#c7 ,octagonal sauc] 7diam4 #e 9474 ,decoration ( quails & fl[]s 9 iron-r$1 gre5 & gold ov] glaze1 ) cobalt blue "u glaze4 444447,to face p4 #ahd47 ,,xxiv4 7#a7 ,,*9ese4 ,cov]$ b[l 7,h4 #h 9474 ,floral rosette ) f\rte5 lobes 9 imitation ( ! ,japanese kiku-mon4 ,iron-r$1 gre5 & gold ov] glaze ) deep cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury2 made at ,k+-te-*5 9 imitation ( ! contempor>y ,im>i w>e4 ,salt+ collection4 7#b7 ,,japanese1 ,im>i w>e4 ,b[l ) scallop$ edge 7diam4 #i 9474 ,*rysan!mum fl[]s 9 l[ relief2 iron-r$1 gre5 & gold ov] glaze & cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,circa #agjj4 ,salt+ collection4 444447,to face p4 #ahf47 ,,xxv4 ,,japanese1 ,im>i w>e4 ,l>ge plate 7diam4 #bb 9474 ,on m>g91 m&>9 ducks1 cranes & doves 9 panels amid fl[]s2 9 c5tre1 two eagles4 ,iron-r$ ( v>i\s %ades1 gold & a few t\*es ( gre5 ov] glaze ) deep cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,salt+ collection4444447,to face p4 #ahh47 ,,xxvi4 ,,japanese1 ,kutani w>e4 ,j> 7,h4 #ac 9472 on a greyi% :ite1 some:at crackl$ gr\nd1 grotesque danc+ figures2 iron-r$1 manganese purple1 yell[1 gre51 & blue1 all ov] glaze4 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #bjd47 ,,xxvii4 ,,japanese4 ,kutani1 kaol9ic /onew>e4 ,octagonal bottle1 9 %ape ( d\ble g\rd 7,h4 #ab 9474 ,?ick enamels--gre5 7pr$om9ant71 iron-r$1 purple & blue1 all ov] glaze4 ,circa #agjj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #bjf47 ,,xxviii4 ,,*9ese #8blue & :ite4' ,two b[ls1 set 9 copp]-gilt m\nts ( ,engli% make1 circa #afjj-afbj4 ,f a set ( five pieces long pres]v$ at ,burleigh ,h\se4 ,pi]pont ,morgan collection4 7#a7 ,%all[ b[l 7diam4 #i 9471 9 c5tre m$allion ) phnix4 ,m>k ( ,wan-li 7#aegb-afai74 7#b7 ,b[l1 ) de] 9 panels 7diam4 #aj 9474 ,circa #afjj4444447,to face p4 #bbb47 ,,xxix4 ,,m$ici porcela94 ,late sixte5? c5tury4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#a7 ,pe>-%ap$ vase 7,h4 #f 9474 ,floral design 9 cobalt blue1 outl9$ ) manganese black1 bo? "u glaze4 7#b7 ,d\ble-neck$ cruet 7,h4 #f 9474 ,design 9 pale blue "u glaze4 ,on ! neck1 ,a & ,o1 = aceto & oglio4444447,to face p4 #bcf47 ,,xxx4 ,,m$ici porcela94 ,plate or %all[ b[l 7diam4 #g 9474 ,floral design 9 some:at ,p]sian /yle1 9 cobalt blue "u glaze4 ,on back1 ! dome ( ,/a4 ,m>ia del fiore & ! lett] ,f4 ,late sixte5? c5tury4 ,fitzh5ry collection4444447,to face p4 #bch47 ,,xxxi4 ,,meiss5 porcela94 ,hexagonal vase ) cov] 7,h4 #ab 9474 ,floral design 9 col\r$ enamels ( ! ,kakiyemon /yle4 ,m>k1 ! cross$ swords 9 blue4 #agcj-ej4 ,franks collection 7,be?nal ,gre574444447,to face p4 #bec47 ,,xxxii4 7#a7 ,,meiss5 porcela94 ,plate ) wavy edge 7diam4 #i 9474 ,cl>et bord] ) gold sprigs4 ,humm+-bird 9 c5tre4 ,m>k1 ! cross$ swords ) dot 9 blue4 #agfc-gd1 9 imitation ( ,*elsea w>e4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ex ,b]nal collection4 7#b7 ,,ludwigsburg porcela94 ,plate 7diam4 #i 9474 ,scrolls 9 l[ relief 9 :ite r\nd m>g92 scatt]$ fl[]s 9 lilac camaeu4 ,m>k1 d\ble ,c "u cr[n1 = ,c>l1 ,duke ( ,wrtemb]g4 #agfj-gj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4444447,to face p4 #bff47 ,,xxxiii4 7#a7 ,,r\5 porcela94 ,cup 7,h4 #c 9474 ,conv5tional design1 9 d>k blue "u glaze1 9 /yle ( sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?9 & v transluc5t body4 ,probably be=e #agjj4 ,fitzh5ry collection4 7#b7 ,,sa9t-,,cl\d porcela94 ,ew] ) cov] 7,h4 #g 9474 ,scale patt]n 9 relief4 ,celadon glaze ( sagy-gre5 t9t4 ,m\nt$ ) ?umb-piece & rim ( engrav$ silv]4 ,circa #agjj4 ,fitzh5ry collection4 7#c7 ,,sa9t-,,cl\d porcela94 ,ew] ) cov] 7,h4 #e 9474 ,conv5tional design1 9 blue "u glaze1 9 /yle ( sev5te5? c5tury4 ,circa #agjj4 ,fitzh5ry collection4 444447,to face p4 #bhb47 ,,xxxiv4 ,,*antilly porcela94 ,two cyl9drical vases ) cov]s 7,h4 #g 9474 ,rims m\nt$ 9 silv] 7"o gilt74 ,enamell$ ov] ! glaze 9 ! ,kakiyemon /yle-,*9ese l&scape & boys play+4 ,m>k1 hunt+-horn 9 r$4 ,circa #agcj-dj4 ,fitzh5ry collection4 444447,to face p4 #bhf47 ,,xxxv4 7#a7 ,s,,vres1 :ite biscuit-w>e 7,h4 #f 9474 ,"y girl seat$ ) a sabot 9 h] lap1 a *ild cr\*+ beside h]4 ,m>k1 ,f incis$ 7p]haps = ,falconet or = ! ye> #ageh74 ,franks collection 7,be?nal ,gre574 7#b7 ,,m5necy1 :ite glaz$ w>e4 ,figure ( bagpip] 7,h4 #i 9474 ,circa #agej4 7,f an engrav+ by ,j4 ,dumont le ,rom1 #agci47 ,franks collection 7,be?nal ,gre574 444447,to face p4 #bhh47 ,,xxxvi4 7#a7 ,,v9c5nes or ,,e>ly ,s,,vres porcela94 ,ew] ) cov] 7,h4 #d 9474 ,gros bleu gr\nd ) birds & fl[]s 9 :ite res]ves4 ,m>k1 d\ble ,l ) ?ree dots1 9 blue "u glaze4 ,circa #agej4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,jones collection4 7#b7 & 7#c7 ,s,,vres porcela94 ,two small sucri]s 7,h4 #c 9474 ,gros bleu & gre5 gr\nd1 ) birds on bran*es pa9t$ 9 :ite res]ves4 ,no m>k1 b e>ly4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,jones collection4 444447,to face p4 #bid47 ,,xxxvii4 ,s,,vres porcela94 ,vase 7,h4 #aj 9471 "o ( a pair1 decorat$ ) wrea?s ( fl[]s on a :ite gr\nd4 ,m>k1 ! lett] ,i1 = #agfa4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,jones collection4 444447,to face p4 #bif47 ,,xxxviii4 ,s,,vres porcela94 cuelle & sauc] 7diam4 #e 94 & #g 9474 ,turquoise gr\nd2 panels ) pa/oral sc5es4 ,m>k1 ! lett] ,q = #agfh1 & *4 = ! pa9t] ,*abry4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,jones collection4 444447,to face p4 #bih47 ,,xxxix4 ,s,,vres porcela94 ,sucri]1 sauc] & caddy f ,cab>et 7,h4 #d 941 #d 941 & #c 9474 ,rose c>n gr\nd2 fl[]s1 etc41 pa9t$ on :ite res]ves4 ,m>k1 ! lett] ,h = #agfj1 & an an*or = ! pa9t] ,buteux pre4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,jones collection4 444447,to face p4 #cjj47 ,,xl4 ,s,,vres porcela94 ,cov]$ cup 7,h4 #c 947 & sauc] 7diam4 #e 9474 ,jewell$ decoration on :ite gr\nd4 ,/uds ( opaque :ite & turquoise & transp>5t ruby1 connect$ by foliage ( transp>5t gre5 l9$ by gold4 #aghj-hf4 ,no m>k4 ,currie collection4 444447,to face p4 #cjb47 ,,xli4 7#a7 & 7#b7 ,,v5etian porcela94 ,tall cup 7,h4 #d 947 & sauc] 7diam4 #e 9474 ,birds & v9es 9 blue "u glaze ) slight gild+4 ,m>k1 ,v5a on cup1 ! same 9 script on sauc]4 ,probably ! "w ( ! ,vezzi family 7#agai-dj74 ,franks collection 7,be?nal ,gre574 7#c7 ,,meiss5 porcela94 ,pot-p\rri ) cov] 7,h4 #e 9474 ,flut$ sides1 fl[]s 9 high relief enamell$ 9 col\rs4 ,m>k1 cross$ swords 9 blue4 ,circa #agej4 ,f ! ,/rawb]ry ,hill collection4 ,franks collection 7,be?nal ,gre574 7#d7 ,,frank5?al porcela94 ,ew] & cov] 7,h4 #f 9474 ,pa9t$ 9 lilac camaeu ) l&scape 7sign$--,magnus pi47 ,gilt bord]s4 #agfa-gh4 ,m>k1 ,c4 ,t4 "u cr[n 9 blue4 ,franks collection 7,be?nal ,gre574 444447,to face p4 #caf47 ,,xlii4 7#a7 ,,capo ,,di ,,monte porcela94 ,sc5t bottle 7,h4 #c 9474 ,*ild 9 swaddl+-clo!s ( blue & lilac4 ,circa #agej4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#b7 ,,capo ,,di ,,monte porcela94 ,sir5 7,h4 #b 9471 pla9 :ite1 made = /& ( vessel4 ,circa #agej4 ,f ! ,b&9el collection4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#c7 ,,capo ,,di ,,monte porcela94 ,triton 7,h4 #b 9474 ,plaque 9 l[ relief1 made = application4 ,circa #agej4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#d7 ,,doccia porcela94 ,cup ) cov] 7,h4 #d 9474 ,pla9 :ite1 v9e bran*es 9 relief4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #cbj47 ,,xliii4 ,,*elsea porcela94 ,sauc] 7diam4 #d 9471 sug>-bas9 7,h4 #d 9471 & cream-jug 7,h4 #b 9471 =m+ "p ( an ext5sive tea equipage4 ,cl>et gr\nd ) ri* gild+2 pa/oral figures 9 res]ve panels4 ,circa #agfj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,?omson beque/4 444447,to face p4 #cdj47 ,,xliv4 ,,*elsea porcela94 ,two figures ( m9uet danc]s 7,h4 #aa 94 & #aj 9474 ,enamell$ ) w9y-r$1 pale opaque turquoise1 & a little gre5 & iron-r$--! lady's /ays lav5d]4 ,^! figures seem to h be5 sugge/$ by ! pr9cipal danc]s 9 ,watteau's ,fte ,*amptre n[ at ,ed9burgh 7engrav$ by ,laur5t ,c>rs1 #agcd1 z ,ftes ,v5iti5nes74 ,circa #agfj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,s*reib] collection4444447,to face p4 #cdb47 ,,xlv4 7#a7 ,,*elsea porcela94 ,plate 7diam4 #h 947 ) wavy edge4 ,enamell$ ) %ades ( iron-r$ & gre51 ) blue "u glaze & gild+1 9 imitation ( brocad$ ,im>i w>e4 #agej-fj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#b7 ,,b[ porcela94 ,octagonal plate 7diam4 #i 9474 ,9 c5tre1 two fight+ cocks1 9 ! ,kakiyemon /yle2 ! wrea?s ( fl[]s sugge/$ r by ,dresd54 ,iron-r$1 cl>et1 & an opaque1 poor blue enamel1 laid on ?ickly1 ) gild+4 ,circa #agfj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4444447,to face p4 #cdf47 ,,xlvi4 ,,worce/] porcela94 ,tea-poy 7,h4 #f 9471 sug>-bas9 7,h4 #d 9471 & milk-jug 7,h4 #e 947 f a tea equipage4 ,trellis design4 ,circa #aghj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #cfb47 ,,xlvii4 ,,wat]-,,col\r ,,draw+ 7#ag 94 by #ah 9471 by ,?omas ,baxt]1 junior2 sign$ & dat$ #ahaj4 ,! /udio ( ,?omas ,baxt]1 s5ior1 #a ,g\gh ,squ>e4 ,porcela9 pa9t]s at "w4 ,a price-li/ ( ,coalport :ite *9a is se5 on ! wall4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #cff47 ,,xlviii4 7#a7 ,,plym\? porcela94 ,m>ket-woman ) fl[]-basket 7,h4 #aj 9474 ,pla9 :ite1 ) l9es ( dirty br[n 9 folds ( drap]y & /&4 ,circa #aggj4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,s*reib] collection4 7#b7 ,,bri/ol porcela94 ,female figure1 #8,autumn' 7,h4 #aj 9474 ,belt ) signs ( zodiac4 ,enamels--gre51 lilac1 iron-r$1 & yell[i%-gre51 ) gild+4 ,circa #agge4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,s*reib] collection4 444447,to face p4 #chj47 ,,xlix4 7#a7 ,,bri/ol biscuit-w>e4 ,m$allion 7max4 diam4 ( plaque1 #f 947 ) head ( ,wa%+ton 9 c5tre1 f a contempor>y m$al 7#8,g5]al ( ! ,cont95tal ,armies'74 ,circa #aggh4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,,bri/ol porcela94 ,ink-/& 7,h4 #g 9471 9 pla9 :ite w>e1 support$ by ?ree griff9s4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 444447,to face p4 #chb47 ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,on ,,porcela9 ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?ors ,,alex&ra ,,palace3 ,catalogue ( ,collection ( ,engli% ,porcela9 & ,pott]y on ,loan 9 #ahgc4 ,,ba*eli] ,,et ,,g\ella93 ,mmoire ,hi/orique sur la ,porcela9e de la ,france1 r-dit avec prface1 p> ,g4 ,g4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,,b>b] 7,e4 ,a473 ,pott]y & ,porcela9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,,bemrose 7,w473 ,b[1 ,*elsea1 & ,d]by ,porcela94 ,london1 #ahih4 ,,b]t9 7,,h5ri73 ,catalogue & ,notice ( #8,cab9et ,*9ois4' ,p>is1 #ahae4 ,,b+ 7,m4 ,s473 ,la ,cramique ,japonaise 79 ,gonze's ,art ,japonais74 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,,b9ns 7,r4 ,w473-- ,a ,c5tury ( ,pott+ 9 ! ,city ( ,worce/]4 ,worce/]1 #ahhc4 ,catalogue ( ,collection ( ,porcela9 at ,royal ,porcela9 ,works4 ,worce/]1 #ahhb4 ,,br9ckmann 7,j473 ,hamburgis*es ,museum fr ,kun/ und ,gew]be4 ,bes*reibung des ,europis*5 ,porzellans4 ,hamburg1 #ahid4 ,,br9kley 7,f473 ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,c]amics 7,*rysan!mum1 iii41 #ahhc74 ,yokohama4 ,,brongni>t 7,,alex&re73 ,trait des ,arts ,cramiques4 #b vols4 & ,atlas4 ,p>is1 #ahdd1 #ahed1 & #aheg 7) additions by ,a4 ,salvtat74 ,,brongni>t ,,et ,,riocreux3 ,svres1 ,muse ,cramique4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,,burton 7,w473-- ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,c]amics4 #aijb4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,mat]ial on ,design ( ,pott]y4 ,cantor ,lectures1 #ahig4 ,,burl+ton ,,f9e ,,arts ,,club3-- ,engli% & ,cont95tal ,porcela94 #ahgc4 ,blue & ,:ite ,ori5tal ,*9a4 #ahie4 ,col\r$ ,*9ese ,porcela94 #ahif4 ,,bu%ell 7,s4 ,w473-- ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 illu/rat$ by selections f ! ,collection ( ,w4 ,t4 ,walt]s4 ,folio4 ,new ,york1 #ahig2 ,text ,edition1 #hvo41 #ahii4 ,*9ese ,porcela9 be=e ! pres5t ,dyna/y4 ,pek91 #ahhf4 ,,*aff]s 7,w473-- ,! ,c]amic ,gall]y1 ) #ejj ,illu/rations4 #ahgb4 ,m>ks & ,monograms on ,pott]y & ,porcela94 #i? edition4 #aijj4 ,,*ampfleury3 ,bibliographie ,cramique4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,,*antilly3 ,la ,manufacture de ,porcela9e de ,c4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,,*ur* 7,a4 ,h473-- ,engli% ,e>!nw>e 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,art ,h&book74 #ahhd4 ,engli% ,porcela9 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,art ,h&book74 #ahhe & #ahih4 ,sci5tific & ,arti/ic ,aspects ( ,pott]y4 ,cantor ,lectures1 #ahha4 ,d',,entrecolles 7,p,,re73 ,lettres difiantes et ,curieuses4 ,,davilli] 7,j4 ,c473-- ,les ,orig9es de la ,porcela9e en ,europe4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,les ,porcela9es de ,svres et ,mme4 du ,b>ry4 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ,,drake 7,,sir ,w473 ,notes on ,v5etian ,c]amics4 ,privately pr9t$1 #ahfh4 ,,dubreuil3 ,la ,porcela9e4 ,"p #db ( ,fremy's ,encyclopdie ,*imique4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,,engelh>dt 7,c4 ,a473 ,j4 ,f4 ,bttg]1 ,erf9d] des ,s*sis*5 ,porzellans4 ,leipsic1 #ahcg4 ,,falke 7,jacob von73 ,die ,k4,k4 ,wi5] ,porzellan ,fabrik4 ,vi5na1 #ahhg4 ,,franks 7,,sir ,a4 ,w473-- ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,pott]y & ,porcela94 #ahgh4 ,catalogue ( ,cont95tal ,porcela94 #ahif4 ,japanese ,pott]y 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,h&book74 #ahhj4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,porcela9 at ,*elsea4 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal4 #ahfb4 ,,g>ni] 7,,d\>d73-- ,hi/oire de la ,cramique4 ,t\rs1 #ahhb4 ,! ,s(t-,pa/e ,porcela9 ( ,svres4 #ej ,plates4 #ahib4 ,cop5hag51 ,manufacture ,royale de ,porcela9e 7,bullet9 de l',art et de l',indu/rie74 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,g>ni] ,,et ,,gasnault3 ,muse ,national1 ,limoges1 ,catalogue4 #ahha4 ,,gasnault ,,et ,,g>ni]3 ,fr5* ,pott]y 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,h&book74 #ahhd4 ,,geological ,,museum3 ,see ,,reeks1 ,t4 ,,g]sa9t3 ,catalogue ( ! ,fonsp]tuis ,collection4 ,p>is1 #agdg4 ,,g9ori 7,,m>*ese ,,c>lo73 ,la ,manifattura ,g9ori a ,doccia4 ,flor5ce1 #ahfg4 ,,gonze 7,,l\is73 ,l',art ,japonais4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,,g\ella93 see ,,ba*eli]4 ,,graesse 7,j4 ,g4 ,t473 ,guide de l'amateur de ,porcela9e et de ,pott]ie4 ,dresd51 #d? edition1 #ahgc4 ,,gr&idi] 7,e473 ,la ,cramique ,*9oise4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,griggs 7,w473 ,examples ( ,armorial ,*9a4 ,folio4 #ahhg4 ,,gull& 7,w4 ,g473 ,*9ese ,porcela9 7notes by ,t4 ,j4 ,l>k974 #ahih & #aijc4 ,,haslem 7,,john73 ,! ,old ,d]by ,*9a ,factory4 #ahgf4 ,,hippisley 7,,alfr$73 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,*9a 7,smi?sonian ,in/itute74 ,wa%+ton1 #ahij4 ,,hir? 7,f473 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela94 ,leipsic1 #ahhh4 ,,h(fmann3 ,mmoire sur la ,cramique du ,japon 7,app5dix to ,juli5s "w74 ,,h\doy 7,,jules73 ,hi/oire de la ,cramique ,lilloise4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,,jacquem>t 7,a47 ,,et ,,le ,,blanc 7,e473 ,hi/oire de la ,porcela9e4 ,folio2 et*+s by ,jules ,jacquem>t4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 ,,jacquem>t 7,a473-- ,hi/oire de la ,cramique4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,engli% translation by ,mrs4 ,pallis]4 #ahgc4 ,les ,m]veilles de la ,cramique4 ,p>is1 #ahff-fi4 ,,ja5nicke 7,,fri$ri*73-- ,grundriss d] ,k]amik4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh-gi4 ,die ,gesammte ,k]amis*e ,litt]atur4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhb4 ,,jewitt 7,,ll473-- ,! ,c]amic ,art ( ,great ,brita94 #ahhc4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,coalport ,porcela9 ,works4 #ahfb4 ,,juli5 7,,/anislas73 ,hi/oire et ,fabrication de la ,porcela9e ,*9oise4 ,translat$ f ! ,*9ese4 ,notes by ,salvtat2 & memoir on ,japanese ,porcela9 by ,h(fmann4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,,kolbe 7,g473 ,ges*i*te d] ,k4 ,porzellan ,manufactur zu ,b]l94 ,b]l91 #ahfc4 ,,lit*field 7,,fr$473 ,pott]y & ,porcela94 #aijj4 ,,macon 7,g473 ,les ,arts dans la ,maison de ,cond4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,,m>ryat 7,,joseph73 ,hi/ory ( ,pott]y & ,porcela94 #crd edition1 #ahfh4 ,,metey>d 7,,eliza73 ,life ( ,josiah ,w$gwood4 #ahfe4 ,,mey] 7,a4 ,b473 ,lung-*an yao1 od] alt] ,seladon ,porzellan4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ,,milly 7,,comte ,,de73 ,l',art de la ,porcela9e4 ,p>is1 #agga4 ,,monkh\se 7,,cosmo73 ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,*9ese ,porcela94 7,notes by ,s4 ,w4 ,bu%ell47 #aija4 ,,night+ale 7,j4 ,e473 ,contributions t[>ds ! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,porcela91 f contempor>y s\rces4 ,salisbury1 #ahha4 ,,ow5 7,,hugh73 ,two ,c5turies ( ,c]amic ,art at ,bri/ol4 #ahgc4 ,,p>is 7,exposition ,univ]selle1 #aijj73 ,hi/oire de l'art de ,japon4 ,,pat5t ,,(fice3 ,pat5ts relat+ to ,pott]y & ,porcela94 #ahfc4 ,,piot 7,,eug,,ne73 ,hi/oire de la ,porcela9e 7,cab9et de l',amateur74 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 ,,r&all 7,,john73 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,madeley1 includ+ ,coalport1 etc4 ,madeley1 #ahhj4 ,,reeks 7,t471 & ,,rudl] 7,f4 ,w473 ,catalogue ( ,engli% ,pott]y 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology4 #ahic4 ,,ria,o 7,,don ,,juan73 ,h&book ( ,spani% ,arts 7,s\? ,k5s+ton74 #ahgi4 ,,riccio3 ,la ,fabbrica della ,porcellana 9 ,napoli4 ,naples1 #ahgh4 ,,ris-,,paquot 7,o4 ,e473 ,dictionnaire des ,m>ques et ,monogrammes de ,porcela9es4 ,p>is1 #ahhj & #ahic4 ,,salv,,tat 7,a473 ,leons de ,cramique4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,,s>tel 7,o4 ,,du73 ,la ,porcela9e de ,*9e4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,,s*reib] ,,collection1 ,catalogue (4 #ahhe4 ,,seidlitz 7,w4 ,,von73 ,die ,meissn] ,porzellan ,manufactur unt] ,bttg] 7,society ( ,saxon ,hi/ory1 vol4 ix47 ,,soil1 ,,eug,,ne3 ,re*]*es sur les ,anci5nes ,porcela9es de ,t\rnay4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,,solon 7,m4 ,l473 ,hi/ory ( ,old ,engli% ,porcela94 #aijc4 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum3-- ,li/ ( ,books on ,pott]y & ,porcela9 9 ! ,national ,libr>y4 #bnd edition1 #ahhe4 ,classifi$ ,catalogue ( ,pr9t$ ,books1 ,c]amics4 #ahie4 ,,/egmann 7,h473 ,die ,fr/li*e ,brauns*weigis*e ,porzellan ,manufactur zu ,fr/5b]g4 ,brunswick1 #ahic4 ,,/r,,le 7,g4 ,h473 ,rr/r& et ,m>ieb]g4 ,cramiques ,sudoises du dix-huitime ,sicle4 ,/ockholm1 #ahgb4 ,,?ianc\rt et ,,davilli]3 ,l',art de ,re/aur] les ,porcela9es4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,,tiff5 7,w4 ,f473 ,a ,*ronograph ( ! ,b[1 ,*elsea1 & ,d]by ,*9a ,manufactories4 ,salisbury1 #ahge4 ,,turn] 7,w473 ,! ,c]amics ( ,swansea & ,nantg>w4 #ahig4 ,,uy$a1 ,,tokunosuke4 ,la ,cramique ,japonaise4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,,v]nadsky4 ,molecul> ,composition ( ,porcela94 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' #ahij1 p4 #acgg4 ,,vogt 7,,georges73 ,la ,porcela9e4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,wallace ,,collection 7,h]t=d ,h\se73 ,catalogue ( ,porcela91 etc4 #aijb4 ,,walpole 7,,horace73 des ,/rawb]rian3 ,catalogue ( ! ,/rawb]ry ,hill ,collection4 ,privately pr9t$1 #aghd4 ,,wurtz 7,,h5ry73 ,*emi/ry & ,composition ( ,porcela9 & ,porcela9 ,rocks 9 ,japan4 ,philadelphia ,exhibition ,reports1 #ahgg4 ,,zais 7,e473 ,die ,kurma9zis*e ,porzellan-,manufactur zu ,h*/4 ,ma9z1 #ahhg4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,bibliographical ,,li/ ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,topography ,,& ,,subject ,am]ica4 ,b>b]4 ,b]l94 ,kolbe4 ,bibliography4 ,*ampfleury1 ,ja5nicke1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,b[4 ,bemrose1 ,tiff54 ,bri/ol4 ,ow54 ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,riao4 ,capo di ,monte4 ,riccio4 ,catalogues4 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 ,b]t91 ,b9ns1 ,franks1 ,g>ni]1 ,s*reib]1 ,walpole1 ,wallace4 ,*antilly4 ,*antilly1 ,gasnault1 ,macon4 ,*elsea4 ,bemrose1 ,franks1 ,tiff54 ,*9a4 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 ,bu%ell1 ,d',entrecolles1 ,franks1 ,griggs1 ,gull&1 ,gr&idi]1 ,hir?1 ,hippisley1 ,juli51 ,mey]1 ,monkh\se1 ,du ,s>tel4 ,coalport4 ,r&all4 ,composition & ,*emi/ry4 ,brongni>t1 ,*ur*1 ,reeks1 ,v]nadsky4 ,cont95tal ,porcela94 ,br9ckmann1 ,franks1 ,g>ni]4 ,d]by4 ,bemrose1 ,haslem1 ,tiff54 ,doccia4 ,g9ori4 ,dresd54 ,see ,meiss54 ,engli% ,porcela94 ,alex&ra ,palace1 ,burton1 ,*ur*1 ,jewitt1 ,night+ale1 ,reeks1 ,solon4 ,fr/5b]g4 ,/egmann4 ,g5]al4 ,*aff]s1 ,g>ni]1 ,jacquem>t1 ,ja5nicke1 ,lit*field1 ,m>ryat1 ,piot1 ,vogt4 ,h*/4 ,zais4 ,japan4 ,br9kley1 ,bu%ell1 ,b+1 ,franks1 ,gonze1 ,h(fmann1 ,p>is ,exhibition1 ,uy$a1 ,wurtz4 ,korea4 ,bu%ell4 ,lille4 ,h\doy4 ,manufacture4 ,see ,te*nology4 ,m>ks4 ,*aff]s1 ,franks1 ,ja5nicke1 ,ris-,paquot4 ,m$ici4 ,davilli]4 ,meiss54 ,br9ckmann1 ,engelh>dt1 ,grsse1 ,seidlitz4 ,nantg>w4 ,turn]4 ,plym\?4 ,ow54 ,repair+4 ,?ianc\rt4 ,sa9t-,cl\d4 ,li/]1 ,gasnault4 ,saxony4 ,see ,meiss54 ,svres4 ,ba*eli]1 ,davilli]1 ,g>ni]1 ,gasnault1 ,vogt4 ,swansea4 ,turn]4 ,sw$54 ,/rle4 ,te*nology4 ,brongni>t1 ,burton1 ,bu%ell1 ,d',entrecolles1 ,dubreuil1 ,juli51 ,reeks1 ,salvtat1 ,vogt1 ,wurtz4 ,t\rnay4 ,soil4 ,v5ice4 ,davilli]1 ,drake4 ,vi5na4 ,falke4 ,w$gwood4 ,metey>d4 ,worce/]4 ,b9ns4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,on ,,o!r ,,subjects ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,borlase4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall4 ,ox=d1 #ageh4 ,,*>d94 ,voyages en ,p]se4 ,am/]dam1 #afhf4 ,,davis 7,,sir ,,john73 ,! ,*9ese4 #aheg4 ,,g]tz4 ,les ,produits de la ,nature ,*9oise et ,japonaise4 ,yokohama4 ,,hir? 7,f473-- ,*9a & ! ,roman ,ori5t4 #ahee4 ,fremde ,e9flsse 9 d] ,*9esis*5 ,kun/4 ,leipsic1 #ahif4 ,*9esis*e ,/udi54 ,muni*1 #ahij4 ,,li/] 7,,dr4 ,,m>t973 ,j\rney to ,p>is4 ,london1 #afii4 ,,polo 7,,m>co73-- ,le ,livre de ,m4 ,p4 ,edit$ by ,m4 ,g4 ,pau?i]4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m4 ,p4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,yule1 #ahga4 ,,pal,,ologue3 ,l',art ,*9ois4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,,plot 7,,dr473 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,ox=d%ire4 ,ox=d1 #afgg4 ,,re9 7,j4 ,j473 ,indu/ries ( ,japan4 #ahhi4 ,,ri*?(5 7,,f]d9& ,v473 ,*9a4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,,yule 7,h473 ,ca?ay & ! ,way ,?i!r4 #ahff4 ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,& ,,sci5tific ,x is ) a comp>atively small bran* ( ! art ( ! pott] t we are conc]n$ 9 ?is book4 ,porcela9 or *9a1 9 all c\ntries except ! "o :]e x 0 sl[ly br\ght to p]fection1 has always rema9$ some?+ ( an exotic1 & ev5 9 ,*9a we %all see t x 0 ! imm$iate ,imp]ial patronage & ! con/ant dem& = ! c\rt at ,pek9 t br\ght ab\t ! great developm5t ( ! art "u ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,9 ,japan1 ! fir/ indep5d5t c\ntry to :i* ! new art spread1 x 0 "u ! eye ( ! great] & small] feudal lords1 (t5 9 ! v g>d5 ( _! palaces1 t ! kilns 7 erect$1 :ile ! w>e produc$ 0 res]v$ = ! use ( ! pr9ce & 8 h\sehold4 ,bo? 9 ,*9a & ,japan we %all f9d ! decl9e ( ! art to g h& 9 h& ) ! advance ( ! dem& = ! ,we/]n m>ket1 s t by ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we lose all int]e/ 9 ! manufacture4 ,?is dep5d5ce ^u royal or pr9cely support is equally prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! %ortliv$ porcela9 factories ( ,europe4 ,_! success or failure has g5]ally foll[$ closely ^u ! great] or less int]e/ tak5 9 !m by ! reign+ pr9ce1 & few ( ^! kilns surviv$ ! political *anges ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,no d\bt1 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s or s a c]ta9 revival has come ab\t bo? 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & 9 c]ta9 ,european c\ntries1 & t "u totally diff]5t conditions f ^? :i* prevail$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"h & !re1 at lea/1 ! manufacture ( porcela9 has come )9 ! sph]e ( ! new impulses t h br\ght ab\t su* *anges 9 ! #8,arts & ,crafts' at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 its ma9 l9es1 ! hi/ory ( porcela9 is a v simple "o4 ,sl[ly develop$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,*9a1 ! manufacture became conc5trat$ at "o spot1 at ,k+-te-*51 & !re rea*$ its highe/ developm5t e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,europe1 ! repeat$ attempts to produce a simil> w>e _h ab\t ! same "t be5 cr[n$ ) complete success 9 ,saxony2 :ile 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france a w>e closely resembl+ 9 aspect ! ,*9ese1 b s(t] & m fusible1 _h be5 accept$ z an equival5t4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !n1 we c make ^! ?ree /atem5ts ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( porcela93-- #a4 ,t ! art _h its orig9 & complete developm5t 9 ,*9a4 #b4 ,t x has seldom fl\ri%$ except "u royal or pr9cely patronage4 #c4 ,t porcela91 f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 is ess5tially a product ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & t ?is /atem5t is true 9 ! ma9 z reg>ds ! c\ntry ( its orig91 ?\gh 9 ?is latt] case we mu/ make a c]ta9 res]ve 9 fav\r ( ! e>li] w>es4 ,our subject may seem a simple "o comp>$ ) "s k9dr$ bran*es ( ! indu/rial arts1 su*1 = example1 z ! hi/ory ( glass-mak+1 or t ( cloisonn & o!r enamels4 ,we come inde$ at m ?an "o "t into contact ) bo? ^! arts1 & x is j at ^! po9ts t "s ( our *ief difficulties arise4 ,x is 9 view ( su* que/ions z ^!1 & inde$ ( _m o!rs equally important 9 ! hi/ory ( porcela91 t ! necessity ( a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! te*nical & ev5 *emical side ( our subject becomes evid5t4 ,( c\rse1 if 9 discuss+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( porcela9 we are conc]n$ only ) _! m]its or dem]its z arti/ic products1 we c put aside ^! practical que/ions z #8b5ea? ! dignity ( our argum5t4' ,b su* a treatm5t ( ! subject w\ld l& u only too surely 9 vague g5]alities & 9 an arrangem5t bas$ ^u p]sonal caprice4 ,we require1 above all at ! />t1 a firm basis1 & ?is c only be f\nd 9 a ?or\gh compreh5sion n only ( ! te*nical processes t are involv$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela91 b ( ! physical & *emical nature ( ! sub/ance itself4 ,b fir/ we ne$ "s k9d ( prelim9>y def9ition ( :at is meant by ! ^w4 ,porcela91 !n1 is di/+ui%$ f o!r fictile w>es by possess+ 9 a pre-em95t degree ! foll[+ qualities3 h>dness1 difficult fusibility1 transluc5cy1 & :it5ess ( body or pa/e4 ,any specim5 ( c]amic w>e t possesses all ^! qualities may be class$ z porcela91 & f a practical po9t ( view1 ! m x excels "u ^! heads1 ! bett] specim5 ( porcela9 x is4 ,^! 7 ! qualities by :i* ! porcela9 br\ght f ! ,ea/ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 di/+ui%$ f any w>e made at t "t 9 ,europe4 ,our ance/ors dwelt especially on ! practical advantages ( ! h>d glaze & ! ela/ic compact pa/e ( ! new w>e1 :i* comp>$ fav\rably ) ! easily scrat*$ surface & ! crumbly body ( ! e>!nw>e !n 9 g5]al use4 ,! great] infusibility t accompanies ?is h>dness 0 n a po9t ( mu* importance to !m1 b !y m>vell$ at ! transluc5cy ( ! edges1 z ( "s natural /one1 & we f9d absurdly exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ! transp>5cy bo? ( ! orig9al w>e & ( ! imitation t !y claim$ to h made4 ,f9ally1 !y notic$ t ! :it5ess ( ! surface 0 n giv5 by an artificial lay] m or less closely adh]+ to an e>?y base1 b 0 ! natural col\r ( ! pa/e to :i* ! ?9 lay] ( transp>5t glaze m]ely gave ! effect ( ! poli% on ivory or on m>ble4 ,:at !n 0 ?is h>d1 :ite1 transluc5t sub/ance8 ,:at wond] if f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r1 s*em+ m9ds--*emi/s1 al*emi/s1 physicians1 pott]s1 & *>latans--7 at "w try+ to make some?+ t %\ld resemble x8 ,! hi/ory ( ?is long se>* is a v int]e/+ "o1 b x w\ld be impossible to expla9 its failures1 its p>tial failures 7^! la/ result+ 9 a compromise--s(t-pa/e porcela971 & ! f9al success ( ,bttg]1 )\t1 z x 71 go+ beh9d ! sc5es1 & giv+ "s acc\nt ( porcela9 f a mod]n1 sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,& fir/ let u say t1 al?\gh :5 treat+ ( porcela9 f ! hi/orical & especially f ! /hetic /&po9t 7& ?is aft] all is our pr9cipal bus9ess 9 ?is book71 x is well to take a wide grasp & include a :ole class ( *9a--,i mean ! s(t-pa/e w>e--:i* does n come up to our /&>d ( h>dness & infusibility1 ?is is n ! case :5 we are consid]+ ! physical1 & especially ! *emical1 nature ( porcela94 ,by conf9+ ourselves1 = ! pres5t1 to true h>d porcela91 we h ! advantage ( deal+ ) a sub/ance :i* *emically & physically may be comp>$ to a def9ite m9]al species4 ,nay m1 we propose "h to conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( ! h>d pa/es us$ at ! pres5t day 9 ! w>es ( ,france & ,g]many1 neglect+ = ! pres5t ! s(t] & m irregul> porcela9 ( ! ,*9ese4 ,fir/ z reg>ds h>dness1 ! surface ( ! pa/e ( a true porcela91 :5 free f glaze1 c be scrat*$ by a cry/al ( qu>tz1 b x is unt\*$ by ! h>de/ /eel4 ,t is to say1 x w\ld be class$ by ! m9]alogi/ ) felsp>1 & giv5 a h>dness ( #f to #fe on 8 scale4#a ,! fre%ly brok5 edge %[s a :ite1 p]fectly uni=m sub/ance1 a glassy or vitre\s lu/re1 a f9ely granul> texture1 & a fracture con*oidal to spl9t]y4 ,:5 /ruck1 a vessel ( porcela9 gives a cle>1 bell-l note1 & 9 ?is diff]s f o!r k9ds ( pott]y4 ,:5 held aga9/ ! light x all[s1 :]e ! piece is suffici5tly ?91 a c]ta9 am\nt to pass ?r\gh1 b ev5 9 ! ?9ne/ spl9t]s porcela9 is nev] transp>5t4 ,if a ?9 section be made ( a piece ( porcela91 & ?is be exam9$ "u ! microscope by transmitt$ light1 we see1 scatt]$ 9 a cle>1 or ne>ly cle>1 pa/e1 a va/ numb] ( m9ute1 sl5d] rods1 & betwe5 !m _m m9ute granules 7,*ur*'s ,engli% ,porcela91 p4 #f74 ,^! belonites & sph]ulites1 z !y h be5 call$1 d\btless reflect ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise pass ?r\gh ! glassy base 9 :i* !y float1 & ! p>tial reflection & p>tial transmission ( ! light may n be unconnect$ ) ! lu/r\s fracture s *>act]i/ic ( porcela94 ,_! pres5ce po9ts to ! fact t we are deal+ ) a m or less def9ite sub/ance1 "o :i* may be comp>$ to a natural m9]al species1 & n m]ely ) a semi-fus$ clay1 some?+ betwe5 /onew>e & glass4 ,n[ :5 we come to treat ( ! *emical con/itution ( porcela91 we %all f9d t ?is view is confirm$4 ,?is /ructure is develop$ 9 ! pa/e by ! exposure1 = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 to a temp]ature ( f #acjj to #aejj c5tigrade1 a temp]ature :i* is suffici5t to r$uce all o!r k9ds ( pott]y1 ) ! exception ( "s k9ds ( /onew>e1 to a glassy mass4 ,9 ! case ( porcela91 ?is great & prolong$ heat all[s ( a complete re>rangem5t ( ! molecules 9 ! s(t5$ mass4 ,! process may be comp>$ to t by :i* c]ta9 m9]als & rocks are =m$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,we see1 !n1 t n only f ! /&po9t ( hi/ory1 b on ! basis ( ! physical prop]ties & intimate con/itution ( ! mat]ial1 we are able to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 porcela9 & o!r fictile w>es4 ,?is di/9ction is ev5 m def9itely %[n by a *emical analysis4#b ,we are deal+1 z 9 ! case ( s l>ge a "p ( ! rocks & m9]als ( ! e>?'s surface1 ) c]ta9 silicates ( ! alkalis & alkal9e e>?s1 ) silicates ( alum9a above all4 ,all natural clays us$ = fictile purposes consi/ ess5tially ( silicates ( v>i\s bases1 su* z alum9a1 lime1 iron1 pota%1 & soda1 m or less intimately comb9$ ) wat]1 & ) ! addition1 g5]ally1 ( "s free silica4 ,if ! clay be good 9 work+ quality & col\r1 ! next po9t ! pott] has to look to is ! "q ( its fusibility4 ,x may be said g5]ally t ! simpl] ! con/itution ( a silicate1 t is ! small] ! numb] ( bases t x conta9s1 ! great] w be its resi/ance to fire4 ,silicate ( alum9a is unalt]$ at #aejj ,c41 a temp]ature :i* may be tak5 z ! maximum at ! comm& ( ! pott]4 ,! fus+-po9t is r$uc$ by ! addition ( silica1 especially if "s o!r bases su* z oxide ( iron or lime1 or aga9 an alkali1 are pres5t ev5 9 small quantity4 ,b beyond a c]ta9 po9t ! addition ( silica raises ! fus+-po9t1 & x is important to note t x is ?is excess ( silica t r5d]s c]ta9 /onew>es & fire-clays s infusible4 ,9 ! case ( porcela91 on ! o!r h&1 ! resi/ance to high temp]atures dep5ds m ^u ! p]c5tage ( alum9a pres5t1 & ! abs5ce or small am\nt ( o!r bases4 ,?us 9 comp>+ ! composition ( diff]5t porcela9s1 we f9d t x is ^? t conta9 ! mo/ silica t are ! mo/ fusible1 or r1 to speak m accurately1 t become #8porcela9is$' at a l[] temp]ature4#c ,! relation ( porcela9 to /onew>e on ! "o h&1 & to ord9>y pott]y on ! o!r1 w be made cle> by ! foll[+ figures1 :i* give ! composition ( /onew>e1 ,meiss5 porcela91 & ( a r$ ,samian w>e3-- ,/onew>e4 ,meiss5 ,porcela94 ,samian ,w>e4 ,silica1 #hj p] c5t4 #eh p] c5t4 #fa p] c5t4 ,alum9a1 #ab 0 #cf 0 #ba 0 ,pota% & ,soda1 #e 0 #e 0 #e 0 ,lime & ,iron1 #c 0 #a 0 #ac 0 ,! refractory /onew>e conta9s a l>ge excess ( silica ov] ! am\nt requir$ to comb9e ) ! alum9a & ! #8o!r bases4' ,9 ! easily fusible ,roman pott]y1 ! #8o!r bases' ne>ly equal 9 am\nt ! alum9a1 :ile ! ,meiss5 porcela9 n only conta9s less silica ?an ! pott]y1 b ! #8o!r bases' only am\nt to a six? "p ( ! alum9a pres5t4 ,b x is n en\gh = ! manufactur] to discov] a clay ( :i* ! *emical composition corresponds to t ( ! type ( porcela9 :i* he proposes to make4 ,! "q1 z an exp]im5t ( ,brongni>t long ago prov$1 is m complicat$4 ,brongni>t weigh$ out ! sep>ate con/itu5ts = 8 porcela9--! silica1 ! alum9a1 & ! alkalis--& f !m he =m$ 8 pa/e4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! pa/e readily melt$ at ! heat ( ! porcela9 furnace4 ,! analysis !n ( any c]amic product c give u b an imp]fect clue to ! nature & prop]ties ( ! w>e4 ,we want to "k h[ ! elem5ts are arrang$1 & ?is c only be inf]r$ f a k ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,i w illu/rate ?is po9t by comp>+ ! composition ( ,meiss5 porcela9 ) t ( our ,dorset%ire pipe-clay1 ! mo/ fam\s ( our ,engli% clays1 b a mat]ial n suffici5tly refractory = use 9 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,bo? sub/ances conta9 ! same am\nt ( alum9a--#cf p] c5t42 9 ! ,poole clay 7aft] remov+ ! wat]7 !re is #ee p] c5t4 ( silica & #i p] c5t4 ( #8o!r bases1' aga9/ #eh p] c5t4 & #f p] c5t4 respectively 9 ! porcela94 ,! composition1 !re=e1 ( ! two bodies is ne>ly ! same3 ! clay1 :ile x conta9s m iron-oxide & lime ?an ! porcela91 is poor] 9 silica4 ,true porcela9 has inde$ nev] be5 made f any o!r mat]ials ?an ^? s long employ$ by ! ,*9ese & fir/ describ$ by ! mission>y1 ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! two ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! composition ( porcela9 are--7a7 ,! hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a1 :i* is provid$ by ! :ite e>?y clay kn[n z kaol9 or *9a-clay1 a sub/ance infusible at ! highe/ temp]ature atta9able by our furnaces 7ab\t #aejj ,c472 7b7 ,! silicate ( alum9a & pota% 7or m r>ely soda71 t is to say felsp>4 ,b ! felsp> is g5]ally associat$ ) "s am\nt ( bo? qu>tz & mica1 & is itself 9 a m or less dis9tegrat$ condition4 ,?is is ! sub/ance kn[n z petuntse or *9a-/one4 ,x is fusible at ! high] temp]atures ( ! porcela9 kiln4 ,( ^? sub/ances ! fir/ is an imm$iate product ( ! wea!r+ ( ! felsp> conta9$ 9 granitic rocks2 :ile ! second1 ! petuntse1 is no?+ else ?an ! granite 7or alli$ rock7 itself 9 a m or less wea!r$ condition4 ,we see1 !n1 t speak+ g5]ally1 granite is ! s\rce ( bo? ! mat]ials ^: intimate mixture 9 ! /ate ( ! f9e/ comm9ution con/itutes ! pa/e ( porcela94 ,x ?us happ5s t x is only 9 regions ( primitive rocks1 f> away z a rule f c5tres ( indu/ry & inde$ f ! usual s\rces ( ! clay us$ = fictile w>e1 t ! mat]ials ess5tial = mak+ porcela9 are f\nd4 ,by ! t]m granite we mean "h a cry/all9e rock consi/+ ( felsp>1 qu>tz1 & mica1 & we include 9 ! t]m gneiss1 :i* diff]s only 9 ! arrangem5t ( its con/itu5ts4 ,! _m v>ieties ( rock t are nam$ z s\rces ( kaol9 & petuntse1 su* z pegmatite1 graphic granite1 or gr[an-/one1 are z a rule v>ieties ( granite#d di/+ui%$ by conta9+ little or no mica1 & above all by ! abs5ce ( iron 9 appreciable quantity4 ,z felsp> is also ! sole or at lea/ ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! glaze ) :i* porcela9 is cov]$1 x w be se5 t x is ! m9]al ) :i* we are above all conc]n$4 ,n[1 ( ! ?ree m9]als t ent] into ! con/itution ( ^! granitic rocks 7! o!rs are qu>tz & mica71 felsp> is ! "o mo/ easily act$ on by air & wat]4 ,! c>bonic acid :i* is always pres5t 9 ! surface-wat] gradually removes ! alkal9e con/itu5ts 9 ! =m ( soluble c>bonates1 ! silicate ( alum9a :i* rema9s takes up & comb9es ) a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 & 9 ?is =m x is wa%$ d[n into holl[s to =m ! b$s ( :ite crumbly clay kn[n z kaol94 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a some:at g5]al & !oretical /atem5t ( :at happ5s4 ,if we 7 to exam9e ! actual position & geological relation to ! surr\nd+ rocks ( ! b$s ( kaol9 9 ,cornwall & 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,france1 !re might be "s exceptions to be made & difficulties to expla94 ,:]e1 inde$1 z 9 _m places 9 ,cornwall1 ! kaol9isation has ext5d$ to great dep?1 ! decomposition may h be5 caus$ by deep-seat$ ag5cies2 9 su* cases ! kaol9 is (t5 associat$ ) m9]als conta9+ fluor9e & boron4#e ,z = ! o!r con/itu5t ( porcela91 ! petuntse or *9a-/one1 we h call$ x a dis9tegrat$ granite1 & ?is is ! condition 9 :i* x is usually excavat$4 ,x corresponds to ! ,fr5* caill\x1 ! /ony or gravelly mat]ial z oppos$ to ! clay4 ,9 ,fr5* works x is n g5]ally di/+ui%$ f felsp>1 & inde$ "s v>ieties ( petuntse may conta9 little else4 ,h[ev]1 if pure felsp> is us$1 ! second con/itu5t 9 granite or 9 petuntse1 ,i mean qu>tz1 w h to be add$ to our porcela9 pa/e 9 ! =m ( s& or p[d]$ fl9t4 ,! ?ird con/itu5t ( ! *9a-/one1 ! mica1 is usually neglect$3 9 _m cases ! "m rock conta9s b little1 & :at !re is is elim9at$ 9 ! wa%+4 ,mica is m fusible ?an felsp>2 ! :ite v>iety1 muscovite1 is practically free f iron1 & only f granite rocks conta9+ ?is v>iety c petuntse suitable = ! manufacture ( porcela9 be obta9$4 ,! importance ( mica z an elem5t ( ! ,*9ese petuntse has only rec5tly be5 recognis$ 7,vogt1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahij1 p4 #dc74 ,z mu* z #dj p] c5t4 ( muscovite has be5 f\nd 9 samples br\ght f ,*9a4 ,! pegmatite ( ! ,limoges di/rict1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s only #cj p] c5t4 ( ?is :ite mica1 & ( ?is only a small portion passes into ! pa/e4 ,we h "h1 p]haps1 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! great] h>dness & ! high] s(t5+-po9t ( ,european comp>$ ) ,ori5tal porcela94 ,we %all see lat] on t ?is s(t] ,*9ese pa/e has _m advantages1 especially 9 its relation to ! glaze & ! enamels1 b = ! pres5t we w cont9ue to take ! m #8sev]e' ,european porcela9 z our type4 ,let u consid] :at takes place dur+ ! fir+ ( a pa/e ( ?is latt] description4 ,aft] all ! wat]1 includ+ t 9 comb9ation 9 ! kaol91 has be5 driv5 (f1 we h1 z ! temp]ature rises1 an intimate mixture ( two silicates1 "o ( :i*1 if heat$ alone1 w\ld be unalt]$ by any temp]ature at our comm&--?is is ! silicate ( alum9a d]iv$ f ! kaol92 :ile ! o!r is a fusible silicate ( alum9a & pota%4 ,!re is also pres5t a c]ta9 am\nt ( free silica4 ,!re is reason to believe t at a c]ta9 po9t a *emical reaction takes place betwe5 ^! con/itu5ts1 accompani$ by a local rapid rise ( temp]ature 9 ! mat]ials1 ! rise be+ due to ?is reaction4 ,z a result !re is a re>rangem5t ( ! molecules ( ! mass1 al?\gh no complete fusion takes place4 ,x is n[1 says ,m4 ,v]nadsky 7,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahij1 p4 #acgg7--we are n[ foll[+ ! acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts--t ! sub-cry/all9e rods--! baculites ( :i* we h already spok5--are =m$4 ,m4 ,v]nadsky claims to h sep>at$ ^! rods f ! glassy base by means ( hydr(luoric acid1 9 :i* ! =m] 7 insoluble4 ,he f\nd !m to consi/ ( a v basic silicate ( alum9a1 conta9+ z mu* z #gj p] c5t4 ( t e>?1 :ile ! glassy base 0 *iefly compos$ ( silica 9 comb9ation ) ! pota% & ) a small quantity ( alum9a4 ,9 _! optical prop]ties ! cry/als or baculites resemble ! m9]al kn[n z sillimanite1 a natural silicate ( alum9a4 ,?is is all t sci5tific rese>* has s f> be5 able to tell u ( ! intimate con/itution ( porcela92 b z f> z x goes1 x is evid5ce 9 fav\r ( our claim t we are deal+ ) a def9ite sub/ance1 sui g5]is1 & n m]ely ) a casual mixture ( c]ta9 sup]ior k9ds ( clay1 some?+1 z we h said1 betwe5 glass & /onew>e4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r elem5ts t ent] at times into ! composition ( porcela9--magnesia1 :i* may h be5 add$ to ! pa/e 9 ! =m ei!r ( /eatite or magnesite2 & lime1 d]iv$ ei!r f gypsum or *alk4 ,^! additions g5]ally t5d to increase ! fusibility ( ! pa/e1 especially :5 accompani$ by an additional dose ( silica2 b z _! pres5ce is n ess5tial we are n conc]n$ ) ^! sub/ances "h4 ,! glazes us$ = porcela9 are z a rule di/+ui%$ by _! comp>ative infusibility & by _! conta9+ no lead4 ,! composition ( ^! glazes foll[s m or less t ( ! pa/e t !y cov]1 ) su* modifications1 h[ev]1 z to all[ ( a some:at l[] fus+-po9t3 z 9 ! case ( ! pa/e1 !re is a h>d] & m refractory1 & a s(t] & m fusible1 type4 ,! h>d] glazes are compos$ ess5tially ( felsp>1 ) ! addition 9 mo/ cases ( silica1 kaol91 & p[d]$ fragm5ts ( porcela94 ,at ,svres1 a natural rock1 pegmatite1 consi/+ *iefly ( felsp>1 has be5 melt$ to =m a glaze )\t fur!r addition4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! introduction ( a mild] type ( porcela9 has necessitat$ ! use ( a m fusible glaze1 conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( lime1 & x is a glaze ( ?is latt] type t has ) few exceptions f\nd fav\r 9 o!r di/ricts :]e porcela9 is made4 ,we h attempt$ 9 ?is *apt] to give "s idea ( ! nature ( porcela9 f a physical & *emical po9t ( view1 & 9 do+ s h tak5 z our type ! h>d1 refractory pa/e ( ,europe4 ,:5 we come to describe ! porcela9 ( ! ,*9ese1 we %all notice "s important div]g5ces f ?is type4 ,we say no?+ "h ( ! s(t-pa/e porcela9s1 see+ t s long z we conf9e ourselves to ! "q ( *emical composition & physical prop]ties1 !y lie entirely outside our def9itions4 ,x is only f ! po9t ( view ( its hi/ory & ( its arti/ic qualities t ?is gr\p has any claim to ! "n ( porcela94 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,mat]ials3 ,,mix+1 ,,fa%ion+1 ,,& ,,fir+ ,x w\ld be q =eign to ! scope & object ( ?is book to attempt to describe 9 any detail ! diff]5t processes t come into play 9 ! manufacture ( a piece ( porcela94 ,!re is ! less cause = any su* detail$ treatm5t1 inasmu* z ! op]ations involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pa/e & 9 ! subsequ5t pott+ & fir+ d n ess5tially diff] 9 ! case ( porcela9 f ^? employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( o!r classes ( pott]y4 ,! diff]5ces are r ^? ( degree--great] c>e is necess>y 9 ! selection ( ! mat]ials1 & ^! mat]ials mu/ be m f9ely gr\nd & m intimately mix$4 ,aga91 ! great heat requir$ 9 ! kilns necessitates1 9 ! fir+ ( porcela91 _m precautions t are n call$ = 9 ! case ( e>!nw>e or fay5ce4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 "s slight acqua9tance ) ! processes ( ! manufacture1 x w\ld be impossible to avoid an amateuri% & some:at #8anecdotal' treatm5t ( our subject4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m intimate features1 _m delicate %ades ( diff]5ce t di/+ui% ! w>es ( v>i\s times & places1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* c only be rationally expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! details ( ! manufacture4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is only "o di/rict 9 ,europe :]e true porcela9 is manufactur$ on a l>ge scale4 ,?is di/rict lies on ! we/]n & s\?-we/]n bord] ( ! c5tral granitic plateau ( ,france1 especially 9 ! ,lim\s9 & 9 ,b]ry4 ,aga9 at ,svres1 = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s & m1 a succession ( able *emi/s has c>ri$ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! composition & prep>ation ( porcela94 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 if we f9d t ! lit]ature conc]n$ ) ^! practical dep>tm5ts is almo/ entirely ,fr5*4 ,"o result ( ?is is a great] ri*ness 9 te*nical t]ms ?an ) u4 ,we f9d 9 ,france names = ! v>i\s implem5ts & processes ( ! pott]'s art1 t are some?+ bett] ?an ! work%op t]ms ( ! local pott]4 ,aga91 ! little t has be5 writt5 9 ,engl& ^u ! te*nology ( pott]y has be5 conc]n$ *iefly ) e>!nw>e ( ,/af=d%ire4#f ,z = ! ,engli% s(t-pa/e porcela9 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re is a rem>kable de>? ( in=mation bo? z to its composition & z to its manufacture4 ,we "k 9 fact 9 mu* great] detail h[ ! great pott]ies at ,k+-te-*5 7 c>ri$ on at ! same p]iod1 ?anks to ! lett]s ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 & to ! in=mation collect$ 9 ,dr4 ,bu%ell's great "w1 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art 7,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,i %all always quote f ! text edition74 ,! foll[+ te*nical notes are bas$ *iefly on ! processes 9 use ei!r at ,svres or 9 ! great factories ( ! ,limoges di/rict4#g ,to beg9 ) ! ,kaol91 ! #8premi]' elem5t 9 ! composition ( porcela94 ,! greate/ c>e is tak5 to procure a pure :ite clay :i* %\ld approa* z ne> z possible to ! m or less !oretical m9]al kaol9ite1 i4e4 to a hydr\s silicate ( alum9a4 ,) ?is object ! r\gh *9a-clay br\ght f ! pit is ?r[n into a l>ge tank ( wat] & brok5 up ) wood5 spades2 ! milky liquid is n[ decant$ into a second tank1 leav+ beh9d mo/ ( ! qu>tz & ! o!r /ony p>ticles4 ,on its way ! s\p-l liquid passes ?r\gh ! me%es ( a sieve--^! may be =m$ ei!r ( brass wire or sometimes ( f9ely wov5 silk4 ,on ?is sieve all b ! f9e/ p>ticles are reta9$4 ,! great] "p ( ! kaol9 is deposit$ 9 ?is second tank1 b a c]ta9 portion /ill rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! liquid1 :i* is aga9 decant$2 ! rema9+ kaol9 !n settles d[n 9 ! ?ird tank1 yield+ ! f9e/ clay4 ,to dry ?is slimy mass1 x is fir/ =c$ by hydraulic pumps into canvas bags1 & ^! bags are !n press$ betwe5 flut$ wood5 trays1 /rongly clamp$ toge!r4 ,we h n[ got a :ite *alky mass :i* may conta9 z mu* z #ih p] c5t4 ( ! hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a4 ,! o!r mat]ials1 ! *9a-/one#h & ! qu>tz1 h fir/ to be r$uc$ to ! f9e/ p[d]4 ,to effect ?is !y may1 to beg9 )1 be roa/$ to effect dis9tegration1 !n cru%$ 9 a /one-break+ ma*9e1 & f9ally pass$ ?r\gh ! gr9d+-pan 9 :i* !y are gr\nd f9e betwe5 l>ge blocks ( *]t :i* rotate ^u a pavem5t ( ! same /one4 ,! f9ely gr\nd mat]ials h n[ to be mix$ 9 suitable proportions ei!r by ! old process ( #8slop-bl5d+1' :]e ! diff]5t #8slops1' ea* ( kn[n specific gravity1 are run 9 due proportion into ! big #8bl5d+ ark1' or1 z is n[ usual 9 ! case ( f9e w>es1 by weigh+ out ! mat]ials 9 a dry /ate4 ,on ! relative am\nts ( ! ?ree elem5ts1 ! *9a-clay1 ! *9a-/one1 & ! qu>tz1 ! nature ( ! porcela9 aft] fir+ w dep5d4 ,m4 ,vogt 7,la ,porcela9e1 ,p>is1 #ahic7 gives a useful table %[+ ! limits )9 :i* ! mat]ials may be v>i$4 ,we may note t 9 ! case ( a normal *9a-/one or petuntse be+ us$ in/ead ( felsp>1 v little additional qu>tz is requir$4 ,^! limits are3 kaol91 #ce to #fe p] c5t42 felsp>1 #bj to #dj p] c5t42 & qu>tz1 #ae to #be p] c5t4 ,! l>g] ! p]c5tage ( ! fir/ mat]ial1 ! h>d] & m refractory w be ! resultant porcela94 ,?is "q ( ! composition ( ! pa/e has be5 ! subject ( _m exp]im5ts lately at ,svres4 ,a some:at animat$ discussion has rag$ ar\nd x4 ,m4 ,vogt1 :o is ! director ( ! te*nical dep>tm5t 9 ! ,national ,porcela9 ,works1 is well qualifi$ to speak on ! subject4 ,we %all n hesitate !n to avail ourselves ( ! conclusions :i* he arrives at1 ! m s z !y put t]sely "s important po9ts ( :i* we %all see ! importance lat] on4 ,i ref] especially to ! relations ( ! glazes & ! col\r$ decorations to ! subjac5t pa/e4 ,^! are1 !n1 ! results t ,m4 ,vogt arrives at3-- ,! two extreme types ( porcela91 "o ) #fe p] c5t4 ( kaol9 & ! o!r ) only #ce p] c5t41 :5 tak5 f ! kiln d n diff] 9 appe>ance1 ?\gh "o has be5 subject to a temp]ature ( #aejj ,c4 to ensure vitrification & ! o!r to only #acej ,c4 ,_! physical prop]ties1 h[ev]1 are v diff]5t4 ,! fir/1 ri* 9 alum9a d]iv$ f ! excess ( kaol91 /&s )\t injury v>iations ( temp]ature1 x suits well ) a glaze made f felsp>1 a glaze h>d en\gh to resi/ ! po9t ( a knife4 ,^! are excell5t qualities = dome/ic use1 b su* porcela9 does n l5d itself well to arti/ic decoration4 ,at ! high temp]ature requir$ 9 ?is case 9 ! fir+1 ! col\rs ( ! pa/e & ( ! glazes assume dull & tame hues1 s z to (f] little res\rce to ! arti/4 ,9 a ^w1 9 t "p ( ! decoration t has to be subject$ to ! full heat ( ! kiln1 ! arti/ has comm& only ( a re/rict$ & relatively dull palette4 ,aga91 9 ! decoration ( ! muffle-/ove ! vitrifiable enamels d n become incorporat$ ) ! glaze on :i* !y re/4 ,if a decoration 9 opaque or transluc5t enamels is attempt$1 ^! enamels are apt to split (f1 c>ry+ ) !m a "p ( ! glaze4 ,to sum up3 ! porcela9 ( :i* ! h>d pa/e ( ,svres1 introduc$ by ,brogni>t1 may be reg>d$ z a type1 ?\gh excell5t = dome/ic use1 is incapable ( receiv+ a brilliant decoration4 ,porcela9 ( ! second type1 m silici\s & less alum9\s1 is fir$ at a l[] temp]ature4 ,9 ord] to get a glaze suffici5tly fusible to melt at su* a temp]ature to a f9e uni=m surface1 x is necess>y to introduce a c]ta9 am\nt ( lime into its composition2 by ?is ! glaze is r5d]$ at ! same "t a little s(t]4 ,b n[ ! l[] temp]ature ( ! fire w all[ ( a great] v>iety & great] brilliancy 9 ! col\rs ei!r comb9$ ) or us$ "u ! glaze4 ,:5 we come to ! muffle-fire we c employ enamels ( ! wide/ range ( col\r1 yield+ a brilliant decoration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is type ( porcela9 (f]s less resi/ance ?an ! o!r to ! action ( h>d bodies & to rapid *anges ( temp]ature--en\gh resi/ance1 h[ev]1 s ,m4 ,vogt ?9ks1 = all ord9>y usages4 ,x is to ?is type t ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 & ,japan1 z well z ! #8new porcela9' ( ,svres belongs4 ,! latt] comes ne>] to ! porcela9 ( ! ,ea/ ?an any o!r ,european w>e4 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,vogt po9ts out t mo/ ( ! o!r ,european porcela9s1 ^? made 9 ! ,limoges di/rict1 9 ,g]many & 9 ,d5m>k1 are ( an int]m$iate type1 & t !y all[ ! use ( ei!r a felspa?ic or ( a calc>e\s glaze 7,vogt1 ,la ,porcela9e1 pp4 #add seq474#i ,to return to our raw mat]ials1 :i* we may n[ suppose to be weigh$ out 9 a dry /ate 9 ! requir$ proportions4 ,^! are once m ?or\ghly mix$ ) wat] to =m ! slip or b>bot9e1 :i* is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,to remove any p>ticles ( iron :i* may h come f ! ma*9]y or else:]e1 & :i* if all[$ to rema9 w\ld =m unsightly /a9s on ! f9i%$ w>e1 x is usual to pass ! slip at ?is /age ?r\gh a vessel 9 :i* a numb] ( horse-%oe magnets are susp5d$4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge ,fr5* factories a m complicat$ ma*9e is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! sup]flu\s wat] has n[ to be remov$ ei!r by evaporation or by pressure betwe5 canvas bags 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,! pa/e may !n be pass$ ?r\gh a pug-mill to r5d] x uni=m 9 consi/5cy4 ,a curi\s "q arises ) reg>d to ! prep>$ clay4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a widespread idea1 :i* may conta9 an elem5t ( tru?1 t in/ead ( h&+ ! clay at once to ! pott]1 x %\ld be kept1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 = a long space ( "t t x may und]go a process ( #8ag+' & f]m5tation4 ,by ! #8ag+1' ! work+ qualities1 especially ( a #8%ort' or non-pla/ic pa/e 7su* z t 9 use at ,svres 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 mak+ ! pte t5dre71 7 d\btless increas$1 ! m s :5 ! clay 0 at int]vals subject$ to fre% knead+ & wat]+4 ,) reg>d to ! long p]iods = :i* ! clay 0 kept by ! ,*9ese1 ! mo/ exagg]at$ /atem5ts 7 =m]ly made4 ,mr4 ,william ,burton is ( op9ion t !re may be 9 "s cases an evolution ( c>bonic acid & sulphurett$ hydrog5 :5 natural pla/ic clays are us$1 = ^! may conta9 bo? vegetable rema9s & small quantities ( iron pyrites4 ,b ! *ange1 he ?9ks1 is *iefly a physical "o1 due to ! settl+ d[n ( ! mass4 ,might !re n also1 ,i w\ld sugge/1 be a *ange ( a m intimate nature1 due to ! =mation ( gelat9\s silica & p]haps also ( fre% alkal9e or o!r silicates1 among ^! m9utely comm9ut$ p>ticles ( v>i\s mat]ials n[ fre%ly br\ght toge!r8 ,we "k v little ( ! conditions t give to natural clays _! peculi> unctu\s quality & _! pla/icity4 ,we come n[ to :at has be5 call$ ! #8%ap+' ( ! clay1 us+ t ^w z an equival5t to ! ,fr5* faonnage to include all ! processes1 ?r[+ on ! :eel1 turn+ ( ! la!1 #8press+' & #8ca/+1' by :i* ! desir$ =m is giv5 to ! vessel4 ,! ,,pott]',s ,,:eel1 p]haps ! mo/ anci5t ( all me*anical contrivances1 is /ill l>gely us$ 9 ! %ap+ ( porcela91 & t1 too1 9 a simple =m :i* diff]s little f t employ$ ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ,egypt1#aj & p]haps = ne>ly z long a p]iod 9 ,*9a4 ,f an /hetic /&po9t1 ! :eel holds ! same relation to ! art ( ! pott] z ! bru% does to t ( ! pa9t]4 ,x is p]haps a j cause ( reproa* aga9/ t bran* ( ! c]amic art ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 t s comp>atively little use is made ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,n only 9 ,europe1 b = long ages 9 ,*9a also1 ! use ( ! :eel1 = _m classes ( vessels1 has be5 replac$ by v>i\s processes ( m\ld+4 ,) u1 b n 9 ! ,ea/1 a ?ird process1 t ( #8ca/+' ) liquid slip1 is l>gely us$4 ,b :5 made ei!r by ca/+ or m\ld+1 ! h& ( ! pott] is n se5 9 ! %ape ( ! f9i%$ vessel4 ,by means ( ! :eel alone d we get ! full expression ( ! peculi> qualities ( a pla/ic mat]ial4 ,?is 0 recognis$ by ! ,greeks1 :5 ! pott] :o made ! vase sign$ 8 "n by ! side ( ! pa9t] :o decorat$ x4 ,?is x is t gives a c]ta9 *>m to ! r\ghe/ e>!nw>e :i* we may look = 9 va9 9 ! mo/ elaborately decorat$ specim5 ( ei!r ,*9ese or ,european porcela94 ,! clay z x comes f ! filt]-presses or f ! dry+-b$s is subject$ to a s]ies ( knead+ processes to ensure uni=mity ( texture4 ,! la/ ( ^! is ! #8slapp+1' :5 ! clay is made up into holl[ balls1 & ?r[n vigor\sly on to a bo>d until all bubbles & irregul>ities ( texture are remov$4 ,! ?r[]'s :eel is ess5tially a revolv+ v]tical sp9dle1 ) a small r\nd table at ! top1 beside :i* ! ?r[] sits4 ,! clay is h&$ to him 9 balls1 & he ?r[s x ^u ! :irl+ table betwe5 8 knees4 ,! table is put into motion ei!r directly by ! pressure ( ! workman's foot on a l[] table1 or by "s arrangem5t ( /raps & p$als4 ,if ! movem5t is giv5 by ! pott] himself1 z is /ill ! case at ,svres1 & to "s ext5t 9 ,*9a1 !re is ! advantage t a m delicate & intimate control ( ! spe$ is possible4 ,! movem5t ( ! clay "u ! pott]'s h& is in/9ctively regulat$ by him4 ,e "o has se5 & m>vell$ at ! wond]ful process4 ,! clay is fir/ drawn up into a pill>1 & !n depress$ into a flat cake1 s t ! circul> arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles may spread ?r\gh ! :ole mass4 ,! ?r[] !n op5s ! holl[ ( ! vessel ) 8 ?umbs1 & proce$s to give x ! desir$ %ape1 moi/5+ 8 h&s at int]vals by dipp+ !m into ! slip4 ,small pieces are %ap$ betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+]1 ei!r ( "o or ( bo? h&s4 ,= l>g] pieces ! :ole h& & wri/ is call$ into play1 ) ! assi/ance1 x may be1 ( a sponge4 ,/ill l>g] vessels are built up by pil+ on to ! circul> edge z x revolves /rips ( ! clay4 ,delicacy ( h& is ( ! greate/ importance--! pressure appli$ & ! movem5ts ( ! f+]s mu/ be regulat$ by ! nature ( ! clay1 & especially by its great] or less] pla/icity4 ,x is ess5tial t ! workman %\ld n only press ev5ly & /eadily on ! clay z x rises1 b t ! spe$ ( ! rotation %\ld h a def9ite relation to ! rate at :i* he raises 8 h&s4 ,) a #8fat' or unctu\s clay especially any irregul>ity ( pressure w betray itself1 & ! m>ks w be m prom95t aft] fir+4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! spiral ridges t we (t5 see on ! surface n only ( common e>!nw>e1 b sometimes ( high-class porcela94 ,to ?is cause are due ! r+s s *>act]i/ic ( ,plym\? porcela92 ?is #8wrea?+' or #8vissage' is sometimes se5 on ,*9ese porcela9 also4 ,:5 ! ?r[] has f9i%$ 8 vessel1 x is cut (f f ! table by a piece ( ?read or by a brass wire1 & tak5 to ! /ov]oom to dry & h>d54 ,:5 suffici5tly dry ! vessel is plac$ on a la!1 & ! turn] %aves (f all sup]flu\s clay4 ,! f9] m\ld+s 7us+ ! ^w "h 9 its ar*itectural s5se7 may also be giv5 at ?is /age1 & sometimes ! surface is %ap$ by a #8pr(ile' ( /eel 7x may be a piece f ! blade ( an old saw71 :i* cuts ! surface d[n to ! desir$ %ape4 ,! %av+s are c>efully pres]v$ & return$ to ! slip-h\se1 to be bl5d$ ) ! new clay1 ! work+ qualities ( :i* are !reby improv$4 ,!re are c]ta9 p>ts1 especially h&les1 sp\ts1 & project+ ornam5ts1 :i* mu/ 9 all cases be sep>ately m\ld$4 ,! foot also1 9 ! case ( l>ge vases1 is sep>ately prep>$ & subsequ5tly atta*$4 ,^! p>ts are made 9 pla/] m\lds by ! #8h&l]1' ^: duty x n[ is to fix !m to ! vase4 ,c>efully m>k+ ! exact place1 he spreads on x a ?9 lay] ( slip ) a spatula1 & !n presses home ! h&le or o!r app5dage4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! two surfaces be dry & absorb5t1 x may be necess>y to add "s gum to ! slip ?us employ$4 ,a simil> process1 b "o requir+ great] c>e & skill1 is t ( fix+ toge!r ! sep>ate pieces ( l>ge vases & figures4 ,?is is done 9 ! way we h already describ$ 9 ! case ( ! h&les & sp\ts--t is by apply+ a coat+ ( slip to ! p>ts to be jo9$4 ,x is at ?is /age t any decorations 9 relief t may be requir$ are appli$ to ! surface4 ,^! are (t5 made 9 flat m\lds1 & to fix !m x is en\gh to run a little wat] f a camel's hair p5cil beh9d ! ornam5t aft] adju/+ x to its prop] place4 ,^! processes ( fitt+ on ( app5dages & ornam5ts are includ$ by ! ,fr5* "u ! t]m g>niture4 ,,m\ld+ ,,& ,,press+4--,x is evid5t t only vessels ( a cyl9drical or conical =m1 or1 m exactly1 su* z h a circul> section :5 divid$ horizontally1 c be =m$ on ! :eel4 ,to produce any o!r =m1 ! vessel mu/ be ei!r %ap$ directly by ! h& or made 9 "s k9d ( m\ld4 ,! use ( m\lds = pott]y is z old1 if n old] ?an t ( ! :eel4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! ,u%abti figures ( ! old ,egyptians 7 made1 & _m ( ^! date back to ! ,e>ly ,empire4 ,s 9 ,*9a1 ! fur!r back we g1 ! m ! use ( m\lds seems to h prevail$4 ,i take f ! excell5t article on ! manufacture ( pott]y 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! process 9 use 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury3-- #8,! m\ld is made 9 two p>ts1 & ea* is sep>ately fill$ by lay+ 9 a cake ( clay :i* has be5 beat5 out to ! prop] ?ickness on a wet pla/]-block2 x is press$ into ! m\ld by repeat$ bl[s f a ball ( wet sponge1 !n squeez$ into all ! angul> p>ts & smoo!d ) sponge1 wet lea!r1 & horn4 ,:5 bo? sides ( ! m\lds are ?us l9$ ) clay1 !y are jo9$ toge!r1 & ! man lays a roll ( clay along ! inside ( ! jo9+1 :i* he works d[n until ! :ole is smoo? & solid4' ,! m\ld is !n c>ri$ into a /ov]oom1 & ! pla/] "h absorbs ! moi/ure s z to release ! clay4 ,! cont5ts are c>efully tak5 out1 & ! empty m\ld return$ to ! /ove previ\s to be+ fill$ aga94 ,! seam t rema9s on ! outside ( vessels aft] fitt+ ! two p>ts toge!r#aa is remov$ by scrap+ & burni%+ ) wet horn2 ! h&les & o!r app5dages are !n atta*$4 ,?is is ! process t is call$ #8holl[-w>e press+' or #8squeez+4' ,9 #8flat-w>e press+' ! m\ld is us$ to give ! %ape to ! inside ( ! vessel only4 ,! m\ld is plac$ on ! extremity ( ! #8:irl]1' a v]tical revolv+ sp9dle provid$ ) a circul> table1 simil> to t ( ! ?r[]'s :eel4 ,! plate-mak] takes a cake ( clay1 :i* he has previ\sly flatt5$ out ) 8 #8batt]1' places x on ! m\ld1 & presses d[n ) 8 h&4 ,! upp] surface ( ! cake ( clay 7:at w ultimately be ! bottom ( ! plate7 is n[ %ap$ by an e>!nw>e #8pr(ile4' ,! m\ld is n[ tak5 (f ! :irl] & at once replac$ by ano!r4 ,flat-w>e1 especially :5 great] f9i% is requir$1 is also made 9 a d\ble m\ld1 & ! clay may !n be fir/ ?r[n on ! :eel s z to approximate to ! %ape requir$ be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! m\ld4 ,processes v simil> to ! holl[ & flat-w>e press+ are l>gely us$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell has une>!d a passage f a te*nical "w1 writt5 9 ! "t ( ! ,*\ dyna/y1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 9 :i* a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! ord9>y pott]s :o work$ ) ! :eel1 & ! m\ld]s :o made oblong b[ls & sacrificial di%es4 ,9 a some:at lat] "w 7#ai-ij ,a4,d47 ! writ] notes bo? ! advantage result+ f regul>ity ( size1 & ! ob/acles aris+ f ! %r9kage ( ! p>ts 9 fir+1 :5 vessels are made 9 m\lds4#ab ,,ca/+4--,!re is yet ano!r process :i* is l>gely resort$ to 9 ,european works1 b :i* appe>s to be unkn[n to ! ,*9ese4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ) :i* dry pla/] ( ,p>is w absorb ! wat] f a slip ( creamy consi/5cy1 )\t all[+ any ( ! solid p>ticles to pass along ) ! wat] absorb$4 ,! slip-mixture is p\r$ into ! pla/] m\ld1 :i* at once absorbs ! wat]1 leav+ a uni=m deposit ^u ! surface ( ! m\ld4 ,aft] p\r+ or o!rwise draw+ (f ! wat]1 a second & ?ick] slip may be add$ s z to =m a second lay]4 ,! pa/e ( ! porcela9 s prep>$ is likely to be ( a light] & m por\s consi/5cy ?an :5 made by ?r[+ or press+4 ,?is process 0 us$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury at ,d]by1 & d\btless else:]e1 & x 0 pref]r$ to m\ld+ = mak+ /atuettes4 ,"s acc\nt ( x is giv5 by ,haslem1 a good practical au?ority1 9 8 ,old ,d]by ,*9a4 ,= small objects1 #8ca/+' has long be5 employ$ 9 ,france1 & m lately ,ebelm5 & ,regnault h s improv$ ! process1 t vessels ( all %apes & dim5sions are made by x4 ,?is has be5 r5d]$ possible by ! introduction ( compress$ air into ! int]ior ( ! vessel1 by :i* means ! pa/e is kept 9 position until x is suffici5tly dry to support itself4 ,a /ill bett] way ( do+ ?is is to exhau/ ! air on ! outside1 by plac+ ! m\ld 9 an air-pump2 ! upp] "p c !n be left op51 & ! :ole op]ation is "u ! eye ( ! workman4 ,m4 ,vogt 7,la ,porcela9e1 pp4 #aeg seq47 lam5ts t 9 ,france ! increas$ use ( ^! me*anical processes _h s r$uc$ ! dem& = skilful pott]s1 t ! race is ne>ly ext9ct4 ,,fir+ ,,& ,,furnaces4--,s f> 9 our treatm5t ( ! op]ations involv$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela91 ! same g5]al description has be5 applicable1 ) trifl+ exceptions1 to ! processes 9 use bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ! f> ,ea/1 & to s(t z well z to h>d pa/e4 ,b n[ t we h to describe ! fir+ ( ! w>e1 a division into ?ree classes is necess>y3-- #a/4 ,! ,*9ese sy/em4 ,?is is ! simple/ plan4 ,! glaze is appli$ at once to ! air-dri$ w>e1 :i* is !n subject$ to b "o fir+--t ( ! #8gr& feu4' #bnd4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em = h>d pa/e4 ,! unglaz$ vessel is expos$ to a heat v>y+ f dull to full r$1 g5]ally 9 ! dome ov] ! ma9 body ( ! furnace4 ,x is !n glaz$1 & aga9 fir$ to ! full po9t requir$ by ! pa/e4 ,?is is ess5tially a ,fr5* process1 & ! prelim9>y fire is kn[n z ! feu dg\rdi4 #crd4 ,! ,engli% sy/em us$ = bone pa/es4 ,9 ?is case x is ! fir/ fir+ t is ! mo/ sev]e4 ,! #8biscuit ov51' !re=e1 9 :i* ?is is effect$1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! feu dg\rdi j m5tion$4 ,aft] dipp+1 ! w>e is heat$ aga9 9 ! #8gloz+' or glaz+ ov51 b only to a temp]ature suffici5t to melt ! glaze4 ,9 ! case ( w>e decorat$ ) enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze1 !re w be requir$ 9 all ^! cases "o or m additional fir+s at comp>atively l[ temp]atures 9 ! muffle-/ove4 ,! furnaces1 ov5s1 or kilns 9 :i* porcela9 is fir$ are always ( ! rev]b]atory type2 t is to say1 ! fuel is burn$ 9 a sep>ate *amb] or fireplace1 & ! products ( combu/ion pass ov] or among ! w>e t is be+ fir$4 ,su* furnaces diff] on ! "o h& f ! arrangem5t 9 a bla/ furnace1 or t (t5 us$ 9 ! burn+ ( bricks1 :]e ! fuel is mix$ ) ! mat]ial to be heat$1 & on ! o!r h& f ! muffle-/ove1 :]e ! object expos$ to ! heat is protect$ f ! direct flame by ! box ( fireclay or iron 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,kilns ( _m %apes & sizes h be5 us$ = fir+ porcela91 b !y may mo/ ( !m be includ$ 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! foll[+ broad classes4 #a/4 ,! old bee-hive ov5s ( ,*9a1 ! use ( :i* appe>s to h be5 ab&on$ 9 t c\ntry by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! ov5s 7 g5]ally small1 9 "s cases only hold+ "o vase4 ,a r[ ( !m may be heat$ f "o fireplace1 & !y are !n built on a ris+ slope4 ,?is type has surviv$ to ! pres5t day 9 ,japan4 #bnd4 ,! oblong horizontal furnaces1 (t5 ( consid]able dim5sions1 us$ dur+ ! pres5t dyna/y 9 ,*9a4 ,!y resemble 9 section ! ord9>y type ( rev]b]atory furnace f\nd 9 metallurgical works4 ,a v simil> =m 0 long employ$ at ,meiss54 #crd4 ,! l>ge conical furnaces1 n[ 9 g5]al use 9 ! porcela9 factories ( ,europe4 ,!y may be heat$ by ei!r direct or by rev]s$ flame4#ac ,9 ,*9a ! fuel is g5]ally p9ewood1 9 billets ( uni=m size4 ,9 _m ,european kilns wood is /ill us$3 bir*wood1 cut 9 l5g?s ( fifte5 to tw5ty in*es1 is ! only fuel us$ at ! pres5t day at ,svres4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! difficulties att5dant on ! use ( coal appe> to h be5 ov]come4 ,! read] w f9d 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,brongni>t's great "w 7,trait des ,arts ,cramiques1 ,p>is1 #ahgg7 sev]al plates giv+ plans & sections ( all ^! types ( furnaces4 ,f a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! engrav+s m is to be le>n$ ?an f any am\nt ( v]bal description4 ,a ?or\gh grasp ( ! process ( fir+ is ( ! greate/ assi/ance 9 und]/&+ ! problems & difficulties t arise 9 ! manufacture ( porcela91 & we %all h to return to ! subject :5 we come to treat ( ! sev]al w>es4 ,:atev] diff]5ces !re may be 9 ! %ape ( ! furnaces1 :5 x comes to fill+ ! int]ior ) ! w>e to be bak$1 !re is "o precaution :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ne>ly e c\ntry4#ad ,! w>e mu/ be protect$ f ! direct heat ( ! flame by means ( a case ( fireclay 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,^! are ! segg>s 7,fr5* cassettes2 ! process ( fill+ & arrang+ !m is call$ enca/age71 to ! prep>ation ( :i* s important a dep>tm5t has to be set ap>t 9 all porcela9 works1 & ^: manufacture adds s mu* to ! work+ exp5ses4 ,! segg> prop] is a cyl9drical pan ( fireclay1 9 %ape & size l a hatbox4 ,!y are pil$1 9 ! furnace1 "o ov] ! o!r1 & ^! piles or #8bungs' are arrang$ 9 ! furnace s z to all[ a free circulation ( ! hot gases betwe5 !m1 b o!rwise !y are pack$ z closely toge!r z possible4 ,^! segg>s may be us$ sev]al times ov]4 ,:5 brok51 ! fragm5ts are gr\nd up & mix$ ) fre% fireclay or argile-pla/ique to =m new cases--)\t ?is addition ! clay w\ld be too pla/ic or #8fat' = ! purpose4 ,! greate/ precautions are tak5 9 ! pack+ ( ! segg>s 9 ! furnace4 ,! giv+ way ( "o pile f any inaccuracy 9 ! arrangem5t may de/roy ! cont5ts ( ! :ole ov54 ,s aga9 inf9ite c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! arrangem5t & support ( ! objects 9 ea* segg>4 ,! bottom is cov]$ ) gr\nd fl9t or o!r infusible mat]ial1 & ! vessel is support$1 :5 necess>y1 by v>i\s =ms ( /ruts1 props1 or cr[-claws1 :i* sometimes leave _! m>k on ! base or side ( ! f9i%$ object4 ,9 spite ( ^! precautions1 a l>ge quantity ( defective pieces or #8wa/]s' are produc$ 9 all works1 & ^! are usually ca/ aside4 ,! f9d+ ( su* fragm5ts 9 aft] days is sometimes ! only pro( we h t porcela9 or pott]y has =m]ly be5 made at ! spot4 ,b ! pro( is f9al1 = defective pieces & #8cr[-claws' are n objects likely to h be5 import$ f a di/ance4 ,aga91 ! indelible m>ks left on ! porcela91 ei!r on ! edge :i* re/$ directly on ! segg> or at ! po9ts :]e ! object 0 support$ by ! cr[-claws1 (t5 give valuable h9ts z to ! prov5ance ( ! piece 9 "q4#ae ,9 ! case ( valuable w>es ^! r\gh edges & m>ks are remov$ z f> z possible by gr9d+ on a small :eel1 & !n poli%+ ! surface ) pumice or ) putty4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,glazes ,be=e attack+ ! some:at complicat$ subject ( ! nature & composition ( glazes1 x w be well to take up aga9 ! ?read ( ! me*anical processes t are involv$ 9 ! mak+ ( a piece ( porcela94 ,! mat]ials t ent] into ! glaze are r$uc$ to ! f9e/ p[d] 9 mills simil> to ^? 9 :i* ! *9a-/one & fl9t are gr\nd = ! prep>ation ( ! pa/e4 ,if any sub/ance soluble 9 wat]1 su* z borax or salts ( ! alkalis1 ent] into ! composition ( ! glaze1 ^! mu/ be fir/ p>tially fus$ 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r mat]ials to =m a frit1 a k9d ( imp]fect glass4 ,^! frits1 :i* ent] s l>gely into ! composition ( s(t-pa/e porcela91 are =m$ ) ! object ( br++ ! soluble con/itu5ts into an insoluble =m be=e mix+ ) wat] to =m ! slip4 ,!re are inde$ o!r practical reasons t r5d] a prelim9>y p>tial fusion desirable4 ,! f9ely gr\nd elem5ts ( ! glaze1 mix$ 9 due proportion1 are work$ up ) wat] to =m a creamlike slip into :i* ! vessel to be glaz$ is n[ dipp$4 ,9 ,*9a1 9 _m cases1 ! glaze-slip is bl[n ^u ! surface 9 ! =m ( a spray4 ,?is is done by means ( a bamboo tube1 cov]$ at "o end by a piece ( silk gauze1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquid is project$ by ! brea? ( ! op]ator 7,fr5*1 insufflation72 9 o!r cases ! glaze may be pa9t$ on ) a bru%4 ,9 ,*9a1 z we h m5tion$1 ! glaze-slip is g5]ally appli$ to ! raw surface ( ! ?or\ghly dri$ b unbak$ w>e1 b 9 o!r c\ntries !re is1 almo/ )\t exception1 a prelim9>y fir+ ( great] or less degree to produce a biscuit4 ,we %all re/rict ! use ( ! ^w glaze to ! vitre\s coat+ appli$ directly to ! surface ( ! raw pa/e or ( ! biscuit to enhance ! decorative effect ( ! w>e1 & ) ! m prosaic object ( all[+ ! surface to be easily kept clean4 ,9 ! case ( porcela9 ?is coat+ is always m or less transp>5t4#af ,!re is "h no necessity = conceal+ ! natural :ite col\r ( ! pa/e4 ,9 ! case ( _m k9ds ( pott]y1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! #8enamell$ fay5ce' ( ,delft & ,italy1 ! glaze is r5d]$ opaque by ! addition ( oxide ( t91 s t ! ill-fav\r$ gr\nd is conceal$ by a :ite %9y surface :i* may be made to resemble closely ! natural surface ( porcela94 ,a glaze ( ?is k9d is (t5 call$ an enamel1 b z we are n conc]n$ ) su* an exp$i5t we %all conf9e ! use ( t ^w to ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* a vitre\s decoration1 :e!r transluc5t or opaque1 is sup]impos$ ^u ! glaze & fus$ into x1 m or less ?or\ghly1 by a subsequ5t fir+ 9 a muffle furnace4 ,! ,engli% ^w #8glaze' is only ano!r =m ( ! ^w #8glass1' & we may say at once t1 9 composition at lea/1 !re is (t5 little diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sub/ances4 ,! ,fr5* ^w = #8glaze' is c\v]te or v]nis2 ! la/ t]m applies well to ! ?9 sk9 ( glaze f\nd on ,greek pott]y4 ,! ,*9ese h sev]al expressions1 b x is a curi\s fact t ! *>act]s ) :i* mo/ ( ^! t]ms are writt5 conta9 ! radical = #8oil1' & inde$ ! ^w #8oil' itself is (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( #8glaze4' ,mr4 ,rix puts x well :5 he says t ! glaze is to ! enamell] ( porcela9 :at 8 canvas is to ! pa9t]2 :ile 9 ! case ( a decoration #8s\s c\v]te1' ! glaze corresponds to ! v>ni% :i*1 :ile protect+ 8 "w1 gives brilliancy to ! col\r+ 7,j\rnal ( ,society ( ,arts1 vol4 xli474 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! vehicle by :i* ! design is h>monis$ & r5d]$ mell[4 ,! effect is produc$ at once & endures practically = all "t4 ,! h>dness & fusibility ( glazes diff] widely1 & !y are condition$ by ! nature ( ! w>es t !y cov]4 ,x is evid5t t !re mu/ be a close relation betwe5 ! fus+-po9ts ( pa/e & glaze1 & t ! latt] %\ld be ! m fusible ( ! two4 ,! diff]5ce ( melt+-po9t %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be too great4 ,! melt$ glaze %\ld r1 by p5etrat+ into ! already s(t5$ pa/e or by a *emical action ^u its surface1 =m a m or less uni=m mass ) x4 ,9 cool+1 ! contraction ( ! glaze %\ld foll[ t ( ! subjac5t pa/e4 ,?is is a mo/ important po9t2 any discordance may lead to splitt+1 crack+1 & #8craz+4' ,! beauty ( ! surface ( porcela9 dep5ds on ! fact t ! glaze has become intimately unit$ ) ! pa/e dur+ ! long exposure ( bo? to a high temp]ature4 ,we %\ld n be consci\s1 9 reg>d+ a f9e specim5 ( porcela91 ( a great] or less ?ickness ( glass cov]+ an opaque sub/ance2 we %\ld r see 9 x ! poli%$ surface ( ivory or ( "s preci\s m>ble4 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 ! beauty ( ! glassy surface1 enhanc+ ! brilliancy ( ! col\r+1 r ?an any practical advantage connect$ ) its use1 t fir/ l$ to ! application ( glaze to pott]y4 ,! turquoise & gre5 glazes ( ! ,egyptians 7! col\r is d]iv$ f a silicate ( copp] along ) soda & sometimes lime7 7 kn[n to ! m5 ( ! ,e>ly ,empire4 ,!y 7 appli$ to a fritlike mass ( s& held toge!r by silicate ( soda1 to :i* ! "n ( porcela9 has sometimes be5 v wrongly giv54 ,objects ( /eatite1 ( slate1 & ev5 ( rock cry/al 7 sometimes cov]$ ) a col\r$ glaze ( ?is k9d1 b x 0 nev] appli$ to ! clay vessels 9 daily use4 ,^! 7 made1 !n z n[1 f ! unctu\s clay ( ! ,nile bank4 ,= ?is re/riction !re 0 a v good reason1 namely t a glaze ( ?is nature1 compos$ *iefly ( alkal9e silicates1 w n adh]e to a base ( ord9>y clay4 ,x 0 n until ,ptolemaic & ,roman times t1 by ! discov]y or adoption ( a glaze conta9+ lead1 ! anci5ts 7 enabl$ to glaze _! pott]y4 ,s 9 ,assyria1 ! employm5t ( glazes 0 almo/ conf9$ to ! decoration ( ! surface ( brickwork1 ! bricks be+ ( a loose & some:at s&y texture4#ag ,9 ^! glazes1 & inde$ 9 mu* e>li] examples f ,babylonia1 bo? t9 & lead h be5 f\nd4 ,! respective virtues ( ! silicates ( ^! metals 7 d\btless appreciat$1 t ( t9 to =m a :ite opaque enamel hid+ ! mat]ial bel[1 & t ( lead to enable ! glaze into :i* x ent]s to adh]e to a pa/e =m$ ( a pla/ic clay4 ,) ! ,*9ese ! aim 0 r /hetic ?an practical4 ,!y s\ght by means ( ! m>vell\s glazes t cov] _! anci5t porcela9 to imitate ! surface ( natural /ones2 _! e>ly celadons 7 9 a measure int5d$ to take ! place ( ! preci\s gre5 jade1 s highly e/eem$ by !m4 ,at ! "t :5 ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 fir/ introduc$ f ,*9a !re 7 7ap>t f ! salt-glaz$ /onew>e1 :i* lies q outside our inquiry7 ?ree classes ( glaze 9 g5]al use ei!r 9 ,europe or 9 ! ne>] ,ea/3-- #a4 ,glazes consi/+ ess5tially ( alkal9e silicates )\t ei!r lead or t94 ,su* glazes c\ld only be appli$ to a fritty silici\s base1 & 9 ,india & ,p]sia _! employm5t seems to h be5 a survival f ,egyptian & ,assyrian times4#ah #b4 ,opaque enamel glazes1 ! opacity be+ due to ! pres5ce ( t92 a consid]able am\nt ( lead also is g5]ally f\nd 9 ^! glazes4 ,we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! obscure orig9 ( ?is gr\p1 b 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ?is enamell$ fay5ce 0 9 g5]al use = ! bett] class ( table-w>e4 ,x includes ! ,italian majolica1 ! ,fr5* fay5ce ( ,nev]s & ,r\51 & above all ! e>!nw>e ( ,delft4 #c4 ,! oily-look+ lead glazes ) :i* ! common e>!nw>es 7 cov]$4 ,^! 7 ess5tially ! glazes ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,europe1 & _! employm5t c\ld probably be trac$ back to ! lead-glaz$ w>e sp>+ly us$ by ! ,romans4 ,we h already notic$ ! use ( a simil> glaze 9 ,egypt z f> back probably z ,ptolemaic times4 ,!re 7 practical objections to all ^! glazes4 ,x is true t at ,delft1 by ! use ( ! t9 enamel1 a w>e c\ld be turn$ out closely resembl+1 9 ext]nal aspect1 ! blue & :ite porcela9 ( ,*9a1 b ! enamel 0 s(t & w\ld 9 "t *ip (f at ! edges1 %[+ ! d>k e>?y clay b5ea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! alkal9e glazes ( ! ,ea/ 7 n mu* kn[n 9 ,europe2 !y c only be us$ ^u a v t5d] & trea*]\s base4 ,9 ,india & ,p]sia1 h[ev]1 a w>e ?us glaz$ /ill competes ) ! h>d porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,9 spite ( ! great objections to ! glazes ( our ?ird class1 ^? conta9+ lead--objections aris+ f _! s(tness & f ! dang] ( poison+ to ^? employ$ 9 _! manufacture--_! use has t5d$ r to increase4 ,n only is lead ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! glazes /ill univ]sally us$ = common pott]y1 b x =ms an important elem5t 9 ! glaze ( our f9] e>!nw>es z well z 9 t ( ^? bone pa/es :i* rank ) u z porcela94 ,! glaze :i* _h be5 br\ght to p]fection by ! ,*9ese at an e>ly p]iod diff]s f all ^? yet m5tion$ by its h>dness1 its high fus+-po9t1 & 9 its *emical composition4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! glaze ( porcela9 diff]s 9 composition f ! pa/e :i* x cov]s only suffici5tly to all[ ( its becom+ completely liquid at ! extreme heat ( ! furnace2 & j z ! pa/e ( ,*9ese porcela9 has a wid] limit ( v>iability ?an t made 9 ,europe1 b is on ! :ole ( a #8mild]' type ?an ! latt]1 s we f9d t :ile ! glazes ( ! ,*9ese are z a :ole less refractory & n q s h>d1 !re is /ill a wide range ( v>iation 9 ^! qualities4 ,if1 !n1 we !oretically reg>d porcela9 z a comp\nd ( a silicate ( alum9a ) an alkal9e silicate ( ! same base1 we may say t ! glaze ( porcela9 is =m$ by ! latt] body alone1 t x is1 9 fact1 m]ely a fus$ felsp>4 ,b z 9 ! case ( ! pa/e1 s 9 ! glaze !re is g5]ally pres5t an excess ( silica1 d]iv$ f ! qu>tz conta9$ 9 ! petuntse or pegmatite1 & ?is silica ent]s into comb9ation ) "s o!r bases :i* are pres5t 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! glaze1 !reby increas+ its fusibility & modify+ ! contraction 9 cool+4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! additional bases is lime1 s t ! m fusible type may be call$ a calc>e\s1 z oppos$ to a m refractory or purely felspa?ic glaze4 ,z mu* z #ba p] c5t4 ( lime has be5 f\nd 9 "s ,*9ese glazes1 ! am\nt ( alum9a be+ proportionately r$uc$4 ,!re is m or less lime 9 ! glaze ( mo/ k9ds ( ,european h>d porcela91 b ! exceptionally h>d & refractory pa/e made at ,svres s9ce ! "t ( ,brongni>t is cov]$ by a glaze ( correspond+ h>dness f :i* t e>? is abs5t4 ,?is h>d pa/e has1 h[ev]1 ( late be5 replac$ 9 "p by "o ( a mild] type1 & ) ?is latt] a calc>e\s glaze has be5 adopt$ ev5 at ,svres1 ! object ( ! *ange be+1 z we h said1 to all[ ( a m brilliant decoration4 ,!re is a p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! aspect ( ^! two types ( glazes aft] fir+4 ,! h>d1 non-calc>e\s glaze has a slightly milky look4 ,! s(t] calc>e\s type is m brilliant1 & approa*es 9 transp>5ce & limpidity to ! lead glazes ( s(t porcela94 ,a glaze ( ?is la/ k9d 0 us$ at ,svres = a few ye>s aft] ! fir/ introduction ( ! h>d pa/e1 & p]haps also at ,dresd5 9 q e>ly days4 ,! pr9cipal objection to a h>d refractory glaze1 su* z t s long 9 use at ,svres1 arises f ! difficulty ( prop]ly incorporat+ ! enamel col\rs ) its body4 ,! re/riction ( ! numb] ( pigm5ts t c be employ$1 bo? "u & on ! surface ( ! glaze1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high temp]ature at :i* ! latt] melts1 is ano!r drawback4 ,! dulness1 ! #8pa9t$ on' look ( s mu* ( ! decoration on ,european h>d pa/e porcela91 is 9 great measure a consequ5ce ( ! employm5t ( a glaze t is only s(t5$ at a high temp]ature4 ,z an example ( a m$ium type ( glaze we give ! composition ( t us$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahcf4 ,?is consi/$ ( kaol91 #ca p] c5t42 qu>tz1 #dc p] c5t42 gypsum1 #ad p] c5t42 & gr\nd porcela91 #ab p] c5t4 ,a glaze long 9 use at ,dresd5 is ( a v simil> "*4 ,felsp>1 x w be se51 does n ent] into its composition1 & su* a glaze c conta9 b little pota% or soda4 ,) ?is we may contra/ ! h>d glaze ( ,svres1 compos$ simply ( gr\nd pegmatite1 a rock consi/+ ma9ly ( felsp>4 ,?is glaze yields on analysis #gd p] c5t4 ( silica1 #ag p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 & z mu* z #h p] c5t4 ( pota%4 ,! glaze on ,*9ese porcela9 is prep>$ by mix+ c]ta9 special v>ieties ( petuntse ) an impure lime1 prep>$ by burn+ lime/one ) dry f]n z fuel4 ,x conta9s1 z we h se51 f #ae to #ba p] c5t4 ( lime1 #e to #f p] c5t4 ( alkalis1 #aa p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 & #ff p] c5t4 ( silica4 ,we give ^! examples to illu/rate ! pr9cipal types ( glazes us$ = h>d pa/e porcela94 ,x w be notic$ t ! con/itu5ts are drawn f widely diff]5t s\rces4 ,! glazes ( s(t pa/e porcela9 always conta9 a l>ge am\nt bo? ( lead & ( pota% or soda1 s t !y approximate 9 composition to a fl9t glass4 ,! alkalis1 g5]ally introduc$ z c>bonates1 necessitate a previ\s fritt+ ( "p at lea/ ( ! mat]ials4 ,boracic acid plays an important "p 9 ! glaze ( mo/ mod]n ,engli% w>es3 x is g5]ally introduc$ 9 ! =m ( borate ( soda or borax4 ,?is acid replaces 9 "p ! silica1 j z 9 ! pa/e ! glassy mat]ials are replac$ by bone-e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,decoration ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,col\r ,if we 7 treat+ ! subject purely f a practical po9t ( view1 ) ! glaz+ & fir+ ( a piece ( porcela9 ! manufacture might be held to be t]m9at$4 ,?is w\ld be /rictly true1 = in/ance1 ( ! :ite porcela9 ( ,b]l91 s l>gely us$ 9 ! *emical laboratory2 a great deal1 too1 ( ! *9a 9 dome/ic use receives no decoration ( any k9d4 ,b = u !re rema9s /ill to exam9e ! elem5t ( col\r & ! way 9 :i* x is appli$ to ! decoration ( porcela94 ,?is is effect$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 by ! employm5t ( col\r$ glazes2 by pa9t+ on ! surface ( ! pa/e be=e ! glaze is appli$ 7?is is ! decoration s\s c\v]te72 & f9ally by col\r$ enamels appli$ to ! surface ( ! glaze4 ,^! me?ods may be comb9$1 b z ?is is r>ely ! case1 su* a division =ms ! basis ( a conv5i5t classification1 m especially = ! w>es ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ! case ( bo? ! pa/e & ( ! glaze1 we h be5 deal+ ) a re/rict$ gr\p ( elem5ts1 ) alum9a1 lime1 pota% & soda2 & ap>t f impurities un9t5tionally introduc$1 all ! comb9ations ( ^! bodies are col\rless4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! effect ( introduc+ c]ta9 ( ! heavy metallic bases :i* comb9e ) ! excess ( silica to =m col\r$ silicates4 ,! metals t give to ,ori5tal porcela9 its brilliant hues are few 9 numb]4 ,inde$1 9 all l&s & at all times1 iron1 copp]1 cobalt1 & manganese h be5 ! pr9cipal s\rces ( col\r 9 ! decoration n only ( porcela91 b ( mo/ o!r k9ds ( pott]y4 ,z equal to ^! f\r metals 9 importance1 b n /rictly to be class$ z col\r+ mat]ials1 we may place t91 ! s\rce ( mo/ opaque :ites1 & lead1 :i* is ! ma9 flux+ elem5t = our enamels4 ,next 9 importance to ^! metals come antimony1 long kn[n to ! ,*9ese z a s\rce ( yell[1 & f9ally1 b ?is la/ only s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 gold1 z ! s\rce ( a r$ pigm5t4#ai ,?is exhau/s ! li/1 n only = ! ,f> ,ea/1 b = all ! pott]y ( ,europe up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 9 a p]iod ( arti/ic decl9e t ! advance ( *emical k l$ to ! introduction ( o!r col\rs1 d]iv$ bo? f new metallic bases & f fre% comb9ations ( ^? already kn[n4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! new col\rs are ^? d]iv$ f ! salts ( *romium1 b uranium & o!r r>e metals h also be5 call$ into use4 ,z ) ! si/] art ( pa9t+1 ! beauty & h>mony ( ! effects produc$ h n kept pace ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! palette--! result 0 r to acc5tuate ! decl9e t _h already set 9 f o!r causes4 ,!re are two metals1 iron & copp]1 t h always be5 ( pre-em95t importance z s\rces ( col\r4 ,ea* ( !m =ms two s]ies ( comb9ations diff]+ entirely 9 hue1 s t 7 we conf9$ to ! use ( ^! two metals1 our palette w\ld /ill be a fairly complete "o4 ,! protoxide ( copp]1 especially :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( lime & ( soda is pres5t1 =ms a s]ies ( beautiful blue & gre5 silicates4 ,:5 ! proportion ( oxyg5 is decreas$1 z happ5s :5 ! surface ( ! w>e is expos$ 9 ! kiln to a r$uc+ flame1 a suboxide ( copp] is =m$1 :i* gives a deep & m or less opaque r$ hue to ! glaze4 ,s 9 ! case ( iron1 ! s-call$ sesqui-oxide is p]haps ! mo/ abundant s\rce ( col\r+ matt] 9 ! m9]al k+dom3 ! col\rs produc$ by x range f pale yell[ to orange1 br[n1 & full r$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! iron is pres5t z a protoxide1 ! col\r giv5 to ! glaze is entirely alt]$2 x ranges f a pale sea-gre5 to a deep olive4 ,! rema9+ two elem5ts t h long play$ an important "p 9 ! decoration ( pott]y are cobalt & manganese4 ,^! metals1 9 ! =m ( silicates1 yield ! well-kn[n s]ies ( blues & purples4 ,"o important s\rce ( ! fam\s und]glaze blue ( ,*9a & ,japan is a black m9]al kn[n to u z wad1 :i* occurs 9 e>?y to /ony concretions4 ,?is wad conta9s oxides ( bo? cobalt & manganese1 & ! quality ( ! blue obta9$ f x dep5ds 9 great measure ^u ! proportion 9 :i* ! two metals occur4 ,! employm5t ( antimony is comp>atively r>e1 b1 g5]ally 9 comb9ation ) iron1 x is an important s\rce ( yell[4 ,9 spite ( ! volatile nature ( mo/ ( its salts1 9 ! pres5ce ( silica ?is metal is able to )/& a high temp]ature4 ,b be=e consid]+ ! application ( col\r to ! glaze1 we mu/ m5tion briefly a me?od ( decoration :i* 0 9 great fav\r at ,svres "s ye>s ago--,i mean ! application ( col\r to ! pa/e itself4 ,?is 0 done long ago by ,w$gwood1 sometimes to ! :ole mass ( ! pa/e1 z 0 ! case ) 8 jasp] w>e1 :i* "s au?orities class z a true porcela94 ,at ,svres ^! col\r$ pa/es h be5 g5]ally appli$ to ! surface only1 9 ?9 lay]s1 or ev5 z m]e coats ( pa9t4 ,:5 laid on 9 successive coats1 z 9 ! s-call$ pte-sur-pte1 ! am\nt ( col\r+ matt] ne$ n be l>ge1 f #b to #e p] c5t4 ,:5 l>g] proportions ( col\r$ oxides are mix$ ) ! pte1 & ?is is pa9t$ on ) a bru%1 ! process diff]s little f ! ord9>y decoration "u ! glaze1 into :i* x inde$ may be said to pass4 ,col\r$ pa/es ( ?is description h nev] be5 employ$ by ! ,*9ese1 & x is n possible to obta9 mu* brilliancy or decorative effect by _! use4 ,!y are1 inde$1 =eign to ! nature ( porcela91 sacrific+ ! brilliant :ite gr\nd :i* %\ld be ! basis ( all decorative s*emes4 ,:5 ! col\r+ matt] is subjac5t to ! glaze x mu/ be ( a nature to )/& ! full heat ( ! subsequ5t fir+2 we are re/rict$ !re=e to col\rs #8 gr& feu4' ,?is practically conf9es u to cobalt & to c]ta9 comb9ations ( iron & copp]1 z f> z ! #8old palette' is conc]n$4 ,at ,svres & else:]e o!r metals h be5 made use ( ^: silicates )/& ! extreme temp]ature ( ! kiln4 ,by ! use ( *romium we h comm& ( _m %ades ( gre54 ,if to an oxide ( t9 we add a m9ute quantity ( ! sesqui-oxide ( *romium1 we c obta91 9 ! pres5ce ( lime1 _m %ades f rose to purple2 & a mixture ( cobalt & *romium produces a f9e black4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 z yet no satisfactory yell[ pigm5t kn[n t w )/& ! gr& feu4 ,at ! be/ we c get a /raw col\r f c]ta9 ores ( tung/5 & titanium1 & f uranium a yell[ deep] 9 t9t b unc]ta9 9 application4 ,! majority ( ! col\rs we h m5tion$ require a m or less oxidis+ flame = _! full developm5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two mo/ important gr\ps ( col\r$ glazes1 long ! monopoly ( ! ,*9ese1 b n[ successfully imitat$ 9 ,france & else:]e1 :i* require1 = a t]m at lea/1 to be subject$ to a r$uc+ flame4 ,! fir/ ( ^! glazes is ! well-kn[n ,,celadon1 us+ t t]m 9 its prop] & re/rict$ s5se1 = c]ta9 %ades ( greyi% gre54 ,! celadon ( ! ,*9ese is produc$ by ! pres5ce ( a small quantity1 ab\t two p] c5t41 ( protoxide ( iron 9 ! glaze4 ,an oxidis+ flame w\ld *ange ?is protoxide to ! yell[ sesqui-oxide4 ,we may note t a celadon ( good t9t c only be produc$ :5 a consid]able quantity ( lime is pres5t 9 ! glaze4 ,! o!r gr\p1 dep5d+ also ^u a r$uc+ flame1 is con/itut$ by ! fam\s ,,sang ,,de ,b,,uf & ,,flamb glazes4 ,! col\r ( ! fir/ is giv5 by ! r$ sub-oxide ( copp]1 *iefly susp5d$ 9 ! glaze4 ,9 ! case ( ! flamb or #8transmutation' glazes1 ! /range caprices ( col\r h _! orig91 9 "p at lea/1 9 ! contra/ ( ! r$ sub-oxide & ! gre5 silicate ( copp]4 ,9 ! case ( bo? ^! glazes ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! regulation ( ! draught ( ! furnace 9 :i* !y are fir$4 ,! ,fr5* h lately be5 at great pa9s to ma/] ! difficulties att5dant ^u ! developm5t ( ! effects s\ght aft]1 & "s success has be5 atta9$ n only on a porcela9 gr\nd z at ,svres1 b ^! glazes h also be5 appli$ to fay5ce at ! ,golfe ,/4 ,juan & else:]e4 ,x has be5 prov$ by "s exp]im5ts made at ,svres1 t 9 ! fir+1 ! critical p]iod1 dur+ :i* s mu* dep5ds ^u ! regulation ( ! draught1 is j be=e ! melt+ ( ! glaze4 ,once melt$ ! glaze n only =ms an imp]vi\s cov] :i* prev5ts ! smoky flame f discol\r+ ! pa/e bel[1 b ! glaze itself is no long] s5sitive to ! action ( ! gases :i* surr\nd x4 ,x is !re=e only dur+ a %ort p]iod prec$+ ! mom5t :5 ! glaze beg9s to melt1 t x is necess>y to promote a smoky & r$uc+ flame4 ,?is is a po9t ( consid]able practical importance4#bj ,! application ( ! ,,decoration ,,"u ,,! ,,glaze is ess5tially a ,*9ese me?od4 ,to x we owe ! important family ( #8blue & :ite' w>e4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,*9ese 9 ! managem5t ( ! blue col\r has be5 attribut$ to v>i\s causes4 ,! result is no d\bt influ5c$ n only by ! con/itution ( bo? pa/e & glaze1 b also by ! fact t ! col\r is pa9t$ ^u ! raw pa/e4 ,an important factor also is ! c>e ex]cis$ by ! ,*9ese 9 ! selection & prep>ation ( ! blue pigm5t1 by :i* n only ! desir$ int5sity b ! ri*ness ( hue is secur$4 ,! quality ( ! blue dep5ds 9 great measure ^u ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( manganese 9 ! cobalt ore employ$4 ,! only o!r col\r t ! ,*9ese h succe$$ 9 us+ "u ! glaze is ! r$ d]iv$ f ! sub-oxide ( copp]4 ,! full developm5t ( ?is col\r has = long be5 a lo/ art1 b a less brilliant r$ f ?is s\rce1 (t5 little bett] ?an a buff col\r1 is sometimes f\nd 9 lat] examples comb9$ ) ! blue4 ,9 ! application ( col\rs "u ! glaze !re is "o difficulty t ! ,*9ese h surm\nt$ ev5 9 _! commone/ w>e1 & ?is is ! t5d5cy ( ! cobalt blue to dissolve & #8run' 9 ! glaze1 giv+ to ! design a blurr$ & indi/9ct appe>ance4 ,x w\ld seem t ! %>pness ( outl9e dep5ds ^u ! consi/5cy ( ! glaze at ! mom5t :5 x fir/ melts4 ,at t po9t ! glaze %\ld be visc\s & n incl9$ to fl[1 & ?is is :at occurs 9 ! case ( ! highly calc>e\s glazes ( ! ,*9ese4 ,be=e pass+ to ! enamel col\rs1 we mu/ say some?+ ( a class ( glazes :i* may be look$ ^u z to "s ext5t ( an int]m$iate "*4 ,^! are ! glazes associat$ ) ! #8,san tsai1' ! #8?ree col\rs' fir/ us$ 9 comb9ation by ! ,*9ese4 ,^! col\r$ glazes 7 appli$1 n1 z is usually ! case 9 ,*9a1 to ! raw pa/e1 b !y 71 x w\ld seem1 pa9t$ on ! surface aft] a prelim9>y fir+4 ,be+ appli$ ) a bru%1 ! :ole surface ( ! biscuit 0 n necess>ily cov]$1 & glazes ( all ^! col\rs c\ld be us$ ^u ! same piece ( porcela94 ,glazes ( ?is class 7 r5d]$ m fusible by ! addition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( lead1 & on ?is gr\nd1 & /ill m 9 _! hi/orical relation1 z we %all see lat] on1 ^! #8pa9t$ glazes' may be consid]$ z a l9k connect+ ! old refractory glazes ( ! mono*rome & #8blue & :ite' w>es on ! "o h&1 ) ! fusible enamels :i* 7 at a lat] "t sup]impos$ ^u ! glaze on ! o!r4 ,! ?ree col\rs :i* are appli$ 9 ?is way by ! ,*9ese are3 7#a7 ,a turquoise blue d]iv$ f copp] ) ! addition ( "s soda or pota%4 7#b7 ,! manganese purple1 (t5 describ$ z aub]g9e4 7#c7 ,a yell[ prep>$ f an iron ore conta9+ "s am\nt ( antimony4 ,none ( ^! col\rs w\ld /& ! full heat ( ! furnace1 & = a reason :i* w be expla9$ fur!r on1 !y are kn[n z ! col\rs ( ! demi gr& feu4#ba ,,col\r$ ,,enamels4 ,we h n[ to describe ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,*9ese ,,m+ ,,porcela91 ,,black ,,gr\nd ! decoration t is appli$ to ! surface ( ! glaze4 ,9 ^! col\r$ enamels ! col\r+ matt] is dissolv$ 9 a flux :i* conta9s a l>ge quantity ( lead4 ,! comp>atively g5tle heat at :i* su* enamels fuse all[s ( ! use ( a mu* l>g] palette ?an is available = ! decoration "u ! glaze4 ,x is well to po9t out at ! outset ! m>k$ di/9ction 9 composition & 9 appe>ance betwe5 ! brilliant enamels ( ! ,*9ese & ! dull t9ts ( ! #8porcela9 col\rs' f\nd 9 ! h>d pa/es ( ,meiss5 & ,svres4 ,to make cle> ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce x w be necess>y to ent] into "s little detail4 ,! col\r+ matt] 9 ! ,european enamels may am\nt to z mu* z a ?ird "p ( ! total am\nt ( ! flux ) :i* !y are incorporat$4 ,z !re is n en\gh ( ?is flux to dissolve ! :ole ( ! oxides1 ! enamel rema9s dull & opaque aft] fir+4 ,! flux1 9 fact1 is only us$ z a vehicle to atta* ! col\r to ! surface ( ! porcela94 ,! effect 9 consequ5ce is inf]ior 9 brilliancy to t obta9$ by ! ,*9ese ) _! transp>5t enamels 9 :i* ! metallic oxides1 pres5t 9 mu* small] quantity1 are ?or\ghly dissolv$ to =m a glass4 ,!re is1 un=tunately1 a practical ob/acle to ! application ( ^! glassy enamels to ! h>d pa/es & glazes ( ,europe4 ,x is impossible to ensure _! firm adhesion to ! subjac5t glaze4 ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 d n appe> to f9d any difficulty 9 effect+ ?is4 ,! foll[+ explanation has be5 giv5 to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( behavi\r3--! t5d5cy ( ! enamel to split (f 9 cool+1 z has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t1 arises f ! small am\nt ( contraction at t "t ( ! highly kaol9ic pa/e1 comp>$ ) t ( ! sup]impos$ glassy enamel4 ,! m silici\s pa/e us$ by ! ,*9ese contracts1 on ! contr>y1 at ! same rate approximately z ! enamels t x c>ries1 & ^! enamels may !re=e be laid on 9 suffici5t ?ickness )\t any risk ( _! subsequ5tly splitt+ (f4#bb ,to appreciate ! diff]5ce 9 ! decorative value ( ^! two classes ( enamels x is only necess>y to comp>e ! brilliant effect1 say1 ( a piece ( ,*9ese egg-%ell ( ! "t ( ,ki5-lung ) ! tame surface ( a contempor>y ,meiss5 plate1 elaborately pa9t$ ) l&scapes or fl[]s4 ,! glassy enamels us$ by ! ,*9ese resemble ! pa/es us$ = artificial jewell]y4 ,!y are ess5tially silicates ( lead & an alkali4 ,! composition ( ! flux has to be modifi$ to ensure ! full developm5t ( ! col\r ( ! diff]5t metallic oxides :i* are ei!r made up ) x or add$ subsequ5tly4 ,b 9 a g5]al way we may say t ! col\rless fluxes :i* =m ! basis ( ! col\r$ enamels are prep>$ by melt+ 9 a crucible a mixture ( pure qu>tz s& & r$ lead1 & add+ m or less alkali4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! lead pr$om9ates1 z :5 x is propos$ to make an em]ald gre5 enamel by means ( copp]1 or :5 ! flux is to s]ve z a basis = ! ruby col\r giv5 by a m9ute quantity ( gold4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if copp] be add$ to a flux conta9+ an excess ( ei!r soda or pota%1 we obta9 a turquoise blue4 ,a f9e purple1 aga91 c only be obta9$ f manganese ) an alkal9e flux2 if too mu* lead is pres5t only a br[n t9t is obta9able4 ,to melt ^! enamels & to ensure _! adh]5ce to ! subjac5t glaze ano!r fir+ at a g5tl] temp]ature is necess>y2 inde$ 9 _m cases m ?an "o su* fir+ has to be resort$ to4 ,! comp>atively high temp]ature requir$ to develop ! col\r ( "o enamel may be suffici5t to decompose or o!rwise damage ano!r "p ( ! decoration4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature ( all is t ( ! muffle-fire 9 :i* ! gild+ is fix$4 ,?is is !re=e ! la/ decoration to be add$4 ,! ov5 9 :i* ^! enamels are melt$ on to ! surface ( ! already glaz$ porcela9 is call$ a muffle4 ,! w>e 9 ?is case is protect$ f ! direct action ( ! flame by ! clos$ rectangul> box ( fireclay 9 :i* x is plac$1 l bread 9 a bak]'s ov54 ,! muffle is plac$ ov] ! fireplace ( a rectangul> furnace1 & ! flame plays r\nd ! sides 9 su* a way z to ensure ! uni=m di/ribution ( ! heat4 ,= ! sake ( great] cleanl9ess & ! avoidance ( du/1 ! pieces to be fir$ are plac$ ^u tiles ( porcela9 r ?an ^u biscuit or fireclay supports4 ,! temp]ature may v>y f a dull to a full r$ heat 7#fjj to #ajjj;,c471 & ! fir+ la/s f f\r to twelve h\rs4 ,we h already m5tion$ incid5tally _m ( ! s-call$ #8muffle-col\rs' or enamels4 ,^? us$ 9 ,*9a 7 c>efully /udi$ "s ye>s ago by ,ebelm5 & ,salvtat at ,svres4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! opaque :ite ( ! ,*9ese is obta9$ f ars5ic--! m]its ( ! use ( t9 = ?is purpose appe> to be unkn[n to !m4 ,! blacks are made f ! already m5tion$ cobalt-manganese ore 7wad71 mix$ ) :ite lead--:5 oxide ( copp] is add$ a m lu/r\s black is obta9$4#bc ,= ! blue enamel1 a v small quantity ( cobalt suffices to give a brilliant col\r4 ,! v>i\s t9ts ( ! gre5s & blues d]iv$ f copp] dep5d on ! nature ( ! flux2 ( ?is we h already giv5 an in/ance4 ,antimony 9 comb9ation ) lead gives a bright yell[1 :i* t5ds to orange :5 a little iron is pres5t2 by ! addition ( m iron ! col\r ( old bronze is imitat$4 ,iron 9 ! /ate ( ! sesqui-oxide is ! s\rce ( _m %ades ( r$1 b z ?is iron oxide w n readily comb9e ) silica to =m a transp>5t glass1 x has to be appli$ z a m or less opaque pa9t1 & ?us diff]s f ! o!r col\rs 9 be+ 9 p]ceptible relief4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ! ruby r$ d]iv$ f gold1 :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,*9a 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & soon became ! pr$om9at+ col\r 9 ! decoration ( ! "t 7! famille rose74 ,! palette ( ! ,european enamell] is a m ext5sive "o1 & ea* l>ge porcela9 manufactory has its book ( recipes4 ,! composition ( ! enamels & ! relation ( ! metallic oxides to ! fluxes employ$ h be5 sy/ematically /udi$ 9 m ?an "o laboratory4 ,x is only at ,svres1 h[ev]1 t ! results obta9$ h be5 made public4 ,x has be5 ! pride ( successive g5]ations ( *emi/s--( ,brongni>t1 ( ,salvtat1 ( ,ebelm51 n to m5tion liv+ m5--to devise fre% s\rces ( col\r = ! decoration ( porcela94 ,fir/ *romium1 !n nickel1 cadmium1 uranium1 iridium1 & plat9um h be5 add$ to ! li/ ( metals f :i* enamel pigm5ts h be5 d]iv$4 ,among ! col\rs ( ! muffle-/ove ! *ief ga9 has p]haps be5 ! discov]y ( ! quality possess$ by ! oxide ( z9c ( alt]+ ! t9ts ( o!r metallic oxides ) :i* x is mix$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*9a ,introductory--,classification--,! ,sung ,dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi7--,! ,mongol or ,yuan ,dyna/y 7#abhj-acfh74 #8,la porcela9e de la ,*9e6 ,cette porcela9e suprieure t\tes les porcela9es de la t]re6 ,cette porcela9e qui a fait depuis des sicles1 et sur t\t le globe1 des passionns plus f\s que dans t\tes les autres bran*es de la curiosit4444 ,enf9 cette matire t]reuse faonne dans les ma9s d'hommes en un objet de lumire1 de d\x coloris dans un luisant de pi]re prcieuse4'--,,edmond ,,de ,,gonc\rt1 #8,la ,maison d'un arti/e4' ,9 any "w on porcela9 x is some?+ m ?an ! premi] place t mu/ be giv5 to ! w>e ( ,*9a4 ,we are deal+ ) an art ,*9ese 9 orig91 & dur+ a succession ( _m c5turies ,*9ese 9 its developm5t4 ,x 0 only at a comp>atively late "t t ! k ( ?is art spread ov] ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,we 9 ,engl& h1 z x 71 ackn[l$g$ ! pre-em95ce ( t c\ntry by adopt+ ! ^w #8*9a' z an equival5t1 m or less1 to porcela94#bd ,x 0 "u ,imp]ial patronage t ! art 0 develop$ 9 ,*9a1 & ! excell5ce ( ! porcela9 ( t c\ntry has 9 a measure v>i$ ) ! ta/e & intellig5ce ) :i* t patronage 0 ex]cis$ 9 diff]5t reigns4 ,! native s*ol> & connoisseur has = ages be5 a collector ( *oice pieces1 & 8 influ5ce has always be5 ex]cis$ 9 a cons]vative direction4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ! :ole _w no su* consi/5t laudator temporis acti1 & x is ?is cons]vative _s1 result+ 9 a con/ant #8return+ ^u oneself1' t x is ess5tial to be> 9 m9d if we are to und]/& ! involv$ relation ( ! old & ! new 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts ( ,*9a4 ,b ! ,*9ese pott] 0 n work+ only = ! c\rt or = ! le>n$ connoisseur1 or aga9 = ! supply ( ! t[ns & villages4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 or at lea/ = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 !re has be5 a dem& = 8 w>e1 small at fir/ b sl[ly spread+1 f ! out] b>b>ian4 ,porcela91 or some?+ ak9 to x1 has be5 export$ f ,*9a1 by "o pa? or ano!r1 f ! "t ( ! fir/ ,arab settlem5ts at ,canton & ,k9say 9 ! eigh? or n9? c5tury2 & ?us a c\nt]vail+ influ5ce1 act+ 9 ! direction ( v>iety & *ange1 at lea/ z f> z ! decoration ( ! w>e is conc]n$1 has always be5 pres5t4 ,to give b two in/ances ( ?is influ5ce--we %all return to ! subject lat] on3 9 ! intimate connection ( ! ,*9ese c\rt ) ,we/]n ,asia1 & especially ) ,p]sia1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we may probably f9d ! occasion ( ! fir/ introduction into ,*9a ( ! blue decoration "u ! glaze2 & ) m c]ta9ty--! fact is inde$ ackn[l$g$ by ! ,*9ese--we may attribute ! second great revolution 9 ! decoration ( porcela91 ! use ( enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze1 to ,european or ,arab influ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! decl9e t set 9 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 n a little ha/5$ by ! increas$ dem& = w>e decorat$ to suit ! deprav$ ta/e ( ! #8,we/]n b>b>ian4' ,= 9 spite ( 8 rigidity & 8 cons]vative _s1 ! ,*9ese pott] has always und]/ood h[ to adapt 8 w>es to ! *ang+ ta/e ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,inde$ ! v>iation 9 ! decoration1 ! subtle nuances 9 col\r & design1 t enable u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,*9ese porcela9 export$ to ,india1 to ,p]sia1 & to ! nations ( ! ,*ri/ian we/1 might be made ! basis ( a mo/ int]e/+ /udy4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! v>i\s factories ( porcela9 t sprang up 9 ,europe 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we %all f9d t :at /rikes ! inquir] above all 79 comp>ison ) ! k9dr$ arts ( ! "t7 is ! little we c obs]ve 9 ! way ( developm5t ei!r 9 ! te*nique or decoration ( ! w>es4 ,! art spr+s up full-bl[n2 :at hi/ory !re is is conc]n$ r ) an arti/ic decl9e4 ,x is only 9 ,*9a t we c hope to trace ! /eps by :i* ?is special bran* ( ! pott]'s art atta9$ to ! p]fection t we f9d 9 ! products ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ?is alone is a reason = dwell+1 ev5 9 a treatm5t ( ! subject s g5]al & brief z ?is mu/ ne$s be1 on :at may seem to "s m]e antiqu>ian detail4 ,b !re is ano!r & p]haps ev5 a m important reason = our try+ to =m "s idea ( :at ! e>lie/ w>es ( ! ,*9ese 7 l3 unless we make "s su* endeav\r we %all f9d x impossible to und]/& ! lat] hi/ory ( porcela9 9 t c\ntry4 ,"o po9t mu/ be specially borne 9 m9d :5 we are attempt+ to foll[ ! ord] 9 :i* fre% /yles & designs 7 introduc$ 9 ,*9a4 ,:5 a new me?od ( decoration _h be5 adopt$ & _h come into g5]al use--! introduction ( und]glaze blue 9 e>ly ,m+ times1 & t ( col\r$ enamels at a lat] p]iod1 are cases 9 po9t--?is did n involve ! ab&onm5t ( ! old] /yles4 ,!re 0 a con/ant ef=t to ma9ta9 ! old me?ods1 & 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ times ( ! emp]ors ,kang-he & ,ki5-lung1 ! s]ies ( great m5 :o _h *>ge ( ! imp]ial works at ,k+-te-*51 "s ( !m practical pott]s !mselves1 7 con/antly occupi$ ) ! problems ( reproduc+ ! glazes1 if n ! pa/es1 ( ! e>lie/ w>es4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,yung-*ng 7#agbc-agce71 p]haps ! culm9at+ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela91 :5 ,ni5 ,hsi-yao 0 sup]9t5d5t1 a li/ 0 drawn up ( fifty-sev5 v>ieties ( porcela9 made at ,k+-te-*54 ,9 ?is li/ ! titles ( all ! old w>es ( ! ,sung dyna/y are to be f\nd1 & to !m ! place ( hon\r is evid5tly aw>d$ 7,bu%ell1 *ap4 xii474 ,! names ( "s ( ^! old w>es1 ! ,ko yao & ! ,kuan yao1 = in/ance1 are appli$ to porcela9 9 common use at ! pres5t day1 an attribution bas$ on ! great] or less resemblance ( ?is mod]n w>e to ! ,sung porcela91 at lea/ 9 ! matt] ( ! glazes4 ,x is only q ( late ye>s t we 9 ,europe h be5 able to make any cle> di/9ction1 n only betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( ,*9ese porcela91 b betwe5 :at is ,*9ese & :at is n4 ,a few ye>s ago ! mo/ *>act]i/ic porcela9 ( ,japan 0 class$ z ,*9ese1 :ile on ! o!r h& ,corea & ev5 local ,engli% factories 7 cr$it$ ) porcela9 made & decorat$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! =m] c\ntries4 ,x is ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! fam\s lett]s ( ! ,jesuit mission>y1 ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 7 writt51 & ^! lett]s /ill rema9 our be/ s\rce ( in=mation = ! processes ( manufacture at ,k+-te-*54 ,!re 0 little fur!r in=mation on ! subject f ! ,*9ese side#be until1 9 #ahef1 ,/anislas ,juli5 translat$ "p ( a ,*9ese "w treat+ *iefly ( ! same porcela9 factory--?is is ! ,k+-te-*5 ,tao ,lu1 a book :i* conta9s 9 addition "s in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! diff]5t w>es4 ,?is translation 0 = _m ye>s ! only native s\rce ( in=mation available to /ud5ts ( ,*9ese porcela91 & _m 7 ! misconceptions & blund]s 9 :i* ^! /ud5ts 7 l&$4 ,! book 0 inde$ accompani$ by a preface & valuable notes by ,m4 ,salvtat1 ! porcela9 exp]t ( ,svres1 b ,juli5 himself1 ?\gh an em95t ,*9ese s*ol>1 _h no practical acqua9tance ei!r ) ! matt] 9 h& or inde$ ) ! c\ntry g5]ally4 ,! beg9n+ ( a s\nd] k ( ! subject 0 made :5 t collector ( g5ius1 ! late ,sir ,a4 ,wolla/on ,franks1 publi%$ a catalogue ( ! private collection ( ,japanese & ,*9ese porcela9 :i* he aft]w>ds pres5t$ to ! nation4 ,8 m>vell\s intuition & 8 va/ exp]i5ce enabl$ him to seize ^u po9ts ( resemblance & diff]5ce :i* ?rew light ^u ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s w>es1 & to expose at ! same "t ! inconsi/5cies ( ! arrangem5ts !n 9 vogue4 ,he x 0 :o fir/ po9t$ out ! g5]al wor?lessness1 z a guide to ! date or ev5 ! c\ntry ( any piece ( porcela91 ( ! "n ( dyna/y & emp]or :i* x might be>4 ,8 successor1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 has well c>ri$ on ! tradition4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,briti% ,museum is "o ( ! few places :]e an attempt has be5 made at a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( a repres5tative collection ( ,*9ese & ,japanese porcela94#bf ,9 ! meantime 9 ,*9a itself1 bo? 9 connection ) ! embassies at ,pek9 & among "s ( ! m]*ants at ,%anghai & o!r treaty ports1 mu* in=mation 0 be+ collect$1 & x 0 above all ! m]it ( ,franks to keep himself 9 communication ) & to enc\rage all su* rese>*4 ,dr4 ,hir?1 long 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*9ese at ,%anghai & else:]e1 has publi%$ a s]ies ( le>n$ /udies treat+ ( ! relation ( ! ,*9ese to ! ,roman empire1 ( ! ,arab trad]s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela9 g5]ally4 ,b x is to a =m] memb] ( our embassy at ,pek91 to ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 t we are above all indebt$ = ! ?r[+ op5 ( ,*9ese s\rces ( in=mation ^u ! hi/ory ( porcela94 ,a wor?y successor ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles 9 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ! c\ntry & its language1 ,dr4 ,bu%ell is well abrea/ ( ! *emical & te*nical k ( ! day1 & 8 position z physician to our embassy at ,pek9 has giv5 him access to in=mation f ! be/ ,*9ese s\rces1 z well z to ! treasures ( _m ( ! native collections ( ! capital4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell has writt5 ! text to a sumptu\sly illu/rat$ "w1 nom9ally a catalogue ( ! collection ( porcela9 =m$ by ! late ,mr4 ,walt]s ( ,philadelphia1 & into ?is text he has wov5 all ! va/ weal? ( mat]ial t he _h accumulat$ dur+ _m ye>s ( /udy bo? at ,pek9 & 9 ,europe4 ,?is "w has ?us sup]s$$ all o!r s\rces ( in=mation on ! hi/ory & manufacture ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,he has1 9 fact1 ransack$ all t has be5 writt5 9 ,*9a on ^! subjects1 & 8 translations h ?is advantage ov] ! works ( ,juli51 t !y are made by "o :o kn[s ?or\ghly ! subject t ! ,*9ese au?or is deal+ )4 ,we mu/ n =get ! rese>*es on ! *emical & te*nical side ( ! subject by :at we may call ! s*ool ( ,svres4 ,to ^! work]s we h made frequ5t ref]5ce 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,x is to ! exp]im5ts & analyses ( m5 su* z ,brongni>t1 ,salvtat1 ,ebelm51 & ,vogt1 t we are indebt$ = our k ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! pa/e1 ! glaze1 & ! enamels ( ,*9ese porcela91 z well z = a rational exposition ( ! me?ods ( its manufacture4 ,to sum up1 our s\rces ( in=mation ( late ye>s are1 9 ! ma91 ,engli%1 z f> z ! hi/ory & :at ,i may call ! s9ology ( our subject are conc]n$2 b = ! *emi/ry & te*nology we mu/ turn to ,fr5* works4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 little ( value has be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]many on ! subject ( ,ori5tal porcela94 ,! discussion betwe5 ,k>abacek1 ,mey]1 & ,hir? 7^: lat] pap]s h be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]man7 on ! e>ly hi/ory ( celadon & on ! ,arab trad]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is p]haps ! mo/ notable exception4 ,we are 9 ! d>k ev5 n[ z to ! date & place ( orig9 ( m ?an "o class ( ,ori5tal porcela94 ,on ! "q ( ! relation ( ! c]amic w>es ( ,*9a to ! contempor>y si/] arts1 !re are _m po9ts to be cle>$ up1--,i mean especially ! "q h[ f> ! e>ly w>es 7 influ5c$ by ! art ( ! bronze-ca/] & ! c>v] ( jade1 & aga9 to :at ext5t ! decoration ( porcela9 9 lat] times 0 dep5d5t ^u ! example ( ! contempor>y s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,:5 we "k ab\t ! pictorial art ( ! ,*9ese ev5 ! little t we d already ( t ( _! ,japanese neighb\rs1 we %all1 to give b "o in/ance1 be able to trace ! s\rce ( ! beautiful l&scapes & fl[] designs t we f9d on ! vases & plates ( ! famille v]te & famille rose4 ,!re is "o s\rce ( in=mation :i* rema9s z yet almo/ completely untapp$4 ,! ,japanese h be5 = _m c5turies ke5 collectors ( ,*9ese porcela91 z ( o!r ,*9ese objects ( art4 ,!y h _! own views on its hi/ory1 & "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! old] w>es rema9 /ill 9 ,japan1 9 spite ( ! _m pieces t h ( late ye>s be5 c>ri$ away to ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,z we %all see1 !y h 9 _! own pott]y & porcela9 h&$ on to q rec5t days _m traditions ( ,m+ & e>li] times t h be5 lo/ 9 ,*9a4 ,if "s ,japanese connoisseur or antiqu>y1 /rong 9 ,*9ese lore1 c\ld give u a hi/ory ( porcela9 f 8 own po9t ( view1 ,i ?9k t ,european inve/igators w\ld h cause to be grateful4 ,mu* c\ld be glean$1 z ,i h already said1 by /udy+ ! relation ( ! pott]s art to t ( ! jade-c>v] & ! ca/] ( bronze1 & ?is br+s u to an important po9t t p]haps has n be5 fully appreciat$ by u 9 ! ,we/4 ,i ref] to ! comp>atively late date ( ! beg9n+ ( porcela9 9 ,*9a comp>$1 = example1 to ! arts j m5tion$4 ,we c h>dly c>ry back ! hi/ory ( true porcela9 beyond ! great ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg ,a4,d471 & ev5 9 ,*9a !re is no exi/+ specim5 t c safely be attribut$ to s e>ly a date4 ,b ?is same ,tang dyna/y 0 ! v heyday 9 t c\ntry1 n only ( milit>y p[] b also ( arti/ic culture4 ,x w\ld be impossible to ent] into ?is important subject "h2 x is "o t has be5 /rangely ignor$ by u 9 ,europe4 ,suffice to say t ! great figure-pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod 7 look$ back to ) v5]ation 9 lat] times1 bo? 9 ,*9a & 9 ,japan1 & t ! two s*ools ( l&scape1 ! col\r s*ool ( ! ,nor? & ! black & :ite #8lit]>y' s*ool ( ! ,s\?--s*ools ^: traditions h surviv$ to ! pres5t day--7 bo? f\nd$ by ,tang arti/s4 ,at t "t art critics 7 kn[n 7& ev5 hon\r$72 !y already wrote books on ! e>ly hi/ory ( pa9t+1 & !y h left u descriptions ( fam\s collections4 ,we may expect1 !n1 to f9d ! influ5ce ( ^! m precoci\s arts on ! e>ly fictile w>e ( ,*9a1 & inde$ we see ! qua9t decoration & ! n too beautiful outl9es ( ! e>ly hi]atic bronzes repeat$ on ! r>e specim5s t survive f ! dyna/y t aft] a p]iod ( unre/ foll[$ t ( ,tang4 ,?is 0 ! ,sung dyna/y1 :i* la/$ till ! "t ( ! ,mongol invasion 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#bg ,x is difficult = a ,european to appreciate ! *>m1 or r sup]lative excell5ce1 t is f\nd by a ,*9aman 9 a f9e specim5 ( jade4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a sub/ance t is closely l9k$ ) 8 philosophy1 8 religion1 & above all ) 8 all-important c]emonial4 ,no wond]1 !n1 if f an e>ly "t he /rove1 ) ! pa/es & glazes at 8 comm&1 to imitate su* a mat]ial4 ,& numb]less ref]5ces 9 contempor>y writ]s1 z well z ! evid5ce ( _m ( ! olde/ pieces ( porcela9 surviv+1 %[ t ?is 0 ! case4 ,we may safely say t 9 ^! e>ly specim5s ! ?ick glaze1 ( t9ts v>y+ f a true celadon to a m pron\nc$ blue or gre51 0 admir$ 9 proportion to its resemblance to jade4 ,z = ! porcela9 itself1 all t 0 look$ = 9 ! pa/e 0 t x %\ld be h>d1 & t ! vessel :5 /ruck %\ld give out a bell-l s\nd--#8a pla9tive note l a cup ( jade1' z "o e>ly ,*9ese writ] says ( a porcela9 cup 9 8 collection4 ,! ,*9ese 9 ^! times possess$ also elaborately c>v$ vessels ( rock cry/al & ( v>i\s k9ds ( *alc$ony1 & ^! also x 0 attempt$ to imitate ) ! e>ly glazes4 ,glass1 too1 z a mat]ial = small objects1 0 probably kn[n2 x seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 some:at ( a r>ity4 ,x is m5tion$ by writ]s ( ! ,tang p]iod 9 connection ) ^! e>ly w>es1 & inde$ x is possible t !re may be "s confusion 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t 7or r p]haps 9 our int]pretation ( ! language us$7 betwe5 ! two mat]ials--! ?ickly glaz$ porcela9 & ! m or less opaque glass4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks we %all be 9 a bett] position to int]pret ! some:at involv$ & contradictory allusions to our subject f\nd 9 ,*9ese books4 ,we n[ come to ! important "q ( ! classification ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,a difficulty "h arises f ! rival claims ( two sy/ems4 ,! old] & p]haps saf] division dep5ds solely on ! nature ( ! w>e1 its col\r1 decoration1 etc42 b 9 opposition to ?is ! claim ( ! m logical1 hi/orical classification has1 ) our increas+ k1 become ( late ye>s m press+4 ,! result has be5 an attempt to comb9e ! two sy/ems4 ,su* an attempt mu/ necess>ily lead to _m compromises1 & yet some?+ ( ! sort is p]haps ! only available plan4 ,we may comp>e ! developm5t ( ! c]amic art 9 ,*9a to :at has tak5 place 9 ! evolution ( ! animal k+dom3 :ile new & m elaborat$ =ms are evolv$1 ! old] ones1 or _m ( !m1 survive 9 b slightly modifi$ =ms4 ,if ?is t5d5cy be borne well 9 m9d !re w be less dang] ( confusion betwe5 ! really old types & ! mod]n repres5tations or ev5 copies :i* are call$1 9 ,*9a1 by ! same names4 ,! ?ree classes into :i* ,*9ese porcela9 is divid$--& !re is a g5]al agreem5t among collectors on ?is head--re/ on su* an attempt to comb9e a hi/orical ) a te*nical classification3-- #a4 ,porcela9 ) s+le-col\r$ glazes1 includ+ pla9 :ite w>e4 ,! col\r ( ! glaze is d]iv$ f two metals only1 iron & copp]4 ,any fur!r decoration dep5ds ^u ! m\ld+ ( ! surface or ^u patt]ns incis$ 9 ! pa/e4 ,all ! w>es made up to ! end ( ! ,sung p]iod 7#abgi ,a4,d47 may probably be includ$ 9 ?is class4 #b4 ,porcela9 decorat$ ) col\r "u ! glaze4 ,?is division is ne>ly equival5t to our #8blue & :ite' w>e1 b 9 addition to cobalt1 copp] is at times introduc$ to give a r$ col\r4 ,?is sy/em ( decoration 0 probably introduc$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & x is associat$ ) ! ,m+ dyna/y4 #c4 ,porcela9 decorat$ ) enamels ov] ! glaze1 necessitat+ a second fir+ 9 a muffle-/ove4 ,! use ( ^! fusible enamel col\rs came 9 probably dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 b ! art 0 n fully develop$ till mu* lat]4 ,! glazes ( ! fir/ & second classes z a rule conta9$ no lead1 & to melt !m ! full heat ( ! ov51 ! gr& feu1 0 requir$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a class ( porcela9 :i* does n fall well into any ( ! above divisions1 b :i* is hi/orically ( great importance4 ,! blue1 purple1 & yell[ glazes ( ?is w>e 7 pa9t$ on ! biscuit aft] a prelim9>y bak+ ( ! pa/e1 & !n fir$1 n 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! furnace1 b 9 :at we may call ! demi gr& feu4 ,! glaze ( ?is w>e conta9s lead1 & ?is fact & ! me?od ( ! decoration may be held to give x a position bridg+ ov] ! int]val betwe5 our fir/ two classes & ! ?ird--t ( enamell$ porcela94 ,?is w>e1 pa9t$ on ! biscuit1 dates1 h[ev]1 f an e>li] "t ?an ! latt] class1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) x4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 ^! types did n entirely replace "o ano!r1 = ! e>li] =ms cont9u$ to be made by ! side ( ! lat]4 ,"o ( our pr9cipal difficulties 9 discuss+ ! e>ly w>es ( ,*9a is to reconcile & co-ord9ate ! v>i\s types describ$ 9 old ,*9ese books ) ! few specim5s surviv+ at ! pres5t day4 ,( ^! scanty examples we c po9t to sc>cely any 9 public collections2 ! r>e pieces t h be5 br\ght f ,*9a are 9 ! h&s ( private collectors 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,*9ese au?orities we f9d z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury ref]5ces to porcela9 :i* 0 #8blue z ! sky1 brilliant z a mirror1 ?9 z pap]1 & z sonor\s z a piece ( jade'2 an emp]or :o reign$ j be=e ! accession ( ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj ,a4,d47 dem&$ t ! porcela9 made = him %\ld be #8( ! azure t9t ( ! sky aft] ra91 z x appe>s 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! cl\ds4' ,comp>e ) ^! descriptions ! ?ick pa/e1 b>ely transluc5t1 ! heavy irregul> glaze1 greyi% :ite to celadon or pale blue1 ( ! few specim5s ( und\bt$ antiquity t h surviv$ to our day4 ,h[ c we reconcile ! tradition ) ! mat]ial evid5ce8 ,two explanations h be5 giv5 ( ! discrepancy4 ,accord+ to "o !ory1 all ! m delicate & fragile pieces h disappe>$ #8"u ! h&s ( "t' 7or %all we say m def9itely "u ^? ( endless g5]ations ( h\semaids871 only ! heavy1 solid specim5s surviv+4 ,! o!r !ory is simpl]3 x is t ! writ]s ( ! books are apt to fall into exagg]ation :5 speak+ ( any matt] t has ! sanction ( age--t1 n to m9ce matt]s1 !y are z a class great li>s2 & ?is is a po9t ( view t comm5ds itself to ^? :o h any acqua9tance ) ,*9ese lit]ature4#bh ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 "o s\rce ( in=mation = ^! e>ly w>es ^u :i*1 al?\gh x is 9 a measure a lit]>y s\rce1 we c place great] reliance4 ,?is is no?+ less ?an an illu/rat$ li/1 a catalogue raisonn1 ( fam\s specim5s ( porcela91 drawn up by a di/+ui%$ ,*9ese art connoisseur & collector z long ago z ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is manuscript !re 7 m ?an eighty col\r$ reproductions ( pieces1 bo? f ! au?or's own collection & f ^? ( 8 fri5ds4 ,! "w came f ! libr>y ( a ,*9ese pr9ce ( high rank1 & x 0 pur*as$ 9 ,pek9 by ,dr4 ,bu%ell "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n ?is valuable docum5t has p]i%$ 9 a fire at a ,london w>eh\se1 :]e x _h be5 deposit$1 b n be=e ! illu/rations _h be5 copi$ by a ,*9ese arti/ & its own] _h made a c>eful translation & analysis ( its cont5ts4#bi ,! writ]1 ,hsiang-yuan-pi51 bett] kn[n z ,tzu-*+1 aft] giv+ a brief sket* ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( c]amics 9 8 c\ntry1 exclaims apologetically3 #8,i h acquir$ a morbid ta/e = pot-%]ds4 ,i delight 9 buy+ *oice specim5s ( ,sung1 ,yuan1 & ,m+ w>e1 & exhibit+ !m 9 equal rank ) ! bells1 urns1 & sacrificial w9e-vessels ( bronze dat+ f ! ?ree anci5t dyna/ies1 f ! ,*9 & ! ,han' 7#bbej ,b4,c4 to #bbj ,a4,d47--t is to say1 9 plac+ !m 9 ! same rank z antiquities t are ackn[l$g$ to be wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! s*ol>4 ,porcela9 at t "t1 we see1 _h h>dly e/abli%$ its claim to s dignifi$ a position2 h5ce ! apologetic tone4 ,aft] tell+ u h[ ) ! advice ( a few intimate fri5ds he _h select$ *oice specim5s1 :i* he !n copi$ 9 col\r & c>efully describ$1 ,tzu-*+ concludes ) ^! words3 #8,say n t my hair is scant & sp>se1 & yet ,i make :at is only fit = a *ild's toy4' ,?is appeal is evid5tly address$ to ! ,"l ,macaulays ( 8 day4#cj ,! fir/ po9t to notice 9 ?is catalogue is t m ?an half ( ! objects describ$ are attribut$ to ! ,sung p]iod 7#ifj-abgi ,a4,d471 t is to say1 !y 7 at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s old at ! "t :5 ,tzu-*+ wrote4 ,! ,sung dyna/y1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 0 above all rememb]$ z a p]iod ( great weal? & mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,less w>like ?an ! ,tang :i* prec$$ x1 ! arts 7 cultivat$ at ! c\rt ( ! pleasure-lov+ emp]ors :o _h _! capital dur+ ! e>li] "t at ,kai-f5g ,fu 79 ! nor? ( ,honan1 ne> to ! great b5d ( ! ,hoang-ho74 ,:5 driv5 s\? by ! advance ( ! m w>like ,mongols !y retir$ to ,hang*[1 ! ,k9say ( :i* ,m>co ,polo has su* wond]ful tales to relate4 ,9 ^! e>ly days !re 0 no great c5tre = ! manufacture ( porcela92 x 0 made 9 _m widely sep>at$ di/ricts1 s t ! classification ( ^! e>ly w>es is1 9 a measure1 a geographical "o4 ,at ,k+-te-*51 at lea/ 9 ! lat] ,sung p]iod1 !y 7 already mak+ porcela91 b = c\rt use only1 x w\ld appe>1 = at t "t ! factory 0 a /rict imp]ial pres]ve1 & its w>es did n come into ! m>ket4 ,z to ! /ill old] w>es1 ^? ( ,*'ai & ( ,ju1 :i* g5]ally hold ! place ( hon\r 9 ,*9ese li/s1 x 0 ( ! fir/ t ! emp]or spoke :5 he comm&$ t pieces int5d$ = 8 own use %\ld be cle> z ! sky aft] ra92 b no specim5 ( ?is porcela9 0 extant ev5 9 ,m+ times4 ,its place1 x w\ld seem1 0 tak5 by ! ,,ju ,,yao 7! ^w yao is ab\t equival5t to our t]m #8w>e'71 :i*1 l ! ,*'ai1 came f ! prov9ce ( ,honan4 ,?is w>e also is n[ practically ext9ct2 ,tzu-*+1 h[ev]1 claims to h possess$ "s specim5s1 & ( ^! he gives m ?an "o illu/ration4 ,! glaze 0 ?ick & l melt$ l>d 7a comp>ison (t5 made by ! ,*9ese71 & v>i$ 9 col\r f a clair-de-lune to a bright] t9t ( blue4 ,! "n ,ju1 we may add1 is (t5 appli$ to m mod]n glazes :i* resemble ! old ones 9 col\r & ?ickness4 ,! "n ,,kuan ,,yao1 :i* means #8(ficial' or #8imp]ial' porcela91 has be5 ! cause ( mu* confusion2 ! t]m has be5 appli$ to any w>e made = imp]ial use4 ,t ( ! ,sung dyna/y 0 made 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! imp]ial c\rt1 fir/ at ,kai-f5g ,fu & lat] at ,hang*[4 ,9 its m /rict use ! t]m ,kuan yao is appli$ to pieces g5]ally ( ar*aic =m1 to c5s]s ornam5t$ ) grotesque heads ( mon/r\s animals1 & to w>es ( o!r %apes copi$ f old ritual bronzes4 ,! glaze v>ies 9 col\r f em]ald gre5 to greyi% gre5 & clair-de-lune1 x is g5]ally crackl$1 ! cracks =m+ l>ge #8crab-claw' divisions4 ,o!r k9ds are describ$ z :ite & v ?91 b ( ^!1 p]haps = "o ( ! reasons giv5 above1 no examples h surviv$ to our day4 ,,lung-,,*uan ,,yao & ,,ko ,,yao4 ,x w be conv5i5t to class toge!r ^! two mo/ important types ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,at ! pres5t day ^! names are appli$ 9 ,*9a to "s comp>atively common v>ieties ( porcela91 n necess>ily ( any great age4 ,b m /rictly ,lung-*uan yao is ! t]m us$ by ! ,*9ese = ! heavy celadon pieces1 :e!r dat+ f ,sung or f ,m+ times1 :i* 7 ! fir/ k9ds ( porcela9 to become a regul> article ( export2 :ile ! ^w ,ko yao is us$ z a g5]al "n = _m k9ds ( crackle w>e1 :i* may v>y 9 col\r f :ite to a full celadon4 ,9 a m re/rict$ s5se x includes only ! e>ly pieces ) a greyi% :ite glaze & well-m>k$ crackles4 ,,lung-,,*uan ,,w>e 0 made dur+ ,sung times at a t[n ( t "n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ekiang1 situat$ ab\t halfway betwe5 ! ,poyang lake & ! coa/4 ,9 ,m+ times ! kilns 7 remov$ to ! adjac5t prov9cial capital1 ,*u-*\ ,fu1 ne>] to ! coa/4 ,?is 0 probably ! w>e t ,m>co ,polo saw :5 pass+ ?r\gh ! t[n ( ,t+ui4 ,x 0 l>gely export$ f ! ports ( ,zaitun & ,k9say4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be bett] to def] ! discussion ( ?is ?orny "q to a lat] *apt]1 :5 we %all h some?+ to say ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! k ( ,*9ese porcela9 0 spread ?r\gh ! ,mohamm$an & ,*ri/ian we/4 ,x w be en\gh = ! pres5t to m5tion t ! ,lung-*uan w>e 0 ! orig9al type & always rema9$ "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! ,m>tabani celadon s priz$ 9 e>ly ,s>ac5 times4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ "t t we come across celadon w>e1#ca we may m5tion t we use ! t]m 9 ! old] & n>r[] s5se = a greyi% sea-gre5 col\r t5d+ at times to blue4 ,! "n is1 h[ev]1 sometimes made to cov] ne>ly ! :ole range ( mono*rome glazes4 ,x is ! ,*+-tsu#cb ( ! ,*9ese & ! ,sei-ji ( ! ,japanese4 ,! true ,lung-*uan celadon ( ,sung times 01 h[ev]1 ( a m pron\nc$ grass-gre5 col\r4 ,b we are conc]n$ r ) ! lat] celadon made at ,*u-*\ ,fu dur+ ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,= x is to ?is "t t we mu/ ref] mo/ ( ! heavy di%es & b[ls1 (t5 flut$ or m\ld$ 9 l[ relief ) a floral design ( peony or lotus fl[]s1 or aga9 ) plait$ patt]ns surr\nd+ a fi% or dragon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 #a--;,,*9ese1 ,,celadon ,,w>e #b--;,,*9ese1 ,,celadon ,,w>e :i* occupies ! c5tre2 9 o!r examples ! decoration is engrav$ 9 ! pa/e4 ,9 ei!r case1 :e!r m\ld$ or engrav$1 ! glaze accumulat+ 9 ! holl[s helps to acc5tuate ! patt]n4 ,! pa/e z se5 ?r\gh ! glaze :]e ! latt] is ?9 appe>s :ite1 b :]e ! glaze is abs5t1 z on ! foot1 or :]e x is expos$ by bubbles or o!r irregul>ities1 ! gr\nd is se5 to be ( a peculi> r$di% t9t4 ,by ?is te/ ! ,*9ese claim to di/+ui% ! old] celadon1 ! true m>tabani1 f ! lat] imitations made at ,k+-te-*54 ,! pa/e ( ^! lat] copies is (t5 artificially col\r$ on ! expos$ surface s t !y may resemble ! old w>e 7,hir?1 ,anci5t ,porcela91 pp4 #ba seq474 ,z = ! ,,ko ,,yao1 ! old w>e ( ,sung times is said to h be5 fir/ made 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! ,*9ese "* ) :i* #8,ko' is writt5 means #8eld] bro!r4' ,accord+ to ! books !re 7 at ?is "t at ,lung-*uan two bro!r pott]s nam$ ,*ang4 ,! eld] bro!r leav+ ! y\ng] ,*ang to cont9ue 9 ! old ways1 />t$ to make a new w>e di/+ui%$ by ! crackle ( its glaze4 ,?is 0 orig9ally a ?ick1 heavy w>e1 ) ! iron-r$ foot & :ite pa/e already notic$1 b1 z we h said1 ! "n is n[ us$ = a l>ge class ( crackle w>e ) a glaze ( celadon1 ( greyi% :ite & especially ( a yell[i% /one col\r4 ,?is porcela9 ) grey & yell[i% crackle does n seem to h be5 s l>gely export$ z ! uncrackl$ celadon2 b[ls & j>s ( a simil> w>e h1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd 9 ,borneo & 9 ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,,*,n ,,yao4--,x is to ?is w>e t we may trace back ! n[ fam\s family ( flamb porcela94 ,*n yao 0 already made 9 e>ly ,sung times1 i4e4 be=e ! ,mongol conque/s ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ,honan1 n f> f ! old capital ( ,kai-f5g ,fu4 ,a description 9 a "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury leaves no d\bt z to its id5tification4 #8,z to ?is ,*n yao1' ! writ] says1 #8a f9e specim5 %\ld be r$ z c9nab>1 gre5 z onion-leaves or ! plumage ( ! k+fi%]1 & purple1 br[n1 & black l ! sk9 ( ! egg-plant4' ,we h "h ! description ( t #8transmutation' or flamb w>e ( :i* su* magnific5t examples 7 made at ,k+-te-*5 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & :i* has lately be5 successfully imitat$ 9 ,france4 ,! play ( fla%+ col\r 9 ! glaze 0 said to h be5 orig9ally ! result ( accid5t1 b we mu/ n atta* mu* importance to /atem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! old ,sung pieces ! clay is less :ite & f9e ?an 9 ! highly f9i%$ examples made at ,k+-te-*5 dur+ ! reigns ( ,kang-he & ,yung-*5g4 ,on ! ,sung w>e we may frequ5tly f9d a numb] 7f "o to n9e7 engrav$1 sometimes m ?an once1 9 ! pa/e1 & ^! *>act]s are c>efully copi$ 9 ! lat] reproductions4 ,we h "h p]haps ! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! employm5t ( a m>k on porcela94 ,! old writ]s tell u apologetically ( ! vulg> names giv51 by way ( joke1 x w\ld seem1 to ^! glazes1 su* z mule's lungs or pig's liv]--no inapt comp>isons1 h[ev]1 = "s ( ! effects se5 9 ^! old w>es4 ,^! v>i$ hues 7 ( c\rse obta9$ f copp] 9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh ! pres5ce ( iron1 9 bo? /ages ( oxidation1 may sometimes add to ! v>iety ( ! t9ts4 ,,ki5 ,,yao4--,?is 0 a d>k-col\r$ w>e made at ,ki5-*\1 nor?-we/ ( ! port ( ,fu*\4 ,x mu/ n be confus$ ) ! well-kn[n creamy-:ite w>e ( ,fuki51 export$ 9 lat] days f ! same port4 ,c]ta9 %all[ conical cups ( ?is w>e1 ) a vitre\s glaze1 almo/ black1 b reliev$ ar\nd ! m>g9 ) small /reaks & spots ( a light] col\r1 7 especially valu$ f v e>ly times = ! prep>ation ( p[d]$ tea--n[h]e m ?an 9 ,japan1 :]e an und\bt$ specim5 ( ?is ,ki5 w>e is treasur$ z a priceless heirloom4 ,!re is an excell5t specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 a c>eful exam9ation ( ?is little b[l w give no little aid 9 und]/&+ :at are "s ( ! qualities t are look$ = 9 ,*9a & ,japan 9 ^! old glazes4 ,!re is a quiet *>m 9 ! glassy surface1 & an air z ( "s qua9t natural /one c>efully c>v$ & poli%$ r ?an ( a product ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,,t+ ,,yao4--,9 ! ,t+ yao ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 z 9 ! case ( ! contemporane\s celadon & crackle w>es1 we h ! olde/ type ( an important class ( porcela94 ,! e>li] specim5s h s]v$ m ?an once z models = fam\s pott]s ( ,m+ & lat] times4 ,x 0 probably at ,t+-*\1 a t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ihli1 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,pek91 t a brilliant :ite porcela9 0 fir/ successfully made by ! ,*9ese1 possibly z e>ly z ! "t ( ! ,tang dyna/y2 & ! "n ( ,t+ yao has rema9$ associat$ ) all pure :ite w>es ( a c]ta9 quality1 ev5 ?\gh made at o!r places4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! celadon porcela91 ! decoration1 if any1 0 ei!r 9 l[ relief or incis$ 9 ! pa/e2 b 9 opposition to _m ( ! o!r w>es we h m5tion$1 ! ,t+ porcela9 seems f ! fir/ to h be5 made f a pa/e ( great f95ess1 its transluc5cy 0 at times consid]able1 & ! patt]ns 7 engrav$ or m\ld$ ) mu* delicacy4 ,! design :5 engrav$ is sc>cely visible unless ! vessel is held up to ! light4 ,! specim5s ( ,t+ w>e t survive date probably f ,mongol or f ,m+ times4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a rem>kable collection ( ^! ,t+ b[ls & plates4 ,a pair ( v ?9 pure :ite %all[ b[ls are noticeable z hav+ 9 ! c5tre an inscription f9ely engrav$ 9 m9ute *>act]s "u ! glaze4 ,x is ! ni5-hao or ye>-m>k ( ! ,emp]or ,yung-lo 7#adjb-adbd71 ! fir/ great "n among ! emp]ors ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,?is is p]haps ! e>lie/ date-m>k ) any pret5tions to g5u95ess t has be5 f\nd on ! ,*9ese porcela9 9 our collections4 ,! decoration1 9 ?is case1 is =m$ by a five-claw$ dragon fa9tly engrav$ 9 ! pa/e4 ,^! b[ls are specim5s ( ! f5g or #8fl\r' ,t+ w>e 7also kn[n z ,pai or #8:ite' ,t+71 b mo/ ( ! ,t+ plates 9 ! same collection are ( q ano!r k9d ( w>e1 :i* has a surface l t ( a ,european s(t-pa/e porcela9--?is ! ,*9ese "k z ! ,tu-,t+ or e>?y ,t+4 ,?is latt] w>e has 9 fact a s(t lead glaze cov]+ a h>d body1 & mu/ !re=e h requir$ two fir+s1 ! fir/ to ?or\ghly bake ! pa/e1 & a second at a l[] temp]ature to melt ! glaze on to x4 ,"s ( ! specim5s ( ?is ,tu-,t+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are said to date f ,sung times4 ,i d n "k :at is ! au?ority = ! use ( a lead glaze 9 ,*9a at s e>ly a date4 ,_m ( ^! plates h c]ta9ly a great appe>ance ( age1 b ?is antique look is due 9 "s measure to ! #8wea!r+' ( ! s(t glazes on ! expos$ surfaces4 ,?is wea!r+ has br\ght into prom95ce ! v graceful decoration ( lotus-fl[]s1 b ! surface is (t5 discol\r$ by /a9s z ( "s oily matt] :i* has app>5tly f\nd its way "u ! glaze4 ,! copp] b&s ) :i* ! edges ( _m ( ^! plates are b\nd are m5tion$ 9 ! old acc\nts2 ^? 9 use 9 ! palace1 x is said1 7 fitt$ ?us ) coll>s to pres]ve ! t5d] mat]ial4 ,we mu/ po/pone ! acc\nt ( ! rival :ite w>e1 ! creamy porcela9 ( ,fuki51 or lat] ,ki5 yao1 z none ( x 0 made z e>ly z ! "t ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,! ,ki5 yao ( t "t1 z we h se51 0 q ano!r w>e4 ,we h n[ m5tion$ ! mo/ important ( ! classes ( ,*9ese porcela9 t date f e>ly times4 ,we h conf9$ our brief notice to ! v>ieties ( :i* specim5s h surviv$1 lay+ special /ress ^u ^? k9ds :i* h1 z x 71 f\nd$ a family1 & :i* we c !re=e /udy 9 specim5s f lat] ages4 ,! names ( _m o!r w>es ( bo? ! ,sung & ,tang p]iods may be f\nd 9 ,*9ese books1 b ( ^! we d n propose to say a ^w4 ,! pa/e ( ^! e>ly w>es is r>ely ( a pure :ite1 & _! transluc5cy is g5]ally v slight1 b !y are n = t reason to be class$ z /onew>es4 ,! mat]ials 7 probably 9 all cases d]iv$ f granitic rocks1 t is to say1 f a m or less decompos$ granite 7conta9+ mica & (t5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( iron7 mix$ ) "s k9d ( impure kaol94 ,pr(essor ,*ur*1 9 8 ,cantor ,lectures1 gives u two analyses ( #8old ,*9ese w>e1' :i* confirm ?is view4 ,"o specim51 ) a :ite body1 0 f\nd to conta9 #ge p] c5t4 ( silica1 ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 & ab\t #ee p] c5t4 ( alkalis 7*iefly pota%74 ,! o!r1 ( br[ni% col\r$ pa/e1 conta9$ a little less silica1 b z mu* z #be p] c5t4 ( iron4 ,= ! r\ghly prep>$ mat]ial ( ^! old w>es we w\ld pref] ! "n ( proto-porcela9 or kaol9ic /onew>e1 s t !re may be no confusion ) ! true /onew>e ( ,europe1 a q diff]5t mat]ial4#cc ,9 ! abs5ce ( m ord9>y clays 9 ! c5tral & nor!rn p>ts ( ,*9a1 "s su* kaol9ic pott]y may h be5 made by ! ,*9ese f v e>ly times4 ,:5 9 ,tang or 9 e>li] days x occurr$ to !m to attempt to imitate jade or o!r natural /ones1 !y _h ! good =tune to be already us+ mat]ials t all[$ ( ^! exp]im5ts be+ aft] a "t cr[n$ ) success4 ,! important po9t t /ill rema9s unsettl$ is at :at date !y fir/ succe$$ 9 cov]+ a w>e ( ?is class ) a vitre\s coat+4 ,= ! date ( ! fir/ use ( glaze 9 ,*9a we c at pres5t only give a v wide limit1 let u say "s "t betwe5 ! fir/ & ! fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,v probably x 0 _! acqua9tance ) ! nature ( glass t put !m on ! "r track4 ,?is mat]ial1 x is said1 !y fir/ knew ( f _! int]c\rse ) ! lat] ,roman empire4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t !y acquir$ at ! same "t ! secret ( its manufacture1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese1 ! art 0 lo/ at a lat] "t4#cd ,we c n[ =m "s idea ( h[ f> ! art ( mak+ porcela9 _h advanc$ at ! "t :5 ! tide ( ! ,mongol invasion swept ov] ! c\ntry4 ,our k ( ! w>es made at ?is "t mu/ be d]iv$ *iefly f ! imitations ( ! old] porcela9 made at a lat] p]iod1 b 9 su* a cons]vative c\ntry z ,*9a ?is res]vation is ( no great importance4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 all ^! w>es !re 0 no o!r decoration ?an t giv5 by ! glaze z appli$ to ! v>i\sly m\ld$ or incis$ surface ( ! pa/e4 ,! nature ( ! glaze 0 !re=e ( pre-em95t importance4 ,! range ( col\r1 except 9 ! r>e flamb vases1 0 9 ! ma9 conf9$ to %ades ( blue & gre51 & ev5 ( ^! col\rs pron\nc$ t9ts are r>e4 ,all ! col\rs at ! comm& ( ! pott]s ( ^! days 7 d]iv$ f ! oxides ( iron & copp]4 ,& yet ) su* simple elem5ts1 :at an inf9ite v>iety6 ,x has be5 truly said by a ,fr5* writ] t ! beauty ( ! glaze is ! qualit matresse de la cramique1 & x is p>tly a recognition ( ?is claim t has l$ s _m ,fr5* & ,am]ican collectors1 ( late1 to foll[ ! example ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese connoisseurs1 & to give s m>k$ a pref]5ce to mono*rome porcela9s1 :i* owe _! *>m to ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,*9ese m]its ( ! glaze alone4 ,b ! specim5s we f9d 9 ^! collections are ) b few exceptions ( mu* lat] date4 ,! price t a f9e piece ( ,sung w>e1 above all if x has a good p$igree & comes f a kn[n collection1 has always comm&$ 9 ,*9a has suffic$1 at lea/ until q lately1 to keep su* specim5s 9 _! native c\ntry4 ,z we h said1 !re are v few examples 9 our public collections t c ) any assurance be attribut$ to ,sung times4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ! same case ) ! ,ki5 yao tea-b[l already m5tion$1 is a j> "s twelve in*es 9 height1 ) two small h&les on ! %\ld]4 ,x is ( irregul> %ape & cov]$ ) a ?ick glaze ( a pale turquoise blue1 fa9tly crackl$4 ,close to ! m\? is a bright r$ m>k1 l a piece ( seal+-wax1 due probably to ! local p>tial r$uction ( ! copp]4 ,?is beautiful b v ar*aic-look+ j> 7,,pl4 ,,iv47 is attribut$ to no e>li] date ?an ! lat] or s\!rn ,sung dyna/y 7#aabg-abgi74 ,among ! l>ge numb] ( crackle mono*rome pieces 9 ! same collection !re are _m specim5s :i* a ,*9ese connoisseur w\ld classify z ,ko yao1 & simil>ly "s ( ! old flamb pieces might be t]m$ ,*n yao1 )\t def9itely assign+ !m to ,sung times4 ,! ,lung-,*uan celadons are repres5t$ by "s e>ly pieces1 m ?an "o di/+ui%$ by ! r$ foot4 ,!re are "s f9e plates ( old heavy celadon at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 n a few pur*as$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,"h may also be f\nd a celadon j> cut d[n at ! neck2 & ! #8m\?' ?us artificially =m$ has be5 c>efully /a9$ ( a r$ col\r to imitate ! old w>e4 ,! ,fr5* museums are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 specim5s ( old m>tabani celadon--,i w\ld po9t especially to sev]al l>ge di%es bo? at ,svres & 9 ! ,muse ,guimet4 ,b :at is p]haps ! f9e/ collection 9 ,europe ( celadon & o!r old w>es is n[ to be se5 9 ! museum at ,go?a4 ,x 0 br\ght toge!r by ! late ,duke ( ,ed9burgh1 :o add$ to previ\s acquisitions ! collection =m$ 9 ,*9a by ,dr4 ,hir?4 ,,yuan ,,dyna/y 7#abhj-acfh74 ,probably at no p]iod dur+ its long hi/ory has ! ,*9ese empire be5 subject$ to su* a ?or\gh %ak+ up1 to su* a complete upsett+ & rev]sal ( its anci5t ways1 z dur+ ! advance ( ! ,mongols f ! nor? to ! s\? dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,:5 !y _h at l5g? subdu$ ! :ole l&1 !re 0 a mom5t dur+ ! rule ( ! lib]al-m9d$ ,kublai ,khan :5 ! old b>ri]s & prejudices seem$ to h be5 brok5 d[n1 & :5 ! ,middle ,k+dom appe>$ to be ab\t to ent] ! g5]al comity ( nations4 ,?is is :at gives to ,m>co ,polo's acc\nt ( ! c\ntry1 :i* he visit$ at ! "t1 s v #8un-,*9ese' an air4 ,we he> ( ,italian fri>s & ,fr5* goldsmi?s at ! c\rt1 & ( project$ embassies f ! ,pope4 ,/ill clos] 7 ! relations ) ! ,mohamm$an p ( ,we/]n ,asia1 !n rul$ by memb]s ( ,kublai's family4 ,m>co ,polo1 we "k1 =m$ "p ( ! escort ( ,kublai's si/]1 :5 %e travell$ by sea to ,p]sia to become ! bride ( ! ,mongol khan ( t c\ntry2 & a pr$ecessor ( ?is latt] rul]1 ,hulugu1 z e>ly z ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 br\ght ov]1 x is said1 z _m z a ?\s& ,*9ese artific]s & settl$ !m 9 ,p]sia4 ,& yet :5 sc>cely two g5]ations lat] ! deg5]ate desc5dants ( ,kublai 7 driv5 f ! imp]ial ?rone & replac$ by a native dyna/y1 :at slight p]man5t trace d we see ( all ^! *anges reflect$ 9 ! arts ( ! ,middle ,k+dom6 ,no d\bt1 on look+ closely1 we %\ld f9d t a *ange _h tak5 place dur+ ^! ye>s3 new mat]ials _h be5 br\ght 91 new =ms & new decorations appli$ to ! metal w>e & ! pott]y ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x is 9 connection ) ^! two arts especially 7& we may add to !m ! designs on textile fabrics7 t we f9d s _m po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ! mutual influ5ce ( ! civilisations ( ,*9a & ,p]sia at ?is "t4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! craftsman ( ,p]sia1 z ! inh]itor ( bo? ,s>ac5ic & old] traditions1 0 9 _m respects ahead ( 8 rival arti/ 9 ,*9a4 ,z f> z ! pott]'s art 0 conc]n$ ?is 0 ! fir/ meet+ ( two contra/$ s*ools1 :i* betwe5 !m cov] pretty well ! :ole field ( c]amics--( t "p at lea/ ( ! field 9 :i* ! glaze is ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! decoration4#ce ,! ,p]sian w>e ( ?is "t 0 ! culm9at+ example ( an art t _h be5 h&$ d[n f ! ,egyptians & ! ,assyrians4 ,z a rule1 among ^! races1 ! bas] nature ( ! pa/e _h be5 conceal$ by a m or less opaque coat+ ei!r ( a f9e clay or #8slip1' or ( a glaze r5d]$ non-transp>5t by ! addition ( t92 x is on ?is coat+ t ! decoration is pa9t$1 to be cov]$ subsequ5tly 79 ! fir/ case at lea/1 t ( ! slip w>e7 by a coat+ ( glaze4 ,x is to ?is l>ge class1 = ! mo/ "p to ! latt] or /annif]\s division1 t ne>ly all ! fam\s w>es ( ! ,european r5aissance belong1 n only ! ,spani% & ,italian majolica b ! enamell$ fay5ce ( ,france & ,holl& z well4 ,x 0 ) ! latt] two w>es t at a lat] date ! porcela9 ( ,*9a 0 de/9$ to come into competition4 ,ea* ( ^! c]amic s*ools1 ! ,ea/]n porcela9 & ! ,we/]n fay5ce1 might 9 c]ta9 po9ts claim advantages ov] ! o!r1 advantages bo? ( a practical & ( an /hetic nature4 ,= example1 ! glory ( ! ,p]sian fay5ce ( t day lay 9 its application to ar*itecture1 9 ! brilliant coat+ ( tiles t cov]$ ! walls & ! domes ( ! mosques & dwell+s bo? inside & out4 ,! ,*9ese h nev] succe$$ 9 mak+ tiles ( any size ) _! porcela94 ,:5 us$ = ! decoration ( build+s ! porcela91 or r ! e>!nw>e1 is always 9 ! =m ( solid1 m\ld$ bricks4 ,b !re is ano!r matt] ) :i* ! ,*9ese :o visit$ ,we/]n ,asia at t "t _c fail to h be5 /ruck--) ! mat]ials1 ,i mean1 at ! comm& ( ! ,p]sians1 = ! application ( col\r bo? "u & ov] ! glaze4 ,( ! decorations ov] ! glaze ! mo/ important 7 ^? giv5 by _! fam\s metallic lu/res4 ,?is lu/re1 we n[ "k1 0 ! result ( an +5i\s process by :i* a film ( copp]1 or sometimes ( silv]1 0 develop$ on ! surface ( ! glaze4 ,! ,*9ese h nev] attempt$ any?+ ( ! k9d1 9 "p because su* a me?od ( adornm5t 0 =eign to _! notions ( :at 0 fitt+4 ,= we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! influ5ce ( ! lit]>y tradition 9 ,*9a has always t5d$ t[>ds simplicity ( means 9 _! decorative arts1 & has be5 oppos$ to any?+ l an o/5tati\s display ( exp5sive mat]ials4 ,any m>k$ infr+em5t ( ?is s5tim5t1 ev5 on ! "p ( an emp]or1 has always call$ =? a prote/ f ! c5sors4 ,ano!r cause :i* h9d]$ ! adoption ( ! lu/re decoration by ! ,*9ese may be f\nd1 no d\bt1 9 ! difficulties ( its practical application4 ,at t "t ! processes ( ! muffle-/ove = decoration ov] ! glaze 7 q unkn[n to !m4#cf ,b ! ,s>ac5s1 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 7 already 9 possession ( ano!r means ( decorat+ _! w>e4 ,?is !y f\nd 9 ! use ( cobalt1 especially z a mat]ial = pa9t+ a design on ! pa/e be=e ! application ( ! glaze4 ,we f9d ?is col\r at times on ! tiles t l9$ _! pray]-ni*es2 ^! inde$ date f a some:at lat] "t4 ,b !re is ano!r v>iety ( ,s>ac5ic w>e ( :i* a few specim5s h surviv$4 ,i ref] to ! vases & b[ls cov]$ ) a ?ick alkal9e glaze1 & decorat$1 9 "p at lea/1 "u ! glaze ) a design ( black l9es & "s rude pat*es ( blue4 ,^! r>e vases 7 =m]ly class$ z ,siculo-,moori%1 b lat] rese>* has prov$ mo/ ( !m to be ( ,p]sian or p]haps r ( ,syrian or ,mesopotamian orig94 ,!y appe> to be ! "w ( ?irte5? c5tury pott]s1 & "s ( !m may be ( ev5 e>li] date4#cg ,:5 we consid] t !re is no evid5ce ( ! use ( cobalt by ! ,*9ese = ! decoration ( _! porcela9 dur+ ,sung times1 t inde$ ! use ( col\r ap>t f t ( ! glaze z a means ( decoration appe>s to h be5 !n unkn[n2 b t1 on ! o!r h&1 n long aft] ! turmoil ( ! ,mongol invasion & dom9ation--a p]iod dur+ :i* ! two c\ntries1 ,*9a & ,p]sia1 7 s closely connect$--we f9d ! use ( cobalt z a decoration s\s c\v]te firmly e/abli%$1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 reg>d x z n improbable t x 0 f ! ,p]sians t ! ,*9ese le>n$ ! new me?od ( decoration4#ch ,! influ5ce ( ! ,s>ac5ic art ( ,we/]n ,asia is inde$ n[ = ! fir/ "t to be se5 9 o!r directions1 & we %all f9d x cropp+ up "h & !re dur+ ! :ole ( ! foll[+ ,m+ p]iod4 ,x 0 ! s\rce ( _m new =ms :i* we see n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,*9a3 ! graceful wat]-vessels1 = in/ance1 ) long necks & curv$ sp\ts1 copi$ f ! ,arab ,ibraik4 ,aga91 we f9d ?is influ5ce at times 9 ! motifs ( ! conv5tional floral patt]ns f\nd on ,m+ porcela91 ?\gh ^! patt]ns1 inde$1 are always m]e c\nt]*anges1 z x 71 ^u a field ( an unmi/akable ,*9ese /amp 7,,pl4 ,,vi474 ,all ^! *anges 7 d\btless reg>d$ z ana!ma by ! ,*9ese c5sors1 :o rem9d$ ! ra% innovators t ! great m5 ( old 7 cont5t ) simple mat]ials & =ms1 & t !y 9 _! wisdom reject$ all su* m]etrici\s ornam5t4 ,= x 0 s]i\sly ma9ta9$ t _h !y ?\ght x desirable1 ^! old sages c\ld h comm&$ all ! res\rces ( ! lat] pott]1 n only ! l>g] field he c\ld draw f = 8 designs & col\rs1 b ! improv$ pa/e ( 8 porcela9 z well4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*9ese influ5ce at ?is "t on ,p]sian art 0 small4 ,by a c>eful se>* we may f9d at times a dragon or a phnix amid unmi/akable ,*9ese cl\ds on ! sp&rel above ! ar* ( a ,p]sian pray]-ni*e ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 or =m+ ! c5tre ( a />-%ap$ tile4 ,b ! great invasion ( ,*9ese w>es & ,*9ese s*emes ( decoration belongs1 z f> z ! fictile art ( ! c\ntry is conc]n$1 to a lat] p]iod1 t ( ,%ah ,abbas 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is n unlikely t 9 ,*9a ! ,we/]n influ5ce did n make mu* way until ! "t ( ! e>ly ,m+ emp]ors1 & t x 0 due m imm$iately to ! gr[+ comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 b ?is int]c\rse 0 itself fo/]$ by ! ev5ts ( ! ,mongol invasion4 ,!re is v little to be said ( ! porcela9 made dur+ ! "t ( ! ,,mongol or ,,yuan dyna/y1 & we h few specim5s t c be def9itely assign$ to t p]iod4 ,! "n is /ill giv5 9 ,pek9 to a rude1 some:at heavy w>e1 ) a ?ick glaze ( m+l$ t9ts1 among :i* a %ade ( lav5d] ) speckles ( r$ pr$om9ates4 ,?is is b a modification ( ! ,*n yao ( ,sung times1 & belongs 9 a g5]al way to ! class ( #8transmutation' w>es--^? 9 :i* ! col\rs dep5d on ! p>tial r$uction ( ! oxides ( iron & copp] 9 ! glaze4 ,specim5s ( ?is w>e t claim to be ( ,*9ese orig9 are (t5 f\nd 9 ,japan1 :]e !y are mu* 9 fav\r = use z fl[] vases1 b nei!r 9 t c\ntry nor 9 ,*9a h ! pieces we meet ) mu* claim to any great antiquity4 ,!re is only "o specim5 9 ! ,bu%ell manuscript t is attribut$ by ,tzu-*+ to ! ,yuan p]iod--?is is a little vase ( :ite w>e decorat$ ) dragons fa9tly engrav$ 9 ! pa/e "u ! glaze4 ,?is :ite w>e1 g5]ally class$ z ,t+1 is inde$ 9 _m ( our books on porcela9 consid]$ to be especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mongol dyna/y1 b ,i _c f9d any def9ite confirmation ( ?is4 ,! f9] pieces ( pla9 :ite seem to be g5]ally attribut$ by ! ,*9ese r to ! beg9n+ ( ! next dyna/y4 ,! little :ite plate 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum1 said to h be5 #8br\ght back f ! ,ea/ by a crusad]1' has no claim to su* an e>ly date4#ci ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*9a--7cont9u$74 ,,! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y 7#acfh-afdc74 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ree c5turies dur+ :i* ! ,m+ dyna/y rul$ 9 ,*9a t ! greate/ advance 0 made 9 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to look a little m closely1 we f9d t ?is long p]iod may be %ort5$ by ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s4 ,be=e ! accession ( ,yung-lo 7#adjb71 & aft] ! dea? ( ,wanli 7#afai71 ! times 7 little fav\rable to ! arts ( peace1 & ev5 9 ?is %ort] p]iod ( two c5turies !re 7 int]vals1 inde$ :ole reigns1 ( :i* !re is little to report4 ,! po9ts ( *ief importance to rememb] 9 connection ) ?is dyna/y are--#a4 ,t n lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! employm5t ( ! oxides ( copp] & cobalt = decoration "u ! glaze 0 com+ into g5]al use4 ,to ?is1 or p]haps to an e>li] date1 we mu/ assign ! beg9n+s ( ! w>e t we 9 ,engl& are wont to consid] ! mo/ important ( all1 ! great family ( #8blue & :ite' porcela94 #b4 ,t probably ab\t ! same "t1 or soon aft]1 ! #8pa9t$ glazes1' z we h call$ !m1 7 introduc$4 ,9 ?is w>e ! col\rs requir$ = ! decoration--! palette 0 a v re/rict$ "o--7 pa9t$ directly on ! biscuit1 ! piece hav+ be5 previ\sly fir$2 x 0 !n re-fir$ at a mod]ate heat4 #c4 ,t at a lat] p]iod1 probably ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! employm5t ( enamel col\rs above ! glaze 0 introduc$1 probably "u ,european influ5ce4 ,x is ! blue & :ite t we are above all accu/om$ to associate ) ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,b ?is is n ! ,*9ese po9t ( view4 ,if we consult ! ,bu%ell manuscript 7see *ap4 v47 we f9d t ,tzu-*+1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h 9 8 collection ?irty-n9e pieces :i* he attribut$ to ! reign+ dyna/y1 b ( ^! only five or six w\ld be class$ by u z #8blue & :ite'2 at lea/ equal importance 0 giv5 to ^? decorat$ ) copp]-r$ "u ! glaze1 & ev5 m specim5s belong to ! class ( pa9t$ glazes4 ,^! latt] are *iefly little objects--p5-re/s1 r\ge-pots1 & small w9e-j>s m\ld$ to repres5t plant & animal =ms1 ! g\rd or aga9 ! p]simmon be+ great fav\rites4 ,we mu/ n confuse ^! e>ly specim5s1 dat+ mo/ly f ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ) ! some:at simil> objects s mu* s\ght aft] by ! ,fr5* collectors 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* belong = ! mo/ "p to ! contempor>y famille v]te2 on ^! ! decoration is giv5 = ! mo/ "p by enamels pa9t$ ov] ! glaze4 ,/ill x is f "s ( ^! little magots t we c p]haps =m ! be/ idea ( ! col\r$ porcela9 s priz$ by ,tzu-*+1 b ( :i* we are unable to po9t to any specim5s 9 our collections4 ,9 connection ) ^! pa9t$ glazes--= x und\bt$ly belongs to ?is class--x may be well to say some?+ ( a v decorative w>e ( :i* ! orig9 is probably to be plac$ 9 e>ly ,m+ times4 ,! col\rs are di/9ctly ^? ( ! demi gr& feu1 & 9 ?is w>e we h ! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! use ( ^! col\rs4 ,?is porcela9 occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! %ape ( vases ( balu/] outl9e ) contract$ necks & small m\?s1 or sometimes ( ! m ord9>y oil-j> %ape1 ) wide m\?s4 ,we may di/+ui% two types ( ?is w>e4 ,9 ! fir/ ! decoration is giv5 by means ( a l[ relief ( beads & ( ribs surr\nd+ c\nt]sunk cloisons4 ,! field betwe5 ^! cloisons is ( a deep blue pass+ into a blue-black1 & ! cloisons !mselves are fill$ ) a wa% ( turquoise or /raw-yell[4 ,*a9s ( pe>ls 9 fe/oon surr\nd ! neck1 & f ^! hang p5deloques ( v>i\s ,buddhi/ emblems4 ,on ! body ( ^! vases ! decoration (t5 consi/s ( lotus-plants aris+ f conv5tional waves4#dj ,9 ! second type ! turquoise blue pr$om9ates1 an impure pale manganese is add$1 & ! j>s are (t5 built up ( an op5-"w trellis ( b>s4 ,bo? ! turquoise & aub]g9e purple porcela9 ( ! ,kang-he p]iod1 z well z ! ,japanese ,ki%iu w>e1 may possibly be trac$ back to a ,m+ porcela9 ( ?is class4 ,!re are specim5s ( all ^! w>es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,9 ! ,salt+ collection is a j> ( ! cloisonn type1 ! blue-black gr\nd cov]$ ) a sk9 ( ?9 glaze ( a dull surface4 ,?is j> 0 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( a ,japanese collector 7,,pl4 ,,ii474#da ,! col\rs appli$ "u ! glaze are conf9$ to cobalt blue & copp] r$4 ,! latt] :5 f9e 9 t9t 0 greatly priz$ by ! ,*9ese1 & we are in=m$ t 9 ! mo/ brilliant specim5s ! col\r 0 giv5 by #8p[d]$ rubies f ! ,we/4' ,x 01 h[ev]1 a trea*]\s col\r to use1 & aft] ! p]iod ( ,hsuan-te 7#adbe-adce71 :i* 0 fam\s = its ruby-r$1 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,*9ese x fell into comp>ative disuse & 0 displac$ 9 a measure at a lat] date by a m manageable iron r$4 ,! use ( ! copp] sub-oxide to obta9 a r$1 s\s c\v]te1 01 h[ev]1 reviv$ 9 ! "t ( ,kang-he4 ,on examples 9 ,european collections ?is r$1 :5 us$ alone or 9 connection ) blue1 is g5]ally ( a r poor m>oon col\r1 & x has n f\nd mu* fav\r ) u4 ,! col\r 0 (t5 ?us appli$ to ! pa9t+ ( fi%1 float+1 x may be1 among blue wat]-we$s4 ,we see x at its be/ z a mono*rome on "s little b[ls1 enliv5$ ) a floral design 9 gold1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! cups & "s simil> ones at ,dresd5 und\bt$ly date f ,m+ times2 ! ruby t9t se5 ?r\gh a brilliant glaze has nev] be5 equall$ 9 lat] days4 ,) ^! we may comp>e c]ta9 little apple-gre5 b[ls simil>ly decorat$ ) gold4 ,"o ( ^! 9 a silv]-gilt m\nt+ ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury is 9 ! ,gold ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,pl4 ,v474 #8,,blue ,,& ,,:ite' ,,porcela94 ,:at we some:at vaguely call #8blue & :ite1' t is porcela9 decorat$ "u ! glaze ) designs pa9t$ ) cobalt blue1 has always =m$ ! mo/ important class 9 ! eyes ( ,european collectors1 at lea/ ( ^? ( ,engl& & ,holl&4 ,?is pref]5ce has be5 ev5 m m>k$ ) ! p ( ,india & ,p]sia1 & no wond]1 = no comb9ation ( col\r m sugge/ive ( coolness c\ld be imag9$4 ,x has ?us come ab\t t ?is class ( w>e1 m ?an any o!r1 has be5 made ) ! direct object ( exportation4 ,?is blue & :ite porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,japan1 :i* has f\nd its way into s _m l&s bo? ( ,europe & ,asia1 has = c5turies _h ! pr(\nde/ influ5ce ^u ! native w>es ( ^! c\ntries1 :e!r ( porcela9 or ( fay5ce4 ,9 ,*9a1 by ! introduction ( ?is process ( freely pa9t+ ) a bru% ^u ! surface ( ! pa/e1 ! pott]s art 0 = ! fir/ "t br\ght into contact ) t ( ! pa9t]1 & ?us fell "u new influ5ces4 ,! arti/s ( ,*9a at t "t 7 divid$ into _m s*ools1 b :at we may call ! lit]>y or dilettante influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant1 & ?is influ5ce is reflect$ 9 ! subjects treat$ on ,m+ porcela9--subjects :i*1 z usual 9 ,*9a1 7 h&$ on to ! c]amic arti/s ( ! next dyna/y4 ,! e>lie/ decoration 9 blue & :ite 9 no way foll[$1 z f> z we "k1 ! hi]at$ types ( ! old bronze w>e4 ,su* motifs we d inde$ sometimes see repeat$ on porcela91 b only on pieces t may safely be attribut$ to a mu* lat] date1 especially to ! pseudo-ar*aic revival ( ,yung-*5g's "t 7#agbb-ce74 ,!re is no class ( ,*9ese porcela9 to :i* x is m difficult to assign ev5 an approximate date ?an to ?is blue & :ite w>e4 ,we may say at once t ! ni5-hao1 or ! *>act]s giv+ ! "n ( ! dyna/y & ! emp]or1 s (t5 f\nd inscrib$ on ! base1 are 9 ! va/ majority ( cases ( no value = fix+ ! date1 & ?is is especially true :5 ! "n ( a ,m+ emp]or is ?us f\nd4 ,:at is m1 ^! m>ks1 z f> z we c judge 7f ! k we n[ possess d]iv$ f o!r s\rces71 d n1 z we might h expect$1 ev5 help u 9 giv+ h9ts ( ! /yle prevail+ at ! p]iod indicat$ by ! date4 ,to take b "o example1 ! reign-m>k ( ,*5g-hua 7#adfd-hg7 is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly f\nd on ! f9e/ pieces ( blue & :ite 79 ! ,salt+ collection1 = in/ance71 b by f> ! great] numb] ( ! pieces s m>k$ und\bt$ly date f ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*9ese books all agree 9 tell+ u t ?is ,*5g-hua p]iod 0 not$ = a decl9e 9 ! excell5ce ( ! blue1 b on ! o!r h& 0 pre-em95t = its col\r$ decoration4 ,x 0 r ! e>li] ,hsuan-te p]iod 7#adbe-ce7 t 0 r5[n$ = ! brilliancy ( its blue4 ,^! /atem5ts ( ! ,*9ese au?orities are confirm$ by an analysis ( ! ,m+ specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ! ,bu%ell manuscript4 ,! ,japanese1 p]haps a little m rationally1 give ! pref]5ce to ! reigns ( ,hsuan-te & ,yung-lo 7#adjb-bd71 = ! date-m>ks ( ^! emp]ors 7#8,s5toku' & #8,yeiraku' 9 ! ,japanese read+7 are to be read on ! commone/ mod]n blue & :ite 9 dome/ic use 9 t c\ntry4 ,?is is a po9t t _c be too /rongly dwelt ^u4 ,p]haps if a little m ( ! c>e & rese>* t h be5 devot$ to ! read+ ( ^! ni5-hao & o!r inscriptions on ,*9ese porcela9 _h be5 e>li] direct$ to a c>eful exam9ation ( ! glazes & enamels1 & to que/ions ( te*nique g5]ally1 ! misconceptions t s long prevail$ z to ! dat+ & classification ( ,ori5tal porcela9 w\ld h be5 soon] dispell$4 ,b :at means h we !n = settl+ ! date ( a piece ( ,*9ese blue & :ite w>e8 ,:at crit]ion is !re = di/+ui%+ betwe5 specim5s ( e>ly ,m+1 late ,m+1 or ,man*u times8--or inde$ betwe5 ^? ( ,*9ese & ,japanese orig98 ,t we ev5 n[ possess no v exact crit]ion is %[n by ! wide diff]5ce ( op9ion s (t5 f\nd 9 individual cases4 ,if we are to =m our judgm5t f ! r>e extant pieces ( blue & :ite kn[n to h be5 import$ into ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 we mu/ reg>d ! ,m+ w>e z di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 irregul>ity ( surface1 se5 be/ by side-reflect$ lights2 ! pieces are g5]ally m\ld$1 & ! m>ks ( ! l9es ( junction ( ! m\lds are (t5 to be trac$ on ! surface2 ! pa/e1 too1 is g5]ally v ?ick1 & sometimes %[s gap+ fissures at ! m>g94 ,! draw+ ( ! design is some:at ha/y & summ>y1 al?\gh at times di/+ui%$ by a fre%ness ( h&l+ & by a c]ta9 caligraphic fre$om4 ,b we mu/ n draw too ha/y an inf]5ce f ! few specim5s 9 our ,european collections1 _m ( :i* mu/ h be5 made1 z we %all see lat] on1 at a p]iod ( tempor>y decl9e2 nor are we ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ m]e articles ( comm]ce1 z mo/ ( ^! specim5s und\bt$ly 71 z repres5tative ( ! high] arti/ic products ( ! "t4 ,! blue 9 ^! e>ly pieces is g5]ally ( a full t9t b n ( any rem>kable quality4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd a few specim5s1 heavily m\ld$ inde$ & ( irregul> cont\r1 decorat$ ) cobalt blue ( a full sapphire t9t4 ,( ?is class !re are "o or two brilliant specim5s bo? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r ,m+ w>es ! surface ( ! glaze is (t5 dull$1 & ?is is n always ! result ( m9ute scrat*es1 = sometimes a process ( devitrification appe>s to h set 94#db ,ano!r class ( ,m+ w>e is di/+ui%$ by a decoration delicately pa9t$ 9 a pale blue t9t1 & x 0 ?is /yle t 0 copi$ by ! ,japanese 9 _! ,mikawaji w>e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is to lat] ,m+ times t we mu/ attribute ! bulk ( ! r\gh heavy w>e ( :i* s mu* is f\nd 9 ,india4#dc ,^! are g5]ally l>ge plates & b[ls1 (t5 discol\r$ f hav+ be5 us$ = cook+ purposes4 ,! decoration is ha/ily execut$ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,*9ese1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e 9 a dull indigo blue 7d]iv$ ( c\rse f cobalt1 z 9 o!r cases71 & ! outl9es are (t5 acc5tuat$ by black l9es4 ,_m f9e specim5s ( ?is picturesque w>e1 f ! collection ( ,mrs4 ,halsey1 7 %[n 9 ! exhibition ( blue & :ite w>e at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #ahie4 ,x 0 claim$ = "o l>ge vase t x came f ! palace ( ! ,moguls at ,agra1 & t x _h be5 pres5t$ to ,jehangir by ! ,*9ese emp]or ,wan-li 7#aegb-afai74 ,x is (t5 /at$ t ?is class ( w>e 0 made at "s factory 9 ! s\? ( ,*9a1 probably 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,canton1 ! port f :i* d\btless mo/ ( x 0 export$4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 = su* a factory has be5 br\ght =w>d1 & no def9ite locality indicat$4 ,! /atem5t made by ! ,abb ,raynal1 ab\t a factory at ,%ao-k+ ,fu1 re/s probably ^u a misconception4 ,!re are sev]al specim5s ( blue & :ite 9 ,engl&1 ! metal m\nt+s ( :i* date f ! e>ly sev5te5? or ev5 f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,( ^! ! mo/ fam\s are ! f\r pieces f ,burleigh ,h\se 7n[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan71 :i* are believ$ to h be5 9 ! possession ( ! ,cecil family f ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,"o ( ^! be>s ! date-m>k ( ,wan-li1 ! contempor>y ( t que54 ,?is w>e is n p>ticul>ly f9e1 ! surfaces are irregul>1 & all ! pieces are app>5tly m\ld$ 7,,pl4 ,,xxviii474 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 ( ! e>ly pres5ce ( ,*9ese porcela9 9 o!r l&s we %all return to 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,s f>1 !n1 ) su* imp]fect lights z are at our comm&1 we h attempt$ to foll[ up ! hi/ory ( porcela91 & s f>1 say up to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,*9a is practically ! only c\ntry ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,"s fair imitations ( celadon1 ! m>tabani ( ,ori5tal comm]ce1 _h probably by ?is "t be5 made 9 ,siam & p]haps else:]e1 & ! ,japanese 7 already 9 a sporadic way exp]im5t+ ) import$ & native clays4 ,b up to ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,*9ese _h practically ! monopoly ( ! art1 & z we h se5 !y _h at t "t ! comm& ( ?ree processes ( decoration--t is by mono*rome glazes1 by pa9t+ ) glazes ( a few simple col\rs on ! biscuit1 & f9ally by means ( cobalt blues & copp] r$s pa9t$ on ! surface ( ! raw pa/e4 ,n b t "s attempts may h already be5 made to apply col\r$ decoration ov] ! glaze--! next & f9al /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( porcela94 ,!re are "s passages 9 contempor>y ,*9ese books1 giv+ descriptions ( elaborate subjects pa9t$ 9 _m col\rs on porcela9 ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to apply to our class ( pa9t$ glazes4 ,?us--to take a pron\nc$ in/ance f an unexceptionable s\rce--! m9iature w9e-cups1 ,no4 #ei ( ! ,bu%ell manuscript1 are attribut$ by ,tzu-*+ to ! reign ( ,*5g-hua 7#adfd-hg71 & he describes !m ?us--#8,!y are pa9t$ 9 enamel col\rs' 7s ,dr4 ,bu%ell translates ! orig9al7 #8) fl[]s & insects2 444 ! cockscomb1 ! n>cissus & o!r fl[]s1 ! fly+ dragon-fly & crawl+ mantis are m9utely pa9t$ aft] life 9 gre51 yell[1 & crimson enamel4' 7,?is1 by ! way1 is a comb9ation ( col\rs :i* x mu/ h be5 difficult to apply at "o fir+ ) ! pigm5ts kn[n at t "t47 ,& yet 9 ! abs5ce ( any specim5 ( enamell$ w>e 7us+ ! ^w enamel 9 its re/rict$ s5se = a decoration appli$ ov] ! glaze7 t c ) c]ta9ty be attribut$ to s e>ly a p]iod1 x w be saf] to po/pone ! date ( ! introduction ( ?is decoration1 sur c\v]te1 = ano!r hundr$ ye>s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! di/9ctive feature ( ?is decoration ) enamels is ! use ( an easily fusible silicate1 conta9+ mu* lead--9 fact a k9d ( fl9t glass4 ,a glass ( ?is description is capable ( be+ /a9$ by ! addition ( small quantities ( c]ta9 metallic oxides1 "s ( :i* w\ld n /& ! heat requisite = ! fir+ ( ! porcela94 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! application to porcela9 ( ! arts ( ! glass-/a9] & ( ! enamell]1 arts already at ?is "t fully develop$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,= once ! ,*9ese au?orities all agree 9 f9d+ 9 an exotic & inde$ ,we/]n art ! orig9 ( _! enamell$ porcela94 ,:51 h[ev]1 we attempt to int]pret _! /atem5ts we are l&$ 9 an ev5 m ?an cu/om>y *aos--s _m are ! diff]5t read+s = ! names ( =eign c\ntries & = te*nical processes4 ,let u !n consid] = a mom5t :at ! mat]ials 7 t ! ,*9ese _h to draw f--:e!r f ,arab or o!r s\rces4 ,putt+ aside ! application ( /a9$ glass to w9d[s1 = specim5s ( ?is art are n easily export$1 ^! may be summ$ up z1 fir/1 ! enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & secondly1 ! cloisonns & *amplevs enamels ( ! ,byzant9es & o!r ,we/]n nations4 ,z to ! fir/--! application ( col\r$ & easily fusible enamels to ! surface ( glass1 :i* 0 !n expos$ to a second fir+--?is process _h be5 us$ by ! ,arabs = ! decoration ( _! mosque lamps & o!r vessels probably z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury1 & ?is 0 an art id5tical 9 its sy/em ) ! application ( ! same col\rs to ! surface ( porcela94 ,! beauty ( ! effect _c h fail$ to h /ruck ! ,*9ese if !y _h _h any opportunity ( see+ ! f9] specim5s4 ,b ! mat]ial 0 fragile1 & ap>t f a /atem5t by ,m4 ,s*]] t glass 0 export$ f ,aleppo to ,*9a1#dd ,i _c f9d 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,arab trade ( ! "t any record ( su* w>e be+ import$ into ,*9a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t enamels on metal are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ,m+ annals ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!y take _! "n ( ,*5g-tai enamels f ! emp]or :o reign$ at t p]iod2 b ! prop] ,*9ese t]m = su* enamels is ,folang *i5 yao--#8! inlaid w>e ( ,folang4' ,juli5 int]pret$ ^! words #8,porcela9es incru/ations 7ornes d'maux7 de ,france1' & ,dr4 ,hir? c>ries u to ,be?lehem6 ,b ! ^w ,folang is probably ! same z ! t]m ,fol9 or ,ful51 us$ z e>ly z ! six? c5tury = ! ,roman empire ( ! ,ea/1 & x may possibly be connect$ ) ! ,greek 7cf4 ,/amb\l 74#de ,x is def9itely /at$ by a lat] ,*9ese writ] t ! same col\rs are employ$ by bo? ! enamell] on metal & ! decorator ( porcela94 ,if we exam9e ! col\rs f\nd on bo? ! w>es to :i* we h t5tatively trac$ back ! enamell$ porcela9 ( ! ,*9ese--! enamels on glass on ! "o h&1 & ^? on metal on ! o!r--tak+ 9 ea* case ! e>li] specim5s z examples1 we f9d on ! mosque lamps f ,cairo little except a deep blue g5]ally us$ z a gr\nd = a design :i* is outl9$ 9 an opaque iron r$4 ,on ! fam\s flask f ,wrzburg1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 = :i* a #8,mesopotamian' orig9 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is claim$1 a turquoise blue reliev$ by gild+ is ! pr$om9ant note2 !re is also a sp>+ use ( yell[1 ( an opaque :ite1 &1 :at is especially int]e/+1 ( a f9e p9ki% r$1 :i* is possibly obta9$ f gold4 7,! way 9 :i* ?is col\r is %ad$ into ! opaque :ite rem9ds u ( ! simil> use ( ! r\ge d'or 9 lat] times 9 ,*9a47 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we turn to ! e>li] ,*9ese enamels on metal1 ! s-call$ ,*+-tai vases1 attribut$ to ! fifte5? c5tury1 we f9d among ! col\rs us$ an opaque iron r$1 a yell[1 an opaque :ite1 & f9ally two k9ds ( blue1 a turquoise & a full deep blue t looks l a cobalt col\r4#df ,"s "t1 !n1 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 :e!r be=e or aft] ! accession ( ,wan-li 7#aegb71 ! ,*9ese began to decorate ! surface ( _! porcela9 ) jewel-l enamels appliqus to ! glaze4 ,at fir/1 app>5tly1 ^! col\rs 7 conf9$ to ?ree3 a copp] gre51 a yell[ g5]ally ( a buff t9t1 probably conta9+ antimony z well z iron1 & a purple d]iv$ f manganese4 ,^! are ! ,san-tsai or ?ree col\rs ( ! ,*9ese writ]s1 & x w be se5 t !y diff] f ! col\r triad ( our #8pa9t$ glazes' 7pa9t$1 t is1 on biscuit & reheat$ 9 ! demi gr& feu7 9 t ! copp] silicate is ( a turquoise blue 9 ! latt]1 & 9 ! =m] ( a full leafy gre54 ,! ,*9ese au?orities fur!r tell u t a second s*eme ( decoration 0 giv5 by ! ,wu-tsai or ! five col\rs :i* 7 made up by ! ?ree already m5tion$1 ) ! addition ( an opaque r$ d]iv$ f ! sesqui-oxide ( iron 7o!rwise kn[n z hmatite1 bole or r$ o*re71#dg & f9ally ( a cobalt blue1 s\s c\v]te1 surviv+ z x 7 f ! e>li] blue & :ite w>e1 =1 z we h m5tion$1 ! use ( ! blue z an enamel ov] ! glaze belongs to a lat] p]iod4 ,s mu* = ! tea*+ ( ! ,*9ese books2 b :51 attack+ ! subject f ! o!r side1 we exam9e ! specim5s ( enamell$ w>e :i* = "o reason or ano!r--! co>s5ess & ?ickness ( ! pa/e1 ! m\ld$ =m1 & ! irregul> surface--we %\ld be incl9$ to attribute to ! ,m+ dyna/y1 we are l$ to classify ^! e>li] examples some:at z foll[s3-- #a4 ,on a :ite gr\nd a design1 (t51 x w\ld seem1 ( textile orig91 r\ghly pa9t$ 9 an opaque r$ 7l seal+-wax71 ) ! addition ( a leafy gre5 & v r>ely ( a little yell[4 ,?is is a class ( decoration mu* imitat$ 9 ,japan at a lat] date1 especially by ! arti/ pott]s ( ,kioto & at ,inuyama4 #b4 ,! same col\rs ) ! addition ( blue1 s\s c\v]te4 ,! design (t5 takes ! =m ( figures 9 a l&scape1 ! :ole broadly treat$4 ,! e>lie/ type ( ! ,im>i w>e 7ap>t f ! ,kakiyemon7 seems to be bas$ on ?is s*eme ( decoration4 ,bo? ^! classes are di/+ui%$ by ! :ite gr\nd1 ! sp>+ use ( yell[1 & ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( manganese purple & turquoise blue4 #c4 ,a transp>5t enamel ( leafy gre51 yell[ & manganese purple pa9t$ on 9 wa%es s z to cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,:5 ) ^! col\rs we f9d ! outl9e drawn 9 black1 we h ! basis ( a l>ge "p ( ! famille v]te4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ?is class ( decoration :i* probably c>ries on ! tradition ( ! e>ly ,m+ w>e1 sometimes describ$ z #8enamell$1' b m probably all ( x pa9t$ on ! biscuit & fir$ 9 ! demi gr& feu4 ,9 ,*9a x w\ld seem t ^! enamell$ w>es ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,*9ese 7 at fir/ treat$ ) a c]ta9 disfav\r1 if n ) contempt1 at lea/ by ! m cultivat$ classes4 ,dur+ ,m+ times1 ?\gh porcela9 ?us decorat$ 0 d\btless made at ,k+-te-*51 x 01 at lea/ up to ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,wan-li1 *iefly made 9 private factories4 ,9 fact we f9d a c5sor1 9 ! reign ( t emp]or1 prote/+ aga9/ ! use ( enamel col\rs 7! wu-tsai7 9 ! porcela9 suppli$ to ! palace 7,bu%ell1 p4 #bda74 ,we h n[ sket*$ out a description ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( porcela9 made dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & be=e go+ on at once to an acc\nt ( ! p]iod associat$ ) ,k+-te-*5 & ! great rul]s ( ! ,man*u dyna/y1 x w be well to extract a few notes on po9ts t may int]e/ u f ! some:at volum9\s records & descriptions ( ! porcela9 ( ,m+ times f\nd 9 ! books ( ! ,*9ese au?orities4#dh ,,yung-,,lo 7#adjb-bd74di--,?is great emp]or1 :o s5t out %ips = conque/ & = comm]ce z f> z ,ceylon1 is = u especially associat$ ) a :ite egg%ell porcela9 ( :i* !re are two rem>kable specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7see above1 p4 #fg74 ,b[ls ( ?is ?9ness mu/ h be5 p>$ d[n on ! la!1 aft] ?r[+ on ! :eel1 9 ! mann] describ$ on p4 #bb1 until a m]e transluc5t gho/ ( ! orig9al body 0 left1 s t ! "n to-t'ai or #8bodiless1' by :i* ?is w>e is kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 is n inappropriate4 ,! e>lie/ blue & :ite porcela9 ( :i* !re is any def9ite record 0 made 9 ?is reign1 b ! evid5ce = ?is is1 ( c\rse1 purely #8docum5t>y4' ,! quality ( ! blue is said to h be5 surpass$ only by t ( ! ,hsuan-te & ,*5g-hua p]iods4 ,,hsuan-,,te 7#adbe-ce74--,! %ort reign ( ?is emp]or is connect$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,*9ese ) ! f9e/ works bo? ( ! metal work] & ! pott]4 ,?is p]iod gave its "n to ! fam\s pale bronze s admir$ 9 lat] days by ! ,japanese4#ej ,! blue ( ! ,hsuan-te p]iod1 unsurpass$ 9 lat] times1 we are told1 0 d]iv$ f ,arab s\rces1 = ! fam\s ,su-ni-po & ,su-ma-li blues are fir/ m5tion$ at ?is "t4 ,! ^w ,su-ma-li has be5 comp>$ ) ! l[ ,lat9 ,smaltum1 ! prep>$ silicate ( cobalt us$ by ! m$ival glass-/a9]s1 b f ! description ( ?is sub/ance 9 ! ,*9ese books1 x w\ld seem r to h be5 ( ! nature ( a native ore4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we read 9 ! same books ( ! orig9 ( ! brilliant r$ = :i* ?is reign 0 equally fam\s1 h[ x 0 prep>$ f #8p[d]$ rubies ( ! ,we/1' we see h[ little reliance we c place 9 _! acc\nts4 ,?is r$1 d]iv$ ( c\rse f ! sub-oxide ( copp]1 0 appli$ ei!r to cov] ! :ole surface1 z 9 ! little b[ls m5tion$ on p4 #ha 7#8pa9t$ on ! biscuit1' says ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 b is ?is necess>ily s871 or = ! pa9t+ ( a design 9 ?is case bo? alone & 9 comb9ation ) blue4 ,we he> also ( l>ge j>s & g>d5 seats ( a co>se porcela91 ) d>k blue & turquoise gr\nd & decoration ( ribb$ cloisons1 :i* 7 fir/ made 9 ?is reign4 ,( ?is class we h spok5 at l5g? :5 treat+ ( ! #8pa9t$ glazes4#8#ea ,( :at nature ! decoration 9 five col\rs1 :i* is also ref]r$ to ?is reign1 may h be51 x is difficult to say--we h no specim5 s pa9t$ t we c assign to s old a p]iod1 b 9 ?is connection we c]ta9ly mu/ n ?9k ( enamels pa9t$ ov] ! glaze4 ,,*5g-,,tung reign$ f #adce to #addi2 he 0 !n captur$ by ! ,mongols1 & dur+ ! five ye>s ( 8 imprisonm5t 8 bro!r ,*5g-tai reign$ 9 8 /ead4 ,:5 ,*5g-tung return$ f 8 captivity he adopt$ a fre% "n4#eb ,?is is ! only in/ance ( a d\ble ni5-hao 9 lat] ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,we he> ( ,*5g-tai 9 connection ) ! introduction ( enamels on metal1 b = ! hi/ory ( porcela9 bo? reigns are a blank4 ,,*5g-,,hua 7#adfd-hg74--,?is is a "n famili> to collectors4 ,x is f\nd m frequ5tly ?an any o!r on highly f9i%$ vases dat+ really f ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is is ! fav\rite m>k on ! f9e/ blue & :ite ( ?is lat] "t1 al?\gh1 z we h already po9t$ out1 ! ,*9ese books tell u t1 ! s\rces ( ! =eign cobalt blue be+ 9 ,*5g-hua's "t exhau/$1 m att5tion 0 giv5 to col\r$ decoration4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! fam\s #8*ick5-cups1' = :i* su* fabul\s sums 7 giv54 ,^! cups are describ$ z decorat$ ) ! wu-tsai or five col\rs2 & ! subject pa9t$ on !m1 a h5 & *ick5s by ! side ( a fl[]+ peony-bu%1 rem9ds "o ( ! enamell$ egg-%ell cups ( ,ki5-lung 7#agce-ie74 ,! ,m+ cups 7 copi$1 we are told1 at t "t2 b x is difficult to connect ?is e>ly w>e1 ( :i* un=tunately we possess no specim51 ) ! delicate enamel decoration ( ! famille rose4#ec ,,hung-,,*i 7#adhg-aeje74--,?is "n appe>s especially on ! back ( b[ls 9 association ) a yell[ glaze ( v>i\s %ades1 &1 9 agreem5t ?is "t ) ! mat]ial evid5ce1 ! ,*9ese books m5tion ?is yell[ z a speciality ( ! reign4 ,n t we c reg>d all yell[ w>e ) ?is m>k z ev5 ( ?is dyna/y2 l o!r ,m+ w>e x 0 imitat$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! yell[ v>ies f ! pale br[n ( ! raw *e/nut to a full gamboge t9t4 ,!re is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton a di% or %all[ b[l ) a full yell[ glaze2 on ! back beside ! ni5-hao ( ,hung-*i1 a ,p]sian inscription & a date correspond+ to ! sixte5? c5tury has be5 cut 9 ! pa/e4 ,,*5g-,,te 7#aeje-ba74--,! decoration ( blue on a :ite gr\nd is said to h be5 reviv$ 9 ?is reign4 ,a new mat]ial1 ! hui-*+#ed or ,mohamm$an blue1 0 obta9$ f ,yun-nan4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 we c po9t to a curi\s collection ( bronze & porcela91 ) bo? ,arabic & ,*9ese inscriptions1 made probably = ,mohamm$an ,*9ese4 ,^! objects 7 obta9$ by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks f ,pek91 & are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,among !m !re are sev]al pieces ( blue & :ite ) ! ,*5g-te ye>-m>k4#ee ,on "o ( ^! pieces ! ,p]sian ^w = #8writ+-case' =ms "p ( ! decoration 7,,pl4 ,,viii474 ,x is 9 ?is reign t we he> = ! fir/ "t ( ! oppression ex]cis$ by ! c\rt (ficials ^u ! pott]s ( ,k+-te-*51 & n[ also we f9d ! c\rt eunu*s 9 ! highe/ positions1--! great days ( ! ,m+ dyna/y are already pass$4 ,,kia-,,ts+ 7#aeba-ff74--,! "n ( ?is emp]or is (t5 f\nd on blue & :ite porcela91 & x is a fav\rite "o ) ! ,japanese imitators4 ,"s ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,*9ese1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e specim5s 9 our collections1 ( a f9e sapphire blue 7! col\r is inde$ (t5 incl9$ to run71 may p]haps be ref]r$ to ?is reign4 ,! dem&s = ! c\rt 7 v ext5sive1 & if we are to tru/ ! li/ ( articles quot$ by ,dr4 ,bu%ell f ! ,f\-liang annals1 ! porcela9 made = ! palace dur+ ?is p]iod 01 ) ! exception ( a little ( t ) a br[n gr\nd1 conf9$ to blue & :ite w>e4 ,,lung-,,k+ 7#aeff-gb74--,! bad reputation ( ?is emp]or is reflect$ 9 ! porcela9 ( ! "t--inde$ ! erotic "* ( ! decoration is ! "o po9t not$ 9 ! annals4 ,! m>k ( ?is reign is r>ely f\nd4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a l>ge squ>e support or pl9?1 decorat$ ) a blue ( magnific5t sapphire hue1 :i* be>s ! ,lung-k+ ni5-hao4 ,,wan-,,li 7#aegb-afai74--,( ! porcela9 surviv+ f ,m+ times1 a v l>ge proportion probably belongs to ?is reign4 ,x 0 n[ t ! ,european trade 0 beg9n+ to rea* l>ge proportions1 & ! exportation bo? to ,india & ,p]sia 0 great] ?an ev]4 ,x 0 a "t above all = ! manufacture ( l>ge pieces1 b we mu/ n look any long] = ! ref9em5t & s*ol>ly traditions ( e>li] ,m+ p]iods4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell tells u t l>ge b[ls ( ! ,wan-li w>e are /ill 9 use 9 ! %ops & /alls ( ,pek94 ,= u ! difficulty is to di/+ui% ! blue & :ite w>e ( ?is reign f t made = exportation dur+ ! next half c5tury1 a p]iod dur+ :i* ! annals ( ! ,*9ese au?orities are a blank4 ,! reign ( ,wan-li is above all ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! use ( enamel col\rs became preval5t1 & n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 "s ( ! w>e made = ! palace 01 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ! c5sor1 s decorat$4 ,b we w res]ve :at we h to say on ! orig9 ( ,*9ese enamell$ w>e until we come to treat ( ! progress made 9 ! reign ( ,kang-he4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*9a--7cont9u$74 ,,! ,,man*u ,,or ,,ts+ ,,dyna/y 7#afdc--74 ,,kang-,,he4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,wan-li1 9 #afai1 !re is a long gap 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ! la/ emp]or ( ! native dyna/y 0 driv5 out by ! ,man*u ,tat>s1 & ! dyna/y :i* /ill reigns 9 ! c\ntry 0 f\nd$4 ,b nei!r dur+ ! reign ( ! fir/ emp]or ( ! new ,ts+ or #8,pure' dyna/y1 nor inde$ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! long reign ( 8 great successor ,kang-he 7#affa-agbb71 0 mu* att5tion giv5 to ! imp]ial factory at ,k+-te-*54 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ,kang-he's reign 7 occupi$ ) quell+ ! la/ ef=ts ( ! native ,*9ese p>ty4 ,we may date ! revival ( active "w f ! appo9tm5t ( ,tsang ,y+-hsuan1#ef 9 ! ye> #afhc1 to ! po/ ( sup]9t5d5t at ! porcela9 works4 ,x 0 !n1 aft] an int]val ( m ?an sixty ye>s--almo/ a blank 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela9--t ! great r5aissance set 91 & we may date f t "t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ great /age 9 t hi/ory--a /age :i* 0 to la/ = ano!r hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ t p]iod a succession ( able & en?usia/ic m5 7 9 *>ge ( ! imp]ial works4 ,) ! support ( ! great emp]ors :o rul$ 9 ,*9a = ?ree long g5]ations1 !y 7 able to br+ ! manufacture ( porcela9 to a po9t ( p]fection rea*$ nei!r be=e nor s9ce1 & to produce t wond]ful s]ies ( vases1 b[ls1 & plates t n[ fill ! museums & private collections ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x w p]haps be bett] to c>ry on our ha/y hi/orical sket* d[n to ! p]iod ( decl9e at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 be=e turn+ to ! lett]s ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles & 8 acc\nt ( ! great city ( ! pott]--,k+-te-*54 ,we %all !n be 9 a bett] position to und]/& ! almo/ endless s]ies ( diff]5t w>es t 7 turn$ out f ! kilns ( t t[n 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we c f9ally make a rapid survey ( ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 pick+ up _m ?reads t h be5 dropp$ 9 ! c\rse ( our hi/orical review4 ,we h se5 t ! ,*9ese au?orities :5 describ+ ! col\r$ w>e ( ! ,m+ p]iod speak ( two #8triads' ( col\rs4 ,"o1 ! turquoise1 purple & yell[ gr\p1 we h id5tifi$ ) ! w>e pa9t$ on ! biscuit & reheat$ 9 ! demi gr& feu2 :ile ! o!r1 ! gre51 purple & yell[ class may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( true enamel or muffle decoration4 ,^! two classes 7 n[ 9 ! e>li] days ( ,kang-he br\ght to great] p]fection1 & z by ?is "t we h come to a p]iod :5 ! f9] w>es began to be l>gely export$ direct to ,europe1 we meet ) _m specim5s ( ^! w>es 9 our collections4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps ! ,turquoise is ! pr$om9ant col\r--inde$ x is (t5 f\nd alone 7,,pl4 ,,ix474 ,z a mono*rome w>e x is di/+ui%$ by a f9e crackle1 :i* is always pres5t b is (t5 only to be se5 by a close exam9ation4 ,h[ mu* x is s\ght aft] by collectors is %[n by ! fact m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 t 9 ! ,walt]s collection !re are m ?an a hundr$ specim5s ( ?is mono*rome blue1 & ( ^! ! majority probably date f ! reign ( ,kang-he4 ,a comb9ation ( ?is turquoise ) aub]g9e purple d]iv$ f manganese 0 9 fav\r at ?is "t n only = ! little magots & = small vases1 b also = l>g] decorative pieces z well z = tables & /&s = o!r objects4 ,x 0 above all ?is comb9ation t 0 copi$ by ,z5goro & o!rs = ! #8,oniwa' w>e ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,ki%iu1 & "s ( ?is ,japanese porcela9 is v difficult to di/+ui% f ! ,*9ese orig9al4 ,! aub]g9e purple1 l ! turquoise1 always f9ely crackl$1 is seldom f\nd alone 9 ,*9ese examples1 b ?is is (t5 ! case on ! ,ki%iu w>e4 ,! ?ird col\r ( ! triad1 ! yell[1 is q subord9ate2 !re 7 evid5tly great difficulties 9 produc+ a f9e t9t "u ! conditions ( ! demi gr& feu4 ,9 l mann] 9 ! e>ly ,m+ w>e1 t ) ! ribb$ cloisons1 ! yell[ 0 only us$ sp>+ly = ! petals ( a fl[] or = a *a9 ( pe>ls4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is w>e ( ,kang-he diff]s f its ,m+ pr$ecessor 9 ! abs5ce ( ! d>k blue glaze4 ,,famille ,,v]te4--,9 ! fir/ triad1 t ( ! demi gr& feu1 ! turquoise blue1 z we h se51 is ! pr$om9ant col\r4 ,its place is tak5 9 ! triad ( ! muffle-/ove by ! gre51 :i* 9 _m %ades ( int5sity1 b ) a prevail+ leafy hue1 has come to be especially associat$ ) ! enamell$ w>es ( ?is reign4#eg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,*9ese ,x w\ld be possible to make _m subdivisions ( ?is class--! well-kn[n famille v]te4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! gr\nd is cov]$ by a wa% ( "o ( ! col\rs1 s z to resemble a pa9t$ glaze4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 always be f\nd on close exam9ation t ! wa% is sup]impos$ on ! true col\rless glaze1 :i* may g5]ally be se5 at ! m\? & foot4 ,a gre5 ( great] or less] /r5g?1 sometimes q a ?9 wa%1 is ! commone/ col\r = ?is gr\nd2 at o!r times x is ( a pale /raw col\r1 or1 m r>ely1 a purple ( a poor unc]ta9 hue4#eh ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! muffle-/ove ! f9e aub]g9e purple t we not$ 9 ! class la/ describ$ is r>ely to be obta9$ f manganese4 ,9 all cases ! :ite gr\nd is only left sp>+ly z a res]ve = ! petals ( fl[]s & = ! faces4 ,9 addition to ^! col\rs--! gre51 ! yell[1 & ! purple--:i* are = ! mo/ "p us$ z wa%es1 a d>k br[n or black is l>gely employ$ = outl9+ ! details ( ! decoration1 z well z = temp]+ ! col\r ( ! backgr\nd by cov]+ x ) scrolls & spirals4 ,:5 ?is decoration is appli$ to ! small m\ld$ pieces--! magots1 = in/ance1 s admir$ by ! ,fr5* collectors ( ! eighte5? c5tury--we h a class ( objects to :i* ! descriptions 79 ! ,bu%ell manuscript & else:]e7 ( ! decorat$ w>e ( ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies w\ld seem to apply4 ,z we h se51 x is at ! lea/ v d\btful :e!r ^! e>ly pieces 7 decorat$ ov] ! glaze1 b 9 a g5]al view x _c fail to /rike "o t ! ,kang-he decoration1 9 :i* wa%es ( col\r#ei play s important a "p1 belongs to an e>li] s*ool ?an t ( ! ,wan-li porcela91 ) its designs & m$allions scatt]$ ov] a :ite gr\nd4 ,^! la/ patt]ns are1 x w\ld seem1 d]iv$ f textile fabrics1 f ! ri* brocades ( ! "t1 bo? ,*9ese &1 possibly1 =eign4 ,9 ! famille v]te ( ,kang-he's "t1 on ! o!r h&1 we may p]haps see a return1 9 g5]al effect at lea/1 to ! san-tsai & wu-tsai pa9t$ glazes ( e>li] ,m+ "t4 ,:5 9 place ( ! wa% ( gre5 7or may be ( yell[7 ! backgr\nd is =m$ by a black enamel1 we /ill feel ! prevail+ influ5ce ( ! gre5 9 ! decoration1 s t ^! black-gr\nd vases are rightly includ$ 9 ! famille v]te4 ,! black backgr\nd itself is (t5 ( a gre5i% quality1 & 9 ! designs ! camellia-leaf gre5 is pr$om9ant2 yell[ & purple are b sp>+ly introduc$1 b ! effect is height5$ by ! :ite res]ves 7,,pl4 ,x474 ,9 _m cases a wa% ( gre5 appe>s to h be5 c>ri$ ov] ! black gr\nd4 ,?is gre5 enamel may be (t5 se5 ov]lapp+1 z x 71 on ! foot ( a vase4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! :ole range ( ,*9ese porcela9 any?+ m sup]bly decorative ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,,*9ese ?an "s ( ^! l>ge black-gr\nd$ vases 9 ! ,salt+ collection4 ,we w\ld call att5tion to "o example on :i* ! ?9 sk9-l glaze ( ! dull gr\nd & ! some:at ar*aic draw+ ( ! great dragon t curls r\nd ! side sugge/ a date e>li] ?an t ( its companions 7,,pl4 ,,xi474 ,& yet ^! f9e vases are want+ 9 two elem5ts :i* we are accu/om$ to reg>d z ess5tial to ! be/ porcela93 !y nei!r display to any ext5t ! natural :ite col\r ( ! pa/e1#fj nor is ! outl9e dep5d5t on ! motion ( ! clay "u ! pott]'s h&4 ,ne>ly all ^! vases1 z inde$ mo/ ( ! l>ge vessels ( ?is "t1 are built up f segm5ts made 9 m\lds4 ,:at ri* effects ( col\r are "h obta9$ ) a palette s re/rict$6 ,p]haps n a little ( ! beauty ( ?is decoration is due to ?is v re/riction4 ,x w be notic$ t we h 9 ! m *>act]i/ic examples a total abs5ce ( all %ades bo? ( r$ & ( blue4 ,9 ! o!r n less important division ( ! enamel decoration ( ?is "t ^! la/ two col\rs are add$1 & we come aga9 to a p5tad ( col\rs--n1 h[ev]1 q ! same z ! wu-tsai ( ,wan-li times4 ,we are /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! famille v]te3 ! leafy gre5 9 two or m %ades rema9s ! pr$om9ant col\r1 ! opaque r$ is us$ m sp>+ly ?an 9 ! lat] ,m+ enamell$ w>e1 & above all ! cobalt blue is n[ us$ z an enamel col\r ov] ! glaze4 ,?is latt] use po9ts to an important advance 9 te*nique1 & x af=ds an easy means ( di/+ui%+ ! w>es ( ! two p]iods4 ,! new me?od ( employ+ ! blue is1 h[ev]1 (t5 only to be recognis$ by close exam9ation 9 a fav\rable light4 ,:at at once di/+ui%es ! new] w>e is r ! displacem5t ( ! opaque r$ ( ! ,m+ porcela9 by ! *>act]i/ic gre5 ( ! ,kang-he "t z ! dom9ant col\r4 ,:5 ?is full complem5t ( five col\rs is us$1 ! g5]al s*eme ( ! design1 h[ev]1 foll[s m on ! l9es ( ! ,wan-li w>e2 we f9d sprays ( fl[]s or figure subjects reliev$ ^u ! :ite gr\nd4 ,b ! draw+ ( ! new] w>e is some:at m reali/ic1 & !re is g5]ally a great] f9i%4 ,9 r>e cases ! five col\rs are comb9$ ) ! black gr\nd1 z may be se5 on two l>ge vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b ! effect is n s happy z t obta9$ ) a simpl] range ( col\rs4 ,!re is ano!r position 9 :i* ^! five enamel col\rs may be f\nd toge!r--9 ! decoration ( ! :ite res]ves left betwe5 gr\nds ( bleu p\dr & fond laque4 ,?is 0 a =m ( decoration mu* admir$ 9 ,europe1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ imitat$4 ,?is fond laque w>e ( v>i\s %ades1 ) res]v$ panels decorat$ ) fl[]s or figures1 has reta9$ among deal]s ! designation ( ,batavian porcela91 a "n :i*1 l our old t]ms ,gombroon & ,ea/ ,indian1 ?r[s light on ! r\te by :i* x rea*$ ,europe4 ,! deep blue vases cov]$ ) elaborate designs 9 gold 7 also export$ be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ( ^! l>ge specim5s h be5 sometimes f\nd 9 ,india4 ,!re is a tall vase ( ?is w>e 9 ! ,indian ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton--! gild+1 z is (t5 ! case1 has almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( our subject1 :i* we are n[ foll[+ ) great] or less /rictness1 we are only conc]n$ ) important developm5ts & fre% types z !y f "t to "t arise4 ,we h !re=e little to say = ! pres5t ( ! blue & :ite & ( ! w>es ) mono*rome glazes ( :i* we ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,*9ese4 ,black gr\nd4 h s _m sup]b specim5s dat+ f ! reign ( ,kang-he4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 m5tion 9 pass+ ! brilliant sang de buf vases especially associat$ ) ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is emp]or4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! #8transmutation' or flamb glazes1 ! deep r$ col\r ( ?is w>e is produc$ by ! action ( a r$uc+ flame ^u a silicate ( copp]4 ,x is kn[n 9 ,*9a z ,lang yao1 & !re has be5 "s misconception z to ! orig9 ( ! t]m4 ,if1 z ! be/ au?orities tell u1 we are to d]ive ! "n f ,lang ,t+-tso1 ! fam\s vic]oy ( ! ,two ,kiangs 7! prov9ces ( ,kiangsi & ,kiangnan7 at ! "t ( ! accession ( ,kang-he1 ! e>lie/ =m ( ?is ,lang yao mu/ be associat$ ) a p]iod 7say ab\t ! ye>s #afed-affh7 :i* is o!rwise q /]ile 9 ! annals ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,,yung-,,*5g 7#agbb-agce74--,:5 9 #agbb1 aft] a reign ( m ?an sixty ye>s1 ,kang-he1#fa p]haps ! greate/ ( all ! emp]ors ( ,*9a1 di$1 we f9d a note ( al>m s\nd$ by ! ,jesuit fa!rs4 ,unlike 8 fa!r1 ,yung-*5g ! new emp]or 0 reg>d$ z a support] ( ! mo/ cons]vative traditions1 & no fri5d ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is important to u is ! fact t z cr[n-pr9ce he 0 kn[n n only z a patron ( ! works at ,k+-te-*51 b z himself an amateur pott] ( di/9ction4 ,! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 writ+ be=e ,yung-*5g's accession to ! ?rone1 tells u t x 0 8 habit to s5d d[n f ,pek9 examples ( anci5t w>es to be copi$ at ! imp]ial factory4 ,?is influ5ce1 ex]cis$ 9 a cons]vative direction1 is reflect$ 9 ! porcela9 produc$ dur+ 8 reign4 ,?is is inde$ a critical po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,we are rem9d$ ( "s simil> p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( our ,we/]n arts1 :5 x beg9s to become evid5t t a comm& ( mat]ial & a te*nical f9i% h be5 atta9$ at ! exp5se ( all spontaneity & fre%ness ( expression4 ,"s su* t5d5cy 0 accompani$ at ?is "t 9 ,*9a by a c>eful & delib]ate imitation ( anci5t =ms & glazes4 ,"u ,ni5 ,hsi-yao1 ! new sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*51 "s advance 0 c]ta9ly made--we %all speak ( ! ,ni5 yao & ! new col\rs t di/+ui%$ x directly4 ,we mu/ n ov]look1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ! =eign dem& :i* m & m made itself felt1 an influ5ce oppos$ to ! cons]vative & classical ta/es ( ! emp]or4 ,b :5 we run ?r\gh ! long li/1 "u fifty-sev5 head+s1 ( ! v>i\s w>es copi$ at ,k+-te-*5 at ?is "t1#fb we see h[ /rong ?is classical influ5ce 04 ,9 fact1 ?is catalogue is "o ( our be/ s\rces ( in=mation = ! anci5t1 & especially = ! ,sung1 w>es4 ,! *ief conc]n ( ! compil] 0 ) ! glazes1 = no attempt seems to h be5 made to copy ! ?ick & r\gh pa/es ( ! e>ly days4#fc ,we c inf] f "s ( ! heads ( ! li/ t mo/ ( ! highly p]fect$ glazes ( ! day1 rang+ ?r\gh e %ade ( col\r1 7 consid]$ to be b modifications ( ! old simple glazes ( ,sung times4 ,?is 0 an ess5tially ,*9ese way ( look+ at ! matt]1 & by ?is indirect pa? x 0 possible to rea* ! mo/ novel effects4 ,among ! lat] head+s ( ,ni5's li/ 7x 0 to "s ext5t *ronologically arrang$7 we f9d m5tion ( copies ( ,japanese w>es1 & frequ5t ref]5ce is made to col\rs & decorations ( ,european orig94 ,we %all h to make m ?an "o ref]5ce to ?is important catalogue 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,x 0 "u ! rgime ( ,ni5 ,hsi-yao t ?is li/ 0 drawn up4 ,he 0 ! second ( ! great vic]oys ^: names are associat$ ) ! emp]ors ,kang-he1 ,yung-*5g1 & ,ki5-lung respectively4 ,he succe$$ to ,tsang ,y+-hsuan1 & 0 foll[$ 9 ! next reign by ,tang-y+4 ,! w>es made dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ^! sup]9t5d5ts are kn[n 9 *ronological ord] z ,tsang yao1 ,ni5 yao1 & ,tang yao4 ,?is ,ni5 did n reg>d 8 po/ by any means z a s9ecure4 ,he frequ5tly visit$ ! works1 & requir$ samples ( ! imp]ial w>e to be s5t e two mon?s to 8 (ficial resid5ce = inspection 7,bu%ell1 p4 #cfa74 ,! ,ni5 yao1 to ! ,*9ese collector1 is especially associat$ ) c]ta9 mono*rome glazes--above all ) ! clair de lune--! yueh pai or #8moon-:ite1' & ) a brilliant r$ glaze ) /ippl$ surface1 a ne> c\s9 to ! sang de buf & flamb classes4 ,!re is ano!r #8self-glaze' w>e :i* dates f ?is "t1 ( :i* ! m+l$ t9ts dep5d1 z 9 ! case ( ! flamb1 ^u ! v>y+ degrees ( oxidation ( ! copp] 9 ! glaze4 ,?is is ! #8pea*-bloom1' ! #8apple r$ & gre5' ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! *>m ( ?is delicate w>e is ( ano!r k9d to t to be f\nd 9 ! vigor\s fla%es ( col\r ( ! transmutation glazes4 ,we c trace at ?is "t ! gradual introduction ( two new col\rs t give s special a "* to ! w>es ( ! next reign4 ,i mean ! p9k d]iv$ f gold & ! lemon-yell[4 ,^! col\rs 7 us$ sp>+ly & ) great delicacy at fir/1 b we come to associate !m at a lat] "t ) a p]iod ( decl9e & ( bad ta/e4 ,,ki5-,,lung 7#agce-agie74--;,x 0 dur+ ! long reign ( ?is emp]or1 poet & patron ( all ! arts1 t ! new direction :i* we f9d giv5 to ! porcela9 made 9 ! reign ( 8 fa!r1 ,yung-*5g1 became ev5 m acc5tuat$--on ! "o h&1 ! copy+ ( old glazes & ! employm5t ( ar*aic hi]atic patt]ns = decoration1 on ! o!r1 ! m & m frequ5t use ( new col\rs & new designs ( non-,*9ese orig94 ,?is latt] t5d5cy 0 fo/]$ bo? by ! eclectic ta/es ( ,ki5-lung himself & also by ! increas+ importance ( ! dem& = =eign c\ntries4 ,great c>e 0 giv5 to ! pa/e--x 0 requir$ to be ( a sn[y 7or r sometimes *alky7 :it5ess1 t5d+ nei!r t[>ds yell[ nor t[>ds blue1 & s c>efully f9i%$ on ! la! t on ! uni=m glassy surface ( ! f9] specim5s no signs 7 left ( ! movem5t ( ! pott]'s :eel2#fd = comp>$ ) ! w>e produc$ 9 ,m+ times1 & ev5 dur+ ! reign ( ,kang-he1 we n[ note ! great] proportion ( pieces ?r[n on ! :eel4 ,at no "t has ! skill ( ! pott] :o ?rew ! clay1 & ( ! workman :o !n p>$ & smoo!d ! surface on ! la!1 be5 br\ght to a great] p]fection1 & ?is applies n only to ! egg%ell *9a1 b to ! l>ge vases & beak]s1 s p]fect 9 _! outl9e4 ,! same p]fection ( te*nique is f\nd 9 ! decoration1 s t a blue & :ite vase ( ?is p]iod c at once be recognis$ 9 spite ( ! pseudo-ar*aic decoration & ! ,m+ ni5 hao inscrib$ on ! base4 ,:5 ! new col\rs are introduc$ ! date is1 ( c\rse1 approximately fix$1 & we may probably associate ) ! beg9n+ ( ?is reign 7or p]haps a little e>li]2 see note on p4 #aaj7 ! fir/ use ( ! r\ge d'or :i* has giv5 its "n to a well-kn[n class ( porcela9--! famille rose4 ,a manageable r$ _h long be5 a desid]atum4 ,!re 0 no m trea*]\s mat]ial ?an ! basic copp] oxide1 :e!r pa9t$ "u or mix$ ) ! glaze4 ,z an ov]-glaze s\rce ( r$ ?is pigm5t 0 ( c\rse unavailable1 :ile ! opaque brick-l t9ts obta9$ f iron1 ?\gh 9 keep+ ) ! r\gh]1 picturesque decoration ( e>ly times1 did n h>monise well ) ! delicate /yle ( pa9t+ n[ 9 fa%ion1#fe s t x is n surpris+ t ! beautiful p9k t9t obta9$ f gold c>ri$ all be=e x4 ,! gold 0 probably incorporat$ ) ! enamel flux 9 ! =m ( purple ( ,cassius1 :i* is readily prep>$ by dissolv+ gold 9 a mixture ( nitric acid & sal-ammoniac & add+ "s fragm5ts ( t94 ,! col\r _h be5 kn[n = "s "t 9 ,europe--we c p]haps ev5 trace ?is p9k t9t on enamell$ ,arab glass ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7see p4 #hi74ff ,a v small quantity ( ?is mat]ial goes a long way1 especially :5 us$ to give a gradat$ t9t to a :ite opaque enamel1 z on ! petal ( a fl[]4 ,z a col\r x is s+ul>ly h>moni\s1 & 9 a p]iod ( decl9e help$ to #8keep toge!r' ! motley array ( enamels us$ along ) x4 ,!re is no?+ m popul> 9 ! "w ( ?is "t ?an ! little egg-%ell plates1 decorat$ ) fl[]s & birds1 = :i* su* high prices are giv5 by collectors4 ,! orig9al type1 = bo? w>e & decoration1 is probably 9 ?is case to be f\nd 9 ! #8*ick5-cups' ( ,*5g-hua's reign4 ,on ! plates ( ?is w>e ! bord]s are fill$ ) elaborate & m9utely f9i%$ diap]s & scrolls1 evid5tly tak5 f silk brocades2 inde$1 ! gold ?reads ( ! wo( are sometimes directly imitat$2 ! c5tre is occupi$ by a picture1 ei!r a fl[] piece or a g5re figure sc5e 7,,pl4 ,,xii474 ,we may connect ^! designs ) ! works ( ! naturali/ic col\r s*ool ( ! "t1 _m ( ! f9e/ ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ by ,japanese collectors4 ,a v frequ5t subject is a rocky bank f :i* gr[ peonies1 n>cissi1 or o!r fl[]s1 & "u :i* two or m *ick5s or sometimes quails are gr\p$4 ,! petals ( ! fl[]s are r5d]$ by a :ite opaque enamel 9 high relief1 (t5 ) a flu% ( p9k1 imitat+ ! t\r de =ce by :i* ! pa9t]s ( ! "t1 by a s+le /roke ( ! bru%1 produc$ a full gradation ( col\r4 ,inde$1 ! same arti/s d\btless pa9t$ bo? on silk1 on pap]1 & on porcela94 ,we may comp>e _! "w to t ( ! fan-pa9t]s & m9iaturi/s :o 7 employ$ to decorate ! panels ( ,svres porcela91 at ?is v "t1 ) pa/oral sc5es & fl[] pieces4 ,! ,*9ese enamell]s r>ely sign$ _! "w2 b !re is a plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! "n ( a ,canton arti/4 ,?is gives a h9t z to :]e mo/ ( ! "w 0 done4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( sign$ "w ( ?is p]iod is f\nd on a s]ies ( l>ge plates 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum4 ,on ^! a ,*9ese arti/1 "s "t be=e ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 has pa9t$ a s]ies ( designs ( birds & fl[]s1 & 9 "o in/ance at lea/ a graceful female figure4 ,on ! field1 9 ea* case1 we f9d a seal "* 7accompani$ ei!r by a small] m>k conta9$ 9 a circle1 or by an artemisia leaf7 :i* indicates ! pa9t]'s "n4 ,) true arti/ic feel+ he has succe$$ 9 fill+ ! surface ( ! plate ) a graceful decoration1 & at ! same "t he gives u a s]ies ( delightful pictures1 employ+ ! full range ( ! enamel col\rs at 8 comm&4 ,& 9 ?us comb9+ a decorative design ) an accurate ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,,*9ese r5d]+ ( natural objects1 ! ,*9ese arti/ has succe$$ 9 do+ :at has nev] be5 accompli%$ by any ,european pa9t] on porcela94 ,9 decoration ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 only ! v be/ "w pleases2 9 any?+ bel[ ?is we get at once to :at is vulg> & trite2 & ! l>g] palette n[ at ! pa9t]'s comm& only makes x easi] = him to produce ! unpleasant comb9ations ( col\rs s frequ5t 9 ! w>es export$ f ,*9a aft] ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! old] pa9t]s1 conf9$ to _! ?ree or at mo/ five col\rs1 seldom fail to produce an agreeable effect1 h[ev] r\ghly _! col\rs are daub$ on4 ,9 ! g5re sc5es1 z 9 ! case ( ! fl[] pieces1 a reali/ic t5d5cy is prom95t4 ,we h no long] ! ,taoi/ sa9ts or ! hunt+ & battle pieces ( e>li] times1 b delicately execut$ int]iors ) graceful figures ( girls arrang+ fl[]s or pa9t+ fans1 or aga91 l&scapes ) m5 travell+ by road or by riv]4 ,!re is a ref9em5t ( col\r & a *>m ( draw+ & composition 9 ! bett] specim5s ( ?is some:at effem9ate s*ool t appeals to e "o4 ,x is difficult = u to f9d any m>k$ ,european influ5ce 9 ! designs ( ?is "t1 & yet ^! pictures are class$ by ! ,*9ese z ,european 9 /yle2 & x is n q cle> :e!r ?is ref]s only to ! enamel col\rs employ$ or to ! mann] ( draw+ z well4 ,mo/ ( ! "w ( ?is k9d 0 d\btless made = ! ,european m>ket & pa9t$ at ,canton4 ,b is ?is ! case ) ! f9e/ examples8 ,ki5-lung himself 01 x w\ld seem1 no despis] ( ?is c>efully decorat$ w>e4 ,a poem ( 8 composition1 sign$ ) ! v]milion seal1 is (t5 f\nd on ?is egg-%ell porcela94 ,on "s ( ! mo/ highly f9i%$ ( ! little cups & plates we f9d an elaborate scroll decoration 9 gold & sometimes 9 silv]2 & 9 ^! designs we may p]haps trace ! influ5ce ( ! b>oque /yle 9 vogue at ?is "t 9 ,europe4 ,ni5 resign$ 8 po/ :5 8 ma/] 9 ! ye> #agce _h #8fl[n up to heav5 l a dragon1' & ! new emp]or1 ,ki5-lung1 appo9t$ 9 8 place ,tang-y+1 :o _h long s]v$ "u him4 ,! new director 0 no less an en?usia/ ?an 8 pr$ecessor4 ,he tells u 9 8 memoirs--= he 0 a man ( lit]>y ta/e l 8 ma/]1 ,ki5-lung--t he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ! workm51 %>+ 8 meals & 8 sleep+-room ) !m1 foll[+ 9 ?is ! prov]b :i* says #8! f>m] may le>n some?+ f 8 bondman1 & ! weav] f ! h&maid :o holds ! ?read = h] mi/ress4' ,we he> t new t9ts ( turquoise 7fei-tsui7 & ( rose-r$ 7mei-kwei7 7 introduc$ by him1 & we may p]haps id5tify ^! col\rs ) c]ta9 %ades ( p9k & turquoise blue t became preval5t ab\t ?is "t4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! pigm5t is mix$ ) "s am\nt ( ars5ic or t9 s t ! enamel is ne>ly opaque1 & ?is enamel is n[ spread ov] ! gr\nd1 tak+ ! place ( ! glaze :i* lies b5ea?4 ,! effect1 ?\gh app>5tly admir$ by "s collectors1 is heavy & unpleasant4 ,! p9k1 :i* we may consid] z a ,*9ese equival5t ( ! rose ,pompad\r 7x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,fr5* or ! ,*9ese 7 ! fir/ to use ! r\ge d'or col\rs71 is g5]ally m or less opaque1 ) a granul> surface2 x is (t5 f\nd cov]+ a pa/e inscrib$ ) f9e scrolls4#fg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,*9ese ,9 ! case ( ! pale opaque blue 7to :i* ! "n ( turquoise may be appli$ m aptly ?an to ! sky-col\r$ transp>5t blues ( ! demi gr& feu71 ! surface ( ! enamel is sometimes pa9t$ ) an irregul> net-"w ( black l9es1 z if 9 imitation ( "s k9d ( m>ble4 ,?is turquoise enamel t[>ds ! end ( ,ki5-lung's reign 0 (t5 appli$ to ! surface ( l>ge vases1 & :5 9 comb9ation ) a lemon-yell[ decoration ! effect is ev5 m unpleasant ?an :5 us$ alone4 ,we h m5tion$1 :5 speak+ ( ,yung-*5g's reign1 a valuable li/ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( porcela9 made at t "t at ,k+-te-*54 ,we mu/ n[ ref] to ano!r docum5t1 quot$1 l ! li/ ( ,ni5's "t1 9 all ! ,*9ese books deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ! imp]ial porcela9 works4 ,! emp]or ,ki5-lung1 x w\ld appe>1 :5 ov]haul+ c]ta9 manuscripts pres]v$ 9 ! palace1 came ^u a s]ies ( tw5ty wat]-col\r draw+s illu/rat+ ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,he at once summon$ ,tang-y+1 ! fam\s sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*51 to ,pek91 &1 h&+ ov] ! draw+s1 comm&$ him to prep>e a full description ( all ! processes illu/rat$ 9 ^! pictures4 ,?is 0 9 #agdc1 %ortly be=e ,tang's retirem5t4 ,! draw+s !mselves h nev] be5 made public2 b we h 9 ,tang's report :at is1 aft] ! lett]s ( ! ,jesuit fa!r1 our mo/ important s\rce = ! te*nical details ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,*9a4 ,) ^! details we are n conc]n$ j n[1 b we w quote f ,dr4 ,bu%ell's translation a disquisition on c]ta9 pr9ciples t %\ld gov]n ! =ms & decoration ( porcela94 ,?is is a k9d ( obit] dictum ( ,tang-y+1 propos ( ! fa%ion+ & pa9t+ ( vases4 ,9 8 fl[]y /yle he tells u 7,i abbreviate 9 a few places73 #8,9 ! decoration ( porcela9 correct canons ( art %\ld be foll[$4 ,! designs %\ld be tak5 f ! patt]ns ( old brocades & embroid]y2 ! col\rs f a g>d5 z se5 9 spr+-"t f a pavilion4 ,!re is an abundance ( specim5s ( w>e ( ! ,sung dyna/y at h& to be copi$2 ! elem5ts ( nature supply an inexhau/ible fund ( mat]ials = new comb9ations ( sup]natural beauty4 ,natural objects are modell$ to be fa%ion$ 9 m\lds & pa9t$ 9 appropriate col\rs4 ,! mat]ials ( ! pott]'s art are d]iv$ f =e/s & /reams1 & ornam5tal !mes are suppli$ by ! same natural s\rces4#8#fh ,x is a /range fancy :i* connects ! decoration ( a vase ) ! s\rce ( ! mat]ials ) :i* x is made4 ,else:]e1 speak+ ( ! pa9t+ ( ! blue & :ite w>e1 ,tang-y+ says3 #8,= pa9t+ ( fl[]s & ( birds1 fi%es & wat]-plants1 & liv+ objects g5]ally1 ! /udy ( nature is ! fir/ requisite4 ,9 ! imitation ( ,m+ porcela9 & ( anci5t pieces1 ! sight ( _m specim5s br+s skill4' ,we see 9 ?is a k9d ( hesitation1 a balanc+ betwe5 two influ5ces--! naturali/ic & ! traditional--:i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,we may call att5tion1 by ! way1 to ! important place t is giv5 9 ?is report to ! process ( m\ld+ 9 ! fa%ion+ ( a vase1 especially z supplem5t>y to ! ?r[+ on ! :eel1 & above all1 to ! c>e requir$ 9 ! turn+ & poli%+ on ! jigg] or la! to ensure accuracy ( outl9e 9 ! f9i%$ piece4 ,! la/ picture describ$ by ,tang-y+ illu/rates ! wor%ipp+ ( ! local god & ! (f]+ ( sacrifice4 ,& we are told ! /ory ( h[1 :5 ! great dragon-b[ls fail$ "t aft] "t1 & :51 9 consequ5ce1 ! workm5 7 h>ass$ by ! eunu*s s5t d[n by ! ,m+ emp]or1 ,tung ! pott] leap$ into ! furnace2 & h[1 aft] ?is sacrifice1 :5 ! kilns 7 op5$1 ! b[ls 7 at la/ f\nd p]fect 9 %ape & brilliant 9 col\r4 ,s ,tung 0 wor%ipp$ z ! pott]'s god2 &1 inde$1 ,tang-y+ tells u1 z a v\*] = ! tru? ( 8 /ory1 t 9 8 "t "o ( ^! v dragon fi%-b[ls1 #8comp\nd$ ( ! blood & bones ( ! deity1' /ill /ood 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! temple1 a witness to ! sacrifice 7,bu%ell1 *apt] xv74 ,tang-y+ resign$ 8 po/ 9 #agdf2 8 influ5ce 0 !re=e only felt dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,ki5-lung's long reign4 ,8 is ! la/ "n t c be p]sonally connect$ ) any ,*9ese w>e1 unless x be t ( ! emp]or 8 ma/]4 ,ki5-lung 0 a poet1 & a v productive "o--8 complete works 7 publi%$ 9 an edition ( #cfj volumes1 conta9+ ne>ly #cd1jjj sep>ate compositions4 ,^! are g5]ally occasional pieces sugge/$ by ! aspects ( nature4 ,su* v]ses are n unfrequ5tly f\nd on ! egg-%ell porcela9 ( 8 "t1 sign$1 too1 ) ! v]milion p5cil4 ,!re is q a long poem ( 8 on a di% ( ?9 w>e n[ 9 ! ,muse ,guimet 9 ,p>is4 ,! emp]or int]e/$ himself 9 a new k9d ( opaque glass made 9 ,pek9 by a skilful arti/1 "o ,hu1 & he s5t specim5s ( ?is w>e to ,k+-te-*5 to be imitat$ 9 ! nobl] mat]ial1 z he deem$ x4 ,?is 0 effect$ by means ( a v vitre\s pa/e1 & ! little snuff-bottles m\ld$ 9 high relief 9 ?is mat]ial are mu* priz$ bo? by ,*9ese & ,am]ican collectors4 ,!re 01 inde$1 at ?is "t a rage = imitat+ o!r sub/ances 9 porcela91 :i* 0 d\btless fo/]$ by ! increas$ comm& ( te*nical processes & ( new col\rs4 ,a good deal ( ! porcela9 cov]$ ) black or sometimes br[n lacqu]1#fi inlaid ) "m-(-pe>l1 ! laque burgaut ( ! ,fr5*1 dates p]haps f an e>li] p]iod4 ,b ! little snuff-bottles1 imitat+ jade1 pudd+-/one1 agate1 turquoise1 z well z silv]1 gold1 & bronze ( v>i$ pat9as1 or aga9 ! ru/$ surface ( iron--to say no?+ ( wood1 bamboo1 & "m-(-pe>l--may1 ) few exceptions1 be attribut$ to ?is "t4 ,we may comp>e su* "w to ! contempor>y triumphs ( ! ,japanese 9 lacqu]4#gj ,b by ! middle ( ! c5tury x is no long] ! dem& ( ! c\rt t gives ! g5]al tone to ! productions ( ,k+-te-*54 ,! ta/e = ,ori5tal w>es _h spread among ! middle classes 9 ,europe4 ,! ,engli% 7 tak+ ! place ( ! ,dut* z ! pr9cipal export]s1 & ?is *ange 0 reflect$ 9 a dem& = a gaudy w>e cr[d$ ) a motley array ( figures1 ! #8m&>9 *9a' prop]ly s call$4 ,z to ! ext5sive class ( porcela9 pa9t$ ) coats-(-arms & o!r ,european designs1 a class well repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 we w only m5tion t ! great] "p 0 decorat$ at ?is "t by a special s*ool ( arti/s at ,canton1 ?\gh "s pieces date f a some:at e>li] p]iod4 ,,kia-,,k+ 7#agie-ahbj71 ! son & successor ( ,ki5-lung1 0 l 8 fa!r a poet1 b a man ( weak & dissolute "*4 ,! high f9i% ( ! previ\s reign 01 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$1 & ! pieces m>k$ ) ?is emp]or's "n are s\ght aft] by ,*9ese collectors4 ,,tao-,,kwang 7#ahbj-ahej74--;,x is surpris+ t s mu* really good porcela9 0 made at a "t s tr\bl$ by =eign w>s & int]nal rebellion4 ,9 "s ( ! blue & :ite w>e ( ?is & ev5 ! next reign1 we may sometimes see a return to ! bread? & boldness ( treatm5t *>act]i/ic ( e>li] days4 ,9 ! coral-r$ gr\nds ( ?is "t1 ! intractable iron oxide appe>s to h be5 m ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! glaze ?an at any previ\s p]iod4 ,x is to ?is reign t we may assign ! #8,pek9' or #8,graviata' b[ls1 ) res]v$ panels on ! outside fill$ ) fl[]s1 l&scapes1 etc41 9 _m col\r$ enamels4 ,! gr\nd is (t5 ( a p9ki% r\ge d'or1 or 9 o!r in/ances ( lemon yell[1 blue or pale lav5d]4 ,! inside ( ! b[l has a decoration ( blue & :ite4 ,,hsi5-,,f5g 7#ahej-fa74--;,z at ! beg9n+ ( ?is emp]ors reign ! ,taip+ rebels broke into ,kiang-si & burn$ d[n ! t[n ( ,k+-te-*51 ?is p]iod is ( necessity a blank 9 ! hi/ory ( porcela94 ,,tung-,,*i 7#ahfa-ahgd74--;,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ?is reign ! rebels 7 driv5 out f ,k+-te-*5 & ! imp]ial works rebuilt4 ,a l>ge ord] 0 at once s5t f ,pek9 = porcela9 ( e description4 ,! details ( ?is ord]1 ! late/ ( ! li/s ( ?is k9d to be f\nd 9 ! ,annals ( ,kiang-si1 are only giv5 9 ! edition ( t "w publi%$ s9ce ! date ( ,juli5's translation4 ,?is li/ is translat$ by ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 fifty-five head+s 9 all1 & we f9d 9 x a curi\s in/ance ( ! survival ( ! old traditions4 ,all ! w>es m5tion$ 9 ! old] li/s are n[ aga9 requisition$ = ! use ( ! c\rt4 ,! ,empress-,d[ag]1 :o has held ! re9s dur+ ! m9ority bo? ( ,tung-*i & ( 8 successor1 ! pres5t emp]or1 is reput$ to be some?+ ( a connoisseur1#ga & to take an int]e/ 9 ! imp]ial manufactory4 ,"s ( ! bett] class w>es f ! palace & f ! temples at ,pek9 h q lately f\nd _! way to ,engl&1 & specim5s may be se5 on loan at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,i notice especially a set ( five vessels 9 deep blue f ! ,temple ( ,heav54 ,! execution appe>s to be c>eful1 b ! =ms are ugly & ! blue ( an unpleasant t9t4 ,9 vessels ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 bo? %ape & col\r may be gov]n$ by tradition4 ,mr4 ,hippisley1 :o has liv$ long 9 ,*9a1 says t = "s ye>s pa/ ! famille v]te w>es ( ,kang-he's "t1 especially ! vases ) black gr\nd & prunus fl[]s1 h be5 fairly well reproduc$ at ,k+-te-*51 z h1 lat] /ill1 ! s-call$ #8haw?orn g+]-j>s4' ,b 9 ,*9a1 z 9 ,france1 x is ) ! difficulties ( ! copp] glazes1 ! flamb & ! sang de buf1 t ! majority ( our contempor>y c]amic arti/s are /riv+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*9a--7cont9u$74 ,,m>ks ,we may "h conv5i5tly say some?+ ( ! m>ks f\nd on ,*9ese porcela94 ,we d n propose to give any sy/ematic acc\nt ( ^! m>ks--?is is a subject inde$ to :i* a disproportionate am\nt ( space has p]haps be5 devot$ 9 "s works on porcela9--b r to collect a few notes on po9ts ( int]e/4 ,tang-y+ 9 8 report to ! emp]or on ! manufacture ( porcela91 f :i* we h lately quot$1 tells u t dur+ all ! processes ( turn+ on ! la!1 pa9t+ & glaz+1 a solid b> is left at ! base ( ! vase by :i* x is conv5i5tly h&l$4 ,?is b> or h&le is at l5g? cut (f %ort1 & ! base ( ! /ump is scoop$ out to =m ! foot ( ! future vessel4 ,x is at ?is /age t ! inscription is writt5 by a special arti/ on ! c5tre ( ! base1 & !n bru%$ ov] ) a coat ( ! glaze1 :i* does n ext5d ov] ! rim to jo9 ! re/ ( ! glaz$ surface4 ,?us we see t ! writ+ ( ! inscription & ! glaz+ ( ! base are subsequ5t to & indep5d5t ( ! decoration ( ! re/ ( ! vase4 ,9 :atev] /yle ?is decoration may be1 ! inscription is g5]ally writt5 9 cobalt blue "u ! glaze4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ,*9ese writ+4 ,we pass f ! olde/ #8tadpole' =ms1 by way ( ! *uan or seal "*1 to ! kai-%1 :i* takes ! place r\ghly ( our ord9>y pr9t$ lett]s4 ,( ?is la/1 ! squ>e deta*$ /rokes pass :5 writt5 ) a bru% into ! m fl[+ #8grass' "*4 ,! kai-% /yle is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly f\nd on porcela91 or at lea/ a =m some?+ betwe5 x & ! grass h&4 ,! seal "*1 h[ev]1 0 mu* fav\r$ by ! ,man*u emp]ors1 & s9ce ! "t ( ,kang-he has be5 practically ! only "o us$ = ! imp]ial ni5-hao 7,,pl4 ,a4 #aj-ab74gb ,! ,*9ese h two me?ods ( indicat+ a date3 fir/1 by a cycle ( sixty ye>s2 second1 by ! "n giv5 to ! :ole or "p ( ! reign ( an emp]or4 ,) ! fir/ we are n conc]n$1 x is f\nd s r>ely on porcela94#gc ,! o!r1 ! imp]ial date or ni5-hao1 has be5 9 use ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,han dyna/y 7say r\ghly f ! beg9n+ ( our era74 ,v e>ly dates ( ?is k9d are (t5 f\nd on bronzes1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y are no m to be reli$ on ?an 9 ! case ( porcela94 ,! inscription occurs 9 two =ms3--fir/1 ! six ^w =m :]e ! emp]or's "n is prec$$ by t ( ! dyna/y1 ?us3 ,ta ,ts+ ,kang-he ni5 *i1--#8,made 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,kang-he ( ! great ,ts+ or ,man*u dyna/y' 7,,pl4 ,a4 #h72 or second1 ! fir/ l9e ) ! "n ( ! dyna/y may be omitt$1 leav+ only ! emp]or's "n & ! words ni5 *i1 #8ye> made1#8--= example1 ,*5g-hua ni5 *i 7,,pl4 ,a4 #c74 ,! "n by :i* we "k ! emp]or ( ,*9a 0 n 8 p]sonal or family "n1 b 0 assum$ on asc5d+ ! ?rone1 & 9 old times 0 frequ5tly *ang$4 ,b f ! "t ( ! ,sung dyna/y su* a *ange has only once occurr$4 ,?is 0 9 ! case ( ! un=tunate ,m+ emp]or ,*5g-tung1 to :om we ref]r$ on p4 #ic4 ,we r>ely f9d ! "n ( any emp]or ( an e>li] "t ?an ! ,m+ dyna/y on porcela91 & ! few in/ances t d occur are obvi\s =g]ies4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ date on ,*9ese porcela9 ) any claim to au?ority is ! ni5-hao ( ,yung-lo 7#adjb-be71 9 qua9t #8tadpole' *>act]s engrav$ 9 ! pa/e b5ea? ! glaze4 ,?is inscription occurs on ! ?9 b[l ( ,t+ w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 describ$ on page #fg 7,,pl4 ,a4 #a74 ,we h said be=e1 & we _c too /rongly impress ?is fact ^u ! read]1 t ! va/ majority ( ! ,m+ m>ks s frequ5tly f\nd on ,*9ese porcela9 are ( no value4 ,!y tea* u no?+ !mselves1 & :5 we c accept !m x is on evid5ce d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,z ,franks obs]v$ _m ye>s ago1 all we c say is t a piece ( porcela9 is n old] ?an ! date :i* x be>s4 ,:5 we f9d ! date inscrib$ 9 a horizontal l9e r\nd ! neck ( a vase1 z is n infrequ5t 9 lat] ,m+ times1 especially 9 ! reign ( ,wan-li#gd 7#aegb-afai71 m reliance may p]haps be put on x1 z reg>ds w>e ( ,*9ese orig9 at lea/1 = ! ,japanese 7 v fond ( decorat+ _! blue & :ite w>e ) ,m+ inscriptions plac$ 9 ?is position4 ,we h innum]able vases 9 our collections und\bt$ly made 9 ! reign ( ! great ,kang-he 7#affa-agbb71ge b 8 reign-m>k is comp>atively r>ely f\nd4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is ni5-hao is usually expla9$ by a proclamation1 issu$ 9 #afgg1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,*9ese books1 =bidd+ ! inscription ( ! imp]ial "n on porcela94 ,) ?is proclamation ! empty d\ble r+ ( blue (t5 f\nd on ! base ( vases ( ?is "t may p]haps be connect$4 ,_m ( ! f9e/ pieces1 h[ev]1 be> no m>k ( any k9d4 ,9 place ( ^! date-m>ks we may (t5 f9d an inscription /at+ t ! piece 0 made at a c]ta9 ,tang--= example1 ,%un ti tang *i--lit]ally #8,cultivation virtue hall made' 7,,pl4 ,b4 #ag74 ,we h "h translat$ ! "* tang by ! some:at vague ^w #8hall1' b x is d\btful :e!r ! inscription %\ld be r5d]$ #8made = ! ,%un-ti pavilion1' i4e4 = ! imp]ial palace1 or r1 #8made at ! ,%un-ti hall1#8--t is to say1 at ! /udio or factory ( t "n1 presumably at ,k+-te-*54 ,! be/ au?orities1 h[ev]1 are 9 fav\r ( ! latt] r5d]+ 7,bu%ell1 p4 #gh seq41 & ! ,franks ,catalogue1 p4 #bac71 & !y reg>d ^! s-call$ hall-m>ks z m or less equival5t to ! signature ( ! manufactur]4 ,! "* tang is sometimes replac$ by o!r words1 z tsuan1 a balcony2 t+1 a summ]-h\se2 or *ai1 a /udio4 ,?is la/ ^w is ! ,japanese sai1 :i* s (t5 =ms a "p ( ! adopt$ names ( ,japanese arti/s1 z = example ,hoku-sai1 :i* means ! #8nor!rn /udio4' ,! ,japanese pott] (t5 signs 8 "w1 & ev5 9 ,*9a we f9d 9 a few cases a "n1 t ( ! pa9t]1 inscrib$ 9 ! field ( ! decoration1--we h already m5tion$ "s in/ances ( signatures f\nd 9 ?is position 7p4 #ajh74 ,( ano!r k9d is ! inscription f\nd on c]ta9 egg-%ell cups ( ! "t ( ,wan-li 7#aegb-afai74 ,^! cups1 ( :i* we h no specim5s un=tunately 9 our collections1 7 made by a fam\s poet-pott] :o signs himself ,hu y9 tao j51 or #8! ,taoi/ hidd5 9 a pot4' ,! ref]5ce is to a ,taoi/ recluse 7:at ! ,japanese "k z a ,s5n97 :o :5 dis9cl9$ = society 0 9 ! habit ( retir+ into 8 g\rd-bottle4 ,at ! same "t1 z ,dr4 ,hir? has po9t$ out1 ! words =m an excell5t motto = an arti/--! true expression ( ^: g5ius we seek 9 8 works4 ,!re is a ?ird class ( m>ks :i* celebrate ! beauty ( ! vessel on :i* !y are inscrib$ or1 m r>ely1 ref] to ! subject ( ! decoration4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! are illu/rat$ 9 ,franks's ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,porcela94 ,we w m]ely quote z examples #8,a gem among preci\s jewels ( r>e jade' 7,,pl4 ,b4 #af71 &1 ) ref]5ce to ! decoration1 :i* 9 ?is case includes "s r$ fi%es1 #8,enjoy+ !mselves 9 ! wat]s' 7,,pl4 ,b4 #dd74 ,su* r tame s5t5ces d n tea* u mu*4 ,m sugge/ive is ! inscription we f9d on a cyl9drical vase = hold+ writ+ mat]ials3 #8,s*ol>%ip l(ty z ! hills & ! ,great ,be>' 7,,pl4 ,b4 #ae7--;a fit motto = ! desk ( ! /ud5t4 ,! ,emblems or ,devices t s frequ5tly occur 9 lieu ( inscriptions on ,*9ese porcela9 are well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum catalogue4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( little or no value 9 classify+ or dat+ ! pieces on :i* !y are f\nd--!y c seldom be connect$ ) any kn[n manufactur] or arti/4 ,su* devices are g5]ally symbolic1 above all ( long life1 ri*es1 & hon\rs1 ! ?ree ?+s desir$ by a ,*9aman1 & ,i suppose t !y are m or less vaguely expect$ to br+ to ! own] ! good luck t !y sugge/4 ,"s ( ^! devices rem9d u ( ! #8cant+' *>ges & badges ( our h]aldry4 ,?us a bat 7,,pl4 ,b4 #ai ,a47 is 9 ,*9ese call$ fu1 b ! same ^w also means happ9ess2 s aga9 a pea* is %u1 b %u means also long life4 ,! *>act]s = happ9ess 7,,pl4 ,b4 #bc7 & long life 7,,pl4 ,b4 #ai71 we may m5tion1 are ( con/ant appe>ance1 ! fir/ usually z a m>k on ! base1 ! second z an integral "p ( ! decoration1 on bo? ,*9ese & ,japanese porcela94 ,su* int]e/1 !n1 z c be f\nd 9 ^! m>ks is d]iv$ r f ! light !y ?r[ ^u ! work+ ( ! ,*9ese m9d ?an f any in=mation !y give u ab\t ! porcela9 on :i* !y are inscrib$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*9a--7cont9u$74 ,,k+-,,te-,,*5 ,,& ,,! ,p,,re ,d',,entrecolles ,!re is no?+ m rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 ?an ! fact ( ! conc5tration 9 "o spot1 = s _m c5turies1 ( an indu/ry = ! supply ( almo/ ! entire population4 ,s t z reg>ds porcela91 z ,*9a /&s to ! re/ ( ! _w1 s ! t[n ( ,k+-te-*5 /&s to ! re/ ( ,*9a4 ,9 fact1 to p>ody a ,fr5* say+1--#8,qui dit porcela9e dit la ,*9e1 qui dit la ,*9e dit ,k+-te-*54' ,let u !n consid] ! position ( ?is t[n1 above all 9 relation to ! ?ree pr9cipal outlets ( its trade--,i mean ! supply ( ! c\rt at ,pek91 ! export at ,canton1 & ! g5]al dem& ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ! read] w consult a good map ( ,*9a1 "o t %[s ! riv]s1 = ^! are ! real trunk-l9es ( ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry1 he w soon und]/& 9 :at a comm&+ position ,k+-te-*5 is plac$4 ,x is true t ! di/ance f ,pek9 is n f> %ort ( a ?\s& miles1 foll[+ ! w9d+ c\rse ( ! ,gr& ,canal1 ! ,yang-tse riv]1 & ! wat]s ( ! ,po-yang lake2 b by ?is r\te !re is wat] communication )\t a break = ! :ole way4#gf ,s aga9 ! :ole j\rney to ,canton may be made by boat1 ) ! exception ( a %ort portage ov] ! wat]%$ on ! bord]s ( ! prov9ces ( ,kiang-si & ,kuang-tung4 ,?is 0 ! r\te tak5 by ,"l ,amh]/ 9 #ahaf-ag1 :5 return+ ov]l& f ,pek9 to ,canton4 ,! j\rney is well describ$ by ,sir ,john ,davis 9 8 ,sket*es ( ,*9a4 ,z !y approa*$ ! ,po-yang lake1 ! porcela9 %ops & depts 9 ! t[ns became m & m prom95t4 ,^! 7 suppli$ f ! emporium at ,jao-*au ,fu1 ! great city ne> ! spot :]e ! riv] desc5d+ f ,k+-te-*5 falls into ! ,po-yang lake4 ,davis describes ! beautiful sc5]y & ! classical associations ( ! m\nta9\s c\ntry surr\nd+ ! lake4 ,proce$+ s\?w>d !y asc5d$ ! ,kia-kiang riv]1 pass+ by ,nan-*ang ,fu1 a great c5tre = ! comm]ce ( s\!rn ,*9a4 ,! riv] is v %all[ 9 its upp] c\rse1 b along x passes a con/ant /ream ( traffic1 by means ( a n>r[ passage scoop$ out 9 ! %+ly b$4 ,! ,meil+ ,pass is cross$ by a pav$ road1 p>tly excavat$ 9 ! rock & 9 places cut into /eps--a road made "s twelve c5turies ago by an emp]or ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,aft] a j\rney ( "s ?irty miles on horseback ano!r /ream 0 rea*$1 d[n :i* !y float$ to ! great ,we/]n ,riv] & ! wat]s ( ,canton4 ,x is by ?is r\te t n9e-t5?s ( ! ,*9ese porcela9 t has rea*$ ,europe mu/ h pass$4 ,h[ ?is porcela9 is pack$ at ,k+-te-*5 & =w>d$ to ,canton & to o!r p>ts ( ,*9a is well %[n 9 a s]ies ( native draw+s exhibit$ by ! side ( ! cases conta9+ ! porcela9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,k+-te-*5 /&s on a small riv] t fl[s s\?-we/ to fall into ! ,po-yang lake4 ,at ?is po9t1 close by ! lake1 lies1 z already m5tion$1 ! city ( ,jao-*au1 ! capital ( ! :ole di/rict & ! resid5ce ( ! prefect4 ,k+-te-*51 h[ev]1 ! t[n ( ! pott]1 is n directly subord9ate to ,jao-*au2 to ! (ficial m9d x is a m]e dep5d5cy ( ! sub-prefecture ( ,f\liang1 a small wall$ t[n or hsi5 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,x is 9 ! annals ( ?is hsi5 t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,k+-te-*5 is to be f\nd4 ,we may comp>e ! relative positions ( ^! ?ree ,*9ese t[ns ) ^? exi/+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury betwe5 ! long /raggl+ villages ( ,burslem or ,/oke & ! adjac5t t[n ( ,newca/le 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n betwe5 ! latt] & ! c\nty t[n ( ,/af=d4 ,! importance ( ,k+-te-*5 may1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! imp]ial pott]ies 0 (t5 at ! same "t controll] ( ! local cu/oms & vic]oy ( ! surr\nd+ prov9ces4 ,k+-te-*51 !n1 0 built :]e ! little riv] fl[$ out f ! b>r5 m\nta9 tract to ! ea/--a region made /ill m b>r5 by ! cutt+ d[n ( all ! wood to provide fuel = ! kilns1 & ^: inhabitants 7 reput$ to be z rude & rugg$ z _! surr\nd+s4 ,x is f ! gorges ( ?is r\gh hilly c\ntry t ! preci\s kaol9 & petuntse are excavat$4 ,^! sub/ances are =m$ locally by ! decomposition ( ! rock ( :i* ! hills are compos$1 a v>iety ( graphic granite ) mu* soda-hold+ felsp>4 ,9 a n>r[ space1 cr[d$ = m ?an f\r miles along ! riv] bank betwe5 %ops1 temples1 & gu>dh\ses1 7 built ! kilns & ! work%ops4 ,t[>ds ! s\? rises a small hill :]e ! til$ ro(s ( ! temples & pavilions are se5 half hidd5 among ! trees4 ,?is is ! ,jewel or ,gu>dian ,hill :i* comm&s ! adjac5t imp]ial manufactory4 ,?is factory 0 fir/ e/abli%$ "h 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b s9ce !n x has be5 m ?an once burn$ to ! gr\nd 9 times ( riot & rebellion4 ,! works 7 la/ rebuilt 9 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell has translat$ an (ficial description ( ! s]ies ( work%ops1 f ! mix+-h\se to ! muffle-furnaces ( ! enamell]s1 ! :ole enclos$ by a wall ab\t a mile 9 circuit4 ,! kilns are no long] )9 ! enclosure z !y 7 9 ,m+ times4 ,! imp]ial porcela9 is n[ fir$ 9 private furnaces scatt]$ ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,! ,fr5* ,jesuit mission>y to :om1 above any "o else1 is due ! cr$it ( fir/ describ+ to ! p ( ! ,we/ ! nature ( porcela9 & h[ x 0 made1 0 liv+1 at ! "t :5 ! e>lie/ ( 8 fam\s lett]s 0 writt5 79 #agab71 at ,jao-*au1 ! capital ( ! di/rict4 ,! lett] is address$ to ! procureur ( ! ord] 9 ,p>is1 & x w\ld seem t x 0 be=e long made public4#gg ,x 0 foll[$ 9 #agbb by a second supplem5t>y lett]1 dat$ ?is "t f ,k+-te-*5 itself4 ,! ,pre ,d',entrecolles _h already be5 _m ye>s 9 ,*9a1 & _h be=e ?is s5t home important lett]s on o!r bran*es ( ,*9ese indu/ry4 ,! fir/ lett] on porcela9 gives pro( ( long acqua9tance ) ! subject1 & x is n impossible t he may already h correspond$ ) "s "o 9 ,europe on ! same subject4 ,i make ?is sugge/ion 9 connection ) ! curi\s co9cid5ce ( date betwe5 ! resid5ce ( ,d',entrecolles 9 ?is di/rict & ! fir/ manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,saxony4 ,^! lett]s 7 naturally read ) avidity at ?is "t 9 ,p>is & else:]e4 ,! se$ fell on f]tile gr\nd1 & b "o ?+ 0 want+1 & t 0--"s actual specim5s ( ! mat]ials describ$ by ! ,jesuit fa!r4 ,! indications on ?is head1 giv5 9 ! lett]s1 7 inde$ q insuffici5t1 & w\ld r t5d to put inquir]s on a false sc5t4 ,! writ]1 = example1 _h no notion ( ! real nature ( kaol91 a sub/ance :i* 9 "o place he comp>es to *alk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! te*nical details s fully giv5 7 at t "t new4 ,s9ce !n ?is in=mation has filt]$ d[n ?r\gh _m books1 s t mu* ( x n[ appe>s q trite4 ,i w conf9e myself to a few extracts be>+ on po9ts ( int]e/ t ,i may h ov]look$ else:]e4 ,^! lett]s are writt5 9 ! cle>1 fl[+ language ( ! "t1 & !y are delightful read+4 ,aft] giv+ "s acc\nt f ! ,annals ( ,f\liang ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( porcela91 & describ+ h[ ! indu/ry 0 gradually conc5trat$ at ,k+-te-*51 ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles goes on to say3 #8,ap>t f ! pott]y t is made all ov] ,*9a1 !re are a few o!r prov9ces1 z ^? ( ,fuki5 & ,canton1 :]e porcela9 is made4' ,by ,canton1 9 ?is case1 we mu/ und]/&1 ,i suppose1 ! prov9ce ( ,kuang-tung1 & ?is is a piece ( in=mation ( "s int]e/4 ,! attempts made to e/abli% workm5 f ,k+-te-*5 at ,pek91 & aga9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,amoy1 f :i* port s l>ge a comm]ce 0 already c>ri$ on ) ,europe1 _h1 he says1 :olly fail$4 ,!re !n foll[s a description ( ,k+-te-*51 ) its long /reets & its population ( m ?an a million1 #8z is commonly report$4' ,he tells u ( a ri* ,*9ese m]*ant :o1 aft] mak+ 8 =tune 9 ! ,indies1 _h built a magnific5t temple to ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 7,kwan-y91 probably74 ,! ,european pia/res he _h br\ght back 7 well kn[n 9 ! di/rict1 al?\gh ?is 0 n ! case 9 o!r p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,we h a picture ( ! busy quay & ( ! ?ree ranges ( junks closely pack$ along ! side1 & = a backgr\nd ! :irlw9ds ( flame ris+ f ! ?ree ?\s& kilns ( ! city4#gh ,aft] prais+ ! admirable police arrangem5ts1 he comes to 8 ma9 subject1 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,! small vessels t br+ d[n ! kaol9 & ! petuntse 79 ! latt] he notes ! scatt]$ %9y p>ticles--! mica7 f a di/ance ( tw5ty or ?irty leagues are ev5 m num]\s ?an ! big junks t take ! f9i%$ w>e d[n to ,jao-*au4 ,! details ( manufacture t foll[--& to quote !m w\ld be only to g once m ov] ! gr\nd cov]$ 9 a previ\s *apt]--7 le>n$ by ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles n only f ! ,*ri/ian workm51 b by frequ5t visits to ! works !mselves4 #8,^! great laboratories1' he tells u1 #8h be5 = me a k9d ( ,areopagus :]e ,i h prea*$' 7,i quote ! re/ 9 ,fr5*7 #8celui qui a =m le premi] homme de limon et des ma9s duquel n\s sortons p\r dev5ir des vases de gloire ou d'ignom9ie4' ,9 describ+ ! prep>ation ( ! pa/e mu* /ress is laid ^u ! c>e tak5 to exclude all extrane\s matt]1 especially t :i* may h be5 introduc$ into ! kaol9 or petuntse by way ( adult]ation4 ,! slip = ! glaze--= ! latt] ! ,*9ese t]m #8oil' is reta9$--is said to be br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9s1 :]e x is prep>$1 9 a liquid =m4 ,! division ( lab\r 9 ! manufacture is c>ri$ s f> t a piece ( porcela9 be=e completion may pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( z _m z sev5ty workm51 to ea* ( :om a sep>ate task is assign$4 ,! important "p play$ by m\ld+1 bo? z a direct process & subsidi>y to ?r[+ on ! :eel1 is well br\ght out 9 ?is description4 ,i w give a r5d]+ ( ! passage 9 :i* ! process ( m\ld+ is describ$1 z 9 an ,engli% translation 9 a rec5t "w !re is "s app>5t confusion4 #8,:5 ! piece to be copi$ is ( su* a nature t x _c be imitat$ ) ! pott]'s h&s on ! :eel1 a special k9d ( clay us$ only = m\lds is impress$ ^u x i4e4 ^u ! model4 ,9 ?is way a m\ld is made ( sev]al pieces1 ea* ( a consid]able size4 ,^! pieces are n[ dri$1 & :5 !y are requir$ = use !y are held ne> ! fire = "s "t1 aft] :i* !y are fill$ ) ! pa/e to ! ?ickness desirable 9 ! porcela94 ,! pa/e is press$ 9 ) ! h&s & ! m\ld is aga9 plac$ ne> ! fire4 ,! impress$ figure becomes at once deta*$ f ! m\ld by ! heat t consumes ! moi/ure t has made x adh]e4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( a piece sep>ately m\ld$ are n[ jo9$ toge!r ) a some:at liquid slip1 made ( ! same mat]ial z ! porcela94' ,great numb]s ( ^! m\lds are kept 9 /ock1 s t an ord] f ,europe c be quickly execut$4 ,! porcela9 pa9t]s1 he tells u1 are j z #8poor begg>s' 7gueux7 z ! o!r workm52 & he has evid5tly a v mean op9ion ( ! art ( pa9t+ z practis$ at t "t 9 ,*9a3 #8,ils ignor5t les belles rgles de cet ,art4' ,b su* an e/imate ( ,ori5tal art 0 univ]sal at t "t1 :5 ev]y?+ 0 measur$ f ! /&po9t ( ,v]sailles & ! roi soleil4 #8,! "w ( ! pa9t] is divid$ 9 ! same laboratory among a great numb] ( workm54 ,x is ! sole bus9ess ( "o to trace ! col\r$ circle t we see ne> ! edge ( ! vessel2 ano!r draws ! outl9e ( ! fl[]s1 :i* a ?ird fills 94 ,"o pa9t] does ! m\nta9s & ! wat]1 ano!r ! birds & ! animals4 ,x is ! human figure t is ! mo/ badly h&l$4444 ,z = ! col\rs on ! porcela91 we f9d all sorts4 ,little is se5 9 ,europe except t ) bright blue on a :ite gr\nd4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t our m]*ants h br\ght ov] o!r k9ds4' 7,! implication is1 no d\bt1 #8s9ce ,i h left ,france4' ,?is helps u to fix ! date ( ! introduction ( col\r$ porcela9 into ,europe47 #8,"s we f9d ) a gr\nd l t ( our burn+ mirrors4' 7,?is is d\btless ! ,wu-*91 or metallic black ( ! ,*9ese4 ,?is #8mirror-black' is comp>$ to a concave glass black5$ beh9d47 #8,o!r k9ds are :olly r$1 & among !m "s are d'un r\ge l'huile 7yu-li-hung71 & "s ( a r\ge s\ffl 7*ui-hung71 & cov]$ ) little po9ts almo/ l a m9iature4 ,:5 ^! two v>ieties are execut$ ) p]fect success--& to d ?is is difficult en\gh--!y are highly e/eem$ & are v de>4' ,! yu-li-hung1 lit]ally #8r$ inside ! glaze1' may be tak5 to include ! v>i\s %ades ( r$ d]iv$ f copp]1 ( ! gr& feu4 ,! r\ge s\ffl is expla9$ bel[4 ,! ^w #8m9iature' is us$1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! old s5se ( an illum9at$ manuscript4 #8,f9ally !re are k9ds ( porcela9 ) ! l&scapes on !m pa9t$ ) a mixture ( ne>ly e col\r1 height5$ by a brilliant gild+4 ,^! are v beautiful1 if no exp5se is sp>$4 ,o!rwise ! ord9>y porcela9 ( ?is k9d is n to be comp>$ ) t :i* is pa9t$ ) azure alone4 ,! ,annals ( ,k+-te-*5 say t =m]ly ! p us$ no?+ b a :ite w>e4' ,! s\rce ( ! cobalt blue is n[ discuss$ & its mode ( prep>ation4 ,! raw mat]ial is ?r[n into ! b$ ( ! furnace & !re roa/$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is !n r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d] 9 a mort> ( biscuit porcela94 ,! r$ is made by roa/+ copp]as to a high temp]ature 9 a crucible4 ,! :ite t is us$ z an enamel 9 decorat+ porcela9 is prep>$ f #8un caill\ transp>5t1' :i* is also roa/$ on ! floor ( ! furnace4#gi ,?is caill\ is mix$ ) two p>ts ( :ite lead1 & ?is mixture =ms a flux--! basis = ! col\rs4 ,!re !n foll[s "s acc\nt ( ! o!r col\rs us$1 b "h x is difficult to foll[ ! good fa!r4 ,he makes "s /range /atem5ts1 :i* are n all ( !m cle>$ up 9 8 supplem5t>y lett] ( #agbb4 ,!re are inde$ s _m amplifications & corrections 9 ! latt] t x w be well to comb9e 9 our summ>y ! glean+s f ! two s\rces4 ,?is second lett] is dat$ f ,k+-te-*5 aft] an int]val ( t5 ye>s1 & %[s a great] acqua9tance ) practical details4 ,pass+ ov] ! acc\nt ( ! flamb & ( "s o!r glazes--to avoid repetition we w def] our rem>ks till we come to speak ( ^! w>es 9 ! next *apt]--we he> 9 ! second lett] ( a valuable mat]ial lately discov]$ :i* may take ! place ( kaol9 9 ! composition ( ! pa/e4 ,?is is describ$ z a *alky-look+ body :i* is l>gely us$ by ,*9ese doctors z a m$ic9e & is call$ ,hua-%i4 ,we w "h int]rupt ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles's acc\nt to m5tion t ! hua-%i is /rictly speak+ soap/one or /eatite1 a silicate ( magnesia4 ,b :e!r magnesia ev] ent]s into ! pa/e or glaze ( ,*9ese porcela9 is z yet a disput$ "q4#hj ,z f> z ,i "k1 x has nev] be5 f\nd by analysis4 ,! ,*9ese nom5clature ( rocks is necess>ily bas$ on _! physical aspect alone4 ,"s specim5s s5t f ,k+-te-*51 :i* 7 describ$ on ! labels z hua-%i1 7 f\nd at ,svres to consi/ ( an impure kaol9 conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( mica4 ,to return to ! fa!r's lett]s3--,9 ,*9a ?is hua-%i is five times z de> z kaol94 ,f\r p>ts ( x are mix$ ) "o "p ( petuntse to make ! pa/e4 ,! porcela9 made ) ?is mat]ial is r>e1 & mu* m exp5sive ?an any o!r4 ,comp>$ to ord9>y porcela91 x is z vellum comp>$ ) pap]2 x is1 besides1 ( a lightness t is q surpris+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v fragile1 & !re are great difficulties connect$ ) ! fir+4 ,= ?is reason x is sometimes only appli$ z a coat+ to ! surface ( ord9>y pa/e4 ,! hua-%i is also us$ to =m an ivory-:ite slip1 ) :i* designs are delicately pa9t$ on ! surface ( ! vessel4 7,we may probably id5tify ?is hua-%i w>e ) ! %a t'ai or #8s(t pa/e1' s call$1 ( ,we/]n collectors47 ,:at we are told by ! ,jesuit fa!r ab\t ! revival ( ! manufacture ( celadon is ( great int]e/4 #8,i 0 %[n ?is ye>1' he says1 #8= ! fir/ "t1 a new k9d ( porcela9 :i* is n[ 9 fa%ion4 ,x is ( a col\r approa*+ olive1 & is call$ ,lung-*uan4' ,! col\r ( ! glaze is giv5 by ! same yell[ e>? t is us$ = ! or bruni glaze1 & x is (t5 highly crackl$4 ,) ?is /atem5t we may comp>e ! acc\nt :i* he gives 9 ano!r "p ( 8 second lett] ( ! revival ( ! manufacture ( ar*aic w>es4 #8,! ,m&>9 ( ,k+-te-*51 :o hon\r$ me ) 8 fri5d%ip1 made pres5ts to 8 protectors at ! c\rt ( pieces ( old porcela9 sic :i* he has ! tal5t to make himself4 ,i mean t he has f\nd ! art ( imitat+ ! anci5t w>e1 or at lea/ t ( a consid]able age1 & he employs a numb] ( workm5 ) ?is object4 ,! mat]ial ( ^! false antiques 7,*9ese ,ku-tung7 is a yell[i% e>? br\ght f ! ,ma-an m\nta9s4 ,!y are v ?ick--a plate :i* ! ,m&>9 gave me 0 t5 times ! usual weight4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is w>e is ! glaze made f a yell[i% rock1 :i* becomes sea-gre5 on fir+4' ,?is *ange ( col\r1 ( c\rse1 0 ! result ( a r$uc+ flame1 b note ! ke5 obs]vation ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,japanese1 ,,im>i ,,w>e1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,) ,,gold n>rator4 #8,:5 complet$ ! pieces are boil$ 9 a v greasy s\p1 & !n left = a mon? or m 9 ! mo/ f\l dra9 t c be f\nd4 ,aft] ?is process !y may claim to be ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s old1 & to date f ! dyna/y prec$+ ! ,m+4 ,!y resemble ! real antiques 9 n giv+ a r++ note :5 /ruck4444 ,!y h br\ght me f ! dbris ( a l>ge %op a little plate :i* ,i value m ?an ! f9e/ porcela9 made a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,on x is pa9t$ a crucifix betwe5 ! ,holy ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john4 ,su* pieces 7 made =m]ly = ,japan1 b !y h n be5 9 dem& = ! la/ sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s4' ,^! plates1 he ?9ks1 7 smuggl$ into t c\ntry mix$ ) o!r goods1 = ! use ( ! native ,*ri/ians4 7,cf4 ! ,japanese di%1 ,,pl4 ,,xiv47 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles ( ! fir+ ( porcela9 is s detail$ & accurate t x =ms an int]e/+ comm5t>y on :at we h said 9 a =m] *apt] on ?is subject4#ha ,we h fir/ a description ( ! man :o c>ries ! unbak$ w>e to ! furnace1 rang$ on two long n>r[ planks4 ,balanc+ ^! on 8 %\ld]s1 he ?reads 8 way ?r\gh ! n>r[ /reets1 = ! furnaces1 z we h se51 may (t5 be a long way f ! factory4 ,he goes on to say1 #8! place :]e ! furnaces are pres5ts ano!r sc5e4 ,9 a k9d ( ve/ibule 9 front ( ! kilns are se5 heaps ( clay boxes de/9$ to conta9 ! porcela94' ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are ! #8segg>s' already describ$4 ,ea* piece ( porcela9 ( any size has its own case4 ,! small] pieces are pack$ _m toge!r 9 "o segg>4 ,on ! bottom ( ea* ( ^! cases is a lay] ( s& cov]$ ) a little p[d]$ kaol94 ,ea* segg> =ms ! cov] to ! "o bel[ x1 & s ! :ole furnace is fill$ ) ^! great piles ( cases ea* pack$ ) porcela94 #8,by fav\r ( ?is ?ick veil ! beauty1 & if ,i may s express myself1 ! complexion ( ! porcela9 is n tann$ by ! ard\r ( ! fire4' ,! workman1 )\t t\*+ ! fragile raw pieces1 rapidly transf]s !m to ! furnace by means ( a flexible wood5 =k4 ,!re are six in*es ( co>se gravel 9 ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & on ?is re/ ! piles ( segg>s4 ,! middle range is at lea/ sev5 feet high1 ! two l[e/ segg>s 9 ea* pile be+ left empty1 z is also ! "o on ! top4 ,! middle ( ! furnace is res]v$ = ! f9e/ porcela91 :ile ne> ! front are ! pieces made ) a m fusible pa/e4 ,! piles ( segg>s are /r5g!n$ by be+ batt5$ toge!r ) clay1 b x is ! fir/ duty ( ! fireman to see t !re is a free passage ( air4 ,! segg>s are made 9 a l>ge village a league f ,k+-te-*51 ) a mixture ( ?ree k9ds ( clay4 ,! furnaces1 he tells u1 :i* are n[ ( l>g] dim5sions ?an =m]ly1 are built ov] a capaci\s ar*$ vault1 & ! he>? or fireplace ext5ds across ! :ole wid? ( ! front ( ! furnace4 ,x w\ld seem t ! process ( fir+ is c>ri$ on m rapidly ?an 9 =m] days1 & to economise fuel & "t ! small] pieces at any rate are tak5 out a few h\rs aft] ! ext9ction ( ! fire4 ,sometimes on op5+ ! furnace ! :ole cont5ts1 bo? segg>s & porcela91 are f\nd to be r$uc$ to a half-melt$ mass z h>d z a rock4 ,a *ange 9 ! wea!r may alt] 9 a mom5t ! action ( ! fire1 s t a hundr$ workm5 are ru9$ to "o :o succe$s & is able to set up a crock]y %op4 ,! w>e made 9 ,european /yle f9ds no fav\r ) ! ,*9ese1 & if n accept$ by ! export m]*ants rema9s on ! mak]'s h&s4 ,we are told ( ! m>vell\s t\rs de =ce execut$ 9 porcela91 "s ye>s ago1 = ! heir-app>5t1 especially ( c]ta9 op5-"w lant]ns#hb & /range musical in/rum5ts4 ,we see f ?is at h[ e>ly a date ! future emp]or 7,yung-*5g7 %[$ an int]e/ 9 porcela94 ,! ,*9ese1 x is said1 succe$ above all 9 grotesques & 9 figures ( animals2 ! workm5 make ducks & tortoises t float on ! wat]4 ,!y make1 too1 _m /atues ( ,kwan-y91--%e is repres5t$ hold+ a *ild 9 h] arms1 & 9 ?is =m is invok$ by /]ile wom5 :o wi% = *ildr54 ,! m&>9s1 he cont9ues1 :o appreciate ! tal5ts ( ,europeans = +5i\s novelties1 h sometimes ask$ me to procure = !m f ,europe new & curi\s designs1 s t !y may h some?+ s+ul> to pres5t to ! emp]or4#hc ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ian workm5 /rongly urg$ me to d no su* ?+4 ,= ! m&>9s d n yield s easily z our m]*ants :5 told t a propos$ "w is impracticable4 ,_m are ! ba/9ados giv5 to ! m5 be=e ! (ficial w ab&on ! design f :i* he hop$ s mu* pr(it4 #8,:at becomes ( ! va/ accumulation ( pot%]ds1 bo? f ! segg>s & f ! fir+s8' ! writ] f9ally asks4 ,mix$ ) lime1 !y are l>gely us$ to =m a cem5t ) :i* ! walls ( g>d5s & roads are con/ruct$4 ,!y also help to build up ! new gr\nd :i* is reclaim$ f ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,c>ri$ d[n !nce by ! floods1 !y =m a glitt]+ pavem5t = _m miles bel[ ! t[n4 ,9 ! detail$ acc\nt ( ,k+-te-*5 giv5 by ! ,jesuit fa!r1 we f9d no m5tion ( ! imp]ial manufactory4 ,are we to und]/& t he f\nd no admittance to ^! work%ops8 ,8 acqua9tance ) ! high] m&>9s makes ?is unlikely4 ,nor c we ?9k t ^! works 7 clos$ dur+ ! long p]iod ( 8 /ay 9 ?is di/rict4 ,ano!r omission t has be5 po9t$ out is1 ,i ?9k1 m easy ( explanation4 ,! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 :ile giv+ 9 great detail ! me?od ( prep>ation ( ! v>i\s col\rs us$ 9 ! enamels & glazes1 does n say a ^w ab\t ! fam\s crimson d]iv$ f gold1 s l>gely us$ 9 ! famille rose decoration4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is omission is an almo/ conclusive pro( t ! r\ge d'or 0 n kn[n at t "t4#hd ,! ignorance ( ! ,*9ese ( *emical processes is dwelt ^u1 & x is especially m5tion$ t !y are acqua9t$ ) nei!r aqua =tis nor aqua regia4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*9a--7cont9u$74 ,=ms & ,uses--,description ( ! v>i\s ,w>es4 ,we h n[ giv5 a summ>y sket* ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 & h se5 some?+ ( ! processes ( manufacture & decoration4 ,incid5tally "s acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( ! pr9cipal w>es4 ,we n[ propose to take up ! subject f ! side ( ! pa/e1 ! glaze1 & ! decoration1 putt+ aside ! "q ( age & ( hi/orical sequ5ce1 & to run ?r\gh ! v>i\s classes into :i* we c divide our mat]ial "u ^! heads4 ,we %all foll[ z f> z possible ! arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 pass+ f ! simpl] =ms ( decoration to ! m complex4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 let u say a few words on ! =ms giv5 to porcela9 by ! ,*9ese1 & ! uses ^! objects are put to 9 ! c\ntry ( _! orig94#he ,9 a fir/ glance at any l>ge collection ( ,*9ese porcela9 ! bulk ( ! objects %[n appe> to fall into f\r classes3 plates & di%es1 b[ls1 vases = fl[]s1 & cov]$ j>s4#hf ,b a clos] exam9ation discloses an endless v>iety ( o!r uses to :i* porcela9 has be5 appli$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,! figures ( ! gods & ! vessels associat$ ) _! wor%ip f\nd 9 ! temples & h\sehold %r9es =m by !mselves a l>ge division4 ,"h ! use ( porcela9 has f a v e>ly p]iod be5 enc\rag$ at ! exp5se ( bronze & o!r metals4 ,! ritual vessels us$ 9 ! imp]ial wor%ip at ,pek9 h = ages be5 made ( porcela94 ,_m ( !m1 z ! j>s = sacrificial w9e1 9 ! =m ( elephants & rh9oc]oses1 are copi$ f ! mo/ ar*aic bronze types2 ( ! same orig9 is ! small libation cup ( peculi> %ape sometimes se5 9 our collections4 ,! ,wu-kung1 or five vessels t /& 9 front ( a ,buddhi/ %r9e1 ! inc5se-burn] 9 ! c5tre1 ) a c&le/ick & a vase on ei!r side1 are (t5 9 ,*9a made ( porcela94 ,9 ,japan ^! objects are always ( metal4 ,a simil> set is f\nd 9 ! ,taoi/ temples4 ,! col\r ( ! vessels 9 ritual use at ,pek9 v>ies ) ! temple 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,^? ( ! ance/ral temple ( ! emp]ors are ( imp]ial yell[2 ^? ( ! alt> ( heav5 ( a deep blue 7a set ( five ( ?is col\r1 rec5tly br\ght f ,pek91 may be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton74 ,a r$ glaz$ w>e is connect$ ) ! alt> ( ! sun1 & :ite ) t ( ! planet ,jupit]4 ,! objects us$ 9 ! burn+ ( p]fume1 ! basis d\btless ( ! highly elaborat$ app>atus ( ! ,japanese1 are usually made ( porcela93 ^! are ! inc5se-burn]1 ! boxes = ! p]fumes1 & ! little vase to hold ! fire-/icks & ! tongs4 ,f ^! we may pass to ! v>i\s objects f\nd on ! table ( ! cultur$ classes1 mo/ ( !m connect$ ) lit]>y pursuits4 ,?is is an important division 9 ,*9ese collections1 z we may judge f ! (t5-quot$ manuscript catalogue ( ,dr4 ,bu%ell4 ,! slabs1 ! wat]-dripp]s1 & a doz5 o!r small objects are modell$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,! p5-re/ is g5]ally 9 ! %ape ( a small range ( m\nta9s1 ! highe/ 9 ! c5tre 7?is1 by ! way1 is ! anci5t =m ( ! ,*9ese "* = #8m\nta91' cf4 ,,pl4 ,,viii474 ,"o ( ! /range/ uses to :i* porcela9 is put by ! ,*9ese is ! hat-/& 9 ! =m ( a holl[ sph]e support$ on a tall1 tubul> column--! sph]e may be fill$ ) ei!r f9e *>coal emb]s or ) ice1 accord+ to ! season4 ,pill[s1 too1 are made ( porcela9--!re is "o ( ! famille v]te 9 ! ,salt+ collection--b ! native collector is w>n$ aga9/ ^? ( a c]ta9 size & %ape1 z !y may h be5 /ol5 f tombs4 ,tall vases to conta9 arr[s1 ei!r cyl9drical or squ>e 9 section1 are especially connect$ ) ! ,man*us4 ,^! l>ge vessels may g5]ally be kn[n by _! porcela9 /&s (t5 surr\nd$ by rail+s4 ,! vases & b[ls are ( all sizes & %apes4 ,! bigge/ ovoid vases ) dome-%ap$ cov]s may /& 9 ! hall on c>v$ /&s2 inde$1 !y are f\nd 9 simil> positions 9 _m ( ! palaces ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,europe4 ,! fl[] vases =m an important gr\p1 & z 9 ,japan1 !re is q a libr>y ( illu/rat$ "w devot$ to !m4 ,bo? ! %ape & ! decoration ( ! vase are dep5d5t ^u ! fl[]s x is de/9$ to hold1 & ! arrangem5t & comb9ation ( ^! fl[]s is regulat$ by rival s*ools ( speciali/s4 ,! comb9ation ( five pieces to =m a g>niture de *em9e is n altoge!r a ,european idea4 ,! ,*9ese h a simil> comb9ation--! ,wu-%1 or set ( five2 b ) !m an uncov]$ vase is pref]r$ = ! c5tral piece4 ,= ! s]vice ( ! d9n]-table !re are _m =ms3 among ! cups1 plates1 & di%es ( all %apes & sizes we may select = m5tion ! di%es ) cov]s indicat+ by _! %apes ! cont5ts--fi%1 birds1 or fruit4 ,) ^! we may comp>e ! simil> =ms made at "o "t at ,*elsea & else:]e4 ,!re are1 aga91 ! comp\nd di%es 9 ! =m ( fl[]s1 ea* petal =m+ a comp>tm5t4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ n =get ! tall1 cyl9drical mugs ) cr[n-l tops1 us$ = cool+ dr9ks 9 summ]1 or among ! ,mongols = _! k\mis4 ,!re are also c]ta9 =ms made *iefly1 b n exclusively1 = ! ,mohamm$an we/4 ,( ^!1 we may m5tion ! bases = ! hookah1 recognisable by ! small1 /raight sp\ts at ! side to :i* ! flexible smok+-tube is atta*$2 ! sc5t-spr9kl]s ) tall1 n>r[ necks2 & ! h&-spittoons ) globul> body & wide-spread+ orifice1--^! la/1 by ! way1 are us$ 9 ,*9a also4 ,x is n kn[n to :at date we c ref] ! olde/ ( ! little m$ic9e-flasks 7,*9ese yao-p+7 :i* h 9 lat] times be5 us$ z snuff-bottles4 ,!y seem to h be5 c>ri$ we/w>d 9 l>ge numb]s by ! ,arab trad]s1 & t f an e>ly date4 ,9 %ape & size !y h v>i$ little4#hg ,^? f\nd s abundantly 9 ,egypt are g5]ally v small1 & are (t5 %ap$ 9 imitation ( a flatt5$ vase ) a squ>e foot3 "s ( !m are ( a r\gh-look+ celadon1 o!rs are cov]$ ) a gre5 enamel ) :ite res]ves4 ,^! are ! little bottles t f\nd !mselves sudd5ly s fam\s t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 !y 7 extract$ by ! ,arabs f ,egyptian tombs ( e>ly dyna/ies4 ,some:at lat] !y enc\nt]$ "s rivals 9 ! small seals ( :ite ,*9ese porcela9 :i* 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,iri% bogs6 ,we c only m5tion 9 pass+ a few ( ! innum]able subsidi>y uses :i* porcela9 is made to s]ve 9 ,*9a1 tak+ ! place ( s _m o!r mat]ials1 above all ( metal3--fitt+s = furniture1 especially = ! b$/ead1 frames = ! abacus1 or calculat+-table1 knobs = walk+-/icks & hang+ scrolls1 boxes ( v>i\s %apes & sizes = cosmetics1 buttons1 bracelets1 & hair-ornam5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! v fragm5ts1 :at we %\ld call pot-%]ds1 ( ! olde/ w>es1 especially :5 f9e 9 col\r1 may be f\nd m\nt$ 9 gold or silv] & worn z p]sonal ornam5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we />t$ our sket* ( ,*9ese porcela9 ) a r\gh hi/orical division into ?ree classes4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ only ) que/ions ( glazes & decoration1 & we %all f9d t ! app>5tly innum]able v>ieties ( ,*9ese porcela9 fall1 ) few exceptions1 "u "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4 ,:ite1 or ne>ly :ite1 w>e1 :i* may be glaz$ or unglaz$4 #b4 ,s+le-glaze w>es1 ei!r true mono*romes or1 if ( m ?an "o col\r1 ! v>iety ( col\r aris+ f *anges br\ght ab\t 9 ! s+le glaze dur+ ! fir+4 #c4 ,porcela9 decorat$ "u ! glaze4 ,*iefly blue1 less (t5 blue comb9$ ) r$1 or r$ alone4 #d4 ,! decoration giv5 by pa9t+ ) glazes ( m ?an "o col\r1 probably always on ! biscuit4 ,we may call ?is ! class ( poly*rome glazes4 #e4 ,! decoration pa9t$ ov] ! glaze ) enamels m fusible ?an ! glaze on :i* !y re/4 ,,pla9 ,,:ite ,,w>e4--,! :ite w>e made at ,t+-*\1 a t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ihli1 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,pek91 z e>ly z ,sung times1 s]v$ z a type = all ! _m k9ds ( simil> w>e made 9 lat] days at ,k+-te-*54 ,we h se5 7p4 #fh7 t !re 0 a v>iety1 ( ! e>li] w>e1 ( creamy t9t cov]$ ) a s(t glaze conta9+ lead2 ?is is ! ,tu-t+1 ( :i* !re are sev]al specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! pure :ite v>iety1 ! ,f5g-t+1 t 0 aft]w>ds copi$4 ,! col\r ( ?is w>e1 :5 n a pure :ite1 t5ds to blue & gre5i% t9ts1 & x is (t5 f9ely crackl$4 ,?is w>e1 especially ! ?91 transluc5t1 egg-%ell v>iety ( ! "t ( ,yung-lo 7#adjb-be71 is mu* s\ght aft] by ,*9ese collectors4 ,b ! great] "p ( ! pla9 :ite ,*9ese porcela9 9 ,european collections 0 n made ei!r at ,t+-*\ or at ,k+-te-*54 ,x is r to be trac$ to ! only o!r important c5tre = ! manufacture ( porcela9 t survives 9 ,*9a4 ,?is is ! di/rict ( ,te-hua 7,tek-kwa 9 ! local dialect71 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fuki54 ,?is prov9ce _h be5 fam$ 9 ,sung times = its tea-b[ls cov]$ ) a d>k glaze1 & we mu/ rememb] t some:]e along its rocky1 ind5t$ coa/ 0 situat$ ! port ( ,zaitun1 s fam\s 9 e>ly days = its ,arab trade4 ,9 lat] times ! road/ead ( ,amoy came to rival ,canton z a port ( call = our %ips2 x is m5tion$ 9 ?is connection by ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 & f x mo/ ( ! blanc de ,*9e :i* at t "t rea*$ ,europe 0 probably export$4 ,= x 0 ?is ,fuki5 w>e r ?an ! :ite ,t+ porcela9 t 0 import$ into ,europe f ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to be copi$ 9 ! e>li] days ( ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,b[4 ,9 ,spa9 x 0 a great fav\rite f p]haps an e>li] date1 & :5 ! ,bu5 ,retiro works 7 />t$ ?is w>e 0 tak5 z a model4 ,?is :ite w>e does n seem to h be5 made at ,te-hua be=e ! ,m+ p]iod1 b x soon e/abli%$ itself z ! pai-tsu--! :ite w>e p> excell5ce ( ,*9a4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! creamy :ite ( its pa/e & glaze--t is to say1 ! col\r t5ds ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 #a--;,,*9ese1 ,,pla9 ,,:ite ,,w>e #b--;,,*9ese1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e t[>ds a w>m1 yell[i% t9t r ?an t[>ds ! cold1 pure :ite or blui% tone ( mo/ ( ! ,k+-te-*5 & /ill m ( ! ,japanese w>es4 ,! sat9y glaze appe>s to melt into ! subjac5t gr\nd 9 a way t rem9ds u ( "s ( ! ,european s(t pa/e porcela9s4 ,x is ! m\ld$ w>e t is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! #8,ki5 yao#8--vases ) dragons 9 full relief creep+ r\nd ! neck1 inc5se-burn]s 9 _m complicat$ =ms1 figures ( ,kwan-y9 7:om we %\ld n call ! #8,goddess ( ,m]cy#87 9 _m inc>nations2 or aga91 ,ta-mo 7s well kn[n 9 ,japan z ,d>uma71 ! ,bodhi-dh>ma :o br\ght ! fai? to ,*9a1 ) ov]hang+ br[s & ab/ract$1 solemn gaze4 ,among animals1 ! fav\rite is ! lion1 ! s-call$ #8dog ( ,fo1' sport+ ) an op5-"w ball4 ,_m ( ^! figures are v ably execut$2 !y /& firm & erect2 & ! drap]ies1 ?\gh "h ! mann]isms ( ! #8calligraphic' s*ool ( pa9t+ may be recognis$1 fall 9 simple folds f ! %\ld]s4 ,! preval5ce ( ,buddhi/ types 7= ! ,taoi/ div9ities are "h less frequ5tly repres5t$7 may be connect$ ) ! exceptional pr$om9ance ( t religion 9 ,fuki51 a prov9ce some:at remote f ! re/ ( ,*9a1 ^: inhabitants speak a dialect v diff]5t f ! /&>d ,*9ese4 ,"s v cr$itable "w seems to be /ill turn$ out f ! ,te-kua di/rict1 to judge by ! w>e t f9ds its way to ! %ops ( ,fu*[4 ,"s enamell$ w>e appe>s to h be5 at "o "t made 9 ?is di/rict4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are "s small pieces decorat$ ) five col\rs 7among !m a blue enamel ov] ! glaze71 :i* on ! gr\nd ( ! nature ( ! glaze & ! pa/e h be5 class$ z ,fuki5 w>e2 :ile f ! /yle ( ! decoration !y w\ld appe> to date f ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,mu* :ite porcela91 bo? ! ,f5g-t+ & ! ,fuki51 0 import$ into ,europe f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x =ms an important elem5t 9 old collections4 ,"s ( ?is :ite w>e1 at a lat] "t1 0 decorat$ ) col\rs 9 ,engl& & else:]e1 giv+ rise to a class ( porcela9 t has caus$ "s confusion to collectors4 ,9 ,*9a1 :ite porcela9 is us$ 9 "t ( m\rn+1 at lea/ t is ! case ) t suppli$ to ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,unglaz$ porcela9 is comp>atively r>e 9 ,*9a1 b figures ( gods or ( animals are sometimes f\nd 9 biscuit1 & ! little boxes 9 :i* crickets are kept = fight+ are g5]ally ( unglaz$ w>e4 ,aga91 :]e1 z 9 ! class ( poly*rome glazes1 ! glaze is appli$ ) a bru%1 "s "p may be left unglaz$2 & ?is practice has surviv$ 9 ! case ( ! lions & kil9s ( ! famille v]te1 :]e we (t5 f9d ! biscuit expos$ 9 p>ts ( ! face4 ,,celadon ,,w>e4--,z ! :ite w>e ( ,k+-te-*5--! ,t+--has got its "n f ! t[n ( ,t+-*\ :]e x 0 fir/ made1 s ! _m v>ieties ( celadon#hh porcela9 are connect$ 9 ! ,*9ese m9d ) ! t[n ( ,lung-*uan1 ne> ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce ( ,*ekiang4 ,we h already giv5 "s space to ?is w>e1 s important f ! cultur-hi/oris* po9t ( view1 & we %all h to return to x aga9 :5 we come to inve/igate ! r\tes by :i* ! porcela9 ( ,*9a pass$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to o!r c\ntries4 ,"h we w m]ely call att5tion to ! lat] revival ( ! celadon glazes m5tion$ 9 a passage we h quot$ f ! lett]s ( ! ,jesuit fa!r4 ,b ! highly f9i%$ porcela91 ) a f9e :ite pa/e cov]$ ) a pale greyi%-gre5 glaze ( uni=m ?ickness & %ade1 diff]s mu* f ! old vases ) #8r$ m\? & foot4' ,!re is a rem>kably f9e specim5 9 ! ,wallace collection at ,h]t=d ,h\se ) *as$ metal m\nt+s ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xv41 & o!r pieces simil>ly m\nt$ 9 ! ,jones collection4 ,,crackle ,,w>e4--,x w\ld only create confusion to make a special class = ! _m k9ds ( w>e cov]$ ) a crackl$ glaze4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we fir/ came across glazes ( ?is k9d :5 describ+ ! ,ko yao1 ! #8w>e ( ! ,eld] ,bro!r1' & a l>ge class ( porcela9 ) :ite to yell[i% grey glaze1 always m or less crackl$1 is /ill commonly kn[n z ,ko yao 9 ,*9a1 s t #8,crackle w>e' & #8,ko yao' are 9 a measure equival5t t]ms4 ,su* crackl+ may v>y f a division ( ! surface into l>ge fissures sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 to ! f9e/ reticulation ( m9ute l9es h>dly visible )\t a glass4 ,! fir/ ! ,*9ese comp>e to ! cracks ( ice1 & ,i ?9k t x is to a v>iety ( crackle ) long sp9dle-%ap$ divisions t !y give ! "n ( #8crabs claw4' ,! f9] crackle !y "k z #8fi%-roe#8--?is is ! truit ( ! ,fr5*4 ,c]ta9 glazes1 z ! turquoise & ! purple ( ! demi gr& feu1 are always f9ely crackl$4 ,9 o!r cases ! crackl+1 :i* is caus$1 z we h already said 7p4 #cb71 by ! glaze aft] solidification contract+ m ?an ! subjac5t pa/e1 may be produc$ or modifi$ at ! w ( ! pott] by add+ v>i\s sub/ances to ! glaze4 ,a rock t has be5 id5tifi$ ) /eatite has be5 (t5 m5tion$ 9 ?is connection1 & ! increase 9 ! %r9kage ( ! glaze attribut$ to ! magnesia conta9$ 9 x4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 a *ange 9 ! proportion ( ! silica to ! alum9a may be en\gh to br+ ab\t a crackl$ glaze4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! lett]s ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles ?r[s "s light on ?is po9t4 ,he tells u t :5 ! glaze is made ( caill\x blancs 7probably little else ?an felsp>71 )\t o!r mixture1 we obta9 ! porcela9 call$ ,sui-ki1 or #8%att]$ w>e' 7?is is ! g5]al ,*9ese t]m = crackle71 #8m>bl$ all ov] ) an inf9ity ( ve9s s z to look l a piece ( brok5 porcela9 ) ! pieces rema9+ 9 _! places4' ,! glaze1 we are told1 is ( a c9d]y :ite4 ,we h "h a description ( ! ,ko yao1 :i*1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 little kn[n 9 ,europe at t "t4 ,to ?is class belong ! vases ) yell[i% grey gr\nd & crackles ( m$ium size4 ,!y are (t5 provid$ ) mask h&les & deta*$ r+s4 ,^! h&les & r+s1 z well z "s broad b&s r\nd ! neck1 are cov]$1 9 imitation ( bronze1 ) a d>k1 r\gh5$ glaze4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ?is ,ko yao is decorat$ ) scatt]$ pat*es ( :ite slip1 laid on app>5tly ov] ! crackl$ glaz$ surface4 ,on ?is slip is pa9t$ ! design 9 cobalt blue "u :at is app>5tly a second glaze4 ,a frequ5t motif on ?is w>e is f\nd 9 a s]ies ( horses 9 ! /range/ ( positions4 ,^! probably repres5t ! eight fam\s /e$s ( ! old emp]or ,mu-wang4 ,bo? ^! classes ( ,ko yao are 9 great fav\r 9 ,*9a & ,japan z fl[] vases4 ,! %apes & decorations are m or less rem9isc5t ( ! old bronzes4 ,x w\ld seem t w>e ( ?is k9d is /ill manufactur$ at ,k+-te-*5 & p]haps some:]e 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a also4 ,! br[n glazes =m a v di/9ct class4 ,! well-kn[n col\r has _m names3 9 ,fr5* fond laque2 9 ,*9ese tzu-k91 or #8burni%$ gold4' ,x is also kn[n z #8dead leaf1' b ! av]age t9t is p]haps be/ describ$ z caf au lait4 ,! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 9 m5tion+ ! tzu-k91 ! col\r ( :i* he says is giv5 by a #8common yell[ e>?1' /ates t x 0 a rec5t inv5tion 9 8 "t4 ,he is p]haps ref]r+ to "s special t9t1 = ! col\r 0 well kn[n 9 ,m+ days4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! possible relation ( ?is col\r to ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,*9ese1 ,,:ite ,,slip ,,on ,,br[n ,,gr\nd copp] lu/re ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,p]sian fay5ce4 ,at a lat] "t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 a fav\rite col\r ) ! ,p]sians1 especially :5 decorat$ ) delicate designs ( fl[]s & f]ns 9 a ?9 :ite slip 7,,pl4 ,,xvi474 ,x 0 l>gely export$ at t "t f ,*9a & clev]ly imitat$ 9 ! fay5ce & frit-pa/es ( ,p]sia4 ,bo? ! orig9al ,*9ese w>e & ! ,p]sian imitation are well repres5t$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton by specim5s br\ght f ! latt] c\ntry4 ,?is br[n glaze is seldom f\nd alone4 ,x is a col\r t /&s well ! full heat ( ! furnace1 & x may be comb9$ ) a blue & :ite decoration or ) b&s ( celadon4 ,x =ms ! gr\nd-col\r ( ! s-call$ ,batavian w>e1 & at "o "t a br[n r+ 0 by our ance/ors held to be ess5tial on ! rim ( a f9e plate or b[l ( blue & :ite porcela94 ,,turquoise ,,& ,,purple ,,glazes4--,z = ! tw9 col\rs ( ! demi gr& feu 7! yell[ 9 ?is gr\p is q subord9ate71 ! s-call$ turquoise 7includ+ ! peacock gre5 & k+fi%] blue ( ! ,*9ese7 & ! aub]g9e purple1 ! latt] is seldom f\nd alone4 ,bo? col\rs are di/+ui%$ by a v f9e-gra9$ crackle4 ,( ! blue1 :5 us$ z a s+le-glaze col\r1 we h spok5 :5 describ+ ! glazes ( ! demi gr& feu4 ,,yell[ ,,mono*rome ,,glazes4--,!re are _m %ades ( yell[ f\nd on ,*9ese porcela93 ! imp]ial yell[ ( full yolk-(-egg t9t1 ! lemon yell[1 ! gre5i% #8eel-sk91' & ! #8boil$ *e/nut4' ,only ! fir/1 ! imp]ial yell[1 is ( importance z a mono*rome glaze4 ,?is is ! col\r fir/ us$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,m+ emp]or ,hung-*i 7#adhg-aeje71 & 8 "n is sometimes f\nd on b[ls & plates rang+ 9 col\r f a bright mu/>d to a boil$ *e/nut t9t4 ,!re are "s good specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & a curi\s piece1 ) a ,p]sian inscription1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 has already be5 m5tion$ :5 speak+ ( ! reign ( ,hung-*i4 ,,cobalt ,,blue ,,mono*rome ,,glazes4--,we may di/+ui% ?ree v>ieties ( blue d]iv$ f cobalt1 b ! full sapphire ( ! blue & :ite w>e is n f\nd z a mono*rome glaze3-- #a4 ,! ,clair de lune4 ,! t]m yueh-pai1 or moon-:ite1 0 appli$ to m ?an "o class ( ,sung porcela91 b above all to ! ,ju yao4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 ^! primitive w>es 7 copi$1 ! col\r 0 giv5 by a m9ute quantity ( cobalt1 b x is v d\btful :e!r t pigm5t 0 kn[n 9 e>ly ,sung days4 ,! clair de lune glazes ( ,ni5 7 consid]$ second 9 m]it only to ! copp] r$s ( t great vic]oy4 ,! uncrackl$ glazes ( ?is class are (t5 class$ z celadon4 #b4 ,! ,maz>9 blue1 kn[n also z bleu f\ett or p[d]-blue4#hi ,?is glaze is bl[n on to ! surface ( ! raw pa/e1 9 ! mann] describ$ on page #cj4 ,x sometimes cov]s ! :ole surface1 & is !n g5]ally decorat$ ) floral designs 9 gold1 b m (t5 x =ms ! gr\nd = vases & plates ) l>ge :ite res]ves on :i* designs 9 enamel col\rs are pa9t$4 #c4 ,! ,gros ,bleu1 9 ! =m ( l>ge plates & vases1 0 a great fav\rite ) ! ,arabs & o!r ,mohamm$an races4 ,?is w>e1 too1 0 (t5 cov]$ ) a decoration ( gold4 ,!re is a magnific5t plate ( ?is class 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 9 ! ,india ,museum1 a tall1 d>k-blue vase :i* we h already m5tion$4 ,f ,p]sia come _m specim5s ( ?is deep blue w>e1 ( a greyi% or ev5 slaty t9t1 decorat$1 l ! fond laque1 ) fl[]s 9 a :ite slip4 ,,black ,,glazes4--,v ne> to ?is la/ class ( blue glazes we may place ! #8metallic black1' ! wu-*9 ( ! ,*9ese4 ,accord+ to ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 ?is mirror-black is prep>$ by mix+ ) a glaze conta9+ mu* lime & "s ( ! same o*ry e>? t gives ! col\r to ! br[n glazes1 a suffici5t quantity ( cobalt ( poor quality4 ,9 ?is case no second glaze is requir$1 & ! vessel is fir$ 9 ! demi gr& feu1 i4e4 9 ! front ( ! furnace4 ,o!r blacks are pa9t$ on & cov]$ ) a second glaze4 ,! l>ge sph]ical vases ) tall tubul> necks %[ little trace g5]ally ( ! gold ) :i* ! black glaze 0 orig9ally decorat$4 ,,gre5 ,,glazes4--,! peculi> t9t ( gre51 9 v>i$ int5sity1 t di/+ui%es ! famille v]te is seldom f\nd z a s+le glaze2 & ( ! gre5 ,lang yao1 made by ,lang ,t+-tso 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,kang-he1 x is d\btful :e!r we h any repres5tatives 9 our ,european collections4 ,?is glaze is said to be some:at 9 ! /yle ( 8 m fam\s sang de buf4 ,! brilliant cucumb] or apple-gre5 ( ,m+ times is %[n 9 a pair ( exquisite little b[ls 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,ov] ! gre5 glaze !re is a scroll patt]n ( gold1 & on ! inside a blue decoration "u ! glaze4 ,almo/ id5tical ) ^! is ! b[l set 9 a silv]-gilt m\nt+ ( ,engli% make dat+ f ab\t ! ye> #aedj1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,gold ,room 7,,pl4 ,v474 ,( a simil> b some:at deep] t9t ( gre5 are ! r>e crackle vases1 g5]ally ( small size1 ( :i* !re are specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 ! ,salt+ collection4#ij ,,olive ,,& ,,bronze ,,glazes4--,! mono*rome glazes ( v>i\s %ades ( olive & bronze are = ! mo/ "p produc$ by a s\ffl process1 9 :i* on a base ( "o col\r a second col\r is spr9kl$4 ,?us to =m ! #8tea-du/' a gre5 glaze is bl[n ov] a r$di% gr\nd d]iv$ f iron4 ,! wond]ful bronze glazes1 ( :i* !re are good specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 ! ,salt+ collection1 are produc$ 9 a simil> way4 ,b "s ( ^! 7& ! same may be said ( ! #8iron ru/s#87 p>take r ( ! nature ( ! m elaborat$ glazes ( ! flamb class4 ,,r$ ,,& ,,flamb ,,glazes 7,,pl4 ,,xvii474--,we h left ! r$ glazes to ! la/1 bo? f ! complicat$ nature ( ! class & because "o v>iety1 ! sang de buf1 =ms a transition to ! #8spla%$' or flamb division4 ,a r$ glaze or enamel1 we h se51 c be produc$ f ?ree metals1--f gold1 f copp]1 & f iron4 ,) ! ,rose d'or1 :i* may be class$ z a mono*rome enamel1 :5 us$ to cov] ! backs ( plates & b[ls1 we are n conc]n$ "h--x is n prop]ly a glaze 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! r$ d]iv$ f ! sesqui-oxide ( iron 0 only successfully appli$ z a mono*rome :51 at a late p]iod1 ! difficulties att5d+ its use 7 ov]come by comb9+ ! pigm5t ) an alkal9e flux4 ,?is is ! ,mo-hung or #8pa9t$ r$' ( ! muffle-/ove1 :i* 0 pa9t$ ov] ! already glaz$ w>e1 & !re=e n prop]ly itself a glaze4 ,9 f9e specim5s x approa*es to a v]milion col\r2 x is ! jujube r$ ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x is ) ?is col\r1 laid ^u ! elaborately modell$ pa/e1 t ! c>v$ c9nab> lacqu] is s wond]fully imitat$4#ia ,b x is ! r$ d]iv$ f copp] t pres5ts ! mo/ po9ts ( int]e/4 ,inde$ we n[ ent] ^u a s]ies ( glazes1 beg9n+ ) ! pure deep r$ ( ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,*9ese ! sang de buf1 & !n pass+ ov] ! l9e to ! long s]ies ( v>iegat$ or #8transmutation#8#ib glazes t h m ?an any o!rs fasc9at$ ! mod]n amateurs ( c]amic problems4 ,we h already se5 h[ ^! magic effects are produc$ by c>efully modulat+ ! passage ( ! oxidis+ curr5ts ?r\gh an o!rwise smoky & r$uc+ atmosph]e 9 ! furnace 7p4 #db74 ,! typical sang de buf1 or ! #8r$ ( ! sacrifice1' z ! ,*9ese call x1 0 t made "u ! rgime ( ,lang ,t+-tso a =]unn] ( ! ?ree great directors ( ! imp]ial manufactory at ,k+-te-*51 & 9 lat] times x 0 always ! aim ( ! pott] to imitate 8 "w--! ,lang yao--ev5 9 trifl+ details4 ,accord+ to ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 to obta9 ?is r$ ! ,*9ese made use ( a f9ely granulat$ copp] :i* !y obta9$ f ! silv] ref9]s1 & :i* !re=e probably conta9$ silv]4 ,"s o!r v rem>kable sub/ances1 he tells u1 ent]$ into ! composition1 b ( ^! x is ! less necess>y to speak1 z he confesses t great secrecy 0 ma9ta9$ on ! subject4 ,9 look+ c>efully into a glaze ( ?is k9d1 ! deep col\r+-matt] is se5 susp5d$ 9 a m or less gre5i% or yell[i% transp>5t matrix1 9 ! =m ( /reaks & clots ( a ne>ly opaque mat]ial4#ic ,! hue1 9 g5]al effect1 v>ies f a deep blood-r$ to v>i\s %ades ( orange & br[n1 b intimately mix$ ) ! r$1 c]ta9 blui% /reaks are sometimes to be se5 9 "o "p or ano!r ( ! surface4 ,! col\rs %\ld /op ev5ly at ! rim & at ! base1 :i* p>ts1 if ?is is a*iev$1 are cov]$ ) a transp>5t glaze ( pale gre5i% or yell[i% t9t4 ,we h already se5 t mu* dep5ds ^u ! p]iod ( ! fir+ at :i* ! glaze becomes liquid or s(t1 & ^u ! exact degree ( fluidity atta9$ by x4 ,%\ld ! oxidis+ curr5ts be all[$ fur!r play at ! critical p]iod ( ! fir+1 ! blue & gre5i% /a9s & spla%es w become m pr$om9ant1 & we may ei!r pass ov] to ! flamb or #8transmutation' glazes1 or f9ally ! glaze may become almo/ :ite & transp>5t4 ,b we mu/ h>k back to ! w>es ( ! ,sung p]iod1 to ! ,*n yao1 to f9d ! orig9 ( ^! v>iegat$ glazes4 ,^! e>ly ,sung glazes 7 copi$ 9 ! "t ( ,yung-*5g1 & if we are to believe ! contempor>y li/1 already quot$1 ( ! objects copi$1 !y 7 ( a v complicat$ nature4 ,9 ?is class ( flamb w>e we mu/ include also a l>ge "p ( ! s-call$ ,yuan tsu 7see p4 #gg71 a heavy kaol9ic /onew>e1 c]ta9ly n all dat+ f ! ,yuan or ,mongol p]iod--a w>e1 inde$1 /ill common 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a4 ,?is w>e is r\ghly cov]$ ) a glaze ( pr$om9ant lav5d] t9t1 speckl$ ) r$1 & ?us approa*es to ! #8rob9's egg' glaze ( ! ,am]ican collector1 ?\gh ?is latt] is f\nd on a f9] porcela9 ( lat] times4 ,ano!r "n :i* has be5 us$ to include _m ( ^! v>iegat$ glazes is ,yao-pi5 or #8furnace-transmutation4' ,?is la/ ^w v well expresses ! process by :i* ! col\r is develop$1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is is n exactly ! mean+ t ! ^w yao-pi5 conveys to ! ,*9ese m9d4#id ,) ?is t]m ! happy accid5ts ( ! furnace 7 l9k$ by ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles3 he tells u t x 0 propos$ to make a sacrificial r$1 b t ! vase came f ! furnace l a k9d ( agate4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell ?9ks t mo/ ( ! f9e pieces ( ?is w>e date f ! "t ( ,yung-*5g & ,ki5-lung 7#agbb-agie71 & he is ( op9ion t !y 7 prep>$ by a s\ffl process r ?an by any #8academic trans=mation' ( a copp]-r$ glaze4 #8,! piece1' he says1 #8coat$ ) a greyi% crackle glaze or ) a f]rug9\s enamel ( yell[i%-br[n tone1 has ! transmutation glaze appli$ at ! same "t z a k9d ( ov]coat4 ,x is put on ) ! bru% 9 v>i\s ways1 9 ?ick da%es n completely cov]+ ! surface ( ! piece1 or fleck$ z ) ! po9t ( ! bru% 9 a ra9 ( drops4 ,! piece is f9ally fir$ 9 a r$uc+ atmosph]e1 & ! air1 let 9 at ! critical mom5t :5 ! mat]ials are fully fus$1 imp>ts atoms ( oxyg5 to ! copp] & speckles ! r$ base ) po9ts ( gre5 & turquoise blue' 7,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 pp4 #eaf-ag74 ,"s practical exp]im5ts lately made 9 ,france w\ld t5d to %[ t ! critical mom5t %\ld be plac$ a little e>li]1 be=e ! glaze is completely fus$1 = aft] t po9t is rea*$ ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e has little influ5ce ^u ! metallic oxides 9 ! glaze4 ,x is to ?is caprici\s action ( ! furnace gases t are due ^? wond]ful effects t may be obs]v$ 9 look+ into ^! glazes1 curdl$ masses ( /range %apes & v>y+ col\r susp5d$ 9 a m or less transp>5t m$ium1 & assum+ at times ^? textures resembl+ animal tissues :i* are graphically describ$ by ! ,*9ese z pig's liv] or mule's lungs4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t into _m ( ! m mod]n & apprts specim5s ( flamb w>e ! s\rces ( ! viol5t contra/s ( col\r are f\nd n only 9 ! oxides ( copp] & iron1 b 9 ^? ( cobalt & manganese also4 ,b 9 contra/ to #8! /]n delights' ( ^! flamboyant w>es !re is ano!r k9d ( glaze1 *emically closely alli$1 = x is also ( transmutation copp] orig91 ( :i* ! associations are ( ano!r k9d4 ,?is is ! pea*-bloom1 ! #8apple-r$ & gre51' or aga9 ! #8kidney-bean' glaze ( ! ,*9ese4 ,al?\gh claim+ an orig9 f ,m+ times1 ?is glaze is always associat$ ) ! great vic]oy ,tsang ,y+-hsuan4 ,! little vases & wat]-vessels ( a pale p9ki% r$1 m or less mottl$ & v>y+ 9 int5sity1 are highly priz$ by ,*9ese collectors4 ,,decoration ,,) ,,slip4--,!re is a class ( w>e :i* might p]haps claim a sep>ate division = itself--,i mean t decorat$ ) an engobe or slip4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! mo/ important cases :]e ?is engobe is appli$ to ! surface ( s+le-glaz$ w>es3 ^! are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! fond laque 7,,pl4 ,,xvi471 & 9 a less degree c]ta9 blue & ev5 :ite w>es4 ,! slip1 ( a cream-l consi/5cy1 is z a rule pa9t$ on ) a bru% ov] ! glaze1 g5]ally1 ,i ?9k1 aft] a prelim9>y fir+4#ie ,?is engobe may !n itself be decorat$ ) col\rs1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! ,ko yao1 & ! :ole surface probably !n cov]$ ) a second glaze4#if ,sometimes :5 ! gr\nd itself is ne>ly :ite we get an effect l ! bianco sopra bianco ( ,italian majolica4 ,?is c>efully prep>$ & f9ely gr\nd engobe conta9s1 9 "s cases at lea/1 ! same mat]ials z ^? employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,%a-tai or #8s&-bodi$' porcela94 ,,pi]c$ ,,or ,,op5-,,"w ,,decoration 7,,pl4 ,,xviii4 #a74--,we may "h f9d place = ano!r k9d ( decoration1 "o mu* admir$ 9 ,europe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 #a--;,,*9ese1 ,,pi]c$ ,,w>e1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite #b--;,,*9ese1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e ,?is is obta9$ by pi]c+ ! pa/e s z to =m an op5-"w design1 g5]ally "s simple diap]$ or key patt]n1 b sometimes fl[]s or figures ( cranes4 ,! little ap]tures or w9d[s ?us =m$ may be fill$ 9 by ! glaze 7if ?is is suffici5tly visc\s to /ret* across !m7 9 ! simple process ( dipp+4 ,9 ?is case ! glaze takes 9 "p ! place ( ! pa/e1 & inde$ 9 ! closely alli$ #8,gombroon' w>e ( ,p]sia x is ! ?ick1 visc\s glaze r ?an ! friable s&y pa/e t holds ! vessel toge!r4 ,x is ! pla9 :ite w>e to :i* ?is decoration is g5]ally appli$ 9 ,*9a4 ,!re is "o class :]e ?is pi]c$ "w is associat$ ) gr\ps ( little figures1 9 biscuit1 9 high or full relief--z is well illu/rat$ by a s]ies ( small cups 9 ! ,salt+ collection1 "s ( :i* be> traces ( gild+ & col\rs4 ,! t]m #8rice-gra9' 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! op5-"w diap]s fill$ 9 ) glaze4 ,z a :ole ?is k9d ( "w may be ref]r$ to ! lat] "p ( ! reign ( ,ki5-lung1 & especially to t ( 8 successor1 ,kia-k+ 7#agie-ahbj71 s t x is n unlikely t ! ,p]sian frit-w>e1 "s ( :i* is ( e>li] date1 may h s]v$ z a model4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e4--,?is is1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ important z well z ! be/ def9$ class ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,! ,*9ese "n1 ,*+ hua pai ti 7lit]ally #8blue fl[]s :ite gr\nd#871 def9es its nature well en\gh4 ,we h no in=mation z to ! orig9 & developm5t ( blue & :ite porcela9 9 ,*9a1 nor inde$ d ,i "k ( any collection :]e an attempt has be5 made to classify ! va/ mat]ial4 ,we mu/ "h cont5t ourselves ) a few notes :i* at be/ may indicate ! gr\nd on :i* su* a classification %\ld be made4 ,we h se5 7p4 #ge7 t !re is at lea/ "s presumptive evid5ce t ! ,*9ese may h d]iv$ _! k ( ! use ( cobalt 7z a mat]ial to decorate ! gr\nd ( _! porcela97 f ,we/]n ,asia1 at a "t :5 bo? ,*9a & ,p]sia 7 gov]n$ by "o family ( ,mongol khans4 ,= we "k n[ t 9 ,syria or 9 ,p]sia1 9 ! twelf? or e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a r\gh b arti/ic w>e 0 pa9t$ ) a ha/y decoration ( cobalt blue & cov]$ ) a ?ick alkal9e glaze2 :ile 9 ,*9a1 at t "t1 we h no evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( any porcela9 o!r ?an mono*rome4 ,x is possible t ! e>lie/ ,*9ese type ( ! "u-glaze blue may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 ?ick br[ni% crackle w>e1 decorat$ "u ! glaze1 9 blue1 ) a few /rokes ( ! bru%4 ,plates & di%es ( ?is k9d h be5 f\nd 9 ,borneo1 associat$ ) e>ly types ( celadon4#ig ,a simil> w>e1 n necess>ily ( great antiquity1 is (t5 f\nd 9 common use 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a &1 ,i ?9k1 9 ,korea1 & ) x we may p]haps associate ! greyi%-yell[ ,ko yao decorat$ ) pat*es ( blue & :ite slip4 ,x is v likely t !re w\ld be a /rong opposition on ! "p ( ! ,*9ese lit]ati to su* a novel & exotic mode ( decoration1 b t su* opposition w\ld be less felt 9 ! case ( w>e made = exportation1 or x may be = use among ! less cons]vative ,mongols4 ,we h an in/ance ( a simil> feel+ 9 ! prote/ t we "k 0 made "s two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] aga9/ ! application ( col\r$ enamels to ! surface ( porcela94 ,( ! ?\s&s ( specim5s ( blue & :ite porcela9 9 our collections !re is probably no s+le piece = :i* we c claim a date e>li] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% two ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,*9ese ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e types among ! examples1 :i* = ! reasons giv5 on page #hc we may safely assign to ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,! fir/ is di/+ui%$ by a pure b pale blue1 & ! design 7g5]ally some:at sp>+ly appli$7 is c>efully drawn ) a f9e bru%4 ,?is1 x w\ld seem1 0 ! w>e imitat$ by ! ,japanese at ! pr9cely kilns ( ,mikawaji4 ,! o!r type is di/+ui%$ by ! dep? & brilliancy ( its col\r1 ! true sapphire t9t1 diff]+ f ! lat] blue ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 :i* !re is always a purpli% t5d5cy4 ,!re are "s good specim5s ( ?is type 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b we w take z our /&>d a j> at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ab\t twelve in*es 9 height 7,,pl4 ,,xix474 ,! rem>kable ?ickness ( ! pa/e 9 ?is vase %[n 9 ! neck1 :i* has at "s "t be5 cut d[n1 ! m>ks ( ! junction ( ! m\ld$ pieces ( :i* x 0 built up1 ! slight pat9a develop$ 9 ! surface ( ! glaze1 are all signs t po9t to an e>ly orig94 ,b :at is above all noticeable is ! jewel-l brilliancy ( ! blue pigm5t ) :i* ! decoration--a design ( kil9 sport+ "u p9e-trees--is pa9t$4 ,:5 we come to ! reign ( ,wan-li 7#aegb-afai71 to :i* "t we may assign ! beg9n+ ( ! direct exportation to ,europe ( ,*9ese porcela91 a p]iod ( decl9e has already set 94 ,! r>e pieces ( blue & :ite s priz$ 9 ,elizabe?an & e>ly ,/u>t days are 9 no way rem>kable ei!r 9 _! execution or 9 _! decoration4 ,we come n[ to an important class ( blue & :ite w>e :i* looms out l>ge 9 _m collections4 ,i mean ! big plates & j>s ) r\ghly execut$ designs (t5 %[+ a ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,! blue is nev] pure--inde$ x is (t5 little bett] ?an a slaty grey1 & sometimes almo/ black4 ,mo/ ( :at ! deal]s n[ "k z #8,m+ porcela9' may be includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,to und]/& ! s\rce ( ?is porcela9 we mu/ ref] ! read] to :at we %all h to say 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ab\t ! trade ( ,*9a ) ,p]sia 9 ! "t ( ,%ah ,abbas & ) ! nor? ( ,india1 dur+ ! reigns ( ! great ,mogul rul]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! increas+ dem& f ^! c\ntries co9cid$ ) a p]iod ( decl9e 9 ,*9a1 = ! p]iod betwe5 ! dea? ( ,wan-li 9 #afbj & ! revival ( ! manufacture at ,k+-te-*5 t[>ds ! end ( t c5tury1 is almo/ a blank 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,b ! export trade t _h sprung up at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 actively c>ri$ on 9 spite ( ! political tr\bles1 & at no o!r "t 0 ! nature ( ! w>e produc$ s l>gely influ5c$ by ! =eign dem&4 ,b ?is dem& 0 at fir/ *iefly = ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/1 & :at rea*$ ,europe 0 mo/ly ! result ( re-exportation f ,india & f ! ,p]sian ,gulf4#ih ,?is picturesque & decorative w>e is well repres5t$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton by specim5s obta9$ 9 ,p]sia1 & _m f9e pieces h lately be5 br\ght f ,india4 ,( ?is class ( blue & :ite w>e we h already spok5 9 a =m] *apt] 7see p4 #hd74 ,9 ,egypt1 aga91 blue & :ite porcela9 0 greatly appreciat$ bo? = decorative purposes & = common use4 ,l>ge plates & di%es pa9t$ ) a scale-l patt]n1 =m$ ( petals ( fl[]s1 are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! old ,arab h\ses ( ,cairo4 ,already by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury plates & b[ls ( ! ,s9ico-,p]sian type mu/ h rea*$ ,holl& 9 l>ge quantities1 & we f9d !m frequ5tly introduc$ into _! pictures by ! /ill-life pa9t]s ( ! "t4 ,i w only give two examples3 7#a7 ,a l>ge /ill-life at ,dresd5 by ,frans ,snyd]s 7#aegi-afeg71 :]e z _m z eight plates & b[ls1 mo/ly r\ghly decorat$ ) a greyi% cobalt s\s c\v]te1 are introduc$2 7#b7 a small picture 9 ! ,l\vre by ,william ,kalff 7#afba-afic74 ,"h we see a l>ge #8g+]-j>' ) deep blue gr\nd & :ite res]ves4 ,! porcela9 introduc$ by ! ,dut* pa9t]s is )\t exception ( ! blue & :ite class1 & 9 ! e>li] works ! slaty blue t9ts are ! mo/ common4 ,b ,european influ5ce mu/ n[ & !n h made itself felt 9 ,*9a be=e ?is "t1 to judge by "s l>ge j>s at ,dresd5 decorat$ ) arabesques ( unmi/akable r5aissance type4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 fitt$ ) a lid ( ,delft w>e1 made to mat* ! o!r cov]s ( ,*9ese orig91 & ?is ,dut*-made lid _c be dat$ lat] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4#ii ,b x is to ! next age t ! bulk ( ! va/ collection ( blue & :ite br\ght toge!r at ,dresd5 by ,augu/us ! ,/rong belongs4 ,! lange ,lijz51 ! fam\s dragon-vases1 ! l>ge fi%-b[ls1 & ! endless s]ies ( small] objects collect$ by 8 ag5ts f e side1 h made ?is royal collection a place ( pilgrimage = all *9a maniacs s9ce 8 day4 ,n t ! g5]al av]age ( ! blue & :ite w>e is v high4 ,we f9d "h = ! fir/ "t specim5s ( ! fam\s #8haw?orn g+]-j>s' s de> to lat] collectors ( #8,nank9 *9a4' ,( c\rse ?is porcela9 did n come f ,nank91 ! j>s 7 nev] us$ = g+]1 & ! decoration 0 n d]iv$ f ! haw?orn--a fl[] unkn[n 9 ,*9ese art4 ,b x is 9 ^! j>s t ! mod]n connoisseur1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 has f\nd ! complete/ expression & highe/ triumph ( ! art ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,no words are too /rong to express 8 en?usiasm4 ,we are especially told to look = a c]ta9 #8palpitat+ quality' 9 ! blue gr\nd4 ,we he> f ,dr4 ,bu%ell t ^! #8haw?orn j>s' are 9 ,*9a especially associat$ ) ! ,new ,ye>2 fill$ ) v>i\s objects !y are !n giv5 z pres5ts4 ,! decoration ( prunus fl[]s 7a species alli$ to our black?orn7 is reliev$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ice1 & x is ! r5d]+ ( ?is crackl$ ice 9 v>y+ %ades ( blue t gives ! special ca*et to ! w>e4#ajj ,!re is a curi\s v>iety ( blue & :ite 9 :i* ! outl9e ( ! design is fill$ up by a hat*+ ( cross-l9es z 9 an engrav+4 ,! prototype ( ?is k9d ( decoration probably dates f ,m+ times1 & x may possibly be d]iv$ f "s k9d ( textile4 ,,enamel ,,col\rs ,,ov] ,,! ,,glaze4--,we h already attempt$ to foll[ ! /ages by :i* ! application ( enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze f\nd its way into g5]al use4 ,we saw t be=e ! introduction ( fusible enamels melt+ at ! g5tle heat ( ! muffle-/ove1 some:at simil> effects 7 obta9$ by pa9t+ ) c]ta9 col\rs ^u ! already fir$ body or pa/e--on a biscuit gr\nd1 9 fact4 ,! col\r$ slip us$ 9 ?is way1 diff]+ 9 no respect f a true glaze1 0 !n subject$ to a fire ( m$ium int5sity1 t is to say1 x 0 expos$ to ! demi gr& feu ( ! kiln4 ,i ?9k t ! obscure problem ( ! nature ( ! col\r$ w>e s m9utely describ$ by ,*9ese writ]s & ascrib$ by !m to e>ly ,m+ times1 & ! relation ( ?is w>e to ! fir/ =ms ( ! famille v]te c only f9d its solution by all[+ a wid] play to ! use ( pa9t+ on biscuit & subsequ5t refir+1 & t !re may probably h exi/$ int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! demi gr& feu & ! fully develop$ muffle-/ove4 ,x is inde$ possible t ! same pieces may h successively be5 expos$ to bo? ^! fires4#aja ,! curi\s b[l1 ( v ar*aic aspect1 lately add$ to ! ,salt+ collection 7see note1 p4 #hi71 illu/rates well ! difficulties 9 accept+ z f9al a decision z to date bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! enamel4 ,?is b[l be>s ! ni5-hao ( ,*+-te 7#aeje-ba71 & may well date f t "t1 b among ! enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze we f9d a cobalt blue 7( a poor lav5d] t9t inde$72 we are told1 h[ev]1 t ! use ( cobalt z an enamel col\r 0 unkn[n be=e ! "t ( ,kang-he4#ajb ,( ! _m s*emes & v>ieties ( decoration t crop up 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury z a consequ5ce ( ! increas$ palette at ! comm& ( ! enamell] & ( ! miscellane\s dem& = =eign c\ntries1 we h already said some?+4 ,_m important types mu/ rema9 unm5tion$1 & "s are inde$ sc>cely repres5t$ 9 our home collections4 ,( ?is ,i w give1 9 conclusion1 a /rik+ in/ance4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! great collection at ,dresd51 n[ s admirably arrang$ by ,dr4 ,zimm]mann1 !re is p]haps no?+ m /rik+ ?an ! circul> /& cov]$ ) a trophy ( l>ge vases1 ! decoration ( :i*1 ?\gh bold 9 g5]al effect1 is entirely built up by f9e l9es ( iron-r$ help$ out by a little gold4 ,^! vases1 f _! f9e te*nique1 ,i %\ld assign to ! end ( ! reign ( ,kang-he1 or possibly to t ( ,yung-*5g 7#agbb-ce74 ,x is a curi\s fact t by ^! p>allel l9es ( iron-r$ an effect is produc$ at a di/ance v simil> to t obta9$ by a wa% ( ! r\ge d'or4 ,possibly ! aim 0 to imitate t col\r4 ,i h se5 a simil> effect produc$ by r$ hat*+ on "s ,engli% w>e ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is porcela9 0 made = ! ,p]sian m>ket1 z has be5 ass]t$1 = 9 t case we %\ld f9d specim5s ( x 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4#ajc ,!re is1 ,i ?9k1 only "o example ( ?is w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 ! ,salt+ collection only a pair ( insignificant cups & sauc]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 :ole classes ev5 ( eighte5? c5tury w>es are unrepres5t$4 ,i m5tion ^! facts to acc5tuate ! va/ field cov]$ by ,*9ese porcela94 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,*9ese manufactur$ = ! :ole civilis$ _w1 & t ! ta/e & fa%ion 9 ea* c\ntry influ5c$1 ?\gh (t5 v indirectly1 & 9 a way n always to be recognis$ at fir/ sight1 ! =ms & ! decoration ( ! objects export$ to x4 ,?is influ5ce1 mak+ = v>iety & *ange1 has be5 9 con/ant conflict )1 & has c\nt]act$1 ! native cons]vative habit4 ,x is an influ5ce t has probably made itself felt f v e>ly days1 b x culm9at$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,inde$ ! rapid decl9e ( ,*9ese porcela9 t set 9 be=e ! end ( t c5tury 0 9 no small degree promot$ by ! un9tellig5t dem& f ,we/]n c\ntries at t "t4 ,we %all lat] on h to look ^u ?is "q ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4 ,*9ese ,design 9 r$ & gold4 f a rev]s$ po9t ( view1 & we %all h to notice h[ ! fictile w>es ( o!r c\ntries 7 influ5c$1 & f9ally 9 "p replac$ by ! products ( ! kilns ( ,k+-te-*54 ,= 9 any g5]al hi/ory ( porcela9 ?is influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ ^u ! ,we/1 toge!r ) ! return curr5t f ,we/ to ,ea/1 is ! c5tral "q4 ,by be>+ 9 m9d ^! mutual influ5ces a simplicity & unity are giv5 to ?is hi/ory :i* we might look = 9 va9 9 t ( any o!r art ( equal importance4 ,h[ ! porcela9 ( ,k+-te-*5 f\nd its way at fir/ to ! surr\nd+ m9or /ates--to ,korea1 to ,indo-,*9a1 & to ,japan--& 0 m or less successfully copi$ 9 ^! c\ntries2 h[1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,india & 9 ,p]sia ! =eign w>e1 ?\gh long 9 g5]al use1 0 nev] imitat$2#ajd & h[1 f9ally1 aft] rea*+ ! ,*ri/ian ,we/ ?is porcela9 influ5c$ & 9 "p replac$ ! homemade fay5ce1 ev5 be=e ! secret ( its composition 0 discov]$--^!1 ,i ?9k1 are ! prime factors 9 ! hi/ory ( porcela94 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be conv5i5t to say some?+ ( ! porcela9 made 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 especially 9 ,japan1 be=e tak+ up ! subject ( ! ,*9ese comm]ce ) ,europe1 = ?is reason among o!rs3 ! products ( ! ,japanese kilns became s inextricably mix$ up ) ^? ( ,k+-te-*5 9 ! c\rse ( _! j\rney to ! ,we/1 t x w\ld be impossible to treat ( ! "o class ap>t f ! o!r4 ,b be=e end+ ) ! porcela9 ( ,*9a we mu/ take a rapid glance at a l>ge & complicat$ gr\p--t decorat$ :olly or 9 "p 9 ,european /yle4 ,q e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 p]haps be=e #agjj1 figures & gr\ps 9 pla9 :ite w>e1 = ! mo/ "p attir$ 9 ! ,european co/ume ( ! day1 7 export$ f ,*9a4 ,_m ( ^! grotesque figures may be se5 9 ! great ,dresd5 collection1 & a few 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,lat] on x became ! fa%ion = ! ,european m]*ants at ,canton to supply ! native enamell]s ( t city ) engrav+s1 to be copi$ by !m 9 col\rs on ! :ite w>e s5t d[n f ,k+-te-*54 ,9 o!r cases ! capta9 ( a ,dut* or ,engli% vessel ly+ 9 ! ,canton roads w\ld employ a native arti/ to decorate a plate or di% ) a picture ( 8 good %ip4 ,b ! mo/ frequ5t task giv5 to ^! ,canton enamell]s 0 ! reproduction ( elaborate coats ( arms ^u ! c5tre ( a plate or di%1 or sometimes ^u a :ole d9n]-s]vice4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a rem>kable collection ( ?is armorial *9a1 br\ght toge!r = ! mo/ "p by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4#aje ,ord]s came n f ,engl& alone1 b f ,holl&1 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 & ev5 ,russia4 ,s]vices 7 ?us decorat$ = ,fr$]ick ! ,great & o!r royal heads4 ,! practice seems to h be5 kept up dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b we d n "k ! precise date at :i* x 0 introduc$4 ,9 a few cases--! l>ge ,talbot plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is an in/ance 7,,pl4 ,,xxi47--! arms 7 pa9t$ 9 blue "u ! glaze1 & su* decoration 0 probably execut$ at ,k+-te-*54 ,! small plate ) ! ,okeov] arms 9 ! same collection 01 accord+ to ! family tradition1 ord]$ z e>ly z ! ye> #agjj1 b ! decoration 9 my op9ion w\ld und\bt$ly po9t to a lat] date#ajf 7,,pl4 ,,xii4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,*9ese1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,w>e ,x is h>dly necess>y at ! pres5t day to m5tion t ?is armorial *9a has no?+ to d ) ,l[e/(t4 ,a fictiti\s int]e/ 01 h[ev]1 long giv5 to ?is w>e by its /range attribution to t t[n4 ,mu* ,*9ese porcela91 ei!r pla9 :ite or sp>ely decorat$ "u ! glaze ) blue1 0 import$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 to be daub$ ov]1 (t5 9 ! wor/ ta/e1 ) a pr(usion ( gaudy col\rs1 9 ,holl&1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,engl&4 ,at ,v5ice1 too1 ! pla9 ,ori5tal w>e 0 at "o "t elaborately pa9t$ ) a black enamel4 ,m int]e/ atta*es to ! porcela9 enamell$ at ,canton = ! ,indian m>ket4 ,! ,*9ese seem 9 "s way to h associat$ ! yang-tsai or #8=eign col\rs' ) ! enamels made 9 ! s\? ( ,india1 especially at ,calicut1 & x is possible t ,indian patt]ns & s*emes ( col\r may h influ5c$ "s ( ! developm5ts ( ! famille rose4 ,! ,canton enamell]s mu/ at ! same "t h be5 work+ on ! ri*ly decorat$ w>e = ! ,siamese m>ket1 b x is on _! enamel pa9t+s on copp] t ! ,indo-,siamese influ5ce is *iefly se5 7see next *apt]74 ,nor 7 ^! exotic s*emes ( decoration conf9$ to ! ,canton enamell]s4 ,at m ?an "o "t !re 0 some?+ l a rage = copy+ =eign designs--,japanese1 among o!rs--at ,k+-te-*51 & t n = trade purposes alone1 = z we h m5tion$ already1 bo? ,kang-he & ,ki5-lung seem to h tak5 a pass+ int]e/ 9 ! /range productions ( ! out] b>b>ian4 ,( ! _m k9ds ( c]amic w>es made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,*9a :i* f ! opacity ( ! pa/e we _c class z porcela91 we c only m5tion two1 bo? ( :i* w\ld probably come "u ! head ( our kaol9ic /onew>e3--#a4 ,! ,,yi-,,hs+ ,,yao1 made at a place ( t "n n f> f ,%anghai1 :i* includes ! r$ unglaz$ w>e1 e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese = ! brew+ ( tea4 ,?is is ! s-call$ ,bocc>o successfully copi$ by ,bttg]4 ,sometimes we f9d ?is /onew>e pa9t$ ) enamel col\rs ?ickly laid on1 & ! design is (t5 acc5tuat$ by ridges or cloisons4 #b4 ,! ,,kuang ,,yao1 ( :i* !re are two classes4 ,! w>e made ne> ,amoy is a yell[i% to br[ni% /onew>e1 ?ickly glaz$ & rudely decorat$4 ,?is co>se pott]y is mu* 9 fav\r ) ! ,*9ese coloni/s 9 ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,aga9 9 ! s\? ( ! prov9ce ( ,kuang-tung1 at ,yang-*iang-hsi51 a r$di% /onew>e has long be5 made4 ,x is cov]$ ) a ?ick glaze1 (t5 mottl$1 m or less blue1 & sometimes resembl+ ! flamb glazes ( ,k+-te-*54 ,inde$ ?is ,kuang yao at "o "t 0 copi$ at ! latt] place4#ajg ,x is (t5 /at$ t true porcela9 0 made 9 ,kuang-tung1 b ! evid5ce on ! :ole is aga9/ ?is4 ,we w quote1 h[ev]1 :at ! ,abb ,raynal says 7,hi/oire du ,comm]ce des ,europens dans les ,deux ,indes1 #aggj74 ,he /ates t competition ) ,k+-te-*5 _h be5 ab&on$ #8except au vois9age de ,canton1 o on fabrique la porcela9e connue s\s le nom de porcela9e des ,indes4 ,la pte en e/ longue et facile2 mais en gnral les c\leurs sont trs infrieures4 ,t\tes les c\leurs1 except le bleu1 y relv5t en bosse et sont communm5t mal appliques4 ,la plup>t des tasses1 des assiettes et des autres vases que port5t nos ngocians1 sort5t de cette manufacture1 mo9s e/ime la ,*9e que ne le sont dans nos contres celles de fay5ce4#8#ajh ,comp>e ) ?is :at we h said ab\t ! r\gh porcela9 export$ to ,india 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7p4 #he74 ,s9ce ! ext9ction ( ! ,t+ kilns an opaque :ite /onew>e has be5 l>gely manufactur$ 9 ! nor?1 & ne> ,pek9 a common] e>!nw>e is l>gely made 7,bu%ell1 pp4 #fca-fch74 ,! bricks ) :i* ! ,porcela9 ,t[] ( ,nank9 0 con/ruct$ 7 = ! mo/ "p compos$ ( a kaol9ic /onew>e4 ,f9ally1 we %\ld po9t out t ne>ly all ^! v>i\s k9ds ( /onew>e are repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,korea ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,indo-,,*9ese ,,p59sula ,,korea ,! self-conta9$ culture ( ! ,middle ,k+dom spread at an e>ly "t to ! less advanc$ & m or less tribut>y c\ntries t surr\nd$ x3 on ! s\? to ! confus$ complex ( /ates t are conv5i5tly gr\p$ toge!r z ,indo-,*9a2 on ! nor? to ,korea2 & on ! ea/1 or m accurately on ! nor?-ea/1 to ,japan4 ,to ^! isl&s1 h[ev]1 ! ,*9ese civilisation = ! mo/ "p spread by way ( ,korea1 & z ?is 0 9 a measure ! r\te tak5 9 ! case ( ! pott]'s art1 x may be well to deal fir/ ) ! great nor!rn p59sula4 ,! ,*9ese claim to h conqu]$ & ev5 incorporat$ ,korea z long ago z ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg ,a4,d471 & ev5 be=e t "t ! c\ntry _h be5 ov]run by ! ,japanese4 ,! latt] p h at all times pres5t$ !mselves to ! ,koreans z ru?less conqu]ors & pirates1 & inde$ !y succe$$ dur+ _! la/ great exp$ition at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 sweep+ ! c\ntry s b>e t to ?is day its pov]ty & ! l[ /ate ( its arti/ic culture is g5]ally attribut$ to ?is gigantic razzia f :i* ! c\ntry nev] recov]$4 ,& yet ,korea has always tak5 a place 9 ,japanese e/imation second only to ,*9a z a s\rce ( _! arti/ic & practical k1 if n ( _! lit]ature & philosophy2 & ?is is especially ! case ) reg>d to ! pott]'s craft--! te*nical "p ( x above all4 ,"t & aga9 d we he> ( fam\s ,korean pott]s1 or ev5 ( :ole families & tribes1 be+ br\ght ov] & set to "w by ! local ,japanese rul] ei!r ) ! mat]ials !y br\ght ) !m1 or ) ! clays & glazes t _! exp]i5ce enabl$ !m to discov] 9 _! new homes4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ to f9d t aft] ! wond]s ( ,japan _h be5 laid op5 to ! admiration ( ! ,we/1 ! greate/ hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( f9d+ arti/ic treasures at lea/ z valuable 9 ! great p59sula to ! we/ :i* /ill rema9$ a =bidd5 l&4 ,fail+ direct evid5ce ( ?is weal?1 x became ! habit to attribute to ,korea any ,ori5tal w>e1 old or new1 ( :i* ! orig9 0 unkn[n4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 tak5 advantage ( by m ?an "o ent]pris+ deal]1 & :5 at a lat] "t ! c\ntry 0 9 a measure ?r[n op51 cases ( gorge\sly decorat$ ,japanese w>e1 br&-new f ,yokohama or ,nagasaki1 7 s5t r\nd by way ( ,*emulpo1 ! port ( ! ,korean capital1 s t _! ,korean orig9 c\ld be gu>ante$4 ,long be=e ?is1 ! home ( an important gr\p ( ,japanese porcela91 t n[ g5]ally kn[n z #8,kakiyemon1' _h be5 f\nd by ,jacquem>t 9 ,korea4 ,n[ t ( late ye>s ^! v>i\s fallacies & sup]*]ies h be5 expos$1 & t ! extreme pov]ty ( ! l& 9 arti/ic "w ( any k9d has be5 demon/rat$1 we may p]haps see a t5d5cy to an undue depreciation ( ! arti/ic capabilities ( ! c\ntry 9 =m] days4 ,we mu/ at any rate rememb] t ! ,japanese exp]ts1 :o are 9 ! be/ position to "k1 h always ma9ta9$ t ! ,koreans 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7 possess$ ( ! secret ( enamell+ 9 col\r ^u porcela91 or1 at all ev5ts1 t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! col\r$ glazes ( ! demi gr& feu1 & t s good an au?ority z ,capta9 ,br9kley has accept$1 z ( ,korean orig91 specim5s ( enamell$ w>e /ill exi/+ 9 ,japanese collections4 ,meantime we mu/ be cont5t$ ) ! scanty examples ( pott]y1 /onew>e1 & porcela9 t h be5 actually br\ght home f ,korea1 & among ^! pieces we mu/ discrim9ate betwe5 ! w>es ( native manufacture & ! porcela9 t _h be5 import$ f ,*9a1 ei!r ov]l& by way ( ,niu-*uang or across ! ,gulf ( ,pet*ili f ! ports ( ,%antung4 ,( late ye>s _m specim5s h be5 collect$1 *iefly at ,se\l1 ! capital1 especially by memb]s ( ! v>i\s =eign legations1 & "s ( ^! h f\nd _! way into ,european museums4#aji ,ap>t f "s small pieces ( mod]n blue & :ite & enamell$ w>es1 und\bt$ly ( true porcela91 b v r\gh 9 execution & poor 9 col\r1 :i* are said to be ( local manufacture1 we f9d3-- #a4 ,a pla9 :ite w>e (t5 %[+ signs ( age1 b app>5tly 9 no way diff]+ f ! ivory-:ite w>e ( ,fuki54 ,japanese exp]ts1 h[ev]1 claim to di/+ui% pieces ( ,korean orig94 ,su* specim5s are mu* valu$ 9 ,japan1 & "s are said to h be5 br\ght back aft] ! great exp$ition at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we f9d also specim5s ( a heavy :ite w>e1 ) decoration 9 a high relief1 :i* is und\bt$ly ( native orig94 ,at ,svres is a l>ge :ite vase1 ) dragons 9 relief1 br\ght f ,se\l4 #b4 ,celadon porcela91 ( _m types4 ,( ?is w>e !re are _m specim5s 9 our museums4 ,at ,svres we f9d two b[ls ( a f9e ri* t9t ( olive gre51 pres5t$ by ! ,k+ ( ,korea to ! late ,presid5t ,c>not #8z ! mo/ valuable ( ! anci5t productions ( 8 poor c\ntry4' ,9 ! same collection may be se5 a case full ( important specim5s br\ght back 9 #ahic by ,m4 de ,plancy1 ! ,fr5* diplomatic ag5t at ,se\l4 ,among !m are "s l>ge rude celadon vases1 "o ) "s attempts at blue decoration "u ! glaze4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are sev]al celadon b[ls1 "s ) m\ld$ floral patt]ns 9 relief4 ,among "s b[ls ( a greyi% celadon f ,korea1 9 ! ,e?nographical ,museum at ,dresd51 ,i notic$ "s ) an unglaz$ r+ on ! upp] surface1 po9t+ to a primitive me?od ( support 9 ! furnace1 p]haps simil> to t =m]ly employ$ 9 ,siam4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell quotes f a ,*9ese "w on ,korea1 writt5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 an acc\nt ( ! elaborately m\ld$ w9e-cups & vessels ( all k9ds made 9 t c\ntry4 ,?is w>e is describ$ z ( a k+fi%] gre51 b x may probably be reg>d$ z a full-col\r$ v>iety ( celadon4 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by a lat] ,*9ese "w 7publi%$ #achg71 :i* di/9ctly says--,i quote f ,dr4 ,bu%ell's translation--#8,! c]amic objects produc$ 9 ! anci5t ,korean kilns 7 ( a greyi% gre5 col\r resembl+ ! celadon w>e ( ,lung-*uan4 ,!re 0 "o k9d ov]laid ) :ite sprays ( fl[]s1 b ?is 0 n valu$ s v highly' 7,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 p4 #fha74 #c4 ,an important class ( ,korean w>e is =m$ by ! co>sely crackl$ pieces ( br[ni% or yell[ col\r1 :i* 9 ,*9a w\ld probably be class$ z ,ko yao4 ,^! are (t5 r\ghly decorat$ ) daubs ( blue "u ! glaze1 resembl+ 9 ?is "s ( ! old] pieces br\ght f ,borneo4 #d4 ,a greyi% w>e1 inlaid ) designs ( :ite slip1 on ! pr9ciple ( our #8encau/ic tiles' ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is is p]haps ! only orig9al type t we c connect ) ,korea1 & x w\ld seem t ?is is ! w>e allud$ to at ! end ( ! quotation we h j giv5 f an old ,*9ese book4 ,?is inlaid w>e appe>s to h be5 greatly admir$ by ! ,japanese1 = x 0 closely imitat$ 9 m ?an "o di/rict4 ,! well-kn[n ,yatsu%iro pott]y1 fir/ made 9 ! prov9ce ( ,higo 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is di/9ctly a copy ( ?is ,korean model4 ,among ! specim5s at ,svres br\ght home by ,m4 de ,plancy1 !re is a tall vase ( ?is type cut d[n 9 ! neck decorat$ ) fly+ cranes 9 :ite slip4 ,?is w>e1 h[ev]1 is n a true porcela92 at ! be/ x is a k9d ( kaol9ic /onew>e1 & ! same may be said ( mo/ ( ! old heavy pieces br\ght back f ,korea4 ,!re is n mu* 9 ! way ( decorative design to be f\nd on any ( ! v>ieties ( ,korean porcela9 or /onew>e t we h n[ describ$1 & we may look 9 va9 among ! few ornam5tal motifs to be f\nd on ^! w>es = any m>k$ div]g5cy f ,*9ese types4 ,,siam ,,& ,,! ,,indo-,,*9ese ,,p59sula4 ,"u ! some:at vague head+ ( ,indo-,*9a we w collect a few notes ^u ! specim5s ( porcela9 t h be5 f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /ates into :i* ! great p59sula t /ret*es s\? betwe5 ! ,*9a ,sea & ! ,bay ( ,b5gal is divid$4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! arti/ic productions ( all ^! c\ntries1 we f9d "o m>k$ *>act]i/ic2 & t is ! way 9 :i* ,*9ese =ms & ,*9ese decorative motifs h pu%$ _! way 9 & 9 "p replac$ ! old ,buddhi/ & ,brahmani/ic /yles4 ,z matt]s n[ /&1 ! mo/ important = u ( ^! /ates is ,siam1 = "h we are at once br\ght face to face ) "o ( ! places ( manufacture ( ! fam\s heavy celadon w>e :i* 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 c>ri$ by ,arab & ,*9ese trad]s ov] all ! seas ( ! !n kn[n _w4 ,we %all h 9 a lat] *apt] to come back to ! "q ( ?is trade1 & !n we %all be able to %[ t ! discussion z to ! orig9 ( ?is m>tabani w>e has be5 ! means1 z is inde$ (t5 ! case 9 su* disputes1 ( ?r[+ mu* light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,= ! pres5t we are only conc]n$ ) an important discov]y q rec5tly made n f> f ! fronti] ( ,siam & ,pegu4 ,_m specim5s ( celadon1 "s ( ! old] type1 h come 9 rec5t ye>s f v>i\s p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a4 ,9 ! museum at ,svres are "s pieces ( r\gh greyi% w>e1 ) a ?ick1 irregul>ly crackl$ glaze1 br\ght back 9 #ahic by ! ,mission ,f\rn]eux f ,siam & ,cambodia2 among ^! fragm5ts ( old celadon we f9d a pair ( contort$ b[ls1 fus$ toge!r 9 ! kiln1 9 fact und\bt$ #8wa/]s1' su* z c\ld only be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! furnaces :]e !y 7 fir$4 ,at ! in/igation ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,mr4 ,lyle has lately explor$ ! rema9s ( old pott]ies n[ hidd5 9 deep jungle1 at a place call$ ,sawankalok1 n f> f ! we/]n fronti] ( ,siam4 ,^! old kilns are situat$ "s two hundr$ miles to ! nor? ( ,bangkok1 & ab\t ! same di/ance f ! port ( ,molme9 7,malm574 ,to %[ ! importance ( ?is discov]y1 we ne$ only po9t out t ne> to ! latt] t[n lies ! old port ( ,m>taban1 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ! m$ival trade ( ! ,arabs1 & f :i*1 d\btless1 ! "n ( ,m>tabani1 by :i* celadon w>e has always be5 kn[n 9 ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/1 is d]iv$4 ,among ! _m fragm5ts br\ght back by ,mr4 ,lyle are "s :i* f _! di/9ct transluc5cy1 & f ! :it5ess & ! con*oidal fracture ( ! pa/e1 may be unhesitat+ly class$ z true porcela94 ,! col\r ( ! glaze v>ies f a prevail+ greyi% gre5 to a f9e turquoise t9t 9 a few specim5s4 ,t ! w>e 0 made on ! spot is prov$ by ! pres5ce ( _m defective pieces--#8wa/]s' t _h be5 ?r[n away--z well z by ! num]\s conical props 7= ! support ( ! w>e 9 ! kiln7 f\nd mix$ ) ! fragm5ts4 ,on ^! tall1 nozzle-%ap$ props ! plates & b[ls 7 support$ 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,x is by ?is unusual me?od ( support t we may acc\nt = ! fact t ! glaze cov]s ! :ole ( ! l[] surface--s exceptional an occurr5ce 9 ! case ( porcela9--& at ! same "t = ! abs5ce ( ! glaze f a r+-l portion ( ! upp] surface4 ,we may note t a simil> di/ribution ( ! glaze is f\nd occasionally on l>ge plates ( ! old heavy w>e br\ght f o!r c\ntries2 ( ?is !re are notable examples 9 ! museum at ,go?a 7see p4 #gb74 ,! gr\nd 9 ^! ,siamese specim5s has assum$ :]e expos$1 b !re only1 ! deep r$ s admir$ by ! ,*9ese 9 ! old ,lung-*uan w>e4 ,! pa/e1 9 _m ( ! examples1 has be5 m\ld$ 9 l[ relief 9 ! *>act]i/ic lotus-leaf patt]n1 :ile on a few pieces !re is a r\gh decoration 9 gre5i% black "u ! glaze4 ,all remembrance ( ^! old kilns has completely pass$ away1 & at ! pres5t day ! local m>ket is suppli$ ) a r\gh /onew>e br\ght ov]l& f ,yunnan4#aaj ,! porcela9 n[ f\nd 9 ,siam1 ( :i* _m specim5s h be5 lately br\ght to ,europe1 is ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,?is is ! highly decorat$ enamell$ w>e :i* may be class$ ) ! famille rose f ! preval5ce ( ! r\ge d'or among ! enamels4 ,?is w>e1 none ( :i* c be e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is c]ta9ly made 9 ,*9a1 b ! pres5ce 9 ! decoration ( ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,*9ese c]ta9 peculi> ,buddhi/ types makes x r difficult to believe t ! enamell+ 0 9 all cases execut$ 9 ,canton4 ,x is true t 9 ! col\rs1 & 9 ! g5]al /yle ( ! decoration1 we are (t5 rem9d$ ( ! well-kn[n ,cantonese enamels on copp]4 ,! :ite surface ( ! gr\nd is1 = ! mo/ "p1 entirely hidd5 by a floral decoration2 b amid ?is1 on m$allions surr\nd$ by tongues ( flame1 we f9d c5taur-l mon/]s ) human heads1 above :i* rise almond-%ap$ nimbi4 ,f ! top ( ! cov] ( ! hemisph]ical b[ls--! commone/ =m--rises a knob 9 ! %ape ( ! ,buddhi/ jewel4 ,! enamel ( ?is w>e appe>s to scale (f readily1 z if f imp]fect fir+4 ,! prevail+ col\rs are a deep r$ = ! gr\nd1 & a bright gre5 reliev$ ) :ite & yell[ = ! design 7,,pl4 ,,xxii474 ,:ile ! f9] specim5s1 z we h already said1 rem9d u ( ! ,canton enamels1 o!rs sugge/ r1 9 ! s*eme ( col\r & decoration1 ! pa9t$ & lacqu]$ b[ls ( ,india & ,ceylon4 ,9 ! ,indian ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 an exceptionally f9e collection ( ?is ,s9ico-,siamese porcela91 l5t by ,signor ,c>du1 & a good opportunity is "h provid$ = comp>+ its decoration ) t on ! r\gh e>!nw>e f ,ceylon & v>i\s p>ts ( ,india :i* is exhibit$ 9 adjac5t cases4 ,a co>se k9d ( porcela9 is made 9 ,annam4 ,at ,svres are "s cups pres5t$ by ! envoy f t k+dom4 ,! rude patt]n ( bamboos pa9t$ 9 blue1 s\s c\v]te1 on a greyi% pa/e1 does n give an exalt$ idea ( ,annamese civilisation4 ,9 ,japan we sometimes f9d specim5s ( a some:at r\gh b picturesquely decorat$ w>e1 h>dly a true porcela91 ,i ?9k1 :i* f ! c\ntry ( its orig9 is kn[n z ,ko*i4 ,f ! nature & col\r ( its glaze x may be comp>$ to "s ( ! old ,*9ese w>es ( ! demi gr& feu1 & aga91 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 to ! e>li] types ( ! ,japanese porcela9 ( ,kaga & ,im>i4 ,ko*i has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,co*9-,*9a1 b z ! geographical ideas ( ! ,japanese z to =eign /ates 7 n v def9ite--d]iv$ z !y 7 f ! ,*9ese geograph]s ( ! ,m+ p]iod--we may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 look+ fur!r nor? = ! s\rce ( ?is w>e1 ei!r 9 ,tonqu9 or 9 "s "p ( ,kuang-tung1 ! s\!rnmo/ prov9ce ( ,*9a4#aaa ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,japan ,9 any assemblage ( ! c]amic products ( ,japan1 m especially 9 "o ( native orig91 x w be se5 t porcela9 no long]1 z 9 ,*9a1 holds ! place ( hon\r4 ,?is place w\ld be tak51 9 su* a collection1 by a s]ies ( small b[ls & j>s mo/ly ( a d>k-col\r$ e>!nw>e1 :i* (f] little to attract a ,european eye4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,we/]n collector ( ,japanese c]amics w\ld be likely to f9d m to int]e/ him 9 ! decorat$ fay5ce ( :i* ! kilns ( ,kioto & ,satsuma h furni%$ ! mo/ exquisite examples4 ,& yet1 p]haps1 9 no c\ntry1 n ev5 9 ,*9a1 d we f9d porcela91 & t ( a high te*nical quality1 s l>gely employ$ = dome/ic use4 ,! commone/ coolie eats 8 rice or dr9ks 8 tea or sak f a b[l or cup ( porcela91 :ile to f9d specim5s ( ! old r\gh /onew>e or e>!nw>e we mu/ explore ! ,kura--! firepro( /oreh\ses ( ! ri* noble or m]*ant--:]e1 wrapp$ 9 cases ( old brocade1 ^! little objects are c>efully pres]v$ & classifi$4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to ent] into ! causes1 political1 social1 &1 we may add1 also psy*ological1 t h influ5c$ ! ,japanese m9d 9 ?us associat+ all t is ref9$ & intellectual ) a class ( pott]y 9 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 ! arti/ic possibilities are conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,b1 z is n[ well kn[n1 ?is t5d5cy has be5 fo/]$ by ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! social ga!r+s kn[n z ! ,*a-no-yu 7lit]ally #8hot wat] = tea#871 :5 ! p[d]$ tea is prep>$ 9 & drunk f examples ( ^! primitive w>es4 ,on su* occasions ! criticism & measur$ praise ( ! ut5sils employ$ =ms an important--inde$ an almo/ obligatory--"p ( ! conv]sation among ! gue/s4 ,! m]its ( ,*9ese porcela91 h[ev]1 h long be5 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,japanese4 ,possibly z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury specim5s ( celadon 7 import$4 ,direct communication ) ,*9a has inde$ s9ce t "t be5 subject to _m int]ruptions1 & x has at all times be5 c>ri$ on subject to gall+ re/rictions & heavy duties levi$ by ! gov]nm5ts ( bo? c\ntries4 ,! ,japanese h at _m times made piratical desc5ts ^u ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 & among ! loot ?us obta9$ _m f9e pieces ( ,*9ese porcela9 may h f\nd _! way to ,japan4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a p]iod 9 ! fifte5? c5tury dur+ :i* a pretty /eady trade 0 kept up1 "u ! patronage ( ! pleasure-lov+ ,a%ikaga ,%oguns1 & _m specim5s ( ! e>li] ,m+ porcela9 mu/ h rea*$ ,japan at t "t4 ,x has always be5 ! celadon w>e t has f\nd mo/ fav\r ) ! ,japanese1 & fabul\s prices 71 & inde$ /ill are1 giv5 = f9e pieces4 ,we may note t su* specim5s are z a rule associat$ 9 ! ,japanese m9d ) ! ,yuan or ,mongol dyna/y4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 x 0 n to ?is direct int]c\rse ) ,*9a t ! ,japanese attribute _! k ( c]amic processes4 ,f an e>ly date ne>ly all t !y knew ( ! cont95tal l&s ( ,asia seems to h rea*$ !m f ,korea1 a c\ntry :]e !y play$ alt]nately ! "p ( ru?less invad]s & deva/ators1 & ( eag] & submissive /ud5ts4 ,let u !n rapidly glance ov] ! records pres]v$ by ! ,japanese ( _! e>ly lessons 9 ! pott]'s art1 t we may bett] und]/& ! conditions "u :i* ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 at l5g? e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,( ! e>ly pott]y ( ,japan--rude figures1 c(f9s1 & /range-%ap$ vases ( co>se e>!nw>e dat+ f ! e>ly c5turies ( our era--we "k1 ?anks to ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,g[l&1 mu* m ?an we d ( ! products ( a simil> /age ( culture 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum we may see a collection1 unique ( its k9d 9 ,europe1 ( prehi/oric objects1 f\nd mo/ ( !m 9 or ar\nd ! dolm5 tombs ( ! e>ly emp]ors1 & br\ght toge!r 9 ,japan by t en]getic explor]4 ,z1 accord+ to ,japanese tradition1 ,korean pott]s 7 9 ^? e>ly days already settl$ 9 ,japan1 we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d t vessels ( v simil> %ape1 b ( a r bett] w>e1 h also be5 f\nd 9 ,korean tombs4 ,! e>lie/ w>e ^: orig9 we c trace to a def9ite spot1 is t =m]ly made at ,k>atsu1 9 ,hiz51 ne> to ! great porcela9 di/rict ( lat] days4 ,korean pott]s are traditionally report$ to h be5 e/abli%$ "h z f> back z ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,( ?is primitive w>e we w only note t ! pieces 7 plac$ 9 ! kiln 9 an inv]t$ position1 ei!r )\t supports 7! ,ku*i-na%i-de1 or #8unglaz$ orifice w>e#871 or support$ by two props ( rectangul> section 7! ,geta oko%i1 or #8clog supports#874 ,?is is a po9t ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! simil> devices us$ 9 fir+ "s ( ! e>ly celadon4 ,b1 z ,capta9 ,br9kley po9ts out 7,! ,*rysan!mum1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ah71 x 0 ! introduction ( tea f ,*9a#aab e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury t gave rise1 = ! fir/ "t1 to a dem& = a bett] k9d ( pott]y4 ,kato ,%irozayemon1 a native ( ,ow>i1 made1 we are told1 a five ye>s' visit to ,*9a ab\t ?is "t 7he return$ to 8 native village ( ,seto 9 #abbc7 9 ord] to /udy ! pott]'s craft4 ,! w>e t he succe$$ 9 mak+ on 8 return to ,japan has a r$di% br[n pa/e cov]$ ) a d>k glaze1 /reak$ & pat*$ ) light] t9ts4 ,?is 0 probably m or less an imitation ( ! ,ki5 yao1 ! #8h>e-fur' cups made 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fuki5 9 late ,sung times4#aac ,^! cups1 s priz$ by ! ,japanese1 are ( int]e/ to u1 z !y may1 9 "s degree1 be reg>d$ z ! ance/ral type f :i* ! long s]ies ( ,japanese tea-b[ls is d]iv$4 ,b nei!r ! w>e ( ,to%iro 7he is g5]ally kn[n by ?is %ort5$ =m ( 8 "n71 nor t ( 8 foll[]s1 has any claim to be class$ z porcela94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f ,seto1 ! native village ( ,to%iro1 :]e he set up 8 kilns on 8 return f ,*9a1 t ! commone/ ,japanese "n = all k9ds ( c]amic w>e1 b m especially = porcela91 is d]iv$1 & ! di/rict is n[ a great c5tre = ! production ( blue & :ite porcela94 ,ap>t f ?is d>k w>e & f ! heavy celadon1 x w\ld seem t at ?is "t1 & ev5 lat]1 ! only true porcela9 kn[n to ! ,japanese 0 ! :ite transluc5t w>e ( ,korea1 itself probably an (f%oot ( "s e>ly =m ( ,t+ w>e4 ,t ,to%iro1 :o mu/ h travell$ 9 ,fuki5 b>ely two g5]ations e>li] ?an ,m>co ,polo1 %\ld only h le>n$ to make ?is "o k9d ( d>k w>e1 %[s h[ locally circumscrib$ 0 ! k & use 9 ,*9a1 9 ,sung times1 ( diff]5t k9ds ( porcela94 ,we h to wait ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s = ! fir/ attempts at ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,japan4 ,gorodayu ,%onsui1 ! second great "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese c]amics1 made 8 way to ,fu*[ e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he probably visit$ ,k+-te-*51 & return$ to ,japan 9 ! ye> #aeac1 br++ ) him specim5s ( ! mat]ials us$ by ! ,*9ese1 bo? = ! pa/e & = ! glaze ( _! porcela94 ,b al?\gh ,%onsui on 8 return settl$ at ,arita1 9 ! c5tre ( :at 0 at a lat] "t ! pr9cipal porcela9 di/rict ( ,japan1 he appe>s nev] to h discov]$ ! preci\s deposits ( kaol9 9 ! neighb\r+ hills2 = :5 ! supplies br\ght f ,*9a came to an end1 he & 8 successors _h to fall back ^u ! manufacture ( fay5ce4 ,a few specim5s ( ! w>e he made h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,japan1 & x has (t5 be5 copi$ s9ce ,%onsui's "t--ev5 9 ,*9a1 x is said4 ,x is a fair imitation ( ! ,m+ blue & :ite1 & we may note t ! plum-blossom (t5 occurs 9 ! decoration4 ,we are told t ! secret ( ! process ( enamel pa9t+ 0 rigor\sly kept f ,%onsui4 ,we h se5 t x is at lea/ d\btful :e!r ?is process 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese at t "t1 b ! ref]5ce may be to ! w>e cov]$ ) poly*rome pa9t$ glazes4 ,!re are two pieces attribut$ to ,%onsui1 on native evid5ce1 9 ! hi/orical collection ( ,japanese pott]y at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 b x is v d\btful :e!r ^! v ord9>y pieces ( blue & :ite are ev5 z old z ! lat] date 7#aehj-ij7 some:at /rangely attribut$ to !m on ! same au?ority4 ,& n[ ! ,korean pott] is f\nd aga9 on ! sc5e4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,risampei1 a native ( t c\ntry1 to recognise = ! fir/ "t--9 #aeii1 x is said--! value ( ! :ite crumbl+ rocks out-cropp+ on ! hills t rise at ! back ( ,arita4 ,"h he built 8 kilns & succe$$ 9 mak+ a fairly good imitation ( ! ,*9ese blue & :ite :i* 0 n[ becom+ m & m 9 reque/ z an article ( comm]ce4 ,at ?is /age we are br\ght into contact n only ) ! local hi/ory & ! politics ( ! day1 b ) ! great que/ions ( _w traffic t 7 be+ f\ght out at ! "t4 ,! ri* we/]n isl& ( ,kiu%iu _h long be5 ! pr9cipal seat ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,portuguese & ,spani% mission>ies4 ,!y _h n[h]e m conv]ts ?an on ! coa/s ( ,hiz5 & on ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,s t to "o or m ( ^! e>ly kilns e/abli%$ ne> ,arita we may reasonably assign "s at lea/ ( ^? /range plates1 pa9t$ ) ,biblical subjects1 t h excit$ s mu* curiosity4 ,i w only po9t to ! l>ge di% ) an elaborate picture ( ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ 9 ! c5tre1 n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7,,pl4 ,,xiv474 ,! subject is pa9t$ 9 blue "u ! glaze & height5$ by gild+4 ,ar\nd ! edge we f9d a design ( little nak$ boys--amor9i1 9 fact--play+ among fl[]s4#aad ,we c f9d no?+ 9 ! ,japanese records to ?r[ light on ! porcela9 made 9 ,hiz5 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b mu* ( ! some:at r\ghly decorat$ blue & :ite w>e 7! l>g] di%es especially1 made = ,india & ,p]sia7 has be5 class$1 on ! gr\nd ( ! occurr5ce ( spur-m>ks1 & ( ! nature ( ! pa/e & decoration1 z ,japanese4#aae ,"s ( ?is w>e may be z old z ?is "t1 :5 7,i mean %ortly be=e ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury7 ! dem& f ! ,we/ 0 ev] increas+1 & ! ,*9ese supply 0 s unc]ta9 & s inf]ior 9 quality4 ,meantime ! ,dut* & ,engli% factories on ! isl& ( ,hirado1 opposite to ! pott]y di/rict ( ,im>i1 7 f9ally clos$ 7#afda71 & all communication ) ! outside _w prohibit$4 ,! only exception made 0 9 fav\r ( ! /rictly limit$ comm]ce c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! ,dut* & ,*9ese m]*ants1 :o 7 conf9$ 9 _! prison-l factories at ,nagasaki4#aaf ,n[ x is a rem>kable fact t our fir/ def9ite in=mation conc]n+ ! introduction ( ,japanese porcela9 into ,europe dates f ?is v p]iod1 & x is to approximately ! same date t ! ,japanese ascribe ! introduction ( col\r$ enamels among ! ,hiz5 pott]s4 ,"o ,higa%idori ,tokuzayemon1 a pott] ( ,im>i1 is said to h d]iv$ "s k ( ! preci\s secret f ! capta9 ( a ,*9ese junk trad+ at ,nagasaki 9 #afdh4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ,kakiyemon1 a skill$ pott] ( ! same di/rict1 he succe$$ 9 imitat+ ! five-col\r$ enamell$ w>es ( ! ,wan-li p]iod4 ,ano!r ,japanese au?ority#aag gives ! "n ( 8 assi/ant z ,gosu ,gombei1 & /ates t by #afde1 aft] _m fruitless exp]im5ts1 !y 7 able to produce a w>e decorat$ ) col\r$ enamels & ) gold & silv]1 :i* 0 export$ at fir/ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ,*9ese m]*ant1 & %ortly aft] sold to ! ,dut*4 ,s f> f ,japanese s\rces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we he> ( an e>ly ,dut* ambassador s5t f ,batavia--#8,le ,sieur ,wag5a>1 gr& connoisseur et =t habile dans ces sortes d#8uvres#8--9 fact himself a design] ( patt]ns1 "o ( :i*1 x is said--:ite fl[]s on a blue gr\nd--f\nd great fav\r at ?is "t4 ,9 ! same "w#aah we are told t ?is g5tleman1 :o comb9$ ! mo/ delicate diplomatic negotiations ) practical comm]cial und]tak+s1 took back ) him to ,batavia m ?an tw5ty ?\s& pieces ( pla9 :ite w>e 7#afcd-ce74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v probable t ! ,dut* may h _h a great deal to d ) ! introduction ( col\r$ enamels into ,japan4 ,we mu/ rememb] t dur+ ?is "t 7say betwe5 #afcj & #afej7 two important s]ies ( ev5ts 7 com+ to pass :i* revolutionis$ ! ,ea/]n trade4 ,^! 71 fir/1 9 ,*9a ! tr\bles att5d+ ! expulsion ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 includ+ ! burn+ ( ,k+-te-*5 & ! /oppage ( ! supply ( porcela9 = %ipp+ at ,canton2 & secondly1 ! f9al triumph ( ! anti-,*ri/ian p>ty 9 ,japan1 & ! clos+ ( ! c\ntry to =eign]s4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 if ! ,dut* ambassador 0 emp[]$ to (f] almo/ any t]ms to ! ,japanese1 provid$ t ! latt] w\ld only make an exception 9 fav\r ( ! m]*ants ( 8 c\ntry4 ,turn+ n[ f ! records ( ! ,japanese & ( ! ,dut* m]*ants1 let u exam9e ! specim5s ( ,japanese porcela9 t we f9d 9 our olde/ ,european collections1 & :i* we may reasonably assign to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ap>t f ! blue & :ite1 we f9d "h two classes ( enamell$ w>e :i* we n[ "k to be ( ,japanese orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,japanese1 ,,kakiyemon ,,enamell$ ,,w>e ,x may inde$ be said t x 0 9 ! sep>ation1 & 9 ! def9ite attribution to ,japan1 ( ^! two gr\ps1 t ! fir/ /ep 0 made t[>ds a sci5tific classification ( ,ori5tal porcela91 & = ?is "w we are *iefly indebt$ to ! lab\rs ( ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4 ,we w fir/ deal ) :at may on ! :ole be reg>d$ z ! olde/ gr\p4 ,,kakiyemon ,,w>e4--,"u ?is "n x w be conv5i5t to describe ! compact gr\p ( decorat$ porcela9 t we f9d tak+ s prom95t a place 9 our old collections4 ,( ?is w>e !re is a mo/ repres5tative s]ies ( specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!re are also _m int]e/+ pieces scatt]$ ?r\gh ! rooms ( ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ?is ,kakiyemon w>e are ! creamy-:ite pa/e1 )\t ! blui% t+e s common 9 o!r ,japanese porcela91 ! m\ld$ =ms 79 ! case ( ! small vases & ( ! di%es ) scallop$ edges71 & above all ! peculi> nature ( ! decoration t is some:at sp>ely scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,"h we f9d ! well-kn[n comb9ation ( ! p9e1 ! bamboo1 & ! plum 7,japanese ,%o-*iku-bai7 associat$ ) qua9tly execut$ figures 9 old ,*9ese co/ume4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is (t5 f\nd a curi\s h$ge or trellis-f5ce ( /raw or ru%es1 & at times1 at ! side1 a grotesque tig] is se5 disport+ 9 /range attitudes 7,,pl4 ,,xxiii474 ,exotic birds1 s+ul>ly ill-drawn1 are sometimes se51 b individual fl[]s are introduc$ ) great decorative feel+--witness ! sprig ( poppy1 a r>e fl[] 9 ,japanese art1 on a plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!re is a non-,japanese elem5t 9 ! design :i* seems to hamp] ! native arti/1 b :e!r ?is elem5t is to be s\ght 9 ,holl& or 9 ,korea--or p]haps 9 a degree 9 bo?--is q unc]ta94#aai ,z = ! enamel col\rs employ$1 ! mo/ important po9t is ! use ( a blue enamel ov] ! glaze4 ,?is col\r is freely employ$ 9 comb9ation ) ! usual opaque r$4 ,! o!r col\rs1 m sp>+ly us$1 are a gre5 ( em]ald t9t1 a pale yell[1 & a poori% purple4 ,! full comm& ( a f9e-col\r$ blue enamel at s e>ly a date is int]e/+4 ,9 ! e>li] ,*9ese examples ?is col\r is poor1 & ! enamel is apt to *ip (f4 ,on a few r>e pieces ( ?is ,kakiyemon porcela9 we see ! blue appli$ "u ! glaze1 & !re is "o specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum on :i* ! two me?ods are comb9$4 ,we r>ely come ^u specim5s ( ?is w>e 9 ,japan4 ,9 ,*9a1 at "o "t1 x 0 copi$ = exportation1 & ,dr4 ,bu%ell ?9ks t ! porcela9 class$ z ,tung-yang-tsai or #8,japanese col\rs1' 9 ! "t ( ,kang-he1 is ( ?is class4 ,a l>ge octagonal j> at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 some:at crudely decorat$ 9 ! ,kakiyemon /yle1 :i* came f ,p]sia1 may possibly be ( ,*9ese orig94 ,!re is1 at any rate1 no d\bt t ?is is ! w>e kn[n1 p]haps two hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 ,france z ! premire qualit colore1 & 9 ,engl& & ,g]many z #8old ,ea/ ,indian1' ,x 0 res]v$ = ,jacquem>t to class x z ,korean4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 rem>kable t 9 nei!r ! ,japanese nor ! ,dut* records ( ! "t d we f9d any notice ( a decoration at all resembl+ t f\nd on ?is w>e4 ,any h9t t is giv5 f ^! s\rces w\ld apply mu* bett] to ! class ( porcela9 t we h next to describe4 ,9 lat] *apt]s we %all see t ! important position giv5 to ?is ,kakiyemon porcela9 by our ance/ors is reflect$ 9 ! decoration appli$ to m ?an "o ( ! e>ly w>es ( ,europe4 ,,im>i ,,or ,,old ,,japan4--,! _m kilns t sprung up 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz5 dur+ ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,,*9ese4 #b4 ,,japanese4 c\rse ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 along ! slope ( ! hills t produc$ bo? ! *9a-/one & ! *9a-clay1 7 *iefly occupi$ 9 mak+ blue & :ite porcela91 ! sometsuke or #8dy$' w>e ( ! ,japanese1 & ?is1 we may add1 is /ill ! case4 ,! und]glaze blue inde$ has always rema9$ ! dom9ant elem5t 9 ! ,im>i porcela91 & to judge by ! old] pieces ! employm5t ( o!r col\rs crept 9 gradually4 ,?is blue is g5]ally ( a peculi> d>k lav5d] or slaty t9t1 & ) ! addition to x ( a little gild+ we obta9 already ! g5]al effect ( ! #8old ,japan' decoration4 ,:5 to ! blue & gold 0 add$ an opaque iron-r$ 7f ?is pigm5t ! ,japanese succe$$ 9 obta9+ a great v>iety ( f9e t9ts71 we atta9 to a s*eme ( decoration :i*1 at fir/ sight1 gives ! impression ( be+ built up ) a full palette ( col\rs2 ?is is ! typical ni%iki-de or #8brocad$' w>e ( ! ,japanese 7,,pl4 ,i474 ,inde$ 9 _m ( ! f9e/ specim5s we f9d no?+ beyond ^! ?ree col\rs--blue1 r$1 & gold4 ,b ! blue1 d]iv$ f ! native ore1 ! concretion>y #8wad1' conta9+ g5]ally m manganese ?an cobalt1 is (t5 :olly or 9 "p replac$ z ! dom9ant col\r by a glossy black pa9t$ ov] ! glaze1 & ?is1 too1 9 specim5s ) "s claims to antiquity4 ,! o!r col\rs ( ! ,*9ese #8p5tad1' ! gre51 ! yell[1 & ! purple1 g5]ally occupy q subord9ate positions4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 ?is w>e we nev] f9d ! blue appli$ z an enamel ov] ! glaze4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to reg>d ! :ole s]ies ( ,im>i enamell$ porcela9 z made only = exportation4 ,x is true t ! l>ge vases & plates ) ! well-kn[n effective b some:at ov]load$ decoration are n f\nd 9 ,japan1 al?\gh su* pieces h be5 made at ,arita = ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s = exportation f ,nagasaki2 b ! m quietly decorat$ w>e ( ,im>i1 9 endless =ms & ) decoration ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 has long be5 9 g5]al dome/ic use1 & _m small] pieces ( great arti/ic beauty h be5 lately obta9$ f ,japanese collections4#abj ,9 fact1 ! e>ly enamell$ w>es ( ,im>i are recognis$ by ! ,japanese z ! fons et origo ( mo/ ( ! decorat$ porcela91 to say no?+ ( ! lat] pott]y1 ( _! c\ntry4 ,we h se5 h[ our #8old ,japan' gr\p />t$ f a slight modification ( ! blue & :ite1 b we mu/ f9d place also = an e>ly w>e decorat$ 9 five col\rs1 some:at 9 ! ,wan-li /yle4 ,( ?is w>e b few pieces survive4 ,! tradition1 h[ev]1 0 c>ri$ on at ,kutani & at _m ( ! ,kioto kilns 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,kizayemon family obta9$ ! privilege ( supply+ ! porcela91 decorat$ ) cranes & *rysan!mums1 = ! p]sonal use ( ! ,mikado1 & at ! pres5t day a memb] ( ?is family is said to /ill claim ! "r ( purvey+ to ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,x is to "o ( ^! ,kizayemons1 b n until ! ye> #aggj1 t ! m]it ( ! inv5tion ( segg>s = hold+ ! porcela9 9 ! kiln is giv5 by ! ,japanese4 ,x w\ld seem t be=e t date no su* protection 0 giv54 ,t su* a claim %\ld be made %[s h[ completely ,japan at ?is "t 0 %ut out f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,& "h we may po9t out h[ self-conta9$ 0 ! developm5t ( ,japanese porcela9 dur+ ! palmy days ( ! ,tokugawa rgime 7say f #afej to #ahej74 ,z 9 ! case ( ! k9dr$ arts ( metalw>e & lacqu]1 any ,european influ5ce 0 q ( a casual & :at we may call fanciful nature2 :ile ! new me?ods ( decoration t came into use 9 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,japanese4 ,im>i w>e4 ,*9a 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 nev] recognis$ or copi$1 ev5 if !y 7 kn[n4 ,:at imitation !re 0 ( ,*9a 0 conf9$ to ! copy+ ( ,m+ types2 ! ,man*us1 9 fact1 7 nev] ackn[l$g$ by ! ,japanese1 & _! arts 7 "u a taboo almo/ z /rict z t appli$ to ! civilisation ( ! ,we/4 ,no bett] in/ance ( ?is cons]vatism c\ld be giv5 ?an ! fact t ! use ( gold z a s\rce ( a r$ pigm5t1 ! basis ( ! famille rose 9 ,*9a1 appe>s to h be5 unkn[n until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ev5 !n ! r\ge-d'or 0 b sp>+ly appli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*9ese 7 always eag]1 9 ! int]e/ ( trade1 to copy ! w>es export$ f ,nagasaki1 & we %all see lat] on :at an influ5ce ! v>i\s products ( ! ,hiz5 kilns _h ^u ! porcela9 ( ,europe4 ,^!1 !n1 7 practically ! only k9ds ( ,japanese c]amic w>e kn[n 9 ,europe until ! op5+ ( ! c\ntry 9 our days--! blue & :ite or sometsuke1 ! #8old ,japan' or ni%iki-de1 & ! peculi> type :i* we h class$ z ,kakiyemon4 ,to ?is li/ we %\ld p]haps add ! pla9 :ite w>e1 mu* ( :i* 0 subsequ5tly decorat$ 9 ,europe4 ,^! w>es 7 all ( !m made 9 ! kilns ne> ,arita1 nor d !y exhau/ ! products ( ev5 t di/rict4 ,b dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! manufacture ( porcela9 spread to o!r p>ts ( ,japan :]e porcela9 0 made exclusively = home consumption4 ,_m ( ^! kilns 7 e/abli%$ "u pr9cely patronage1 "s 9 ! v g>d5s ( ! feudal "l1 :ile a special int]e/ is giv5 to o!rs by _! association ) c]ta9 skill$ pott]s & _! desc5dants1 ^: names1 9 opposition to :at we f\nd 0 ! practice 9 ,*9a1 we c ?us connect ) ! w>es4 ,b we w fir/ say some?+ ab\t ! composition & ! processes ( manufacture ( ! porcela9 ( ,japan1 dwell+1 h[ev]1 only on ^? few po9ts :]e we f9d div]g5ces f ! practices obta9+ 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 z to ! composition ( ! pa/e4 ,to judge f ! few tru/wor?y analyses ( ,im>i w>e t h be5 made1 ! pa/e w\ld seem to be ( a v abnormal type2 ! am\nt ( silica--#gj to #gd p] c5t4--is q unusual2 !re is an almo/ total abs5ce ( lime1 s important a con/itu5t ( ,*9ese porcela92 :ile we f9d f #d to #e p] c5t4 ( ! alkalis4 ,b1 9 place ( ! pota% f\nd 9 ! w>es ( ,*9a1 9 ! ,japanese pa/e ! prevail+ alkali is inv>iably soda4 ,! mat]ials ( ! porcela9 made 9 ,hiz5 7 obta9$ orig9ally f ! fam\s #8,hill ( ,spr+s#8--,idzumi ,yama--:i* rises beh9d ! t[n ( ,arita4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 l>ge quantities ( clay & /one h be5 br\ght f ! isl& ( ,amakusa1 :i* lies to ! s\?4 ,x is f ! products ( decomposition ( a volcanic rock1 a k9d ( qu>tz-tra*yte1 t ^! mat]ials are obta9$1 n f a true granitic rock z 9 ,ow>i#aba & 9 mo/ o!r seats ( porcela9 manufacture all ov] ! _w4#abb ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,arita ! raw mat]ials lie conv5i5tly at h&2 & 9 ! ,japanese acc\nts !re is no def9ite ref]5ce to two di/9ct elem5ts 9 ! con/itution ( ! pa/e4 ,h[ev]1 t some?+ correspond+ to our *9a-/one is made use (1 is %[n by ! importance atta*$ to ! me?ods by :i* ! /one is r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,! primitive /amp+-mill1 work$ by a long lev] ( wood1 mov$ ei!r by ! foot ( a coolie or by a simple hydraulic arrangem5t1 has long be5 employ$ = p\nd+ ! /one1 & ! hills ar\nd ,arita re-e*o ) ! ?uds ( ^! mills4 ,! pott]'s :eel plays "h a l>g] "p ?an 9 ,*9a1 & ! ,japanese are exceptionally skilful ?r[]s4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ "s native /atem5ts to ! contr>y1 ! use ( m\lds ei!r ( wood or ( t]ra-cotta has long be5 kn[n--witness ! old ,kakiyemon porcela94 ,we n[ come to ! mo/ important dep>ture f ! ,*9ese proc$ure4 ,9 ,japan1 ! w>e 7z is1 inde$1 univ]sally ! case 9 ,europe7 receives a prelim9>y bak+ 9 a specially con/ruct$ biscuit kiln be=e ! application ( ! glaze4 ,! adoption ( ?is practice w\ld seem to po9t to a great] t5d]ness 9 ! raw clay4 ,! glaze 7,japanese kusuri--#8m$ic9e#87 is prep>$ by mix+ ! f9ely p[d]$ *9a-/one ) ! a%es ( c]ta9 k9ds ( wood4 ,! a%es f ! b>k ( ! usu-tree 7,di/ylium racemosum7 are especially 9 reque/ = ?is purpose1 & x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ^! a%es conta9 ne>ly #dj p] c5t4 ( lime1 ! elem5t t is conspicu\s by its abs5ce f ! pa/e4 ,! furnaces 9 :i* ! pr9cipal fir+ takes place are ( a bee-hive %ape3 !y are arrang$ 9 r[s ( f five to t5 he>?s plac$ by pref]5ce on ! slope ( a hill1 s t ea* succe$+ he>? rises two or ?ree feet above its neighb\r4 ,?is plan is probably a modification ( ! old ,m+ type ( furnace1 & ! sy/em1 x is said1 0 introduc$ f ,korea4 ,! use ( segg>s appe>s nev] to h become g5]al1 & ?is is probably ! reason :y ! m>ks ( #8cr['s-feet' & o!r k9ds ( /ruts1 us$ to support ! vessel 9 ! kiln1 are (t5 conspicu\s on ! base ( ! l>g] pieces4 ,nei!r 9 _! glazes nor = _! enamels h ! ,japanese ev] made use ( any col\rs unkn[n to ! ,*9ese1 nor until q rec5t times h !y paid mu* att5tion to s+le glazes4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important exception to ?is la/ /atem5t1 9 ! ,sei-ji or celadon w>e1 :i* ) !m has always be5 ! ideal ( classical p]fection1 & :i* !y h imitat$ ) v>i$ success4 ,= _! r$s !y h always be5 conf9$ to pigm5ts d]iv$ f iron1 b ) ^! opaque intractable mat]ials !y h obta9$ a great v>iety ( effects1 especially by means ( delicate gradations ( /r5g?4 ,9 ! case ( ! blue "u ! glaze1 ! ,japanese h nev] atta9$ to ! ma/]y ( _! tea*]s3 !re is v commonly a t5d5cy ( ! col\r to run1 & a blui% t9t is !reby giv5 to ! :ite gr\nd2 ! blue1 moreov]1 on ! old] specim5s1 is g5]ally dull1 & 9 mod]n times (t5 crude & unpleasant4 ,! %apes & uses ( ,japanese porcela9 />t1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ,*9ese models ( ,m+ times1 b !re are a few =ms t are n f\nd 9 ,*9a4 ,! hi-ba*i or fire-b[l1 ?\gh m commonly ( bronze1 we sometimes f9d made ( celadon or ( blue & :ite porcela92 ! kr or inc5se-burn]1 ) a cov] ( pi]c$ metal1 is a =m *>act]i/ic ( ,japan2 & ! m elaborate *o%i-buro or #8clove-ba?' is1 ,i ?9k1 peculi> to ! c\ntry2 s1 too1 are bo? ! sak-bottle ( cyl9drical or squ>e section1 ) a curv$ lip = p\r+1 & ! little cups1 9 sets ( ?ree1 (t5 ( egg-%ell w>e1 f :i* ! sak is drunk4 ,! use ( ! m9iature teapot1 9 :i* ! bett] sort ( tea is infus$1 is aga9 conf9$ to ,japan2 b ^! little kibi%o1 unlike ! vessels = p[d]$ tea us$ 9 ! ,*a-no-yu1 h n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 long 9 fa%ion4 ,we h describ$ ! ?ree k9ds ( porcela9 made 9 ,hiz5 = exportation to ,europe1 & we h se5 t by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is comm]ce1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,dut*1 & to "s ext5t ( ! ,*9ese1 _h already atta9$ l>ge proportions4 ,be=e turn+ to ! kilns t sprung up 9 o!r p>ts ( ,japan dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury--( ^! ! orig9 9 e case c be trac$ back directly or indirectly to ! e>ly ,hiz5 factories--we mu/ say a ^w ab\t "s o!r v>ieties ( porcela9 made 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 b n de/9$ = =eign use4 ,! village or t[n ( ,arita1 ( :i* ! bett]-kn[n ,im>i is ! port1 lies ab\t fifty miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,nagasaki1 & x may almo/ be reg>d$ z ! ,k+-te-*5 ( ,japan4 ,! clay & *9a-/one us$ !re is n[ br\ght1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! adjac5t isl&s1 f ,hirado1 f ,amakusa1 & ev5 f ! m remote ,goto isl&s4 ,by a comb9ation ( "s ( ! mo/ important pott]s ( ! di/rict1 & ) ! assi/ance ( "s weal?y m]*ants1 a company1 ! ,koran%a1 0 =m$ "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1#abc & an attempt 0 made to keep up ! quality ( ! porcela9 produc$1 at lea/ f a te*nical po9t ( view4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly "t = "s su* ef=t to be made1 = ab\t t p]iod1 j aft] ! ,philadelphia ,exhibition1 ! arts ( ,japan rea*$ p]haps _! nadir4 ,,mik,,*i ,,or ,,hirado ,,w>e4--,x 0 ) a some:at simil> object t1 long be=e ?is--ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! feudal "l ( ,hirado _h tak5 "s ( ! kilns ne> ,arita "u 8 patronage1 & _h also attempt$ to regulate ! wa/eful & c>eless way 9 :i* ! mat]ials 7 qu>ri$ on ! slopes ( ,idzumi ,yama4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! beautiful ,mik*i 7,mi-ka-u*i7 w>e1 :i* 0 at fir/ produc$ only = ! use ( ! pr9ce & ( 8 fri5ds1 or = pres5tation to ! ,%ogun4 ,to und]/& ! important influ5ce ( ?is ari/ocratic patronage ^u ! scatt]$ kilns ( ,japan 7only a few ( ^!1 inde$1 produc$ porcela971 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! words ( ,capta9 ,br9kley1 p]haps our fir/ au?ority on ,japanese c]amics3 #8,dur+ ! two c5turies t repres5t ! gold5 age ( ,japanese c]amic art1 t is to say1 f #afde to #ahde1 e factory ( any importance 0 "u ! direct patronage ei!r ( ! nobleman 9 ^: fief x lay1 or ( "s weal?y amateur ^: :ole bus9ess 9 life 0 compris$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! ,*a-no-yu4 ,! w>es produc$1 if !y did n repres5t ! indep5d5t ef=ts ( arti/s seek+ to a*ieve or ma9ta9 celebrity1 7 und]tak5 9 compliance ) ! ord]s ( ! workman's liege "l1 or ( "s o!r exalt$ p]sonage4 ,consid]ations ( co/ 7 entirely set aside1 no exp5diture ( "t & toil 7 deem$ excessive1 & ! slighte/ blemi% suffic$ to secure ! condemnation ( ! piece4' ,all ^! conditions 7 swept away by ! revolution ( #ahfh & by ! op5+ ( ! c\ntry to =eign]s4 #8,codes ( subtle /hetics & criticisms ( exact+ amateurs _h no long] to be consid]$1 b 9 _! /ead ! arti/ f\nd himself confront$ by ! ,we/]n m>ket ) all its elem5ts ( sordid ha/e & sup]ficial judgm5t4' ,to return to ! ,mik*i porcela91 ?is ,hirado w>e1 = x 0 kn[n also by t "n1 produc$ at ! pr9ce's kilns1 six miles to ! s\? ( ,arita1 0 = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s reg>d$ z ! ne plus ultra among ,japanese porcela91 & its value 0 enhanc$ by ! fact t ! w>e nev] f\nd its way into comm]ce4 ,9 ! s\s c\v]te blue x 0 s\ght to imitate ! pal] type ( ! old ,m+ w>e4 ,! be/-kn[n examples ( ?is blue decoration are se5 on ! little cups delicately pa9t$ ) ,*9ese boys at play "u p9e-trees--! m ! boys ! bett] ! w>e1 x is said4 ,c>eful manipulation ( ! clay & f9i% ( surface has nev] be5 c>ri$ to a high] po9t ?an 9 ! v>ieties ( ?is porcela9 work$ ) pi]c$ patt]ns & ornam5ts 9 relief1 s priz$ by ,japanese collectors4 ,on ^! we f9d1 9 addition to ! blue1 a peculi> t9t ( pale br[n4 ,( ?is col\r$ w>e !re are "s good specim5s at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,k,,*i ,,or ,,nabe%ima ,,w>e4--,! same high te*nical f9i% has be5 atta9$ 9 ! k*i porcela9 made at ! village ( t "n 7-kawa-u*i7 ?ree miles to ! nor? ( ,arita4 ,! kilns "h 7 patronis$ by ! ,nabe%ima pr9ces1 :o belong$ to "o ( ! greate/ feudal families ( old ,japan4 ,9 ?is case also1 ! small highly f9i%$ pieces 7 de/9$ = pres5ts only & 7 nev] sold4 ,?is w>e is g5]ally to be id5tifi$ by ! comb-l patt]n 7,japanese ,ku%i-ki71 pa9t$ 9 blue r\nd ! base ( ! cups & b[ls4#abd ,l ! little ,*9ese boys ( ! ,mik*i w>e1 ?is patt]n is (t5 se5 on v inf]ior w>e ( q mod]n manufacture4 ,a peculi> k9d ( f9ely crackl$ celadon 0 also made at k*i4 ,9 ! ,arita di/rict are _m o!r factories1 "s ( :i*1 z ^? at ,matsugawa1 h at times produc$ excell5t w>e4 ,( mo/ ( ^! private kilns1 h[ev]1 ! *ief outturn has always be5 conf9$ to ! blue & :ite sometsuke = dome/ic use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ to foll[ ! /eps by :i* ! k ( porcela9 0 c>ri$ f ! we/]n isl& to o!r p>ts ( ,japan4 ,we _h bett] pass at once to ! ,kioto kilns1 = al?\gh ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 n introduc$ at ! old capital s e>ly z at "s o!r places 9 ! ma9 isl&1 yet ! skill ( its arti/ pott]s & _! connection ) ! imp]ial c\rt l$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to ! spread ( _! influ5ce 9 e direction4 ,kioto 0 already 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! seat ( m ?an "o c]amic indu/ry1 b x 0 n s mu* ! problem ( ! mat]ials = a true porcela91 z ! que/ions connect$ ) ! col\r$ enamels lately br\ght ov] f ! ,we/1 t excit$ ! curiosity ( ! ,kioto pott] at ?is "t4 ,! /ory goes t "o ,aoyama ,koyemon 7,i quote aga9 f ,! ,*rysan!mum1 ,april #ahhc71 :o came to ,kioto f ! porcela9 di/rict ( ,hiz51 to obta9 ord]s = ! new enamell$ w>e1 all[$ ! secret ( its manufacture to be worm$ out ( him by a crafty ,kioto deal]1 & t = ?is brea* ( tru/ ! wret*$ #8travell]' 0 crucifi$ by 8 liege "l on 8 return to ,arita4 ,?is occurr$ j be=e ! dea? ( ! great c]amic arti/ ,n9sei 7ab\t #affj71 & ! old pott] at once obta9$ ! k ( ! new enamell+ process f ! above-m5tion$ crock]y m]*ant4 ,?is man1 we %\ld add--! deal]--is said to h gone mad :5 he he>d ! dreadful fate ( 8 fri5d ,koyemon--a fate = :i* he 0 9 s l>ge a measure responsible4 ,su* /ories z ?is1 & !re are o!r simil> ones 9 ! annals ( ,japanese c]amics1 call to m9d ! adv5tures ( ! exp]ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o traffick$ ) ! ,g]man pr9ces 9 ! arcana ( ! newly introduc$ porcela91 b = ^! ,g]man exp]ts ! p5alties = brea* ( confid5ce 7 n ( s sev]e a nature4 ,nomomura ,n9sei is g5]ally held to be ! greate/ c]amic arti/ t ,japan has produc$4 ,! decorat$ /onew>e & pott]y t he turn$ out late 9 life may be reg>d$ z ! common s\rce f :i* ! w>es produc$ 9 ! two ma9 gr\ps ( kilns 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kioto took _! orig94 ,) "o ( ^! gr\ps1 ) ! w>es produc$ 9 ! factories ar\nd ,awata1 we are n conc]n$ "h1 = no porcela9 0 ev] produc$ 9 t suburb ( ,kioto4 ,b to ! o!r gr\p ( kilns1 call$ aft] ! beautiful temple ( ,kiyomidzu1 to ! nor? ( ,kioto1 belong "s ( ! mo/ arti/ic specim5s ( porcela9 9 our collections4 ,x 0 "h t ?is some:at uncong5ial mat]ial 0 =c$ = ! fir/ "t to adapt itself to ! fanciful g5ius ( ! p4 ,x 0 to ?is di/rict t ! great orig9al arti/ ,k5zan1 ! bro!r ( ! /ill m fam\s ,ogata ,kor91 came t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is true t little ( ?is arti/'s "w is execut$ 9 a true porcela91 b 8 picturesque signature1 scrawl$ 9 black1 is sometimes f\nd on ! s-call$ m noble w>e 7,,pl4 ,b4 #ba74 ,l 8 bro!r ,kor91 ,k5zan obta9$ 8 effects by ! simple/ means1 sometimes by m]e pat*es ( col\r cunn+ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface4 ,! "w ( bo? ^! m5 has ( late f\nd _m admir]s & imitators 9 ,france4 ,x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t we h any def9ite record ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,kioto4 ,ab\t t "t ,yeis5 devot$ himself to ! imitation ( ,*9ese celadon4 ,if we are to f9d any common note 9 ! w>es produc$ 9 ! v>i\s ,kioto pott]ies1 x w\ld be 9 a c]ta9 /udi$ rud5ess bo? 9 %ape & decoration1 ! v opposite ( ! delicately f9i%$ products ( ! ,hiz5 kilns4 ,! r>e pieces ( ,m+ porcela9 ) col\r$ decoration 7 eag]ly s\ght = & copi$1 n 9 a slavi% way1 b r s z to cat* ! _s ( _! design4 ,9 fact ^! ,japanese copies might be made to ?r[ "s light on t r obscure subject1 ! orig9 ( enamel decoration 9 ,*9a 9 ! days ( ! lat] ,m+ emp]ors4 ,an app>5tly e>ly class ( ,*9ese enamell$ w>e1 some:at rudely pa9t$ ) a pr$om9ant iron r$ comb9$ ) a subord9ate gre51 0 a great fav\rite ) ! ,kioto pott]s1 b we f9d also copies ( ! ,wan-li #8p5tad1' ! designs 9 ?is case sp>ely scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd1 g5]ally 9 =mal patt]ns ( a textile type4 ,! blue & purple w>e ) ribb$ cloisons :i* ! ,japanese associate ) _! my/]i\s l& ( ,ko*i 0 also 9 fav\r1 b at ,kioto1 ,i ?9k1 ?is w>e 0 n copi$ 9 porcela94 ,s ( ! blue & :ite made at ?is "t at ,kiyomidzu1 x is di/+ui%$ f bo? ! ,hiz5 & ! ,seto w>es by a c]ta9 rud5ess 9 ! %ape & decoration1 a "* pres]v$ by a great deal ( ! sometsuke /ill made 9 ?is di/rict4 ,q a diff]5t _s 01 h[ev]1 br\ght 9 by ,z5goro ,riyoz51 ! t5? desc5dant ( a fam\s family ( pott]s4 ,?is ,z5goro 0 a pott] ( univ]sal g5ius1 ! =emo/ c]amic arti/ inde$ ( ! peaceful & luxuri\s p]iod at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,tokugawa ,%ogun at ,tokiyo set an example ( an extravagant exp5diture & brilliant display :i* 0 only too readily foll[$ at ! c\rts ( ! great feudal nobles4 ,9 ! art "w ( t "t1 9 spite ( ! unsurpass$ p]fection ( execution & love ( gorge\s decoration1 we c already trace ! signs ( a com+ decay4 ,z5goro1 besides reviv+ ) "s success ! deep sapphire blue1 s\s c\v]te1 ( ,m+ times1 succe$$ 9 produc+ f an iron-oxide a r$ gr\nd :i* vi$ ) ! fam\s coral r$s ( ! previ\s c5tury 9 ,*9a4 ,b x 0 r ! ,m+ r$1 s\s c\v]te1 t made f #8p[d]$ rubies ( ! ,we/1' t he pr(ess$ to copy4 ,ov] ! r$ gr\nd ( 8 plates & little b[ls he pa9t$ 8 design 9 gold ( ! f9e/ quality1 & on ! :ite gr\nd ( ! inside plac$ a scant decoration ( 8 "u-glaze sapphire blue4 ,"s ( ^! da9ty little cups are %[n 9 a table-case 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b if we comp>e !m ) ! exquisite ,m+ b[ls ( a deep r$ d]iv$ f copp] 9 ! same collection1 ! diff]5ce ( ! quality ( ! two t9ts is at once app>5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x 0 a matt] ( conv5ance to g back to a ,m+ model1 x 0 ) ! latt] w>e t ,z5goro's "w 0 comp>$4 ,x 0 = 8 success 9 ?is k9d ( decoration 7produc$ ab\t ! ye>s #ahjf-ahag7 t ! great ,kioto pott] receiv$ f 8 patron1 ! pr9ce ( ,ki%iu1 a seal ) ! "* yeiraku1 or read+ 9 mod]n ,*9ese ,yung-lo1 ! "n ( ! ,m+ emp]or 7#adjb-bd7 ) :om ! r$ copp] glaze is traditionally associat$ 7,,pl4 ,b4 #bb74abe ,?is1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ! "n ,yeiraku k9r&e = ! #8gold brocade' w>e ( ,z5goro4 ,at a lat] "t ?is =m ( decoration 0 c>ri$ by ,z5goro's son to ,kaga1 :]e 9 a debas$ =m x became *>act]i/ic ( a w>e ) :i* our m>kets 7 at "o "t flood$4 ,,ki%iu ,,w>e4--,?is k9r&e1 h[ev]1 is n ! only k9d ( porcela9 ) :i* ! "n ( ?is protean arti/ is associat$4 ,al?\gh ! "n ,yeiraku giv5 him by ! ,pr9ce ,n>iyuki is g5]ally connect$ ) 8 brilliant r$ & gold w>e1 x 0 a porcela9 ( q ano!r k9d t our ,z5goro ! t5?1 or p]haps 8 son ,hoz51 ! elev5? ( ! family1 turn$ out f ! kilns t _h be5 erect$ by t pr9ce 9 ! g>d5 7! -niwa7 ( 8 palace ne> ,wakayama4 ,! ,japanese tell u t ?is well-kn[n -niwa or ,ki%iu w>e 0 made 9 imitation ( a k9d ( porcela9 or fay5ce br\ght long ago f ,ko*i1 a "n g5]ally r5d]$ z ,co*9-,*9a1 9 any case a c\ntry to ! s\? ( ,*9a4 ,we h se5 gr\nds = associat+ ?is -niwa yaki r ) an e>ly type ( ,*9ese poly*rome w>e1 pa9t$ on ! biscuit ) glazes ( ?ree or p]haps f\r col\rs4 ,9 any case1 9 ! ,japanese w>e ! turquoise1 ! purple1 & ! /raw-col\r$ yell[ 7?is la/ q subord9ate7 are appli$ 9 a simil> fa%ion1 & ?is is inde$ practically ! only ,japanese w>e on :i* we f9d ! turquoise col\r t has play$ s important a "p 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x is "h ! mo/ important col\r ( ! triad1 b occasionally we f9d x replac$ by a deep1 ri* gre54 ,on ?is ,ki%iu or -niwa w>e1 kn[n also to ! ,japanese z ,kairaku f ano!r seal us$ by ,z5goro 7,,pl4 ,b4 #bj71 ! decoration is =m$ by ribs or l9es :i* sep>ate ! surface into %all[ cloisons4 ,9 o!r cases ! turquoise or ! aub]g9e purple is f\nd alone z a mono*rome glaze4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 ( ! l>ge vases ( ?is w>e t h be5 export$ ( late ye>s to ,europe1 & especially to ,am]ica 7:]e ! turquoise blue has always be5 a fav\rite1 z 9 ! case ( ,*9ese porcela971 c h come f ! kilns 9 ! #8pr9ce's g>d54' ,?is w>e has1 inde$1 = "s "t s9ce1 be5 imitat$ at _m o!r places--at ,tokiyo1 & s9ce #ahgj especially at ,kobe1 :]e va/ quantities h be5 manufactur$ = exportation4 ,^! copies h gone ?r\gh ! /ages ( degradation 9 design & col\r t usually accompany a l>ge comm]cial production4 ,ano!r fam\s pott]1 ,mokubei1 :o work$ at ,kioto ab\t ! same "t1 is said to h made great improvem5ts 9 ! m\lds employ$ by him1 especially 9 ^? us$ = copy+ old ,*9ese pieces4 ,b we c]ta9ly _c accept ! /atem5t t he 0 ! fir/ pott] 9 ,japan to use m\lds4 ,?is same ,mokubei is said to h copi$ ! ri*ly glaz$ /onew>e ( ,ko*i1 a w>e t _h long be5 priz$ by ! ,japanese1 & to :i*1 or r to ! k9dr$ porcela91 we h already ref]r$4 ,x is describ$ z a h>d pott]y1 ) ar*aic m\ld$ decorations1 coat$ ) lu/r\s glazes ( gre51 purple1 yell[1 & gold5-bronze4 ,mokubei also work$ = ! pr9ce ( ,ki%iu1 & x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at relation1 if any1 he _h ) ,z5goro & 8 -niwa yaki4#abf ,,s&a ,,celadon4--,! kilns set up at ,s&a1 a small t[n to ! nor?-we/ ( ,osaka1 by ! feudal "l ( ! di/rict1 h acquir$ 9 ,japan a great "n on acc\nt ( ! celadon w>e !re made4 ,?is ,s&a-seiji 0 fir/ produc$ at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & foll[$ m closely ! fam\s old heavy w>es ( ,lung-*uan ?an did ! m delicately f9i%$ celadon porcela9 made ab\t ! same "t at k*i 9 ,hiz54 ,9 addition to ^! w>es1 ! ,japanese lay claim to an anci5t celadon ( native manufacture1 & mu* ink has be5 spilt 9 ,japan ^u ! "q ( ! orig9 ( c]ta9 ar*aic pieces pres]v$ 9 temples & private collections4 ,! bulk ( ! ,s&a celadon1 we %\ld say1 is a solid useful w>e ) small arti/ic pret5sions4 ,,! ,,w>es ,,( ,,ow>i ,,& ,,m9o4--,if1 leav+ ,kioto1 we take ! old high-road to ,y$o--! ,tokaido--we pass ?r\gh a succession ( villages :]e ! local w>es are display$ 9 ! /alls l9+ ! r\te4 ,"s ( ?is pott]y is n )\t m]it1 & hi/orical associations give int]e/ to m ?an "o v>iety4 ,b x is n till we h pass$ ,nagoya1 a l>ge indu/rial t[n at ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,ow>i1 t we ent] a true porcela9 di/rict--! only di/rict 9 ,japan t has vi$ ) ,hiz5 9 ! production ( porcela9 = dome/ic use & = exportation4 ,n f> (f is ! village ( ,seto1 ! home ( ,to%iro2 x 0 "h t on 8 return f ,*9a1 e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 he set up ! fir/ kiln t produc$ 9 ,japan a w>e ) any claims to arti/ic m]it4 ,b1 z we h said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! w>e made by ,to%iro 0 no true porcela91 al?\gh ! expression ,seto-mono1 d]iv$ f 8 native village1 is us$ r = porcela9 ?an = o!r k9ds ( pott]y4 ,! t]m is1 9 fact1 ab\t equival5t to our ^w #8*9a4' ,x 0 n till ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s aft] ,to%iro's day t ! village ( ,seto aga9 became prom95t1 :5 9 ! ye> #ahjg ! art ( mak+ porcela9 01 aft] _m difficulties1 successfully introduc$ f ,hiz54 ,?is 0 ?anks to ! en]gy ( ! pott] ,tamaki*i1 :o v5tur$ a j\rney to ,hiz5 to f9d out ! secrets ( ! manufacture4 ,z a rew>d = 8 s]vices ! privilege ( we>+ two swords & ! rights ( a samurai 7 grant$ to ,tamaki*i by ! "l ( ,ow>i4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ! new indu/ry e/abli%$ "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! local pr9ce4 ,ov] a wide di/rict1 m especially to ! ea/ on ! bord]s ( ! prov9ce ( ,mikawa1 ! decompos+ granite furni%es an excell5t raw mat]ial1 & c5tres = ! manufacture ( porcela9 h sprung up sporadically ov] a tract /ret*+ away to ! nor?1 z f> z ! prov9ce ( ,m9o4 ,b mo/ ( ^! kilns h nev] produc$ any?+ bett] ?an a common blue & :ite w>e4 ,9 composition ! pa/e ( ! ,ow>i porcela9 is mu* clos] to ! normal type ?an t ( ! ,hiz5 w>es 7see note1 p4 #aij74 ,( late ye>s ! ,ow>i pott]s h succe$$ 9 turn+ out pieces ( unprec$5t$ size1 9 ! %ape especially ( di%es & ( slabs = ! tops ( tables4 ,f ! arti/ic side1 h[ev]1 little c be said 9 fav\r ( ?is w>e3 ! blue is g5]ally crude 9 quality1 (t5 resembl+ t f\nd on ! common] ,european porcela9 ( lat] days4 ,ano!r art 0 reviv$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,nagoya1 ! *ief t[n ( ?is di/rict--,i mean t ( enamell+ 9 metallic cloisons 7! ,%ip1 or #8sev5 treasures' ( ! ,japanese71 & ( late ye>s ! two indu/ries h be5 comb9$ by apply+ ! metallic cloisons & ! enamel to ! surface ( porcela94 ,a simil> w>e has also be5 made at ,kioto1 b 9 ?is case ! s(t fay5ce ( ,awata has be5 us$ z a base4 ,enorm\s quantities ( bo? ^! v>ieties ( cloisonn h be5 br\ght to ,europe1 & :5 we consid] ! am\nt ( skill$ lab\r requir$ 9 ! manufacture1 we c only m>vel at ! prices = :i* ?is w>e is retail$ 9 ,london4 ,mu* ( ! *eap ,japanese blue & :ite sold 9 ,europe comes f ?is ,ow>i di/rict1 b ( late ye>s m ambiti\s ?+s h be5 attempt$ !re--mono*rome glazes ( ! gr& feu1 includ+ a curi\s v>iety ( flamb w>e ) a *ocolate-col\r$ gr\nd4 ,,kutani ,,w>e4--,!re only rema9s "o important c5tre ( porcela9 manufacture = u to describe4 ,?is lies f> away among ! m\nta9s t skirt ! we/]n coa/ ( ,japan4 ,! feudal lords ( t c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ces ( ,kaga1 7 reput$ to be ! mo/ weal?y ( all ! daimios ( ,japan4 ,a junior bran* ( ?is family1 ! lords ( ,dai*oji1 z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury e/abli%$ a kiln at ! m\nta9 village ( ,kutani4 ,9 ! ye> #affj an emiss>y 0 despat*$ to ,hiz5 to spy out ! l& & le>n :at he c\ld ( ! new processes lately introduc$ !re4 ,! /ory ( 8 difficulties is only ano!r v]sion ( t told ( ,tamaki*i1 ! ,seto pott]4 ,aft] _m adv5tures1 ab&on+ ! wife t he _h be5 =c$ to m>ry at ,arita & ! *ild he _h _h by h]1 he return$ to ,kaga1 equipp$ ) ! desir$ in=mation & exp]i5ce4 ,he succe$$ 9 mak+ a true porcela9 ) a :ite gr\nd1 decorat$ 9 a /yle f\nd$1 x is said1 bo? on ! contempor>y ,hiz5 w>e & on ! enamell$ /onew>e ( ,ko*i4 ,morikaga1 a fam\s arti/ ( ,kioto1 0 reta9$ to furni% designs = ! decoration4 ,we h 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a sph]ical vase1 pa9t$ 9 ! five col\rs ) a s]ies ( spirit$ figures1 :i* may well date f t "t 7,,pl4 ,,xxvi474 ,examples ( ?is p]iod are r>e1 b "s ( ! old drug-pots1 jeal\sly gu>d$ by _! own]s1 t 7 /ill1 a few ye>s ago1 to be se5 9 ! druggi/s' & h]bali/s' %ops ( ,osaka & ,sakai1 may p]haps be trac$ back to ! pott]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ei!r ^? ( ,kaga or ^? ( ,hiz54 ,at ?is "t1 9 fact1 ! ,kaga w>e _h h>dly diff]5tiat$ itself f t ( ! p>5t prov9ce4 ,x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! typical ,kutani w>e1 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al & decorative ev] turn$ out f ,japanese kilns1 0 produc$4 ,on a greyi% pa/e1 h>dly to be reckon$ z porcela91 ! lu/r\s1 full-bodi$ enamels1 almo/ unctu\s 9 quality1 are laid ) a full bru%4 ,! :ole surface is g5]ally cov]$1 & a d>k1 juicy gre5 is ! prevail+ col\r1 ov] :i* a design ( black l9es is drawn4 ,next 9 importance among ! enamels !re comes fir/ purple1 !n a heavy blue enamel :i* some:at cla%es ) ! o!r col\rs1 & f9ally a full-ton$ yell[4 ,x w\ld seem f ,japanese acc\nts t ?is k9d ( w>e 0 n made aft] #agcj1 :5 !re ensu$ a p]iod ( decay1 b x is difficult to believe ! /atem5t t ! manufacture 0 n reviv$ till #ahaj4 ,! picturesquely decorat$ b[ls ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,japanese1 ,,kaga ,,w>e & plates %[+ ! greyi% gr\nd are probably lat] ?an ^? :olly cov]$ ) ! gre5 enamel1 & x might be possible to trace ! date ( introduction ( fre% means ( decoration--gild+ skilfully & boldly appli$ or ! use ( :ite enamel 9 relief1 especially = ! petals ( fl[]s4 ,lat]1 b /ill on w>e ( f9e decorative effect1 we f9d ^! :ite petals t+$ ) p9k1 & ?is app>5tly is ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( ! r\ge d'or among ,japanese enamels4 ,:5 did ?is new col\r come 91 & f :at s\rce8 ,we may p]haps associate its fir/ use ) ! wond]ful p]iod1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ( :i* we h already spok51 :5 all ! re/ra9ts to :i* ! ,japanese arti/ _h be5 s long subject$ 7 remov$1 ! crabb$ critic ) 8 tradition ( ,m+ times 0 sil5c$1 & a free re9 at l5g? giv5 to native exub]ance 9 ! use ( gay col\rs & naturali/ic designs4 ,b ?is 0 ! end2 z 9 ! o!r arts1 a p]iod ( decl9e set 9 be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury1 a decl9e t 0 accel]at$1 b n fir/ orig9at$1 by ! ?r[+ op5 ( ! c\ntry to ,european influ5ces a few ye>s lat]4 ,) ! ,kutani pott]1 ! beg9n+ ( ! end seems to h co9cid$ ) ! introduction ( ! iron-r$ & gold decoration4 ,?is 0 br\ght ab\t :5 ! assi/ance ( "o ( ! ,z5goro family1 ,z5goro ! elev5? or ,hoz51 probably1 0 obta9$ f ,kioto4 ,at ! same "t ! brilliant decoration 9 enamel col\rs 0 /ill c>ri$ on1 (t5 en\gh ) happy effect1 & ?is 0 kept up to q a late p]iod4 ,9 ^! latt] days ! use ( a true :ite porcela9 aga9 became preval5t--inde$ ! mat]ials are at ! pres5t day br\ght f ,amakusa & o!r isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,hiz54 ,!re are two m>ks t h always be5 associat$ ) ! ,kaga w>e--fir/1 ! "* = ,kutani1 ! #8,n9e ,valleys1' ! "n ( ! little m\nta9 village :]e ! w>e 0 fir/ made2 second1 ! ,*9ese ^w ,fu 7,japanese ,fuku71 mean+ #8prosp]ity' or #8weal?1' writt5 9 ! seal "*4 ,we f9d ?is la/ m>k pa9t$ 9 black on ! back ( ! old pieces cov]$ ) a gre5 glaze 7,,pl4 ,b4 #bc74 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 our acc\nt ( ,japanese porcela9 we h be5 hamp]$ by ! re/rictions impos$ by our subject4 ,among ,japanese c]amic products !re is a big middle class1 :at we h call$ kaol9ic /onew>e4 ,w>es ( ?is k9d1 :5 made 9 neighb\r+ kilns & diff]+ 9 _! decoration 9 no way f :at may be class$ z true porcela9--& ?is is ! case 9 ! pott]y di/ricts ( ,kaga & ar\nd ,kioto--h naturally f\nd _! way )9 our limits4 ,o!r k9ds q z ne> to true porcela91 su* z ! picturesque fay5ce ( ,inuyama or _m ( ! old ,raku w>es1 h rema9$ unm5tion$4 ,! temptation to ov]/ep ! l9e has be5 great1 inasmu* z s _m ( ! w>es %[+ orig9ality & real arti/ic m]it lie di/9ctly on ! fur!r side4 ,we may say f9ally t a clos] acqua9tance ) ,japanese c]amics w confirm :at may be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( o!r bran*es ( ,japanese art--9 _! pa9t+1 = example1 & 9 _! lacqu]-w>e4 ,i mean ! important "p play$ by ! critic1 us+ t t]m 9 a wide s5se1 9 re/ra9+ ! native exub]ance ( ! arti/4 ,! fir/ t5d5cy ( ! ,european connoisseur is to regret ! hamp]+ influ5ce ( ,*9ese tradition & ! re/rictions impos$ ^u all new developm5ts4 ,b :5 ^! influ5ces h = a "t be5 remov$1 ! facile productiv5ess ( ! ,japanese arti/ has always t5d$ to l& him 9 t pretty & ov]-decorat$ /yle t has f\nd its way into middle-class draw+-rooms at home4 ,we f9d a t5d5cy to ?is unre/ra9$ decoration & reckless association ( col\rs creep+ into fav\r long ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,japanese1 ,,kaga ,,w>e be=e ! op5+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,inde$1 c5turies ago at ,kioto1 & ev5 p]haps 9 ! old ,n>a days1 a some:at simil> love ( ! trifl+ & effem9ate may be recognis$ n[ & aga94 ,! s]vices r5d]$ by ! sev]e traditions ( ! old ,*9ese s*ools ( ! ,tang & ,sung dyna/ies1 & by ! ascetic _s ( ! ,*a-no-yu 9 keep+ )9 b\nds ! native t5d5cy to luxuriant ov]gr[?1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,:5 ^! influ5ces 7 remov$1 ! arts soon ran to se$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,f ,,ea/ ,,to ,,we/ ,we h n[ foll[$ ! /eps by :i* ! dep5dants & ! neighb\rs ( ! #8,middle ,k+dom' to ! ,nor?1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,s\?1 acquir$ ! ess5tially ,*9ese art ( ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,! next /age 9 our hi/ory br+s u at "o /ep to ,europe4 ,be=e mak+ ?is /ride ( m ?an a ?\s& leagues f ,japan to ,c5tral ,g]many1 x w be conv5i5t to br+ toge!r "s ( ! scatt]$ ref]5ces to ! porcela9 ( ,*9a t h be5 labori\sly dis9t]r$ f ! works ( ! ,arab & ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & to comp>e ^! /atem5ts ) ! scant acc\nt ( ! trade ) ,we/]n l&s to be f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese books ( t "t4 ,we %all !n trace rapidly ! hi/ory ( ! /ages by :i* ! ,european nations became bett] acqua9t$ ) ! porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/ s z f9ally to ma/] ! secret ( ! manufacture4 ,= ! e>li] p]iod we are dep5d5t almo/ entirely ^u ,arab & ,*9ese s\rces4 ,! love ( ! m>vell\s1 ! _s ( ,s9dbad ! ,sailor1 has to be disc\nt$ 9 ! fir/1 & we h se5 :at res]vations we h to make 9 accept+ ! /atem5ts ( ! latt]4 ,!re is no d\bt t x is 9 ! extraord9>y developm5t ( trade t foll[$ ! wave ( ,arab conque/ 9 ! sev5? c5tury t we mu/ f9d ! fir/ possibilities ( direct communication ) ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! great advance made by ,*9a 9 ! e>ly & palmy days ( ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg7 no d\bt op5$ ! way = ?is int]c\rse4 ,at t "t ,*9a 0 9 possession ( a civilisation 9 _m respects z advanc$ z t to be f\nd ei!r at ,con/ant9ople or at ,bagdad4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #gjj ( our era we f9d m5tion ( a =eign settlem5t at ,canton1 s t t t[n c claim a long] record ?an any o!r ,*9ese port4 ,b x 0 r at ,khanfu1 z ! ,arabs call$ ,hang*[ 7or r its port71 ! ,k9sai ( ,m>co ,polo1 t1 9 ! "t ( ! next dyna/y1 ! ,sung 7#ifj-abgi71 ! *ief trade 0 c>ri$ on4 ,?us we f9d t ,edrisi1 :o wrote a "w on geography 7c4 #aaec7 = ,rog]1 ! ,norman k+ ( ,sicily1 is eloqu5t ^u ! ri*es ( ?is port ( ,khanfu & ! neighb\r+ t[n ,susak 7p]haps ,su*[71 #8:]e !y make an unequall$ k9d ( porcela9 call$ ghaz> by ! ,*9ese4' ,at ?is "t1 ?\gh _m ,arab m]*ants 7 settl$ at ! ports ( ,canton1 ,zaitun1 & ,k9sai1 ! bulk ( ! comm]ce1 x w\ld seem1 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! l>g] & /rong] junks ( ! ,*9ese1 & ! be/ acc\nt t we h ( ! int]c\rse ( ,*9a ) =eign c\ntries is to be f\nd 9 ! report on ext]nal trade1 writt5 by ,*ao ,ju-kua1 e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#abg ,?is ,*ao 0 #8inspector ( =eign %ipp+' at ,*an-*\ ,fu1 a t[n on ! coa/ ( ,fuki51 :i* may p]haps be id5tifi$ ) ! ,zaitun ( ,m>co ,polo4 ,9 any case x 01 at t "t1 ! pr9cipal />t+-po9t = =eign comm]ce4 ,we h 9 8 report a curi\s acc\nt ( ! trade ) ,bruni1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,borneo1 an isl& ) :i* ! ,*9ese _h already _h "s int]c\rse = sev]al c5turies1 & #8gre5 porcela9' is m5tion$ by him 9 ! li/ ( ! m]*&ise !re import$4 ,we ne$ n dwell "h on ! well-kn[n passion ( ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo = celadon porcela91 & ! big prices t !y are prep>$ to give = f9e old pieces 7,cf4 ,bock1 ,! ,head ,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #aig seq474 ,( ! specim5s ( celadon & o!r w>es br\ght f ?is isl& we %all speak %ortly4 ,mod]n travell]s tell u t ! l>g] j>s1 #8decorat$ ) liz>ds & s]p5ts' 7probably ! e>ly smoo?-sk9n$ dragon ( ! ,*9ese71 are pres]v$ z heirlooms4 ,besides _! m$ic9al value !y are a complete protection f evil spirits = ! h\se 9 :i* !y are /or$4 ,f lat] ,*9ese writ]s 7( ! sixte5? c5tury7 we le>n t ^! l>ge j>s 7 us$ 9 ,borneo 9 place ( c(f9s1 & x is a significant fact t a simil> mode ( burial is /ill 9 use 9 ,fuki51 ! di/rict f :i* ^! vessels 7 export$1 b n else:]e 9 ,*9a4 ,to return to our ,sung inspector ( trade1 z quot$ by ,dr4 ,hir?1 ,*ao tells u t at ! ports ( ,cambodja1 ( ,annam1 & ( ,java1 ! ,*9ese b>t]$ bo? gre5 & :ite porcela9 aga9/ pepp] & o!r local products4 ,b at t "t ! great emporium = ! ,we/]n trade 0 ! port kn[n to ! ,arabs z ,s>baya1 ! mod]n ,palembang 9 ! isl& ( ,sumatra4 ,"h1 or at ,lambri1 9 ! same isl&1 ! junks laid up = ! w9t]1 & 9 ! spr+ ! ,*9ese goods 7 c>ri$ fur!r we/ to ,quilon1 on ! ,malab> coa/ ( ! ,deccan1 ?is "t probably 9 ,arab bottoms4 ,! porcela9 & ! o!r ,*9ese exports 7 n[ di/ribut$ to ! v>i\s l&s ) :i* ! ,arabs trad$ at t "t4 ,*ao ,ju-kua1 9 ?is connection1 m5tions ,guz]ate1 & an isl& t mo/ probably c be id5tifi$ ) ,zanzib>4 ,at any rate1 at ?is la/ spot fragm5ts ( celadon porcela9 h be5 discov]$ 9 rec5t days 9 association ) ,*9ese #8ca%' ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,!re are scatt]$ notices ( ?is ,s9ico-,arab trade 9 ! works ( ,arab geograph]s & travell]s1 f ,edrisi to ,ibn ,batuta4 ,! la/ writ]1 inde$1 /ates t ,*9ese porcela9 has f\nd its way z f> we/ z ,morocco4 ,x 0 a happy idea ( ! ,director ( ! ,e?nographical ,museum1 9 ! ,zw+] at ,dresd51 to collect f e available qu>t] specim5s ( ,*9ese porcela9 ) ! object ( illu/rat+ ! wide di/ribution ( ! w>e 9 e>ly days1 ap>t f & mo/ly previ\s to t br\ght ab\t by ,european ag5cies4 ,9 ?is collection ! heavy celadon or #8m>tabani' occupies1 z we might expect1 a prom95t place1 b ! lat] enamell$ w>es1 includ+ ev5 "s special types t may be includ$ "u ! famille rose ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h be5 f\nd bo? 9 ,cairo & 9 ,siam4 ,"h we see l>ge1 heavy celadon plates1 ) ?ick glaze ( pea-s\p col\r1 f ! ,celebes1 f ,m9danoa & ,luzon 9 ! ,philipp9e gr\p1 f ,c]am & f o!r isl&s ( ! fur!r ,indies4 ,on "s ( ^! plates ! glaze cov]s ! :ole foot1 & ! unglaz$ r+1 ( deep r$ col\r1 on ! upp] surface1 po9ts to a primitive me?od ( support 9 ! kiln simil> to t =m]ly 9 use 9 ,siam4 ,o!r celadon plates 7!re are "s huge ones1 ne>ly a y>d 9 diamet]1 9 ! collection71 diff]+ little f ^? f\nd 9 ^! s\!rn isl&s1 came on ! "o h& f ,cairo1 & on ! o!r f ,korea & f ,japan4 ,f ,korea !re are also specim5s ( a curi\s crackle-w>e ) br[ni% glaze & a r\gh decoration 9 blue1 & f ,java a figure ( ,kwan-y9 ( a native type1 cov]$ ) a pale1 almo/ :ite1 celadon glaze4 ,9 ! same collection we f9d plates r\ghly decorat$ ) r$ & gre5 enamels1 a /yle ( decoration :i* may p]haps be trac$ back to ! e>li] enamels ( ,m+ times4 ,examples ( ?is type ( w>e--"s at lea/ appe> to be ( porcela9--h be5 f\nd bo? 9 ! ,philipp9es & 9 ,ceylon4 ,to come d[n to m rec5t times1 pieces decorat$ ) l>ge peony-fl[]s1 enamell$ ) an opaque :ite t9t$ by ! r\ge d'or1 on a bright gre5 gr\nd ( leaves1 come f ! ,celebes1 f ,siam1 & especially f ,cairo4#abh ,at ,go?a1 9 ! public museum1 is a collection ( ,*9ese porcela9 br\ght toge!r by ! late ,duke ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x is rem>kable = ! numb] ( f9e pieces ( e>ly celadon t x conta9s4 ,z ! unique collection ( ,lung-*uan1 ( ,ko yao & ( o!r ,sung w>es =m$ by ,dr4 ,hir?1 is n[ compris$ 9 x1 ?is is probably ! mo/ important assemblage ( e>ly ,*9ese porcela9 9 ,europe4 ,^! two ,g]man collections1 9 ! ,zw+] at ,dresd5 & at ,go?a1 complem5t & illu/rate ea* o!r4 ,b we h 9 ,engl&1 scatt]$ ?r\gh our diff]5t museums & private collections1 ! mat]ials = a s]ies ( at lea/ equal int]e/--,i mean z a comm5t>y on ! hi/ory ( ! spread ( ,*9ese porcela9 ov] ! _w1 a subject to :i* we mu/ n[ return4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,m+ dyna/y ! comm]cial exp$itions ( ! ,*9ese took on a m aggressive "*4 ,9 ! "t ( ,yung-lo 7#adjb-be7 ! eunu* ,*ng-ho sail$ ) a fleet z f> z ,ceylon1 & exact$ homage1 s ! ,*9ese records say1 f ! k+ ( t isl&4 ,9 ! next reign1 t ( ,hsuan-te 7#adbe-ce71 ! same admiral conduct$ a m peaceful exp$ition to ,hormus1 at ! entrance ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & 9 company ) m]*antm5 f ,india1 trad$ ) ! ports ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 f ,ad5 z f> up z ,j$dah4 ,bo? 9 ,ceylon & at ,j$dah 7,ti5-fong is p]haps r ,mecca itself7 we f9d m5tion ( gre5 porcela9 among ! goods import$1 & at ?is la/ port ! ,indian & ,*9ese m]*ants e/abli%$ _! factories at ! v c5tre ( ! ,mohamm$an _w4 7,i foll[ ! extracts f ! ,m+ ,annals giv5 by ,dr4 ,hir?47 ,/ill m important 0 ! trade ) ,hormus & o!r ports ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,we he> incid5tally1 at a lat] "t1 ( a l>ge fleet ( ,*9ese junks at an*or 9 ^! wat]s4 ,to u ! ,*9ese trade ) ,p]sia is ( special int]e/1 = :51 aft] a brief int]val ( ,portuguese rule1 ,hormus fell into our h&s1 x 0 9 a measure ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,p]sian ports1 & ( simil> depts & factories on ! ,indian coa/ 7z1 = in/ance1 ,surat7 t we 9 ,engl& obta9$ our e>lie/ specim5s ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,& n[ we mu/ take up ano!r ?read ( our inquiry & return to ! ,*9a ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,*9a ( ,kublai ,khan1 ! greate/ ( ! ,mongol rul]s1 z describ$ 9 ! book ( ! ,v5etian travell] ,m>co ,polo4 ,"h1 9 :at is = u a classical passage1 we f9d ! fir/ kn[n in/ance ( ! use ( ! ^w porcela94 ,m>co ,polo has be5 describ+ ! wond]s & ri*es ( ,zaitun1 & he proce$s 9 8 inconsequ5t way--we w quote fir/ f ! old ,fr5* text1 probably ! e>lie/--#8,et sa*iez que pres de ce/e cit de ayton a une autre cit qui a nom ,tiunguy1 l o l'en fait m\lt d'escuelles et de p\rcela9nes qui sont m\lt belles4 ,et en nul autre port on n'en fait1 =s que en ce/uy2 et en y a l'en m\lt bon m>*ie' 7,pau?i]1 ,m>co ,polo1 *apt] clvi474 ,translat+ f ! lat] & m exp&$ ,italian text1 ,colonel ,yule r5d]s ! correspond+ passage z foll[s3 #8,let me tell y t !re is 9 ?is prov9ce a t[n call$ ,tyunju1 :]e !y make vessels ( porcela9 ( all sizes1 ! f9e/ t c be imag9$4 ,!y make x n[h]e b 9 ?is city1 & !nce x is export$ all ov] ! _w4 ,"h x is abundant & v *eap1 insomu* t = a ,v5ice groat y c buy ?ree di%es s f9e t y c\ld n imag9e bett]4' ,9 ! /ill lat] v]sion ( ,ramusio1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aegi1 we f9d "o ( ! fir/ m5tions ( ! old fable t ! porcela9 e>? 0 all[$ to wea!r = two g5]ations be=e be+ us$4 7,see ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 vol4 i4 p4 cxxii4 & vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahf & #aij47 ,conf9+ ourselves to ! old ,fr5* v]sion1 ! po9t to be> 9 m9d is ! use ( ! ^w #8p\rcela9nes' 9 ?is s5se z "o famili> to ! read] & requir+ no explanation4 ,& yet 9 ! two o!r passages ( ,m>co ,polo's book1 :]e ! ^w is f\nd1 x is us$1 & "h too )\t fur!r explanation1 = ! ,c[ry %ells 7,cypra7 t !n1 z n[1 took ! place ( money 9 c]ta9 m>kets ( ! ,ea/4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! w>e ( :i* ,m>co ,polo spoke 0 "s k9d ( celadon1 & ,dr4 ,hir?'s id5tification ( ,t+ui ) ,lung-*uan is p]haps m plausible ?an ! rival claims ( ,tekkwa & ,k+-te-*54 ,ibn ,batuta1 ! ,arab travell]1 :o wrote ne>ly fifty ye>s lat]1 says #8porcela9 is made n[h]e 9 ,*9a except 9 ! cities ( ,zaitun & ,s9kalon 7,canton74' ,9 ?is /atem5t he is ( c\rse q wide ( ! m>k4 ,l ,m>co ,polo1 h[ev]1 he 0 /ruck by ! *eapness ( ! w>e1 & he m5tions t x 0 export$ z f> z ,maghreb 7,morocco74 ,^! #8m\lt belles p\rcela9nes1' ,m>co ,polo tells u1 7 to be f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,he 0 probably speak+1 z we h said1 ( a celadon w>e1 ?\gh x is possible t he may h se5 ! pure :ite transluc5t porcela9 ( ,t+*\4 ,our fir/ di/9ct notice ( porcela9 out ( ,*9a is inde$ ( e>li] date4 ,9 an ,arab manuscript 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 treat+ ( ! life & exploits ( ,salad91 we are told t 9 ! ye> #aaga t great ,emir =w>d$ f ,cairo to 8 feudal "l ,nur$d91 ,sultan ( ,damascus1 a pres5t ( =ty pieces ( ,*9ese porcela91 d\btless f\nd among ! treasures ( ! rec5tly conqu]$ ,fatimite caliphs ( ,egypt4#abi ,we h e reason to believe t ?is /ore ( porcela91 f\nd 9 ! palace ( ! h]etic caliphs ( #8,babylon1' c h consi/$ ( no?+ else b ! mu* priz$ #8m>tabani1' ( :i* su* wond]ful /ories are told by ! ,arab & ,p]sian writ]s4 ,! high e/imation 9 :i* ?is w>e 0 held 9 ,p]sia at a lat] date is well br\ght out 9 ! foll[+ quotation f ,*>d91 :o 0 9 ,p]sia 9 #afgb3 #8,ev]y?+ 9 ! k+'s palace is ( massive gold or porcela94 ,!re is a k9d ( gre5 porcela9 s preci\s t "o di% alone is wor? #ejj cr[ns4 ,!y say t ?is porcela9 detects poison by *ang+ col\r1 b t is a fable4#acj ,its price arises f its beauty & ! delicacy ( its mat]ials1 :i* r5d] x transp>5t1 ?\gh above two cr[ns 9 ?ickness4' ,aga91 9 "o ( ! tales ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 we he> ( six old slaves :o br+ 9 a salad 9 a huge bas9 ( #8m>tabani' w>e4 ,fragm5ts ( porcela91 ! f9e :ite pa/e cov]$ ) a greyi% gre5 glaze1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! rubbi%-heaps bo? ( ,fo/t or ,old ,cairo & ( ,rha 7! ,rhages ( ! book ( ,tobit71 ne> ,teh]an1 & z bo? ^! t[ns 7 ab&on$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a correspond+ age has be5 claim$ = ! pot-%]ds f\nd among ! ru9s4#aca ,we n[ "k t a true celadon porcela9 0 made 9 ,siam1 & ?is w>e1 !re is little d\bt1 0 %ipp$ f ! port ( ,m>tabani4#acb ,b 9 spite ( ?is fact1 & ( ! evid5ce ( ! "n by :i* ! w>e 0 kn[n1 by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! porcela9 us$ by ! ,arabs 0 probably a true ,lung-*uan w>e export$ f ! ports ( ! ,*9ese coa/1 ,k9sai1 ,zaitun1 & ,canton4 ,! ,memlook ,sultans ( ,egypt enc\rag$ comm]ce ) ! ,ea/4 ,makrisi tells u t ,kelaun receiv$ an embassy f ,ceylon4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury & lat]1 ! goods tran%ipp$ at ,ad5 7 c>ri$ to ! ports on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea & !n br\ght ov]l& to ,assuan or to ,koos1 a t[n l[] d[n ! ,nile1 ne> to ,koptos4 ,_m ( ! l>ge di%es n[ to be se5 9 ! museums ( ,france & ,g]many may h rea*$ ! ,we/ by ?is r\te1 = among ! pres5ts t ! #8,soldan' ( ,egypt s5t to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 9 #adhg1 on ! occasion ( an embassy 79 addition to "s %eep ) long e>s & tails z big z _! bodies71 we f9d m5tion ( #8vasi gr&i porcellana mai pi v$uti simili ne meglio lavorati' 7,m>ryat1 p4 #bdj1 quot+ a lett] f ,bibbi5a to ,cl>ice de' ,m$ici74 ,be=e ?is1 9 #addg1 ,*>les ,,vii4 ( ,france is said to h receiv$ f ! same s\rce #8trois escuelles de p\rcela9e de ,s9ant1' besides #8platz1 tongues v]des' 7:atev] !y may be71 & o!r vessels ( ! same mat]ial4 ,aga91 9 #adhg porcela9 is m5tion$ 9 ! m>itime laws ( ,b>celona among ! exports f ,egypt4 ,9 only "o ( ^! notices1 h[ev]1 is ! ,*9ese orig9 ( ! porcela9 expressly /at$1 s t 9 ! o!r cases !re rema9s a %ad[ ( a d\bt z to :at k9d ( w>e is 9 "q4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t ! ^w porcela9 0 at t "t sometimes appli$ to ,s>ac5ic fay5ce4 ,inde$ 9 ! old ,fr5* inv5tories quot$ by ! ,m>quis de ,laborde1 v>i\s k9ds ( %ell-w>e1 su* z frames inlaid ) "m-(-pe>l1 are ref]r$ to z porcela94 ,x is d\btful :e!r we c po9t to a s+le specim5 ( porcela9 9 our ,european collections ^: hi/ory c be trac$ back z f> z ! ye> #aejj1 nor c any exception be made to ?is /atem5t 9 fav\r ( any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice4 ,) ! exception ( "o small d\btful piece1 ,i h be5 unable to discov] any specim5 ( porcela9 9 t collection4 ,z = ! tradition conc]n+ ! little plate at ,dresd5 inlaid ) g>nets cut into facettes--t x 0 br\ght back f ! ,ea/ by a crusad]--,i am afraid t ?is mu/ g ! way ( s _m simil> /ories4 ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ ?is (t5-quot$ example ( e>ly ,*9ese porcela91 z well z a cup simil>ly inlaid 9 ! same collection1 & ,i q agree ) ,dr4 ,zimm]mann1 ! ,curator ( ! ,museum1 t ! sett+ c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury1 & t !re is no?+ 9 ! w>e itself1 a pla9 :ite ,t+ porcela91 to po9t to a great age4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 ! b[l ( pale sea-gre5 celadon1 m\nt$ 9 silv] gilt1 pres]v$ at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,?is is kn[n z ! cup ( ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham 7#aejd-cb73 x is said to h be5 pres5t$ to ! college by t prelate1 & ! e>ly date is confirm$ by ! /yle ( ! m\nt+4 ,x is at lea/ a curi\s co9cid5ce t ?is celadon cup1 ! doy51 x w\ld seem1 ( all ! ,*9ese porcela9 9 ,europe1 %\ld prove to be a specim5 ( ! w>e fir/ export$ f ,*9a4#acc ,m4 de ,laborde1 9 8 gloss>y1 quotes f ! inv5tory ( ! goods ( ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 ! ,reg5t ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries dur+ ! m9ority ( h] nephew1 ! future ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 ! foll[+ items among o!rs3 ,un beau gr& pot de p\rcela9e bleue deux agneaux d'arg5t4 ,deux autres esguires d'une sorte de porcelayne bleue4 ,ung beau gobelet de porcelayne blan*e1 c\v]cle1 pa9ct l'ent\r de p]sonnaiges d'hommes et femmes4' ,an additional int]e/ is giv5 to ?is inv5tory ( ! possessions ( ! ,reg5t ,m>g>et :5 we rememb] t x 0 ( h] bro!r t ! foll[+ /ory is told3--,9 ! spr+ ( #aejf ,philip />t$ f ! ,ne!rl&s = ,spa91 along ) 8 wife ,joanna1 to claim = ! latt] ! cr[n ( ,ca/ile1 vacant by ! dea? ( ! great ,que5 ,isabella4 ,driv5 by a /orm into ,weym\? ,h>b\r1 ! pair 7 ent]ta9$ by ,sir ,?omas ,tr5*>d1 ! ,high ,%]iff ( ! c\nty1 at 8 h\se n f> f ,dor*e/]4 ,on leav+1 ,philip gave to 8 ho/ "s b[ls ( ,ori5tal porcela94 ,two ( ^! b[ls ( blue & :ite w>e rema9 9 ! possession ( ! repres5tatives ( ! ,tr5*>d family4 ,"o ( !m is set 9 a silv] gilt m\nt+ ( ab\t #aeej1 ) a ,london hall-m>k on ! inside4 ,on ! outside ( ! b[l is a bold floral decoration1 & inside "s qua9t ar*aic fi%1 simil> to ^? on ! ,*5g-te b[l 9 ! ,salt+ collection4 ,!y h be5 lately describ$ by ,mr4 ,w9?rop 9 ,gull&'s ,ori5tal ,*9a1 vol4 ii4 ,we h n[ come to a "t :5 a new *annel 0 op5$ by :i* ! porcela9 & o!r produce ( ! ,f> ,ea/ c\ld rea* ,europe4 ,9 ! ye> #aeag ,f]n&o ,p]ez ,d',&rada sail$ f ,malacca to ! roads ( ,canton1 & ! ,portuguese n long aft] e/abli%$ "s k9d ( und]/&+ ) ! ,*9ese1 :i* p]mitt$ !m to trade at t port & at ,n+po4 ,?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 la/$ b = a %ort "t4 ,"s aggressive proce$+s on ! "p ( a new admiral s5t out f ,portugal ar\s$ ! lat5t ho/ility ( ! ,m+ ,gov]nm5t1 & ! newcom]s 7 be=e long conf9$ to t ambigu\s position at ,macao t !y occupy to ! pres5t day4 ,!re does n seem to be any direct evid5ce t porcela9 =m$ "p ( ! m]*&ise t !y at t "t--,i mean dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury--s5t back to ,europe2 b aft] ! end ( ! c5tury1 :5 ,portugal & h] colonies 7 = a "t absorb$ 9 ! va/ empire rul$ by ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 a consid]able am\nt ( ! ,ori5tal w>e rea*$ ! ,p59sula by way ( #8! ,indies4' ,specim5s ( ?is old porcela91 *iefly ( ! pla9 :ite t ! ,spani% h always pref]r$1 may /ill be f\nd1 x is said1 9 "s ( ! royal palaces4 ,! ,portuguese 9 "s measure took ! place ( ! ,arabs1 ^: %ipp+ !y _h driv5 out f ! ,indian seas1 & x 0 n[ 9 _! %ips t ! ,*9ese porcela9 0 c>ri$ to ! m>kets ( ,india & ,p]sia4 ,b by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,portuguese1 n[ sail+ "u ! ,spani% flag1 began to feel ! rivalry ( a new p[] t 0 de/9$ be=e long to monopolise ne>ly ! :ole trade ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,9 #afjd1 ?ree %ips be>+ an ambassador & 8 suite arriv$ at ,canton4 ,! ,*9ese 7 al>m$ at ! s+ul> aspect ( ^! new p1 #8) blue eyes1 r$ hair1 & feet "o cubit & two-t5?s long4' ,! ,dut*1 h[ev]--= su* ^! newcom]s 7--effect$ little by ?is embassy1 & x is inde$ difficult to und]/&1 :5 we read ( ! tr\bl$ relations ( =eign nations ) ! fa/ s9k+ ,m+ rul]s 9 ^? /ormy days1 9 :at mann] & by :at r\te ! porcela9 t 0 n[ rea*+ ! m>kets ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 & some:at lat]1 ( ,europe1 9 su* l>ge quantities1 f\nd its way out f ,*9a4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new ,man*u dyna/y 9 #afdd1 ! ?ree s\!rn prov9ces1 includ+ ! ports ( ! ,canton riv] & ( ! ,fuki5 coa/1 long rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! native ,*9ese admiral or pirate1 s well kn[n to ,europeans z ,cox+a1 & x 0 n till "s ye>s aft] ! accession ( ,kang-he t ! imp]ial au?ority 0 e/abli%$ 9 ^! p>ts1 & ! trade road re-op5$ ) ! newly rebuilt kilns ( ,k+-te-*54#acd ,! ,engli% at t "t _h n mu* direct int]c\rse ) ,*9a4 ,:at little rea*$ u f t c\ntry seems to h be5 obta9$ r by piracy ?an by trade4 ,9 ! days ( ,elizabe?1 :5 a ,spani% m]*antman or c>rack 0 captur$1 next to ! bullion !re 0 no?+ t 0 m eag]ly s\ght = ?an porcela91 bo? t :i* might =m "p ( ! c>go & any pieces 9 use at ! (fic]s' table4 ,z late z ! ye> #afcg1 x 0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,portuguese t ! bulk ( ! ,engli% trade ) ,*9a 0 c>ri$ on4 ,meantime1 h[ev]1 we _h e/abli%$ ourselves 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & 9 ! ye> #afbc we assi/$ ,%ah ,abbas 9 driv+ ! ,portuguese out ( ,hormus4 ,we _h at t "t comp>atively close relations ) ,p]sia1 & !re 0 m ?an "o ,engli% adv5tur] 9 ! s]vice ( ! great ,%ah4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t x 0 by way ( our factories or depts on ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7especially ! new e/abli%m5t at ,gombroon1#ace on ! ma9l&1 opposite ! isl& ( ,hormus or ,ormuz71 z well z by ^? on ! coa/ ( ,india1 t ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,japan fir/ rea*$ ,engl& 9 any quantity4 ,9 ^! comm]cial relations we may no d\bt f9d "o ( ! causes ( ! confusion t s long exi/$ ) u betwe5 ! w>es ( ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,*9a4 ,b ,*9ese porcela91 z well z ,p]sian fay5ce1 mu/ h rea*$ ,engl& by ano!r r\te--by way ( ,v5ice--& ?is at a some:at e>li] date4 ,to ?is connection ( #8*9a-w>e' ) ,v5ice !re is frequ5t ref]5ce 9 our ,elizabe?an lit]ature4 ,florio 9 8 ,italian ,diction>y 7#aeih7 int]prets ! ^w #8*9a' z #8a ,v5us bas91' & #8*9a metal' is expla9$ by ,m9%eu 9 8 ,spani% ,dialogues 7#aeii7 z #8! f9e di%es ( e>? pa9t$ su* z are br\ght f ,v5ice4' ,"h ! ref]5ce probably is to ,italian or ,p]sian fay5ce--9 fact ! t5d5cy seems r to h be5 to use ! ^w #8*9a' = ^! latt] w>es & to res]ve ! t]m #8purslane' or #8porcela9e' = ! true porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,inde$ !re is e likelihood t we may f9d ! orig9 ( our t]m #8*9a1' us$ vaguely = ! bett] k9ds ( glaz$ c]amic w>es1#acf 9 ! ,p]sian ^w *9i1 :i* has long be5 employ$ = ,*9ese porcela9 & = ! f9] k9ds ( fay5ce1 bo? 9 ,p]sia & 9 ,india4 ,! po9t to be> 9 m9d is t ) our ance/ors ?is ^w _h no direct connection ) ! ,*9ese empire1 b r ) ,v5ice & ) ,p]sia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! special w>e kn[n z #8purslane1' z we h said1 0 by !m connect$ especially ) t vague c\ntry kn[n z #8! ,ea/ ,indies4' ,at ! ,new ,ye>1 #aehg-hh1 ,elizabe? receiv$ f ,burleigh a porr+] #8( :ite porselyn' g>ni%$ ) gold1 & f ,mr4 ,rob]t ,cecil #8a cup ( gr5e pursselyne4' ,x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury1 app>5tly1 t porcela91 decorat$ ) blue "u ! glaze1 0 import$ 9 any quantity4 ,to ?is "t we mu/ assign ! f\r pieces ( ?is #8blue & :ite' w>e 7"o be>+ ! m>k ( ,wan-li7 7,,pl4 ,,xxviii47 long pres]v$ at ,burleigh ,h\se1 ! old home ( ! s5ior bran* ( ! ,cecil family 7see p4 #he74 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,ori5tal porcela9 _h already become an important article ( comm]ce4 ,at t "t by f> ! l>g] quantity 0 import$ by ! ,dut*1 & 0 di/ribut$ by !m ov] ,france & ,g]many4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s reason to believe t ! ,portuguese cont9u$ to import c]ta9 classes ( w>e1 b x is difficult to ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,*9ese f9d any direct evid5ce ( ?is comm]ce4#acg ,z = ! ,engli% trade1 porcela9 is m5tion$ among ! goods import$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company z e>ly z #afca4 ,= ! mo/ "p ?is porcela9 export$ f ,canton or f ,nagasaki 0 n c>ri$ directly to ,europe1 b f\nd its way fir/ to v>i\s int]m$iate entrepts ( trade3 9 ! case ( ! ,dut*1 to ,batavia2 ) u1 to c]ta9 ,indian ports1 or p]haps to ,gombroon4 ,?is 0 "o cause ( ! /range names by :i* ! products ( ,*9a & ,japan 7 kn[n1 & ( ! confusion betwe5 ! w>es ( ! two c\ntries1 :i* has only be5 cle>$ up ( late ye>s4 ,we he> ( ,batavian porcela91 & ( ,ea/ ,indian or porcela9e des ,indes4#ach ,no d\bt ?is ambiguity ( orig9 0 enc\rag$ by ! rival trad]s1 :o 7 n eag] to make too public ! s\rce ( _! goods4 ,z to ! composition ( ! #8purslayne' br\ght f ! ,indies1 ! wilde/ /ories 7 curr5t4 ,:e!r x 0 ev5 ( ! same nature z o!r k9ds ( pott]y 0 disput$4 ,ev5 s well-in=m$ a man z ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne _h 8 d\bts4 #8,we are n ?or\ghly resolv$1' he says1 #8conc]n+ porcellane or *9a di%es1 t accord+ to common belief !y are made ( e>?4' ,! qua9t /ory ( ! clay be+ pres]v$ = long ages be=e x 0 fit = use1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t app>5tly 9 "s ( ! late v]sions ( ,m>co ,polo's travels4 ,f ,m>ryat1 :o collect$ a weal? ( quotations#aci ref]r+ to porcela9 f writ]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 we take z an example ! foll[+ 7x is f a book writt5 by ,guido ,pancirolli1 a le>n$ jurisconsult & antiqu>y ( ,padua1 :o di$ 9 #aeii73--#8;,9 =m] ages1 porcela9s 7 nev] se54 ,n[ !y are a c]ta9 mass compos$ ( gypsum1 bruis$ eggs1 ! %ell ( ! m>9e locu/ p]haps ! ,langu/a or ,m$it]ranean lob/]1 & o!r sub/ances2 & ?is1 be+ well temp]$ & ?ick5$1 is hidd5 und]gr\nd 9 a secret place1 :i* ! fa!r po9ts out to 8 *ildr51 etc4' ,he !n goes on to speak ( ! transp>5cy ( ?is w>e1 & ( its prop]ty ( break+ :5 any poison\s sub/ance 0 plac$ 9 x4 ,we mu/ rememb] t by ?is "t attempts _h already be5 made 9 ,italy1 bo? 9 ,tuscany & probably /ill e>li] 9 ,v5ice1 to imitate ! porcela9 ( ,*9a4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 soon ab&on$1 b ! m practical ,dut*1 n long aft] ?is "t1 succe$$ 9 mak+ ) _! enamell$ e>!nw>e an imitation ( ! f9] ,*9ese blue & :ite1 clos] to ! orig9al1 z f> z ext]nal aspect is conc]n$1 ?an any?+ t has be5 produc$ 9 ,europe s9ce t "t 9 w>e ( any description4 ,! "n ( ,albregt de ,keiz] 7circa #affa7 x w\ld seem is to be associat$ ) ^! excell5t copies4 ,!re are "s brilliant specim5s ( ?is sev5te5? c5tury delft at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 bo? 9 ! ,k]amic ,gall]y & 9 ! ,salt+ collection4 ,e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ! fa%ion ( dr9k+ tea & *ocolate became fa%ionable1 if n g5]al1 9 ,engl&4 ,c(fee _h be5 introduc$ some:at e>li]--x came f ,turkey by way ( ,v5ice4 ,along ) ^! new infusions came ! dem& = ! little cups f :i* !y 7 to be drunk1 & = ! pots 9 :i* to brew !m4 ,! =m & fa%ion ( ^! came to u n f ,*9a b f ,v5ice1 f ,con/ant9ople1 & p]haps ultimately f ,p]sia4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t ! confusion betwe5 ! w>es ( ! ,ea/ & ( ! ,f> ,ea/ became = ! "t ev5 great]4 ,9 ! dr9k+-song quot$ on page #bdc1 we f9d #8tea-cups & c(fee' associat$ ) #8! ,turk & ! ,sophi1' :ile n a ^w is said ( ,*9a4 ,at ! same "t l>g] pieces1 g>nitures de *em9e1 pots p\rris1 & fi%-b[ls began to f9d a place 9 ! decoration ( a nobleman's h\se4 ,be=e ! end ( ! c5tury !re came 9 a rage = qua9t mon/]s & figures ( ,*9ese gods1 at fir/ *iefly 9 :ite porcela94 ,_m su* pieces may /ill be f\nd on ! mantels & 9 ! *9a-closets ( our c\ntry h\ses1 b un=tunately we h 9 few cases any record ( ! date ( acquisition or ( ! prov5ance ( w>e ( ?is k9d4 ,at ,hampton ,c\rt !re is a quantity ( old *9a n[ well display$ 9 ! rooms %[n to ! public4 ,?is is a collection t well repays a close exam9ation4 ,let u see fir/ :at x does n conta94 ,! famille rose is unrepres5t$4 ,i d n ?9k t ! r\ge d'or enamel is to be f\nd on a s+le specim54 ,! #8,old ,japan' or ,im>i is n f\nd1 at lea/ n 9 *>act]i/ic specim5s4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are _m int]e/+ examples ( ,*9ese enamell$ w>e :i* we may class ) ! five-col\r gr\p 7! blue ( c\rse "u ! glaze74 ,!y are r\ghly pa9t$ ) figures 9 ,m+ co/ume1 b 9 ^! pieces ! gre5 is sc>cely prom95t en\gh to all[ ( our plac+ !m among ! famille v]te4 ,!y belong r to t class ( late ,wan-li or e>ly ,kang-he enamels :i* =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! e>lie/ enamell$ w>es ( ,im>i & ,kutani4 ,( ! ?ree-col\r glazes ( ! demi gr& feu1 ,i w\ld po9t to two int]e/+ vases1 ab\t twelve in*es 9 height1 ) a mottl$ decoration ( gre5 & d>k purple1 & ) yell[ h&les4 ,!re are q a numb] ( l>ge fi%-b[ls ( blue & :ite1 b ^! pieces are n rem>kable ei!r = col\r or design4 ,( m int]e/ are two cyl9drical vases decorat$1 s\s c\v]te1 ) blue & pale copp] r$1 & a curi\s vase ( ,p]sian %ape cov]$ ) fl[]s 9 :ite slip ov] a caf au lait gr\nd4 ,aga91 ! pla9 :ite figures ( ,quany91 ) ! #8,ma9t5on' coif1 & 9 "s cases ) ! boy patron ( le>n+ at ! side1 are "h z abundant relatively z at ,dresd51 & !re is f9ally a well-execut$ figure ( a ,buddhi/ ascetic 9 :ite biscuit4 ,unless x be by ! blue & :ite1 ,japan is repres5t$ solely by ! #8,kakiyemon' enamell$ w>e1 ) ! blue ov] ! glaze4 ,b we mu/ n pass ov] ! little glaz$ cab9et fill$ ) qua9t pieces ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,! cont5ts ( ?is cab9et h1 x is said1 rema9$ unt\*$ s9ce ! day1 m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 !y 7 arrang$ by ,que5 ,m>y4 ,among _m curi\s pieces on its %elves may be se5 two buffaloes ( a pale celadon w>e1 f\r vases ( #8hookah-base' =m1 ) /range-%ap$ sp\ts1 & "s c5s]s 9 ! =m ( kil9s4 ,! g5]al impression1 we may f9ally say1 giv5 by a some:at close inspection ( ! porcela9 at ,hampton ,c\rt1 confirms ! little we "k ( ! date ( its orig94 ,x repres5ts a p]iod ant]ior to ! great r5aissance at ,k+-te-*5 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b only j ant]ior to t "t1 & x is ! abs5ce ( ! f9] & m brilliant w>es made subsequ5tly to ?is r5aissance1 examples ( :i* we are accu/om$ to see 9 our mod]n collections1 t gives a c]ta9 air ( pov]ty to ?is porcela9 collect$ by our ance/ors4 ,9 "s ( ! palaces & ca/les ( ,g]many may /ill be se5 collections ( *9a made 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! porcela9 cab9et4 ,( ^! ! be/ kn[n1 p]haps1 is t at ! #8,favorite1' ne> ,bad51 b !re are o!rs 9 ! ca/le ( ! ,wald/e9 family at ,dux 9 ,bohemia1 & 9 ,hung>y 9 ! ca/le ( ,pr9ce ,e/]hazy4 ,_m ( ^! collections h rema9$ unalt]$ s9ce ! "t :5 !y 7 fir/ br\ght toge!r1 & x is 9 ?is fact t _! pr9cipal int]e/ lies4 ,^! *9a-cab9ets are1 ( c\rse1 all eclips$ by ! va/ collection br\ght toge!r1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 ,elector ( ,saxony & 7at int]vals7 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,b ?is collection has und]gone _m vicissitudes s9ce ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ! h&some palace 9 ! ,neu/adt at ,dresd54 ,x escap$1 inde$1 ) little damage f ! ,prussian cannons dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>2 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 x 0 remov$ to a gloomy basem5t1 b s c>elessly 0 ?is done t we he> ( :ole *e/s pack$ ) brok5 fragm5ts4 ,9 ?is ill-arrang$ & d>k room ! collection rema9$ = ne>ly a c5tury1 until at la/ x has f\nd a home 9 ! well-lit gall]ies ( ! ,johanneum4 ,"h x is n[ se5 to full advantage1 ?anks to an arrangem5t :i* comb9es hi/orical sequ5ce ) a reg>d to g5]al effect4 ,augu/us ! ,/rong di$ 9 #agcc1 & x is d\btful :e!r 8 successor1 ,augu/ ,,ii4 7,augu/ ,,iii4 ( ,pol&71 :o 0 above all a collector ( pictures1 add$ to ! collection4#adj ,!re 71 x w\ld seem1 "s examples ( porcela9 9 ! electoral collection at a mu* e>li] date4#ada ,9 an inv5tory ( #afdj sev]al pieces ( porcela9 are m5tion$1 & ^! are said to h be5 pres5t$ by ! ,h]zog von ,flor5tz 9 ! ye> #aeij4 ,among !m 7!y _c n[ be id5tifi$7 we f9d a vase ( porcela9 7e9 ,pokal von ,porcellana71 blue & r$ ) gild+1 9 ! =m ( a crab2 ano!r 9 ! =m ( a dragon1 col\r$ gre5 & blue2 a lant]n ( porcela91 gre5 & gold1 adorn$ at ! top ) a /&+ figure2 a small #8pokal1' gilt & pa9t$ ) all k9ds ( col\rs2 & f9ally "s l>ge eight-sid$ di%es decorat$ ) blue4 ,we %\ld h expect$ to f9d "s examples ( ! new ,m$ici porcela9 along ) ^!1 b 9 ! inv5tory 9 "q !re is no m5tion ( any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,augu/us ! ,/rong obta9$ mo/ ( 8 porcela9 f ,dut* deal]s--a c]ta9 ,le ,roy at ,am/]dam is specially m5tion$4 ,already 9 #agji we f9d him l5d+ eight /atuettes ( :ite ,*9ese w>e to ,bttg]1 !n engag$ ) 8 exp]im5ts on ! ,knig/e94 ,9 ! ye> #agag he receiv$ f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ne>ly a hundr$ important vases & di%es4 ,9 return = ^!1 x is said1 ! k+ obta9$ a regim5t 7or company7 ( tall dragoons1 b ?is "p ( ! b>ga9 is n m5tion$ 9 ! (ficial receipt = ! porcela91 :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,i h m ?an once ref]r$ to individual specim5s 9 ?is fam\s collection1 & ,i %all n attempt to describe x n[4 ,suffice to say t ! g5]al impression giv5 is t x is ( a some:at lat] date ?an t at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,ap>t f a few e>ly pieces :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 & f "s specim5s ( ! famille rose 7& on ^! ! new r\ge d'or is = ! mo/ "p sp>+ly &1 z x 71 t5tatively appli$71 ! col\r$ enamel w>e 9 ! ,dresd5 collection belongs 9 ! bulk to ! famille v]te1 & ^u intr9sic evid5ce might be attribut$ to ! lat] ye>s ( ,kang-he & to ! reign ( 8 successor ,yung-*+1 say f #afij to #agcj4 ,on ! ,japanese side1 we notice a numb] ( di%es & vases 9 blue & :ite1 r 9 ! /yle ( ! lat] ,m+ w>e export$ to ,india & ,p]sia1 a few *oice specim5s ( ! enamell$ #8,kakiyemon1' & !n ! va/ s]ies ( #8,old ,japan' or ,im>i porcela9--plates1 vases1 & b[ls1 _m ( l>ge size4 ,mu* ( ?is la/ class 0 made to ord]1 & ?is "p reflects ! bad ta/e ( ! day4 ,we f9d tall vases #8adorn$' ) figures & fl[]s modell$ 9 full relief 9 a k9d ( /ucco & gaudily pa9t$ ) "s oil m$ium or v>ni%4 ,"s are conv]t$ into cages = birds or squirrels by an ext]nal rail+ ( brass rods4 ,) ! exception ( a few f9e g>nitures 9 blue & :ite 9 #8't ,huis t5 ,bos*' at ! ,hague1 !re appe> to be no public collections 9 ,holl& dat+ f ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b 9 spite ( ! repeat$ razzias ( deal]s1 bo? native & =eign1 _m old families /ill reta9 collections ( ,*9ese porcela9 7( blue & :ite especially71 "s ( :i* may date f ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & _m a r\gh-look+ f>m]1 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 prides himself on ! *9a-cab9et t he has inh]it$ f 8 ance/ors4 ,francis ,i4 ( ,france & 8 son ,h5ri ,,ii4 71 z is well kn[n1 great collectors ( works ( art1 & _! collections at ,fonta9ebleau may be reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( ! national museums ( ,france4 ,! ,rev4 ,pre ,dan1 :o describ$ ^! collections at a lat] date1 9 8 ,trsors des ,m]veilles de ,fonta9ebleau 7#afdj7 says--#8,la toi5t aussi des vases et vaisselles en porcela9es de la ,*9e1' & 9 an eighte5? c5tury notice we he> ( a #8vase de porcela9e de premire qualit anci5ne de la ,*9e1' :i* is said to h come f ! collection ( ,sully1 ! m9i/] ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,9 ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 at ! great ye>ly fairs held 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 ,portuguese travell+ m]*ants set up _! /alls = ! sale ( les besognes de ,*9e4#adb ,9 #afgh ! ,du*ess ( ,clevel&'s porcela9 0 sold at ! fair ( ,/4 ,laur5t4 ,! ,m]cure ( ! day gives a li/ ( ! figures & m\nt$ pieces4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 we are told1 0 surpris$ at ! k ( ,ori5tal porcela9 %[n by ,james ,,ii4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x became ! fa%ion among ! gr&s ,seigneurs ( ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 to collect ! porcela9e des ,indes1 ! ,dauph9 & ! ,duke ( ,orleans lead+ ! way1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! %ort-liv$ ,compagnie de la ,*9e#adc 7#afhe-agai7 ! latt] pr9ce 0 able to obta9 f ! ,ea/ vases decorat$ ) 8 arms1#add :ile ( ! ,dauph9 we he> t he arrang$ 8 collection ( blue & :ite 9 cab9ets con/ruct$ by ! fam\s eboni/ ,b\le4 ,un=tunately ! gall]y at ,v]sailles :]e !y 7 plac$ 0 burn$ d[n soon aft]w>ds 7,du ,s>tel1 ,la ,porcela9e de la ,*9e1 p4 #aba74 ,! porcela9 ( ^! pr9cely collectors 0 sold at a lat] "t1 & mo/ ( x pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,vicomte de ,fonsp]tuis2 x 0 aga9 disp]s$ :5 ! works ( art 9 t fam\s collection 7 sold by auction 9 #agdg4 ,! catalogue on ?is occasion 0 prep>$ by ,g]sa9t1#ade ! great deal] ( ! day1 = ^: %op on ! ,pont ,notre-,dame ,watteau pa9t$ 8 fam\s ,enseigne4 ,! notes 9 ?is catalogue are ( "s int]e/1 9 t !y are1 p]haps1 ! e>lie/ attempt1 at lea/ f a ,we/]n po9t ( view1 at a critical description ( ,ori5tal porcela94 ,we c only call att5tion to ! rem>ks ( ,g]sa9t on ! new enamel col\rs1 :i* 9 opposition to ! blue & :ite #8on voit seulem5t depuis quelques annes'2 on ! :ite w>e ) its #8ton vel\t1 d\x et mat1' :i* he tells u ,spani% collectors pref] to all o!rs1 & on ! figures1 animals1 & ornam5ts :i* ! ,dut* #8s\v5t mal propos' pa9t$ ov] ! beautiful :ite w>e ( ,*9a4 ,g]sa9t ridicules also ! fa%ion t w h no?+ to say to any piece )\t ! br[n l9e ^u ! lip or edge1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! porcela9 import$ ab\t ?is "t1 & f9ally he calls att5tion to ! excell5t imitation ( ! #8,anci5 ,japon1' made "s "t s9ce at ,dresd54 ,a few specim5s ( ?is ,saxon w>e are ! only examples ( ,european pott]y 9 ?is ext5sive & v>i$ collection4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat] ! collections ( ano!r fri5d & patron ( ,watteau1 ,m4 de ,julli5ne1 7 sold by auction 9 ! ,salon ,c>r ( ! ,l\vre1 & a detail$ catalogue ( ! ,ori5tal w>e 0 drawn up by ! deal] ,julliot4 ,b = a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,fr5* collections & collectors ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we mu/ ref] ! read] to ! *apt] on ?is subject 9 ,m4 ,du ,s>tel's already quot$ "w4 ,9 ! l5g?y treatise ( ! ,abb ,raynal on ! hi/ory ( ! ,comm]ce des ,europens dans les ,deux ,indes1 !re is an int]e/+ section treat+ ( ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,japan1 & ( ! relation ( ^! ,ori5tal w>es to ! porcela9 ( ,saxony & ,france4 ,! "w 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aggj1 b ! rem>ks on porcela9 7 probably writt5 sev]al ye>s e>li]4 ,we h already notic$ ! six classes into :i* he divides ! w>es import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,we c only note "h t ,raynal di/+ui%es ! two classes ( porcela9e blan*e--"o ( creamy t9t1 & ! o!r cold & blui%4 ,?is w>e1 he says1 0 imitat$ at ,sa9t-,cl\d1 b ) #8frit' & lead glaze4 ,8 sympa?ies are all = ! true porcela9 ( ,dresd51 & = ! w>e lately made 9 ,france by ! ,c\nt ,lauraguais4 ,we h attempt$ 9 ?is *apt]1 p]haps at too great a l5g? = a "w ( ?is k9d1 to foll[ ! /eps by :i* ! k & appreciation ( ,ori5tal porcela9 spread gradually ?r\gh ! ,we/4 ,x w be our next task to %[1 z briefly z possible1 h[ on ! gr\nd ?us prep>$ !re arose on all sides a desire to imitate ?is beautiful w>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,imitation ,,9 ,,europe ,:at1 !n1 7 ! w>es ) :i* ! porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/ came into competition1 :5 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x rea*$ ,europe 9 ev] increas+ quantity8 ,x 0 n ! ord9>y lead-glaz$ pott]y1 or ! salt-glaz$ /onew>e 9 common use1 t felt ?is competition4 ,crock]y ( ?is sort w\ld always be protect$ by its *eapness4 ,! rivalry 0 r ) ! m arti/ic w>e f\nd on ! tables ( ! ri*] sort ( p1 mu* ( x made = ornam5t only4 ,n[ at ?is "t1 w>e ( ?is latt] k9d all came "u ! class ( enamell$ fay5ce--e>!nw>e1 t is1 ^: dull surface 0 r5d]$ bright & %9+ by a coat+ ( /annif]\s enamel2 on ?is artificial surface ! decoration1 (t5 pre-em95t 9 arti/ic m]it1 0 pa9t$4 ,x is n our bus9ess "h to %[ h[ ?is great c]amic family ( /annif]\s enamell$ w>e1 :i* _h n[ spread ov] ,europe1 _h its orig9 9 ! ne>] or ,s>ac5ic ,ea/1 j z ! porcela91 :i* 9 a measure 0 de/9$ to replace x1 c all be trac$ back to a ,*9ese s\rce4 ,suffice to say t1 />t+ f ! ,moori% pott]ies ( ,spa91 ?is enamell$ fay5ce gradually replac$ ! old lead-glaz$ slip w>e ( ! ,italian quattroc5to1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 c>ri$ by ,italian workm5 to ,france1 :]e important c5tres ( manufacture 7 e/abli%$ at ,r\5 & at ,nev]s4 ,b x 0 r ! fay5ce ( ,delft1 a w>e ( ess5tially ! same class z ! la/1 & "o :i*1 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 pu%+ its way into ! m>kets ( ,france & ( ,engl&1 t fir/ felt ! competition ( ! porcela9 n[ import$ f ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! fact is t all ^! enamell$ w>es suff]$ f "o great defect4 ,x 0 n s mu* _! lack ( transluc5cy or ! s(tness ( _! pa/e t 0 at fault1 b r ! fact t !y made pret5ce to be some?+ bett] ?an !y really 7 #8at he>t4' ,comp>$ to porcela91 !y are z plat$ w>e to real silv]1 & "t & we> are apt only too soon to reveal ! base nature ( _! body4 ,:]ev] ! enamel is *ipp$ (f1 ! dirt lodges1 & greasy matt] f9ds its way into ! por\s pa/e1 caus+ a wide spread+ /a94 ,?is is a practical1 &1 we may also add1 a hygi5ic defect1 t is n[ sometimes =gott51 ! m s z n[adays our common table w>e is free f ?is fault1 & resembles f9e porcela9 9 s f> t ! :ite1 compact body is cov]$ by no?+ b ! transp>5t glaze4 ,9 fact1 z f> z ,european exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 we may say1 broadly1 t ! m]its ( porcela9 comp>$ ) ^? ( fay5ce are r ( a practical ?an ( an arti/ic nature4#adf ,x w be conv5i5t to divide ! hi/ory ( ,european porcela9 into two p]iods4 ,! fir/1 ) :i* we are alone conc]n$ 9 ?is *apt]1 deals ) a "t ( isolat$ & t5tative exp]im5ts4 ,we are conc]n$ 9 ,italy ) ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,v5etian al*emi/s :i* =m an introduction to ! porcela9 made by ! ,tuscan ,gr&-,duke2 9 ,engl& ) ! e>ly rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,dwight & o!rs2 & f9ally1 9 ,france ) ! m successful ef=ts ( ! pott]s ( ,r\5 & ,sa9t-,cl\d4 ,! second p]iod op5s ) ! great discov]y ( ,bttg] at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! porcela9 made subsequ5t to ?is may be divid$ conv5i5tly into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ! true porcela9 ( ,g]many2 7#b7 ! artificial s(t pa/e ( ,france2 & 7#c7 ! s-call$ natural s(t pa/e ( ,engl&4 ,^! are ! mo/ important types2 & o!r w>es su* z ! #8mix$ or hybrid pa/es' ( ,italy & ,spa91 & ! h>d1 true porcela9s ( ,engl& & ,france1 c be mo/ conv5i5tly treat$ 9 connection ) ! second & ?ird divisions4 ,,e>ly ,,v5etian ,,porcela94--,( all ! cities ( ,europe we might1 on !oretical gr\nds1 expect to f9d 9 ,v5ice ! place above all o!rs :]e ! "q ( ! composition ( porcela9 w\ld at an e>ly date attract att5tion1 & inde$1 ! evid5ce br\ght to light by ! ,b>on ,davilli] 7,les ,orig9es de la ,porcela9e en ,europe1 #ahhb7 & by ! late ,sir ,william ,drake 7,notes on ,v5etian ,c]amics1 ,london1 #ahfh1 privately pr9t$7 fully proves t m ?an "o al*emi/ or #8arcani/' ( t city1 9 "o case z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 produc$ specim5s wor?y to be call$ #8porcellane transp>5te e vaghissime1' & ?is by contempor>ies :o _h "s opportunity ( see+ ! real porcela9 ( ,*9a4#adg ,?is #8transp>5t & beautiful porcela9' 0 made 9 #adgj by ,ma/] ,antonio1 ! al*emi/1 at 8 kiln by ,san ,simeon1 & ! writ] ( a notice t has be5 pres]v$ s5ds two specim5s ( ?is w>e to 8 fri5d 9 ,padua4 ,aga91 9 #aeah we he> ( #8a new artifice n kn[n be=e 9 ?is illu/ri\s city1 to make all k9ds ( porcela9 l to ! transp>5t w>es ( ! ,levant'2 & a ye> lat] ! ambassador ( ! ,duke ,alfonso writes to 8 ma/] at ,f]r>a1 s5d+ him specim5s ( ! porcellana ficta made by a c]ta9 ,cat]9o ,z51 :om he has p]suad$ to emigrate to ! latt] city4 ,!re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t 9 all ^! in/ances ! writ]s are ref]r+ to attempts at ! manufacture ( some?+ resembl+1 9 its transp>5cy at lea/1 ! porcela9 ( ,*9a4 ,!re is no "q ( any confusion ) ! majolica ( ! day1 ) ^: prop]ties ^! m5 7 well acqua9t$1 & we may !re=e reasonably reg>d ! ,v5etian #8ar*imi/i' z ! fir/ 9 ,europe to make a s(t-pa/e porcela94 ,z 9 ! case ( lat] exp]im5t]s1 transluc5cy1 r ?an h>dness or refractory qualities1 0 ! po9t aim$ at2 & f ! few h9ts we get z to ! sub/ances employ$1 we may inf] t ^! old #8ar*imi/i' />t$ ) ! idea ( comb9+ ! prop]ties ( glass & ( fay5ce by mix+ a #8frit1' or glassy elem5t1 ) v>i\s k9ds ( pure :ite clay4 ,x is un=tunately true t we c po9t to no s+le exi/+ specim5 ( ,italian porcela9 t c safely be ref]r$ to s e>ly a date2 b x mu/ at ! same "t be rememb]$ t x 0 only 9 ! ye> #aheg t ! fir/ piece ( ,m$ici porcela9 0 id5tifi$ by ,signor ,=esi1 & t z late z #ahei a flask-%ap$ vase ( ?is w>e 0 sold at ! ,htel ,dr\ot z a specim5 ( ,japanese porcela96 ,,m$ici ,,porcela94--,! fir/ m5tion ( ?is n[ well-kn[n w>e is probably to be f\nd 9 ,vas>i's ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s4 ,x is 9 8 acc\nt ( ,b]n>do ,buontal5ti1 pa9t]1 sculptor1 ar*itect1 & me*anical g5ius1 :o1 9 all ^! capacities1 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,m$ici1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite 0 9 great fav\r ) ,cosmo1 ! fir/ ,gr&-,duke ( ,tuscany1 & /ill m ) 8 son ,francesco4 #8,b]n>do1' says ,vas>i1 :o 0 a contempor>y1 #8applies himself to ev]y?+1 z may be se5 by ! vases ( porcela9 :i* he has made 9 s %ort a "t--vases :i* h all ! p]fection ( ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ p]fect4' ,he c\ld make objects ( all k9ds 9 porcela94 #8,( all ^! ?+s our pr9ce ,francesco ! ,gr&-,duke possesses ! me?ods ( manufacture4' ,francesco ,m>ia1 ! second ,gr&-,duke ( ,tuscany1 0 nei!r a good pr9ce nor a fai?ful husb&4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 by nature an en?usia/ic & pati5t exp]im5t]1 & a *emi/ aft] ! mann] ( ! day4 ,soon aft] 8 accession1 9 #aegf1 ! ,v5etian envoy writes ( him--,i abbreviate "h & !re3 #8,he has f\nd ! way to make ! porcela9 ( ,india2 he has equall$ !m 9 transp>5ce1 9 lightness1 & 9 delicacy4 ,) ! help ( a ,levant9e he work$ = m ?an t5 ye>s1 spoil+ ?\s&s ( pieces1 be=e produc+ p]fect "w4 ,he passes 8 :ole day 9 8 cas9o 9 ! ,boboli ,g>d5s surr\nd$ by alembics & filt]s1 mak+1 among o!r ?+s1 false jewels1 & fireworks4' ,we le>n also1 f a contempor>y manuscript1 t ! pa/e ( ?is porcela9 0 =m$ by mix+ c]ta9 :ite e>?s f ,si5a & f ,vic5za ) a frit1 itself made f p\nd$ rock cry/al fus$ ) soda & glassmak]s' s&4 ,! ,vic5za clay1 at all ev5ts1 0 probably ( a kaol9ic nature4 ,aft] %ap+ on ! :eel & dry+1 ! decoration 0 pa9t$ on ! raw pa/e1 & ! vessel subject$ to a prelim9>y fir+2 ! plumbif]\s glaze 0 !n appli$ to ! biscuit4 ,?is ,m$ici w>e is decorat$ = ! mo/ "p ) cobalt blue alone1 b occasionally a little purple1 & /ill m r>ely o!r col\rs are add$4 ,! design is made up ( sprigs ( conv5tionalis$ fl[]s & leaves connect$ by f9e /alks1 sugge/+1 on ! :ole1 a ,p]sian r ?an a ,*9ese influ5ce4 ,9 a few cases we f9d ! r5aissance arabesques 7or1 m prop]ly1 grotesques7 ( ! "t comb9$ ) masks 9 relief4 ,! usual m>k is a ha/y outl9e ( ! dome ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 & bel[ x ! lett] ,f2 on a few pieces1 ^? especially :i* are decorat$ ) ! grotesques1 we f9d ! six r\ndels1 or #8palle1' ( ! ,m$ici1 surm\nt$ by ! ducal coronet4 ,a few pieces are dat$4 ,! e>lie/ date t has be5 discov]$--#aeha--;is on a bottle ( squ>e section1 rudely pa9t$1 "u a crackle glaze1 ) ! arms ( ,spa94 ,z might be expect$ 9 ! case ( an exp]im5tal w>e ( amateuri% orig91 ! extant pieces diff] mu* 9 te*nical m]it4 ,"s are heavily m\ld$1 ) a r\gh decoration ( d>k blue 7,i ref] to "s pieces n[ 9 ! ,l\vre72 :ile on o!rs1 z on ! f9e b damag$ b[l at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a delicate design is c>efully pa9t$ 7,,pl4 ,,xxx474 ,! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 ( ?is ,m$ici porcela9 is seldom ( a pure :ite1 & ! col\rs h a t5d5cy to run4 ,n[ t ! specim5s f ! ,davilli] & ,ro?s*ild collections h f\nd _! way into ! ,l\vre1 ?is w>e is be/ repres5t$ 9 t gall]y4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al pieces at ,svres1 & "s good examples at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ?is w>e is obscure4 ,! kilns appe> to h be5 remov$ to ,pisa1 & _! exi/5ce _c be trac$ lat] ?an #afbj4 ,,r\5 ,,porcela94--,= a p]iod ( two g5]ations & m aft] ?is date x w\ld seem t little 0 attempt$4 ,! vague ass]tions f\nd 9 pat5ts tak5 out dur+ ?is "t 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france are ( slight value = u1 = ! claim is only made to an imitation ( ! ,ea/]n w>e1 & su* an expression might apply to _m k9ds ( enamell$ fay5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,,m$ici1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,9 ,france1#adh ,claude ,rev]5d1 9 #affd1 is au?oris$ to #8contrefaire la porcela9e la faon des ,indes4' ,a m s]i\s int]e/ atta*es to ! lett]s-pat5t grant$ 9 #afgc to ,l\is ,pot]at ( ,r\54 ,?is ,pot]at 0 a man ( "s position2 he belong$ to a family t _h long be5 connect$ ) ! manufacture ( enamell$ fay5ce at ,/4 ,sev]1 ne> ,r\54 ,9 ! diploma ( #afgc facilities are grant$ him by ! k+ = mak+ vessels ( porcela9 simil> to ^? ( ,*9a by means ( ! secret process t he _h discov]$ = manufactur+ #8la vritable porcela9e de la ,*9e4' ,!re exi/ c]ta9 little pieces ( s(t-pa/e porcela91 sp>ely decorat$ ) arabesques & lambrequ9s 9 blue s\s c\v]te1 9 ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & m>k$ ) ! lett]s ,a4,p4 surm\nt$ by a small />4#adi ,^! are n[ g5]ally class$ z ,r\5 w>e ( ! "t ( ,pot]at2 9 t case1 we mu/ see 9 !m ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ! ,fr5* family ( porcela9es t5dres4 ,we h se5 specim5s at ,svres & at ,dresd51 9 bo? cases little cyl9drical boxes divid$ into comp>tm5ts4 ,a simil>ly decorat$ cup1 ( v transluc5t w>e1 9 ! ,fitzh5ry collection1 is also attribut$ to ,r\54 ,!re 7 probably at ?is "t & lat] _m o!rs1 arcani/es or practical pott]s1 work+ at ! problem 9 ,france4 ,m4 ,vogt quotes1 f ! ,comptes des ,btim5ts du ,roi = #afhb1 two s+ul> paym5ts = ! transport ( #8t]re de porcela9e' f ,le ,havre to ,r\5 & !nce to ,p>is4 ,?is porcela9 e>? _h1 x is /at$1 be5 previ\sly %ipp$ to ,civita ,vec*ia4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is might ref] to a c>go ( kaol9 s5t f ! ,ea/ 7,la ,porcela9e1 p4 #cd74 ,9 #afie ! k+ grant$ to ! ,*ico9eau family ! privilege ( mak+ porcela91 by means ( a secret process1 res]v+ only ! "r previ\sly grant$ to ,pot]at ( ,r\54 ,) ! e/abli%m5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,sa9t-,cl\d kilns we pass out ( ! /age ( t5tative exp]im5t1 & ! porcela9 ( ,sa9t-,cl\d =ms ! prop] introduction to ! s(t-pa/e w>es ( ,france4 ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,engl&4--,! pott]s art 0 at a v l[ ebb 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,dut* ) _! ,delft w>e _h tak5 up a position comp>able to t held by our ,/af=d%ire pott]s a c5tury & a half lat]4 ,!y suppli$ u = _m ye>s ) ! ord9>y crock]y 9 use among ! middle classes 7inde$1 9 p>ts ( ,irel& su* w>e is /ill kn[n z #8delf'74 ,f ! scatt]$ local pott]ies 7 produc$ only ! r\ghe/ k9ds ( e>!nw>e4 ,b 9 ?is rude w>e we see at times a c]ta9 b>b>ic1 almo/ ,ori5tal feel+ = col\r & decoration1 giv+ m promise ( arti/ic possibilities ?an we c f9d 9 ! tame imitative "w ( ! eighte5? c5tury porcela9 mak]4 ,q e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly by ! "t ( ,*>les ,i41 pott]y works 7 e/abli%$ by ! banks ( ! ,?ames at ,lambe? & else:]e1 :]e successful imitations ( ,delft 7 made1 probably ) ! assi/ance ( ,dut* workm54 ,n f> (f1 at ,fulham1 ,dr4 ,john ,dwight exp]im5t$ ^u v>i\s clays & glazes1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,8 is ! e>lie/ "n t occurs 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% c]amics4 ,9 ! lett]s-pat5t grant$ to him 9 #afga1 he claims t #8at 8 own prop] co/s & *>ges he ha? inv5t$ & set up at ,fulham 444 sev]al new manufactories4' ,n only 0 he prep>$ to deal ) #8! mi/]ie ( ! /onew>e vulg>ly call$ ,cologne w>e1' b he also lays claim to #8! my/]ie ( transp>5t e>!nw>e1 commonly kn[ne by ! "n ( porcela9e or *9a1 & ,p]sian w>e4' ,?is claim is made ev5 m def9itely by 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,plot1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ox=d%ire1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #afgg4 ,dr4 ,dwight1 he tells u1 #8ha? f\nd ways to make an e>? :ite & transp>5t z porcelane1 & n di/+ui%able f x by ! eye or by exp]im5ts :i* h be5 purposely made to try :]e9 !y disagree4' ,we may comp>e ?is claim ) ! simil> /atem5ts made ab\t ! same "t 9 ! petitions ( ,pot]at & o!rs4 ,9 nei!r case is !re any sign ( an acqua9tance ) ! ,*9ese mat]ials4 ,9 ,france ! aim 0 to make some?+ t %\ld comb9e ! prop]ties ( e>!nw>e & glass2 :ile 9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,dwight's w>e1 h>dness & infusibility 7 ! po9ts s\ght =4 ,! portrait bu/s & /atuettes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & a fam\s piece at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 are all t rema9 ( ,dr4 ,dwight's w>es4 ,^! 7 until lately 9 ! h&s ( 8 desc5dants1 & are1 !re=e1 ?or\ghly au!nticat$4#aej ,9 ! =m] collection are two figures1 a sportsman & a girl ) two lambs1 :i* 9 _s & %>pness ( execution comp>e fav\rably ) our lat] imitations ( ,meiss5 porcela9 9 s(t pa/e4 ,a ?91 app>5tly non-plumbif]\s glaze cov]s a :ite body1 :i* is und\bt$ly ( great h>dness & possibly j transluc5t 7#8approa*+ 9 "s cases to transluc5cy1' says ! writ] ( ! #8,j]myn ,/reet' ,catalogue74 ,un=tunately !re has surviv$ no?+ to illu/rate 8 imitations ( ,*9ese & ,p]sian w>e4 ,dr4 ,dwight 0 a man ( "s social position1 & a ,ma/] ( ,arts ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,! v consid]able m]it ( 8 /onew>e figures 7& we may add1 ! pa!tic int]e/ atta*+ to ! little figure ( a dead *ild1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 inscrib$ #8,lydia ,dwight1 dy$ ,m>* #crd1 #afgc'7 h e/abli%$ 8 position z ! fa!r ( ,engli% c]amics1 & on ?is gr\nd he has f\nd a place along ) ,duesbury & ,w$gwood 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 ,= u 8 /onew>e has a special int]e/4 ,x is p]haps ! only c]amic w>e 9 exi/5ce t has s _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( true porcela9--its h>dness1 its resi/ance to high temp]atures1 & to "s ext5t also its transluc5cy & :it5ess ( pa/e--b :i* 9 orig9 & *emical composition diff]s s entirely f ! normal type4 ,dr4 ,place ( ,york 0 a contempor>y ( ,dwight2 he devot$ mu* "t to exp]im5ts on v>i\s k9ds ( clay4 ,al?\gh he has "s claim to rank z an arti/ic pott]1 ,i d n ?9k t !re is any pro( t he ev] made porcela9 ( ei!r h>d or s(t pa/e4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t dur+ ! foll[+ fifty ye>s & m we he> no?+ 9 ,engl& ( any attempt to manufacture porcela91 nor is !re any pat5t or contempor>y notice be>+ on ! subject dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ,dr4 ,dwight's specification ( #afhd & ! date ( ,frye's fir/ pat5t4 ,a claim to make porcela9 by work+ up ! gr\nd fragm5ts ( ,ori5tal w>e ) "s gummy mat]ials is p]haps ! only exception4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 z else:]e1 ! #8w>e ( ! ,indies' 0 com+ m & m into fav\r1 & its p>tial victory ov] =eign & native /onew>e & pott]y is1 z we said above1 closely connect$ ) ! increas+ popul>ity ( tea & c(fee4 ,sack & cl>et 7 /ill s]v$ 9 bottles ( ,delft w>e1 & be] 9 /onew>e jugs & tank>ds4 ,a c]ta9 suspicion ( effem9acy & deg5]acy came to be associat$ bo? ) tea & c(fee1 & ) ! w>e 9 :i* !y 7 s]v$4#aea ,ev5 n[1 any ridicule to :i* ! *9a-collector is expos$ is g5]ally associat$ ) a teapot4 ,we h 9 ?is *apt] trac$ ! e>ly attempts made 9 ,italy1 z well z ^? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 to imitate ! porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,we mu/ n[ turn aside to ,saxony1 :]e1 at ! dawn ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! problem 0 solv$ by ! g5ius ( a poor *emi/'s assi/ant4 ,we w !n run rapidly ?r\gh ! _m c5tres :]e h>d-pa/e porcela9 0 made 9 ,g]many1 be=e return+ to ! s(t-pa/e w>es ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,h>d-,,pa/e ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,g]many ,b,,ttg] ,,& ,,! ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,meiss5 ,we h already m ?an once come across ! fam\s ,elector ( ,saxony1 :o f\nd "t1 betwe5 8 ,poli% w>s & 8 innum]able am\rs1 to br+ toge!r ! nucleus1 at lea/1 ( m ?an "o ( ! great collections t h s9ce 8 "t attract$ visitors to ,dresd54 ,9 ! hi/orical collections ( ! ,johanneum & 9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe1 we f9d 8 "n associat$ ) _m ?+s ( great beauty--arms & arm\r1 silv] plate & jewell]y2 b /ill1 ev5 aft] mak+ e all[ance = ! /range ta/e ( ! "t1 ! g5]al impression ( ! man :i* we get f ! objects br\ght toge!r by him is n exactly t ( a ref9$ amateur4 ,9 fact1 ! ,g]man phase ( ! s*ool t _h its orig9 9 ! ,rome ( ,b]n9i & 9 ! ,v]sailles ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 f\nd 9 ! c\rt ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong its true home4 ,n[h]e else c we f9d m *>act]i/ic examples ( t mixture ( pomposity & *ildi%ness1 t abs5ce ( all feel+ = purity ( l9e1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ,g]man #8rococo1' ?an 9 ^! collections & 9 ! build+s t hold !m4 ,n[1 x 0 "u ! direct patronage ( ?is pr9ce t ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ,europe1 & :at we may call ! ta9t ( its orig9al home has hung ab\t ! w>e ev] s9ce4 ,( ! porcela9 ( ,europe z a :ole--& ?is is especially true ( ! e>li] & m int]e/+ p]iod--we may say t x belongs to ! rococo s*ool1 temp]$ n[ & aga9 by a m or less ill-und]/ood imitation ( ,*9ese & ,japanese %apes & designs4 ,augu/us collect$ works ( art ( ne>ly e k9d1 ) ! important exception1 inde$1 ( pictures & sculpture--^! bran*es 7 at ?is "t comp>atively neglect$4 ,b 8 he>t 0 set1 above all1 ^u ga!r+ to 8 new palace 9 ! ,neu/adt1 e f9e specim5 ( ! ,ori5tal porcela9 t rea*$ ,europe4 ,:at m natural ?an t he %\ld be seiz$ ) ! ambition ( himself produc+ 9 8 own capital some?+ t w\ld rival ! w>es ( ,*9a & ,japan8 ,no "o _h bett] opportunities--if n himself 9 direct communication ) ! ,ea/1 8 ag5ts 7 9 a position to glean & to br+ to him :atev] meagre in=mation ab\t ! manufacture ( porcela9 might rea* ,europe4 ,8 c\rt 0 a ,ca?olic c5tre1 & he mu/ h tak5 int]e/ 9 ! acc\nts ( ! indu/ries ( ,*9a s5t home by ! ,jesuit mission>ies4 ,! fir/ ( ! fam\s lett]s ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles on ! porcela9 ( ,k+-te-*5 is inde$ ( j too late a date = u to ?9k ( x 9 ?is connection4 ,by t "t 7#agab7 ,bttg] 0 already mak+ true porcela94 ,b :at w\ld seem m probable ?an t o!r private lett]s1 ) valuable in=mation ab\t ! manufacture 9 :i* ! ,elector took s great an int]e/1 may h rea*$ him a few ye>s e>li]8 ,! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 we "k1 _h already = sev]al ye>s previ\s to #agji 7! approximate date ( ,bttg]'s discov]y7 be5 liv+ at ,ju*\1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,k+-te-*54 ,:5 we consid] ! rapidity ) :i* ,bttg]'s exp]im5ts 7 br\ght to a successful issue1 & comp>e ?is ) ! long & fruitless rese>* 9 o!r c\ntries1 x is impossible to resi/ a suspicion ( "s su* infiltration f ,*9ese s\rces1 & ?is suspicion is enhanc$ by ! some:at suspici\s /ory ( ,bttg]'s c>e]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no confirmation has1 s f>1 be5 f\nd = any su* !ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i und]/& t rese>*es made ( late 9 ! ,/ate ar*ives ( ,saxony h r t5d$ to %[ t "s inju/ice has be5 done to ,bttg] 9 ! common tradition2 t we mu/ look ^u him z a man ( consid]able sci5tific atta9m5ts = 8 age & z a born exp]im5t]1 & x mu/ also be rememb]$ t at t "t no great di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! *emi/ & ! al*emi/4 ,johann ,fri$ri* ,bttg] 0 born 9 ! ye> #afhe at ,s*leiz1 9 ! ,voigtl&1 :]e 8 fa!r _h a *>ge connect$ ) a local m9t4 ,he 0 e>ly appr5tic$ to an apo!c>y at ,b]l91 & "h he 0 initiat$ into ! secrets ( al*emy by no less a ma/]--s at lea/ ! /ory goes--?an ! ,greek monk ,lasc>is1 a man :o is m5tion$ ) admiration by ,leibnitz1 & :o is claim$ z "o ( ! #8five adepts4' ,9 #agja ,bttg] fl$ f ,b]l9--x is n q cle> = :at reason--& plac$ himself "u ! protection ( ! ,elector ( ,saxony4 ,at ,dresd5 &1 lat] on1 ! rock =tress ( ! ,knig/e91 he cont9u$ 8 se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 & ab\t ?is "t1 probably 9 conjunction ) ! ma!matician & physici/ ,wal!r von ,ts*irnhaus1 began mak+ exp]im5ts ^u clay--9 se>*1 at fir/ at lea/1 ( a refractory mat]ial = 8 crucibles4 ,ts*irnhaus _h already be5 occupi$ ) improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( glass 9 ,saxony1 & z e>ly z ! ye> #afii _h made attempts to imitate ,*9ese porcela94#aeb ,9 spite ( an unsuccessful attempt at flight we f9d ,bttg]1 9 ! ye>s #agje to #agjg1 e/abli%$ 9 a laboratory 9 ! old ca/le ( ,meiss54 ,"h1 aft] ano!r ef=t to escape1 = :i* he n>r[ly miss$ be+ hang$--at any rate s we are told--,bttg]1 :5 exp]im5t+ on "s r$ fireclay f ! neighb\rhood ( ,okrilla1 fell ^u ! fam\s r$ w>e t resembles s closely ! ,*9ese #8bocc>o4' ,?is 0 9 #agjg4 ,! next ye> ,ts*irnhaus di$1 & by #agji1 if we are to tru/ ! /atem5t ( ,/e9brck1 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,bttg] & 8 imm$iate successor1 ! latt] _h succe$$ 9 mak+ a true :ite porcela94 ,%ortly be=e ?is "t he _h be5 work+1 9 company ) ,ts*irnhaus1 9 a laboratory con/ruct$ = !m on ! ,jungf]n-,ba/ei at ,dresd51 & x mu/ h be5 ab\t ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! latt] t ! critical exp]im5ts 7 made t l$ to ! production ( a :ite transluc5t pa/e4 ,if ?is be s1 x w\ld seem t x 01 aft] all1 at ,dresd51 & n at ,meiss51 t ! fir/ true porcela9 0 made4 ,x 0 n till ! ye> #agaj t ,bttg] 0 aga9 remov$ to ! old ca/le ( ,meiss51 :]e ! requisite secrecy c\ld be m effectually pres]v$4 ,9 any case1 9 ! ye> #agji ,bttg] 0 able to %[ "s specim5s ( a true porcela9--some:at yell[i% 9 t9t1 inde$--to ! royal commission]1 & at ! ,leipsic ,fair 9 #agaj n only 0 ! r$ w>e (f]$ = sale = ! fir/ "t1 b a few specim5s ( ! :ite porcela9 7 on view4 ,soon aft] ?is we f9d ,bttg] e/abli%$ 9 ! ,albre*tsburg at ,meiss5 z adm9i/rator ( ! newly e/abli%$ porcela9 works4 ,ev5 n[ he 0 little bett] ?an a prison]1 & 9 #agab he reque/$ ! elector-k+ to all[ him to resign4 ,he 0 consol$1 h[ev]1 by a sub/antial pres5t1 &1 s says "o acc\nt1 he 0 at ! same "t ennobl$--at any rate he 0 (f]$ ! title ( ,b]gra?4 ,b ,bttg]'s extravagant way ( life l$ to 8 be+ con/antly 9 ne$ ( money1 & 9 ! ye> #agaf he ent]ta9$ proposals to sell 8 great secret to a syndicate ( ,b]l9 m]*ants4 ,9 #agai1 on ! discov]y ( ?is trea*]y1 he 0 aga9 imprison$4 ,9 ! same ye> ,bttg] di$ at ! age ( ?irty-f\r4 ,to ! end1 x w\ld appe>1 he held out hopes to 8 ma/] t he 0 on ! way to success 9 8 gold-mak+ exp]im5ts1 & 8 bro!r-9-law1 9 a solemn memorial1 ass]t$ t he 0 actually 9 ! possession ( ! lapis philosophorum4 ,h[ f> ,bttg]1 9 mak+ ^! claims1 0 play+ a d\ble game 9 ord] to obta9 money f ,augu/us1 x is impossible to say1 b we mu/ rememb] t at ! same "t ,ts*irnhaus1 a man ( culture & high intellectual atta9m5ts1 0 engag$ 9 a se>* = ! #8univ]sal m$ic9e4' ,! r$ /onew>e :i* 0 turn$ out already 9 #agjh--;x is n[ g5]ally kn[n z ,bttg] w>e--resembles closely ! bocc>o import$ at t "t f ,*9a4 ,besides ! r$ v>ieties1 ( two %ades1 !re is a ?ird k9d1 9 :i* ! surface1 z x comes f ! kiln1 has be5 left unt\*$1 & su* pieces ! ,g]mans "k z ,eis5-porzellan4 ,x is wond]ful :at a numb] ( =ms & applications ,bttg] 0 able to give to ?is /onew>e dur+ ! %ort p]iod dur+ :i* x 0 produc$4 ,( ! r$ w>e "s ( ! c>efully modell$ pieces 7 poli%$ on ! lapid>y's :eel4 ,a *ild's head at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is a good specim5 ( ?is poli%$ /onew>e4 ,9 ! ,franks collection1 n[ at ,be?nal ,gre51 is a rem>kable s]ies ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ,bttg] w>e4 ,a tank>d ( poli%$ m>bl$ pa/e is m>k$ ) ! ye> #agbj1 %[+ t ! /onew>e cont9u$ to be manufactur$ = "s "t alongside ( ! true :ite porcela94 propos ( a beautiful little head ( ,apollo1 we are rem9d$ 9 ! catalogue t 9 #agaa !re 7 sixty ( ^! ,apollo-kpfe 9 /ock4 ,!y 7 pric$1 unpoli%$1 at n9e gros*51 or poli%$ at sixte54 ,! diff]5ce1 sev5 gros*51 does n seem a high *>ge = ! lab\r & skill involv$ 9 ?is poli%+4 ,9 o!r cases ! body is cov]$ ) a d>k br[n glaze1 9 :i* a design is trac$ 9 incis$ l9es1 br\ght out by gold4 ,?is glaz$ /onew>e 0 aft]w>ds imitat$ at ,b]l9 & else:]e 9 ,g]many4 ,!re are "s curi\s pieces at ,dresd51 :i* %[ t ,bttg] also attempt$1 n v successfully1 to apply enamell$ col\rs ov] 8 d>k glazes4 ,n till ! ,ea/] ,fair ( #agac 0 ! :ite porcela9 (f]$ = sale at ,leipsic1 & ev5 !n ! specim5s on sale 7 f> f faultless4 ,only 9 ! ye> #agaf--;9 ! int]val a new description ( :ite pa/e _h be5 discov]$--0 ! w>e exhibit$ te*nically p]fect4 ,?us 9 ! space ( "s eight ye>s1 ,bttg] _h n only succe$$ 9 mak+ an excell5t imitation ( ! ,*9ese bocc>o w>e1 ( :i* ! special m]it 0 to )/& rapid *anges ( temp]ature1 b he _h once = all solv$ ! great problem3 he _h produc$ a h>d :ite porcela91 :i* has rema9$ s9ce t day ! type = ! :ole ( ,europe4#aec ,:]e1 we may ask1 did ,bttg] acquire ! te*nical k & ! practical exp]i5ce1 s ess5tial 9 "w ( ?is k9d8 ,all ! o!r m5 :o h made a "n = !mselves z break]s ( new gr\nd 9 ! art ( ! pott]--,palissy1 ,pot]at1 ,w$gwood1 & to ^! we may add ! great ,*9ese sup]9t5d5ts at ,k+-te-*5 & ! ,japanese arti/s ,n9sei & ,z5goro--7 ei!r work+ pott]s !mselves or directors ( l>ge factories4 ,:at opportunities _h ?is y\?--he 0 only sixte5 :5 he came to ,dresd51 & already1 x w\ld seem1 #8well kn[n to ! police'--( acquir+ ! practical details ( ! kilns1 ! mix+ vats1 & ! :eel8#aed ,s aga9 ) reg>d to ! mat]ials he employ$4 ,n mu* light has s f> be5 ?r[n on ?is po9t4 ,we h a some:at *ildi% /ory ab\t a c]ta9 hair-p[d]--! ,s*norris*e ,erde--:i* turn$ up at ! psy*ological mom5t & solv$ ! "q once = all4 ,b porcela9 is n to be made f kaol9 alone4 ,t is only ! skeleton1 z ! ,*9ese say4 ,we mu/ f9d also ! "r k9d ( fle% to make ! bones hang toge!r4 ,no m5tion1 h[ev]1 is made 9 ! curr5t n>rative ( any exp]im5ts on felspa?ic rocks4 ,we "k at lea/ t ?is fam\s #8hair-p[d]' 0 a v pure :ite kaol91 f\nd at ,aue1 ne> ,s*neeb]g1 9 ! ,erzgebirge1 & t *9a-clay f ?is s\rce 0 ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! e>lie/ porcela9 produc$4 ,s 9 lat] acc\nts we f9d m5tion m]ely ( diff]5t qualities ( kaol9 f ,aue1 f ,seilitz1 & o!r s\rces4#aee ,a few ye>s ago ! ,meiss5 pa/e1 x is /at$1 0 compos$ ( kaol9 f ?ree diff]5t s\rces #gb p] c5t41 ( #8felsp>' #bf p] c5t41 & ( old clay work$ up aga9 #b p] c5t4 ,9 ?is & 9 mo/ o!r cases :]e felsp> is m5tion$ z a con/itu5t ( a porcela9 pa/e1 we mu/ probably und]/& "s k9d ( petuntse or *9a-/one conta9+ qu>tz & p]haps o!r m9]als 9 addition to ! felsp>4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! composition ( ! pa/e at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury3 silica #ei p] c5t41 alum9a #cf p] c5t41 & pota% #c p] c5t4 ,! glaze 0 at t "t compos$ ( calc9$ qu>tz #cg p] c5t41 ,seilitz kaol9 #cg p] c5t41 lime/one #age p] c5t41 & porcela9 pot-%]ds #he p] c5t4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! ,meiss5 porcela9 is ( a some:at #8sev]e' type4 ,to judge f its composition x mu/ require a high temp]ature 9 fir+2 on ! o!r h&1 ! pa/e %\ld possess consid]able pla/ic qualities4 ,! abs5ce ( lime f ! pa/e & its pres5ce 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! glaze is a po9t ( int]e/4 ,9 ?is1 ! ,saxon w>e resembles ! porcela9 t is made 9 ! ,ow>i di/rict ( ,japan4 ,at ,svres1 on ! o!r h&1 we %all see t ! glaze ( ! h>d porcela9 conta9s no lime1 :ile t sub/ance is an ess5tial con/itu5t 9 ! pa/e4 ,! ,meiss5 porcela91 & inde$ ! ,g]man porcela9s g5]ally1 =m a typically h>d & refractory gr\p4 ,b !y h 9 a full measure les dfauts de leurs qualits4 ,among !m we may look 9 va9 = t bl5d+ ( ! glaze & body t gives to ! be/ ,*9ese porcela9 a surface l t ( poli%$ m>ble2 /ill less d we f9d 9 ! enamel decoration ! brilliancy & transp>5ce ( ,ori5tal w>es4 ,9 place ( ?is we see a *alky surface ( a cold1 neutral tone1 ov] :i* is pa9t$1 9 dull opaque t9ts1 elaborately execut$ pictures t look (t5 z if !y _h be5 /uck on z an aft]?\ght4 ,ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ! ta/e ( ! "t1 & ! g5]al abs5ce ( ! col\r s5se among ! ,g]man race1 ?is dulness & opacity is ! result ( ! high temp]ature requir$ 9 ! muffle-/ove to enable ! col\r$ enamels to adh]e to ! refractory glaze b5ea? !m4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! *oice ( col\rs is limit$1 & ev5 ! enamels t are available nev] become ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! glaze4 ,to return to ! porcela9 made by ,bttg] 9 ! few rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life1 x is surpris+ 9 :at a numb] ( directions we f9d him mak+ exp]im5ts2 = inde$ all ! _m v>ieties ( porcela9 made dur+ 8 lifetime may be class$ toge!r z exp]im5tal4 ,x is only 9 ! museum at ,dresd5 t we c /udy ?is int]e/+ p]iod4 ,! m\lds t _h be5 us$ = ! r$ /onew>e s]v$ at fir/ = ! new porcela94 ,! ornam5ts 9 relief 7 modell$ by h& & laid on ! surface4 ,bttg] attempt$ at "o "t to replace ! enamel col\rs1 s difficult to use ) effect1 by employ+ a k9d ( lacqu] or ma/ic z a vehicle4 ,8 greate/ triumph 9 ?is dep>tm5t 0 ! s-call$ "m-(-pe>l glaze1 a ?9 wa% ( rosy purple ) a slight lu/re1#aef & ?is he comb9$ ) a free use ( metallic gold & silv]4 ,! pla9 :ite ( ! ,*9ese 0 copi$ closely1 b ! e>ly attempts at ! decoration ) blue s\s c\v]te 7 /rik+ly unsuccessful4 ,! l>g] pieces made at ?is1 & ev5 lat] times1 h g5]ally suff]$ f ov]fir+ or f imp]fect support 9 ! kiln1 & w\ld n[ be reg>d$ z #8wa/]s4' ,aft] ! dea? ( ,bttg] 9 #agai !re foll[s an int]m$iate p]iod1 /ill 9 a measure exp]im5tal1 dur+ :i* ! factory 0 "u ! *>ge ( f\r ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,meiss51 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels commission]s4 ,! blue & :ite ( ! ,*9ese 0 imitat$1 b n v skilfully4 ,!y 7 m successful ) ! caf au lait glaze1 :i* at t "t 0 9 great fav\r4 ,x is to ! ,vi5nese pa9t]1 ,johann ,gregorius ,h]old1 or ,hroldt 7b4 #afif2 #agbj-fe at ,meiss571 t ! cr$it mu/ be giv5 ( e/abli%+ a def9ite s*ool ( decoration4 ,he began1 h[ev]1 ) ! imitation ( ,ori5tal designs4 ,at ?is "t ! ,japanese ,kakiyemon w>e 7bo? ! pa/e & ! patt]n7 0 closely copi$4 ,! blue & :ite ) ,*9ese designs 0 at l5g? m successful1 & n[ ! p\dr blue & o!r mono*rome gr\nds ( ! ,*9ese 7 also imitat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ?is "t 7#agcj-dj7 also belong ! e>lie/ armorial d9n]-s]vices--^? ) ! arms ( ,saxony & ,pol& = ! electoral c\rt1 & m ?an "o set ) ! arms ( ! ,c\nt ,brhl = t pomp-lov+ nobleman4#aeg ,a new direction 0 giv5 to ! manufacture soon aft] ! appo9tm5t 79 #agca7 ( ,johann ,joa*im ,kndl] 7#agjf-agge7 to ! place ( *ief modell]4 ,he x 0 t1 ab&on+ ! clumsy imitations ( ,*9ese gods & mon/]s1 fir/ recognis$ ! capabilities ( porcela9 z a mat]ial = ^? little /atuettes & gr\ps ( figures t we h s9ce t "t come to associate above all else ) ! ,european porcela9 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & especially ) t ( ,g]many4 ,! subjects 7 tak5 p>tly f ! social life ( ! day4 ,9 "p also !y c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ! #8,italian com$y' & ( ! conv5tional pa/oral life t we f9d 9 ! ,fr5* art ( a some:at e>li] date4 ,! pictures ( ,watteau & ,lancret 7 mu* s\ght aft] at t "t by ! pr9cely collectors 9 ,g]many1 & a few *oice works ( ^! arti/s1 z well z _m some:at muddy copies & imitations ( native orig91 may be se5 9 ! gall]y at ,dresd54 ,! pla/ic qualities & ! infusibility ( ! pa/e1 toge!r ) ! ?9ness ( ! coat ( glaze1 enabl$ ! arti/ to obta9 a cle>] & %>p] reproduction ( 8 model ?an 0 ev] possible ) ! s(t pa/es & ! ?ick lead glazes ( ! ,engli% imitations4#aeh ,! be/ ( ^! little figures1 h[ev]1 belong to r lat] times1 = dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong 7he di$ 9 #agcc7 ,kndl] 0 occupi$ ) m ambiti\s commissions--life-siz$ figures ( ! twelve apo/les1 an eque/rian /atue ( ! k+1 & figures ( animals1 to decorate ! new rooms ( ! ,japanese palace4 ,b ^! attempts to employ porcela9 z a mat]ial = monum5tal sculpture 79 ! /yle ( ,b]n9i7 end$ 9 failure4 ,!re is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton a s]ies ( figures 9 pla9 :ite1 dat+ f ?is p]iod1 app>5tly de/9$ to =m "p ( a small f\nta91 & f ^! a v good idea ( ?is application ( ! w>e c be =m$4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 or a little e>li]1 t ! passion = porcela9 fl[]s1 g5]ally 9 pla9 :ite w>e1 spread ?r\gh ,europe4 ,^! or simil> ornam5ts 7 ev5 fa/5$ to ladies' dresses1--witness ! gros papillons en porcela9e de ,saxe1 :i* we he> ( z sew$ on to ! /ate-dress ( a ,fr5* m>quise4 ,?is 0 ! w>e t x paid be/ to manufacture1 bo? "h & at ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,v9c5nes4 ,porcela9 fl[]s 7 appli$ at a lat] "t to ! :ole surface ( a vase4 ,^! #8,s*neeball5 vas51' z !y are call$ 9 ,g]many1 7 ev5 reproduc$ at ,k+-te-*5 = exportation to ,europe4#aei ,) ! employm5t ( pr(essional arti/s--fl[]-pa9t]s1 l&scape-pa9t]s1 & pa9t]s ( g5re sc5es--to adorn ! surface ( ! already glaz$ w>e ) m9iature pictures1 a /yle ( decoration came 91 if decoration x c be call$1 :i* became m & m ! dom9ant note ( ,european porcela9 dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s4 ,! fl[]-pa9t] came fir/ ) reali/ic1 well-%ad$ little nosegays1 9 ! /yle ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s ( ! day2 !n l&scapes1 views ( real t[ns1 sometimes 9 a purple-r$ mono*rome1 & surr\nd$ by a gold rococo frame to imitate t ( an oil picture4 ,! free use ( gold1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,european porcela9 ( ?is "t1 0 to "s ext5t a sav+ po9t4 ,x help$1 z gold always does1 to pull toge!r ! decoration4 ,on ! e>li] ,meiss5 w>e ! gold is mo/ solidly appli$ & has worn well4 ,! palmy days ( ! ,meiss5 factory1 :5 sev5 hundr$ workm5 7 employ$ & l>ge pr(its made1 came to an end ) ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,fr$]ick1 9 #agei & aga9 9 #agfa1 loot$ ! ,albre*tsburg & c>ri$ away to ,b]l9 ! models & m\lds z well z _m *oice pieces ( porcela94 ,! re/ ( ! /ock 0 sold by auction1 & ! ar*ives ( ! works 7 at ! same "t de/roy$4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! mo/ viol5t ( ! sev]al porcela9 fev]s t di/+ui%$ ! eighte5? c5tury 0 rag+1 & ! p]iod ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> may be reg>d$ z ! culm9at+ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european porcela94 ,bo? at ,svres1 & ) u 9 ,engl&1 ?is is c]ta9ly ! case4 ,b at ,meiss5 ! be/ _h already be5 produc$2 ! vieille saxe ( our ance/ors is a product ( an e>li] p]iod--! ?irties1 ! =ties1 & ! e>ly fifties4 ,dur+ ! decade succe$+ ! close ( ! w> !re 0 little fall+ (f 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,at ,meiss51 h[ev]1 !re n[ foll[$ a p]iod ( decl9e bo? arti/ic & f9ancial4 ,we f9d a #8pr(essor ( pa9t+1' "o ,dietri*1 at ! head ( a #8s*ool ( design1' & he seems to h be5 ! mo/ prom95t man associat$ ) ! works at ! "t4 ,su* an association is a sure sign ( ! wrong direction n[ be+ giv5 to ! manufacture4 ,!re 0 "s fitful revival lat] 9 ! c5tury1 aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ,c\nt ,m>col9i to ! direction4 ,he 0 an active m9i/] ( ! la/ elector & fir/ k+ ( ,saxony--,fr$]ick ,augu/us ! ,j--& he held ! po/ ( director at ,meiss5 = m ?an =ty ye>s 7#aggd-ahae74 ,m>col9i's "n is associat$ ) c]ta9 *anges ( /yle :i* 9 ! ma9 reflect$ ! v>i\s phases ( a ta/e1 or r fa%ion1 :i* took its wat*word f ,p>is4 ,!re are inde$ two ma9 divisions ( ?is lat] p]iod3 dur+ ! fir/1 s5tim5tal motifs & an affectation ( dome/ic simplicity prevail$2 ! second p]iod 0 m especially ! "t :5 classical models 7 foll[$1 & x culm9at$ 9 ! ,empire /yle4 ,! fir/ phase is repres5t$ 9 ,saxony by ! works ( ! ,fr5* sculptor ,aci]2 9 ! lat] classical "t ! fa%ion came 9 ( copy+ antique sculpture 9 :ite biscuit4 ,! ,m>col9i p]iod is ! la/ t has any int]e/ = u4 ,x 0 comm]cially at lea/ a "t ( decl9e4 ,x is said t ,josiah ,w$gwood1 :5 he visit$ ! factory at ,meiss5 9 ! ye> #agij1 (f]$ to run x z a speculation ( 8 own1 pay+ a r5tal ( #cjjj to ! k+4 ,! m>vel is t ! manufacture surviv$ ! tr\bles ( ! ,napoleonic w>s :5 ,saxony suff]$ s mu*4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ,meiss5 has foll[$ m or less 9 ! wake ( ,svres4 ,huge pieces 7 produc$ = pres5tation1 heavily pa9t$ ) copies ( fam\s pictures 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 or adorn$ ) frieze-l b&s 9 mono*rome1 9 imitation ( anci5t sculpture4 ,dur+ ! same "t1 imitations ( ! vieille saxe1 ! m>ks includ$1 7 made ) "s success1 & mu* *eap w>e has be5 manufactur$ = ! m>ket1 s t comm]cially ! ,meiss5 works h = "s "t _h a fl\ri%+ c>e]4 ,! *ange t has come ov] ,svres ( late1 ! se>* aft] new me?ods1 bo? 9 ! composition ( ! pa/e & 9 ! decoration1 has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 reflect$ to any ext5t at ,meiss51 nor has ! sci5tific side ( ! pott]'s art be5 illu/rat$ by any works su* z ^? ( ,brongni>t & ,salvtat4 ,inde$ ! old traditions ( secrecy h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 a measure up to ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahfc t ! porcela9 factory 0 remov$ f ! ca/le rock at ,meiss51 :]e x _h be5 c>ri$ on = a c5tury & a half1 to a m roomy & conv5i5t position 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! well-kn[n m>k ( ! two swords 7,,pl4 ,c4 #bg7 _c be trac$ by means ( dat$ specim5s fur!r back ?an ! ye> #agbf4 ,?is m>k _h its orig9 9 ! privilege claim$ by ! ,saxon electors ( c>ry+ ! two imp]ial swords be=e ! ,emp]or at 8 coronation4 ,on ! e>lie/ pieces we f9d ei!r ! lett]s ,a4 ,r4 9 blue 7,,pl4 ,c4 #bf71 or else a r\ghly pa9t$ caduceus1 or r rod ( sculapius 7,,pl4 ,c4 #be71 ! fir/ on w>e = c\rt use1 ! second on t made = ! m>ket4 ,an incis$ m>k cut ) ! :eel across ! two swords is said to indicate ! w>e t 0 sold undecorat$1 g5]ally pieces ) "s slight defect4 ,we may note t a simil> practice 0 at "o "t 9 use at ,svres4 ,! addition ( a /> to ! swords indicates ! ,m>col9i p]iod4 ,^! eighte5? c5tury m>ks1 h[ev]1 7 copi$ n only 9 ,engl& & by private firms 9 ,g]many1 b also on ! imitation ( ! vieille saxe made 9 ! la/ c5tury at ! royal works at ,meiss51 s t _! pres5ce on a piece ( *9a is ( little value 9 id5tify+ ! date or place ( orig94 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,h>d-,,pa/e ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,g]many--7cont9u$74 ,,vi5na--,,b]l9--,h,,*/--,f,,r/5b]g--,,l udwigsburg-- ,,nymph5burg--,,frank5?al--,,fulda--,,/r assburg4 ,,! ,,h>d ,,& ,,s(t ,,pa/es ,,( ,,switz]l&1 ,,hung>y1 ,,holl&1 ,,sw$51 ,,d5m>k1 ,,& ,,russia4 ,9 spite ( ! elaborate precautions t 7 tak5--! oa?s ( secrecy1 ! milit>y gu>ds t accompani$ ! relays ( *9a-clay to ! =tress at ,meiss5 9 :i* ! works 7 e/abli%$--by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 at ne>ly all ! c\rts ( ,g]many1 imp]ial1 royal1 or s]5e1 we f9d a porcela9 manufactory already 9 full "w4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion ( ! day1 & took its place1 l ! op]a company or ! /ud1 9 ! equipm5t ( an up-to-date ,resid5z-,/adt4 ,only "o or two ( ^! pr9cely factories surviv$ ! "t ( turmoil at ! end ( ! c5tury & ! ,napoleonic invasions4 ,9 no s+le "o ( ! works c we f9d t any fre% l9e 0 /ruck out or any important improvem5t made ei!r 9 te*nique or 9 design4 ,! products ( ^! diff]5t factories are (t5 to be di/+ui%$ only by ! m>ks !y be>1 & ^! m>ks are z (t5 z n =g]ies4 ,we %all !re=e conf9e ourselves to a some:at summ>y description1 po9t+ out especially ! relations ( ! diff]5t c5tres to "o ano!r4 ,! />t+ ( a new manufactory g5]ally dep5d$ ^u ! successful brib+ ( "s (ficial or =eman ( works3 at ! beg9n+ su* aid 0 s\ght f ,meiss51 b lat] on ! assi/ance came f ,vi5na or f ,h*/1 s t on ?is gr\nd ! relation ( ! works to "o ano!r might be repres5t$ by a r\gh k9d ( g5ealogical tree4 ,,vi5na4--,! beg9n+s ( ! factory at ,vi5na 7 humble4 ,claude du ,paqui]1 a ,dut* adv5tur]1 took out a pat5t = mak+ porcela9 9 #agah1 & ) ! aid ( an enamell] & gild] f ,meiss51 "o ,hung]1 a man ) "s k ( *emi/ry1 c>ri$ on ! "w on a mode/ scale1 until 9 #agdd 8 factory & 8 secrets 7 b\ght by ,m>ia ,!resa = #de1jjj guld54 ,! ,vi5nese porcela9 0 h5ce=?1 until ! ext9ction ( ! indu/ry 9 #ahfd1 m>k$ ) ! ,hapsburg %ield1 g5]ally 9 blue1 "u ! glaze 7,,pl4 ,c4 #bh71 ) ! addition1 aft] #aghd1 ( a contract$ ye>-m>k4 ,s long z ! kaol9 f ,passau 0 employ$ ! pa/e 0 inf]ior to t ( ,meiss5 & ,b]l91 b 9 lat] days a bett] mat]ial 0 obta9$ f ,bohemia4 ,! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod 0 f #aggj to #agij1 & 9 #aghj1 we are told1 !re 7 ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty m5 employ$4 ,9 e>ly ye>s ! porcela9 did n diff] mu* f t ( ,dresd51 b 9 #aghd1 :5 ,conrad von ,sorg5?al became director1 a new /yle 0 introduc$ :i* has made ! ,vi5nese 9 "s respects ! typical w>e ( a bad p]iod4 ,mu* att5tion 0 paid to ! gild+ & to ! pigm5ts employ$1 & ! surface ( ! porcela9 0 cov]$ by an elaborate & (t5 gaudy decoration4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 in=m$ by an em95t ,g]man au?ority t #8f #aghe to #ahae ! ,vi5nese porcela9 among all ! manufactures ( ! "t took1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 ! highe/ rank' 7,ja5nicke1 ,k]amic1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgi74 ,x is 9 any case rem>kable t1 dur+ a p]iod ( disa/r\s w> & =eign occupation1 s mu* bad porcela9 & good music %\ld h be5 produc$ at ,vi5na4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! *emi/ ,lei?n] obta9$1 = ! fir/ "t1 an int5se black f uranium & p]fect$ ! process by :i* plat9um is appli$ 9 l[ relief4 ,to ! same *emi/ we mu/ also attribute ano!r speciality ( ! ,vi5nese porcela9 ( ?is "t1--! decoration ) designs 9 poli%$ gold ^u a dead gr\nd ( ! same metal4 ,!re are "s elaborately decorat$ plates at ,s\? ,k5s+ton :i* well illu/rate ! m]its or dem]its ( ?is w>e4 ,9 spite ( ! e>ly f\ndation ( ! factory1 ! ,vi5nese porcela91 z a :ole1 falls into ! lat] #8s5tim5tal to classical' p]iod1 t contempor>y ) ,m>col9i at ,meiss5 & ) ! e>li] h>d pa/e ( ,svres4 ,! hi/orical developm5t ( ! w>e is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,indu/rial ,museum at ,vi5na1 & x may be ackn[l$g$ t "s success 0 obta9$ ) small figures & ev5 life-siz$ bu/s4 ,a good deal ( *eap & m]etrici\s /uff made 9 ! num]\s private kilns 9 & ar\nd ,vi5na 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has lately f\nd its way into ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,,b]l94--,! porcela9 ( ,b]l9 is ( "s int]e/ to u = two reasons1 "o hi/orical & ! o!r ( a te*nical nature4 ,on ! "o h& x 0 ?anks to ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! great ,fr$]ick t ! factory fir/ assum$ any importance1 & on ! o!r x 0 ! great att5tion giv5 9 lat] days to *oice ( mat]ials 7toge!r ) ! refractory nature ( ! pa/e7 t l$ to ?is pure :ite w>e be+ employ$ above all o!rs 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/4 ,z at ,vi5na1 ! orig9 ( ! works 0 humble1 & 9 ?is case "o p]haps might ev5 say #8%ady1' if we are to believe ! /ory t x 0 ! workm5 :o _h /ol5 f ! pocket ( ,r+l]1 ! arcani/ ( ,h*/1 ! pap]s conta9+ 8 recipes & private notes1 :o 7 engag$ 9 #agej by ! m]*ant ,wegeli1 ! fir/ to set up a kiln = porcela9 at ,b]l94#afj ,! w>e t ,wegeli made is n important4 ,we f9d little figures & gr\ps 9 imitation ( ,kndl] z well z cups & teapots decorat$ 9 blue1 s\s c\v]te1 ) little sprigs2 8 m>k1 a ,w41 has un=tunately be5 us$ at o!r factories4 ,x 0 inde$ r ! bank] ,gotzk[ski :o 0 ! practical f\nd] ( ! ,b]l9 works1 = ,wegeli _h ab&on$ 8 ent]prise at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,g]man writ]s are n agre$ z to :at %>e %\ld be giv5 to ! k+ 9 ! removal ( ! /aff & workm5 ( ! ,meiss5 works to ,b]l9 9 #agfa4 ,fr$]ick at t "t 0 h>d press$ by 8 enemies & 9 great want ( money2 9 ! lett]1 quot$ bel[1 he writes t he has no?+ left b 8 hon\r1 8 coat1 8 sword1 & 8 porcela94 ,he has be5 accus$ ( =cibly remov+ to ,b]l91 n only ! workm51 b ! arti/s also & o!r memb]s ( ! /aff at ,meiss54 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is claim$ t ! removal 0 volunt>y1 & br\ght ab\t by ! (f]s ( good pay made by ,gotzk[ski4 ,fr$]ick at t "t _h o!r ?+s to d1#afa & x 0 n till ! close ( ! w> 9 #agfc t he pur*as$ ,gotzk[ski's new works = a l>ge sum4 ,he n[ _h leisure to take a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! manufacture4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! kaol9 :i* _h be5 previ\sly br\ght f ,passau1 9 ,bav>ia1 0 obta9$1 ( bett] quality1 f ! qu>ries ne> ,halle :i* /ill supply ! ,b]l9 works4 ,! sale ( ! porcela9 0 =c$ ) true ,prussian en]gy3 its pur*ase 0 obligatory = lott]y prizes1 to ! am\nt ( #aj1jjj ?al]s e ye>1 & no ,jew c\ld obta9 a m>riage c]tificate except on ! production ( ! receipt = ! pur*ase ( a s]vice ( porcela94 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,b]l9 w>e is 9 ,g]many sometimes kn[n z ,jud5 porcellan4 ,gri5+]1 a ,saxon1 0 ! practical manag] ( ! works f ! "t ( _! f\ndation by ,gotzk[ski to ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! porcela9 produc$ diff]$ little f t previ\sly made at ,meiss54 ,a %ade ( p9k1 d]iv$ f ! purple ( ,cassius1 0 mu* admir$ by ,fr$]ick1 & =ms ! p5dant to ! fam\s rose-col\r ( 8 bitt] enemy1 ,madame de ,pompad\r4 ,! *anges made aft] ?is "t 7 *iefly ( a practical nature4 ,! horizontal furnaces 7 e>ly replac$ by ! cyl9drical type n[ g5]ally 9 use 9 ,europe1 & z long ago z #agii /eam p[] 0 employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ials4 ,! *emi/1 above all1 has at all times play$ an important "p at ,b]l94 ,_m /range applications ( porcela91 "s m curi\s ?an really beautiful1 7 introduc$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a close imitation ( lace & tulle1 made by dipp+ into a specially prep>$ slip a real tissue :i* 0 aft]w>ds burn$ away1 0 a n9e days' wond] :5 fir/ introduc$4 7,a veil$ bu/ 9 :ite biscuit ( ,que5 ,l\ise ( ,prussia1 n[ at ,dresd51 is p]haps ! mo/ fam\s example ( ?is w>e47 ,ano!r application ( porcela9 0 to ! #8transp>5cies' or li?ophanie1 9 :i* ! design1 z se5 by transmitt$ light1 0 giv5 by v>iations 9 ! ?ickness ( ! pa/e4 ,! only m>k ( int]e/ on ! porcela9 ( ,b]l9 is ! sceptre 7,,pl4 ,c4 #ca71 ! priz$ ensign t ! electors ( ,br&5burg bore on _! %ield z an emblem ( _! position z ,ar*-,*amb]la9s ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4#afb ,x 0 ?is sceptre 7v slightly indicat$ on ! e>li] examples1 & resembl+1 p]haps int5tionally1 ! ,saxon m>k7 t ! ,pr9ce de ,ligne obs]v+ on 8 plate1 :5 d9+ ) ! k+1 affect$ to take = a sword1 & made ! occasion ( a #8two-edg$' complim5t4 ,h,,*/4--,! fay5ce ( ,h*/1 a t[n ly+ betwe5 ,frank=t & ,ma9z1 _h acquir$ "s reputation e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & already1 by ! ye> #agbj1 "o ( ! manufactur]s1 ,gltz1 _h attempt$ to make porcela94 ,b n until he _h obta9$ ! assi/ance ( a runaway workman or #8arcani/' f ,vi5na1 "o ,r+l] 7a "n :i* occurs ov] & ov] aga9 9 simil> connections--see note1 p4 #bfb71 0 any?+ ( importance accompli%$4#afc ,! kilns 7 n[ rebuilt on ! ,vi5nese model1 & by ! ye> #agdf porcela9 ( good quality 0 produc$4 ,! works _h already receiv$ _m privileges f ! local pr9ce1 9 ?is case ! ar*bi%op-elector ( ,ma9z1 & ab\t #aggh 7or p]haps e>li]7 ! :ole e/abli%m5t 0 pur*as$ by him4 ,?is pr9ce 0 a patron ( art & fond ( display1 s t dur+ 8 day ! manufacture 0 conduct$ on a non-comm]cial basis4 ,! *ief claim to att5tion ( ! w>e made at ,h*/ dep5ds ^u ! little lifelike figures t 7 modell$ by a clev] sculptor :o work$ !re f #agfh or #aggj to #aghj4 ,! "w ( ?is ,johann ,pet] ,mel*ior1 :o surviv$ till #ahbe1 is pref]r$ by "s collectors to any?+ made at ,meiss54 ,he migrat$ late 9 life fir/ to ,frank5?al1 & !n to ,nymph5burg4 ,! wood5 models f :i* he work$ are n[ mu* s\ght aft] 9 ,g]many4 ,x is /at$ t ! kaol9 us$ at ,h*/ 0 obta9$ f ,limoges1 b ?is c only apply to a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,! works came to an end ) ! invasion ( ! ,fr5* 9 #agid4 ,! m>k1 a six-spok$ :eel1 sometimes surm\nt$ by a cr[n 7,pl4 c4 #bi71 is d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ar*-episcopal see ( ,ma9z1--inde$ ! ,h*/ w>e is sometimes kn[n z porcela9e de ,may5ce4 ,f,,r/5b]g4--,! ,duke ,k>l ( ,brunswick 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,g]man pr9ces to e/abli% a porcela9 factory2 ?is 0 at ! ca/le ( ,fr/5b]g1 on ! ,wes]4 ,! works 7 organis$ ab\t #agdf by ! ,b>on von ,lang51 :o 0 some?+ ( an arcani/2 & f ,h*/1 9 #agej1 ! assi/ance ( an exp]i5c$ pott]1 "o ,b5graf1 0 obta9$4 ,b5graf _h to escape by /eal? f ,h*/1 :]e he _h be5 9 ! employ ( ,gltz1 & rea*$ ,fr/5b]g aft] _m suff]+s & privations4 ,a po9t ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! porcela9 made at a lat] "t at ?is factory is t fl\r-sp> 7fluoride ( calcium7 has =m$ an important elem5t 9 ! composition ( ! glaze4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,brunswick may be se5 m ?an eight hundr$ specim5s ( ?is porcela91 & any want ( orig9ality is made up = by ! extraord9>y v>iety & numb] ( ! diff]5t w>es t h be5 copi$4 ,x is n p]haps surpris+1 9 view ( ! close family ties exi/+ betwe5 ! dukes & our second & ?ird ,georges1 to f9d copies ( our ,engli% s(t pa/es1 especially ( ,*elsea4 ,! cl>ets & m>oons ( ?is latt] w>e 7 imitat$ ) "s success4 ,a l&scape-pa9t] ( "s local fame1 ^: works may be se5 9 ! gall]y at ,brunswick1 "o ,pas*a ,weits*1 0 employ$ to pa9t views on ?is porcela91 & good portrait-bu/s--( ,lavat] & ( ,raphael ,m5gs1 among o!rs--may be f\nd 9 ! adjac5t museum4 ,! factory has cont9u$ 9 op]ation up to q rec5t times4 ,! ,fr/5b]g m>k1 a l>ge ,f 9 a fl[+ h& 7,,pl4 ,c4 #cj71 may be obs]v$ n unfrequ5tly on *9a 9 old collections 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 0 m ?an "o specim5 at ,/rawb]ry ,hill4 ,,ludwigsburg4--,we n[ come aga9 ^u ! arcani/ ,r+l]4 ,9 #ageh he 0 tempt$ away f ,h*/ by ! ,duke ,k>l ,eug5 ( ,wrtemb]g1 & plac$ at ! head ( a manufactory ( porcela9 :i* _h lately be5 e/abli%$ at ,ludwigsburg1 ! ,v]sailles or ,potsdam ( ! dukes1 situat$ "s n9e miles to ! nor? ( ,/uttg>t4 ,! pa/e ( ?is w>e is n rem>kable = purity ( t9t1 & ,i d n "k :e!r we are to believe ! /atem5t t ! mat]ials came 9 "p f ,france4 ,! enamel pa9t+ is di/+ui%$ by its high f9i%2 on ! gala s]vices made = ! c\rt1 among wrea?s ( fl[]s 9 l[ relief we f9d c>efully pa9t$ beetles & butt]flies4 ,! little1 highly f9i%$ /atuettes & gr\ps are ( "s m]it4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ,national ,antiquities at ,/uttg>t is n[ to be se5 an ext5sive collection ( porcela91 pur*as$ 9 #ahge f ,h]r ,murs*el1 & "h ! ,ludwigsburg w>e c be well /udi$4 ,! %ield ( ,wrtemb]g1 ) ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 #a4 ,,meiss54 #b4 ,,ludwigsburg4 its ?ree pairs ( antl]s1 is sometimes f\nd on ?is w>e 7,,pl4 ,c4 #ce71 b m (t5 ! initials ( ! reign+ duke--or 7aft] #ahjf7 k+--) or )\t a cr[n 7,,pl4 ,c4 #cf74 ,x is ?is la/ m>k t has probably giv5 rise to ! absurd "n ( ,kron5burg by :i* ?is w>e is sometimes kn[n among deal]s4 ,soon aft] #agge1 :5 ! dukes ab&on$ ,ludwigsburg z a place ( resid5ce1 ! factory decl9$ 9 importance1 b ! manufacture l+]$ on till ! ye> #ahbd4 ,,nymph5burg4--,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! electoral pr9ce1 ,max ,joseph1 e/abli%$ "s works at ,neudeck1 on ! ,au1 9 ducal ,bav>ia1 & ?is factory1 x is said1 0 visit$ & reorganis$ by ! ubiquit\s ,r+l] 9 #agef4 ,9 #ageh1 h[ev]1 ! manufactory 0 remov$ to ! summ] resid5ce ( ,nymph5burg1 ne> ,muni*4 ,he9tzmann pa9t$ l&scapes1 & o!r arti/s copi$ fam\s pictures f ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 on ! f9e :ite gr\nd ( ?is porcela94 ,! elector-palat9e inh]it$ ! ducal t]ritory 9 #aggh1 & hi!r1 9 #agii1 came _m workm5 f ,frank5?al :5 ! palat9ate 0 invad$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,?is w>e is be/ repres5t$ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,muni*4 ,! works are /ill c>ri$ on1 b !y are n[ 9 private h&s4 ,! ,nymph5burg porcela9 may g5]ally be recognis$ by ! %ield ( ,bav>ia1 #8fusilly' 7,,pl4 ,c4 #ce71 b ?is %ield takes v>i\s =ms & ! m>k is (t5 v small4 ,,frank5?al4--,some:at m int]e/ atta*es to ! porcela9 made at ,frank5?al1 a t[n ( ! palat9ate1 n f> f ,mannheim1 if only because at its f\ndation we are br\ght into connection n only ) ! e>li] ,g]man works1 b at ! same "t1 indirectly1 x is true1 ) ,svres4 ,"h1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 came ,r+l]1 9 #agea1 leav+ ,h*/ 9 disgu/1 aft] he _h be5 robb$ ( 8 pap]s & ( 8 secrets4 ,at any rate1 a few ye>s lat]1 9 #agee1 ,paul ,anto9e ,hannong1 a memb] ( a fam\s family ( pott]s at ,/rassburg1 0 grant$ a privilege to f\nd "h a factory ( porcela94 ,hannong _h graduat$ z a porcela9 arcani/1 & _h already fruitlessly endeav\r$ to sell 8 secrets to ! au?orities at ,v9c5nes4 ,z ! royal porcela9 works1 on _! removal to ,svres1 n[ began to claim ! monopoly = ! :ole ( ,france1 ,hannong 0 n all[$ to set up 8 kilns at ,/rassburg4 ,! electoral pr9ce ,k>l ,!odor b\ght ! works at ,frank5?al 9 #agfa1 & devot$ himself to obta9+ ! be/ arti/s 7,mel*ior1 among o!rs1 0 br\ght f ,h*/7 & mo/ skilful pott]s1 s t = a few ye>s ! porcela9 "h produc$ 0 9 its way z good z any made 9 ,g]many--inde$ x 0 attempt$ to rival ! contempor>y "w ( ,svres 9 ! delicacy ( ! pa9t+ & ! brilliancy ( ! gild+4 ,?is w>e is always to be associat$ ) ! ,elector ,k>l ,!odor1 & its glory came to an end :51 9 #aggh1 he ab&on$ ! palat9ate on becom+ elector ( ducal ,bav>ia4 ,! factory1 h[ev]1 0 n f9ally clos$ till ab\t #ahjj4 ,! mo/ usual m>k is ! lion-rampant cr[n$1 f ! arms ( ! palat9ate 7,,pl4 ,c4 #cb72 ! initials ( ,k>l ,!odor are also f\nd surm\nt$ by a cr[n 7,,pl4 ,c4 #cc74 ,!re is a curi\s plate ( ?is w>e 9 ! ,franks collection2 x be>s a ,lat9 inscription 7conta9+ a *ronogram = #agge7 :i* /ates t all ! v>i\s col\rs & gild+ us$ at ! works are made use ( 9 ! decoration4 ,,fulda4--,porcela9 0 probably made at ,fulda z e>ly z ! ye> #agda1 b x 0 only 9 #agfc1 or p]haps ev5 lat]1 t ! pr9ce-bi%op set up ! #8,fr/li*e ,fuldais*e fe9e ,porzellan-,fabrik' close by 8 palace4 ,! da9tily modell$ & c>efully f9i%$ w>e "h made1 m>k$ ) a d\ble ,f or by a cross 7,,pl4 ,c4 #cg & #ch71 is se5 occasionally 9 ,engli% collections4 ,! fireclay z well z ! bee*wood = 8 kilns 0 obta9$ f ! adjac5t volcanic hills ( ! ,hohe ,rhn4 ,z n only ! bi%op himself b ! canons ( ! *ur* also avail$ !mselves some:at freely ( _! privilege ( appropriat+ :atev] pleas$ !m1 z pres5ts to _! fri5ds1 a heavy loss 0 incurr$1 & ! works 7 clos$ soon aft] ! dea? ( ! f\nd]4 ,porcela9 0 also made dur+ ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury at ,go?a & sev]al o!r places 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,?r+] ,wald4 ,!re are specim5s ( ! w>e made at _m ( ^! kilns--at ,klo/] ,veilsdorf1 at ,wall5dorf1 at ,gross ,breit5ba*1 ,limba*1 ,g]a1 & especially at ,go?a--9 ! ,franks collection ( cont95tal porcela94 ,a good deal ( common porcela9 = table use is /ill made at scatt]$ factories 9 ?is di/rict4 ,,/rassburg4--,)\t committ+ oneself to any political p>ti-pris1 we may conv5i5tly say a ^w ( ! c]amic hi/ory ( ,/rassburg at ?is po9t1 al?\gh 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! t[n already belong$ to ,france4#afd ,! ,hannong family _h "h f ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury be5 mak+ fay5ce1 & ?is family is ( int]e/ to u z =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! porcela9 ( ,g]many & t ( ,france4 ,*>les ,franois ,hannong1 probably ) ! assi/ance ( a ,g]man arcani/1 attempt$ ! manufacture ( h>d porcela9 z e>ly z #agba4 ,x 0 8 son ,paul ,anto9e :o fir/ ent]$ into negotiations ) ! ,fr5* = ! sale ( ! secret ( mak+ h>d porcela94 ,?is 0 9 #agec4 ,n only did ^! negotiations come to no?+1 b1 z we h already m5tion$1 ,hannong 0 hamp]$ 9 8 attempts to e/abli% a porcela9 factory 9 8 native t[n4 ,9 #agee we f9d him ) ! elector-palat9e at ,frank5?al4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 #agfj1 ! factory at ,/rassburg 0 c>ri$ on = a "t by 8 son1 ,pi]re ,anto9e1 b 9 #agff ! latt] w5t to ,france & />t$ a factory fir/ at ,v9c5nes1 & lat] 9 ! ,faub\rg ,/4 ,laz>e1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,comte d',artois4 ,lat] /ill we f9d him employ$ at ! ,v9ovo works 9 ,pi$mont4 ,8 elde/ son1 ,joseph ,adam ,hannong1 /ruggl$ on = "s "t at ,/rassburg "u ! protection ( ! local magnate1 ! ,c>d9al de ,rohan4 ,?us = m ?an sixty ye>s f\r g5]ations ( ?is family play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! dissem9ation ( ! k ( h>d porcela9 9 ,europe1 al?\gh ! actual w>es made by !m are ( little importance4#afe ,! factory at ! adjac5t t[n ( ,nid]will] appe>s to h d]iv$ its inspiration directly f ,meiss54 ,porcela9 0 "h made f ,g]man clay z e>ly z ! sixties4 ,at a lat] "t ! works belong$ to ! ,comte de ,cu/9e1 & "s well modell$ biscuit figures1 ! clay = :i* 0 obta9$ f ,limoges1 7 !n turn$ out4 ,,switz]l&4--,a good deal ( porcela9 0 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury bo? at ,zuri* & at ,nyon1 on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,! v>i\s w>es are well repres5t$ 9 sev]al ( ! local ,swiss museums4 ,! porcela9 ( ,,zuri* belongs ess5tially to ! ,saxon gr\p4 ,! h>d1 greyi% or dead-:ite pa/e1 & ! fl[]s or l&scapes c>efully pa9t$ 9 opaque col\rs1 po9t at once to ! orig9 ( ! w>e4 ,! factory 0 e/abli%$ z e>ly z #agfc1 ) ! assi/ance ( an arcani/1 "o ,sp5gl]1 f ,h*/4 ,! ,swiss poet1 ,solomon ,gessn]1 took a great int]e/ 9 ! works1 himself pa9t+ l&scapes on sev]al pieces4 ,f ,ludwigsburg also came ,sonn5s*e91 to model "s clev] & lifelike figures4 ,a coral-col\r$ w>e made at ?is "t 0 mu* admir$4 ,! ,zuri* factory did n long survive ! ,fr5* invasion3 x 0 clos$ 9 #ahjc4 ,?is porcela9 is m>k$ 9 blue "u ! glaze ) a capital ,z ( ,g]man =m 7,,pl4 ,d4 #di74 ,at ,,nyon1 on ! o!r h&1 ! influ5ce came f ,svres1 9 lat] times at lea/1 = on ! e>li] specim5s ! tulips1 birds1 & l&scapes are ( a ,saxon type4 ,! :ite w>e1 sem de fleurettes--blue violets & roses--is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,!re 7 probably two factories "h at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,( ^! ! bett] kn[n "o 0 e/abli%$ by ,maubre1 a fl[] pa9t] f ,svres1 to :om is attribut$ ! porcela9 m>k$ ) a ha/ily sket*$ fi% 9 blue 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ej74 ,"s ( ! ,nyon porcela9 0 decorat$ at ,g5eva1 & at a lat] date we f9d m ?an "o arti/ ( ! latt] t[n hold+ an important position at ,svres2 inde$ "u ,*>les ,x41 a ,g5evese1 ,abraham ,con/ant91 :o copi$ ! pictures ( ,raphael on porcela91 0 director ( ! art s*ool atta*$ to ! royal factory4 ,,hung>y4--,a factory 0 e/abli%$ by ,moritz ,fis*] at ,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! porcela9 ( ,h]5d is ( especial int]e/ to u1 = ,fis*] appe>s to h ma/]$ ! problem ( produc+ ! brilliant & jewel-l enamels ( ! ,*9ese4 ,"s ( 8 imitations ( ! famille rose are excell5t4 ,he appe>s to h devot$ himself to mak+ c(fee-cups & o!r small objects = ! ,turki% m>ket4 ,!re is an int]e/+ collection ( 8 w>e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! r\ge d'or1 ! gre5 & ev5 ! black gr\nds ( ! ,*9ese are well imitat$1 b ! blue1 s\s c\v]te1 & ! iron r$ are n s successful4 ,he also imitat$ ! porcela9 ( ,svres & ,capo di ,monte4 ,fis*] /amp$ 8 w>e ) ! ^w ,h]5d 9 v small *>act]s1 & ! ,hung>ian coat ( arms is sometimes add$ ov] ! glaze 7,,pl4 ,c4 #ci74 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! "t ( ! great porcela9 fev] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( :i* ! culm9at+ p]iod may be held to be co9cid5t ) ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 7#agef-fc71 ! ,nor? ( ,europe--,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 & ,russia--=m$ "p ( ! great prov9ce t _h its metropolis at ,meiss51 :ile ! s\!rn c\ntries--,spa9 & ,italy 79 "p7--may be said to h look$ to ,svres = _! inspiration4 ,z = ,engl&1 its allegiance 0 divid$1 b at ! beg9n+1 & c]ta9ly dur+ ! be/ p]iod1 ! ,fr5* influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant2 & lat] on1 z reg>ds ! mat]ials at lea/1 we /ruck out a l9e ( our own4 ,,holl&4--,!re is little ( novelty or orig9ality to be f\nd 9 ! h>d-pa/e porcela9 made at ?is "t 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,! great days ( ,dut* art 7 ov] long be=e ! introduction ( porcela9 into ,holl&1 & ! little t 0 !n made fell readily into ! ,saxon s*ool ( decoration4 ,some:]e ab\t #agfj ! ,c\nt ( ,gronsfeld ,diep5broik e/abli%$ "s ( ! ,meiss5 workm5 at ,weesp4 ,! m>k on ?is e>ly w>e is d\btless d]iv$ f ! ,saxon swords 7,,pl4 ,c4 #dj74 ,lat]1 :5 remov$ to ,,oude ,,loosdre*t1 ! works 7 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a ,calv9i/ pa/or--8 "n is giv5 z ,moll4 ,! m>k on 8 porcela91 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,o4 ,l41 c]ta9ly ref]r$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! place ( manufacture 7,,pl4 ,c4 #da74 ,on ! dea? ( ! rev]5d director 9 #aghb ! factory 0 remov$ to ,am/]dam1 :]e ! porcela9 kn[n g5]ally z ,,oude ,,am/el--a "n t is (t5 made to include ! o!r ,dut* porcela9 ( ! "t--0 manufactur$4 ,at ,,! ,,hague1 9 #aggh1 a company 0 =m$ to make porcela94 ,?is 0 "u ! patronage ( ! local magnates4 ,!y obta9$ ! assi/ance ( ,g]man workm51 & took ! well-kn[n badge ( _! t[n--a /ork hold+ a fi% 9 its m\?--z a m>k 7,,pl4 ,c4 #db74 ,?is 0 pa9t$ 9 blue "u ! glaze--= ! native porcela9 at lea/4 ,9 ! case ( ! =eign :ite w>e1 mu* ( :i* 0 decorat$ "h--! s(t pa/e ( ,t\rnai especially--! m>k 0 pa9t$ ov] ! glaze4 ,! some:at heavily decorat$ porcela9 ( ! ,hague1 pa9t$ ) l&scapes1 sea-pieces1 & fl[]s1 is n[ mu* s\ght aft] by ! ,dut*4 ,at ! "t1 h[ev]1 ! competition ( bo? ,ori5tal & ,g]man porcela91 ( ! enamell$ fay5ce ( ,delft & lat] ( ! ,engli% w>es1 left little place 9 ,holl& = a native porcela94 ,,sw$54--,! fay5ce & s(t-pa/e porcela9 made at ,m>ieb]g & at ,rr/r&--bo? places 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/ockholm--receiv$ _! inspiration f ,delft & ,svres 7or r p]haps f ,m5necy7 respectively4 ,"s h>d pa/e 0 also made at ,m>ieb]g ab\t #aghj4 ,! r>e specim5s ( ?is w>e are ( consid]able arti/ic m]it4 ,( ! s(t-pa/e ,sw$i% porcela9 !re are "s cu/>d-cups1 closely imitat+ ! ,m5necy w>e1 bo? at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & 9 ! ,franks collection4 ,! h>d porcela9 7& also1 x is said1 a w>e t appe>s to be ( a hybrid pa/e7 be>s z a m>k ! ?ree cr[ns ( ! h\se ( ,vasa 7,,pl4 ,c4 #dd74 ,,d5m>k4--,at ,cop5hag5 !re 7 "s e>ly attempts at a s(t pa/e made by a ,fr5*man nam$ ,f\rni] ab\t #agfj4aff ,! m>k--,f4 #e4--on ?is w>e ref]s to ,fr$]ick ,v41 ! reign+ k+4 ,b ! fam\s factory ( h>d-pa/e porcela91 t has ( late ye>s %[n s mu* ent]prise & orig9ality1#afg 0 f\nd$ 9 #aggb by ,f4 ,h4 ,mll]1 a *emi/ & ,gov]nm5t (ficial1 ! mat]ials be+ obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,bornholm4 ,9 ?is case ! ,g]man influ5ce came f ,meiss51 & also1 x w\ld seem1 by way ( ,fr/5b]g1 = we he> ( a c]ta9 ,von ,lang f t t[n 7probably ! ,von ,lang5 m5tion$ above71 b>on & arcani/1 :o help$ 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! works4 ,! factory 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #aggi1 & x 0 long work$ at a loss4 ,! m>k ( ?ree wavy l9es 9 blue on ?is w>e /&s = ! ,s\nd1 ! ,great & ! ,little ,belt 7,,pl4 ,c4 #dc74 ,! curv$ m\ld+s1 radiat+ 9 sets ( ?ree f a c5tral m$allion1 sometimes f\nd on b[ls & plates1 may also h a simil> ref]5ce4 ,?is latt] decoration is %[n well on a b[l at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 pa9t$ ) birds & fl[]s 9 gold frames4 ,! h&some cab>ets & d9n]-s]vices produc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury belong to ! ,g]man s*ool ( ! "t1 & h little relation to ! m rec5t developm5ts ab\t :i* we %all h a ^w to say 9 *apt] xxiii4 ,,russia4--,pet] ! ,great1 at ! in/igation ( 8 fri5d & ally1 ,augu/us ( ,saxony1 is said to h project$ a manufactory ( porcela9 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 b ! s*eme 0 n c>ri$ out till ! "t ( ! ,empress ,elizabe?4 ,?is 0 probably ab\t #agef1 or p]haps e>li]1 & %e d\btless1 a few ye>s lat]1 welcom$ ! ,meiss5 pott]s driv5 out by h] mortal enemy1 ,fr$]ick4#afh ,"u ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ^! works rose to "s importance1 & among ! _m arti/s & sculptors attract$ to h] c\rt1 n a few--,falconet1 among o!rs--7 employ$ z modell]s or pa9t]s on porcela94 ,b on ! :ole ! ,russian porcela9 0 influ5c$ m by ,saxon models1 & we he> t ! gaps 9 ! c\rt s]vices ( ,meiss5 w>e 7 s well replac$ by native pieces t ! new di%es & plates 7 n to be di/+ui%$ f ! old4 ,! kaol9 & ! *9a-/one 7 d]iv$ f native s\rces4 ,aft] ! ,napoleonic w> ! manufacture ( gigantic vases1 9 ! /yle ( ^? made at ,svres "u ,brongni>t's rgime1 0 attempt$1 & sev]al skilful arti/s migrat$ f ,france4 ,te*nically ! porcela9 0 n inf]ior to ! h>d pa/e ( ! latt] c\ntry4 ,! only m>k is ! initial ( ! reign+ ,emp]or or ,empress 9 ,russian *>act]s 7,,pl4 ,c4 #df71 surm\nt$ sometimes by a cr[n1 b beyond ^! lett]s !re is no?+ ,russian ab\t ! w>e4 ,! factory1 :i* is /ill c>ri$ on1 has always be5 an appanage ( ! c\rt1 & its *ief produce has consi/$ 9 gala pieces = imp]ial pres5ts4 ,n mu* seems to be kn[n ab\t a c]ta9 ,g>dn]1 an ,engli%man1 :o 9 #aghg organis$ a porcela9 factory at ,tv]1 ne> ,mosc[4 ,"s /atuettes ) 8 initials1 writt5 9 ,russian1 h be5 attribut$ to him4 ,8 "n occurs 9 full1 aga9 9 ,russian lett]s1 on "s small pieces ( ribb$ porcela91 decorat$ ) gre5 & gold4 ,! factory seems to h long pres]v$ 8 "n1 = on a /atuette ( a ,russian peasant1 9 ! ,franks collection1 ! words ,fabrika ,g>dn]y are accompani$ by ! initials ( ,alex&] ,,ii4 7,,pl4 ,c4 #de74 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,s(t-,,pa/e ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,france ,,sa9t-,,cl\d--,,lille--,,*antilly--,,m5 necy--,,p>is--,,v9c5nes--,s,,vres4 ,we h n[ to take up ! hi/ory ( ! s(t-pa/e porcela9 ( ,france1 & 9 ! fir/ place to foll[ ! /ages t int]v5e betwe5 ! e>ly t5tative w>e made by ,pot]at at ,r\5 7see p4 #bci7 & ! fully develop$ #8artificial' porcela9 ( ,svres4 ,we h1 !n1 to deal fir/ ) ! w>es ( ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,*antilly1 & 9 "p ) ^? ( ,lille & ,m5necy-,vill]oy4 ,b be=e say+ any?+ ( ! diff]5t w>es we _h bett] g back to ! te*nical side ( our subject1 & give "s explanation ( ! t]m s(t pa/e1#afi artificial pa/e1 or frit pa/e4 ,we h come across some?+ ( ?is sort be=e 9 ! case ( ! ,m$ici w>e4 ,?is 0 ess5tially ! comb9ation ( a glass ) a f9e :ite clay4 ,:5 we come to ! ,fr5* s(t pa/e we f9d ! kaol9ic elem5t replac$ by some?+ betwe5 a calc>e\s clay & an impure lime/one1 ! m>ne ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* may be r5d]$ by our some:at vague expression1 m>l4 ,m4 ,vogt 7,la ,porcela9e1 ,p>is1 #ahic7 quotes f a memoir drawn up 9 #agec by ,hellot1 a prom95t memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 :i* well illu/rates ! po9t ( view ( ! "t4 ,hellot knew all ab\t kaol9 & petuntse1 z describ$ by ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 b he despair$ ( f9d+ ! mat]ials 9 ,france4 ,m4 de ,raumur1 he tells u1 made1 x is true1 a greyi% refractory w>e f :at he 7,raumur7 claim$ to be ! ,fr5* equival5t ( ^! mat]ials1 b ! #8firm1 compact1 sn[-l porcela9 ( ,*9a1 :at we commonly "k z ,anci5 ,japon 7sic7 has yet to be imitat$4' ,aft] giv+ an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* s(t pa/e up to ?is "t 7to ?is important contempor>y evid5ce we %all return %ortly71 ,hellot claims t ?is s(t pa/e is equal to ! real #8,japan1' except t ! gra9 is less f9e1 :ile z = #8! ,saxon w>e1 x is no porcela9 at all except on ! ext]ior4 ,:5 brok5 x is easy to see t x is m]ely a :ite enamel1 only h>d] ?an ! ord9>y enamel ( pa9t]s4' ,?is1 be x not$1 is writt5 =ty ye>s aft] ,bttg]'s great discov]y4 ,we see by x h[ well ! secret 0 kept4#agj ,!re is no "q1 !re=e1 b ( s(t-pa/e porcela94 ,x is ?us t ,hellot sums up 8 report1 writt5 at ! critical p]iod :5 x 0 propos$ to remove ! ,v9c5nes works to ,svres1 & place !m "u m imm$iate royal protection1 & = ?is v]dict we h e reason to be ?ankful4 ,x is f ?is same memoir1 ,recueil de t\s les procds de la ,porcela9e de la ,manufacture ,royale de ,v9c5nes1 t we obta9 ! mo/ accurate details ( ! composition ( ! s(t pa/e made at ?is "t4 ,x 0 a /rictly private docum5t1 writt5 expressly = ! k+ by ,hellot1 :o _h rec5tly be5 appo9t$ to ! direction ( ! ,v9c5nes factory4 ,?is report 0 une>!d "s "t ago f among ! ar*ives at ,svres4 ,accord+ to ,hellot1 writ+ 9 #agec1 j z ! ,*9ese comb9e ! m fusible petuntse ) ! kaol9--#8a k9d ( talc :i* nei!r calc9es nor vitrifies'--s ) our frit1 an artificial petuntse1 we mu/ mix1 n an unctu\s fusible clay1 b "s f9e :ite infusible sub/ance4 ,su* a mat]ial is f\nd 9 c]ta9 m>nes obta9$ f ! gypsum qu>ries ne> ,p>is4 ,! frit employ$ at ,v9c5nes at ?is "t--& ! composition seems to h v>i$ little up to ! la/ days ( s(t pa/e 9 ,france--0 ess5tially an alkal9e silicate1 conta9+ also "s lime & alum9a1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ recipe3-- ,fus$ nitre1 #bb p] c5t4 ,sea salt1 #g 0 ,alicante soda1 #cg 0 ,rock alum1 #cg 0 ,montm>tre gypsum1 #cg 0 ,fonta9ebleau s&1 #fj 0 ,^! +r$i5ts1 "s ( :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 are fritt$ toge!r--t is to say1 imp]fectly fus$--9 a "p ( ! kiln specially res]v$ = !m1 great precautions be+ tak5 to regulate ! heat4 ,aft] r$uc+ ! frit to p[d]1 ! sup]flu\s salts _h to be ?or\ghly wa%$ out by means ( boil+ wat]1 be=e ! sub/ance 0 fit = mix+ ) ! #8body' con/itu5t ( ! pa/e4 ,?is body is prep>$ f ! grosse m>ne f\nd at ,arg5teuil1 by c>eful sift+ & decantation4 ,six p>ts ( ! prep>$ frit are mix$ ) "o "p ( ! wa%$ m>l & ) "o "p ( a k9d ( *alk call$ blanc d',espagne 7?is la/ sub/ance 0 aft]w>ds disp5s$ )71 & ! :ole ?or\ghly unit$ by a gr9d+ process :i* la/$ = n9e days4 ,! result+ pa/e 0 made up into balls & all[$ to #8f]m5t' = sev5 or eight mon?s4 ,n[1 if we glance ov] ! v>i\s mat]ials t h ent]$ into ! composition ( ?is v #8artificial' pa/e1 we see t alum9a1 ! sub/ance :i*1 toge!r ) silica1 we reg>d z ! ess5tial elem5t 9 all fictile mat]ials1 is pres5t 9 v small quantities2 :at !re is ( x c only be d]iv$ f ! m>l & f ! alum 9 ! frit2 & ?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by an analysis made by ,salvtat--he f\nd1 inde$1 only #bbc p] c5t4 ( ?is e>? 9 a fragm5t ( old ,svres4 ,x may safely be said t 9 no o!r fictile w>e is s small a quantity ( alum9a pres5t4 ,) ?is pov]ty ( alum9a we may associate ! want ( pla/icity--! extreme #8%ortness' :i* di/+ui%es ?is clay1 if clay x c be call$4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ x on ! :eel x _h to be work$ up ) a c]ta9 quantity ( *imie1 a mixture ( black soap & f9e glue2 at a lat] "t gum tragacan? 0 us$4 ,mo/ ( ! s(t pa/e1 inde$1 0 made 9 m\lds1 b ev5 9 ?is case ! pte *imise _h to be employ$4 ,x 0 n till a lat] "t t ^! difficulties 7 9 "p ov]come by ! introduction ( ! ,engli% process ( #8ca/+4' ,! kilns at ?is "t 7 small1 ) only "o he>?1 9 :i* popl> wood 0 burn$1 b ! fir+ 0 sometimes cont9u$ = m ?an a hundr$ h\rs4 ,hellot tells u t aft] ! fir/ fir+ m ?an two-?irds ( ! *>ge _h g5]ally to be reject$4 ,! rema9d]--! successful biscuitw>e--0 n[ poli%$ ) grit-/one1 be=e be+ dipp$ into ! s\p-l glaze slip3 9 ! case ( vessels ( complicat$ outl9e1 ! glaze 0 pa9t$ on ) a bru%4 ,?is #8enamel1' z ! ,fr5* sometimes call x--! t]m mu/ n be confus$ ) our use ( t ^w--0 ess5tially a silicate ( lead1 soda1 & pota%--a fl9t or cry/al glass1 9 fact1 conta9+ ne>ly #dj p] c5t4 ( li?>ge4 ,hellot describes its prep>ation z foll[s3 ! con/itu5ts ( ! glaze1 ?or\ghly m+l$ toge!r1 7 melt$ to a glass1 :i* _h !n to be r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & mix$ ) wat] & v9eg> to =m ! slip4 ,! pres5ce ( v9eg> h9d]$ ! deposition ( ! solid p>ticles 9 ! s\p-l liquid1 & at ! same "t promot$ ! adhesion ( ! slip to ! surface ( ! biscuit4 ,?is biscuit1 ) its ?ick coat+ ( glaze1 0 n[ aga9 fir$1 ?is "t at a m g5tle temp]ature4 ,! pla9 :ite w>e 0 n[ h&$ ov] to ! pa9t]s & gild]s1 & x is at ?is /age t ! advantage result+ f ?is ?ick coat+ ( an easily fusible1 lu/r\s glaze ass]ts itself4 ,! pigm5ts !mselves1 susp5d$ 9 a flux ( simil> con/itution1 are at ! temp]ature ( ! muffle-/ove completely incorporat$ ) ! subjac5t glaze1 & d n1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,g]man & /ill m ( ! lat] ,svres h>d pa/e1 lie z a dead coat+ on ! surface4 ,hellot gives 9 8 report num]\s recipes = ^! enamel col\rs--!re are z _m z tw5ty-five = ! blacks alone--b f ^! empirical data little is to be le>n$4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! #8enamels ( ,v5ice1' prep>$ d\btless by ! ,murano glassbl[]s1 7 import$ = ?is purpose4 ,! muffle-fir+ 0 a long & complicat$ process--! prelim9>y heat+ 9 ! case ( l>ge pieces occupi$ tw5ty-five h\rs4 ,! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! fir+ ( ea* bat* 0 delegat$ to "o ( ! pa9t]s--a mo/ ardu\s & responsible task :i* (t5 occupi$ z mu* z fifte5 days1 = ea* piece _h to pass to a fre% position :5 a requisite degree ( heat _h be5 obta9$4 ,! above summ>y w give "s approximate idea ( ! complicat$ & delicate processes involv$ 9 ! fabrication ( ! porcela9e de ,france at ! "t :5 ! w>e t is n[ mo/ priz$ by collectors 0 be+ produc$ at ! works4 ,we mu/ n[ give "s acc\nt ( ! =]unn]s--! s(t-pa/e porcela9s made at ,sa9t-,cl\d & at ,*antilly 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,sa9t-,,cl\d4--,9 #afie ! wid[ & *ildr5 ( ,pi]re ,*ico9eau 7or ,*icanaux7 petition$ ! k+ = ! sole privilege ( mak+ ! #8vritable porcela9e de la mme qualit1 plus belle et aussi p>faite et propice aux mmes usages que la porcela9e des ,indes et de la ,*9e4' ,9 grant+ ! petition1 ! rights ( ! ,pot]at family ( ,r\5 are res]v$2 b x is /at$ t no porcela9 _h be5 made at ,r\5 = sev]al ye>s4 ,! e>lie/ description1 curi\sly en\gh1 ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,france1 is to be f\nd 9 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,j\rney to ,p>is 9 ! ye> #afih1 by ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,li/]4 ,9 speak+ ( :at he saw at ! #8pott]ie ( ,sa9t-,cl\1' ,li/] decl>es t ! pa9t+ ( ! w>e surpass$ t ( ! ,*9ese1 nor 0 ! glaze inf]ior 9 :it5ess & #8smoo?ness ( runn+ )\t bubbles4444 ,aga91 ! inw>d ,sub/ance & ! ,matt] ( ! ,pots 0 to me ! v same1 firm & h>d z ,m>ble1 & ! self-same gra91 on ?is side vitrification4 ,fur!r1 ! transp>5cy ( ! ,pots ! v same4' ,aft] m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ( exp]im5t x 0 only1 says ,dr4 ,li/]1 )9 ! la/ ?ree t ! process _h be5 br\ght to p]fection4 ,we may !re=e place ! beg9n+ ( ! porcela9 ( ,sa9t-,cl\d ab\t ! ye> #afie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 #a--,,r\51 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite #b--,,sa9t-,,cl\d1 ,,celadon #c--,,sa9t-,,cl\d1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,9 ! ,m]cure ,galant ( ,octob] #agjj we he> ( frequ5t visits ( pr9ces1 lords1 & ambassadors to ! works ( #8,m4 ,*icanaux1' above all ( ! "y ,du*esse de ,b\rgogne1 :o #8/opp$ h] c>riage at ! gate to see ! manufacture ( f9e porcela9 :i* has n its l 9 all ,europe4' ,?is reads v l a mod]n rclame1 b x is important z %[+ ! int]e/ already tak5 by great p 9 ! new w>e4 ,at a lat] "t ! ,sa9t-,cl\d works came m directly "u ! patronage ( ! ,dukes ( ,orleans1 bo? ! reg5t & 8 son #8,l\is le ,dvot4' ,x 0 !n 9 ! h&s ( ,h5ri ,tr\1 :o _h m>ri$ ,*ico9eau's wid[4 ,e>li] ,*ico9eau pieces 7#agjb-agab7 be> z a m>k ! sun ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 r\ghly trac$ 9 blue 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ea74 ,at a lat] "t1 "u ! ,tr\ rgime1 we f9d a r\ghly drawn ,t surm\nt$ by ! lett]s ,s4-,c4 7,,pl4 ,d4 #eb74 ,! specim5s ( ?is w>e--!re are pl5ty ( !m 9 ! ,fr5* museums & sev]al at ,s\? ,k5s+ton--are seldom ( any size1 & ! decoration is g5]ally sp>+ly appli$ to ! milk-:ite gr\nd4 ,9 ! e>li] pieces ! lambrequ9s bord]s 9 "u-glaze blue c>ry on ! tradition ( ! sev5te5? c5tury r5aissance /yle 9 use at ,r\51 & we f9d simil> patt]ns m\ld$ 9 l[ relief4#aga ,! m\ld$ surface is (t5 cov]$ ) a scale-l patt]n 7,,pl4 ,,xxxiii473 ) ?is we may probably id5tify #8! quilt$ *9a ( ,sa9t-,cl\d1' ( :i* !re 0 a tea-s]vice at ,/rawb]ry ,hill4 ,b x is r ! ,ori5tal influ5ce t is g5]ally pr$om9ant2 & ! :ite w>e ( ,fuki51 decorat$ ) sprigs ( prunus blossom1 is closely copi$4 ,( special int]e/ are "s v successful imitations ( ! famille rose4 ,on a trembleuse sauc] at ,s\? ,k5s+ton#agb ! r\ge d'or is us$ ) great effect2 ! way 9 :i* ! p9k is gradat$ ) ! :ite enamel %[s full comm& ( ! mat]ials4 ,?is sauc] be>s ! ,t ( ! ,tr\ family z a m>k1 b we un=tunately d n "k ! exact date :5 ?is m>k 0 fir/ introduc$1 & /ill less = h[ long x 0 employ$4#agc ,,lille4--,a manufactory ( porcela9 0 f\nd$ at ,lille z e>ly z ! ye> #agaa4 ,! f\nd]s1 9 _! petition to ! mayor & c\ncil ( ! t[n1 ackn[l$ge t _! aim 0 to foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! ,*ico9eau family ( ,sa9t-,cl\d1 ! only place 9 ,europe1 !y say1 :]e porcela9 0 made4 ,at ! same "t !y seize ! occasion to attack ! head ( ! ,r\5 works1 :o1 !y affirm1 has attempt$ to palm (f 8 inf]ior w>es at ,p>is1 to ! prejudice ( ! real ,sa9t-,cl\d porcela94 ,"s side-light is ?us ?r[n on ! rivalry ( ! ,pot]at & ,*ico9eau families4 ,9 fact1 ! porcela9 made at ,lille closely resembles ! ,sa9t-,cl\d w>e4 ,we f9d ?is especially 9 ! pieces ) a :ite gr\nd sp>ely decorat$ ) lambrequ9s ( blue4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 evid5tly made ) less c>e1 & we d n f9d ! milky pa/e :i* is s great a *>m 9 ! ,sa9t-,cl\d porcela94 ,! m>k1 ! lett] ,l1 /&s = ! t[n ( ,lille4 ,?is factory ( s(t pa/e does n seem to h la/$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,late 9 ! c5tury h>d porcela9 0 made = a %ort "t 9 ?is t[n1 & x is claim$ t x 0 at ,lille t coal 0 fir/ us$ = ! fir+ ( porcela94 ,!re is a plate 9 ! ,svres ,museum inscrib$ #8,faite ,lille en ,fl&re1 cuite au *>bon de t]re4' ,! manag]1 ,lep]re ,durot1 0 unsuccessful1 h[ev]1 9 an attempt to introduce 8 new fuel at ,p>is4 ,9 #aghf ! ,dauph9 7he 0 only five ye>s old at ! "t7 became patron ( ! factory at ,lille1 & ! m>k = ! few rema9+ ye>s ( its exi/5ce 0 a dolph9 cr[n$4 ,,*antilly4--,we h se5 h[ close to ne>ly e ,resid5z-,/adt 9 ,g]many !re sprang up a porcela9 manufactory "u ! patronage ( ! pr9ce4 ,9 some:at simil> way ! fa%ion spread 9 ,france4 ,"h ! head ( ea* bran* ( ! royal h\se ei!r took "s already e/abli%$ factory "u 8 protection1 or promot$ ! sett+ up ( new works4 ,at ?is "t1 ,i mean at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 ! m>k ( a loyal subject & good citiz5 to s5d ! family plate to ! melt+-pot & to =w>d ! result+ bullion to ! m9t to be co9$ into money1 9 ?is foll[+ ! example ( ! k+4 ,?is 0 ! case above all 9 #agji1 :5 ,l\is 0 9 great want ( money4 ,we are told t ! ,duc ,d',ant91 #8! p]fect c\rti]1' aft] a sacrifice ( ?is k9d1 #8c\rut ,p>is *oisir =ce porcela9e admirable qu'il eut gr& m>*4' ,s t1 9 ! words ( ,sa9t-,simon1 ! goldsmi?s 7 be+ ru9$1 & ! mak]s ( fay5ce & porcela9 enri*$4 ,?is fa%ion gave1 ( c\rse1 a great /imulus to ! e/abli%m5t ( new factories4 ,?us ! head ( ! great h\se ( ,cond became ! patron ( ! works e/abli%$ 9 #agbe by ,ciquaire ,ciron at ,*antilly4 ,9 ! lett]s pat5t grant$ 9 #agce we are told #8,notre bi5 aim ,ciquaire ,ciron n\s a fait reprs5t] que depuis plus de dix ans il s'e/ appliqu la fabrique de la porcela9e p>eille celle qui se faisait anci5nem5t au ,japon4' ,! pr9ce1 ,l\is ,h5ri1#agd already possess$ a rem>kable collection ( ?is ,ori5tal porcela91 & "s sixty examples ( ?is w>e made anci5nem5t au ,japon1 :at we n[ "k z ,kakiyemon1 are /ill to be se5 9 ! ,*teau ( ,*antilly4 ,! e>li] porcela9 ( ,*antilly is rem>kable 9 ?is1 t foll[+ ! example ( ! enamell$ fay5ce ( ! day1 x is coat$ ) an opaque /annif]\s glaze4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 :i* resembles closely t ( ! e>lie/ ,japanese w>e1 ! peculi> decoration ( ! ,kakiyemon porcela9 is closely copi$4#age ,inde$1 ! delicate yet spirit$ h&l+ ( ?is decoration--,i w\ld po9t especially to two cyl9drical vases m\nt$ 9 silv] 9 ! ,fitzh5ry collection 7,,pl4 ,,xxxiv47--is some?+ t we are q unaccu/om$ to 9 ,european porcela94 ,x w be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! ov]-glaze blue enamel is some:at heavy 9 tone1 & has evid5tly giv5 tr\ble to ! decorator4 ,at a lat] "t ! t9 enamel gave place to a vitre\s glaze simil> to t us$ at ,m5necy1 & ! decoration mo/ 9 fav\r 0 a some:at poor und]glaze blue4 ,on su* w>e1 especially on plates1 we f9d ! well-kn[n #8,*antilly sprig1' s (t5 imitat$ on ,engli% porcela94 ,?is patt]n is di/+ui%$ by a leaf1 or r bract1 ( peculi> %ape at ! bran*+ ( ! twigs1 & ! design w\ld seem to be ( ,p]sian orig94 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e x ) ! v simil> sprigs (t5 se5 9 ! decoration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,*antilly ( ! ,m$ici porcela94 ,! %ield ( ! ,cond family is sometimes f\nd on plates ( ?is w>e1 ! #8baton ( cad5cy' betwe5 ! lilies s r$uc$ 9 size z to look l an accid5tal spot4 ,! m>k1 a hunt+-horn1 is c>efully pa9t$ 9 r$ on ! old] pieces2 lat] on1 x is f\nd rapidly sket*$ 9 blue "u ! glaze#agf 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ec74 ,,m5necy-,,vill]oy4--,?is "t x is n a pr9ce ( ! blood1 b a trs gr& seigneur1 ^: "n we f9d associat$ ) a gr\p ( ,fr5* porcela94 ,x 0 on ! e/ate ( ! ,duc de ,vill]oy1 ! son ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's notori\s m>%al1 at ,les ,petites ,maisons1 ne> ,m5necy1#agg t ,b>b9 began to make porcela9 9 ! ye> #agce4 ,! w>e he turn$ out is rem>kable = a transluc5t body cov]$ by a brilliant & uni=m glaze4 ,_m k9ds ( decoration 7 tri$ by ,b>b9 & 8 successors dur+ ! =ty ye>s ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! works4 ,?is p]iod ( "t well cov]s ! culm9at+ p]iod ( s(t-pa/e porcela9 9 ,france1 & ! ,m5necy w>e fairly repres5ts ! s*ool z a :ole 9 its m mode/ ef=ts4 ,! decoration ) scatt]$ fl[]s 7b\quets de /yle franais7 is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic design on ?is w>e1 b m ambiti\s "w 9 imitation ( ,svres 0 attempt$ lat]4 ,z at ,sa9t-,cl\d & at ,*antilly1 mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to ! little da9tily pa9t$ #8toys'--pat*-boxes1 cane-heads1 & knife-h&les--_m ( :i* 7 copi$ a little lat] at ,*elsea4 ,b ! reputation ( ,m5necy re/s above all ^u its figur9es--little /atuettes1 g5]ally brilliantly pa9t$1 ?\gh "s are cov]$ ) ! pla9 :ite glaze only 7,,pl4 ,,xxxv474 ,o!rs1 aga91 are 9 a biscuit ( peculi> quality1 & ^! la/ are at times rem>kably well modell$4 ,! m>k ,d4 ,v4 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ed71 d\btless ref]r+ to ! patron1 0 ma9ta9$ up to ! "t ( ! removal ( ! works to ,b\rg-la-,re9e1 ne> ,sceaux1 9 #aggc4 ,we h tak5 up ! porcela9 ( ,m5necy at ?is po9t1 z ! date ( its f\ndation is e>li] ?an t ( ,v9c5nes4 ,f its g5]al "*1 h[ev]1 we might r class x z a #8y\ng] si/]' ( ,svres1 :ile ! o!r w>es we h describ$1 ,sa9t-,cl\d1 ,*antilly1 & ,lille1 =m a di/9ct & e>li] gr\p by !mselves4 ,^! latt] are di/+ui%$ f ! lat] s(t pa/es ( ,france1 on ! "o h&1 by ! pr$om9ance ( designs ei!r ( ,ori5tal orig9 or d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* enamell$ fay5ce ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 on ! o!r1 by ! re/ra9$ way 9 :i* ! col\r$ decoration is appli$1 or ev5 by ! total abs5ce ( col\r1 s t1 z a :ole1 ^! w>es =m an ess5tially :ite gr\p ( porcela94 ,,small] ,,factories ,,( ,,s(t ,,pa/e4--,!re 7 already1 9 ,p>is1 dur+ ! e>ly or ,sa9t-,cl\d p]iod1 "s small private works :]e s(t-pa/e porcela9 0 made4 ,we he> ( "o 9 ! ,faub\rg ,/4 ,honor z e>ly z #agbb1 belong+ to ! ,veuve ,*ico9eau4 ,de ,raumur1 9 #agci1 m5tions a factory 9 ! ,faub\rg ,/4 ,anto9e4 ,"s o!r porcela9 works "u ! patronage ( pr9ces ( ! blood 7 erect$ at a lat] date4 ,! ,duc de ,p5?ivre took a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! porcela9 made ne> to 8 *teau at ,sceaux1 & ?is w>e1 fir/ made 9 #agea1 is di/+ui%$ by its high f9i% & c>eful decoration4 ,s mu* _c be said ( ! produce ( ! ducal kilns at ,orleans1 :]e bo? fay5ce & s(t-pa/e porcela9 7 made ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,n long aft]1 h>d-pa/e porcela9 0 made at ,orleans by ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 #a--,s,,vres1 ,,:ite ,,biscuit #b--,,m5necy1 ,,glaz$ ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,grault1 b x is d\btful :e!r all ! pieces m>k$ ) ! ,orleans label 7( ?ree po9ts7 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fj7 c be attribut$ to ^! works r ?an to ! factory at ,clignanc\rt4 ,! works at ,arras1 probably ! la/ />t$ ) ! object ( mak+ a s(t-pa/e w>e1 _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an #agga4 ,"h ! ,demoiselles ,delesseux1 ) ! support ( ,m4 de ,calonne1 manufactur$ blue & :ite w>e 9 competition ) ! neighb\r+ factory at ,t\rnai4 ,,t\rnai4--,s(t-pa/e porcela9 0 fir/ made at ,t\rnai 9 #agej1 & al?\gh ! t[n is n[ 9 ,belgium1 ! w>e !re manufactur$ 9 ! la/ c5tury =ms1 ) t made at ,lille & ,arras1 a di/9ct gr\p4 ,! m>k ( two swords 9 saltire & f\r small crosses 7,,pl4 ,d4 #dh7 is d]iv$ f ! arms ( ,pet]9ck ( ,lille1 ! f\nd] ( ! works4 ,at fir/ a t[] 7,,pl4 ,d4 #dg71 f ! t[n arms1 0 also us$4 ,_m v>ieties ( decoration 7 employ$ "h bo? = blue & :ite & enamell$ w>e4 ,b be=e long ! comm]cial _s prevail$1 & a common w>e 0 turn$ out 9 l>ge quantities4 ,,v9c5nes ,,& ,s,,vres4--#8,la porcela9e de ,svres e/ sans contr$it la plus belle qui exi/e4' ,?is is ! dictum ( no less an au?ority ?an ! late ,b>on ,davilli]1 & we may d\btless accept x if we limit ourselves to ! porcela9 ( ,europe4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! "w turn$ out by ! royal porcela9 works dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ( _! exi/5ce takes an important1 if n an ess5tial1 place 9 ! decorative art ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & t1 too1 at ! be/ p]iod ( t art4 ,z to ! intr9sic arti/ic m]it1 if su* a ?+ exi/s1 or ev5 to ! g5]al decorative value ( ?is w>e1 comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) ! fay5ce ( ! ,s>ac5ic ,ea/ or ) ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,japan1 ^! are que/ions :i* we are =tunately n call$ ^u to answ] "h4 ,! ,porcela9es de ,france1 = t is ! "n giv5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to ! w>e produc$ "u royal patronage1 7 fir/ made 9 ! factory e/abli%$ 9 ! rid+-s*ool at ,v9c5nes1 & at ! pres5t day ! works are )9 ! conf9es ( ! p>k ( ,sa9t-,cl\d4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be conv5i5t to include ! :ole s]ies "u ! "n ( ,svres4#agh ,our k ( ! te*nical side ( ! subject is d]iv$1 z we h se51 f ! report t ,hellot pres5t$ to ! k+ 9 #agec4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! f\ndation ( ! works & ! selection ( ! arti/s1 we are *iefly dep5d5t ^u a memoir1 writt5 9 #agha = ! in=mation ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 by ,ba*eli]1 an arti/ :o _h be5 atta*$ to ! works z pa9t] on porcela9 s9ce ! ye> #agdh4agi ,9 ?is memoir we c trace ! tr\bl$ hi/ory ( ! ye>s ( ill-success & f9ancial difficulties t prec$$ ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! royal works at ,svres--,tant molis erat6 444 ,!re 7 two names t we mu/ always associate ) ?is long /ruggle3 dur+ ! e>li] p]iod1 at ,v9c5nes1 ,orry de ,fulvi1 ! bro!r ( ! contrleur gnral de f9ance2 & aft] 8 dea?1 ,madame de ,pompad\r4 ,x is r a %ady /ory ^u ! :ole1 & at ! op5+ we are rem9d$ ( ! adv5tures ( ! arcani/ ,r+l] at ! v>i\s ,g]man c\rts4 ,m4 de ,fulvi1 :o _h long be5 int]e/$ 9 exp]im5ts on ! manufacture ( porcela91 />t$ at ,v9c5nes ) ! assi/ance ( two wor?less & drunk5 #8exp]ts' 7! equival5t ( ! ,g]man #8arcani/s'7 :o _h be5 tempt$ away f ,*antilly4#ahj ,aft] repeat$ failures & mu* loss ( money1 ! recipes 7 /ol5 f "o ( ^? m5 by an a/ute & sob] assi/ant1 "o ,gravant1 to :om ! :ole *>ge ( ! mix+ ( ! mat]ials 0 n[ confid$4#aha ,o!r workm51 & fur!r secrets relat+ to ! prep>ation ( ! enamels 7 obta9$ f ,*antilly by means ( a free exp5diture ( money1 & a c]ta9 success 0 ! result4 ,b meantime ! funds ( ,m4 de ,fulvi are exhau/$1 & resort mu/ be _h to 8 bro!r1 ,philib]t ,orry1 ! f9ance m9i/]4 ,?is 0 9 #agde1 & we see 9 ?is /ep ! fir/ def9ite int]v5tion ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,a company 0 n[ =m$1 ) important privileges = ?irty ye>s1 & by ! influ5ce ( ! m9i/]1 ,hellot1 f ^: report we h already quot$1 0 appo9t$ *emical advis]1 ,duplessis1 ! k+s goldsmi? 7or r silv]smi?--arg5ti]7 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! me*anical dep>tm5t1 & a few ye>s lat]1 9 #agdh1 ,ba*eli]1 to :om we are *iefly indebt$ = ! hi/ory ( ! works1 became inspector ( pa9t+ & gild+4 ,ba*eli] 0 n ( mu* note z an arti/4#ahb ,x 0 to 8 organis+ p[] & en]gy1 h[ev]1 t ! gr\p ( arti/s & sculptors :o h giv5 su* fame to ! porcela9 ( ,svres 0 fir/ br\ght toge!r4 ,on 8 appo9tm5t1 says ,ba*eli]1 8 fir/ c>e 0 to ab&on #8la grossire imitation du ,japon'1 & to furni% ! ateli]s ) pictures1 models1 & pr9ts1 #8dans t\s les g5res1 p\r remplac] les productions *9oises qu'on y copiait encore4'#ahc ,bo? ,m4 de ,fulvi & 8 bro!r di$ 9 #agea1 ! company 0 brok5 up1 & b = ! en]gy & influ5ce ( a c]ta9 ,m4 ,hultz1 ( :om no?+ fur!r is kn[n1 ! manufacture w\ld h come to an end4 ,we mu/ rememb] t on ! dea? ( ! f9ance m9i/]1 8 =m] enemy1 ,madame de ,pompad\r1 practically took 8 place4 ,h] p[] 0 at t "t at its height 7%e #8reign$' f #agde to h] dea? 9 #agfd71 s t we may p]haps reg>d ! ,m4 ,hultz ( ,ba*eli]s memoir z "o ( ! fav\rite's #8gho/s4' ,x 0 c]ta9ly ! influ5ce ( ! ,m>quise de ,pompad\r t induc$ ,l\is ,,xv41 9 #agec1 to sign ! arrt by :i* ! title ( ,manufacture ,royale de ,porcela9e 0 conf]r$ on ! e/abli%m5t4 ,at ! same "t _m important privileges 7 grant$4 ,! e/abli%m5t 0 n[ remov$ to ,svres1 :]e a plot ( gr\nd conta9+ "s glass-works1 ! prop]ty ( ! fav\rite1 0 b\ght = #ff1jjj livres1 & ! new factory set up 9 an adjac5t doma9 t _h =m]ly belong$ to ! musician ,lully4 ,! k+ subscrib$ = a qu>t] ( ! new capital4 ,! tr\bles1 h[ev]1 7 n yet end$3 ! work%ops 7 badly built & badly arrang$4 ,f9ally1 9 #agei1 ,l\is took ov] all ! %>es ( ! company1 :i* 0 at t "t 9 liquidation4 ,a ye>ly grant ( #if1jjj livres secur$ ! f9ancial position4 ,9 all ^! arrangem5ts we see ! h& ( ! ,pompad\r1 & /ill m 9 ! ke5 way 9 :i* ! bus9ess side ( ! e/abli%m5t 0 pu%$4 ,at ! ,new ,ye> a sale took place at ,v]sailles1 9 ! palace4 ,! k+ presid$1 & fix$ ! prices ( ! porcela94 ,a l>ge pur*ase ( *9a on ^! occasions 0 a sure way to royal fav\r & promotion4#ahd ,a good deal ( unc]ta9ty hangs ov] ! nature ( ! e>ly "w produc$ at ,v9c5nes1 & no def9ite m>k has be5 assign$ to ! factory1 be=e ! "t :5 ! p]mission to use ! d\ble ,l 0 grant$1 9 #agea or #agec4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! royal ciph] occurs )\t a ye> lett]1 !re is "s presumption 9 fav\r ( a date previ\s to ! latt] ye> 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ee74 ,we %\ld inf] f :at ,ba*eli] tells u t up to #agdh ! designs 7 *iefly d]iv$ f ,ori5tal *9a4 ,b 9 addition ! foll[+ =ms & /yles 7 9 use 9 ! pre-royal p]iod at ,v9c5nes3-- #a4 ,a rage = ! production ( artificial fl[]s1 especially 9 pla9 :ite w>e1 exi/$ at "o "t1 & :5 ! ,v9c5nes arti/s 7 able to rival ! ,dresd5 fl[]s t _h previ\sly be5 import$1 f ?is dep>tm5t alone 0 a /eady s\rce ( income obta9$4 ,! fl[]s fir/ produc$ 7 conf9$ m]ely to small deta*$ blossoms1 b 9 #agdh ,m4 de ,fulvi pres5t$ to ! que5 a trophy ( :ite porcela9 :i* surpass$ any?+ yet manufactur$4 ,on a base or p$e/al ( :ite w>e1 m\nt$ 9 gilt bronze1 rises a small tree completely cov]$ ) blossom ( :ite porcela91 "u :i* /& ?ree female figures ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! :ole trophy is ab\t ?ree feet 9 height4#ahe ,s aga9 9 #agej we he> t ! k+ _h ord]$ simil> b\quets ( fl[]s1 #8pe9tes au naturel1' :i* 7 to co/ #hjj1jjj livres6 ,?is = ! fam\s ,*teau de ,bellevue1 & = ,madame de ,pompad\r4#ahf #b4 ,mu* ( ! porcela9 made at ,v9c5nes at ?is "t 7#agdj-ej7 0 decorat$ ) scatt]$ gr\ps ( fl[]s on a :ite gr\nd1 a /yle !n kn[n z fleurs de ,saxe4 ,^! fl[]s 7 (t5 9 high relief1 & 9 ?is case !y =m$ a passage to ! fir/ gr\p4 #c4 ,!re exi/ c]ta9 small pieces1 *iefly cups & sauc]s 7( ! trembleuse type1 z usual at ?is "t71 ) a gr\nd ( a deep blue4 ,a great vig\r & dep? is giv5 to ! col\r 7kn[n lat] z bleu du roi7 by its some:at irregul> or mottl$ texture1 a result1 x is said1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 pa9t$ on to ! biscuit 7x is an und]glaze col\r7 ) a bru%4 ,we may note t ! use ( a d>k gr\nd = porcela9 0 exceptional at ?is "t 9 ,france4 ,?is bleu de ,v9c5nes 0 imitat$ ) "s success by ,sprimont at ,*elsea4 ,gravant 7he :o _h ! secret ( ! pa/e7 _h be=e #agec1 s ,hellot tells u 9 8 report1 succe$$ 9 mak+ a pa/e mu* :it] ?an t ( ,*antilly1 s z to all[ ( a #8c\v]te cry/all9e et p>faitem5t diaphane' 9 place ( ! opaque #8v]nix de ,fayance' 7sic7 us$ by ,ciron at t factory4 ,x is inde$ important to rememb] t be=e ! works 7 remov$ f ,v9c5nes1 ! s(t pa/e t we "k z ,svres _h already rea*$ its highe/ developm5t bo? z reg>ds ! mat]ials & ! decoration4 ,! mo/ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,s,,vres beautiful & *>act]i/ic col\rs 7 already us$ ) complete ma/]y1 & 7c]ta9ly by ! ye> #agec7 ! pa9t+s ( ! c>tels _h atta9$ a delicacy & f9i% nev] surpass$ 9 lat] times1--?is is at lea/ true ( c]ta9 classes ( subjects1 ! amor9i & wrea?s ( fl[]s1 = in/ance4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,i ne$ only po9t to c]ta9 pieces ( turquoise 9 ! ,wallace collection 7,gall]y ,,xv41 ,case ,a471 above all to ! s\pire 7,no4 #g71 modell$1 no d\bt1 aft] a silv]smi?'s design4 ,if we comp>e su* pieces to ! porcela9 ( ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,*antilly1 or to ! some:at t5tative "w turn$ out at ,v9c5nes itself b a few ye>s e>li]1 x is difficult to acc\nt = ?is rapid advance1 especially at a "t ( *ange & f9ancial difficulties4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ int]e/+ p]iod--7,i mean ! ye>s j at ! middle ( ! c5tury7--9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,fr5* porcela91 & we mu/ rememb] t ! *ange came ab\t precisely at ! "t 7#agea7 :5 ,madame de ,pompad\r's influ5ce became pr$om9ant4 ,! free access to ! royal factory--! work%ops seem to h be5 reg>d$ at "o "t z a fa%ionable l\nge--made ! pres]vation ( any secret processes v difficult4 ,ba*eli] says t #8on vi5t s'y prom5] comme dans les maisons royales1' & he compla9s bitt]ly ( ! loss ( "t1 ! dirt1 & ! accid5ts caus$ by ! ?rong ( p4 ,a succession ( edicts1 "o z e>ly z ! ye> #agdg1 0 issu$1 re/rict+ ! access ( visitors4 ,:5 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! pa/e & ! decoration _h be5 surm\nt$1 a dem& arose = protection aga9/ ! competition ( outside works4 ,) ?is object a :ole s]ies ( edicts1 _m ( !m ( a contradictory nature1 0 issu$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agej & #aghj4 ,( ^! ! special aim 0 to prev5t or hamp] ! production ( porcela9 9 o!r works1 above all 9 ^? )9 a c]ta9 radius ( ,p>is1 or fail+ t1 at lea/ to re/rict ! use ( col\r1 & especially ( gild+1 by su* works z _h to be tol]at$4 ,at ! "t ( ! removal to ,svres ! /aff consi/$ ( m ?an a hundr$ workm54 ,duplessis1 ! silv]smi? ( ! k+1 0 intru/$ ) ! modell+ & ) ! g5]al arti/ic direction1 & ,hellot1 z we h se51 0 :at we %\ld n[ call #8sci5tific advis]4'#ahg ,ba*eli] compla9s t ! nature ( ! pa/e & glaze 0 unfav\rable to ! production ( small figures1 #8luisantes et colores1' l ^? ( ,saxony4 ,he claims to h be5 ! fir/--?is 0 z e>ly z #agdh--to recomm5d ! use ( :ite biscuit to reproduce 9 porcela91 among o!r ?+s1 #8"s ( ! pa/oral ideas ( ,m4 ,b\*]1' & ?is /yle1 he tells u1 #8_h a great success up to ! "t :5 ,m4 ,falconet1 to :om ! dep>tm5t 0 intru/$ 9 #ageg1 introduc$ a m noble /yle1 "o m g5]alis$ & less subject to ! evolution ( fa%ion4' ,falconet 0 c>ri$ (f to ,russia 9 #agff1 to execute = ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ! great /atue ( ,pet] ! ,great1 & ,ba*eli] !n took 8 place4 ,x 0 "u ,falconet t ! be/ "w 0 produc$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 al?\gh at a lat] date su* well-kn[n names z ,rob]t le ,lorra91 ,paj\1 ,clodion1 ,pigalle1 & ,h\don are f\nd ^u ! books ( ! ,svres works4 ,no biscuit /atuettes ( pte t5dre 7 made aft] ! ye> #aggg4 ,! models aft] :i* ! vases & o!r objects 7 design$--& ea* ye> "s fre% =m 0 introduc$--are /ill pres]v$ at ,svres4 ,we c trace 9 !m1 z 9 ! m\nt+s ( ! contempor>y ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,s,,vres ,,porcela9 furniture1 ! passage f ! haute rocaille ( ! fifties to ! simpl] =ms 9 fav\r at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! fa%ion ( encas+ ! porcela9 ( ,*9a 9 metal m\nts--= ?is ! l>ge mono*rome pieces 7 pref]r$--_h come 9 at an e>li] p]iod4 ,! contort$ =ms ( ! gilt metal und\bt$ly br+ out by contra/ ! simple outl9es & smoo? surfaces ( ! crackle & celadon vases4 ,9 ! ,jones collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton !re are "s sup]bly f9e examples ( ?is collocation ( ,fr5* & ,*9ese "w4 ,dur+ ! sixties & lat] x became ! fa%ion to comb9e ! ormolu & o!r k9ds ( metal-"w ) ! ,svres porcela9 9 _m new ways1 & ! p5dules ( ! "t %[ +5i\s comb9ations ( ! two mat]ials 9 endless v>iety4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! simpl] =ms t we associate ) ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 7 already ass]t+ !mselves sev]al ye>s be=e ! dea? ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,if we exam9e ! *oic] pieces 9 any collection ( ,svres *9a1 we f9d t ! date-m>ks range )9 a v small int]val ( "t--a few ye>s on ei!r side ( #agfj4 ,?is n>r[ limit = ! be/ "w is well exemplifi$ bo? 9 ! ,jones collection & at ,h]t=d ,h\se4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t :5 describ+ ! turquoise & rose gr\nds ( ?is "t4 ,once e/abli%$ at ,svres "u direct royal patronage1 ! pr9cipal ef=ts ( ! /aff 7 direct$ to ! design+ & ! execution ( elaborate d9n]-s]vices1 de/9$ to be pres5t$ 9 turn to ! v>i\s cr[n$ heads ( ,europe4 ,z e>ly z #aged a s]vice 0 made = ,m>ia ,!resa1 la ,re9e-,impratrice4 ,9 #ageh a s]vice ) a gre5 gr\nd & figures1 fl[]s1 & birds 9 c>tels 0 comm&$ by ,l\is ,,xv4 = pres5tation to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k2 9 #agfj a s]vice de table ( two hundr$ & eighty-"o pieces is pres5t$ to ! ,elector-,palat9e ,k>l ,!odor1 ! porcela9 en?usia/ ( ,frank5?al4 ,9 #agfd1 & aga9 9 #aggb & #aggi1 ! ,m9i/re d'tat ,b]t9 =w>d$ to ! ,*9ese ,emp]or ,ki5-lung1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 pres5ts ( ,svres porcela94#ahh ,9 #agfh & #agfi a fur!r gr& s]vice de table1 fond lapis caill\t#ahi is pres5t$ to ! ,dani% k+2 9 #agge x is ! turn ( a ,spani% pr9cess1 & 9 #aggg ( ! emp]or4 ,9 #aggh ! k+ s5ds to ! ,sultan ( ,morocco a tea-s]vice1 & at ! same "t pres5ts o!r pieces ( *9a to ! ,moori% ambassador4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ord]$ at ,svres ! fam\s s]vice ( sev5 hundr$ & =ty-f\r pieces1 bleu cle/e 7i4e4 turquoise7 gr\nd1 decorat$ ) cames incru/s4 ,! fl[]s 9 ?is set 7 pa9t$ by ,taill&i]1 & ! gild+ execut$ by ,v9c5t & ,le ,guay4 ,!re is a plate f ?is s]vice at ,s\? ,k5s+ton3 on ! c5tre ! lett] ,e1 =m$ ( m9ute fl[]s1 & ! ,roman num]al ,,ii1 /& = ,ekat]9a ! ,second4 ,to ?is set belong also ! ?ree l>ge brle-p>fums vases at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 & !re are o!r pieces 9 private h&s4#aij ,! empress disput$ ! price 7#cbh1ahh livres7 dem&$ = ! s]vice1 & a long diplomatic correspond5ce on ! po9t has be5 pres]v$4 ,m4 ,davilli] gives "s details ( eight o!r royal s]vices made betwe5 ?is "t & ! end ( ! c5tury1 among !m "o ) gre5 gr\nd1 = ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,prussia 7#aghd71 ( :i* ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,s,,vres sev]al ( ! pieces 7 jewell$ 7ornes d'maux71 & 9 #aghh a gr& s]vice de table ) vases1 cups1 pictures1 & bu/s s5t to ,tippoo ,saib1 ,sultan ( ,mysore4 ,x is usual to di/+ui% ! diff]5t s]vices1 cab>ets or g>nitures1 by ! col\r ( ! gr\nd :i* is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! set4 ,?us we f9d ! fond lapis m5tion$ above & ! fond v]t1 a peculi> %ade ( gre5 v mu* admir$ at ! "t & (t5 repeat$ 9 ! lacqu]$ furniture & ev5 9 ! panels ( a :ole ap>tm5t4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! ,,turquoise ,,blue1 b ! col\r is s important t we w quote m fully ! some:at enigmatical acc\nt ( x giv5 by ,hellot4 #8,! bleu du roi gr\nd1 call$ be=e ! ,*ri/mas ftes ( #agec bleu anci5 7,ori5tal turquoise by daylight1 em]ald or mala*ite by artificial light71 ) :i* 8 maje/y has be5 s satisfi$1 is compos$ z foll[s4444' ,we are !n told t we %\ld pur*ase at ! ,sieur ,moniac1 9 ! ,rue ,qu9campoise1 opposite to1 etc42--b x is ne$less to foll[ ^! details--9 fact ,i only quote a few words z a sample ( ,hellot's innum]able recipes = col\rs4 ,?is blue enamel1 = x is an enamel1 & n pa9t$ s\s c\v]te l ! old ,v9c5nes blue1 is compos$ ( #8aigue-m>9e' 7"s prep>ation ( copp]7 ?ree p>ts1 ,gravant's glaze "o "p1 & ( m9ium "o & a ?ird p>ts4 ,! +r$i5ts are melt$ toge!r1 trs gr& feu1 & ! resultant glass f9ely p[d]$4 #8,?is p[d] is du/$ ?r\gh a silk sieve1 ^u ! mordant t has be5 appli$ to ! surface ( ! already glaz$ porcela94 ,! piece is !n heat$ 9 ! 8pa9t]'s /ove0 7! muffle74 ,! fir/ lay] ( col\r comes out sometimes crackl$1 & always irregul> 7mal unie74 ,to make ! enamel uni=m1 ! piece is aga9 coat$ & aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! pa9t]'s /ove4' ,n only ! /r5g? & quality ( ! enamel1 b its t9t also1 v>y mu*1 ev5 9 pieces dat+ f ! be/ p]iod2 "s examples t5d m to gre5 ?an o!rs4 ,9 ! m brilliant & int5se examples ( ! bleu cle/e1 to give ! col\r its old or "o ( its old names1 ! gr\nd on close exam9ation appe>s to be m or less mottl$1 d>k] clots1 z x 71 float+ ab\t 9 a light] m$ium4 ,inde$ "s su* #8texture' seems to be necess>y to br+ out ! full effect & brilliancy 9 ! case ( o!r glazes & transp>5t enamels on porcela91 & to its abs5ce ! dull & #8un9t]e/+' aspect ( mu* ( our mod]n porcela9 may be attribut$4 ,,rose ,,pompad\r4--,we h se5 t ! v>i\s %ades ( p9k d]iv$ f gold 7see ! note on p4 #bhd7 _h = "s "t be5 us$ 9 ! decoration ( porcela91 b t ! recipes = !m 7 reg>d$ z preci\s trade secrets4 ,! rose c>ne1 or ,pompad\r#aia 7(t5 wrongly call$ rose du ,b>ry71 belongs to ?is class4 ,! cr$it ( its fir/ successful employm5t z a uni=m gr\nd-col\r is probably due to ! *emi/ ,hellot4#aib ,?is col\r 0 9 use at ,svres = only a %ort p]iod ( ye>s1 say betwe5 #agec & #agfc4 ,! dat$ specim5s 9 ! ,wallace collection range betwe5 #aged & #agei4 ,"o is almo/ tempt$ to associate its sudd5 disappe>ance ) "s :im ( ,madame de ,pompad\r2 p]haps hav+ 9 h] possession ne>ly all t _h be5 made1 %e wi%$ to #8corn] ! m>ket4' ,! manufacture seems to h ceas$ be=e h] dea? 7#agfd71 & aft]w>ds ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,s,,vres secret 0 lo/4 ,! rose c>ne gr\nd is (t5 associat$ ) "o ( apple-gre51 b ! comb9ation is n a v pleas+ "o4 ,great att5tion has always be5 paid to ! ,,gild+ at ,svres4 ,:5 appli$ heavily to ! h&les & feet ( vases1 x replaces1 9 "s measure1 ! ormolu m\nts4 ,s1 :5 surr\nd+ ! little pictures pa9t$ on ! c>tels ( vases & b[ls1 or on ! c5tre ( plates1 ?is gild+ repres5ts 9 position & design ! gold frame ( ! p]iod4 ,at ! "t ( ! reorganisation ( ! works 9 #agec we f9d1 along ) ,ba*eli] & ,duplessis1 a c]ta9 ,frre ,hippolyte1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 m5tion$ z ! possessor ( secret processes ( gild+1 & he 0 well paid = 8 p]iodical visits to ! works4 ,ba*eli]1 writ+ 9 #agha1 has a note prote/+ aga9/ ! excessive employm5t ( gold4 ,! prohibition ( its use at o!r porcela9 factories at ?is "t 0 bas$1 he says1 on #8economic gr\nds1' t ! metal might n be lo/ = comm]ce4 #8,?is enorm\s exp5diture ( gold1' he prote/s1 #8is ! m revolt+1 inasmu* z x is 9 bad ta/e4' ,ba*eli] di/+ui%es ! #8or bruni en effet' f ! #8or bruni en totalit4' ,by ! use ( ! fir/1 9 opposition bo? to ! unburni%$ & to ! pla9 poli%$ gold1 x 0 int5d$ to imitate *isell$ metal 7! ormolu m\nts71 & ?is me?od ( burni%+1 we are told1 %\ld be conf9$ to l>ge vases :i* are n subject$ to any we> & te> by clean+ or o!rwise4 ,! gold1 9 all cases1 0 simply spr9kl$ on )\t ! admixture ( any flux1 & ! burni%+ 0 c>ri$ out *iefly by wom5 9 a special dep>tm5t ( ! works4 ,?is burni%+ 0 effect$ au cl\1 t is1 by means ( a /ump ( iron ins]t$ at ! end ( a /ick4 ,agate burni%]s 7 n introduc$ till a lat] p]iod4 ,great pressure 0 requir$ 9 ! e>li] me?od1 result+ 9 deeply incis$ l9es1 & !re is less uni=mity ( surface ?an :]e ! agate is us$4 ,! ,,jewell$ ,s,,vres has nev] f\nd mu* fav\r 9 ,france1 & ! only "n ! ,fr5* h = ?is decoration--porcela9e orne d'maux--is n v di/9ctive4 ,a transp>5t1 glassy1 or sometimes an opaque enamel ( v brilliant t9t is appli$ 9 ! =m ( little beads /&+ out 9 relief & set 9 gold m\nt+s4 ,?is application ( #8appliqus gems 9 *as$ gold sett+1' unless us$ ) great delicacy & mod]ation1 produces a tawdry & ov]load$ effect1 above all :5 appli$ ^u col\r$ gr\nds4 ,b :5 ^! little #8pa/e-jewels' are set ^u ! s(t :ite ( ! ,svres pte t5dre ! result is sometimes v pleas+4 ,on a cup & sauc] belong+ to ,mr4 ,currie1 n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! ruby & turquoise jewels are connect$ by bran*es ( gold ov]laid ) a transp>5t gre5 enamel 7,,pl4 ,,xl474 ,on ! o!r h&1 on a l>ge ew] & bas9 ( turquoise1 ) a decoration ( gold1 9 ! #8,londond]ry ,cab9et' at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 :i* has ! date-lett] = #agfh1 ! orig9al design is caprici\sly ov]laid by a s]ies ( jewell$ *a9s :i* 7if we are to tru/ ! date-m>k on ! ew]7 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 add$ at a lat] "t4 ,inde$ ! manufacture ( ?is jewell$ w>e seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! ye>s #aghj-hf4 ,:5 a s*ool ( pa9t+ 0 fir/ e/abli%$ at ,svres1 x 0 to ! fan-pa9t]s & to ! m9iature-pa9t]s 9 enamel t ,ba*eli] turn$ = assi/ance1 & we c detect ! mann]isms peculi> to ^! two s*ools 9 ! decoration ( "s ( ! e>li] pieces made at ,svres4 ,,m>ks4--,by ! royal decree ( #agec1 f :i* ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,,jewell$ ,s,,vres we h already quot$1 x 0 ord]$ t all pieces %\ld be m>k$ ) ! well-kn[n royal ciph]1 ! d\ble ,l1 & t a lett]-m>k indicat+ ! ye> %\ld be add$ 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ef74 ,! s+le lett]s ( ! alphabet c>ry u f #agec to #aggf2 aft] t d\ble lett]s 7 us$ till #agic1 :5 ! k+'s initial 0 replac$ by ! lett]s ,r4 ,f41 ) ! addition ( ! ^w ,svres4 ,a m>k ( ?is latt] k9d 0 9 use till ! end ( ! c5tury1 aft] :i* "t no m s(t pa/e 0 made4 ,ea* arti/ m>k$ 8 "w ) a monogram or a private sign1 (t5 sugge/$ by a play ^u ! syllables ( 8 "n1 z 9 ! case ( ! cant+ arms ( h]aldry4 ,= example1 #8#bjjj' 7v+tc5ts7 0 adopt$ by ,v9c5t1 ! fam\s gild]2 a bran* ( a tree by ,dubois2 &1 m /rangely /ill1 a triangle1 ! sign ( ! ,tr9ity1 by an arti/ nam$ ,dieu4 ,^! m>ks 7 plac$ und]nea?1 or by ! side (1 ! royal ciph]4 ,! m>ks ( m ?an a hundr$ arti/s h be5 id5tifi$ f ! records kept at ,svres--pa9t]s ( fl[]s1 g>l&s1 l&scapes1 m>9es1 g5re-subjects1 & f9ally gild]s4 ,a complete li/ ( ^! m51 ) _! m>ks1 may be f\nd 9 ,g>ni]1 ,*aff]s1 & o!r writ]s on ! subject4 ,! manufacture ( true kaol9ic porcela9 0 begun 9 #agfi1 b ! s(t pa/e cont9u$ to be made = ano!r ?irty ye>s1 side by side ) ! new w>e4 ,x 0 n till ! ye> #ahjd t x 0 f9ally ab&on$ by ,brongni>t1 ! new director4 ,he f\nd ! s(t-pa/e w>e unsuitable = ! big pieces n[ ord]$ by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,! pa/e 0 difficult to "w1 ! prep>ation 0 exp5sive1 & ! du/ =m$ bo? f ! pa/e & f ! lead glaze 0 injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! workm54 ,"o or two attempts h s9ce be5 made at ,svres to revive ! old w>e1 b !y h fall5 ?r\gh 9 e case4 ,brongni>t1 9 #ahjd1 to provide funds = ! impov]i%$ works & to pay ! arre>s ( wages to ! workm51 ?rew on ! m>ket ! l>ge /ock ( pla9 :ite s(t pa/e t _h accumulat$ 9 ! magaz9e4 ,n[ at t "t !re 7 9 ,p>is _m skill$ porcela9 pa9t]s1 "s ( !m ex-employs at ,svres1 & o!rs1 m5 :o made a liv+ by pa9t+ on ! pla9 w>e s5t f ,limoges & o!r factories4 ,^! #8*ambrelans' 7!y pa9t$ at home1 en *ambre1 & correspond$ to our ,engli% #8*amb]]s'7 7 n[ employ$ by ! deal]s :o _h eag]ly b\ght up ! w>e t ,brongni>t _h p>t$ )4#aic ,!y pa9t$ & gilt ?is :ite w>e 9 imitation ( ! ,svres porcela9 ( ! be/ p]iod s successfully t ! s]vices !y turn$ out h f\nd _! way into royal collections4 ,?is w>e1 9 fact1 =ms a gr\p by itself1 q ap>t f ! lat] imitations ( ! pte t5dre1 :i*1 9 e degree ( m]it & dem]it1 are n[ f\nd 9 ! *9a-%ops ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,m4 ,g>ni] po9ts out ?ree signs by :i* ?is pseudo-,svres may be recognis$3 #a4 ,! gre5 prep>$ f ! newly introduc$ *romium is ( a w>m yell[i% t9t1 & displays none ( ! submetallic t9ts s (t5 to be se5 9 enamels col\r$ by copp]1 z 9 ! famille v]te ( ,*9a4 #b4 ,! gold on ?is ba/>d w>e1 burni%$ ) an agate poli%]1 diff]s 9 quality ( surface f ! old gild+ work$ au cl\4 #c4 ,! date-m>ks & pa9t]s' monograms 7 copi$ at haz>d f ! old pieces--at t "t no li/ ( ^! m>ks _h be5 made public--s t1 = example1 ! monogram ( a gild] may be f\nd on a piece decorat$ 9 col\rs only4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,h>d-,,pa/e ,,porcela9 ,,( ,s,,vres ,,& ,,p>is ,! s(t pa/e ( ,svres1 ev5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! fifties & sixties1 :5 ! mo/ exquisite w>e 0 be+ made1 seems always to h be5 reg>d$ some:at z a make-%ift1 to be employ$ until ! mat]ials = mak+ a true porcela9 %\ld be discov]$ 9 ,france4 ,= x 0 ! ignorance ( ! true nature ( kaol91 & :]e to look = x1 t s =tunately delay$ its introduction at ,svres4 ,z e>ly z ! ,v9c5nes days1 "o ( ! ,hannongs ( ,/rassburg _h (f]$ to sell 8 secret1 & ?is (f] 0 repeat$ at a lat] "t by himself & by 8 son4 ,at ,svres1 be=e #agfj1 two ,g]man workm5 7 reta9$ to tea* ! ,saxon process1 b ! mat]ials _h /ill to be obta9$ f ,g]many4 ,meantime ,macqu]1 :o _h succe$$ to ! po/ ( sci5tific advis] on ! dea? ( ,hellot1 _h be5 exp]im5t+ on 8 own acc\nt1 & above all enc\rag+ o!rs to se>* = ! preci\s :ite e>? )9 ,fr5* t]ritory4 ,at l5g?1 9 #agfj1 "s samples 7 s5t f ,al5on1 f :i* a true porcela9 0 made1 b ( poor quality & ( a grey col\r4 ,outside ! ,svres works ! y\ng] ,hannong _h set up a factory at ,v9c5nes1 & ! ,comte de ,brancas ,lauraguais1 :om we %all meet ) aga9 9 ,engl&1 _h by #agfd begun 8 exp]im5ts & 8 se>* aft] deposits ( kaol94 ,!re /ill exi/ a few portrait-m$allions m\ld$ 9 h>d porcela91 :i*1 on ! gr\nd ( ! lett]s ,b4 ,l4 engrav$ on ! back1 h be5 attribut$ to t en]getic nobleman4 ,! introduction1 h[ev]1 ( ! h>d-pa/e porcela9 at ,svres dates f ! discov]y1 9 #agfh1 at ,sa9t-,yrieix1 ne> ,limoges1 ( ^? fam\s deposits ( kaol9 :i* h ev] s9ce t "t be5 ! ma9 res\rce ( ! ,fr5* porcela9 indu/ry4#aid ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> #agfi ,macqu] 0 able to %[ to ! k+ ! fir/ samples ( ?is new w>e4 ,! h>d pa/e made = "s ye>s aft] ?is date 0 n ( ! #8sev]e' type adopt$ lat] on4 ,n only did x conta9 z mu* z #i p] c5t4 ( lime1 b1 ! kaol9 employ$ be+ less pure1 conta9$ probably a good deal ( mica--9 fact1 ?is fir/ type ( ,fr5* h>d pa/e approa*$ 9 composition t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x is ev5 m important to note t ! glaze us$ at ! same "t 0 ( an entirely diff]5t nature f ! pure felspa?ic cov]+ aft]w>ds adopt$4 ,x 0 compos$ ( ,fonta9ebleau s& #dj p] c5t41 pot%]ds ( h>d porcela9 #dh p] c5t41 & *alk #ab p] c5t4 ,z a result1 x 0 possible to decorate ! surface ) brilliant transluc5t enamels ( "s ?ickness4 ,x 0 ! introduction ( ! felspa?ic glaze 9 #aghj t gave ! f9al bl[ to ! effective decoration ( ,svres porcela94 ,?is glaze is made by simply fus+ a natural rock 7pegmatite7 consi/+ ( a mixture ( pota% felsp> ) a small quantity ( qu>tz4 ,! ease ) :i* ?is glaze c be prep>$1 its h>dness & uni=mity ( surface1 l$ to its univ]sal adoption n only at ,svres b 9 ! porcela9 works ( ! ,limoges di/rict t h = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s suppli$ ,france ) ord9>y dome/ic w>es--= su* use its h>dness r5d]s x em95tly suitable4 ,b1 z we h said1 ?is comb9ation ( refractory pa/e & h>d glaze is incompatible ) any brilliancy ( decorative effect1 ! enamel col\rs are q unable to incorporate !mselves ) subjac5t glaze1 !y lie dull & dead on ! surface1 & ! faults ( ! ,g]man porcela9 are exagg]at$4 ,s ) ! pa/e1 a mu* h>d] & m refractory type 0 introduc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury1 & 7ap>t f ! rec5t p>tial introduction ( a mild] type = special purposes7 ?is type has rema9$ 9 use to ! pres5t day4 ,! lime 9 ,brongni>t's new pa/e 0 r$uc$ to #e p] c5t41 :ile ! am\nt ( kaol9 7#fe p] c5t47 is probably great] ?an 9 any o!r porcela94 ,!re has be5 a reaction lately at ,svres aga9/ ?is refractory w>e1 b ! old =mulas are /ill employ$ = ! porcela9 made = practical dome/ic use4 ,:51 h[ev]1 brilliancy ( effect & arti/ic decoration are aim$ at1 a completely new type bo? ( pa/e & glaze has be5 9 use s9ce ! ye> #ahhj1 & concomitantly ) ! imitation ( ! ,*9ese mono*rome w>es1 an attempt has be5 made to foll[ z closely z possible ! pa/es & glazes ( ! ,*9ese4 ,m4 ,vogt1 ! pres5t te*nical director at ,svres1 :o has _h s mu* to d ) ^! *anges1 gives ! foll[+ =mula = ! composition ( ! new porcela93 kaol9 #ch p] c5t41 felsp> #ch p] c5t41 qu>tz #bd p] c5t4 ,! lime1 x w be se51 has be5 completely elim9at$ f ! pa/e2 on ! o!r h&1 ! glaze conta9s z mu* z #cc p] c5t4 ( ! ,craie de ,b\gival4 ,x w\ld be a dre>y task to ent] ) any detail into ! hi/ory ( ! ,svres works dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s foll[+ ! fir/ introduction ( ! h>d pa/e4 ,?is p]iod is associat$ 9 mo/ m9ds ) ! colossal vases t are to be f\nd 9 s _m ( ! palaces & museums ( ,europe4 ,to judge f ^! examples1 x w\ld seem t ! *ief object bo? ( ! design & ! decoration 0 to conceal z f> z possible ! nature ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 _! composition4 ,y h fir/ to p]suade y\rself t y are look+ at some?+ made ( porcela93 once conv9c$ ( ?is1 y m>vel at ! te*nical difficulties t h be5 ov]come 9 its manufacture1 b :at x nev] ev5 occurs to "o to look = 9 ^! mon/r\s vases1 is any trace ( t beauty ( surface & brilliancy ( decoration t we are accu/om$ to associate ) ! sub/ance ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! #8,m$ici ,vase' n[ 9 ! ,l\vre is probably ! e>lie/ ( ?is long s]ies4 ,?is vase dates f ! ye> #aghc1 & x is ne>ly sev5 feet 9 height4 ,b x 0 9 ! pseudo-classical /yle ( ! empire1 :5 enc\rag$ by ,napoleon's love ( ! gigantic1 & by 8 desire #8 faire p>l] la porcela9e1'#aie t ?is new application ( porcela9 f\nd its full expression4 ,x is !n t we f9d vases1 c&elabra1 surt\ts de table & clocks1 9 /yles di/+ui%$ z ,egyptian1 ,etruscan1 ,imp]ial1 & ,olympian4 ,aft] ?is we c foll[ ! decl9e ( ta/e 9 ! succe$+ rgimes till1 ) ! total ext9ction ( all feel+ = h>mony ( col\r & unity ( composition1 we are l&$--9 ! reign ( ! #8b\rgeois k+'--9 ! /yle or abs5ce ( /yle :i* is ! ,fr5* equival5t ( our #8,e>ly ,victorian4' ,!re is "o "n above all o!rs t is associat$1 at ,svres1 ) ?is long p]iod1 t ( ,alex&re ,brongni>t1 :o 0 director ( ! works f ! ye> #ahjd until 8 dea? 9 #ahdg4 ,! son ( a well-kn[n ar*itect1 & himself a fell[-work] ) ,cuvi]1 he atta9$ "s di/9ction bo? z a geologi/ & z a *emi/4 ,x 0 inde$ f ! po9t ( view ( a man ( sci5ce t he approa*$ ! subject ( c]amics1--z a geologi/ to exam9e ! position & /ratigraphical relation ( any mat]ial suitable = fictile purposes1 z a *emi/ to analyse ^! mat]ials & to discov] fre% metallic comb9ations suitable = glazes & enamels4 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 & *iefly "u ! influ5ce ( ,brongni>t1#aif t ! palette ( ! enamell] 0 enl>g$ by ! introduction ( s _m new col\rs1 ! employm5t ( :i* gives a new ca*et to ! decoration ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important advance 0 9 ! employm5t ( oxide ( z9c 9 ! flux1 by means ( :i* ! col\rs ( _m metallic oxides are develop$ & sometimes alt]$4 ,! gre5 d]iv$ f *romium is ess5tially a n9ete5? c5tury col\r1 & z x resi/s ! highe/ temp]ature ?is gre5 c be us$1 l ! cobalt blue1 z an "u-glaze col\r4 ,f ! *romate ( lead an orange-r$ is obta9$--! r\ge cornalia1 a crude & dang]\s col\r1 & "o t does n )/& high temp]atures4 ,an orange-yell[ f uranium1 & a deep & uni=m black f iridium1 7 also introduc$ at ?is "t or n long aft]w>ds4 ,! #8,engli% p9k1' ! lilac t9t s ext5sively us$ 9 ! transf]-pr9t+ ( e>!nw>e1 0 successfully imitat$ by add+ a small quantity ( oxide ( *romium to a flux conta9+ oxides ( t91 lime1 & alum9a4 ,! celadon gre5 ( ,svres is d]iv$1 n f ! protoxide ( iron1 b f ! sesqui-oxide ( *romium1 ) ! addition ( a m9ute quantity ( copp]4 ,brongni>t's great "w1 ! ,trait des ,arts ,cramiques1 /ill rema9s our ma9 au?ority on ! te*nical & sci5tific side ( ! art ( ! pott]1 & x 0 he :o1 by e/abli%+ ! museum & organis+ ! laboratories at ,svres1 made t t[n a c5tre = all :o are int]e/$ n only 9 ! special bran* ( porcela91 b 9 ! :ole field ( c]amic art4 ,! position e/abli%$ by him has be5 well ma9ta9$ by 8 successors1 by ,salvtat1 by ,ebelm51 by ,deck1 & at ! pres5t "t by ,,mm4 ,lau? & ,vogt on ! te*nical side--above all by d\>d ,g>ni]1 ! pres5t director ( ! ,svres ,museum4#aig ,^! m5 h succe$$1 9 spite ( mu* opposition1 9 aga9 br++ ! national manufactory ( porcela9 at lea/ on to a level ) ! arti/ic movem5t ( ! day4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,svres porcela9 dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s & m we c f9d at lea/ "o int]e/+ aspect--we c foll[ ! /eps by :i* ! w>e has respond$ to ! social & political *anges t h foll[$ "o ano!r 9 ,france dur+ t "t4 ,! affectation ( simple & homely ta/es1 & ! s5tim5tal tone fa%ionable 9 society dur+ ! ye>s prec$+ ! ,revolution1 are reflect$ 9 bo? ! =ms & ! pa9t+ ( ! w>e !n made4 ,! classical _s t already 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 _h f\nd a place alongside ( ^! idyllic aspirations some:at lat]1 "u ! lead ( ,david1 rul$ e =m ( art4 ,! v>i\s phases ( ! ,revolution are reflect$ 9 ! decoration ( ! porcela91 :i* ev5 became a means ( political propag&a4 ,at ! ,htel ,c>navalet1 ! museum at ,p>is consecrat$ to ! hi/ory ( ! city1 ! political *anges ( ?is p]iod may be trac$ 9 a s]ies ( plates & cups1 "s ( !m ( ,svres porcela91 decorat$ ) emblems & allegorical figures relat+ fir/ to ! lib]al mon>*y ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,revolution1 & !n 9 ! /]n] days ( ! ,conv5tion 7:5 inde$ ! exi/5ce ( ! works 0 only sav$ by ! pres5ce ( m9d ( ! m9i/] ,p>7 to ! patriotic ef=ts ( ! lead]s1 & to ! successes ( ! republican armies4 ,portraits ( ! h]oes ( ! national assemblies & ( ! clubs1 surm\nt$ by caps ( lib]ty & fram$ 9 arrangem5ts ( pikes & drums1 replac$ ! nymphs & fl[]s ( an e>li] p]iod1 & ev5 ! guillot9e1 x is said1 has f\nd a place 9 ! decoration4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! milit>y elem5t 0 ev5 m pr$om9ant4 ,eagles & ?und]bolts1 surr\nd$ by trophies ( w>1 battle-sc5es & ! entry into ,p>is ( ! victori\s legions1 commemorate ! conque/s ( ,napoleon4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ! decoration ( ! gigantic vases1 ea* new "o ov]topp+ its pr$ecessor1 became m & m pictorial4 ,to obta9 a bett] field = ?is pictorial display ! greate/ pa9s 7 tak5 to produce l>ge plaques ( porcela91 "s z mu* z f\r feet 9 l5g?1 on :i* a s*ool ( accompli%$ arti/s pa9t$ labori\s reproductions ( fam\s pictures1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,n a few ( ^! enamel-pa9t]s1 at ?is "t1 came f ,g5eva1 & "s ( ! able/ 7 ladies4 ,_m rem>kable specim5s ( ?is misdirect$ skill may be se5 9 ! ,svres ,museum1 & also 9 a room ( ! picture-gall]y at ,tur94 ,"u ! republican rgime t succe$$ ! revolution ( #ahdh1 x 0 aga9 propos$ = a mom5t to sev] ! connection ) ! ,/ate1 b ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! second empire a fre% life 0 giv5 to ! manufactory1 on ! appo9tm5t ( ,diet]le1 an arti/ ( repute1 to ! director%ip4 ,"s new developm5ts 7 n[ attempt$1 especially 9 ! introduction ( col\r$ pa/es4 ,x 0 only aft] _m fruitless attempts t any results 7 obta9$ by ?is new sy/em4 ,x is inde$ a process q =eign to ! nature ( porcela91 & ev5 :5 te*nically successful ! result is f> f satisfactory4 ,at a lat] "t1 h[ev]1 ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,salvtat enabl$ a pott] ( great skill & "s feel+ = art to employ ! col\r$ pa/es ) great] simplicity & bett] effect4 ,m4 ,solon1 s9ce s well kn[n 9 ,engl&1 0 ! mo/ successful work] 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,! decoration 9 8 h&s took ! =m ( a :ite slip1 or b>bot9e1 laid on a col\r$ gr\nd4 ,aft] fir+1 ! light & %ade ( ! design is br\ght out by ! v>y+ ?ickness ( ! n[ transluc5t coat+1 :i* all[s m or less ( ! col\r$ gr\nd to be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,9 spite ( its delicacy & ref9em5t ! effect ( ?is "w is some:at effete1 bo? 9 /yle & col\r4 ,9 inf]ior h&s1 work+ ) poor] mat]ial1 ! result is deplorable4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 aft] exp]im5ts ) _m mat]ials--! cry/all9e glazes made ) bismu? 7 at "o "t 9 fav\r--x is to ! production ( arti/ic effects by means ( s+le glazes t ! greate/ att5tion is giv5 at ,svres1 foll[+ m or less 9 ! l9es ( ! flamb w>es ( ,*9a4 ,n long s9ce1 a proposal 0 aga9 made 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies t ! support ( ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld be )drawn f ! factory4 ,x is said t a timely report 9 an ,engli% pap] to ! effect t1 9 su* a case1 ! works w\ld be run by an ,anglo-,am]ican syndicate1 _h n a little to d ) ! defeat ( ?is motion4 ,,less] ,,p>isian ,,factories ,,( ,,h>d ,,pa/e4--,9 spite ( ! num]\s edicts & proclamations by :i* x 0 attempt$ to ma9ta9 ! monopoly ( ! royal works at ,svres1 !re 7 9 ,p>is1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 a numb] ( private factories1 "s ( !m "u ! patronage ( memb]s ( ! royal family4 ,x 0 9 ,p>is t ,brancas ,lauraguais1 z e>ly z #ageh1 made 8 exp]im5ts ) kaol91 & "h1 9 ! ,sa9t-,laz>e di/rict1 "o ( ! ,hannong family 7,pi]re ,anto9e1 ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 ! same :o _h lately fail$ at ,v9c5nes7 made porcela9 aft] ! ,g]man /yle1 p]haps be=e #aggj4 ,^! works 7 patronis$ at a lat] day by ! k+'s bro!r1 ! ,comte d',artois4 ,aga91 9 #aggc1 "o ,locr />t$ 9 ! ,rue ,fonta9e au ,roi ! #8manufacture de porcela9e ,allem&e de la ,c\rtille4' ,8 m>ks ( arr[s 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ei71 tor*es1 or lat]1 e>s ( :eat1 cross$ 9 imitation ( ! ,saxon swords1 are f\nd on w>e ( "s arti/ic m]it4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,p>isian factories 0 t />t$ at ,clignanc\rt1 9 #agge1 by ,pi]re ,d]uelle1 "u ! p[]ful protection ( ,monsieur 7! k+'s bro!r1 aft]w>ds ,l\is ,,xviii474 ,! royal edicts 7z inde$ 0 (t5 ! case else:]e7 aga9/ ! use ( gold 7 ignor$ 9 ?is case1 & ! ,svres w>e--! simpl] =ms !n 9 fa%ion--0 clev]ly imitat$4 ,! e>li] m>k1 a w9dmill 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fa71 po9t$ to ! fam\s m\l9 on ! neighb\r+ ,montm>tre4 ,at a lat] "t ! lett] ,m1 "u a cr[n1 ref]r$ to ! royal patron4 ,! que5 h]self took "u h] patronage ! factory />t$ 9 #aggh by ,lebuf 9 ! ,rue ,?ir\x4 ,?is is ! #8,porcela9e de la ,re9e1' m>k$ ) ! lett] ,a "u a cr[n 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fb71 (t5 decorat$ ) leaves & little sprigs ( ! b>beau1 ! cornfl[]1 !n s mu* 9 fa%ion4 ,^! fl[]s1 inde$1 may be f\nd on _m o!r w>es1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 ab\t ?is "t4 ,! ,duc d',ang\lme 0 ! patron ( ! works />t$ 9 #aghj1 9 ! ,rue de ,bondy4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is factory surviv$1 /ill "u ! orig9al f\nd]s1 ,gu]h>d & ,dihl1 to ! days ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 ,dihl 01 z x 71 a =]unn] ( ,brongni>t1 be+ ! fir/ pott] 9 ,france to employ ! newly discov]$ col\rs d]iv$ f r>] metallic bases4 ,! ,rue de ,bondy factory _h also ! cr$it ( produc+ elaborate copies ( pictures on plaques ( porcela9 be=e su* ?+s 7 attempt$ at ,svres4 ,! factory e/abli%$ 9 #aghd at ! ,pont aux ,*\x is *iefly rem>kable = ! patronage ( ! ,duc d',orlans1 ,philippe galit4 ,/>t+ ) ! bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ^: arms are f\nd on gigantic vases ( #8old ,japan1' ?is 0 ! fif? memb] ( ! ,orleans family :o _h int]e/$ himself ) porcela91 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,i h only m5tion$ a few ( ! m important ,p>isian factories4 ,franks1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,cont95tal ,porcela91 gives a li/ ( sev5te5 works4 ,examples ( mo/ ( ^! may be f\nd ei!r 9 ! ,franks collection or 9 t ( ,mr4 ,fitzh5ry4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ! "w done 9 ,p>is became m & m conf9$ to ! decoration ( porcela9 made else:]e4 ,a special indu/ry--= su* x may well be call$--0 ! imitation ( old] w>es1 bo? ,ori5tal & ,european4 ,= ?is some:at ambigu\s "w ! ,samson family has acquir$ a ,european reputation4 ,at ! pres5t day _m m or less amateur pott]-arti/s are work+ 9 ,p>is4 ,specim5s ( _! "w may be /udi$ 9 ! ye>ly salons4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to see--9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,pan?on1 = in/ance--a notice 9 a w9d[ po9t+ out to ^? int]e/$1 t a kiln = porcela9 or fay5ce w be fir$ at su* & su* a date4 ,dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ,limoges has become m & m ! c5tre ( ! porcela9 indu/ry ( ,france4 ,a v h>d1 refractory porcela9 is "h made f ! excell5t kaol9 ( ,sa9t-,yrieix1 & ?is w>e n only occupies 9 ,france ! position ( our ,/af=d%ire e>!nw>e & semi-porcela91 b competes ) ^! w>es 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ works 0 />t$ "s ye>s ago ) ,am]ican capital1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 until lately1 drew _! pr9cipal supplies ( porcela9 f ?is di/rict4#aih ,x is to a *emi/ atta*$ to "o ( ^! factories1 to ,m4 ,dubreuil1 t we are indebt$ = our be/ acc\nt ( ! te*nical & *emical processes employ$ at ! pres5t day 9 ! manufacture & decoration ( porcela9 7see ! "w quot$ on p4 #ae74 ,at ,limoges !re is a c]amic museum1 ! mo/ important 9 ,france aft] t at ,svres1 ! cont5ts ( :i* h be5 describ$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,g>ni] 9 a catalogue :i*1 z f> z cont95tal porcela9 is conc]n$1 has1 s f>1 no rival4#aii ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,s(t ,,& ,,hybrid ,,porcela9s ,,( ,,italy ,,& ,,spa9 ,! porcela9 made 9 ,italy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury is n ( mu* importance ei!r f a te*nical or an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,capo di ,monte w>e & its imitations1 examples are r>ely f\nd 9 ,engli% collections4 ,on ! :ole ! decoration is poor 9 effect1 & closely foll[s 9 ! wake ( ! ,g]man w>es4 ,?is is ! case at lea/ ) mo/ ( ! porcela9 made 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,foll[+1 probably unconsci\sly1 ! example ( ! e>ly ,m$ici w>e1 ! refractory elem5t 9 ! eighte5?-c5tury porcela9 ( ,italy has g5]ally be5 f\nd 9 a natural kaol9ic clay :i* "h replaces ! qu>tz-s& & ! lime ( ! ,fr5* s(t pa/e1 & x is ?is peculi>ity 9 _! composition :i* l$ ,brongni>t to =m a special class = :at he call$ ! hybrid pa/es ( ,italy4 ,,v5ice4--,!re is1 z we h se51 /rong evid5ce t porcela9 0 made 9 ,v5ice 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b su* evid5ce is1 un=tunately1 only docum5t>y4 ,we are 9 almo/ z bad a position :5 we come to ! w>e manufactur$ 9 ! city1 p]haps z e>ly z #agbj1 by ! ,vezzi1 a family ( lately ennobl$ goldsmi?s 7see ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,drake1 ,notes on ,v5etian ,c]amics1 ,london1 #ahfh1 privately pr9t$74 ,?is ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 #a ,,& #b--,,v5etian1 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite #c--,,meiss5 #d--;,,frank5?al1 ,,lilac ,,& ,,gold w>e 0 made by ,saxon workm5 ) clay obta9$ f ,saxony4 ,to ?is factory1 h[ev]1 we c safely attribute ! tall cup & sauc]1 ) ! arms ( ,b5$ict ,,xiii4 7#agbd-cj71 & ! m>k #8,v5a' 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fc71 9 ! ,franks collection 7,no4 #ddf74 ,at ?is "t ,hung]1 ! ,saxon pa9t] & gild]1 0 9 ,v5ice4 ,he 0 already back at ,meiss5 9 #agbe1 & ,dr4 ,br9ckmann ?9ks t he may h br\ght back f ,v5ice ! process ( pass+ ! gild+ ?r\gh ! muffle1 :i* ab\t t "t replac$1 at ,meiss51 ! old] plan ( #8lac-gild+4' ,! ,vezzi works 7 clos$ 9 #agdj1 & n till #ageh d we he> ( fre% attempts to imitate ! ,meiss5 w>e4 ,?is "t x 0 a ,saxon family driv5 out f ,meiss5 by ! w>1 "o ,hewelcke & 8 wife1 :o set up a %ort-liv$ factory 9 :i* !y attempt$ to make porcela9 #8ad uso di ,sassonia4' ,x 0 probably ) ! assi/ance ( ,hewelcke t ,gem9iano ,cozzi 9 #agfd e/abli%$ ! porcela9 works :]e 7z we le>n f ! report drawn up by ! ,inquisitor alle ,arti a few ye>s lat]7 he gave employm5t to =ty-five workm54 ,cozzi made porcela9 #8ad uso di ,giappone1' mu* ( :i* 0 export$ to ,trie/e & ! ,levant4#bjj ,?is w>e1 decorat$ 9 ,ori5tal /yle1 mu/ h be5 made exclusively = ! trade ) ! ,ea/1 =1 to judge f ! specim5s 9 our museums1 x 0 r ! w>e ( ,meiss5 ?an t ( ,im>i t ,cozzi took z 8 model4 ,we f9d on 8 porcela9 small views1 especially coa/-sc5es & ports1 outl9$ 9 black & gold2 aga91 on tea-& c(fee-s]vices1 fl[]-pieces & *9ois]ies4 ,he turn$ out also "s biscuit & glaz$ /atuettes ( consid]able m]it4 ,cozzi's factory surviv$ until #ahab4 ,an an*or 9 r$1 l>g] ?an t us$ at ,*elsea1 & ( a diff]5t %ape1 is ! m>k usually f\nd on ?is *9a#bja 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fd74 ,,le ,,nove4--,a ,v5etian family1 ! ,antonibon1 _h e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury e/abli%$ an important manufactory ( majolica at ,le ,nove1 ne> ,bassano4 ,lat] on !y turn$ _! att5tion to porcela9 &1 aft] ! ye> #agfj1 ,pasquale ,antonibon produc$ "s successful w>e m>k$ ) a /> 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fe74 ,"o or two well modell$ & c>efully f9i%$ specim5s ( ?is porcela9 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton %[ ! influ5ce ( bo? ,meiss5 & ,svres4 ,^! works 7 9 op]ation z late z #ahbe4 ,,v9ovo4--,9 ! royal ca/le ( ,v9ovo or ,v9euf1 ne> ,tur91 "s unsuccessful endeav\rs to manufacture porcela9 7 made ) ! help ( "o ( ! y\ng] ,hannongs ( ,/rassburg4 ,a ,tur9 doctor1 ,vittore ,amadeo ,gioanetti1 :o _h already made num]\s exp]im5ts ) ! clays & rocks ( ! di/rict1 met ) bett] success ab\t #aghj4 ,! pa/e ( ?is w>e conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( silicate ( magnesia1 obta9$ f a deposit ( magnesite discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood by ! doctor4#bjb ,?is hybrid w>e is m easily fusible ?an a true porcela91 b x resi/s well rapid v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! usual m>k is ! lett] ,v surm\nt$ by ! cross ( ! h\se ( ,savoy 7,,pl4 ,d4 #ff74 ,,capo ,,di ,,monte4--,"h 9 ! nor!rn suburbs ( ,naples1 j b5ea? ! ,royal ,palace1 an important factory ( s(t-pa/e porcela9 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agdb4 ,don ,c>los1 ( ,b\rbon-,f>nese extraction1 _h rec5tly ex*ang$ 8 duk$om ( ,p>ma = ! ?rone ( ! ,two ,sicilies4 ,9 #agch he _h m>ri$ a ,saxon pr9cess1 b !re is little sign ( any ,g]man influ5ce ei!r 9 ! design or composition ( ! w>e made at 8 new porcela9 factory at ,capo di ,monte4 ,l 8 c\s9 at ,v]sailles at a lat] date1 he took ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 ! sale ( 8 porcela94 ,an annual fair 0 held 9 front ( ! palace1 & a l>ge pur*ase !re 0 a sure passport to ! fav\r ( ! k+1 :o is ev5 said to h work$ z a pott] himself4 ,:5 9 #agei ,don ,c>los succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,spa9 z ,*>les ,,iii41 he1 z x 71 c>ri$ 8 porcela9 works ) him1 tak+ away ! be/ workm51 s t little ( int]e/ 0 made at ,naples aft] t date4 ,to ?is e>li] p]iod belong ! pla9 :ite pieces (t5 9 imitation ( sea-%ells1 or aga9 re/+ on a heap ( small] %ells m\ld$ probably f nature 7a v simil> w>e 0 made at ,b[ & o!r ,engli% factories74 ,we f9d also highly col\r$ /atuettes & gr\ps ( figures4 ,b ! "n ( ,capo di ,monte is associat$ above all ) ano!r /yle ( decoration4 ,! surface ( ! w>e 9 ?is case is cov]$ by gr\ps ( figures1 my?ological subjects by pref]5ce1 & by vegetation1 m\ld$ 9 l[ relief & delicately col\r$4 ,?is 0 ! w>e imitat$ at ,doccia 9 lat] days1 & also1 x w\ld seem1 at ,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic pieces !n made at ,naples are ! little deta*$ figures1 g5]ally grotesques1 delicately modell$ & pa9t$ 7,,pl4 ,,xlii474 ,9 ?is ,capo di ,monte porcela9 we may note g5]ally ! preval5ce ( extreme rococo =ms4 ,! glaze ( ! :ite w>e has a pleasant w>m tone resembl+ t ( "s ( ! ,fuki5 porcela91 :i* may 9 "p h s]v$ z a model4 ,:5 ! factory 0 re-e/abli%$ fir/ at ,portici & !n aga9 at ,naples1 a v diff]5t influ5ce is p]ceptible4 ,!re is a s]vice at ,w9dsor pres5t$ by ! ,k+ ( ,naples to ,george ,,iii4 9 #aghg1 decorat$ ) #8pe9tures ,hetrusques1' t is to say1 ) reproductions ( antiques 9 ! ,museo ,borbonico4 ,?is lat] w>e g5]ally be>s z a m>k an ,n surm\nt$ by a cr[n4 ,,doccia4--,! int]e/ ( ! factory at ,doccia1 "s five miles to ! we/ ( ,flor5ce1 :]e majolica & _m v>ieties ( porcela9 h be5 made = ! la/ "o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s1 c5tres r\nd ! ,g9ori family4 ,! f\nd] ( ^? works1 ! ,m>*ese ,c>lo ,g9ori1#bjc :o belong$ to an old ,flor5t9e family1 0 s5t1 9 #agcg1 by ! ,gr& ,duke on a diplomatic mission to ! ,emp]or ,francis ,i4 ,he _h already1 at 8 villa ne> ,se/o1 succe$$ 9 mak+ "s imitations ( ,ori5tal porcela91 & on 8 return f ,vi5na he br\ght back ) him ! arcani/ ,c>l ,w&hele94 ,) 8 assi/ance ,g9ori 0 able 9 a %ort "t to turn out "s well modell$ /atuettes4 ,! pa/e1 h[ev]1 0 n v :ite or uni=m1 & ! l>g] pieces are g5]ally disfigur$ by fissures4 ,to ?is "t belongs probably a l>ge /atuette ( a cr\*+ ,v5us at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,?is k9d ( w>e _h its inspiration1 no d\bt1 9 ! ambiti\s attempts to replace ! works ( ! sculptor ) :i* ! ,meiss5 factory 0 occupi$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,g9ori 0 soon aft] appo9t$ ,gov]nor ( ,leghorn1#bjd & he is said to h despat*$ a vessel to ,*9a expressly to br+ back ! kaol9 ( t c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 #a1 #b ,,& #c--;,,capo ,,di ,,m5te #d--;,,doccia ,! works at ,doccia & ! s*ools & museums atta*$ to !m are frequ5tly ref]r$ to by our eighte5? c5tury travell]s4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a p]iod ( decl9e1 z 0 n unnatural1 dur+ ! ,napoleonic w>s1 b by ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! factory at ,doccia _h become "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ,europe4 ,on ! dea? ( ! f\nd]1 9 #ageg1 ! works _h be5 c>ri$ on by 8 son ,lor5zo1 & he 9 8 turn 0 succe$$ by ,c>lo ,leopoldo1 :o introduc$ a new type ( furnace4 ,?is rem>kable dyna/y ( noble pott]s has c>ri$ on ! ,doccia works to ! pres5t day4 ,beside a l>ge outturn ( enamell$ fay5ce & ( h>d porcela91 ad uso di ,francia1 a mild] or hybrid type ( pa/e has be5 l>gely made1 & ! mat]ials h be5 obta9$ f _m s\rces1 native & =eign4 ,! deal]s' %ops 9 ,italy h be5 inundat$ ) imitations ( ! old majolica1 & ) ! help ( m\lds obta9$ f ! moribund ,capo di ,monte works1 close imitations ( t w>e h long be5 made at ,doccia4 ,inde$ ! bulk ( ! porcela9 decorat$ ) my?ological figures 9 l[ relief 7m especially ! l>g] pieces s (t5 se5 9 deal]s' %ops & 9 sal]ooms7 has its orig9 9 ,tuscany r ?an at ,naples4 ,! m>k1 a /> =m$ ( two sup]impos$ triangles1 is d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! family1 b ?is m>k has (t5 be5 omitt$4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury _m k9ds ( w>e 7 imitat$2 ! pla9 :ite porcela9 is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ int]e/+1 su* z ! already m5tion$ /atuettes & ! imitations ( ! ,fuki5 w>e1 specim5s ( :i* 7 s5t by ,sir ,horace ,mann to ,walpole 9 #agfj4 ,?is k9d ( w>e is :it] & ( a m dead aspect ?an t made at ,naples & at ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,9 ! ,franks collection are specim5s f an int]e/+ s]ies ( small m$allions ) portraits ( ! gr& ducal & o!r families1 9 :ite relief on a grey-blue gr\nd4 ,^! 7 made at ,doccia1 probably t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,spa9 ,,bu5 ,,retiro4--,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury we h frequ5t ref]5ces to ! importation ( ,ori5tal porcela9 into ! ,p59sula--! :ite w>e ( ,fuki5 is said to h be5 above all priz$4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d ,portuguese travell+ m]*ants sell+ porcela9 at ! fair ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 & we he> t _! /alls 7 visit$ by p ( quality f ,p>is4 7,cf4 p4 #bcj47 ,b ?is w>e ( ! ,f> ,ea/ has left little or no m>k ^u ! fay5ce or porcela9 made 9 ,spa94 ,9 ! =m]1 at lea/1 ! influ5ce ( ! ne>] ,s>ac5ic ,ea/ has always rema9$ pr$om9ant4#bje ,! porcela9 fev] t rag$ at times 9 ! re/ ( ,europe seems to h left ,spa9 unt\*$ until ! adv5t ( ! half-,fr5*1 half-,italian k+ 9 #agei4 ,*>les ,,iii41 :o ab&on$ 8 ,neapolitan ?rone 9 t ye> to succe$ 8 bro!r z ,k+ ( ,spa91 0 on ! :ole ! be/ ( ! _m desc5dants ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 :o rul$ 9 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t he 0 an en?usia/ic pott]1 & 8 fir/ c>e1 ev5 be=e leav+ ,naples1 0 to see to ! tran%ipp+ to ,spa9 ( practically ! :ole ( ! /aff1 to say no?+ ( ! m\lds & o!r appliances 9 use at ! ,capo di ,monte factory4 ,don ,juan ,riao1 9 8 ,h&book ( ,spani% ,arts1 gives ! names ( n9ete5 modell]s & f\rte5 pa9t]s :o sail$ = ,alicante 9 a vessel specially *>t]$ = ?is purpose4 ,among ^! ,italian emigrants two names are wor?y ( m5tion--,buonicelli--he & 8 son aft] him sup]9t5d$ ! new works till ! end ( ! c5tury--& ,gricci 7!re 7 ?ree m5 ( ?is "n among ! modell]s71 ! design] ( ! fam\s porcela9 *amb] at ,aranjuez4 ,! new factory1 kn[n z ,la ,*9a1 0 erect$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,bu5 ,retiro1 a palace 9 ! suburbs ( ,madrid4 ,"h = ! next ?irty ye>s1 t is until ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,iii4 9 #aghh1 support$ by a l>ge ye>ly grant1 & surr\nd$ by ! /ricte/ secrecy1 0 made ! porcela9 de/9$ = ! decoration ( ! royal palaces & = pres5tation to o!r c\rts4 ,only 9 ! "t ( ,joseph1 ,napoleon's bro!r1 & ( ,f]d9& ,,vii41 0 ! w>e f ! royal works all[$ to come into ! m>ket1 & ?is 0 at a p]iod ( decl9e4 ,! ,bu5 ,retiro g>d5s 7 ! sc5e ( desp]ate fight+ betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* 9 ! ye> #ahab1 dur+ :i* ! porcela9 works 7 completely de/roy$4 ,we he>1 at ! comm5cem5t1 ( qu>rels betwe5 ! ,spani% & ,italian workm51 & ( breakd[ns 9 ! kilns4 ,b ,*>les & 8 director1 ,buonicelli1 mu/ soon h surm\nt$ ! prelim9>y difficulties1 = already1 dur+ ! ye>s #agfc to #agfe 7z we le>n f an inscription on "o ( ! slabs71 ,giuseppe ,gricci 0 occupi$ 9 decorat+ ! porcela9 *amb]1 ! fam\s ,gab9eto ( ! palace at ,aranjuez1 :i* surpass$ 9 magnific5ce ! e>li] room ( ! same description at ,portici4 ,! l>ge plaques :i* surr\nd ?is *amb] are decorat$ ) gr\ps ( ,japanese figures 9 high relief1 c>efully modell$ & pa9t$4 ,betwe5 ^! plaques rise tall look+-glasses br\ght f ! k+'s new glass-works at ,la ,granja1 & ! porcela9 frames ( ^! mirrors are elaborately decorat$ ) fruits & fl[]s4 ,!re is ano!r ( ^! porcela9 cab9ets 9 ! ,royal ,palace at ,madrid2 ?is "t ! plaques are ornam5t$ ) *ildr5 9 high relief4 ,"h & 9 ! o!r ,spani% palaces1 at ,aranjuez1 at ,la ,granja1 & at ! ,escurial1 may /ill be se5 vases ( porcela9 f ,bu5 ,retiro1 "s ( !m six or sev5 feet 9 height4 ,^! vases are (t5 set 9 gilt bronze m\nt+s & fill$ ) bran*es ( porcela9 fl[]s4 ,among ! specim5s ( ,spani% porcela9 t we see 9 ,engli% collections1 x is ! pla9 :ite w>e t int]e/s u mo/4 ,?is is ( a v beautiful w>m t9t1 & ! vases are surr\nd$ by amor9i 9 full relief among fl[]s1 or aga9 by sea-%ells modell$ f nature1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,capo di ,monte w>e4 ,b _m o!r ?+s 7 made--imitations ( ,w$gwood1 = example1 :ite relief on a dull blue gr\nd4 ,9 its la/ days ! factory fell "u ,fr5* influ5ce1 & an attempt 0 made to imitate ! h>d pa/e ( ,svres ) ! aid ( native clays4 ,x w\ld seem t "s ( ! pa/e made at an e>li] "t 0 ( a hybrid nature1 conta9+ magnesia1 l t ( ,v9ovo4 ,! factory 0 re-e/abli%$ by ,f]d9& ,,vii4 aft] 8 re/oration1 at ! ,moncloa1 ne> ,madrid1 b ) little success4 ,close at h&1 at ,la ,florida1 ne> ! well-kn[n ,paseo1 an attempt has be5 lately made to revive ! works4 ,zuluaga1 ! fam\s metal-work]1 has int]e/$ himself 9 ^! new works1 b ! w>e made is ( little int]e/4 ,! fleur-de-lis ( ! ,b\rbons1 g5]ally pa9t$ 9 blue "u ! glaze1 is ! only m>k t ne$ be m5tion$2 x is probable t ?is m>k 0 already 9 use at ,naples 7,,pl4 ,d4 #fg74 ,at ,alcora1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia1 ! ,conde d',ar&a _h e/abli%$ an important factory ( arti/ic fay5ce z e>ly z ! ye> #agbe4 ,ar&a play$ no small "p 9 ! %ort-liv$ revival ( prosp]ity 9 ,spa9 t foll[$ ! accession ( ,*>les ,,iii4 ,9 #agfd we f9d him s5d+ to ,dresd5 = an arcani/1 & 9 #aggd he obta9$ ! s]vices ( a ,fr5* exp]t1 "o ,m>t91 f ,svres4 ,ea* 9 8 turn cov5ant$ ) ! c\nt to make true porcela91 & we are told t he s5t specim5s ( 8 w>e to 8 fri5d ,voltaire at ,f]ney4 ,don ,juan ,riao gives a full acc\nt ( ?is factory1 b !re d n seem to be any specim5s ( ,ar&a's w>es 9 ,engli% collections t are any?+ bett] ?an a f9e fay5ce4 ,9 ! ,museo ,arqueologico at ,madrid !re is a l>ge collection ( porcela9 & fay5ce f ,bu5 ,retiro1 ,la ,moncloa1 ,alcora1 & ,talav]a4 ,,portugal4--,"s h>d-pa/e porcela9 0 made at ,lisbon be=e ! ye> #agge1 & at ,vi/a ,alegre1 ne> ,oporto1 ! factory />t$ ab\t #agij is /ill c>ri$ on4 ,c]ta9 m$allions ( biscuit porcela91 9 ! /yle ( ,w$gwood1 h f\nd _! way into ! ,s*reib] & ,franks collections4 ,to judge f an inscription on a m9ute plaque suitable = sett+ 9 a r+1 9 ! latt] collection1 ^! m$allions 7 made at ! ,royal ,ars5al at ,lisbon 9 #agib4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,engli% ,,porcela9 ,,introduction--,,! ,,s(t-,,pa/e ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,*elsea ,,& ,,b[ ,9 spite ( ! consid]able lit]ature t has sprung up ^u ! subject1 we "k little ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,engli% s(t-pa/e porcela94 ,we h already spok5 ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,dwight 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,li/]1 writ+ 9 #afii 7see above1 p4 #bhb71 %[s a rem>kable acqua9tance ) ! te*nical qualities ( v>i\s k9ds ( porcela93 he speaks ( #8! inw>d ,sub/ance & ,matt] ( ! ,pots' made at ,sa9t-,cl\d z ! v same z t ( ! ,*9ese1 #8h>d & f9e z ,m>ble1 & ! self-same gra9 on ?is side vitrification4 ,fur!r1 ! transp>5cy ( ! ,pots ! v same4' ,he _h expect$ t at be/ !y #8might h arriv$ at ! ,gomron w>e1 :i* is inde$ little else b a total vitrification4'#bjf ,! man :o wrote ?is mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! physical qualities ( porcela92 he mu/ already h made "s /udy ( ! subject4 ,& yet n only at t "t1 b = ! next =ty-five ye>s1 !re is a total abs5ce ( any evid5ce1 docum5t>y or practical1 t porcela9 0 made any:]e 9 ,engl&4#bjg ,meantime new porcela9 works 7 spr++ up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 & 9 ,france ! factories ( ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,*antilly _h long be5 at "w4 ,x is inde$ f a ,fr5* docum5t t we get our fir/ h9t z to ! exi/5ce ( porcela9 works 9 ,engl& be=e ! ye> #agde4 ,9 an #8arre/ du ,conseil d'tat du ,roy' ( t ye>1 by :i* ,*>les ,adam is au?oris$ to e/abli% a porcela9 factory at ,v9c5nes1 a note ( al>m is s\nd$4 #8,a new e/abli%m5t t has lately be5 f\nd$ 9 ,engl& = ! manufacture ( porcela91 :i* appe>s by ! nature ( its composition m beautiful ?an t ( ,saxony1' w probably1 s ! docum5t /ates1 lead to ! new ,engli% w>e replac+ t ( ,fr5* orig9 7,m>ryat1 p4 #cga74 ,= "o reason or ano!r !re appe>s to h be5 a great outbur/ ( int]e/ 9 porcela9 ab\t ! ye> #agde4 ,! works at ,b[ 7 probably />t$ at t "t4 ,!re are 9 exi/5ce dat$ pieces ( t ye> :i* 7 almo/ c]ta9ly made at ,*elsea1 & ^! 7 no fir/ ef=ts4 ,z e>ly z ?is1 "s porcela9 figures may possibly h be5 made at ,d]by1#bjh s t we may p]haps take ! t5 ye>s prec$+ #agej z ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! indu/ry 0 obscurely pass+ ?r\gh its exp]im5tal /age4 ,aft] ?is "t1 ^? :o _h be5 fir/ 9 ! field reap$ a good h>ve/1 = dur+ ! next decade ! *9a mania 0 at its height1 & af=d$ mu* mat]ial = ! satirical & comic writ]s ( ! day4 ,to sum up ! hi/ory ( ,engli% porcela9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 we may take x t ab\t ! ye> #agdj ! fir/ attempts 7 made to imitate ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,ori5tal & ,cont95tal porcela9 t 7 e ye> com+ m & m into use2 t by ! ye> #agej sev]al factories 7 at "w2 & f9ally1 t by #aghj ! be/ _h already be5 accompli%$1 & ! decl9e _h already begun4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 our ,engli% porcela91 :e!r ( s(t or h>d pa/e1 %[s little orig9ality4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( design & decoration we may divide ! w>e made dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury into two s*ools3-- 7a7 ,! ,ori5tal s*ool1 ! w>es pr9cipally imitat$ be+--#a4 ,! :ite porcela9 ( ,fuki51 ) decoration 9 relief1 (t5 ( prunus blossom4 #b4 #8,blue & :ite1' ! blue "u ! glaze--?is is (t5 comb9$ ) ! previ\s class4 #c4 ,! e>li] type ( ,im>i1 t kn[n at ! "t z #8old ,japan1' or #8p>tridge & :eat%eaf4' #d4 ,! some:at lat] type ( ,im>i ) brocad$ patt]n1 :at we n[ call #8old ,japan4' ,! enamell$ w>es ( ! great revival "u ,kang-he & 8 successors1 ?\gh valu$ by collectors bo? "h & 9 ,france1 7 less (t5 copi$4 7b7 ,! ,european s*ool1 :i* d]iv$ its inspiration f--#a4 ,! e>ly w>es ( ,sa9t-,cl\d1 & lat] f ^? ( ,v9c5nes & ,svres4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! influ5ce ( ,svres became pr$om9ant aft] #agee1 & to "s ext5t ou/$ ! e>li] ,ori5tal motifs4 #b4 ,dresd51 :i* gave ! type = ! /atuettes & also = ! elaborate pa9t+ ( fl[]s & reali/ic l&scapes on plates & di%es4 ,?is ,g]man influ5ce1 fav\r+ a dulli% s*eme ( col\r & a #8tight' execution1 0 m app>5t at an e>li] & aga9 at a lat] p]iod2 dur+ ! be/ "t1 say f #agee to #aggj1 x 0 eclips$ by t ( ,svres4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,engl& is ! only c\ntry :]e porcela9 has be5 successfully made )\t royal or pr9cely patronage4 ,! v>i\s kilns 7 "h )\t exception f\nd$ z comm]cial speculations--!y 7 ess5tially ! outcome ( middle-class ent]prise4 ,!re 01 x is true1 at "o "t "s "q at ,*elsea ( royal patronage1 z repres5t$ by ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 b ?is came to no?+4 ,"s int]e/ 0 tak5 & "s advice giv5 on ! arti/ic side by "o or two great noblem5--by ! ?ird ,duke ( ,argyll1 = in/ance1 an admir] ( ! #8,kakiyemon' decoration--b ! capital to />t & ma9ta9 ! works came f ! pockets ( ! m ent]pris+ & bus9esslike ( ! design]s & decorators !mselves1 m5 l ,sprimont & ,duesbury1 assi/$ by local bank]s1 m]*ants1 & physicians4 ,z a result1 we f9d t a great feature 9 ! comm]cial managem5t1 "o t 0 q peculi> to our isl&1 0 =m$ by ! annual sales by auction1 adv]tis$ be=eh& 9 ! local pap]s4 ,x 0 by c>eful se>* ?r\gh ^! adv]tisem5ts & ?r\gh ! old sale catalogues t ! late ,mr4 ,night+ale 0 able to cle> up "s at lea/ ( ! difficulties & misconceptions t h surr\nd$ ! hi/ory ( ,engli% porcela94 ,! too ready acceptance ( anecdotes & #8pleasant /ories1' copi$ f "o writ] to ano!r ) occasional embelli%m5ts1 has be5 ! cause ( mu* confusion4 ,^! h orig9at$ 9 _m cases f ! s5ile gossip ( decay$ workm54 ,! same may be said ( ! disproportionate att5tion giv5 to m>ks1 to :i* m c>e has be5 giv5 ?an to a critical discrim9ation ( ! diff]5ces t di/+ui% ! pa/e1 ! glaze1 & ! decoration ( diff]5t w>es4 ,h[ little 0 kn[n a few ye>s ago ab\t ! composition ( our ,engli% porcela9s is %[n by ! g5]al acceptance ( ! /atem5t t ,spode1 ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 introduc$ ! use ( bone-a%4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ne>ly fifty ye>s be=e t "t ! use ( a phosphatic pa/e 0 g5]al 9 ,engl&1 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,*ur*1 9 n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! specim5s 9 our collections bone-a% is an ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,?us ! "o orig9al discov]y t we c claim = our c\ntry 0 ei!r =gott5 or ignor$4 ,ap>t f ! h>d porcela9 ( ,plym\? & ,bri/ol1 our ,engli% pa/es may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,t fir/ us$ 0 probably copi$ z closely z possible f ! pa/es ( ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,*antilly4 ,x 0 a mixture ( s& f ,alum ,bay & pipeclay f ,dorset%ire1 ) an am\nt ( glass1 9 ! =m ( a frit1 suffici5t to ensure transluc5cy4 ,be=e long ! s& & clay 7 replac$ 9 great measure by bone-a%1 & we get ! #8natural s(t pa/e' especially *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% eighte5? c5tury porcela94 ,f9ally1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury ,spode replac$ ! glassy frit by a mixture ( kaol9 & *9a-/one1 reta9+ ! bone-a%4 ,a pa/e ( ?is type has be5 9 use ev] s9ce4 ,?us1 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ! ord9>y comm]cial porcela9 ( ,/af=d%ire1 :i* 9 its orig9 0 a developm5t ( ! arti/ic w>es ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 made f ,corni% kaol9 #ca p>ts1 ,corni% *9a-/one #bf p] c5t41 fl9t #be p] c5t41 & #8prep>$ bones' #dje p] c5t4#bji ,! la/ mat]ial is made f ! roa/$ bones ( ox51 n[ l>gely import$ = ?is purpose f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! glaze on ! e>li] w>es 0 ess5tially a silicate ( lead & pota%1 comp\nd$ f :ite lead1 nitre1 & salt4 ,b at pres5t a h>d] glaze is us$ = ! ,/af=d%ire porcela93 x conta9s1 9 addition to ! above sub/ances1 a consid]able quantity ( *9a-/one & *9a-clay1 toge!r ) a little borax4 ,our ,engli% porcela9 ( ! eighte5? c5tury may be divid$ r\ghly into five p]iods3-- #a4 ,! e>ly or primitive p]iod1 v (t5 *>act]is$ by ,*9ese1 & especially ,japanese1 s*emes ( decoration4 ,ori5tal w>es are closely copi$1 sometimes p]haps ) ! object ( deception4 ,! pa/e1 conta9+ no bone-a%1 is s(t & v waxy 9 appe>ance4 ,mu* ( ! gr\nd is left unpa9t$1 & !re is no gild+4 ,!re is a great unc]ta9ty z to ! place ( manufacture ( _m ( ^! e>ly pieces4 #b4 ,! f9e p]iod--approximately #agee to #agfh--;especially associat$ ) ! "n ( ,sprimont1 at ,*elsea4 ,! influ5ce ( ! contempor>y production at ,svres is v m>k$4 #c4 ,! ,duesbury p]iod1 #agfh to #aghf4 ,simple classical =ms are pr$om9ant at ,*elsea & ,d]by4 ,! ri* decoration previ\sly 9 use at ,*elsea is cont9u$ at ,worce/]1 b appli$ to pieces ( simpl] outl9e1 ! vases (t5 copy+ ,*9ese =ms4 #d4 ,! e>ly comm]cial p]iod4 ,! bus9ess firms at ,d]by & ,worce/] almo/ monopolise ! m>ket4 ,some:at lat] ! factories 9 ! ,sev]n valley =m a l9k ) ! next p]iod4 #e4 ,! ,/af=d%ire comm]cial p]iod1 equally comm]cial & ess5tially eclectic4 ,ev]y?+ is copi$1 & !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to h>k back to old] types4 ,x is possible t "s su* hi/orical arrangem5t1 comb9$ ) a division accord+ to types ( decoration1 might be made ! basis ( an acc\nt ( ,engli% porcela92 b x w be a saf] c\rse to foll[ ! usual topographical division1 treat+ ! diff]5t factories m or less 9 ! ord] ( ! date ( _! f\ndation4 ,,*elsea4--,! ye> #agde is ! e>lie/ date to :i* any piece ( ,*elsea w>e c ) c]ta9ty be assign$4 ,! factory ceas$ to exi/ z an indep5d5t seat ( manufacture be=e #aggj4 ,9 ?is %ort int]val !re 7 app>5tly "s ye>s dur+ :i* v little *9a 0 made4 ,x is ?us ess5tially an e>ly w>e1 & ,horace ,walpole 9 8 catalogue already speaks ( #8old ,*elsea4' ,we "k absolutely no?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( ! works4 ,! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 is said to h be5 int]e/$ 9 "s glass-works 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 & to h br\ght ov] workm5 f ,v5ice4 ,! duke's glass-h\ses 71 h[ev]1 m probably at ,lambe?4 ,at any rate1 at t "t1 ! #8cones1' z ! glass-h\ses 7 call$1 appe> to h be5 reg>d$ z places suitable equally = ! mak+ ( glass or ! fir+ ( pott]y--s at lea/ ,i glean f ! t]ms ( an adv]tisem5t 9 :i* "s ( ^! #8cones' are (f]$ = sale4 ,! orig9 ( ! well-kn[n an*or-m>k ( ,*elsea has be5 s\ght 9 ,v5ice1 b1 z f> z porcela9 is conc]n$1 x 0 probably 9 use at ,*elsea at an e>li] date ?an 9 ! latt] t[n4 ,our k ( ! exi/5ce ( a factory at ,*elsea be=e #agdi re/s on ! survival ( two little cream-jugs ( :ite w>e m\ld$ 9 ! s-call$ #8goat & bee' patt]n4 ,l "s o!r pieces to :i* an e>ly date may be assign$1 ^! little jugs be> z a m>k a r\gh triangle scrat*$ 9 ! pa/e 7,,pl4 ,e4 #fh71 b !y /& alone 9 ! fact t b5ea? ! triangle has be5 add$1 be=e bak+1 9 a scrawly h&1 #8,*elsea1 #agde4'baj ,?anks to !m we are able1 ^u mat]ial evid5ce1 to put back ! orig9 ( ,engli% porcela9 = five ye>s at lea/4#baa ,9 ! ye> #agdg1 we are told 9 ! ,london ,tradesman1 t at a h\se at ,gre5wi*1 & at ano!r at ,*elsea1 ! und]tak]s _h be5 = "s "t try+ to imitate ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,dresd51 & 9 ! same ye> a numb] ( ,/af=d%ire pott]s migrat$ to ,london to f9d "w 9 ! ,*elsea factory 7,%aw's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,/af=d%ire ,pott]ies74 ,9 a ,london pap] ( ,decemb] #agdi !re is an adv]tisem5t ( ! sale ( a freehold messuage 9 #8,great ,*9a ,r[1 ,*elsea4' ,?is 0 no m]e mispr9t--,*9a = ,*eyne--7! two words 7 pron\nc$ alike at t "t71 = we come across ! same spell+ 9 m ?an "o in/ance at a lat] date4#bab ,!re is a real confusion ( ! two names1 aris+ probably f ! int]e/ tak5 9 ! porcela9 factory lately e/abli%$ 9 ! neighb\rhood2 & ?is v confusion is good evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ! *9a "q 0 occupy+ p's m9ds at ! "t4 ,two mon?s lat]1 9 ,janu>y #agej1 we he> = ! fir/ "t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,g\yn1 b he is already1 at t date1 ! late proprietor & *ief manag] ( ! #8,*elsea ,h\se4' ,( ?is ,g\yn1 presumably ! f\nd] ( ! works1 we "k no?+4 ,he 0 probably ( ,fr5* or ,belgian orig94#bac ,( ,g\yn's successor1 ,ni*olas ,sprimont1 we "k some?+ m4 ,l 8 contempor>y ,duplessis1 at ,svres1 he 0 a silv]smi?1 work+ at "o "t 9 ,soho4 ,sprimont ent]$ 8 "n at ,goldsmi? ,hall 9 #agdb1 & 8 m>k is f\nd on a pair ( silv] di%es ornam5t$ ) %ells & corals n[ at ,w9dsor4 ,= tw5ty ye>s 7#agdi-fi7 ! factory at ,*elsea 0 dep5d5t ^u ,sprimont's ef=ts4 ,he 0 f9anci]1 director1 & design]4 ,:5 he 0 ill ! kilns 7 n light$4 ,:5 f9ally1 9 #agfd1 he _h to g 9 se>* ( heal? to #8! ,g]man ,spau1' ! /ock & plant 7 (f]$ = sale4 ,at an e>ly p]iod--soon aft] #agec1 x w\ld seem1 b possibly some:at lat]--he appeal$ to ! ,gov]nm5t aga9/ ! connivance ( ! cu/om-h\se (ficials at ! smuggl+ 9 ( ,dresd5 *9a4 ,9 ?is #8,case ( ! ,und]tak] ( ! ,*elsea ,manufacture ( ,porcela91' ,sprimont po9ts out t #8z ! law /&s1 pa9t$ ,e>!nw>e#bad o!r ?an t f ,india is n ent]able at ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 o!rwise ?an = private use4' #8,! regulation1' says ,sprimont1 #8is1 h[ev]1 evad$1 especially by a c]ta9 =eign m9i/] ^: (ficial resid5ce has become a w>eh\se = ?is comm]ce4 ,:at *ance _h a private p]son 9 a mat* ) a cr[n$ head8' ,f ?is #8,case' we le>n t no porcela9 or o!r w>e1 ap>t f ! importations ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 0 all[$ to ent] ! c\ntry1 b t an exception 0 made 9 ! case ( pla9 :ite w>e suitable = subsequ5t decoration 9 ,engl&4#bae ,private individuals1 h[ev]1 might import a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,european porcela9 = _! own use on paym5t ( a small duty4 #8,?is concession1' says ,sprimont1 #80 greatly abus$4' ,:o1 h[ev]1 is ! #8cr[n$ head' :o is s anxi\s to pu% ! sale ( 8 own goods 9 ! ,engli% m>ket8 ,! ,elector ( ,saxony1 x is usually said2 b if we c\ld put ! date ( ! #8und]tak]'s case' a few ye>s lat]1 betwe5 #agei & #agfa 7!re are1 ,i all[1 "s difficulties 9 s do+71 ?is *>ge w\ld fit 9 well ) ! ef=ts ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great to conv]t ! /ock ( porcela9 he f\nd at ,meiss5 into ! mu*-ne$$ ca%4#baf ,! factory at ,*elsea 0 situat$ beyond ! we/ extremity ( ! orig9al ,*eyne ,r[1 j be=e y come to ! old *ur*4 ,! works ext5d$ = "s di/ance along ! we/ side ( ,lawr5ce ,/reet4 ,no?+ is left ( !m n[1 b dur+ "s excavations made ne> at h&1 9 #ahdc1 _m fragm5ts ( porcela9 7 f\nd4 ,^! pieces belong1 x w\ld seem1 to an e>ly p]iod ( ! manufacture4 ,we h already po9t$ out t nei!r ! ,*elsea works1 nor inde$ any o!r ,engli% porcela9 factory1 at any "t receiv$ direct f9ancial support ei!r f ! royal family or f ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,sir ,ev]>d ,fawkn]1 h[ev]1 secret>y to ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 0 a collector ( *9a1 & took "s int]e/ 9 ! works4 ,x 0 ?r\gh 8 influ5ce1 p]haps1 t ! #8but*] ( ,cullod5' appe>s at "o "t to h be5 br\ght1 9 "s way1 into connection ) ! ,*elsea factory4#bag ,aga91 soon aft] 8 accession1 ! "y ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 s5t to ! ,duke ( ,meckl5burg a complete s]vice ( ,*elsea porcela9 :i* co/ #abjj4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 our fir/ kn[n in/ance 9 ,engl& ( royal patronage1 ev5 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se4 ,9 common ) ! o!r porcela9 made at ! "t1 ! decoration1 & ev5 ! %apes1 ( mu* ( ! e>ly w>e ( ,*elsea 7 d]iv$ f ,ori5tal models4 ,( ^! ,ea/]n types1 ! #8:eat%eaf & p>tridge' 7m prop]ly quail7 0 mo/ 9 fav\r4 ,! ,*elsea imitations ( ! old ,japanese w>e are di/+ui%$ by ! abundant use ( a heavy iron-r$ enamel4 ,!re are sev]al specim5s ( ?is w>e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 b ,i w\ld call att5tion1 above all1 to a v curi\s compoti] 9 ! ,j]myn ,/reet collection4#bah ,?is di% has a br[n rim1 & r\nd ! m>g9 a qua9t decoration ( foxes amid clu/]s ( r$ grapes4 ,?is is a v old ,*9ese motif1 only we %\ld h squirrels 9 place ( foxes4 ,b ! ,*elsea #8,kakiyemon' nev] equall$ t ( ,*antilly1 or p]haps ev5 ! copies made at ,b[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*elsea plates made 9 imitation ( ! brocad$ #8old ,japan' are unsurpass$ among ,european w>es 7,,pl4 ,,xlv74 ,equally e>ly1 p]haps1 are ! plates & di%es ) decorations ( fl[]s & birds on a l>ge scale sprawl+ ov] ! surface4 ,9 ^! la/ examples ! col\rs are poor & heavy1 & ! g5]al execution v r\gh4 ,_m ( ! pla9 :ite pieces also belong to ?is e>ly p]iod4#bai ,9 ! ye> #aged ,sprimont introduc$ ! sy/em ( p]iodic sales by auction2#bbj & we c 9 "s measure trace ! progress ( ! manufacture 9 ! adv]tisem5ts & 9 ! r>e catalogues t h be5 pres]v$4 ,?us 9 ! adv]tisem5t ( ! fir/ sale ( #aged we already f9d m5tion ( gr\ps ( figures4 ,! next sale1 a few mon?s lat]1 0 made up ( #8! entire ,/ock ( ,,porcela9 ,,toys 444 ,snuff-boxes1 ,smell+-,bottles1 ,etwees1 & ,tr9kets = ,wat*es 7m\nt$ 9 ,gold & unm\nt$7 9 v>i\s beautiful ,%apes ( an elegant ,design & curi\sly pa9t$ 9 ,enamel4' ,!re 0 also 9 ?is sale a l>ge p>cel ( porcela9 hafts = table & dess]t knives & =ks4 ,?is is ! fir/ m5tion t we h ( ^! fasc9at+ little #8toys & tr9kets4' ,!y (t5 be> inscriptions 9 a some:at lame ,fr5*1 :i* we might h look$ = r on ! rival w>es ( #8,/rat=d-atte-,b[e' ?an at a factory :]e we h reason to believe m ?an "o ,fr5*man 0 employ$4 ,( ^! toys a repres5tative collection 0 made by ,lady ,*>lotte ,s*reib]1 & !re are _m *>m+ specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ab\t ?is "t1 & p]haps e>li] 7#agdj-ej71 ,sa9t-,cl\d &1 above all1 ,m5necy1 7 turn+ out a simil> class ( objects4 ,! ,*elsea sale ( #agef is ! e>lie/ ( :i* a catalogue has be5 pres]v$1 & 9 x we f9d ! fir/ m5tion ( ! #8maz>e5' blue1 a col\r aft] ?is "t l>gely us$ z a gr\nd = ! m elaborate vases1 bo? at ,*elsea & at o!r ,engli% factories4 ,! rage = porcela9 0 !n at its height1 & we see traces ( ?is 9 ! adv]tisem5ts ( ! "t2 b 9 #ageg ,sprimont fell ill1 & little 0 made at ,*elsea4 ,9 #agei ! collection ( ,*elsea porcela9 made by ! already-m5tion$ ,sir ,ev]>d ,fawkn]1 lately deceas$1 0 sold by auction4 ,! sale occupi$ sev]al days1 & 9 ! adv]tisem5t we come across ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! use ( gre5 en camaeu--#8a tea & c(fee equipage1 exquisitely pa9t$ 9 gre5 l&scapes4' ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 ,pr(essor ,*ur* ?9ks1 t ! artificial frit-pa/e 0 replac$ at ,*elsea by "o conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( bone-a% 7z mu* z fifty p] c5t4 9 "s cases74 ,! e>li] mat]ial ( ! ,fr5* type mu/ h be5 v difficult to "w1 & x s(t5$ s readily 9 ! kiln t _m specim5s 7 spoil$ 9 ! fir+4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 mell[ *>m giv5 by its transluc5cy & by ! close unison ( pa/e & glaze1 t 0 nev] equall$ 9 ! lat] mat]ial4 ,inde$ ! high-wat] m>k ( ! ,*elsea factory 0 rea*$ 9 ! ye>s t succe$$ ,sprimont's fir/ illness ( #ageg4 ,x 0 !n t ! use ( gild+ became m g5]al4#bba ,! gold 0 laid on by means ( an amalgam1 ! m]cury be+ expell$ by ! heat ( ! muffle4 ,! result1 aft] burni%+1 0 to give a brilliant surface ( pure gold unlike ! solid *isell$ l9es & b&s ( dulli% surface se5 on ,svres *9a4 ,b f an arti/ic po9t ( view ?is result is n v satisfactory--inde$1 no?+ has help$ m to give a c]ta9 g>i% & vulg> air to mu* ( ! ,engli% porcela9 made at ?is "t4 ,9 ! notice ( ! spr+ sale ( #agfj1 ,sprimont s+s ! praises ( #8a few pieces ( "s new col\rs t h be5 f\nd ?is ye> at a v l>ge exp5se1 incr$ible lab\r & close application4' ,among ^! new col\rs we mu/ probably reckon ! beautiful cl>et or deep purpli% crimson1 ! "o col\r ( our ,engli% porcela9 t has nev] be5 surpass$ or ev5 equall$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,x diff]s f ! contempor>y rose ,pompad\r n only by ! great] int5sity ( its hue1 b by be+ a transp>5t col\r4 ,?is cl>et is1 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f ! purple ( ,cassius1 & ! peculi> t9t is said to be due to ! addition to ! gold ( a small am\nt ( silv]4 ,among ! o!r col\rs introduc$ at ?is "t 0 probably a blue made 9 imitation ( ! fam\s turquoise ( ,svres4 ,?is blue is v r>e z a gr\nd col\r at ,*elsea1 & ! t9t is g5]ally gre5i% & opaque4 ,x is f\nd at its be/ on a l>ge vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) op5-"w cov] & h&les4 ,9 a dilut$ =m ! turquoise blue is (t5 f\nd z a wa% ^u ! drap]y ( /atuettes4 ,! rose ,pompad\r ( ,svres 0 also imitat$ at a lat] date1 b n v successfully4 ,?is is ! "t ( ! m ambiti\s vases1 ) a mono*rome gr\nd g5]ally ( deep blue & res]v$ panels pa9t$ ) pa/oral or my?ological subjects1 or ) fanta/ic #8exotic' birds & fl[]s4 ,! pa9t+1 ev5 9 ! f9e/ examples1 nev] atta9$ ! delicacy ( ! ,svres prototype1 & x is (t5 lam5tably ineffici5t1 b at ! same "t ?is v rud5ess ( execution sometimes adds to ! decorative effect ( ! ensemble4 ,^! vases are above all di/+ui%$ by ! /rangely contort$ %apes t ,sprimont s lov$ to give to ! h&les1 cov]s1 & feet4 ,all ^! po9ts are well illu/rat$ 9 ! vases 7made 9 ! ye>s #agfb & #agfc7 t ,dr4 ,g>ni] gave to ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital & to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! pa9t+ on ^! specim5s is p>ticul>ly bad & heavy4 ,! my?ological subjects1 9 ! /yle ( ,b\*]1 on ! fam\s g>niture ) cl>et gr\nd1 n[ belong+ to ,"l ,burton1 %[ a great] delicacy--9 execution at lea/4 ,?is exagg]at$ rococo treatm5t--9 ! extreme =ms ev5 ! bilat]al symmetry is ab&on$--0 d\btless sugge/$ by ! =ms ( ! ormolu m\nt+s 7= h&les & feet especially7 !n mu* 9 vogue4#bbb ,to a some:at e>li] date belong ! m\ld$ reproductions ( animals1 vegetables1 & fruit s well repres5t$ 9 ! ,s*reib] collection4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ! models ( birds1 ! plumage is admirably reproduc$1 & 9 a suffici5tly bold /yle4 ,notice especially "s cov]$ di%es 9 ! =m ( p>tridges & doves4 ,!re 0 a sale ( ^! #8,*elsea ,ture5s 9 ! %ape ( h5 & *ick5s1 swans1 rabbits1 c>p1 etc41' 9 #agef4 ,h[ brilliant & decorative 9 g5]al effect 0 "s ( ! w>e made by ,sprimont 9 8 lat] days may be well se5 9 ! collection pres5t$ to ,s\? ,k5s+ton by ,miss ,emily ,?omson4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( plates & cups ) gr\nds ( deep ,maz>9 blue1 & m especially ( ! ri* cl>et or m>oon ( ,*elsea 7,,pl4 ,,xliii474 ,te*nically1 h[ev]1 _m ( ^! pieces are v imp]fect--! ?ick glaze accumulat$ 9 pools & fissur$ by cracks1 ! pa9t+ rude--& yet = all ?is a plate ( ?is w>e :i* has f\nd its way by "s accid5t into an adjac5t case1 full ( ! f9e/ ,svres ( ! be/ p]iod1 %9es out f its surr\nd+s l a jewel4 ,! s+le figures & gr\ps are m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ adv]tisem5ts--"s ( ! pla9 :ite /atuettes date back probably to ! fir/ days ( ! works4 ,"h ! ,engli% pott]s1 9 apply+ ! s(t pa/e cov]$ ) a ?ick1 brilliant glaze to su* a purpose1 7 break+ fre% gr\nd4 ,! crispness & ! f9i% ( ! ,dresd5 /atuettes !y c\ld nev] atta9 to ) ^! mat]ials4 ,! ,engli% figures & gr\ps1 :e!r made at ,*elsea or else:]e1 are g5]ally want+ 9 %>pness & precision ( outl9e1 a consequ5ce 9 great measure ( ! ?ick-fl[+ glaze4 ,9 ! kiln !y _h to be support$ by an elaborate sy/em ( /ruts to prev5t ! fusible mat]ial f collaps+1 & ?is alone mu/ h hamp]$ ! modell] 9 ! selection ( ! design4 ,_m ( ^! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,*elsea ,engli% /atuettes are *ildi%ly & ha/ily modell$1 & yet "h & !re1 p]haps almo/ by an accid5t1 ! modell] has succe$$ 9 giv+ a nave *>m & vivacity to ! little figure t dis>ms all criticism4 ,i c\ld po9t to p]haps a doz5 examples 9 our museums to illu/rate ?is4 ,_m ( ^! /atuettes are disfigur$ by ! tawdry gild+1 & by ! ugly rococo or #8scroll' bases :i* are always pres5t 9 ! ,*elsea examples4 ,! col\r+ is di/+ui%$ by ! skilful use ( pale & gradat$ t9ts3 ! gre5i% turquoise1 ! r\ge d'or--bo? ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* t9ts--& ! pea gre51 are--?anks1 p]haps1 to ! cry/all9e glaze into :i* ^! col\rs melt--boldly comb9$ )\t any unpleasant effect#bbc 7,,pl4 ,,xliv474 ,sprimont1 :o aft] all is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% porcela91 0 aft] ! ye> #agfa con/antly int]rupt$ by ill-heal?1 & ! outturn ( ! kilns 0 = sev]al ye>s v irregul>2 f9ally 9 #agfi ! rema9+ /ock 0 sold by auction4 ,! next ye>1 ! cont5ts ( ! factory1 ! m\lds1 ! models--9 wax1 brass1 or lead--! mills & ! presses 7 pur*as$ privately by ,duesbury en bloc1 greatly to ! disappo9tm5t ( ,w$gwood1 :o _h 8 eye ^u c]ta9 ( ! models4 ,duesbury also took ov] ! lease ( ! ,*elsea works1 & c>ri$ !m on conjo9tly ) 8 ma9 factory at ,d]by until ! ye> #aghd4 ,9 t ye>1 on ! expiration ( ! already prolong$ lease1 ! factory at ,*elsea 0 f9ally ab&on$ & ! kilns pull$ d[n4 ,! sales :i* _h previ\sly tak5 place at ,burnsall's 9 ,*>les ,/reet1 ,b]keley ,squ>e1 7 n[ held at ,mr4 ,*ri/ie's #89 8 great room1 late ! ,royal ,academy1 9 ,pall ,mall4' ,x 0 !re t #8,messrs4 ,duesbury & ,co4' dispos$ at int]vals ( ! produce ( ! comb9$ works4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ,*elsea porcela9 z a g5re ap>t comes to an end ) ! dep>ture ( ,sprimont4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ ye>s ( _! exi/5ce1 ! ,*elsea works =m$ m]ely a dep5d5cy ( ^? at ,d]by4 ,z to ! m>ks us$ at ,*elsea1 ( ! e>ly incis$ triangle1 :i* 0 =m]ly ascrib$ to ,b[1 we h already spok54 ,! an*or 9 relief on a rais$ oval c>t\*e 7,,pl4 ,e4 #fi7 is f\nd on relatively e>ly w>e2 x is associat$ ) a waxy1 transluc5t pa/e1 & a simple decoration )\t gild+4 ,! m>k1 p> excell5ce1 ( ,*elsea is ! r$ an*or 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gj71 b on ri*ly decorat$ pieces1 & especially ^? ) mu* gild+1 ! an*or is (t5 inscrib$ 9 gold4 ,,b[4--,f ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury to ! ye> #agdd !re is no trace ( ! issue ( any ,engli% pat5t relat+ to ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,9 ! latt] ye>1 h[ev]1 a specification 0 regi/]$ accord+ to :i* ,edw>d ,heylyn1 ( ! p>i% ( ,b[1 m]*ant1 & ,?omas ,frye1 ( ! p>i% ( ,we/ ,ham1 pa9t]1 pr(ess$ to make porcela91 by mix+ ) #8an e>? ! produce ( ! ,*]okee nation 9 ,am]ica1 call$ by ! natives ,unak]1' a glass compos$ ( fl9t & pota%4 ,?is unak]1 no d\bt a k9d ( kaol9 7we are told t ! s& & mica _h to be c>efully wa%$ away71 0 mu* talk$ ( at ?is "t 7especially 9 ,quak] circles71 & its use prec$$ by "s ye>s t ( ! ,corni% *9a-clay4 ,possibly some?+ resembl+ porcela9 0 made at ,b[ = a %ort "t ) ^! incongru\s mat]ials2 b 9 ! w9t] ( #agdh-di a second pat5t ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,*elsea4 ,col\r$ enamels4 0 tak5 out1 ?is "t by ,frye alone1 #8= a new me?od ( mak+ a c]ta9 w>e :i* is n inf]ior 9 beauty & f95ess1 & is r sup]ior 9 /r5g? ?an ! e>!nw>e t is br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & is commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 or porcela9 w>e4' ,9 ! description ( ! mat]ials employ$ "u ! vague d5om9ation ( #8a virg9 e>?' produc$ by ! calc9ation1 gr9d+1 & wa%+ ( c]ta9 animals1 vegetables1 & fossils1 we probably h1 z ,pr(essor ,*ur* has po9t$ out1 ! fir/ m5tion ( bone-a% z a mat]ial = porcela94 ,accord+ to ! specification1 ! pa/e %\ld conta9 f\r-n9?s by weight ( ! #8virg9 e>?1' & tak+ ?is to mean bone-a%1 ?is proportion corresponds mo/ closely ) ! am\nt ( phosphate ( lime f\nd by ,pr(essor ,*ur* 9 "s ( ! fragm5ts f ! site ( ! works :i* we %all describe directly4 ,frye's glaze 0 to be comp\nd$ f a mixture ( r$ lead1 saltpetre & s&1 ) ! addition ( a small quantity ( smalt1 to correct ! yell[ col\r ( ! pa/e4#bbd ,?omas ,frye 0 an arti/ ( "s /&+ :o1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 #8scrap$' "s mezzot9ts /ill valu$ by collectors4 ,he di$ 9 #agfb1 & 9 8 epitaph x is claim$ = him t he 0 #8! inv5tor & fir/ manufactur] ( porcela9 9 ,engl&4' ,! works ( :i* ,frye 0 ! manag] be=e ! failure ( 8 heal? 9 #agei 7 situat$ close to ! high road j beyond ! bridge ov] ! riv] ,lea4 ,close by1 9 #ahfh1 :5 mak+ "s excavations = a dra9 9 ! gr\nds ( a mat*-factory1 a numb] ( fragm5ts ( porcela9 7 f\nd1 among !m pieces ( pla9 :ite ) prunus #8sprigs' 9 relief1 & o!rs poorly decorat$ ) "u-glaze blue4 ,"s ( ^! fragm5ts 7 evid5tly #8wa/]s4' ,) !m 7 f\nd "s brok5 #8segg>s1' &1 :at is /ill m int]e/+1 a circul> cake ( frit1 s t ! site ( ! kilns mu/ h be5 ne> at h&4#bbe ,! model ( ! ,b[ factory1 we are told1 0 tak5 f t at ,canton1 9 ,*9a4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k to :at build+ ! ref]5ce is made1 = x is d\btful :e!r porcela9 0 ev] made at ,canton4 ,9 any case1 ! "n giv5 to ! factory1 #8,! ,new ,canton ,works1' is int]e/+4 ,"h 9 ! ea/ ( ,london1 "o 0 !n1 z n[1 p]ceptibly ne>] to ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies ?an at ,*elsea4 ,! riv] & ! docks are at h&1 & !re is inde$ only "o /age--a long "o1 x is true--betwe5 u & ,canton4 ,s at ,b[ we f9d ! ,ori5tal decoration m preval5t & surviv+ long] ?an else:]e4 ,! outturn ( ! kilns1 l t ( ,*elsea1 0 sold p]iodically by auction1 b ! sales took place 9 ! city = ! mo/ "p1 & ! pr9cipal w>eh\se 0 9 ,cornhill4 ,?\gh s difficult to id5tify n[adays1 a l>ge quantity ( porcela9 mu/ h be5 produc$ by ! ,b[ factory dur+ ! ?irty ye>s ( its indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,l its rival at ,*elsea1 ! works _h _m ups & d[ns1 & ,cr[!r1 ! proprietor1 became bankrupt 9 #agfc4 ,comp>$ ) ,*elsea1 h[ev]1 ! bulk ( ! w>e produc$ 0 no d\bt ( a common & *eap k9d4 ,sprimont1 9 8 #8,case ( ! ,und]tak]1' says some:at contemptu\sly1 #8,! *ief endeav\rs at ,b[ h be5 t[>ds mak+ a m ord9>y w>e = common use4' ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! dictum ( a rival1 b ! ,b[ firm1 9 _! adv]tisem5ts1 only claim to provide #8*9a suitable = g5tlem5's kit*5s1 = private families & tav]ns4' ,!re has be5 ! wide/ diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! actual specim5s ( porcela9 t may ) c]ta9ty be class$ z ! produce ( ! kilns at ,b[4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ pieces are ( a v mode/ k9d--c]ta9 little cyl9drical ink-pots4 ,!re is "o 9 ! collection =m]ly at ,j]myn ,/reet1 ) ! inscription #8,made at ,new ,canton1 #agea'2 ano!r 9 a private collection is dat$ a ye> e>li]4 ,! execution is r\gh1 & ! ha/ily col\r$ decoration ( fl[]s is 9 ! ,japanese /yle4 ,"s little "t aft] ?is1 9 #agec1 we f9d pro( t ! kilns 7 turn+ out mu* m w>e ?an ! proprietor c\ld f9d pa9t]s to decorate4#bbf ,!y adv]tise 9 a ,birm+ham newspap] = #8pa9t]s 9 ! blue & :ite pott+ way & enamel]s 9 *9a-w>e'2 also = #8pa9t]s br\ght up 9 ! ,snuff-box way1 ,japann+1 ,fan-pa9t+1 etc4' ,!y are at ! same "t 9 se>* ( p]sons #8:o c model small figures 9 clay neatly4' ,su* adv]tisem5ts seem to come f a comm]cial h\se ) a l>ge b p]haps irregul> outturn4 ,sprimont w\ld probably h ex]cis$ m c>e 9 ! selection ( 8 arti/s4 ,!re is a fam\s pun*-b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* is above all ! pice ju/ificative ( ! ,b[ porcela9 works4 ,on ! inside ( ! cov] ( ! box 9 :i* x is pres]v$ is a long inscription1 sign$ at ! foot by ,t4 ,craft1 & ) ! date #agij4bbg ,?omas ,craft1 =m]ly an enamel-pa9t] at ,b[1 0 probably at t "t a v old man4 ,?is b[l1 he tells u1 0 made at ,b[ ab\t #agfj1 & pa9t$ by him #89 :at we us$ to call ! old ,japan ta/e1 a ta/e at t "t mu* e/eem$ by ! !n ,duke ( ,argyle4' ,?is is int]e/+4 ,craft ref]s probably to ! s-call$ #8p>tridge & :eat%eaf' /yle1 & ! duke 0 d\btless a collector ( ?is w>e1 l 8 contempor>ies at ,*antilly & ! ,palais ,royal4 ,b ! decoration ( ?is b[l has un=tunately no?+ ,japanese ab\t x1 except to "s degree 9 ! col\r ( ! enamels employ$4 ,! heavy wrea?s made up ( m9ute fl[]s1 ^u :i* ,mr4 ,craft tells u t he exp5d$ two dwts4 ( gold & ab\t a =tnight ( 8 "t1 take _! inspiration r f ,meiss54 7,comp>e ! wrea?s1 ,,pl4 ,,xlv4 #b47 ,! works1 he cont9ues1 :i* employ$ n9ety pa9t]s & ab\t two hundr$ turn]s1 ?r[]s1 etc41#bbh _h n[1 9 #agij1 #8l ,%akespe>e's cl\d-capt t[]s1 etc41' %>$ ! fate ( #8! fam\s cities ( ,troy1 ,c>?age1 etc4' ,! site 0 occupi$ by a manufactory ( turp5t9e & "s small t5em5ts4 ,mr4 ,craft1 h[ev]1 tells u t he nev] us$ ?is pun*-b[l b 9 p>ticul> respect ( 8 company1 & he hopes t ^? to :om x may pass may be equally ab/emi\s4 ,x is at pres5t 9 ! *>ge ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,_m ( ! m elaborate figures & highly f9i%$ vases class$ z #8,b[' 9 ! ,s*reib] collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton are n[ reg>d$ by mo/ speciali/s z ! production1 "s ( ! ,d]by works1 & o!rs ( ! ,*elsea & ev5 ! ,worce/] kilns4 ,9 view ( ! unc]ta9ty & diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! w>e t is to be attribut$ to ,b[1 x is important to note ! physical qualities ( und\bt$ specim5s4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* lays /ress ^u ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4 #a--;,,*elsea1 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels #b--;,,b[1 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels g5]al ?ickness ( ! w>e1 ! rem>kable transluc5cy ( ! ?9n] p>ts1 & ^u ! fact t ! transmitt$ light is ( a some:at yell[i% t9t1 n gre5i%1 z 9 ! ,worce/] porcela94 ,! glaze1 ?\gh ne>ly :ite1 is ( a pale /raw col\r1 & x t5ds to accumulate r\nd ! reliefs2 x conta9s mu* lead1 & is liable to become iridesc5t & discol\r$ 7,engli% ,porcela91 p4 #ca74 ,i w\ld add t a majority ( ! und\bt$ examples--,i rely especially ^u ^? collect$ by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--are di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 dirty & speckl$ appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! glaze4 ,i ?9k t ! ,b[ *9a has be5 less influ5c$ ?an o!r ( our w>es by ,fr5* & ,g]man examples4 ,ap>t f ! ,ori5tal decoration ( "s ( ! e>li] pieces1 x is on ! :ole a v ,engli% w>e4 ,! process ( transf]-pr9t+1 :i* _h be5 fir/ appli$ to *9a by ,sadl] ( ,liv]pool ab\t ! ye> #agej1 & :i* _h be5 9 use at p]haps z e>ly a date on ! enamels ( ,batt]sea1 :]e ,hancock 0 work+ at ?is "t1 0 employ$ a few ye>s lat] at ,b[4#bbi ,a prelim9>y outl9e 0 sometimes pr9t$ "u ! glaze1 & ?is subsequ5tly enliv5$ by enamel col\rs laid on by h&1 z we see on "s b>b>\sly pa9t$ di%es ) ,*9ese subjects 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is transf]-pr9t+ is an ess5tially ,engli% process3 x has s9ce be5 c>ri$ r\nd ! _w 9 ! wake ( our ,/af=d%ire pott]y1 & ! process has ev5 be5 appli$ to porcela9 9 ,japan4 ,to ! g5]al adoption ( ?is me*anical process1 m ?an to any o!r cause1 we may attribute ! dy+ out ( ! s*ool ( arti/-craftsm5 :o pa9t$ on *9a1 & ! ext9ction ( all feel+ = ! decorative value ( ! designs appli$ to ! w>e4 ,i w\ld call att5tion to "s small figures 9 ! collection =m]ly 9 ! ,geological ,museum4 ,^! little /atuettes are 9 a :ite glaz$ w>e ( a slightly gre5i% t9t1 & !y are attribut$ to ,b[4 ,! #8,drap$ ,w>rior' & ! #8,seat$ ,nuns' appe> to be tak5 f models ( a consid]ably e>li] p]iod1 & _! arti/ic m]it is und5iable4 ,john ,bacon1 ! fa%ionable sculptor ( ,george ,,iii4's "t1 is said to h f\nd employm5t1 :5 "y1 bo? z a modell] & pa9t] ( porcela94 ,he 0 c]ta9ly appr5tic$ 9 #agee to a ,mr4 ,crispe ( ,b[ ,*ur*y>d1 ! proprietor ( "s pott]y-works at ,lambe?1 & he may v likely h work$ = ,cr[!r1 at ,b[1 aft] ! expiration ( 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,a dagg] or sword ) "o or m dots ne> ! hilt1 associat$ ) an an*or1 is ! m>k especially *>act]i/ic ( ! w>e made at ,b[ 7,,pl4 ,e4 #ga71 b mu* porcela9 attribut$ to ?is factory c>ries no m>k4 ,a monogram =m$ ( ! lett]s ,t & ,f f\nd on "s e>ly w>e is p]haps to be ref]r$ to ,?omas ,frye1 b ! ,worce/] factory also us$ ?is m>k 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gb74 ,,longton ,,hall4--,x has lately be5 recognis$ t porcela9 0 made 9 ! ,/af=d%ire pott]ies1 probably z e>ly z ! middle ( ! c5tury4#bcj ,?is 0 at ,longton ,hall1 9 ! bor\gh ( ,/oke-^u-,tr5t4 ,f an adv]tisem5t 9 a ,birm+ham pap] 7,july #bg1 #ageb7 we le>n t ,w4 ,littl] & ,co4 7 ready to supply #8a great v>iety ( ornam5tal porcela9 9 ! mo/ fa%ionable & g5teel ta/e4' ,x 0 ,mr4 ,night+ale1 ,i ?9k1 :o fir/ trac$ c]ta9 pieces ( *9a1 m>k$ ) two ,l's cross$ 7,,pl4 ,e4 #ha71 to ,littl]'s factory4 ,?is porcela9 _h previ\sly be5 attribut$ to ,b[4 ,! ,longton ,hall w>e has no claim to any arti/ic m]it4 ,a crude blue is ! prevail+ gr\nd col\r1 & ! contort$ %apes copy rudely ! rococo ( ,sprimont's ,*elsea w>e4 ,! m\ld+s on ! di%es & plates (t5 take ! =m ( leaves4 ,"s ( ?is porcela9 is exceptionally ?9 comp>$ ) o!r ,engli% w>es ( ?is comp>atively e>ly p]iod4 ,! fl[]-pa9t+ on ! res]v$ panels ( ! plates %\ld1 h[ev]1 be notic$4 ,! c>efully execut$ bun*es ( roses1 some:at reali/ically treat$1 are p]haps ! e>lie/ specim5s ( a /yle v preval5t at a lat] "t 9 ,engl&1 "o :i* f\nd its mo/ fam\s expon5t 9 ,bill+sley's "w at ,nantg>w & else:]e4 ,william ,duesbury1 a native ( ! di/rict1 0 work+ at ,longton ,hall e>ly 9 ! fifties z a pa9t] 9 enamel4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ?is factory aft] ! ye> #ageh4bca ,!re is "s reason to believe t x fell into ! h&s ( ,duesbury1 b ?is is a disput$ "q4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* has analys$ sev]al specim5s ( ! ,longton ,hall *9a4 ,x conta9s no bone-a%1 & is 9 composition v close to ! e>ly ,*elsea w>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,engli% ,,porcela9--7cont9u$74 ,,! ,,s(t ,,pa/e ,,( ,,d]by1 ,,worce/]1 ,,caughley1 ,,coalport1 ,,swansea1 ,,nantg>w1 ,,l[e/(t1 ,,liv]pool1 ,,p9xton1 ,,rock+ham1 ,,*ur* ,,gresley1 ,,spode1 ,,& ,,belleek4 ,d]by4--,porcela9 ( "s k9d 0 probably made at ,d]by n mu* lat] ?an ! date ( ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ,frye's works at ,b[4 ,mr4 ,bemrose quotes entries f ! "w-book ( ,duesbury1 :i* %[ t dur+ ! ye>s #agea-ec he 0 busy enamell+ ! products n only ( ! #8,*ellsea & ,bogh' kilns1 b t1 al?\gh resid5t 9 ,london1 he receiv$ "w f ,d]by also4 ,inde$ ! price1 eight %ill+s1 t he got = enamell+ #8"o pair ( ,d>by fig>s l>ge1' is high] ?an 8 usual *>ge = pa9t+ ! ,*elsea /atuettes 7,b[1 ,*elsea1 & ,d]by ,porcela974#bcb ,william ,duesbury 0 a ,/af=d%ire man4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #agdb1 :5 he 0 only sev5te51 he 0 work+ 9 ,london z an enamell] = weekly wages4 ,?is we "k f 8 "w-book1 :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at x 0 t he enamell$ at ?is e>ly date4 ,f ! same book we le>n t 9 ! ye>s #agea-ec he 0 9 ,london decorat+ *9a figures = ! mo/ "p4 ,^! he di/+ui%es z ,b[1 or ,bogh1 ,*ellsea1 ,d>by1 & ,/af=d%ire4 ,9 #ageb he paid a bill ( #f1 #ais4 = col\rs1 al?\gh at t "t little gold 0 us$ by him4 ,among o!r entries 9 8 "w-book at ?is p]iod we f9d ! foll[+ note3 #8,h[ to color ! gr\p1 a g5tleman ,bus+ a ,lady--g5tlm a gold trimd cote1 a p9k wa/cot crimson & trimd ) gold & black bree*es & socs1 ! lade a fl\rd sack ) yell[ rob+s1 a black /omeg>1 h] h>e black1 8 wig p[drd4' ,ea* piece t he col\r$ is c>efully not$1 & ! price t he obta9$ giv54 ,= in/ance1 #8pair ( le ,dresd5 fig>s1' #8,*ellsea ,nurs1' #8a pair ( ,baccosses1' #8a h>ty*oake4'#bcc ,we h already ref]r$ to ,duesbury's connection ) ,littl]'s works1--we may note t 8 fa!r 0 liv+ at ,longton ,hall at ?is "t4 ,9 ,decemb] #agef !re 0 a sale 9 ,london1 by ord] ( ! #8,d]by ,porcela9 ,manufactory1' ( figures1 s]vices1 etc41 #8aft] ! f9e/ ,dresd5 models4' ,= "s "t ! #8,d]by ,*9a ,company' sold _! goods ?r\gh _! factor at #8,oliv] ,cromwell's ,draw+-,room' ne> ! ,admiralty4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 #agef ,duesbury ent]$ into "s k9d ( p>tn]%ip1 at ,d]by1 ) ,hea? & ,plan*1 ! fir/ a bank] & proprietor ( pott]y-works at ,cockpit ,hill1 & ! latt] a #8*9a-mak]1' ( :om v>i\s m or less apocryphal /ories are told4 ,all we c safely say is t ,plan* _h probably be5 work+ = "s "t at ,d]by z a modell] ( figures4 ,9 ! ye> #ageh ! ,d]by works 7 enl>g$ & ! numb] ( workm5 d\bl$1 & ?is *ange has be5 c\pl$ ) ! clos+ ( ,littl]'s factory at ,longton ,hall ab\t ! same "t4 ,b f ?is date to ! ye> #agfi1 all t we "k ( ! ,d]by factory is d]iv$ f a few adv]tisem5ts 9 ,london pap]s4 ,x is inde$ a v rem>kable fact t1 9 spite ( ! mo/ p]sev]+ rese>*es--= h[ ?or\ghly ! gr\nd has be5 glean$ we c judge by look+ ?r\gh ! elaborate works ( ,haslem1 ,bemrose1 & ! late ,mr4 ,night+ale--we c h>dly po9t to a s+le specim5 ( porcela9 made at ,d]by be=e ! ye> #aggj1 nor d we "k ( any m>k t c be assign$ to an e>li] p]iod ?an ?is4 ,c x be t up to ?is "t ! works 7 *iefly occupi$ 9 copy+ ! w>es1 & p]haps ! m>ks1 n only ( ,dresd51 b also ( ,*elsea & ,b[8 ,:5 ! ,*elsea factory & its cont5ts 7 sold 9 #agfi1 x 0 ,duesbury1 & n ! ,d]by ,*9a ,company1 :o 0 ! pur*as]4 ,aft] ! ye> #agge1 :5 ! ,b[ works 7 also pur*as$1 he _h1 ) ! exception ( ! ,worce/] manufactory1 practically no rival 9 ! field4 ,we may take ! ye> #aggj z ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% porcela94 ,9 ,france1 by ?is "t1 ! rococo ( ,l\is ,,xv4's reign 0 already giv+ way to ! simpl]1 & 9 "p m classical1 =ms t di/+ui% ! next reign1 = x is common k t ! /yle kn[n z ,l\is ,,xvi4 came into vogue sev]al ye>s be=e ! accession ( t k+4 ,9 ,engl& ! *ange c be be/ trac$ 9 ! "w ( ! silv]smi?1 see+ t 9 su* "w !re c be no unc]ta9ty z to ! date4 ,already1 be=e ! end ( ! sixties1 we f9d 9 ! silv] plate !n made outl9es =m$ ( simple curves & ev5 /raight l9es replac+ ! tr\bl$ rococo scrolls1 & by ! ye> #aggj ! new classical =ms h c>ri$ ! :ole field4 ,& 9 l mann] ! *9a made by ,duesbury1 bo? at ,*elsea & ,d]by1 foll[s ! new fa%ion4 ,b ! vases be>+ ! ,*elsea-,d]by m>k ( an an*or cross+ ! d[n-/roke ( ! lett] ,d 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gc7 diff] f ^? made by ,sprimont n only 9 outl9e4 ,a new s*eme ( decoration has come 91 "o t cont9u$ ) no radical *ange = ! next fifty ye>s & m4 ,let u take ! ,*elsea-,d]by vase 9 ! ,jones collection--x /&s 9 company ) sev]al o!rs ( ! ,sprimont rococo type4 ,notice ! oblique flut$ m\ld+s ( ! upp] "p 7a motif tak5 directly f ! silv]smi?71 :i* are acc5tuat$ by deep blue & gold l9es on a :ite gr\nd 7?is is a s*eme ( decoration above all *>act]i/ic ( ,d]by *9a74 ,! res]v$ panels on ! body ( ! vase are pa9t$ ) pa/oral subjects4 ,"h !re is little *ange1 b ar\nd ^! panels ! gr\nd is completely cov]$ ) fl[]s ( v>i\s k9ds--ea* species c be made out1 b full-bl[n d\ble roses pr$om9ate4 ,^! full-bl[n roses are a note t di/+ui%es ,engli% porcela9 f ?is "t onw>ds4 ,z !y become l>g]1 & occupy a m prom95t place1 ! pa9t+ loses all trace ( decorative feel+4 ,bill+sley c>ri$ !m 9 8 w&]+s to all ! porcela9 factories ( ,engl&1 & we are f9ally l&$ 9 ! mon/rosities ( ,rock+ham & ! insipidities ( ,nantg>w4 ,"o po9t we h omitt$ to m5tion 9 our description ( ! ,*elsea-,d]by vase at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! h&les1 w+$ figures some:at classically treat$1 are ( unglaz$ w>e4 ,?is is an example ( ! fam\s ,d]by biscuit1 or bisque1 z x is sometimes call$1 :i* we n[ "k 0 made z e>ly z #agga4 ,! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is biscuit w>e2 any piece ) ! slighte/ defect 0 reject$4 ,! mat]ial all[s ( a %>pness & high f9i% :i* w\ld be lo/ 9 ! ?ick cov]+ ( ! glaz$ w>e4 ,! pa/e 9 _m ( ! examples has acquir$ a some:at %9y surface1 z if cov]$ ) a sk9 ( glaze4 ,! be/ kn[n specim5s date f ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 :5 ,sp5gl]1 a modell] f ,zuri*1 0 engag$ by ! second ,duesbury4 ,9 !m we see exemplifi$ t mixture ( ! s5tim5tal & ! pseudo-classical s mu* admir$ at ?is "t4 ,! %eph]d ) 8 dog 7!re is an example at ,s\? ,k5s+ton7 is tak5 f a ,roman relief1 ! head p]haps f an ,ant9\s4 ,! %eph]dess has be5 read+ ,ri*>dson1 if n ,jean ,jacques1 & !y bo? take life v s]i\sly4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 ! ,*elsea-,d]by m>k on enamell$ figures t diff] little f ! e>li] & m frivol\s type4 ,^! survivals1 z x 71 ( ! rococo s*ool /& no long] ^u a scroll p$im5t1 b on a rocky gr\nd1 amid c>eful reproductions ( natural objects1 /umps ( trees1 %ells1 or :at n4 ,! col\rs1 too1 h become some:at /rong]2 ! pale1 gre5i% blue ( ! e>li] pieces is replac$ by a full] turquoise hue4 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 or a little lat]1 t ! process ( #8ca/+' 0 introduc$ = ^! /atuettes4 ,?is 0 a process ( ,engli% orig91 ?\gh x is n[ ext5sively us$ at ,svres & else:]e abroad4 ,we h describ$ ! v>i\s modifications ( ?is plan 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #be74 ,9 ! case ( ^! /atuettes1 ! figure is fir/ modell$ 9 t\gh clay2 ! head & limbs are !n cut (f4 ,a pla/]-(-,p>is m\ld is !n made ( ea* ( ! sep>ate p>ts1 a cream-l slip is p\r$ into ! m\ld & quickly p\r$ out be=e all ! wat] is absorb$1 a lay] ( ! pa/e rema9+ on ! sides ( ! m\ld4 ,?is lay] is deta*$ :5 suffici5tly dry2 ! pieces are !n jo9$ toge!r by means ( ! same slip1 & ! outl9e ( ! figure %>p5$ ) a modell+ tool4#bcd ,porcela9 made by ?is ca/+ process is n s d5se z t made on ! old sy/em2 its specific gravity is appreciably l[]4 ,! m\ld+ or repair+ knife may be1 to "s ext5t1 replac$ by ! use ( a bru%1 b a less %>p outl9e is obta9$ 9 ?is case4 ,9 ! furnace ^! figures h to be support$ by an elaborate scaffold+ ( props1 & ! %r9kage ( ! clay dur+ ! fir+ is ano!r s\rce ( difficulty4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 a g>niture ( vases1 ( a type v *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ,*elsea-,d]by "t4 ,a pale turquoise gr\nd is ov]laid ) :ite fl[]s 9 l[ relief4 ,?is is b a modification ( ! ,g]man s*nee-ball decoration4 ,some:at lat] ! pte t5dre ( ,svres is evid5tly tak5 z a model1 z 9 ! cab>et :i* 0 giv5 by ,que5 ,*>lotte to "o ( h] maids ( hon\r4 ,?is #8equipage1' to give x its ,engli% "n1 has also f\nd its way into our national collection4 ,x has ! r>e jonquil gr\nd ) a bord] ( blue & gold4 ,= small] objects1 = cups1 sauc]s1 & plates1 a simpl] /yle ( decoration is 9 fav\r4 ,! wrea?s ( little blue fl[]s1 =get-me-nots1 & corn-fl[]s 7! ,fr5* b>beau71 reliev$ ) t\*es ( gre5 & gold1 rem9d "o ( ! simil> w>e made at ,svres1 & m especially at "s ( ! small] ,p>isian factories dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! elaborately decorat$ #8old ,japan' 0 mu* copi$ at ,d]by1 b s un9tellig5tly t ! patt]ns deg5]at$ into mean+less =ms1 kn[n z #8rock ,japan1' #8wit*es ,japan1' & ev5 #8,grecian ,japan'6 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a b>b>\s /yle ( decoration1 9 vogue 9 ! ,/af=d%ire pott]ies at a lat] "t bo? = porcela9 & e>!nw>e1 9 :i* scatt]$ memb]s ( ! orig9al s*eme are jumbl$ toge!r at ! :im ( ! ignorant pa9t]4#bce ,! subsequ5t vicissitudes ( ! ,d]by factory may be trac$ 9 ! m>ks 9 use at successive dates4 ,! comb9$ an*or & ,d 0 app>5tly employ$ at ,*elsea z long z ! factory exi/$1 b at ,d]by a cr[n ) jewell$ b[s 0 introduc$ 9 #aggc 7,,pl4 ,e4 #ge71 p]haps on ! occasion ( "s vellx ( royal patronage1 al?\gh we h no def9ite evid5ce ( any?+ ( ! k9d4#bcf ,some:at lat] we f9d two batons cross$1 ) ?ree dots 9 ea* angle 7simil> to ! #8billi>d' m>k on "s ,dut* porcela97 ins]t$ on ,d]by porcela9 betwe5 ! cr[n & ! lett] ,d 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gd74 ,william ,duesbury di$ 9 #aghf4 ,8 son1 ! second ,william1 %ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 #agif1 took into p>tn]%ip ,mi*ael ,kean1 a m9iature-pa9t]1 & n[ a ,k 0 comb9$ ) ! ,d on ! m>k4 ,9 #ahac ! factory 0 leas$ to ,rob]t ,bloor by ! ?ird ,william ,duesbury1 & aft] t "t we he> no m ( t family 9 connection ) ,d]by4 ,bloor conduct$ ! works on #8bus9ess pr9ciples' until 8 dea? 9 #ahdf4 ,if = no?+ else1 8 "n %\ld be rememb]$ 9 connection ) a wond]fully brilliant cl>et1 or r\ge d'or1 t he succe$$ 9 mak+4 ,!re is a vase ) ?is gr\nd 9 ! ,j]myn ,/reet collection :i* has excit$ ! admiration ( =eign exp]ts4 ,bloor us$ ! old m>k1 9 r$1 up to #ahca at lea/4 ,be=e t "t1 h[ev]1 ! cr[n _h lo/ ! jewels ^u its b[s4 ,at ?is p]iod *9a-clay & *9a-/one 7 m & m us$1 & ! porcela9 became h>d] & some:at opaque4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! high] melt+1 or r s(t5+1 po9ts ( bo? body & glaze1 ! enamels lo/ some?+ ( _! brilliancy & lu/re4 ,! pres5t porcela9 factory at ,d]by _c /rictly be reg>d$ z a direct desc5dant ( ! old works on ! ,nott+ham ,road1 ^: c>e] came to an end aft] ,bloor's dea? 9 #ahdf4 ,,worce/]4--,we h se5 h[ ,william ,duesbury1 an obscure & illit]ate pa9t] ( *9a images f ! ,/af=d%ire pott]ies1 _h aft] ! absorption ( ! factories ( ,*elsea & ,b[ 7z well probably z t e/abli%$ by ,littl] 9 ,duesbury's own c\ntry7 become a k9d ( *9a k+4 ,!re 0 "o factory1 h[ev]1 skilfully manag$ & e/abli%$ on a firm f9ancial basis :i* rema9$ entirely indep5d5t ( him4 ,( ! orig9 ( ?is factory--! ,worce/] ,*9a ,works--we h1 q exceptionally1 a full record4 ,^! works1 we may add1 are also exceptional 9 ano!r respect--!y h _h a cont9u\s hi/ory f ! ye> ( _! f\ndation to ! pres5t day1 t is to say = m ?an a c5tury & a half4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,b9ns has 9 8 possession a copy ( ! articles ( association #8= c>ry+ on ! ,worce/] ,tonqu9 manufacture4'#bcg ,!y are dat$ ,janu>y #d1 #agea4 ,! =ty-five %>es ( #ajj ea* 7 divid$ among fifte5 orig9al p>tn]s1 ( :om two claim to possess ! secret1 art1 my/]y1 & process ( mak+ porcela94 ,^! two 7 ,john ,wall1 doctor ( m$ic9e1 & ,william ,davis1 apo!c>y4 ,we h no record ( ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts said to h be5 made by ^! two m5 9 a laboratory ov] ! apo!c>y's %op1 nor d we "k = h[ long ^! exp]im5ts _h be5 c>ri$ on4 ,two workm51 h[ev]1 :o _h already be5 employ$ by !m = "s "t1 7 reta9$ by ! new company & well paid z an inducem5t to keep secret ! process ( manufacture4 ,x 0 ! apo!c>y ,davis1 probably1 :o br\ght ! sci5tific k1 b ,dr4 ,wall also1 besides be+ a portrait-pa9t] :o _h acquir$ "s r5[n at ,ox=d & 9 8 native t[n 7he _h made designs = pa9t$ glass among o!r ?+s71 0 an en]getic1 practical man ) "s sci5tific pret5sions2 nor mu/ we =get ! two workm51 :o probably _h a good deal to say 9 ! matt]4 ,a site = ! new factory 0 f\nd 9 ,w>m/ry ,h\se1 a f9e old mansion t _h belong$ to ! ,w9dsor family1 situat$ "s hundr$ y>ds to ! nor? ( ! ca!dral1 & ! kilns 7 erect$ 9 ! gr\nds :i* slop$ d[n to ! riv]4 ,! biscuit kiln & ! glaz+-kiln 7 enclos$ 9 long ro($ build+s app>5tly )\t conspicu\s *imneys4 ,only ! great kiln = ! #8segurs' takes ! conical %ape t we associate ) pott]y-ov5s4#bch ,! press+1 modell+1 & ?r[+ gall]ies 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! old h\se itself1 :]e !re 0 also a #8secret room4' ,! little t we "k ( ! composition ( ! pa/e1 or r pa/es1 = !re 7 two or m v>ieties us$ = ! f9e & common w>e respectively1 is d]iv$ f a pap] 7n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,b9ns7 drawn up 9 #agfd by ,ri*>d ,hold%ip1 "o ( ! orig9al p>tn]s4 ,9 t ye> ,hold%ip 7he 0 an engrav] :o _h be5 associat$ ) ! introduction ( ! transf] process7 became bankrupt1 & n[ ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,duesbury & ,hea? at ,d]by4 ,f ?is pap] we le>n t ! ord9>y pa/e us$ at ,worce/] conta9$ ab\t two-?irds ( a glassy mat]ial 7a mixture ( fl9t-glass1 cr[n-glass1 & a specially prep>$ frit71 & "o-?ird ( a soapy rock1 t is to say ( a /eatite1 f ,cornwall4 ,! composition ( ! glaze is int]e/+3--x conta9$1 besides ! usual con/itu5ts1 #ad p] c5t4 ( #8=eign *9a1' #b p] c5t4 ( #8t9-a%es1' & #jc p] c5t4 ( smalt4 ,we %\ld add t on ! :ole ! glaze ( ,worce/] *9a is some:at h>d] ?an t ( o!r ,engli% s(t-pa/e w>es4 ,along ) ?is recipe is #8a process = mak+ porcela9 w>e1 )\t soapy rock or glass1 9 imitation ( ,nanqu91 be+ an opaque body4' ,?is #8,nanqu9' w>e 0 made by mix+ bone-a% ) an equal weight ( a v silici\s frit3 to ! mixture #h p] c5t4 ( ,b>n/aple clay & a small quantity ( smalt 7 add$4 ,we le>n f o!r s\rces 7e4g4 ,borlase's ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall1 #ageh7 t ! ag5ts ( ! ,worce/] company 7 busy se>*+ = & pur*as+ /eatite rock1 especially at ,mullion1 9 ! ,liz>d di/rict4#bci ,( ! porcela9 produc$ dur+ ! fir/ sixte5 ye>s ( ! ,worce/] factory we "k a little m ?an ( t ( ! correspond+ "t at ,d]by4 ,?is 0 an eclectic p]iod3 ! w>es 7& ! m>ks also7 ( ,*antilly1 ,meiss51 & ,*elsea 7 copi$4 ,x 0 ! ,ori5tal models1 h[ev]1 t 7 mo/ 9 fav\r1 especially ! blue & :ite ( ,*9a1 small pieces ( :i* 7 imitat$ ) "s success4 ,= ! enamell$ w>e1 ! brocad$ ,im>i1 our #8old ,japan1' r ?an ! old] ,kakiyemon w>e1 s]v$ z a type4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 a /range attempt 0 made to copy ! m>ks ( ! ,*9ese porcela94 ,we c trace1 sometimes1 ! well-kn[n *>act]s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 7#8great' & #8bright'7 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gf74 ,9 o!r cases ,arabic num]als are arrang$ s z r\ghly to resemble a ,*9ese "*4 ,! idea 0 probably tak5 f old ,delft w>e on :i* simil> m>ks are f\nd1 z also occasionally on ,b[ & on "s ,salopian porcela94 ,aga91 we f9d a deg5]ate seal "*1 p]haps d]iv$ f ! popul> ,japanese m>k ,fu 7happ9ess71 tak+ a =m some?+ l ! design ( a ,union ,jack 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gh74 ,! decoration ( ! ,*9ese famille r\ge 0 also copi$--we f9d x1 = example1 on ! edges ( little :ite cups & b[ls ) basket-"w designs 9 l[ relief1 ( :i* !re are "s specim5s at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,to an e>ly p]iod1 also1 belongs ! w>e decorat$ 9 black 7or less (t5 9 lilac71 ) figures & l&scapes1 #8transf]r$' by a v>iety ( +5i\s processes1 :i* we ne$ n describe "h1 f an engrav$ copp]-plate4 ,us$ be=e ?is "t on enamels at ,batt]sea & on e>!nw>e at ,liv]pool1 x 0 ) ! #8jet enamell$' w>e ( ,worce/]1 pr9t$ f ! plates specially made = ! purpose by ,rob]t ,hancock 7:o _h previ\sly be5 employ$ at ,batt]sea "u ! ,fr5*man ,rav5et71 t ! new process 0 above all associat$4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t p]haps 9 its hi/ory1 porcela9 0 #8made to speak1' to use ,napoleon's phrase4 ,on x ! h]o ( ! day 0 immortalis$3 9 #ageg we f9d ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 cr[n$ by a w+$ ,g5ius2 at a lat] "t ! ,m>quis ( ,granby & ! eld] ,pitt4 ,x is ,hancock1 x w\ld seem1 t we mu/ reg>d z ! capo scuola ( ano!r #8s*ool ( decoration1' "o :i*1 spread+ at a lat] "t to ,/af=d%ire1 has be5 c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! _w :]e transf]-pr9t$ ,engli% crock]y has p5etrat$4 ,! basis ( ?is decoration is a classical ru9--g5]ally a fragm5t ( ! entablature ( a ,roman temple support$ on a few columns2 add to ?is a po9t$ build+ some?+ betwe5 an obelisk & a pyramid1#bdj ! :ole enclos$ 9 a framework ( conv5tional trees4 ,^u h[ _m millions ( jugs & bas9s 0 ?is patt]n repeat$1 9 black1 9 gre51 & 9 lilac6 ,at "s future day1 by ! /udy ( pot%]ds s decorat$ collect$ 9 _m l&s1 an ar*ologi/ may be able to trace ! c\rse ( ,engli% comm]ce 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & to draw /range inf]5ces z to ! /ate ( ! arts at t "t 9 our c\ntry4 ,?is #8jet-enamell$' transf] 0 pr9t$ ov] ! glaze2 sometimes1 to enliv5 ! effect1 o!r col\rs1 pa9t$ by h&1 7 add$1 ) disa/r\s results4 ,9 ! blue & :ite pr9t$ w>e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cobalt pigm5t is appli$ "u ! glaze4 ,! pa/e ( ?is transf]-pr9t$ porcela9 is (t5 ( good quality & v transluc5t1 & ! f9] e>li] specim5s are mu* s\ght aft] by collectors4 ,we h se5 t at lea/ f ! cultur-hi/oris* po9t ( view ?is pr9t$ *9a is n )\t int]e/4 ,aft] #agfc ,sprimont's factory at ,*elsea 0 only work+ at irregul> int]vals4 ,"s "t lat]1 ab\t #agfh1 _m ( ! enamel-pa9t]s migrat$ to ,worce/]1 :]e capable arti/s seem to h be5 9 great dem&4 ,x is usual to attribute to ?is migration a new s*eme ( decoration t came into vogue at ,worce/] 9 ! sev5ties4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ! vases ) deep blue gr\nds & panels brilliantly pa9t$ ) fl[]s & bright-plumag$ tropical birds4 ,! bleu du roi gr\nd 7we mu/ rememb] t1 l ! simil> gr\nds at ,*elsea & ,longport1 ?is pigm5t 0 pa9t$ s\s c\v]te7 is (t5 cov]$ ) ! salmon-scales 9 a deep] t9t s *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod2 at o!r times x is replac$ by a p\dr blue4 ,! h& ( ! ,*elsea arti/ is to be recognis$ 9 ! decoration ( ! panels1 b ! vases are g5]ally ( simple cont\rs1 (t5 octagonal &1 on ! :ole1 foll[+ ,*9ese %apes4 ,x is ?is ri*ly decorat$ w>e1 produc$ especially betwe5 #aggj & #aghj1 :i* n[ comm&s su* extravagant prices 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new classical =ms already 9 fav\r at ,d]by & 9 ,france 7 n z yet adopt$ at ,worce/]--!y came 9 lat]1 & !n 9 a m debas$ =m4 ,9 fact1 ! special m>k ( ?is1 ! f9e/ p]iod 9 ^! works1 is ! application ( a ri* /yle ( pa9t+ t we g5]ally associate ) rococo %apes1 to vases :i* o!rwise reta9 ! =m & decoration ( _! ,*9ese prototypes4 ,some:at lat]1 f ,svres1 no d\bt1 came ! can>y yell[1 g5]ally poor 9 tone & ( unev5 /r5g?4 ,! simple floral wrea?s ( ! ,l\is ,,xvi4 p]iod are "h repres5t$ by ! pretty #8trellis' design1 gre5 fe/oons hang+ f r$di% poles 7,,pl4 ,,xlvi474 ,mu* ( ! ,worce/] porcela9 0 f an e>ly "t decorat$ 9 ,london4 ,9 #agfh we f9d ,mr4 ,j4 ,giles 7no d\bt ! #8,mr4 ,gyles ( ,k5ti% ,t[n' to ^: kiln ,?omas ,craft took 8 fam\s pun*-b[l to be #8burnt' at a *>ge ( #cs47 describ$ 9 an adv]tisem5t z #8*9a & enamel pa9t]1 proprietor ( ! ,worce/] ,porcela9 ,w>eh\se1 up "o pair ( /airs 9 ,cockspur ,/reet4' ,"h ! nobility & g5try may f9d #8articles useful & ornam5tal curi\sly pa9t$ 9 ! ,dresd51 ,*elsea1 & ,*9ese ta/e4' ,at a lat] "t ! ,baxt] family occupi$ mu* ! same position z ,giles4 ,! eld] ,baxt] _h ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,worce/] work%ops at ,goldsmi? ,/reet1 ,g\gh ,squ>e1#bda & "h :ite porcela9 f _m s\rces 0 decorat$4 ,!re is a curi\s wat]-col\r draw+1 repres5t+ ! int]ior ( ?is work%op1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,x is ! "w ( ! y\ng] ,baxt]1 fam\s 9 8 day z a pa9t] on porcela94 ,! pale1 anmic faces ( ! arti/s--"o ( !m we>s a l>ge pair ( spectacles--cr\*+ ov] _! "w 9 a n>r[1 cr[d$ room1 may be tak5 z evid5ce t ?is occupation 0 injuri\s bo? to ! eyesight & to ! g5]al heal? 7,,pl4 ,,lxvii474 ,to return to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,worce/] factory4 ,9 #aggj we he> ( a /rike among ! pa9t]s1 :o 7 al>m$ at ! spread ( ! und]glaze pr9t+ process4 ,! movem5t 0 n unconnect$1 probably1 ) ! introduction ( new blood f ,*elsea4 ,9 #aggb !re 0 a g5]al %uffl+-up & reorganisation ( ! company1 ) ! result t ,dr4 ,wall & ! two ,davises1 fa!r & son1 f9ally ga9$ possession ( ne>ly all ! %>es4 ,b ! doctor di$ 9 #aggf1 & sev5 ye>s lat] ! :ole conc]n 0 sold to ,mr4 ,flight1 a ,london jewell]1 :o _h previ\sly act$ z ag5t = ! company4 ,at ! same "t ,*amb]la91 an orig9al appr5tice1 & a man :o _h tak5 a lead+ "p ( late 9 ! arti/ic managem5t1 sec$$ f ! company1 &1 ) 8 son1 set up an indep5d5t manufactory4 ,aft] ! visit ( ,george ,,iii4 to ! works 9 #aghh1 ! factory became #8,royal1' & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! ne>e/ approa* to a royal patronage t we c f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% porcela94 ,9 "t ! ,*amb]la9 (f%oot came to fl\ri% m ?an ! orig9al /ock1 & f9ally1 9 #ahdj1 ! old] firm1 !n kn[n z #8,flight & ,b>r1' 0 absorb$ by x4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury _m magnific5t s]vices ( *9a 7 made = ! royal family1 pa9t$ ) f9i%$ pictures 9 ! /yle admir$ at ! "t4 ,! porcela9 0 aga9 #8made to speak4' ,9 answ] to ! ,napoleonic victories figur$ on ! w>e ( ,svres1 we 9 ,engl& pa9t$ naval emblems & portraits ( ,"l ,nelson on our plates & di%es4 ,! jo9t-/ock company :i* n[ owns ! ,worce/] factory 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfb4 ,s9ce t "t great ef=ts h be5 made to keep on a level ) ! arti/ic movem5ts ( ! day4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 paid to ! modell+ ( ! h&les1 ! /&s & ! cov]s ( ! vases1 s t "s ( !m are works ( art by !mselves4 ,! porcela9 has be5 design$ & decorat$ 9 #8! /yle ( ! ,italian r5aissance1' 9 ! #8,fr5* /yle1' !n = a "t a ,japanese influ5ce prevail$1 to be foll[$ by vases 9 #8,p]sian /yle1' & !n back to ! #8,flor5t9e r5aissance' once m4 ,b runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole1 we may p]haps trace a s\pon ( ! ,fr5* art ( ! lat] n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ap>t f ! imitative m>ks ( ! e>ly p]iod :i* we h already m5tion$1 we f9d at an e>ly date ! lett] ,w1 ei!r = ,wall or ,worce/] 7s ! ,d ( ! rival works may /& ei!r = ,d]by or ,duesbury74 ,ano!r e>ly m>k1 borr[$ probably f ,frye & ! ,b[ works1 is ! ,t4 ,f4 monogram :i* occurs on "s und]glaze blue & :ite pieces4 ,! cresc5t 7,,pl4 ,e4 #gg71 us$ up to #agic1 is *iefly f\nd on w>e decorat$ ) transf] pr9t+3 :5 ?is pr9t+ is 9 blue "u ! glaze1 a solid or rul$ cresc5t is f\nd4 ,! lat] firms1 z #8,flight & ,b>r' & #8,*amb]la91' pr9t _! names 9 full4 ,a numb] ( small m>ks f\nd on ,worce/] *9a--m ?an sev5ty h be5 not$--7 add$ 9 mo/ cases to id5tify ! pa9t]s & gild]s4 ,,small] ,,we/ ,,( ,,engl& ,,s(t-,,pa/e ,,factories4 ,?is w be ! mo/ conv5i5t place to say some?+ ( a small gr\p ( factories :]e *9a 0 made t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is a di/9ctly ,we/ ( ,engl& family1 ow+ its orig9 9 a measure to ,worce/]1 b also =m+ a l9k betwe5 t factory & ! ,/af=d%ire works4 ,we include 9 x ! ,%rop%ire porcela9s ( ,caughley & ,coalbrookdale1 toge!r ) ,swansea & ,nantg>w4 ,,caughley4--,! #8,salopian ,porcela9 ,works' 7 />t$ 9 #aggb at ,caughley1 ne> ,broseley1 9 ,%rop%ire1 a neighb\rhood long fam\s = its e>!nw>e4 ,x 0 "h t ,?omas ,turn]1 a man ( "s social /&+ :o came f ,worce/]1 devot$ himself m especially to pr9t+ 9 blue "u ! glaze4 ,x 0 at ,caughley1 x w\ld seem1 ab\t #aghj1 t ! fam\s #8will[ patt]n' 0 fir/ us$4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a curi\s little oblong di% t %[s ?is design 9 an undevelop$ =m4 ,turn]1 x is said1 fir/ pr9t$ complete d9n]-s]vices1 9 d>k blue1 ) ?is patt]n4 ,n long aft] ?is he w5t to ,france1 & br\ght back a bat* ( ,fr5* pa9t]s1 ^: influ5ce may p]haps be se5 9 ! w>e made at a lat] "t at ,coalport4 ,"s ( ! pr9t$ "w is delicately execut$1 & :5 ! decoration is judici\sly height5$ ) a little gild+1 ! effect is n unpleas+4 ,we he> also ( d9n]-s]vices pa9t$ ) #8,*antille sprigs1' & ,turn] also suppli$ ,*amb]la9 ) pla9 :ite w>e to be subsequ5tly decorat$ at ,worce/]4 ,at a lat] "t mu* gild+ 0 appli$ to a ri*ly decorat$ porcela94 ,"s ( ?is w>e is /amp$ ) ! ^w #8,salopian1' o!r pieces h ! lett]s ,s or ,c pr9t$ or pa9t$ "u ! glaze2 b bo? ,dresd5 & ev5 ,worce/] m>ks 7 also us$4 ,two m51 at a lat] "t repres5tatives ( ! indu/rial phase ( porcela91 ,john ,rose & ,?omas ,m9ton1 7 tra9$ 9 ^! %ort-liv$ works4 ,,coalport ,,or ,,coalbrookdale4--,"h1 on ! left bank ( ! ,sev]n1 ne>ly opposite ! la/-nam$ factory1 ,john ,rose began mak+ porcela9 soon aft] #aghj4 ,9 #agii he pur*as$ f ,turn] 7^: appr5tice he _h be57 ! ,caughley works1 & 9 #ahad he remov$ ! :ole plant to ,coalbrookdale4 ,"h1 too1 came ,bill+sley aft] ! clos+ ( ! ,nantg>w works1 & "h he work$ till 8 dea? 9 #ahbh4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! firm ( ,john ,rose & ,company 0 a successful rival to ! ,dav5ports1 ,m9tons1 & ,copel&s4 ,rose excell$ 9 ! production ( gorge\s vases decorat$ ) picture panels1 & ,bill+sley kept up ! supply ( 8 ,engli% roses4 ,! old] w>es ( ,svres & ,*elsea 7 copi$ n unsuccessfully1 & ! appropriate m>k 0 n omitt$4 ,! firm seems to h above all prid$ itself ^u ! beauty ( its rose ,pompad\r gr\nds1 & at a lat] "t1 aft] #ahej1 bo? ?is gr\nd & ! turquoise blue 7 l>gely appli$ to ! pseudo-,svres porcela9 t f\nd its way to ! ,london *9a-%ops4 ,9 #ahbj ,rose 0 grant$ a m$al by ! ,society ( ,arts = a leadless glaze1 comp\nd$ ( felsp> & borax4 ,! factory at ,coalport cont9ues to produce mu* *9a on ! same l9es4 ,ne> at h&1 at ,madeley1 "s v close imitations ( ! old ,svres 7 made by ,r&all betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdj4 ,= ! orig9 ( ?is ,engli% ,svres we mu/ g back to ! ye> #ahac1 :5 we he> ( ! ag5ts ( ,london deal]s buy+ up :ite & slightly decorat$ ,svres s(t pa/e4 ,any enamel col\r on !m 0 remov$ by hydr(luoric acid1 & ! surface 0 ri*ly decorat$ 9 ! ,pompad\r /yle4 ,r&all soon aft] ?is "t 0 engag$ ) simil> "w 9 ,london3 8 turquoise blues are especially prais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvii ,wat]-col\r ,draw+4 ,enamel ,pa9t]s at "w4 ,,swansea ,,& ,,nantg>w4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "s works at ,swansea1 :]e a s-call$ #8opaque porcela9' _h be5 lately manufactur$1 7 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,lewis ,w4 ,dillwyn4 ,mr4 ,dillwyn 0 a ke5 naturali/3 he induc$ ,mr4 ,"y1 a draughtsman :o _h be5 employ$ by him 9 illu/rat+ works on natural hi/ory1 to le>n ! art ( enamel-pa9t+ on porcela94 ,"y devot$ himself to pa9t+ birds1 %ells1 & above all butt]flies4 ,9 spite ( ! aim at sci5tific accuracy1 ! arti/ic effect ( ^! delicately pa9t$ butt]flies1 scatt]$ "h & !re ov] ! dead :ite pa/e1 is n unpleasant4 ,!re 7 "s good specim5s ( ?is =m ( decoration 9 ! old ,j]myn ,/reet collection1 b mo/ ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 are n pa9t$ on a true porcela94 ,meantime1 at ,nantg>w 7,anglic ,nantg>r[71 "s t5 miles nor? ( ,c>diff1 a small porcela9 factory _h be5 e/abli%$ by "o ,william ,beely & 8 son-9-law1 ,samuel ,walk]4 ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 :o visit$ ! ,nantg>w works 9 #ahad1 at ! in/igation ( 8 fri5d ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 f\nd ^! two m5 mak+ an admirable s(t-pa/e porcela91 rem>kable = its transluc5cy4 #8,i agre$ ) !m1' s ,mr4 ,dillwyn report$1 #8= a removal to ! ,cambrian pott]y i4e4 to ,swansea1 :]e two new kilns 7 prep>$ "u _! direction4 ,:5 endeav\r+ to improve & /r5g!n ?is beautiful body1 ,i 0 surpris$ at receiv+ a notice f ,messrs4 ,flight & ,b>r ( ,worce/]1 *>g+ ! p>ties call+ !mselves ,walk] & ,beely ) hav+ cl&e/9ely left an engagem5t at _! works4' ,beely 0 9 fact no o!r ?an ,bill+sley1 ! w&]+ arti/ & #8arcani/' :o 9 #aggd 0 appr5tic$ to ,duesbury at ,d]by1 & _h !re le>n$ ! art ( pa9t+ fl[]s on porcela94 ,we he> t 9 #agic he 0 also l&lord ( ! #8,nott+ham ,arms1' b 9 spite1 or p]haps r 9 consequ5ce1 ( ?us hav+ two /r+s to 8 b[1 he soon aft] left ,d]by1 & = tw5ty ye>s l$ a rov+ life4 ,9 #agif he 0 at ,p9xton1 & x 0 "h1 says ,mr4 ,w4 ,turn] 7,! ,c]amics ( ,swansea & ,nantg>w71 :om ,i n[ foll[1 t he p]fect$ 8 fam\s granulat$ frit body4 ,!n foll[s an obscure p]iod1 dur+ :i* we he> ( ,bill+sley at ,mansfield1 & aga9 z a *9a manufactur] at ,torksey1 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahjh1 he settl$ d[n to "w at ,worce/] "u ! "n ( ,beely4 ,8 lat] migrations to ,nantg>w1 to ,swansea1 & f9ally to ,coalport1 we h already ref]r$ to4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ,bill+sley's removal to ,swansea1 ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 ab&on$ by ,mr4 ,dillwyn3 ?is 0 9 #ahag1 b>ely six ye>s f ! "t :5 ,bill+sley />t$ ! ,nantg>w works4 ,x is n q c]ta9 :e!r ! m>ks t di/+ui% ! two w>es--#8,nantg>w' above ! lett]s #8,c4 ,w4' 9 "o case1 #8,swansea' sometimes ) ! addition ( a trid5t 7,,pl4 ,e4 #hj7 9 ! o!r--c always be reli$ on to di/+ui% ! two factories3 ! =m] m>k may h cont9u$ 9 use aft] ! removal to ,swansea4 ,! pa/e ( "s ( ! w>e made at ,swansea 0 v diff]5t f t ( ,bill+sley's glassy porcela94 ,we "k t bo? *9a-clay & /eatite f ! ,liz>d 7 employ$ "h1 produc+ a some:at h>d & opaque body4 ,ap>t f _! pa/e1 r5[n$ = its absolute :it5ess & consid]able transluc5cy1 ,bill+sley & 8 pupils1 ,p>doe & ,walk]1 h acquir$ a c]ta9 fame by _! enamel-pa9t+ on ?is ,nantg>w porcela94 ,life-size roses1 auriculas1 tulips1 & lilies 7 _! fav\rite fl[]s4 ,?is 0 ! culm9ation1 z x 71 ( ! s*ool t delight$ above all 9 ! d\ble rose1 a n v pa9table fl[]1 at lea/ 9 a decorative po9t ( view4 ,we saw its beg9n+s at ,d]by m ?an ?irty ye>s be=e ?is "t4 ,b ,baxt] ! y\ng]1 :om we h come across at 8 fa!r's work%op 9 ,g\gh ,squ>e1 pa9t$ figure-subjects on ! ,swansea porcela91 & "s ( ! transluc5t w>e ( ! ,nantg>w type 0 s5t up to ,london un5amell$1 !re to be conv]t$ into ! old s(t pa/e ( ,svres4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e we return to ! ,we/ ( ,engl& to treat ( ! true h>d porcela9 ( ,plym\? & ,bri/ol1 !re rema9 to be m5tion$ briefly a few unimportant factories ( s(t pa/e--unimportant1 t is1 f ! po9t ( view ( art4 ,,l[e/(t4--,tak+ advantage ( "s suitable clay f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & ( ! f9e silv]y s& ( ! %ore1 a manufactory ( s(t pa/e 0 e/abli%$ at ,l[e/(t ab\t #agef4 ,lat] on we f9d "s ref]5ces to a #8,l[e/(t ,porcela9 ,company4' ,! w>e produc$ 0 *iefly blue & :ite1 ) views ( ! neighb\rhood1 b o!r small pieces are f\nd crudely pa9t$ 9 col\r4 ,! execution ( mu* ( ?is w>e is v summ>y1 & ! glaze is (t5 dull & spott$4 ,a blue & :ite plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) p\dr gr\nd & panels pa9t$ ) views ( ,l[e/(t & ! neighb\rhood1 is an unusually fav\rable specim54 ,m commonly we f9d jugs & ink-pots ) inscriptions--#8,a ,trifle f ,l[e/(t1' etc4--& ) dates 9 "o or two cases rang+ f #agfb to #aghi4 ,:e!r any h>d porcela9 f o!r s\rces 0 ev] pa9t$ at ,l[e/(t is v d\btful4#bdb ,! #8,l[e/(t porcela9' ( ! deal]s is n[ kn[n to h be5 pa9t$ by ,*9ese arti/s at ,canton4 ,t ?is is s 0 conclusively prov$ _m ye>s ago by ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4 ,! ?ra%+ out ( ! "q _h ! advantage ( ?r[+ mu* light on ! orig9 ( ?is curi\s pseudo-,european decoration4 ,! great] "p ( ?is porcela9 pa9t$ at ,canton is cov]$ ) elaborate armorial designs1 & x 0 made n only = ,engl& b = o!r ,european c\ntries t trad$ ) ! ,ea/4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is ,s9ico-,european w>e is well illu/rat$ 9 a l>ge collection br\ght toge!r *iefly by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bdc ,,liv]pool4--,pott]y _h be5 an article ( export f ,liv]pool f an e>ly date1 & mu* ( ! w>e export$ 7x w5t above all to ,am]ica7 0 made 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,dur+ ! sixties ( ! eighte5? c5tury m ?an "o ( ! local pott]s began to make a s(t-pa/e porcela94 ,"o ( ^! m5--,ri*>d ,*aff]s--we f9d sc\r+ ! c\nty ( ,cornwall 9 se>* ( soap-/one & *9a-clay1 z e>ly probably z ! ye> #agee4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* gives ! recipe = ! #8*9a body' us$ 9 #agfi by ano!r pott]--,p5n+ton4 ,! mat]ials are bone-a%1 ,lynn s&1 fl9t1 & clay1#bdd ! latt] probably f ,cornwall4 ,!re is a good deal ( unc]ta9ty z to ! id5tification ( ! ,liv]pool *9a3 "s ( x has p]haps be5 class$ z ,worce/] or ,salopian4 ,examples ( ! w>e attribut$ to ?is t[n may be f\nd at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 !y are some:at rudely pr9t$ 9 a heavy d>k blue4 ,b x is probable t v little true porcela9 0 made at ,liv]pool 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,e>ly 9 ! next c5tury an important factory = pott]y & porcela9 0 f\nd$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,m]sey1 & ?i!r _m workm5 7 br\ght f ,/af=d%ire4 ,porcela9 0 made !re until ! ye> #ahda4 ,! w>e 0 m>k$ #8,h]culaneum1' ! "n ( ! works4 ,we f9d at times a bird hold+ a bran* 9 its beak us$ z a m>k4 ,?is is ! #8liv]1' ! cre/ ( ! t[n ( ,liv]pool4 ,! liv]1 inde$1 is occasionally f\nd on w>e ( an e>li] date4 ,,p9xton4--,our *ief int]e/ 9 ! factory e/abli%$ 9 #agie at ,p9xton1 on ! bord]s ( ,d]by%ire & ,nor?ampton1 by ,john ,coke1 is d]iv$ f ! tempor>y resid5ce !re ( ,bill+sley4 ,?is 0 8 fir/ /opp+-place aft] leav+ ! ,d]by works3 "h he rema9$ until #ahja1 & x 0 "h1 probably1 t he develop$ ! #8*9a body' us$ by him aft]w>ds at ,nantg>w4 ,!re 7 "s pleas+ specim5s ( ! ,p9xton w>e 9 ! old ,j]myn ,/reet collection simply decorat$ ) #8,fr5* twigs' 9 blue & gre54 ,! ice-pail at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ) can>y gr\nd & frieze ( roses1 illu/rat$ 9 ,pr(essor ,*ur*'s little book1 0 probably pa9t$ by ,bill+sley4 ,at ,,*ur* ,,gresley1 9 ! extreme s\? ( ,d]by%ire1 an ambiti\s attempt to make a porcela9 ( high quality ne>ly ru9$ ,sir ,nigel ,gresley1 ! repres5tative ( ! old family long settl$ !re4 ,?is 0 9 #agie1 & aft] ?ree successive own]s _h sunk _! =tunes 9 ! factory1 ! works 7 f9ally clos$ 9 #ahjh4 ,i c po9t to no example ( porcela9 t c ) c]ta9ty be attribut$ to ^! kilns4 ,pott]y & encau/ic tiles are1 h[ev]1 /ill made 9 ! di/rict4 ,,rock+ham ,,porcela94--,at ,sw9ton1 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 n f> f ,%effield1 pott]y-works 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury on ! e/ates ( ! ,w5twor? family4 ,^! pott]ies 7 call$ aft] ! ,m>quis ( ,rock+ham1 :o 0 m ?an once at ! head ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! "n 0 c>ri$ ov] to ! porcela9 :i* 0 made !re by ,?omas ,brameld 9 ! next c5tury4 ,?is factory 0 9 exi/5ce f #ahbj to #ahdb1 & ! w>e turn$ out well repres5ts ! ta/e ( ! "t4 #8,brameld1' we are told1 #8sp>$ no lab\r or co/ 9 br++ 8 porcela9 to p]fection1 & 9 ! pa9t+ & gild+ he employ$ ! be/ arti/s4' ,! ornate d9n]-s]vices made by him = ,william ,,iv4 & o!r royal p]sonages probably surpass$ 9 elaborate decoration & exp5se ( production any?+ ( ! k9d ev] made 9 ,engl&4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is a gigantic vase--x is m ?an ?ree feet 9 height1--on ! top is a gilt rh9oc]os1 an oak bran* embraces ! sides1 ! base is modell$ 9 ! =m ( ?ree paws1 & ! :ole body ( ! vase is cov]$ ) a s]ies ( highly f9i%$ pictures1 *iefly fl[] pieces4 ,?is vase is a unique example ( ev]y?+ t %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! modell+ & decoration ( porcela94 ,on "s ( ! ,rock+ham *9a we f9d a griff9 z a m>k1 9 hon\r ( ,"l ,fitzwilliam1 :o _h succe$$ to ! ,w5twor? e/ates on ! dea? ( 8 uncle1 ,"l ,rock+ham4 99 99 99 99 99 ,already1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,engl& 0 beg9n+ to be conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a few l>ge firms 9 ! pott]y di/rict ( ,nor? ,/af=d%ire1 & "h a def9ite type ( #8*9a body' 0 e/abli%$ suitable = practical use4 ,bone-a% mix$ ) *9a-/one & *9a-clay f ,cornwall 7 & /ill rema9 ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ?is pa/e3 to ^! mat]ials gr\nd fl9ts are sometimes add$4 ,al?\gh x is ap>t f our purpose to trace ! hi/ory ( ! great ,/af=d%ire firms1 we mu/ say a ^w ( "o family--! ,spodes ( ,/oke-^u-,tr5t4 ,! firm f\nd$ by !m 0 9 a measure ! common c5tre f :i* ! lat] e/abli%m5ts _h _! orig94 ,josiah ,spode ! eld] _h be5 mak+ pott]y ( v>i\s k9ds at ,/oke s9ce ! ye> #agdi2 he x 0 :o introduc$ ! blue will[ patt]n to ! ,/af=d%ire pott]ies4 ,x 0 to 8 son1 ! second ,josiah1 t ! cr$it ( fir/ us+ bone-a% z an +r$i5t ( porcela9 0 s long ascrib$4 ,! /atem5t ?us put is ( c\rse absurd4 ,8 real m]it lay 9 ab&on+ ! use ( a frit & adopt+ a *9a-body consi/+ simply ( a mixture ( *9a-/one & *9a-clay f ,cornwall1 ) a l>ge proportion ( bone-a%1 & ?us settl+ once = all ! composition ( ! indu/rial porcela9 ( ,engl&1 a w>e diff]+ 9 _m respects f ! eighte5? c5tury s(t pa/es1 & "o capable ( be+ manufactur$ on a l>ge scale )\t ! risks t always att5d$ ! fir+ ( ! latt]4 ,8 #8felsp> porcela91' (t5 s m>k$1 is ( less consequ5ce1 b by us+ pure felsp> in/ead ( *9a-/one he =e/all$ ! practice s9ce adopt$ by _m cont95tal works1 :]e felsp> ( ,sc&9avian orig9 is n[ l>gely us$4 ,lat] on1 :5 ,william ,copel& jo9$ ! firm1 !y became ! mo/ important mak]s ( porcela9 & e>!nw>e 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,cont95t 0 inundat$ ) _! w>es4 ,! f\nd] ( ! rival firm ( ,m9ton 0 a ,%rop%ire man3 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury he _h be5 appr5tic$ to ,turn] at ,caughley1 & he1 too1 work$ at "o "t 9 ! ,spode factory4 ,at a lat] date bo? firms claim$ ! cr$it = ! inv5tion ( an improv$ k9d ( biscuit1 ! ,p>ian w>e1 ( :i* mu* 0 he>d ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!re is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton a repres5tative collection ( ! f9] ,spode w>es1 pres5t$ by a niece ( ! second ,josiah4 ,great te*nical p]fection 0 atta9$1 & ! enamel col\rs are rem>kably brilliant & effective4 ,i h already ref]r$ to a l>ge tray1 on :i* ! brocade patt]n ( ! old ,im>i is se5 9 ! la/ /age ( decay4 ,! elem5ts ( ! design h fall5 to pieces1 & lie helplessly scatt]$ ov] ! surface4 ,yet ?is is a c>efully f9i%$ piece1 & ! enamels are ( good quality4 ,i take ?is tray z a typical example ( a /yle ( decoration ) col\r$ enamels bo? on porcela9 & e>!nw>e :i* prevail$ n _m ye>s ago on w>es 9 dome/ic use4 ,along ) ! transf]-pr9t$ camaeu m5tion$ on page #cfj1 ^! w>es f\nd _! way to mo/ p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,,belleek4--,probably ! la/ attempt t has be5 made ) u to e/abli% a new factory ( porcela9 0 at ,belleek1 ne> ,l\gh ,erne1 9 nor!rn ,irel&4 ,"h1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,arm/rong1 a v f9e & transluc5t pa/e 0 fir/ made 9 #aheg1 & a peculi> nacre\s lu/re 0 giv5 to ! w>e by ! use ( a glaze prep>$ ) a salt ( bismu?4 ,! local felsp> 0 employ$ toge!r ) *9a-clay br\ght f ,cornwall4 ,"s c>e 0 giv5 to ! modell+ 9 imitation ( %ells & corals4 ,little ( ?is w>e1 :i* may be class$ z a h>d-pa/e porcela91 has be5 made ( rec5t ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,engli% ,,porcela9--7cont9u$74 ,,! ,,h>d ,,pa/e ,,( ,,plym\? ,,& ,,bri/ol ,! manufacture ( true porcela9 _h b a %ort life 9 ,engl&4 ,! w>e has no especial arti/ic m]it1 nor 0 x ev] comm]cially ( mu* importance4 ,& yet 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is %ort-liv$ attempt to imitate ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,saxony1 we f9d s _m po9ts 79 ! composition & te*nique ( ! w>e above all7 t illu/rate & confirm :at we h said 9 "s e>ly *apt]s1 t we %all h to foll[ up ?is hi/ory some:at closely4 ,moreov]1 ! two m51 ?anks to ^: en]gy & sci5tific k ! difficulties att5d+ ! fir/ manufacture ( ! new sub/ance 7 ov]come1 int]e/ u 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,cookwor?y ! quak]1 :o1 once he _h solv$ ! practical problem t _h hi!rto baffl$ all ! pott]s & arcani/s ( ,engl& & ,france1 0 cont5t to return to a quiet life among ! little cot]ie ( #8fri5ds' at ,plym\?4 ,! o!r is ,*ampion1 ! fri5d ( ,burke1 :o1 aft] 8 bus9ess _h be5 ru9$ by ! ,am]ican ,w>1 pref]r$ to end 8 life z a f>m] 9 ! new c\ntry1 ) ^: /ruggle = indep5d5ce he _h ?r\gh\t sympa?is$4 ,! two lett]s ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles on ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,*9a 7 kn[n ?r\gh _! publication 9 ,du ,halde's collection soon aft] ! date 7#agbb7 at :i* ! second "o 0 writt54 ,! se>* = ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( a true porcela9 at once began4 ,"o ( ! fir/ results ( ?is se>* 0 ! appe>ance ( ! #8,unak]1 ! produce ( ! ,*]okee nation ( ,am]ica1' :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,frye's pat5t ( #agdd4 ,%ortly aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 z we le>n f ,borlase's ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall 7publi%$ 9 #ageh71 ! att5tion ( m ?an "o manufactur] ( porcela9 0 direct$ to t c\nty4 ,b no "o probably 0 s well equipp$ = ! se>* z ,william ,cookwor?y1 ! druggi/ ( ,plym\?--he 0 already ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! geology ( ! c\nty4 ,cookwor?y1 too1 mu/ h c>efully /udi$ ! lett]s ( ! ,jesuit mission>y4 ,9 ! memoir writt5 by him at a lat] date 7x is giv5 9 full 9 ,ow5's ,two ,c5turies ( ,c]amic ,art at ,bri/ol7 he cle>ly di/+ui%es #8! petunse1 ! ,caul91 & ! ,:a-%e1' or soapy rock4#bde ,9 fact x is ?is t gives to ,cookwor?y s important a place 9 ! hi/ory ( porcela94 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ 9 ,europe to attack practically1 & f9ally to conqu]1 ! problem ( mak+ a true porcela9 /rictly on ! l9es ( ! ,*9ese z int]pret$ by ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles4 ,bttg]'s success1 if "o is to accept ! (ficial ,g]man acc\nt1 0 r ! result ( "s happy accid5t--an accid5t1 x is true1 ( :i* only a man ( g5ius kn[s h[ to avail himself4 ,cookwor?y _h 8 att5tion direct$ to ! subject by an ,am]ican quak]1 ( :om he writes1 9 ,may #agde3 #8,i _h lately ) me ! p]son :o ha? discov]$ ! ,*9a-e>?4 ,he _h sev]al examples ( ! ,*9a w>e ( _! mak+ ) him1 :i* 71 ,i ?9k1 equal to ! ,asiatic2 444 hav+ read ,du ,halde1 he discov]$ bo? ! ,*9a-/one & ! ,caul94'#bdf ,bo? ! petuntse & ! #8,caul9' 7 fir/ id5tifi$ by ,cookwor?y at ,tregonn9 ,hill 7betwe5 ,m>azion & ,hel/on7--?is 0 ab\t #agej4 ,! nature & mode ( occurr5ce ( bo? ! gr[an or moor-/one & ( ! gr[an clay1 to use ! local names1 are admirably describ$ by him4 ,soon aft] ?is he f\nd ! two mat]ials at ,/4 ,/eph5's1 betwe5 ,truro & ,/4 ,au/ell1 9 ! c5tre ( :at is n[ ! great *9a-clay di/rict ( ,cornwall4 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m exp]im5ts ) ! new mat]ials1 & _m failures1 be=e ! ye> #agfh1 :5 ,cookwor?y took out 8 pat5t1 & ) ! pecuni>y assi/ance ( ,?omas ,pitt ( ,boconnoc 7lat] ,"l ,camel=d7 />t$ 8 factory at ,plym\?4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is factory 0 9 exi/5ce = m ?an two ye>s4 ,9 any case !re is evid5ce t already1 by ! ye> #aggj1 ! #8,plym\? ,new ,inv5t$ ,porcela9 ,manufactory' 0 at "w at ,bri/ol4 ,we h pro(1 too1 t be=e ?is "t ,ri*>d ,*ampion & o!rs _h be5 work+ 9 ! latt] t[n ) ! new ,corni% mat]ials4 ,*ampion _h be5 ask$ by ,"l ,hynd=d to make a report ^u "s kaol9 s5t to him f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 8 reply he says3 #8,i _h x tri$ at a manufactory set up "s "t ago on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,*9ese porcela91 b n be+ successful1 is giv5 up4444 ,! proprietors ( ! works 9 ,bri/ol imag9$ !y _h discov]$ 9 ,cornwall all ! mat]ials simil> to ! ,*9ese2 b ?\gh !y burnt ! body "p tol]ably well1 yet !re 7 impurities 9 ! glaze or /one :i* 7 insurm\ntable ev5 9 ! greate/ fire !y c\ld give x1 & :i* 0 equal to ! ,glas%\se heat4444 ,i h s5t "s i4e4 ( ! ,c>ol9a clay to ,worce/]1 b ?is & all ! ,engli% porcela9s be+ compos$ ( frits1 !re is no probability ( success4' ,?is is writt5 9 ,febru>y #agff1 be=e ! date ( ,cookwor?y's pat5t4#bdg ,meantime1 9 ,france1 two m5 ( "s sci5tific pret5sions1 bo? ( !m memb]s ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,lauraguais#bdh & ,d',arcet1 _h discov]$ ! kaol9 deposits ne> ,al5on4 ,lauraguais _h soon aft] #agfj succe$$ 9 mak+ "s k9d ( porcela9 ) ! mat]ials he _h f\nd4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 =e/all$ by ,guett>d1 a rival *emi/ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 :o 9 ,novemb] #agfe read a pap] be=e ! ,acadmie on ! kaol9 & petuntse ( ,al5on4 ,lauraguais1 9 disgu/1 aft] a viol5t rejo9d]1 came ov] to ,engl&4 ,9 a curi\s lett] dat$ ,april #agff1 ,dr4 ,d>w91 writ+ to ,w$gwood1 says3 #8,c\nt ,l>agaut has be5 at ,birm+ham (f]'d ye ,secret ( mak+ ye f9e/ old ,*9a z *eap z y\r ,pots4 ,he says ye mat]ials are 9 ,engl&4 ,t ye secret has co/ #af1jjj--yt,he w sell x = #bjjj--;,he is a ,man ( ,sci5ce1 dislikes 8 own ,c\ntry1 0 six mon?s 9 ye ,ba/ile = speak+ aga9/ ye ,gov]nm5t--loves e ?+ ,engli%'2 b1 adds ,d>w91 #8,i suspect 8 ,sci5tific ,passion is /rong] ?an p]fect ,sanity' 7,miss ,metey>d1 ,life ( ,w$gwood1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcf74 ,lauraguais1 9 #agff1 propos$ to take out a pat5t = mak+ n only ! co>s] species ( *9a1 b #8! m beautiful w>e ( ! ,indies & ! f9e/ ( ,japan4' ,! specification 0 nev] enroll$1 & no?+ came ( x4 ,!re exi/1 h[ev]1 a few specim5s ( *9a m>k$ ) ! lett]s ,b4 ,l4 7,brancas ,lauraguais7 9 a fl[+ h&1 :i* are attribut$ to ! ,c\nt4#bdi ,! pa/e1 says ,pr(essor ,*ur*1 is f9e1 h>d1 & ( good col\r4 ,an analysis gives #eh p] c5t4 ( silica1 #cf p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 & #f p] c5t4 ( o!r bases4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! p]c5tage ( alum9a 9 ?is porcela9 is exceptionally high4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t be=e ! ye> #aggj1 :5 ,cookwor?y remov$ to ,bri/ol1 true porcela9 _h be5 made 9 m ?an "o place 9 ,engl&1 b n ) en\gh success to all[ ! new w>e to compete ) ! s(t pa/es ( ,worce/] & else:]e4 ,s 9 ,france1 al?\gh ! new pa/e 0 introduc$ at ,svres 9 #agfi1 x 0 only 9 #aggd1 s ,brongni>t tells u1 t ! manufacture ( h>d porcela9 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,*ampion seems to h be5 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,cookwor?y1 & 9 #aggc he b\ght f ! latt] ! entire pat5t rights4 ,9 ! two previ\s ye>s mu* ( ! new porcela9 _h be5 made4 ,x is claim$ = x 9 adv]tisem5ts t1 unlike ! ,engli% *9a g5]ally1 x w we> z well z ! ,ea/ ,indian1 & t ! enamell$ porcela91 ?\gh ne>ly z *eap z ! ,engli% blue & :ite1 #8comes v ne>1 & 9 "s pieces equals1 ! ,dresd51 :i* ?is "w m p>ticul>ly imitates4' ,?is is f a local j\rnal ( ,novemb] #aggb1 & we may add t n only ! w>e 0 imitat$1 b also ! well-kn[n m>ks ( ,dresd54#bej ,n[1 if we turn f ^! g5]al consid]ations to exam9e ! nature ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl& w>e1 we f9d "s difficulty 9 draw+ a l9e betwe5 ! e>ly1 p>tly exp]im5tal1 porcela9 made at ,plym\? & ! lat]1 m successful1 products ( ! ,bri/ol kilns4 ,nor w ! m>k1 ! al*emi/'s sign = ,jupit]#bea 7,,pl4 ,e4 #hc71 fir/ us$ on ! ,plym\? porcela91 help u mu*1 = ! same m>k 0 c]ta9ly us$ to "s ext5t aft] ,cookwor?y's migration to ,bri/ol4 ,to ,plym\? we mu/ attribute ! pla9 :ite w>e ) a glaze ( dull hue1 disfigur$ by d>k l9es :]e ! glaze lies ?ick 9 ! int]/ices4 ,cookwor?y1 we "k1 attempt$ to make 8 glaze f ! ,corni% /one )\t ! addition ( any o!r sub/ances4#beb ,9 o!r cases he foll[$ ! recipe giv5 by ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 & gave great] fusibility to ! gr[an-/one by add+ a small quantity ( a frit made f a mixture ( lime & f]n a%es4 ,cookwor?y ev5 v5tur$ to foll[ ! ,*9ese plan1 & appli$ ! glaze to ! raw ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 #a--,,plym\?1 ,,:ite ,,glaz$ ,,w>e #b--;,,bri/ol1 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels or v slightly bak$ pa/e4 ,! blue & :ite made by him1 if we may judge f ! little mug 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) ! arms ( ,plym\? & ! date1 ,m>* #ad1 #agfh1 0 ( v poor quality4 ,! ,ori5tal designs on 8 enamell$ porcela9 seem to h come to him by way ( ,*antilly4 ,m successful 0 ! pla9 :ite w>e modell$ 9 relief1 9 a way t (t5 calls to m9d ! e>ly "w ( ,b[4 ,a good example is ! #8,tridacna' salt-cell> 9 ! =m] ,j]myn ,/reet collection4 ,at lea/ "o ,fr5* modell] & enamell] 0 employ$ at ,plym\?1 & aft] ! removal to ,bri/ol we f9d ! "n ( a ,g]man also4 ,h5ry ,bone1 a ,truro man1 :o aft]w>ds became fam\s z a m9iature-pa9t] 9 enamels1 ent]$ ! works at ,bri/ol z a lad1 & pass$ !re ! six ye>s ( 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,bone1 :o lat] on wrote ,r4,a4 aft] 8 "n1 0 ! pr9cipal repres5tative 9 ,engl& ( ! s*ool ( pa9t]s 9 enamel ^u slabs ( porcela91 t play$ s important a "p at ,svres at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,at "o "t a modell] ( "s skill mu/ h be5 employ$4 ,p]haps ?is 0 ! my/]i\s ,soqui or ,le ,quoi4#bec ,"s little /atuettes 9 ! ,s*reib] collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #8! ,seasons1' z repres5t$ by boys & girls1 are *>m+ly modell$4 ,b we mu/ n look = any brilliancy ( col\r 9 ! enamels4 ,! highly infusible nature ( ! pa/e1 & :at is ev5 m important1 ( ! glaze1 add$ imm5sely to ! difficulty ( obta9+ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,if we comp>e ! enamels on ^! /atuettes ) ^? on ! ,*elsea & ,d]by figures 9 ! same collection1 ! diff]5ce is at once app>5t4 ,! two mo/ important col\rs 9 ! latt] w>es1 ! rose-p9k & ! turquoise1 x 0 impossible to develop at ! high temp]ature requir$ to s(t5 ! refractory glaze ( ! h>d porcela94 ,! gre5s1 h[ev]1 & ! coral r$s ( ! ,bri/ol figures are m successful4 ,9 ! specifications ( #agge !re is m5tion ( a glaze conta9+ mu* kaol9 mix$ ) "s ars5ic & t9 oxide4#bed ,su* a glaze might all[ ( m brilliancy 9 ! enamels1 & x is to be notic$ 9 ?is connection t "s /atuettes long class$ z ,*elsea h only comp>atively lately be5 recognis$ z consi/+ ( ! ,bri/ol pa/e4 ,p]haps :at we may reg>d z ! mo/ rem>kable1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ orig9al1 "w produc$ by ,*ampion are ! little circul> or oval plaques ( :ite biscuit4 ,^! m$allions v>y f f\r to n9e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! c5tral field conta9s a coat-(-arms modell$ 9 l[ relief1 or m r>ely a portrait bu/1 & among ^! la/ we f9d heads ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 & ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 po9t+ to ! political sympa?ies ( ,*ampion4 ,a wrea? ( fl[]s 9 full relief surr\nds ! field--! %>pness & ! f9i% 9 ! modell+ ( ^! m9ute leaves & blossoms has nev] be5 approa*$ 9 ?is or o!r mat]ial4 ,9 ! mann] ( treatm5t1 ^! wrea?s are ?or\ghly ,engli%1 & we are rem9d$ ( ! fl[]s c>v$ 9 wood by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons 7,,pl4 ,,xlix474 ,*ampion made also a common] w>e1 :i* he call$ #8cottage *9a4' ,?is 0 summ>ily decorat$ 9 col\rs )\t any gild+4 ,! glaze on ?is w>e 0 appli$ ov] ! raw pa/e1 on ! ,*9ese plan t _h already be5 tri$ by ,cookwor?y4 ,*ampion 0 an active politician & a vehem5t ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4 #a--;,,bri/ol1 ,,:ite ,,biscuit #b--;,,bri/ol1 ,,:ite ,,glaz$ ,,w>e support] ( ! ,am]ican coloni/s 9 _! dispute ) ! "m c\ntry4 ,! visit ( ,edmund ,burke to ,bri/ol 9 #aggd1 & 8 election z memb] = ! city1 may be reg>d$ z ! climax ( 8 c>e]4 ,!n x 0 t ! fam\s tea-set 0 pres5t$ by ,*ampion & 8 wife to ,mrs4 ,burke1 z a pignus amiciti4 ,/ill m elaborately decorat$ 0 ! o!r s]vice t ,burke gave to ,mrs4 ,smi?1 ! wife ( ! fri5d ( ,*ampion1 at ^: h\se he /ay$ on ?is occasion4 ,! %apes & ! decoration ( ?is s]vice 7 f\nd$ on ,dresd5 models1 & ! wrea?s ( laurels t =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! design af=d$ a good field = ! display ( ! gre5 col\r 9 :i* ,*ampion excell$4 ,b ,*ampion's tr\bles 7 n[ to beg94 ,9 #agge 8 petition to ,p>liam5t = a r5ewal ( 8 pat5t 0 vigor\sly oppos$ by ,w$gwood4 ,*ampion mu/ h be5 put to great exp5se--he exhibit$ be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se "s select$ specim5s ( 8 porcela94 ,he1 h[ev]1 won 8 case1 ?\gh ! monopoly 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,corni% clays 0 re/rict$ to _! use z a mat]ial = transp>5t w>es1 a po9t ( "s importance to ! ,/af=d%ire pott]4 ,b meantime ! ,am]ican ,w> 0 ru9+ 8 bus9ess--= ,*ampion 0 9 ! fir/ place a m]*ant trad+ ) ! ,we/ ,indies & ,am]ica--& x is probable t little porcela9 0 made by him aft] #aggg4 ,! next ye> ,w$gwood1 8 invet]ate oppon5t1 9 a lett] to ,b5tley1 says ( him1 #8,poor ,*ampion1 y may h he>d1 is q demoli%$4444 ,i suppose we might buy "s ,gr[an-/one & ,gr[an-clay n[ ^u easy t]ms4' ,9 #agha1 aft] a long negotiation1 he dispos$ ( 8 pat5t to "s ,/af=d%ire pott]s1 & %ortly aft] ?is he emigrat$ to ,am]ica4 ,*ampion 0 only =ty-eight ye>s old :51 9 #agia1 he di$ at 8 new home 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,z ,pr(essor ,*ur* has po9t$ out1 ! pa/e ( ! ,bri/ol porcela9 is ( exceptional h>dness4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 "s specim5s z h>d z qu>tz1 t is1 say1 ! h>dness is equal to #g 9 ! scale ( ! m9]alogi/3 ! h>dness ( ,ori5tal porcela91 x w be rememb]$1 v>ies betwe5 #f & #fe2 ! glaze on ! ,bri/ol *9a is ab\t #f on ! same scale4 ,! fractur$ surface may be describ$ z subcon*oidal & some:at flaky1 ) a greasy to vitre\s lu/re4 ,on ! ,plym\? & ,bri/ol w>es1 especially on ! l>g] vases1 may (t5 be se51 :5 view$ 9 a fav\rable light1 c]ta9 spiral ridges1 ! result ( ! unequal pressure ( ! #8?r[]'s' h&4 ,simil> ridges may inde$ be obs]v$ at times on o!r h>d pa/e w>es1 bo? ,*9ese & ,european1 & ?is #8wrea?+' or vissage1 z ,brongni>t long ago po9t$ out1 is ! result ( ! too great pla/icity ( ! clay1--a clay may1 9 fact1 be too #8fat' to "w well on ! :eel4 ,?is pla/icity1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ( advantage to ! modell]1 especially :5 work+ on a v small scale2 inde$ ! delicate floral reliefs 9 biscuit1 on ! plaques we h already spok5 (1 c\ld only h be5 made f a f9e & unctu\s clay4 ,h[ refractory to heat ?is same pa/e is1 0 well prov$ by ! fire at ! ,alex&ra ,palace 9 #ahgc1 :5 s _m f9e specim5s ( ,engli% porcela9 7 de/roy$4 ,a biscuit plaque or m$allion ( ,bri/ol porcela9 pass$ un9jur$ 7by heat at lea/7 ?r\gh ?is fire1 :ile ! s(t porcela9 alongside ( x 0 completely melt$4 ,! pa/e1 !n1 ( ?is ,bri/ol w>e is rem>kable bo? = its resi/ance to heat & = its great pla/icity4 ,^! are bo? qualities t po9t to an excess ( kaol9 9 its composition1 & ?is excess is confirm$ by analysis4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* f\nd 9 a specim5 ( ,bri/ol *9a #fc p] c5t4 ( silica1 #cc p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 & only #d p] c5t4 ( lime & alkalis4 ,! p]c5tage ( alum9a is ab\t ! same z t 9 ! h>d pa/es ( ,meiss5 & ( ,svres1 b ! small am\nt ( ! o!r bases is q exceptional4 ,a pa/e ( ?is composition w\ld conta9 ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ( kaol94 ,& "h1 be=e end+1 we may = a mom5t return to :at is1 p]haps1 ! crucial po9t ( all 9 ! composition ( true porcela9--= x is "o t has a radical influ5ce bo? on ! te*nical & on ! arti/ic side4 ,! fir/ "q we mu/ ask :5 inquir+ into ! composition ( any specim5 ( porcela9 is ?is--,:at proportion ( kaol9 ent]s into its composition8 ,or if x is a matt] ( ! prim>y con/itu5ts ( ! pa/e--,:at is ! p]c5tage ( alum9a t x conta9s8 ,n[ we may consid] ! composition ( kaol91 aft] remov+ ! wat]1 to be silica #ed p] c5t4 & alum9a #df p] c5t41 & ! ne>] ! composition ( our porcela9 approa*es to ^! figures1 ! great] w be its h>dness1 its resi/ance to fire1 & ! great] also ! pla/icity ( ! pa/e--! great] 9 fact w be :at we h call$ ! #8sev]ity' ( ! type4#bee ,n[ = ! o!r compon5t ( porcela91 ! petuntse or *9a-/one4 ,! composition ( ?is mat]ial diff]s widely1 b let u take ! mean ( "s analyses ( ,corni% /one4 ,on ?is basis we may take silica #gb p] c5t41 alum9a #ah p] c5t41 o!r bases #aj p] c5t41 z our type4 ,! result ( add+ su* a mat]ial to our kaol9 w be to increase ! p]c5tage ( silica & ( ! #8o!r bases1' & to dim9i% ! p]c5tage ( alum9a 9 ! resultant mixture4 ,our pa/e n[ becomes less pla/ic & ! resultant porcela9 m readily s(t5$ by heat1 b at ! same "t less h>d4 ,s f> e "o w\ld be agre$4 ,b ! "q n[ arises1 are we to attribute ?is increas$ fusibility to ! high] p]c5tage ( ! o!r bases 7^! are1 9 ! case ( ,european porcela91 practically lime & pota%71 or 9 a measure at lea/ to ! increas$ am\nt ( silica 9 ! pa/e8 ,we h "h ?ree v>iants1 ! silica1 ! alum9a1 & ! #8o!r bases1' & ! case is !re=e some:at complicat$4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! c>eful exam9ation ( any table giv+ ! composition ( v>i\s types ( porcela9 w\ld %[ t up to a c]ta9 po9t an increase 9 ! am\nt ( silica promotes a l[] s(t5+-po9t 9 ! pa/e1 & ?is 9 cases :]e !re is no important *ange 9 ! proportion ( ! #8o!r bases4' ,i w illu/rate ?is by comp>+ ! composition ( ! sev]e h>d pa/e ( ,svres on ! "o h& ) an analysis ( a mild type ( ,*9ese porcela9 on ! o!r3-- ,svres h>d pa/e 7#ahdc74 ,*9ese porcela94 ,silica1 #eh p] c5t4 #gje p] c5t4 ,alum9a1 #cde 0 #ba 0 ,o!r bases1 #ge 0 #ge 0 ,no d\bt1 if ! p]c5tage ( silica is fur!r increas$1 say beyond #gh or #hj p] c5t41 we get aga9 a practically infusible body4 ,b ) a pa/e ( ?is composition ! resultant w>e is no long] transluc5t--we pass f ! region ( porcela9 to a true /onew>e4 ,?us we see t 9 composition a mild porcela9 =ms a middle t]m betwe5 /onew>e on ! "o h&1 & a sev]e porcela9 on ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 /onew>e _c be reg>d$ z an extreme type ( a refractory porcela94 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,contempor>y ,,european ,,porcela9 ,we h se5 t 9 ,engl& ! new aims & ! new s*emes ( decoration t h s pr(\ndly affect$ mo/ ( our indu/rial arts h s f> _h little influ5ce ^u ! porcela9 manufactur$ by ! l>ge ,/af=d%ire firms4 ,"h & !re1 z by ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,moore ( ,longton1 an attempt has be5 made to take up ! problem ( ! flamb glazes1 :i* has s fasc9at$ ! ,fr5* pott]s4 ,mr4 ,moore has succe$$ 9 mak+ "s sang de buf vases :i* 9 outl9e & col\r closely foll[ ! ,*9ese models4 ,o!rwise ! _m skilful arti/s--m ?an "o ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 are ,fr5*m5--employ$ by our porcela9 manufactur]s h be5 cont5t to foll[ 9 ! ma9 ! old traditions1 nor has any occasional attempt t has be5 made to imitate1 n ! late/ b r ! "w ( ! la/ g5]ation at ,svres1 produc$ any v satisfactory results4 ,x _c be d5i$ t bo? 9 ! design & 9 ! decoration our ,engli% porcela9 has1 = "s "t1 rema9$ outside ! art movem5t ( ! day4 ,inde$ at ! pres5t "t1 & = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 :atev] ( int]e/ we c f9d 9 ! contempor>y production ( porcela91 c5tres 9 two factories--,svres & ,cop5hag54 ,to ! latt] works we mu/ n[ return = a mom5t4 ,! royal factory1 ( :i* we h already spok51 0 clos$ aft] ! disa/r\s w> ( #ahfd4 ,b dur+ ! eighties a numb] ( able m51 bo? arti/s & m5 ( sci5ce1 occupi$ !mselves ) ! new porcela9 problems1 & 9 #ahhh a fre% company 0 =m$1 ! #8,alum9a4' ,^! m5--,i w only m5tion ,philip ,s*\--7 mu* impress$ by ! te*nical & arti/ic m]its ( ! porcela9 lately s5t f ,japan1 highly f9i%$ w>e decorat$ "u ! glaze ) great delicacy & g5]ally 9 subdu$ col\rs4 ,!y 7 influ5c$ above all by ! "w ( ! ,japanese pott] ,miyagawa ,kozan1 call$ ,makudzo4 ,! ,dani% porcela9 produc$ dur+ ! n9eties is di/+ui%$ z a :ole by its cool1 subdu$ col\rs1 ) a preval5ce ( v>i\s pe>ly t9ts approa*+ m or less to celadon4 ,9 ! c>efully execut$ b boldly design$ decoration1 we see ! influ5ce bo? ( ! ,japanese naturali/s & ( ! impressioni/ pa9t]s ( ! day4 ,! sn[ sc5es1 ! rocks1 ! danc+ waves & ! sea birds h be5 sugge/$ by ! /ormy coa/s ( ! ,baltic & ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,x is f ! primitive rocks ( ?is coa/ t ! pure felsp>1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p bo? 9 ! pa/e & 9 ! glaze1 has be5 obta9$4 ,x 0 at ,cop5hag5 probably t ! cry/all9e glazes1 d]iv$ f salts ( bismu?1 7 fir/ made--?is 0 by ,engelh>t1 ab\t #ahhd4 ,at a rival ,dani% factory--t ( ,b+ & ,grndhal--_m clev] arti/s1 "s ( !m ladies1 h modell$ 9 porcela9 figures ( animals ei!r 9 ! r\nd or 9 relief on ! sides ( vases3 we f9d dogs1 cats1 & ev5 seals 7b n ! human figure74 ,inde$ 9 ?is k9d ( "w some?+ 9 ! nature ( a s*ool has gr[n up4 ,fre% life has lately be5 giv5 to ! old works at ,rr/r&1 ne> ,/ockholm4 ,"h 9 ! und]glaze decoration ! same cool1 pe>ly col\rs t we f9d 9 fav\r at ,cop5hag5 are pr$om9ant4 ,great c>e has lately be5 devot$ to ! modell+ ( fl[]s4 ,at ! ,roz5burg works1 ne> ! ,hague1 a new pa/e has be5 inv5t$ by ,juriann ,kok4 ,! extraord9>y t5acity & pla/icity ( ?is mat]ial all[s ( its be+ work$ into ! /range/ =ms--"s ( ! vases1 ) long1 ?91 angul> h&les1 sugge/ "w 9 hamm]$ metal4 ,by means ( a fanta/ic decoration--qua9t1 elongat$ figures1 & =ms ( m>9e life1 su* z ! long-claw$ ,japanese lob/]--a c]ta9 orig9al ca*et has be5 giv5 to ?is w>e4 ,! ,*>lott5burg works1 ne> ,b]l91 h lately felt ! influ5ce bo? ( ,cop5hag5 & ( ! new s*ool ( ,svres4 ,ev]y?+ has be5 lately tri$--sculpturesque developm5ts 9 v>i\s directions1 & aga9 ! decoration ( l>ge wall surfaces ) porcela9 plaques enamell$ s z to resemble oil pictures2 b z 9 =m] days1 s n[1 ! te*nical & sci5tific side ( ?is indu/ry t5ds to prevail ov] ! arti/ic4 ,m4 d\>d ,g>ni]1 ! late director ( ! ,museum at ,svres1 9 a report ^u ! porcela9 exhibit$ at ,p>is 9 #aijj1 has ably summ$ up 8 impressions ( ! w>es n[ be+ manufactur$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an foll[ s excell5t an au?ority 9 8 #8appreciations' ( ?is mod]n porcela94 ,m4 ,g>ni] dates ! late/ r5aissance ( ,european porcela9 f ! new gr\nd /ruck out 9 ! sev5ties1 n only at ,svres1 by ,deck & o!rs1 b also 9 _m private kilns1 z by ,bracquemont 9 ,p>is & by ,havil& 9 ! ,limoges di/rict4 ,:at specially di/+ui%es ! late/ "w is ! advantage tak5 ( ! new col\rs t c n[ be employ$ ) ! gr& feu s z to p>ticipate 9 ! brilliancy & purity ( ! glaze4 ,a delicacy ( tone1 a transp>5cy & a h>mony are n[ obta9able :i* contra/s fav\rably ) ! dry & dull col\rs ( ! old me?ods ( pa9t+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 says ,m4 ,g>ni]1 ! progress 9 *emical k has be5 s rapid t ! new processes & col\rs h t5d$ to become ! ma/]s ( ! arti/s :o employ !m1 in/ead ( rema9+ subtle tools 9 _! h&s4 ,?is t5d5cy is especially noticeable at ,cop5hag51 & ! cry/all9e glazes1 d]iv$ f bismu?1 t h spread !nce all ov] ,europe1 are a case 9 po9t4 ,s aga91 />t+ f ! flamb glaze ( ! ,*9ese1 ! mod]n pott] is incl9$ to run riot ) ! num]\s new mat]ials at 8 comm&4 ,at ,svres--,i foll[ ,m4 ,g>ni]'s report--advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! new porcela9 pa/e 7t ( ! #8mild]' ,*9ese type7 to revive 9 ! biscuit w>e ! reproductions ( works ( sculpture = :i* ! factory 0 s r5[n$ 9 ! days ( ! pte t5dre4 ,! pur5ess & s(tness ( ! mat]ial & ! skill ( ! manipulation are notewor?y ap>t f ! arti/ic m]it ( ! "w4 7,let me "h call att5tion to ! fifte5 figures by ,lon>d1 #8,le ,jeu de l'*>pe1' 9 ! new biscuit w>e47 ,?is revolution 9 ! /yle ( decoration has n[ spread to o!r p>ts ( ,france1 & has affect$ ! great comm]cial factories ( ! s\?-we/1 especially ! w>e made by ! firm ( ,havil&4 ,engli% porcela9 0 b poorly repres5t$ at ,p>is 9 #aijj2 besides1 z we h said1 x is 9 o!r bran*es ( ! pott]'s art t we h to look = a reflection ( our new native s*ool ( decoration4 ,x is inde$ a curi\s fact t _m ( ! designs t we associate ) ,morris & 8 foll[]s may be f\nd r ^u ! w>es ( ,cop5hag5 & ,svres ?an on our ,engli% porcela94 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 pass ov] "s criticisms ( ,m4 ,g>ni]1 9 :i* he falls f\l ( c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 ! fa%ion+ & decoration ( ! w>es turn$ out by our big ,/af=d%ire firms4 ,z to h[ f> ^! criticisms are m]it$1 any "o may =m an op9ion = himself by a glance at ! %op-w9d[s ( ,london4 #8,! ,engli% pa/e1' says ,m4 ,g>ni]1 #8is ( a special nature :i* l5ds itself admirably bo? to ! %ap+ & to ! decoration2 ! execution is hors ligne1 b ?is is accompani$ by an ov]load+ ( detail1 a heav9ess 9 ! decoration1 & a want ( h>mony & proportion betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! piece t cause "o to regret t s mu* tal5t & c>e h be5 employ$ only to arrive at s v unsatisfactory a result4 ,besides ?is1 we notice 9 ! ,engli% crami/e a want ( s9c]ity1 ) ! result t at fir/ sight y _c tell :at mann] ( sub/ance y are look+ at1 :e!r x is porcela9 or dirty ivory1 or aga9 a gilt c]amic w>e r ?an a bronze ) a poor pat9a4' ,a curi\s po9t 9 connection ) ?is criticism is t1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 a good deal ( ! "w ?us sev]ely dealt ) has be5 design$1 if n execut$1 by ,fr5* arti/s4 ,x is made1 h[ev]1 to satisfy ! dem& ( our great unleav5$ middle-class4 ,turn+ to ! porcela9 f ! royal works at ,*>lott5burg1 ,m4 ,g>ni] f9ds fault ) ! exub]ance & ov]load+ ( ! sculptures & reliefs4 ,b c]ta9 l>ge ar*itectural pieces & "s frames 9 rococo /yle1 9 pure :ite w>e1 excite 8 admiration1 = ! beauty ( ! pa/e1 ! purity & ! limpidity ( ! glaze1 & ! m>vell\s way 9 :i* ! te*nical difficulties ( ! execution h be5 surm\nt$2 s1 too1 = ! brilliancy ( ! col\r+ & ! way 9 :i* ! enamel col\rs comb9e ) & =m "o mat]ial ) ! glaze1 z if "o 7 look+ at a s(t-pa/e w>e4 ,above all1 9 "s pieces ( ! #8new porcela9'--= ! mild] pa/e is n[ 9 use at ,b]l9 to "s ext5t--! col\rs ( ! gr& feu & ! purity ( ! enamel are rem>kable4 ,at ,meiss51 says ,m4 ,g>ni]1 !y are /ill work+ on ! old l9es3 reproductions ( ! models made a c5tury & a half ago by ,kndl] are z mu* z ev] 9 dem&4 ,c]ta9 ambiti\s attempts 9 a new] /yle h result$ 9 errors t w add no?+ to ! fame ( ! works4 7,dr4 ,he9tze1 ! pres5t director1 has especially devot$ himself to ! developm5t ( ! new col\rs "u ! glaze4 ,b ! porcela9 n[ produc$1 ap>t f ! copies ( ! old w>es1 foll[s 9 ! l9es ei!r ( ! ,cop5hag5 porcela91 or aga91 at times1 ( ! col\r$ pa/es ( ,svres47 ,c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,nor!rn ,bohemia h become ( late c5tres ( c]amic indu/ry4 ,! pr$om9ant bad ta/e & ov]-decoration ( ! porcela9 made !re 7,i /ill foll[ ,m4 ,g>ni]7 is above all exemplifi$ 9 c]ta9 col\r$ /atuettes1 #8articles de baz> :i* corrupt ! ta/e ( ! public & ^: sale ought to be prohibit$4' ,an exception mu/ be made = ! produce ( ! ,pirk5haus5 works1 ne> ,c>lsbad4 ,! m>vell\s pla/icity ( ! pa/e1 made f ! ri* deposits ( kaol9 ne> ,zottlitz1 has be5 tak5 full advantage (1 n only on ! :eel & 9 ! m\ld2 x has all[$ also ( ! free modell+ ( ! sup]add$ reliefs by ! arti/'s h&4 ,! factory at ,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y1 f\nd$ 9 #ahci1 no long] turns out ! w>e ( ,ori5tal /yle1 s mu* admir$ by ,brongni>t1 by ,humboldt1 & by ,?i]s4 ,h]r ,fis*]1 ! director & pr9cipal arti/1 has lately made good imitations ( ! col\r$ pa/es ( ,svres1 ) leaves & bran*es 9 relief4 ,at ,/4 ,pet]sburg ! imitation ( ! ov]-decorat$ h>d pa/e ( ,svres has be5 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! s(t & h>moni\s col\rs & ! pure & limpid glazes ( ,cop5hag54 ,! vases ) designs ( :ite pa/e1 9 relief ^u col\r$ gr\nds1 9 a mann] n[ little 9 fav\r at ,svres1 are less happy4 ,at ! ,k\snetz(f factory1 at ,mosc[1 a poly*rome decoration1 9 imitation ( ,byzant9e embroid]ies & enamels1 has be5 appli$ to tea-s]vices ( some:at geometrical =ms1 :ile ! ,fr5* porcela9 ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,philippe cont9ues to be imitat$4 ,at ,cop5hag51 says ,m4 ,g>ni]1 ! new porcela91 :i* s9ce its introduction 9 #ahhi has be5 prais$ & exalt$ 9 all ! art j\rnals ( ,europe1 is /ill produc$ on ! same l9es4 ,n to speak ( ! new & /range results already obta9$ f col\r$ & enamell$ glazes1 great] exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ! ext5d$ palette at ! comm& ( ! decorator has produc$ results 9 :i* we f9d an admirable delicacy & re/ra9t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f ,svres t ! impulse fir/ came4 ,we c trace x 9 ! "w turn$ out ( late ye>s by ,messrs4 ,b+ & ,grndhal4 ,b 9 place ( ! amiable & graci\s art ( ,france we f9d "h a sev]e1 sometimes we might almo/ say a rude1 /yle1 b "o n )\t "* & elevation4 ,at ,rr/r&1 ne> ,/ockholm 7see above1 p4 #chh71 ! "w /ill cont9ues on ! l9es ( ! old] porcela9 ( ,cop5hag5 7i4e4 9 ! /yle 9 fav\r t5 or twelve ye>s ago71 ) ! same simplicity & *>m 9 ! decoration & delicacy 9 ! modell$ relief4 ,p]haps we may attribute to a special quality 9 ! felsp> ( ! nor? ! pure & ref9$ quality s noticeable 9 ! pa/es & glazes4 ,at ,roz5burg1 cont9ues ,m4 ,g>ni]1 a factory already well kn[n = its fay5ce1 a v orig9al k9d ( porcela9 has lately be5 made4 ,! composition ( ! pa/e1 ?\gh bas$ on kaol91 pres5ts "s peculi>ities4 ,! w>e is ( an incr$ible ?9ness & lightness1 & ! /range decoration1 bas$ 9 "p ^u ,japanese motives1 is n )\t *>m & orig9ality4 ,! %apes ( ! vases1 h[ev]1 g too f> 9 ! direction ( ecc5tricity4 7,cf4 p4 #chi47 ,z at ,meiss51 s 9 ! porcela9 n[ made 9 ,italy !re is a total abs5ce ( all p]sonality & novelty1 & ! old1 well-beat5 road is /ill foll[$4 ,at ,flor5ce ?is is c>ri$ s f> t ! old m\lds acquir$ s _m ye>s ago f ! ,capo di ,monte works are /ill 9 use4 #8,ce sont des *oses1' says ,m4 ,g>ni]1 #8qui prt5t trop au 8truquage0 et qu'il faut laiss] aux fabricants de vieuxneuf4' ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,m>ks ,,on ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,plates 7,a4 ,,to ,e47 ,,*9ese ,,m>ks #a4 ,ta ,m+ ,yung-lo1 #adjb-adbd4 ,m>k ( ,yung-lo1 engrav$ "u ! glaze 9 e>ly seal or #8tadpole' *>act]s4 #b4 ,ta ,m+ ,hsuan-te ni5 *i1 #adbe-adce4 #c4 ,*5g-hua ni5 *i1 #adfd-adhg4 #d4 ,ta ,m+ ,*5g-te ni5 *i1 #aeje-aeba4 #e4 ,ta ,m+ ,kia-,ts+ ni5 *i1 #aeba-aeff4 #f4 ,ta ,m+ ,lung-k+ ni5 *i1 #aeff-aegb4 #g4 ,ta ,m+ ,wan-li ni5 *i1 #aegb-afai4 #h4 ,ta ,ts+ ,kang-he ni5 *i1 #affa-agbb4 #i4 ,ta ,ts+ ,yung-*5g ni5 *i1 #agbb-agce4 #aj4 ,d4 d41 9 seal *>act]s4 #aa4 ,ta ,ts+ ,ki5-lung ni5 *i1 #agce-agie4 ,seal *>act]s4 #ab4 ,ta ,ts+ ,kia-k+ ni5 *i1 #agie-ahbj4 ,seal *>act]s4 #ac4 ,ta ,ts+ ,tao-kwang ni5 *i1 #ahbj-ahej4 ,seal *>act]s4 #ad4 ,ta ,ts+ ,tung-*i ni5 *i1 #ahfa-ahgd4 ,seal *>act]s4 #ae4 ,wan *ang %an tu4 #8,s*ol>%ip l(ty z ! ,hills & ! ,great ,be>4' #af4 ,ki yuh pao t+ *i *94 #8,a gem among preci\s vessels ( r>e jade4' #ag4 ,%un-ti tang *i4 #8,made at ! ,%un-ti 7cultivation ( virtue7 ,hall4' #ah4 ,tsae *uan *i lo4 #8,enjoy+ !mselves 9 ! wat]s4' #ai4 ,conv5tionalis$ seal "* = ,%o--longevity4 #ai;,a4 ,fu1 a bat1 a synonym ( fu--happ9ess4 ,,japanese ,,m>ks #bj4 ,kai-raku y5 sei4 #8,made at ! ,kai-raku h\se4' #ba4 ,k5-zan4 ,! mak]'s "n4 #bb4 ,yei-raku4 ,! seal grant$ to ,z5goro4 ,seal "*4 #bc4 ,fuku4 ,happ9ess4 7,*9ese1 ,fu47 ,seal "*4 #bd4 ,hop9 *i liu4 7,japanese1 ,ka h9 %i riu74 ,see p4 #aii note4 ,,g]man ,,m>ks #be4 ,meiss54 ,! rod ( sculapius4 #bf4 ,meiss54 ,monogram ( ,augu/us ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 #bg4 ,meiss54 ,cross$ swords & lett] 7= pa9t] or director74 #bh4 ,vi5na4 ,! %ield ( ,au/ria4 #bi4 ,h*/4 ,! :eel ( ! ,ma9z ar*bi%ops1 surm\nt$ by a cross4 #cj4 ,fr/5b]g4 ,! initial lett] ( ! t[n4 #ca4 ,b]l94 ,! sceptre c>ri$ by ! ,br&5burg elector z gr& *amb]la9 ( ! empire4 #cb4 ,frank5?al4 ,cr[n$ lion ( ! palat9ate2 ! monogram ,j4 ,a4 ,h41 probably = ,joseph ,adam ,hannong4 #cc4 ,frank5?al4 ,! monogram ( ,k>l ,!odor1 surm\nt$ by a cr[n4 #cd4 ,nymph5burg4 ,qu>t] ( %ield ) arms ( ,bav>ia4 #ce4 ,ludwigsburg4 ,arms ( ,wrtemb]g4 ,?ree /ag horns4 #cf4 ,ludwigsburg4 ,monogram ( ,duke ,*>les1 surm\nt$ by ducal cr[n4 #cg4 ,fulda4 ,d\ble ,f1 = #8,fr/li*e ,fuldais*e4' #ch4 ,fulda4 ,cross f ! arms ( ! pr9ce bi%op4 #ci4 ,h]5d4 ,bel[--! arms ( ,hung>y4 ,,dut*1 ,,dani%1 ,,sw$i%1 ,,& ,,russian ,,m>ks #dj4 ,weesp4 ,cross$ swords & ?ree dots4 ,simil> m>k us$ else:]e4 #da4 ,oude ,loosdre*t4 ,! #8,m3' /&s = manufactuur4' #db4 ,! ,hague4 ,! arms ( ! t[n4 #dc4 ,cop5hag54 ,! wavy l9es repres5t ! #8?ree ,belts4' #dd4 ,sw$52 ,m>ieb]g4 ,! ?ree cr[ns f ! arms ( ,sw$54 #de4 ,mosc[4 ,/4 ,george surr\nd$ by b&1 ) inscription4 ,above1 ! ,russian eagle4 #df4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,monogram ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 7,ekat]9a74 ,,belgian ,,& ,,swiss ,,m>ks #dg4 ,t\rnay4 ,a t[]1 ! arms ( ! t[n4 #dh4 ,t\rnay4 ,cross$ swords & f\r crosses4 #di4 ,zuri*4 ,g]man ,z & two dots4 #ej4 ,nyon4 ,a fi%4 ,,fr5* ,,m>ks #ea4 ,sa9t-,cl\d4 ,! sun1 emblem ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 #eb4 ,sa9t-,cl\d4 ,initials ( t[n & ( director ( factory--,tr\4 #ec4 ,*antilly4 ,a hunt]'s horn4 #ed4 ,m5necy4 ,d4 ,v41 = ! ,duc de ,vill]oy4 #ee4 ,v9c5nes4 ,! initials ( ,l\is ,,xv4 cross$1 )\t ye>-m>k4 #ef4 ,v9c5nes4 ,initials ( ,l\is ,,xv42 ye>-m>k = #agec1 & decorator's m>k 7,h474 #eg4 ,svres4 ,"t ( ,fir/ ,empire4 ,! #g /&s = #ahjg4 #eh4 ,svres4 ,d\ble ,c1 enclos+ ,x1 = ,*>les ,x4 #bd = #ahbd4 #ei4 ,p>is2 ,c\rtille4 ,two cross$ arr[s4 #fj4 ,orleans 7874 ,label ) ?ree po9ts f ducal arms4 #fa4 ,p>is2 ,clignanc\rt4 ,! w9dmill ( ,montm>tre4 #fb4 ,p>is2 ,rue ,?ir\x4 ,a1 = ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 "u a cr[n4 ,,italian ,,& ,,spani% ,,m>ks #fc4 ,v5ice4 ,incis$4 ,probably ( ,vezzi family4 #fd4 ,v5ice4 ,an*or ( ,cozzi factory4 #fe4 ,le ,nove4 ,/> ( eight po9ts4 #ff4 ,v9ovo4 ,cross ( ,savoy above lett] ,v1 = ! t[n4 #fg4 ,madrid1 ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,! fleur-de-lis f ! royal arms4 ,,engli% ,,m>ks #fh4 ,*elsea4 ,triangle1 incis$4 #fi4 ,*elsea4 ,an*or1 9 relief4 #gj4 ,*elsea4 ,an*or4 #ga4 ,b[4 ,an*or & dagg]4 #gb4 ,b[4 ,monogram ( ,?omas ,frye4 787 ,p]haps sometimes a ,worce/] m>k4 #gc4 ,*elsea-,d]by4 ,an*or & lett] ,d4 #gd4 ,d]by4 ,jewell$ cr[n1 cross$ batons1 ) dots & lett] ,d4 #ge4 ,d]by4 ,jewell$ cr[n & lett] ,d4 #gf4 ,worce/]4 ,imitation ( ,*9ese *>act]s4 #gg4 ,worce/]4 ,cresc5t4 #gh4 ,worce/]4 ,imitation ,*9ese seal "*4 #gi4 ,worce/]4 ,cross$ swords & numb]4 #hj4 ,swansea4 ,trid5t4 #ha4 ,longton ,hall4 ,cross$ ,l's & dots4 #hb4 ,plym\?4 ,! symbol = t94 #hc4 ,bri/ol4 ,symbol = t91 ) a cross4 #hd4 ,bri/ol4 ,cross$ swords1 eras$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,a4--,,*9ese ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,b4--,,*9ese ,,m>ks--cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,c4--,,g]man ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,dut*1 ,,dani%1 ,,sw$i%1 ,,& ,,russian ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,d4--,,belgian ,,& ,,swiss ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,italian ,,& ,,spani% ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,e4--,,engli% ,,m>ks ,,index #8,ag+' ( clay1 #ai-bj ,alcora1 attempts to make porcela9 at1 #cbd #8,alum9a' ,company at ,cop5hag51 #chh ,alum9a1 proportion (1 9 h>d pa/es1 #g1 #che ,amiot1 ,pre1 s5ds *9a f ,pek91 #eb note1 #bih note ,amoy1 export ( porcela9 f1 #abg1 #adb ---- /onew>e made ne>1 #aff ,annam1 porcela9 made 91 #age ,arab trade ) ,*9a1 #bji ---- trad]s1 ,*9ese porcela9 di/ribut$ by1 #baj seq4 ---- writ]s on ,*9ese porcela91 #fj1 #bji-bag ,arabian ,nights1 ,m>tabani w>e m5tion$1 #baf ,arabic inscriptions on ,*9ese porcela91 #id ,aranjuez1 porcela9 gab9eto at1 #cbc ,arita1 porcela9 di/rict ( ,japan1 #aha-ahb1 #aic ,armorial *9a1 #afd1 #bec1 #cfi ---- ---- decorat$ at ,canton1 #aad1 #afd ,arras1 porcela9 made at1 #bhi ,arr[-hold]s 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aci ,assyrian & ,babylonian glazes1 #cc ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 collects ,*9ese porcela91 #aei ---- ---- 8 collection ( porcela91 #bbg ---- ---- porcela9 9 ex*ange = dragoons1 #bbh ---- ---- 8 ta/e z a collector1 #bdd-bde ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 8 ambition to imitate ,ori5tal porcela91 #bde ,ba*eli]1 art inspector at ,svres1 #bia ---- 8 memoir on ! ,svres works1 #bij ---- quot$1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif1 #cja ,bacon1 ,john1 modell] at ,b[1 #cdh ,b>b9 at ,m5necy1 #bhg ,b>bot9e1 or slip1 #ai1 #cab ,batavian porcela91 #ajb ---- ---- t]m h[ us$1 #bbc ,baxt]1 family ( enamell]s1 #cfb-cfc1 #cfi ,belleek porcela91 #cgd ,bemrose1 ,mr41 on ,d]by porcela91 #cej ,b]l91 ,meiss5 /aff remov$ to1 #bfb ---- ,wegeli's e>li] porcela91 #bfb ---- contempor>y porcela91 #chi1 #cia ---- porcela9 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #bfb ---- ---- me?ods ( sale1 #bfc ---- ---- m>ks on1 #bfd ,b]t91 ! ,fr5* m9i/]1 8 ,*9ese porcela91 #eb note1 #bih note ,bill+sley1 ,w41 #cff1 #cfg-cfh1 #cga ,b+ & ,grndhal factory at ,cop5hag51 #chh1 #cic ,b9ns1 ,mr41 docum5ts relat+ to ,engli% porcela91 #ceg1 #ceh ,biscuit ov51 #bg ,bismu? us$ 9 glaze1 #cgd1 #chh1 #cij ,black glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #adi ,bloor1 ,rob]t1 at ,d]by1 #cef #8,blue & :ite1' orig9 ( ,*9ese1 #ge1 #aef ---- ---- ( ,m+ p]iod1 #ha-he1 #aeg ---- ---- h[ di/+ui%$1 #hc ---- ---- ( ,wan-li p]iod1 #ie1 #aeg ---- ---- ,*9ese "n =1 #aee ---- ---- ,*9ese porcela91 #aee-afj ---- ---- e>lie/ ,*9ese1 #aef ---- ---- orig9 ( ,*9ese1 #aef ---- ---- ,*9ese porcela91 ) hat*$ l9es1 #afj ,blue decoration s\s c\v]te1 #dc ---- enamel1 difficulty ( successful application1 #ii note ---- ---- us$ ) famille v]te1 #aja ,bocc>o w>e1 made 9 ,*9a1 #aff ---- ---- imitat$ by ,bttg]1 #bdg ,bohemia1 ,nor!rn1 contempor>y porcela91 #cib ,bondy1 ,rue de1 ,p>is1 factory at1 #cac ,bone1 ,h5ry1 employ$ at ,bri/ol1 #cha ---- ---- pa9ts on slabs ( porcela91 #cha ,bone-a% 9 ,engli% porcela91 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cch1 #cdc1 #cgb-cgc ,borneo1 ,*9ese porcela9 f\nd 91 #aef1 #bji-baj ---- ,*9ese trade )1 #bji ,bttg]1 8 life1 #bdf-bdh ---- z an al*emi/1 #bdf1 #bdh ---- 8 porcela9 at ! ,leipsic ,fair1 #bdg1 #bdi ---- comp>$ ) o!r great pott]s1 #bej ---- assi/ance f ,dut* pott]s1 #bej note ---- ! numb] ( 8 exp]im5ts ) enamels & glazes1 #beb ,bttg]-w>e1 poli%$1 #bdh ---- ) enamel col\rs1 #bdi ---- ) br[n glaze1 #bdi ,b\*]1 8 models us$ at ,svres1 #bif ,b\rbon1 ,duc de1 & ,*antilly1 #bhf ,b[1 fragm5ts ( porcela9 f\nd at1 #cdc ---- nature ( porcela9 !re made1 #cdd-cde ---- ,craft's pun*-b[l1 #cde-cdf ---- m>ks on porcela91 #cdh ---- factory1 orig9 (1 #cdb ---- ---- b\ght by ,duesbury1 #ceb ---- porcela91 #cdb-cdh ,brameld1 ,?omas1 & ,rock+ham porcela91 #cgb ,brancas ,lauraguais1 exp]im5ts ) kaol91 #cje1 #cac1 #cgh1 #cgi ,br9kley1 ,capta91 on ,japanese c]amics1 #aid ---- ---- quot$1 #aif ,bri/ol porcela91 #cgi-chf ---- ---- m>ks on1 #chj ---- ---- col\rs on /atuettes1 #cha-chb ---- ---- m$allions ) floral wrea?s1 #chb ---- ---- #8cottage *9a1' #chb ---- ---- glaze on1 #chb ---- ---- h>dness ( pa/e1 #chd ---- ---- great infusibility1 #chd ---- ---- composition1 #chd ---- ---- pla/icity ( clay1 #chd ,briti% ,museum1 ,ori5tal porcela9 91 #ec ,brongni>t1 director at ,svres1 #cjc ---- sells /ock ( undecorat$ ,svres s(t pa/e1 #cjd ---- introduces sev]e type ( pa/e1 #cjg ---- 8 influ5ce at ,svres1 #cjh-cji ,bronzes1 e>ly ,*9ese1 influ5ce ( %apes on porcela91 #eg ,br[n glazes ( ,*9ese1 #gd note ,brhl1 ,c\nt1 armorial *9a =1 #bec ,brunswick1 ,duke (1 & ,fr/5b]g porcela91 #bfe ,bu5 ,retiro1 ,madrid1 porcela9 factory at1 #cbb-cbd ,buonicelli1 director at ,bu5 ,retiro1 #cbc ,burke at ,bri/ol1 #chc ,burleigh ,h\se1 e>ly ,*9ese porcela9 =m]ly at1 #he1 #bbb ,bu%ell1 ,dr41 "w on ,*9ese porcela91 #ae1 #ed1 #ia1 #aec ---- translations f ,*9ese works on ,korea1 #aga ---- manuscript1 #fa ---- ---- quot$1 #hf1 #ach ,caill\x 9 ,fr5* porcela91 #af ,canton1 e>ly ,arab trade1 #bji ---- enamell]s on porcela91 #ajh1 #aad1 #afd1 #afe ,capo di ,monte1 ,naples1 porcela9 factory at1 #cah-cbj ,capo di ,monte factory remov$ to ,portici1 #cbj ,c>los1 ,don1 at ,naples1 makes porcela91 #cai ---- ---- n[ ,*>les ,,iii4 ( ,spa91 c>ries 8 workm5 to ,bu5 ,retiro1 #cai ,cassettes4 ,see ,segg>s4 ,ca/+1 process describ$1 #be1 #ced ---- us$ = ,d]by /atuettes1 #ced ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 h] ,svres d9n]-s]vice1 #bih ,caughley porcela91 #cfe ,celadon glazes1 #db ---- ^w us$ 9 re/rict$ s5se1 #fd ---- ( ,sung dyna/y1 #fc-fe1 #acb1 #add ---- orig9 ( t]m1 #fd note ---- e>ly examples 9 ,european collections1 #ga ---- lat] ,*9ese w>e1 #ade ---- made 9 ,siam1 #agc1 #bab note ---- ,japanese1 #aib1 #aie1 #aig ---- old pieces 9 ,japan1 #agh1 #bja ---- 7m>tabani7 9 ,p]sia1 #bae ---- e>lie/ specim5 at ,ox=d1 #bah ,c5sors1 influ5ce (1 on ,*9ese arts1 #gd ,*'ai yao1 e>ly ,*9ese w>e1 #fb ,*ambrelans or *amb]]s1 t]m expla9$1 #cjc ,*ampion1 ,r41 #cge1 #cgg1 #cgi1 #chb-chc ,*ang1 ! eld] & y\ng] bro!rs1 #fe ,*a-no-yu1 ,japanese tea c]emony1 #agh ,*antilly1 porcela9 made at1 #bhe-bhg ---- sprig patt]n1 #bhf ---- m>ks on porcela91 #bhg ,*ao ,ju-kua1 8 report on e>ly ,*9ese trade1 #baj ,*>d9 on porcela9 9 ,p]sia1 #bae ,*>lott5burg factory1 #chi1 #cia ,*elsea-,d]by porcela91 #cda1 #ceb-cee ---- ---- m>ks on1 #ceb ---- ---- new =ms introduc$1 #ceb-cec ---- ---- /atuettes made by #8ca/+1' #ced ,*elsea factory1 site (1 #cce ---- ---- end (1 #cda ---- porcela91 #cca-cdb ,*elsea porcela91 an e>ly w>e1 #ccb ---- ---- m>ks on e>lie/ pieces1 #ccb ---- ---- ,japanese w>es imitat$1 #ccf ---- ---- sales (1 #ccg1 #cda ---- ---- cl>et col\r on1 #cch1 #cdj ---- ---- use ( gold on1 #cch ---- ---- rococo =ms1 #cci ---- ---- turquoise on1 #cci ---- ---- /atuettes1 #cdj ---- ---- models ( birds & fruit1 #cdj ---- ---- m>ks on1 #cdb ,*5g-hua 7#adfd-hg71 use ( date-m>k1 #hb ---- enamell$ w>e1 #hf ---- porcela9 (1 #ic ,*5g-tai enamels on copp]1 #hh1 #ic ,*5g-te 7#aeje-ba71 porcela9 (1 #id ,*5g-tung 7#adce-di71 d\ble date-m>k1 #ic ,*eyne ,r[ call$ ,*9a ,r[1 #ccc #8,*ick5 cups' ( ,*5g-hua1 #ic ,*ico9eau family1 #bdj1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bhh ,*imie1 9 ,fr5* s(t pa/es1 #bhj ,*9a collect+1 ridicule atta*$ to1 #fa1 #bdc ---- orig9 ( ,engli% t]m1 #bbb ---- clay4 ,see ,kaol94 ---- /one 7see also ,petuntse71 #i1 #aj ---- ---- prep>ation (1 #af ,*9ese *>act]s1 v>ieties (1 #aag-aah ---- porcela9 export$ to diff]5t c\ntries1 #ej ---- ---- influ5ce ( old traditions1 #ea ---- ---- mi/akes 9 e>ly classification1 #eb ---- ---- late orig9 comp>$ to o!r arts1 #ef ---- ---- survival ( old types1 #eh ---- ---- classification (1 #eh1 #ada ---- ---- old native acc\nts (1 #fj ---- ---- composition ( e>ly w>es1 #fi ---- ---- pla9 :ite w>e1 #ada-add ---- ---- unglaz$ w>e1 #add ---- /onew>es1 #afe-afg ---- trade ) ! ,we/1 #bji seq4 ,*+ 7blue71 ,juli5's wrong use ( ^w1 #fd note ,*+-tsu1 ,*9ese t]m = celadon1 #fd ,*9i1 ,p]sian ^w = *9a or porcela91 #di note1 #bbb ,*ri/ian subjects on ,*9ese & ,japanese porcela91 #acc1 #ahb ,*romium1 z a s\rce ( gre51 #cjd1 #cji ,*n yao1 e>ly ,*9ese w>e1 #fe1 #aeb ---- ---- numb]s engrav$ on1 #ff ,*ur* ,gresley porcela91 #cga ,*ur*1 ,pr(41 on composition ( porcela91 #e1 #fi1 #bda1 #cch1 #cdc1 #cgj1 #chd ,ciron1 ,ciquaire1 at ,*antilly1 #bhe #8,clair-de-lune' glaze 7yueh-pai71 #aje1 #adh ,clignanc\rt1 ,p>is1 factory at1 #cac ,cloisonn enamels on ,japanese porcela91 #bjc ,coalport or ,coalbrookdale porcela91 #cff ,cobalt blue1 s\rces ( t us$ by ,*9ese1 #dj1 #ge note1 #ib ---- ---- h[ prep>$ by ,*9ese1 #acj ---- ---- gr\nds ( ,*9ese1 #adh ,col\r$ pa/es1 #dj1 #caa ,col\rs us$ 9 decoration ( porcela9 7see also ,enamels71 #ci ---- resi/ance to fire1 #da ,cond1 h\se (1 & ,*antilly1 #bhe-bhg ,con/ant91 pa9t] on porcela91 #bga ,contempor>y porcela91 #chg-cid ---- ---- use ( new col\rs & glazes1 #chi-cij ,cookwor?y1 ,william1 #cge-chj ---- ---- se>* = *9a-clay1 #cgf-cgg ,cop5hag51 porcela9 made at1 #bgd ---- contempor>y "w1 #chh1 #cic ---- ,japanese influ5ce1 #chh ,copp]-r$ "u glaze1 #hj1 #acj ---- ---- examples 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ha ---- ---- ( ,hsuan-te1 #ib ,copp]-r$ glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #aej-aed ,coral-r$ gr\nds on ,*9ese porcela91 #aae ,cornfl[] or b>beau on porcela91 #cac1 #cee ,cornwall1 se>* = mat]ials = porcela91 #cei1 #cgf-cgh ,cottage *9a made at ,bri/ol1 #chb ,c\rtille1 ,la1 ,p>is1 factory at1 #cac ,c\v]te1 ,fr5* t]m = glaze1 #ca ,cozzi1 makes porcela9 at ,v5ice1 #cag ,crackle w>e1 old ,*9ese 7,ko yao71 #fe ---- ---- ,*9ese1 v>ieties (1 #de ---- ---- glazes (1 #ade ---- ---- equival5t to ,ko yao1 #ade ---- ---- ,korean1 #aga ,craft1 ,?omas1 8 pun*-b[l1 #cde-cdf #8,craz+' ( glazes1 #cb #8,cr[-claws1' t]m expla9$1 #bi ---- m>ks (1 on ,japanese porcela91 #aia #8,crusad]'s ,cup' at ,dresd51 #gg1 #aeb1 #bag ,dani% porcela91 #bgc1 #chh1 #cic ,d>w91 ,dr41 lett] to ,w$gwood1 #cgh ,date-m>ks on ,*9ese porcela91 #hb ---- ---- me?od ( reckon+1 #ia note ---- ---- cyclical1 #aaj note ---- ---- two sy/ems1 #aah ---- ---- h[ writt51 #aah ---- ---- e>lie/ example1 #aai ---- ---- ^? ( ,kang-he r>e1 #aai ---- ---- on ,svres porcela91 #cjb ,dauph91 collector ( ,ori5tal porcela91 #bcj ,decoration ( porcela91 ,tang-y+'s pr9ciples1 #aab ,dg\rdi1 ,feu1 t]m expla9$1 #bf ,delft w>e1 e>ly imitations ( ,*9ese porcela9 91 #bbd ---- ---- competition ) ,*9ese porcela91 #bcd ---- ---- 9 ,engl&1 #bdj ,demi gr& feu1 t]m expla9$1 #ei ---- ---- glazes (1 #ih ---- ---- w>e (1 #gi1 #ajf ,d]by biscuit1 or bisque1 #cec-ced ---- porcela91 #cej-ceg ---- ---- little kn[n ( e>ly p]iod1 #cea ---- ---- sold 9 ,london1 #cea ---- ---- deg5]ate patt]ns1 #cee ---- ---- #8old ,japan' copi$1 #cee ---- ---- m>ks on1 #cef ,dietri*1 #8pr(essor ( pa9t+' at ,meiss51 #bef ,dillwyn1 ,l4 ,w41 at ,swansea1 #cfg-cfh ,doccia1 ne> ,flor5ce1 porcela9 factory at1 #cbj-cbb ---- ,*9ese :ite w>e & ,capo di ,monte porcela9 imitat$1 #cba ---- contempor>y "w1 #cid ,dresd51 ,*9ese porcela9 at1 #afa ---- ,e?nographical ,museum1 ,*9ese porcela9 f v>i\s l&s1 #baa ---- ,ori5tal porcela9 pres5t$ by ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 #bbh ---- collection ( porcela91 #bbg1 #bde ---- approximate date ( bulk ( specim5s1 #bbh ---- porcela94 ,see ,meiss5 porcela94 ,duesbury1 ,william1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdi1 #cej-ceb1 #cef ---- & ,longton ,hall1 #cdi ,duesbury's "w-book1 quotations f1 #cej-cea ,duplessis1 ! k+'s goldsmi?1 at ,svres1 #bia1 #bif ,dut* deal]s supply ,augu/us ( ,saxony ) porcela91 #bbh ---- pa9t]s1 ,*9ese porcela9 9 _! pictures1 #aei ---- trade ) ,*9a1 #bbj ---- ---- ) ,japan1 #ahc-ahd ,dwight1 ,dr41 attempts to make porcela9 at ,fulham1 #bdj-bda ---- ---- nature ( ! pa/e made by him1 #bda ---- ,lydia1 /onew>e figure (1 #bdb ,e>!nw>e1 t]m us$ to include porcela91 #ccd note ,egg-%ell porcela91 #ajg ,egypt1 ,*9ese porcela9 f\nd 91 #aeh1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae1 #baf ,egyptian fay5ce & glazes1 #cc ,eis5-porzellan ( ,bttg]1 #bdh ,empress-,d[ag] ( ,*9a a connoisseur ( porcela91 #aae-aaf ,enamel col\rs on ,meiss5 porcela91 #bea-beb ,enamell$ fay5ce comp>$ ) porcela91 #gc ---- porcela91 ,s>ac5ic orig9 (1 #hg1 #hh ,enamell$ porcela9 ( ,m+ dyna/y1 #hf-ia1 #afa ---- ---- ?ree classes1 #ij ,enamels1 always sup]impos$ on glaze1 #ca ---- relation to subjac5t glaze1 #de ---- on ,european porcela91 #de ---- on ,*9ese porcela91 #de-dh ---- on ,japanese porcela91 #aib ---- fir+ (1 #df ---- new s\rces ( col\r1 #dh ---- ---- at ,svres1 #cji ---- on copp]1 influ5ce on porcela9 enamels1 #hh ,enca/age1 t]m expla9$1 #bh ,engl&1 h[ ,*9ese porcela9 fir/ rea*$1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbc ---- e>ly attempts to make porcela9 91 #bdj-bdb ,engli% porcela91 rival influ5ce ( ,svres & ,dresd51 #cbh ---- ---- copies ,ori5tal & ,cont95tal models1 #cbh ---- ---- ?ree types ( s(t-pa/e1 #ccj ---- ---- royal patronage1 #cbi1 #cce1 #cef ---- ---- divid$ into five p]iods1 #cca ---- ---- contempor>y "w1 #cij-cia ---- trade ) ,ea/1 #bba ,engobe4 ,see ,slip4 ,d',entrecolles1 ,pre1 8 lett]s1 h[ writt51 #abf ---- ---- reception ( lett]s 9 ,europe1 #abf ---- ---- summ>y ( lett]s1 #abg-acf ,european enamell+ on :ite ,*9ese porcela91 #afe ---- influ5ce on ,*9ese porcela91 #aji1 #ace1 #aei1 #afb ---- m>ket1 ,*9ese porcela9 =1 #afc-afd ---- porcela91 e>ly attempts at manufacture1 #bce-bdc ,faonnage1 or %ap+1 #bj ,falconet1 8 models us$ at ,svres1 #bif ,famille rose1 #ajf-aaj ---- ---- ,european influ5ce on pa9t+1 #aji ,famille v]te1 #ih-ajb ---- ---- ) black gr\nd1 #ajj ---- ---- relation to ,m+ enamels1 #ajj ,favorite1 ,la1 ne> ,bad51 porcela9 cab9et1 #bbg ,fawkn]1 ,sir ,ev]>d1 & ,*elsea porcela91 #cce-ccg ,fay5ce1 enamell$1 competition ) porcela9 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #bcc ---- ---- practical disadvantages (1 #bcd ,felsp>1 #i1 #aj ---- decomposition (1 #aj ---- h[ f> equival5t to *9a-/one1 #af note1 #bea ---- pure1 us$ 9 ,dani% & ,sw$i% porcela91 #chh1 #cic ,f5g ,t+ w>e1 :ite ,*9ese porcela91 #fh1 #adb ,fir+ ( porcela91 *emical reaction1 #aa ---- ---- sy/ems describ$1 #bf1 #aia ---- ---- at ,k+-te-*51 #acc ,fis*]1 ,h]r1 at ,h]5d1 #bga1 #cib ,flamb glazes1 #db ---- ---- on ,*9ese porcela91 #aeb ---- ---- fir+ (1 #aeb1 #aec ---- ---- h[ pa9t$ on1 #aec ---- w>e1 e>ly type1 #ff ,flor5ce1 porcela9 made 9 sixte5? c5tury4 ,see ,m$ici4 ,fl\r-sp> us$ 9 glaze at ,fr/5b]g1 #bfe ,fl[]s 9 porcela9 at ,meiss51 #bed1 #bic note ---- ---- at ,v9c5nes1 #bic ,fond laque on ,*9ese porcela91 #ajb ---- ---- mu* f\nd 9 ,p]sia1 #adg ,=ms ( ,*9ese porcela91 #acg-ada ---- ( ,japanese porcela91 #aib ,fo/t rubbi%-heaps1 fragm5t ( ,*9ese porcela9 f\nd 91 #baf ,f\liang1 ,annals (1 #abg ,france1 e>ly collectors ( ,ori5tal porcela9 91 #bbi-bca ,francesco1 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 makes porcela91 #bcg ,frank5?al1 porcela9 made at1 #bfg ,franks1 ,sir ,a4 ,w41 on ,ori5tal *9a1 #ec1 #aba1 #ahe ---- ---- on ,/rassburg porcela91 #bgj ---- ---- on ,p>isian kilns1 #cad ---- ---- on ,l[e/(t porcela91 #cgj ,fr$]ick ! ,great & porcela91 #bee1 #bfb1 #bgd1 #bge1 #cce ,frits1 us$ 9 ,fr5* s(t pa/es1 #bgi ,frye1 ,?omas1 at ,b[1 #cdb-cdc ,fuel us$ 9 fir+ porcela91 #bh ,fuki51 ,*9ese prov9ce1 two w>es made1 #ff1 #adb ---- :ite porcela91 #adb-adc ---- ---- imitat$ 9 ,europe1 #adb ---- ---- decorat$ 9 ,engl&1 #add ---- enamell$ porcela91 #adc ,fulda1 porcela9 made at1 #bfh ,fulham1 ,dr4 ,dwight attempts to make porcela9 at1 #bdj ,furnaces = fir+ porcela91 ?ree types describ$1 #bg ---- = ,*9ese porcela91 #acd ---- = ,japanese porcela91 #aia ---- = ,fr5* s(t pa/es1 #bhj ,fr/5b]g1 porcela9 made at1 #bfe ,fusibility ( porcela91 exp]im5ts at ,svres1 #h1 #ah ,g>dn]1 at ,tv]1 makes porcela91 #bge ,g>ni]1 d\>d1 late director at ,svres1 #caj ---- ---- report on contempor>y porcela91 #chi-cid ,g>niture1 t]m expla9$1 #bc ---- de *em9e 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aci ,g5eva1 porcela9 pa9t]s at1 #bga1 #caa ,g]sa9t1 8 catalogue ( ,ori5tal porcela91 #bcj ,g9ori family at ,doccia1 #cbj-cba ,glass1 possible influ5ce on e>ly ,*9ese glazes1 #eg ---- made by ,hu imitat$ 9 porcela91 #aac ,glazes1 #ab1 #cj-ch ---- prep>ation (1 #cj ---- appli$ to unbak$ w>e by ,*9ese1 #cj ,glazes1 call$ oil by ,*9ese1 #ca ---- di/+ui%$ f enamels1 #ca ---- fusibility (1 #cb ---- on ,egyptian fay5ce1 #cb ---- composition ( anci5t1 #cc1 #add-aed ---- ?ree ma9 classes (1 #cd ---- on ,*9ese porcela91 #ce ---- relation to subjac5t pa/e1 #ce ---- conta9+ lime1 #ce-cf ---- at ,svres ( two types1 #cf ---- on ,european porcela91 composition (1 #cf ---- on ,*9ese porcela91 composition (1 #cg ---- :5 fir/ us$ by ,*9ese1 #fi ---- sole s\rce ( decoration on e>ly ,*9ese porcela91 #gj ---- = ,fr5* s(t pa/es1 #bha ---- = h>d pa/es at ,svres & ,limoges1 #cjf #8,gloz+' or glaz+ ov51 #bg ,gold z s\rce ( r$ col\r 7see also ,r\ge d'or71 #hi ,gotzk[ski1 ,b]l9 bank]1 #bfb ,go?a1 ,museum at1 e>ly ,*9ese porcela91 #gb1 #agd1 #bab ---- porcela9 made at1 #bfi ,g\yn1 ,*>les1 manag] at ,*elsea1 #ccc ,granite1 prim>y s\rce ( bo? kaol9 & petuntse1 #i ,granitic rocks1 v>ieties (1 #i ,granja1 ,la1 porcela9 gab9eto at1 #cbc ,gravant1 pott] at ,svres1 #bij1 #bid ,graviata b[ls1 #aae ,gre5 & blue enamels n successfully unit$ by ,*9ese1 #ih note ---- ---- on two vases ( ,m+ porcela9 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ii note ---- glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #adi ---- ( famille v]te1 h[ appli$1 #ii-ajj ,gri5+]1 manag] at ,b]l91 #bfc ,gr[an-/one & clay1 #cgg ,hague1 porcela9 made at1 #bgc1 #chi1 #cic ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,ori5tal porcela9 at1 #ahe1 #bbe-bbf ,hampton ,c\rt1 no specim5s ( famille rose or ( #8,old ,japan1' #bbe ---- ---- age ( porcela9 repres5t$ at1 #bbf ---- ---- ,que5 ,m>y's *9a cab9et1 #bbf ,hancock1 ,rob]t1 work+ at ,batt]sea1 #cdg ---- ---- & transf]-pr9t+1 #cfj ,h&les1 fix+ (1 #bc ,hannong family1 ,/rassburg pott]s1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #cje1 #cac1 #cah ,h>dness ( porcela91 #e1 #ah ,haslem1 ,j41 on ca/+ process at ,d]by1 #bf1 #ced ,hat-/&s 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aci ,havil& factory at ,limoges1 #chi1 #cij ,hellot1 *emical advis] at ,svres1 #bia1 #cjj ---- 8 memoir quot$1 #bgh-bhj1 #bid1 #bii ,h]culaneum works at ,liv]pool1 #cga ,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y1 porcela9 factory at1 #bga1 #cib ,h]old or ,hroldt at ,meiss51 #bec ,hippisley1 translations f ,*9ese1 #ia note ,hirado or ,mik*i w>e1 #aic-aie ,hir?1 ,dr41 on e>ly ,*9ese trade1 etc41 #ed1 #baj-bac ---- ---- collection ( e>ly ,*9ese porcela91 #gb ,h*/1 porcela9 made at1 #bfd ,hold%ip1 ,ri*>d1 #ceh ,holl&1 ,*9ese #8blue & :ite' e>ly import$1 #aeh ---- ,*9ese porcela9 91 #bbi ---- porcela9 made 91 #bgb-bgd1 #chi1 #cic ,hookah-bases ( ,*9ese porcela91 #adj ,hsuan-te 7#adbe-ce71 porcela9 (1 #ib ---- blue & :ite (1 #hc ,hua-%i1 a /one us$ 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aca1 #cgf ,hung>y1 porcela9 made 91 #bga1 #cib ,hung-*i 7#adhg-aeje71 porcela9 (1 #ic1 #adg ,hung]1 at ,vi5na1 #bfj ,hung]1 at ,v5ice1 #cag ,hybrid pa/es ( ,italy1 #caf ,im>i porcela91 #ahf-aic ---- ---- elem5ts ( decoration1 #ahg ---- ---- relation to e>ly ,*9ese enamell$ w>es1 #ahg-ahh ---- ---- relation to o!r ,japanese w>es1 #ahh ---- ---- copi$ at ,k+-te-*51 #ahh note ---- ---- composition ( pa/e1 #aij ---- ---- s\rce & nature ( mat]ials1 #aij ---- ---- 9 ,dresd5 collection1 #bbi ,inc5se1 vessels us$ 9 burn+1 ( ,*9ese porcela91 #ach ,india1 ,*9ese porcela9 f\nd 91 #he1 #aeh ---- porcela9 enamell$ at ,canton =1 #afe ,insufflation ( glaze by ,*9ese1 #cj ,iron-r$ 9 f9e l9es to imitate ! r\ge-d'or1 examples at ,dresd51 #afb ,jade1 highly e/eem$ 9 ,*9a1 #eg ---- influ5ce on e>ly ,*9ese glazes1 #eg ,japan1 e>ly pott]y (1 #agg1 #agi ---- ,korean pott]s 91 #agi ---- porcela9 (1 #agg-bjg ,japanese exp]ts on ,*9ese porcela91 #ee ---- porcela91 h[ introduc$ f ,*9a1 #ahj-aha ---- ---- e>ly export ( #8blue & :ite1' #ahb ---- ---- export$ by ,dut*1 #ahc-ahd ---- ---- s\rces ( in=mation1 #ahc note1 #aic note ---- ---- export /imulat$ by tr\bles 9 ,*9a1 #ahd ---- ---- pr9cely patronage (1 #ahi1 #aid ---- ---- f\nd$ on ,m+ types1 #ahi1 #aig1 #aii ---- ---- composition ( pa/e1 #aij ,japanese porcela91 prelim9>y fir+1 #aia ---- ---- glazes h[ prep>$1 #aia ---- ---- furnaces1 #aia ---- ---- m>ks ( cr[s-feet1 #aia ---- ---- %apes & uses1 #aib ---- ---- col\rs employ$1 #aib ---- ---- celadon1 #aib1 #aie1 #aig1 #bja ---- ---- /ories ( processes discov]$ by spies1 #aif1 #bjb1 #bjc ---- ---- influ5ce ( cons]vative criticism on1 #bjf ---- trade ) ,*9a1 #agh ,juli51 ,/anislas1 translations f ,*9ese1 #ec ,ju yao1 e>ly ,*9ese w>e1 #fb ,kaga or ,kutani w>e1 #bjc-bjf ,kai-f5g ,fu1 old ,sung capital1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe ,kakiyemon1 a pott] ( ,hiz51 #ahc ---- w>e1 #ahe ---- ---- blue enamel ov] glaze1 #ahf ---- ---- imitat$ at ,meiss51 #bec ---- ---- imitat$ at ,*antilly1 #bhf ,kndl] at ,meiss51 #bec ---- *ief modell] ( #8,dresd5 figures1' #bec ,kang-he 7#affa-agbb71 porcela9 (1 #if ---- 8 date-m>k1 :y r>e1 #aai ,kaol91 #h1 #aj ---- prep>ation (1 #af ---- proportion (1 9 h>d pa/es1 #ag1 #che ---- se>* = 9 ,france1 #cje-cjf ---- f\nd at ,al5on & ,/4 ,yrieix1 #cje-cjf1 #cgh ---- f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 #cgf-cgh ,kaol9ic /onew>e1 use ( t]m1 #fi ,k>l ,!odor1 ,elector ,palat9e1 #bfj1 #bfg ,k5zan1 pott] at ,kioto1 #aig ,khanfu1 ,arab "n = ,hang*[1 #bji ,kia-k+ 7#agie-ahbj71 porcela9 (1 #aad1 #aee ,kia-ts+ 7#aeba-ff71 porcela9 (1 #id ,ki5-lung 7#agce-agie71 porcela9 (1 #aje-aad ---- 8 poems inscrib$ on porcela91 #aac ,ki5-lung1 ,svres porcela9 =1 #bih ,ki5 yao1 old ,*9ese w>e1 #ff1 #ahj ---- ---- example 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ga ---- ---- :ite porcela91 #adb1 #adc ,kilns = fir+ porcela94 ,see ,furnaces4 ,k+-te-*5 9 e>ly days1 #fb ---- oppression ( c\rt (ficials1 #id ---- 9 ,kang-he's reign1 #if ---- li/s ( porcela9 made1 #ie1 #ajd1 #aae ---- burn$1 #aae1 #abe1 #bbj ---- position1 #abc-abe ---- ,pek91 h[ rea*$ f1 #abc ---- ,canton1 h[ rea*$ f1 #abd ---- relation to ,jao-*au & ,f\liang1 #abd-abe ---- description ( t[n1 #abe1 #abg ---- mat]ials br\ght d[n 9 junks1 #abh ---- =eign designs copi$ at1 #afe ---- works ab&on$ = long p]iod 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #bbj ,k9say or ,hang*[1 #fb1 #fc1 #bji ,kioto1 porcela9 made at1 #aif-aii ---- pott]s copi$ ,m+ enamell$ w>es1 #aih ---- w>es1 r*]* rud5ess (1 #aig ,ki%iu w>e or -niwa yaki1 #aii ---- ---- imitat$ = export at ,tokiyo & ,kobe1 #bjj ,kiyomidzu1 suburb ( ,kioto1 porcela9 made at1 #aig1 #aih ,kizayemon family1 c\rt purveyors ( porcela91 #ahh ,ko*i1 mean+ ( ,japanese t]m1 #age ---- w>e ( ,japanese1 #bja ,kok1 ,juriann1 8 new porcela9 at ! ,hague1 #chi1 #cic ,koran%a1 comb9ation ( ,japanese pott]s1 #aic ,korea1 relations ) ,*9a & ,japan1 #afh ---- fanciful attribution ( v>i\s w>es to1 #afi1 #ahf ,korean porcela91 classification (1 #agj ---- ---- celadon1 #agj ---- ---- pla9 :ite1 #agj ---- ---- crackle w>e1 #aga ,korean porcela9 describ$ 9 e>ly ,*9ese books1 #aga ---- inlaid ) :ite slip1 #aga ---- pott]s 9 ,japan1 #afi ,koreans1 e>ly use ( enamel col\rs by1 #afi ,k\snetz(f factory1 ,mosc[1 #cib ,ko yao1 e>ly ,*9ese w>e1 #fc1 #fe1 #ade #8,kron5burg porcela91' orig9 ( "n1 #bfg ,kuang-tung porcela9 ( ,raynal1 #aff ,kuang yao1 /onew>e1 #aff ---- ---- e>ly ,*9ese w>e1 #fc ,kublai ,khan1 #gb1 #bac ,kutani or ,kaga w>e1 #bjc-bjf ---- w>e1 relation to ,im>i porcela91 #bjd ---- ---- m>ks on1 #bje ,kwan-y91 /atues (1 #ace1 #adc1 #bbf ,lace imitat$ 9 porcela9 at ,b]l91 #bfd ,lang ,t+-tso1 sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*51 #if note1 #ajc1 #aea ,lang yao1 orig9 ( "n1 #ajc ,lang51 von1 at ,fr/5b]g1 #bfe ---- ---- at ,cop5hag51 #bgd ,laque ,burgaut1 #aad ,la!1 use (1 9 %ap+ porcela91 #bb ,lead 9 glaze1 #cc-cd ,lei?n]1 *emi/ at ,vi5na1 #bfa ,lemon-yell[1 opaque glaze on ,*9ese porcela91 #aaa-aae ,lille1 porcela9 made at1 #bhd ---- coal e>ly us$ 9 porcela9 kilns1 #bhe ,lime 9 pa/e or glaze ( porcela91 #ce-cf1 #bea ,limoges di/rict1 porcela9 works 91 #ae1 #cad-cae1 #chi-cij ---- enamel copi$ 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #ace note ,li/]1 ,dr4 ,m>t91 at ,sa9t-,cl\d1 #bhb1 #cbf ,li/s ( porcela9 made = ,*9ese c\rt1 #ie1 #aae ,li?ophanic porcela91 at ,b]l91 #bfd ,littl] at ,longton ,hall1 #cdh ,liv]pool porcela91 #cgj-cga ,london1 ,we/ ( ,engl& porcela9 pa9t$ 91 #cfc1 #cff1 #cfi ,longton ,hall porcela91 #cdh-cdi ,l[e/(t & ,ori5tal armorial porcela91 #cfi-cgj ---- *9a1 s-call$1 #afe1 #cfi ---- porcela91 #cfi-cgj ,ludwigsburg1 porcela9 made at1 #bff ,lung-*uan celadon1 reproduc$ at ,k+-te-*51 #acb ---- yao1 e>ly ,*9ese w>e1 #fc ,lung-k+ 7#aeff-gb71 porcela9 (1 #ie ,lu/re w>e1 attempt$ imitation by ,*9ese1 #gd note ,lyle1 ,mr41 on old ,siamese porcela91 #agc ,macaulay on *9a collectors1 #fa note ,madeley1 ,svres porcela9 copi$ by ,r&all at1 #cff ,magnesia1 an elem5t ( porcela9 pa/e1 #ab1 #aca ---- 9 pa/e ( ,v9ovo porcela91 #cah ---- 9 pa/e ( ,spani% porcela91 #cbd ,magnets1 removal ( iron f slip by1 #ai ,magots1 decorat$ 9 famille v]te /yle1 #ajj ,ma9w>+1 ,mr4 ,massey1 8 collection ( ,dresd5 figures1 #bed note ,ma9z1 elector (1 & ,h*/ porcela91 #bfd ,man*u or ,ts+ dyna/y1 #if ,m&>9 *9a1 #aad ,manganese-purple glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #ih1 #adg ---- ---- 9 ! ,san-tsai enamels1 #ii ,m>col9i1 ,c\nt1 director at ,meiss51 #bef ,m>ieb]g1 porcela9 made at1 #bgc ,m>ks on ,*9ese porcela91 #aag-abb ---- ---- h[ & :]e appli$1 #aag1 #aai ---- ---- give little in=mation1 #aai1 #abb ---- ---- ,tang or hall1 ,*ai or /udio1 #abj ---- ---- allusive1 descriptive1 emblems & devices1 #abj-aba ---- ---- #8cant+' devices1 #aba ,m>ks on ,european porcela94 ,see "u ! pr9cipal factories4 ---- on ,japanese porcela91 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bje ,m>nes1 us$ 9 ,fr5* s(t pa/es1 #bgi ,m>tabani celadon1 examples 9 ,european collections1 #ga ---- w>e1 #fd-fe1 #baj seq41 #add1 #agc1 #bae ,mat]ials ( porcela91 ,m4 ,vogt's exp]im5ts1 #ag ,maubre1 fl[]-pa9t] on porcela91 #bga ,maz>9 or p[d]-blue gr\nds ( ,*9ese1 #adh ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de'1 receives pres5t ( ,*9ese porcela91 #bag ---- porcela91 #bcf-bch ---- ---- only id5tifi$ lately1 #bcf ---- ---- ,vas>i's acc\nt1 #bcf ---- ---- decoration (1 #bcg ---- ---- composition (1 #bcg ---- ---- m>ks1 #bch ,m$ic9e-flasks 7yao-p+7 or snuff-bottles ( ,*9ese porcela91 #aac-aad1 #adj ---- ---- ( ,*9ese porcela91 us$ by ,arabs1 f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs1 #adj ,meiss5 porcela91 #bdd-beh ---- ---- composition1 #g1 #bej-bea ---- ---- fir/ successfully made 7#agac-agaf71 #bdi ---- ---- composition ( glaze1 #bea ---- ---- h>dness ( pa/e1 & difficulties 9 application ( enamels1 #bea ---- ---- e>ly pieces mo/ly defective1 #beb ---- ---- #8,dresd5 figure gr\ps1' #bec ---- ---- imitation ( ,*9ese magots1 #bec ---- ---- armorial designs1 #bec ---- ---- fl[]s imitat$1 #bed ---- ---- attempts to make l>ge figures1 #bed ---- ---- effects ( ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 #bee ---- ---- important position ( enamel pa9t]s1 #bee ,meiss5 porcela91 e>ly export$ to ,turkey1 #bee note ---- ---- m>ks on1 #beg ---- ---- rec5t "w1 #beg1 #cib ---- ---- m>ks on1 copi$1 #beh ---- ---- smuggl$ into ,engl&1 #ccd ,mel*ior at ,h*/1 #bfe ---- at ,frank5?al1 #bfh ,m5necy1 porcela9 made at1 #bhg-bhh ,mica1 an elem5t 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aa1 #aca1 #cgf note ,mik*i or ,hirado w>e1 #aic-aie ,m+ dyna/y1 porcela9 (1 #gh-ie ---- porcela91 col\r decoration1 #gi1 #hf-ia1 #afa ---- ---- #8blue & :ite1' #ha-he1 #ie1 #aeg ,m9ton1 ,?omas1 #cff1 #cgc ,mirror black glaze on ,*9ese porcela91 #acj1 #adi ,mohamm$an =ms ( ,*9ese porcela91 #adj ,mo-hung1 iron-r$ pa9t$ ov] glaze1 #aej ,mokubei1 pott] at ,kioto1 #bja ,moore1 ,b]n>d1 imitates ,*9ese glazes1 #chg ,morikaga1 pa9t$ on ,kaga w>e1 #bjd ,m\ld+1 antiquity ( process1 #bc-be ---- process describ$1 #bc-be1 #abh ---- l>gely us$ = ,*9ese porcela91 #aab ,muffle-/oves = fir+ enamels1 #dg1 #bha ,nabe%ima or ,ok*i w>e1 #aie ,nantg>w porcela91 #cfg-cfh ,napoleon's ideas = decoration ( porcela91 #cjh ,nid]will]1 porcela9 made at1 #bgj ,ni5-hao4 ,see ,date-m>ks4 ,ni5 ,hsi-yao1 sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*51 #ajd-aje ,ni5 yao1 #aje ,night+ale1 ,mr41 on sales ( ,*elsea porcela91 #cce note1 #ccf note ,n9sei1 pott] at ,kioto1 #aif ,nove1 ,le1 porcela9 factory at1 #cah ,nymph5burg1 porcela9 made at1 #bfg ,nyon1 porcela9 made at1 #bga ,okeov] plate 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #afd ,ok*i or ,nabe%ima w>e1 #aie #8,old ,japan4' ,see ,im>i4 -niwa yaki or ,ki%iu w>e1 #aii-bjj ,ori5tal porcela91 e>lie/ specim5s 9 ,europe1 #bag-bah ,orleans1 ,duke (1 collector ( ,ori5tal porcela91 #bcj ---- ---- & ,sa9t-,cl\d1 #bhc ---- family1 int]e/ 9 porcela91 #cad ---- porcela9 made at1 #bhh ,ormolu m\nt+s at ,svres1 #big ---- ---- on ,engli% porcela91 #cci ,orry de ,fulvi at ,v9c5nes1 #bij ,oude ,am/el1 ,dut* porcela91 #bgc ---- ,loosdre*t1 porcela9 made at1 #bgb ,ov5s = fir+ porcela94 ,see ,furnaces4 ,ow>i porcela91 #bja-bjc ---- ---- mat]ials & composition1 #aij ---- ---- *eap w>e = export1 #bjc ,ow51 ,mr41 on ,bri/ol porcela91 #cgf1 #cha note ,pa9t$ glazes1 t]m expla9$1 #dd1 #ei ---- ---- on ,m+ porcela91 #gi ---- ---- ( ,hsuan-te1 #ib ,pa9t]s on ,*9ese porcela91 #ajh ---- ---- signatures (1 #ajh ---- ---- division ( "w1 #abi ---- on ,svres porcela91 signatures (1 #cjc ,pa9t+1 s*ools (1 9 ,*9a1 #hb ---- on porcela94 ,see also ,enamell+4 ,palissy probably endeav\r$ to make porcela91 #bci note ,p>ian w>e1 #cgc ,p>is1 s(t-pa/e factories at1 #bhh ---- h>d-pa/e factories at1 #cab-cad ,pte-sur-pte1 #da1 #caa #8,pea*-bloom' glaze1 #aje1 #aed ,p5-re/s 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aci ,p]sia1 ,*9ese porcela9 91 #adg1 #aeg1 #bae1 #baf ,p]sian fay5ce comp>$ ) ,*9ese porcela91 #gc ,p]sian fay5ce1 e>ly use ( blue "u glaze1 #gd1 #ge ---- ---- ,*9ese influ5ce on1 #gf ---- ,gulf1 e>ly ,*9ese trade )1 #bac ---- ---- ,engli% trade )1 #bba ---- inscription on fifte5? c5tury ,*9ese porcela91 #id ,petuntse 7see also ,*9a-/one71 #h1 #aj ---- proportion (1 9 h>d pa/es1 #che ,pi]c$ decoration 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aed ,pill[s 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aci ,p9xton porcela91 #cga ---- ,bill+sley makes porcela9 at1 #cfh1 #cga ,pirk5haus5 factory1 ,c>lsbad1 #cib ,place1 ,dr41 ( ,york1 exp]im5ts ) v>i\s clays1 #bdb ,plan*1 modell] at ,d]by1 #cea ,plym\? porcela91 #cge-cha ---- ---- composition ( glaze1 #chj ---- ---- m>ks on1 #chj ,poems on ,*9ese porcela91 #aac ,poison detect$ by ,*9ese porcela91 #bae ,polo1 ,m>co1 acc\nt ( ,*9a1 #gb ---- ---- on ,*9ese porcela91 #bac-bad ,pompad\r1 ,m>quise de1 & ,svres1 #bij1 #bib1 #bie1 #cjj ,porcela91 physical prop]ties (1 #e ---- microscopical /ructure1 #e ---- *emical composition1 #f-ab ---- mat]ials1 #ad-ah ---- transition to kaol9ic /onew>e 9 ,japanese porcela91 #bjf ---- vague e>ly use ( ! ^w1 #bag ---- e>ly reports 9 ,europe z to its composition1 #bbc #8,porcela9 fev]' at "t ( ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 #bee ,porcela9 or purslane1 ^w1 h[ us$ 9 ,elizabe?an times1 #bbb ,portugal1 porcela9 made 91 #cbe ,portuguese 9 ,*9a1 #bai ---- z import]s ( porcela91 #bbb1 #bcj ,pot]at family ( ,r\51 #bci1 #bhb1 #bhd ,pot%]ds ( ,*9ese porcela91 gr\nd up = pa/e ( ,engli% porcela91 #cbf note ,pott]'s :eel1 #bj-bb ---- ---- e>ly =ms1 #bj-ba ,p\rcela9nes1 ! ^w1 h[ us$ by ,m>co ,polo1 #bad ,press+1 process describ$1 #bc ,quan-y91 or ,kwan-y9 7,jap4 ,kwannon71 #ace1 #adc1 #bbf ,r&all copies ,svres porcela91 #cff ,raynal1 ,abb1 on ,*9ese porcela91 #he ---- ---- quot$1 #aff1 #bca ---- ---- on classification ( ,ori5tal porcela91 #bbc note ,raumur makes porcela91 #bgh ,r$ decoration s\s c\v]te1 #dc ,r$ ,sea ports1 e>ly ,*9ese trade )1 #bac ,re9e1 porcela9e de la1 made 9 ,rue ,?ir\x1 #cac ,reproductions ( old types ( ,*9ese porcela91 #ajd1 #aae ,riao1 ,don ,juan1 on ,spani% porcela91 #cbb1 #cbe ,rice-gra91 9 pi]c$ decoration1 #aee ,r+l]1 ! arcani/1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfg ,risampei1 a ,korean1 at ,arita1 #aha ,ritual vessels 9 ,*9ese porcela91 col\rs (1 #ach ,rock+ham porcela91 #cga-cgb ,rr/r&1 porcela9 made at1 #bgc ---- ---- contempor>y "w1 #chh1 #cic ,rose1 ,john1 #cfe1 #cff ,rose-r$ gr\nds 7opaque71 mei-kwei1 on ,*9ese porcela91 #aaj ,roses on ,engli% porcela91 #ceb1 #cfh ,r\5 porcela91 #bch-bci1 #bhb ---- ---- examples :]e f\nd1 #bci ,r\ge d'or on ,*9ese porcela91 #ajg ---- ---- date ( introduction 9 ,*9a1 #aaj note ---- ---- n m5tion$ by ,d',entrecolles1 #acf ---- ---- late introduction 9 ,japan1 #ahi1 #bje ---- ---- us$ e>ly at ,sa9t-,cl\d1 #bhc ,r\ge d'or1 s\rce (1 #bhd note ---- ---- m5tion$ 9 ,de ,frasnay's poem1 #bhd note ,roz5burg works at ! ,hague1 #chi1 #cic ,russian porcela91 #bgd1 #cib ,sacrifice ( ! pott] ,tung1 #aac ,sa9t-,cl\d1 porcela9 made at1 #bhb-bhd ---- sev5te5? c5tury designs on porcela91 #bhc ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 porcela9 made at1 #bgd1 #cib ,salad9's pres5t ( ,*9ese porcela91 #bae ,salt+ collection1 e>ly vase ) cloisons1 #hj ---- ---- enamell$ b[l ) ,*5g-te m>k1 #hi1 #afa ---- ---- famille v]te ) black gr\nd1 #aja ,salvtat1 notes to ,juli5's "w1 #ec ,samson1 imitates old w>es1 #cad ,s&a celadon1 #bja ,sang de buf glazes1 #db ---- ---- imitat$ 9 ,engl&1 #chg ---- ---- on ,*9ese porcela91 #aea ,san tsai or #8?ree-col\r' glazes1 #dd ---- ---- ! #8?ree col\rs' ( ,m+ enamels1 #hi1 #ig ---- ---- relation to ,ki%iu w>e1 #ih ,s>ac5ic glass1 enamels on1 #hh ---- ---- f\nd 9 ,*9a1 #hh note ---- motives & =ms 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #gf1 #adj ---- orig9 ( enamell$ porcela91 #hg1 #hh ,sassanian influ5ce on ,f> ,ea/1 #gj note ,sawankalok1 porcela9 made at1 #agc1 #bab note ,sceaux1 porcela9 made at1 #bhh ,s*neeball-vas51 #bed ,s*norris*e ,erde us$ by ,bttg]1 #bej ,segg>s1 prep>ation & arrangem5t 9 furnace1 #bh-bi ---- arrangem5t 9 ,*9ese furnaces1 #acc ---- late introduction 9 ,japan1 #ahh ,sei-ji1 ,japanese t]m = celadon1 #fd ,s5toku1 ,japanese read+ ( ,hsuan-te1 #ib ,seto1 village 9 ,ow>i1 connection ) ,japanese porcela91 #ahj1 #bjb ,seto-mono1 ,japanese equival5t to #8*9a1' #bjb ,sve = ,svres1 #bij note #8,sev]e' or kaol9ic porcela91 #ag-ah1 #che-chf ,svres1 exp]im5tal "w at1 #ae ---- h>d pa/e1 two types1 #ag ---- ! new porcela91 #ah ---- ! s(t pa/e (1 #bhi-cjd ---- porcela9 works remov$ to1 #bib ---- edicts aga9/ compet+ works1 #bie ---- ! factory a fa%ionable l\nge1 #bie ---- date ( ! be/ "w1 #big ---- s(t pa/e ab&on$1 #cjc ---- ---- repa9t$ at lat] dates1 #cjd ---- ! h>d pa/e (1 #cje-cab ---- ,g]man workm5 at1 #cje ---- ,macqu] succe$s ,hellot1 #cje ---- e>ly h>d pa/e ( mild type1 #cjf ---- ! new mild type ( h>d pa/e1 #cjg1 #cij ---- propos$ )drawal ( ,/ate support1 #caj1 #caa1 #cab ---- h>d pa/e1 analysis (1 #chf ---- contempor>y porcela91 #chi1 #cij ---- laboratory1 *emical & te*nical rese>*es on ,*9ese porcela91 #dg-dh1 #ee ---- porcela9 sold at ,v]sailles1 #bib ---- ---- biscuit figures1 #bif ---- ---- royal d9n]-s]vices1 #big-bih ---- ---- col\rs ( gr\nds on1 #bii ---- ---- turquoise enamel1 h[ prep>$1 #bii ---- ---- ,rose c>ne or ,pompad\r1 #cjj ---- ---- gild+ on1 #cja ---- ---- date-m>ks on1 #cjb ---- ---- jewell$ decoration1 #cjb ---- ---- arti/s' m>ks on1 #cjc ---- ---- felspa?ic glaze1 #cjf ---- ---- glaze on e>ly h>d pa/e1 #cjf ---- ---- big vases (1 #cjg-cjh ---- ---- ! ,napoleonic decoration1 #cjh ---- ---- *anges 9 decoration illu/rate hi/ory1 #caj ---- ---- col\r$ pa/es1 #caa ---- ---- pictorial plaques1 #bga1 #caa ---- ---- lat] developm5ts1 #cab1 #cij #8,%ap+1' t]m expla9$1 #bj ,%a-t'ai or #8s&-bodi$' relation to hua-%i1 #acb ---- ---- us$ z slip1 #aed ,%onsui1 fir/ made porcela9 9 ,japan1 #aha ,siamese porcela91 #agb-age ---- ---- primitive me?ods ( support 9 kilns1 #agd1 #baa ---- ---- ,buddhi/ emblems1 #age ---- ---- decorat$ at ,canton1 #age ,signatures ( pa9t]s on famille rose plates1 #ajh ,silica1 proportion (1 9 h>d pa/es1 #g1 #che ,silv] plate replac$ 9 ,france by porcela91 #bhe ,slip or b>bot9e1 #ai1 #cab ---- decoration ( ,*9ese porcela91 #adf1 #adg1 #aed ,slop-bl5d+1 #af ,snuff-bottles ( ,*9ese porcela91 #aac-aad1 #adj ,s(t pa/es1 h[ di/+ui%$1 #bgg note ---- ---- ( ,france1 orig9 (1 #bgg-bgi ---- ---- composition1 #bgi ,solon1 ,m41 at ,svres1 #caa ,sometsuke1 ,japanese t]m = #8blue & :ite1' #ahg ,s\ffl glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #cj1 #aej ,s\s c\v]te or "u-glaze decoration1 #dc ,spa91 porcela9 made 91 #cbb-cbd ---- ,*9ese porcela9 e>ly import$1 #cbb ,sp5gl] ( ,zuri* at ,d]by1 #ced ,spode family ( ,/oke1 #cgb-cgc ---- ,josiah1 ab&ons use ( frit 9 porcela91 #cgc ---- ---- 8 felsp> porcela91 #cgc ---- w>e1 #cgc-cgd ,sprimont1 ,ni*olas1 manag] at ,*elsea1 #ccc1 #cch1 #cda ---- ---- 8 ,case ( ! ,und]tak]1 #ccd ,/af=d%ire porcela91 composition1 #cgb ,/eatite 9 ,*9ese porcela91 #aca ---- us$ at ,worce/]1 #cei ---- us$ at ,swansea1 #cfh ---- relation to ,hua-%e1 #cgf note ,/onew>e1 relation (1 to porcela91 #g1 #chf ---- composition1 #g ,/onew>es ( ,*9ese1 #afe-afg ,/rassburg1 porcela9 made at1 #bfi ,/rawb]ry ,hill1 porcela9 at1 #bff1 #bhc1 #cba1 #cgi note ,sui-ki1 ,*9ese t]m = crackle or truit w>e1 #adf ,sumatra1 ,*9ese trade )1 #baj ,sung dyna/y ( ,*9a1 #fb ---- porcela91 #fb-fh ---- ---- copi$ 9 lat] times1 #eb1 #ajd ---- ---- r>ity 9 ,european collections1 #ga ,su-ni-po & ,su-ma-li1 cobalt blues ( ,arab orig91 #ib ,swansea porcela91 #cfg-cfi ,sw$i% porcela91 #bgc ---- ---- contempor>y "w1 #chh1 #cic ,sw9ton1 ,rock+ham porcela9 made at1 #cga ,swiss porcela91 #bgj ,ta-mo 7,jap4 ,d>uma71 #adc ,tang dyna/y ( ,*9a1 importance (1 #ef1 #bji ,tang-y+1 sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*51 #aaj ---- report on manufacture ( porcela91 #aaa-aac ,tao-kwang 7#ahbj-ej71 porcela9 (1 #aae ,tea dr9k+1 influ5ce on c]amic w>es1 #agi1 #bbd1 #bdc ---- ---- ridicul$ 9 dr9k+-song1 #bdc ,tek-kwa or ,te-hua1 #adb #8,?r[+' on :eel1 #bj-bb ,?r+] ,wald1 porcela9 made 91 #bfi ,t9 enamel us$ at ,*antilly1 #bhf1 #bid ,t9-glaz$ fay5ce1 #gc ,t9 9 glaze1 #cc-cd ,t+ yao1 old ,*9ese w>e1 #fg1 #ada ,t+ui ( ,m>co ,polo1 #bac-bad ,tokugawa p]iod1 decl9e ( art 9 lat] times1 #aih1 #bje ,to%iro1 ,japanese pott]1 #ahj ,to-t'ai1 #8bodiless' porcela91 #ia ,t\rnai1 porcela9 made at1 #bhi ,toys made ( ,m5necy porcela91 #bhg ---- made ( ,*elsea porcela91 #ccg ,transf]-pr9t+ at ,b[1 #cdg ---- at ,worce/]1 #cfj #8,transmutation' glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #ff1 #aej-aed1 #aea note ,trembleuse sauc]s1 #bhc1 #bid ,tr5*>d family1 e>ly pieces ( ,*9ese porcela9 9 possession (1 #bai ,triads ( col\r--,san-tsai1 #hi1 #ig ,tr\1 ,h5ri1 at ,sa9t-,cl\d1 #bhc ,tsang ,y+-hsuan1 sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*51 #if ,ts*irnhaus1 glass made by1 #bdf-bdg1 #bgh ---- 8 connection ) ,bttg]1 #bdf-bdg1 #bdh ,ts+ or ,man*u dyna/y1 #if ,tung1 ! pott]'s god1 #aac ,tung-*i 7#ahfa-gd71 porcela9 (1 #aae ,tu ,t+ w>e1 t]m expla9$1 #fh ,turks use c(fee-cups ( ,ori5tal porcela91 #bbd ,turn]1 ,?omas1 at ,caughley1 #cfe ,turquoise glaze on ,*9ese porcela91 #ig1 #adg ---- gr\nds 7opaque7--fei-tsui--on ,*9ese porcela91 #aaj-aaa ---- ---- on ,svres porcela91 #bii ---- ---- on ,*elsea porcela91 #cci ,tu-t+1 #adb ,tzu-*+1 writ] ( ,bu%ell ,,ms41 #fa1 #gi1 #hf ,tzu-k9 7burni%$ gold71 ,*9ese "n = fond laque1 #adf ,unak]1 kaol9 f ,am]ica1 #cdb1 #cgf1 #cgh ,uranium1 black enamel f1 #bfa ,uses ( ,*9ese porcela91 #acg-ada ---- ( ,japanese porcela91 #aib ,v5ice1 ,*9ese porcela9 9 ,/4 ,m>k's1 #gg note ---- e>ly attempts to make porcela9 91 #bce ---- ,ori5tal porcela9 abundant 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #bce note ---- porcela9 made at1 #caf-cah ---- ,g]man influ5ce on porcela91 #cag ,v]nadsky1 on *emical reaction 9 fir+ porcela91 #aa ,vezzi family at ,v5ice1 #caf ,vi5na1 orig9 ( porcela9 works1 #bfj ---- porcela91 decoration1 #bfj ---- ---- m>ks on1 #bfj ,vill]oy1 ,duc de1 & ,m5necy1 #bhg ,v9c5nes1 porcela9 made at1 #bhi-bia1 #bic-bie ---- bleu du roi1 #bid ---- e>ly p]fection ( porcela91 #bie ,v9ovo1 or ,v9euf1 porcela9 factory at1 #cah ,vissage or wrea?+1 #bb1 #ajf note1 #chd ,vogt1 ,m41 ( ,svres1 quot$1 #ag1 #bgh ,wall1 ,dr4 ,john1 at ,worce/]1 #ceg1 #cfc ,walpole1 ,horace1 porcela9 f ,doccia1 #cba ,wan-li 7#aegb-afai71 8 pres5t ( porcela9 to ,jehangir1 #he ---- porcela9 (1 #ie ,w>ham1 ,ar*bi%op1 celadon b[l at ,ox=d1 #bah #8,wa/]s1' importance ( discov]y (1 #bi ,watteau1 influ5ce on ,g]man art1 #bec ,w$gwood1 8 ,jasp] w>e1 #dj ---- at ,meiss51 #bef ---- & fugitive workm51 #cha note ---- 8 opposition to ,*ampion1 #chc ,weesp1 9 ,holl&1 porcela9 made at1 #bgb ,:ite ,*9ese porcela91 two families (1 #fh ,will[ patt]n at ,caughley1 #cfe ,worce/] porcela91 #ceg-cfd ---- ---- f\ndation ( factory1 #ceg ---- ---- composition ( pa/es1 #ceh ---- ---- ! factory describ$1 #ceh ---- ---- ,ori5tal w>es copi$1 #cei ---- ---- portraits ( celebrities1 #cfj1 #cfd ---- ---- m>ks on1 #cfj1 #cfd ---- ---- transf]-pr9t+1 #cfj-cfa ---- ---- migration ( pa9t]s f ,*elsea1 #cfa ---- ---- bleu du roi gr\nds1 #cfa-cfb ---- ---- decorat$ 9 ,london1 #cfb-cfc ---- ---- ! ,*amb]la9 factory1 #cfc ---- ---- late developm5ts1 #cfd #8,wrea?+' or vissage1 #bb1 #ajf note1 #chd ,wu-kung1 five vessels on ,buddhi/ %r9e1 #ach ,wu-% 7see ,g>niture71 #aci ,wu-tsai1 ! #8five col\rs' ( ,m+ enamels1 #hi ---- relation to famille v]te1 #aja ,yang-tsai1 #8=eign col\rs1' associat$ ) ,indian enamels1 #afe ,yao-pi51 or furnace transmutation1 #aeb ,yao-p+1 or m$ic9e-flasks1 #aac1 #adj ,yeiraku w>e1 #aih-aii ,yeis51 pott] at ,kioto1 #aig ,yell[ glazes on ,*9ese porcela91 #id1 #adg ,yi-hs+ yao1 /onew>e1 #afe ,yuan or ,mongol dyna/y1 #gb ---- ---- porcela9 (1 #gg1 #aeb ,yung-*5g 7#agbb-ce71 porcela9 (1 #ajc-aje ---- copies ( old w>es1 #ajd ---- 8 e>ly int]e/ 9 porcela91 #ace ,yung-lo 7#adjb-bd71 e>ly date-m>k1 #fg ---- porcela9 (1 #fh1 #ia ,zaitun1 #adb1 #bji1 #bac ,zanzib>1 ,*9ese porcela9 f\nd at1 #baa ,z5goro1 family ( ,japanese pott]s1 #aih ---- 8 coral r$1 8 ,yeiraku seal1 #aih-aii ---- 8 ,kairaku w>e 9 ,ki%iu1 #bjj ---- ,hoz5 at ,kutani1 #bje ,zuri*1 porcela9 made at1 #bgj ,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,pr9t]s to ,8 ,maje/y at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press ,,footnotes3 #a ,"s ,engli% porcela9 is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,*ur* to h a h>dness equal to t ( qu>tz4 ,see bel[1 #8,bri/ol ,porcela94' #b ,we h ?\ght x well1 once = all1 to treat briefly ( ! sci5tific aspect ( our subject1 b ^? :o are n int]e/$ 9 ?is po9t ( view may pass ov] ! next few pages4 #c ,i %all return to ?is po9t 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,i lay ! m /ress on ?is fact1 z x is (t5 /at$ t ! h>d & slightly transluc5t /onew>es1 su* z ! ,fulham w>e ( ,dwight1 :i* conta9s z mu* z eighty p] c5t4 ( silica1 =m "o degree ( a s]ies ( :i* true porcela9 is ! next t]m4 ,! fact is1 ^? :o s\ght to make porcela9 by a ref9em5t 9 ! manufacture ( /onew>e 7 z mu* a/ray z ^? :o />t$ f a fusible glass frit4 #d ,! *9a-/one ( ,cornwall might1 9 "p at lea/1 be claim$ z an old volcanic rock1 & t us$ 9 ! ,im>i di/rict ( ,japan is di/9ctly ( volcanic orig94 ,bo? ^! rocks1 h[ev]1 consi/ ess5tially ( a mixture ( qu>tz & felsp>4 #e ,= fur!r details consult ! au?orities quot$ 9 ! ,h&book ( ! ,j]myn ,/reet ,collection1 p4 #e2 = sections %[+ ! relation ( ! b$s ( kaol9 to ! surr\nd+ rock1 see ,brongni>t's ,trait des ,arts ,cramiques1 vol4 i4 #f ,x is to ! scatt]$ notices & essays ( ,mr4 ,william ,burton t we mu/ g = in=mation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 8 new "w on ,engli% ,porcela9 he does n treat ^u ?is side ( ! subject4 #g ,! mo/ complete "w on ! processes ( manufacture is n[ ,dubreuil's ,la ,porcela9e1 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,x =ms "p =ty-two 9 ,fremy's ,encyclopdie ,*imique4 ,?is volume br+s up to date & replaces 9 "s measure ! great "w ( ,alex&re ,brongni>t1 ! ,trait des ,arts ,cramiques 7two volumes1 ) a qu>to volume ( plates71 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 ,m4 ,georges ,vogt 9 ,la ,porcela9e1 ,p>is1 #ahic1 gives valuable details ( ! processes employ$ at ,svres4 #h ,! caill\x ( ! ,fr5*4 ,?is mat]ial is (t5 describ$ z felsp>1 b ,i ?9k t qu>tz c seldom be completely abs5t4 #i ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 be incl9$ to class n only mu* ( ! porcela9 ( ,japan1 b "s ( t made 9 ,g]many & 9 s\?-we/ ,france1 r 9 ! #8sev]e' kaol9ic ?an 9 ! int]m$i>y class ( ,m4 ,vogt4 #aj ,we c1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%1 9 ! tomb pa9t+s ( ! ,middle ,empire1 an e>li] =m )\t ! l[] table4 ,?is e>li] type1 mov$ by h& f ! upp] table1 0 t us$ by ! ,greeks at lea/ z late z ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & a simil> primitive :eel is /ill us$ 9 ,india4 ,on lat] ,egyptian monum5ts ( ,ptolemaic "t1 ! pott] is se5 mov+ ! :eel by press+ 8 foot on a second l[] table1 z n[ at ,svres & else:]e4 ,bo? =ms ( :eel appe> to h be5 us$ by ! ,italian pott]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 #aa ,?is seam is (t5 visible on vases ( old ,*9ese porcela91 & may be tak5 z a sign t ! object has be5 m\ld$4 #ab ,porcela9 9 ,*9a foll[$1 z we %all see1 9 ! wake ( ! m e>ly develop$ arts ( ! bronze-ca/] & ! jade-c>v]4 ,h5ce ! preval5ce 9 ! e>ly w>es ( %apes unsuitable to ! :eel4 #ac ,i ?9k t ?is is a m practical division ?an ! "o made by ,m4 ,vogt & adopt$ by ,dr4 ,bu%ell4 #ad ,an important exception is to be not$ 9 ! case ( ! fir+ ( l>ge vases 9 ,*9a4 #ae ,a good in/ance ( ! fir/ case is ! f9d+ ( cr[-claws 9 ! rubbi%-heaps ( ,fo/t or ,old ,cairo4 ,z to ! me?od ( support indicat+ ! place ( orig91 see :at is said bel[ ab\t ! celadon w>e ( ,siam4 #af ,!re is only "o exception ( any importance--! porcela9 ( ,*antilly1 mu* ( :i* has an opaque /annif]\s glaze4 #ag ,s we c inf] f ! magnific5t wall decoration ( ! ,a*m5ian p]iod br\ght home f ,susa by ,m4 ,dieulafoi4 #ah ,a glaze ( ?is nature 0 9 ! ,s>ac5ic ,ea/ appli$ to a lay] ( f9e :ite slip1 :i* itself =m$ a coat+ on ! co>se pa/e4 ,su* a comb9ation1 (t5 v difficult to di/+ui% f a t9 enamel1 we f9d on ! wall-tiles ( ,p]sia & ,damascus4 #ai ,metallic gold has1 ( c\rse1 be5 appli$ to ! decoration ( porcela9 9 all c\ntries4 #bj ,! col\r ( ! ruby glass 9 our ?irte5? c5tury w9d[s has a v simil> orig94 ,9 ?is case ! art 0 lo/ & only 9 a measure recov]$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,*9ese glaze1 ! po9t 0 to seize ! mom5t :5 ! copp] 0 fir/ r$uc$ &1 9 a m9ute /ate ( division1 0 susp5d$ 9 floccul> masses 9 ! glass4 #ba ,) ^! col\rs a d>k blue is sometimes associat$4 ,is ?is d]iv$ l ! turquoise f copp]8 ,x is a curi\s fact t we h "h exactly ! same range ( col\rs t we f9d 9 ! little glass bottles ( ,phnician or ,egyptian orig91 ) zig-zag patt]ns 7#aejj-djj ,b4,c474 #bb ,see ,vogt1 ,la ,porcela9e1 p4 #bai4 ,! problem is really m complicat$4 ,= simplicity's sake we h ignor$ ! *anges t take place 9 ! glaze t lies betwe5 ! enamels & ! pa/e4 #bc ,! same result may be obta9$ by pa9t+ "o col\r ov] ! o!r1 z we f9d 9 ! black gr\nd ( ! famille v]te4 #bd ,9 ,p]sia1 :]e = ?ree c5turies at lea/ ! ,*9ese w>es h be5 kn[n & imitat$1 ! ^w *9i has almo/ ! same connotation4 ,see bel[ = a discussion ( ! r\te by :i* ?is ^w rea*$ ,engl&4 #be ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,fr5* mission>ies rema9$ 9 fri5dly relation ) ! ,*9ese c\rt1 especially ) ! ,emp]or ,ki5-lung1 a man ( culture & a poet4 ,! ,pre ,amiot s5t home n only lett]s ) valuable in=mation1 b f "t to "t pres5ts ( porcela9 f ! emp]or4 ,he 0 9 correspond5ce ) ! m9i/] ,b]t91 :o 0 himself a ke5 collector ( porcela94 ,see ! notes 9 ! ,catalogue ( ,b]t9's sale1 ,p>is1 #ahae4 #bf ,?anks to ! indu/ry ( ! pres5t curator1 ,h]r ,zimm]mann1 ! same may n[ be said ( ! great collection at ,dresd54 #bg ,= a discussion1 & = _m illu/rations ( ! art ( ^! e>ly dyna/ies :i* survives *iefly 9 objects ( jade or bronze1 see ,palologue1 ,art ,*9ois1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #bh ,! wild /atem5ts z to ! transp>5cy1 above all1 ( ! ,sung & ev5 ! ,tang porcela9 may1 h[ev]1 appe> to receive "s confirmation f ! reports ( ! old ,arab travell]s4 ,b h[ mu* cr$5ce we c give to ^! au?orities may be glean$ f a description ( ! fay5ce ( ,egypt1 by a ,p]sian travell] ( ! elev5? c5tury4 #8,?is w>e ( ,misr1' he says1 #8is s f9e & diaphan\s t ! h& may be se5 ?r\gh x :5 x is appli$ to ! side ( ! vessel4' ,he is speak+ n ( porcela91 b ( a silici\s glaz$ e>!nw>e6 #bi ,pek9 ,ori5tal ,society1 #ahhf2 see also ,bu%ell's ,c]amic ,art1 p4 #acb seq4 #cj ,see ! passage 9 8 ,hi/ory 7*apt] ix47 :]e ?is /]n c5sor1 ref]r+ to ! passion = collect+ *9a1 rebukes ! #8frivol\s & inelegant fa%ion' = #8^! grotesque baubles4' #ca ,! "n ,cladon fir/ occurs 9 ! ,a/re1 ! once fam\s novel ( ,honor ,d',urf4 ,:5 lat] 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,cladon1 ! c\rti]-%eph]d1 0 introduc$ on ! /age1 he appe>$ 9 a co/ume ( greyi% gre51 :i* became ! fa%ionable col\r ( ! "t1 & 8 "n 0 transf]r$ to ! ,*9ese porcela9 ) a glaze ( v simil> col\r1 :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,france ab\t t p]iod4 #cb ,juli5 translat$ ! ^w *+ z blue1 an un=tunate r5d]+ 9 ?is case1 :i* has be5 ! cause ( mu* confusion4 ,he 0 s f> ju/ifi$ 9 ?is1 9 t ! same ^w is us$ by ! ,*9ese = ! cobalt blue ( our #8blue & :ite1' :ile x 0 n appli$ by !m to a pron\nc$ gre5 t9t4 #cc ,i %all return to ?is po9t :5 treat+ ( ,engli% porcela94 #cd ,some:at lat] ! ,*9ese 7 = a "t neighb\rs ( ! ,sassanian empire1 :]e ! arts ( glaz+ pott]y & mak+ glass 7 highly develop$4 ,sassanian bronzes1 & probably textiles1 h f\nd _! way to ,japan4 #ce ,! salt-glaz$ w>e ( ,europe seems to be ! only important exception to ?is p]haps r sweep+ g5]alisation4 #cf ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! v>i\s t9ts ( br[n us$ f e>ly ,m+ times1 especially t kn[n to ! ,*9ese z #8old gold1' may h be5 sugge/$ by ?is copp] lu/re4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ?is lu/re is sup]impos$ 9 "s old ,p]sian w>es is ( a v simil> %ade4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell m5tions a tradition t ! old pott]s tri$ to produce a yell[ col\r by add+ metallic gold to _! glaze1 b t ! gold all disappe>$ 9 ! heat ( ! gr& feu4 ,!y _h !re=e to fall back ^u ! or bruni4 #cg ,consult = ?is w>e ! beautifully illu/rat$ monographs ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,wallis on e>ly ,p]sian c]amics4 #ch ,! cobalt pigm5t itself1 :5 n ( native orig91 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese 9 ,m+ times z ,hui-hui *'+ or #8,mohamm$an blue4' ,! o!r names = ! mat]ial1 sunipo & sumali1 probably po9t 9 ! same direction4 #ci ,a little :ite oval vase1 9 ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 at ,v5ice1 may possibly be ( ?is old ,t+ w>e4 ,! decoration is 9 l[ relief1 & f\r little r+s = susp5sion surr\nd ! m\?4 ,9 any case ?is is ! only piece 9 ?is fam\s collection t has any claim to be class$ z porcela94 #dj ,! /yle ( ?is cloisonn decoration is almo/ id5tical ) t se5 9 ! two magnific5t lacqu] scre5s ) l&scapes & ,buddhi/ emblems at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! *a9s ( pe>ls & p5deloques are *>act]i/ic ( a /yle ( pa9t+ (t5 f\nd on ! beams & ceil+s ( ! old ,buddhi/ temples ( ,japan4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a motif n f\nd else:]e on ,*9ese porcela94 #da ,! late ,m4 ,du ,s>tel gives 9 8 "w on ,*9ese porcela9 good photographs ( "s j>s ( ?is class 9 8 collection4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to call att5tion to ?is w>e4 #db ,?is dull surface is especially noticeable 9 "s ( ! specim5s ) ,arabic inscriptions 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ^! date f ! ,*5g-te p]iod 7#aeje-ba74 #dc ,9 ,p]sia1 too1 & 9 t c\ntry accompani$ by _m o!r v>ieties ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,= examples ( ^! w>es see above all ! collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 #dd ,relations des ,musulmans avec les ,*9ois4 ,x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t fur!r rese>* may br+ to light "s in=mation on ?is subject4 ,s9ce writ+ ?is ,i he> f ,dr4 ,bu%ell t "s specim5s ( ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 presumably ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 h lately be5 pur*as$ 9 ,pek94 ,! ,arab trade ) ,*9a 0 probably nev] m active ?an 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is ) ! ,memlook ,sultans1 !n rul+ a wide empire f ,cairo1 t we mu/ associate mo/ ( ?is enamell$ glass1 & ! ,ea/]n trade 0 9 _! h&s4 #de ,see ,bu%ell1 p4 #ded4 #df ,note t cobalt z an enamel col\r 0 n appli$ on porcela9 dur+ ,m+ times4 #dg ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s old b[l 9 ! ,salt+ collection ) ! ni5-hao ( ,*5g-te 7#aeje-ba71 on :i* a design ( iron r$1 two %ades ( gre51 a br[ni% purple1 & a cobalt blue ( poor lav5d] t9t1 all ^! col\rs ov] ! glaze1 is comb9$ ) an und]glaze decoration ( fi%1 9 a full copp] r$4 ,note also ! e>ly use ( a cobalt blue enamel1 sur c\v]te1 9 ! ,kakiyemon w>e ( ,japan4 #dh ,mu* ( ?is k9d 0 translat$ by ,juli51 & a good summ>y may be f\nd 9 ,hippisley's pap] contribut$ to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 b ! in=mation f ! same & o!r s\rces is m accurately translat$ & critically analys$ 9 ! sev5? & eigh? *apt]s ( ,dr4 ,bu%ell's great "w4 #di ,yung-lo1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese reckon+1 did n comm5ce 8 reign until ! new ye>'s day foll[+ ! dea? ( 8 pr$ecessor 7#adjc74 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x bett] to adopt ! ,european me?od ( reckon+ dates4 #ej ,! "n ,s5toku t !y give to x is ! ,japanese read+ ( ! *>act]s =m+ ?is emp]or's "n4 #ea ,we may m5tion t a pair ( wide-m\!d vases ( ?is w>e1 %[n at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #ahif1 bore ! ni5-hao ( ,kia-ts+ 7#aeba-ff7 inscrib$ r\nd ! m\?4 #eb ,m prop]ly a fre% "n 0 giv5 to ! p]iod1 b = ! sake ( brevity we "h z else:]e id5tify ! emp]or's "n ) t giv5 to ! ni5-hao4 #ec ,! ,tr5*>d b[ls1 m5tion$ bel[1 belong probably to ?is or to ! foll[+ reign4 #ed ,b ?is "n is also appli$ by "s to ! old] ,su-ma-li blue4 #ee ,p]haps ! e>lie/ ni5-hao on a piece ( blue & :ite 9 :i* we c place any confid5ce4 #ef ,a pr$ecessor ( 8 z vic]oy & sup]9t5d5t at ,k+-te-*5 0 ,lang ,t+-tso1 f :om ! fam\s ,lang yao1 ! sang de buf1 _h its "n1 ?\gh ?is d]ivation is n absolutely c]ta94 ,x c\ld only h be5 q 9 ! la/ days ( ! latt] vic]oy's rule t mu* good "w 0 turn$ out f ! kilns4 #eg ,x w be obs]v$ t ! turquoise blue & ! gre51 bo? d]iv$ f copp]1 s happily comb9$ 9 ! wall-tiles ( ! ,s>ac5ic ,ea/1 are 9 ,*9a r>ely f\nd unit$ 9 ! decoration ( ! same piece1 & ?is arises f practical difficulties connect$ ) ! fluxes & ! fir+4 ,at lea/ ! two col\rs are nev] successfully comb9$1 = ! attempt 0 app>5tly made 9 ,m+ times1 & ( ?is "s in/ances are giv5 9 ! foll[+ note4 ,inde$ ,i %\ld be incl9$ to reg>d su* a comb9ation on any piece z an evid5ce ( e>ly1 probably ( ,m+1 orig94 #eh ,i w\ld especially po9t to a rem>kable wat]-vessel1 ab\t t5 in*es high1 9 ! collection at ,dresd54 ,?is vase is 9 ! =m ( a phnix4 ,gre51 z well z turquoise1 purple & yell[ are all f\nd 9 ! decoration1 & ! col\rs are all well develop$4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--a collection 9 _m ways rem>kable = ! numb] ( exceptional types illu/rat$--a j> ) cov]1 ( ?is class4 ,! gr\nd is a dull purple cov]$ ) small spirals ( black2 ! re/ ( ! decoration--rocks1 waves1 fl[]s1 & jewels--is ma9ly gre5 ( two %ades ) a little yell[4 ,on "s ( ! fl[]s1 h[ev]1 we see a poor attempt at turquoise blue4 ,next to ?is example /&s a balu/]-%ap$ vase ) tall1 /raight neck 7,,pl4 ,,vii4 #b474 ,! gr\nd is "h ( a pale greyi% yell[1 ) crackles ( a d>k] %ade--s f>1 9 fact1 ( a ,ko yao type4 ,! decoration is ( a pr$om9ant leafy gre51 ) a little purple & yell[ "h & !re2 b on ! fl[]s we f9d1 9 addition1 an enamel ( turquoise1 poor 9 col\r1 inde$1 b c]ta9ly a copp] blue4 ,bo? ^! examples are class$ z ,m+1 & bo? w\ld seem to %[ t ! comb9ation ( ! turquoise enamel 7ess5tially a silicate ( copp] & soda7 ) ! lead-flux$ gre5 _h be5 attempt$ 9 ,m+ times4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to obta9 satisfactory results 9 ?is way1 s t 9 ,kang-he's "t ! turquoise 0 res]v$ = ! demi gr& feu1 & ! gre5 alone us$ z an enamel ov] ! glaze4 #ei #8,muffle-col\rs1' ( c\rse 9 ^! lat] examples pa9t$ ov] ! glaze1 & !re=e to be class$ z enamels4 #fj ,9 ?is respect we may comp>e su* decoration to a d>k wat]-col\r draw+ on :ite pap]1 :]e advantage is only tak5 ( ! :ite gr\nd = scatt]$ lights "h & !re4 #fa ,we mu/ always ?9k ( ?is great man 9 connection ) 8 contempor>y 9 ,france1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,omitt+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,fr5* k+1 be=e he atta9$ 8 majority1 ! two long reigns run almo/ exactly toge!r4 #fb ,?is li/ is to be f\nd 9 ,juli5's book4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell has s9ce giv5 a m accurate translation1 accompani$ by a c>eful analysis 7,*9ese ,c]amics1 *apt] xii474 #fc ,! r$ pa/e ( e>ly times 01 h[ev]1 imitat$1 & a #8copp] pa/e' is also m5tion$ 9 connection ) ^! old w>es4 ,! la/ expression is obscure1 b x has c]ta9ly no?+ to d ) an enamel on copp]4 #fd ,on ! o!r h&1 on "s l>ge %[y vases ( ?is "t we c trace a s]ies ( r+s1 giv+ an unev5 surface4 ,^! are caus$ ei!r by ! undue pressure ( ! pott]'s f+]s 7vissage71 or p]haps 9 "p by ! way 9 :i* ! successive /ages ( ! j> 7 built up ) #8sausage-%ap$' rolls ( clay4 #fe ,h[ ?is iron r$ 0 manipulat$1 app>5tly at a transition p]iod1 s z to obta9 an effect approa*+ t ( ! r\ge d'or1 is describ$ on page #afb4 #ff ,a ruby-r$ c be obta9$ by c>eful manipulation f gold alone4 ,we may reg>d ! addition ( t9 z a conv5i5t me?od ( develop+ ! col\r :i* 0 app>5tly kn[n to ! m$ival al*emi/s4 #fg ,x w\ld be a po9t ( special int]e/ to det]m9e ! date :5 ^! two col\rs--! p9k 7us$ z a gr\nd7 & ! opaque turquoise blue--7 fir/ us$ 9 ,*9a4 ,_! pres5ce toge!r ) ! lemon-yell[ gives p]haps ! fir/ note ( a p]iod ( decl9e4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a b[l & sauc] cov]$ on ! outside ) ?is rose enamel & be>+ ?is unusual inscription--#8! ,s9-*\ ye> occurr+ aga94' ,?is expression 0 ref]r$ by ,franks to ! sixty-fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,kang-he1 :5 ! cyclical ye> 9 :i* 8 reign began recurr$ aga91 an unprec$5t$ fact 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,9 ! same collection is a sauc]-%ap$ plate ) a pale p9k gr\nd ) ! m>k ( ! p]iod ,yung-*5g4 ,b ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a some:at lat] date = ! fully develop$ use ( ! r\ge d'or seems to me fairly /rong4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 h[ev]1 tells me t he has se5 o!r examples :]e ! same inscription is f\nd ^u w>e decorat$ ) ! r\ge d'or1 & t he accepts ! e>ly date 7#agbb7 on ! ,s9-*\ plate4 ,i return to ?is "q on page #acf4 #fh ,juli5 omitt$ ?is curi\s passage 9 8 translation z devoid ( int]e/6 #fi ,!re are two magnific5t vases ( ! black lacqu]$ w>e1 ea* ab\t eight feet high1 9 ! ,muse ,guimet1 & ( ! br[n v>iety a well-pres]v$ sph]ical b[l may be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 #gj ,! snuff-bottles ( ! ,*9ese repres5t ! inro ( ! ,japanese4 ,bo? 7 orig9ally us$ = pills & = eye m$ic9e4 #ga ,dr4 ,bu%ell tells u t %e is an accompli%$ arti/ & calligraphi/1 & t h] autograph signature is mu* valu$4 ,%e is said to h s5t d[n f ! palace1 to be copi$ at ,k+-te-*51 b[ls & di%es ( ! "t ( ,ki5-lung1 j z t emp]or 9 8 day =w>d$ f ,pek9 examples ( ,sung & ,m+ w>es ) ! same object4 ,s ! old tradition is kept up6 #gb ,^! ref]5ces are to ! plates ( m>ks at ! end ( ! book4 #gc ,see1 h[ev]1 p4 #aaj note1 = a curi\s in/ance ( its use4 #gd ,a good example ( a date-m>k ( ,wan-li 9 ?is position may be se5 on ! vase reproduc$ on ,,pl4 ,,vii4 ,fig4 #b4 #ge ,:y1 by ! way1 d we f9d1 9 catalogues o!rwise well edit$1 porcela9 ascrib$ to ! ,kang-he dyna/y8 ,"o might z well speak ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv4 dyna/y4 #gf ,at lea/ su* 0 ! case :5 ! ,canal 0 9 work+ ord]4 ,= "s "t s9ce1 ! ,gr& ,canal has only be5 navigable :5 ! c\ntry is flood$4 #gg ,i _c f9d ! exact date ( ! fir/ publication ( ^! lett]s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury we f9d !m g5]ally quot$ f ,du ,halde4 #gh ,?is is a passage made use ( by ,longfell[ 9 ^? (t5-quot$ l9es beg9n+-- #8,a burn+ t[n1 or seem+ s1 ,?ree ?\s& furnaces t gl[1' etc4 #gi ,if we are to und]/& by ?is #8transp>5t pebble' "s =m ( ars5ic1 = x w\ld seem t ars5ic 7& n t9 z ) u7 is ! base ( ! opaque :ite enamels ( ! ,*9ese1 x is difficult to believe t s volatile a sub/ance c\ld be ?us prep>$4 #hj ,= ! use ( /eatite 9 ,engli% porcela9 see *ap4 xxii4 ,at ,v9ovo1 9 ,pi$mont1 ano!r magnesian m9]al has be5 employ$ = ! pa/e4 #ha ,9 ! foll[+ summ>y ,i h kept to ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles's words z f> z possible1 b ) consid]able abbreviations4 #hb ,we mu/ "h ?9k ( ! m sob] famille v]te lant]n at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 r ?an ( ! magnific5t specim5 ( pi]c$ "w 9 ! ,salt+ collection1 :i* is ( lat] date4 #hc ,! unique b[l ( ,*9ese porcela9 illu/rat$ 9 ,du ,s>tel's book1 ( :i* ! outside is decorat$ 9 black & gold 9 imitation ( ! ,limoges enamel ( ! r5aissance1 may h _h "s su* orig94 ,?is piece1 on :i* ev5 ! initials ( ! orig9al ,fr5* arti/ h be5 copi$1 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,m>quis collection1 & is n[ to be se5 9 ! ,gr&idi] ,gall]y at ! ,l\vre4 #hd ,we h already allud$ to ?is po9t1 propos ( a b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 see p4 #aaj note4 #he ,?is bran* ( ! subject is fully work$ out 9 *apt] xvii4 ( ,dr4 ,bu%ell's "w4 #hf ,:5 comp>$ ) a simil> collection ( ,european w>es1 p]haps ! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce is ! small numb] ( vessels adapt$ to p\r+4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t :5 we f9d a sp\t or lip on a specim5 ( ,*9ese porcela91 ! piece takes at once a some:at exotic aspect1 & we are rem9d$ ( ! ,arab ,ibraik1 or ! ,european ew]4 #hg ,x is a curi\s fact t ,london *emi/s n[ s5d out _! pills 9 little glass bottles almo/ id5tical 9 %ape & size ) ^! ,*9ese yao-p+4 #hh ,! ^w is us$ 9 a re/rict$ s5se z expla9$ above4 #hi ,we h f> too (t5 to fall back on names ( ,fr5* orig94 ,our col\r-vocabul>y 9 ! case ( ! enamels & glazes ( porcela9 is a sadly poor "o4 #ij ,9 ! case ( "s mono*rome w>e ! col\r may h be5 pa9t$ on ! raw pa/e or on ! biscuit1 & a col\rless glaze !n add$2 or aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! coral r$ m5tion$ bel[1 x may be pa9t$ l an enamel ov] ! glaze4 #ia ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ?is c>v$ lacqu] itself is sometimes appli$ z a coat+ to porcela9 9 ,*9a4 #ib ,x w\ld be conv5i5t to h a "n to include ! :ole s]ies--! flamb1 ! sang de buf1 ! lav5d] ,yuan1 & p]haps also ! pea*-bloom & ! #8rob9's egg4' ,i w\ld propose to include all ^! classes "u ! head ( transmutation glazes4 #ic ,a ,fr5* writ] comp>es ! effect to ! #8palette d'un colori/e montre s\s un morceau de glace' 7,e4 de ,gonc\rt1 ,la ,maison d'un ,arti/e74 #id ,!re 7 _m k9ds ( #8furnace transmutations' kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 mo/ly ( a miracul\s nature 7see ,bu%ell1 p4 #bai74 #ie ,:5 appli$ to ! :ole surface1 a simil> slip =ms ! gr\nd on :i* ! decoration is pa9t$ 9 ! case ( _m k9ds ( ,european & ,s>ac5ic fay5ce1 b 9 su* w>e ! slip is us$ to conceal a m or less co>se & col\r$ pa/e4 #if ,x may1 h[ev]1 be notic$1 on close exam9ation1 t ! crackles d n seem to be develop$ 9 ! l[] glaze cov]$ by ! slip4 ,?is w\ld r po9t to bo? ! fir/ & ! second coats ( glaze1 z well z ! int]m$iate slip1 be+ all appli$ be=e ! fir+4 #ig ,n t we ne$ claim any great age = ^! plates1 b x is 9 su* places t old types 7z e4g4 ! celadon7 are likely to cont9ue 9 fa%ion4 #ih ,we may p]haps connect ! fir/ /eady export ( #8blue & :ite' direct to ,europe ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,dut* at ,nagasaki1 :]e !y probably employ$ ,*9ese workm54 #ii ,s :at is by f> ! mo/ successful imitation ( ,*9ese #8blue & :ite' ev] produc$ 9 ,europe 0 made by ! ,dut*1 9 ! enamell$ fay5ce ( ,delft1 ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 #ajj ,9 ,japanese art also we f9d ! prunus z a symbol ( ! approa*+ spr+1 b !re ! bran*es are cov]$ ) fre%ly fall5 sn[4 ,! contra/ ( ! wea!r 9 e>ly spr+1 9 ,*9a & ,japan respectively1 c\ld n be bett] express$--by ice 9 ! "o case1 by s(t ?aw+ sn[ 9 ! o!r4 #aja ,dr4 ,zimm]mann1 ! curator ( ! ,dresd5 ,museum1 reg>ds ! black division ( ! famille v]te z a product ( ! demi gr& feu1 i4e4 he holds t ! black & gre5 0 pa9t$ on ! biscuit4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case ) ! fully develop$ examples4 ,i may say t ?is class is only repres5t$ at ,dresd5 by "s small r\ghly pa9t$ plates4 #ajb ,we f9d x s us$1 h[ev]1 ^u ! ,japanese #8,kakiyemon' porcela91 "s ( :i* _c be mu* lat] ?an ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #ajc ,s9ce writ+ ?is ,i h discov]$ a tall-neck$ bottle ( ?is w>e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :i* is /at$ to h be5 pur*as$ 9 ,p]sia 7,,pl4 ,,xx474 #ajd ,t is to say1 no attempt 0 ev] made to imitate ! mat]ial--! h>d pa/e4 #aje ,an important collection ( armorial *9a 0 bequea!d to ! ,museum 9 #ahhg by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,walk]4 #ajf ,?is plate belongs to a gr\p 9 :i* ! arms1 above all ! mantl+s1 are 9 ! /yle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,on ^! ! gules is always r5d]$ by an opaque iron-r$1 al?\gh ! new r\ge d'or is freely us$ 9 ! re/ ( ! decoration4 ,i le>n f my fri5d ,colonel ,cr(t ,lyons t ! arms on ?is plate are ^? ( ,leake ,okeov]1 :o 0 born 9 #agja4 ,! initials1 repeat$ f\r times on ! m>g91 ,l4 ,m4 ,o41 /& = ,leake & 8 wife ,m>y4 ,! plate1 !re=e1 _c well h be5 pa9t$ be=e1 say1 #agbe4 #ajg ,?is class ( ,kuang yao mu/ n be confus$ ) ! old heavy pieces ( ,yuan w>e m5tion$ on p4 #gg4 #ajh ,i quote1 ) a few contractions1 f ! edition ( #aggd4 #aji ,i h exam9$ ! ,korean pott]y 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 at ,svres1 & t 9 "s ( ! ,g]man museums1 b ,i h n se5 ! specim5s 9 ! ,e?nographical ,museum at ,hamburg1 :i* are said to be v rem>kable4 #aaj ,= an acc\nt ( ! exploration ( ,sawankalok1 see ,man1 ! volume = #aija4 ,by ! k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,read ,i h be5 able to closely exam9e ! specim5s :i* are n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #aaa ,we may m5tion t ! ,japanese appe> also to give ! "n ( ,ko*i to o!r w>es1 especially to ! deep blue & turquoise porcela9 ) decoration 9 ribb$ cloisons :i* we h attribut$ to e>ly ,m+ times4 #aab ,we may comp>e ) ?is ! impulse giv51 "s f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 ,europe1 to ! spread ( ! use ( porcela9 at ! "t :5 tea 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! ,we/4 #aac ,see page #ff4 ,?is ,sung w>e is kn[n to ! ,japanese z #8,temmoku1' & is highly e/eem$ by !m4 #aad ,_m1 h[ev]1 ( ^! s-call$ ,jesuit plates 7 probably pa9t$ at ,k+-te-*5 at a lat] date4 ,*ri/ianity 0 f9ally & ru?lessly cru%$ 9 ,japan aft] ! rebellion ( #afcg3 9 ,*9a x 0 tol]at$ up to ! close ( ! reign ( ,kang-he 7#agba74 ,i mu/ ref] back to a quotation f ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles giv5 on p4 #acc4 ,see also a curi\s note 9 ,m>ryat1 :]e a /atuette ( ,quany91 ) ! boy patron ( le>n+1 is describ$ z #8a ,virg9 & ,*ild4'--,pott]y & ,porcela91 p4 #bic4 #aae ,9 ! ,dresd5 collection are sev]al cases full ( ?is e>ly ,japanese blue & :ite4 #aaf ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 7 giv5 mu* great] lib]ty ?an ! ,dut*4 #aag ,see ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton h&book on ,japanese pott]y1 p4 #hf4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,japanese c]amics conta9$ 9 ! magnific5tly illu/rat$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,arts ( ,japan1 publi%$ 9 #aija 9 connection ) ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 a little fur!r light is ?r[n on ! hi/ory ( porcela9 9 t c\ntry4 ,b 9 ?is "w & 9 ! o!r guides publi%$ at ! "t ( our ,am]ican & ,european exhibitions 7& ! same may be said ( ! ,japanese report conta9$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton h&book71 ! same scanty mat]ials are s]v$ up aga9 & aga94 #aah ,ambassades ,mmorables de la ,compagnie des ,indes ,ori5tales des ,prov9ces ,unies v]s les ,emp]eurs du ,japon1 ,am/]dam1 #afhj1 ,"p ,,ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,i take ! ref]5ce f ,m>ryat1 b ,i h n be5 able to f9d ! book4 #aai ,we "k ( no ,*9ese type to :i* we c ref] ?is decoration4 ,c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance h be5 f\nd ) ! "w ( ! great contempor>y ,japanese arti/ ,tanyu4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic motifs are ! tig]1 ! danc+ boy ) long sleeves1 & ! /raw h$ge4 #abj ,! #8old ,japan' 0 at "o "t closely copi$ at ,k+-te-*5 = exportation to ,europe4 7,cf4 ,,pl4 ,,xxiv4 #a47 #aba ,! composition ( ! ,ow>i porcela9 is m normal1 ! silica only am\nt+ to #fe p] c5t42 b z ! pa/e conta9s little or no lime1 x comes ne>] to ! h>d porcela9 ( ,b]l9 ?an to ! mild] ,*9ese type4 #abb ,mu*1 h[ev]1 ( ! *9a-/one ( ,cornwall diff]s little 9 composition f ! ,im>i /one2 b ! latt] conta9s1 z we h said1 soda1 9 place ( ! m usual pota%4 #abc ,x is to ?is ,koran%a1 ,i und]/&1 t we are indebt$ = ! hi/orical notices on ,japanese porcela9 t h appe>$ on ! occasion ( our successive int]national exhibitions 7see above1 p4 #ahc note74 #abd ,capta9 ,br9kley speaks ( ! l[] edge be+ s]rat$1 b ,i h nev] se5 any specim5 ( ?is s]ration4 #abe ,ano!r seal 0 grant$ to ,z5goro ) ! inscription 7read+ 9 ,*9ese7 ,hop9 *i liu 7,,pl4 ,b4 #bd74 ,?is ref]s to an old tradition t ,%un1 a ,*9ese emp]or ( v e>ly date1 _h1 be=e 8 accession to ! ?rone1 made pott]y at a place call$ ,hop91 9 ,honan4 ,?is /ory is told by ,ssuma ,*i51 ! #8,h]odotus ( ,*9a1' & w\ld be well kn[n to s*ol>s 9 ,japan4 ,^! *>act]s are sometimes f\nd on ,japanese w>e4 7,cf4 ,bu%ell1 *ap4 i41 & ! ,franks catalogue1 fig4 #aia1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! words are wrongly int]pret$47 ,yeiraku1 ,i %\ld add1 may be also r5d]$ #8long cont5t4' #abf ,?is "q ( ! relation betwe5 ! ,ki%iu1 ! ,ko*i ( ! ,japanese1 & our class ( old ,m+ w>es ) col\r$ glazes1 is full ( difficulties4 ,x rema9s = "s ,japanese connoisseur1 :o is at ! same "t bo? an exp]t 9 c]amics & a good ,*9ese s*ol>1 to cle> x up4 #abg ,?is "w is analys$ by ,dr4 ,hir? 9 8 essay on ,anci5t ,*9ese ,porcela9 already ref]r$ to4 #abh ,dr4 ,mey]1 :o br\ght ?is collection toge!r1 has always support$ ! !ory t 9 e>ly days no true porcela9 0 ev] made except 9 ,*9a4 ,9 support ( ?is he po9ts to ! specim5s1 includ+ #8wa/]s1' f ,sawankalok 9 ,siam1 9 ?is collection1 z be+ all ( /onew>e4 ,we h se5 7p4 #agc7 t m rec5t excavations 9 ! same neighb\rhood h br\ght to light fragm5ts ( true porcela9 ( und\bt$ local manufacture4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( ! examples ( celadon 9 ! ,dresd5 collection are ( :at we %\ld call a kaol9ic /onew>e4 #abi ,i suppose t ,franks1 :o ref]s to ?is notice1 0 satisfi$ t ! pres5t really consi/$ ( ,*9ese w>e4 ,_m slips h be5 made 9 quot+ ?is passage1 b ,i w only po9t out t ,nur$d91 :o di$ 9 #aagc1 has no claim to ! title ( caliph4 #acj ,?is belief1 h[ev]1 long l+]$ n only 9 ! ,ea/1 b ev5 9 ,europe4 ,accord+ to "s1 if poison 0 pres5t1 ! b[l lo/ its transp>5cy2 o!rs /ate t ! liquid w\ld boil up 9 ! c5tre1 rema9+ cle> r\nd ! edge4 ,9 a ,fr5* comic poem1 writt5 z late z #agaf1 among o!r m]its possess$ by vessels ( ,*9ese porcela91 x is claim$ = !m t-- #8,ils font connatre les my/res ,des b\illons la ,br9villire4' #aca ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! fragm5ts are ( local or at lea/ ( ,s>ac5ic orig91 & _m ( !m may be z old z ! date m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,b at ,fo/t1 at all ev5ts1 "s ( ! pot-%]ds are ( a mu* lat] date4 ,!re are important collections ( fragm5ts f ^! rubbi%-heaps bo? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 #acb ,pr(essor ,k>abacek ( ,vi5na quotes f ! encyclopdi/ ,hdji ,khalifa1 :o di$ 9 #afeh3 #8,! preci\s magnific5t celadon di%es se5 9 8 "t 7 manufactur$ & export$ at ,m>tabani1 9 ,pegu4' #acc ,! little b[l ( apple-gre5 porcela9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #8g>ni%$' ) a m\nt+ ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 has p]haps z long a ,european hi/ory4 ,! two #8,tr5*>d' b[ls 79 spite ( ! lat] date ( ! m\nt+7 probably came to ,engl& 9 #aejf4 #acd ,i ?9k t x is n unlikely t dur+ ! "t t ,k+-te-*5 lay wa/e1 kilns may h be5 erect$ some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,canton riv]1 & t f ^! kilns orig9at$ mu* ( ! r\gh w>e1 ha/ily decorat$ 9 blue1 t rea*$ ,india & ,p]sia 9 su* quantities at ?is "t 7cf4 ! /atem5t ( ,raynal quot$ on p4 #aff74 ,we h spok5 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! influ5ce ( ^! ev5ts ^u ! ,japanese trade4 #ace ,i am ref]r+1 ( c\rse1 to ,/u>t times4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! s-call$ ,gombroon w>e 0 ( ,p]sian orig91 & recognis$ z su* 9 ,engl&4 #acf ,! ^w #8*9a' is us$ 9 ?is s5se1 ,i ?9k1 by no o!r ,european nation4 #acg ,see1 h[ev]1 = ! ,portuguese m]*ants :o sold porcela9 9 ,france1 ! note on page #bcj4 #ach ,! ,abb ,raynal1 writ+ ab\t #aggj1 says t connoisseurs divide ,ori5tal porcela9 into six classes--#8truite1 vieille blan*e1 de ,japon1 de ,*9e1 le ,japon ,*9 et la porcela9e des ,indes4' #aci ,m>ryat's extracts are un=tunately (t5 c>elessly quot$2 nor is x easy 9 all cases to control !m by ref]5ce to ! orig9als4 #adj ,augu/ ,,ii4 c]ta9ly b\ght a collection ( porcela9 f ! ,basset\*e family = #fgej ?al]s4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ( :at w>es ?is collection consi/$4 ,! only fur!r additions until q rec5t times h be5 to ! ,european dep>tm5t4 #ada ,! tradition ( ! #8d9n]-s]vice' made 9 ,*9a = ,*>les ,v41 & pres5t$ by him to ,moritz ( ,saxony 7or1 z o!rs say1 captur$ f him by t pr9ce71 belongs to ! same category ( /ories z t ( ! crusad]'s cup4 ,no su* commission z ?is 0 possible at s e>ly a date1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! ,dresd5 collection t c\ld be connect$ ) su* a s]vice4 #adb #8,m5ez-moi *ez les ,portugais ,n\s y v]rons peu de frais ,des m>*&ises de la ,*9e 444 de la porcela9e f9e1' etc4--,sc>ron1 ,p>is ,burlesque4 #adc ,9 #afhi ,madame de ,svign notes ! quantity ( ,ori5tal porcela9 import$ at ,l',ori5t4 #add ,are we to id5tify ^! ) "s huge ,im>i vases1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ) coats ( arms be>+ ! ,fr5* lilies & ! label ( ,orleans8 ,"s simil> vases1 ) ! same arms1 h lately be5 se5 9 deal]s' %ops 9 ,london4 #ade ,! catalogues ( ,g]sa9t & ( "s o!r e>ly ,fr5* collections may be f\nd at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 #adf ,pass]i1 writ+ 9 #ageb 9 fav\r ( ! !n neglect$ majolica1 claims t #8la p>te brutale dell' uomo s> a favor delle porcellane1 ma l'intellettuale e razioc9ativa giudi*] a favor delle no/re majoli*e4' #adg ,rec5t rese>*es 9 ! ar*ives ( ,v5ice h prov$ t ,ori5tal porcela9 0 comp>atively abundant 9 ,v5ice at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,ludwig has %[n me extracts f ! inv5tory ( ! prop]ty ( a ri* #8cittad9o' :o di$ 9 #aebf1 9 :i* c be di/+ui%$ pla9 :ite1 blue & :ite1 & porcela9 decorat$ ) r$1 gre51 & gold4 #adh ,x is q possible t ,palissy may h tri$ 8 h& at ?is problem4 ,m4 ,solon has sugge/$ t 9 ! _m ye>s' lab\r at ,sa9tes 7:5 attempt+ especially to imitate #8! cup ) :ite enamel'7 ,palissy 0 really seek+ to make porcela94 #adi ,i take ! foll[+ f ! excell5t catalogue ( ! ,c]amic ,museum at ,limoges1 by ,e4 ,g>ni]3 #8#aabe4 ,pot ,pommade1 de =me cyl9drique godronn la p>tie infrieure et dcor en bleu d'une b&e de lambrequ9s4 ,m>que ,a4,p4' ,"s o!r small pieces 9 ?is museum are class$ z ,r\5 porcela94 #aej ,pr(essor ,*ur* all[s t #8! sub/ance ( "s ( ^! /atuettes is di/9ctly porcellan\s4' ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 a fragm5t ( ?is w>e z mu* z #gie p] c5t4 ( silica1 & only #abe p] c5t4 ( alum9a 7,cantor ,lectures1 #ahha74 #aea ,?is feel+ is well express$ 9 a contempor>y dr9k+-song3-- #8,to dr9k is a ,*ri/ian div]sion ,unfit = y\r ,turk or y\r ,p]sian2 ,let ,mohamm$an fools live by hea!ni% rules1 ,& get drunk ov] tea-cups & c(fee1 ,b let ,briti% lads s+1 give a r\se = ! k+1 ,a fig = y\r ,turk & y\r ,sophi4' ,! pun*-b[l ( porcela91 h[ev]1 came to ! rescue ab\t ?is "t4 #aeb ,9 ! porcela9 gall]y at ,dresd5 may be se5 7toge!r ) "o or two small lumps ( gold & silv]1 ! results ( ,bttg]'s al*emi/ic exp]im5ts7 "s snuff-boxes & little flasks ( a m>bl$ glass1 made by ,ts*irnhaus at an e>ly date4 ,x is probable t ! latt] exp]im5t]'s rese>*es lay r 9 ! way ( a frit-made s(t pa/e1 on ! same l9es z ! contempor>y attempts 9 ,france4 #aec ,& yet1 =ty ye>s lat] 7s well 0 ! secret kept71 x 0 ma9ta9$ by practical au?orities 9 ,france t ! ,saxon w>e 0 no true porcela91 b only "s k9d ( h>d enamel4 ,see ,hellot's ,mmoire1 quot$ bel[4 #aed ,we he>1 h[ev]1 ( ,dut* pott]s be+ engag$ z e>ly z #agjh1 & ) _! assi/ance ,bttg]1 9 #agji1 made "s imitations ( ,delft w>e4 #aee ,9 a contempor>y ,g]man pamphlet1 :i* ,i only "k f a ,fr5* translation 7,secret des ,vrais ,porcela9es de la ,*9e et de ,saxe1 ,p>is1 #ageb71 a c]ta9 #8spa? alkal9' is m5tion$ z an important elem5t 9 ,saxon porcela91 & ?is sub/ance is id5tifi$ ) ! petuntse ( ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles4 #aef ,if ?is col\r is d]iv$ f ! purple ( ,cassius1 z seems probable1 x is an important in/ance ( ! e>ly use ( ?is pigm5t ^u porcela94 #aeg ,above all ! fam\s #8,swan ,s]vice' ( #agcf1 ,kndl]'s ma/]piece4 #aeh ,we _h 9 ,engl& until lately an unrivall$ collection ( ^! little gr\ps--priceless specim5s ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,!y 7 exhibit$ by _! own]1 ,mr4 ,massey ,ma9w>+1 = "s "t at ,be?nal ,gre54 ,?is collection has1 h[ev]1 n[ f\nd its way to ,am]ica4 #aei ,on ! o!r h&1 z e>ly z #agcb ! ,meiss5 w>e 0 f9d+ its way to ! ,ea/4 ,quantities ( little c(fee-cups 7kn[n z ,trk5 ,copj51 corrupt$ into ,trk5 ,kpf*57 7 s5t to ,con/ant9ople to be re-export$ to o!r ,mohamm$an c\ntries4 #afj ,we may rem9d ! read] t x 0 a syndicate ( ,b]l9 m]*ants :o at an e>li] date s\ght1 x is said1 to pur*ase f ,bttg] 8 secret4 ,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! anecdotes ab\t ,r+l]1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! notices on ,g]man porcela91 are little m ?an #8porcela9 my?s4' ,v simil> anecdotes are told ( ! e>ly days at ,v9c5nes1 & 9 ,japan1 z we h se51 su* /ories sometimes take a m tragical =m4 ,!re is a /rong temptation1 no d\bt1 9 trav]s+ ! some:at arid gr\nd ( ,g]man c]amics1 to fall back on su* tales4 ,at all ev5ts !y belong to ! class ( t5d5z ,mhr*51 & illu/rate ! difficulties to be ov]come at t "t 9 />t+ a new factory4 #afa ,n b t we h pro( ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject1 z ! foll[+ lett]1 dat$ ,meiss51 ,m>* #bh1 #agfa1 w %[4 ,x is writt5 to ,madame ,camas1 8 *re ,maman1 :o 0 !n ) ! que5 at ,magdeburg3--#8,i s5d y1 my de> mamma1 a little trifle1 by way ( keepsake & mem5to4 ,y may use ! box = y\r r\ge1 = y\r pat*es1 or y may put snuff 9 x or bonbons or pills4444 ,i h ord]$ porcela9 = all ! _w1 = ,s*nhaus51 = my si/]s-9-law1--9 fact ,i am ri* 9 ?is brittle mat]ial only4 ,& ,i hope ! receiv]s w accept x z curr5t money3 = ! tru? is1 we are poor z c be1 good mamma4 ,i h no?+ left b my hon\r1 my coat1 my sword1 & my porcela94'--,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,book xx4 *ap4 vi4 ,m>ryat1 :o gives ?is lett] 9 8 notes1 mixes up ,c>lyle's comm5ts ) ! text4 #afb ,! ,hoh5zoll]n %ield be>s two sceptres 9 saltire en surt\t4 #afc ,ano!r acc\nt gives ! cr$it to ,von ,lw5f9ck1 a porcela9 pa9t] f ,meiss54 #afd ,politically1 t is to say2 = ! t[n =m$ "p ( ! #8,pays d'trang]s1' & its comm]cial & social relations 7 /ill r ) ,g]many ?an ) ,france4 #afe ,i take ^! facts ab\t ! ,hannong family f ,sir ,a4 ,wolla/on ,franks's ,catalogue ( ,cont95tal ,porcela91 #ahif4 #aff ,9 ! same ye> we f9d ,c\nt ,s*immelmann1 :o at a lat] date int]e/$ himself 9 ! ,cop5hag5 factory1 sell+ by auction at ,hamburg "s ( ! va/ /ocks ( ,meiss5 *9a t ,fr$]ick _h ?r[n on ! m>ket4 #afg ,z a royal factory1 h[ev]1 x became ext9ct 9 #ahfd4 ,see *ap4 xxiii4 #afh ,?us we h1 dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,fr$]ick's ?ree bitt] oppon5ts--,m>ia ,!resa 9 ,au/ria1 ,elizabe? 9 ,russia1 & ! ,m>quise de ,pompad\r 9 ,france--all tak+ an active int]e/ 9 promot+ ! manufacture ( porcela91 & ?is rivalry may h add$ to ! ze/ ( ,fr$]ick :5 he loot$ ,meiss5 & s\ght to make ,b]l9 take its place z ! metropolis ( porcela94 #afi ,an ,am]ican writ] has arrang$ ! te/s by :i* s(t pa/es may be di/+ui%$ f true porcela9s "u six heads4 #a4 ,! file te/4--,s(t porcela9 may be m>k$ by a file4 #b4 ,! foot te/4--,9 h>d porcela9 ! foot is g5]ally r\gh & unglaz$4 ,?is te/ is r ( value 9 di/+ui%+ porcela9 f fay5ce4 #c4 ,! fire te/4--,dep5d+ on ! great] fusibility ( ! s(t pa/es4 #d4 ,*emical te/4 #e4 ,col\r te/4--,s(t pa/e is g5]ally mell[ ivory by transmitt$ light1 & ?is is especially true ( #8bone-w>e4' ,! h>d pa/e t5ds to blui% %ades4 #f4 ,fracture te/4--,! fracture is glassy to vitre\s1 & ! glaze passes into ! pa/e 9 ! case ( h>d pa/es 7! subcon*oidal spl9t]y fracture is r ! po9t to obs]ve72 dry & *alky1 & ! glaze m or less sep>at$ f ! pa/e 9 ! case ( s(t pa/es4--,e4 ,a4 ,b>b]1 ,pott]y & ,porcela9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #agj ,de ,raumur1 we mu/ rememb]1 _h made "s k9d ( h>d-pa/e porcela9 f ,*9ese mat]ials4 ,aft] t he fell back ^u 8 devitrifi$ glass4 ,some?+ v simil> _h be5 made by ,ts*irnhaus _m ye>s be=e4 #aga ,^!1 ,i ?9k1 are almo/ ! only in/ances 9 :i* a di/9ctly sev5te5? c5tury decoration is to be f\nd on porcela94 #agb ,^! trembleuse sauc]s ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury h a project+ r+ into :i* ! base ( ! teacup fits4 #agc ,! extreme limits = ?is m>k are #agab-fb1 b ,*aff]s says x 0 n us$ be=e #agcj1 accord+ to ano!r au?ority n be=e #agce4 ,de ,frasnay1 9 a note to 8 curi\s little poem 9 praise ( fay5ce 7#agce71 says3 #8le secret du beau r\ge n'e/ gure connu en ,france que d'un trs petit nombre de p]sonnes4' ,! po9t is ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! orig9 ( ! famille rose 9 ,*9a4 ,we may "h note t ! m9ute quantity ( gold--! s\rce ( all ^! p9k & purple col\rs--is n necess>ily introduc$ 9 ! =m ( ! t9 salt1 ! purple ( ,cassius4 ,b ?is difficult "q w be be/ treat$ 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( glass4 #agd ,g5]ally kn[n z ! ,duc de ,b\rbon 7#agaj-dj74 ,he 0 an en?usia/ = ! art ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,an important "w on ,*9ese art 0 publi%$ "u 8 auspices 9 #agce4 ,he imitat$ ! pa9t$ hang+s ( ! ,ea/1 & ev5 attempt$ to make ,japanese lacqu]4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! two bro!rs ,dubois1 pici]s ,*antilly1 migrat$ to ,v9c5nes1 & ! ,*antilly works 7 = a "t neglect$4 ,see ,gu/ave ,macon1 ,les arts dans la ,maison de ,cond1 #aijc4 #age ,( ! _m ,european imitations ( ! #8,kakiyemon' /yle ! ,*antilly is mo/ successful1 :ile ! #8,old ,japan' 0 be/ copi$ at ,*elsea4 ,no ,european imitation 9 porcela9 ( ! ,*9ese blue & :ite approa*es 9 brilliancy t made 9 ,delft w>e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #agf ,! porcela9 ( ,sa9t-,cl\d & ,*antilly is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,fitzh5ry collection4 #agg ,"s tw5ty miles s\? ( ,p>is1 n f> f ,corbeil4 #agh ,! "n is writt5 #8,sves' 9 ,engli% catalogues ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! same =m is f\nd sometimes 9 contempor>y ,fr5* writ+s4 ,we may comp>e ! fav\rite signature #8,fdric' ( ! ,prussian k+4 #agi ,mmoire ,hi/orique p\r la ,manufacture1 rdig en #agha p> ,ba*eli]1 re-edit$1 ) preface & notes1 by ,g4 ,g\ella91 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #ahj ,see ! note on p4 #bhf4 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ successes at ,v9c5nes 71 9 a measure1 dep5d5t ^u ! tempor>y break+ up ( ! factory at ,*antilly on ! dea? ( ! ,duc de ,b\rbon 9 #agdj4 #aha ,at a lat] "t ?is man _h a contract = ! deliv]y ( ! pa/e1 ! secret ( :i* he pres]v$1 at a fix$ rate p] p\nd4 ,9 "o ye> he is said to h receiv$ = ?is #hjj1jjj livres6 #ahb ,su* is my g5]al impression1 b ,m4 ,g>ni]1 ,i see1 speaks highly ( 8 arti/ic capabilities4 ,ba*eli] f\nd$ 9 #agfc a free s*ool ( design1 "o ( ! few in/itutions ( ! old rgime t h surviv$ ! _m *anges ( gov]nm5t4 ,x /ill exi/s z ! cole ,nationale des ,beaux-,arts4 #ahc ,by ?is we get a h9t z to ! k9d ( w>e made at ,v9c5nes at ! comm5cem5t1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*antilly4 #ahd ,! acc\nt-books ( ^! sales are /ill pres]v$4 ,m4 ,davilli]1 9 8 little book on ,les porcela9es de ,svres et ,madame du ,b>ry1 quotes ! record ( pur*ases made 7at a lat] date1 = ! mo/ "p7 by ! royal family1 by ,madame du ,deff&1 & by ,m4 de ,voltaire4 ,! latt] b\ght1 = #abj livres1 #8,deux bu/es de mondit ,sieur1 en biscuit4' ,besides ?is1 l>ge sales 7 made ye>ly to ! trade4 #ahe ,! above description is t giv5 by ! ,pr9ce de ,ligne 9 8 memoirs4 ,9 ! ,johanneum at ,dresd5 !re is n[ to be se5 a #8b\quet' :i* 9 e way corresponds to ! pr9ce's acc\nt4 ,! ,meiss5 works = long _h ! cr$it ( ?is trophy1 b x is n[ ackn[l$g$ t x is id5tical ) ! pres5t s5t by ! dauph9e1 9 #agdh1 to h] fa!r1 ! ,elector ( ,saxony4 ,m4 ,davilli] quotes a curi\s acc\nt f a contempor>y memoir describ+ ! difficulties & exp5ses incurr$ 9 transport+ ?is #8b\quet' f ,p>is to ,dresd54 ,are we1 !n1 to reg>d x z ! actual pres5t giv5 by ,m4 de ,fulvi to ! que51 or z a duplicate8 #ahf ,see = ?is & o!r ref]5ces to porcela9 9 ! *ronique sc&aleuse ( ! day1 ! little book ( ,m4 ,davilli] quot$ above4 #ahg ,"s att5tion 0 paid to ! h\s+ & com=t ( ! workm5 at ! new e/abli%m5t1 b ,ba*eli] makes no m5tion ( #8! g>d5s1 cascades1 fruit-trees1 groves1 woods1 & a small *ase = ! arti/s1 :o enjoy$ to hunt ! /ag & ! wild bo> none ! less = _! s$5t>y lives 9 ! art palace' 7,m>ryat1 p4 #dad74 ,on ! contr>y1 we are told t 9 a few ye>s ! h\ses & work%ops 7 already ?reat5+ to fall d[n on ! workm5's heads4 #ahh ,m4 ,b]t9 0 himself a great collector ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,9 ! av]tissem5t ( ! catalogue ( 8 collection :i* 0 sold 9 ,p>is 9 #ahae1 we are told t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,pre ,amiot he obta9$ _m *oice specim5s1 "s ( !m direct pres5ts f ! ,*9ese emp]or4 ,we h already allud$ to ,ki5-lung's int]e/ 9 exotic w>es1 & to ! influ5ce ( ^! ^u ! native decoration4 #ahi ,9 ! fond lapis caill\t ! deep blue gr\nd is pa9t$ ) f9e ve9s ( gold1 to imitate ! pyrites :i* g5]ally accompanies ! native /one 7lapis lazuli74 ,x 0 us$ z e>ly z #ageh 7see ,wallace collection1 ,gall]y ,,xviii41 ,case ,c474 #aij ,z _m z "o hundr$ & sixty pieces1 x is said1 7 c>ri$ (f dur+ a fire at ,ts>skoe ,selo4 ,"s ( ^! 7 aft]w>ds repur*as$ by ! ,ts> ,ni*olas4 #aia ,m>ryat quotes a passage to ! foll[+ effect f a little "w publi%$ at ,v5ice soon aft] ! dea? ( ! fav\rite4 ,prais+ ! good ta/e ( ! #8,madame ,m>*esa1' ! writ] /ates t ?is 01 above all1 manife/$ 9 ! adornm5t ( h] table4 ,all ! porcela9 0 expressly manufactur$ = h] at ,svres1 & 0 ( a rose col\r mix$ ) gold4 ,! value am\nt$ to #beg1jjj livres1 & no sov]eign possess$ a s]vice ( equal beauty4 #aib ,x is f\nd z a gr\nd on pieces be>+ ! e>lie/ lett]-m>ks1 s t x is difficult to accept ! /atem5t t x 0 fir/ made by ,xhr\et1 a pa9t] ( l&scapes1 9 #ageg4 #aic ,mu* ( x f\nd its way to ,engl&1 & 0 !re decorat$ 9 ! old ,svres /yle1 bo? 9 ,london & 9 ! ,we/4 #aid ,= a detail$ description ( ^! deposits & _! geological relations1 see ,brongni>t's great "w4 #aie ,napoleon at "o "t s5t ,d>u to ,svres to convey to ,brongni>t1 9 ! mo/ lively t]ms1 8 dissatisfaction ) :at he call$ ! simplicity & tam5ess ( ! designs 9 use at ,svres4 ,e piece %\ld1 he prote/s1 #8dire quelque *ose4' ,e plate %\ld record glori\s de$s1 ! capture ( ! enemy's t[ns1 or ! triumphant return ( ! victors4 #aif ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 place "s ( ^! discov]ies to ! cr$it ( ! /aff ( ! ,vi5nese factory1 & ,dihl aga91 ! *emi/ ( ! porcela9 works 9 ! ,rue de ,bondy1 has a claim to o!rs4 #aig ,! dea? ( ,m4 ,g>ni] occurr$ s9ce ! above 0 writt54 #aih ,! use ( a bone-pa/e w>e ( ! #8,spode' type is1 h[ev]1 n[ preval5t n only 9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95t1 b porcela9 ( ?is k9d is n[ l>gely made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aii ,unless x be 9 ! catalogue drawn up by ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks = 8 collection ( cont95tal *9a4 ,! c]amic collection 9 ! ,hamburg ,museum has also be5 v ?or\ghly catalogu$ by ,dr4 ,br9ckmann4 #bjj ,x is curi\s to f9d ,v5ice at ?is "t export+ porcela9 to ! ,ea/1 = at an e>li] p]iod x 0 ?r\gh ?is t[n t s mu* ,ori5tal porcela9 & fay5ce rea*$ ,europe4 #bja ,?is ,v5etian *9a1 ei!r ( h>d pa/e or ( ! hybrid class1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! opaque glass1 ! lattimo1 or1 m prop]ly1 ,latisuol1 w>e1 made ab\t #agcj 9 imitation ( porcela9 bo? at ,murano1 & also ne> ,bassano4 #bjb ,comp>e ) ?is ! use ( /eatite1 a magnesian rock1 f ! ,liz>d1 at ,worce/]1 & at o!r ,we/ ( ,engl& factories4 ,! ,*9ese h also at times made use ( a /eatitic rock4 #bjc ,m>ryat 7p4 #dea7 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is ent]pris+ man4 ,he 0 occupi$ also 9 ! dra9+ ( m>%es1 ! improvem5t ( agriculture1 & ! promotion ( comm]ce4 #bjd ,) ?is appo9tm5t we may p]haps connect ! elaborate trophy ( :ite porcela9 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! figures ( slaves on :i* ?is is support$ are modell$ aft] ^? ( ,tacca on ! celebrat$ monum5t at ,leghorn4 ,?is piece is attribut$1 h[ev]1 to ! ,capo di ,monte factory4 #bje ,! ^w #8*9a' is sometimes us$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! same vague s5se z 9 ,engl&1 b ! "n seems only to h come 9 ) ! ,/af=d%ire w>e s l>gely import$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t ! factory at ,bu5 ,retiro 0 kn[n z ,la ,*9a4 #bjf ,i quote ?is rem>kable passage f ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks's pap] on ! orig9 ( ! ,*elsea porcela9 works 7,ar*ol4 ,j\rnal1 #ahfb74 ,m>ryat misquotes & mis9t]prets ! passage4 #bjg ,"o possible exception to ?is v g5]al /atem5t may be f\nd 9 a pamphlet quot$ by ,mr4 ,solon1 ,in/ructions h[ to make z good *9a z 0 ev] sold by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company by ,a4 ,hill1 ,london1 #agaf4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 fragm5ts ( ,ori5tal *9a 7 to be f9ely gr\nd & mix$ ) flux+ & pla/ic mat]ials to =m a pa/e4 ,n[ !re is evid5ce t at a mu* lat] date #8pot%]ds' 7 import$ f ,*9a1 & gr\nd up to =m an +r$i5t ( ! porcela91 bo? at ,b[ & at ,worce/]4 #bjh ,! memor&um-book ( ,duesbury1 ! future porcela9 k+1 beg9s 9 #agdb4 ,he 0 !n work+1 on weekly wages1 z an #8enamell]' ( *9a figures4 ,b 0 ! w>e t he 0 decorat+ at ?is "t a true porcela98 #bji ,mr4 ,burton says t at ! pres5t day ! ,/af=d%ire porcela9 is compos$ ( bone-a% #f p>ts1 *9a-/one #d p>ts1 & kaol9 #c p>ts4 #baj ,mr4 ,willett1 ( ,brighton1 has a pair ( #8goat & bee' jugs 9 silv]1 ) ! hall-m>k ( #agci4 #baa ,!re is an int]e/+ s]ies ( ^! v e>ly pieces 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a :ite w>e salt-cell>1 ) crayfi% 9 relief1 has ! triangle m>k4 ,a jug1 9 ! =m ( a grotesque ,*9aman1 is a good specim5 ( ! e>ly pa/e4 ,we notice ! same waxy look 9 ! pa/e t we f9d 9 ! ,sa9t-,cl\d w>e4 ,! surface1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally gray]4 #bab ,9 #ageh we f9d an adv]tisem5t ( a h\se to let 9 #8,*9a ,walk1' ,*elsea4 #bac ,bo? ,g\yn & 8 successor1 ,sprimont1 7 v likely ,walloons f ! neighb\rhood ( ,lige4 ,9 a contempor>y "w1 h[ev]1 ! latt] is spok5 ( z #8a ,fr5* arti/ ( great abilities4' ,r\guet's ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,arts1 #agee4 #bad ,note ! t]m #8e>!nw>e4' ,z 9 a mu* e>li] proclamation ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 7=bidd+ ! importation ( pa9t$ e>!nw>e1 except #8^? ( ,*9a1 & /one bottles & jugs'71 ! ^w is us$ (ficially to include porcela94 #bae ,su* a regulation w\ld seem to %[ t 9 ,engl& ! enamel-pa9t]s 7 9 ! field e>li] ?an ! manufactur]s ( porcela94 #baf ,! lat] date is support$ by ! /atem5t ( ,sprimont 9 8 #8,case1' t #8! gr\nd flat ( ! manufactur] has gone on /ill increas+1' = we "k t ! works 7 enl>g$ 9 #ageg4 ,! expression #8cr[n$ head' applies bett] to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ?an to ! ,elector ( ,saxony4 ,9 #agfj1 z we h se51 ,c\nt ,s*immelmann 0 at ,hamburg sell+1 on behalf ( ,fr$]ick1 "p ( ! va/ /ocks accumulat$ at ,meiss54 #bag ,9 a ,london pap] ( ,decemb] #d1 #agfc1 appe>$ ! foll[+ /atem5t--,i quote f ,mr4 ,night+ale's book1--#8,a few days s9ce1 8 ,r4 ,highness ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l& 0 at ,mr4 ,sprimont's manufactory at ,*elsea1 & we are in=m$ t 8 ,highness w %ortly pur*ase ! same1 t s mat*less an art %\ld n be lo/4' ,a week lat]1 h[ev]1 a =mal contradiction ( ?is report appe>$ 9 ano!r pap]1 9 ! =m ( a note at ! end ( an adv]tisem5t ( ! sale ( ! cont5ts ( ,sprimont's factory4 ,all ?is has a v mod]n air4 ,we h a skilful comb9ation ( ! ballon d'essai & ! puff prelim9>y4 #bah ,?is collection has lately disappe>$ f its old home 9 ! ,geological ,museum1 :]e x _h be5 ! delight ( two g5]ations ( collectors4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s h1 h[ev]1 q rec5tly be5 discov]$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 #bai ,mu* ( ! :ite w>e at ?is "t 0 decorat$ outside by #8*amb]]s4' ,comp>e ! memor&um-book ( ,duesbury quot$ bel[4 #bbj ,! adv]tisem5t ( ^! sales 9 contempor>y newspap]s1 & _m ( ! catalogues1 h be5 collect$ toge!r & repr9t$ by ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,night+ale4 #bba ,be=e ?is "t ! gold _h be5 simply laid on ) japann]'s size & only g5tly heat$4 ,see ,burton's ,engli% ,porcela91 p4 #df4 #bbb ,!re 0 a revival ( ! practice ( m\nt+1 or1 to use ! old t]m1 #8g>ni%+' porcela9 9 ormolu ab\t ?is "t4 ,at ,b\lton's works at ,soho1 ne> ,birm+ham1 fam\s1 a little lat]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /eam-eng9e1 ^! metal m\nt+s 7 l>gely made1 & ,w$gwood began to apply !m to "s ( 8 w>es 7see ,night+ale1 p4 xxxiv474 #bbc ,i c f9d no confirmation ( ! /atem5t t ,r\biliac modell$ figures = ,sprimont4 ,c]ta9 /atuettes be>+ an ,r4 impress$ on ! pa/e h be5 attribut$ to him4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to any su* "w 9 ! life ( ! arti/ by ,m4 ,le ,roy de ,/4 ,croix 7,lyons1 #ahhf74 ,r\biliac1 :o di$ 9 #agfb1 0 already 9 #agej at ! height ( 8 reputation1 & fully employ$ 9 m important "w4 #bbd ,mr4 ,burton po9ts out t x w\ld be q impossible to make a transluc5t w>e ) ! mat]ials ( ! fir/ pat5t4 ,he d\bts also ! use ( bone-a% 9 ! e>li] porcela9 ( ,b[1 ! pa/e ( :i* is di/9ctly ( ! ,sa9t-,cl\d type4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t !re c be little d\bt b t ! #8virg9 e>?' ref]s to bone-a%1 & ! fragm5ts f ,b[ 9 :i* ?is sub/ance has be5 f\nd seem to be d]iv$ f an e>ly w>e4 #bbe ,specim5s f ?is f9d may be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & 9 ! late ,j]myn ,/reet collection4 ,an int]e/+ & detail$ acc\nt ( ! fragm5ts1 :i* 7 excavat$ & arrang$ by ,mr4 ,higg9s ( ! adjac5t mat*-works1 w be f\nd 9 ,*aff]s's ,m>ks1 pp4 #ijh seq4 #bbf ,?is difficulty ( mak+ ! decoration keep pace ) ! outturn ( ! kilns 0 felt at ?is "t at o!r kilns--f ,k+-te-*5 to ,svres & ,worce/]4 ,rec\rse 0 m & m _h to ! outside enamell]--! #8*amb]]'--on ! "o h&1 & to transf]-pr9t+ on ! o!r4 #bbg ,?is docum5t is exhibit$ at ! ,briti% ,museum by ! side ( ! pun*-b[l4 #bbh ,^! figures are probably exagg]at$4 ,sprimont1 a little e>li]1 says t he 0 employ+ at ,*elsea #8at lea/ "o hundr$ h&s4' #bbi #8,pr9t$ teas & mugs' are m5tion$ 9 ,b[cocke's memor&um-book 9 #agef4 #bcj ,see ,night+ale's ,engli% ,porcela91 pp4 li4 seq41 & ,bemrose's ,b[1 ,*elsea1 & ,d]by ,porcela91 pp4 #aec seq4 #bca ,! rococo vases1 h[ev]1 ( ?is w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum seem to be ( a some:at lat] date1 if we take ,sprimont's "w at ,*elsea z a crit]ion4 #bcb ,^! #8,d>by fig>s' may possibly h be5 ( e>!nw>e4 ,!re are "s ri*ly pa9t$ /atuettes ( ?is mat]ial at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ?\gh ^! inde$ seem to be ( a some:at lat] date4 #bcc ,mr4 ,bemrose1 9 8 "w on ,b[1 ,*elsea1 & ,d]by ,porcela91 gives photographic reproductions ( sev]al pages f ,duesbury's "w-book4 #bcd ,^! details ,i take f ! notes ( a man :o _h =m]ly practical exp]i5ce ( su* "w--,mr4 ,haslem1 9 8 ,old ,d]by ,*9a ,factory4 #bce ,& yet ! col\rs are sometimes brilliant & effective--= example1 on a l>ge di% or tray ( ,spode w>e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7see bel[1 p4 #cgc74 ,?is /range #8break+-d[n' ( ! old ,japanese patt]ns may be comp>$ to ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! orig9al ,greek design t we see on ! pre-,roman co9s ( ,gaul & ,brita94 #bcf ,x appe>s f a correspond5ce t has be5 pres]v$ t 9 #agia ! second ,duesbury 0 look+ out = royal support4 #8,a g5tleman ab\t ! c\rt' :om he consult$ recomm5d$ him to seek ! patronage ( ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce1 =1 said he1 #8! duke is ! only pr9ce t pays ! tradespeople4' ,at t "t !re 0 great jeal\sy ( ! ,worce/] works1 :]e ! k+ _h lately made l>ge pur*ases4 #bcg ,:y ,tonqu91 ( all places8 ,we %\ld r h expect$ to f9d ,nank9 or ,canton1 z at ,b[4 #bch ,see ! engrav+ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,augu/ #ageb4 ,?is 0 9 ! nature ( a puff4 ,9 ! corn] we read #8,a sale ( ! ,manufacture w beg9 at ! ,worce/] ,music ,meet+ on ,septemb] #bj?1 ) great v>iety ( w>e &1 'tis said1 at a mod]ate price4' ,edw>d ,cave1 ! orig9ator ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 & #8! fa!r ( p>liam5t>y report+1' 0 an important %>ehold] ( ! ,worce/] works4 #bci ,/eatite is ess5tially a silicate ( magnesia4 ,we h se5 t a soapy rock1 probably ( ?is nature1 ent]$ at times into ! composition ( ! porcela9 made at ,k+-te-*54 ,at a lat] "t silicate ( magnesia1 9 v>i\s =ms1 has f\nd its way into ! hybrid pa/es ( ,italy & ,spa94 #bdj ,^! two build+s may be probably trac$ back to ! ,temple ( ,vespasian1 9 ! ,=um1 & to ! ,pyramid ( ,ce/ius respectively4 ,hancock mu/ h got 8 mat]ials f ,fr5* & ,italian engrav+s aft] ,claude & ,pann9i4 #bda ,dr4 ,johnson 0 = a long "t a close neighb\r--8 well-kn[n int]e/ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 mu/ h br\ght him into contact ) ! ,baxt] family4 ,we f9d a ,baxt] m5tion$ 9 ,b[cocke's notes z e>ly z #agea4 ,see ,*aff]s1 p4 #hif4 #bdb ,! teapot 9 ! ,s*reib] collection ) ! m>k #8,all51 ,l[e/(t1' mu/ be reg>d$ z a sup]*]ie4 ,! pa9t+ on x ( a crucifixion is evid5tly by a ,*9ese h&4 ,?is teapot has1 h[ev]1 be5 connect$ ) an ,all5 ( ,l[e/(t1 a porcela9 enamell] & amateur glass-/a9]4 #bdc ,"s rec5t discov]ies ( m\lds make x1 h[ev]1 probable t ! e>ly w>es ( ,worce/] & ,b[ 7 imitat$ at ,l[e/(t4 #bdd ,we are told t ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! sub/ances are to be fritt$ toge!r1 b ?is w\ld be manife/ly impossible4 ,! recipe is curi\s z be+ an anticipation ( ! mat]ials us$ by ,spode ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,b we mu/ receive mo/ ( ^! recipes t h ?us come d[n to u cum grano4 #bde ,?is #8soapy rock' 0 at once id5tifi$ ) ! /eatite ( ! ,liz>d4 ,! o!r porcela9 exp]ts1 f ,worce/] & f ,liv]pool1 :o visit$ ,cornwall ab\t ?is "t1 seem to h devot$ _! att5tion m especially to ?is sub/ance4 ,!y 7 ?us1 to "s ext5t1 on a false sc5t1 = ! ,pre ,d',entrecolles probably some:at exagg]at$ ! importance ( ?is ,:a-%e1 &1 moreov]1 z has be5 %[n by lat] ,fr5* inve/igation1 mo/ ( ! mat]ial ( soapy consi/5cy employ$ at ,k+-te-*5 is no true /eatite or magnesian silicate1 b r a m fusible v>iety ( ! petuntse1 conta9+ mu* mica4 #bdf ,0 ,frye1 ! pa9t] ( ,b[1 :o fir/ made use ( ! ,am]ican e>?1 also a quak]8 ,cookwor?y & ,*ampion1 x appe>s1 fir/ became acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o ( ! ,bri/ol ,frys1 & x is kn[n t m\lds & patt]ns f ,b[ 7 us$ at ,plym\?4 ,x is at lea/ rem>kable t we %\ld be indebt$ = our k ( ! con/itution ( ,*9ese porcela91 9 ! fir/ place1 to a ,jesuit fa!r1 & !n to a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,bttg]--l ,cookwor?y1 a druggi/--0 an adept 9 ! d>k arts4 #bdg ,besides ! factory m5tion$ 9 ?is lett]1 we he> f ! di>y ( ,dr4 ,pococke t z e>ly z #agej a :ite w>e ) reliefs 0 made at ! #8,l[ris ,*9a h\se' ) #8soapy-rock f ,liz>d ,po9t4' ,a sauce-boat m>k$ #8,bri/oll' is ref]r$ to ^! works 9 ! ,guide to ,engli% ,pott]y 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 p4 #aji4 #bdh ,lauraguais 7,comte de71 ,duc de ,brancas1 born #agcc2 di$ #ahbd4 #bdi ,see p4 #cjf4 ,at ,/rawb]ry ,hill 0 #8,mi*ael ,angelo's ,bac*us1 made 9 ! *9a ( ! ,comte de ,lauraguais1 f ! collection ( ! ,comte de ,caylus' 7,walpole's ,works1 ii4 #dje seq474 #bej ,by ,*ampion1 at lea/1 at a lat] "t4 ,! cross swords h 9 "s cases be5 subsequ5tly oblit]at$ 7,,pl4 ,e4 #hd74 ,mr4 ,ow5 ?9ks t ?is 0 9 consequ5ce ( a qu>rel ) ! cu/om-h\se au?orities 9 #agge4 #bea ,& = t9 also4 ,! m>k 0 adopt$1 no d\bt1 9 hon\r ( ! #8premi]' product ( ,cornwall4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be m 9 place on a w>e ) an opaque t9 glaze1 su* z ! s(t pa/e ( ,*antilly4 #beb ,s at ,svres dur+ ! great] "p ( ! la/ c5tury ! glaze has consi/$ ( pegmatite1 a v simil> mat]ial to ! ,corni% gr[an-/one4 ,! inconv5i5ces ( su* a glaze h be5 po9t$ out by ,vogt & o!rs4 #bec ,( ano!r workman employ$ by ,*ampion1 "o ,an?ony ,amatt1 ,mr4 ,hugh ,ow5 gives "s p>ticul>s4 ,at "o "t1 attempt+ to cross ! ,*annel & f9d employm5t 9 ,france1 he 0 arre/$--at ! in/igation1 x is said1 ( ,w$gwood--& conf9$ = "s "t z a ,/ate prison]4 ,amatt di$ 9 #ahea at ! age ( n9ety-two4 ,w$gwood 0 v active 9 prev5t+ ! emigration ( ,engli% pott]s1 :o1 he decl>$1 7 lur$ f _! c\ntry by ,fr5* & ,g]man ag5ts 7,metey>d's ,w$gwood1 ii4 p4 #dge74 #bed ,!re are also 9 exi/5ce "s examples ( und\bt$ ,bri/ol h>d-pa/e porcela91 cov]$ ) a s(t lead glaze4 #bee ,! porcela9 made by ,c\nt ,lauraguais1 to judge by ! analysis giv5 above1 mu/ h conta9$ ev5 m kaol9 ?an ! ,bri/ol w>e4